{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2646", "width": "1757", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "aN -vie-.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^c.-\\n^-r-.\\n.0^\\ny- V\\n0^\\nv^\\nc\\n0-\\nnO\\n4-\\nf^^ p^..\\nr\\n^;e^^\\n*^4\\ns o\\nv.\\n5 ti.\\nfl\\nx\u00c2\u00b0\\n-o^\\nr-. o:^\\nV s\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00bbi. ^r\\n4\\n\u00c2\u00ab5 -n*-.\\n^f/\\nSt*,;-^\\no\\\\\\nJ-\\nO 0*\\nf\\n-i-.\\nrO\\nV- s*\\nV^\\nn\\nC o s v\\\\\\nV^^\\nJ,^ b-\\n^S.- O K\\n,-0-\\no S-\\nvV^-^\\\\^\\n^.o^\\nv* .#~2!%\\n-^V\\n*o.\\nV*\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Si\\n.A^ oV\\nI -i i.\\nI.", "height": "2600", "width": "1711", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "V\\nox^-^.\\nk~\\nvv\\nOo,\\n,0i\\\\ V I J\\n.-o-\\n^V v-^^\\nO 0^\\n.A-^\\nv\\nA\\no-^ -r^\\na\\n.0\\nX\\nH 1\\nN.\\no5-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^o\\n0^\\nx^-\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0s.\\n,0-\\nx^\\n-ws\\n,A-\\n^.s^\\no\\n-e. A 5\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0=o\\n0^\\nC\\nxO=:\\nxO\u00c2\u00b0^\\n1-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0f\\nc .0\\n1\\no^\\n^c^ \\\\.s^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^\\\\.^5#(\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0x^^\\nV-\\n^a: ^v.\\ny\\n,A\\n.0-\\nX^ ^o\\nx^\\n^o..\\nO\\nV-.^", "height": "2610", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "V,", "height": "2600", "width": "1711", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2610", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2600", "width": "1711", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": ",.r", "height": "2610", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.", "height": "2600", "width": "1711", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "DICTIONARY\\nOF\\nUNITED STATES HISTORY.\\nI\\nen\\nSI\\nI 492- 1 900. -TI?^\\nFour Centuries of History.\\nWRITTEN CONCISELY AND ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY\\nP IN DICTIONARY FORM,\\npa\\nthi\\n3\\nJ. Franklin Jameson, Ph.D.,\\nProfessor of History in Brown University, formerly of Johns Hopkins University,\\nj Editorial contributor to the Century Dictionary,\\nAuthor of a History of Historical Writing In America.\\nwitj\\nILLUSTRATED WITH NEARLY 300 PORTRAITS.\\nN\\nHISTORY PUBLISHING CO.\\nBOSTON, MASS.", "height": "2610", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Uhnrf cJ- Cob\\nOrnceej the\\n^0.\\n^P^- 5 1900\\n\u00c2\u00abf\u00c2\u00bbt.r cf Copyrights\\nP]\\ni lii-\\n57584\\nCopyright\\n1894, 1S96, 1897, 1898.\\nJames Drummond Bai^i,.\\n1899, 1900.\\nHistory Publishing Co.\\nScECCrO tiOHf,", "height": "2600", "width": "1711", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "I\\nPUBLISHERS PREFACE.\\nIn offering this valuable book to the public, inasmuch as the subject is of\\ntal and growing interest to every individual in this country, we feel that\\nare striking the popular chord and filling a long felt need. As to the\\ncmpreheusiveness and accuracy of the work, we need only to refer you to\\nt; name of our author, whose life work is given to historical research and\\nitruction, and whose name stands high as an authority in historical writing.\\nUis work will be of special value to teachers and pupils in all colleges and\\nsiools, as it enables them to refer in an instant to the facts and incidents of\\nliited States History, thereby saving much time and labor. It will be\\necially valuable to all other individuals who desire a comprehensive and\\naturate work of reference on the history of this country.\\nVe have planned to furnish the reader a volume valuable from every\\npoit of view authorship, subject, illustrations, readable type, quality of\\npapr, beautiful and substantial bindings, and skilled workmanship, all of\\nthi. combined with a low price putting the book within the reach of all\\nthoe who desire it. A most attractive feature of this book is the large\\nnunber of portraits of illustrious Americans. Many of these portraits are\\nver} rare and were secured only after a long and diligent search, and we\\ndesiie to acknowledge our indebtedness to the friends of many of these\\neminent citizens for assistance rendered us in securing original portraits.\\nThe people of America are a reading people, and we launch this book\\nI with gieat confidence, believing that it will be fully appreciated.\\nThe Publishers.", "height": "2605", "width": "1602", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2600", "width": "1711", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThe preparation of this book was due to the belief that a Dictionary of\\nUnited States History, in which the facts of our history should be con-\\ncisely stated, in alphabetical form, for ready reference, would be useful to\\nthat large and increasing number of readers who are interested in the story\\nof our nation s development. Usefulness, accordingly, has been the foremost\\nconsideration during the progress of the work. In order that such a book\\nof reference should be useful, it is necessary that it should be, first, compre-\\nhensive, and secondly, accurate. Great pains have been taken to make it\\naccurate, and it is hoped that the efforts thus made have not been without\\neffect. In order to establish any claim to comprehensiveness, a few words\\nof explanation are necessary, that the reader may know just what the book\\nis intended to include. In the first place, it is confined to the history of the\\nUnited States. The histories of other parts of America, or of the world,\\nare included only in so far as they have some relation to United States his-\\ntory. Within the field thus defined, articles will, it is believed, be found\\nupon nearly all important subjects. If any have been omitted, it has not\\nbeen for want of care. The following classes of subjects included may be\\nspecified: political occurrences of various sorts; wars and insurrections;\\nbattles, and even important skirmishes, of all our wars, including sea-fights\\nand sieges; colonies and settlements upon any part of our present territory;\\ncolonizing companies; the several States and Territories; those cities and\\ntowns which may fairly be called historic, or whose importance on other\\ngrounds makes their history interesting; famous old manors, houses and\\ncommunities; political parties and factions; political terms which have\\nplayed a prominent part in American history; departments of government,\\noffices, courts and institutions. Federal, State, colonial or local; Indian tribes\\nthat have had a history; famous ships; noted legal cases of historic impor-\\ntance, such as constitutional cases decided by the Supreme Court or fugitive\\nslave cases; historic laws, British and American; treaties with foreign coun-\\ntries and, under the name of each such country, the history of our diplo-\\nmatic relations with its government; colleges, universities, libraries and\\nother educational institutions; learned societies, especially those devoted to\\nhistorical studies; famous historical publications; newspapers, especially those\\nwhich were earliest published in the country, or in their respective States;\\ncoins; historic songs, etc.", "height": "2610", "width": "1669", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "4 Preface.\\nOne class, larger than any of those yet mentioned, deserves a more explicit\\nreference; namely, the class of biographical subjects. Effort has been made\\nto include a brief article on the life of every man or woman who has played\\na considerable part in the public life of the colonies or United States, either\\nin the civil or the military and naval departments. Thus, in the earlier\\nperiod have been mentioned such persons as the leading explorers and colo-\\nnial governors, while in the later period the biographies embrace concise\\nstatements respecting the Presidents and Cabinet officers, and the leading\\nGovernors, Senators, Congressmen and judges, generals and naval officers. It\\nhas been thought that information respecting these characters in public life\\nwill especially be sought by those who use the book. Names eminent solely\\nin literature and science, names of artists, divines and merchants, have nat-\\nurally been less fully represented and more briefly treated. Historical writers\\nhave been more fully represented than others. Finally, beside Americans,\\nmany Britons and other foreigners monarchs, ministers, generals and others\\nare included because they had much to do with the history of the United\\nStates.\\nAttention is called also to the tables and historical lists: that of the Cabinet\\nofficers, prepared from information supplied by the Department of State,\\nand those of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, of the members\\nof the Convention of 1787 (see Convention), of the Presidents, of the Vice-\\nPresidents, of the Speakers of the House of Representatives, of the Justices\\nof the Supreme Court, of the Presidential elections (see Elections), of the\\nsessions of Congress, and of the States and their populations.\\nAcknowledgments are due, for much valuable assistance rendered, to Mr.\\nEdmund K. Alden, an assistant editor of the Century Dictionary, and to\\nMr. George Carey, formerly of the Review of Reviews. Further acknowl-\\nedgments are due to the writer s father, John Jameson, Esq., A. M., to Mr.\\nSeth H. Chace, of Brown University, to Messrs. J. O. Dealey, J. F. Greene\\nand S. S. Colvin, instructors in that university, to Mr. Henry K. Rowe, of\\nColby Academy, and to Mr. A. A. Freeman, teacher of history in Phillips\\n.Academy, Andover, who have rendered, in special departments, assistance\\nhighly appreciated.\\nJ. FRANKLIN JAMESON.\\nBrown University,\\nProvidence, R. I.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\nA. B. Plot, a plot to destroy Crawford s popularity and political power\\nby accusing him, in 1824, of malfeasance in the office of Secretary of the\\nTreasury, which he then filled. A series of letters appeared in a Washington\\nnewspaper, signed A. B., reflecting upon Crawford s integrity, and demand-\\ning investigation. They were written by Ninian Edwards, who had just been\\nappointed to the Mexican mission. In March, just previous to his departure\\nfor Mexico, Edwards acknowledged their authorship. He was brought to\\nWashington and failed to sustain his charges, so Crawford was exonerated.\\nAbenakis, a tribe of Indians living in and near what is now Maine, with\\nwhom the New Englanders had occasional wars, as in 1702, 1722, 1724. See\\nRasle, S^bastien.\\nAbercrombie, James (1706-1781), a British major-general, commanding in\\nAmerica during part of the French and Indian War, 1758. He failed disas-\\ntrously in an attack on Ticonderoga in July, 1758, losing 2000 men killed and\\nwounded out of a force of 15,000, and was replaced by Sir Jeffrey Amherst.\\nAbingdon, Va., was captured on December 15, 1864, by Burbridge s division\\nof -Stoneman s (Federal) cavalr which defeated Echols (Confederate).\\nAbleman vs. Booth, an important Supreme Court case from Wisconsin.\\nIn 1854, Booth was tried before a commissioner appointed by the U. S. District\\nCourt of Wisconsin for violation of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1S50. He\\nwas commanded to appear before the District Court, and, failing to do so,\\nwas imprisoned by the U. S. Marshal Ableman. The Supreme Court of\\nWisconsin issued a writ of habeas corpus and Booth was released. Later\\nthe U. S. District Court found an indictment against him. He again\\nappealed to the Supreme Court of the State and was released. The case\\ncame before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1858. That body\\nreversed the decisions of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin. Booth had pleaded\\nthe unconstitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Law. The constitutionality of\\nthat law was now maintained by the court. It was also held that the marshal,\\nin matters of habeas corpus, must obey the sovereignty of the United States\\nrather than that of the State, the latter having no authority within the\\nlimits of the sovereignty assigned by the Constitution to the United States.\\nAbolitionists, a party or body of men bent on securing the immediate\\nabolition of slavery in the United States. Throughout the eighteenth century\\nthere had been a sentiment, more or less widespread, in favor of the emanci-\\npation of slaves. At about the close of the Revolutionar)- War most of the\\n(5)", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "6 Dictionary of United States History.\\nNorthern States provided for emaucipation, immediate or gradual. Before\\nthe end of the century several abolition societies had been formed. In iSi6\\ninterest in the matter revived, and the American Colonization Society was\\norganized, its object being to promote emancipation and to colonize the freed\\nnegroes in Africa. But the movement took on a new character with the\\nbeginning of the work of William Lloj d Garrison in 1829, and with the\\nformation of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833, and the term Aboli-\\ntionist is generally applied rather to those who took part in this new agitation\\nthan to their less uncompromising predecessors. Garrison demanded the\\nimmediate and total abolition of slavery throughout the country, all laws\\nand constitutions to the contrary notwithstanding. The Abolitionists soon\\ndivided. Garrison and his followers holding aloof from all connection with\\npolitical action under the Constitution, and advocating disunion, while\\nanother wing of the agitators, under the name of the Liberty Party (see art.),\\nput forward candidates and took part in the presidential elections of 1840\\nand 1844. 1848 these joined the Free-soilers (see art.), and in 1855 and\\n1856 the Republican party. Throughout the years from 1833 to 1863 the\\nAbolitionists continued their agitation. They did much to rouse Northern\\nsentiment against slavery, to bring on the Civil War, and to secure, among\\nits results, the emancipation of all slaves. The leaders of the radical Aboli-\\ntionists were, beside Garrison himself, Wendell Phillips, John G. Whittier,\\nEdmund Quincy, Samuel J. May, William Jay and others.\\nAbominations, Tariff of, a name given to the tariff of 1828 because\\nof the extremely high protective duties which it placed on all manner of\\nboth manufactured articles and raw materials.\\nAbraham, Plains of. On the evening of September 12, 1759, General\\nWolfe made a desperate attempt upon Quebec. While the fleet made a\\nfeigned attack below the town Wolfe and his men scaled the heights above\\nthe city, routed the sentries and took his position with 3500 troops. The\\nFrench under Montcalm arrived early in the morning, made a somewhat\\ndisorderly attack and were beaten. Both generals fell. The loss of the\\nEnglish was 664, of the French 640.\\nAcademic des Etats Unis, or the Academy of Arts and Sciences of the\\nUnited States of America. This institution, after the model of the French\\nAcademy of Sciences, and whose plan was brought to America, in 1788, by\\nthe Chevalier Quesnay de Beaurepaire, was to have been located at Rich-\\nmond, Va. A large sum was subscribed by the citizens of Richmond and\\nby wealthy planters, and one professor. Dr. Jean Rouelle, was appointed, but\\nthe plan failed.\\nAcademies, a name given in the United States to two classes of institu-\\ntions: learned bodies, such as the National Academy of Sciences, and incor-\\nporated private institutions for secondary education. Of the former class,\\nthe Amei-ican Academy of Arts and Sciences was founded at Boston iu 1780,\\nthe Connecticut Academy of Arts and \u00c2\u00bbSciences in 1799, the Pemisylvania\\nAcademy of Fine Arts in 1807. The National Academy of Sciences was\\nfounded iu 1863, to investigate, examine, experiment and report upon any\\nsubject of science or art whenever called upon by any department of the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 7\\nnational government. Of the latter class, a few dozen were in existence in\\n1789. Perhaps the most famous of these are Phillips Academy, Andover,\\nMass., and Phillips Academy, Exeter, N. H., founded in 1780 and 1781,\\nrespectively.\\nAcadia, or Acadie, the name given by the French to a province of their\\ncolonial empire in America, consisting of what is now Nova Scotia, New\\nBrunswick and part of Maine, the important part being Nova Scotia. De\\nMonts settled it in 1604. It was claimed by England. Argall conquered it\\nin 1613. James I. gave it to Sir William Alexander, but he could not hold\\nit. It was in English hands from 1654 to 1657. It was conquered by Sir\\nWilliam Phipps and New England troops in 1690, but retaken in 1691.\\nFurther attempts were made in 1 704, 1 707 and 1710. The last was successful,\\nand in 17 13 the treaty of Utrecht gave Acadia to England. Under British\\ngovernment the Acadians were accused of abusing their privileges as neutrals.\\nIn 1755 several thousand of them were transported, with much harsh treat-\\nment, to the British provinces southward. (Longfellow s Evangeline.\\nMany made their way to Louisiana.\\nAcre Right, the share owned by any one in the common lands of New Eng-\\nland towns. Their value varied in different towns, but was a fixed quantity\\nin each town. In Billerica, for instance, a ten-acre lot or right was equivalent\\nto 113 acres of upland and twelve acres of meadow, and so on in exact\\nproportion.\\nActive, case of sloop. (See Olmstead v. Rittenhouse.)\\nActs and Resolves, a publication issued by the government of Massa-\\nchusetts, edited by Abner C. Goodell, Jr. It comprises all the acts and\\nresolves of the Massachusetts Legislature from 1691 to 1780, including\\nthose obsolete and repealed. Publication began in 1869.\\nActs of Trade. (See Navigation Acts.)\\nAdairsville, Ga., scene of an engagement in the Civil War, May 17, 1864,\\nbetween Sherman s forces and those of Joseph Johnston one episode in the\\ncontinuous fighting which marked Johnston s retreat from Dalton to Atlanta.\\nAdams and Liberty, a song written by Robert Treat Paine, Jr., which\\nenjoyed great popularity during the time of John Adams spirited resistance\\nto French aggressions in 1798 and 1799. The air, formerly called Anacreon\\nin Heaven, is that now known as the Star-Spangled Banner.\\nAdams, Abigail (1744-1818), wife of President John Adams, daughter of\\nRev. William Smith, of Weymouth, Mass. She was a woman of great spirit,\\ngood sense, strength of character and patriotism. Her letters to her husband,\\npublished 1848, are interesting and valuable historically.\\nAdams, Charles Francis (1807\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1886), son of John Quincy Adams, was\\nborn in Boston, but was in Europe most of the time till 181 7. Was gradu-\\nated at Harvard College in 1825, studied law, and married a daughter of\\nPeter C. Brooks. He was a Representative in the Massachusetts Legislature\\nfrom 1831 to 1834, and a Senator from 1835 to 1837. He edited the Writings of\\nJohn Adams, ten volumes, and was for three years the editor of a daily paper", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nin Boston. Originally a Whig, he in 1848 became the candidate of the Free-\\nsoil party for the vice-presidency on the ticket with Van Buren. From 1859\\nto 1861 he was a member of Congress, and from 1861 to 1868 Minister of the\\nUnited States in Great Britain. The relations of England to the United\\nStates during the Civil War made this post a very trying one, and Adams s\\niract, firmness and success were extraordinary. Few men performed services\\nso valuable to the Union. Life by his son, C. F. Adams, Jr. a noted historical\\nwriter.\\nAdams, Hannah (1756-1832), of Massachusetts, famous as one of the\\nearliest feminine writers in America; wrote a History of New England, 1799,\\nand a History of the Jews, 181 2.\\nAdams, Henry (Brooks), born 1838, third son of Charles Francis Adams,\\nas assistant professor of history at Harvard College (1870-1877) stimulated\\nhistorical instruction in American universities, and in 1 889-1 891 published\\na classic History of the United States under Jefferson and Madison.\\nAdams, John (i 735-1 826), second President of the United States, was\\nborn in Braintree (Quincy) Mass., October 19, 1735, the son of a small\\nfarmer. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1755, then taught school\\nand studied law in Worcester. Taking up practice in Boston, he soon\\nacquired prominence as a politician and writer, especially against the Stamp\\nAct and other injurious acts of the British government. All his writings\\nwere spirited, terse, clear and pungent. In 1774 he was a delegate to the\\nContinental Congress and was active in its work and that of the Provincial\\nCongress of Massachusetts. In the Congress of 1775, he urged indepen-\\ndence, and was made chairman of the Board of War. He was one of the\\ncommittee of five which drew up the Declaration of Independence. After a\\nbrief mission to France in 1778, he was again sent out, in 1779, as one\\nof the commissioners to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain,\\nwhich was signed in 1783. He also negotiated a loan with the Dutch. In\\n1785 he was appointed the first Minister of the United States to Great\\nBritain, in which capacity he showed himself, as always, active, bold and\\npatriotic, but could not negotiate a treaty of commerce. Returning in 1788,\\nhe was in 1789 chosen the first Vice-President of the United States, and soon\\nbecame, in opposition to Jefferson, a leader of the Federalist party. In 1797,\\nhe became President, with Jefferson as Vice-President, Timothy Pickering\\nSecretary of State (1800, John Marshall), Oliver Wolcott Secretary of the\\nTreasury (1800, Samuel Dexter), James McHenry Secretary of War (1800,\\nS. Dexter), and Charles Lee, Attorney-General (1798, Benjamin Stoddert,\\nSecretary of the Navy). The administration had many difficulties, arising\\npartly from the unfriendly course of the French Directory toward the min-\\nisters sent to them, (see Directory; Pinckney, C. C; X. Y. Z. Mission), partly\\nfrom the Cabinet, partly from the rivalry of Hamilton, and partly from the\\nPresident s own warmth of temper, vanity and hasty indiscretion in speech\\nand writing. Popular with the mass of his party by reason of his integrity\\nand patriotism, he alienated the leaders by concluding an agreement with\\nFrance and by reconstructing his Cabinet. These dissensions, and the\\nunpopularity of the Alien and Sedition Acts (see arts.), gave the election of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "DicTiONAR\\\\ OF United States History. 9\\n1800 to Jefferson and the Democrats. Adams retired to private life in\\nQuincy, Mass. In retirement he wrote much, vivaciously, often wittily,\\nsometimes with impulsive bitterness, on public affairs, past and current.\\nHe became reconciled with Jefferson, and died on the same day with him,\\nthe fiftieth anniversary- of the Declaration, July 4, 1826. Lives b)- J. T. Morse\\nand C. P. Adams. Writings edited by C. F. A.\\nAdams, John Quincy (July 11, 1767-February 23, 1848), sixth Presi-\\ndent of the United States, was the eldest sou of John Adams. A boy of\\nprecocious talents, he was early taken abroad by his father, studied at the\\nUniversity of Leyden, and at fourteen began his public career as secretary to\\nFrancis Dana, Minister to Russia. He was graduated at Harvard in 1788,\\nadmitted to the bar in 1791, and at once began to write on public affairs.\\nFrom 1794 to 1797 he was Minister to Holland; from 1797 to 1801, Minis-\\nter to Prussia. In 1803, the Federalists elected him to the U. S. Senate.\\nApproving Jefferson s embargo, he became estranged from the Federalists,\\nacted with the Republicans, and in 1808 resigned. In 1809, Madison\\nappointed him Minister to Russia, and in 181 4 he was one of the commis-\\nsioners who negotiated the treaty of Ghent; he then became Minister to\\nEngland. From 1817 to 1825, he was Secretary of State to President Mon-\\nroe. In the election of 1824, though he received but eighty-four electoral\\nvotes to ninety-nine for Jackson, he was, by a coalition of his friends with\\nthose of Clay, chosen President by the House of Representatives. He\\nappointed Clay Secretary of State; Richard Rush Secretary of the Treasury;\\nJames Barbour Secretary of War (1828, Peter B. Porter); Samuel L. South-\\nard Secretary of the Navy and William Wirt Attorney-General. Calhoun\\nwas Vice-President. A cry of bargain and corruption with Clay was\\nraised, though without foundation. Adams administration was marked by\\nintelligence and firmness, and by extreme integrity in all matters, especially\\nthat of appointments, but was made a stormy one by the bitter attacks of his\\nenemies in Congress and by his own unbending and pugnacious character.\\nHe favored protection and internal improvements at Federal expense. (See\\nalso art. Panama, Congress of.) He failed of re-election in 1828. In 1831,\\nstill vigorous at sixty-four, he entered Congress as an independent member\\nfor the Quincy district in Massachusetts, which he continued to represent\\ntill his death. A model legislator, active and eflScient in every valuable\\ndepartment of congressional business, his most memorable services were in\\nbehalf of the right of petition, threatened by the pro-slavery members, and\\nin other assistance to the anti-slavery cause. (See also Broad Seal War.)\\nHe died at his post in the Capitol on February 23, 1848. Twelve volumes\\nof his diary have been published, abounding in information and acute\\nthough censorious judgments on the events of his long public career, and in\\nevidence of his high character and patriotism. Lives by W. H. Seward and\\nJ. T. Morse.\\nAdams, Samuel (1722-1803), orator, patriot and agitator, was bom in\\nBoston, a second cousin of John Adams, and studied for a time at Harvard\\nCollege. Unsuccessful in busmess and in the office of tax-collector for the\\ntown of Boston, he soon began to take an active part in the Boston town-\\nmeetings. In 1764 he drew up Boston s early protest against Grenville s", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "lo Dictionary of United States History.\\nscheme of taxation. From 1765 to 1774 he was a member for Boston in the\\nHouse of Representatives of Massachusetts, in which he was among the\\nforemost in debate and as a writer of State papers. He was an adroit poli-\\ntician, prudent, yet zealous and inflexible in his love of liberty. He led in\\nthe protests against taxation without representation, and in 1770 secured\\nfrom Hutchinson the removal of the troops from the city. He instituted the\\nsystem of town committees of correspondence. From 1774 to 1781 he was\\na member of the Continental Congress; he signed the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence, and had an important part in making the Massachusetts Constitu-\\ntion of 1780. He was in 1781 a member of the Massachusetts Senate, and\\nin 1788 of the State Convention which ratified the Constitution of the United\\nStates. Opposed to some of its provisions, he finally concluded to vote for\\nit, which was of much influence upon others. In the party divisions which\\nsoon followed, he was of the Democratic-Republican part From 1789 to\\n1794 he was Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts, from 1794 to 1797 Gov-\\nernor. Adams public services, of the first importance in the earlier stages\\nof the revolutionary struggle, became less valuable when the tasks of the\\nhour were those of constructive statesmanship and administration, for which\\nhe had little talent; but perhaps no one did more to bring about the Revolu-\\ntion. Lives by S. A. Wells and J. K. Hosmer.\\nAddington, Isaac (1645-1715), secretary of the province of Massachu-\\nsetts from 1690 to 1715, and also successively Judge of the Court of Common\\nPleas, Chief Justice of the Superior Coitrt, and Judge of the Probate Court\\nof Suffblk.\\nAdalbert College was founded in 1826 at Hudson, O., under the name\\nof Western Reserve College. In 1882 it was transferred to Cleveland, taking\\nthe name of a chief benefactor s son. The Medical Department was estab-\\nlished in 1842; the Case School of Applied Science in 1881. All are con-\\nsidered parts of Western Reser\\\\^e University.\\nAdet, Pierre Augusta (i 763-1832), chemist and politician, was Minister\\nof the French Republic (the Directory) to the United vStates from 1795 to\\n1797. Resigned in protest against actions of the American government\\nwhich he regarded as violations of neutrality in the war then pending.\\nAdministrations. (See Cabinet.)\\nAdmiral. This grade in the U. S. Navy (as distinguished from vice-\\nadmiral and rear-admiral) was first established by Act of Congress on July\\n25, 1866. There have been but two admirals; Farragut was commissioned\\nin 1866, Porter on Farragut s death in 1870. On the death of Admiral Por-\\nter the grade became extinct (1891). It was revived for Dewey 1899.\\nAdmiralty Courts. In the colonial period the governor of each colony\\nwas vice-admiral in his colony, and as such had the right of deciding mari-\\ntime cases, though often a judge was appointed by him for the purpose.\\nThe Constitution of the United States vests this jurisdiction in the Federal\\nCourts. The District Courts judge such cases in the first instance. (See\\nPrize Courts).", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. ii\\nAdventists, or Second Adventists. About 1833 Win. Miller began to\\nlecture on the second coming of Christ, predicting that it would occur in\\n1842. Other dates were subsequently set; but at present the leaders of the\\nsect content themselves with general prophecy of an early advent. In 1890\\nthe sect numbered 60,000 members.\\nAfrican Company, originating in an association formed at Exeter, England,\\nin 1588, was chartered as a joint-stock company in 161 8. Under successive\\ncharters it continued in existence till 1821, almost without interruption. In\\nthe period before the Revolution it was much engaged in the slave trade with\\nthe American colonies.\\nAgamenticus (now York), Me., one of the settlements which Sa Ferdi-\\nnando Gorges made as lord proprietary of the province of Maine. It was\\nsettled in 1 62 1. In 1642 it received a charter of incorporation, under the\\nname of Gorgeana.\\nAgassiz, Louis J. R., (i 807-1 873), was born in Switzerland. In 1846\\nhe came to the United States, and remained here as professor of geolog} and\\nzoology. In both these sciences he did work of inestimable value, and\\nexerted great influence upon their development in America by his enthu-\\nsiasm, energy and organizing ability.\\nAgrarians, the name sometimes applied to the loco-foco or equal\\nrights party formed in 1835, and which denounced special privileges.\\nLater the Abolitionists and Republicans were branded as Agrarians by the\\npro-slavery party.\\nAgricultural Colleges. The first important institution of this sort in the\\nUnited States was the Agricultural College ot the State of Michigan, estab-\\nlished in 1857, though that of Pennsylvania was established in 1854. The\\nMorrill Act of 1862 gave each State 30,000 acres of government land or its\\nequivalent, multiplied by the number of the State s senators and representa-\\ntives, to found a college of the agricultural and mechanical arts. More than\\nforty institutions of this sort have resulted. In 1890 the Federal subvention\\nwas increased.\\nAgricultural Experiment Stations. The first government station of this\\nsort was established at Middletown, Conn., in 1875. Professor W. O. At-\\nwater s success in conducting this station led to the establishment of others\\nin different parts of the countr}-. Nearly everv State has one or more. In\\n1892 there were fifty-three fully equipped experimental stations, employing\\nin all about 400 trained specialists in conducting scientific investigations.\\nAgricultural Societies. The first in the United States, the South Carolina\\nAgricultural Society, was founded in 1784, the Philadelphia Agricultural\\nSociety in 1785, that of New York in 1791, that of Massachusetts in 1792.\\nThe first quasi-national society of this sort, the Columbian Agricultural\\nSociety, originated in a convention held in Washington in 1809.\\nAgriculture, Department of, an executive department of the Federal\\ngovernment, the head of which, the secretary of agriculture, is a member\\nof the Cabinet. The department was founded by Act of May 15, 1862. It\\nwas given equality with the other chief executive departments by the Act of", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "12 Dictionary of United States History.\\nFebruary ii, 1889, and its head became in 1889 a member of the Cabinet.\\nThe weather bureau was transferred to it from the Department of War in 1 891.\\nAguinaldo, half-blood Philippino, insurgent leader, first against Spain,\\nthen against the United States.\\nAix-la-Chapelle, or Aachen, in Rhenish Prussia, is of importance in\\nAmerican history because of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, concluded in\\n1748, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession (King George s War).\\nThe treaty restored Louisbourg and Cape Breton to the French, which gave\\ngreat offence to the New Englanders, who had conquered these possessions.\\nAkerman, Amos T,, born in 1823, was District-Attorney for Georgia from\\n1866 to 1870. He was Attorney-General of the United States in Grant s\\nCabinet from 1870 to 1872.\\nAlabama, a Southern State; the ninth State admitted after the original\\nthirteen. The region occupied by the State was originally a part of the\\nterritory of Georgia, though the southern portion was the subject of dispute\\nwith Spain, and indeed with the Federal government. In 1802 Georgia\\nceded all her western lands to the latter, and what is now Alabama became\\na part of the territory of Mississippi, organized in 1798 (1804). The portion\\nsouth of lat. 31\u00c2\u00b0 and west of the river Perdido was acquired by seizure during\\nthe war of 1812. During 1813 and 1814 occurred the war with the Creeks\\n(see art.), whose defeat by General Jackson at Horse Shoe Bend caused them\\nto concede nearly all their territory. Rapid settlement followed. In 181 7\\nMississippi became a State, the eastern portion of the territory being erected\\ninto the territory of Alabama. The name is Indian, and is said to mean\\nHere we rest. The population of the new territory, from but 33,000 in\\n1817, grew to be 128,000 in 1820. On December 14, 1819, it was admitted\\nas the State of Alabama. Of the population mentioned, 86,000 were whites\\nand 42,000 slaves. Population, continuing to grow rapidly, reached nearly\\na million in i860, and in 1890 was 1,513,000. On January 11, 1861, Alabama\\nseceded from the Union. The act of secession was revoked in 1865. 1867-68\\nthe State was under military rule. In 1868, under a new constitution, Ala-\\nbama was declared by Congress to be restored to the Union.\\nAlabama, Confederate cruiser, was built by an English firm at Liver-\\npool expressly for the Confederacy, and, against the urgent remonstrances of\\nthe American Minister, was permitted by the British government to escape\\n(July 29, 1862). At Terceira she received from other English vessels her\\narmament and crew, and set out, imder Captain Raphael Semmes, to destroy\\nthe commerce of the United States (August 29). By the end of October she\\nhad made twenty-seven prizes. After a long cniise in the waters of the West\\nIndies, Brazil and the East Indies, the Alabama came to the harbor of\\nCherbourg, France. Off this harbor, after a memorable fight, she was sunk\\nby the U. S. steamship Kearsarge, June 19, 1864, after having destroyed\\nsixty-five vessels and $10,000,000 worth of property.\\nAlabama Claims, claims of the United States Government against that\\nof Great Britain, growing out of the depredations of the cruiser Alabama\\nand other similar cruisers. May 13, 1861, the Queen had issued a proclama-\\ntion of neutrality in the American Civil War, forbidding her subjects to take", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 13\\npart with either combatant, and granting belligerent rights to both. Great\\nBritain s Foreign Enlistment Act of 1819 also forbids the equipment of any\\nland or naval forces within British dominions to operate against any friendly\\nnation. Nevertheless, the Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Shenandoah,\\nand other vessels built in Great Britain, were allowed to escape, and as Con-\\nfederate cruisers inflicted enormous damage on American commerce, nearly\\ndriving it from the seas. C. F. Adams, Minister to Great Britain, protested\\nvigorously. After the war the United States Government urgently pressed a\\nclaim for compensation. On January 12, 1866, it offered to submit the whole\\ncontroversy to arbitration. Great Britain proposed limitations unacceptable\\nto the United States. A treaty negotiated by Reverdy Johnson providing for\\narbitration was rejected by the Senate. Finally a Joint High Commission,\\nmeeting at Washington in 1871, agreed upon the Treaty of Washington,\\nwhich provided for arbitration of the Alabama claims and several other\\ndisputed matters by a board of five arbitrators, appointed respectively by the\\nPresident of the United States, the Queen of England, the King of Italy,\\nthe President of Switzerland, and the Emperor of Brazil. Those appointed\\nwere, in the above order, Mr. Charles Francis Adams, Sir Alexander Cock-\\nburn, Lord Chief Justice, Count Federigo Sclopis, M. Jacques Staempfli, and\\nViscount Itajuba; Count Sclopis presided. The tribunal met at Geneva on\\nDecember 15, 1871. It rejected the American claims for indirect damages,\\nbut decided that the government of Great Britain had been culpable in not\\ndoing more to prevent the sailing and success of the cruisers, and awarded\\nto the United States the sum of $15,500,000 as damages.\\nAlabama Historical Society. Founded in 1837 with its headquarters at\\nTuscaloosa, site of the State University. It has a large membership.\\nAlamance, or Great Alamance, a creek in North Carolina, tributary to\\nthe river Haw. Here, in 1771, Governor Tr} on, with 1000 militia, defeated\\n3000 regulators, or rebels against the royal government, killing some 200.\\nOut of a large number taken prisoners six were executed for high treason,\\nand the insurrection was suppressed.\\nAlamo, a fort at San Antonio, Tex., memorable for a siege and massacre\\nin 1836, during the war of Texan independence from Mexico. Santa Anna,\\nwith from 1500 to 2000 Mexicans, besieged 140 Texans in the fort for two\\nweeks. Finally, March 6, the fort, desperately defended, was taken by\\nassault, only six of the defenders remaining alive. These six were at once\\nbutchered by order of Santa Anna, among them Colonel David Crockett.\\nAlaska, a territory of the United States, formerly constituting Russian\\nAmerica. In 1741 Vitus Bering, sailing for the Russians, discovered the\\nrange of Mt. St. Elias. In 1783 the Russians established a trading-post on\\nthe island of Kadiak. In 1799, by consolidation of existing companies, the\\nRussian-American Fur Company was organized, and from this time to 1862\\nenjoyed a monopoly of trade in Alaska and the rule of the country. By\\ntreaty of March 30, 1867, the United States bought Alaska (area 580,000\\nsquare miles) from Russia, paying $7,200,000 In 1884 Alaska was organized\\nas a district, with executive officers appointed by the President, but without\\nrepresentative institutions.", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "14 Dictionary of United Status History.\\nAlbany, capital of New York. In 1614 a trading-post was established\\nhere by the Dutch, and called Fort Nassau, later Fort Orange, or New\\nOrange. When the English took New Netherland, in 1664, they changed\\nthe name to Albany, in honor of James, Duke of York and Albany, the\\nproprietor of the province. Albany was incorporated as a city in 1686, was\\nthe meeting place of the first colonial convention in 1754, and became the\\ncapital of the State in 1797.\\nAlbany Convention, 1754. At the instance of the Lords of Trade, com-\\nmissioners from the colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode\\nIsland, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland met at Albany\\non June 19, 1754, to arrange a treaty with the Six Nations. They also pro-\\nceeded to consider a plan of colonial union proposed by Franklin, a member,\\nand adopted it. It provided for a president-general of all the colonies, with\\nveto power, and a grand council, to consist of from two to seven members\\nfrom each colony, chosen by the assemblies to serve three years. These\\nshould have power to control Indian affairs, to raise and equip forces for\\ncolonial defence, and to lay taxes therefor. The crown rejected the plan\\nbecause it gave too much j^ower to the colonies, the colonies because it gave\\ntoo much power to the crown; but it was among the beginnings of national\\nunion.\\nAlbany Regency, a name given to the group of politicians who, from\\n1820 to 1854, managed the concerns of the Democratic party in New York\\nState. Its power was founded on the system of nominating conventions and\\non the system of appointment to office as a reward for partisan services. Its\\nchief members were Martin Van Buren, William L. Marcy, Silas Wright,\\nEdwin Croswell, Benjamin F. Butler and John A. Dix. Its position at the\\notate Capital gave it its name.\\nAlbemarle, the first permanent settlement in what is now North Caro-\\nlina, was founded on the banks of the Chowan and the Roanoke by Roger\\nGreene, in 1653, at the head of a small body of Dissenters from Virginia.\\nAlbemarle, a Confederate ironclad ram which, in April and May, 1864,\\ndestroyed or disabled several of the Federal gunboats at the mouth of\\nthe Roanoke River, and captured Plymouth, N. C, with 1600 Federal pris-\\noners. On the night of October 27, Lieutenant Cushing, U. S. N., a youth\\nof twenty-one, in command of a torpedo launch, getting within twenty yards\\nof the Albemarle before he was discovered, blew her up with a torpedo\\nand made a miraculous escape.\\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico, an engagement in the Civil War, April 8,\\n1862, the Federal Colonel Canby attacking Albuquerque as a part of the\\noperations by which he defeated General Sibley s attempt to conquer New\\nMexico for the Confederacy.\\nAlcalde, the principal official in the local government of the earlier towns\\nof California. The office was borrowed from the Spanish settlements, and\\nwas first introduced in the mining camps, where the miners made laws and\\nelected officers to enforce them.\\nJ", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statbs History. 15\\nAlcott, Amos Bronson (i 799-1888), a transcendental philosopher, noted\\nas an original, ingenious and sympathetic teacher, and as a lecturer and\\ngiver of formal conversations. Resided at Concord all his latter years. Was\\nthe father of Louisa M. Alcott.\\nAlden, John (1599-1687), the hero of Longfellow s Courtship of Miles\\nStandish, accompanied the Pilgrims from Southampton as a cooper. The\\nyoungest of the Pilgrims, he afterward became a magistrate of the colony,\\nand was such for more than half a century.\\nAldie, Va., scene of a fierce cavalry fight in the Civil War, Jime 17, 1863,\\nStuart s Confederate cavalry vainly assailing a part of Pleasonton s forces,\\nduring the great Confederate invasion of the North.\\nAldrich, Nelson W., Senator, bom 1841, a business man, representative\\nfrom Rhode Island from 1879 to 1881, was Senator from that State from 1881\\nto the present time (1897). Senator Aldrich has had an important part in\\nall recent financial legislation, and is an important authority on all matters\\nof the tarifiF.\\nAlert, Sloop. (See Essex.\\nAlexander VL, Pope from 1492 to 1503, (Rodrigo Borgia), by his bull of\\npartition. May 4, 1493, divided the non-Christian world into two parts, Spain\\nto have the western half and Portugal the eastern. The line of division was\\nto be a meridian 100 leagues west of the Azores and Cape de Verde Islands.\\nAfterward (1494) a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape de Verde Islands\\nwas substituted.\\nAlexander, son of Massasoit, King of the Pokanokets, chief after his father s\\ndeath in 1660, died in 1662 at Plymouth. King Philip was his brother.\\nAlexander, Archibald (1772-1851), eminent Presbyterian divine, born\\nin Virginia, was president of Hampden-Sidney College from 1796 to 1801,\\nand from 1812 to his death was professor of theology in the Theological\\nSeminary at Princeton, and highly influential in relation to American theo-\\nlogical thought.\\nAlexander, Sir William, called Lord Stirling (i 726-1 783), was born in\\nNew York City. In 1757 he laid claim before the House of Lords to the\\nearldom of Stirling, but in vain. He became Surveyor-General of New York.\\nIn 1775 he became a colonel in the Revolutionary army, a brigadier-general\\nin 1776, and a major-general in 1777. He distinguished himself at Trenton,\\nBrandywine, Germantown and Monmouth.\\nAlexandria, Va., was founded in 1749. When the District of Columbia\\nwas formed, Virginia s cession included this town. In 1814 it was captured\\nand plundered by the British. In 1846 it was retroceded to Virginia. It\\nwas entered by the Union troops in 1861 under Colonel Ellsworth, who was\\nshot while hauling down the Confederate flag. It subsequently became the\\nseat of government of the Virginian counties which adhered to the Union.\\nAlexandria Conference. On March 20, 1785, two commissioners from\\nVirginia, George Mason and Alexander Henderson, met three from Maryland,", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "i6 Dictionary of United States History.\\nDaniel Jenifer, Thomas Stone and Samuel Chase, at Alexandria, commis-\\nsioned to treat concerning the jurisdiction over the waters between the two.\\nAfter four days they adjourned to Mount Vernon at Washington s request, and\\nseparated on the twenty-eighth. They discussed commercial regulations,\\netc., and their report to the Virginia Legislature caused the summons of the\\nAnnapolis Convention of 1786 and, indirectly, that of the Philadelphia Con-\\nvention of 1787.\\nAlexandria Government. After the secession of Virginia, April 17, 1861,\\nthe Union members of her Legislature, mostly from the western part of the\\nState, met at Wheeling and organized a State government, which was recog-\\nnized by Congress as the government of Virginia. Francis H. Pierpont was\\nGovernor. After the admission of West Virginia this Virginia government\\nwas transferred to Alexandria. President Johnson recognized it as the lawful\\ngovernment of Virginia. It continued in operation until 1867.\\nAlger, Russell A., born 1836 in Ohio. He was a general in the Union\\nArmy, rising from the ranks. Governor of Michigan 1884. Commander-in-\\nchief of G. A. R. in 1889. Became Secretary of War March 5, 1897; resigned\\nbecause of popular dissatisfaction, July 19, 1899.\\nAlgerine War. Following the example of other Christian powers, in their\\ndealings with the piratical governments of Northern Africa, the United States\\nGovernment had, in 1795, signed a treaty with the Dey of Algiers, paying\\nhim a million dollars for the ransom of American captives and promising an\\nannual payment of tribute. In 181 2 the Dey declared war against the United\\nStates. When the war of 18 12 with England was ended, Congress declared\\nwar on Algiers, and Commodore Decatur, with ten vessels, sailed against her.\\nSuch successes were obtained over the Algerine Navy that by the time\\nDecatur reached Algiers the Dey was ready to submit. He signed a treaty\\ngiving indemnity, renouncing all claim to tributes or presents, and promising\\nnot to reduce prisoners of war to slaverj Decatur then exacted similar sub-\\nmission from Tunis and Tripoli.\\nAlgiers. The treaty of 1795 with Algiers secured commercial privileges\\nto the United States on the payment of tribute. By the treaty of September\\n5, 1 815, the United States secured from the Dey of Algiers exemption from\\ntribute and release of captives from slavery, and indemnification for violation\\nof the former treaty. This treaty was renewed a year later. All are obsolete\\nby France s absorption of Algiers.\\nAlgonquins, a family of Indian tribes, bearing a strong resemblance to\\neach other in manners and customs and language, which at the time of the\\nbeginning of English colonization numbered about a quarter of a million,\\nand occupied, beside part of Canada, most of the area now in the United\\nStates east of the Mississippi and north of latitude 37\u00c2\u00b0. They were in the\\nhunting-and-fishing stage, tilling little ground, and nomadic. The chief\\ntribes in the family, beside the Canadian members, were the Abenakis,\\nMassachusetts tribes, Pequods, Narragansetts, Mohegans, Delawares, Nanti-\\ncokes, Powhatan tribes, Pampticoes, Shawnees, west of the Alleghanies the\\nChippewas, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Sacs, Foxes, Kickapoos and, west of the\\nMississippi, the Blackfeet and Cheyenne*.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 17\\nAlien and Sedition Acts, two acts of Congress, passed by the Federalists\\nin 1798, under the excitement of hostile relations with France and bitter\\nfeeling against the influence of the French Revolution. The Alien Act\\nauthorized the President to order out of the country all such aliens as he\\nmight judge to be dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States or to be\\nplotting against them. The Sedition Act provided heav} fines and imprison-\\nment for any who should conspire to oppose the United States Government or\\nlaws, or who should print or publish any false, scandalous or malicious writings\\nagainst the government, Congress or the President, intended to bring disre-\\npute or hatred upon them or stir U2) sedition. These laws were regarded by\\nthe Republican Party as unconstitutional, and subversive of the liberty of\\nthe press and of speech, and were denounced in the Kentucky and Virginia\\nResolutions. They expired in 1800 and 1801 respectively.\\nAUatoona, Ga. During Shennan s march to the sea the Confederates on\\nOctober 5, 1864, attacked AUatoona, where General Corse repulsed them after\\nan heroic and desperate defence, losing one-third of his garrison.\\nAllen, Ethan (1737-1789), born in Connecticut, removed in early life\\nto Vermont, and was for the remainder of his life its most conspicuous\\ncitizen. He had an active part in the resistance of the Green Mountain\\nBoys to the New York government. May 10, 1775, with a small force he\\ncaptured Ticonderoga from the British. Crown Point and Skenesborough\\nwere also taken. For three years ensuing Allen was a captive with the British.\\nAllen, Ira (1752-1814), brother of Ethan, served in the Revolution and\\nwas the first secretarj- of the State of Vermont, also its treasurer and sur-\\nveyor-general. Wrote a history of Vennont (1798).\\nAllen, William Henry (1784-1813), was first lieutenant of the United\\nStates under Decatur when she captured the Macedonian in 181 2. As\\ncommander of the Argus he distinguished himself by taking many prizes,\\nbut was filled in the fight with the Pelican.\\nAllen s Farm, one of the actions in the Seven Days, June 29, 1862.\\nThe Federal General Sumner, having bivouacked at Allen s Farm on his\\nretreat from Fair Oaks, was attacked here for two hours by the Confederate\\nGeneral Magruder.\\nAUerton, Isaac (i 583-1 659), an important member of the company who\\ncame on the Mayflower, and often business agent of the Pilgrims. Subse-\\nquently disagreeing with them, lived at New Amsterdam and New Haven.\\nAlliance. The only important alliance made by the United States was\\nthat with France, made by the treaty of February 6, 1778. Since 1776\\nFrance had privately aided the Revolution v^ith arms and supplies. The\\ntwo treaties of 1778 provided for a defensive alliance in case Great Britain\\nshould declare war on France, and declared that no peace should be made\\nuntil the independence of the United States was recognized, and then only\\nby mutual consent. Each party guaranteed the other s possessions in Amer-\\nica, and the United States granted to France, when France was at war, more\\nfavorable treatment than should be accorded to the other belligerent. These", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "i8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nconcessions were subsequently troublesome to the United States in 1793. (See\\nart. France.\\nAlliance, United States vessel, took part in the cruise of John Paul\\nJones and the Bonhoinme Richard, and was one of the two ships remain-\\ning in the Continental service when the Revolutionary war ended.\\nAlliance, Holy, the name given to an alliance of the absolute sovereigns\\nof the Continent, concluded in 181 5 at the instance of Czar Alexander I.\\nIts object was the government of Europe by mutual concert based on the\\nprofession of Christian brotherhood. It ultimately tended toward the repres-\\nsion of all liberal and revolutionary opposition to the existing political\\norder. In 1823 the King of Spain invoked the aid of the other powers in\\nsuppressing the revolt of his South American colonies. President Monroe s\\nenunciation of the Monroe Doctrine, in his message of December, 1823,\\nwas a reply to this threatened movement.\\nAllison, William B., Senator, was born in Ohio in 1829.\\ndelegate to the Chicago Convention of i860, a Congressman from Iowa from\\n1862 to 1871, and a Senator from 1873 to the present time (1897).\\nseveral times been a prominent candidate for the Republican nomination for\\nPresident, and is a high authority on all matters of national finance.\\nAUston, Washington (1779-1843), one of the chief early American artists,\\nstudied and painted in Europe from 1801 to 1818, after which he resided\\nin Boston and Cambridge. He chiefly painted Scriptural subjects, and was\\neminent as a colorist.\\nAlmanacs. The first published in this country appeared at Cambridge,\\nMass., in 1639. It was compiled by William Pierce, mariner, and printed\\nby Stephen Daye, and was called An Almanac Calculated for New Eng-\\nland. It was the first book printed in the colonies. The first Boston\\nalmanac was published by John Foster in 1676. In Philadelphia the first\\nappeared in 1686, edited by Daniel Leeds, and printed by William Bradford.\\nIn 1697, J. Clapp published an almanac in New York. Beginning with\\n1700, Samuel Clough published the New England Almanac at Boston for\\neight years. It bore the traditional woodcut, professing to show what parts\\nof a man s body are governed by the moon, etc.; it foretold the weather,\\neclipses of the year, etc. Nathaniel Ames^ Astronomical Diary and Almanac\\nstarted at Boston in 1725, and continued half a century, with a circulation\\nof 60,000. Poor Richara^s Almanac^ by Richard Saunders (Benjamin Frank-\\nlin), continued by others as Poor Richard Improved., was issued from 1733 t\u00c2\u00b0\\n1786. It was filled with homely maxims and pithy proverbial counsels and\\nwas very popular. Other early almanacs were: Father Abraham s Almanac,\\nPhiladelphia, 1 759-1 799 Isaiah Thomas Massachusetts., Connecticut, Rhode\\nIsland., New Hampshire and Vermont Almanac, Worcester and Boston, 1775-\\n1822; Webstei s Calendar, or the Albany Almanac, 1784, the oldest family\\nalmanac published extant in the United States; the Virginia Almanac, Wil-\\nliamsburg and Richmond, 1751-1829; South Carolina and Georgia Almanac,\\nCharleston, 1760-1800; Gruber s Town and Country Almanac, Hagerstown,\\nMd., 1822-1877. Political almanacs began with the Whig Almanac, issued\\nby Horace Greeley 1 838-1 855, continued since as the Tribune Almanag,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 19\\nThe World Almanac began i858, the Herald Almanac 1872. The National\\nCalendar edited by Peter Force at Washington, 1 820-1 836, was an exten-\\nsive publication of general information.\\nAlta California, a weekly publication established at San Francisco,\\nJanuary 3, 1849, by Samuel Brannan. It was the first newspaper of any\\nimportance issued in California, and arose from a consolidation of the older\\njournals, the Star^ and the Monterey Californian. The daily publication of\\nthis paper was commenced in 1850. It is published at the present time\\nunder the original name.\\nAltamont, Tenn. On August 30, 1862, when Bragg was about invading\\nKentucky, the outposts of General McCook s division were attacked at Alta-\\nmont by the Confederate General Wheeler. McCook retired.\\nAlton, 111. In 1836 Elijah P. Lovejoy, an Abolitionist clergyman, began\\nto publish an anti-slavery paper here. His press was twice destroyed by a\\npro-slavery mob. While defending his premises against a third attack in\\nNovember, 1837, he was shot and mortally wounded.\\nAmana, a communistic society owning 25,000 acres of land seventy-\\nfour miles west of Davenport, la. The society was founded by some Ger-\\nman emigrants, who settled near Buffalo in 1842. In 1855 they moved to\\ntheir present home. The present society, numbering about 1500, is com-\\nposed almost entirely of Germans, with a few Swiss and Pennsylvania\\nDutch. The base of its organization is religion; they are pietists and their\\nreligious head is supposed to receive inspiration directly from God, hence\\nthey call themselves Inspirationists. The name Amana is taken from the\\nSong of Solomon, iv. 8.\\nAmbassador. Though the term ambassador was used occasionally in\\nrespect to the first diplomatic appointments made by the Continental Con-\\ngress, from that time on, in accordance with the usual practice of republics,\\nthe United States have appointed no diplomatic representative of higher rank\\nthan envoys. In 1893, however, the higher grade was authorized by act of\\nCongress, and Thomas F. Bayard was made Ambassador to Great Britain.\\nAmbassadors were also appointed to France, Germany, Italy and Russia.\\nAmbrister, a native of New Providence and an ex-lieutenant of British\\nmarines, who, together with Arbuthnot, a Scotch trader, was captured by\\nAndrew Jackson, April 17, 1818, during his campaign against the Seminole\\nIndians in Florida. These men were in league with the Indians in their\\nraids against the States. They were both tried before an American court\\nmartial, Ambrister pleading guilty and begging mercy. Ambrister was shot\\nand Arbuthnot hanged, though British citizens.\\nAmelia Island, Ga., was colonized by settlers under General Oglethorpe\\nin 1736. In 1739 a party of Spaniards landed on the island and killed two\\nunarmed Highlanders. This was the first blood shed in the Spanish war.\\nAfter the prohibition of the slave trade in 1808 the island was a place of\\nresort for pirates, smugglers and slave-traders, until in 181 7 President\\nMonroe suppressed them.\\nk", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "20 Dictionary of United States History.\\nAmendments. It was one of- the chief defects of the Articles of Con-\\nfederation that they provided no means for their amendment save by unani-\\nmous consent of the thirteen States. Three proposals of amendment which\\nwould have usefully strengthened the articles, failed of obtaining this unani-\\nmous consent. The Convention of 1787, summoned to amend the articles,\\nmade a new constitution instead. This provided for amendment on proposal\\nby two-thirds of both Houses of Congress or by a convention, if ratification\\nwere secured from three-fourths of the States, through legislatures or con-\\nventions. In fact, all have come from Congress and been ratified by State\\nlegislatures. In 1788 several States, beginning with Massachusetts, suggested\\namendments when ratifying the Constitution. Hence came, in the first\\nCongress, the proposals which brought into existence the first ten amend-\\nments. Of many proposed, only fifteen amendments have been ratified\\nsince the adoption of the Constitution. The first ten were ratified December\\n15, 1791. They relate respectively to i, freedom of religion, speech and the\\npress; 2, the right to establish State militia; 3, the quartering of troops in\\nprivate houses; 4, the security of persons against unwarrantable searches and\\nseizures; 5, capital crime; 6, criminal prosecutions; 7, trial by jury in com-\\nmon-law cases; 8, bails, fines and punishments; 9, the relation of constitu-\\ntional and natural rights; 10, powers reser\\\\ ed to the States. The series is\\nthus of the nature of a bill of rights. The Eleventh Amendment was ratified\\nJanuary 8, 1798. Under its provisions no citizen or citizens of a State\\nof the Union, or of a foreign State, can prosecute a suit against any other\\nState of the Union in a Federal court. This relieves the dignity of the\\nState, but weakens the power of justice toward a citizen, and facilitates repu-\\ndiation by States. The Twelfth Amendment was ratified September 25, 1804,\\nand settled a new method of electing the president and vdce-president.\\nUnder its provisions, electors, chosen by the people, meet in their respective\\nStates and vote for the two highest officers by distinct ballots. If no candi-\\ndate obtains a majority the House of Representatives elects a president by\\nballot from among the candidates. The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified\\nby December 18, 1865. It provided that slavery should not exist within the\\nUnited States and that Congress should make legislative appropriation for\\nthe enforcement of the article. This amendment was ratified by nineteen\\nloyal States and eight of those engaged in the Rebellion. The Fourteenth\\nAr T -virtient was ratified July 21, 1868. It forbade the States to abridge the\\nprivileges of citizens of the Union, diminished representation in case the\\nsuffrage was thus restricted, closed offices to all persons who had engaged in\\ninsurrection or rebellion, and acknowledged the public debt. The Fifteenth\\nAmendment was ratified March 30, 1870. It affirms that the right of\\ncitizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the\\nUnited States, or by any State, on account of race, color or previous con-\\ndition of servitude.\\nAmerica, so called after Amerigo Vespucci, wl^o claimed to have first\\ndiscovered and explored the coast of the mainland in 1497-98. The name\\nprobably originated from a little publication entitled Cosmographiae hitro-\\nductio^ edited and issued by two scholars, Ringmann and Waldseemiiller, at\\nthe little college of St, Di\u00e2\u0082\u00ac in the Vosges country. Ringmann is said to", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 21\\nhave been an ardent admirer of Vespucius, and to have inserted in his pub-\\nlication the four voyages of Vespucius. Tross, a bookseller of Paris, pro-\\nduced in 1881 a map dating as far back as 1517, on which the name\\nAmerica appears. It is also found on Schoner s globe of 1515, and seems\\nto have been generally adopted from these.\\nAmerican Antiquarian Society, founded by Isaiah Thomas at Worces-\\nter, Mass., in 1812 for the purpose of illustrating the antiquities of the New\\nWorld as a separate department of history. It has published several volumes\\nof collections and of proceedings, including the Archseologia Americana.\\nAmerican Archives, a valuable collection of documentary materials\\nrespecting the events leading up to the Revolution. This publication was\\nbegun by Peter Force at Washington in 1833-34, under instructions from\\nthe government. It contains letters, debates, notices of public affairs, and\\nessays on constitutional government, the whole forming a complete docu-\\nmeutary history of the colonies. The publication had included only nine\\nvolumes when appropriations ceased. Congress has never since continued\\nthis invaluable repertory.\\nAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, the most import-\\nant among American scientific societies. Its organization was effected at\\nBoston in 1847. Meetings have been held each year in some American city.\\nAmerican Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the oldest\\nmissionary society in the United States, organized June 29, 18 10. It is an\\nincorporated body with 250 members, and supports over 500 missionaries and\\nmany schools in Europe, America, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands.\\nAmerican Historical Association, founded at Saratoga in 1884, was incor-\\nporated by Congress in 1889. It is now affiliated with the Smithsonian\\nInstitution, and its papers are published by Government. Its meetmgs have\\nmostly been held in Washington. It numbers (1899) about iioo members.\\nAmerican Historical Society, founded in Washington in 1836. Its\\nmeetings were held in the House of Representatives at the Capitol, and the\\nfirst president was John Quincy Adams. It published one volume of trans-\\nactions.\\nAmerican Institute, a New York institution founded in 1828 to promote\\ndomestic industry. A charter was granted by the State Legislature. Annual\\nexhibitions showing the progress of industry, invention and manufacture\\nhave been held.\\nAmerican Insurance Company vs. Canter, an important case in the\\nU. S. Supreme Court, decided in 1828. An insured cargo of cotton, wrecked\\non the coast of Florida, was, by a decree of a territorial court, sold to satisfy\\nthe claim for salvage. The owners abandoned the cargo to the underwriters.\\nCanter, having bought portions of the cargo, sold the same at auction in\\nCharleston. The insurance company brought suit for recovery, alleging\\nunconstitutionality and want of authority in the Territorial Court of Florida.\\nThe district judge pronounced the decree of the Florida court a nullity. The\\nCircuit Court, however, confirmed the decree of the Territorial Court and\\nmaintained Canter s claims. This judgment was also confirmed by the\\nL", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "22 Dictionary of United States History.\\nSupreme Court of the United States on the ground that the act of the Terri-\\ntorial Legislature of Florida, in erecting the Territorial Court, was not incon-\\nsistent with the laws of the United States, and was therefore valid. The\\nopinion of the court is of importance because of Judge Marshall s decision\\nrespecting the basis of the government of territories.\\nAmerican Party. Hostility to the political influence of foreigners showed\\nitself in the formation of small and local nativist parties in New York and\\nPhiladelphia in 1835 and 1844. About 1852, when the old parties, Democratic\\nand Whig, were obviously in a state of dissolution or re-formation, and when\\nimmigration had taken on large proportions, nativism revived. A secret,\\noath-bound fraternity, with numerous lodges, and with conventions which\\nmade nominations secretly, attained sudden importance. From the pro-\\nfessions of ignorance with which its members met all questioning, they were\\ncalled Know-nothings. In 1854 the Know-nothings carried Massachusetts\\nand Delaware; in 1855, most of New England, New York, Maryland, Ken-\\ntucky and California, and polled a large vote in the South, mainly from\\nformer Whigs. Their platform demanded more severe naturalization laws\\nand the selection of none but natives for office. In national convention at\\nPhiladelphia in February, 1856, they nominated ex-President Millard Fill-\\nmore for the Presidency, and A. J. Donelson, of Tennessee, for Vice-President.\\nBut the slavery issue thrust all others aside, and the ticket received but\\n874,534 votes in a total of over 4,000,000, and but eight electoral votes,\\nthose of Maryland. The party soon died out, though the Constitutional\\nUnion party of i860 was in a way its successor. Recently the American\\nProtective League and other similar organizations have revived the nativist\\nprogramme.\\nAmerican Philosophical Society, oldest among the American academies\\nfounded and conducted for the furtherance of science. It was established at\\nPhiladelphia in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin and his associates. Between\\nthe years 1771 and 1894 this society has published a series of its Transac-\\ntions, numbering about twenty-five volumes, and about twenty volumes of\\nProceedings. These volumes contain valuable papers upon a great variety\\nof subjects.\\nAmerican Republican Party, formed in New York in 1842, as the suc-\\ncessor of the Native American Party of 1835. They demanded that public\\noffices should be filled only by native Americans, and that naturalization\\nshould not be allowed until after a sojourn of twenty-one years in the\\ncountry. It was a precursor of the Know-Nothing Party.\\nAmerican Weekly Mercury, the third newspaper published in the\\nUnited States. This journal was founded by Andrew Bradford, the first\\nnumbers appearing in Philadelphia in 17 19. William Bradford was also an\\nassociate editor foy a time, but he afterward removed to New York to continue\\nhis journalistic career. After Andrew Bradford s death in 1742, the publi-\\ncation of the Mercury was continued with considerable success by his widow.\\nIts general object was the encouragement of trade, little space being devoted\\nto local news. Foreign news, commercial statistics and custom house entries", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "Sir Henry Hudson.\\nFernando de Soto.\\nJacques Cartier,\\nDISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS.\\nHernando Cortez.\\nChristopher Columbus.\\nRobert Caveller de la Salle.\\nAmerigo Vespucci.\\nSebastian Cabot.\\nPonce de Leon.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 23\\nconstituted its chief matter, although there were occasional literary comments\\nand extracts from English classics. Publication wassuspended about 1746.\\nAmerican Whigs, the first political party of America, came into exist-\\nence in the struggles preceding the Revolution. They resisted the arbitrary\\nmeasures of King George III, and declared their independence of him. They\\nopposed the Tories, the supporters of the crown in America, and after the\\nRevolution confiscated the property of banished Tories.\\nAmericus Vespucius, Latinized from Amerigo Vespucci (1452-1512),\\nwas bom at Florence. He engaged in trade in the employ of the house of\\nMedici, and became known as an expert astronomer, calculator and map-\\nmaker. He made four voyages to America, two in the Spanish, and two in\\nthe Portuguese service, and acted as the sailing-master. The first voyage in\\n1497-98 was until recently confounded with the second voyage made in 1499-\\n1500 along the northern coast of South America. In 1501-02 he visited the\\nBrazilian coast, and in 1503-04 sailed in the same direction. He was pilot-\\nmajor of Spain from 1508 till his death at Seville. To the region of his\\nBrazilian discoveries he gave the name of Mundus Novus. This was consid-\\nered to be a Qiiarta Pars, a fourth part, added to the previously known\\nworld of the old maps; and a teacher of geography, Waldeesmiiller, in the\\ntown of St. Die, in Lorraine, proposed in 1507 the name America for the\\nQuarta Pars. His little treatise, Cosmographiae Introductio, spread the sug-\\ngestion, and the name America came gradually to be transferred from Brazil\\nto the entire Continent.\\nAmes, Fisher (1758-1808), was bom at Dedham, Mass. He was grad-\\nuated at Harvard, and soon acquired a brilliant reputation as a lawyer and\\npolitical writer. He served in the Massachusetts Legislature, and made his\\nmark in the convention which met in 1788 to ratify the Federal Constitution.\\nFrom 1789 to 1797 he was Congressman from Massachusetts, and achieved\\nwidespread fame as a Federalist leader and eloquent orator. Failing health\\ncompelled his retirement from public life, and he refused the presidency of\\nHarvard College.\\nAmes, Oakes (1804-1873), of Massachusetts, manufacturer. His firm\\ncarried on an enormous business in the manufacture of shovels, especially\\nin the early days of the gold-finding in California and Australia. They had\\na large interest in the building of the Union Pacific Railroad, which they\\ntransferred to the Credit Mobilier. He was a member of Congress from 1862\\nto 1873. He was censured by the House for his connection with the Credit\\nMobi Her scandal\\nAmherst, Jeffrey, Lord (17 17-1797), soldier, was commissioned major-\\ngeneral by Pitt and sent to co-operate with Prideaux against the French in\\nCanada. Took Ticonderoga in 1759. In 1760 he was appointed Governor-\\nGeneral of British America; in 1763 titular Governor of Virginia; and from\\n1793 to 1795, commander-in-chief of the British army.\\nAmherst College was founded by the Congregationalists in iSai. Its\\nmost famous presidents were Edward Hitchcock and Julius H. Seelye.", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "24 Dictionary of United States History.\\nAmidas or Amadas, Philip (1550-1618), English navigator, in 1584\\ncommanded one of the ships in Raleigh s exploring expedition to the coast\\nof North Carolina.\\nAmistad Case, The. In 1839 the cargo of negro slaves on board this\\nSpanish vessel bound for Puerto Principe from Havana, rose and killed the\\nwhites and took possession of the ship. The ship was seized by a U. S. war\\nvessel off Long Island and carried to New London. The U. S. District\\nCourt of Connecticut decided that the slaves were property rescued from\\npirates and should be returned to their Spanish owners, under the treaty\\nbetween the United States and Spain. The Supreme Court of the United\\nStates reversed this decision, declaring that the blacks, having been kidnapped\\nfrom a foreign country, were free men and not bound by treaties with Spain.\\nAmnesty. In 1862 Congress authorized the President to offer full pardon\\nto all persons, excepting the most prominent movers in the Rebellion, who\\nwould swear an oath of allegiance to the United States. President Lincoln\\nissued the first proclamation of amnesty December 8, 1863. On March 26,\\n1864, a supplementary proclamation was issued. The next proclamation\\nwas issued by President Johnson May 29, 1865. A bill was passed in 1867\\nrepealing the act of 1862, but President Johnson ignored it, adhering to his\\nconstitutional right to pardon. On September 7, 1S67, President Johnson\\nissued another proclamation extending pardon to all but a few classes. July\\n4, 1868, pardon was offered for treason to all, except those under indictment,\\nand December 25, 1868, full amnesty to all. The Congressional Act of May\\n22, 1872, removed political disability from all but the most prominent\\nConfederates.\\nAmpudia, Pedro de, Mexican soldier. As a general in the war with\\nthe United States, he unsuccessfully, but with great spirit, defended Monterey\\nagainst General Taylor.\\nAmy Warwick, a vessel belonging to persons living in Richmond, and\\ncaptured July 10, 1861, by the U. S. cruisers as enemy s property. The\\nvessel was at the time of capture on the high seas from Rio Janeiro to\\nRichmond, laden with tobacco and not attempting to run the blockade.\\nThis capture first distinctly raised the question of the right of the United\\nStates to exercise war powers in suppressing the Confederacy.\\nAnarchists. The Anarchists of the United States are almost entirely\\nforeign born. Chief and best known among them is Johann Most, who\\nedited the Anarchist paper Frdheit. Their greatest strength is in Chicago,\\nwhere they incited a serious riot May 4, 1886. Several leaders were executed\\nand others were imprisoned, but were pardoned in 1893 by Governor Altgeld,\\nof Illinois. Popular reaction since 1886 has done much to decrease Anarch-\\nistic tendencies.\\nAnatomy Laws. Massachusetts in 1784 passed an act providing that the\\nbodies of those killed in duels or executed for killing another in a duel\\nshould be given to the surgeons to be dissected. New York in 1789 passed\\na law punishing the disinterment of bodies for purposes of anatomy. Mass-\\nachusetts in 1 83 1 passed the first liberal law for the benefit of anatomy", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 25\\npassed in any English-speaking country, giving to the surgeons the bodies\\nof criminals and of State paupers who died without leaving relatives. But\\nthe New York law of 1789 had given judges the power to order the dissec-\\ntion of executed criminals as a part of their sentence. Most States have\\nsince 1831 passed acts more or less liberal to authorize dissection.\\nAnderson, Joseph (1757-1837), was a captain at the battle of Mon-\\nmouth and the siege of Yorktown. Was U. S. Senator from Tennessee from\\n1797 to 1815.\\nAnderson, Martin B. (1815-1890), of New York, educator, was for some\\ntime a professor in Waterville College, and from 1853 president of\\nRochester University.\\nAnderson, Mary, born in 1859, actress, first appeared on the stage as Juliet\\nin 1875; was always a great favorite in the Un.^ed States and has been well\\nreceived in England. She married Antonio de Navarro, and retired in 1889.\\nAnderson, Rasmus Bjorn, born in 1846, of Wisconsin, author, was pro-\\nfessor of Scandinavian languages from 1875 to 1884. He was appointed\\nminister to Denmark in 1885, and served until if\\nAnderson, Richard H. (1816-1879), soldier, a graduate of West Point,\\nserved in the Mexican War. Joined the Confederates in 1861; became lieu-\\ntenant-general, and commanded a division at Gettysburg.\\nAnderson, Robert (1805-1871), of Kentucky, soldier, served in the Black\\nHawk, Florida and Mexican Wars. He was severely wounded at Molino\\ndel Rey. In November, i860, he took command of the troops and forts in\\nCharleston Harbor. In December he withdrew all his troops to Fort Sumter,\\nwhich, after a bombardment of thirty-six hours by the Confederates, he was\\ncompelled to evacuate April 13, 1861.\\nAnderson, Fort, North Carolina, was garrisoned in 1865 by 6000 Confed-\\nerates under Hoke. February 18 it was assaulted by fifteen Federal war\\nvessels commanded by Admiral Porter and by a land force under Schofield\\nand Terry. The attack from land and sea was simultaneous. The garrison\\nfled almost immediately, leaving ten heavy guns and much ammunition.\\nThe national flag was raised the next day.\\nAnderson Case. A negro named Anderson was found by Seneca Diggs\\nwandering about his plantation in Missouri without a pass, whereupon Mr.\\nDiggs arrested him as a fugitive slave. Anderson plunged a knife into his\\ncaptor s heart and escaped, making his way to Canada, where he remained\\nuntil i860, when the American government demanded that he be given up\\nunder the extradition treaty. Anderson was tried and discharged on a\\ntechnical point. The eloquent speech of Mr. Gerrit Smith, the defendant s\\ncounsel, attracted widespread attention.\\nAnderson vs. Dunn (1821), an action of trespass, brought for assault\\nand battery and false imprisonment against Dunn, sergeant-at-arms of the\\nHouse of Representatives, by Anderson, a member of the House, who was\\narrested by order of the House for a breach of privilege. The Supreme", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "26 Dictionary of United States History.\\nCourt decided that the Constitution authorizes the House to punish its mem-\\nbers for contempt, and judgment was affirmed for the defendant.\\nAndersonville, Sumter County, Georgia, site of a Confederate military\\nprison for Federal soldiers during the Civil War. The mortality of this\\nprison was very great, 12,926 soldiers dying there. Henry Wirtz, a Swiss\\nadventurer, the superintendent of the prison, was tried, after the war, by a\\nmilitary commission and hung for excessive cruelty, November 10, 1865.\\nAs to the culpability of the Confederate government, opposite views have\\nbeen maintained. Andersonville is now the site of a national cemetery for\\nUnion soldiers.\\nAndre, John (1751\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1780), acting adjutant-general to Sir Henry Clinton,\\nand the unfortunate victim of Arnold s treason. After varied experiences in\\nthe Revolutionary War he was sent by Clinton to arrange with Benedict\\nArnold the details of the latter s projected treachery. The two conferred in\\nsecret near Stony Point, on the Hudson, and Andr6 started back to New\\nYork. When near Tarrytown he was stopped by three Americans, searched\\nand delivered to the military authorities. A military- court condemned him\\nto death as a spy, and he was hanged at Tappan, across the river, on October\\n2, 1780. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, and a monument was many\\nyears afterward erected in Tarrj town in memory of the affair. The three\\npatriots, John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac Van Wart, were rewarded\\nby Congress.\\nAndrew, John A. (1818-1867), the famous War Governor of Massa-\\nchusetts, had become known as a lawyer and member of the Legislature,\\nwhen in i860 he was elected by the Republicans as Governor. His years of\\noffice, 1861 to 1866, coincide with the Civil War period, and he was the\\nheart and soul of the patriotic sentiment in the State. His services in\\nequipping and forwarding the militia, in co-operating with other executives,\\nand his advocacy of radical measures in the latter half of the war, entitled\\nJiim to a conspicuous place in the group of War Governors.\\nAndrews, E. Benjamin, born in 1844, became president of Brown Uni-\\nversity in 1889. He was a U. S. Commissioner to the International Monetary\\nConference at Brussels in 1892. He wrote Institutes of General History,\\nInstitutes of Constitutional History, and Institutes of Economy. He\\nwas elected superintendent of schools in Chicago in 1898.\\nAndrews, Stephen Pearl (1812-1886), of New York, author, was an ardent\\nAbolitionist, the founder of the present system of phonogi aphic reporting\\nand an accomplished linguist.\\nAndros, Sir Edmund (1637-1714), was born in London, and was early in\\nlife a soldier and bailiff of the Island of Guernsey. He began his American\\ncareer as Governor of New York in 1674-81; to which in 1680 he added by\\nseizure New Jersey. When his patron, the Duke of York, had become king\\nas James II., he appointed Andros in 1686 Governor of the northern colonies,\\nincluding New England and New York. Andros was arbitrary in his head-\\nquarters in Boston and elsewhere in New England, though the story of the\\ncharter oak of Connecticut is by some considered apocryphal. The over-\\ntlirow of James II. led the people of Boston to depose Andros in April, 1689,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 27\\nand he was sent to England, but not tried. He was again Governor, 1692-\\n98, this time of Virginia.\\nAngell, James B., bom in Rhode Island in 1829, educator, was professor\\nof modern languages and literature in Brown University from 1853 to i860;\\neditor of the Providence Journal from i860 to 1866; president of the\\nUniversity of Vermont from 1866 to 1871, since which time he has been\\npresident of the University of Michigan, except during 1880 and 1881, when he\\nwas minister of the United States in China. Became Minister to Turkey\\n1897 to 1898.\\nAnian, Straits of, supposed by geographers and explorers of the sixteenth\\ncentury to be the Northwest Passage to India. It was believed to have been\\ndiscovered by Cortereal, a Spanish voyager, in 1500, and to have been named\\nby him after three brothers, who accompanied him. It has been identified\\nwith both Behring Strait and Puget Sound. Many expeditions were sent in\\nsearch of the strait during the sixteenth century.\\nAnn, a small vessel, which arrived at Plymouth in August, 1623,\\naccompanied by the Little James, and brought reinforcements to the\\nPilgrims.\\nAnnals of Congress. These annals were published by Gales and Seaton\\nin 1834. They contain, in forty-two volumes, a complete record of the\\nproceedings and debates from the first Congress down to May, 1824, besides\\nvaluable state papers, public documents and laws.\\nAnnapolis, Md., was founded in 1649 ^Y Pnritan refugees from Virginia\\nand became the capital of the colony in 1689. It was first called Providence,\\nbut was incorporated as a city in 1696, and received its present name (after\\nQueen Anne) in 1708. The U. S. Naval Academy was established here in\\n1845.\\nAnne (1664-1714), Queen of Great Britain from 1702 to 1714. In 1704 a\\nproclamation of Queen Anne regarding the Colonial currency, ordered a\\nuniform scale of legalized depreciation in the Colonial coinage system. A\\nproclamation of Queen Anne in 1 7 1 f, forced the slave trade upon the colonies,\\nEngland having been granted the monopoly of this trade under the provi-\\nsions of the treaty of Utrecht. (See Queen Anne s War.)\\nAnnexations. After the adoption of the Federal Constitution the different\\nStates ceded all the territories to the west of them and included in their\\noriginal charters, to the Union. Many of these territories nominally extended\\nto the Pacific coast, but in practice, only as far as the Mississippi River.\\nI/Ouisiana and the Floridas were then under Spanish dominion and thus the\\nnavigation of the Mississippi River was blocked, causing great inconveni-\\nence to settlers west of the Alleghanies. It had ever been the fixed policy\\nof Spain to exclude all foreign commerce from this stream. She had refused\\nto treat with Jay upon this point in 1780-82. In 1786 the United States\\nwithdrew its demand for a navigation treaty, but the clamorings of the\\nwestern settlers caused their renewal, and, in 1795, Thomas Pinckney, Envoy\\nExtraordinary, negotiated a treaty of friendship and boundaries, by which\\nfree navigation of the Mississippi was opened, as well as the port of New\\nOrleans. In 1800 Spain retroceded Louisiana to France, to which country", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "28 Dictionary of United States History.\\nit had belonged until tbe peace of 1763. The treaty of 1795 was abrogated\\nand the West was again in a ferment. It was proposed in the Senate that the\\nPresident order out 50,000 militia and capture New Orleans. Instead James\\nMonroe was sent to co-operate with Robert R. Livingston for the purchase\\nof New Orleans in 1803. A prospective war with England induced France\\nto sell all Louisiana, and the purchase was negotiated for $15,000,000 on\\nApril 30, 1803, the treaty being signed by Livingston and Monroe for the\\nUnion, and Barbe-Marbois for France. By this step Jefferson obtained\\nfor the United States 1,171,931 square miles of territory, comprising Alabama\\nand Mississippi south of parallel 31\u00c2\u00b0, all Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa,\\nNebraska, Dakota, Montana, Minnesota west of the Mississippi, most of\\nKansas, a large part of Colorado, and Wyoming. The Federalists angrily\\nattacked this move of Jefferson as being utterly unconstitutional, and the\\nPresident did not attempt to defend himself, but sought indemnity. Florida\\nwas next annexed. The United States claimed Florida, but Spain denied\\nhaving ceded it to France with Louisiana. In 1810 the people of west Florida\\ndeclared their independence. Governor Claiborne, of New Orleans, was sent\\nby the President to take possession of Mobile and West Florida. In 1818\\nSpain was much annoyed by a war with the Seminoles,and accordingly a treaty\\nwas concluded February 22, 1819, by which Florida was ceded to the Union\\nin consideration of the payment of $5,000,000 for Spain in private claims by\\ncitizens of the States. Texas had been claimed by both France and Spain,\\nbut after the revolt of Mexico was in reality under Mexican rule. In 1836\\nTexas seceded and declared herself free, defeating the Mexican General Santa\\nAnna, but was not recognized by Mexico. The United States, England,\\nFrance and Belgium recognized the new republic. Many politicians favored\\nthe annexation of Texas and in 1844 Calhoun, Secretary of State under Tyler,\\nactually concluded a treaty to this effect, which was rejected by the Senate.\\nAfter considerable manoeuvring and political intrigue, a joint resolution was\\npassed in the Senate February 27, 1845, and in the House February 28, and\\nTexas was admitted to the Union. As a result of the Mexican War and\\nby the payment of $15,000,000 and $3,250,000 in claims of private citizens\\nagainst Mexico, California, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and part of Arizona\\nand Colorado, were added to the Union in 1848 (545,783 square miles). By\\nthe Gadsen Treaty in 1853 the southern part of Arizona, 45,535 square miles,\\nwas purchased from Mexico. Alaska, 577,390 square miles, was ceded to the\\nUnited States for $7,200,000 on June 30, 1867, by Russia. The Spanish\\nWar, 1898, added Porto Rico, Cuba and Guam, an island of the Ladrones,\\nand, for the payment of $20,000,000, the Philippine group.\\nAntarctic Expedition. In 1839 Captain Wilkes, of the U. S. Navy, con-\\nducted an exploring expedition toward the South Pole. He discovered in\\nJanuary, 1840, a portion of a large continent in latitude 61\u00c2\u00b0 30 S. and\\nlongitude i5i\u00c2\u00b0 E. He traced the coast westward to longitude 101\u00c2\u00b0 E., but\\nwas prevented from landing by the ice.\\nAnthony, Henry Bowen (1815-1884), was born at Coventr}-, R. I., and\\ndied at Providence. He was graduated at Brown University in 1833, and\\nbecame the editor of the Providence Journal and the most influential of\\nNew England journalists. He was elected Whig Governor of Rhode Island\\nin 1849 and 1850. From 1859 1884 he was uninterruptedly Republican", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States Historv. 2y\\nU. S. Senator from Rhode Island, and was several times chosen president\\npro tempore of the Senate. His career there is among the longest on record.\\nHis valuable collection, the Harris Library-, was left to Brown University.\\nAnthony, Susan B., born in 1820, of New York, refonner, especially in\\nmatters connected with the civil status of women. In 1854 and 1855\\nheld conventions in every county of New York in favor of Woman Suffrage,\\nand has done much to secure the passage of laws giving to women more\\ncontrol over their property than is permitted by the common law.\\nAntietam Creek, Md., one of the great battles of the war; a two days\\nfight between the Federals and Confederates under McClellan and Lee, Sep-\\ntember 16, 17, 1862. McClellan commanded 87,000 troops; Lee 41,000.\\nThe Confederates were stationed along the Antietam Creek, their flanks resting\\non the Potomac River, having placed strong guards at three of the four stone\\nbridges v/hich crossed the creek. Hooker s brigade was dispatched across\\nthe fourth and unguarded bridge to attack the Confederate flank, while the\\nbatteries of both sides kept up a continual fire. Scarcely more than a skirmish\\ntook place when darkness fell. At sunrise Hooker assaulted Jackson with\\nsome success, but reinforcements at that point forced him to give way. The\\nhottest of the fighting contiuued on this flank throiighout the morning, con-\\nstant reinforcements being sent to Jackson, and Franklin and Sunnier coming\\nup to assist Hooker. Burnside had early been ordered to capture the bridge\\nin his front and cross to attack Lee s centre, but this he delayed doing until\\nhe found it almost an impossibility. Finally, however, he succeeded, and\\ncrossing, he dislodged the Confederates, who were stationed upon the heights\\noverlooking vSharpsburg. At this point Hill arrived with 2000 fresh Confed-\\nerate troops, who, uniting with Lee, drove Burnside out and retook the heights.\\nBoth sides suffered severely there was mutual desistance, and Lee withdrew\\non the 19th. The battle was treated as a victory in the North, and was\\nfollowed by the emancipation proclamation.\\nAnti-Federalists, a political party which first came into existence in\\nopposing the ratification of the Constitution. Its leaders were George Clin-\\nton, Patrick Henry and others. Failing in this they were for a time utterly\\ndemoralized. During the First Congress this party showed itself but little,\\nbut in the first session of the Second Congress there were symptoms of an\\nAnti-Federalist revival. They opposed Hamilton and his followers and\\ngradually became champions of the strict construction of the Constitution\\nand opponents to what they termed monarchical Federalism. After the\\nrise of the Republican party under Jeflferson the Anti-Federalists lost\\ntheir identity in the advocacy of its principles (1793).\\nAnti-Lecompton, the Congressional faction of the Democratic Party\\nwhich opposed in 1858 the admission of Kansas to the Union under the pro-\\nvisions of the Lecompton slavery constitution. Crittenden and Douglas led\\nthis faction in the Senate, Montgomery in the House. A vote was taken in\\nthe House April i, on the Crittenden-Montgomery resolution that the Lecomp-\\nton constitution should have the honest test of popular vote in Kansas before\\nshe should become a State. The Anti-Lecomptons won by a vote of 120 to\\n112.", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "3\u00c2\u00a9 Dictionary of United States History.\\nAnti-Masonry. The Freemasons had in 1820 many prominent politi-\\ncians among their members. In 1826 William Morgan, of Batavia, N. Y.,\\nthreatened to reveal the secrets of the society. He was arrested and a judg-\\nment was obtained against him for debt. He was then earned to Niagara in\\na closed carriage and never again heard of. Accordingly, in the next town\\nand county elections candidates refusing to resign from the Freemasons found\\na strong Anti-Mason vote polled against them. From being local, anti-\\nmasonry became widespread through New York, and finally affected national\\npolitics. In 1828 the National Republican Party of New York nominated\\nState candidates who were not Freemasons, and an Anti-Masonic State Con-\\nvention nominated candidates pledged against freemasonry. This party soon\\ndisplaced the National Republicans as opponents of the Democrats in New\\nYork. Anti-masonry spread to other States and, notably in Pennsylvania and\\nVermont, strongly affected the elections. In New York, William H. Seward,\\nThurlow Weed and Millard Fillmore were Anti-Masonic leaders. John Ouincy\\nAdams had by this time lost control of the National Republicans and Clay\\nwas becoming popular. In their National Convention at Baltimore in 1831\\n(the first of national nominating conventions) the Anti-Masons, hoping to\\nforce Clay, who was a Mason, out of the field, nominated Wirt and Ellmaker.\\nBut the National Republicans persisted in nominating Clay. Wirt and Ell-\\nmaker received the electoral vote of Vermont only. After this the Anti-\\nMasons died out as a distinct national party, being absorbed by the Whigs.\\nThey continued to exercise some influence in a few States, however, for a\\ntime.\\nAnti-Monopoly Party was formed May 14, 1884, at Chicago, demanding\\neconomical government, equitable laws, including an Interstate Commerce\\nlaw, laws establishing labor bureaus and providing industrial arbitration,\\ndirect vote for senators, graduated income tax, payment of the national debt\\nas it matures, and fostering care for agriculture, and denouncing the tariff\\nand the gi-anting of laud to corporations. It joined later with the Green-\\nback I^abor Party under the name of the People s Party.\\nAnti-Nebraska Men, a name first given the Northern Whigs to dis-\\ntinguish them from the Southern Whigs in respect to the Kansas-Nebraska\\nbill. Their ranks were reinforced by Anti-Slavery Democrats, and though\\nnot a distinct party they gained control of the House in the Thirty-fourth\\nCongress. They soon became the Republican Party.\\nAntinomians, a sect originally founded by John Agricola, a disciple for\\na time of Martin Luther. He and his followers taught that the law was of\\nno use or obligation under the dispensation of the Gospel. Antinomianism\\nin the United States was preached by Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, an English\\nwoman, who came to Boston in September, 1634. She came for the sake\\nof the spiritual comfort of the sermons of John Cotton and John Wheel-\\nwright. These men she pronounced to be under a covenant of grace, all\\nother ministers under a covenant of works. Mrs. Hutchinson and her\\ndisciples believed that good works availed nothing toward salvation. Wheel-\\nwright, Vane, the young Governor of Massachusetts at the time, and others,\\nupheld her. She was tried in 1637, and banished with Wheelwright and", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 31\\nAspinwall. A number of her followers were fined or otherwise punished,\\nand the rule of the Puritan hierarchy was firmly established at the expense\\nof freedom of thought and speech.\\nAntioch College, Yellow Springs, O., was founded in 1852. Horace Maun,\\nwas president of it.\\nAnti- Relief Party, a political party in Kentucky opposing the relief of\\ndelinquent debtors and consequently the so-called Relief Party. This party\\nwas defeated by the Relief Party in the Gubernatorial contest of 1824, but\\nregained control two years later.\\nAnti-renters, a name given about 1840 to the tenants of the large estates\\nin New York granted to patroons by the Dutch Company and James II. These\\ntenants held deeds of the land, but paid rent annually, an arrangement which\\ncaused much dissatisfaction. In 1839, on the death of Stephen Van Rensse-\\nlaer, one of the principal landholders, his tenants refused to pay rent to his\\nsuccessor. Open revolt followed, sometimes attended by riot and bloodshed.\\nAttempts to collect rents by military aid led to the Helderberg War. In 1847\\nand 1848 the Anti-renters showed themselves as a political power in the State.\\nThe Court of Appeals in 1852 gave a decision in the main sustaining the\\ntenants, and practically ended the anti-rent movement.\\nApaches, a nation of roving Indians belonging to the Athabascan family.\\nThey were early the terror of the Spanish, and since the annexation of their\\nterritory to the United States the tribe has given great trouble. Mangos\\nColorado for fifty years led large hostile bands, until finally killed in 1863.\\nLater, attempts were made to remove the Apaches to a reservation in New\\nMexico. The plan was opposed by the whites on the frontiers, and led to\\nthe massacre of over 100 Apaches at Camp Grant, Arizona, April 30, 1871.\\nAppeals, Court of. (See Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture.)\\nAppeals from Colonial Courts. (See Privy Council.)\\nAppointing Power. In the Colonial period the Crown appointed the\\ngovernors and councils, and the governors appointed most other ofiBeers.\\nThe new constitutions made at the time of the Revolution, because of fear\\nof tyranny, usually lessened the appointing power of governors. The Con-\\ntinental Congress appointed few officers. The Constitiition of 1787 gives the\\nPresident power to appoint all officers (subject to confirmation by the Senate),\\nexcept such inferior officers as Congress may provide shall be appointed by\\nthe President alone, by the courts of law, or by the heads of departments.\\nThe participation by the Senate has led to much injurious collusion in\\nappointments dictated by considerations of party politics, under the name of\\nthe courtesy of the Senate. Presidents at first made appointments for\\nfitness solely, and made no removals for political causes. But Jefferson first,\\nand afterward, and more largely, Jackson, introduced that policy of partisan\\nappointments and removals which is known as the Spoils System. (See\\nart. See also Tenure of Office, Removals, and Civil Service Reform.) History\\nby Miss Salmon.\\nAppointment, Council of, a council of four members, instituted by the\\nNew York Constitution of 1777, whose function was to approve or disapprove", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "32 Dictionary or United States History.\\nof iioniinations to office made by the Governor. They strengthened their\\npowers in 1801, became an instrument of great abuse in the way of partisan\\nappointments, and were abolished in 1821.\\nAppomattox, Va., the final battle, between the Confederates 35,000\\nstrong under Lee and the Federals numbering 100,000 under Grant, of the\\nRichmond and Petersburg campaign of 1864-65. Lee s army was retreating\\nas rapidly as its forlorn condition would permit, when, Crook and Sheridan\\nhaving captured a Confederate provision train near Appomattox, Custer\\npushed on to that place and fought the wearied Confederates till dark. They\\nwere severely defeated and many prisoners were taken. This occurred April\\n8, 1865. The following day, as Sheridan was preparing for a charge, the\\nConfederates waved a white flag and Lee, after interchange of communica-\\ntions, surrendered the army of Northern Virginia to Grant. The terms\\nwhich Grant conceded were that both ofl cers and men should be released on\\nparole and should keep their horses, because they would need them for the\\nspring ploughing and farm work.\\nApportionment, the distribution of representation in the Federal House\\nof Representatives and in the houses of the diSerent State legislatures. It\\nis sometimes used in a fiscal sense as applied to the allotment of direct taxes\\non the basis of population. As far back as William Penn s plan of general\\ngovernment for the colonies objection was made against equal representation\\nof colonies. The Albany Plan of Union provided that each colony should be\\nrepresented in the Grand Council by from two to seven delegates, according\\nto the amount of taxes paid by each. In the Continental Congress the rule\\nof equal representation prevailed, each State having one vote. This rule\\nwas retained in the Articles of Confederation, for long contentions over the\\nmatter showed that no other plan could win acceptance. In the Convention\\nof 1787 there was long and bitter dispute over questions of representation.\\nFinally it was settled that the Federal legislature should consist of two\\nbranches, that the States should be equally represented in the upper, or\\nSenate, and that in the lower, or House of Representatives, each should\\nhave a number of members proportioned to the number of its free inhab-\\nitants, plus three-fifths of the slaves. A provisional apportionment was\\ninserted in the Constitution, and in 1790 a census was taken. Direct taxes\\nwere to be apportioned in the same manner as representation. The\\nlower house should have no more than one representative for ever} 30,000\\ninhabitants. This constitutional rule governed apportionments during\\nseventy years, though the ratio was changed from time to time. Much\\ndebate arose over the question of fractional representation. In the Thirty-\\nfirst Congress Vinton, of Ohio, moved to divide the representative popula-\\ntion of the entire country by 233 and that of each State by the quotient,\\nassigning to each State representation for each full ratio and the remaining\\nmembers necessary to make up 233 to the States having the largest fractions.\\nThis method has guided subsequent apportionments. Federal apportion-\\nments are made shortly after each decennial census, and the State apportion-\\nments are guided by the Federal. Methods of apportionment in difierent\\nStates vary, however. (See Gerrymander.)", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 33\\nAquedneck, a settlement on Narragansett Bay, made in 1637, by a party\\nof Autinomiaus under the leadership of William Coddington. It was made\\nin anticipation of banishment from Massachusetts for upholding Mrs. Hutch-\\ninson, the leader of the Antinomians.\\nArapahoes, a tribe of Indians residing at the headwaters of the Arkansas\\nand Platte rivers. They have generally been friendly to the whites.\\nArbor Day, a day set apart by most of the States and Territories for\\nplanting trees. Arbor Day was iuaugurated by the Nebraska State Board\\nof Agriculture in 1874, the second Wednesday in April being the day set.\\nArbuthnot, Marriot (1711-1794), British admiral, was made vice-admiral\\nand commander-in-chief on the American station in 1779 and co-operated\\nwith Clinton in the capture of Charleston in 1780.\\nArchaeological Institute of America. This society was founded at Boston\\nin 1879, and has devoted the larger part of its interest to classical archaeology.\\nUnder the auspices of the institution, Mr. A. F. Bandelier was sent to New\\nMexico to study the Pueblos, and at the same time Ayme, American Consul\\nat Mdrida, was commissioned to explore Yucatan. In 1885 the American\\nJournal of ArchcBoIogy v/as started at Baltimore as the society s official organ.\\nArchbishop. There have been in America no archbishops except those\\nof the Catholic church. The first of these was John Carroll, bishop of Balti-\\nmore, made archbishop in 1808.\\nArchdale, John, a Quaker, born in England, was, from 1694 for about\\ntwo years, Governor of Carolina, into which he introduced the culture of rice.\\nArcher, \\\\A^illiam S. (1789-1855), of Virginia, was a member of Congress\\nfrom 1820 to 1835, and U. S. Senator from 1841 to 1847.\\nArchive ^A^a^. In 1842, after Texas had declared her independence of\\nMexico, the Texan seat of government was at Austin. During that year\\nthe Mexicans under Vasquez destroyed San Antonio and threatened Austin.\\nThe President fled to Houston and demanded that the government archives\\nshould be transferred to that city. This the citizens of Austin refused to\\nallow. Vigilance and archive committees were appointed. In September\\nthe President sent Captain Smith and thirty-five men to take the archives\\nby force. This was accomplished, but the citizens of Austin pursued the\\ncaptors and recovered the archives, thus determining the permanence of the\\ncapital at Austin.\\nArctic Discoveries. Dr. Kane conducted the first American expedition\\nin Arctic regions, sailing from New York in the Advance, May 30, 1853.\\nHe penetrated Smith Strait as far as Cape George Russell, and then returned\\nto Van Rensselaer Harbor for the winter. Frequent excursions were made\\nfrom this place, 125 miles of coast being traced to the North and East.\\nMorton and another of Kane s company penetrated to Washington Land in\\nlatitude 82\u00c2\u00b0 27 discovering an open channel which they named Kennedy.\\nKane returned in 1855, hdving been further North than any other explorer.\\nHe had to abandon his ship and go overland to the Danish settlements in the\\nSouth, where he was met by a relief party. During i860 Dr. Isaac Hayes,\\n3", "height": "2610", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "34 Dictionary of Unitbd States History.\\none of Kane s party, advanced as far as 8i\u00c2\u00b0 35 north latitude, but was\\nobliged to return, without having made any important discover)-. Dr.\\nCharles F. Hall, of Connecticut, led an expedition the same year in search\\nof Sir John Franklin. He lost his boat and was obliged to return. He\\nmade, however, some important discoveries of Frobisher s expedition 300\\nyears before. Under Hall, the same year, another party found actual relics\\nof Franklin s party, and learned from the natives that he had discovered a\\nnorthwest passage before abandoning his ships. Hall spent five years among\\nthe Esquimaux. He then returned and organized a third party, which\\nreached 82\u00c2\u00b0, where Hall died. In 1881 Lieutenant Greely, of the U. S.\\nArmy, was sent to take charge of the American Signal Service Bureau at\\nlyady Franklin Bay, it having been arranged that a relief expedition should\\nbe sent to him the following year. The first relief party, under Lieutenant\\nBeebe, sailed in June, 1882, but could get no further than latitude 71\u00c2\u00b0 20\\nThe second, under Lieutenant Garlington, 1883, was equally unsuccessful.\\nIn 1883 a third relief party was dispatched under Captain Winfield S.\\nSchley, commanding the Thetis and the Bear. The few survivors of\\nthe Greely party were found October 21, 1883, in an almost dying condition.\\nGreely had reached in his explorations 83\u00c2\u00b0 24 north latitude, the highest\\never reached. In 1891 Lieutenant Peary conducted an expedition to Green-\\nland under the auspices of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.\\nHe reached latitude 82\u00c2\u00b0, and showed the northern bounds of Greenland.\\nArgall, Sir Samuel (1572-1639), came to Virginia in 1609, where his\\nfirst public exploit was the abduction of Pocahontas in 1612. In 1613 he\\ncommanded an expedition which destroyed Port Royal, Acadia. He was\\ndeputy-governor of Virginia from 1617 to 1619, so distinguishing himself\\nby tyranny and rapacity that he was recalled to England in the latter year.\\nArgentina. The independence of Argentina was recognized by the United\\nStates in March, 1822, and by the Act of May 4, 1822, a mission to this gov-\\nernment was established. By the treaty of July 10, 1853, the navigation\\nof the rivers Parana and Uruguay was secured to the United States under\\ncertain conditions. July 27, 1853, a favorable commercial treaty was con-\\ncluded between the United States and Argentina.\\nArgus, an American war brig. Captain Allen. In cruising about the\\nBritish Channel it destroyed twenty valuable merchantmen with cargoes\\nvalued at two million dollars. August 14, 181 3, it was attacked by the\\nPelican, eighteen guns. Captain Allen was mortally wounded. The\\nAmerican sailors, who were somewhat under the influence of captured wine,\\ndid not fight as well as usual, and after forty-five minutes fighting, the vessel\\nwas surrendered. The Argus lost twenty-three men, the Pelican seven\\nmen.\\nArista, Mariano (1802-1855), Mexican general. In the war with the\\nUnited States he commanded at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. He was\\nelected president in 1850, but resigned in 1853.\\nArizona was organized as a territory in 1863, partly from territory ceded\\nby Mexico to the United States by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 35\\nand partly from the Gadsden purchase (1853). It was fir^, visited by the\\nSpaniards, Nizan in 1539, and Coronado in 1540. Jesuit missions were early\\nestablished among the Indians. The population of Arizona in 1890 was\\n59,620. (Histor} by Bancroft.)\\nArk, a vessel of 250 tons burden, which Lord Baltimore provided in\\n1633 for his party of colonists for Mar)land. The Ark sailed from Graves-\\nend in October, 1633, accompanied by the Dove, a small pinnace, and\\nreached Point Comfort, Virginia, February 27, 1634.\\nArkansas was first settled by the French in 1685. It formed a part of\\nthe Louisiana cession and was included in the territory called Louisiana until\\n181 2 and then Missouri Territory until 1819, when it was organized as a\\nseparate territory, including the present Indian Territory. Arkansas became\\na State June 15, 1836, with its present boundaries. The State was steadily\\nDemocratic until the close of the Civil War. At first the opposition to seces-\\nsion in 1 86 1 was very strong, but upon the call of President Lincoln for\\ntroops an ordinance of secession was passed May 6, 1861. The Federal\\ntroops captured Little Rock in 1863, and a loyal State government was\\norganized. The State was re-admitted June 22, 1868. The Republicans\\ncontrolled the State from this time until 1S74. Two rival factions of that\\nparty caused an armed collision. Federal troops restored order and President\\nGrant recognized Baxter, the Republican candidate, as Governor. A new\\nConstitution was adopted in 1874, since which time the Democrats have con-\\ntrolled the State. The present Constitution dates from 1874. Arkansas had\\na population of 52,240 in 1836 and 1,128,179 in 1890.\\nArkansas Gazette, first newspaper published in Arkansas. The first\\nedition, of less than one hundred copies, was issued at Arkansas Post, then\\nthe territorial capital, by William E. Woodruff, November 20, 1819. It is\\nstill continued.\\nArkansas Post, Arkansas, occupied during Grant s and Sherman s cam-\\npaign along the Mississippi River by Churchill and 5000 Confederates.\\nOn the night of January 10, 1863, Sherman ordered McClernand to advance\\nagainst this post with his Federal column, while Admiral Porter s gunboats\\nshelled the Confederate rifle pits. January 11, an intensely cold day, the\\nassault was successfully made. The fort was captured and 5000 prisoners\\ntaken.\\nArlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of (1618-1685). In 1673 Charles II\\ngranted to the Earl of Arlington and Thomas, Lord Culpepper, the entire\\nterritory of Virginia, for thirty-one years, at the yearly rent of thirty shillings.\\nThe patents entitled them to all rents and escheats and illegally authorized\\nthem to make convevances in fee simple. Arlington was a member of the\\nso-called Cabal.\\nArlington, in Alexandria County, Virginia, the home of Mrs. Washington s\\ngrandson, G. W. P. Custis, and the birthplace of Mary R. Custis, afterward\\nthe wife of General Robert E. Lee. Through the marriage Lee came\\ninto possession of this estate. During the Civil War Arlington was confiscated", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "36 Dictionary of United States History.\\nby the national government, and has been since the close of that struggle\\nerected into a national cemetery for Union soldiers.\\nArmed Neutrality, an alliance formed in 1780-82, by nearly all the other\\nmaritime powers of Europe for protection against the continued British\\ndepredation on neutral commerce. The Armed Neutrality was suggested by\\nthe declarations of the Russian Empress in 1780, setting forth certain doc-\\ntrines of international law, familiarly summarized as free ships, free goods.\\nThe United States agreed to conform to these articles October 8, 1780.\\nArmistead, George (1780-1S18), of Virginia, soldier, distinguished himself\\nat the capture of Fort George, Canada, in 1813, and by his successful defence\\nof Baltimore in 181 41\\nArmstrong, John (1758-1843), was born at Carlisle, Pa., and died at Red\\nHook, N. Y. He served in the Revolutionary War, and after its conclusion\\nwrote the first Newburgh letters. Entering civil life he was Secretary of\\nState in Pennsylvania and member of the Continental Congress, and was a\\nU. S. Senator in 1800-2 and 1803-4. He was Minister to France from\\n1804 to 1 810. Appointed brigadier-general in 1812, ini8i3he entered the\\nCabinet as Secretary of War. His administration, despite some radical\\nmeasures, was unsuccessful, and he was obliged to resign after the fall of\\nWashington in 1814.\\nArmstrong, Robert (i 790-1 854), of Tennessee, soldier, was a captain of\\nartillery under Jackson in the Creek War of 1813 and 1814, and distinguished\\nhimself at the battle of New Orleans.\\nArmstrong, Samuel C. (1839-1893), was brevetted brigadier-general dur-\\ning the Civil War. He was eminently successful in the education and\\nimprovement of the negro and Indian races, being for many years head of\\nthe Hampton (Va.) Institute.\\nArmy. The army of the Revolution consisted of two elements, the Con-\\ntinental army, organized by Congress, and the militia organized by the States.\\nThough upon the average of the years from 1775 to 1781 the total amounted\\nto about 60,000, there were often not more than half that number present\\nwith the colors. In 1783 this army was disbanded, and the United States\\nmaintained but a few hundred soldiers. Temporarily increased by the Indian\\nwars of 1792 and by the troubles with France in 1798, it numbered only\\nfrom 3000 to 5000 until the War of 1812. During a portion of that war the\\nnumber of regular troops rose above 30,000, while the number of militia\\nenlisted was 470,000. During the next thirty years the army averaged but\\n9000 men. The regular troops enrolled during the Mexican War were about\\n27,000, the volunteers 74,000. Then the regular army dropped again to\\n10,000 men, later 12,000. During the first year of the Civil War the num-\\nbers of the regular army rose to 32,000. But the number of militia and\\nvolunteers was vastly greater. Lincoln s first call of April 15, 1861, was for\\n75,000 men for three months. Later enlistments were mostly for three years.\\nAt the beginning of 1862 the number of volunteers in the army was about\\n550,000. During 1863, 1864 and 1865 it was about 900,000. At the close\\nof the war the entire Federal army numbered a million men. The total", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 37\\nnumber furnished first and last was 2,850,000. The commander-in-chief of\\nthe armj at the beginning of the war was General Scott; from November,\\n1861, to March, 1862, General McClellan; from July, 1862, to March, 1864,\\nGeneral Halleck; during the remainder of the war General Grant. The\\nleading sub-divisions of the Union army were, in the East, the Army of the\\nPotomac; in the West, those of the Mississippi, the Tennessee and the Ohio,\\nall finally united under Sherman. The most important sub-divisions of the\\nConfederate army were the Army of Northern Virginia and the Army of\\nTennessee. Conscription was employed in the filling up of both Union and\\nConfederate armies. The Confederate forces at the beginning of 1862 num-\\nbered about 320,000; during 1863, 1864 and 1865 they averaged about 450,000\\nmen. Early in 1865 General Lee was appointed commander-in-chief of all\\nthe Confederate forces. In 1867 the peace establishment of the regular\\narmy was fixed at 54,641 men. It was then reduced by successive enact-\\nments till, in 1875, it was brought down to 27,000 men, at which figure,\\napproximately, it has ever since remained. The army expenditures of the\\ngovernment in time of peace were, down to the Mexican War, from one to\\nfive or six millions per annum. Recently they have been from $40,000,000\\nto $50,000,000.\\nArnold, Benedict (1615-1678), of Rhode Island, was elected to its presi-\\ndency upon the retirement of Roger Williams in 1657, under the royal\\ncharter of 1663 was its first Governor. (See art. Mill at Newport.)\\nArnold, Benedict (1741-1801), general and traitor, was born at Norwich,\\nConn. He was in business in early life, as a druggist, and in other lines.\\nWhen the Revolutionary War broke out he was appointed colonel by the\\nMassachusetts Congress. Served as a volunteer in the famous capture of\\nTiconderoga, and leaped into fame by his masterly conduct of the right wing\\nin the attack on Canada in 1775. He led the columns amid extraordinary\\nhardships and difficulties through the Maine woods, arrived in November and\\nwas wounded in the assault of Quebec on December 31. Having been made\\nbrigadier-general he was defeated by a British flotilla at Valcour Islau-i L.\\nLake Champlain in October, 1776, but effected a skillful retreat. His services\\nwere slighted by Congress, but he contributed to the repulse of Tryon in\\nConnecticut. He was at last made a major-general and took a brilliant part\\nin the Burgoyne campaign. He dispersed St. Leger s force at Fort Stanwix,\\nand commanded the left wing at the first battle of Saratoga. Although\\nGates jealousy caused him to be superseded, he fought gallantly without\\norders in the second battle and ended his military career in a blaze of glorj\\nHe next commanded in Philadelphia, was court-martialed on trivial charges\\nand reprimanded by Washington. Obtaining the charge of West Point he\\nintrigued with Clinton for the betrayal of that post to the British, but the\\ncapture of the negotiator, Andr6, frustrated the scheme, and to Arnold there\\nfell only a brigadier-generalship in the British army, a sum of money, pred-\\natory attacks on Virginia and New London, and eternal infamy. The\\nremainder of his life was passed in England. (Life by I. N. Arnold.)\\nArnold, Isaac N. (1815-1884), of Illinois, lawyer, was a Republican mem-\\nber of Congress from 1861 to 1865. He was intimate with Abraham Lincoln,\\nof whom he published a biography, one of the best.", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "38 Dictionary of United States History.\\nArnold, Samuel G. (1821-1880), of Rhode Island, was Lieutenant-Gov-\\nernor of that State in 1852 and in 1861 and 1862, and U. S. Senator from\\nDecember, 1862, to March, 1863. In i860 he published what is still the\\nstandard history of Rhode Island.\\nAroostook Disturbances. In 1838 a band of lawless men, chiefly from\\nNew Brunswick, trespassed upon that territory which is watered by the\\nAroostook, and which was then claimed by both Great Britain and the\\nUnited States. The Governor of Maine drafted troops and drove off the\\nintruders. The President sent General Win field Scott to the Aroostook\\ncountry. He an-anged that it should be occupied as before, each government\\nholding part, while the other denied its legal right. (See Ashburton Treaty.)\\nArsenals. At the beginning of the Revolution no arsenals existed in the\\nUnited States, but in 1776 powder was manufactured in Virginia, and brass\\ncannon were cast in Philadelphia. An arsenal was established at Carlisle,\\nPa., the same year, and a foundry and laboratory at Springfield, Mass., on\\nthe recommendation of General Washington. This was the origin of the\\npresent national armor The arsenal at Harper s Ferry was commenced in\\n1795, and continued in use until the Civil War. In 1838 the Ordnance\\nDepartment was placed in charge of arsenals and armories. At the begin-\\nning of the Civil War there were twenty-three arsenals and armories, and\\ntheir number has since been greatly increased.\\nArtaguette, of Louisiana, French soldier under Bienville, while leading\\nan assault on the Chickasaw forts on the Mississippi River in June, 1736,\\nwas taken prisoner and burned at the stake.\\nArthur, Chester Alan (October 5, 1830-November 18, 1886), twenty-first\\nPresident of the United States, was born at Fairfield, Vt. He was grad-\\nuated at Union College in 1848, and taught school for some years. He\\nthen sttidied law and practiced in New York City, obtaining local reputation\\nas a champion of the rights of colored people in the city. He had been\\nactive in the State militia, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he joined\\nGovernor Morgan s staff. As engineer-in-chief, acting quartermaster-general\\nand inspector-general, he performed notable services in the Rebellion. He\\nwas energetic in local politics, and was in 1871 appointed Collector of the\\nPort of New York, from which position he was removed by President\\nHayes in 1878. After the bitter contest for the Republican nomination in\\n1880 had ended in the choice of Garfield, Mr. Arthur was selected for the\\nsecond place on the ticket as a representative of the Stalwart faction. He\\nbecame Vice-President in 1881, was suddenly called to the first position\\nby the assassination of Garfield, and took the oath of office on September 20,\\n1881. The unfavorable apprehensions caused by his active interference in\\nNew York politics during his short term as Vice-President were happily\\nallayed by his administration, which was on the whole dignified and con-\\nservative. Among his acts was the emphasis placed by him on the strength-\\nening of naval defence, his yeto of a Chinese immigration bill, and a veto\\nof a portentously large river and harbor bill. He was in 1884 a candidate\\nfor the Republican nomination for President, but was defeated by Mr.\\nBlaine. He retired from oflBce in 1885, and died in New York City.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 39\\nArtillery. In the United States the present field artillery of the army\\nconsists of ten mounted batteries, two to each regiment of artillery. The\\nother ten batteries of each regiment are armed and equipped as infantr}- and\\nserve mostly in forts and garrisons along the seaboard. During the War of\\n181 2 field batteries were created by mounting foot batteries from the artillery\\nregiments. In 1836 Captain Ringgold organized a field battery, for the\\nartillery branch had been neglected since the War of 1812. The systems of\\nfield and siege artilleiy- were chiefly derived from France. In 1820 there\\nwere four regiments of artillery. In the Civil War three field batteries were\\nattached to each division of the Array of the Potomac. The introduction\\nof the Parrott gun in 1861 greatly strengthened the artillery.\\nAsbury, Francis (i 745-1 81 6), missionarj bishop of the Methodist Epis-\\ncopal Church in the United States, was consecrated in 1784, and became\\none of the most indefatigable and successful evangelists ever known.\\nAshburton, Lord, Alexander Baring (1774-1848), English banker and\\ndiplomatist, became in 1810 the head of the banking house of Barinof\\nBrothers Co. the financial agent of the United States during the War of\\n1812. In 1842 as special Minister to the United States he negotiated with\\nDaniel Webster the Ashburton Treaty, which settled the Northeastern\\nboundary between the British provinces and the United States.\\nAshburton Treaty, was a treaty negotiated between Great Britain and\\nthe United States by Lord Ashburton and Daniel Webster at Washington in\\n1842. It adjusted the boundary between the United States and the British\\npossessions on the Northeast, the United States securing about seven-twelfths\\nof the disputed territory The mutual extradition of criminals and arrange-\\nments for the suppression of the slave trade were stipulated.\\nAshe, John (i 720-1 781), of North Carolina, soldier, equipped a regiment\\nat his own expense and joined Lincoln s army in 1778, was defeated at Brier\\nCreek and captured at Wilmington in 1781.\\nAshland, at Lexington, Ky., noted for j^ears as the home of Henry Clay.\\nAshmun, George (1804-1870), of Massachusetts, w-as a member of the\\nGeneral Court in 1833, 1835, 1836 and iu 1841 was Speaker of the House,\\nwas U. S. Senator in 1838 and 1839 and a Representative from 1845 to 1851.\\nIn i860 he was president of the convention which nominated Lincoln.\\nAsiento. Under one of the provisions of the treaty of Utrecht, 1713, the\\nEnglish South Sea Company had the contract (asiento) for the annual trans-\\nportation to Spanish America of not less than 4800 negro slaves. This\\ncontract had formerly been accorded to a company of French merchants.\\nIts possession by the English stimulated the English slave trade to the\\nEnglish colonies.\\nAspinwall, William H. (1807-1875), of New York, merchant. In 1850 he\\nsecured the contract for building the Panama Railroad, which was com-\\npleted in 1854, its eastern terminus being named Aspinwall.\\nAssemblies, Colonial, (See Legislatures.)", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40 Dictionary of United States History.\\nAssessments, a term used iu a political seuse to denote contributions\\nlevied upon office-holders and candidates of different political parties by\\nCongressional, State and municipal committees to defray the expenses of\\ncanvasses and elections. The precise date of the introduction of this prac-\\ntice into politics is not known, but it is now a general custom, and is in some\\nStates, as New York, thoroughly systematized. The first specific instance of\\nthis sort of assessment was found in the Swartwout investigation before the\\nHouse Committee of the Twenty-fifth Congress. A deputy collector of New\\nYork testified to having been called upon to contribute under pain of being\\nreported to the general committee of Tammany Hall. It is now the custom\\nfor political committees to send circulars to all public officers requesting a\\ncertain percentage of their salaries for election expenses. The Republican\\ncampaign of 1880 was largely aided in this way. The main motive for\\npayment seems to be fear of losing office. There has been no radical remedy\\nfor this system proposed by Congress, though in 1881 a bill was introduced\\nto prevent extortion from persons in the pttblic service, and bribery and\\ncoercion by such persons.\\nAssiniboins, a tribe of Dakota Indians, in Montana and Manitoba. They\\nseparated from the Yankton Sioux after a bitter quarrel, about the beginning\\nof the seventeenth century.\\nAssociated Loyalists, a Tory society formed in New York in 1780 at\\nthe instance of the British government and independent of the orders of the\\nBritish commander. It was called the Honorable Board of Associated\\nLoyalists, and was in reality a band of licensed outlaws. They continually\\nraided the shores of New Jersey, Connecticut and Long Island in piratical\\nexpeditions, and were in league with the rebel freebooters, often exchanging\\nprisoners with them. Dr. Franklin s son, the Tory Governor of New Jersey,\\nwas the leader of the society.\\nAssociated Press, an association organized in 1848-49 by a number of\\nNew York newspapers, for the purpose of conveniently and inexpensively\\ncolleCcing rid transmitting news. Its organization was suggested subse-\\nquently to the establishment of the first telegraph line between Washington\\nand Wilmington, Del., and because of the delay in receiving dispatches,\\nowing to the limited lines. The first members of the association were\\nthe New York Sun, the Herald, the Tribune, the Joitrnal of Cotnmerce,\\nthe Courier and Inquirer and the Express. Contracts for lower telegraph\\nrates were arranged with the companies and other newspapers were admitted\\nto the association. In 1880 355 newspapers were served by this association\\nand a total number of 611,199,630 words were transmitted.\\nAssociation, American, an association formed among the American\\ncolonists in 1774 to enforce their claim of rights against the British govern-\\nment. Fourteen articles were agreed to, pledging the associators to an entire\\ncommercial non-intercourse with Great Britain, Ireland and the West Indies,\\ndenouncing the slave trade and appointing committees to detect and publish\\nthe names of violators of the articles. The association was formed against\\nsuch acts as the Sugar, Stamp, Tea and Quartering Acts and the Boston\\nPort Bill.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 41\\nAssumption. In 1790 Alexander Haiuiltou, then Secretary of the\\nTreasury, in his plans for restoring the nation?! credit, proposed that the\\nnational government should assume the payment of the State debts con-\\ntracted in the national cause during the Revolutionary War. Massachusetts,\\nConnecticut and South Carolina enthusiastically favored the plan. The\\nMiddle States were divided, Pennsylvania holding off. New York and New\\nJersey favoring Hamilton. Virginia was the strongest opponent of the\\nscheme, she having partially liquidated her debt by funding securities at a\\ndepreciated rate, and by selling Kentucky lands. Maryland, Georgia and\\nNew Hampshire also opposed it. The measure was near passage by Con-\\ngress, when the North Carolina delegates took their seats and cast their votes\\nagainst it. Later Hamilton secured its passage by effecting a combination\\nwith those who desired to have the Federal capital placed on the Potomac.\\nAugust 4, 1790, an act passed by which State debts to the amount of $21,-\\n500,000 were assumed by the Federal government.\\nAstor, John Jacob (1763-1848), merchant, came from Germany to Amer-\\nica in 1783. Founded the American fur trade in which he manifested\\nfar-reaching enterprise and acquired immense wealth.\\nAstor, William B. (1793-1875), of New York, capitalist, as a partner\\nwith his father (John J.) acquired great wealth, with which he richly en-\\ndowed the Astor Library and other public institutions.\\nAstor Library, founded in New York City by John Jacob Astor, and\\nopened in 1853. bequeathed $400,000 to the libraiy, and this has been\\nincreased by bequests of $200,000, and $450,000 by his son, William Black\\nAstor, and his grandson, John Jacob Astor.\\nAstoria, Ore., was founded by the Pacific Fur Company in 1811, and was\\nfor a long time the chief fur-trading post of the West. In 1813 the British\\ngovernment took possession of the town and named it St. George. Astoria\\nwas restored to the United States after the conclusion of the War of 181 2.\\nAtchison, David R. (1807-1886), of Missouri, U. S. Senator from 1843 ^o\\n1855, was a leader of the pro-slaver faction in the Kansas troubles of\\n1856 and 1857.\\nAtherton, Charles G. (1804-1853), of New Hampshire, a member of\\nCongress from 1837 to 1843, in which he introduced the rule known as the\\nAtherton gag (see Gag rule Senator from 1843 ^o ^^49 from\\n1852 till his death.\\nAtherton Company, a land company formed in 1659 by Humphrey\\nAtherton, of Massachusetts. The company purchased lands from the Indians\\nalong the west side of Narragansett Bay. When the boundary line between\\nConnecticut and Rhode Island was decided in 1662, their territory was, at\\ntheir request, placed under the government of Connecticut. In 1665 the\\nRoyal Commission forced the company to return its lands to the Indians on\\nrepayment of their price.\\nAtkinson, Edward, bom in 1827, of Massachusetts, economist, is author\\nof many pamphlets on banking, the currency, foods, the tariff, and the\\nlabor and other social questions.", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "42 Dictionary of United States History.\\nAtlanta, capital of Georgia, was laid out in 1845 and incorporated in\\n1847. During the Civil War the city was the centre of important military\\noperations. It was the scene of a sanguinary engagement July 22, 1864,\\nbetween Sherman s army of the Tennessee numbering three corps and\\nHood s corps of Johnston s army, 45,000 strong, in which the Confederates\\nwere defeated and driven back to their intrenchments within the town.\\nAtlanta was afterward besieged by Sherman and captured upon Hood s\\nabandoning it, September 2, 1864. In the battle of July 22, Hood began\\nthe attack by falling upon Hardee on Sherman s left. McPherson gained a\\nposition upon a high hill, commanding the very heart of the town, and then\\nthe fight went on all along the line. Battery F, Second United States, was lost\\nin a sharp skirmish on a country road and McPherson, riding to its assistance,\\nwas killed. The battle lasted over four hours. At four o clock Hood\\nplunged into the remnant of McPherson s line and drove it back 400 yards,\\ncarrying two important batteries in the face of a murderous fire. Schofield s\\nbatteries were hurried up to maintain this desirable position and aid the\\nFifteenth Corps to regain its lost ground at any cost. This move was success-\\nful. Hood retreated to his intrenchments having lost all his guns except\\nthe two advance ones. Sherman lost 3722 men and Hood many more.\\nAtlanta became the capital of Georgia in 1878.\\nAtlantic Cable, was projected by Cyrus W. Field in 1854. In that year\\nhe obtained a charter from the Legislature of Newfoundland for a fifty\\nyears exclusive right to the laying of a cable from Newfoundland to Great\\nBritain and from the Continent of America to Newfoundland. The New\\nYork, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company was occupied two\\nyears in completing the connection between America, at Cape Breton, and\\nNewfoundland. In 1856 Field organized the Atlantic Telegraph Com-\\npany. The first two attempts at connecting the two continents, in 1857 and\\nthe first time in 1858, failed. The third attempt, late in 1858, was success-\\nful but lasted only a few months. Then the Civil War suspended operations.\\nIn 1865 the Great Eastern laid 1200 miles, when the cable snapped. In\\n1866 two thousand miles were safely covered and the Atlantic Cable was\\nestablished.\\nAttainder. During the Revolution bills of attainder were frequently\\npassed by State Legislatures, and were productive of mtich evil. Accord-\\ningly, the Constitution provided that neither Congress nor the State Legis-\\nlatures should thereafter pass any such acts.\\nAttorney-General. Colonies and States had their Attorneys-General\\nbefore 1789. The Judiciary Act of that year, organizing the Federal judiciary\\nunder the new Constitution, provided for an Attorney-General of the United\\nStates, to act as government counsel, with a salary of $1500. At first he\\nhad little to do, and could practice for himself; but he was always a member\\nof the Cabinet. In 1858 he was provided with an assistant. In 1861 he\\nwas given charge of U. S. district attorneys and marshals. In 1870 the office\\nwas organized as the Department of Justice. (For a list of the Attorneys-\\nGeneral see Cabinets.)", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 43\\nAttacks, Crispus, of Massachusetts, a mulatto, the first killed in the\\nBoston Massacre of March 5, 1770. His funeral was conducted with\\ngreat public ceremony.\\nAuditors of the Treasury. The auditor was, from 1782, the third officer\\nof that department. The first auditor dates from September 2, 1789; the\\nsecond auditor from March 3, 1817; the third auditor from March 3, 1817\\n(appointed in lieu of the Accountant of the War Department, created by Act\\nof Congress, May 8, 1792); the fourth auditor and fifth auditor, March 3,\\n1817; the sixth auditor, July 2, 1836.\\nAudubon, John J. (1780-1851), an American naturalist, born in Louis-\\niana, was devoted especially to ornithology. His magnificent work, the\\nBirds of America, brought him great fame and admission to membership\\nin many learned societies.\\nAugur, Christopher C, born in i8;:i, soldier, served in the Mexican War\\nas aid to General Caleb Gushing. In 1861 he was appointed major; as\\nbrigadier-general commanded a division at Cedar Mountain, where he was\\n.severely wounded. He was made major-general in 1862. Commanded the\\nleft wing of the army at Port Hudson. After the close of the war he was\\ncommandant of various military departments. Retired in 1884. Died 1898.\\nAugusta, Me., was founded as Cushnoc shortly after 1629. It was\\ndevastated in the second Indian War and was not again permanently settled\\nxmtil 1754. It was incori^orated in 1787, and became the capital in 1832.\\nAugusta, Fort. In 1720 a certain Dr. Noyes erected at his own expense\\na strong fort on the Kennebec River, in Maine, which he called Augusta. In\\n1756-57 Colonel William Clapham built a fort at Shamokin, now Sunbury,\\nPa., and called it Augusta. It was for the protection of the colonists against\\nthe Indians, and was garrisoned by the king s troops. It was attacked by\\nthe Indians in 1764, but without success.\\nAugusta Chronicle, the second newspaper established in Georgia. It\\nwas first issued by J. E. Smith, in 1785, at Augusta. It was afterward\\nconsolidated with the Constitiilionalist and called the Chronicle and Consti-\\ntutionalist^ under which title it is still published daily, tri-weekly and weekly.\\nAurora, a Dutch communistic settlement on the Oregon and California\\nrivers, twenty-nine miles south of Portland, Ore. It is also called Dutch-\\ntown, and was founded in 1855 by Dr. Keil, a Prussian, who had also estab-\\nlished the Bethel community in Missouri in 1844.\\nAusterfield, a small hamlet in the north of Yorkshire, England, whence\\ncame a number of the Pilgrims, the most notable among them from this\\ntown being William Bradford, who was born at Austerfield in 1590.\\nAustin, Benjamin (1752-1820), of Massachusetts, merchant, a political\\npamphleteer during the Revolution and writer of many fierce newspaper\\narticles against the Federalist Party during the administration of John Adams.\\nAustin, Stephen F. (about 1790-1836), of Texas, pioneer. Obtaining from\\nthe Mexican government the confirmation of a grant to his father of land", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "44 Dictionary of United States History.\\nin Texas, he induced a large number of Americans to emigrate thither.\\nIn 1835 he became commander of the Texan Revolutionists and went to\\nWashington to secure recognition from the Government of the United States.\\nHe died soon after his return.\\nAustin, Tex., was chosen as the capital of the Republic of Texas in\\n1839. For a brief period in 1842 this position was disputed with Houston,\\nbut Austin retained it, and since the annexation of Texas in 1845 has been\\ncapital of the State.\\nAustria-Hungary. A commercial treaty was concluded between the\\nUnited States and Austria-Hungary in 1829. A convention relative to\\ndisposal of property was concluded in 1848, another relative to extradition\\nin 1856, and a third concerning the rights, privileges and immunities of\\nconsuls, July 11, 1870. By a convention concluded September 20, 1870, the\\nrights of naturalization were recognized of citizens of both countries after a\\nresidence of five years and legal naturalization. A convention relative to\\ntrade-marks was concluded November 25, 1871.\\nAvalon, the name of a colony established in Newfoundland in 1623 by\\nGeorge Calvert, first Lord Baltimore. He visited the colony himself in 1627,\\nremaining there a few weeks. The colony was established under the royal\\ncharter and was so called after Avalon, in Somersetshire, England. Subse-\\nquently Calvert, becoming dissatisfied with this colony, obtained the grant\\nwhich resulted in the founding of Maryland.\\nAverell, William W., born in 1832, of New York, cavalry ofiicer, was\\nordered to frontier duty in 1857, where he saw much Indian fighting. In\\n1861 as colonel he commanded the cavalry in the defence of Washington.\\nIn March, 1863, he began the series of cavalry raids in Virginia and West\\nVirginia that have made him famous. He attained the rank of brevet\\nmajor-general.\\nAverysboro, N. C. Near this place on March 15, 1865, Slocum s divi-\\nsion of Sherman s Federal army encoimtered 9000 Confederates under\\nHardee, who was marching to join Johnston. Hardee was posted in a\\nswampy neck, and the Federals, after a severe conflict, succeeded in dislodg-\\ning him. They, however, suffered most in killed and wounded. Hardee\\nretreated in the night toward Smithfield.\\nAyllon, Lucas Vasquez de (d. 1526), Spanish adventurer, was a member\\nof the vSuperior Court of Santo Domingo. He sent an expedition to\\nFlorida in 1520 under Gordillo, who landed in latitude 33\u00c2\u00b0 30 In 1526\\nhe sailed himself, landed at Santee, proceeded northward and founded a set-\\ntlement on the later site of Jamestown, which was soon abandoned. He\\ndied there.\\nAyres, Romeyn B. (1825-1888), of New York, soldier. In the Civil War\\nhe took part in the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville,\\nGettysburg, and in the final movement against Richmond.\\nAzilia, Margraviate of, a grant secured by Sir Robert Montgomery in\\n1717 from the Lords Proprietors of Carolina. It included the districts\\nbetween the Altamaha and Savannah rivers.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 45\\nB.\\nBabcock, James F. (1809-1874), of Connecticut, journalist, was a prom-\\ninent Whig till 1854, when he joined the Republicans, whose war policy\\nhe ably supported in the Palladium, but afterward joined the Democrats.\\nBabcock, Orville E. (1835-18S4), officer of engineers, was at the siege\\nof Vicksburg in 1863, and was an aide to General Grant from 1864 till 1869.\\nHe superintended the construction of many public works in Washington.\\nBache, Alexander Dallas (1S06-1867), of Philadelphia, scientist, is best\\nknown by his valuable work as superintendent of the Coast Survey, which\\noffice he held from 1843 his death.\\nBache, Sarah (i 744-1 808), of Philadelphia, only daughter of Benjamin\\nFranklin, was active in aid of the suffering soldiers in 1780, having more\\nthan 2000 women sewing for the army under her direction.\\nBackus, Isaac (1724-1806), of Massachusetts, was pastor of a Baptist\\nchurch in Middleborough from 1756, and for thirty-four years a trustee of\\nRhode Island College, now Brown University, and an influential delegate to\\nthe Massachusetts Convention of 1788. He wrote a history of the New\\nEngland Baptists.\\nBacon, Leonard (1802-1881), of Connecticut, was pastor of the First\\nCongregational Church in New Haven fifty-seven years, and was one of the\\nfounders of the Neiu Englandej and The Independent.\\nBacon, Nathaniel (about 1630-1677), was born in England, and became\\na planter in Virginia and member of the Governor s council. The disafiection\\nwith Governor Berkeley s measures found a natural leader in Bacon, who had\\nconducted in an efficient manner a threatening Indian war. Bacon, pro-\\nclaimed a rebel in May, 1676, was tried and acquitted, and was soon in\\ncommand of an expedition against the Governor, in the course of which\\nJamestown was burned. The revolutionary party seemed to be in the\\nascendant, but the sudden death of Bacon was soon followed by its collapse.\\nBacon s Rebellion. In July, 1676, Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, had\\nbecome exceedingly unpopular because of his inefficiency in protecting the\\nsettlers from Indian ravages, his tendency to restrict the franchise and\\ninstitute high tax rates. The people therefore, led by Nathaniel Bacon, a\\npopular lawyer, took up arms, ostensibly against the Indians, but in reality\\nin order to resist the Governor and bring him to terms. Berkeley was\\ncompelled to make concessions, dismantle the forts, dissolve the old assembly\\nand issue writs for a new election. But he did not keep faith with the\\ninsurgents. Consequently a desultory war broke out in the course of which\\nJamestown, then tlie capital of the colony, was burned. Berkeley was\\nforced to take refuge on some English vessels. Bacon died in 1677 and the\\nRebellion ended for want of a leader.\\nBadeau, Adam, bom in 1831, soldier, was severely wounded at Port\\nHudson in 1863. He was military secretary to General Grant from 1864 to", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "46 Dictionary of United States History.\\n1869, aud consul-general at London from 1870 to 1881. He published a\\nbook on Grant s military career. Died 1895.\\nBaden. A convention for the extradition of criminals was concluded\\nbetween the United States and Baden, January 30, 1857. ^y treaty in 1868\\na naturalization agreement was reached between the two countries.\\nBadger, George E. (1795-1866), of North Carolina, was four years in the\\nState Legislature aud five years a Judge of one of its Superior Courts,\\nwas Secretar}- of the Navy under President Harrison, 1841, and U. S. Senator\\nfrom 1846 to 1855. He was a member of the Secession Convention of 1861,\\nin which he spoke ably in defence of the Union.\\nBailey, Gamaliel (1807-1859), of New Jersey, journalist, an active anti-\\nslavery agitator. From 1836 to 1844 he, with James G. Birney, published\\nthe Cincinnati Philanthropist, whose publication office was three times sacked\\nby a mob, and, from 1847 till his death, the National Era at Washington, in\\nwhich Uncle Tom s Cabin originally appeared.\\nBailey, Joseph (1827-1867), of Wisconsin, military engineer, as lieutenant-\\ncolonel accompanied the army under General Banks in the Red River\\nExpedition, in which he distinguished himself by conceiving and executing\\nin twelve days the celebrated dam by which he saved Admiral Porter s fleet\\nand for which he received the thanks of Congress and the brevet rank of\\nbrigadier-general.\\nBailey, Theodorus (1805-1877), naval officer, was active in the Mexican\\nWar on the Pacific Coast, and was second in command in Farragut s fleet\\nwhich captured New Orleans in 1862.\\nBainbridge, William (i 774-1833), commodore, began life as a sailor at\\nthe age of fifteen, and had several impromptu encounters with British vessels\\nbefore he was appointed to the navy in the war with France, 1798. In the\\nTripolitan War in 1803 he commanded thej Philadelphia, which in 1804\\nwas wrecked. Bainbridge was held in captivity for over a year by the\\nTripolitans. His great exploit was in the War of 1812, when as com-\\nmander of the famous Constitution he defeated and captured the British\\nJava, December 26, 1812. His later service was in the navy yards, in\\nMediterranean ports and as naval commissioner.\\nBaird, Henry M., born in 1832, of New Jersey, was graduated at the\\nUniversity of the City of New York in 1850. Afterward studied in Greece.\\nIn 1859 became professor of Greek in Princeton College; subsequently a\\nprofessor in the University of the City of New York. He has written\\nvalued histories of the Huguenots.\\nBaird, Spencer F. (1823-1887), of Washington, D. C, naturalist, in 1878\\nhe succeeded Professor Joseph Heniy as secretary of the Smithsonian\\nInstitution, and from 187 1 was U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries,\\nfor his work in connection with which he received several medals and deco-\\nrations from foreign powers, and membership in many learned societies.\\nBaker, Edward Dickenson (1811-1861), attained distinction in Illinois\\nas an eloquent orator, a lawyer, and Whig Congressman in 1843-49. He", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 47\\ncouunauded a brigade in the Mexican War, and afterward settled in Cali-\\nfornia. Removing to Oregon lie was a Republican U. S. Senator in 1861.\\nHe was a colonel in the Civil War, and while commanding the Federal\\ntroops in the unfortunate battle of Ball s Bluff, October 21, 1 861, he was\\nkilled in front of his men.\\nBaker, Lafayette C. (1826-1868), as Chief of the U. S. Secret Service\\nduring the Civil War, displayed great daring and energy, and frustrated many\\nconspiracies against the government.\\nBalboa, Vasco Nunez (1475-1517), a Spanish soldier. He discovered\\nthe Pacific Ocean on September 25, 1513. Four years later he was charged\\nwith contemplated revolt and was beheaded.\\nBaldwin, Abraham (1754-1807), of Georgia, was chaplain in General\\nGreene s army from 1777 till the close of the war. As a member of the\\nLegislature of Georgia he was the originator of the University of Georgia\\nand was its first president. Was in Congress from 1785 to 1799, a member\\nof the Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787, and U. S. Senator from\\n1799 till his death.\\nBaldwin, Henry (1780-1844), represented Pennsylvania in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Federalist from 1817 to 1822. Pie was a Justice of the U. S.\\nSupreme Court from 1830 to 1844.\\nBaldwin, Roger S. (1793-1863), of Connecticut, jurist, in 1839, jointly\\nwith John Quincy Adams, argued the Amistad case before the U. S.\\nSupreme Court. He was Governor of Connecticut in 1844 and 1845.\\nBall, Thomas, born in 1819, of Massachusetts, sculptor, has executed\\nstatues of almost all the public men of the United States, the noblest being\\nthat of Webster in Central Park, New York City.\\nBallot. The first instance of the use of the ballot in American elections\\nwas in the choice of a pastor by the Salem Church on July 20, 1629. 1634\\nit began to be used in elections of the Governor of Massachusetts. In 1639 a\\nballot with some restrictions was instituted in the fimdamental orders of\\nConnecticut. In 1629 the ballot was used in some municipal and ecclesias-\\ntical elections in the Netherlands, and seems not to have been used in\\nEngland. It may, therefore, have been introduced by imitation of the\\nDutch, but this is not yet proved. Voting by ballot was made obligatory by\\nthe constitutions of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and North Carolina, adopted\\nin 1776. Open voting long prevailed in some of the Southern States,\\nbut the ballot system has long been generally in vogue except in Kentucky,\\nwhere the viva voce method prevailed till 1890 for local and State elections.\\nRepresentatives in Congress are elected by ballot under the provisions\\nof an Act of Congress of 1875. In Alabama, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Ken-\\ntucky, Louisiana, Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and\\nTexas, there is a constitutional provision requiring the Legislature to vote\\nviva voce. In 1888 the Australian ballot system was adopted at Louisville,\\nKy., and in Massachusetts. With more or less variation in the form a large\\nmajority (37) of the States have now (1894) followed this plan of voting, the\\nexceptions being the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas and Idaho,", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "48 Dictionary of United States History.\\nBallou, Hosea (1771-1852), of Massachusetts, clergyman, prominent in\\nthe Universalist denomination, and pastor of one of its churches in Boston\\nfor more than thirty-five years.\\nBall s Bluff, Va. Here, October 22, 1861, Colonels Baker and Devens,\\nwith 1900 Federal soldiers of McClellan s army, fell in with a Confederate\\nambush and were utterly routed. Devens had been sent to reconnoitre and\\ncapture, if possible, a supposed Confederate camp near I^eesburg. The\\ncamp could not be found and Devens sent to Stone, his superior, for further\\norders. Baker was sent to join him, arriving in time to share the defeat.\\nThe Confederates fought from the shelter of the woods. The Federal troops\\nwere driven over the BluflF and many killed in a hand-to-hand fight, among\\nthem Colonel Baker, ex-Senator from Oregon.\\nBalmaceda, Jose M. (1840-1891), was President of Chili from 1886 to\\n1 89 1. During the Chilian Revolution U. S. Minister Egan favored the gov-\\nernment of Balmaceda, and incurred the displeasure of the provisional\\ngovernment, or congressional opposition.\\nBaltimore. (See Calvert.)\\nBaltimore, Md., was founded in 1729-30. At the outbreak of the Revo-\\nlution it had 6000 inhabitants. In 1777 a mob assailed a Tory editor (God-\\ndard). In 181 2 there was a more serious outbreak against a Federal paper,\\nHanson s Federal Republican. In 1814 the British were repulsed from the\\ncity in the battle of North Point and the bombardment of Fort McHenry,\\nOn April 19, 1861, a body of Federal troops on their way to Washington were\\nattacked in Baltimore by a mob and a number of citizens and soldiers were\\nkilled. On May 13 General Butler took military possession of the city. He\\nwas succeeded by General Banks and later by General Dix. Population in\\ni860, 212,4^^8; in 1890, 434,151.\\nBancroft, Edward (1744-1820), an American of literary and scientific\\ntastes residing in England, during the Revolutionary War, through friend-\\nship with Deane and Franklin obtained information which he sold to the\\nBritish government.\\nBancroft, George (1800-1891), the most famous American historian,\\nwas born in Worcester, Mass., the son of a clergyman. He was gradu-\\nated from Harvard College and studied extensively in Germany. Return-\\ning, he taught, and became active as a Democratic politician. In 1834 he\\npublished the first volume of a history of the United States, which speedily\\nattained enormous popularity. The volumes appeared successively from this\\ntime to 1882. Under Polk Bancroft was Secretary of the Navy, 1845-46,\\nestablished the Naval Academy at Annapolis, and caused the seizure of\\nCalifornia. From 1846 to 1849 he was Minister to Great Britain; from\\n1867 to 1874 to Germany. His history is still the most important histor\\nof the United States by a single author. The last portion was separately\\npublished as a History of the Formation and Adoption of the Constitution.\\nHis narrative is learned, picturesque and ardently patriotic.\\nBancroft, Hubert H., born in 1832, from youth a resident of California,\\nhas gathered an enormous library of material relating to the history of the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL GOVERNORS.\\nJames Oglethorpe. Peter Stuyvesant.\\nSir Henry Vane. Josiah Winslow.\\nWilliam Penn.\\nLord Baltimore. John Winthrop.\\nMarquis de Montcalm. Sir Walter Raletgh. Capt. John Smith.", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 49\\nPacific Coast, and published in thirty-nine volumes a comprehensive and\\nvaluable history of the same.\\nBandelier, Adolph F. A., born in Switzerland in 1840, has distinguished\\nhimself as a student of American archaeology, as an explorer for the\\nArchaeological Institute of America in New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico and\\nCentral America, and as a writer upon these subjects.\\nBank of North America, chartered by Congress at Philadelphia, Decem-\\nber 31, 1781, upon the suggestion of Robert Morris. It also received a\\ncharter from Pennsylvania in 1783. Morris believed this national bank would\\nrelieve the financial situation.\\nBank of the United States vs. Halstead. This case came before the\\nSupreme Court of the United States on a certificate of division from the Cir-\\ncuit Court of Kentucky in 1825. Certain property, including real estate,\\nwas exposed to sale for debt, but, less than three-fourths of its appraised value\\nbeing bid, it was not sold. The Supreme Court decided that it had jurisdic-\\ntion in a case to which the Bank of the United States was a party, and that\\na law which forbade sales of land under execution for less than three-fourths\\nof its appraised value did not apply to writs of execution issued by Federal\\ncourts.\\nBank of the United States vs. Planters* Bank of Georgia, an impor-\\ntant Supreme Court case. This was a suit brought by the Bank of the\\nUnited States for payment of a promissory note of which it was the endorsee\\nfor the Planters Bank of Georgia. The State held stock in the latter bank.\\nThe case was tried in the Circuit Court where there was a division of opinion\\nas to jurisdiction. The Supreme Court decided in 1824 that if a State\\nbecame a party to a banking or commercial enterprise, the State could be\\nsued in the course of the business; also that the Circuit Court had jurisdic-\\ntion in such matters.\\nBankruptcy. The Constitution of the United States gives Congress power\\nto establish uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcy throughout the United\\nStates. This power has been exercised but three times. On April 4, looo, a\\nbankrupt act was passed by Congress, which remained in force until repealed\\nin December, 1803. Another was passed on August 19, 1841, and repealed\\nin 1843. ^l^e third, called the Lowell Act, was passed on March 2, 1867,\\nand repealed in 1878. During the remainder of our history all matters\\nrelating to bankruptcy have been under the control of State laws.\\nBanks. Nearly all the colonies emitted paper money (bills of credit), and\\nfrequently these bills were issued under the forms of banking. The English\\ngovernment opposed these schemes. In 1781 the Continental Congress\\nchartered the Bank of North America, but its power to do so was doubted,\\nand the bank was chartered b} Pennsylvania in 1783. Up to 1791 the only\\nbanks in the United States were this and two others, one in Boston and one\\nin New York. In 1791, at the instance of Alexander Hamilton, Secretary\\nof the Treasury, Congress, against considerable opposition, incorporated the\\nBank of the United States, with a capital of $10,000,000. The United\\nStates was to subscribe $2,000,000 of this, The charter was to run twenty\\n4", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50 Dictionary of United States History.\\nyears. The bills of the bank were to be receivable in payment of dues to\\nthe government, and it had the power to establish branch banks. The\\npower of Congress to incorporate such a bank was denied by Jefierson and\\nothers. But Hamilton argued that such powers were implied in the very\\nnature of a sovereign government, and were conferred by the clause in the\\nConstitution giving Congress power to pass all laws necessary and proper\\nfor carrying into execution the enumerated powers. This view was upheld\\nby the Supreme Court in the case of McCulloch vs. Maryland, which estab-\\nlished the constitutionality of the Bank Act. The first bank of the United\\nStates led a prosperous and useful existence till 1811, when its charter\\nexpired, Congress refusing to recharter it. During the crisis of the War of\\n1 81 2 only State banks, mostly ill-regulated, existed. In 1816 the second\\nBank of the United States was chartered, with a charter running twenty\\nyears and a capital of $35,000,000, four-fifths of it in government stocks.\\nThe government was to have the appointment of five of the twenty-five\\ndirectors, and the bank was to have the custody of the public funds. In\\n1829 President Jackson, angered by the bank s refusing a political favor,\\nbegan a series of attacks upon it. In 1832 Congress passed an act renewing\\nits charter. Jackson vetoed it. In the election of 1832 Jackson was victor-\\nious over the Whigs and the bank, which he considered, and had indeed\\nforced to be, dangerously implicated in politics. In September, 1833, by\\nhis orders, the Secretary of the Treasury caused the government deposits to\\nbe diverted from the bank, and lodged in State banks (called pet banks\\n(See art. Deposits.) The Senate s protests were unavailing. In 1836 the\\nbank s charter expired. Tyler, in 1841, vetoed two bills to revive it, and in\\n1846 the Independent Treasury system, already tried in 1840-41, was per-\\nmanently established. From 1836 to 1863 State banks alone existed. In\\nthe earlier part of this period they were often uncontrolled by the State\\ngovernments and quite unsound, banks being established and bills issued by\\nadventurers possessing no capital to sustain them. New York provided a\\nsystem of State supervision, which was in part the genu of the national\\nbank system of 1863. In that year, February 25, the National Bank Act\\nwas pcSsed. It permits any five persons to establish a national bank and,\\non depositing United States bonds with the Comptroller of the Currency, to\\nissue bank notes to an amount not exceeding ninety per cent, of the par\\nvalue of those bonds. The notes so issued are guaranteed by the govern-\\nment, which inspects the banks from time to time, and are receivable in\\npayment of taxes. On March 3, 1865, ^^t was passed imposing a tax of\\nten per cent, on the circulation of State banks. On September 30, 1892,\\nthere were 3773 national banks in the United States, and 3191 State banks.\\nBanks, Nathaniel P., born in 1816, originally a machinist, was Repre-\\nsentative from Massachusetts from 1853 to 1857. In 1855 he was chosen\\nSpeaker, after a contest lasting more than two months, on the 133d ballot.\\nHe was Governor of Massachusetts in 1858, 1859 i860. As major-gen-\\neral in the Civil War he fought the indecisive battle of Cedar Mountain and\\ntook Port Hudson, but was unsuccessful in the Red River Expedition of 1864.\\nAgain a member of Congress from 1865 to 1873; from 1877 to 1879; and\\nfrom 1889 to 1891. Died September i, 1894.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "UlCTIONARY OF UNITED STATES HISTORY. 5 1\\nBanks, Savings. The first incorporated in the United States was the Bos-\\nton Provident Savings Institution, incorporated December 13, 1816. The\\nPhiladelphia Savings Fund Society went into operation the same year, and\\nwas incorporated in 1819. In 1818 savings banks were incorporated in\\nBaltimore and Salem, Mass., and in 1819 in New York, Hartford, Conn., and\\nNewport and Providence, R. I. There are now more than a thousand, with\\ndeposits amounting to more than $450,000,000.\\nBaptists. In most of the colonies the Baptists were persecuted. In Rhode\\nIsland they were especially numerous. They had much to do with that\\nagitation for religious liberty which culminated in the passage of the first\\namendment to the Constitution of the United States. In 1762 there were\\nfifty-six Baptist churches in the region now occupied by the United States;\\nin 1792, 1000; in 1812, 2433; in 1832, 5322; in 1852, 9500; in 1872, 18,397.\\nAccording to the census of 1890, there were in that year, of all varieties of\\nBaptists, 41,629 church organizations, with 3,594,093 communicants. In\\n1845 the Baptists split into a northern and a southern body, because of differ-\\nences arising out of the question of slavery.\\nBaranofF, Alexander Andrevitch (1746-1819), a Russian trader, founded\\na trading-post at Behring Strait in 1796, and was Governor of Russian\\nAmerica till his death.\\nBarataria, pirates of, a band of Louisiana outlaws, who, under their\\nchief Lafitte, rendered General Jackson material assistance in his Louisiana\\nand New Orleans campaign in 181 5. They had refused offers from the\\nBritish.\\nBarbary Powers. (See Algerine War, Tripoli, Tunis.)\\nBarbour, James (1775-1842), Governor of Virginia from 1812 to 1815;\\nSenator from that State from 1815 to 1825; Secretarj^ of War from 1825 to\\n1828; then for a year Minister to England.\\nBarbour, Philip P. (i 783-1 841), brother of the preceding, was a Repre-\\nsentative from Virginia from 1814 to 1825, and from 1827 to 1830. He was\\nSpeaker of the House of Representatives from 1821 to 1823, Justice\\nof the Supreme Court of the United States from 1836 to 1841.\\nBarlow, Arthur (1550-1620), was sent out by Raleigh in 1584, in com-\\nmand of an expedition of discovery preparatory- to colonization. He explored\\nPamlico and Albemarle Sounds, in company with Philip Amidas, and brought\\nhome favorable reports.\\nBarlow, Francis C, general, born 1834, as colonel distinguished himself\\nat Fair Oaks, as brigadier-general at Antietam, Chancellorsville and Gettys-\\nburg, and commanded a division with great success at Spottsylvania\\nCourt House. Since the war has been Secretary and Attorney-General of\\nNew York.\\nBarlow, Joel (i 754-1 81 2), born in Connecticut, was graduated at Yale\\nCollege and, as one of the Hartford Wits, distinguished himself in\\nliterature, especially by the publication of his epic poem, The Vision of\\nColumbus, in 1787. Going abroad as a land-agent in 1788, he engaged in", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "52 Dictionary of United States History.\\nRepublican politics in England and France, negotiated the treaty with\\nAlgiers in 1795, and devoted himself for several years to literary and mercan-\\ntile pursuits, residing at Paris. Other poems of his were Hasty Pudding\\nand The Columbiad. In 1805 he returned to America. Appointed in\\n1811 minister to Napoleon, he died in Poland in 1812. Life by Todd.\\nBarnard, Frederick A. P. (1809-1889), an eminent educator, president\\nof the University of Mississippi from 1856 to 1861 and of Columbia College\\nfrom 1864 to 1889, held also many governmental appointments of an educa-\\ntional nature.\\nBarnard, Henry, bom 181 1, an eminent reformer of educational methods,\\nwas from 1867 to 1870 U. S. commissioner of education, having previously\\nbeen school commissioner of Rhode Island and Connecticut. A prolific and\\ninfluential writer on educational matters.\\nBarnburners, a faction of the Democratic Party in New York State,\\nso called from an alleged eagerness for radical measures, in allusion to the\\nstory of the Dutchman who burned down his barn to clear it from rats.\\nThe election of Polk in 1844 resulted in a split of the party in New York\\ninto two factions, the Barnburners, representing the Van Buren wing and\\nopposing the extension of slavery in the territories, and the Hunkers,\\nrepresenting the administration and its views. In 1848, in the Democratic\\nNational Convention there were contesting delegations from New York\\nrepresenting the two factions. Unable to secure complete recognition the\\nBarnburners joined in the Free-Soil Convention, voted for Van Buren, and\\nso helped to elect Taylor. The breach between Barnburners and Hunkers\\nwas healed in 1852, more or less perfectly.\\nBarnes, Joseph K. (1817-1883), surgeon-general U. S. A. from 1863 to\\n1882, founded the Anny Medical Museum and the invaluable library of the\\nsurgeon-general s ofl ce.\\nBarney, Joshua (1759-1818), a naval officer in the Revolutionary War,\\ndistinguished himself by gallantry and by various adventures, and in 1782\\ncommanded the Hyder Ali in its capture of the General Monk. From\\n1794 to 1800 he was in the naval service of the French Republic. In 1814\\nhe was appointed to the command of the flotilla which was to defend Chesa-\\npeake Bay, and was severely wounded at the battle of Bladensburg.\\nBarre, Isaac (1726-1802), a British colonel, member of Parliament from\\n1761 to 1790, obtained great popularity in America by his opposition to\\nthe Stamp Act and to the American policy of Lord North s administration.\\nBarren Hill, Pa., twelve miles from Philadelphia. In the Revolutionary\\nWar, the Americans, commanded by Lafayette, eluded an attempt of Howe\\nto capture them at this point, May 20, 1778.\\nBarron, James (1769-1851), commodore in the U. S. Navy, commanded\\nthe Chesapeake when the Leopard attacked and captured her, in 1807.\\nBarron was tried by court-martial, found guilty of negligence in preparation,\\nand suspended for five years. In 1 820 he killed Commodore Decatur in a\\nduel arising out of this trial.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 53\\nBarrowistS; the followers of Henry Barrow, or Barrowe, a church reformer\\nof the latter part of the sixteenth century. They advocated church\\ngovernment by elders, and freedom of religious thought within certain limits.\\nTheir creed resembled somewhat that of the modern Congregationalists, and\\nthe Pilgrim Fathers and the Congregational Church of New England sprang\\nfrom them. (See Brownists.)\\nBarrundia, Jose M., Guatemalan revolutionist, sailed from Acapulco,\\nMexico, to San Josd, Guatemala, in an American merchant vessel (1890). At\\nSan Josd, the Guatemalan authorities, in an attempt to arrest him on board\\nthe steamer, killed him. U. S. Minister Mizner and Commander Reiter,\\nU. S. Navy, refused to interfere, since international law conceded jurisdic-\\ntion in such cases to the authorities of the country. The Navy Department\\ncensured Reiter.\\nBarry, John (i 745-1803), born in Ireland, an active commander in the\\nRevolutionary- navy. In the Lexington he captured the Edward, the\\nfirst British war-vessel captured by a commissioned officer of the U. S. Navy.\\nIn 1781, in the Alliance, he captured the Atalanta and the Trepassy.\\nOn the revival of the navy in 1794 he was named senior officer, with the\\nrank of commodore.\\nBarry, William T. (1785-1835), born in Virginia, attained distinction in\\nKentucky politics, and was Postmaster-General to Jackson from 1829 to\\n1835. He was the first Postmaster-General who was admitted as a member\\ninto the Cabinet.\\nBartholdi, Frederic, born 1834, French sculptor, executed, at the instance\\nof the French-American Union, the colossal statue of Liberty Enlightening\\nthe World, which has been placed on Bedloe s Island to adorn New York\\nharbor.\\nBartlett, Josiah (i 729-1 795), a physician of New Hampshire, was a\\nmember of the Continental Congress, and signed the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence. Afterward he was Chief Justice of his State, and from 1790 to\\n1794 was its President or Governor.\\nBartlett, William Francis (i 840-1 876), a Massachusetts officer in the\\nCivil War, especially conspicuous for gallantry in action, left his class at\\nHarvard to enter the army as a private in 1861, and rose before the end of\\nthe war to be a brevet major-general. He was woimded at Yorktown and\\nPort Hudson, and taken prisoner at Petersburg.\\nBarton, Clara, bom in Massachusetts in 1830, bore an important part\\nin caring for the wounded on the battle-fields of the Civil War; also in the\\nFranco-German and Spanish- American Wars. In 188 1 she became president\\nof the American Red Cross Society, and in 1884 represented the government\\nat the Red Cross Conference at Geneva.\\nBasques. An ancient race dwelling in the Pyrenees. Basques are said to\\nhave visited the American coasts before Columbus, in the pursuit of whales\\nor of the fish of the banks of Newfoundland. It is not improbable, but\\ncannot be said to have been proved to general satisfaction.", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "54 Dictionary of United States History.\\nBassett, Richard (d. 1815), was a member of the Constitutional Conven-\\ntion of 1787, and a signer of the Constitution. From 1789 to 1793 he was\\na Senator from Delaware, and from 1798 to 1801 governor of that State.\\nBates, Edward (1793-1869), born in Virginia, became a prominent\\nlawyer in Missouri. Having jvarmly opposed the repeal of the Missouri\\nCompromise, he was a somewhat prominent candidate for the Republican\\nnomination to the presidency in the Chicago Convention of i860. He was\\nattorney-general under Lincoln from 1861 to 1863.\\nBates, Joshua (1788-1864), born in Massachusetts, engaged in business\\nin London and became senior member of the firm of Baring Brothers Co.\\nWhen the Boston Public Library was started he gave it about $100,000.\\nBattle of the Kegs, a celebrated humorous poem of the Revolutionary\\nWar, written by Francis Hopkinsou. Its theme was an unsuccessful attempt\\nof the Americans, in January, 1778, to destroy the British shipping at Phila-\\ndelphia by floating down combustibles from above.\\nBaton Rouge, La., capital of the State since 1849, taken by a part\\nof Farragut s fleet, in May, 1862, immediately after his capture of New\\nOrleans. On August 5 General Williams was attacked there by the Confed-\\nerate General Breckenridge, but the attack was repulsed, the ram Arkansas\\nfailing to support it. General Williams was killed.\\nBatture Cases. Some fifteen years before the cession of Louisiana to the\\nUnited States, one Gravier had purchased a plantation along the Mississippi\\nadjoining New Orleans. Portions of it had been cut up into lots and formed\\nthe village of St. Mary. Meantime an alluvial deposit or river beach had\\nbegun to form along the levee of the Gravier plantation and was used as a\\nboat landing by the citizens of St. Mary, though the batture, under the law,\\nstill formed a part of the Gravier estate. This estate was purchased in 1808\\nby Edward Livingston, of New York, who immediately began improvements\\non the batture for his own private ends. The people raised a great outcry,\\nbut Livingston obtained a favorable verdict and proceeded with his improve-\\nments. Finally, however, the territorial court, in 1809, decided to appeal to\\nPresident Jefferson, on the ground that the batture was public property under\\na French law which gave alluvions to the government. By Jefferson s orders,\\nhe having a private grudge against Livingston, the latter was dispossessed\\nof the batture. Livingston immediately brought suit against Jefferson and\\nthe United States Marshal. The suit against the President was not allowed,\\nbut the Supreme Court decided that the batture be restored to Livingston.\\nBaum, Friedrich, lieutenant-colonel of the Brunswick dragoons, German\\nmercenaries in Burgoyne s expedition, was attacked by Colonel Stark at\\nBennington, Vt, August 16, 1777, completely defeated and mortally wounded.\\nBavaria. A convention for the abolition of the droit d anbaine was con-\\ncluded with Bavaria in 1845; a convention for the extradition of criminals\\nin 1853, and a naturalization treaty in 1868.\\nBay Psalm Book, the first book (except an almanac) printed in the\\nEnglish-speaking parts of America, was printed at Cambridge in 1640.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 55\\nBay State, a name given to Massachusetts, the early title of which was\\nThe Province of Massachusetts Bay.\\nBayard, James A. (1767-1815), bom in Philadelphia, settled in Dela-\\nware as a lawyer. He represented Delaware in the House of Representatives\\nfrom 1797 to 1803, and in the Senate from 1805 to 1813. He was one of the\\nchief leaders of the Federalists in Congress, and in 1801 had a principal part\\nin persuading the other Federalist Congressmen to vote for Jefferson rather\\nthan Burr when the election of a President fell to them. He was one of the\\nfive American negotiators who concluded in 1814 the treaty of Ghent. His\\nsons and grandson represented Delaware in the Senate from 1836 to 1845,\\nand from 1851 to 1885.\\nBayard, Nicholas (i 644-1 707), born in Holland, but brought to New\\nAmsterdam in infancy, became secretary of the province in 1672; Mayor\\nof New York and a member of the Council in 1685. He was imprisoned\\nby Leisler and later sentenced to death on accusation, but was finally released.\\nBayard, Thomas F. (grandson of James A.), born in Delaware in 1828,\\npracticed law in Philadelphia and Wilmington from 1851 to 1869. From\\n1869 to 1885 he was Senator from Delaware, and was one of the most able\\nand prominent of the Democratic Senators. In 1877 he was a member of\\nthe Electoral Commission which decided the disputed Hayes-Tilden election.\\nIn 1 88 1 he was president pro tempore of the Senate. In 1880 and again in\\n1884 he had many votes in convention as a candidate for the Presidency. In\\n1885 President Cleveland appointed him Secretary of State, in which office\\nhe served with credit till 1889, pursuing constantly a pacific policy toward\\nforeign nations. In 1893, when the grade of ambassador was for the first-\\ntime established in the American diplomatic service, he was appointed our rep-\\nresentative in England with that title, and was the first to bear it. Died 1898.\\nBayard vs. Singleton, North Carolina. This was a suit for the recovery\\nof certain property, tried before the Court of Appeals of North Carolina in\\n1787. The property in question had been confiscated and sold to the\\ndefendant under an act of the legislature passed during the Revolution,\\nauthorizing the confiscation of property belonging to an alien. Counsel for\\nthe defendant moved the suit be dismissed in accordance with an act of the\\nlegislature of 1785 which required the courts, in all cases where the\\ndefendant makes affidavit that he holds the disputed property under a sale\\nfrom a commissioner of forfeited estates, to dismiss the case on motion.\\nThis the court refused emphatically and Judge Ashe boldly pronounced that\\nact of legislature unconstitutional and void. Judgment was, however,\\nfound for the defendant on the ground that aliens cannot hold land, and if\\nthey purchase, the land is forfeited to the sovereign. This is one of the\\nearliest instances of a court s pronouncing upon the constitutionality of an\\nact of the legislature. Ashe s decision is therefore important.\\nBayonne Decree, a decree issued on April 17, 1808, by the Emperor\\nNapoleon, in the course of his attempts to reduce England to tenns by\\ndestroying the commerce of neutral powers like the United States. On\\npretext of falling in with the embargo policy of the American government,\\nhe ordered that all American vessels which should enter the ports of France,", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "56 Dictionary ok United States History.\\nItaly and the Hanse Towns should be seized, because uo vessels of the\\nUnited States can now navigate the seas without violating the law of the\\nsaid States.\\nBayou Teche Expedition, an expedition sent up the Bayou T\u00e2\u0082\u00acche by\\nGeneral Banks in April, 1863. I^ completed the conquest of all Louisiana\\nwest of New Orleans and south of the Red River.\\nBean s Station, Tenn. On December 14, 1863, after Longstreet had\\nraised the siege of Knoxville, 4000 Union cavalrj under Shackelford here\\nfought lyongstreet s cavalry under Gracie.\\nBear Flag War, an insurrection against the Mexican government in\\nCalifornia, raised in June, 1846, by a small body of settlers from the United\\nStates. The insurrection is supposed to have been fomented by Captain John\\nC. Frdmont, then in California with a small force of United States troops.\\nA dozen Americans seized some government horses, and then, reinforced by\\nothers, seized Sonoma, and raised a flag bearing a figure of a bear. A\\nrepublic was proclaimed. A force of the Califomian government was\\ndefeated. Captain Fremont joined the revolutionary forces with his troops.\\nIn July, the Mexican War having begun, Sloat raised the American flag at\\nMonterey, and the Bear Flag War became merged in the American\\noperations for the conquest of California.\\nBeaufort, N. C, was captured by Burnside s troops on April 26, 1862.\\nBeaufort, S. C, was occupied by the Federal forces on December 6, 1861,\\nhaving been abandoned by the Confederates after the naval fight at Hilton\\nHead.\\nBeaumarchais, Pierre A. C. de (1732-1799), the brilliant author of the\\nBarbier de Seville and the Mariage de Figaro, rendered highly val-\\nuable services to the American cause in the Revolutionary War, persuading\\nthe French government to send the Americans large amounts of money,\\narms and ammunition, and extensively using his own credit in their behalf.\\nThe debt of the American government to him was never discharged.\\nBeauregard, P. Gustave T. (1818-1893), born in Louisiana, was grad-\\nuated at West Point in 1838. He was employed in the engineer service of\\nthe United States until 1861, when he resigned, and entered that of the\\nseceded States. Placed in command of the defences of Charleston, he opened\\nfire on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. With General J. E.Johnston he won\\nthe victory of Bull Run on July 21. In the spring of 1862 he was ordered to\\nTennessee. When General A. S. Johnston was killed at Shiloh Beauregard\\nsucceeded him in the command, but was forced to retire, and subsequently\\nto evacuate Corinth. From September, 1862, to April, 1864, he defended\\nCharleston against General Gillmore and Admirals Dupont and Dahlgren. In\\nMay, 1864, he aided Lee at Petersburg; in the autumn he aided in the vain\\nattempt of the Confederates to stop Sherman s march through Georgia. He\\nsurrendered with Johnston in April, 1 865. He was afterward manager of the\\nLouisiana State lotter}\\nBeaver Creek, Md., scene of a skirmish on July 10, 1S63, when, on General\\nLee s retreat from Gettysburg, Sedgwick s corps came upon his rear-guard.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 57\\nBeaver Dam, Upper Canada. At the end of Dearborn s campaign, Colonel\\nBoerstler, with a force of 540, sent out from Niagara to Beaver Dam, was\\ndefeated and forced to surrender by a British and Indian force of 260, June\\n24, 1813.\\nBeaver Dam Creek, Va. In the seven days fighting after Fair Oaks,\\nGeneral A. P. Hill s corps, while waiting for the arrival of Jackson, attacked\\nMcCall s division of McClellan s army in a strong position at Beaver Dam\\nCreek, June 26, 1862, and were repulsed with heavy loss.\\nBedford, Gunning, Jr. (1747-18 12), a Delaware lawyer, represented Del-\\naware in the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786. He was a member\\nof the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and signed the Constitution.\\nBeecher, Henry Ward (1813-1887), son of the eminent Rev. Dr. Lyman\\nBeecher, and from 1847 to his death pastor of a great congregation in Brook-\\nlyn, had always an active part in public afiairs. In 1863 he made many\\nspeeches in England, endeavoring to influence English public opinion in\\nfavor of the Northern cause iu the Civil War.\\nBehaim, Martin (1459-1506), a Nuremberg cosmographer, resided in\\nLisbon and Fayal from 1480 to 1490, was a friend of Columbus, and shared\\nhis views as to the possibility of reaching land by sailing westward. A globe\\nwhich he constructed after returning to Nuremberg is a famous and valuable\\nrecord of geographical knowledge.\\nBehring. (See Bering.)\\nBehring Sea Question. Soon after the acquisition of Alaska by the\\nUnited States the Pribylov Islands, which are the breeding-grounds of the\\nfur seal, were leased to the Alaska Commercial Company, who were to have\\na monopoly of seal-killing, under stringent regulations designed to prevent\\nthe extermination of the seals. In spite of the vigilance of the government\\nin guarding the islands, depredations increased, American and Canadian\\nvessels pursuing the seals upon the open sea. In 1886 the American gov-\\nernment set lip the claim that Behring Sea was mare clausum and asserted\\nits jurisdiction over the eastern half of it. Russia had purported to grant\\nsuch rights of jurisdiction when ceding Alaska in 1867, yet in 1822 the\\nUnited States had protested against Russia s claim to have rights of sover-\\neignty over the sea, outside the usual three-mile limit of territorial jurisdic-\\ntion. In consequence of the new doctrine, many seizures of Canadian and\\nAmerican sealers were made by a government vessel. Great Britain claimed\\ndamages. After much negotiation, mainly between Secretary Blaine and\\nSir Julian Pauncefote, it was agreed to submit to arbitration the questions\\nof the rights of the United States in Behring Sea and of the regtilations\\nnecessary for the protection of the seals if it were decided that the United\\nStates had not exclusive jurisdiction over the matter. Two arbitrators were\\nto be appointed by the United States, two by Great Britain, and one each by\\nthe President of the French Republic, the King of Italy and the King of\\nSweden and Norway. The arbitrators appointed by these respectively were:\\nJustice John M. Harlan of the Supreme Court, Senator John T. Morgan,\\nLord Hannen, Sir John S. D. Thompson, Baron de Courcel, the Marquis", "height": "2562", "width": "1654", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "58 Dictionary of United States History.\\nEniilio Visconti-Venosta, and Gregers W. W. Gram. The tribunal began its\\nsessions at Paris on March 23, 1893, and rendered its decision on August 15.\\nIt decided against the American claim to exclusive jurisdiction of any sort\\nover the waters of Behring Sea outside the three-mile territorial limit, estab-\\nlished a close season for seals in those waters from May i to July 31, and\\nforbade pelagic sealing within sixty miles of the Pribylov Islands, sealing in\\nsteam vessels or with fire-arms. These regulations were to be carried out by\\nthe British and American governments concurrently.\\nBelcher, Jonathan (1681-1757), of Massachusetts, was Governor of Massa-\\nchusetts from 1730 to 1741, when he was removed. In 1747 he was\\nappointed Governor of New Jersey, which he ruled judiciously until his\\ndeath.\\nBelgium. Commercial regulations were effected by the United States with\\nBelgium by the treaty of 1845, the convention of 1858 and that of 1863,\\nthe treaty of July 20, 1863, the treaty of 1875, and the convention of 1884.\\nNaturalization rights were recognized by the convention of November 16,\\n1868, and consular rights by the conventions of December 5, 1868, and of\\nMarch 9, 1880. The extradition of criminals was regulated by the conven-\\ntions of 1874 and 1882.\\nBelknap, Jeremy (i 744-1 798), of Massachusetts, clergyman and historian,\\nwas for twenty years pastor of a church in Dover, N. H., and, from 1787 till\\nhis death, of the Federal Street Church, Boston. He wrote an excellent\\nhistory of New Hampshire in three volumes, and in 1791 founded the Massa-\\nchusetts Historical Society.\\nBelknap, William W. (1829-1890), of Iowa, became major-general in\\nthe Civil War. From 1869 to 1876 he was Secretary of War in President\\nGrant s Cabinet. He was impeached in 1876 for receiving bribes, but\\nresigned a few hours before the resolution for impeachment passed the House.\\nHe then claimed not to be impeachable, and enough Senators took this view\\nto prevent his conviction.\\nBell, Alexander Graham, born in Scotland in 1847, physicist, came to the\\nUnited States in 1872. Inventor of the telephone, which he first exhibited\\npublicly at Philadelphia in 1876.\\nBell, John (i 797-1 869), was born at Nashville, and graduated at the\\niiniversity of that city. He had been a lawyer and State Senator before he\\nentered the House of Representatives as member from Tennessee in 1837.\\nHe served there until 1841, being Speaker in 1835-37. He was one of the\\nfounders of the Whig party. In 1841 he was Secretary of War, and in 1847-\\n59 he was U. S. Senator from Tennessee. When the conservatives, under\\nthe name of the Constitutional Union party, decided to make a campaign\\nfor the Presidency in i860. Bell was their candidate, and the Bell and Everett\\nticket received the electoral votes of three States.\\nBellamy, Edward (i 850-1 898), of Massachusetts, for several years was\\nas.sistant editor of the Springfield Union. Was a contributor to various\\nmagazines, and the author of Looking Backward and Equality, which\\nmade him famous.\\nII", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 59\\nBellamy, Joseph (1719-1790), of Connecticut, theologian, was pastor of the\\nCongregational Church in Bethlehem, Conn., from 1740 till his death,\\nwhere he established a divinity school, in which he trained many of the most\\neminent ministers of New England.\\nBelleview Palladium, the first newspaper issued in Nebraska. It was\\npublished at Belleview in 1854, and continues at the present time under\\nthat title.\\nBelligerent Rights were accorded to the Confederacy by a proclamation\\nissued by the Queen of Great Britain recognizing the existence of war between\\nthe United States and the so-called Confederate States, and the right of each to\\nthe exercise of belligerent powers on the ocean, but not recognizing the\\nnational independence of the latter, and enjoining neutrality on her own\\nsubjects. Similar recognitions of belligerent rights were made by France\\nand the other chief commercial powers of Europe, and by Brazil.\\nBellingham, Richard (1592-1672), colonial Governor of Massachusetts,\\ncame to America in 1634. In 1635 was made deputy-governor, and Gov-\\nernor in 1641 by a majority of only six votes over Winthrop. In all he\\nserved thirteen years as deputy-governor and ten as Governor; was opposed\\nto innovations in religion, and especially severe toward the Quakers.\\nBellomont, Earl of (Richard Coote) (1636-1701), was an English poli-\\ntician, appointed by William III. Governor of New York and Massachusetts\\nin 1695. He arrived in 1698, and addressed himself to the suppression of\\npiracy and illegal trade, both rife in the colonies. The capture of the noto-\\nrious pirate Captain Kidd fell during his administration.\\nBellows, Henry W. (1814-1882), of New York, clergyman, became pastor\\nof the First Congregational (Unitarian) Church of New York City in 1839.\\nIn the Civil War he was president of the U. S. Sanitar Commission.\\nBelmont, August (1816-1890), of New York, financier, came to the United\\nStates in 1837. Was appointed Minister to Holland in 1854. Was a liberal\\npatron of the fine arts.\\nBelmont, Mo., a small town occupied by a detachment of Confederates\\nfrom General Polk s army. It was destroyed, and the Confederates driven to\\nthe Mississippi River by General Grant, November 7, 1861.\\nBeltrami, Giacomo C. (1779-1855), explorer, was exiled from Italy, and\\ncame to the United States in 1821. He ascended the Mississippi River and\\ndiscovered one of its principal sources.\\nBemis Heights. (See Saratoga.)\\nBenjamin, Judah P. (1811-1884), was born at St. Croix, in the West\\nIndies, of English Hebrew descent. He was educated at Yale, and as a law-\\nyer became the head of the Louisiana bar. He was Whig U. S. Senator\\nfrom that State, 1853-61. He sided with the Confederates, and entered\\nPresident Davis Cabinet, serving in turn as Attorney-General, Secretan,- of\\nWar, and Secretary of State. On the collapse of the Confederacy he made\\nhis escape tn England, and was soon equally famous for his grasp of English\\nlaw. He became a Queen s Counsel, and died in Paris.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "6o Dictionary of United States History.\\nBenjamin, Park (1809-1864), of New York, was editor or co-editor of the\\nNew England Magazine^ the American Monthly Magasine^ Horace Greel\u00c2\u00aby s\\nNew Yorker^ and other journals, and a contributor to many others-\\nBenjamin, Samuel G. W., born in Greece in 1837, author, was U. S.\\nMinister to Persia from 1883 to 1885. His contributions to periodicals have\\nbeen very numerous.\\nBennet, or Bennett, Richard, was sent by the Commonwealth in 1651\\nas Commissioner to Virginia, of which he was soon after elected Governor,\\nretiring in 1655.\\nBennett, James Gordon (1795-187 2), of New York, journalist, came to\\nAmerica in 1819; established the Herald in 1835. He first introduced the\\nMoney Article, the employment of regular European correspondents, and\\nthe systematic sale by uewsboys. During the Civil War he employed sixty-\\nthree war correspondents. The Herald sometimes yielded him an income of\\n$100,000 a year.\\nBennington, Battle of, August 16, 1777. As he marched southward from\\nCanada, General Burgoyne sent 560 Germans under Colonel Baum to seize\\nthe American stores at Bennington. Not daring to take the offensive, Baum\\nawaited attack on the bank of a stream. The Americans under Stark out-\\nnumbered the British two to one, but were inferior in drill and equipment.\\nHalf their force, whom Baum took to be Tories, got to a position in his rear.\\nBeing attacked both in front and in rear, the Gennans were routed com-\\npletely. Just at that moment 500 German reinforcements came, but this\\nwas oflfset by the appearance of 500 fresh men under Colonel Warner. Only\\nsixty or seventy Germans reached camp. Out of their thousand 207 were\\nkilled and 700 captured. The American loss was fourteen killed and forty-\\ntwo wounded.\\nBenton, Thomas Hart (1782-1858), v/as born in North Carolina, and\\nsettled early in Tennessee. He became a lawyer and a member of the Legis-\\nlature and acquired the title of colonel in the War of 1812. Though an\\nardent supporter of Jackson in later times, he had a personal encounter with\\nhim in Nashville in 1813. He now became a journalist in Missouri, and\\nserved that State uninterruptedly as U. S. Senator from 1821 to 1851. Dur-\\ning this long period he was second in prominence only to the famous trio,\\nClay, Calhoun and Webster. He played a distinguished part in securing\\nfavorable land laws, in opening the West and in furthering post-roads. His\\nconsei-vatism iu finance earned for him the title of Old Bullion. He\\nchampioned Jackson during the latter s Presidency, and was active in procur-\\ning the passage of the Expzinging Resolutions (which see). Later he was a\\nvigorous opponent of Calhoun. He was iu 1853-55 a member of the House\\nof Representatives, but was defeated as candidate for Governor of Missouri in\\n1856. He published in 1854-56 his Thirty Years View, or historical\\nmemoirs; his Abridgment of the Debates of Congress was published in\\nfifteen volumes. (Life by Roosevelt.)\\nBentonville, N. C. Here, during his march from Savannah through the\\nCarolinas, Sherman, at the head of 65,000 National troops, encountered\\nI", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 6i\\n24,000 Confederates under Johnston. A battle took place March 18, 1865,\\nJohnston having come up in great haste from Smithfield, intending to sur-\\nprise Sherman. The latter, however, was ready for him and Johnston was\\nthrown on the defensive near Mill Creek. Johnston was partially defeated\\nand retreated in alann to Smithfield.\\nBering, or Behring, Vitus (1680-1741), Danish navigator in the Russian\\nservice. In 1728 Peter the Great sent him on an expedition in the course\\nof which he discovered the strait which bears his name.\\nBerkeley, George (1684-1753), the celebrated philosopher, was dean of\\nDeny in Ireland. In his advocacy of education in the Bermudas, he sailed\\nthither, and reached Newport en ro2ite in 1729. His plans miscarried,\\nbut he remained in Newport until 1731, returning then to Great Britain,\\nwhere he became bishop of Cloyne. His interest in American matters was\\nevinced by his famous lines, Westward the course of empire, etc., and\\nmore practically by the gift to Yale of his farm near Newport, as well as by\\ngifts of books to Yale and Harvard.\\nBerkeley, Sir William (about 1610-1677), was an English courtier, who\\nin 1642 was appointed Governor of Virginia. He continued in this office,\\nwith the exception of an intermission during the Cromwellian rSghne^ until\\n1677. ^^s gloating remark over the colony s backward condition in educa-\\ntion and a free press is well known, and his oppression evoked a caustic\\ncomment even from Charles II. His inefficiency in conducting the relations\\nwith the Indians led to an ai med uprising in 1676 under Nathaniel Bacon.\\nThis was suppressed after Bacon s death, but Berkeley was soon recalled.\\nBerlin Arbitration. (See San Juan question.)\\nBerlin Decree, The, was issued by Napoleon November 21, 1806, and\\ndeclared the British Islands in a state of blockade. It forbade commerce\\nwith them and trade in their merchandise and declared all merchandise\\nbelonging to Englishmen or transported from England lawful prize. Its\\neffect was to inflict great injury on the x\\\\merican carr^-ing trade.\\nBermuda Hundred, Va., a position selected by Butler, who, in 1864,\\ncommanded the army of the James, numbering about 25,000 Federals, where\\nhe might intrench himself and await Grant s arrival. In the vicinity of this\\nposition there was constant fighting between Butler s troops and those of the\\nConfederate Beauregard, whose forces were 20,000 strong. The fighting\\ncontinued from May 16 to 30. On the sixteenth Heckman s brigade was\\ndestroyed by the Confederates, who were then pushing on to Bermuda\\nHundred, when Ames and Gillmore came up and Beauregard s plans mis-\\ncarried. On the nineteenth the Confederates assaulted the Federal rifle pits\\nunder Ames and Terry, but without success. Skirmishing continued until\\nthe thirtieth, when the Confederates desisted. Bermuda Hundred was a\\nvaluable position, since it was very near both Richmond and Petersburg.\\nBernard, Sir Francis (1714-1779), royal Governor of Massachusetts, was\\nappointed in 1760 and removed in 1769 because of his incessant conflicts\\nwith the assembly. In 1 768 he caused British troops to be quartered in Boston.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "62 DicTiONAiiY OF United States History.\\nBernard, Simon (1779-1836), French soldier and chief engineer in the U. S.\\nArmy, came to the United States with Lafayette in 1824. His principal\\nwork was the planning and construction of Fortress Monroe.\\nBerrien, John McPherson (1781-1856), of Georgia, statesman, was Judge\\nof the Eastern District of Georgia from 1 810 to 1821, U. S. Senator from\\n1825 to 18-9 from 1840 to 1852. Was Attorney-General under Jackson\\nfrom 1829 to 1831, when he resigned.\\nBerry, Nathaniel S., (1796-1894), was elected Governor of New Hamp-\\nshire as a Republican in 1861 and held office till 1863. Was earnest in\\nsupport of the war.\\nBethel, a communistic settlement, composed chiefly of Germans, in\\nMissouri. It was founded in 1844 by Dr. Keil, a Prussian, and a number\\nof the settlers were seceders from Rapp s colony of Harmonists at Economy.\\nThese colonists purchased 4000 acres of land and immediately established\\ncommunistic industries, manufactories, tanneries, distilleries, etc. Keil after-\\nward went to Oregon, where he founded, in 1855, the Dutch communistic\\ncolony of Aurora, carrying with him about 400 of the 600 settlers at Bethel.\\nThe colony is governed by trustees who also plan the work of the com-\\nmunity.\\nBethlehem, Pa., was founded in 1741 by the Moravians. Lehigh Uni-\\nversit}- was founded in South Bethlehem in 1865.\\nBeverly, Robert (1675-1716), of Virginia, historian, was clerk of the\\ncouncil under Governor Sir Edmund Andros. Several editions of his His-\\ntory of Virginia have been published.\\nBeverly s Ford, Va., scene of a sharp cavalry fight during the Civil\\nWar, between Buford, Pleasonton and Gregg, commanding 9000 Federals, and\\nStudrt leading 12,000 Confederates. Hooker had sent Pleasonton to find\\nStuart, who was said to be near Beverly s Ford. Pleasonton planned to sur-\\nprise the Confederates, but his plans miscarried. Stuart was fully prepared\\nfor him. Pleasonton was badly beaten, though Stuart suffered severe losses\\nalso.\\nBibb, George M. (1772-1859), of Kentucky, was three times chosen Chief\\nJustice of the State. Was a member of the U. S. Senate from 181 1 to 1814\\nand from 1829 to 1835. He was Secretary of the Treasury under Presi-\\ndent Tyler.\\nBible Revision. On the invitation of the British committee for the revision\\nof the Bible, a committee of United States scholars and divines was organized\\nin 1871 and began active work in October, 1872. This committee was com-\\nposed of twenty-seven members, who met each month in the Bible House, New\\nYork. Their intention was to adapt King James version to the present state\\nof the language. The revised New Testament was published in 1887. The\\nrevised Old Testament appeared in 1885.\\nBible Societies. The first Bible Society of this country was founded at\\nPhiladelphia in 1808. It was quickly followed by others at Hartford,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 63\\nBoston, New York and Princeton. May 11, 1816, the American Bible Societ}\\nwas organized at New York by a convention of representatives from thirt\\nfive smaller societies, which felt the need of united and centralized effort.\\nNearly every denomination, except the Roman Catholic, was represented.\\nSectarian jealousy and party prejudice were laid aside in order to insure com-\\nbined endeavors in promoting a wider circulation of the Holy Scriptures\\nwithout note or comment. The American Foreign Bible Society was estab-\\nlished in 1836 by the Baptist denomination, which withdrew from the\\nAmerican Society because of some disagreement. The total issues of the\\nAmerican Bible Society from 1 816 to 1892 have been 55,531,908.\\nBiddle, Clement (1740-1814), of Pennsylvania, Quaker Soldier, was an\\nofficer in the Continental army from 1776 to 1780 and U. S. Marshal during\\nthe Whisky Rebellion.\\nBiddle, James (1783-1848), naval officer, in the War of 1812, in command\\nof the Hornet, captured the Penguin. In 1817 he took possession of\\nOregon for the United States.\\nBiddle, Nicholas (1750-1778), of Philadelphia, naval officer, one of the\\nfirst captains appointed by Congress in 1775. In 1778, while engaging the\\nYarmouth, British, 64, his ship, the Randolph, 32, blew up.\\nBiddle, Nicholas (i 786-1844), after leaving Princeton entered the diplo-\\nmatic service, and afterward edited the magazine, the Portfolio. He was\\na member of the Pennsylvania Legislature, and became a government director\\nof the United States Bank and its president. In this latter position he was\\na central figure in the fierce struggle which Jackson waged with the bank.\\nHe resigned the presidency in 1839.\\nBienville, Sieur de (Jean Baptiste le Moyne) (1680-1765), was a mem-\\nber of a noted French family of colonizers. He accompanied his brother\\nIberville to the Mississippi region, and in T701 assumed the direction of the\\ncolony of Ivouisiana. In 1713 he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the\\ncolony, and in 1718 Governor, and in the same year he founded New Orleans.\\nHe was removed in 1720, but was re-appointed in 1733, returning to France\\nin 1743.\\nBierstadt, Albert, born in Germany in 1830, painter, was brought to the\\nUnited States in 1831. Made extended tours in Colorado and California,\\nobtaining there materials for his most celebrated pictures.\\nBig Bethel, Va. Here an unsuccessful attempt, directed by General Butler,\\nwas made by General Pierce, with four regiments, to dislodge outposts of\\nMagruder s Confederate encampment at Yorktown, June 10, 1861. The\\nFederal regiments, under Townsend and Bendi.x, en route for the Big Bethel\\ncamp, mistook each other for the enemy, and fired. This created great con-\\nfusion. Pierce arrived and pushed on to the Confederate earthwork on Back\\nRiver, destroying the camp at Little Bethel. The Federal troops crossed\\nBack River and charged the earthwork, but were repulsed with considerable\\nloss. Major Theodore Winthrop losing his life.\\nBig Black River, Miss. In this battle, which took place May 17, 1863,\\nduring Grant s pursuit of Pemberton toward Vicksburg, the Confederates", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "64 Dictionary of Unitbd Statbs History.\\nwere defeated, and lost heavil\\\\- both in killed and captured. McClernaud,\\nswiftly following the retreating Confederates, came upon them drawn up on\\nboth sides of the Big Black River. McClernand led 10,000 Federals, Pem-\\nberton 8000 Confederates, his main command having gone on toward Vicks-\\nburg. McClernand began the fight. He was for a time unsuccessful, but\\nLawler, discovering a weak spot in the Confederate line, immediately took\\nadvantage of it and charged impetuously. The Confederates were routed.\\nBigelow, John, bom in 181 7, of New York, in 1849 became, with\\nWilliam CuUen Bryant, joint owner of the Evening Post^ and was managing\\neditor till 1861, when he went to Paris as U. S. Consul, and was Minister to\\nFrance from 1865 to 1867, when he became Secretary of State of New York.\\nHe is trustee under the will of Samuel J. Tilden and his literary executor.\\nHis chief literary work was the editing of the full text of Franklin s Auto-\\nbiography.\\nBiglow Papers, two series of extraordinarily brilliant political satires\\nwritten by James Russell Lowell. The first, satirizing the Mexican War\\nand contemporary politics, from the point of view of the New England\\nAbolitionists, appeared (1846-1848) in the Boston Cojiricr ^\\\\\\\\A the National\\nAnii-Slavay Standard. The second, satirizing the South and contemporary\\npolitics during the period of Civil War and reconstruction, appeared (1861-\\n1866) in the Atlantic Monthly. The papers are attributed to Hosea Biglow,\\na typical young Yankee farmer. Rev. Homer Wilbur, a typical old-school\\nNew England clergyman, and Birdofredum Sawin, a character intended to\\nrepresent the non-Puritan element in the New England democracy.\\nBilleting Act, an act passed by Parliament in 1765 directing Colonial\\nlegislatures to make specific contributions toward the support of an army.\\nBernard, Governor of Massachusetts, caused it to be printed in the colony\\nlaws. It was resisted in New York and in South Carolina.\\nBills of Credit. This was the term employed in the eighteenth century\\nto indicate paper money issued by any government, and made a legal tender\\nfor debts. The Constitution of 1787 forbids any State to issue bills of credit,\\nor to make anything but gold and silver a legal tender. This was done\\nbecause of the discreditable and disastrous over-issues by the States during\\nthe twelve years preceding. A similar prohibition upon the Federal govern-\\nment was discussed but not incorporated in the Constitution. Hence, in\\n1862, the Federal government issued gi^eenbacks which were to be a legal\\ntender. (See Legal Tender Cases.\\nBills of Rights. The first in America was the Declaration of Rights\\nwhich accompanied the Virginia Constitution of 1776. It was the work of\\nColonel George Mason, and was largely based on the English Bill of Rights of\\n1688. Its phraseology was extensively followed in the constitutions of other\\nStates, most of which contained bills of rights, defining the rights of the\\nindividual citizen as over against his government. The Constitution of 1787\\nwas strongly criticised for not including such a set of statements, and their\\nabsence made its ratification diSicult. Accordingly the Federalists, in the\\nFirst Congress, as they had promised, carried through amendments of this\\nnature, and these now stand as the first ten amendments to the Constitution.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of UffiTEo States History. 65\\nBiloxi, Miss, first settlement made in what is now Mississippi by white\\nmen, was founded in 1699 by Pierre Lemoyne d Iberville.\\nBingham, John A., born in 1815, of Ohio, lawyer, was a Republican\\nmember of Congress from 1855 to 1863 and from 1865 to 1873, and sat as\\njudge-advocate at the trial of President Lincoln s assassins.\\nBinney, Horace (1780-1875), of Philadelphia, and an acknowledged leader\\nof its bar. Such of his arguments as are in print are the admiration of the\\nlegal profession not only iu this country, but in Great Britain, notably that in\\nthe case of Bidal vs. Girard s executors. He powerfully supported President\\nLincoln by his pamphlets on the right to suspend the writ of habeas corpus.\\nBirney, David B. (1825-1864), of Pennsylvania, soldier in the Civil War,\\nI became major-general and commanded the Third Corps at Gettysburg after\\nGeneral Sickles was wounded.\\nBirney, James Gillespie (i 792-1857), w?.s a graduate of Princeton, and\\na lawyer and politician in Kentucky. He became enthusiastically devoted\\nto the Abolitionist cause, and was editor of the Philanthropist. He became\\nsecretary of the National Anti-Slavery Society, and when in 1840 and 1S44\\nthe Abolitionists, as the Liberty party, put a ticket in the field, he was their\\ncandidate for President.\\nBishop Hill, in Henrj^ County, 111., a Swedish communistic settlement\\nof seekers after religious freedom. The colonists left Sweden under the\\nI leadership of Eric Janson in 1846. Janson was murdered in 1850. The\\nsettlement did not prove a success and slowly decayed through financial mis-\\nmanagement. It ceased to be a community in 1862.\\nBishops. Few things more exasperated the colonists than the scheme of\\nI appointing and sending out a bishop from England. It is said that there\\nwas a project of making Dean Swift bishop of the American colonies. In\\nI 177 1, at the instance of the clergj of New York and New Jersey, the plan\\nwas again urged. The clergy of Virginia generally assented. But throughout\\nAmerica the dissenters and the Episcopal laity opposed. After the Revolution\\nthe case was altered. The first Episcopal bishop, Samuel Seabury, of Con-\\nnecticut, was consecrated by Scotch non-juring bishops in 1784. The\\nMethodists began to use the term bishop in 1787. The first Catholic bishop,\\nJohn Carroll, of Baltimore, was consecrated in 1790.\\nBismarck, capital of North Dakota, dates its beginning from 1872.\\nBissell, Wilson S., born in 1847, o^ New York, lawyer, in 1873 became\\na member of the law firm of Bass, Cleveland Bissell in Buffalo, and was\\nappointed Postmaster-General by President Cleveland in 1893.\\nBlack, James (1823-1893), of Pennsylvania, reformer, was a leader in the\\norganization of the Templars, was the first to propose a distinct Temper-\\nance party and in 1872 was its candidate for the Presidency.\\nBlack, Jeremiah S. (1810-1883), \u00c2\u00b0f Pennsylvania, jurist, was one of the\\nJudges of its Supreme Court from 1851 to 1857, became Attorney-General\\n5", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "66 Dictionary of United States History.\\ni.nder Buchanan, serving as such till December, i860, when he became\\nhis Secretary of State and exerted himself to save the government from\\nfalling into the hands of the secessionists. In 1861 and 1862 he was\\nreporter of the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nBlack Cockade, a badge worn first by the American soldiers during the\\nRevolution, and later, during the. hostility toward France occasioned by the\\nX. Y. Z. dispatches, adopted by the Federalists as a patriotic emblem and as\\na rejoinder to the tri-colored cockade worn by the Republicans as a mark of\\naffection toward France.\\nBlack Friday, Friday, September 19, 1873, on which, with a great\\nfinancial crash in Wall street, including the failure of Jay Cooke Co., the\\nleading American bankers, the panic of 1873 began. Also, Sept. 24, 1869.\\nBlack Hawk (i 767-1 838), a noted Chief of the Sac and Fox Indians.\\nHe joined the British in the War of 1812. By the treaty of 1830 the tribes\\nceded all their lands east of the Mississippi, but their removal west was\\nopposed by him and the so-called Black Hawk War ensued. On being\\ncompletely defeated August, 1832, Black Hawk surrendered.\\nBlack Hawk War. Under the provisions of the treaty with the chiefs of\\nthe Sac and Fox Indians at Prairie du Chien, July 15, 1830, their land east\\nof the Mississippi was ceded to the whites. Black Hawk, a prominent\\nchief, refused to submit to the treaty. In 1831 he made an attack upon\\nsome Illinois villages, but was driven off by a force of militia under General\\nGaines in June of that year. The next spring he returned with a strong\\nforce and began to massacre the whites. General Scott marched some\\nUnited States troops against him. Black Hawk was defeated at the Wis-\\nconsin River July 21, 1832, by General Dodge and again, August 2, by\\nGeneral Atkinson at Bad Axe River. This ended the war.\\nBlack Rock (near Niagara), was, in the War of 181 2, bombarded by the\\nBritish November 17, 181 2. The banacks were fired, valuable property\\ndestroyed and a magazine exploded. No lives, however, were lost. Next year\\nLieutenant Colonel Bisshopp, with 400 men, crossed the Niagara July 11,\\n1 81 3, to capture the stores and ship3 ard at this place. The attack at first\\nwas successful, but the Americans rallied and with the aid of friendly Indians\\ndrove the British back to their boats in confusion, with the loss of their com-\\nmander. The total British loss was seventy; the Americans lost eight men\\nand a large quantity of military stores. Later, General Riall, with 1000\\nBritish regulars and Indians, crossed the Niagara, December 30, 1813, and\\nattacked the Americans, 2000 strong, at Black Rock and Buffalo. The\\nAmerican militia behaved in a cowardly manner and were forced back to\\nBuffalo, which, however, was at once abandoned. The village was then\\nplundered and burned, together with four war vessels. This ended the\\nmeasures of retaliation for the burning of Newark.\\nBlack Warrior, an American merchant vessel, seized and confiscated\\nby Cuban customs oflScers in May, 1854. This seizure was used as an excuse\\nfor proposed filibustering expeditions against Cuba. Spain, however, made\\ncompensation for the seizure.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 67\\nBlackburn, Joseph C. S., bom in 1838, of Kentucky, served in tlie Con-\\nfederate army through the war, and was a member of Congress from 1875 to\\n1885, since which he has been in the U. S. Senate.\\nBlackfeet Indians received their name after their separation from the\\nKena Indians and migration to the Missouri. Those in the United States are in\\nMontana, and have been constantly at war.\\nBlack s Reports, law reports of cases from the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States from 1861 to 1862, by Jeremiah S. Black. There are two\\nvolumes of these reports.\\nBlackstock Hill, Battle of, November 20, 1780. In the fall of 1780 the\\npatriots of South Carolina became more active. At Blackstock Hill, General\\nSumter defeated Tarleton s cavalry, after a sharp encounter. The disgrace of\\nFishing Creek was thus wiped out.\\nBlackstone, William, died in 1675, a clergyman of the Church of England,\\nand pioneer, was the first settler in Boston (1625). His land became the\\nfamous Common; he was afterward the first white settler of Rhode Island.\\nBladensburg, Md., near Washington, laid out in 1742, is celebrated as\\nthe site, not only of the battle, but of the duelling-ground where many\\nfamous duels growing out of quarrels in Washington were fought, e. g., that\\nin which Barron killed Decatur in 1820. Toward the latter part of the War\\nof 181 2 General Ross and Admiral Cockburn with about 5000 men appeared\\nin Chesapeake Bay to attack Washington. The American forces fell back\\nto Bladensburg (four miles from Washington) and awaited the British. The\\nAmericans numbered about 7000 men, but were scattered and untrained.\\nAugust 24, 1814, the British advanced to the attack. The American artillery\\nheld them in check for a time, but the troops rallied and pushed forward.\\nThe Americans fled in wild disorder; the confusion spread and soon General\\nWinder, the American commander, gave orders for a general retreat. By\\nthis battle Washington was exposed to capture. The American loss was\\nseventy-six men; the British more than 500 killed and wounded.\\nBlaine, James Gillespie (January 31, T830-January 27, 1893), was born\\nat West Brownsville, Pa. He was graduated at Washington College in\\nPennsylvania in 1847, and became a teacher. In 1854 he settled in Augusta,\\nMe., and assumed the editorship of the Kennebec Journal. He was soon a\\npower in State journalism and politics, was elected to the Legislature in\\n1858, and was chairman of the Republican State Committee. He entered\\nCongress as a Representative from Maine in 1863, and acquired a brilliant\\nreputation as an able and versatile debater and an aggressive party leader.\\nThese qualities with his knowledge of parliamentary law made him Speaker\\nof the House for three terms, 1869-1875. In 1876-1881 he was United States\\nSenator. This prominence and his magnetic character brought him to\\nmen s minds as a candidate for the Presidency. In 1876 he was one of the\\ntwo leaders for the Republican prize; in 1880, while beaten himself by the\\npersistency of the Grant advocates, he dictated the nomination of Garfield,\\nand entered the latter s Cabinet in March, 1881, as Secretary of State. His\\ninterference in the Chilian-Peruvian imbroglio is a matter of history. He", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "68 DiCTIONARV OF UNITED STATES HiSTORY.\\nresigned office in December, 1881, soon after President Arthur s accession.\\nIn 1884 he was on the fourth ballot nominated to the Presidency, and between\\nhis advocates and those of Mr. Cleveland there ensued one of the most\\nextraordinary and exciting personal campaigns on record. His reputation\\nhad been assailed before, particularly from his alleged connection with the\\nLittle Rock Railroad matter, and a formidable section of the Republican\\nparty bolted his candidacy. So much the more vigorous was the support\\nof the many friends of the Plumed Knight. The defection of the Mug-\\nwumps and the singular alliterative utterance of Mr. Bnrchard {see Burc/i a rd)\\nare variously assigned as the cause of his loss of New York State by a small\\nmajority, and consequent loss of the election in the country at large. In\\n1889 he became Secretary of State in President Harrison s Cabinet. He\\nwill probably be best remembered in this office for his furtherance of the\\nPan-American conference and advocacy of reciprocit} He suddenly re-\\nsigned in June, 1S92, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican\\nnomination. He died at Washington. His political reminiscences and\\ncomments are given in his Twenty Years in Congress (published 1884-\\n1886).\\nBlair, Francis Preston (i 791-1876), was a prominent politician for half\\na century. As the editor of the JJ^ashingiott Globe he wielded a great influ-\\nence in the Jacksonian wing of the Democratic party. After the political\\ndisintegration caused by slavery, he became one of the founders of the\\nRepublican party but avoided advocating a radical policy. Toward the\\nclose of his life he acted again with the Democrats.\\nBlair, Francis Preston (i 821-1875), was the son of Francis P. Blair.\\nHe served in the Mexican War, after which he practised law and was a mem-\\nber of the Missouri lyCgislature. He was a Republican Congressman from\\nMissouri in 1857-59 and 1861-63. He took an important part in saving\\nMissouri for the Union at the opening of the war, and was afterward dis-\\ntinguished as a division and corps commander in the Vicksburg campaign\\nand in Sherman s march through Georgia to the sea. Joining the Democratic\\nparty he was on its ticket with Seymour as unsuccessful candidate for\\nVice-President in 1868. His last important office was that of United States\\nSenator from Missouri in 1871-73.\\nBlair, Henry W., born in 1834, of New Hampshire, Senator. In the\\nCivil War he became lieutenant-colonel, and was twice severely wounded at\\nPort Hudson. He was a Representative in Congress from 1875 to 1879 ^\u00c2\u00b0*1\\nU. S. Senator from 1879 to 1891. He introduced the so-called Blair School\\nBill which twice passed the Senate but failed in the House.\\nBlair, John (1732-1800), of Virginia, jurist, became a Judge of the Court\\nof Appeals in 1777 and afterward Chief Justice in 1780 Judge of the High\\nCourt of Chancery. He was a delegate to the Federal Constitutional Con-\\nvention and a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1789\\nto 1796.\\nBlair, Montgomery (1813-1883), of Maryland, statesman, served in the\\nSeminole War. Was Mayor of St. Louis in 1842 and Judge of the Court of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 69\\nCommon Pleas of Missouri from 1843 to 1849, but removed to Maryland in\\n1852. In 1861 he was appointed Postmaster-General by President Lincoln.\\nHis resignation was accepted in 1864, after which he acted with the Demo-\\ncratic party.\\nBlair Bill, a bill which passed the Senate in 1884 and 1886, for giving\\nFederal money to States for purposes of education, in sums proportioned to\\ntheir number of illiterates. It was introduced by Senator H. W. Blair, of\\nNew Hampshire. It failed in the House.\\nBlakeley, Johnston (1781-1814), of North Carolina, naval officer, was\\nmade master-commander in 181 3 and appointed to the new sloop Wasp,\\nwith which, in 1814, he captured the Reindeer, after a severe action of\\nnineteen minutes, for which Congress voted him a gold medal. After cap-\\nturing several more vessels, the Wasp foundered at sea with all on board.\\nBland, Richard (1710-1776), of Virginia, called the Antiquar was a\\nmember of the House of Burgesses from 1745 till the Revolution, and a very\\nactive patriot, and in 1774 a delegate to Congress.\\nBland, Richard P., born in 1835, was a lawyer and business man and\\ncame into prominence as a Democratic Congressman from Missouri. Since\\n1873 he has been steadily a member of the Lower House, generally a leading\\nmember, and several times chairman of the important committee on coinage.\\nHe is one of the best-known advocates of the free and unlimited coinage of\\nsilver. He was a chief promoter of the Bland Act in 1875, and has cham-\\npioned the white metal persistently with or against the trend of his party or\\nof the country. Died 1899.\\nBland Dollar, so called after Congressman Bland, of Missouri, author\\nof the Bland Act of 1875, under the provisions of which the Secretary of the\\nTreasury was to purchase each month sufficient bullion to coin 2,000,000\\nof silver dollars of 412^ grains each, to be considered a legal tender. Coin-\\nage began in 1878.\\nBlatchford, Samuel (1S20-1893), of New York, jurist, was appointed\\nJudge of the U. S. District Court for the Southern district of New York in\\n1867, and in 1882 an Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nBlennerhassett, Harman (1764 or 1 765-1 831), was born in England. Be-\\ncoming imbued with republican ideas, he disposed of his estates and came\\nto the United States in 1797 and purchased an island in the Ohio River, upon\\nwhich he erected a fine mansion. He became interested in the schemes of\\nAaron Burr, to which he contributed large sums and for complicity in which\\nhe was arrested on a charge of treason, but discharged.\\nBlessing of the Bay, the first seaworth}- vessel built in the United\\nStates. She was built at Mistick, Mass., ^or John Winthrop, and was\\nlaunched July 4, 1631.\\nBliss, Cornelius N., born in 1833, cotton manufacturer. Secretary of the\\nInterior under McKinley from 1897 to 1899.\\nBlock, or Blok, Adriaen, Dutch navigator, visited Manhattan (now New\\nYork) about 1613 and again in 1614 in the Tiger, which being accidentally", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "70 Dictionary of United States History.\\nburned he built the Unrest, a sixteen-ton yacht, in which he coasted as\\nfar north as Nahant, discovering the Housatonic and the Connecticut and\\nthe island which bears his name.\\nBlockade. At the outbreak of the Civil War the Federal government, in\\nlieu of a competent navy, only twelve serviceable vessels being at home,\\nfitted out a miscellaneous fleet of merchant craft for blockading the Con-\\nfederate ports. The Confederate government had passed a law requiring\\nevery English vessel that entered its ports to bring arms and supplies as part\\nof its cargo, and thus munitions were never lacking, as long as admission\\ncould be gained. Blockade runners commonly went first to the British port\\nof Nassau, in the Bahamas, and thence to Confederate ports. They often got\\nthrough, but the blockade was wonderfully successful, considering the ex-\\ntent of coast, and the condition of the navy, especially after the capture,\\nearly in the war, of New Bern, Plymouth, New Orleans, etc. It finally ac-\\ncomplished its object of starving the Confederacy. United States cruisers\\nexercised the right of stopping and searching neutral vessels in the manner\\nusual in international war. Vessels captured because of attempts to break\\nthe blockade or to carry contraband goods, or as property of the enemy,\\nwere taken into port and submitted to the adjudication of the prize courts,\\nas prizes of war. Congress passed no new laws establishing any new\\nprinciples respecting condemnation; and the prize courts proceeded entirely\\nupon the rules of international law. The capture of the brig Amy Warwick\\non the high seas, bound from Rio Janeiro to Richmond with a cargo of tobacco,\\nfirst distinctly raised the question of the right of the United States to\\nexercise war powers in suppressing the insurrection. The brig was captured\\nas enemy s property, since she belonged to persons at Richmond.\\nBlommaert, Samuel (about 1590-about 1670), Colonial patroon. In 1629\\nbe, with Samuel Godyn, purchased of the natives most of what is now\\nDelaware and planted a colony called Swaanendael which was soon utterly\\ndestroyed by the Indians.\\nBloody Bill, sometimes called the Force Bill, passed by Congress March\\n2, 1833. Its aim was to enforce the tariff of 1832, which the Legislature of\\nSouth Carolina had declared null and void.\\nBloody Brook, Mass. (See Deerfield.)\\nBloody Shirt. To wave the bloody shirt meant, in Congress or other\\nplaces, to revive the memories of the Civil War by impassioned allusions^\\nThe term was mostly used in the times about 1880.\\nBlount, James H., born in 1837, of Georgia, was elected a Democratic\\nRepresentative in Congress from 1873 to 1893. In March, 1893, he was\\nappointed Special Commissioner to investigate affairs in Hawaii and the\\nconduct of American officials there in connection with the then recent\\nrevolution in that government. In May he was appointed minister to the\\nHawaiian Islands, but returned in the autumn.\\nBlue Laws. At the second stated meeting of the newly-formed\\nGeneral Court of New Haven, held in that town in April, 1644, it was\\nordered that the judicial laws of God, as they were delivered by Moses,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 71\\nshould be considered binding on all offenders and should be a rule to all the\\ncourts of the jurisdiction, till they be branched out into particulars here-\\nafter. These provisions have developed the current notions of New Haven s\\nCriminal Code, and these notions have been greatly aided by the absurd code\\nof Blue Laws, published in a history of Connecticut by the Rev. Samuel\\nPeters, an ingenious and highly unreliable writer. Here are specimens of the\\nBlue Laws sometimes quoted:\\nNo one shall run on the Sabbath day, or walk in his garden, or else-\\nwhere, except reverently to and from meeting.\\nNo woman shall kiss her child on the Sabbath or fasting day.\\nNo one shall read Common-prayer, keep Christmas or saints days, make\\nminced pies, dance, play cards, or play on any instrument of music except\\nthe drum, trumpet and jews-harp.\\nBlue Lights. During the second war with England, Decatur made several\\nattempts on dark nights to escape from the blockaded port of New London\\n(18 1 3). He declared that his failure was due to signals of blue lights flashed\\nfrom the shore to warn the British. This led to the opponents of the war\\nbeing stigmatized as Blue-light Federalists.\\nBlue Lodges, a secret pro-slavery order in Western Missouri, formed\\nabout 1854 to aid the Souther:: mission work of establishing slavery in\\nKansas. In March, 1855, they crossed the Missouri and forcibly deposited\\ntheir ballots for the pro-slavery candidates.\\nBlunt, James G. (1826-1881), of Kansas, soldier, major-general in the\\nCivil War, served in Arkansas and Missouri, which, after several engage-\\nments, he relieved of the Confederate invasion under Price.\\nBoard of Admiralty, organized by the Continental Congress, October\\n28, 1779, from the earlier and more numerous Marine Committee. It con-\\nsisted of two members of Congress and five others and had charge of all\\nnaval and marine affairs. It was abolished February 7, 1781, upon the crea-\\ntion of the Secretary of Marine.\\nBoard of Trade and Plantations. Oliver Cromwell made some attempts\\nto establish a board which should supeivise and regulate the commerce of\\nthe colonies in America. No definite results were reached, however, until\\n1660, when Charles II. established two separate councils, one for trade and\\nthe other for foreign plantations. These were from 1672 to 1675 united. The\\nBoard of Trade and Plantations was established in 1695, and was the\\ngoverning body having charge of the English colonies in America from that\\ntime to 1768, when the Secretary of State for America was called into\\nexistence. In 1782 the board was abolished.\\nBoard of War. On June 12, 1776, the Continental Congress, urged by\\nan appeal from Washington, established a Board of War and Ordnance, based\\nupon the contemporary English Ordnance Department. It consisted of five\\nmembers of the Congress, and John Adams was made chairman. October\\n17, 1777, it was resolved to create a Board of War, to consist of three mem-\\nbers (later five), not delegates. The board had charge of all matters per-\\ntaining to war, including records, supplies, the raising of troops and money.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "7* Dictionary of United States History.\\nThe original Board of War and Ordnance, however, continued to exist. In\\n1781 a Secretary of War was instituted, who in 1782 took the place of the\\nboard.\\nBody of Liberties, a code of 100 fundamental laws established by the\\nGeneral Court of Massachusetts in December, 1641. Hitherto there had been\\nno written law in the colony, justice having been administered wholly upon\\nprinciples of equity. The Body of Liberties was drafted by Nathaniel Ward,\\npastor of the church at Ipswich. It laid down the fundamental principles\\nof the sacredness of life, liberty, property and reputation, and prescribed\\ngeneral rules for judicial proceedings.\\nBohemia Manor, a grant of 5000 acres of land along the Elk River made\\nby Lord Baltimore, in 1666, to Augustine Herman, a Bohemian surveyor,\\nwho promised therefor to make a map of Maryland. Herman obtained\\npapers of denization and was naturalized with his family under the first act\\nof that kind passed in the province.\\nBoise City, Idaho, was first settled as a trading post of the Hudson Bay\\nCompany. The town was laid out in 1863 and became the capital of the\\nState (then territory) in 1864.\\nBoker, George H. (i 823-1890), of Philadelphia, author, wrote several\\nsuccessful plays and many patriotic 15 rics. He was U. S. Minister to Turkey\\nfrom 1871 to 1875 and to Russia from 1875 to 1879.\\nBolivar, Simon (1783-1830), liberator, was the most prominent figure in\\nthe struggle of the Spanish South American provinces for independence,\\nbeing at times absolute dictator. He had the warm sympathy of American\\npublic men.\\nBolivia. A treaty of peace, friendship, commerce and navigation was\\nconcluded between the United States and Bolivia May 13, 1858. The rights\\nof neutrals in this treaty were carefully explained.\\nBollman s Case. Bollman was brought before the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States in 1807 on a writ of habeas corpus ad subjidendum^ charged\\nwith being implicated in a treasonable attempt to levy war upon the United\\nStates. (See Burr, Aaron.) The argument of the counsel for the defendant\\nturned upon the authority of the Supreme Court to issue writs of habeas\\ncorpus ad siibjiciendiim^ also upon the nature of a treasonable act. It was\\ndecided that the court could issue writs of habeas corpus ad stibjiciendiim^\\nbut judgment was found for the plaintiff for lack of precision in evidence, to\\nprove the place of commission of the treasonable act. Also it was decided\\nthat a mere conspiracy to subvert the government by force is not treason;\\nan actual levying of war is necessary.\\nBonaparte, Charles J., born in Baltimore in 1851, law^ er, the only sur-\\nviving grandson of Madame (Patterson) Bonaparte, has been prominent in\\nthe movement for civil service reform.\\nBonaparte, Charles Lucien Jules Laurent (1803-1857), ornithologist,\\neldest son of Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon s brother, came to Philadelphia", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitrd States History. 73\\nand published several valuable works on his favorite science. In 1848 was\\na republican leader in Rome and vice-president of the constituent assembly.\\nBonaparte, Elizabeth (Patterson) (1785-1879), wife of Jerome Bonaparte\\n(youngest brother of Napoleon), to whom she was married in 1803 by Arch-\\nbishop Carroll with all requisite legal formalities. She sailed for Europe in\\n1805, but the opposition of Napoleon prevented her landing and she was\\nobliged to take refuge in England. The marriage was annulled by a decree\\nof the Council of State, and she returned to America. Jerome married the\\nPrincess Caroline of Wiirtemberg.\\nBonaparte, Jerome (1784-1860), King of Westphalia, youngest brother\\nof Napoleon. His marriage with Miss Patterson, of Baltimore, in 1803 was\\ndeclared null by Napoleon, who made him, in 1S07, King of Westphalia.\\nHe commanded a division at Waterloo. From his exile at Trieste he returned\\nto France and was made Field Marshal in 1850.\\nBonaparte, Joseph (i 768-1844), King of Spain, elder brother of Napoleon,\\nwas made King of Spain by Napoleon in 1808, but left it after his defeat by\\nWellington at Vittoria. He came to the United States after Waterloo and,\\nexcept for a brief period, lived till 1841 in Bordentown. N. J., where he was\\nvery popular.\\nBonaparte, Louis Napoleon. (See Napoleon IH.)\\nBonaparte, Napoleon. (See Napoleon I.)\\nBonhomme Richard, an old East Indiaman fitted up as a man-of-war\\nby the French at L Orient in 1779, and commanded by Paul Jones. She\\nsailed from L Orient under American colors, but with French instructions\\nand accompanied by two French vessels, the Alliance and the Pallas.\\nJones attempted to enter the harbor of Leith, Scotland, but was prevented\\nby storms. On September 23 the vessels encountered a British merchant\\nfleet, guarded by two British warships, the Serapis and the Countess of\\nScarborough. The Pallas quickly captured the Scarborough, a small\\ntwenty-gun vessel. Jones unhesitatingly attacked the Serapis, though his\\nvessel was far inferior at every point. He lashed the Serapis bowsprit\\nto the Richard s mizzenmast and raked the former s deck with musketry\\nThe Serapis poured broadside after broadside into the Richard. Finally\\na bucket of hand grenades, thrown down the Serapis hatchways, com-\\npelled her commander to surrender. Jones transferred his crew to the\\nSerapis, and the Richard sank in a few hours.\\nBonus Bill, a bill submitted by Calhoun, December 23, 1816, appropriating\\n$1,500,000 for constructing roads and canals and improving the navigation\\nof watercourses. The bill was passed, being strongly supported by New\\nYork and the South. It was supposed the money would immediately be\\napplied to the construction of a canal between Albany and the lakes. Presi-\\ndent Madison vetoed the bill during the last davs of his administration, insist-\\ning that internal improvement measures needed a constitutional amendment.\\nAccordingly New York State undertook the construction of the Erie Canal.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "74 Dictionary of Unitbd States History.\\nBonvouloir, M. de, French diplomatist. His reports to Vergennes of his\\nconferences with Franklin at Philadelphia in 1775 did much to bring about\\nthe French alliance.\\nBoone, Daniel (1735-1820), was born in Pennsylvania and died in Mis-\\nsouri. He was a daring and skillful hunter in North Carolina and in 1769\\nstarted for the region which is now Kentucky, thus becoming the pioneer\\nin the settlement of that State. He founded Boonesborough on the Ken-\\ntucky River and was for many years the chief hero among the many rude\\nand picturesque figures of the frontier. He excelled especially in Indian\\nwarfare, the most striking episode of which was perhaps the battle of the\\nBlue Licks in 1782. Countless stories are related of his adventures and\\nhair-breadth escapes. His last years were passed in poverty, though a grant\\nof lands was finally bestowed upon him by Congress.\\nBoonville, or Booneville, Mo. Here, June 17, 1861, Captain Nathaniel\\nLyon, commanding about 2000 Federal troops, defeated Price, the Confed-\\nerate general, whose army numbered several thousand poorly armed and\\nunorganized volunteers. This battle was the outcome of numerous seces-\\nsionist plots fomented by Governor Jackson, of Missouri, and General Price.\\nLyon captured twenty prisoners, two six-pounder guns and the supplies of\\nthe Confederate camp.\\nBooth, Edwin (1833-1893), actor, first appeared as such at the Boston\\nMuseum in 1849. ^^s brilliantly successful, not only in, the United\\nStates, but in England and Germany, in Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, lago,\\nRichard IH., Shylock and other parts, and especially in Hamlet, with which\\nhis name is inseparably connected.\\nBooth, John Wilkes (1839-1865), actor, during the Civil War was a violent\\nsecessionist. On the night of April 14, 1865, he shot President Lincoln at\\nFord s Theatre, Washington. He was concealed for a time by friends in\\nMaryland, but fled to Virginia, where he was shot in a barn by his pursuers,\\nApril 26.\\nBooth, Junius Brutus (1796-1852), actor, after establishing his reputation\\nin England came to the United States in 1821, where, and in occasional\\nvisits to England, he greatly extended his fame.\\nBorder Ruffians, a name applied to the pro-slavery men of Missouri who,\\nin 1855 and after, during the struggle in Kansas, were accustomed to cross\\nover into that State to carry elections and harass the anti-slavery settlers.\\nThe name was sometimes used by these men themselves and not always\\nregarded as a term of reproach.\\nBorder States, a name applied to the Slave States of Delaware, Maryland,\\nVirginia, Kentucky and Missouri, as lying next to the Free States, and some-\\ntimes including North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas. These States\\nwere particularly anxious both before and during the Civil War for an\\namicable settlement of all difficulties. They originated the Peace Conference\\nof 1 86 1. Of the Border States only Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and\\nArkansas seceded.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 75\\nBoric, Adolph E. (1809-1890), of Philadelphia, merchant, acquired a large\\nfortune and gave large sums to aid soldiers in the Civil War. From March\\nto June, 1869, he was Secretary of the Navy.\\nBorneo. A commercial treaty was concluded between the United States\\nand Borneo in 1850.\\nBoroughs. William Penn s charter of the territory west of the Delaware\\nRiver authorized him, in 1681, to erect the country, among other divisions,\\ninto boroughs similar to those of England. This system of boroughs con-\\ntinues in Pennsylvania to the present time, and exists also in New Jersey,\\nMinnesota aud Connecticut. In New Jerse}- boroughs were established in the\\nearly part of the last century; in Connecticut in the early part of the present\\ncentury. Their growth was gradual. Beginning with 16 19 Virginia had\\neleven boroughs. These were later reduced to two. Lord Baltimore s\\ncharter entitled him to create boroughs in Mar} land. Gorges also established\\nboroughs in Maine under his charter of 1639.\\nBoscawen, Edward (1711-1761), British admiral, distinguished himself\\nat Porto Bello and Carthagena and in 1758 in conjunction with Lord Amherst\\nreduced Louisbourg and Cape Breton.\\nBoston, capital of Massachusetts, was founded by John Winthrop aud his\\ncompany in 1630. The settlement grew in prosperity until the French and\\nIndian War, when it suffered heavy exactions. Opposition to the measures\\nof the British ministry began here. The Stamp Act and Tea Act aroused\\nindignation. Troops were quartered in the town. On December 16, 1773,\\na party disguised as Mohawk Indians emptied three cargoes of tea into the\\nharbor. The port was closed by the British Parliament June i, 1774. The\\nBritish army, besieged in Boston by the Americans from June, 1775, evacu-\\nated the town in March, 1776. The Constitution of the State was here\\nadopted in 1780. In 1822 Boston became a city. From 1830 to i860 it\\nwas regarded as the headquarters of the anti-slavery and other reform move-\\nments. The city was visited by a disastrous fire in 1872, which burned on\\ntwo days, November 9 and 10, involving a loss of over $80,000,000. The\\npopulation of Boston in 1708 was 12,000; 1719, 18,000; 1780, 23,000; 1800,\\n25,000; 1850, 139,000; 1875, 360,000; 1890, 448,477-\\nBoston Athenaeum, a library supported by subscription and founded, with\\na governing board of trustees, April 7, 1807. When John Quincy Adams\\nwent as Minister to Russia he deposited his library in the Athenaeum, nearly\\ndoubling its collection. A valuable collection of coins, antiques and curiosities\\nis also contained in the Athenaeum. It now possesses over 105,000 volumes.\\nBoston Case (1837). A Georgia fugitive slave escaped on the ship\\nBoston bound for Maine and reached Canada. The Governor of Georgia\\ncharged the captain with slave-stealing and demanded his return as a fugitive\\nfrom justice. The Governor of Maine refused, whereupon the Legislature of\\nGeorgia called upon Congress to so amend the laws as to compel the Maine\\nGovernor to comply. No action was taken.\\nBoston Gazette, the second newspaper issued in the American colonies.\\nIt was begun December 14, 17 19, by William Brooker, who succeeded John", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "76 DlCTIONAKY OF UnITBD STATSS HiSTORY.\\nCampbell as the postmaster of Boston. Campbell had founded the Boston\\nNews Letter, which now encountered its first opposition in the rival Boston\\nGazette. The latter journal was owned and conducted by five successive\\npostmasters until 1739, when it was merged with the New England Weekly\\nJournal, a paper started in 1727. This paper proved a sore trial to Camp-\\nbell, the owner of the Boston News Letter, which had had a clear field for\\nfifteen years.\\nBoston Massacre. During 1769 and the early months of 1770 continual\\nquarrels and misunderstandings occurred between the Boston populace and\\nthe British soldiers stationed in the town, over the persistent non-observance\\nof the navigation acts. In February, 1770, a press gang from the British\\nfrigate Rose boarded a ship belonging to Hooper, of Marblehead, and a\\nriot followed. On the night of March 5, the ringing of fire bells brought\\ntogether a large crowd and the usual collision with the soldiers took place.\\nThe soldiers fired. Three persons were killed and several others severely\\nwounded. The news of the Boston Massacre spread rapidly, strengthening\\nthe revolutionary spirit. The soldiers were acquitted.\\nBoston News Letter, the first genuine newspaper published in the\\nUnited States. The first issue appeared at Boston April 24, 1704. The\\npaper was a weekly, was edited and published by John Campbell, then post-\\nmaster at Boston, and was printed by Bartholomew Green. It was issued\\nevery Monday and appears to have been the outgrowth of a series of news\\nletters from London, which Campbell, as controlling the news centre, in his\\ncapacity of postmaster, received from time to time and sent to the Governors\\nof the several New England colonies. These letters were a digest of the\\nhappenings, political and social, in England and on the Continent, with here\\nand there a suggestion as to the politics and government of the American\\ncolonies. The Boston News Lxtter consisted at first of two pages, eight by\\ntwelve inches. Its publication was suspended in 1776.\\nBoston Port Act, an act proposed in Parliament by Lord North and passed\\nMarch 31, 1774, in retaliation for the destruction of cargoes of tea in Boston\\nharbor. The act provided for the discontinuation of landing and discharging,\\nlading or shipping of goods, wares and merchandise at the town and within\\nthe harbor of Boston. Commerce was transferred to Salem and Marblehead.\\nGeneral Gage arrived to enforce this measure on June i. Much indignation\\nand sympathy were felt for the Bostonians throughout the colonies, and\\nmaterial aid in gifts was rendered them. Broadsides were forthwith issued\\nin Boston and Worcester against the use of British goods.\\nBoston Public Library, authorized by an act of the Massachusetts State\\nLegislature April 3, 1848, and fonnally opened in Mason street near its\\npresent site March 20, 1854. The second building was begun September 17,\\n1855, and was completed in 1858. Gifts of books and money have been\\nmade by a number of prominent New Englanders. The Libraiy with eleven\\nbranches contains nearly 600,000 volumes. The new building is now com-\\npleted.\\nBoston, Siege of. Immediately after Lexington and Concord, Boston was\\ninvested by 16,000 Americans under General Ward. The first attempt to", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 77\\nnarrow the lines resulted in the defeat of the Americans at Bunker Hill (q.\\nv.). On July 3 Washington succeeded Ward. Through the fall and winter\\nhe drilled his men and drew his siege lines closer. He waited only for am-\\nmunition and siege guns to begin more active operations. Having secured\\nthese in the early spring of 1776 from Ticonderoga (q. v.), he seized Dor-\\nchester Heights on the night of March 4, 1776. Here he commanded the\\ncity and the fleet, and on March 17 Howe, who had succeeded Gage, was\\nobliged to evacuate Boston.\\nBoston University was chartered by the Methodists in 1869. Its school\\nof Theology was founded in 1847, its Law School in 1872, its Medical School\\nin 1873.\\nBoston Weekly Post, an older paper under a new name. In 1735\\nThomas Fleet became possessed of the Boston Weekly Rehearsal^ which he\\ncontinued under the name of the Boston Weekly Post. He declared himself\\nof no party and invited contribution from all parties and upon all subjects.\\nThis paper was issued with considerable success until 1775, when it was\\nsuspended.\\nBoston Weekly Post-boy, a newspaper founded at Boston in 1734 by\\nEllis Hushe, appointed postmaster that year. It was published in opposition\\nto the Boston Gazette and continued until 1755, when it was suspended.\\nBotetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Baron (1717-1770), became colonial Gov-\\nernor of Virginia in 1768, and as such exerted himself to effect reconciliation\\nbetween the colonists and the mother country. He was highly popular.\\nBotts, John Minor (1802-1869), of Virginia, statesman, was first elected\\nto Congress in 1839. When President Tyler seceded from the Whig party\\nMr. Botts violently denounced him and thereafter supported Mr. Clay.\\nDuring the Civil War he was a strong Unionist.\\nBoudinot, Ellas (1740-1821), of New Jersey, was Delegate to Congress\\nmost of the time from 1777 to 1784, was its president in 1782 and as such\\nsigned the Treaty of Peace with England. He was a member of Congress\\nfrom 1789 to 1795, Director of the Mint from 1795 to 1805, and was much\\ninterested in the education of the Indians and in missionary enterprises.\\nBoundaries. Colonial boundaries were often disputed, grants having been\\nmade by kings ignorant or careless of American geography. For these the\\ntribunal was most commonly the Privy Council of the King of Great Britain.\\nAfter the Revolution Congress took jurisdiction over them. The Articles\\nof Confederation in 1781 provided an elaborate mode, modelled on English\\nprocedure under the Grenville Act of 1770, for selecting a court which\\nshould try such disputes between States. Since 1789 such cases have been\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0within the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, like other cases between\\nStates. (For the boundaries of the United States and their history, see\\nVersailles, Treaty of. Annexations, Northeast Boundary and Northwest\\nBoundary.)\\nBounty Lands. On September 16, 1776, Congress passed a resolution,\\npromising both commissioned and non-commissioned officers who would", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "78 Dictionary of Unitbd States History.\\nenlist in the cause of the Revolution certain bounty lands, to be taken\\nfrom the Crown lands, or Northwest Territory, which was then claimed\\nin portions by several States. Maryland protested vigorously against this\\nresolution on the ground that she had no extra lands, and would therefore\\nbe unfairly taxed.\\nBoutwell, George S., boru in 1818, cabinet officer, was a lawyer and\\nDemocratic member of the Massachusetts Legislature. By a coalition of\\nthe Free-soilers and Democrats he was elected Governor of Massachusetts\\nin 1851 and 1852. He was a delegate to the Peace Conference, and was in\\n1 862-1 863 the first commissioner of internal revenue. He next served as\\nRepublican Congressman 1863- 1869, and was one of the managers of the\\nimpeachment of President Johnson. In Grant s first administration Bout-\\nwell was Secretary of the Treasury 1869-73, then became U. S. Senator,\\nserving until 1877.\\nBowditch, Nathaniel (1773-1838), of Massachusetts, mathematician. His\\ngreatest work was a translation of Laplace s M^canique Celeste, but his\\nbest known is the American Navigator.\\nBowdoin, James (1727-1790), of Massachusetts, statesman. In 1756 he\\nbecame an executive councillor, in which capacity he opposed the encroach-\\nments of the governors. In 1775 he was president of the council; in 1779\\npresided over the State Constitutional Convention. In 1785 and 1786 he\\nwas chosen Governor, in which position he put down Shays Rebellion.\\nBowdoin College, (Congregational), was chartered in 1794 and opened in\\n1802 at Brunswick, Me. It was named in honor of Governor James Bowdoin,\\nof Massachusetts. The Medical School of Maine, founded in 1820, is con-\\nnected with this college.\\nBowie, James (1790-1836), of Texas, soldier. A weapon which he used\\nin a melee was the model of the celebrated Bowie knife. He went to\\nTexas about 1830 and was killed at the Alamo.\\nBowles, Samuel (1826-1878), entered the office of the Springfield Repub-\\nlican at an early age, and in 1851 succeeded his father in the management\\nof the journal. He made his paper one of the foremost organs of public\\nopinion in New England, and acquired a national reputation as a journalist.\\nHe visited Europe and the Pacific slope on several occasions, and wrote\\naccounts of his travels, including the work Our Great West. He was a\\nRepublican in politics down to his support of Greeley s candidacy in 1872.\\nBowyer, Fort (Mobile Bay), attacked September 14, 1814, by a combined\\nland and naval force of British and Indians. They were repulsed with the\\nloss of one vessel and 232 men. The Americans lost eight men.\\nBoxer, brig. (See Enterprise.\\nBoyd, Linn (i 800-1 859), of Kentucky, was first elected to Congress in\\n1835, was re-elected from 1839 to 1855, and was Speaker of the House from\\n1851 to 1855, He was afterward Lieutenant-Governor for one year,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 79\\nBoydton Road, Va., a charge upon the Confederates by Ord s two divi-\\nsions of Grant s army, then operating about Richmond and Petersburg,\\nApril I, 1865. This was one of the closing battles of that famous campaign.\\nThe charge took place at dawn aud was directed along the Boydton Road\\ntoward Hatcher s Run against the rear of the Confederate intrenchments.\\nThe lines were forced and several thousand prisoners captured.\\nBraddock, Edward (about 1 695-1 755), was an English general of the old\\nschool, who was sent by the government as generalissimo in America soon\\nafter the opening of the French and Indian War. He confidently expected\\nto reduce the French posts, and marched from Virginia on Fort Duquesne,\\ntaking few precautions, and disregarding the advice of Washington and\\nothers. On July g, 1755, his army was entrapped on the banks of the Mon-\\nongahela near the fort by an inferior Franco-Indian force. Braddock had\\nfive horses shot under him and was mortally wounded in a contest in which\\nhe showed little generalship, but much bravery. He died four days later.\\nBraddock s Field (July 9, 1755). On May 10, 1755, General Braddock\\ntook command of 2200 men at Fort Cumberland to advance upon Fort\\nDuquesne. The army moved slowly, clearing a way, and on July 7 was\\nabout eight miles from the fort. The fort was strongly situated and well\\ngarrisoned but the commandant determined to strike a blow on the advanc-\\ning Engli.sh. On the morning of the ninth an ambuscading party of\\n900 left the fort. The British had passed the ford of the Monongahela,\\nand were advancing through thick woods when they were assailed from all\\nsides. They stood bravely, but could see no foe. Being huddled together\\nthey were fairly mowed down. Their courage at length forsook them they\\nbroke and fled. The mortality was terrible. Of eighty-six officers sixty-three\\nwere killed and disabled. Of 1373 troops only 459 came off unharmed. The\\nFrench loss was trifling. Colonel Washington distinguished himself by his\\nbravery. Braddock was mortally wounded. Dunbar, next in command,\\ninsisted on retreat, and left the frontier unguarded.\\nBradford, William (1588-1657), was born at Austerfield, in England, and\\nwas prominent in the company of Separatists, who, in 1607-08, left England\\nfor Holland. He was among the leaders of the Mayflozver Pilgrims, and on\\nthe death of Carver, in April, 162 1, was chosen Governor of the struggling\\nPlymouth Colony. This post he retained, with a few intermissions, until\\nhis death. Governor Bradford was the author of a very valuable History\\nof the Plymouth Plantation down to the year 1647. This volume, which\\nhad remained in manuscript, and had been frequently quoted, disappeared\\nfrom Boston during the confusion of the Revolution, and was singularly dis-\\ncovered in England in the Fulham library in 1855, and printed the next year.\\nBradford, William (1755-1795), of Philadelphia, jurist, in 1780 was\\nappointed Attorney-General of Pennsylvania, in 1791 a judge of its Supreme\\nCourt, and from 1794 until his death, was Attorney-General of the TJnited\\nStates.\\nBradley, Joseph P. (1813-1892), jurist, was appointed an Associate Justice\\npf the Supreme Court of the United States by President Grant in 1870,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "8o Dictionary of Unitkd Statm History.\\nwhich office he held until his death. He was a member of the celebrated\\nElectoral Commission of 1877, and is generally regarded as having given\\nthe casting votes which decided the contest in favor of Hayes.\\nBradstrect, Anne (1612-1672), of Massachusetts, poetess, married Governor\\nBradstreet in 1628. Some of her poems were published, and received great\\npraise from her contemporaries. They are interesting as the work of the\\nfirst poetess of New England.\\nBradstreet, John (17 ii-i 774), soldier, served in Pepperell s regiment in\\nthe expedition against Louisbourg in 1745. In 1758 he captured Fort\\nFrontenac, served with Amherst against Ticonderoga in 1759, and negotiated\\na treaty of peace with Pontiac in 1764. He was made major-general in 1772.\\nBradstreet, Simon (1603-1697), colonial Governor of Massachusetts, to\\nto which he came in 1630, in 1660 was sent to England to congratulate\\nCharles U. on his accession, was Governor from 1679 to 1686, and again after\\nAndros recall till 1692. He was in the service of Massachusetts sixty-two\\nyears. He opposed the witchcraft delusion.\\nBragg, Braxton (1817-1876), was graduated at West Point in 1837. In\\nthe Mexican War he was distinguished at the battle of Buena Vista. He\\nresigned from the army, and on the outbreak of the Civil War joined the\\nConfederates. He served at Shiloh and succeeded Beauregard in command\\nin the West. In the summer of 1862 he invaded Kentucky, and was defeated\\nat Perry ville. He was defeated again at Murfreesboro but in 1863 won the\\nbattle of Chickamauga. Grant defeated his army at the battles around\\nChattanooga, and General Bragg was removed from command. He served\\nagainst Sherman toward the close of the war.\\nBragg, Edward S., bom in 1827, of Wisconsin, soldier. In the Civil War\\nhe rose to the rank of brigadier-general and was a prominent member of the\\nForty-fifth, Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth Congresses.\\nBranch, John (1782-1863), was Governor of North Carolina from 1817 to\\n1820. He was a Democratic U. S, Senator from 1823 to 1829, was Sec-\\nretary of the Navy in Jackson s Cabinet from 1829 to 1831.\\nBrandon or Brendon, Saint (fifth century), is related to have visited a\\nWestern land in which he traveled as far as a great river. In the early maps\\nhis country is represented west of the Cape Verde Islands and south of the\\nIsland of Antilia.\\nBrandy wine. Battle of, September 11, 1777. On Howe s advance upon\\nPhiladelphia from the head of Chesapeake Bay, Washington took up a strong\\nposition at Brandywine Creek, though he had but 11,000 to oppose to Howe s\\n18,00a While Knyphausen engaged the centre, Cornwallis attempted a\\nflank movement upon the American right. He met with obstinate resistance\\nfrom Sullivan s division, which had formed a new front, but he forced it to\\nretire. The American centre was now obliged to fall back; this movement\\nwas directed in a masterly way by General Greene. The right, attacked by\\nKnyphausen in front and Cornwallis on the flank, also accomplished its\\njstKsA in good order. The British were thus masters of the field. It was a", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "DlCTIONAHY OF UNITED STATES HISTORY. 8 1\\nbattle in which the flank movement was warranted, but it was met with a\\npromptness and sagacity which saved the Americans from defeat. About\\nlooo Americans fell. The British losses slightly exceeded that number.\\nBrant, Joseph (1742-1807), chief of the Mohawk Indians, served in the\\nBritish army during the Revolutionary War. He was active in the massacre\\nat Cherry Valley and at Minisink in 1779. He led a tribe in St. Leger s\\nexpedition against Fort Stanwix in 1779. After the war he aided the U. S.\\nGovernment in negotiating Indian treaties.\\nBrashear City, La., a battle of the Civil War, occurring during Banks\\ncommand of the Federal army in Louisiana, June 23, 1863. Banks had\\nseveral times engaged Dick Taylor during this campaign and his outposts\\nwere stationed in Brashear, while Banks himself was in pursuit of the Con-\\nfederates. Taylor, aware of the weakness of the Federal force, 2000 in all,\\neluded Banks, and joining Green and Mouton, together they hurried down\\nto the town with 15,000 men. The Federals were easily defeated and the\\ntown captured, together with 1000 prisoners and large quantities of valuable\\nstores. Five thousand refugee negroes were seized and returned to slavery.\\nBrattleboro, Vt., was first settled as a military post (Fort Dummer) in\\n1724.\\nBraxton, Carter (1736-1797), was a member of the Virginia Legislature\\nfrom 1761 to 1771. He was one of the Virginia Committee of Safety, a\\ndelegate to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1776, and signed the\\nDeclaration of Independence. He was a member of the Executive Council\\nof Virginia from 1786 to 1791, and from 1793 to 1797.\\nBrazil. A commercial treaty was concluded between the United States\\nand Brazil December 12, 1828. By the convention of January 27, 1849,\\nBrazil agreed to pay 500,000 milreis to settle claims of American citizens.\\nAn agreement regarding trade-marks was made in 1878. A reciprocity\\ntreaty was concluded January 31, 1891.\\nBread Riots. In 1837, during the period of general financial panic, prices\\nrose enormously. Rents were exorbitant and flour was twelve dollars per\\nbarrel. During February and March the poor of New York held frequent\\nriotous meetings, which culminated in violent assaults upon flour warehouses.\\nIn several instances storehouses were broken open and the mob helped them-\\nselves. The militia was called out to quell the disturbance.\\nBrearley, David (1745-1790), was an ardent patriot during the pre-Revo-\\nlutionary movements. He served in the Continental army from 1775 to\\n1779. He was Chief Justice of New Jersey from 1779 to 1789 (see Holmes\\nvs. Walton), when he became a U. S. District Judge. When a member of\\nthe Federal Convention of 1787, he zealously opposed the unequal represen-\\ntation of States. He signed the Constitution.\\nBreckenridge, John (1760-1806), was a member of the Kentucky Legisla-\\nture from 1797 to 1800. In 1798, with Jefierson and Nicholas, he draughted\\nthe famous Kentucky Resolutions and introduced them in the Legisla-\\nture. He was a Democratic leader in the U. S. Senate from 1801 to 1805,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "82 Dictionary of United States History.\\nand was prominent in the legislation concerning the annexation of Louisiana.\\nHe was Attorney-General in Jefferson s Cabinet from 1805 to 1806.\\nBreckenridge, John Cabell (1821-1875), Vice-President of the United\\nStates, was a grandson of John Breckenridge. He fought in the Mexican\\nWar, and was a Democratic Congressman from Kentucky, 1851-55. He was\\nelected Vice-President in 1856 on the ticket with Buchanan, and served from\\n1857 to 1 86 1, and was the youngest man ever elected to the office. In i860\\nhe was the imsuccessful candidate for President of the ultra slavery wing of\\nthe Democratic party, and received seventy-two electoral votes. He was U. S.\\nSenator in 1861, but joined the Confederates and was expelled from the Sen-\\nate. He was at the battle of Shiloh in 1862, and commanded at the defence\\nof Baton Rouge the same year. He led the right wing at Murfreesboro was\\nat Chickamauga and Chattanooga, gained the battle of Newmarket in 1864,\\nand served at Cold Harbor, in the Shenandoah Valley, in Eastern Tennessee,\\nand at Nashville. For a short time before the end of the Rebellion he was\\nConfederate Secretary of War.\\nBreckenridge, William C. P., born in 1837, attained the rank of brigadier-\\ngeneral of cavalry in the Confederate service. He represented Kentucky in\\nthe U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1884 to 1895, when he was defeated\\nby the public indignation caused by a private scandal.\\nBreda, Treaty of, was a treaty concluded between England, France,\\nHolland and Denmark at Breda in 1667. Among its provisions, those relat-\\ning to America were the restoration of Acadia (Nova Scotia) to France by\\nEngland, while England secured her claims in the West Indies and retained\\nNew Netherlands (New York) from Holland.\\nBremen. An extradition convention was concluded in 1853 between the\\nUnited States and Bremen.\\nBrentv70od, Tenn., a minor battle of the Civil War, occurring March\\n25, 1863, in which Wheeler, Forrest and Wharton, commanding 5000 Con-\\nfederates, defeated 800 Federals under Bloodgood and G. C. Smith.\\nBrevard, Ephraim (1750-1783), was a prominent and influential patriot\\nof North Carolina. He was secretary of the Mecklenburg Convention of\\n1775, and is said to have been the author of the famous (alleged) declaration\\nwhich anticipated by over a year the Declaration of Independence of Con-\\ngress. He served in the Continental army, and was taken prisoner at\\nCharleston in 1780.\\nBrewster, Benjamin H. (1816-1888), was Attorney-General of Pennsyl-\\nvania from 1867 to 1869. He was Attorney-General in Arthur s Cabinet\\nfrom 1 881 to 1885. He distinguished himself in the prosecution of the\\nStar Route trials.\\nBrewster, William, Elder (1560-1644), led a band of Separatists\\nfrom England to Holland in 1608. He obtained a grant of land in North\\nAmerica from the Virginia Company and brought over the first company of\\nPilgrims to what is now Plymouth, Mass., in 1620, He was pastor of the\\nPlymonth colony till 1629.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 83\\nBrier s Creek, Battle of, March 3, 1779. General Lincoln detailed Ashe\\nwith 1500 men to narrow the lines about the British in Savannah. The\\nBritish turned his position at Brier s Creek, and of Ashe s force only 500\\nagain reached the American camp.\\nBriggs, George N. (1796-1861), represented Massachusetts in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Whig from 1831 to 1843, prominent as an eloquent\\ndebater. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1843 to 1851. He was a\\nJudge of the Massachusetts Court of Common Pleas from 1851 to 1856, and\\na member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1853.\\nBriggs Case. In his address on the occasion of his installation into the\\nEdward Robinson professorship of Biblical Theolog} in the Union Theo-\\nlogical Seminary, of New York, January 20, 1891, Professor Charles A.\\nBriggs asserted that reason is a fountain of divine authority no less savingly\\nenlightening than the Bible and the church. His views were deemed not\\nin accordance with the Presbyterian Confession of Faith. Charges were\\nbrought against Dr. Briggs before the Presbyterian General Assembly. He\\nwas supported by his colleagues in the seminar} In 1892 Briggs was tried\\nand acquitted by the New York Synod, the several charges not having been\\nsustained.\\nBright, Jesse D. (1812-1875), was Lieutenant-Governor of Indiana in\\n1 84 1. He represented Indiana in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from 1845\\nto 1862, when he was expelled for having, in a letter to Jeflferson Davis,\\nrecognized him as president of the Confederate States. He was a member\\nof the Kentucky Legislature in 1866.\\nBrinton, Daniel G., born in 1837, has made valuable contributions to the\\nstudy of American archceology, ethnolog} and linguistics. He wrote Ameri-\\ncan Hero-Myths, The American Race, and edited a Library of Aboriginal\\nAmerican Literature. Died 1899.\\nBriscoe vs. Bank of Kentucky. The Bank of Kentucky brought suit\\nagainst Briscoe and others as holders of a promissory note for which the notes\\nof the bank had been given, as a loan, to the drawers of the note. The defend-\\nants claimed that their note was void since those given in return by the bank\\nwere nothing else than bills of credit and repugnant to the clause of the\\nConstitution which prohibited States from issuing such bills. The Circuit\\nCourt and the Court of Appeals of Kentucky gave judgment for the bank on\\nthe ground that the act incorporating the Bank of Kentucky was constitu-\\ntional and that the notes issued were not bills of credit within the\\nmeaning of the National Constitution. In 1834 the Supreme Court came\\nnear deciding adversely; but in 1837, when the case was finally decided, it\\nwas decided in favor of the bank, the bills not being deemed bills of credit\\nin spite of the close relations of bank and State.\\nBristoe, or Bristow Station, Va. Here, August 27, 1862, while Jackson\\nwas awaiting Lee s arrival with reinforcements from Longstreet s division,\\n40,000 troops under McDowell were sent against him by General Pope. A\\nbrief engagement ensued, Jackson retiring slowly toward Manassas Junction", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "84 Dictionary of United Statbs History.\\nwith the main body and leaving his rear-guard to cope with McDowell.\\nOctober 14, 1863, during Lee s operations in Northern Virginia, Warren,\\ncommanding a large force of Meade s Union Army, encountered here and\\ndefeated A. P. Hill, leading a strong body of Confederates. Warren lost\\n200 killed and wounded. The Confederate loss was greater.\\nBristol, R. I., was not settled by white people until the termination of\\nKing Philip s War in 1679. Until 1747 it was a part of Massachusetts.\\nIt was the ancient residence of King Philip who was killed here in 1676.\\nDuring the Revolutionary War it was bombarded by the British, and much\\nof the town destroyed by fire. In the French and Revolutionary wars and\\nthe War of 181 2 it was noted for its privateers.\\nBristow, Benjamin, born in 1832, attained distinction as a lawyer, served\\nin the Civil War and afterward in the Kentucky State Senate and as District\\nAttorney. In 1870-72 he filled the office of Solicitor-General. His national\\nimportance rests on his conduct of the treasur} department under Grant in\\n1873-76. His reputation for reform led to his candidacy for the Republican\\nnomination for President in 1876. In this contest, however, Blaine and\\nBristow, the two leading candidates, were set aside, and Hayes received the\\nnomination. Died 1896.\\nBroad River, Battle of, November 12, 1780. Cornwallis, having learned\\nthe size and position of Sumter s force above Camden, sent Major Weniyss\\nagainst him with mounted infantrj He charged the picket but his force\\nwas repelled and himself wounded and taken prisoner.\\nBroad Seal War, a controversy arising from disputed election returns in\\nMiddlesex County, N.J. In the congressional elections of 1838 the clerk\\nof this county had thrown out the vote of South Amboy for the Demo-\\ncratic nominees on the ground of defects in the returns. The Democrats\\nprotested, but the Whig representatives were declared elected and given\\ncertificates under the broad seal of the State. When Congress met, Decem-\\nber 2, 1839, the House contained 119 Democrats and 118 Whigs outside of\\nNew Jersey. The clerk refused to recognize the five New Jersey Whigs and\\nthe greatest confusion followed until on December 5, John Quincy Adams\\nwas elected speaker pro tempore. On December 17 the House after much\\nwrangling chose R. M. T. Hunter, of Virginia, permanent speaker. The\\nDemocratic contestants were finally seated.\\nBrock, Sir Isaac (1769-1812), came to Canada from England in 1802 in\\nthe British army. In 1810 he took command of the troops in upper Canada\\nand prepared the country for defence. In 1812 he received the surrender of\\nGeneral Hull s army at Detroit with all the stores, arms and cannon. He\\nwas killed at the battle of Queenstown.\\nBrodhead, John Romeyn (1814-1873), was Secretary of Legation in Hol-\\nland from 1 841 to 1844 and in England from 1846 to 1849. He collected\\nthe valuable records and documents relating to the history of New York,\\npublished as N. Y. Colonial Documents, and wrote a valuable colonial\\nHistorj of New York.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of UxiTiiL. Statks Histokv. 85\\nBroke, Sir Philip B. V. (1776-1S41), commanded the British ship Shan-\\nnon, which in 1813 captured the American ship Chesapeake, Captain\\nLawrence, off Boston harbor after an engagement of fifteen minutes.\\nBrook Farm, a communistic industrial and literary establishment founded\\nin Massachusetts, in 1841, by George Ripley and other persons of socialistic\\ntendencies. It was suggested by the schemes of Robert Owen and the\\nwritings of Fourier. The farm was bought and stock assigned on a commu-\\nnistic basis, and labor, manual or mental, received compensation on a time\\nbasis. The establishment failed in 1846, one of the largest buildings being\\ndestroyed that year by fire. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Horace Greeley were\\namong those interested in the scheme.\\nBrooke, Robert Greville, Lord (1608-1643), a Puritan lord, became one of\\nthe patentees of the Connecticut colony with Lord Say and Sele and others\\nin 1632. Saybrook, Conn., was named for Lord Say and Lord Brooke.\\nBrooklyn, N. Y., was settled in 1636 by a few Walloon colonists.\\nEnglish and Dutch settlers followed and in 1667 a charter was granted the\\ntown. In 1776 the site of the present town was the scene of the battle of\\nLong Island. In 1834 Brooklyn became a chartered city. The population\\nof Brooklyn was in 1800, 3298; 1830, 15,292; 1850, 96,850; i860, 266,661;\\n1876, 500,000; 1890, 806,343.\\nBrooklyn Heights. (See Long Island, Battle of.)\\nBrooks, James (1810-1873), established the New York Express in 1836.\\nHe represented New York in the U. S. Congress _^ a Whig from 1849 to\\n1853 and as a Democrat from 1865 to 1873. He was associated with the\\nCredit Mobilier, and was censured by the House.\\nBrooks, John (i 752-1 825), commanded a regiment at Saratoga and was\\nadjutant-general at Monmouth. He was Governor of Massachusetts from\\n1816 to 1823.\\nBrooks, Phillips (1835-1893), was rector of Trinity Church, Boston, from\\n1869 to 1891. He was Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Massachusetts from\\n1891 to 1893. H^ regarded in England and the United States as the\\ngreatest preacher of his church.\\nBrooks, Preston S. (1819-1857), served during the Mexican War. He\\nrepresented South Carolina in the U. S. Congress as a States-rights Demo-\\ncrat from 1853 to 1859. In 1856 he savagely assaulted Senator Sumner\\nwith a cane in the Senate chamber for certain expressions in a speech on\\nthe crime against Kansas. The resolution for his expulsion from the House\\nwas not carried.\\nBrough, John (1811-1865), was prominent in Western journalism. He\\nwas a member of the Ohio Senate from 1835 to 1838, and was active in\\npolitics. He was Governor of Ohio from 1864 to 1865.\\nBrown, Aaron V. (1795-1859), represented Tennessee in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a. Democrat from 1839 to 1845. He was Governor of Tennessee", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "86 Dictionary of Unitisd Sxatk,s History.\\nfrom 1845 ^^47) and Postmaster-General in Bncliaiian s Cabinet from 1857\\nto 1859.\\nBrown, Benjamin Gratz (1826-1885), was a member of the Missouri\\nLegislature from 1852 to 1858. He edited the Missouri Democrat from\\n1854 to 1859. He commanded a brigade during the Civil War. He repre-\\nsented Missouri in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1863 to 1867,\\nGovernor of Missouri in 1871, and having an important part in the Liberal\\nRepublican movement, was the Liberal Republican and Democratic candi-\\ndate for Vice-Presideut on the ticket with Horace Greeley in 1872.\\nBrown, Charles Brockden (1771-1810), was the first American to adopt\\nliterature as a profession. He wrote upon topics of the times, and published\\nsix successful novels which were unsurpassed in America until the appear-\\nance of Cooper s works.\\nBrown, Fort, scene of the two opening engagements of the Mexican War.\\nCaptain Thornton, of General Taylor s dragoons, was captured after some\\nfighting on April 25, 1846, by Torrejon, the Mexican general. On May 3 of\\nthe same year Arista, commander-in-chief of the Mexican forces, opened fire\\nupon the fort with the batteries of Matamoras. The fort is now so called\\nbecause commanded by Major Brown, who withstood a bombardment of 168\\nhours, and died on May 8. It was originally Fort Texas.\\nBrown, Henry B., born in 1836, of Michigan, jurist, was appointed Judge\\nof the U. S. District Court for the eastern district of Michigan in 1875, and\\nAssociate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1890.\\nBrown, Jacob (i775-ro28), had been a militia general in New York when\\nthe War of 1812 called out his abilities. He gained a victory at Sackett s\\nHarbor in 1813, was made a major-general in the regular army, and in 1814\\nwon the victories of Chippewa and Lundy s Lane. In 1821 he succeeded to\\nthe command of the anny as general-in-chief.\\nBrown, John (1736-1803), of Providence, R. I., a rich merchant, led the\\nparty which destroyed the Gaspee in 1772. He was a delegate from\\nRhode Island to Congress from 1799 to 1801.\\nBrown, John (1744-1780), of Massachusetts, aided in the capture of\\nTiconderoga and took Fort Chambly in 1775. He served under Montgomery\\nat Quebec. In 1777 he captured Ticonderoga together with large supplies.\\nBrown, John [of Ossawatomie] (i 800-1859), was born at Torrington,\\nConn., and early removed his home to Ohio. He was engaged in the wool\\nbusiness and farming, and developed into an ardent and uncompromising\\nabolitionist. On the outbreak of the Kansas troubles he settled near Ossa-\\nwatomie in 1855, and took an active part in the desultory warfare in that\\nregion, including the Pottawatomie Massacre of 1856. He had many\\nsympathizers in the Northern .States, and b} 1859 his plans to liberate the\\nslaves were matured. Having collected a small force, well armed, he sud-\\ndenly on October 16, 1859, seized the arsenal at Harper s Ferry in Virginia.\\nHe was immediately blockaded, captured after a desperate resistance, tried by\\na Virginia court, and executed at Charlestown, Va., December 2, 1859. The", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. i^\\neflfect of this abortive undertaking was immeasurable. It helped to clear\\nthe air both in the North and South and was an important link in the\\nchain of events leading up to the war. Brown became a hero in the songs\\nof the Northern armies. His life is written by F. B. Sanborn.\\nBrown, Joseph Emerson, born in 1821, had risen to prominence as a\\nlawyer when he became Governor of Georgia. His service in this position\\nlasted from 1857 to 1865, including the Civil War period. In this struggle\\nhe took an active part, seizing Forts Pulaski and Jackson at the beginning\\nof 1 861, and advocating earnest resistance, though he was several times\\nopposed to President Davis. He was Chief Justice of the State Supreme\\nCourt and U. S. Senator 1881-91. Died 1894.\\nBrown, Nicholas (1769-1841), of Providence, R. I., a successful merchant,\\nwas a liberal benefactor of Rhode Island College, which in 1804 changed its\\nname to Brown University in his honor.\\nBrown University was founded in 1764, by a union of Baptists with other\\nsects, at Warren, R. I. In 1770 it was removed to Providence. It received\\nits present name in 1804. Francis Way land was its president from 1827 to\\n1855. From 181 1 to 1828 it had a medical school.\\nBrowning, Orville H. (1810-1881), represented Illinois in the U. S. Senate\\nas a Republican from 1861 to 1863. He advocated the abolition of slavery.\\nHe was Secretary of the Interior in Johnson s Cabinet from 1866 to 1869.\\nBrownists, the nickname applied to the religious Separatists of England\\nduring the latter part of the sixteenth century. Robert Brown, who intro-\\nduced the Separatist doctrines, was a Church of England clergyman of\\nNorwich until 1580, when he began declaiming against the discipline and\\nceremony of the church. The Puritans were largely influenced by the\\nSeparatist doctrines. The Pilgrim Fathers were Brownists.\\nBrownlow, William Gannaway (1805-1877), was in early life a Methodist\\npreacher, and for many years edited the Knoxville IVJiig. He strongly\\nopposed secession and became known as the Fighting Parson. During\\nthe war he was a centre of the Unionist feeling in Eastern Tennessee, and\\nwas at one time imprisoned. He was Governor of the State in 1865-69, and\\nU. S. Senator 1869-75.\\nBrown s Ferry, Tenn. a skirmish of the Civil War during the manoeuvres\\naround Chattanooga. At this place, October 27, 28, 1863, portions of Long-\\nstreet s Confederate troops were surprised and routed by the Federals under\\nHooker and Smith. The latter general secured an advantageous position\\nupon a height overlooking the ferry. Howard with a small force cut off the\\npickets on one side while Geary did the same on the other. The Confederate\\npickets had therefore to surrender.\\nBrownson, Orestes A. (1803-1876), a versatile writer and theologian, was\\nprominent in social and political reforms. He was active in the formation\\nof the Workingmen s and Loco-foco parties in New York.\\nBrownstown, Mich. Major Van Home with 200 men was here defeated\\nAugust 5, 1812, by a body of Indians in ambush; seventeen men were killed", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "38 Dictionary ok Unitud States History.\\nand mail containing important information as to the needs at Detroit was\\ncaptured.\\nBrownsville, Texas, captured November 5, 1863, during Banks expe-\\ndition to the Rio Grande, by Dana with a small party of Federal soldiers.\\nBee, the Confederate general, was encamped at this place with a small force.\\nHe was easily defeated and driven out.\\nBruce, Blanche K. (iRjr-iSgS), was a slave in early life. He repre-\\nsented Mississippi in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1875 to 1881.\\nHe became Register of the Treasury in 1881.\\nBrunswick. Brunswick concluded with the United States in 1854 a con-\\nvention respecting property.\\nBrussels Conference, an international monetary conference, held at\\nBrussels in the autumn of 1892 at the suggestion of the United States\\nGovernment. The debate was chiefly upon the initial thesis of the Ameri-\\ncan programme suggested in the invitation to the convention, i. e., that it\\nwas desirable to find some means of increasing the use of silver in the\\ncurrency systems of the nations. No definite step was taken at this conference.\\nBryan, William J., lawj er born i860, vSalem, 111. In Congress 1891-92.\\nNominated for President, July 10, 1896, Democratic National Convention at\\nChicago. Defeated Nov. 3, 1896. Electoral vote, Bryan 176, McKinley, 271.\\nBryant, ^A^illiam CuUen (1794-1878), poet, first won distinction by his\\npoem The Embargo in 1807. He was editor-in-chief of the New York\\nEvening Post from 1828 to 1878. The paper was noted for its democratic\\nspirit and strongly supported the Government during the Civil War. He\\naided in forming the Republican party and entered zealously into all public\\nquestions. His most famous poem was Thanatopsis.\\nBryn Mawr College, near Philadelphia, was founded in 1884 by Jas. W.\\nTaylor, M. D.\\nBuchanan, James (April 23, 1791-June i, 1868), the fifteenth President of\\nthe United States, was born near Mercersburg, Pa. He graduated at Dickin-\\nson College in 1809, studied law, and soon entered the Pennsylvania Legis-\\nlature. In 1821-31 he was Congressman and served as chairman of the\\nJudiciary Committee. President Jackson sent him as Minister to Russia in\\n1832; he returned the next year and in 1834 entered the U. S. Senate. In\\nthat body he continued until 1845 when he entered President Polk s Cabinet\\nas Secretary of State. While secretary he was called on to conduct the\\ndelicate questions arising from the Oregon dispute, the acquisition of Texas,\\nand the Mexican War. He had been in 1844 mentioned for the Presidency\\nand was a candidate in 1852. During 1853-56 he was U. S. Minister to\\nEngland. As the Democratic candidate for President in 1856 he was elected\\nover Fremont the Republican and Fillmore the Know-Nothing, and served\\nfor the term 1857-61. His foreign policy was generally successful. As his\\nterm went on, the absorbing slavery question overshadowed all other issues.\\nAfter the election of Lincoln and the beginning of secession it was Presi-\\ndent Buchanan s misfortune to have the conduct of affairs for three or four", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "DicTio:-ARY OF United States- History. 89\\nmonths of extreme excitement. His so-called temporizing policy during\\nthis period met with severe criticisms. After the close of his term he lived\\nin retirement, and died at Lancaster, Pa. His life has been written by G.\\nT. Curtis.\\nBuckingham, Joseph T. (1779-1861), published the Nezv England Galaxy\\nfrom 1817 to 1828, and the Boston Courier from 1824 to 1848. He was a\\nmember of the Massachusetts Senate from 1847 to 1850.\\nBuckingham, William A. (1804-1875), one of the War Governors, was\\nGovernor of Connecticut from 1858 to 1866. He actively supported the\\nCivil War. He represented Connecticut in the U. S. Senate as a Republican\\nfrom 1869 to 1875.\\nBuckner, Simon B., born in 1823, fought with distinction at Contreras,\\nChurubusco and Molino del Rey. He fought at Fort Henry, and com-\\nmanded a brigade at Fort Donelson, which he surrendered to General Grant\\nwhen left in command. He led a brigade in General Bragg s army in\\nTennessee, and commanded a division at Murfreesboro and Chickamauga.\\nHe was Governor of Kentucky from 1887 to 1891.\\nBuckshot War. The control of the Pennsylvania House of Representa-\\ntives in 1838, on which depended the choice of a United States Senator,\\nturned upon the election in Philadelphia (October 9) where the Democratic\\ncandidates for the Legislature were elected by small majorities; but their\\nCongressional candidate was defeated. Thereupon the Democratic return\\njudges cast out 5000 Whig votes, claiming fraud. The Whig judges then\\nissued certificates of election to both their Congressional and Legislative can-\\ndidates, and these returns were accepted by the Whig Secretar of State.\\nAt the opening of the Legislature, at Harrisburg, December 4, 1838, armed\\npartisans were present. The Whig Senate adjourned because of the mob,\\nand in the House two warring bodies assembled. The Whig Governor\\ncalled on the militia, and tried, without effect, to obtain Federal aid. The\\nDemocratic House was finally recognized December 25.\\nBucktails, a name first given to the Tammany Society of New York City,\\nfrom the circumstance of the members of the organization wearing a buck s\\ntail in the hat as a badge. The Bucktails, from 1812 to 1828, were anti-\\nClintonian New York Democrats. They were the most vigorous opponents\\nof the Clinton canal policy from its inception (1817), and the name was\\nfinally applied to all who protested against this policy throughout the State.\\nUnder Martin Van Buren the Bucktails obtained control of the State tem-\\nporarily. After Governor Clinton s death, in 1828, they became the Demo-\\ncratic party of the State.\\nBuell, Don Carlos (1818-1898), graduated at West Point I- 1841, and\\nserved in the Mexican War. In the Civil War he was appointed in 1861\\nto the Department of the Cumberland, and occupied the strategic point of\\nBowling Green. Part of his army arrived on the battle-field of Shiloh in\\ntime to render important aid in retrieving the fortunes of that contest. In\\nthe same year, 1862, he skillfully manceuvred against Bragg s army of", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "go Dictionary of United States History.\\ninvasion, and defeated it at Perryville October 8. He was soon after super-\\nseded by General Rosecrans. Died 1898.\\nBuena Vista, Mexico, a celebrated battle between the American army\\nunder General Taylor, and the Mexicans under General Santa Anna. It is\\nsometimes called Angostura after the plateau upon which Taylor drew up\\nhis army. This battle lasted two days, February 22, 23, 1847, was hard\\nfought, attended with considerable loss on both sides, and remained undecided\\nuntil late in the second day, when Taylor, by concentrating his batteries\\nagainst the enemy s centre, and ordering his riflemen to cover his right\\nflank, gained a complete victor}-. The first day s fighting had been confined\\nto imsuccessful attempts by the Mexicans to drive Taylor from his position\\non Angostura heights. Hostilities were suspended during the night, the two\\narmies suffering from the intense cold. The battle was nearly lost to the\\nAmericans at one time. Lane and O Brien in charge of three guns and the\\nsecond Indiana volunteers were driven from their position along the southern\\nridge of the heights, and were obliged to retreat to Buena Vista. Taylor\\narrived in time to cover their retreat with the second dragoons and the\\nMississippi riflemen. Santa Anna s poor generalship alone prevented defeat.\\nNumber engaged, Americans 4769, Mexicans 17,000.\\nBuenos Ayres. (See Argentina.)\\nBuffalo, N. Y., was founded in 1801, and became a military post in 1813,\\nwhen it was burned by the British. It was rebuilt after the war and in 1832\\nattained the rank of a city. After the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825\\nits growth was rapid.\\nBull Run, Va., the scene of two important battles of the Civil War. The\\nfirst, the first great battle of the war, took place July 21, 1861, between Mc-\\nDowell commanding 29,000 Union soldiers, and Johnston and Beauregard\\nleading 28,000 Confederates. Six Confederate brigades lay posted along the\\nstream, and upon these McDowell resolved to begin his attack. Tyler\\nwas sent across the stone bridge to threaten the Confederate front. Hunter\\nand Heintzelman were dispatched to make a detour and attack the enemy s\\nflank and rear. But Johnston had also decided to hasten the attack in order\\nto anticipate Patterson s arrival with reinforcements for McDowell. How-\\never, the latter moved first, so Johnston acted on the defensive. Tyler and\\nHunter were slow in their movements; still by midday McDowell had turned\\nthe Confederate s left and uncovered the stone bridge. The Union troops\\nfollowed the defeated Confederates across Young s Branch, but were held in\\ncheck on the plateau beyond by Jackson, who here acquired his sobriquet of\\nStonewall, until Johnston and Beauregard had time to come up and rally\\nthe disordered ranks. At about three o clock, when both armies were ex-\\nhausted by fighting, the arrival of 2300 fresh Confederate troops, under Kirby\\nSmith, who had escaped Patterson, turned the tide. McDowell was driven\\nfrom the plateau, which had been the object of contention for three hours.\\nMcDowell in vain tried to cover his retreat with 800 regulars. There was a\\npanic which spread almost to Washington. Bull Run the second, or the\\nbattle of Manassas, occurred August 29, 30, 1862. General Pope, commanding", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statbs History. gi\\na Union aruiy of 40,000 men, advanced to attack Jackson, who was\\nawaiting reinforcements from Lee at Bristoe station. McDowell had been\\n.dispatched to intercept Lee s conjunction with Jackson, but he was\\nimmediately recalled and ordered to join Pope at Manassas Junction. Jackson,\\nfinding the way open, immediately retired toward Manassas Junction and\\ntook a strong position near Gainsville behind an old railroad grading.\\nPope ordered Sigel to attack him at daylight August 29. All the morning\\na duel of batteries continued and Pope, arriving about noon from Centreville,\\nfound both armies badly cut up. Pope expected McDowell and Porter to\\njoin him. The former arrived with 27,000 men, but the latter never came.\\nThe battle continued until sunset, Jackson seeming several times on the\\npoint of retreating before such heavy odds. But Longstreet came up and\\nthe fighting ceased for the night. It began again the next day. The Con-\\nfederates made a brilliant counter-charge and swept Pope from the field.\\nBulloch, Archibald (1730?-! 777), was president of the Georgia provincial\\ncongress in 1775 and 1776. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress\\nin 1776, and president of Georgia from 1776 to 1777.\\nBullock, Rufus B., born in 1834, was Governor of Georgia from 1869 to\\n3870, when he resigned because of the opposition to negro representatives in\\nthe Legislature, whose rights he supported.\\nBulwer, Sir William Henry L. E. (1801-1872), was British Minister to\\nthe United States from 1849 to 1852. He negotiated with Senator John M.\\nClayton the Clayton-Bulwer treaty which related to the establishment of a\\ncommunication between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by canal at the Isth-\\nmus of Panama, each party guaranteeing neutrality of communication.\\nBuncombe, effusive rhetoric irrelevant to the business in hand. It is said\\nthat, many years ago, a member 01 Congress from Buncombe County, N. C,\\nreplied, on being taxed with the irrelevancy of his speech, I am speaking\\nnot for you, but for Buncombe.\\nBunker Hill, Battle of (June 17, 1775). After the investment of Boston\\nby the Continental troops it became evident that Boston was untenable unless\\nthe surrounding heights were secured. This General Gage intended to do.\\nThe committee of safety anticipated him and sent 1200 men under Colonel\\nPrescott to seize and fortify Bunker Hill, on the night of the sixteenth.\\nBreed s Hill, a more advanced though less protected position, was fortified\\ninstead. Dawn disclosed the American works to the British and a lively\\ncannonade was directed upon the works. About three p. m., 3000 British\\nveterans under Howe and Pigott charged up the hill, but a deadly volley\\nawaited both. They gave way and retreated. In the meantime the village\\nof Charlestown had been fired by shells from the fleet. Again the British\\ncharged. The Americans reserved fire until they were within thirty yards.\\nAgain the British ranks gave way before the fatal fire. Owing to confusion\\nat headquarters neither reinforcements nor ammunition were promptly\\ndespatched to the American troops. About five o clock the British charged\\nagain. They were at first shaken by the American fire, but the latter s\\ncartridges were soon spent and after a stubborn hand-to-hand figlit they left", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "92 Dictionary of Unitkd States History.\\nthe field. The most lamented among the slain was the gallant General War-\\nren, who had fought as a volunteer in the ranks. 1054 of the British or over\\none-third of their whole number perished, of the Americans about a quarter\\nor 449. Bunker Hill is thus one of the bloodiest battles of modern times.\\nThe immediate result was the possession of a strategic point by the English;\\nupon the Americans its moral effect was to encourage their spirits and to\\ninspire general respect for their soldierly ability.\\nBunker Hill Monument. The corner-stone was laid June 17, 1825, ^y\\nLafayette, before an enormous and enthusiastic crowd, among them many\\naged survivors of the battle fought fifty years before, who had gathered from\\nfar and near. After the singing of Old Hundred, Daniel Webster delivered\\nhis famous address. The monument was completed Jtuie 17, 1843, again\\nWebster delivered the address before a tumultuously appreciative audience,\\namong them President Tyler and some of his Cabinet.\\nBurchard, Samuel D. (1812-1891), lecturer and preacher in New York.\\nDuring the political campaign of 1884 he made a speech at a ministers\\nmeeting called by the Republican party managers, during which he stig-\\nmatized the Democrats by the words Rum, Romanism and Rebellion.\\nThis helped to lose the Republicans the election, by alienating the Roman\\nCatholic vote.\\nBureau of American Republics. A bureau established under the recom-\\nmendation of the Pan-American Conference of October, 1889, for the prompt\\ncollection and distribution of conmiercial information concerning the Ameri-\\ncan Republics.\\nBureaus of Labor Statistics. The fii-st such government office estab-\\nlished was that of Massachusetts, created by Act of June 23, 1869. Penn-\\nsylvania established one in 1872. Connecticut had one from 1873 to 1875,\\nand re-established it in 1885. That of Ohio was established in 1877, that of\\nNew Jersey in 1878, those of Indiana, Missouri and Illinois in 1879, those\\nof California, Wisconsin, New York and Michigan in 1883, those of Mar)--\\nland and Iowa in 1884. The U. S. Bureau of Labor was established by Act\\nof June 27, 1884; an Act of June 13, 1888, substituted the Department of\\nLabor. Since then thirteen other States have organized such bureaus.\\nBurgesses, House of, the lower branch of the Colonial Legislature of Vir-\\nginia. The first House of Burgesses was summoned in 1619. The House\\nmet at Jamestown in the seventeenth century, at Williamsburg in the eigh-\\nteenth. It consisted of two burgesses from each count} and one from each\\nof three towns and William and Mary College. The printed journals begin\\nwith the year 1732. The forms of procedure were those of the House of\\nCommons. The last session of the burgesses occurred in 1774.\\nBurgoyne, John (1723-1792), one of the chief British commanders in the\\nRevolutionary War, was a member of the House of Commons, and an army\\nofficer; he reached the grade of lieutenant-general, sei^ved in Canada in the\\nearly stages of the war, and was in 1777 intrusted with the command of a\\nlarge force which was to pierce the American centre. He ascended Lake\\nChamplain and captured the forts without great difficulty. But his march", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 93\\nfrom the head of the lake to Fort Edward was delayed by Schuyler s obstruc-\\ntions, wliile the auxiliary force under St. Leger came to grief, and Baum s\\ndiversion into Vermont was defeated at Bennington. He fought the first\\nindecisive battle of Stillwater with Gates army September 19, 1777; in the\\nsecond battle on October 7 he was defeated, and v/as obliged to surrender\\nwith nearly 6000 men at Saratoga October 17. He returned to England the\\nnext year and published in 1780 his State of the Expedition. He was an\\nauthor of some note, composing a number of poems and comedies.\\nBurke, Edmund (1729-1797), the English orator and statesman, was bom\\nin Ireland, educated in Trinity College, Dublin, and gained attention in\\nliterature, especially as the author of a treatise on The Sublime and Beau-\\ntiful. After some years spent as private secretary he was returned to the\\nHouse of Commons in 1766. In the exciting debates attendant on the\\nAmerican Revolution he took a leading part. He favored constitutional order,\\nfreedom, championed the colonies, and held the first rank as an orator and\\npolitical thinker. In 1774 he delivered a great speech on American tax-\\nation, and the next year favored strongly a policy of conciliation. In 1782,\\nand again in 1783, he held the office of paymaster of the forces, and draughted\\nFox s East India Bill. Burke led the attack on Warren Hastings in the\\nHouse of Commons in 1786-87, and in 1788 was one of the managers in\\nthat statesman s impeachment, and made a celebrated speech. Soon after\\nthe outbreak of the French Revolution Burke, as a lover of order and con-\\nservatism, broke with his friend Fox, denounced the Revolution, and pub-\\nlished his Reflections on that event. The best biographies are by Prior\\nand Morley.\\nBurkesville, Va. Here Sheridan, pursuing the Confederates, defeated and\\nfleeing from the battlefield of Five Forks, overtook, April 3, 1865, a body\\nof their cavalry. They endeavored to make a stand and receive the Federal\\nassault, but in vain. Sheridan easily dispersed them, taking many prisoners.\\nThis battle is to be remembered in connection with the close of the campaign\\naround Richmond and Petersburg.\\nBurlingame, Anson (1820-1870), rose to prominence in Massachusetts as\\na lawyer and politician. In 1855-61 he was Republican Congressman, and\\nin 1861 he was sent as U. S. Minister to China. His diplomatic services\\nthere were so important that in 1868 he was appointed by the Chinese\\nGovernment a special envoy to the United States and Europe. He negotia-\\nted at Washington in 1868 the Burlingame Treaty with China, and effected\\ntreaties with England, Prussia, Holland and other European countries.\\nBurlington, N. J., was founded in 1677 by Friends.\\nBurnet, David G. (i 789-1870), was active in securing the independence\\nof Texas. He was chosen provisional president of the republic in 1836 and\\nafterward served as vice-president.\\nBurnett, Frances Hodgson, born in 1849, came to America from England\\nin 1865. She wrote Through One Administration, Little Lord Faunt-\\nleroy, That Lass o Lowrie s, and other popular works of fiction.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "94 Dictionary of United States History.\\nBurns Case (1854), the last great fugitive slave case in Boston. Burns\\nwas an escaped slave of a Virginia planter and was arrested in Boston on\\nthe charge of theft. He was then claimed as a fugitive. This aroused the\\npeople to fever-excitement and large meetings, addressed by Wendell Phillips\\nand Theodore Parker, were held in Faneuil and Meionaon Halls on the even-\\ning of May 26. The audience, refusing to wait until morning, armed\\nthemselves with clubs and axes and broke into the jail, but were driven away\\nby a pistol shot. Burns was tried and the order for his rendition issued. He\\nwas conveyed to the cutter Morris, surrounded by a large military force. The\\nstreets were thronged and many of the houses were draped in black. Indict-\\nments for riot brought against Phillips, Parker and others were quashed on\\ntechnical grounds.\\nBurns, John (1793-1872), soldier, fought at Plattsburg, Queenstown and\\nLundy s L,ane. He distinguished himself by his patriotic zeal during the\\nCivil War, particularly at the battle of Gettysburg.\\nBurnside, Ambrose Everett (1824-1881), commander of the Army of\\nthe Potomac, graduated at West Point in 1847. He invented a breech-load-\\ning rifle, retired from the anny and engaged in business. In the Civil War\\nhe led a brigade at the first battle of Bull Run and was in 1862 placed in\\ncommand of an expedition to North Carolina; this force captured Roanoke\\nIsland on February 8, and Newbern March 14. He was now made a corps\\ncommander in the Army of the Potomac, and rendered important services at\\nthe battle of South Mountain and at Antietam where he held the stone bridge\\nagainst repeated attacks. In November, 1862, he succeeded McClellan in\\ncommand of the army. On December 13 was fought the fatal and ill-advised\\nbattle of Fredericksburg, and in January, 1863, General Burnside was super-\\nseded by Hooker. Having been appointed to the command of the Depart-\\nment of the Ohio he kept down treason, and was later in 1863 besieged in\\nKnoxville by Longstreet. He acted as corps commander in the Army of\\nthe Potomac at the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, etc. In 1866-68\\nhe was Republican Governor of Rhode Island, and in 1875-81 U. S. Senator\\nfrom the same State.\\nBurr, Aaron (February 6, 1756-September 14, 1836), was born at\\nNewark, N. J., and was the grandson of Jonathan Edwards. He graduated\\nat Princeton in 1772, and joined the army at the outbreak of the Revolution.\\nHe served in Arnold s famous expedition through Maine to Canada, and\\nafterward rose to the rank of colonel. Studying law, he rose soon to a\\nposition among the leaders of the New York bar, and was a member of the\\nLegislature, and Attorney-General of the State. Of fascinating manners and\\nunscrupulous principles he rapidly became a political power in the State and\\nthe nation. He was Republican U. S. Senator from New York in 1791-97,\\nand later was a member of the New York Assembly. His prominence and\\npower in the Republican party caused him to be a formidable aspirant for\\nthe Presidency. In the exciting contest of 1800-01 Colonel Burr and Jeffer-\\nson each received seventy-three electoral votes for President, and the matter\\nwas left to the House of Representatives, which finally chose Jefferson for the\\nfirst and Burr for the second place. Burr was accordingly Vice-President", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 95\\nin 1801-05. A bitter personal and political rivalry with Hamilton led to a\\nduel between the two at Weehawken, July 11, 1804, in which Hamilton was\\nmortally wounded. On his retirement from the Vice-Presidency Burr\\nengaged in mysterious and wide-reaching schemes, the purpose of which was\\napparently the formation of an independent State in the Southwest. These\\nschemes were arrested by a proclamation of President Jefferson in October,\\n1806, and in the following year Burr was tried for treason at Richmond, but\\nwas acquitted. After some years of wandering in Europe he returned to\\nNew York to the practice of law, but died in obscurity and poverty at\\nStaten Island. There are lives by Parton, Davis, etc.\\nBurrites, in New York politics, the followers of Aaron Burr, a faction,\\nchiefly of Democrats, organized by him through his connection with the\\nTammany Society. In 1807 they coalesced with the Lewisites, adherents of\\nMorgan Lewis, to form the body called Martling men, later Bucktails.\\nBurritt, Elihu (1810-1879), while pursuing the trade of a blacksmith,\\nacquired proficiency in many languages. He established the Christian\\nCitizen in 1842 in the interests of international peace, and the abolition of\\nslavery. He was an ardent advocate of the compensated emancipation of\\nslaves. He was U. S. Consul at Birmingham from 1865 to 1870. He wrote\\nHandbook of the Nations and Walks in the Black Countrj\\nBurrows, Julius C, born in 1837, has represented Michigan in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Republican since 1885. He was twice elected Speaker ^r 7\\ntempore during the Fifty-first Congress. His present term expires in 1905.\\nBurrows, W^illiam (17S5-1813), was acting lieutenant in Preble s\\nsquadron during the Tripolitan War. He commanded the Enterprise,\\nwhich captured the Boxer in 1813, but was killed during the engagement.\\nBushnell, Horace (1802-1876), Congregational pastor in Hartford, Con-\\nnecticut, from 1833 to 1859, was prominent for the originality and boldness\\nof his thought on religious topics.\\nBussey, Cyrus, born in 1833, commanded a brigade at Pea Ridge. He\\nwas chief of cavalry at Vicksburg, and defeated General Jackson at Canton\\nin 1863. In 1864 he commanded and organized the Department of Kansas.\\nButler, Benjamin F. (1795-1858), was a New York district attorney from\\n182 1 to 1825. He was appointed one of the three commissioners to revise the\\nstatutes of New York in 1825. He was Attornej -General of the United\\nStates in the Cabinets of Jackson and Van Buren from 1833 to 1838. He\\nwas also acting Secretary of War from 1836 to 1837, and was a prominent\\nmember of the Albany Regency.\\nButler, Benjamin Franklin (November 5, 1818-January 11, 1893), was\\ngraduated at Waten, ille College in Maine in 1838. He became a successful\\nlawyer at Lowell and was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representa-\\ntives and Senate. In i860 he was delegate to the Democratic National\\nConvention at Charleston and withdrew from the adjourned convention\\nwhich met at Baltimore. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was made", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "96 DiCTlONAKV OF UNITED STATUS HlSTORY.\\nbrigadier-general and took possession of Baltimore. Becoming a major-\\ngeneral, he commanded in Eastern Virginia, where he lost the battle of Big\\nBethel in June, 1861, and issued the famous order referring to the negroes as\\ncontraband of war. Later in the year he captured Forts Hatteras and Clark.\\nIn April, 1862, he co-operated with Farragut in the capture of New Orleans\\nand was appointed commandant in that city. It was here that he attracted\\nwide attention by his stern measures for the preservation of order, and roused\\nconsiderable criticism as well as earned the undying hatred of many of\\nthe Southerners. In 1864, as commander of the Army of the James, he\\nco-operated with Grant in the advance on Richmond. His military career\\nclosed with an unsuccessful attack upon Fort Fisher in December, 1864.\\nHe was a Republican Congressman from Massachusetts, 1867-75 ^877-79.\\nHe failed in his attempts to secure the Republican nomination for Governor\\nof Massachusetts in 1871 and 1872, and in 1878 and 1879 he was defeated\\nas the Greenback candidate. He was, however, elected in 1882 by the\\nDemocrats as one of the tidal wave Governors and aroused considerable\\nexcitement in 1883 by his administration. He failed of a re-election and in\\n1884 ran for President as the Greenback and Anti-Monopoly candidate.\\nBesides his reputation as politician and general he was widely known as a\\nskillful lawyer. He wrote an autobiography entitled Butler s Book.\\nButler, John, died in 1794. He commanded the Indians in Sir William\\nJohnson s Niagara campaign in 1759 and in the Montreal expedition of\\n1760. He joined the British at the outbreak of the Revolution and con-\\nducted predatory warfare in New York. He conducted the famous Wyoming\\nmassacre in 1778. He engaged in Johnson s raid on the Schoharie and\\nMohawk regions in 1780.\\nButler, Matthew C. born in 1836, became a major-general in the Con-\\nfederate service. He represented South Carolina in the U. S. Senate as a\\nDemocrat from 1877 to 1895. Major-general of volunteers, 1898, commis-\\nsioner on Spanish evacuation of Cuba.\\nButler, Pierce (1744-1822), came to America from Ireland as a British\\nsoldier. He was a delegate from South Carolina to the Old Congress in\\n1787, was a member of the convention that framed the Federal Constitution,\\nand signed the Constitution. He represented South Carolina in the U. S.\\nSenate from 1789 to 1796 and from 1802 to 1804.\\nButler, William Orlando (1791-1880), was an officer in the War of 1812.\\nIn 1839-43 he was a Democratic Congressman from Kentucky, and ran\\nunsuccessfully in 1844 for Governor of that State. He was a major-general\\nin the Mexican War, and was distinguished at the taking of Monterey in\\n1846. He was in 1848 the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Vice-Presi-\\ndent on the ticket with General Cass.\\nButler, Zebulon (1731-1795), served in New Jersey from 1777 to 1778,\\nHe was commander at Wyoming, Pennsylvania, at the time of the massacre.\\nHe served with distinction in General Sullivan s Indian expedition of 1779.\\nButterfield, Daniel, born in 1831, led a brigade at Hanover Court House\\nand Gaines Mills. He commanded a corps at Fredericksburg and was chief\\nof staflf at Cbancellorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain and Missionary", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 97\\ntiidge. He commanded a division at Resaca, Dallas and Kenesaw. He\\nresigned in 1869 3^ ^as for some time Sub-Treasurer of the United States\\nin New York.\\nButterworth, Benjamin, born in 1822, represented Ohio in the U. S. Senate\\nas a Republican from 1878 to 1882. He was Commissioner of Patents in\\n1883 and 1897, and a U. S. Congressman from 1884 to 1886. Died 1898.\\nButts, Isaac (1816-1874), edited the Rochester Advertiser from 1845 to\\n1849. He originated and promulgated the doctrine known as Squatter\\nSovereignty or Popular Sovereignty, that the people of each territory\\nshould decide the que.stion of slavery for themselves. He edited the Rochester\\nUnion from 1857 to 1864. He was an original writer upon economic and\\npolitical subjects.\\nc.\\nCabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nufiez (1507-1559), Spanish explorer, went with\\nNarvaez to Florida in 1527, and accompanied him on his westward march\\nand voyage. He was wrecked near Matagorda Bay in Texas, and captured\\nby the Indians, among whom he became a medicine-man. Finally escaping\\nhe reached Mexico after many wanderings, during which he discovered the\\nRio Grande. He was afterward the first explorer of Paraguay.\\nCabinet. The Constitution, without providing distinctly for a cabinet,\\nauthorizes the President to consult the heads of the departments. Washington\\nthus consulted his Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of\\nWar and Attorney-General. The secretaryship of the navy was instituted in\\n1798, and its incumbent was at once treated as a member of the cabinet.\\nThe Postmasters-General before 1829 were not. The Secretary of the Interior\\nbecame such at once upon his institution in 1849, the Secretarj of Agriculture\\nsimilarly in 1889. Lists of the holders of cabinet office follow.\\nCabinet Officers. The figures at the left indicate the administrative per-\\niods of four years, corresponding to the following Presidents: i, 2, Washing-\\nton; 3, John Adams; 4, 5, Jefferson; 6, 7, IMadison; 8, 9, Monroe; 10, J. Q.\\nAdams; 11, 12, Jackson; 13, Van Buren; 14, W. H. Harrison; 14^ Tj ler;\\n15, Polk; 16, Taylor; i6\u00c2\u00ab, Fillmore; 17, Pierce; 18, Buchanan; 19, 20,\\nLincoln; 20^, Johnson; 21, 22, Grant; 23, Hayes; 24, Garfield; 24^, Arthur;\\n25, Cleveland; 26, B. Harrison; 27, Cleveland; 28, McKinley.\\nSecretaries of State.\\nDate of Coinmigsion.\\nI.\\nThomas Jefferson,\\nVirginia,\\nSeptember 26,\\n1789\\nThomas Jefferson,\\nVirginia.\\nEdmund Randolph,\\nVirginia,\\nJanuar 2,\\n1794\\nTimothy Pickering,\\nPennsylvania,\\nDecember 10,\\n1795\\n3-\\nTimothy Pickering,\\nPennsylvania.\\nJohn Marshall,\\nVirginia,\\nMay 13,\\nT.SOO\\n4-\\nJames Madison,\\nVirginia,\\nMarch 5,\\nI80I\\n5-\\nJames Madison,\\nVirginia.\\n6.\\nRobert Smith,\\nMaryland,\\nMarch 6,\\n1809", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitrd States History.\\nJames Monroe,\\n7. James Monroe,\\n8. John Quincy Adams,\\n9. John Quincy Adams,\\n10. Henry Clay,\\n11. Martin Van Buren,\\nEdward Livingston,\\n12. Louis McLane,\\nJohn Forsyth,\\n13. John Forsyth,\\n14. Daniel Webster,\\n14a. Hugh S. Legard,\\nAbel P. Upshur,\\nJohn Nelson (actmg)^\\nJohn C. Calhoun,\\n15. James Buchanan,\\n16. John M. Clayton,\\ni6\u00c2\u00ab. Daniel Webster,\\nEdward Everett,\\n17. William L,. Marcy,\\n18. Lewis Cass,\\nJeremiah S. Black,\\n19. William H. Seward,\\n20. William H. Seward,\\n20a. William H. Seward,\\n21. Elihu B. Washburne,\\nHamilton Fish,\\n22. Hamilton Fish,\\n23. William M. Evarts,\\n24. James G. Blaine,\\n34\u00c2\u00ab. Frederick T. Frelinghuysen,\\n25. Thomas F. Bayard,\\n26. James G. Blaine,\\nJohn W. Foster,\\n27. Walter Q. Greshani,\\nRichard Olney\\n38. John Sherman,\\nWilliam R. Day,\\nJohn Hay,\\nSecretaries\\n1. Alexander Hamilton,\\n2. Alexander Hamilton.\\nOliver Wolcott, Jr.,\\n3. Oliver Wolcott, Jr.,\\nSamuel Dexter,\\n4. Samuel Dexter,\\nAlbert Gallatin,\\n15. Albert Gallatin,\\nVirginia,\\nVirginia,\\nMassachusetts,\\nMassachusetts.\\nKentucky,\\nNew York,\\nLouisiana,\\nDelaware,\\nGeorgia,\\nGeorgia.\\nMassachusetts,\\nSouth Carolina,\\nVirginia,\\nMaryland,\\nSouth Carolina,\\nPennsylvania,\\nDelaware,\\nMassachusetts,\\nMassachusetts,\\nNew York,\\nMichigan,\\nPennsylvania,\\nNew York,\\nNew York.\\nNew York.\\nIllinois,\\nNev/ York,\\nNew York,\\nNew York,\\nMaine,\\nNew Jersey.\\nDelaware.\\nMaine,\\nIndiana,\\nIndiana,\\nMassachusetts,\\nOhio,\\nOhio,\\nOhio,\\nof the Treasury.\\nNew York,\\nNew York.\\nConnecticut,\\nConnecticut.\\nMassachusetts,\\nMassachusetts.\\nPennsylvania,\\nPennsylvania,\\nDate of Commlssiou.\\nApril 2, 1811\\nFebruary 28, 181 5\\nMarch 5, 1817\\nMarch\\n7.\\nMarch\\n6,\\nMay\\n24,\\nMay\\n29,\\nJune\\n27-\\nMarch\\n5.\\nMay\\n9.\\nJuly\\n24,\\nFebruary\\n29\\nMarch\\n6,\\nMarch\\n6,\\nMarch\\n7,\\nJuly\\n22,\\nNovember\\n6,\\nMarch\\n7,\\nMarch\\n6,\\nDecember\\n17.\\nMarch\\n5,\\nMarch\\n5.\\nMarch\\nII,\\nMarch\\ni7\\nMarch\\n12,\\nMarch\\n5.\\nDecember\\n12,\\nMarch\\n6,\\nMarch\\n5.\\nJune\\n29,\\nIMarch\\n6,\\nJune\\n6,\\nMarch\\n5,\\nApril\\n26,\\nSeptember\\n30,\\nSeptember\\nFebruary 2, 1795\\nJanuary i, 1801\\nMay\\n14, 1801", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n99\\n7-\\n8.\\n9-\\nlO.\\nII.\\n12.\\nIngliani,\\n6. Albert Gallatin,\\nGeorge W. Campbell,\\nAlexander J. Dallas,\\nWilliam H. Crawford,\\nWilliam H. Crawford,\\nWilliam H. Crawford,\\nRichard Rush,\\nSamuel D.\\nLouis McLane,\\nWilliam J. Duanc,\\nRoger B. Tane}\\nLevi Woodbury,\\n13. Levi Woodbury,\\n14. Thomas Ewing,\\n14^ Walter Forward,\\nJohn C. Spencer,\\nGeorge M. Bibb,\\n15. Robert J. Walker,\\n16. William M. Meredith,\\ni6i7. Thomas Corwin,\\n17. Tames Guthrie,\\nHowell Cobb,\\nPhilip F. Thomas\\nJohn A. Dix,\\nSalmon P. Chase,\\nWilliam P. Fessenden,\\nHugh McCuUoch,\\nHugh ]\\\\IcCulloch,\\nGeorge S. Boutwell,\\nWilliam A. Richardson,\\nBenjatnin H. Bristow,\\nLot M. :\\\\IorrilI,\\nJohn Slier man,\\nWilliam Windom,\\nCharles J. Folger,\\nWalter O. Gresham\\nHugh McCuUoch,\\n18.\\n19.\\n20.\\n20^.\\n21.\\n22.\\n23-\\n24.\\n24a\\n26.\\n27.\\n28.\\nDaniel Manning,\\nCharles S. Fairchild,\\nWilliam Windom,\\nCharles Foster,\\nJohn G. Carlisle,\\nLyman J. Gage,\\n1. Henry Knox,\\n2. Henry Knox,\\nTimothy Pickering,\\nDate or Commission.\\nPennsylvania.\\nTennessee,\\nFebruary\\n9.\\n1814\\nPennsylvania,\\nOctober\\n6,\\n1814\\nGeorgia,\\nOctober\\n22,\\n1816\\nGeorgia.\\nGeorgia.\\nPennsylvania,\\nMarch\\n7,\\n1825\\nPennsylvania,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1829\\nDelaware,\\nAugust\\n8,\\n1831\\nPennsylvania,\\nMay\\n29,\\n1833\\nMaryland,\\nSeptember\\n23.\\n1833\\nNew Hampshire,\\nJune\\n27.\\n1834\\nNew Hampshire.\\nOhio,\\nMarch\\n5\\n1841\\nPenns3 lvania,\\nSeptember\\n13:\\n1841\\nNew York,\\nMarch\\n3.\\n1843\\nKentucky,\\nJune\\n15.\\n1844\\nMississippi,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1845\\nPennsylvania,\\nMarch\\n8,\\n1849\\nOhio,\\nJuly\\n23,\\n1850\\nKentucky,\\nMarch\\n7.\\n1853\\nGeorgia,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1857\\nMaryland,\\nDecember\\n12,\\ni860\\nNew York,\\nJanuary\\nII,\\n1861\\nOhio,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1861\\nMaine,\\nJuly\\nI,\\n1864\\nIndiana,\\nMarch\\n7,\\n1865\\nIndiana.\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\nII,\\n1869\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\n17,\\n1873\\nKentucky,\\nJune\\n2,\\n1874\\nMaine,\\nJune\\n21,\\n1876\\nOhio,\\nMarch\\n8,\\n1877\\nMinnesota,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1881\\nNew York,\\nOctober\\n27.\\n1881\\nIndiana,\\nSeptember\\n24,\\n1884\\nIndiana,\\nOctober\\n28,\\n1884\\nNew York,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1885\\nNew York,\\nApril\\nI,\\n1887\\nMinnesota,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1889\\nOhio,\\nFebruary\\n24,\\n1891\\nKentucky,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1893\\nIllinois,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1897\\netaries of War.\\nMassachusetts,\\nSeptember\\n12,\\n1789\\nMassachusetts.\\nPennsylvania,\\nJanuary\\n2,\\n1795\\nU, i/c.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "too\\nDictionary o? United States History.\\nOftt\u00c2\u00ab o/Commtwion.\\nJames McHenr}\\nMaryland,\\nJanuary\\n27,\\n1796\\n3.\\nJames McHenry,\\nMaryland.\\nSamuel Dexter,\\nMassachusetts,\\nMay\\n13.\\n1800\\nRoger Griswold,\\nConnecticut,\\nFebruary\\n3.\\n1 801\\n4-\\nHenry Dearborn,\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1 801\\n5.\\nHenry Dearborn,\\nMassachusetts.\\n6.\\nWilliam Eustis,\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\n7.\\n1809\\nJohn Armstrong,\\nNew York,\\nJanuary\\n13,\\n1813\\n7.\\nJames JMonroe,\\nVirginia,\\nSeptember\\n27.\\n1814\\nAlexander J. Dallas {acting\\\\\\nPennsylvania,\\nMarch\\n14,\\n1815\\nWilliam H. Crawford,\\nGeorgia,\\nAugust\\nI,\\n1815\\n8.\\nGeorge Graham,\\nVirginia,\\nApril\\n7,\\n1817\\nJohn C. Calhoun,\\nSouth Carolina,\\nOctober\\n8,\\n1817\\n9-\\nJohn C. Calhoun,\\nSouth Carolina.\\n10.\\nJames Barbour,\\nVirginia,\\nMarch\\n7.\\n1825\\nPeter B. Porter,\\nNew York,\\nMay\\n26,\\n1828\\nII.\\nJohn H. Eaton,\\nTennessee,\\nMarch\\n9.\\n1829\\nLewis Cass,\\nOhio,\\nAugust\\nI,\\n1831\\n12.\\nLewis Cass,\\nOhio.\\nBenjamin F. Butler {acting),\\nNew York,\\nMarch\\n3\\n1837 i\\n13-\\nJoel R. Poinsett,\\nSouth Carolina,\\nMarch\\n7.\\n1837\\n14.\\nJohn Bell,\\nTennessee,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1841\\n14a\\nJohn McLean,\\nOhio,\\nSeptember\\n13.\\n1841\\nJohn C. Spencer,\\nNew York,\\nOctober\\n12,\\n1841\\nJames M. Porter,\\nPennsylvania,\\nMarch\\n8,\\n1843\\nWilliam Wilkins,\\nPennsylvania,\\nFebruary\\n15.\\n1844\\n15-\\nWilliam L. Marcy,\\nNew York,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1845\\n16.\\nReverdy Johnson {acting).\\nMaryland,\\nMarch\\n8,\\n1849\\nGeorge W. Crawford,\\nGeorgia,\\nMarch\\n8,\\n1849,\\ni6a\\nWinfield Scott {ad interim),\\nVirginia,\\nJuly\\n23,\\n1850\\nCharles M. Conrad,\\nLouisiana,\\nAugust\\n15,\\n1850\\n17-\\nJeflferson Davis,\\nMississippi,\\nMarch\\n7.\\n1853 1\\n18.\\nJohn B. Floyd,\\nVirginia,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1857\\nJoseph Holt,\\nKentucky,\\nJanuary\\n18,\\n1861\\n19-\\nSimon Cameron,\\nPennsylvania,\\nMarch\\n5.\\n1 861\\nEdwin M. Stanton,\\nPennsylvania,\\nJanuary\\n15,\\n1862 1\\n20.\\nEdwin M. Stanton,\\nPennsylvania.\\n20fl\\nEdwin M. Stanton.\\n{Suspended August 12, 1867.)\\nUlysses S. Grant {ad interim),\\nAugust\\n12,\\n1867\\nEdwin M. Siscnton {reinstated)\\nPennsylvania,\\nJanuary\\n14,\\n1868\\nJohn M. Schofield,\\nMay\\n28,\\n1868\\n31.\\nJohn A. Rawlins,\\nIllinois,\\nMarch\\nII,\\n1869\\nWilliam T. Sherman {ad interim),\\nSeptember\\n9,\\n1869\\nWilliam W. Belknap,\\nIowa,\\nOctober\\n25,\\n1869\\n22.\\nWilliam W. Belknap,\\nIowa.\\nGeorge M. Robeson {acting).\\nNew Jersey,\\nMarch\\n2,\\n1876\\nAlphonso Taft,\\nOhio,\\nMarch\\n8,\\n1876\\nJ. Donald Cameron,\\nPennsylvania,\\nMay\\n22,\\n1876", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitkd Statks History.\\nlOI\\nGeorge W. McCraty,\\nAlexander Ramsey,\\nRobert T. Lincoln,\\nRobert T. Lincoln,\\nWilliam C. Endicot\\nRedfield Proctor,\\nStephen B. Elkins,\\nDaniel S. Laniont,\\nRussell A. Alger,\\nElihu Root,\\nSecretaries\\nGeorge Cabot {declined),\\nBenjamin Stoddert,\\nBenjamin Stoddert,\\nRobert Smith,\\nJacob Crowninshield,\\n(Robert Smith,\\nPaul Hamilton,\\nWilliam Jones,\\nBenjamin W. Crowninshield,\\nBenjamin W. Crowninshield,\\nSmith Thompson,\\nSmith Thompson,\\nJohn Rodgers {acting),\\nSamuel L. Southard,\\nSamuel L. Southard,\\nJohn Branch,\\nLevi Woodbury,\\nMahlon Dickerson,\\nMahlon Dickerson,\\nJames K. Paulding,\\nGeorge E. Badger,\\nAbel P. Upshur,\\nDavid Henshaw,\\nThomas W. Gilmer,\\nJohn Y. Mason,\\nGeorge Bancroft,\\nJohn Y. Mason,\\nWilliam B. Preston,\\nWilliam A. Graham,\\nJohn P. Kennedy,\\nJames C. Dobbins,\\nIsaac Toucey,\\nGideon Wells,\\nGideon Wells,\\nGideon Wells,\\nAdolph E. Borie,\\nGeorge M. Robeson,\\nGeorge M. Robeson,\\nDate of CommissioB.\\nIowa,\\nMarch\\n12,\\n1 877\\nMinnesota,\\nDecember\\nlO,\\n1879\\nIllinois,\\nMarch\\n5.\\n1881\\nIllinois.\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1885\\nVermont,\\nMarch\\n5.\\n1889\\nWest Virginia,\\nDecember\\n22,\\n1 891\\nNew York,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1893\\nMichigan,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1897\\nNew York,\\nAugust\\nI.\\n1899\\nof the Navy.\\nMassachusetts,\\nMay\\n3.\\n1798\\nMaryland,\\nMay\\n21,\\n1798\\nMaryland.\\nMaryland,\\nJuly\\n15,\\n1 801\\nMassachusetts,\\nMay\\n3,\\n1805\\nMaryland,\\nMay,\\n1805)\\nSouth Carolina,\\nMarch\\n7,\\n1809\\nPennsylvania,\\nJanuary\\n12,\\n1813\\nMassachusetts,\\nDecember\\n19,\\n1814\\nMassachusetts.\\nNew York,\\nNovember\\n9,\\n1818\\nNew York.\\nMaryland,\\nSeptember\\nI,\\n1823\\nNew Jersey,\\nSeptember\\n16,\\n1823\\nNew Jersey.\\nNorth Carolina,\\nMarch\\n9,\\n1829\\nNew Hampshire,\\nMay\\n23.\\n1831\\nNew Jersey,\\nJune\\n30,\\n1834\\nNew Jersey.\\nNew York,\\nJune\\n25,\\n1838\\nNorth Carolina,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1 841\\nVirginia,\\nSeptember\\n13,\\n1 841\\nMassachusetts,\\nJuly\\n24,\\n1843\\nVirginia,\\nFebruary\\n15,\\n1844\\nVirginia,\\nMarch\\n14,\\n1844\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\n10,\\n1845\\nVirginia,\\nSeptember\\n9,\\n1846\\nVirginia,\\nMarch\\n8,\\n1849\\nNorth Carolina,\\nJuly\\n22,\\n1850\\nMar} land,\\nJuly\\n22,\\n1852\\nNorth Carolina,\\nMarch\\n7,\\n1853\\nConnecticut,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1857\\nConnecticut,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1861\\nConnecticut.\\nConnecticut.\\nPennsylvania,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1869\\nNew Jerse}\\nJune\\n25,\\n1869\\nNew Jersey.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "X02\\nDictionary of U.mtkd States History.\\n23. Richard W. Thompson\\nNathan Goff, Jr.,\\n24. William H. Hunt,\\n24a. William E. Chandler,\\n25. William C. Whitney,\\n26. Benjamin F. Tracy,\\n27. Hilary A. Herbert,\\n28. John D. Long,\\nIndiana,\\nWest Virginia,\\nLouisiana,\\nNew Hampshire,\\nNew York,\\nNew York,\\nAlabama,\\nMassachusetts,\\nPostmasters-General.\\n(Not in the Cabinet until 1829.)\\n2.\\n4-\\n5-\\n6.\\n8.\\n9-\\n10.\\nII.\\n12.\\n13-\\n14.\\n\\\\\\\\a\\n15-\\n16.\\ni6ff,\\n17-\\n18.\\n19-\\n20.\\n20a,\\n21.\\n22.\\nSamuel Osgood,\\nTimothy Pickering,\\nTimothy Pickering,\\nJoseph Habersham,\\nJoseph Habersham,\\nJoseph Habersham,\\nGideon Granger,\\nGideon Granger,\\nGideon Granger,\\nGideon Granger,\\nReturn J. Meigs,\\nReturn J. Meigs,\\nJohn McLean,\\nJohn McLean,\\nWilliam T. Barry,\\nAmos Kendall,\\nAmos Kendall,\\nJohn M. Niks,\\nFrancis Granger,\\nCharles A. Wickliffe,\\nCave Johnson,\\nJacob Collamer,\\nNathan K. Hall,\\nSamuel D. Hubbard,\\nJames Campbell,\\nAaron V. Brown,\\nJoseph Holt,\\nHoratio King,\\nMontgomery Blair,\\nWilliam Dennison,\\nWilliam Dennison,\\nWilliam Dennison,\\nAlexander W. Randall,\\nJohn A.,J. Creswell,\\nJohn A. J. Creswell,\\nJ. W. Marshall,\\nMarshall Jewell.\\nJamcB M, Tyner,\\nMassachusetts,\\nPennsylvania,\\nPennsj lvania.\\nGeorgia,\\nGeorgia.\\nGeorgia.\\nConnecticut,\\nConnecticut.\\nConnecticut.\\nConnecticut.\\nOhio,\\nOhio.\\nOhio,\\nOhio.\\nKentucky,\\nKentucky,\\nKentucky.\\nConnecticut,\\nNew York,\\nKentucky,\\nTennessee,\\nVermont,\\nNew York,\\nConnecticut,\\nPennsylvania,\\nTennessee,\\nKentucky,\\nMaine,\\nDistrict Columbia,\\nOhio,\\nOhio.\\nOhio.\\nWisconsin,\\nMaryland,\\nMaryland,\\nVirginia,\\nConnecticut,\\nIndiana,\\nDate of Commission.\\nMarch 12, 1877\\nJanuary 6, 1881\\nMarch 5, 1881\\nApril 12, 1882\\nMarch 6, 1885\\nMarch 5, 1SS9\\nMarch 6, 1893\\nMarch 5, 1897\\nSeptember 26, 1789\\nAugust 12, 1 791\\nFebruary 25, 1795\\nNovember 28, 1801\\nMarch 17, 1814\\nJune\\n26, 1823\\nMarch 9, 1829\\nMay I, 1835\\nMay\\nMarch\\nSeptember\\nMarch\\nMarch\\nJuly\\nAugust\\nMarch\\nMarch\\nMarch\\nFebruary\\nMarch\\nSeptember\\n19, 1840\\n6, 1 841\\n13, 1841\\n6, 1845\\n8, 1849\\n23, 1850\\n31. 1852\\n7, 1853\\n6, 1857\\n14, 1859\\n12, 1861\\n5, 1 86 1\\n24, 1864\\nJuly\\nMarch\\nJuly\\nAugust\\nJuly\\n25, 1866\\n5, 1869\\n3. 1874\\n24, 1874\\n19, 1876", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of UNirfiD States History.\\n103\\nDate of CommisE\\nion.\\n23-\\nDavid M. Key,\\nTennessee,\\nMarch\\n12,\\n1877\\nHorace Maynard,\\nTennessee,\\nJune\\n2,\\n1880\\n24-\\nThomas L,. James,\\nNew York,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1881\\n24\u00c2\u00ab\\nThomas L. James,\\nNew York.\\nTimothy 0. Howe,\\nWisconsin,\\nDecember\\n20,\\ni88i\\nWalter Q. Gresham,\\nIndiana,\\nApril\\n3\\n1883\\nFrank Hatton,\\nIowa,\\nOctober\\n14,\\n1884\\n25-\\nWilliam F. Vilas,\\nWisconsin,\\nMarch\\n6,\\ni88s\\nDon M. Dickinson,\\nMichigan,\\nJanuary\\n16,\\n1888\\n26.\\nJohn Wanamaker,\\nPennsylvania,\\nMarch\\n5.\\n1889\\nz-j.\\nWilson S. Bissell\\nNew York,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1893\\nWilliam L. Wilson,\\nWest Virginia,\\nFebruary\\n27,\\n1895\\n28.\\nJames A. Gary,\\nMaryland,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1897\\nCharles Emory Smith,\\nPennsylvania,\\nAttorneys-General.\\nApril\\n31,\\n1898\\nI.\\nEdmund Randolph,\\nVirginia,\\nSeptember 26,\\n1789\\n2.\\nEdmund Randolph,\\nVirgiiaia.\\nWilliam Bradford,\\nPennsylvania,\\nJanuary-\\n27.\\n1794\\nCharles Lee,\\nVirginia,\\nDecember\\n10,\\n1795\\n3-\\nCharles Lee,\\nVirginia.\\n4-\\nLevi Lincoln,\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\n5i\\n1801\\nRobert Smith,\\nMaryland,\\nMarch\\n3,\\n1805\\n5-\\nJohn Breckinridge,\\nKentucky,\\nAugust\\n7,\\n1805\\nCaesar A. Rodney,\\nPennsylvania,\\nJanuary\\n20,\\n1807\\n6.\\nCaesar A. Rodney,\\nPennsylvania.\\nWilliam Pinkney,\\nMarj land,\\nDecember\\nII,\\n1811\\n7-\\nWilliam Pinkney,\\nMaryland.\\nRichard Rush,\\nPennsylvania,\\nFebruary\\n10,\\n1814\\n8.\\nWilliam Wirt,\\nVirginia,\\nNovember\\n13,\\n1817\\n9-\\nWilliam Wirt,\\nVirginia.\\nlO.\\nWilliam Wirt,\\nVirginia.\\nII.\\nJohn M. Berrien,\\nGeorgia,\\nMarch\\n9.\\n1829\\nRoger B. Taney,\\nMaryland,\\nJuly\\n20,\\n1831\\n12.\\nBenjamin F. Butler,\\nNew York,\\nNovember\\n15,\\n1833\\n13-\\nBenjamin F. Butler,\\nNew York.\\nFelix Grundy,\\nTennessee,\\nJuly\\n5.\\n1838\\nHenry D. Gilpin,\\nPennsylvania,\\nJanuar}\\nII.\\n1840\\n14.\\nJohn J. Crittenden,\\nKentucky,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1841\\n14a\\nHugh S. Legare,\\nSouth Carolina,\\nSeptember\\n13,\\n1841\\nJohn Nelson,\\nMaryland,\\nJuly\\nI,\\n1843\\n15-\\nJohn Y. Mason,\\nVirginia,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1845\\nNathan Clifford,\\nMaine,\\nOctober\\n17,\\n1846\\nIsaac Toucey,\\nConnecticut.\\nJune\\n21,\\n1848\\n16.\\nReverdy Johnson,\\nMaryland,\\nMarch\\n8,\\n1849\\n1 6a\\nJohn J. Crittenden,\\nKentucky,\\nJuly\\n22,\\n1850\\n17-\\nCaleb Cushing,\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\n1853\\n18.\\nJeremiah S. Black,\\nPennsylvania,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1857\\nEdwin M. Stanton,\\nPennsylvania,\\nDecember\\n20,\\ni860", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "I04\\nDictionary or- Unitbd States History.\\nD*U of Commisuon.\\n19.\\nEdward Bates,\\nMissouri,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1861\\nJames Speed,\\nKentucky,\\nDecember\\n2,\\n1864\\n20.\\nJames Speed,\\nKentucky.\\n20fl\\nJames Speed,\\nKentucky.\\nHenry Stanberry,\\nOhio,\\nJuly\\n23.\\n1866\\nWilliam M. Evarts,\\nNew York,\\nJuly\\n15,\\n1868\\n21.\\nE. Rockwood Hoar,\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\n5.\\n1869\\nAmos T. Akerman,\\nGeorgia,\\nJune\\n23,\\n1870\\nGeorge H. Williams,\\nOregon,\\nDecember\\n14.\\n1871\\n22.\\nGeorge H. Williams,\\nOregon.\\nEdwards Pierrepont.\\nNew York,\\nApril\\n26,\\n1875\\nAlplionso Taft,\\nOhio,\\nMay\\n22,\\n1876\\n23-\\nCharles Devens,\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\n12,\\n1877\\n24.\\nWayne MacVeagh,\\nPennsylvania,\\nMarch\\n5.\\ni88i\\n24a\\nBenjamin H. Brewster,\\nPennsylvania,\\nDecember\\n19.\\n1881\\n25-\\nAugustus H. Garland,\\nArkansas,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1885\\n26.\\nWilliam H. H. Miller,\\nIndiana,\\nMarch\\n5.\\n1889\\n27.\\nRichard Olney\\nMassachusetts,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1893\\nJudson Harmon,\\nOhio,\\nJune\\nII,\\n1895\\n28.\\nJoseph McKenna,\\nCalifornia,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1897\\nJohn W. Griggs,\\nNew Jersey,\\nJanuary\\n25,\\n1898\\nSecr tariei\\nof the Interior.\\n16.\\nThomas Ewing,\\nOhio,\\nMarch\\n8,\\n1849\\n16a\\nAlexander H. H. Stuart,\\nVirginia,\\nSeptember\\n12,\\n1850\\n17-\\nRobert McClelland,\\nMichigan,\\nMarch\\n7.\\n1853\\n18.\\nJacob Thompson,\\nMississippi,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1857\\n19.\\nCaleb B. Smith,\\nIndiana,\\nMarch\\n5.\\n1861\\nJohn P. Usher,\\nIndiana,\\nJanuary\\n8,\\n1863\\n20.\\nJohn P. Usher,\\nIndiana.\\n20a\\nJohn P. Usher,\\nIndiana.\\nJames Harlan,\\nIowa,\\nMay\\n15,\\n1865\\n0. H. Browning,\\nIllinois,\\nJuly\\n27,\\n1866\\n21.\\nJacob D. Cox,\\nOhio,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1869\\nColumbus Delano,\\nOhio,\\nNovember\\nI,\\n1870\\n22.\\nColumbus Delano,\\nOhio.\\nZachariah Chandler,\\nMichigan,\\nOctober\\n19.\\n1875\\n23-\\nCarl Schurz,\\nMissouri,\\nMarch\\n12,\\n1877\\n24.\\nSamuel J. Kirkwood,\\nIowa,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1881\\n24a\\nHenry M. Teller,\\nColorado,\\nApril\\n6,\\n1882\\n25-\\nLucius 0. C. Lamar,\\nMississippi,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1885\\nWilliam F. Vilas,\\nWisconsin,\\nJanuary\\n16,\\n1888\\n26.\\nJohn W. Noble,\\nMissouri,\\nMarch\\n5,\\n1889\\n27.\\nHoke Smith,\\nGeorgia,\\nMarch\\n6,\\n1893\\nDavid R. Francis,\\nMissouri,\\nAugust\\n22,\\n1896\\n28.\\nCornelius N. Bliss,\\nNew York,\\nMarch\\n5.\\n1897\\n29.\\n2.5.\\nEthan Allen Hitchcock,\\nSecretaries\\nNorman J. Colman,\\nMissouri,\\nof Agriculture.\\nMissouri.\\nDecember\\n21,\\n1899", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 105\\nDate of Commissiou.\\n26. Jeremiah M. Rusk, Wisconsin, March 5, 1889\\n27. J. Sterling Morton, Nebraska, March -6,1893\\n28. James Wilson, Iowa, March 5, 1897\\nCable, George W., author, born in New Orleans in 1844. In his writings\\n(mostly novels) he has vividly depicted the life and accurately rendered the\\ndialect of the Creoles and negroes of southern Louisiana, thus opening a new\\nfield in literature.\\nCabot, George (1751-1823), statesman, entered Harvard, but left to go to\\nsea, and became master mariner before he was of age. At twenty-five he was\\nchosen to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress. In 1788 he was a member\\nof the State convention that adopted the Federal Constitution. He was\\nU. S. Senator from Massachusetts, 1791-96, and was President Adams first\\nchoice for Secretary of the Navy when that department was organized in\\n1798. He was a leading Federalist, an able coadjutor of Hamilton, and a\\nhigh authority in political economy. He was chosen president of the cele-\\nbrated Hartford Convention in 1814. Life by Lodge.\\nCabot, John, the founder of the English claim to North America, was\\nborn at Genoa, settled in Venice as a merchant and mariner, and removed to\\nBristol in England about 1490. In May, 1497, he sailed from Bristol on a\\nvoyage of discovery, under the authority of letters patent from the king,\\nHenry VII. He discovered a region which was supposed to be the coast of\\nChina, returned to Enojland with the news, and received from the frugal king\\nthe sum of ten pounds. The next year he sailed again and explored the\\ncoast of North America. The best account of the Cabots is by Harrisse.\\nCabot, Sebastian, the son of John, was born in Bristol or Venice about\\n1474, and died in London about 1557. He probably accompanied his father\\non the latter s first voyage to America, and may have succeeded him as com-\\nmander in the second expedition. He was subsequently in the service of\\nSpain, and returned late in life to England. The voyages of the two Cabots\\nin 1497 and 1498 laid the foundation of England s claim to North America.\\nCadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, born 1660 of noble French family. In 1694\\nFrontenac appointed him commander of Michilimackinac. July 24, 1701,\\nwith fifty settlers and fifty soldiers he founded Detroit. In 1707 he reduced\\nthe Miamis to subjection. In 17 11 he was made Governor of Louisiana. In\\n17 14 he established a post in the Natchez country. In 17 17 he returned to\\nFrance. He died after 17 17.\\nCadwalader, John (1742-17 86), was a member of the Philadelphia Com-\\nmittee of Safety. He was a brigadier-general at Trenton and a volunteer at\\nBrandywine and Germantown. He wounded General Conway, the noted\\nconspirator against Washington, in a duel.\\nCahokia, 111., was settled by the French in 1683, and received its name\\nfrom an Indian tribe.\\nCalef, or Calfe, Robert, author, died about 1723. In 1700 he attacked\\nthe witchcraft delusion in a book called More Wonders of the Invisible\\nWorld, whose common-sense arguments greatly affected public opinion.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "io6 Dictionary of United States Histoky.\\nCalhoun, John Caldwell (March i8, i782-Mai-ch3i, 1850), Vice-President\\nof the United States, was born near Abbeville in South Carolina. He\\ngraduated at Yale, studied law, and developed qualities of statesmanship at\\nan early period. In 181 1 he entered the House of Representatives as\\nmember from South Carolina, and became prominent at once as a leader of\\nthe younger element of the Democratic party; he advocated the war against\\nGreat Britain, and was foremost in the controversy over the United States\\nBank. He left the House for the War Department in 1817, and served\\nthroughout Monroe s administration. In 1824 he was elected Vice-President,\\nand served from 1825 with Adams. Again elected in 1828, he continued in\\noflSce, this time with Jackson, and between these two great Democratic\\nleaders a bitter feeling of opposition soon arose. In the Nullification trouble\\nwhich was now developing, Calhoun s abilities and views made him the\\nleader on the side of his native State. He resigned his office in 1832, and\\nimmediately entered the U. S. Senate, where he was the champion of the\\nStates Rights men. His career in the Senate was interrupted for a short\\nperiod, when in 1844-45 he was Secretary of State in Tyler s administration.\\nDuring this time he concluded a treaty of annexation with Texas. Retiring,\\nfrom the Cabinet in 1845 he re-entered the Senate, resuming the leadership\\nof the Southern Democrats. It was during this last term that his severe\\ncontroversy with Benton occurred. Calhoun died at Washington while the\\ncompromise measures of 1850 were pending. In gifts of logic he is com-\\nmonly said to have surpassed Clay and Webster, the two Senators with\\nwhose names his own is inseparably connected. His works were edited by\\nCralle, and there is a scholarly biography by Professor von Hoist in the\\nAmerican Stalesnicn Series.\\nCalifornia was formed from the Mexican cession of 1848. The name\\noriginated from a Spanish romance of 1521. The coast of California was\\nexplored by the Spaniards Cabrillo (1542) and Ferrelo (1543), and by the\\nEnglishman Drake (1579), who named the country New Albion. Two\\nhundred years later (1769) Franciscan monks foitnded a mission at Saw\\nDiego and discovered the Bay of San Francisco. The missions in 1823\\nnumbered twenty-one and were very wealth} The priests opposed the\\ngovernment of the towns which was established by the Mexican Govern-\\nment and the Mexican Revolution of 1822, and in 1834 the mission lands\\nwere divided. In 1826 the first American emigrant wagon-train reached\\nCalifornia. Before the Mexican War the United .States Government feared\\nthat England intended to seize California, and accordingly encouraged the\\ninhabitants to revolt from Mexico. June 14, 1846, the American settlers,\\nupon the advice of Fremont, proclaimed a republic, and Sloat, in command\\nof an American fleet, occupied Monterey July 7. By the treaty of Guadalupe\\nHidalgo, signed February 2, 1848, California was ceded by Mexico to the\\nUnited States. On the nineteenth of the preceding month gold had been\\ndiscovered near Coloma. By the close of 1849 population was about\\n100,000. A State Constitution was ratified November 13, 1849, which pro-\\nhibited slavery. The admission of California as a free State formed part of\\nClay s famous Omnibus Bill of 1850 (September 9). For ten years the\\nState was steadily Democratic until the division in that party in i860 gave", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 107\\nthe electoral vote to the Republicans, who controlled the State in national\\npolitics until 1876. From 1851 to 1856 San Francisco was governed by a\\nVigilance Committee who put down the lav/lessness in the city. In 1880\\nthe Democratic presidential electors were elected with one exception. In\\n1892 the electors were again Democratic. In State politics the State has\\nalways been very doubtful. Opposition to Chinese immigration, monopoly\\nin land, and the influence of corporations in politics have complicated the\\npolitical history of the State. The population in 1850 was 92,597 in 1890,\\n1,208,130. History by Bancroft.\\nCalifornia, University of, Berkeley, Cal., was established in 1868 as the\\nState University; formerly known as the College of California, it was char-\\ntered in 1855.\\nCall, Richard K. (1791-1862), soldier, was appointed first lieutenant in\\n1814, brigadier-general of West Florida Militia, 1823, was delegate to Con-\\ngress 1823-1825, Governor of Florida, 1835-1840 and 1841-1844.\\nCallava, the Spanish ex-Governor of Florida, whom Andrew Jackson\\narrested in September, 1821, because he refused to deliver certain papers,\\nFlorida having been ceded to the United States in 181 9. The papers were\\nseized forcibly and Callava was then released. He claimed the privileges of\\na Spanish Commissioner, but could get no hearing from Jackson.\\nCalvert, Cecilius (or Cecil), second Lord Baltimore (1605-1675).- In\\n1632 the charter intended for his father was issued to him. It giauted to\\nhim many feudal rights, but with popular government.\\nCalvert, Sir George, first Lord Baltimore (i 582-1632), was knighted by\\nJames I. in 161 7, became a Roman Catholic in 1624; was much interested\\nin the colonization of the New World; and in 1632 obtained from Charles I.\\na patent for what are now Delaware and Maryland. He died before it had\\npassed the Great Seal, and it was issued to his son Cecil, q. v.\\nCalvert, Leonard (i6o6?-i647). Governor of Maryland, was sent by his\\nbrother Cecil, Lord Baltimore, to found the Mar land Colony, which he\\ndid at St. Mary s, May 27, 1634. His authority was disputed by William\\nClaiborne, who at once began hostilities against him, and it was not till 1647\\nthat his possession was fully established.\\nCambridge, Mass., was settled by colonists under Governor Winthrop in\\n1630, and first called Newtown. The American army occupied Cambridge\\nduring the period while the British held Boston. The city was incorporated\\nin 1846. Harvard College was founded here in 1636.\\nCambridge Platform, a system of church government drawn up by a\\nsynod at Cambridge, in the colony of Massachusetts Bay, in 1648. The\\nCongregational churches differed somewhat at that time, some inclining to\\nPresbyterianism, some to Independency. The synod reaffirmed the West-\\nminster Confession, but recommended a form of church discipline which\\nprevails now in the Congregational churches.\\nCamden, Charles Pratt, Earl of (1713-1794), constantly opposed the\\nAmerican policy of the Rockingham ministry. His sympathy with the", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "io8 Dictionary of Unitsd States History.\\ncolonies coutinued during his term as Lord Chancellor from 1766 to 1770.\\nHe opposed the oppressive colonial policy pursued b) Lord North, and, on\\naccount of his liberal policy during the Revolution, he was very popular in\\nAmerica.\\nCamden, Battle of, August 16, 1780. On his appointment to command\\nin the South, Gates determined to seize Camden, S. C. He made an unwise\\nchoice of roads so that his army was exhausted when it came to face the\\nenemy. When within ten miles of Camden he delayed two days. Mean-\\nwhile Cornwallis had come up from Charleston to assist Rawdon. Gates also\\nmade the fatal mistake of sending out 400 of his best troops on a foray.\\nWith 3052 troops, only 1400 of whom were regulars, he faced 2000 British\\nveterans. Both parties attempted a night march, but as the surprise failed\\nthey waited for daylight. The American left of raw militia was routed.\\nThe right composed of Maryland regulars held its ground bravely until it\\nwas attacked upon its exposed flank and forced to retire. This it did in good\\norder. Of the Americans 1000 were killed or wounded, and 1000 captured.\\nThe loss of the British was 324. It was a clear piece of bad generalship on\\nthe part of Gates, who fled precipitately to the North.\\nCameron, James Donald, son of Simon, born 1833; as president of the\\nNorthern Central Railway Company of Pennsylvania, did good service during\\nthe Civil War, He was U. S. Senator from 1877 to 1897.\\nCameron, Simon (1799-1889), politician, worked at the printer s trade in\\nhis boyhood and youth. In 1822 he edited a newspaper in Harrisburg. He\\nsoon became interested and acquired wealth in banking and railroad con-\\nstruction was for a time Adjutant- General of Pennsylvania. He was U. S.\\nSenator from Pennsylvania 1 845-1 849, acting with the Democrats. Upon\\nthe repeal of the Missouri Compromise in 1854 he broke with that party and\\njoined the Republican party upon its organization, by which he was elected\\nto the U. S. Senate in 1857. He was appointed by President Lincoln his\\nfirst Secretary of War, resigned in 1862 and was appointed Minister to\\nRussia. He was again U. S. Senator 1867-1877.\\nCamillus, a literary pseudonym of Alexander Hamilton. In 1795\\nthere were published at New York a series of papers called a Defense of\\nthe Treaty, Jay s treaty of the previous year with Great Britain. These\\npapers were nearly all signed Camillus, but were written by Hamilton.\\nCampbell, Alexander (1788-1866), theologian, a native of Ireland, came\\nto the United States in 1809. He was the founder of the sect called Dis-\\nciples of Christ or Campbellites, and of Bethany College in West Virginia.\\nCampbell, Sir Archibald (1739-1791), British soldier, came to Boston as\\nlieutentant-colonel in 1775, led an expedition in 1778 against Savannah,\\nwhich he took; and took Augusta, Ga., in January, 1779. He was afterward\\nGovernor of Jamaica.\\nCampbell, Donald (i 735-1 763), British soldier, while stationed at Detroit\\nmet Pontiac (then besieging it) in conference. He was not permitted to\\nreturn, and was put to death with torture.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 109\\nCampbell, George W. (1768-1848), of Tennessee, statesman, was gradu-\\nated at Princeton in 1794, was Representative in Congress 1 803-1 809, and\\nwas chainnan of Ways and Means in his last term. He was U. S. Senator\\nfrom 1811 to 1814, when he became Secretary of the Treasury; was again\\nelected to the Senate in 1815. In 1818 he was appointed Minister to Russia.\\nHe returned in 1820.\\nCampbell, James (i 813-1893), was Attorney-General for Pennsylvania in\\n1852. He was Postmaster-General in Pierce s Cabinet from 1853 to 1857.\\nCampbell, John A. (1811-1889), jurist, was graduated at the University of\\nGeorgia in 1826, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1829.\\nseveral times a member of the Assembly of Alabama. He was appointed a\\nJustice of the U. S. Supreme Court in 1853, resigned in 1861. He was\\nopposed to secession although he believed iu the right. He was Assistant\\nSecretary of War of the Confederate States and was one of the peace com-\\nmissioners who met President Lincoln at Fort Monroe in February, 1865.\\nCampbell, William (1745-1781), soldier, of Virginia, led a corps of rifle-\\nmen at King s Mountain, Guilford Court House and Eutaw Springs. In\\n1778 he was a commissioner to run the boundary-line between Virginia and\\nthe Cherokee country.\\nCampbell s Station, Tenn. Here, November 16, 1863, occurred a sangui-\\nnary conflict between Longstreet leading about 35,000 Confederates, and\\nBurnside at the head of a slightly smaller number of Union soldiers. Bragg,\\nunder orders from Richmond, had ordered Longstreet to proceed against\\nBurnside. This Longstreet found some difficulty in doing, for his troops\\nwere in a deplorable condition for want of clothing and provisions. Never-\\ntheless he started in pursuit of the Federal leader, who slowly retreated\\ntoward Knoxville. At Campbell s Station Longstreet came up with him and\\nBurnside turped upon them, firing at long range as the Confederates advanced\\nover the undulating ground. Unheeding the bullets the Confederates pressed\\nforward until at close range. Then they opened fire, raking the Federal\\nlines. Burnside was forced after a brief fight to retire to Knoxville, where\\nLongstreet followed him and beleaguered the town.\\nCampbellites. (See Disciples.\\nCamp Alleghany, Va. In this battle, December 13, 1861, the Federals\\nnumbering 3000 troops and commanded by Milroy were defeated, but retired\\nin good order, before 2000 Confederates led by Edward Johnston. The latter\\nhad been left by Jackson in charge of a strong position on a high bluff\\nMilroy dispatched Moody to attack his flank, while Jones assaulted his front.\\nBoth attempts were unsuccessful, so Milroy retired. The losses were about\\nequal on both sides.\\nCamp Cole, Mo. Here, June 18, 1861, a half-organized Unionist regiment\\nunder Captain Cook was surprised, while asleep in a barn, by a Confederate\\nforce under Colonel O Kane, and completely routed.\\nCamp Defiance, Ala. Here General Floyd, in the Creek War, was attacked\\nJanuar) 27, 1814, by the Indians. The attack was repulsed, but at so heavy", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "no DiCTIOXARV OF UNITED STATES HISTORY.\\na loss that Floyd had to fall back. The American loss was twenty-two killed\\nand 147 wounded.\\nCanada. For the history of the relations of the English colonies with\\nCanada before the Revolution, see New France and Quebec Act. The Conti-\\nnental Congress attempted, but without avail, to induce Canada to take part\\nin the Revolution. In 1775 Montgomery and Arnold conducted an expedition\\ninto Canada, which ultimately failed. From Canada Burgoyne invaded New\\nYork in 1777. The land operations of the War of 181 2 were mainly\\nefforts for the conquest of Canada. Since then our relations with Canada\\nhave been mostly in the way of trade, though the sympathy of Americans\\nwith Canadian insurgents in 1837, the Caroline affair, the Aroostook disturb-\\nances and the Fenian invasion of 1866 have at times interrupted friendliness.\\nThe treaty of 1871 provided for the free transit of certain goods into Canada\\nthrough the United States and into the United States through Canada.\\nThere has been of late years a strong movement for the annexation of Canada\\nto the United States.\\nCanada Company, a company formed by Sir William Alexander in 1621.\\nOn September 21, James I. granted to this company an enormous territory\\nin America, covering a large part of the United States and the whole of\\nCanada. Alexander, with whom was associated David Kirke, endeavored to\\nsell his lands as baronetcies. This scheme failed and the company was\\ndissolved.\\nCanals, The oldest completed canals in the United States are the South\\nHadley and Montague Canals of Massachusetts, both undertaken by a\\ncompany chartered in 1792. They are two and three miles long respectively,\\npassing through the rapids at South Hadley and the Montague Falls on the\\nConnecticut River. The Middlesex Canal, connecting Boston harbor with\\nthe Merrimac, was completed in 1808. The Erie Canal, largest and most\\nimportant in this country, connecting the Hudson River at Albany and Troy\\nwith L,ake Erie at Buffalo, was projected by DeWitt Clinton, and begun in\\n1 81 7. It was completed in 1825. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the\\noutcome of a project for improving navigation on the Potomac River by\\nGeneral Washington, was begun by the Board of Public Works of Virginia\\nin 1820 and completed in 1850. It extends from Georgetown to Cumber-\\nland, 184 miles. The Delaware and Hudson Canal, constructed by a\\ncompany for the transportation of coal, was completed in 1829. It extends\\nfrom Rondout to Port Jervis, 108 miles. The Schuylkill Coal and Naviga-\\ntion Canal, extending from Mill Creek to Philadelphia, 108 miles, was begun\\nin 1816 and completed in 1825. The Lehigh Coal and Navigation Canal,\\nfrom Easton to Coalport, was begun in 1821 and completed in 1829. The\\nchief period of canal construction was from about 1820 to about 1840, when\\nrailroads began to supplant them. In 1880 there were about 2500 miles of\\ncanals in operation, while about 2000 miles had been abandoned. For inter-\\noceanic canals, see arts. Panama Canal and Nicaragua Canal.\\nCanby, Edward R. S. (1819-1873), of Kentucky, soldier, served in the\\nFlorida War 1839-1842, and received a brevet of lieutenant-colonel for\\nservices in Mexican War, In 1858 he served in the so-called Mormon War.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statbs History. hi\\nIn 1863 he commanded the United States troops in the New York draft riots;\\nassisted by Farragut s fleet he captured Mobile in 1865. In 1873 he was\\ntreacherously murdered by Modocs while negotiating a treaty of peace.\\nCane Ridge Revival, a religious revival in 1799 and 1800, the first\\nfamous one in the United States after the Great Awakening, along the\\nwestern frontier, particularly in Kentucky. It was begun by the inspired\\npreaching of two brothers from Ohio, who addressed a camp meeting on the\\nRed River, and made numerous enthusiastic converts. At the Cane Ridge\\ncamp meeting of 1800, the religious enthusiasm was intense. Converts were\\nmade by hundreds.\\nCane River, La., a battle in the course of Banks expedition through\\nthe Southwest, occurring April 23, 1864. The Confederate General Bee v/as\\nstationed along Cane River with 8000 troops, when Emory, Eirge and Fes-\\nsenden of Banks army suddenly flanked his position and fell heavily upon\\nhis right. The movement was a complete success. The Confederates\\nabandoned their position and retreated in disorder.\\nCanning, George (i 770-1827), was British Secretary for Foreign Affairs\\nfrom 1807 to 1809, during the controversies with America concerning the\\nChesapeake affair and the difficulties which led to the War of 181 2. He\\napproved the British orders in council in 1807, which destroyed American\\nneutral commerce. He supported the War of 1812. While Secretary of\\nForeign Affairs from 1822 to 1827, he assented to the policy expressed in tt\\nMonroe doctrine.\\nCanning, Stratford, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe (1786-1880), suc-\\nceeded Mr. Bago as British Minister to the United States in 1820. He\\nreturned to England in 1823 and arranged a treaty which was signed by the\\nBritish and American Commissioners, but was rejected by the U. S. Senate.\\nIn 1830 he framed the British claims in the American boundary question\\nwhich was submitted to the arbitration of the King of the Netherlands,\\nHe was afterward famous as Ambassador to Turkey at the time of the\\nCrimean War.\\nCannon, Joseph G., born in North Carolina in 1836, was State s attorney\\nin Illinois from 1861 to 1868. He has been a Republican member of Con-\\ngress from Illinois from 1873 to the present time (1897), and is one of the\\nmost prominent members.\\nCanonicus (1565 ?-i647), Indian chief, king of the Nariagansetts.\\nHe cordially received Roger Williams to his country and was ever friendly\\nto the whites, but often at war with the Pequots.\\nCape Ann, Settlement at. In 1625 the Dorchester Company attempted to\\nplant a colony near the site of the present town of Gloucester. Roger\\nConant, of Plymouth, and a number of other persons were invited to settle\\nthere. But the attempt failed in a short time, and this resulted in the dis-\\nsolving of the Dorchester Company. The Naumkeag settlement resulted.\\nCape Girardeau, Mo., a National storehouse during the Civil war. It\\nwas assailed by the Confederate Marmaduke, April 26, 1863, who although", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "II, Dictionary of United States History.\\nhe commanded 8000 men was obliged to retreat before McNeil s garrison of\\n2000.\\nCapital, The. From the beginning of the Revolution until the adoption\\nof the Constitution the Congress of the United States had no fixed place of\\nholding its sessions, but met on various occasions at Philadelphia, Baltimore,\\nLancaster, York, Princeton, Annapolis, Trenton and New York. In 1783\\nafter a long debate Congress selected a site near the falls of the Delaware,\\nand in 1784 resolved to meet at New York until the new town was com-\\npleted. The plans for the capital were not carried out and nothing further\\nw^s done until after the adoption of the Constitution. During the session\\nof the first Congress the matter was again called up, and after a lengthy\\ndi jcussion in which sectional jealousy ran high an act was passed June 28,\\nI 90, selecting a site upon the Potomac. Mar} land and Virginia ceded land\\nfi this purpose. By this act Congress met at Philadelphia until November,\\nT -00, when the Government removed to its permanent capital (Washington).\\nCapitol. The corner-stone of the Capitol building at Washington was\\nlaid by President Washington, September 18, 1793. The north wing was\\ncompleted November 17, 1800. The south wing was completed in 1808, and\\nthe interior of both was burned by the British, August 24, 1814. Recon-\\nstruction was begun in 1815. The foundation of the main building was\\nlaid March 24, 1818, and the whole was completed in 1827. The act of\\n.September 30, 1850, provided for an extension. President Fillmore laid the\\norner-stone of the extension July 4, 1851, and Daniel Webster delivered the\\naddress. It was finished in 1867.\\nCardinal. The first American cardinal was John McCloskey, archbishop\\nof New York, who was made a cardinal in 1875. Upon his death in 1885\\nArchbishop Gibbons, of Baltimore, was made a cardinal (1886).\\nCarey, Henry C. (1793\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1879), political economist, son of Mathew. In\\n1821 he established the firm of Carey Lea, which became the leading\\npublishing house in the country. He withdrew in 1835 and devoted him-\\nself to political economy, on which subject the most important of his writings\\nha\\\\ e been translated into other languages. He viewed free trade as the ideal,\\nand protection as the means of attaining it.\\nCarey, Mathew (1760-1839), publisher, came to Philadelphia from Ire-\\nland in 1784. In 1796 was a founder of the first Sunda) -school Society. In\\n1822 he published Essays on Political Economy, followed by numerous\\ntracts in the interest of protection. His Olive Branch was an important\\nand influential pamphlet.\\nCarleton, Sir Guy (1724-1808), British soldier, distinguished himself at\\n.^he sieges of Louisbourg and Quebec. He was Governor of the latter from\\n1766 to 1770 and from 1775 to 1778, and defended it against the Americans\\nunder Montgomery in 1775. He commanded the army that invaded New\\nin 1776, and fought a severe battle with Arnold on Lake Champlain.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a282 he superseded Sir Henry Clinton as commander-in-chief. From\\n1796, as Lord Dorchester, he was Governor of Canada. He became\\nant-general in 1777,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 113\\nCarlisle, Frederick Howard, fifth earl of (1748-1825), British statesman.\\nIn the House of Lords he advocated reconciliation with America, and was\\none of the commissioners sent over in 1778 to endeavor to effect it.\\nCarlisle, John Griffin, born in 1835 in Kentucky, served in the Legislature\\nof the State, and was its Lieutenant-Governor in 1871-75. He entered\\nthe National House of Representatives in 1877 as Democratic member from\\nKentucky, and became widely known as leader of the tariff-reforming wing\\nof the party. He was Speaker of the House for three terms, 1883-89, and\\nachieved a high reputation as an able parliamentarian and impartial presid-\\ning officer. In 1890 he was elected to the U. S. Senate, whence, in 1893, he\\nwas called to enter President Cleveland s Cabinet as Secretary of the\\nTreasur)^\\nCarnegie, Andrew, born in Scotland in 1835, came to the United States\\nin 1845. He is the largest proprietor of iron and steel making works in the\\nworld. He has given liberally to educational appliances and institutions.\\nCarnifex Ferry, W. Va. Here, August 10, 1861, General Floyd, formerly\\nBuchanan s Secretary of War, was attacked and compelled to retreat by\\nGeneral Rosecrans of McClellan s army. Floyd had superseded Wise in the\\ncommand of the Confederate forces. The latter failing to obey orders and\\ncome to his relief, he was obliged to retire to Big Sewell Mountain. The\\nnumbers engaged on either side were small.\\nCaroline. In 1836-37 there was a strong republican spirit rife in\\nparts of lower Canada, which culminated, in December, 1837, in an insur-\\nrection in Toronto. The leaders fled to the United States, and one, Mac-\\nkenzie, with twenty-five men, among them some citizens of Buffalo, whom\\nhe had persuaded to join him, seized, December 12, 1837, the Canadian\\nNavy Island in the Niagara River, set up a provisional government, and\\nissued paper money. December 26, a party of Canadians crossed the\\nNiagara and seized, at Schlosser, on the American side, the Caroline, a\\nsteamer in the service of the rebels. Several men were killed, and the\\nvessel was burned. This invasion of the American lines caused great indig-\\nnation. President Van Buren issued a proclamation declaring that the neu-\\ntrality laws should be observed. The New York militia was called out and\\nplaced under the command of General Scott. The rebels finally abandoned\\nNavy Island January 13, 1838.\\nCarpenter, Matthew Hale (1824-1 881), Senator, settled in Wisconsin ia\\n1848, and soon acquired an extensive law practice. He successfully argued\\nthe reconstruction act of 1867 before the U. S. Supreme Court. He was\\nU. S. Senator from 1869 to 1875 and from 1879 till his death.\\nCarpenters Hall, Phila., was the hall of the company or organization of\\nthe carpenters of the city, analogous to the guild halls of London. When the\\nfirst Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in September, 1774, the State\\nHouse was offered them, but the offer of the cai-penters was accepted by the\\nmembers, to show their respect for the mechanic*. The second Continental\\nCongress also began its sessions there,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "114 Dictionary of United States History.\\nCarpet Baggers, a name given first to Northern politicians who sought\\ntemporary homes in the Southern States to obtain qualifications for admission\\nto Congress from these States. After 1865 the name was given to Northern\\nRepublicans who settled in the South and later to all whites who endeavored\\nto control the colored vote.\\nCarpet-bag Governments. During the period between 1865 and 1870 the\\ngo\\\\ mment of a majority of the Southern States was controlled by unscru-\\npi IS adventurers, who excluded the better class of whites from voting and\\nrolled elections by negro majorities. Fraudulent taxes were levied and\\nmous State debts were rolled up. These governments were known as\\ni. ;irpet-bag Governments.\\nCarr, Sir Robert, died in England in 1667. He was one of the commis-\\nsioners sent over by Charles II. in 1664. New Amsterdam and the settle-\\nments on the Delaware capitulated to their fleet, but Massachusetts refused\\nto recognize their commission. 4\\nCarrick s Ford, W. Va., a running fight between the rear ranks of Garnet s\\nretreating Confederate forces and McClellan s vanguard under Steedman.\\nGarnet was slain and a number of captures were made, July 13, 1861.\\nCarroll, Charles, of CarroUton (1737-1832), last surviving signer of the\\nncc aration of Independence, was educated by Jesuits in France. He returned\\nMaryland in 1765. In 1775 he was one of the council of safety. July\\n4, 1776, he was appointed deputy to Congress, and on August 2, signed the\\nDeclaration.\\nCarroll, John (1735-1817), cousin of Charles Carroll of CarroUton, was\\neducated as a priest at St. Omer s. In 1774 he returned to Maryland and\\nenthusiastically espoused the patriot cause. At the suggestion of Dr. Frank-\\nlin he was appointed superior of the clergy of the United States in 1784.\\nHe became bishop in 1790. By unanimous request of Congress he pro-\\nnounced a panegyric on Washington, Februarj- 22, 1800. He was consecrated\\narchbishop in 1808, and was the first Catholic bishop and archbishop in the\\nUnited States.\\nCarson City, capital of Nevada, was founded as a ranch in 1848, but its\\nreal history dates from the discovery of gold in Nevada in 1849.\\nCarson, Christopher (Kit) (1809-1868), explorer, was for eight years a\\ntrapper on the plains. He afterward accompanied Fremont on two of his\\nexpeditions, to the success of which he greatly contributed.\\nCarter, Robert (1819-1879), editor and author, was one of the founders\\nof the Free-Soil and Republican parties, to whose success he largely contrib-\\nuted by his brilliant writings in the periodicals of his time.\\nCarter Brown Library, the most famous and valuable of private collec-\\ntioLS of Americana, made by the late John Carter Brown, of Providence, R. I.\\nCarthage, Mo., a brief but severe engagement, July 5, 1861, between\\ni\u00c2\u00ab,ooo Union troops under General Franz Sigel and 5000 Confederates,\\nchiefly volunteers from Missouri, Texas and Arkansas, led by Generals Price,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 115\\nMcCuUoch and Pillow. General Sigel was compelled to retreat, although\\nvictorious.\\nCarthagena, in Spanish America, attacked in 1741 by a powerful fleet and\\na strong body of soldiers, both English and colonial, under Admiral Vernon.\\nWhen England was preparing to send a force against the Spanish West\\nIndies, the colonies north of Carolina were summoned to contribute four\\nbattalions to the armament. The requisition was generously complied with.\\nBut the expedition against Carthagena was anything but successful, though\\nit was composed of twenty-nine ships and 12,000 land troops. The sailors\\nand soldiers quickly fell ill with the fever. Only the outer fortifications\\nwere demolished; then the English were obliged to retire.\\nCarver, John (i590?-i62i), first Governor of Plymouth colony. He was\\nprobably elected Governor on board the Mayflower in Provincetown har-\\nbor in November, 1620; was re-elected March, 1621, but died the next month.\\nCarver, Jonathan (1732-1780), traveler, in 1766 explored the country\\nbetween Michilimackinac and the Falls of St. Anthony, and in 1767 the\\nborders of Lake Superior. He died in England in great destitution.\\nGary Rebellion. In 1705, Thomas Cary, then Deputy Governor of North\\nCarolina, was deposed at the solicitation of the Quakers for disfranchising\\nthem through the requirements of the Test Act. He endeavored to usurp\\nthe government during several years. Finally, in 1711 he endeavored to\\ncapture Governor Hyde by force. Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, sent a\\ntroop to Hyde s assistance. Cary was forced into submission.\\nCary, Samuel F., born in 1814, Congressman, of Ohio, ser\\\\ ed in Congress\\none tenn, 1867-1869, and was the only Republican member of the House\\nwho voted against the impeachment of President Johnson.\\nCass, Lewis (1782-1866), was born at Exeter, N. H. His early life was\\npassed as a lawyer and politician in Ohio, broken by service in the War of\\n1812, during which he became brigadier-general, and fought at the battle\\nof the Thames. In the years 1813-31 he was Governor of Michigan Terri-\\ntory; during this period his management of Indian relations was highly\\nregarded, and an expedition in 1820 into the heart of the Indian country\\nyielded important results. General Cass published in 1823 Inquiries Con\\nceming the Indians. His reputation was increased as Secretar of Wai\\n1831-36, U. S. Minister to France 1836-42, U. S. Senator from Michigan\\n1845-48 and 1849-57, a^ i Secretary of State 1857-60. He was an unsuc-\\ncessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Presidency in 1844\\nand 1852. In 1848 he gained the nomination, but was defeated in a close\\ncontest by General Taylor.\\nCassidy, William (181 5-1 873), journalist and politician, of New York,\\nwas editor of the Albany Atlas and afterward of the Albany Argus,\\nand one of the principal members of the Albany Regency.\\nCastine, Me., was settled by the French under Baron de Castine in 1667.\\nIt was subsequently abandoned on account of wars with the Indians and\\nEnglish colonists. In 1760 it was settled by the English.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "Il6 DiCTIONAKY OF UnITKD STATES HISTORY.\\nCastro, Manuel (1801-1891), of California, as Mexican prefect of Mon-\\nterey opposed by military force the entrance of the Americans under\\nFremont into California.\\nCatholic Church in America. Most of the early explorers of this country\\nwere fervent Catholics, and very soon Catholic colonial empires had been\\nformed in Mexico and Central and South America. In 1528 the first\\nCatholic missionaries landed in the United States, at Florida, and in 1565\\nthe first settlement was made at St. Augustine. From this were sent out\\nmissionaries to the neighboring tribes and colonies, till Florida was ceded to\\nthe English in 1763, which proved a fatal check to missionary efforts.\\nOther missions were established along the great lakes, the Mississippi, in the\\nFar West and in the English colonies, with more or less success, but the real\\nhistory of the Church in the United States begins with the Catholic colony\\nof Lord Baltimore in Maryland. The Church, however, prospered little, and\\nat the outbreak of the Revolution there were only about twenty-five thousand\\nmembers, of whom two-thirds were in Marjdand. After the war, immigra-\\ntion from Catholic countries and natural development had increased the\\nnumber in the States to 150,000 by the year 1807. From that time on, its\\ngrowth has been very rapid. The work of the religious orders, including\\nthe Jesuits, the development of educational facilities, and the large influx\\nof Catholics from immigration have all so built up the Church that it now\\npractically claims about one-sixth of the entire population of the United\\nStates, and a large majority of the population of the countries to the south.\\nThe first Catholic bishop was consecrated in 1790.\\nCatlin, George (1796-1872), painter and traveler. He spent eight years\\nin travel among the Indians, of whom he painted 470 full-length portraits.\\nHe also traveled in South America.\\nCatron, John (1778-1865), was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of\\nTennessee from 1830 to 1836. He was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt from 1837 to 1865.\\nCaucus. The caucus originated in Boston in the earlier part of the eight-\\neenth century. It is said to have derived its name from having been a\\nmeeting of the caulkers connected with the shipping business in the North\\nEnd. From these private and local meetings the term was extended, after\\nthe installation of the Federal Government, to the Congressional meetings\\nwhich nominated candidates for the Presidency of the United States.\\nMembers of Congress early began to hold caucuses to nominate candidates,\\nbetween whom it was an understood thing that the constitutional electors\\nshould choose, despite the provision of the Constitution that no Senator or\\nRepresentative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United\\nStates, shall be appointed an elector. There were seven Congressional\\ncaucuses held between 1800 and 1824. In 1800 the Federalist leaders, dis-\\nliking Adams, met in caucus and nominated the latter and Pinckney, hoping\\nthe latter might be elected. The Republicans nominated Jefferson and Burr\\nin the same way. In 1804 the first open Republican caucus nominated\\nJefferson and Clinton. There was no Federalist caucus that year. In 1808,\\nJefferson having refused a third nomination, the Republican caucus", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States HisTojiY. ity\\nnominated Madison and Clinton. No Federalist caucus was held tliat year.\\nIn 1 8x2 the Republican became a war party, and the Congressional caucus\\nrenominated JMadison unanimously with John L,angdon for Vice-President.\\nThe Federalists in a secret caucus agreed to support Clinton and Ingersoll.\\nMonroe was nominated by the Republicans in caucus in 1816, the Federalists\\nmaking no nominations, but their electors voting for Rufus King. The\\ncaucus of 1820, called by Samuel Smith of Maryland, separated without\\naction. The last caucus for nominating a President was held by the Republi-\\ncans in 1824 Crawford was nominated, with Gallatin as Vice-President.\\nIn 1828 nominations were made by the State Legislatures, and in 1831 the\\nexisting nominating system began to be introduced. Similarly, State nomi-\\nnations were made in legislative caucuses, until, somewhat earlier than in the\\nfederal party-system, nominating conventions took their place.\\nCayuga Indians, one of the Six Nations, originally inhabited a district\\non Cayuga Lake. Though visited by French missionaries, they allied\\nthemselves with the English. During the Revolution the Cayugas joined\\nthe British, being already in arms against the colonists at Point Pleasant.\\nThey annoyed General Clinton on his march to join Sullivan in 1779.\\nTheir villages were then destroyed. After the war they ceded nearly all\\ntheir lands to the State of New York. They later became scattered and\\nalmost totally disappeared.\\nCedar Creek, Va., the final battle of Sheridan s campaign against the\\nConfederate Early in the Shenandoah Valley, occurring October 19, 1864.\\nEach general led about 30,000 men. During the early part of the fight\\nSheridan himself was absent, the battle of Winchester, or Opequan, being\\nstill in progress. Wright therefore commanded the Federals. His forces,\\nunder the immediate command of Emory and Crook, were drawn up along\\nCedar Creek and were there attacked at daybreak by the Confederates, who\\nfell upon the Eighth Corps and routed it utterly. Wright immediately reformed\\nhis line, making a change of front and a retrograde movement, but losing\\nheavily during the formation. At this point Sheridan came up, assumed\\ncommand and fell upon the Confederates, putting them to flight with great\\nslaughter. This was the last attempt of the Confederates toward the North\\nby the Shenandoah Valley.\\nCedar Mountain, Va., July 9, 1862. General Pope, commanding the Union\\ntroops, having come into contact with a portion of Jackson s army, Banks\\nwas detailed with a force of 12,000 to engage him, although Jackson s army\\nnumbered more than 20,000. Banks charged Jackson s rear as he retreated\\ntoward Culpeper. The Confederates were for a time in great confusion, but\\nJackson succeeded in rallying them and in repelling Banks as.sault. Banks\\nfell back to a strong position, and Jackson, unwilling to attack him, retreated\\nto Gordonsville. The Union loss was 2300, that of the Confederates 1300.\\nCeleron de Bienville, born about 1715, French explorer. In 1749 he was\\nsent by the Governor of Canada to take possession for France of the Ohio\\nValley in accordance with the terms of the then recent treaty.\\nCensors. The Constitution of Pennsylvania, framed in 1776, provided\\nthat every seven years the people should choose a Council of Censors, two", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "ii8 Dictionary of United Statf HiStokv.\\nfor each city or count}-, who should investigate tlie doings of departments of\\ngovernment, inquire whether tlie Constitution had been violated, etc. This\\ninstitution was not continued by the Constitution of 1790. The Vermont\\nConstitution of 1777,-inodeled on that of Pennsylvania, made similar provis-\\nion for a Council ol Censors, to convene every seven }-ears, and this provision,\\ncontinued byihe Constitutions of 1786 and 1793, was not abrogated until\\n1870.\\nCensure, Resolutions of. In case of a violation of law by the President,\\nthe constitutional process of punishment is impeachment by the House, con-\\nviction by the Senate and removal from ofhce. On March 28, 1834, after a\\nthree months debate. Congress resolved that the President (Andrew Jackson)\\nin the late executive proceedings in relation to the public revenue, has\\nassumed upon himself authority and power not conferred by the Constitution\\nand laws, but in derogation of both. Jackson protested against this as\\naccusing him of perjury. The resolution was expunged in 1837, after a\\nlong struggle on the part of Jackson s friends.\\nCensus. Occasional censuses were taken in individual colonies. The\\nConstitution of 1787 requiring that the representation of each State in Con-\\ngress should be in proportion to its population, it became necessary* also to\\nprovide for enumerations. The Constitution provided that they should be\\nmade decennially. The first was made in 1790 (the first of Great Britain was\\ntaken in 1801), and consisted simply of an enumeration of the population,\\ntaken by the U. S. marshals. Since then the censuses have been made\\nincreasingly elaborate. The office of Superintendent of the Census, in the\\nInterior Department, once decennial, is now virtually perpetual, since it\\ntakes ten years to publish the results of a census. For the figures, see art.\\nPopulation.\\nCent, a copper coin stamped with various designs and issued first by the\\nStates, later by the Federal Government. Vermont was the first State to\\nissue copper cents, having pennitted, June, 1785, Reuben Harmon, Jr., to make\\nmoney for the State for two 3 ears. He started a mint at Rupert, Benning-\\nton County, coining the Vermont cent of 1785. Obverse, wooded mountains\\nand rising sun with a plough, Vermontis. Res. Publica. Exergue 1785.\\nReverse, a ring surrounded by thirteen stars with rays springing from the\\ncircle; legend, Stella. Quarta. Decima. Connecticut, in October, 1785, granted\\nto Bishop, Hopkins, Hillhouse and Goodrich the right to coin ;^io,ooo of\\ncopper cents, known as the Connecticut cent of 1785. Obverse, a mailed bust,\\nhead laureated; legend, Auctori. Connec. Reverse, Goddess of Liberty grasp-\\ning olive branch in right hand and liberty staff in left, which is surmounted\\nby a liberty cap; legend, Inde. Et Lib. Exergue 1785. Massachusetts estab-\\nlished a mint in 1786, and coined $60,000 in cents and half cents. Obverse of\\ncent: a clothed Indian, in his right hand a bow, in his left an arrow; legend,\\nCommon Wealth. Reverse, a spread eagle, a shield on his breast bearing\\nthe word cent, his talons grasping an olive branch and a bundle of arrows;\\nlegend, Massachusetts, Exergue 1787, beneath a horizontal bar. New Jersey\\ngranted to Goadsby and Cox, in 1786, the right to coin ^10,000 at fifteen\\ncoppers to the shilling, known as New Jersey copper coin of 1786. Obverse,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitbd States History. 119\\nhorse s head, heraldic wreath and plough legend, Nova. Csesarea. Exergue\\n1786. Reverse, a shield; legend, E Pluribus Unuin. In 1781 the Con-\\ntinental Congress directed Robert Morris to look into the matter of Govern-\\nmental Coinage. Morris proposed a money unit equal to one-fourth of a\\ngrain of fine silver, an equivalent of one-fourteen-hundred-and-fortieth of a\\nSpanish dollar. The coin equal to one hundred of these units was to be called\\na cent [Latin centum^ one hundred], 500 units a quint, 10,000 units a mark.\\nThese were not accepted, but in 1784 Jefferson proposed in his coinage\\nreport to Congress that the smallest coin be of copper, of which two\\nhundred shall pass for one dollar. In 1786 the hundredth was substituted.\\nCopper cents began to be coined in 1793. In 1796 their weight was reduced.\\nIn 1857 the small nickel cent was substituted, in 1864 the small bronze.\\nCentennial Exhibition, an international exhibition of arts, manufactures\\nand products of the soil and mines held at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia,\\nduring the summer of 1876. It was the first international exhibition held\\nin this country, and was also an anniversary exhibition of the world s prog-\\nress in the hundredth year of the existence of the United States. The\\nexhibition was proposed by the citizens of Philadelphia in 1870. In 1872\\nCongress pennitted the appointment of a Board of Finance. This board\\nraised a capital stock of $10,000,000 from among the citizens of Philadel-\\nphia. Congress afterward appropriated $2,000,000 as a loan; the State of\\nPennsylvania $1,000,000, and Philadelphia $1,500,000. Many European\\nand other foreign countries sent exhibits, which were admitted free of duty\\nunder bond. The exhibition was open from May 10 to November 10. The\\npaid admissions numbered 8,000,000.\\nCentinel, Massachusetts or Columbian. The Massachusetts Centinel,\\nor Columbian Centinel^ as it was afterward called, was founded by Benjamin\\nRussell at Boston, March 24, 1784. It is considered the best type of the\\nearly political newspaper of the United States. The most eminent Federal-\\nist statesmen and writers contributed to this journal, which wielded no little\\ninfluence in the early history of New England. It was united with the New\\nEngland Palladium in 1830 and with the Boston Gazette in 1836. In 1840\\nit became merged in the Boston Daily Advertiser^ under which title it is still\\npublished daily, tri-weekly and weekly. It was at first semi-weekly.\\nCentral America. The United States concluded a commercial treaty with\\nthe federation of Central America in 1825. See the several States.\\nCentury Magazine; its publication was begun as a continuation of the\\nScribner s Monthly, by a company organized by Roswell B. Smith, which\\nbought out the Scribner s Monthly in 1881 and styled itself the Century\\nPublishing Company.\\nCerro Gordo, a mountain pass commanding General Taylor s line of march\\nfrom Vera Cruz toward the city of Mexico. It was occupied and fortified b}\\nthe Mexican leader, Santa Anna, and a battle took place there April 17-18,\\n1847. Taylor first succeeded in occupying the Ataloga heights which over-\\nlooked Santa Anna s position and which he had, contrary to the advice of\\nhis generals, left unguarded as impossible of access to the Americans. This", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "I20 Dictionary of United Statks Histokv.\\nstep of Taylor s practically wou the day. Actual fighting began earl)- April\\n1 8. The guns on the Ataloga heights opened fire upon Santa Anna s fortifi-\\ncations on CeiTo Gordo, while General Twiggs and Colonel Baker attacked\\nthe Mexicans unprotected rear. This resulted in defeat for the Mexicans.\\nSanta Anna fled. Number engaged: Americans, 8500; Mexicans, 12,000.\\nChadbourne, Paul Ansel (1823-1883), of Massachusetts, president of\\nWilliams College, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and of Wis-\\nconsin University, was two years State Senator and a Presidential elector in\\n1880.\\nChaffee, Jerome B. (1825-1886), of Colorado, Senator, was one of the\\nfirst settlers of Denver. Was delegate in Congress from Colorado till its\\norganization as a State when he was elected to the U. S. Senate.\\nChalmette s (near New Orleans), one of the fights preceding the battle\\nof New Orleans. General Jackson, here entrenched, was attacked December\\n28, 1814, by the British under General Pakenham. After severe fighting\\nthe British were driven back with the loss of 150 men.\\nChamberlain, Daniel H., bom in Massachusetts in 1835, was Governor of\\nSouth Carolina in 1874-75, and was declared re-elected in 1876. The Demo-\\ncrats claimed the election of Wade Hampton, and Governor Chamberlain\\nretired from the contest.\\nChamberlain, Joshua L., born in 1828, soldier, of Maine, was promoted\\nbrigadier-general on the field by Grant in 1864, was Governor of Maine from\\n1867 to 1871, was president of Bowdoin College from 1871 to 1883.\\nChambersburg, Pa., burned by M Causland and Johnson of Early s Con-\\nfederate army July 30, 1864. These generals were at the time engaged in\\nraiding toward the Susquehanna with a cavalry troop of 3000 men. They\\ndemanded of the citizens of Chambersburg, largely Union sympathizers,\\n$200,000 in gold, or $500,000 in greenbacks. This being refused, the town\\nwas fired. This is said to have been done in retaliation for Hunter s burn-\\ning of Governor Letcher s house at Lexington, Va.\\nChamp d Asile (field of refuge), a colony of French soldiers of the\\nEmpire, founded by General Lallemand and others in Texas in 181 8. It\\nproved a failure.\\nChampion Hills, Miss. At this place during Grant s pursuit in 1863 of\\nPemberton toward Vicksburg, Pemberton having 25,000 Confederates, there\\noccurred, on May 16, a severe battle in which the Confederates were badly\\nbeaten. The Confederates held a position along a narrow ridge, their left\\nresting on a height overlooking the Vicksburg road. Hovey s division of\\nGrant s army was engaged in building a bridge at this point, and that leader\\nbegan the battle. He was quickly reinforced by McClernand and McPherson,\\nLogan s brigade had meantime reached the Confederate flank by a detour,\\nso they were compelled to retreat hurriedly to escape being captured. As it\\nwas, many of their batteries fell into the hands of the Federals.\\nChamplain, Samuel de (i 567-1635), French navigator. In 1599 he\\nsailed in the St. Julien for the West Indies, and returned by way of the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. lai\\nIsthmus of Panama, across which he conceived the plan of a ship-canal. In\\n1603-04 he in two voyages explored the St. Lawrence River. In 1604-06\\nhe explored and mapped the coast as far as Cape Cod. On his next voyage\\nhe founded Quebec in 1608. In 1609 he joined the Montagnais against the\\nIroquois. They ascended the Sorel River and entered the lake to which he\\ngave his own name.\\nChancellorsville, Va., a famous battle of the Civil War, occurring May\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u00944, 1863, during Hooker s command of the Array of the Potomac. The\\nFederals numbered 130,000 troops; the Confederates under L,ee, who lay on\\nthe west side of the Rappahannock River, were about 62,000 strong. Lee\\nhad, during the winter, constructed an impregnable line from Bank s Ford\\nto Port Royal. Hooker dispatched Sedgwick across the river to menace\\nFredericksburg, and Stoneman s cavalry to attack Lee s rear, while he, with\\nthe main column, intended crossing lower down the stream and assaulting\\nthe Confederate flank. Before Lee was aware he had moved, he was estab-\\nlished at Chancellorsville with 46,000 troops. Lee at once decided to begin\\nthe attack. May i several short attacks were made upon the Federals to\\nascertain their position and strength. May 2 Jackson, with 26,000 Con-\\nfederates, making a long detour swept down upon Hooker s left under\\nHoward, and completely demolished it. The counter charge of Keenan s\\nPennsylvania troops alone saved the left from utter destruction. Late in\\nthe afternoon Stonewall Jackson was fired upon by mistake by his own men\\nand mortally wounded. May 3 the fight was renewed with terrible vigor.\\nLee and J. E. B. Stuart combined forces and attacked Hooker s centre.\\nHooker himself was wounded, and the National line became completely\\ndemoralized. The F ederals were rapidly forced back to some strong intrench-\\nments that had been constructed the previous night. Just then Lee heard\\nthat Sedgwick had captured Fredericksburg heights, and was advancing upon\\nhis rear. His attention was turned to defeating Sedgwick. Hooker\\nretreated, beaten and in confusion.\\nChandler, William E., born in 1835, of New Hampshire, politician and\\nSenator, was several times member of the Legislature of his State and twice\\nSpeaker of its House of Representatives. From the time of his coming of\\nage he has been an active Republican politician and secretary of its national\\ncommittee from 1868 to 1876, was Secretary of the Navy from 1882 to 1885\\nand was elected U. S. Senator in 1889 his present term will expire 1901.\\nChandler, Zachariah (1813-1879), of Michigan, Senator, removed from\\nNew Hampshire to Detroit in 1833 and engaged in the dry-goods business,\\nin which he was successful. He became a prominent Whig and a director\\nof the underground railroad. Was elected to the U. S. Senate to succeed\\nGeneral Cass in 1857, and remained in that post till 1874, when he was\\nappointed vSecretary of the Interior by Grant. He was again elected to the\\nSenate in 1879.\\nChanning, ^A^illiam EUery (1780-1842), ol Massachusetts, preacher and\\nwriter. He was graduated at Harvard in 1798, for the next two years was a\\nprivate instructor in Richmond, studied theology at Cambridge and was\\nsettled over the Federal Street Church in Boston in 1803, where he became", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "122 DiCTIOXARV OF UNITED STATUS HISTORY.\\nthe leader of the Unitarian movement then stirring New England, and active\\nin all the philanthropic enterprises of his time.\\nChantilly, Va., a fierce fight during a violent thunderstorm, September i,\\n1862, between Jackson s division of Lee s army and portions of Hooker s,\\nReno s, McDowell s and Kearnj s divisions of Pope s army. Pope had retreated\\nfrom Manassas to Fairfax Court Plonse and Jackson was dispatched by Lee\\nto cut off his communications with Washington. Jackson fell heavily upon\\nPope s flank, which resisted him stoutly and finally repulsed his attack. Many\\nlives were lost on both sides, however, and among the dead was General\\nKearny, an old and experienced Union commander.\\nChapin Farm, Va,., a brief engagement, September 28, 1864, between\\nsmall detachments of P ederals and Confederates. The former were worsted.\\nThis occurred during the campaign in the vicinities of Richmond and\\nPetersburg.\\nChapultepec, Mexico, a famous battle of the Mexican War, September\\n12-14, 1847, Scott commanding the Americans, Santa Anna the Mexicans.\\nPillow and Quitman were ordered to attack the castle, supported by Worth,\\nTwiggs checking reinforcements from the cit) An entrance into the castle\\ngroves and the castle itself was quickly effected and the fighting raged along\\nthe streets of the city. The castle flag was shot away and General Bravo,\\nfour other generals, 100 officers and 800 men surrendered. Worth had\\nmeanwhile established his headquarters within the city gates. September\\n14, Worth captured the citadel and hoisted over the palace the Stars and\\nStripes. Santa Anna sent to Scott demanding guarantees of life and property.\\nScott refused to be bound by tenns other than those imposed by honor and\\nusage. Scott was obliged to sweep the streets with canister and grape\\nbecause of attacks from the houses. Numbers engaged Americans, 7200;\\nMexicans, 25,000.\\nCharles I. (1600-1649), King of Great Britain from 1625 to 1649, in 1628\\ngranted a charter to the Governor and company of Massachusetts Bay Colony.\\nHis arbitrary rule and his persecutions of religious sects through Archbishop\\nLaud caused a great emigration to New England. He was always hostile to\\nthe government set up there. In 1629 he gave the Province of Carolana\\nto Sir Robert Heath, his attorney-general. In 1632 he gave to Cecilius Cal-\\nvert, second Lord Baltimore, a proprietary grant of Maryland.\\nCharles II. (1630-1685), King of Great Britain from 1660 to 1685, was\\ndispleased with the independent spirit of New England, and in 1664 sent\\nfour royal commissioners, Nicolls, Carr, Cartwright and Maverick, who should\\ncorrect abuses in those colonies. He was especially displeased with the\\ntreatment of the Quakers by Massachusetts. He granted liberal charters to\\nConnecticut and Rho4e Island, 1662-63. In 1664 he claimed and took\\npossession of New Netherland. In 1670 he chartered the Hudson Bay Compau}-.\\nIn 1673 he reaffirmed Carteret s New Jersey charter. In 1681 he granted\\nPennsylvania to William Penn, giving him a proprietary grant of 40,000\\nsquare miles. In 1684 he revoked the charter of Massachusetts.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 123\\nCharles, Cape, Va., so named iu April, 1607, by Admiral Newport, in\\nhonor of the baby Charles, son of James I., who was afterward Charles I.\\nof England.\\nCharles City Cross Roads. (See Glendale.)\\nCharles River Bridge Case, an important Supreme Court case. In 1785\\nthe Legislature of Massachusetts incorporated a company to build a bridge\\nover the Charles River from Charlestown to Boston, granting tolls. In 1828\\nthe Legislature granted the incorporation of another company to build what\\nis known as the Warren Bridge, which was eventually to be free. The first\\ncompany brought suit in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts for an injunc-\\ntion to prevent the erection of the Warren Bridge, stating that the act of the\\nLegislature incorporating the second company impaired the obligations of a\\ncontract made with the first company and was therefore repugnant to the\\nNational Constitution. The Supreme Court of Massachusetts found judg-\\nment for the defendant, and this decision was confinned by the Supreme\\nCourt of the United States in 1837, on the ground that a State law may be\\nretrospective and may divest vested rights, without impairing contract. This\\nwas a limitation of the decision given in the Dartmouth College case.\\nCharleston, S. C, was founded 1670 (in its present situation 1672), by\\nEnglish colonists under William Sayle. The city joined with the colonists\\nagainst Great Britain at an early period. It was thrice attacked during\\nthe Revolution, first by Sir Peter Parker and Sir Henry Clinton in 1776,\\nagain by General Prevost in 1779. In May, 1779, Prevost summoned\\nCharleston to surrender, but was forced to retire by the sudden appearance\\nof American reinforcements. Again early in 1780, Clinton advanced upon\\nCharleston with 16,000 men. Lincoln undertook the defense with only\\n7000 men. The British army encompassed the city, and the fleet ran past\\nthe forts. Lincoln was surrounded and forced to surrender his stores and\\narmy. Thus a whole army was lost to the Americans. After the capture\\nof Fort Washington this was the greatest disaster that befell their cause\\nduring the war. For events at the opening of the Civil War, see Secession\\nand Sumter, Fort, also Charleston Harbor. The city was occupied Februarj-\\n18, 1S65, by Sherman s Federal troops, about 75,000 strong, Hardee having\\nevacuated it with his 35,000 Confederates. This occupation of Charleston\\ntook place without bloodshed, but Hardee, before leaving the city, set fire to\\nnearly all the warehouses and cotton wharves, for he was determined not to\\nleave anything for the Federals. An accidental explosion of powder destroyed\\nabout 200 persons. The National flag was once more raised on F ort Sumter\\nby the ofiicer commanding the Federal garrison at Fort Morris. The Federals\\ncaptured 450 guns, which Hardee had left. Charleston was visited by an\\nearthquake August 31, 1886, which destroyed a large part of the city and\\nmany lives.\\nCharleston, W. Va., became the capital of that State in 1872.\\nCharleston, College of (S. C). In October, 1775, the General Assembly\\npassed an act for the establishment of a college at Charleston. Owing,\\nhowever, to the Revolution its first class was not graduated till 1794. In", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "124 Dictionary of United States History.\\n1886 the college was almost destroyed by an earthquake, but was very soon\\nrebuilt. Its law school was opened in 1864.\\nCharleston Harbor, a battle of the Civil War occurring April 7, 1863, in\\nwhich monitors were first tried, and without success, against land fortifi-\\ncations. The Federal Admiral Dupont proposed to capture Charleston from\\nthe Confederates by destroying Fort Sumter with iron-clads and rams. He\\nentered the harbor with seven Ericsson monitors, the frigate Ironsides\\nand the Keokuk, both partially iron-clad. The monitor Weehawken\\nled the way. An advance was immediately made upon Fort Sumter, Forts\\nMorris and Moultrie being disregarded. The Confederates opened fire upon\\nthe fleet from all three forts, including 300 guns. The fleet was quickly\\ndisabled and thrown into the utmost confusion. The Ironsides became\\nentangled with the monitors; the Keokuk was struck ninety-nine times,\\nthe Passaic twenty-seven times. Dupont was compelled to leave the\\nharbor after a few hours firing, acknowledging the impossibility of taking\\nthe city with his fleet.\\nCharlestown, Mass., was founded in 1629. During the battle of Bunker\\nHill, Charlestown was completely destroyed by shells and fire (June 17,\\n1775). Charlestown was incorporated with Boston in 1874,\\nCharlestown, W. Va. John Brown was tried and executed here on\\nDecember 2, 1859.\\nCharnay, Desire, born in France in 1828, explorer. In 1880 was sent\\nby the French Government to explore Central America, in which he was\\naided by Pierre Lorillard, of New York.\\nCharter Oak, a tree near Hartford, Conn. in the hollow of which Captain\\nWadsworth hid the charter of the colony to prevent its being taken by Sir\\nEdmund Andros in 1687. The tree was prostrated by a gale August 20,\\n1856. The story has been doubted.\\nCharters. The kings of England made grants by letters patent to indi-\\nviduals, giving them land and jurisdiction in America.- The name charter\\nis commonly restricted to the grants made to companies or large bodies of\\nmen. Of these the chief were those of the Virginia Company in 1606, 1609\\nand 1612, of the Council for New England (1620), of the Massachusetts Bay\\nCompany (1629), of Providence Plantations (1644), of Connecticut (1662),\\nof Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (1663), of Massachusetts (1691),\\nand of Georgia (1732). Of a similar sort were the charters which were\\ngiven to the Dutch West India Company by the States General of the United\\nNetherlands in 1621, and to the Swedish Company by Gustavus Adolphus\\nin 1624. I ^^s attempt has been made to derive the constitutions or forms\\nof government of our colonies from the forms of internal government pre-\\nscribed, in these charters, for the colonizing companies. But it is much\\nmore probable that the colonial institutions are modeled on the govern-\\nmental institutions of England itself. The theory that a charter constituted\\na contract between the granting government and the grantee was apparently\\nfirst advanced by Jeremiah Dummer, in his Defence of the Charters. See\\nDartmouth College case.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. tag\\nChase, Samuel (1741-1811), of Maryland, signer of the Declaration ol Inde-\\npendence, was an ardent patriot, was a delegate to the Continental Congress\\n1774-78, became Chief Justice of the General Court of Maryland in 1791, and\\nwas appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1796.\\nIn 1804 he was impeached by the House of Representatives, on the ground\\nof Federalist partisanship, but the Senate failed to sustain the charges.\\nChase, Salmon Portland (i 808-1873), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,\\nwas born at Cornish, N. H. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1826,\\nand became a school teacher and finally a lawyer in Cincinnati. From an\\nearly period he was profoundly interested in the anti-slaver) movement, and\\nwas one of the leaders of the Liberty party and of the later Free-Soil party.\\nIn 1849 he entered tlie U. S. Senate from Ohio, having been elected by a\\ncoalition of Democrats and Free-Soilers. He distinguished himself as an\\nopponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and in 1856-60 was Republican\\nGovernor of Ohio. When the Republican convention of i860 met, Mr.\\nChase was a leading candidate, and was naturally a member of President\\nLincoln s Cabinet. His services in 1861-64 supervising the finances of\\nthe nation during a critical and difficult period have been rated at a very\\nhigh value. Shortly after leaving the Treasury Department he was appointed\\nin 1864 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and held that office till his\\ndeath. His name had been mentioned for the Presidency in 1864, and in\\n1868 it was before the Democratic National Convention; but his position\\nrespecting negro suffrage led to the rejection of his candidacy. Life by\\nSchucker.\\nChastellux, Francois Jean, Marquis de (1734-1788), French author, was\\nmajor-general in America under Rochambeau. In his Voyage dans I Amd-\\nrique septentrionale, etc., he notes his observations of men and events in\\nAmerica in a lively manner.\\nChateaubriand, Francois Auguste, Vicomte de (1768-1848), French\\nstatesmau. In 1791 he came to the United States and traveled extensively\\namong the Indians. He returned to France, where he attained high political\\nhonors and wide fame in literature.\\nChateaugay (N. Y.), action of October 25, 1813. On the banks of this\\nstream guarding a ford was Lieutenant-Colonel Salaberry with 1000 British.\\nGeneral Hampton with 4000 men attacked in two divisions. A series of\\nblunders, disgraceful to the American arms, resulted in the inglorious retreat\\nof the Americans. Their loss was thirty-eight men, the British twenty-five.\\nChatham, Earl of (William Pitt), (November 15, 1708-May 11, 1788),\\nihe great English statesman, was a cornet of horse in the army before he\\nentered the House of Commons in 1735. He had been paymaster of the\\nforces, but his great period is from 1756 to 1761, when he was Secretary of\\nState and practically Prime Minister in the administrations of the Duke of\\nDevonshire and the Duke of Newcastle. During this epoch he was the life\\n*nd soul of the great struggle against France. He supported Frederick the\\nGreat on the Continent, and retrieved the British reverses in America. He\\nwas the idol of the nation, the Great Commoner, and on the English side", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "126 Dictionary or United vStates History.\\nthe central figure of the Seven Years War. He resigned in 1761, sided with\\nthe Americans in the Revolutionary struggle, and held ofiice as Privy Seal\\nin the Grafton ministry 1766-68, having been created Earl of Chatham.\\nHe continued to champion the cause of the Americans, and of his speeches\\nin their behalf that of 1777 is especially celebrated.\\nChatham, Canada, War of 1812. General Procter and Tecumtha, when\\npursued by General Harrison, here made a stand October 4, 1813, but were\\nagain driven in flight with the loss of several men and military supplies.\\nChattanooga, Tenn., a famous battle of the Civil War in which Bragg\\nwith an army of 33,000 available, was utterly routed by Grant, who could use\\nabout 60,000. Bragg, after defeating Rosecrans at Chickamauga, advanced\\nupon Chattanooga and Grant hastened to meet him. Bragg s army extended\\nabout twelve miles, lying along Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge\\nwith its centre stretching across Chattanooga valley. The battle took place\\nNovember 23-25, 1863. Grant placed Siierman on his left facing Mission-\\nary Ridge, Thomas in the centre across the valley and Hooker on his right\\nopposite Lookout Mountain. Laying two bridges across the Tennessee River\\non the night of the 23d, Sherman crossed and attempted to attack Missionary\\nRidge. Hooker, on the 24th, made a detour of Lookout Mountain, climbed\\nits heights and dispersed the Confederates stationed there. This was called\\nthe battle of the clouds. On the 25th, Grant, perceiving that Bragg was\\nmassing his forces against Sherman, ordered Thomas to advance against the\\nConfederate centre. Thomas broke the centre and followed Sherman to\\nMissionary Ridge. The Confederates were routed, their guns being captured\\nand turned against them. The defeat of the entire Confederate army fol-\\nlowed and Bragg joined the flight.\\nChauncy, Charles (1592-1672), educator. He fled to New England in\\n1638; was settled as minister at Scituate, Massachusetts, in 1641; was presi-\\ndent of Harvard College from 1654 till his death.\\nChauncy, Isaac (1772-1840), naval officer, distinguished himself in\\nnaval actions off Tripoli. In 181 2-1 814 he commanded the fleet on Lake\\nOntario, displaying great skill and energy, and gained important advantages\\nover the British.\\nChautauqua, an educational institution with headquarters at Lake Chau-\\ntauqua, New York, organized in 1874 by Lewis Miller, of Akron, O., and\\nthe Rev. John H. Vincent. The first assembly was called for the discussion\\nof religious and secular topics, and opened on the first Tuesday in August,\\n1874. Since then the assembly has been held regularly every year, and a\\nvast system of edilcation by reading at home has been organized.\\nCheat Mountain Pass, W. Va., a strong position occupied by General\\nReynolds of McClellan s anuy with a small force. Skirmishing occurred\\nSeptember 12, 13 and 14, Lee endeavoring to drive Reynolds from the pass.\\nReynolds troops numbered less than half of Lee s, but so impregnable was\\nhis position that Lee found it impossible to dislodge him. October 3, 1861,\\nLee having departed for the South, the pass Avas occupied by General H. R.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 127\\nJackson, of Georgia, whom Reynolds in his turn in vain endeavored to\\ndislodge.\\nChemung, Battle of, August 29, 1779, an engagement between Sullivan s\\ntroops and the Indian and Tory force of Western New York, during Sullivan s\\nmarch on Fort Niagara. The savages commanded by Brant and Johnson\\nfought bravely, but were at length routed by bringing artillery into action.\\nCherokee Indians down to 1830 occupied the upper valley of the Ten-\\nnessee River. They supported the English against the French. In 1755\\nthey ceded lauds to Governor Glen and permitted the construction of English\\nforts within their territory. In 1757 difficulties arose which led to hostilities\\nwith the English, finally terminated by the Cherokees defeat in 1761. In\\n1773 they ceded to Georgia a large tract of land. At the commencement of\\nthe Revolution they joined the English, and in 1780 served at Augusta. They\\nwere finally reduced by General Pickens and acknowledged the sovereignty\\nof the United States (November 28, 1785). They ceded other portions of\\ntheir territory and in 1790 a part of the tribe migrated to Louisiana. The\\nCherokees rendered important services in Jackson s army in 1812, but the\\nGeorgians desired to get rid of them. In 1817 they ceded lands to the\\nUnited States, who in turn provided lands on the Arkansas and White.\\nHere 3000 emigrated in 181 8, and finally in 1835 the remainder found\\nhomes in Indian Territory, west of the lands given the first immigrants.\\nDuring the Civil War they first joined the Confederates, taking part in the\\nbattle at Pea Ridge, but afterward were separated into two parties. (See\\nnext art.)\\nCherokee Nation vs. Georgia, an important case before the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt, decided in 1831. By the Hopewell treaty of 1785 the United States\\nrecognized the Cherokees as a nation capable of making peace and war, of\\ngoverning its citizens and of owning and governing its lands. About 1826\\nthe Georgia Legislature through Governor Troup declared these treaties not\\nbinding upon the State, on the ground that Georgia and the Federal Govern-\\nment were equal and independent powers, and that disputes between them\\ncould not be decided by the Supreme Court, biit by negotiation. In 1830\\nan act was passed by the Georgia Legislature authorizing a survey and appor-\\ntionment of the Cherokee lands within the State, their gold mines were seized\\nand they were considered under the State s dominion, thus ousting the Chero-\\nkees from the lands solemnly guaranteed by the United States. The Cherokees\\napplied to President Jackson without success. Then they tried the Supreme\\nCourt. This court decided them not a foreign State, capable of maintaining\\nan action in the court, but a domestic, dependent nation. The injunction\\nwas refused and the Cherokees relegated to the mercy of Georgia. Later, m\\nthe case of Worcester vs. Georgia, State authority in such matters was denied\\nby the Supreme Court, Federal treaties being declared to have precedence.\\n(See Worcester vs. Georgia.)\\nCherry Valley, Massacre of. On December 10, 1778, the village of Cherry\\nValley in Central New York was destroyed by 700 Tories and Indians.\\nAbout fifty inhabitants were murdered without regard to age or sex. Many", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "128 Dictionary ok United States History.\\npersons of refinement were among the victims. Such atrocities as this and\\nthat of the Wyoming thoroughly incensed the colonists against Tory methods\\nof warfare.\\nCherub, sloop. (See Essex.\\nChesapeake and Delaware Canal. This canal was begun in 1825,\\nCongress, by Act of March 3, 1825, appropriated $300,000 to be subscribed\\nto its stock. This was among the first acts relating to internal improvement.\\nChesapeake and Leopard affair. In 1807 three negro sailors deserted\\nfrom the British man-of-war Melampus and enlisted on the United States\\nship Chesapeake. The British squadron was then just within the Virginia\\ncapes. The British admiral demanded a surrender of the sailors. This\\nwas refused by our Government. Accordingly, June 22, as the Chesapeake,\\nin a half-prepared condition, was sailing out from Hampton Roads, a\\nlieutenant from the British ship Leopard boarded her and again demanded\\nthe deserters. Upon being refused. Captain Humphrey immediately opened\\nfire upon the Chesapeake, which Commodore Barron, who was wholly\\nunprepared, was compelled to surrender without firing a gun. President\\nJefferson at once issued a proclamation demanding a disavowal of the act,\\nthe restoration of the captured sailors and the recall of Admiral Berkeley.\\nThough some tardy reparation was made, the affair greatly exasperated\\nAmerican opinion against the British, and contributed to bring on the War\\nof 1812.\\nChesapeake and Shannon. The Chesapeake, thirty-eight guns.\\nCaptain Lawrence, was challenged by the Shannon, a British thirty-eight\\ngun vessel, but then carrying fifty-two guns. June i, 1813, was the day set\\nfor the duel, which took place near Boston. After twelve minutes the\\nChesapeake became unmanageable through its injuries. Its decks were\\nnow swept by the guns of the Shannon. Lawrence was mortally wounded\\nand was carried below with the exhortation, Don t give up the ship.\\nThe boarders from the Shaimon now swarmed over the sides and after a\\nsevere struggle were victorious. The American loss was 146 men, the Brit-\\nish eighty-four. The Shannon sailed at once to Halifax with its prize,\\nwhich was afterward sold to the Government and used as a war vessel. In\\n1820 it was sold as old timber and used as building material.\\nChester, Pa., oldest town in the State, was settled by Swedes in 1643,\\nand originally called Upland. The provisional assembly of William Penn s\\ngovernment was held here in 1682.\\nChestertown, Md., was laid out in 1706, and was in colonial times a noted\\nseat of social life.\\nChestnut Hill, Pa., scene of a sharp skirmish, December 4, 1777, between\\nthe British troops under Howe, and the Pennsylvania militia led by General\\nJames Irvine. The militia fled and Irvine was left wounded in the hands\\nof the enemy.\\nCheves, Langdon (1776-1857), of South Carolina, statesman, was elected\\nto Congress in 1810; was chairman of the Naval Committee in i8i2 and of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "Dictionary op United States History. 129\\nthat of Ways and Means in 181 3. In 181 4 lie succeeded Henry Clay as\\nSpeaker, serving during Clay s absence in Europe, one year. He was presi-\\ndent of the United States bank 1819-1822. In 1832 he condemned nullifi-\\ncation as not sufi ciently thorough-going.\\nCheyenne, capital of Wyoming, was settled in 1867, when the Union\\nPacific road first reached that point.\\nCheyennes, an Indian tribe of the Algonquin family, settled near the\\nBlack Hills before the beginning of the present century. In 1825 the first\\ntreaty of friendship was made with them by General Atkinson. The tribe\\nseparated later, and one part moved South. A number of treaties between\\nboth divisions of the tribe and the United States were executed. The\\nfailure to fulfill the one of 1861 led to war. Negotiations for peace were\\nbeing made, when, on November 29, 1864, Colonel Chevington attacked the\\nSandy Creek village, and massacred 100 Cheyeunes. A disastrous war\\nfollowed. In 1865 the southern division agreed to go on a reservation,\\nexcept the Dog Soldiers whose village was burned by General Hancock in\\n1867. This led to another disastrous war, in which General Custer defeated\\nthem at Washita. The northern band continued peaceable.\\nChicago, 111., was organized as a town in 1833, and became a city in 1837.\\nIn the latter part of the seventeenth century, the French built a fort on the\\nsite of the present city, and later the United States Government erected a\\nfort (Fort Dearborn) which was not abandoned until 1837. On October 8,\\n1871, Chicago was visited by the most disastrous fire of modern times. Chicago\\nUniversity was opened here in 1892, and here in 1893 the Columbian\\nExposition was held. The population of Chicago was in 1840, 4479; 1850,\\n29,963; i860, 109,206; 1870, 306,605; 1S80, 503,185; 1890, 1,099,880.\\nChicago, Historical Society of, began in 185 1 and is still in flourishing\\ncondition, though 17,000 volumes of its books and its collections were destroyed\\nin the Chicago fire in 1871.\\nChicago, University of, was first founded 1857, but closed 1886 through\\nfinancial troubles. In 1890 it was entirely reorganized, largely through the\\ngifts of John D. Rockefeller, and now has an endowment of over seven\\nmillions. Its work is largely graduate.\\nChickamauga, Ga., a bloody battle of the Civil War between Rosecrans\\nand Bragg, commanding 57,000 Federals and 71,000 Confederates respec-\\ntively. It occurred September 19-20, 1863. The Federals were badly defeated.\\nThey lost 17,000 men and the Confederates 18,000. Rosecrans was march-\\ning on Chattanooga, Bragg slowly retreating and expecting reinforcements\\nbefore he should decide to give battle. These reinforcements came suddenly\\nand unknown to Rosecrans. Bragg suddenly halted at Chickamauga, and\\ndeployed his troops for battle. Rosecrans placed his troops with Thomas\\non the left, Crittenden in the centre and McCook on the right, along the\\nChickamauga Creek. September 19 the Confederates crossed the creek, and\\nPolk struck Thomas line. That general speedily returned the assault,\\nthereby confusing Bragg s plan. September 20 Thomas was again attacked.\\nHe had frequently to call for reinforcements, though he held his position", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "13\u00c2\u00a9 Dictionary of United States History.\\nstoutly. Finally General Wood, misinterpreting an order, made a false\\nmove, which precipitated the Confederate attack upon a weak point in the\\nFederal line, and the day was lost. Rosecrans fled to Chattanooga, but\\nThomas kept fighting until Garfield was sent to summon him. Here he\\nacquired his sobriquet of The Rock of Chickamauga.\\nChickasaw Case. In 1836 a writ of habeas corpus was served against\\nCaptain Eldridge of the brig Chickasaw, for holding two colored women\\nwith the intent of carrying them South. The women were ordered dis-\\ncharged on their presenting free papers. This action against Eldridge resulted\\nfrom the efibrts of Northern people in organizing vigilance committees against\\nkidnapping.\\nChickasaw Indians, first known to the whites as residing east of the\\nMississippi. They early joined the English against the French and in 1739\\nentered into friendly relations with General Oglethorpe. In 1765 their head\\nmen with those of the Choctaws met Governor George Johnson in a congress\\nat Mobile and established friendly trade relations. By the treaty of 1786\\ntheir territory was fixed with a boundary at the Ohio on the north and\\nextended down into what is now Mississippi. They continued friendly\\nwith the whites during Indian hostilities and aided them against the Creeks\\nin 1793. By treaties in 1805, 1816 and 1818 they ceded all their lands east\\nof the Mississippi, some of the tribe having previously, about the year 1800,\\nmigrated to the Arkansas. In 1832 and 1834 the Chickasaws ceded the\\nremainder of their lands and migrated to the territory of the Choctaws, with\\nwhom they lived under one government until 1855, when they were granted\\na political separation. Early in the Civil War they took sides with the South.\\nChihuahua, Mexico, occupied by an American army under Doniphan,\\nFebruary 28, 1847. Doniphan had been sent by General Kearny to relieve\\nGeneral Wool, who had been dispatched on an expedition against Chihuahua\\nin October, 1846. Wool had, however, failed of his destination. Doniphan\\ntook possession of Chihuahua without difficulty, experiencing no opposition.\\nHe retained possession of the city and then abandoned it, finding that Wool\\ndid not seem likely to join him. His troops were led to New Orleans and\\nthere disbanded.\\nChild, Lydia Maria (1802-1880), of Massachusetts, author. Her volumi-\\nnous writings were mainly in the interest of the anti-slavery cause, and were\\nwidely circulated and very influential.\\nChilds, George William (1829-1894), of Philadelphia, publisher. In\\n1864 he became proprietor of the Public Ledger^ the wealth derived from\\nwhich he liberally used for public purposes.\\nChili. The independence of Chili was recognized by the United States in\\nMarch, 1822. A general commercial convention between the United States\\nand Chili was concluded in 1832 and augmented in 1833. By the conven-\\ntion of 1858 the Macedonian claims of United States citizens against\\nChili were left to the arbitration of the King of Belgium, who decided in\\nfavor of the United States. The attack on the sailors of the U. S. Steam-\\nship Baltimore, October 16, 1891, by a Chilian mob, has necessitated the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "DicrioNAiiY OF Unitbd Statbs History. 131\\npayment of an indemnity of $75,000 from Chili. The Chilian Congress of\\n1 89 1, victorious in its revolution against Balmaceda, established a provisional\\ngovernment June 4, which was promptly recognized by the United States.\\nChillicothe, O., was founded by emigrants from Virginia in 1796. It was\\nthe State capital from 1800 to 18 10.\\nChina. By the treaty with China of 1844, all citizens of the United\\nStates enjoy complete rights of extra-territoriality. These rights, together\\nwith commercial regulations, were still more firmly secured by the treaty of\\n1858. In November of the same year a convention for the regulation of the\\ntariff was concluded, and a convention for the settlement of claims against\\nChina. A treaty embodying additional regulations to that of 1858 was\\nconcluded July 28, 1868. These regulations granted chiefly the right to\\nexchange consuls, the right of religious liberty, the right of voluntary\\nemigration. The two treaties of November 17, 1880, regulated Chinese\\nimmigration into the United States, prohibited the importation of opium,\\nand further regulated judicial procedure. (See art. Chinese Immigration.)\\nChinese Immigration. The relations of the United States with China\\ndate back to 1844, when Caleb Cushing negotiated the first treaty, by which\\nfive Chinese ports were opened for trade purposes, and the protection of\\nAmerican life and property in China and extra-territorial consular jurisdic-\\ntion granted the United States. The Reed treaty of 1858 gained still greater\\nadvantages. Under the Burlingame treaty of 1868 the right of migration\\nwas acknowledged inalienable, and the express promise was made that the\\nsubjects of China shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities and exemptions\\nin respect to travel and residence as may be enjoyed by the citizens and\\nsubjects of the most favored nation. The census of 1880 showed 105,000\\nresident Chinese. They had become obnoxious to the Californians. They\\nwere persecuted, and every effort made to have the treaty of 1868 abrogated.\\nIt was said that they could not be assimilated and that their habits were\\nvicious. In 1876 the report of the Chinese Committee was violently denun-\\nciatory of the Chinese. In 1879 a bill for the restriction of Chinese\\nimmigration passed both Houses, but was vetoed by President Hayes. In\\n1880 a commission sent to China negotiated an agreement imder which\\nimmigration could be partially prohibited. Chinamen leaving this country\\ncould not return unless possessed of a certificate issued by the United States\\nGovernment, proving their former residence. In 1885, twenty-eight China-\\nmen were murdered by miners in Wyoming for refusing to join a strike and\\n$147,000 of property was destroyed. In 1888 a bill was passed and signed\\nby the President, excluding Chinese immigration and rendering certificates\\nof returning Chinamen vaUieless. This was because of China s tardiness\\nin ratifying a new treaty. In 1892 Congress passed the Geary Act, in\\naccordance with which any Chinaman adjudged to be not lawfully entitled\\nto remain in the United States should be removed to China; all Chinese\\nlaborers should be obliged to procure certificates of residence from the col-\\nlectors of internal revenue, and any who did not do so within a year should\\nbe sent back to China. Means of executing the act failing, it was partially\\nrescinded in 1893,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "132 Dictionary of United States History.\\nChippewa (Canada, opposite Niagara), scene of a battle in the War of\\n1812. After the capture of Fort Erie, General Brown advanced to attack\\nthe British at Chippewa, July 5, 1814; the armies were only two miles apart.\\nThe British advance corps fled back upon the advancing main body. The\\nBritish charge was successful at first, but repeated rallies, reinforcements and\\nfinally a flank movement changed the day. The fugitives destroyed the\\nbridge over the Chippewa, and stopped the pursuit. The American loss was\\n355 in all, the British 604, of whom 236 were killed.\\nChippewas. (See Ojibways.)\\nChisholm vs. Georgia, an important case in the U. S. Supreme Court. In\\n1792 Alexander Chisholm, of South Carolina, brought suit against the State\\nof Georgia for the payment of a private claim. Counsel for the plaintiff\\nargued that this court was vested by the Constitution with jurisdiction in\\ncases of this sort, and that the plaintiff could legally recover. The court\\nfound judgment for the plaintiff upon this ground, and a writ of inquiry was\\nissued, but never executed, since the Legislature of Georgia passed an act\\nmaking the execution of such a writ punishable by death. The Eleventh\\nAmendment was at once resolved upon. In 1798 the Supreme Court declared\\nthe Eleventh Amendment to have been constitutionally adopted, and\\nrenounced its jurisdiction in such cases.\\nChoate, Joseph H., of New York, a celebrated lawj er. He was born 1832\\nin Salem, Mass. President McKinley appointed him Ambassador to England\\nDecember, 1898.\\nChoate, Rufus (1799-1859), of Massachusetts, lawyer. He was graduated\\nas valedictorian, at Dartmouth, in 1819, when he was already remarkable for\\nscholarship. In 1821 he studied law with William Wirt in Baltimore, and\\nwas admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1823, which he soon took the\\nforemost place as an advocate. He was a member of Congress 1831-35,\\nand of the U. S. Senate 1841-45, in which he made many brilliant speeches,\\nnotably one against the annexation of Texas.\\nChoctaw Indians, originally occupying lands along the Gulf of Mexico,\\nearly took sides with the French; but later a part became friendly to the\\nEnglish. They acknowledged the sovereignty of the United States in 1786.\\nAt the beginning of the present centur a migratory movement to the West\\nwas begun. They served in the war with England and in the Creek War.\\nIn 1820 they ceded a part of their territory to the Government for lands west\\nof Arkansas. Georgia assumed control over their lands in the East, giving\\nthe Indians the rights of citizenship. In 1830 they ceded the remainder of\\ntheir lands and moved West with the Chickasaws. By joining the Con-\\nfederate cause they lost their civil rights. New treaties were made in 1866.\\nChristian Endeavor, Young People s Society of, was first established by\\nRev. F. E. Clark at Portland, Me., February 2, 1881. There are now more\\nthan 22,000 societies in all parts of the world, with 1,500,000 members.\\nChristiana Case (1851) grew out of an attempt of Edward Gorsuch and\\na Maryland party to seize a fugitive slave in Christiana, Pa. A riot followed", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 133\\nand Gorsuch was killed. Castner Hanway, a Quaker in feeble health, was\\nordered by Marshal Kline to assist in quelling the disturbance. The Quaker\\nrefused, though he tried to prevent bloodshed. He was subsequently charged\\nwith treason, and later with riot and bloodshed, together with Elijah lycwis,\\nanother Quaker. No indictments were found, but the case became notorious.\\nChrystler s Field (St. Ivawrence River), War of 1812. General Wilkinson\\nwith the main body of the American array here fought a slightly superior force\\nof British. The battle lasted five hours, victory alternately favoring one and\\nthen the other. Night ended the conflict, with the British in possession of\\nthe field. The American loss was especially severe; many of the bravest\\nofficers were killed or wounded. The total American loss was 339 the\\nBritish, 187 killed, wounded and missing.\\nChurch, Benjamin (1639-1718), of Massachusetts, soldier, was active in\\nKing Philip s War, was in the Great Swamp Fight in the Narragansett country\\nand finally compassed Philip s death on August 12, 1676.\\nChurch, Frederic E., born in 1826, of New York, painter, has traveled\\nextensively for the purposes of his art. His best known pictures are Ice-\\nbergs, The Great Fall at Niagara and The Heart of the Andes.\\nChurch, Sanford E. (1815-1880), of New York, jurist, was Lieutenant-\\nGovernor 1851-1855; Comptroller 1858-1869; and Chief Justice of the Court\\nof Appeals from 1870 till his death.\\nChurch and State in America. The relationship of Church and State in the\\nUnited States differs from all previous relationships in Europe and in the\\ncolonies. In the colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut, the Congre-\\ngational Church was established; in most of the others the Church of Eng-\\nland. Rhode Island, Maryland and Pennsylvania early provided for religious\\nfreedom. The Revolution brought disestablishment and religious freedom\\nin several States. There are two provisions in the Constitution of 1787\\nbearing on the question of religion, which secure its freedom and independ-\\nence. In Article VI. it is declared that no religious test shall ever be required\\nas a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. But\\nthis was not deemed a sufficient guarantee for absolute religious freedom, so\\nthe first amendment was to the effect that Congress shall make no law\\nrespecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there-\\nof In the Legislatures of some of the States a fear was early expressed that\\ngovernment might pass into the hands of Roman Catholics, Jews or infidels,\\nbut the spirit of freedom everywhere proved too strong to admit of religious\\ntests in matters of government. State conventions held to ratify the Consti-\\ntution all proposed amendments guaranteeing religious freedom. Hence\\nfollowed the first amendment. There are of course certain limitations to\\nreligious liberty, which have been set by law. In 1882 in the case of the\\nMormons, Congress prohibited polygamy and was sustained by the Supreme\\nCourt.\\nChurch Members Suffrage. In 1631 a law was enacted by the Massa-\\nchusetts Assembly, providing that no man should be a freeman of the colony\\nunless he became a member of some church. This requirement was", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "134 Dictionary of United States History.\\nabolished under the charter of 169 1. A similar rule prevailed in the New\\nHaven colony, 1639-1662.\\nChurubusco, Mexico, a small village near the city of Mexico, where, on\\nAugust 20, 1847, the advance divisions of Taylor s forces, pursuing the\\nfugitives of Padierna, encountered Santa Anna s soldiers. The convent of\\nSan Pablo was the strong point, and against this Twiggs was sent, Worth\\nadvancing toward the south and Quitman and Pillow co-operating against\\nSanta Anna s rear. The hottest fighting took place along the Rio Churu-\\nbusco, where for some hours the Americans seemed threatened with defeat,\\nbut rallying they drove the Mexicans before them and carried the river\\ndikes with their t te de pont, the key to Santa Anna s position. The attack\\nwas then concentrated upon the convent of San Pablo, Worth, Smith and\\nClarke joining with Twiggs. Worth s guns were directed from an utterly\\nunsuspected and unguarded quarter, throwing the garrison into confusion.\\nThe white flag was immediately raised and the stronghold surrendered.\\nNumbers engaged: Americans, 8000; Mexicans, 25,000.\\nCibola, a legendary country containing seven wonderful Indian cities,\\nsupposed by explorers of the sixteenth century to be located either in Florida\\nor Northern Mexico. The legend originated from the story of the flight of\\na Portuguese archbishop, who during the conquest of Spain by the Arabs\\nescaped to the Cape de Verde Islands, and founded seven cities. Numerous,\\nand in nearly every instance fatal, expeditions were sent in search of these\\nmythical cities. That of Pamfilo de Narvaez, of 1527 to Florida was\\nespecially disastrous.\\nCider, Hard. (See Log Cabin.)\\nCilley, Jonathan (1802-1838), of Maine, was Speaker of the Maine PIou.se\\nof Representatives in 1836, was elected to Congress in 1837 as a Democrat\\nand served till his death, which was the result of a duel with Congressman\\nGraves, of Kentucky.\\nCincinnati, O., was settled in 1788 by persons from New Jersey. The\\nvillage was laid out in 1789 under the name of Losantiville (which see), and\\nreceived its present name in 1790. It was incorporated as a city in 1814.\\nThe introduction of steamboats on the Ohio had a great influence in extend-\\ning the trade of the city. lu September, 1862, martial law was for a brief time\\ndeclared, when an attack by the Confederate troops was expected on the city.\\nCincinnati, Society of the, an organization founded in 1783 by Revolu-\\ntionary oflicers. Membership was first extended mainly to the officers and\\ntheir eldest sons, though a number of French oflicers v/ere included. The\\nprinciple of hereditary membership aroused popular jealousy. A pamphlet\\nwas published against it, the Governor of South Carolina denounced it, and\\nthe Legislatures of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Pennsylvania censured\\nit. In 1784 Washington persuaded the order to abandon the hereditary\\nfeature. The society still exists.\\nCipher Dispatches, certain telegraphic communications regarding the\\nPresidential election of 1876, which were delivered by the Western Union\\nTelegraph Company to the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States Historv. 135\\nto aid in the investigations of the election frauds. While in the possession\\nof this committee in 1878, some 700 of these dispatches were taken and\\nmade public, chiefly through the New York Tribune. They were sent by\\nfriends of Tilden, the Democratic candidate, and purported to arrange for\\nthe payment of certain moneys to ensure the carrying of South Carolina\\nand Florida for Tilden. The latter in an open letter denied all knowledge\\nof the dispatches.\\nCircuit Courts. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for two classes of\\nUnited States courts inferior to the Supreme Court circuit courts and dis-\\ntrict courts, but not for circuit judges. The circuit courts, from that time\\nto 1869, were held by Justices of the Supreme Court or by district judges.\\nIn February, 1801, the Federalists, trying to extend the scope of the Federal\\njudiciary, provided for sixteen circuit judges; but the Republicans promptly\\nrepealed this in 1802. Beginning with three, the circuits have increased to\\nnine. In 1869 provision was made for special judges for the circuit courts,\\nand the New York circuit has since been given an additional one. (See also\\nart. Circuit Court of Appeals.)\\nCircuit Court of Appeals. By increase of business the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt had fallen much in arrears with its cases. After many projects had\\nbeen discussed. Congress, in 1891, provided for an additional circuit judge in\\neach circuit, and established in each a circuit court of appeals, to consist of\\nits circuit and district judges and a Justice of the Supreme Court, the new\\ncourt to have final jurisdiction over appeals from the district and circuit\\ncourts, except in constitutional, prize and capital cases, and in questions ot\\nthe jurisdiction of these courts.\\nCities. The census of 1790 showed only thirteen cities with more than\\n5000 inhabitants and none with more than 45,000. In 1880 there were 494\\nexceeding 5000, forty exceeding 40,000 and twenty (iU 1890, twenty-eight)\\nexceeding 100,000. The percentage of inhabitants of the United States\\nliving in cities of more than 8000 inhabitants was, in 1790, 3.3; in 1880,\\n22.5. Of the ten chief cities of 1890 only four had municipal corporations\\nin 1820: New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and New Orleans.\\nCitronella, Ala. Here, April 8, 1865, the Federals under Canby defeated\\nDick Taylor, who commanded a strong force of Confederates. This occurred\\nafter the evacuation of Mobile by Maury, May 8, on the news of Johnston s\\ncapitulation. Taylor surrendered all the Confederate forces east of the\\nMississippi to Canby at Citronella.\\nCivil Rights Act, an act passed by Congress over President Johnson s\\nveto April 9, 1866, aiming to place the negro on the same civil footing as\\nthe whites. Its principal section provided that all persons bom in the\\nUnited States, and not subjected to any foreign power, excluding Indians\\nnot taxed, were to be recognized as citizens of the United States. The\\nviolation of this act was made a misdemeanor to be considered by the Federal\\ncourts alone. The President was given power to enforce the act by special\\nor military force. The controversy over the constitutionality of the act led\\nto the framing of the Fourteenth Amendment, passed June 13, 1866. After", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "136 Dictionary of United States History.\\nthis, a more stringent act to secure the civil rights of the negro was passed\\nin 1875. But the Supreme Court in 1883 declared its most important\\nsections unconstitutional.\\nCivil Rights Cases, being those of United States vs. Stanley, United States\\nvs. Ryan, United States vs. Nichols, United States vs. Singleton and Robin-\\nson and Wife z s. Memphis and Charleston Railroad Company. They were\\nbrought before the Supreme -Court of the United States, 1883, on certificates\\nof division from the circuit courts respectively of Kansas, California, Mis-\\nsouri, New York and Tennessee. The cases against Stanley and Nichols\\nwere on indictments for denying to certain persons the privileges of a hotel,\\nagainst Ryan and Singleton for denying the privileges of a theatre. Robin-\\nson sued the railroad company for refusing his wife, a colored woman, the\\nprivileges of the ladies car. In this latter case and that of Ryan, in which\\na colored person was plaintiff, judgment was confirmed for the plaintiff, in\\nconsideration of the violation of sections one and two of the Fourteenth\\nAmendment to the Constitution. In the other case judgment was found for\\nthe defendants, certain sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 being\\ndeemed unconstitutional and void.\\nCivil Service Commission, a commission created under the civil service\\nlaw prepared by Senator Pendleton, of Ohio, and approved Januarj 16, 1883.\\nThe commission was to consist of three persons, at an annual salary of\\n$3500, appointed by the President, to regulate and supervise the examination\\nof candidates for civil service offices, and to report on all matters toucliing\\nthe civil service system. An earlier commission existed 1871 to 1873.\\nCivil Service Reform. The evils of the spoils system had long been\\nfelt, when in 1865, Mr. Thomas A. Jenckes, of Rhode Island, introduced into\\nthe House his first bill to reform the civil service. It was defeated several\\ntimes. In 1871 an act was passed giving the President authority to prescribe\\nrules for admission into the civil service. A civil service commission was\\nappointed, with George William Curtis at its head, and began the work of\\nintroducing tests of fitness in the place of political influence. But in 1873\\nCongress discontinued its appropriation for the commission, and in 1874\\nPresident Grant abandoned the system. In 1883 the Pendleton Act, so\\ncalled from Senator Pendleton, of Ohio, was passed. It provided for a civil\\nservice commission of three, representing both parties, which should provide\\ncompetitive examinations for entrance into such classes of the civil service\\nas the President should designate. The President (Arthur) applied the\\nsystem at once to the departments at Washington, and to all custom-houses\\nand post-offices where more than fifty clerks were employed. It has since\\nbeen extended to the railway mail service and to the Indian service, etc.,\\nand now includes some seventy or more thousand employes in its scope.\\nPresident McKinley, in 1899, exempted from 4,000 to 10,000 places from its\\naction.\\nCivil War. Sectional differences had prevailed from the beginning of the\\nexistence of the Union. After the time of the Missouri Compromise of 1820,\\ntheir main basis was the economic and social divergence between North and\\nSouth caused by the existence of slavery. This caiised frequent tendencies\\nto disruption, which increased after 1850. Disunion sentiment was brought", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 137\\nto a- head by the election of L,incohi in i860. Secessions of the Southern\\nStates immediately followed. In February, 1861, the seceding States, in\\nprovisional Congress at Montgomery, formed the Confederate States of\\nAmerica. Most persons, North and South, at first expected peaceable separ-\\nation. Buchanan temporized. Lincoln could not be clear of his course at\\nfirst. But the firing on Fort Sumter precipitated conflict. President Lincoln\\ncalled for troops to enforce the authority of the Union, and the border States\\nseceded. The eleven seceding States had a population of 9,000,000, of whom\\n3,500,000 were slaves; the remaining States had a population of 22,000,000.\\nThe North was rich and of varied industrial life, the South poor and almost\\nentirely agricultural. The North was less united than the South, and of a\\nless military spirit. Unscientific as was the financial management on both\\nsides, that of the National Government was, from the nature of the case, more\\nsuccessful. Extraordinary taxes were levied and enormous loans raised.\\nSupplies of men were obtained for both armies by conscription. Toward the\\nclose of the war the North had a million men in her military and naval ser-\\nvice, the South 450,000. Though Confederate cniisers did great damage to\\nAmerican commerce, the naval operations of the war were mostly not oceanic,\\nbut confined to the assistance of land forces by expeditions on the Atlantic\\ncoast, in the Gulf and on the rivers, and to the maintenance of the blockade\\nof Southern ports. In the first year of the war the leading land operations\\nof the war were those in attack and defense of Washington, the chief\\nbattle being that of Bull Run. In 1862, in the West, Buell, Pope and Grant\\ncleared the upper Mississippi, the lower Cumberland and Tennessee, with\\nbattles at Shiloh and Corinth, while Farragut took New Orleans. In the\\nEast, Lee defeated McCIellan in the Peninsular campaign, and Pope and\\nMcClellan at Manassas, fought McCIellan at Antietani, and defeated Burnside\\nat Fredericksburg. In 1863 Lee, having defeated Hooker at Chancellorsville,\\ninvaded Pennsylvania, where he was defeated at Gettysburg, the most impor-\\ntant decisive battle of the war. Meantime Grant had taken Vicksburgand\\nopened the IMississippi, and the western armies were concentrated upon the\\nstruggle for the possession of the central highlands which commanded the\\nheart of the Confederate territory. Here Rosecrans had defeated Bragg at\\nMurfreesboro but had been defeated at Chickamauga. Grant took his place.\\nGrant and Sherman were henceforth the leading figures of the war, on the\\nFederal side. In 1864 Grant, in a series of severe battles, forced Lee back\\nupon Richmond and began the siege of Petersburg, while Sherman, starting\\nfrom the central highlands, forced back Johnston and Hood and effected his\\nfamous and destructive march to the sea through Georgia. Sherman then\\nmarched northward toward Grant, who had finalh succeeded in reducing Lee\\nto extremities. April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox. John-\\nston surrendered, and the war ended, having cost the nation the lives of\\nprobably 300,000 men, and money losses of perhaps $8,000,000,000. The\\ngreat results, which justified all these eSbrts, were the destruction of slavery\\nand of that extreme States-rights view of the Constitution which permitted\\nsecession. In many respects the most gigantic conflict of modern times, the\\nwar had ended in the triumph of the national idea and the consolidation of\\nthe Union. That the great armies returned to civil life so quietly and with\\nso little difficulty was not the least of its marvels. Histories by Draper and", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "13$ Dictionary of United Statbs History.\\nthe Count of Paris, and the Century Company s Battles and Leaders of the\\nCivil War; Greeley, Pollard and Stephens.\\nClaflin, Horace B. (1811-1885), of New York, merchant. From 1865 to\\nthe time of his death the sales of his firm (H. B. Claflin Co.) exceeded\\nthose of any other in the world.\\nClaiborne, Ferdinand L. (1772-1815), of Mississippi, soldier, as briga-\\ndier-general of United States volunteers, commanded in the engagement\\nwith the Creeks, at the Holy Ground, in 1813. In 1815 he became a legis-\\nlative councillor of Mississippi.\\nClaiborne or Clayborne, William (1589-1676), of Virginia and Maryland,\\ncolonizer. In 1631, under a license from Charles I., he established a trading\\npost on Kent Island in Chesapeake Bay. His claim to this involved Virginia\\nand Maryland, as well as himself, in fierce disputes. Lord Baltimore\\nexpelled him in 1635, but in 1645 in co-operation with Captain Richard\\nIngle, overthrew the Roman Catholic government. In the following year\\nCalvert was reinstated, but in 1651 Claiborne, as a commissioner of Parlia-\\nment, reduced Virginia and Maryland to submission.\\nClarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of (1609-1674), Lord Chancellor of\\nEngland, was one of the proprietors of Carolina. He was one of a special\\ncommittee to settle the government of New England in 1660. He sought\\nto weaken Massachusetts and prevent the united action of New England.\\nClarendon, Colony of, a colony established in what is now North Carolina\\nby a party of adventurers from Barbadoes in 1664. They purchased lands\\nfrom the Indians, and in 1665 obtained grants from the lords proprietors.\\nJohn Yeamans, of Barbadoes, was knighted and made governor over territory\\nextending as far south as Florida.\\nClark, Abraham (1726-1794), of New Jersey, signer of the Declaration of\\nIndependence, at the beginning of the Revolution was an active member of\\nthe New Jersey Committee of Safety, was a member of the Continental\\nCongress from June, 1776, to 1783, except in 1779, and al.so in 1787 and 1788;\\nwas a member of the New Jersey Legislature from 1782 to 1787 and of the\\nU. S. Congress from 1791 till his death. He was chosen to the Constitutional\\nConvention of 1787, but did not attend.\\nClark, Alvan G., born in 1832, of Massachusetts, astronomer and optician,\\nmade the 36-inch refractor, the largest in the world, for the Lick Observa-\\ntory, and discovered the companion to Sirius. His firm has attained great\\nfame in the manufacture of lenses for telescopes. Died 1897.\\nClark, George Rogers (1752-1818), soldier, went from Virginia to Ken-\\ntucky in 1775, where he became the leader against the hostile Indians and\\nBritish, and did more than any other to secure the Northwest to the\\nRepublic. Among his more important enterprises were the defence of Har-\\nrodsburg, the capture of Kaskaskia and Vincennes by a famous expedition\\nin 1778, the relief of Cahokia, the invasion of the Shawnee country and the\\ndefeat of the Miamis.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0154.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 139\\nClark, William (1770-1838), of Missouri, soldier. In 1804, by appoiut-\\nment of Jefferson, he joined Captain Meriwether Lewis in the famous expe-\\ndition to the mouth of the Columbia River; was Governor of Missouri Ter-\\nritory from 1 81 3 to 1 82 1 and, from 1822 till his death, superintendent of\\nIndian affairs at St. Louis.\\nClarke, James Freeman (1810-1888), of Massachusetts, clergyman and\\nauthor. In 1841 he founded in Bostpn the (Unitarian) Church of the Dis-\\nciples, of which he was pastor for forty-five years. He was prominent in\\nthe anti-slavery cause.\\nClarke, John (1609-1676), a physician, came to Rhode Island and settled\\nAquidneck in 1638. In 1663 he obtained from Charles II. a charter guar-\\nanteeing religious liberty to the colonists. He was Deputy Governor in 1669\\nand 1 67 1.\\nClay, Cassius M., bom in 1810, of Kentucky, politician. In 1832 he\\nbecame an earnest Abolitionist. In 1845 he established the True American^\\nan anti-slavery paper, at Lexington, Ky., and was obliged to fortify the pub-\\nlication office against violence. He was a captain in the Mexican War. He\\nsupported General Taylor for the Presidency in 1848, Frdmont iu 1856, and\\nLincoln in i860. He was sent as Minister to Russia in 1861, and again in\\n1863.\\nClay, Clement C. (1819-1882), of Alabama, was U. S. Senator from 1853\\ntill his State seceded in February, 1861. He was a strong supporter of the\\ndoctrines of Calhoun.\\nClay, Henry (April 12, 1777-June 29, 1852), statesman, orator and political\\nleader, was born in the Slashes, Va. He studied law, and at the age of\\ntwenty removed to Kentucky. Having served in the Legislature, he was at\\na very early age elected to the U. S. Senate, and represented Kentucky at\\nWashington from 1806 to 1807. He was soon attached to the cause of internal\\nimprovements, with which his name became identified. In rapid succession\\ncame his term as Speaker of the Kentucky Assembly, as U. S. Senator again\\n1809-11 and as member of the House, which he entered in 1811. Although\\na newcomer, he was immediately chosen Speaker, and served imtil his\\nresignation in 18 14. He was a leader of the war party which forced\\nMadison into the contest with Great Britain. His life in Congress was inter-\\nrupted in 1814, as he had been chosen one of the envoys to treat for the\\npeace finally negotiated at Ghent in December, 1S14. In 1815 he was\\nagain in the House and served continuously as its Speaker until 1821. During\\nthis period he was a powerful advocate of the Spanish-American States in\\ninsurrection, and was instrumental in effecting the Missouri Compromise\\n(which see). After a brief absence from Congress he was again Speaker of\\nthe House in 1823-25. He was in 1824 a candidate for the Presidency, and\\nreceived thirty-seven electoral votes. In the exciting contest in the House\\nof Representatives Adams was finally chosen President, and his appointment\\nof Clay as Secretary of State caused not unnaturally the groundless charge\\nof a bargain between the two. (See Adams, J. Q.) Clay had ardently\\nsupported the tariff of 1824, and denominated the protective the American", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0155.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "140 Dictionary of United vStates History.\\nSystem. While he was Secretary the principal diplomatic matter which\\narose was the Panama Congress. He retired from office in 1829, but in 1831\\nhe entered the Senate from Kentucky. For twenty years he was the natural\\nleader of the great party known first as the National Republican, but soon\\nas the Whig. He was nominated as its candidate for President in December,\\n1831, but was overwhelmingly defeated by Jackson. He was active in the\\nbank controversy and other questions of the time, and brought about the\\ntariff compromise of 1833, and the settlement with France in 1835. In\\n1840 he failed to receive the Whig nomination, and in 1843 he retired from\\nthe Senate. The Whig National Convention of 1844 nominated him by\\nacclamation, but Clay s trimming Alabama Letter turned the scale in\\nfavor of Polk. He re-entered the Senate in 1849, and took the foremost\\npart in the great compromise bill of 1850. Although by far the most\\npopular man in the party, he never again received the nomination for Presi-\\ndent. In comparison with his great colleagues he shone chiefly as a brilliant\\ndebater, magnetic platform orator and contriver of compromise measures,\\nintended to preserve the Union. There is an excellent biography by Carl\\nSchurz (two volumes).\\nClayton, John M. (1796-1856), of Delaware, of which he was Chief\\nJustice from 1837 to 1840, was U. S. Senator from 1829 to 1835, from 1845\\nto 1849, and from 1851 till his death. In 1849 he became Secretary of State\\nunder President Taylor, in which office he was continued by President Fill-\\nmore till July, 1850. As such he negotiated the celebrated Clayton-Bulwer\\ntreaty with Great Britain.\\nClayton, Powell, was born in Pennsylvania in 1833. In 1861 he entered\\nthe Union army and became brigadier-general in 1864. After the war he\\nbecame Governor of Arkansas, and represented it in the U. S. Senate from\\n1871 to 1877. Became Minister to Mexico, May, 1897.\\nClayton-Bulwer Treaty, a treaty concluded between Great Britain and\\nthe United States in 1850, the negotiators being Secretary John M. Clayton\\nand Sir Henry Bulwer. It related to establishing communication between\\nthe Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by means of a ship canal across Nicaragua.\\nIt forbade the exclusive control of communication by either party. Contra-\\ndictory constructions have since been placed upon this treaty, and the claims\\nare as yet unadjusted.\\nClearing House. The system was first introduced into the United States by\\nthe banks of the city of New York in 1853. During the Civil War the clearing\\nhouses proved of the greatest value to the Government in establishing credit\\nand securing loans. The panics of 1873 and of May, 1884, were checked\\nonly through the same instrumentality, which similarly operated in 1893.\\nCleaveland, Moses (1754-1806), of Connecticut, pioneer, was a promoter\\nof the purchase from Connecticut of the so-called Western Reserve, and\\nwas the founder of the city of Cleveland.\\nCleburne, Patrick R. (1828-1864), a descendant of William Claiborne\\n(q. v.); came to the United States and joined the Confederates in the Civil\\nWar. He commanded a corps at Franklin when he was killed.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0156.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 141\\nCleveland, Frances (Folsom), was born in BufTalo, N. Y., m 1864, and was\\nmarried to President Cleveland June 2, 1886. Except Mrs. Madison she is\\nthe youngest person who has been mistress of the White House. She has\\nperformed the duties and dispensed the courtesies and hospitalities of her\\nhigh position with rare tact, sweetness and grace.\\nCleveland, Grover, the twenty-second President of the United States, was\\nborn at Caldwell, N. J., in 1837. He received a fair education, studied law,\\nand entered upon its practice at Buffalo. He served as sheriff, but his great\\nopportunity did not come until 1881, when a reform movement made him\\nthe mayor of Buffalo. His efficient administration attracted favorable notice,\\nand in the summer of 1882 he received the Democratic nomination for Gov-\\nernor of New York. Republican demoralization contributed to his election\\nby the enormous majority of 192,000. The prestige of this achievement\\nwas followed by such a conduct of State affairs that he received in 1884 the\\nDemocratic nomination for President. The election turned on the result in\\nthe State of New York, where Cleveland received about 1000 majority over\\nBlaine. The new President became known as a supporter of civil service\\nreform, hard money, and especially of tariff reform, which he advocated in\\nhis celebrated message to Congress in December, 1887. He was again the\\nparty candidate in 1888, but was defeated by the Republican, Harrison, in a\\ncampaign which had the tariff as its leading feature. After retiring from\\nofhce in 1889 he resumed the practice of law, and settled in New York City.\\nAs the new election approached, his candidacy was again suggested, and he\\nreceived in 1892 for the third time tlie party nomination. His former com-\\npetitor was again in the field, and was this time decisively beaten. President\\nCleveland commenced his second term in March, 1893, and the chief features\\nof his administration so far have been the repeal of the Silver Purchase Act,\\nor Sherman Act, the introduction of a bill for the reduction of the tariff, and\\nthe Hawaiian imbroglio.\\nCleveland, Rose E., was born in Fayetteville, N. Y., in 1846, youngest\\nsister of President Cleveland, teacher and author. She was mistress of the\\nWhite House in 1885 and 1886.\\nCleveland, O., was founded in 1796. It was an important point in the\\nWar of 1 81 2, and was incorporated as a city in 1836.\\nClifford, Nathan (1803-1881), of Maine, jurist, was Speaker of the Maine\\nHouse of Representatives in 1833 and 1834; Attorney-General of Maine from\\n1834 to 1838, and member of Congress from 1839 to 1843. From 1846 to\\n1848 he was Attorney-General in President Polk s Cabinet. In 1858 he was\\nappointed by President Buchanan a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nIn 1877 he was president of the Electoral Commission.\\nClinton, De W^itt (1769-1828), was a nephew of George Clinton, and after\\ngraduating at Columbia he acted as secretary to his uncle. He was a Repub-\\nlican member of the New York Legislature and entered the U. S. Senate in\\n1802, but left that body soon to become mayor of New York City. In this\\noffice he served until 1807, and again in 1809-10 and 1811-15. He was", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0157.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "142 Dictionary of United States History.\\nalso State Senator, Lieutenant-Governor and a member of tlie council of\\nappointment. In 1812, he was the candidate of the Federalists and of the\\nNew York Democrats for President, receiving eighty-nine electoral votes.\\nClinton was ardently devoted to the policy of internal improvements, and\\nespecially to the development of the Erie and Champlain canals. In 1817-23\\nand 1825-28 he was Governor of New York.\\nClinton, George (1739-1812), Vice-President of the United States, was a\\nsoldier in the French and Indian War and a member of the New York\\nAssembly; in the first part of the Revolution he was for a short time mem-\\nber of the Continental Congress, and then served in the field. As a brigadier-\\ngeneral he defended unsuccessfully the Highland forts against the British in\\n1777. For the long period of 1777-95 he was Governor of the State, and\\nthrew his great influence against the ratification of the Federal Constitution.\\nThereafter he was an Anti-Federalist and Republican leader. He received a\\nfew votes for Vice-President in 1789, fifty votes for Vice-President in 1792\\nand several in 1796. He was again Governor in 1801-04, elected\\nVice-President in 1804, serving as such, under Jefferson and Madison, until\\nhis death. In 181 1 he gave the casting vote against the U. S. Bank.\\nClinton, Sir Henry (1738-1795), British soldier, came to Boston as major-\\ngeneral in 1775 with Howe and Burgoyne. In 1778 he was appointed\\ncommander-in-chief of the British forces. He evacuated Philadelphia in\\nJune and on his retreat thence to New York fought with Washington the\\nindecisive battle of Monmouth. In May, 1778, he captured Charleston and\\nthe whole army under Lincoln. During the following summer he planned\\nwith Arnold the treasonable surrender of West Point. He failed to relieve\\nComwallis in October, 1781, and returned to England in 1782.\\nClinton, James (1736-1812), of New York, soldier, during the French\\nand Indian War captured a French sloop-of-war on Lake Ontario. As\\ncolonel of a New York regiment he was with Montgoiner}- at Quebec in\\n1775. As brigadier-general he commanded at Fort Clinton when it was\\ntaken by the British in 1777, and was present at Yorktown. He was a\\nmember of the New York convention that adopted the Federal Constitution.\\nClinton Bridge Case, an important litigation in the United States\\nSupreme Court, 1870, which established the doctrine by which railroad\\nbridges may be said to have gained clear recognition of their rights of way\\nin preference to the navigable waters crossed by them, through the power of\\nCongress to regulate interstate commerce.\\nClymer, George (1739-1813 of Pennsylvania, signer of the Declaration\\n(although not present at its adoption). In 1775 he became continental\\ntreasurer, and was a member of Congress in 1776, 1777 and 1780. In 1778\\nhe, with John Nixon, organized the Bank of North America. He was a\\nmember of the convention that framed the Federal Constitution, and elected\\nto the first Congress held under its provisions.\\nCoal. The first organized effort to mine anthracite coal was in 1793 on\\nthe Mammoth bed at Summit Hill, near Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, but\\nregular shipments did not begin until 1820. It was not until 1825 that it", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0158.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 143\\nwas in general use for the generation of steam, and not until 1839 that it\\nwas employed as an exclusive fuel in the manufacture of pig iron. The\\nindustry in bituminous coal and coke was begun in Connellsville, Pa., in\\n1841, by McCormick and Campbell. Regular manufacture commenced in\\nthat district in 1861. The coal-mining industry i? now more or less pros-\\nperous in a very large number of the States and Territories, though Penn-\\nsylvania still holds the lead. The most recent extensive developments have\\nbeen made in West Virginia. The total output of anthracite for 1889\\nexceeded 33,000,000 tons; the annual output of coke is also enormous.\\nCoast and Geodetic Survey. The establishment of this important bureau\\nwas first contemplated in 1807. President Jefferson suggested it in his\\nmessage to Congress of that year. Congress appropriated $50,000 for the\\nsurvey. Nothing practical was accomplished until 1811. Then F. R.\\nHassler, an Englishman, was made chief of the survey and commenced\\noperations near New York. Since then its work has progressed constantly,\\nunder Alexander Dallas Bache and other eminent engineers and organizers.\\nIt has been a bureau of the Treasury Department.\\nCobb, Howell (1815-1868), of Georgia, statesman, entered Congress as\\na Democrat in 1843, and served till 1853 and again 1855; was elected\\nSpeaker in 1849; was a warm defender of the Union, but also a strong advo-\\ncate of State rights and of the compromise measures of 1850; was elected\\nGovernor of Georgia by the Union part in 1851. In 1857 he became\\nPresident Buchanan s Secretaiy of the Treasury In i860 he urged forward\\nthe secession movement, and was a delegate to the provisional Congiess\\nwhich adopted the Confederate Constitution.\\nCobbett, William (1762-1835), British journalist and pamphleteer, came\\nto Philadelphia in 1792, wrote in aid of the Federalists a series of powerful\\npamphlets under the name of Peter Porcupine, and returned to London\\nin 1800.\\nCochrane, Sir Alexander F. I. (1758-1832), British admiral, commanded\\nthe British North American fleet in 181 2, assisted in the capture of Wash-\\nington in 1 814, and in the attack on New Orleans.\\nCockburn, Sir George (1772-1853), British admiral. In 1813 expeditions\\nfrom his squadron ravaged the coasts of the United States from Delaware to\\nGeorgia. In 1814 under Admiral Cochrane and in conjunction with General\\nRoss he captured Washington, burning the Capitol and other public build-\\nings, and unsuccessfully attempted to take Baltimore. In 181 5 he conveyed\\nNapoleon to St. Helena.\\nCockrell, Francis M., born in 1834, of Missouri, Senator, entered the\\nConfederate army, in which he rose to the rank of brigadier-general. He\\nbecame U. S. Senator in 1875, in which position he still (189/) continues.\\nCod, Cape, discovered and named May 15, 1602, by Bartholomew Gosnold.\\nCoddington, William (1601-1678), came to Salem, Mass., in 1630. In\\n1638 with John Clarke he founded the colony of Rhode Island at Aquidneck\\nand was its first Governor.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0159.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "144 Dictionary of United States History.\\nCody, William F., born in 1845, of Kansas, served with distinction as a\\nscout through the Civil War and afterward in several expeditions; widely\\nknown as Buffalo Bill.\\nCceur d Alene, an Indian tribe in Idaho and Washington territories. In\\n1858 a part of the tribe joined in an attack on Colonel Steptoe. They were\\nsubsequently defeated by Colonel Wright and became peaceful. In 1867 a\\nreservation was set apa.Tt for those in Idaho, and in 1872 a band in Paradise\\nValley was removed to land between the Okinokaue and Columbia rivers.\\nCoffee, John (1772-1834), of Tennessee, soldier. In the War of 1812\\nhe became brigadier-general, fought and won the battle of Tallushatchie and\\ncommanded Jackson s left wing at New Orleans.\\nCoffin, Charles Carleton, bom in 1823, \u00c2\u00b0f Massachusetts, under the name\\nof Carleton was war correspondent of the Boston Journal during the whole\\nof the Civil War and the Prusso-Austrian War of 1866. Died 1896.\\nCogswell, Joseph G. (1786-1871), of Massachusetts, was appointed librarian\\nof Harvard College in 1820. In 1823, in conjunction with George Bancroft,\\nhe founded the Round Hill School at Northampton. Afterward he was for\\nmany years (till i860) librarian of the Astor Library.\\nCohens vs. Virginia, an important case before the U. S. Supreme Court,\\ndecided in 182 1. In 1820, P. J. and M. J. Cohen were presented before the\\nQuarter Sessions Court at Norfolk for selling lottery tickets in defiance of\\nthe statute of the State prohibiting such sales. The Cohens appealed to the\\nSupreme Court of the United States against the fine imposed by the Vir-\\nginia court, pleading the legality of their sale under the Act to amend\\nthe charter of the city of Washington, passed by Congress 181 2, v/hich per-\\nmitted the drawing of lotteries. The attorney for Virginia denied the juris-\\ndiction of the court, because a State was defendant (see Eleventh Amendment)\\nand because in cases in which States were parties its jurisdiction was original\\nand not appellate. But the court decided that the Eleventh Amendment did\\nnot apply, and that in constitutional cases it had always appellate jurisdiction.\\nCoinage Laws. By the law of April 2, 1792, any person could have gold\\nor silver coined at the mint into lawful money, receiving therefor coins of\\nthe same species of bullion, weight for weight of the pure metal contained\\ntherein. The standard for gold was eleven parts pure to one alloy; for silver,\\n1485 parts pure to 179 alloy. The ratio of gold to silver was fifteen to one,\\nand both coins were legal tender. By the law of March 3, 1795, the Treas-\\nurer retained twenty-four cents per ounce for silver below the standard,\\nfour cents for gold. By the law of April 21,1 800, there was retained for\\ndeposits of gold and silver below the standard a sum sufficient for the expense\\nof refinement. By the law of May 8, 1828, a sum was retained from silver\\nbullion requiring the test, for materials and wastage. By the law of June\\n28, 1834, a deduction of one-half per cent was to be made from all standard\\ngold and silver deposited for coinage, if paid for in coin within five days from\\ndeposit. By the law of January 18, 1837, the standard gold and silver coin\\nwas made nine-tenths pure, one-tenth alloy and legal tender for any sum.\\nBy the law of February 21, 1853, the weight of the half dollar was reduced", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0160.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 145\\nfrom 206^4^ to 192 grains and lesser silver coins in the same proportion;\\nlegal tender to five dollars. No private deposits for coinage in these coins\\nwere received and charges of one-half per cent were made for refining. By\\nthe law of February 12, 1873, the weight of the trade dollar was to be 420\\ngrains, of the half dollar 193 grains; legal tender to five dollars. Silver bull-\\nion could be deposited for coinage into trade dollars only; gold for coinage\\nfor the benefit of the depositor. The directors of the mint were to buy sil-\\nver for coins less than one dollar. One-fifth of one per cent was charged for\\nconverting standard gold bullion into coin, and silver into trade dollars.\\nSilver coins, except trade dollars, were to be e::clianged at par for gold coins\\nin sums not exceeding $100. The charges cii gold were removed in 1875.\\nBy the law of July 22, 1877, the trade dollar ceased to be a legal tender.\\nBy the law of February 28, 1878, silver doliars of 412^ grains were made\\nlegal tender for all debt^ and the Secretar} of the Treasury was authorized\\nto purchase at market value, and coin not less Ihr.n $2,000,000 worth of sil-\\nver bullion per month and not more than $4,000,000 worth per month. By\\nthe law of June 9, 1879, silver coins less than one dollar were made legal\\ntender to ten dollars. By the law of July 14, 1890, tlie regulations of 1878\\nin regard to the purchase and coinage of silver were repealed and the Secre-\\ntary of the Treasury was authorized to purchase 4,500,000 ounces of silver\\nbullion per month, issuing in payment United States notes, to be a legal\\ntender and to make a sufficient monthly coinage for the redemption of\\nthese notes. In 1893 the silver-purchase clauses of this act were repealed.\\nCold Harbor, Va., battles between the Federals and Confederates under\\nGrant and Lee, fought irregularly during twelve days, June 1-12, 1864, while\\nGrant was conducting his famous campaign against Richmond. Lee held\\nthe vicinity of Cold Harbor with about 58,000 men, having thrown up\\nhasty fortifications. Grant had 1 20,000 troops. Sheridan advanced to Cold\\nHarbor on the thirty-first of May. June i the Sixth Corps and Smith s\\ntroops began the attack by endeavoring to take the Confederate fortifications.\\nThe assault was ineSectual, the Federals being repulsed with heavy loss.\\nJune 2 rain prevented battle, so the day was passed on both sides in\\narranging the lines. June 3 Lee s position had been immensely strengthened\\nby slashes and rifle trenches. Sheridan s cavalry guarded the crossing of\\nthe Chickahominy, and Wilson watched the Confederates right. Early in\\nthe morning the Federals advanced upon the Confederate intrenchments.\\nHancock s corps forced the enemy from their front, and with Wright, Smith\\nand Warren made vigorous assaults upon the impregnable earthworks.\\nBurnside failed to come to their aid. Several regiments, however, mounted\\nthe parapets and placed their banners upon them. Many of the bravest\\nFederal officers lost their lives. The last assault lasted half an hour,\\nand then the Federals retired. For ten days the armies lay idle, their\\nsharpshooters picking off many men. Federal loss, 10,000; Confederate,\\n1700.\\nColden, Cadwallader (1688-1776), of New York, was the first surveyor-\\ngeneral of New York, was an ardent royalist, was president of the council\\nin 1760 and Lieutenant-Governor in 1761, took an active part in founding\\n10", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0161.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "146 Dictionary of United States History.\\nthe American Philosophical Society, and was a correspondent of the promi-\\nnent scientific men of his time, including Linnaeus and Franklin.\\nCole, Thomas (1801-1848), of New York, landscape painter. Among his\\nmost popular works are the Vo3-age of Life, The Course of Empire,\\nThe White Mountains, and the Dream of Arcadia.\\nColeman, William T. (1824-1893), of California, pioneer, was an active\\nmember of the Vigilance Committee of 1851, and chairman of the\\nexecutive department of that of 1856.\\nColfax, Schuyler (1823-1885), of Indiana, Vice-President. In 1844 he\\nmade campaign speeches for Clay. In 1845 he established the Sf. Joseph\\nValley Register^ which became a very influential Whig journal. He was\\nsecretary of the national Whig conventions of 1848 and 1852, and was in Con-\\ngress as a Republican from 1855 to 1869. He was Speaker of the House\\nfrom 1863 to 1869, and Vice-President from 1869 to 1873, but failed to obtain\\na renominatiou for the next term. He was charged, probably unjustly, with\\ncomplicity in the Credit Mobilier scandal of 1873.\\nColgate University (formerly Madison University), Hamilton, N. Y., was\\nfounded in 1820 and chartered 1846 by Baptists. Its theological school was\\nfounded in 181 9. In 1889 its name was changed to Colgate, in honor of a\\nbenefactor.\\nCollamer, Jacob (1791-1865), of Vermont, was a Representative in the\\nVermont Assembly in 1821 and 1827. From 1833 to 1842 and from 1850\\nto 1854 he was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Vermont, a member of\\nCongress from 1H13 to 1849, and Postmaster-General from 1849 to 1850.\\nFrom 1854 unti liis death he was a U. S. Senator.\\nColleges. In spite of the vote of the Virginia Company in 1619 to estab-\\nlish a college there, the first college established in the United States was\\nHarvard (1636). The second was the College of William and Mary (1693),\\nthe third Yale (1701). Other colleges established before 1789 were the fol-\\nlowing: the College of New Jersey (Princeton), opened in 1746, the Univer-\\nsity of Pennsylvania in 1753, King s College (now Columbia) in 1754,\\nRhode Island College (now Brown University) in 1765, Dartmouth in 1770,\\nRutgers in 1770, Dickinson in 1783, the College of Charleston in 1785.\\nThe colleges will be found treated under their several names.\\nColleton, James, of Barbadoes, was appointed Governor of South Caro-\\nlina in 1686. His authority was resisted by the Legislature which, after the\\nEnglish revolution, impeached, disfranchised and banished him (1690).\\nCollyer, Robert, bom in 1823, clergyman, came to the United States in\\n1850. In 1859 he became a Unitarian, and in 1879 pastor of the Church\\nof the Messiah in New York City.\\nColombia. The independence of Colombia was recognized by the United\\nStates in March, 1822. A commercial treaty was concluded between the\\nUnited States and the undivided republic of Colombia October 3, 1824. In\\n1831 the republic was divided into New Granada, Venezuela and Ecuador.\\nNew Granada concluded a commercial treaty with the United States in 1846.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0162.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 147\\nBy this treaty the United States guaranteed the neutrality of the Isthmus of\\nPanama in compensation for specified commercial advantages, and on these\\ngrounds the United States has claimed the right to be heard in Panama Canal\\naffairs. A consular convention was concluded in 1850, and claims conven-\\ntions favorable to the United States in 1857 and 1861.\\nColonial System. Until the close of the last century, it was the invariable\\npractice of European States to manage their colonies with a view almost\\nsolely to the benefit of the mother countr}-. Spain, Portugal, France, the\\nNetherlands and England, though they differed otherwise in their colonial\\nsystems, agreed in this. Yet on the whole the disregard of colonial interests\\nwhich the English Government manifested was less extreme than that of\\nother governments. Adam Smith, by his Wealth of Nations, published\\nin 1776, taught governments the expediency of a more liberal system.\\nColonization Society, The National. An organization formed in 1816, at\\nPrinceton, N. J., and immediately reorganized at Washington, its principal\\nobject being to encourage the emancipation of slaves by obtaining for them\\na place without the United States to which they might emigrate. The scheme\\nwas also intended to relieve the South of the free black population with which\\nit was burdened. Branches of the society were soon established in almost\\nevery State. Free negroes were first sent to Sierra Leone, later for a short\\ntime to Sherbrooke Island, and finally in 1821 a permanent location was pur-\\nchased at Cape Mesurado. In 1847 this colony declared itself an independent\\nrepublic under the name of Liberia. The society engaged the attention of\\nmany anti-slaver advocates until the rise of the Abolition party in 1831.\\nColorado, a State of the Union, was named from the river of that name.\\nIt was formed in part from the Louisiana purchase, and in part from the\\nMexican cession. The early Spanish gold-hunters visited Colorado, and in\\n1806 Major Pike led a Government expedition into the region. In 1843\\nFremont explored the northern part. The discovery of gold in 1858 attracted\\nimmigration. Two acts for the admission of Colorado as a State were vetoed by\\nPresident Johnson in 1866 and 1867. August i, 1876, the President announced\\nthe admission of Colorado. Down to 1892 the State was Republican. In\\nthat year the electoral votes were cast for Weaver, the Fusion candidate.\\nThe population of the State in 1880 was 199,327; in 1890 it was 412,198.\\nColquitt, Alfred H. (1824-1894), of Georgia, Senator, served as major-\\ngeneral in the Confederate army. He was Governor from 1877 to 1883,\\nafter which he was U. S. Senator until his death.\\nColt, Samuel (1814-1862), of Connecticut, inventor. In 1829, while a\\nrunaway sailor-boy, he made a model in wood of his celebrated revolver.\\nIn 1852 he built immense armories at Hartford for their manufacture.\\nColumbia, S. C, became the capital of the State in 1790 under an act of\\nthe Legislature which provided for the founding of the city. It was taken\\nby the Federal forces under General Sherman, February 17, 1865. On the\\nevacuation of the city by General Wade Hampton a large quantity of cotton\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was fired either by accident or design, and caused immense damage.\\nColumbia, District of. (See District of Columbia.)", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0163.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "148 Dictionary of United States History.\\nColumbia College, New York City. Originally called King s College and\\nchartered 1754. During the Revolution studies were suspended and its\\nbuilding made into a military hospital. In 1784 the college was reorganized\\nand resumed work under the new name. In 1891 the College of Physicians\\nand Surgeons became a part of the college. In 1858 a law department was\\nestablished and in 1864 a school of mines with eight distinct courses of\\nstudy. In 1880 and 1890 the facilities in graduate work were largely\\nincreased.\\nColumbia River was discovered by the Spaniard Heceta in 1775 and called\\nSt. Roque. Afterward, in 1792, Captain Gray, of Boston, explored the\\nstream and changed the name to Columbia. In 1805-06 Lewis and Clarke,\\nunder orders from President Jefferson, explored the Columbia River and\\nopened up the northwest region. Questions concerning the discovery of the\\nregion had an important part in the discussion of the Oregon question.\\nColumbian Institute, founded at Washington in 1819, by Joel Barlow,\\nsometime American Minister at Paris. Barlow was aided by Josiah Meigs,\\nThomas Law, Edward Cutbush, Judge Cranch and others, citizens of Wash-\\nington. Its purpose was the advancement of knowledge by associations of\\nscientific men, and the dissemination of its rudiments by the instruction of\\nyouth.\\nColumbian Order. (See Tammany Society.)\\nColumbus, Christopher (about 1436-1506), the discoverer of America,\\nwas born probably at Genoa in Italy, about 1436. His early life was passed\\nat sea, interspersed with work as a maker of maps and charts. About 1470\\nhe went to Lisbon, and engaged in voyages to Guinea and probably visited\\nIceland. He became acquainted with the map of Toscanelli and the results\\nof geographical investigation, and planned the discovery of a short route to\\nChina, Japan and the Indies. As his project was rejected by the King of\\nPortugal, he followed the court of Ferdinand and Isabella, setting forth his\\nschemes at Cordova, Salamanca, Malaga and elsewhere, but he failed to\\nenlist support until after the fall of Granada in 1492. Having obtained\\nauthority from the sovereigns and financial aid, he sailed with his fleet of\\nthree caravels, the Santa Maria, Pinta and Nina, from Palos on\\nAugust 3, 1492. He held a westerly course, quelled insubordination, and\\nreached land in the Bahama group October 12, 1492; the island of the land-\\nfall may have been Watling s or Samana Island. He further discovered\\nCuba and Hayti, and arrived home after severe vicissitudes in IMarch, 1493.\\nIn the following autumn he sailed with a larger expedition, and remained\\nin the West Indies until 1496. On his third voyage in 1498, he reached the\\nmainland at the mouth of the Orinoco, rightly surmising that he had\\nfound a continent, though still fancying himself on the eastern coast of\\nAsia. Proceeding to the West Indies he was imprisoned by enemies and\\nsent in chains to Spain, but was soon released. In his fourth voyage, 1503\\nto 1504, he explored the coast of Central America. He survived his patron\\nIsabella a short time, dying at Valladolid in Spain, May 20, T506. There is\\na well-known biography by Irving, and recent lives by Harrisse and Winsor,\\nthe last being distinctly unfavorable.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0164.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 149\\nColumbus, O., settled in 1812, became the capital of the State in 1816.\\nIt became a city in 1834.\\nComanche Indians, originally a roving tribe, early engaged in disastrous\\nwars with the Spanish. They have always been dangerous and troublesome.\\nThey were at one time on a Texas reservation, but on being expelled became\\nbitter enemies of the State. The Government later collected a portion on\\nlands in the western part of Indian Territory. A part of these, the Quanhado,\\nrefused to settle down until defeated by Colonel McKenzie at McClellau s\\nCreek in 1872.\\nCommerce. From their first foundation, the colonies of New Netherland\\nand New England were engaged to an important extent in commerce, while\\nthe chartered colonizing companies, like the Virginia Company, were largely\\nintended for that pursuit. The Navigation x\\\\cts of 1646, 1651, 1660 and\\n1663 aimed to restrict colonial connnerce for the benefit of the mother\\ncountry; and similar restrictions were, beginning in 1673, laid on inter-\\ncolonial commerce. But all these acts were constantly evaded. The efforts\\nfinally made to enforce them more strictly were among the chief causes of\\nthe Revolution. By 1789 the tonnage of American vessels engaged in for-\\neign trade was about 325,000 tons, of that engaged in the coasting trade\\n125,000 more, while that of foreign vessels trading with the United States\\nwas about 250,000, chiefly British. At that time two-thirds of the imports\\nwere from England, and lialf the exports went to that countiy. Trade with\\nthe East Indies was then just beginning. New England and New York\\nwere the chief commercial regions at that time. From that date American\\ncommerce has been too various to summarize. (See Imports, Exports.)\\nCommissary. The English church in the colonies was under the nominal\\nsupervision of the Bishop of London, of whose diocese the colonies formed\\na part. To remedy disorders caused by want of real supervision, commis-\\nsaries were appointed by him in Virginia and Maryland, with limited powers\\nof control and supervision over the clergy of their respective provinces.\\nCommissioner of the Revenue. An oflice created by Act of Congress\\nMay 8, 1792, for the management of national finances, abolished April 6,\\n1802; re-established July 24, 1813, and again abolished December 23, 1817.\\nThe duties of the commissioner were similar to those of the Assistant Secre-\\ntary of the Treasury.\\nCommittees. It is the universal custom of American legislative bodies\\nto transact their business through standing committees, each of which is\\ncharged with a special branch of the business of the body. This is not the\\npresent English custom, but is nevertheless not an American invention. The\\nHouse of Commons developed the rudiments of such a system in Queen\\nElizabeth s time, and it was in full operation during the Commonwealth.\\nDuring the latter part of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth\\ncenturies Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York and North Carolina\\nadopted this system from England, with nearly the same names of com-\\nmittees as those of the House of Commons (in which this system has since\\nbecome obsolete because of cabinet government). Therefore it was readily", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0165.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "150 Dictionary of United States History.\\nadopted as the mode of transacting business by the Continental Congress,\\nthough it was not used in the^Legislatures of the New England colonies. In\\nthe Congresses under the Constitution, beginning in 1789, but few commit-\\ntees were at first used, but the number gradually increased. By Speaker\\nClay s time the system of standing committees had reached full develop-\\nment. The Senate had followed, a little more slowly. Committees of the\\nSenate have always been appointed by the Senate. In the House a similar\\npractice was occasionally follov/ed at first, but soon their appointment was\\ngiven to the Speaker, which is the foundation of his power in the U. S.\\nGovernment.\\nCommittees of Correspondence. Committees of this name had existed\\nin some of the colonial Legislatures much before the Revolution, e. in\\nPennsylvania from 1744 on. Their object was to keep up correspondence\\nwith the agents of the colonies in England. But this gave only a name to\\nthe famous Revolutionary committees. In a Boston town meeting of\\nNovember, 1772, Samuel Adams moved that a Committee of correspond-\\nence be appointed to state the rights of the colonists, and correspond with\\nthe other provinces and towns of New England. Their proceedings were to\\nbe secret. The system resulted in a union of the colonies, and fostered the\\ngerms of revolution. About eighty towns in Massachusetts responded\\npromptly, and the plan worked admirably. In the Virginia Legislature\\nsimilar committees, but intercolonial, were proposed in March, 1773, by\\nDabney Carr, and were eloquently advocated by Patrick Henry and Richard\\nHenry Lee. The resolutions finally adopted were more comprehensive, and\\ncalculated to form the Confederacy, than those of Massachusetts.\\nCommittees of Safety. A committee of eleven men was appomted by\\nthe second provincial Congress of Massachusetts in February, 1775, to resist\\nevery attempt at executing the acts of Parliament. They were empowered\\nto muster the militia and take possession of warlike stores. In April of the\\nsame year the committee wrote to the various Massachusetts towns, and to\\nNew Hampshire and Connecticut, begging for aid against the tyranny of\\nParliament. Upon this ensued, as the Revolution advanced, the formation\\nof such committees in each province. In each the Committee of Safety,\\nappointed by the popular conventions, took the place of the royal Governor\\nas the executive of the province or State, and remained such until the fram-\\ning of the new State Constitutions. The name first appears as the name of\\na committee organized in England during the Civil War of 1642-44.\\nCommodore. Until 1862 the grade of captain was the highest naval\\noflSce recognized by law. A captain who commanded two or more ships was\\ncalled a commodore by custom, and the title, having been once applied,\\nusually continued. In 1862 the grade of commodore, along with that of\\nrear-admiral, was created.\\nCommon Law. The fundamental documents of all the colonies declared\\nthe colonists entitled to the benefits of the common law of England. But it\\nwas left to the colonial courts to decide what the common law was, and the\\ncolonial Legislatures variously modified the law. Under the Constitution the\\nstrict-coQstructionist school maintained that there was no common law in", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0166.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "DiCTIONAKY OF UNITED STATK.S HISTORY. I5I\\nreipect to the jurisprudence of the Federal Goverument, the national school\\nmaintaining the opposite.\\nCommons, the lands cultivated in common by the townspeople under the\\nearly land system of New England. Common cultivation was at first upon\\na considerable scale, though varying for different towns. The commons\\nsometimes included nearly all the improved lands of the town, being laid out\\nby a committee of the general court. In other instances they included\\nsmaller portions, in which, nevertheless, all the people were interested.\\nOccasionally authority over such lands was given to the selectmen, or to the\\nmajor body of the freemen. These commons were formed for the sake of\\nconvenience generally, but sometimes from lack of facility in fencing sepa-\\nrately. The bounds of such lands were marked by their particular proprie-\\ntors and scrupulously kept up. Generally the proprietors were a distinct\\nbody from the town, and kept separate records. The system was adopted\\nfrom English villages.\\nCommons, House of, the name borne by the lower House of the lyegis-\\nlature of North Carolina from 1776 to 1868.\\nCommonwealth vs. Caton, Virginia. John Caton and others, having been\\nconvicted of treason by the general court of Virginia and sentenced to\\ndeath, were pardoned in 1782 by the House of Delegates of the State, the\\nSenate not concurring. The pardon was not executed, and the attorney-\\ngeneral denying its validity, the case was brought before the Court of Appeals\\nof Virginia in 1782. There it was decided that this court had jurisdiction\\nin such matters, but it was declared that the pardon was not valid without\\nthe concurrence of the Senate, and that this act of the Legislature was\\nunconstitutional. This is the second instance in which a court assumed\\nauthority to pronounce upon the constitutionality of an act of the Legis-\\nlature.\\nCompagnie de 1 Occident, or Mississippi Company. A company chartered\\nSeptember 6, 1717, which succeeded to the rights granted by Louis XIV. in\\n1712, to Anthony Crozat, to trade in all French possessions in America which\\nwere bounded by New Mexico and by the lands of the English in Carolina.\\nIn 1 7 19 it was absorbed by the Compagnie des Indes.\\nCompagnie des Indes (Company of the Indies), a corporation organized\\nin Paris by John Law in 1719, by combination of the Guinea Company, the\\nCompany of the West, the East India Company and the China Company.\\nIt was the basis of his great credit operations, in connection with his bank,\\nand of the Mississippi Bubble, but is of importE. Ace in American history\\nbecause it for several years owned Louisiana.\\nCompromise, Crittenden. (See Crittenden Compromise.)\\nCompromise, Missouri. (See Missouri Compromise.)\\nCompromise of 1833, a tariff measure passed by Congress March i, 1833,\\nas a compromise for the high tariff act of 1828, which had caused intense\\ndissatisfaction through the South, and had brought about nullification by\\nSouth Carolina and a threat of secession in the event of its being too", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0167.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "152 Dictionary of United States History.\\nstrictly eniorced. The compromise was proposed and passed in the House\\nwhile Clay himself was endeavoring to get a compromise measure through\\nthe Senate. The bill as passed was in effect practically the same as that\\nproposed by Clay in the Senate. It was designed to scale down periodically\\nthe high duties then existing, until after ten years a free-trade basis should\\nbe reached. The Verplanck low tariff measure, then under debate in the\\nHouse, was thus thrown out.\\nCompromise of 1850. As this compromise between the anti-slavery and\\npro-slavery parties was finally passed, it took the form of several separate\\nbills, which had been practically comprehended in Clay s Onmibus Bill,\\nproposed and defeated a short time before. Under the compromise, Texas\\nwas allowed $10,000,000 for New Mexico, and the boundary of that territory\\nwas cut down considerably. August 13, California was admitted to the\\nUnion with her free Constitution. August 15, bills for establishing territorial\\ngovernments in New Mexico and Utah were passed, containing a slavery\\noption clause proposed by Senator Sould. August 26, the fugitive slave bill,\\ndenying arrested negroes a trial by jury, and prohibiting redress to free\\ncolored seamen imprisoned in Southern ports, was passed.\\nCompromises of the Constitution. The Convention of 1787 was mainly\\ndivided as to whether, in the new government, one State s influence should\\nbe equal to that of any other State, or should be based on population. The\\nplans for a Constitution submitted by Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, and\\nWilliam Paterson, of New Jersey, were diametrically opposed in this respect.\\nThe former favored representation according to population in both Houses;\\nthe latter an equal vote for each State and only one House. Johnson, of\\nConnecticut, proposed as a compromise, two Houses, an equal representation\\nin the Senate and a proportionate one in the House. Ellsworth formally\\nmoved that this be adopted, and thus the first compromise was effected after\\nconsiderable debate. The second was in regard to the regulation of commerce\\nby Congress. It was proposed to tax both exports and imports at the dis-\\ncretion of Congress. C. C. Pinckney declared that South Carolina would\\nnot enter the Union if exports were to be taxed, since nearly the whole of\\nher wealth lay in one article of export, rice. Hence it was decided, August\\n6, that no tax or duty shall be laid by the Legislature on articles exported\\nfrom any State, and on these terms the Federal control over commerce was\\nconceded. Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina refused to enter the\\nUnion if the slave traffic was to be prohibited, so the third compromise\\neffected that Congress should not prohibit the slave trade until 1808, and\\nthat a fugitive slave law should be provided.\\nConcord, capital of New Hampshire, settled in 1725. It was known as\\nRumford until 1765, when it received its present name. It became capital\\nof the State in 1807, and a city in 1853.\\nConcord. (See Lexington.)\\nConfederate Constitution. Th; Constitution framed by the Montgomery\\nConvention of 1862 was based upon that of the Union with a few important\\nchanges. It recognized the sovereign and independent character of the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0168.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 153\\nStates and the protection of slavery in all nev\\\\7 Territories. It prohibited\\nprotective tariffs and general internal improvements at Federal expense.\\nThe admission of a new State was to be accorded by a vote taken by the\\npoll of the States. State Legislatures could impeach Confederate officers\\nacting within their individual jurisdictions. The Presidential term was\\nlengthened to six years, and the President was made ineligible for re-election.\\nHeads of the executive departments were granted the right of debate in\\nCongress, and the latter s appropriating power was restricted.\\nConfederate States, a government formed in 1861 by seceding States. The\\nsecond State to secede, Mississippi, at the time of secession, January 9, 1861,\\nproposed a convention to fonn a Southern Confederacy. This provisional\\nCongress met at Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4, with delegates pres-\\nent from six of the seven States which had then seceded. It voted by States.\\nOn February 8, it adopted a provisional Constitution, and the next day chose\\nJefferson Davis, of Mississippi, provisional President and Alexander H. Steph-\\nens, of Georgia, Vice-President. The permanent Constitution was adopted\\non March 11. It set forth the doctrines of State sovereignty and recognized\\nslavery, though it forbade the slave trade. It forbade protective tariffs and\\nFederal expenditures for internal improvements. Congress was forbidden to\\nemit bills of credit. It could pennit members of the Cabinet to speak before\\nit. The President was empowered to veto single items in appropriation bills.\\nHis term was to be six years, and he was not to be re-elected. All the seced-\\ning States ratified the Constitution through conventions. Virginia, North\\nCarolina, Tennessee and Arkansas seceded, and were admitted into the Con-\\nfederacy. The seat of government was removed to Richmond, and Davis and\\nStephens were chosen again under the permanent Constitution. They were\\ninaugurated as such on February 22, 1862. During most of the existence of\\nthe Confederate Government, Judali P. Benjamin was Secretary of State,\\nCharles G. Memminger Secretary of the Treasur James A. Seddon Secre-\\ntary of War, Stephen R. Mallor of the Navy and John H. Reagan Post-\\nmaster-General. In this government Congress (see art. Congress, Confederate)\\nwas of little account. Everything was subordinated to the energetic prose-\\ncution of the war, for which the President assumed almost dictatorial powers.\\nExtraordinary efforts were made. Money was obtained by means of the issue\\nof Treasury notes, by cotton loans and by requisitions. Supplies were obtained\\nby any means possible. Troops were obtained, finally, by conscription. The\\nGovernment, though given belligerent rights by most, maritime nations,\\ncould not secure any recognition of its independence. As the armies began\\nto be more and more completely destroyed, dissensions broke out. Violent\\ncriticism of Davis prevailed. Finally, the surrender of Lee brought the\\nConfederate Government to an end. The Federal Government never recog-\\nnized its existence.\\nConfederation, Articles of, the first Constitution of the United States. On\\nthe same day on which the Continental Congress appointed a committee to\\nframe a declaration of independence, it appointed another to prepare articles\\nof confederation. The committee soon reported a scheme. But it was not\\ntill November 15, 1777, that Congress adopted the Articles of Confedera-\\ntion and Perpetual Union. The articles provided for a single-chambered", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0169.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "154 Dictionary of United States History.\\nCongress, with limited powers over war, peace, foreign affairs, coin, weights\\nand measures, Indians and postal arrangements; it could raise money only\\nby requisitions upon the States. In it each State had but one vote. Nine\\nvotes were necessary for the most important acts. Ratification by every\\nState was necessary, and was not secured till March i, 1781. The articles\\nthen went into operation. Their leading defects were, that they left too\\nmuch power to the States, and left Congress entirely dependent upon them\\nfor money and the enforcement of its decrees; that they did not operate on\\nindividuals, nor prevent the violation of treaty obligations, nor command\\nrespect abroad, nor ensure tranquillity at home; and that they could not be\\namended save by consent of every State. After vain efforts to secure such\\nconsent to amendments which would at least have enabled the Government\\nto pay its debts, it became obvious that more drastic alterations were neces-\\nsary. Accordingly the Annapolis Convention of 1786 called the Philadel-\\nphia Convention of 1787, and the articles were superseded by a better\\nConstitution.\\nConfiscation. In 1861 Congress passed an act directing a blockade of\\nSouthern ports and the confiscation of all property used against the National\\nGovernment. This was necessary in order to strengthen the depleted treasury.\\nThis policy was unflinchingly enforced in 1862 and later.\\nCongo. A declaration of the intention of the International Association\\nof the Congo and recognition of its flag by the United States took place\\nApril 22, 1884.\\nCongregationalists. This denomination came first to this country with\\nthe Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth, Mass. The Puritans and other settlers\\nof New England gradually were led to separate from the Church of Eng-\\nland and to form themselves into Congregational churches. At first these\\nwere closely connected with the colonial government. Expenses of church\\nand pastor were met by public taxes and even the rights of citizenship\\ndepended upon church iellowhip. These features, however, were gradually\\neliminated (in Connecticut in 1818, in Massachusetts in 1833). The first\\ncolonial synod was held 1637 at Cambridge, Mass.; the second, 1646, approved\\nthe Westminster Assembly s Confession of Faith and set forth a statement\\nof church polity known as the Cambridge Platform. The fourth, held in\\nBoston, 1865, revised the platfonn of church polity and issued a declaration\\nof faith. This denomination still has its main strength in New England,\\nbut has been carried westward by settlers in the newer States. Number of\\nmembers in 1890, 513,000.\\nCongres des Americanistes, a gathering of European students of Ameri-\\ncan history, more especially of the aboriginal antiquities and voyages of\\nexploration, which has met periodically at various places in Europe since\\n1875-\\nCongress (see arts. Senate, House of Representatives). (For the Congresses\\nexistent before 1789, see Stamp-Act Congress and Congress, Continental.)\\nThe Convention of 1787 planned a Congress of two Houses, and reconciled\\nthe contest between the large and the small States by providing an upper", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0170.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n155\\nHouse in which States were represented equally and a lower House in which\\nthey were represented proportionally to population. Tlie old Congress\\nsummoned the new Congress to meet on March 4, 1789, but the House did\\nnot have a quorum till April i, nor the Senate till April 6. Each Congress\\nhas been in existence two years, from March 4 to March 4. (See art. Ses-\\nsions.) The relations of Congress with the President have mostly depended\\non whether they were or were not of the same party. The warmest struggles\\nhave been in the times of Presidents J. Q. Adams, Jackson, Tyler, Buchanan\\nand Johnson. The latter was impeached by the Plouse.\\nCongress, Confederate. The Confederate Congress was practically con-\\ntrolled by the executive. It never met the executive face to face, but was\\nobliged to provide for every executive need. Its make-up was fictitious and\\ncarried little weight, the need for force and executive ability being far more\\nurgent in the field than in counsel. In both the first and second Congresses\\nRepresentatives were present from Kentucky and Missouri, though those\\nStates did not succeed in seceding. The provisional Congress held four\\nsessions, the first beginning February 4, 1861, the fourth ending February\\n17, 1862. Under the Constitution there were two Congresses; the first\\n(February 18, 1862-February 18, 1865) had four sessions, the second (May\\n2, 1864-March 18, 1865) two. They included about twenty-four Senators\\nand a hundred Representatives.\\nCongress, Continental, was first suggested by a letter of Benjamin\\nFranklin to the Assembly of Massachusetts in 1773. Franklin was then\\nagent for that colony at London. The first step was taken by the Virginia\\nAssembly in 1774, upon the news of the passage of the Boston Port Bill.\\nIts committee advised a Congress of all the colonies. The first Continental\\nCongress, therefore, assembled at Philadelphia September 5, 1774, Georgia\\nalone being unrepresented. Action was confined to a declaration of the\\nrights and wrongs of the colonies, a recommendation of an agreement not\\nto import British goods after December i, 1774, and not to export goods to\\nEngland after September 10, 1775, unless their wrongs were righted; and a\\nresolution commending the people of Massachusetts for their temperate\\nresistance to the objectionable measures of Parliament, and a declaration\\nthat if these acts shall be attempted to be carried into execution by force,\\nall America ought to support them in their opposition. The second Con-\\ntinental Congress assembled May 10, 1775, at Philadelphia, was a revolu-\\ntionary body, plenipotentiary in its nature, and was theoretically in perpetual\\nsession till March, 1781. Each State had but one vote. The appointment of\\ndelegates was generally by the State Legislatures. The Congress declared\\nindependence, carried on the war, and in man} I espects governed the country.\\nThe Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, weakened the Congress by\\nrequiring the assent of nine States to make valid its most important acts, and\\nforbidding any man to be a member more than three years in succession. Under\\nits provisions each State should have from two to seven delegates, but only\\none vote. This Congress sat at Philadelphia until December, 1776, then at\\nBaltimore until March, 1777, then at Philadelphia again, at Lancaster, Pa., in\\nSeptember, 1777, at York until the ensuing June, at Philadelphia again from", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0171.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "156 Dictionary of United States History.\\nJuly, 1778, to June, 1783, then at Princeton until November, then at Annapolis\\nuntil June, 1784. In November and December, 1784, it sat at Trenton.\\nFrom January, 1785, until its last recorded session (October 21, 1788), it sat\\nin New York. Peyton Randolph and Henry Middleton were presidents of\\nthe first Congress; of the rest, successively, Peyton Randolph, John Hancock\\n(1775-1777), Henry Laurens (1778), John Jay (1779), Samuel Huntington\\n(1779-1781), Thomas McKean (1781), John Hanson (1782), Elias Boudinot\\n(1783), Thomas Mifflin (1784), R. H. Lee (1785), John Hancock (1786),\\nNathaniel Gorham (1786), Arthur St. Clair (1787), Cyrus Griffin (1788).\\nCharles Thomson was secretary from 1774 to 1788.\\nConkling, Roscoe (i 829-1 888), of New York, Senator, was elected to\\nCongress as a Republican in 1858, i860 and 1868, was chosen U. S. Senator\\nin 1867 and re-elected in 1873 and 1879. In the Senate he was from the\\nfirst a member of the Judiciary Committee, was a zealous supporter of the\\nadministration of President Grant, and advocated his election for a third\\nterm. In 1881 he broke with President Garfield on a question of patronage\\nand resigned his seat in the Senate, and was not re-elected.\\nConnecticut is named from the river of that name, which is an Indian\\nword meaning long river. Two colonies were established in Connecticut.\\nCertain people, who were dissatisfied with the close connection of church and\\n.State in Massachusetts Bay colony, left that province for the valley of the\\nConnecticut under Thomas Hooker, where they settled Hartford, Windsor\\nand Wethersfield. In 1639 they adopted a Constitution which made no\\nreference to the King of England, and provided for the election of all officers\\nannually by the people, with no religious qualification. In 1635 John Win-\\nthrop founded Saybrook. Two years later New Haven was founded by a\\ncompany from England, who came over under Theophilus Eaton and John\\nDavenport, to establish a strict theocracy. They adopted the Bible as their\\nConstitution, and refused to institute trial by jur} because it was not recog-\\nnized by the Bible. In 1643 Hartford and New Haven both joined the\\nNew England Confederation for protection against the Dutch, who claimed\\nthe valley of the Connecticut. New Haven was incorporated with Hartford\\nin 1662, under a charter from Charles II., which named the South Sea as\\nthe western boundary. This charter was adopted as a Constitution in 1776,\\nand continued in force until 1818. In 1687 Andros had demanded this charter,\\nbut it was concealed in the charter oak. In 1700 Yale College was\\nfounded. The claims of Connecticut to western lands were surrendered to\\nthe General Government. Her claim to Westmoreland County in Northern\\nPennsylvania was set aside in 1782. Connecticut ratified the national Con-\\nstitution January 9, 1788, by a vote of 128 to 40. Connecticut was strongly\\nFederalist until 1820, was opposed to the War of 1812, and sent delegates to\\nthe Hartford Convention of 1814. The State cast its electoral votes for the\\nDemocratic candidates in the years 1836, 1852, 1876, 1884, 188S and 1892.\\nThe State has been doubtful in State politics. In 1891 there was a dispute\\nover the election of Governor, which caused Governor Bulkley to hold over\\nafter the expiration of his term. The population of the State in 1790 was\\n237,496; in 1890 it had increased to 746,258. History by HoUister.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0172.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 157\\nConquistadores, Spanish for conquerors, tlie name given to those Spanish\\nadventurers who conducted expeditions of conquest in the New World.\\nConrad, Charles M. (1804-1878), represented Louisiana in the U. S.\\nSenate as a Whig from 1842 to 1843, and in Congress from 1848 to 1850.\\nHe was Secretary of War in Filhnore s Cabinet from 1850 to 1853.\\nConscience Whigs, in the decade preceding the disruption of the\\nWhig party, those Whigs who were conscientiously opposed to the extension\\nof slavery. These mostly became Free-Soilers, or later, Republicans, when\\nthat party was formed.\\nConscription. (See Draft.)\\nConservative, a name given to those Democrats who during the years\\nfrom 1837 to 1840 voted with the Whigs against the sub-treasury bill, which\\nwas then supported by the Democrats at large. On other questions the Con-\\nservatives generally adhered to the principles of their party.\\nConstable. In colonial times the duties of the constable were both varied\\nand extensive. In New England he was usually appointed by the select-\\nmen of the town; in Virginia and Maryland by the Hundred; in some\\nStates he was appointed for the parish. The constable gave notice of town\\nmeetings, collected and disbursed taxes, was often overseer of the roads,\\nmade arrests and preserved the peace, and filled some judicial functions.\\nHis scope of office varied for different States and even for different towns,\\nbut was in earlier times of more importance and dignity than now.\\nConstellation, the United States man-of-war commanded by Truxton,\\nwhich, February 9, 1800, during the troubles with France of that period,\\ndefeated and captured the French frigate L Insurgente in the West Indies.\\nTruxton was presented by Congress with a gold medal for his bravery.\\nConstitution. The first written Constitution of modem times seems to\\nhave been the Union of Utrecht, or Constitution of the United Netherlands,\\nframed in 1579. The first suggestion of a written Constitution for England\\nwas made in the Agreement of the People, drawn up in 1647. During\\nthe Commonwealth England had two written Constitutions, the Instrument\\nof Government, 1653, and the Humble Petition and Advice, 1657. Vane s\\nHealing Question (1656) first suggested the separate constitutional con-\\nvention. The first written Constitution which any American community\\nframed for itself was the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639. At\\nthe time of the Revolution, the desire to have governments of limited powers\\nmade it inevitable that the Constitutions should be set down in writing.\\nThe existence of colonial charters helped to familiarize the idea. (See Con-\\nvention, Constitutional.)\\nConstitution, the most famous of American frigates, a vessel of forty-\\nfour guns, was finished in 1798. Under Barry it had some service against\\nthe French in 1799. On July 5, 1812, under Captain Hull, it started from\\nAnnapolis and ran into a British fleet of five frigates. For three days it\\navoided an attack by masterly seamanship and at last escaped without\\nd-amage. On August 19 it encountered the Guerriere, Captain Dacres, not", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0173.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "15S Dictionary of United States History.\\nfar from Cape Race. The Constitution was the stronger ship in the pro-\\nportion of ten to seven, but Captain Dacres of the Guerriere believed the\\nAmericans could not fight. Within thirty minutes after the battle began his\\nvessel was a wreck and seventy-nine of his men killed or wounded. Thie\\nvictory greatly strengthened the Americans in self-confidence and prestige.\\nOn December 29, 1812, in the West Indies, the Constitution encountered\\nthe Java, thirty-eight guns, Captain Lambert. After two hours battle\\nand an hour spent in repairing damages. Captain Bainbridge (now com-\\nmander of the Constitution was about to renew the attack, when the\\nJava surrendered. The British lost about 100 killed and 200 wounded.\\nThe Americans lost thirty-four in all. The Constitution in this battle\\nearned the name of Old Ironsides. Both the Guerriere and the Java,\\non capture, were so disabled that they were blown up. December 30, 1813,\\nthe Constitution, Captain Stewart, sailed toward the West Indies. Feb-\\nruary 14, 1814, it captured the Picton, sixteen guns, and a convoy. Next\\nyear, February 15, 1815, it attacked and captured two vessels, the Cyane,\\nthirty-six guns, and the Levant, eighteen guns. The latter was afterward\\nrecaptured, the Constitution itself narrowly escaping capture at the same\\ntime from three British frigates.\\nConstitution of the United States. The first Constitution of the United\\nStates was the Articles of Confederation (see art.). Its defects and failure\\ncaused many to consider the desirability of drastic amendment. The Alex-\\nandria Conference of Maryland and Virginia led to the Annapolis Conven-\\ntion of 1786, this to the Convention of 1787 at Philadelphia. That con-\\nvention forthwith proceeded, not to amend the Confederation, but to make a\\nnew Constitution. (See art. Convention of 1787.) This Constitution differed\\nfrom its predecessor in that it dealt directly with individuals, that it invested\\nthe Federal Government with coercive powers, that it provided an efficient\\nexecutive, and that it was susceptible of amendment by easier means than\\nunanimous consent. Since it went into operation in 1789 it has been devel-\\noped by amendment (see art. Amendments), by interpretation and by cus-\\ntom. Courts, especially the Supreme Court, have developed it by interpre-\\ntation. Under Chief Justice Marshall the court much enlarged the powers\\nof the Federal Government in this way. Expansions of this sort have come\\nmostly from the clauses giving Congress the taxing power and the power to\\nregulate commerce, and from the war powers of the President and Congress.\\nUsage has added such features as the committee system, the Speaker s power,\\nthe spoils system, the gerrymander and so forth. In fact we have a written\\nConstitution plus an unwritten Constitution.\\nConstitutional Union Party, a name assumed by the remnants of the\\nWhig party in the South in the election of i860. The party held a\\nconvention at Baltimore May 9, i860, in which delegates from twenty States\\nwere present. John Bell, of Tennessee, was nominated for President and\\nEdward Everett, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. The platform of the\\nparty was of the most general character, recognizing no political principle\\nbut the Constitution of the country, the union of the States and the enforce-\\nment of laws. In the election it carried Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia,\\nSut failed utterly in the North. The Civil War blotted it out immediately.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0174.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statbs History. 159\\nConstitutionalists, in Pennsylvauia, under the Constitution of 1776-I/90,\\nthe party who favored the maintenance of that democratic Constitution, as\\nopposed to the party called Republicans, who desired to see a stronger\\ngovernment substituted. They formed the germ of the Pennsylvania Anti-\\nFederalists and Democrats of a later time. From 1804 to 1808 the name\\nConstitutionalists was assumed by those moderate Democrats who desired to\\nmaintain the then existing Constittition, as opposed to the Conventionalists\\nor friends of the people, who desired to see it made more popular.\\nConstitutionality. The power of American courts to set aside\\n(neglect) a statute of the State or the Federal Congress for want of conform-\\nity to the Constitution is treated under Unconstitutionality.\\nConstitutions, First State. Upon the establishment of independence in\\n1776, the thirteen colonies necessarily passed from the crown. Not one of\\nthe thirteen was a State prior to that event, though a few^ had established\\ntemporaiy governments at the suggestion of Congress. Massachusetts\\nremained under the form of government fixed by her colonial charter until\\n1780, Connecticut until 1818 and Rhode Island until 1842. New Hamp-\\nshire was the first to modify and establish a local government. She did so\\nin January, 1776. South Carolina, Virginia and New Jersey followed in\\nMarch, June and July of the same year, Delaware and Pennsylvania in\\nSeptember, Maryland in November, North Carolina in December, Georgia\\nind New York in 1777. By 1780 all had formed local governments except\\nConnecticut and Rhode Island.\\nConsul. Consuls have been appointed from the beginning of the Govern-\\nment. By acts of 1848 and i860 they are empowered to hear and determine\\njudicial cases in uncivilized coimtries.\\nConsul-General. The title Consul-General was first introduced in the\\n/American service in 1855.\\nContinental Money. The second Continental Congress, in its straits for\\nmoney, began in June, 1775, to issue paper money. Altogether, about $242,-\\n300,000 were issued up to the end of 1779, v/hen further issues were stopped.\\nFor the first year these issues continued equal in value to gold; then they\\nbegan to depreciate. In two years they had become reduced till they stood\\nt t-wo to one. In three years they stood at four to one; in September, 1779,\\n11 twenty to one; in the ensuing March at forty to one. Congress now\\nrequired the notes to be brought in, to be redeemed at their market value,\\nor, to a certain extent, replaced by new tenor notes at twenty to one, the\\nnew issues to bear interest at five per cent. The old notes sank to one thou-\\nsand to one, and finally ceased to circulate.\\nContinentals, the regular troops of the American army during the Revo-\\nlution, enlisted and paid by the Continental Government and commanded by\\nWashington. They are to be distinguished from the militia and guerrilla\\ncompanies. The name was first applied in June, 1775, when Congi ess appro-\\npriated ;^6ooo for the support of a Continental army, and appointed\\nWashington commander-in-chief. Washington at once took command of", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0175.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "i6o Dictionary of United States History.\\nthe forces then beleaguering Boston, and ten companies of expert riflemen\\nwere enlisted in Pennsylvania and Virginia.\\nContraband. Under the laws of war, goods (such as arms) which may\\naid an enemy to prolong the war are called contraband and held lisble to\\nseizure and condemnation, if a neutral tries to introduce them into the\\ncountry of the other belligerent. In i86i General B.F.Butler attempted\\nto apply this distinction and regulation to the slaves of Southerners, when\\nthey fell into his hands.\\nContrecoeur, bom about 1730; French soldier. In 1754 he conducted a\\nFrench force down the Allegheny River and constructed Fort Duquesne, in\\nattempting to capture which Braddock was defeated the next year.\\nContreras, Mexico, a short battle between Pillow s and Twiggs divis-\\nions of General Scott s army and Valencia, an officer of General Santa Anna,\\non August 19-20. Pillow and Twiggs had been left by Scott upon the con-\\nstruction of a road during his approach to the city of Mexico. August 19\\nValencia made an attack, but was repulsed and ordered by Santa Anna to\\nretreat. This he refused to do and the next day his camp was attacked and\\nhis forces routed. Americans 4000, Mexicans 6000.\\nConvention, Constitutional. In almost all the States, the new Constitu-\\ntions framed at the beginning of the Revolutionary period were made by the\\nRevolutionary Conventions which were managing all the affairs of the State,\\nin the absence of any constitutional government .But soon the feeling grew\\nthat Constitutions should be made by conventions which the people chose\\nespecially for that purpose. The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 was so\\nmade, and was submitted to the people afterward. Since then this has been\\nthe regular practice, both in the case of old States making new Constitutions,\\nand in that of new States formed out of territories and old States; and also\\nin that of reconstructed Southern States. For the convention which framed\\nthe Constitution of the United States, see Convention of 1787. A conven-\\ntion held at Montgomery, Ala., identical with the Confederate provisional\\nCongress, framed the Constitution of the Confederate States, March, 1861.\\nConvention, Nominating. In the first stages of American political life,\\ncandidates for offices within the gift of the people either themselves made\\npublic announcement of their candidacy or were nominated by more or less\\nprivate or informal caucuses of party leaders. Next came the legisl-\\ncaucus (which see), the candidate of a party being chosen by a caucus of\\nthe members of the Legislature belonging to that party. Though a sporadic\\ncase of a nominating convention (at Harrisburg) as early as 1788 is men-\\ntioned, yet in general the legislative caucus was the ordinary practice at that\\ntime. But this gave, in the case of a given party, no representation of those\\ndistricts whose legislative delegates were not of that party. Hence arose a\\nmodification of the caucus; the legislative caucus being supplemented by\\nthe addition of delegates specially sent up from those unrepresented districts.\\nThis was the half-way stage to the nominating convention pure and simple,\\nwhich consisted of delegates from all parts of the State, chosen especially\\nmd. solely for the purpose of making nominations. This institution, which", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0176.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Staths History. i6i\\nhas prevailed universally ever since, arose soon, as improved means of com-\\nmunication between different parts of a State made it easy for such bodies\\nto be convened. In Pennsylvania the fully developed nominating conven-\\ntion of the modern type appears in (1792) 1817, in New Jersey in 1812, in\\nRhode Island and New York in 1825. After becoming fully developed in\\nthe States, the system was applied to Federal elections. The Presidential\\nnominations of 1824 (except Crawford s caucus nomination) had been made\\non no well-defined plan, those of 1828 mostly by State Legislatures. The\\nfirst national nominating convention was that held by the Anti-Masons at\\nBaltimore in September, 1831, by which Wirt and Ellmaker were nominated.\\nThe National Republican Convention at Baltimore, December, 1831, followed.\\nIn May, 1832, a Democratic Convention nominated Van IBuren for Vice-\\nPresident. In 1835 the Democrats at Baltimore nominated Van Buren and\\nJohnson in National Convention; the Whigs held none. In 1840 both parties\\nadopted this practice, which has since been followed without exception.\\nBeginning with that year, the principal conventions have been the following:\\n1839, Whig, at Harrisburg, nominating Harrison and Tyler; 1840, Demo-\\ncratic, at Baltimore, nominating Van Buren but no Vice-President; Liberty\\nparty at Albany, nominating Birney and Earle; 1844, Whig at Baltimore,\\nClay and P relinghuj sen; Democratic at Baltimore, Polk and Dallas; Liberty\\nparty at Buffalo (1843), birney and Morris; 1848, Democratic at Baltimore,\\nCass and Butler; Whig at Philadelphia, Taylor and Fillmore; Free-Soil at\\nBuffalo, Van Buren and Adams; 1852, Democratic at Baltimore, Pierce and\\nKing; Whig at Baltimore, Scott and Graham; Free-Soil at Pittsburgh, Hale\\nand Julian; 1856, American Know-Nothing at Philadelphia, Fillmore\\nand Donelson; Democratic at Cincinnati, Buchanan and Breckinridge; Repub-\\nlican at Philadelphia, Fremont and Dayton; Whig at Baltimore, ratified the\\nAmerican nominations; i860, Democratic (Moderate) at Charleston and Bal-\\ntimore, Douglas and Johnson; Democratic (Extreme) at Charleston, Rich-\\nmond and Baltimore, Breckinridge and Lane; Constitutional Union at Balti-\\nmore, Bell and Everett; Republican at Chicago, Lincoln and Hamlin; 1864,\\nRepublican (Radical) at Cleveland, Fremont and Cochrane; Republican\\n(Regular) at Baltimore, Lincoln and Johnson; Democratic at Chicago,\\nMcClellan and Pendleton; 1868, Republican at Chicago, Grant and Colfax;\\nDemocratic at New York, Seymour and Blair; 1872, Liberal Republican at\\nCincinnati, Greeley and Brown; Republican at Philadelphia, Grant and Wil-\\nson; Democratic at Baltimore, ratified the Liberal Republican nominations;\\n1876, Greenback at Indianapolis, Cooper and Carey; Republican at Cincin-\\nnati, Hayes and Wheeler; Democratic at St. Louis, Tilden and Hendricks;\\n1880, Republican at Chicago, Garfield and Arthur; Greenback at Chicago,\\nWeaver and Chambers; Democratic at Cincinnati, Hancock and English;\\n1884, Republican at Chicago, Blaine and Logan; Democratic at Chicago,\\nCleveland and Hendricks; Prohibitionist at Pittsburgh, St. John and Daniel;\\nGreenback Labor party, Butler and West; 1888, Prohibitionist at Indian-\\napolis, Fiske and Brooks; Democratic at St. Louis, Cleveland and Thur-\\nman; Republican at Chicago, Harrison and Morton; 1892, Republican at\\nMinneapolis, Harrison and Reid; Democratic at Chicago, Cleveland and\\nStevenson; Prohibitionist at Cincinnati, Bidwell and Cranfell; People s\\nparty at Omaha, Weaver and Field. (See Elections.)", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0177.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "rfe Dictionary of United States History.\\nConvention of 1787, the body which framed the Constitution of the United\\nStates, was first suggested by a private letter of Alexander Hamilton in 1780.\\nThe State Legislatures were slow in considering the matter. The convention\\nwas really brought about by the recommendation of a previous convention\\nof delegates from several States, who had assembled at Anuapolis in Septem-\\nber, 1786, to consider the regulation of trade. Virginia taking the lead,\\ndelegates were chosen to a convention to amend the faulty Articles of Con-\\nfederation. By June 2, 1787, delegates from New York, Pennsylvania, New\\nJersey, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Massachusetts,\\nConnecticut, Georgia and Maryland, had assembled at Philadelphia, those\\nfrom the first seven States having arrived May 25. On May 29 Edmund\\nRandolph, of Virginia, presented a plan for a more energetic government,\\nand inclining to reduce the idea of States to a minimum. He proposed\\na correction of the Articles of Confederation; representation by population;\\ntwo branches of Congress, the first chosen by the people, the second by the\\nfirst on nomination by the State Legislatures; that Congress should legislate\\nconcerning commerce and taxes and should have a veto power over State\\nlaws; that Congress should choose the executive, who should have veto power,\\nand a number of other clauses. Charles Pinckney, of South Carolina, sub-\\nmitted another draft of a Constitution. These were considered and reported\\nfavorably. After much debate it was decided that a national government\\nought to be established. June 15, William Paterson, of New Jersey, sub-\\nmitted a draft which was in nearly every respect incompatible with Ran-\\ndolph s, leaving far more to the States, that the small States might be\\nprotected. On the motion of Ellsworth a compromise was effected by giving\\nthe States an equal representation in the Senate and a representation proper*\\ntionate to population in the House. A compromise was also effected regard-\\ning the regulation of commerce and the taxation of exports. The third\\ncompromise forbade Congress to prohibit the slave trade, and established a\\nfugitive slave law. July 24 a committee of detail was appointed. August 6\\nthis committee of detail reported a draft strongly resembling the Constitution.\\nA month was spent in debate, and on September 12, this draft, amended by\\nthe third great compromise, was given to a committee of style, consisting of\\nGouverneur Morris, Johnson, Madison, Hamilton and King. September 13\\nthe Constitution was reported to the convention very nearly in its present\\nform. In the debates the leaders of the nationalizing party were, Hamilton,\\nMadison, King, Wilson and Morris; of the States rights, Lansing, Yates,\\nPaterson, Martin. On September 17, 1787, the convention adjourned, after\\nsending the Constitution to Congress for transmission to the States. Its pro-\\nceedings were marked by great moderation and wisdom. It consisted mostly\\nof somewhat conservative men. A movement toward a second general con-\\nvention in 1788, started by George Clinton, Patrick Henry and other Antt\\nFederalists, proved abortive.\\nConvention of 1787, Members of. In the following list of members\\nelected, those who signed the Constitution are designated by numbers; those\\nwhose names are written in italics did not attend; the rest attended, but did\\nnot sign:", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0178.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n163\\nNew Hampshire.\\n1. Jolin Langdon,\\nJohn Pickerings\\n2. Nicholas Gilman,\\nBeftjamin West.\\nMassachusetts.\\nFrancis Dana,\\nElbridge Gerry,\\n3. Nathaniel Gorhain,\\n4. Rufus King,\\nCaleb Strong.\\nConnecticut.\\n5. William Samuel Johnson,\\n6. Roger Sherman,\\nOliver Ellsworth.\\nNew York,\\nRobert Yates,\\n7. Alexander Hamilton,\\nJohn Lansing.\\nNew jersey.\\n8. David Brearley,\\nWilliam Churchill Houston,\\n9. William Paterson,\\nJohn Neilson,\\n10. William Livingston,\\nAbraham Clark,\\n11. Jonathan Dayton.\\nPennsylvania.\\n12. Thomas Mifflin,\\n13. Robert Morris,\\n14. George Clymer,\\n15. Jared Ingersoll,\\n16. Thomas Fitzsimons,\\n17. James Wilson,\\n18. Gouverneur Morris,\\n19. Benjamin Franklin.\\nDelaware.\\n20. George Read,\\n21. Gunning Bedford,\\n22. John Dickinson,\\n23. Richard Bassett,\\n24. Jacob Broom.\\nMaryland.\\nRobert Hanson Harrison,\\nCharles Carroll, of Carrollton,\\nThomas Stone,\\n25. James McHenry,\\nThomas Sim Lee,\\nGabriel Duvall,\\n26. Daniel Jenifer, of St. Thomas,\\n27. Daniel Carroll,\\nJames Francis Mercer,\\nLuther Martin.\\nVirginia.\\n28. George Washington,\\nPatrick Henry,\\nEdmund Randolph,\\n29. John Blair,\\n30. James Madison,\\nGeorge Mason,\\nGeorge Wythe,\\nRichard Henry Lee^\\nThomas Nelson,\\nJames McClurg.\\nNorth Carolina.\\nRichard Caswell,\\nAlexander Martin,\\nWilliam Richardson Davie,\\n31. Richard Dobbs Spaight,\\nWillie Jones,\\n32. William Blount,\\n33. Hugh Williamson.\\nSouth Carolina.\\n34. John Rutledge,\\n35. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,\\n36. Charles Pinckney,\\n37. Pierce Butler,\\nHenry Laurens.\\nGeorgia.\\n38. William Few,\\n39. Abraham Baldwin,\\nWilliam Pierce,\\nGeorge Walton,\\nWilliam Houston,\\nNathaniel Pendleton.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0179.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "164 Dictionary of United States History.\\nConvention, Revolutionary. In English history, conventions, resembling\\nParliaments in everything but in not being summoned by the crown, were\\nheld in 1660 and in 1689. Thence the name came to America and was\\nsimilarly applied, as in Massachusetts in 1689 and in South Carolina in\\n1 7 18, to irregular meetings of the popular branch of the Legislature, sum-\\nmoned in the absence of executive authority. In the troubles that led to\\nthe Revolution, when royal governors dissolved assemblies, they often met\\nagain at once iu conventions. These representative bodies soon came to\\nhave all authority, to the exclusion of the royal government. In the pro-\\nvisional governments which managed the Revolution in each State, the con-\\ntrolling body, up to the time when the first Constitution was made for the\\nState, was the convention. These revolutionary conventions were sovereign\\nbodies, and most commonly they made the State s first Constitution, though\\nsoon the feeling grew that this should be done by a special convention\\nelected by the people for that express purpose. Conventions, supposed to\\nrepresent the sovereignty of the State in a more complete degree than Leg-\\nislatures could, controlled the nullification proceedings in South Carolina in\\n1832, and passed the ordinances of secession on behalf of the Southern\\nStates in i860 and 1861.\\nConvention Troops. On October 14, 1777, the British General Burgoyne,\\nfinding himself surrounded at Saratoga, proposed to surrender to General\\nGates. Accordingly, October 16, a convention was signed fixing the terms\\nof capitulation. It was decided that Burgoyne, his oflScers and troops should\\nmarch out of camp with the honors of war, and should be accorded pass-\\nports to England upon promising to abstain from war against the States. In\\nobedience to these terms the troops were marched to Boston, there to await\\ntransports from Howe. During the winter the troops remained quartered on\\nProspect Hill and Winter Hill, the officers being placed at Cambridge.\\nNumerous delays followed. Congress disliked the terms; an expression .of\\nBurgoyne s was construed as a repudiation of them. Finally General Heath\\nwas instructed by Congress to suspend the embarkation indefinitely. Bur-\\ngoyne and his staff returned to England on parole. The troops were trans-\\nferred to Rutland, Vt., and afterward to Charlottesville, Va., where they\\nremained till the close of the war.\\nConventionalists, in the Pennsylvania politics of 1804-1808, the name\\nassumed by those extreme Democrats who desired to see a new convention\\ncalled, to modify the Constitution of the State in a radically democratic\\nsense, as opposed to the so-called Constitutionalists. Their leaders were\\nLeib and Duane.\\nConvicts. In 1619, by order of King James I., one hundred convicts\\nwere sent from England to be sold as servants. For more than a century\\nthis practice was from time to time followed in the case of the royal colonies,\\nin spite of colonial protests.\\nConway, Thomas (1733-1800 soldier, came to the United States in 1777\\nand was made brigadier-general, and was present at Brandywine and Ger-\\nmantown. He was leader of the conspiracy against Washington, known as\\nthe Conway Cabal, on account of which he was wounded in a duel with", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0180.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 165\\nGeneral John Cadwalader. Soon after he returned to France, and was made\\nGovernor of Pondicherrj\\nConway Cabal. An intrigue by Gates, Lee, Mifflin, Wilkinson and others\\nof Washington s officers, in 1777, for the promotion of Brigadier-General\\nConway, contrary to Washington s judgment. Washington was accused of\\nincompetence and partiality, and finally Congress was prevailed upon to\\npromote Conway to major-general and inspector-general. In 1778 Conway\\nwas wounded in a duel and apologized to Washington, confessing his\\nwrong.\\nCoodies, a name given to small bodies of Federalists who became promi-\\nnent in New York City in 1812, under the leadership of G. C. Verplanck\\nAbimalech Coody They opposed DeWitt Clinton and favored war\\nwith England.\\nCook, F. Joseph, bom in 1838, of New York, author and lecturer; has\\ntraveled extensively, but is best known as a lecturer on theological subjects,\\nand especially by his Boston Monday Lectures.\\nCook, James (1728-1779), naval captain, commanded a frigate at the\\ncapture of Quebec in 1759. In 1768 he made an expedition, during which\\nhe sought for the great continent supposed to exist near the South Pole.\\nFrom 1772 to 1775 a more thorough exploration was made. In 1776 he\\nconducted an expedition to discover a northwest passage by way of Behring\\nStrait. He discovered the Sandwich Islands, where he was killed by the\\nnatives of Hawaii.\\nCooke, Jay, born in 1821, established the banking firm of Jay Cooke\\nCo., at Philadelphia, in 1861, which was the agent of the United States\\nfor the war loans during the Civil War. Its failure on September 19, 1873\\nBlack Friday began the panic of that year.\\nCooke, John Esten (1830-1886), of Virginia, author, entered the Con-\\nfederate army, his experiences in which furnish the materials for some of\\nhis writings. He also wrote on Virginian history.\\nCooley, Thomas M., born in 1824, of Michigan, jurist, was appointed to\\ncompile the statutes of Michigan in 1857, and was reporter of the Supreme\\nCourt in 1858. He was a Justice of the Supreme Court of ^Michigan from\\n1864 to 1885 and Chief Justice in 1868-69. He waschainnan of the Inter-\\nstate Commerce Commission from its beginning in 1887 till 1891. He now\\nholds the chair of American History in the University of Michigan and is\\nlecturer on constitutioual law and political science. He has published a\\nDigest of Michigan Reports and has edited an edition of Blackstone s\\nCommentaries, with copious notes. Died 1898.\\nCoons, a nickname given to the members of the Whig party, who had\\nadopted the raccoon as an emblem.\\nCooper, Edward, an active business man, son of Peter Cooper, was born\\nin 1824. He was mayor of New York from 1879 to 1881 and 1883, and\\nwas active in the overthrow of the Tweed ring.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0181.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "1 66 Dictionary of United States History.\\nCooper, James Fenimore (i 789-1 851), was born in Burlington, N. J. He\\nentered the navy in 1801, but resigned in 18.11. In 1821 he published The\\nSpy, the first of his historical novels and one of the first of American his-\\ntorical novels. This was followed by The Pioneers, The Last of the\\nMohicans, and a long series of romantic novels dealing with the Revolu-\\ntion, frontier life, sea life and the American Indian. He also wrote a history\\nof the American navy.\\nCooper, Myles (1735-1785), an English clergyman, was president of\\nKing s College, New York, from 1763 to 1775, in which year, being a Tory,\\nhe returned to England. His sermon at Oxford, On the Causes of the\\nPresent Rebellion in America, aroused much controversy.\\nCooper, Peter (1791-1883), philanthropist, was born in New York City.\\nHe greatly promoted the progress of industrial improvement in the United\\nStates, and in 1854-59 erected the Cooper Union for the advancement of\\nScience and Art, where the working classes may receive free instruction.\\nHe was a careful thinker on questions of government and finance. In 1876\\nhe was the Presidential candidate of the National Independent party.\\nCooper, Samuel (1798-1876), from 1815 an officer in the U. S. army,\\nwas adjutant-general from 1852 to 1861. Resigning then, he became adju-\\ntant-general and inspector-general of the Confederate army.\\nCooper, Thomas (1759-1840), scientist. An English democrat, he emi-\\ngrated to the United States in 1795. He was one of those tried imder the\\nSedition Act, was president of the College of South Carolina, and was one\\nof the founders of political economy in America.\\nCope, Edward Drinker, naturalist and comparative anatomist, was boru\\nin Philadelphia in 1840. He has contributed extensively to the develop--\\nment of palseontology, and has been honored by scientific societies at home\\nand abroad. Died in 1897.\\nCopley, John Singleton (1737-1815), au eminent portrait painter, was\\nborn in Boston. In 1775, after a year spent in study in Italy, he established\\nhimself in London, and was shortly afterward chosen a member of the Royal\\nAcademy. His painting, The Death of Lord Chatham, is the most famous\\nof his numerous productions. Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor of England,\\nwas his son.\\nCopper. The mining of copper was carried on to a limited extent in\\nConnecticut, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, in colonial times, and its exist-\\nence was known of as early as 1660 by Jesuit missionaries about Lake\\nSuperior in Michigan. The first systematic mining for copper was begun in\\nMichigan in 1844. From 1867 to 1881 about ninety per cent of the copper\\nproduct of the United States came from Lake Superior. Immense copper\\nfields have since been opened in Montana and Arizona.\\nCopperhead, the name applied to Northerners who sympathized with the\\nSouth in the Civil War.\\nCopyright. Clause 8 of the Constitution authorized Congress to issue\\ncopyrights to authors and artists and patents to inventors. Prior to the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0182.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United StatesTiistory. 167\\nadoption of the Constitution the States issued copyrights, and the first act of\\nCongress recognized the rights thus granted. The first law was enacted in\\n1790, giving to-authors exclusive right to their works for fourteen years, with\\nthe liberty of renewal for the same number of years. In 1831 the term was\\nmade twenty-eight years, with the right of renewal for fourteen years. A\\ncopy of the title of the book or a description of the article must be sent to the\\nLibrarian of Congress, and not later than the day of publication two copies\\nof the book must be sent to the librarian. Copyrights were formerly issued\\nby the Clerks of the District Courts of the United States. In 1891 Congress\\npassed an act granting the privileges of copyright to foreigners of nations\\nwhose governments give American citizens similar privileges. This recip-\\nrocity was to be determined by proclamation of the President. It was at\\nonce extended to Great Britain, France, Belgium and Switzerland, and sub-\\nsequently to Germany and Italy.\\nCorcoran, William W. (i 798-1888), a banker and successftxl financier\\nduring the Mexican War, was noted as founder of the Louise Home and the\\nCorcoran Art Gallery at Washington, D. C, and for liberality toward chari-\\ntable institutions.\\nCorea. The United States concluded a commercial treaty with Corea in\\n1882.\\nCorinth, Miss., fortified and occupied by General Beauregard, command-\\ning 53,000 efiective Confederate troops, and captured May 30, 1862, by\\nGenerals Halleck and Pope, leading an army of over 100,000 Federals, after\\nsome twelve days spent in skirmish, siege and bombardment. Beauregard s\\nlieutenants were Van Dom and Price. Corinth was but weakly fortified,\\nbut this fact was unknown to the Federal generals, strong outposts of Con-\\nfederate troops being constantly opposed to their advancing columns. Pope\\nsent Elliot, Hatch and Sheridan with strong detachments to make a circuit\\nof forty miles around the town and strike the railroad. Stanley s division\\npushed forward, and, after a sharp skinnish with the Confederate outposts,\\nsecured and fortified a position directly opposite the Confederate works.\\nPaine, Crittenden and Nelson joined him there. Sherman had meantime\\ncaptured a loop-holed log house, manned by Confederates and situated south\\nof Corinth. Sharp-shooters annoyed him from this place. The house was\\ndestroyed and Sherman advanced close to Beauregard s earthworks. Beau-\\nregard, seeing himself nearly hemmed in, began to evacuate on the night of\\nthe twenty-ninth, destroying as much as he could, but leaving many valuable\\nstores, nevertheless. His evacuation was concealed by the shouting of his men\\nand the blowing of whistles, which the Federals mistook for reinforcements.\\nLater, the place, when in Federal possession, was assaulted, but without suc-\\ncess, by a large Confederate force commanded by Price and Van Dom, Octo-\\nber 3-4, 1862. Rosecrans held the place with 20,000 Federal troops posteil\\nbehind three rows of earthworks. Hamilton held the right, Davies the cen-\\ntre and McKean the left. Price advanced from the left and Van Dom from\\nthe right. The assault was begun by an impetuous charge by the latter\\ngeneral. Little was done, however, the first day. Early October 4, Price s\\ncolumn advanced, drawn up like a wedge. The charge was a daring one,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0183.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "1 68 Dictionary of United States History.\\nbut the Confederates were driven back and literally cut to pieces. The\\nTexan and Mississippi troops under Rogers fared as badly, their charge end-\\ning the assault. They fled in great disorder and were pursued for some dis-\\ntance by an Ohio regiment.\\nCornbury, Edward Hyde, Lord (1661-1724) cousin of Queen Mary and\\nQueen Anne, was made Governor of New York by William III. In 1708,\\nafter six years of severe rule, he was removed, but for a long time was impris-\\noned for debt.\\nCornell, Alonzo B., was born in Ithaca, N. Y., in 1832. In 1866-67\\nwas a member of the Republican State Committee, and in 1868 was nom-\\ninated for Lieutenant-Governor. He was elected to the State Assembly in\\n1872 and made Speaker in 1873. He received important appointments from\\nPresident Grant, and was Governor of New York from 1880 to 1883.\\nCornell, Ezra (i 807-1 874), founder of Cornell University, was a mem-\\nber of the first Republican National Convention, was elected to the Nevr\\nYork Assembly in 1862-63, and served in the State Senate from 1864 to\\n1867.\\nCornell University was chartered in 1865 and organized in 1868.\\nCornstalk, an Indian chief who led a clever and spirited attack upoa\\nGeneral Lewis at Point Pleasant, near the mouth of the Great Kanawha\\n(1774). Each side lost about seventy-five killed and one hundred and forty\\nwounded.\\nCornwallis, Charles, Earl and later Marquis Cornwallis (i 737-1805),\\nserved in the Seven Years War. He took his seat in Parliament and\\nfavored the Americans during the preliminary troubles. Having been made\\nlieutenant-general he was sent to America in 1776, fought in the battle of\\nLong Island, and pursued Washington s army through New Jersey. He was\\ndefeated at Princeton, decided the victory of Brandywiue in 1777, and served\\nat Germantown and Monmouth. Having been appointed to the command\\nof the Southern army he overwhelmed Gates at Camden in 1780, but in his\\ncontest with Greene he was worsted, although he won a technical victory at\\nGuilford Court House in 1781. Then followed his campaign in Virginia\\nagainst Lafayette, the siege of his anny in Yorktown, and its surrender to\\nthe Franco-American troops on October 17, 1781. He was the ablest of the\\nBritish commanders in the war. As Governor-General of India, 1786-93\\nand 1805, he rendered valuable militar} and administrative services. He\\nwas also lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1 798-1801, at the epoch of the Union.\\nCoronado, Francisco Vasquez de (15 10-1542), a Spanish explorer, sent\\nout expeditions in 1539 and 1540, which explored the regions of the Gila,\\nthe Little Colorado and the Rio Grande.\\nCorporal s Guard, the term applied to the small party or group which sup-\\nported Tyler s administration (1841-45).\\nCorps, in the Civil War. First Corps organized March 13, 1862, and com-\\nmanded by McDowell; afterward reorganized and merged in the Army of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0184.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 169\\nthe Potomac and commauded by Wadsworth, Newton and Hancock in\\nsuccession; disbanded in 1865. Second Corps organized August 12, 1862, and\\nat first commanded by Banks; afterward by a number of other generals;\\ndisbanded in 1865. Third Corps organized August 12, 1862, and com-\\nmanded by Heintzelman; disbanded in 1864. Fourth Corps organized\\nAugust I, 1863, and commanded by Keyes; afterward consolidated with\\nthe Twentieth and Twenty-first Corps; disbanded in 1865. Fifth Corps\\norganized July 2, 1862, and commanded by Banks; afterward by Porter\\niu the Army of the Potomac; disbanded in 1865; many successive com-\\nmanders. Sixth Corps organized July 22, 1862, with Franklin in com-\\nmand; disbanded in 1865. Seventh Corps organized July 22, 1862, with\\nNaglee in command; merged with Eighteenth Corps in 1863. Eighth\\nCorps organized July 22, 1862, and commanded by Schenck and Lockwood;\\nafterward by Lew Wallace; disbanded in 1865. Ninth Corps organized\\nJuly 22, 1862, and commanded by Bumside and others iu succession; dis-\\nbanded iu 1865. Tenth Corps organized September 3, 1862, with Mitchell\\nin command; discontinued in 1864, but reorganized in 1865 and continued\\ntill the close of the war under various generals. Eleventh Corps originally\\norganized as the Second Corps; organized as the Eleventh September 12,\\n1862, and commanded by Banks; consolidated with the Twelfth in 1864,\\nand constituted the Twentieth; disbanded in 1865. Twelfth Corps first\\norganized as the Third Corps; as Twelfth September 12, 1862; after-\\nward merged with the Eleventh to form the Twentieth, with Banks in com-\\nmand; disbanded in 1865. Thirteenth Corps organized October 24, 1862,\\nwith McClernand in command; reorganized in 1865 commanded by\\nGranger. Fourteenth Corps organized October 24, 1862, and commanded\\nby Rosecrans; disbanded in 1865. Fifteenth Corps organized December\\n18, 1862, and commanded by Sherman; disbanded in 1865. Sixteenth\\nCorps organized December 18, 1862, and commanded by Hurlbut; dis-\\nbanded in 1865. Seventeenth Corps organized December 18, 1862, with\\nMcPherson in command; disbanded in 1865. Eighteenth Corps organized\\nDecember 24, 1862, and commanded by Foster; reorganized in 1864, and\\ncommanded l)y W. F. Smith; disbanded in 1865. Nineteenth Corps\\norganized Januar} 5, 1863, with Banks in command; organization abol-\\nished in 1864, and entirely disbanded in 1865. Twentieth Corps organized\\nJanuary 3, 1863, and commanded by McCook; afterward reformed from\\nEleventh and Twelfth in 1863; disbanded in 1865. Twenty-first Corps\\norganized January/ 9, 1863, and commanded by Crittenden; consolidated\\nwith the original Twentieth iu 1863 to form the Fourth. Twenty-second\\nCorps organized February 2, 1863, with Heintzelman in command; dis-\\nbanded in a few months. Twenty-third Corps organized April 27, 1863,\\nwith Hartsuff in command; disbanded in 1865. Twenty-fourth Corps\\norganized December 3, 1864, and commanded by Ord; disbanded in 1865.\\nTwenty-fifth Corps organized December 3, 1864, of colored troops, and com-\\nmanded by Weitzel and Heckman; disbanded in 1866. Potomac Cavalry\\nCorps organized April 15, 1863, and commanded by Stoneman and after-\\nward by Sheridan. Wilson s Cavalry Corps not organized under Act of\\nCongress, as the others were. Engineer and Signal Service Corps organ-\\nixed in 1864.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0185.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "f\\njyo Dictionary of United States Historv.\\nCorrlgan, Michael Augustine, Roman Catholic prelate, born in Newark,\\nN. J., in 1839, was Bishop of Newark 1873-1880; coadjutor to Cardinal\\nMcCloskey 1880-1885, and Archbishop of New York from 1885 to the\\npresent time (1894).\\nCortereal, Caspar, born in Lisbon, died in 1501. He received a license\\nfrom the King of Portugal to make a voyage of discovery in 1 500. He is\\nreported to have visited a country far to the North, which was probably\\nGreenland. He made a second voyage with three ships in 1501, during which\\nhe sailed for six or seven hundred miles along the coast of America. His\\nvessel was never heard from.\\nCorwin, Thomas (i 794-1 865), statesman, was a member of the Ohio\\nLegislature 1822-1829, and of the U. S. House of Representatives in 1831,\\nwhere he represented the Whig party until 1840, when he was elected Gov--\\nemor of Ohio. He was elected to the U. S. Senate 1 844-1 850 and to Con-\\ngress in 1858 and i860. He was appointed Minister to Mexico by President\\nLincoln, serving from 1861 to 1864.\\nCosta Rica. The United States concluded a commercial treaty with Costa\\nRica in 1 85 1. A convention relative to claims of United States citizens was\\nconcluded in i860.\\nCotton, John (1585-1652), clergyman, fled to America in 1633 to escape a\\ncharge of nonconformity in church service, and was established in the first\\nchurch in Boston, where he remained until his death. In controversies with\\nRoger Williams he defended the interference of the civil power in religious\\nmatters. He was a scholar of profound learning and a voluminous writer.\\nCotton. The cotton plant began to be cultivated in Virginia in the times\\nof the earliest colonists. Small patches were grown, and the lint, picked\\nfrom the seed by hand, was woven into cloth for domestic use. The develop-\\nment of cotton manufacture was gradual, and it was not until 1750, when\\nthe fly shuttle was invented, that the industry became extensive through the\\nSouthern States of the Union. The spinning jenny was invented in Eng-\\nland in 1767 and immediately brought into use in this country. In 1769\\nArkwriglit patented a spinning frame, or throstle, in which was a useful\\ndevice for spinning with rollers. Arkwriglit adapted to this machine the\\nprinciple now known as the flyer. Samuel Crompton combined the princi-\\nples of the fly shuttle and the throstle in 1779, and Cartwright invented\\nthe power loom in 1785. The first steam engine used in a power mill was\\nset up in 1785, thus supplying the mechanical power so long needed. Eli\\nWhitney s cotton gin, invented in 1792, brought about an enormous increase\\nin the cotton industry. The first successful cotton factory in the United\\nStates was that of Samuel Slater, of Pawtucket, R. I., established in 1790.\\nIn 1810 the whole consumption of cotton in this country was 10,000 bales;\\nin 1815 it had reached 90,000. The total product in 1890 was 14,188,103\\nbales, with a capital of $354,000,000 employed in the industry.\\nCotton Gin, invented by Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, in 1792. With\\nthis machine the preparation of cotton for market was enormously facilitated\\nand the cotton industry increased proportionately. The price of slaves", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0186.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 171\\nimmediately rose and the faint glimmerings of emancipation sentiment in\\nthe South were quickly extinguished, slave labor being invaluable in the\\ncultivation of cotton.\\nCotton Loans, loans negotiated by the Confederate Government. It\\ninduced the planters to promise that, when their cotton was sold, certain\\nsums or a certain proportion of the crop should be paid to the government\\nfor the management of the war. In return, and on this basis, the govern-\\nment issued eight per cent bonds. The loan proved worthless to subscribers.\\nCotton Whigs, a name given in the decade preceding the Civil War\\nto those Whigs in the North who were willing, for the sake of conciliating\\nthe Southern Whigs, to make as little opposition as possible to the extension\\nof slavery.\\nCouch, Darius N., general, born in South East, N. Y., in 1822. He was\\ngraduated at the U. S. Military Academy, and served against the Seminoles\\nin 1849-50. During the Civil War he served as colonel and brigadier-\\ngeneral, and commanded the Second Army Corps at Fredericksburg and\\nChancellorsville. He was quartermaster-general of Connecticut in 1877-78,\\nand adjutant-general in 1883-84. Died 1897.\\nCouncil. Under the colonial governments, the council, legislative coun-\\ncil, or executive council, was a body partaking of the nature and functions\\nof an upper House of the Legislature, and of a privy council. The name\\nwas retained for the upper House of the Legislature by Delaware until 1792,\\nby Georgia until 1798, by South Carolina until 1790 and by Vermont until\\n1836. In later days this name has also been applied to the upper House of\\nthe Territorial Legislatures. In a few States the Governor has an executive\\ncouncil.\\nCount of Presidential Votes. The two Houses meet in the House of\\nRepresentatives. The votes are opened by the president of the Senate and\\nhanded to tellers, who count the votes and announce the results. In 1876\\ndouble returns were received from certain States. In 1877 an act was passed\\napplicable to that election only, that no vote should be rejected except by\\nconcurrent vote of both Houses, and that disputes should be decided by a\\nspecial Electoral Commission. In 1887 an act was passed providing that the\\ndetermination by the States, under State laws, of all contests as to the\\nappointment of electors, shall be final, so far as is possible.\\nCounty. In England the count} was the primary subdivision of the\\nkingdom. In the sparsely settled Southern colonies it was natural that the\\ncounty institutions of England should be kept in existence rather than those\\nof the smaller areas. Here, therefore, county government prevailed. In\\n1634 eight shires were erected in Virginia, called counties in 1639; in 1680\\nthere were twenty. In Maryland the term county first appears in 1638. In\\nSouth Carolina the original subdivision of the colony was the parish, to\\nwhich afterward was added the district. Except for the years 1 786-1 790, the\\ncounty did not come into existence until 1868. These Southern counties had\\ninstitutions and officers resembling those of English counties lieutenants,\\nsheriffs, justices and quarter sessions. In Massachusetts counties were first", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0187.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "172 Dictionary of Unitbd States History.\\nincorporated in 1643; but the life of local government was mainly in the\\ntowns. In Rhode Island no counties were erected until 1703. In the Middle\\ncolonies the count)- came into existence with the beginnings of English rule\\nor soon after.\\nCounty Democracy, a faction of the Democratic party in New York City,\\nwhich opposed Tammany Hall, especially before 1886, since which time it\\nhas been of little importance.\\nCourant, Connecticut, chief among the earlier newspapers of the State.\\nIts publication was begun at Hartford by Thomas Green in December, 1764,\\nand it is still issued as a daily and weekly.\\nCourt, General, the proper title of the Legislature of Massachusetts. Its\\norigin is from the Massachusetts Company. In the seventeenth century, the\\ngeneral stockholders meeting of a corporation was called its general court.\\nHence the primary assembly of the freemen of the Massachusetts Company\\nwas from the first called the general court, and the name remained when the\\nassembly became representative.\\nCourt Leet. In old English manors this court, consisting of the tenants\\nof the manor, presided over by the lord s steward, judged petty criminal cases,\\nand had also some administrative duties. In Maryland courts leet were held\\nin the seventeenth century, and their records have been preserved.\\nCourt of Appeals in Cases of Capture, a tribunal which constituted the\\nmain portion of the Federal judiciary before 1789. General Washington\\nmade the first suggestion of a Federal prize court, to hear appeals from State\\ncourts in cases of capture of prizes. From 1776 to 1780 Congress heard\\nappeals by means of committees. The complications arising out of the case\\nof the sloop Active, which embroiled the Federal Government with Penn-\\nsylvania and showed the weakness of the former, led to the establishment of\\na permanent Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture, in 1780. The court held\\nsittings from that time to 1787, and consisted of three judges. The court\\nand the committees which preceded it took cognizance of 118 cases. It was\\na precursor of the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nCourt of Claims. This court, founded in 1855, hears claims against the\\nGovernment on any regulation of an executive department or on any contract,\\nexpress or implied, with the Government of the United States. Before the\\nestablishment of this court, those having just claims against the Government\\nhad no remedy but to petition Congress. The court at first reported its pro-\\nceedings to Congress, and that body acted upon the reports. Since 1863\\nreport to Congress has not been required.\\nCourts. (See Judiciary.)\\nCovode, John (1808-1871), of Dutch descent, was elected to Congress in\\n1854 as an Anti-Masonic Whig from Pennsylvania, and served from 1855 to\\n1863 as a Republican. He was chairman of the committee to investigate\\ncharges against President Buchanan in i860.\\nCovode Investigation, an action taken by the Thirty-sixth Congress during\\nPresident Buchanan s administration in inquiring into certain charges made", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0188.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 173\\nby two Anti-Lecomptou Democrats of the House, who alleged that the ad-\\nministration had endeavored to influence them corruptly to vote for the\\nLecomptou Bill. A committee of five investigated the charges, the Repub-\\nlican majority sustaining them, and the Democratic minority exonerating\\nthe President. No action was taken.\\nCowboys, the name given to British camp-followers and marauders who\\ninfested the neutral ground between the two armies in New York State\\nduring the Revolution. They were constantly skirmishing with the Skin-\\nners, the Continental marauders.\\nCowpens, Battle of the, January 17, 1781. When Cornwallis marched\\ninto North Carolina he sent Tarleton with 11 00 men against Morgan, On\\nTarleton s approach Morgan took his position at the Cowpens upon the slope\\nof a hill. His militia was in front, his regulars on higher ground and at the\\ntop of the slope Colonel Washington with the cavalry. As the British\\nadvanced Pickens militia delivered a number of deadly volleys and retired\\nbehind the lines. The regulars then met the enemy with a murderous fire\\nfollowed by a bayonet charge. At the same time the American cavalry\\nstruck their right flank and the militia formed again behind the lines on the\\nleft. The rout was complete. The British loss was 230 killed and wounded\\nand 600 taken prisoners, a number equal to the whole American force\\nengaged. In point of tactics this was one of the most brilliant battles of the\\nwar.\\nCox, Jacob D-, bom in 1828, during the Civil War was promoted to be\\nmajor-general and commanded at the battle of Kingston, N. C. He was\\nSecretary of the Interior 1869-70, and Representative in Congress 1877-79.\\nCox, Samuel S., (1824-1889), was editor of the Columbus, Ohio, Siates\\nman^ in which he published the gorgeous article which gave him the sobri-\\nquet of Sunset Cox. In 1855 he was Secretary of Legation to Peru, and\\nin 1885-86, Minister to Turkey. He spent twenty years in Congress, begin-\\nning in 1857, and was an effective speaker, lecturer and writer.\\nCoxa, Tench (1756-1824), successively a Royalist, Whig, Federalist\\nand Republican, was a commissioner to the Annapolis Convention in 1786,\\nmember of the Continental Congress in 1788 and Assistant Secretar of the\\nTreasury from 1789 to 1792.\\nCraft Case, an important fugitive slave case. In 1848 William Craft\\nand his wife Ellen, who was nearly white, fled from Macon, Ga. Ellen\\nimpersonated a Southern lady, carried her right arm in a sling that she might\\nnot be expected to write, bandaged her face and wore green goggles.\\nWilliam accompanied her as her servant. The couple at length reached\\nBoston, and here engaged the attention of Theodore Parker. After the\\npassage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 their identity was discovered and\\nthey were finally obliged to leave the city. They reached England, where\\nthe remainder of their days was spent in peace.\\nCranch s Reports, law reports by William Cranch of cases in the Supreme\\nCourt, covering the period from 1801 to 1815, in nine volumes.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0189.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "174 Dictionary of United States History.\\nCraney Island (Chesapeake Bay) commanded the approach to Norfolk.\\n1500 troops were sent on June 3, 1813, from the British fleet under Admiral\\nWarren to capture the island, which was defended by 737 men directed by\\nGeneral Robert B. Taylor. The American artillery opened upon them with\\nterrible effect. Five of the transport barges were sunk and the rest retreated.\\nThe British loss was eighty-one, the Americans lost none. This defeat\\nfrustrated all hope of capturing Norfolk.\\nCrawford, Francis Marion, son of Thomas, was born in Italy in 1845\\nand lived mostly abroad, but made short visits to the United States. He\\nhas been very successful as a voluminous writer of novels.\\nCrawford, George W., born in 1798, was Attorney-General of Georgia\\nfrom 1827 to 1831. He was a Whig member of Congress in 1843.\\nGovernor of Georgia from 1843 to 1845. He was Secretary of War in\\nTaylor s Cabinet from 1849 to 1850.\\nCrawford, Thomas (1814-1857), an American sculptor, worked mostly in\\nRome, visiting the United States in 1844-49 1856. He was famous\\nchiefly for his historical and allegorical works of art.\\nCrawford, William (i 732-1 782), participated in Braddock s expedition\\nagainst Fort Duquesne, fought at Long Island, Trenton and Princeton during\\nthe Revolutionary War, and was captured and put to death in an expedition\\nagainst the Wyandot and Delaware Indians.\\nCrawford, William Harris (1772-1834), served in the Georgia Legislature\\nand obtained distinction as a lawyer. He was a member of the U. S. Senate\\nin 1807-13, being president pro tern, for a part of the time. His career in\\nthis office, followed by his Ministry to France in 1813-15, and his long service\\nas Secretary of War, 1815-16, and of the Treasury, 1816-25, brought ^i\u00e2\u0084\u00a2\\nprominently forward as a candidate for Monroe s successor in the Presidency.\\nHe was one of the four candidates voted for in the famous election of 1824,\\nreceiving forty-one electoral votes, and with Adams and Jackson he was,\\nafter that indecisive contest, brought before the House of Representatives,\\nand like Jackson he went down before the Adams and Clay forces. He left\\nthe reputation less of a statesman than of a political manipulator.\\nCrazy Horse, an Indian chief of the Sioux nation, brother-in-law of Red\\nCloud. With Sitting Bull he destroyed General Custer s command on the\\nLittle Big Horn in 1876, but surrendered to General Crook in 1877.\\nCredit Mobilier, a corporation chartered by the Pennsylvania Legislature\\nas the Pennsylvania Fiscal Agency, which in 1864 became a company to\\nconstruct the Union Pacific Railroad. In the Presidential campaign of 1872\\nthe Democratic leaders charged the Vice-President, the Vice-President elect,\\nthe Secretary of the Treasury Speaker of the House and other prominent\\nmen with accepting Credit Moljilier stocks in return for political influence.\\nAn investigation which followed resulted in the censure of Representatives\\nOakes Ames and James Brooks.\\nCreek Indians originally lived on the Flint, Chattahoochee, Coosa and\\nAlabama Rivers, and in the peninsula of Florida. It was not until the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0190.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States HisTqRV. 175\\noverthrow of the French power that they came completely under English influ-\\nence. During the Revolution the Creeks joined the British, assisting in an\\nattack on Wayne s army in 1782. In 1790 they made a friendly treaty, but\\nrenewed hostilities in 1792. Another treaty was made in 1796, and in 1802\\nand 1805 they began to cede lands. Joining the English in the War of\\ni8i2, they attacked Fort Mimms, August 30, 1813, and massacred 400 people.\\nThey suffered repeated defeats, and were completely overthrown by General\\nJackson at Horseshoe Bend, March 27, 1814. A treaty of peace followed in\\nwhich they surrendered large tracts of land. Early in the century a part\\nremoved to Louisiana and later to Texas. A treaty was made in 1825 ceding\\nmore lands, but was repudiated. The nation then divided, one party favor-\\ning emigration, the other opposing it. In 1836 a part aided the Government\\nagainst the Seminoles, but the remainder attacked the frontier towns of\\nGeorgia and Alabama. General Scott reduced them, and the tribe was\\nremoved to a reservation between the Arkansas and the Canadian. The\\nCivil War divided the tribe, those adhering to the Union being finally\\ndefeated by the Confederates. In 1866 the Creeks ceded a large tract to\\nthe Government.\\nCreole Case. On November 7, 1841, seventeen negroes rose against\\nthe officers of the brig Creole, bound from Hampton Roads to New Orleans\\nwith a cargo of slaves. One of the vessel s owners was killed, and the vessel\\nwas captured and run into Nassau. Here all were set at liberty except those\\ncharged with murder. The demand for their surrender, made by the admin-\\nistration, was refused by Great Britain, but the matter was finally adjusted\\nby the treaty of August 9, 1842. During the progress of negotiations J. R.\\nGiddings, of Ohio, offered a series of resolutions which laid down the funda-\\nmental positions of the anti-slavery party.\\nCreswell, John A. J. (1828-1891), was a member of Congress from 1863\\nto 1865. He was Postmaster-General of the United States from 1869 to 1874.\\nCrevecoeur, Hector St. John de (1731-1813), an Englishman emigrating\\nto America in 1754, who, during the Revolutionary War, was made prisoner\\nand exchanged in England. In 1783 he was appointed French Consul at\\nNew York, and wrote extensively concerning America.\\nCrisp, Charles Frederick, of Americus, Ga., was born in ShefGeld, Eng-\\nland, in 1845. He ser\\\\ ed in the Confederate army from 1861 to 1864. In\\n1866 he was admitted to the bar, and from 1872 to 1877 was Solicitor-General\\nof Georgia. He served as Judge of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1877\\nto 1882, when he resigned and accepted a nomination to Congress, of which\\nhe was chosen Speaker in 1891 and again in 1893. Died 1896.\\nCrittenden, George B. (1812-1880), son of J. J., a major and lieutenant-\\ncolonel in the Texan Revolution, joined the Confederates as brigadier-gen-\\neral, and as major-general was defeated in a rash attack upon General Thomas\\nat Fishing Creek.\\nCrittenden, John Jordan (i 787-1 863), was in early life a lawyer, Attor-\\nney-General of Illinois Territory, and a soldier in the War of 181 2. Few\\nAmericans have been U. S. Senators at such different periods. Crittenden", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0191.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "1^6 Dictionary of United States History.\\nwas in the Senate from Kentucky in 1817-19, and again in 1835-41,\\n1842-49, and 1855-61. In the intervals he was a U. S. District Attorney,\\nwas Attorney-General under Harrison in 1841, and again under Fillmore in\\n1850-53. He was a prominent Whig. He supported Bell and Everett in\\ni860 and after the election he came forward with the Crittenden Compro-\\nmise in the vain attempt to avert the impending war. He sided with the\\nNorth and in 1861-63 was a member of the House of Representatives\\nfrom Kentucky.\\nCrittenden, Thomas L., son of J. J., born in 181 5, a lieutenant and aide\\nto General Taylor in the Mexican War, was Consul to Liverpool 1849-53\\nand served with distinction in the Civil War, commanding a division at\\nShiloh and a corps at Chickamauga.\\nCrittenden Compromise. In i860 Senator John J. Crittenden introduced\\na proposition for a constitutional amendment which would permanently\\ndivide the Union into a free-state and a slave-state portion, the boundary\\nbeing the line of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 The United States was to pay the owner for any\\nfugitive slave rescued. The proposition met with no success in Congress.\\nCrockett, David (1786-1836), a famous frontiersman, with General Jackson\\nin the Creek War, was a member of Congress from 1827 to 1831 and from\\n1833 to 1835. He was one of the six survivors at Fort Alamo who were\\nmassacred by Santa Anna.\\nCroghan, George (1791-1849), serving as aide, colonel and lieutenant-\\ncolonel in the War of 181 2, distinguished himself at Fort Meigs and at Fort\\nStephenson. In 1825 he was made inspector-general of the U. S. army.\\nCroker, Richard, born in Ireland, 1843 Became leader of Tammany,\\n1885, and has since been a great force in New York city and State politics.\\nCrompton, William, bom in 1806, devised a loom for the manufacture of\\nfancy cotton goods in 1837, which, since its adaptation to woolens in 1840,\\nhas been employed almost exclusively.\\nCromwell, Oliver (1599-1658), Lord Protector of England from 1653 to\\n1658, was appointed in 1643 one of a board of commissioners for the general\\nmanagement of all the English colonies in America. After his elevation he\\nproposed to the colonists of Massachusetts that they move to Jamaica, then\\nrecently conquered (1656). During the war between England and Holland\\nhe sent at the solicitation of Connecticut a fleet with a land force on board\\nfor protection against the Dutch settlers, and to take summary possession of\\nNew Netherland; but the war soon ended.\\nCrook, George (182 -1890), commanded the Pitt River expedition in 1857,\\nand during service in the Civil War was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and\\ncommanded the second cavalry division at Chickamauga. He had charge\\nof the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac from March 26, 1865, till the sur-\\nrender at Appomattox, and from 1866 on was chiefly occupied in quelling\\nIndian disturbances. In 1888 appointed a major-general of the U. S. army.\\nCross Keys, Va., an indecisive action, June 8, 1862, between 12,750\\nFederals under Fremont and Swell s column of Jackson s army of 17,000\\nConfederates. Ewell was reinforced by Taylor and Patton leading a Louisiana", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0192.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 177\\nand a Virginia brigade. Fremont s line of battle, a mile and a half long,\\nwas advantageously arranged. The Federals began the battle, advancing\\nsteadily under a heavy fire, Stahl s Pennsylvania troops faring the worst.\\nHe was, however, supported by Bohlen, Schenk and Milroy, and thus was\\nnot compelled to retreat. Taking a strong position on a hill he was\\nrepeatedly cannonaded by the Confederates, but they were easily driven ofiF\\nby his superior batteries.\\nCrown Lands. After the treaty of Paris, in 1763, a royal proclamation\\nfrom Great Britain set aside all lands west of the colonies as crown lands,\\nexclusively under the jurisdiction of the home government, and as reserved\\nfor the use of the Indians. The colonies were forbidden to make pur-\\nchase of, or settlement in, any of this reserved territory without the royal\\npermission. After the Revolution this reserve was claimed by various\\nStates.\\nCrown Point, was fortified by the French in 1731, and, in spite of expedi-\\ntions against it in 1755 and 1756, w-as held by them until 1759. It was then\\nabandoned by reason of the fall of Ticonderoga. In 1775, at the beginning\\nof the Revolutionar}^ War, as a part of the scheme to seize the route to\\nCanada, and capture the British stores at Ticonderoga (q. v.) and Crown\\nPoint, Seth Warner was despatched against the latter place. On the morning\\nof May 10, while Arnold and Allen were busy at Ticonderoga, Warner seized\\nCrown Point, thus gaining possession of more than 200 cannon, and a great\\nsupply of powder and ball.\\nCrowninshield, Benjamin \\\\A^. (1772-1851), of Massachusetts, was Secre-\\ntary of the Navy from 1814, in Madison s, until 1818 in Monroe s Cabinet,\\nwas a Presidential elector in 1820, and a Democratic member of Congress\\nfrom 1823 to 1 83 1.\\nCuba. In 1849-52 three filibustering expeditions were made against Cuba\\nfrom this country-. They were incited by Narcisso Lopez, a South American\\nmilitary adventurer, who persuaded Governor Quitman and other Southern\\nexpansionists that the island was ripe for revolt from Spain and annexation\\nto the United States. These expeditions failed, and Lopez was executed by the\\nCuban authorities. Again, in 1854, Southern annexationists attempted to fit\\nout an expedition for the capture of Cuba, but were prevented by a timely\\nwarning from the President. In that year an American steamer, tlie Black\\nWarrior, was seized by the Cuban authorities. Indemnity was demanded\\nfrom Spain, which was accorded finally, but not before the Ostend JManifesto\\nhad been issued by a conference of our ministers to the English, French and\\nSpanish courts, demanding the sale of Cuba by Spain. The Virginius\\naffair (which see) occurred in 1873, during one of the attempts of Americans\\nto assist revolting Cubans. In 1891 the United States made a reciprocity\\ntreaty with Spain respecting trade with Cuba and Porto Rico. Spanish-\\nAmerican War, 1898 (which see), was begun in behalf of Cubans in revolt\\nsince 1895. Matanzas batteries bombarded, April 27, 1898. June 24, bat-\\ntle Siboney. July i, El Caney taken. July i to 17, battles of Santiago\\n(which see). August 14, Captain-General Blanco received orders to suspend\\nhostilities, January i, military occupation by American forces.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0193.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "178 Dictionary of United States History.\\nCullom, Shelby M., born in 1829, chosen Speaker in the Illinois Legis.\\nlature in i860, was a member of the war commission at Cairo in 1862 and a\\nmember of Congress from 1865 to 187 1. As chairman of the Illinois delegation\\nat the Republican convention he placed General Grant in nomination in 1873\\nand General Logan in 1884; and from 1883 to 1897 was U. S. Senator.\\nCuUum, George W., born in 1809, a graduate, instructor and (1864-66)\\nsuperintendent of the U. S. Military Academy; was from 1838 to 1874\\nengaged largely in Government engineering and during the Civil War was\\nbrevetted major-general.\\nCulpeper, John, leader of an insurrection in the Northern colony of the\\nCarolinas in favor of popular liberty in 1678. While in England negotiating\\nfor the new government he was indicted for high treason, but was acquitted.\\nCulpeper, Thomas, Lord, in 1673 received an exclusive grant from\\nCharles II. for thirty-one years of the territory of Virginia and in 1675 was\\nproclaimed Governor for life, coming to this country in 1680. He forfeited\\nhis commission in 1683 by returning to England without royal permission\\nand by political corruption. Lord Fairfax, patron of Washington, was his\\nheir.\\nCumberland, Fort. This fort was erected in Maryland at the instance\\nof General Braddock in 1755 during his fatal expedition against the French\\nFort Duquesne. Colonel James Innes was left in command with a small force\\nand thither Braddock s forces fled after their defeat by the French and Indians.\\nColonel Washington afterward commanded the fort, to protect the settlers\\nfrom Indian raids. In 1755, Fort Beausejour on the Maine frontier, which\\nhad been built by the French in 1754, was captured by English troops and\\nthe name changed to Fort Cumberland.\\nCumberland Gap, Tenn. captured by the Nationals under Morgan during\\nthe battle of Chattanooga and afterward abandoned. It was occupied by\\nthe Confederates in 1863, and from it General Frazier commanding 2000\\nmen was dislodged by 8000 Federals under Burnside. Frazier held out for\\nfour days, but his provisions gave out and Burnside was reinforced by\\nShackleford s brigade. Frazier surrendered September 9.\\nCumberland Presbyterian Church. This denomination was a develop-\\nment of the Great Western Revival of 1800. The Presbytery in Ken-\\ntucky appointed lay preachers, who were said to be illiterate and unsound in\\ndoctrine. The suspension of these by the synod resulted in a schism in\\n181 1 and the formation of the above named sect. In the main it is an\\nattempt to steer between the Calvinism of the Presbyterians and the Armin-\\nianism of the Methodists. They now number over 165,000 members, largely\\nconfined to the South.\\nCumberland Road. (See National Road.)\\nCurry, George L. (i 820-1 878), in 1846 established the Oregon Spectator,\\nthe first paper published on the Pacific coast, and in 1848 founded the Oregon\\nFree Press. He was Governor of Oregon from 1854 to 1859.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0194.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statks History. 179\\nCurtin, Andrew G., born in Pennsylvania in 1815, a Presidential electoi\\nin 1848, and Governor of Pennsylvania from 1861 to 1865. He was one of\\nthe war governors who supported tlie National Government, and furnished\\n25,000 men known as the Penusylvania Reserve. He was appointed\\nMinister to Russia in 1869 and was elected to Congress by the Democratic\\nparty, serving from 1881 to 1887. Died 1894.\\nCurtin, Jeremiah, linguist, bom in Wisconsin in 1835; was appointed\\nSecretary of the U. S. Legation to Russia in 1864. Since 1888 he has ren-\\ndered valuable assistance to the Bureau of Ethnology of the United States.\\nHe is noted as a translator of Polish historical novels.\\nCurtis, Benjamin R. (1809-1874), appointed to the U. S. Supreme Court\\nin 1 85 1 by President Fillmore, dissented in the Dred Scott case and resigned\\nin 1857. He was one of the counsel for President Johnson in the impeacl*-\\nment trial of li\\nCurtis, George Ticknor (1812-1894), a Boston lawyer from 1836 to 1862,\\nwhen he removed to New York, was largely engaged in professional and\\nhistorical investigations, and published many valuable works, among them\\nbeing Commentaries on the Jurisprudence, Practice and Peculiar Jurisdiction\\nof the Courts of the United States and a History of the Origin, Formation\\nand Adoption of the Constitution of the United States, and the first volume\\nof a Constitutional History of the United States.\\nCurtis, George William (1824-1892), was in early life a member of the\\nfamous Brook Farm community, a European traveling correspondent of the\\nNew York Tribune, and an editor of Putnam s Monthly. His later reputa-\\ntion rests on four forms of achievement: as an eloquent and cultured lyceum\\nlecturer and platform orator; as the author of several books, including\\nNile Notes, Lotus Eating, Prue and I, Trumps, Potiphar\\nPapers, etc.; as an editor of Harper s Weekly and the writer of Easy\\nChair of Harpcr s Magazine, and as a politician. He was a noted dele-\\ngate in the Republican National Conventions of i860, 1880 and 1884. He\\nwas identified with civil service reform from the start, and was by Presi-\\ndent Grant appointed in 187 1 a commissioner for the purpose of drawing up\\nrules. The National Civil Service Reform League was largely his work.\\nCurtis, Samuel R. (1807-1866), an Ohio lawyer from 1841 to 1846,\\nbecame adjutant-general of militia in 1846, and in the Mexican War com-\\nmanded at Camarago against General Urrea. He was a Congressman from\\nIowa from 1857 to 1861, when he was commissioned brigadier-general and\\ngained a great victory at Pea Ridge, Ark. He commanded Fort Leaven-\\nworth during the Price raid in 1864, and was U. S. Commissioner to nego-\\ntiate Indian treaties.\\nCashing, Caleb (i 800-1 879), graduated at Harvard and rose to eminence\\nat the Massachusetts bar. He was a Representative from Massachusetts in\\nCongress in 1835-43, having been a Whig and, from Tyler s time, a Demo-\\ncrat. He was a U. S. Commissioner to China, a brigadier-general in the\\nMexican War, and an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Massachusetts.\\nIn 1853-57 h^ was a member of Pierce s Cabinet as Attorney-General. In", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0195.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "i8o Dictionary of United States History.\\ni860 he presided over the Democratic National Convention which met at\\nCharleston. His high reputation as a lawyer led to his appointment as U. S.\\ncounsel before the Geneva Tribunal of 1872, and to his nomination by\\nGrant as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He failed of confirmation to\\ntlie latter office, and was sent as U. S. Minister to Spain in 1874, where he\\nremained until 1877.\\nGushing, Frank H., born in 1857, was chosen curator of the Ethnological\\nDepartment of the National Museum in 1876, and from 1879 to 1884 lived\\namong the Zuiii Indians, studying their language, habits and history, the\\nresults of which he has published.\\nGushing, Luther S. (1803-1856), from 1832 to 1846 clerk of the Massa-\\nchusetts House of Representatives, was reporter of the Massachusetts Supreme\\nCourt decisions from 1850 to 1856. He was author of Cushing s Manual\\nof Parliamentary Practice.\\nGushing, Thomas (1725-1788) from 1766 to 1774 Speaker of the Massa-\\nchusetts Assembl} was elected to the first and second Continental Con-\\ngresses, and was a ]uember of the convention that ratified the Federal\\nConstitution in 1788. From 1783 to 1788 he was Lieutenant-Governor of\\nMassachusetts.\\nGushing, William (1732-1810), Judge of the Massachusetts Superior Court\\nin 1772, Chief Justice in 1777 and the first Chief Justice under the State\\nConstitution in 1780, was Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court from\\n1789 to 1810.\\nGushing, William B. (1842-1874), in 1861 captured the first prize of the\\nwar, and in 1864 by extraordinary boldness destroyed the Confederate iron-\\nclad Albemarle. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel and distinguished\\nhimself at Fort Fisher.\\nGushman, Gharlotte S. (1816-1876), a noted American actress, was born in\\nBoston. She was a very successful actress in historical plays and from 1870\\ndeveloped marked abilities as a dramatic reader.\\nGushman, Robert (1580-1625), was active in preparing for the departure\\nof the Pilgrims and acted as their English agent till 162 1, when he came to\\nAmerica and preached the first sermon in America which was ever pub-\\nlished.\\nCuster, George Armstrong (1839-1876), born in Ohio, served throughout\\nthe Civil War and distinguished himself at Gettysburg as commander of the\\nMichigan brigade, also winning fame at Winchester, Fisher s Hill, Cedar\\nCreek, Waynesboro, Five Forks and Dinwiddle Court House. In 1876,\\nbeing then a general in the regular army, he was overpowered by the Sioux\\nIndians at the lyittle Big Horn River, and his entire command was slain.\\nCustis, George W. P. (1781-1S57), grandson of Mrs. Washington, until\\n1802 a member of Washington s family, erected the Arlington House. It is\\nnow national property, and his estate is the site of a soldiers cemeterj-.\\nCustoms Revenue. For the laws relating to the customs, see art. Tariff.\\nThe Continental Congress desired to have a revenue from customs, but the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0196.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. i8r\\nStates would not all agree to this. From 1789 on, a great part of the reve-\\nnue of the Government has been derived from this source, about five-sixths\\nfrom 1789 to 1830, except in war-time, sometimes more than nine-tenths in\\nthe period from 1837 to 1861, and from one-half to three-fifths in the period\\nsince 1868. At first amounting to about $3,000,000 per annum, customs\\nhave of recent years averaged about $200,000,000.\\nCutler, Manasseh (i 742-1823), a clergyman, was born in Connecticut.\\nDuring the Revolutionary War he served as chaplain, and in 1786 was agent\\nfor the Ohio company which founded Marietta. He drafted for Nathan\\nDane the Ordinance of 1787 which excluded slavery from the Northwest\\nTeixitory, and was a Massachusetts Federal Congressman from 1801 to 1805.\\nCuttyhunk, Mass., discovered May 25, 1602, by Bartholomew Gosnold,\\nwho made a settlement there and erected a house and palisades.\\nCyane, ship. (See Constitution.\\nCynthiana, Ky., burned during the Civil War by the Confederate guerrilla\\nMorgan, June 10, 1864. Morgan also, with 2000 Confederates, defeated 600\\nFederals under Burbridge and Hobson, but was, June 12, defeated in return\\nby them at Cynthiana.\\nD.\\nDabney s Mills, Va. Here, during Grant s and IvCe s campaigns about\\nRichmond and Petersburg, in 1865, there occurred, February 6 and 7, some\\nsevere skinnishing between Crawford s division of Warren s Federal corps\\nand a Confederate force under Pegram. The Federal leaders were endeav-\\noring to lengthen their line toward Hatcher s Run when Pegram fell upon\\nthem. The Confederates were defeated and Pegram was killed.\\nDacres, James R. (1788-1853), British naval officer, commanded the\\nGuerriere when it was beaten by the Constitution, August 19, 1812.\\nLater, commanding the Tiber, he captured the Leo in March, 1815.\\nDade, Francis L., born in Virginia, a lieutenant, captain and, in 1828, a\\nbrevet-major in the U. S. army, was killed in a treacherous attack of the\\nSeminole Indians, in 1835, near Fort King, Florida.\\nDahlgren, John Adolph (1809-1870), entered the U. S. navy at an\\nearly age. He became noted as the designer of the improved Dahlgren\\ncannon. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was assigned to the command\\nof the Navy Yard at Washington. He was naturally made chief of the\\nordnance bureau, was promoted to be rear-admiral, and commanded in the\\nattack on the Charleston defences in 1863. His last important service was\\nin co-operation with General Sherman, in the taking of Savannah, in 1864.\\nDale, Richard (i 756-1 826), was first lieutenant on the Bon Homme\\nRichard, and served with Paul Jones on the Alliance and the Ariel.\\nHe commanded the Mediterranean Squadron during the troubles with Tripoli.\\nDale, Samuel (1772-1841), a U. S. army scout in 1793, commanded a\\nbattalion against the Creeks in 1814. He was appointed with Colonel George", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0197.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "1 82 Dictionary of United States History.\\nS. Gaines to remove the Choctaw Indians to their reservation on the\\nArkansas and Red Rivers.\\nDale, Sir Thomas, died in 1620. He was sent as Governor to Virginia,\\nand established there a military government. He was succeeded by Sir\\nThomas Gates, from 1611 to 161 4, when he resumed the government, and\\nheld it till 1616.\\nDallas, Alexander James (1759-1817) born in Jamaica, took the oath of\\nallegiance to Pennsylvania in 1783, and was U. S. District Attorney from\\n1801 to 1814, when he became Secretary of the Treasury in Madison s\\nCabinet. On his suggestion the Second National Bank was incorporated in\\n1 81 6, and to his efforts is largely due the financial success of the U. S.\\nGovernment from 1814 to 1817.\\nDallas, George Mifflin (1792-1864), Vice-President of the United States,\\nhad a training in diplomacy and law, was mayor of Philadelphia, and district\\nattorney. From 1831 to i8;?3 he was U. S. Senator from Pennsylvania, and\\nwas Attorney-General of the State in the two succeeding years. In 1837\u00e2\u0080\u009439\\nhe was U. S. Minister to Russia. When Polk was nominated by the Demo-\\ncrats in 1844, Dallas received the second honor, as a kind of protectionist\\ngift to hold Pennsylvania. They were elected, and Dallas served as Vice-\\nPresident 1845-49. In spite of his supposed protectionist leanings Dallas\\ngave the casting vote in the Senate in favor of the Walker Tariff of 1846.\\nHis last public office was that of Minister to England in 1856-61.\\nDallas-Clarendon Treaty. A treaty arranged in England in 1856, to\\nadjust difficulties between Great Britain and the United States respecting\\nCentral America, arising under the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. It was not\\nratified by the Senate.\\nDallas Reports. Law reports by A. J. Dallas of cases from all inferior\\nState Courts and all United States Courts sitting in Philadelphia and from\\nthe Supreme Court of Pennsylvania; in four volumes, covering the period\\nfrom 1754 to 1806 (Supreme Court, 1790-1800). Also cases in Federal Court\\nof Appeals 1781-87. The series of reports of the U. S. Supreme Court\\nbegins with 2 Dallas.\\nDallas (Vicinity), Ga., a four days fight between Johnston s and Sher-\\nman s armies, during the latter s advance upon Atlanta in 1864. The\\nfighting took place May 25 to 29. The Confederates, about 40,000 strong,\\nwere under the immediate command of Hardee, and lay entrenched about\\nDallas. McPherson attacked them with 20,000 Federals. Schofield was\\nordered to flank the Confederate right, but as lie made this attempt Johnston\\nhimself struck heavily upon McPherson s main command. However, the\\nFederals moved to the left along the Confederate front and gained the Alla-\\ntoona Pass. Johnston was thus forced to leave his intrenchments and retire,\\nMay 29.\\nDana, Charles A. (1819-1897), from 1848 to 1862 managing editor of\\nthe New York Tribune^ edited by Horace Greeley; was appointed Assistant\\nSecretary of War in 1863, and in 1 867-1 868 organized and became editor of\\nthe New York Sun.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0198.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 183\\nDana, Francis (1743-1811), a Massachusetts delegate to the Continental\\nCongress in 1776, was Congressman in 1778 and secretary to the embassy of\\nJohn Adams in 1779. He was Minister to Russia from 1780 to 1783. In\\n1785 he was made Justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and was\\na delegate to the Annapolis Convention in 1786, and Chief Justice of Mas-\\nsachusetts from 1791 to 1806.\\nDana, James Dwight, professor in Yale University, bom in 1813, made\\nextensive reports, geological and other, upon material collected in a United\\nStates expedition to the Southeni and Pacific Oceans, and in 1850 became\\nassociate editor of the American Journal of Science and Ari, of which he\\nis now editor. Died in 1895.\\nDana, Richard H. (1787-1879), admitted to the Massachusetts bar in\\n181 1, was one of the projectors of the North Americaii Review in 1815, and\\nassociate editor till 1821; he wrote poems, of which The Buccaneer is\\nthe most noted.\\nDana, Richard H., 2d (1815-1882), contributed largely to legal publica-\\ntions. He was author of Two Years Before the Mast, a popular book,\\nand revised VVheaton s International Law, bringing it up to 1866.\\nDane, Nathan (1752-1835), a delegate to the Continental Congresses from\\n1785 to 1788, was the framer of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787 for the\\ngovernment of the Northwest Territory. In 181 1 he was appointed to\\nrevise and publish the charters of Massachusetts, and in 1812 to publish the\\nstatutes. He was a delegate to the Hartford Convention in 1814.\\nDaniel, John W., Senator and orator, bom in Virginia in 1842, a Confed-\\nerate adjutant-general, was Representative from Virginia from 1885 to 1887,\\nand Senator from 1887 to the present time (1897).\\nDaniel, Peter V. (i 784-1 860), was a member of the Virginia Privy\\nCouncil from 181 2 to 1835. He was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court\\nfrom 1 84 1 to i860.\\nDaniel, William, of Maryland, was bom in 1826. He was prominent in\\nMaryland prohibition movements, a delegate to the State convention for the\\nemancipation of slaves in 1864, and a candidate for Vice-President on the\\nProhibition ticket in 1884. Died 1897.\\nDarbytown Road, Va. Along this highway there occurred, during the\\ncampaign around Richmond and Petersburg, three brief fights between the\\nFederals and Confederates. In the first, July 29, 1864, Hancock s corps of\\nGrant s army, having been sent to co-operate in the mine explosion of Peters-\\nburg, met and defeated a large force of Confederates, Gregg s and Kautz s\\ncavalry bearing the brunt of the fight. Again, October 7, Kautz s cavalry\\nwas defeated with heavy loss along the Darbytown road; many Federals\\nwere killed and wounded and nine pieces of artillery were lost. October 13\\nButler endeavored to drive the Confederates from some new works he was\\nconstructing along this road. The Tenth Corps took the chief part in this\\nengagement and were badly defeated, so Butler desisted from the work.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0199.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "i84 Dictionary of United States History.\\nDare, Virginia, born iii 1587 at Roanoke, Va., (N. C), was the first Euglislf\\nchild born iu the New World. She was the granddaughter of John White,\\nGovernor of the colony sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1587.\\nDarling, Fort. (See Drewry s Bluff.)\\nDartmoor Massacre, a massacre of a number of American sailors captured\\nduring the Revolution and confined in Dartmoor Prison, in Devonshire,\\nEngland. It occurred April 6, 1815. In the prison were 6000 Americans\\nand 10,000 Frenchmen. The former becoming impatient for their liberty,\\nsince the war was then long ended, attempted to escape. They were set\\nupon by the guards and a number of them were killed. An investigation of\\nthe matter was made and the British Government oSered ample satisfaction.\\nDartmouth College, Hanover, N. H., was founded by Congregationalists,\\nand chartered in 1769. It is famous in constitutional historj- for having sup-\\nplied the test case as to whether the State Legislature had the power to dis-\\nsolve private trusts. It originated out of a school for Indians established at\\nLebanon, Conn., by Rev. Eleazar Wheelock. His son, John Wheelock, suc-\\nceeded him in the presidency. Daniel Webster was graduated here in 1802.\\nThe Medical School was founded in 1797, the Chandler Scientific School in\\n1852, the New Hampshire College of Agriculture in 1868.\\nDartmouth College vs. Woodward, a celebrated case brought to the\\nSupreme Court of the United States upon writ of error from the Superior\\nCourt of the State of New Hampshire, and decided in 1819. William Wood-\\nward had been appointed secretary and treasurer of the corporation of Dart-\\nmouth College by the trustees of the college, twelve in number, as\\ndesignated by the ancient charter granted by George III. in 1769 to Gov-\\nernor Wentworth, Eleazar Wheelock and ten others. Woodward was\\nremoved from office by the trustees August 27, 18 16, and refused to give\\nup certain goods, chattels and property then in his keeping, but belonging\\nto Dartmouth College. On June 27, 1816, the New Hampshire Legislature,\\nunder the influence of the Democrats, had passed an act amending the char-\\nter and enlarging and altering the (Federalist) corporation of Dartmouth\\nCollege; that is, the number of trustees was increased to twenty-one, there\\nwere twenty-five special overseers appointed, and the State was to have a\\ngeneral supervision of the aSairs of the college. This act, and a similar one,\\npassed December 26, 181 6, to enforce the first, were wholly repugnant to\\nthe trustees, who refused to obey them. William Woodward had been\\nappointed secretary and treasurer of the new board of twenty-one trustees\\nselected by the State. Suit was brought against him by the old trustees to\\nrecover the property of the college then in his keeping. The Superior Court\\nof New Hampshire gave a verdict for the defendant. The U. S. Supreme\\nCourt reversed and annulled this decision, allowing the plaintiffs $20,000\\ndamages. It was decided by the court that the charter of Dartmouth College\\nis a contract within the meaning of that clause of the Constitution which\\nprohibits the States from passing any law impairing the obligation of con-\\ntracts. Hence the New Hampshire law was declared unconstitutional.\\nDaniel Webster was chief counsel for the plaintiff.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0200.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.* 185\\nDaughters of Liberty, a society of women formed in Boston in 1769-70,\\nwho pledged themselves not to buy goods from British importers and shop-\\nkeepers, and to help on the cause of liberty.\\nDaughters of the American Revolution, a society of the female descend-\\nants of distinguished soldiers, sailors and patriots of the Revolution, organized\\nat Washington October 11, 1890. There are now twenty-odd State branches.\\nDavenport, John (i 597-1670), an English clergyman, who emigrated to\\nBoston in 1637. In 1638 he founded New Haven, of which colony for thirty\\nyears he was minister, and a chief member of the government. Since none\\nexcept members of the church were burgesses, he had great power and\\ninfluence.\\nDavie, William R. (1756-1820), born in England, arrived in America in\\n1763. He commanded at Stono Ferry in 1779, and in 1781 was appointed\\ncommissary-general of the Southern army. He was a member of the Con-\\nstitutional Convention of 1787 from North Carolina, and of the special\\nembassy to France in 1799. He was prominent among the North Carolina\\nFederalists.\\nDaviess, Joseph H. (1774-1811), was killed at Tippecanoe. While U. S.\\nAttorney for Kentucky he advocated the trial of Aaron Burr in 1806 on a\\ncharge of unauthorized warfare which could not be sustained and brought\\nhim into disfavor.\\nDavis, Charles H. (1807-1877), io\\\\\\\\MAt.r oi the American Nautical Ahnanac,\\nwas connected with the U. S. navy from 1823 to 1867. In 1862 he was chief\\nof the board of navigation, and commanded the Mississippi flotilla, and was\\nsuperintendent of the naval observatory from 1865 to 1867 and from 1870\\nto 1877.\\nDavis, David (1815-1886), jurist, graduated at Kenyon College in Ohio,\\nand settled to the practice of law at Bloomington, 111. He was a member\\nof the Illinois Legislature, a State judge, and an intimate friend of Abraham\\nLincoln. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at\\nChicago in i860. President Lincoln appointed him an Associate Justice of\\nthe Supreme Court, where he remained from 1862 to 1877, being in the\\nlatter year a member, of the Electoral Commission. His reform tendencies\\nhad, meanwhile, made him the candidate for President, in 1872, of the\\nLabor Reform party, and brought him some votes at the Liberal Republican\\nConvention in the same year. In 1877\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1883 he was U. S. Senator from\\nIllinois, and at one time president of the Senate. While in that body he\\nwas classed as an Independent, though he acted frequently with the\\nDemocrats.\\nDavis, Edwin H. (181 1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1888), physician from 1838 to 1850, has made\\nextensive exploration of ancient mounds, the report of which was the first\\nscientific publication of the Smitlisonian Institute.\\nDavis, Henry Winter (1817-1S65), was born in Maryland. He attained\\nconsiderable celebrit) as a lawyer, and was elected to the Congress of the\\nUnited States as a Democrat, serving from 1855 to 1861, and decided a tie", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0201.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "i86 Dictionary of United States History.\\nvote for Speaker, in 1859, by voting for Mr. Pennington, the Republican candi-\\ndate. He was again a member of Congress from 1863 to 1865, and served\\nas chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Though representing a\\nslave State, he was an ardent advocate of emancipation and negro suffrage,\\nbut opposed the assumption of extraordinary powers by the executive.\\nDavis, Jefferson (June 3, 1808-December 6, 1889), President of the\\nSouthern Confederacy, was born in Kentucky, and graduated at West Point\\nin 1828. He saw some service in the Black Hawk War, but resigned from\\nthe army and became a cotton planter in Mississippi. He represented that\\nState in Congress in 1845-46, but left Congress to take part as colonel in the\\nMexican War. In the storm of Monterey and the battle of Buena Vista he\\ndistinguished himself and was straightway chosen to the U. S. Senate, where\\nhe served 1847-51 and 1857-61. In 1851 he ran unsuccessfully as the States-\\nrights candidate for Governor of Mississippi. In President Pierce s admin-\\nistration Mr. Davis was the Secretary of War 1853-57. become one\\nof the Southern leaders, received some votes for the Democratic nomination\\nfor President in i860, and in January, 1861, he left the U. S: Senate. He was\\nthereupon elected provisional President of the Confederacy February 9, 1861,\\nand was inaugurated February 18. In November of the same year he was\\nelected President and was inaugurated February 22, 1862. From the second\\nyear of the war till the close many of his acts were severely criticised in the\\nSouth itself. Many Southerners admit that President Davis actions, espe-\\ncially his interference in military matters, impaired the prospects of success.\\nAn instance in point was his removal of General J. E. Johnston from com-\\nmand in 1864. Early in 1865 he conducted unsuccessful negotiations for\\npeace. On the second of April the successes of Grant s army obliged Presi-\\ndent Davis to leave Richmond; he took the train for Danville, and after\\nconsultation proceeded southward and was captured by the Federals near\\nIrwinsville, Ga., May 10, 1865. Until 1867 he was confined as a prisoner\\nin Fort Monroe. He was in 1866 indicted for treason, released on bail\\nthe following year, and the trial was dropped. He passed the remainder of\\nhis life at Memphis and later in Mississippi, dying in New Orleans. He is\\nthe author of Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, two volumes.\\nThere are lives by Pollard and Alfriend.\\nDavis, Jefferson C. (1828-1879), Federal general, after serving during the\\nMexican War, was in Fort Sumter at the time of the bombardment in 1861,\\nserved with distinction at Pea Ridge and Stone River, and commanded a corps\\nin Sherman s march through Georgia.\\nDavis, John (1550-1605), an English navigator, in 1585, 1586 and 1587\\nmade attempts to discover a northwest passage, penetrating as far as the strait\\nwhich bears his name.\\nDavis, John (1787-1854), was a National Republican Congressman from\\n1825 to 1834, when he became Governor of Massachusetts. From 1835\\nto 1840 he was a U. S. Senator, and opposed the administrations of Jackson\\nand Van Buren. After again serving as Governor from 1840 to 1841, he\\nwas returned to the Senate from 1845 to 1853. He opposed the Mexican", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0202.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 187\\nWar and the introduction and extension of slavery, and received the appel-\\nlation of Honest John Davis.\\nDavis, John C. Bancroft, jurist, was born in Massachusetts in 1822. From\\n1869 to 1871, from 1873 to 1875, and in 1881 he was Assistant Secretary of\\nState of the United States. In 187 1 he represented the U. S. Government in\\nthe arbitration of the Alabama claims at Geneva, having been secretary of\\nthe commission concluding the Treaty of Washington. From 1877 to 1881\\nhe was a Judge of the U. S. Court of Claims, and in 1883 became reporter\\nof the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nDavis, John W. (1799-1859), was Speaker of the Indiana Legislature in\\n1832 and a Democratic U. S. Congressman from 1835 to 1837, 1839.^10\\n1841 and from 1843 to 1847. He was Speaker of the House from 1S45 to\\n1847, and U. S. Commissioner to China from 1848 to 1850.\\nDavis, Noah, born in 1818, was a Judge of the Supreme- !ourt-fGr the\\nEighth Judicial District from 1857 to 1868 and a U. S. Representative from\\n1869 to 1870, when he became U. S. Attorney for Southern New York.\\nFrom 1872 to 1887 he was a Justice of the New York Supreme Court,\\nbecoming Presiding Justice in 1874.\\nDawes, Henry L., born in 1816, was a member of the Massachusetts Con-\\nstitutional Convention in 1853. He was a Representative from Massachu-\\nsetts from 1857 to 1873, and succeeded Charles Sumner in the Senate in\\n1875 and served till 1893. He was for a time chairman of the Ways and\\nMeans Committee in the House, and has been prominent in legislation for\\nthe tariff and for Indian education.\\nDawson, Henry B., born in England in 1821, arrived in America in 1834\\nand from 1840 was editor and publisher of many historical writings and\\nmuch engaged in newspaper work. In 1863 he published his edition of the\\nFederalist. For many years he edited the Historical Magazine. Died 1889.\\nDay, William R., lawyer, born in Ohio in 1849. Became Assistant\\nSecretary of State in McKinley s Cabinet in 1897, and succeeded John\\nSherman as Secretary of State in 1898. President of the Paris Peace Com-\\nmission. In 1899 U. S. Circuit Judge.\\nDayton, Jonathan (1760-1824), was bom in New Jersey. In 1776 he\\nentered the Continental army, in which he held numerous commissions, and\\nunder Lafayette commanded at Yorktown. In 1783 he was elected to the\\nLegislature, and was made Speaker in 1790. In 1787 he was a delegate to\\nthe convention which framed the Federal Constitution. He was elected\\nU. S. Congressman from New Jersey, serving from 1791 to 1799, being chosen\\nSpeaker of the House from 1795 to 1799, and was a U. S. Senator from 1799\\nto 1805. A friend of Biirr, he had a part in Burr s conspiracy of 1807.\\nDayton, William L. (1807-1864), a U. S. Senator from New Jersey from\\n1842 to 1851, was candidate for Vice-President in 1856 on the Republican\\nticket, and was Attorney-General for New Jersey from 1857 to 1861, when he\\nwas appointed Minister to France, where he served during the Civil War,\\ntill his death.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0203.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "1 88 Dictionary ok United Status History.\\nDeane, Charles (i 813-1889), bom in Maine, the author of many historical\\nwritings and owner of a very valuable librar on early New England history,\\nwas eminent for his learning and sagacity in that field.\\nDeane, Silas (1737-1789), born in Groton, Conn., died in Deal, England.\\nHe was a member of the Connecticut Committee of Correspondence, and\\nafterward a Representative in the Continental Congress. In 1776 he was\\nsent to France to purchase supplies for the Confederacy. Vergennes, the\\nFrench Minister of Foreign Affairs, referred him to Beaumarchais, a secret\\nagent of the French Government, and with him Deane negotiated. He was\\naccused of extravagance and dishonesty, chiefly by his colleague, Arthur\\nI,ee. Deane, Lee and Franklin negotiated treaties of amity and commerce\\nwith France, which were signed February 6, 1778. Deane was recalled the\\nsame year at the instigation of Lee. Congress refused him a hearing for\\nsome time and finally required a full statement. Returning to France for\\nthe necessary papers, he found himself unpopular there, and had to retire\\nto Holland. He died just as he was re-embarking from England for America\\nin 1789.\\nDearborn, Henry (1751-1829), a captain at Bunker Hill, distinguished\\nhimself at the battles of Stillwater, Saratoga and Monmouth. He became\\nmajor-general in 1795. He was a U. S. Congressman from 1793 to 1797, and\\nSecretary of War in Jefferson s Cabinet from 1801 to 1809. From 1822 to\\n1824 he was Minister to Portugal.\\nDearborn, Fort (Chicago), was evacuated August 15, 1812, by orders of\\nGeneral Hull; burned next day. The Americans while retreating were\\nattacked by hostile Indians, and two-thirds of their number massacred,\\nincluding twelve children. The survivors surrendered on promise of safety,\\nwere taken to Fort Mackinaw, and finally were sent back to their homes.\\nDeatonsville, Va. Near this place the Confederate army under Lee,\\nwhile in full retreat from Petersburg, at the close of the last campaign about\\nthat city and Richmond, was struck April 6, 1864, by Crook, commanding\\nthe left of Sheridan s pursuing forces. Crook s forces were repulsed by\\nsuperior numbers, but his assault enabled Custer to join him and attack Lee\\na little further on at Sailor s Creek. Ewell s forces were cut off and com-\\npelled to surrender.\\nDe Bow, James D. B. (1820-1867), of South Carolina, statistician, a\\nvoluminous writer of magazine articles upon economics and finance, was\\nappointed Superintendent of the Census from 1853 to 1855.\\nDebt. At the installation of the new Government in 1789, the foreign\\ndebt amounted to $13,000,000, the domestic debt to $42,000,000, and Ham-\\nilton also persuaded the Congress to assume State debts contracted in the\\nRevolution to the amount of $21,500,000 more. It was then funded. In\\n1796 it amounted in the total to $83,800,000. It then began to be reduced\\nand, though raised by the expenditures for the Louisiana purchase, was\\nbrought down to $45,200,000 in 181 2 by the skillful management of Ham-\\nilton and Gallatin successively. The War of 1812 brought it up to $127,-\\n000,000 in 1 81 6, but the abounding prosperity of the country enabled the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0204.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statss History. 189\\nGovernmcut to pay it all off, virtually, by 1S35. It then grew again. The\\nMexican War brought it up from $15,600,000 to $68,300,000, whence it\\nagain declined to $28,700,000 in 1857. The Civil War required not only\\nheavy and almost indiscriminate taxation but enormous loans, so that the\\ndebt on the thirty-first of August, 1865, amounted to $2,845,000,000. Suc-\\ncessful efforts to refund at lower rates of interest, together with the pros-\\nperity of the country and the great revenue from customs, enabled the debt\\nto be reduced to $2,000,000,000 in 1878, if cash in the Treasury be sub-\\ntracted, to $1,500,000,000 in 1883, and to $1,000,000,000 in 1889. On\\nNovember i, 1893, the total debt, less cash in the Treasury, amounted to\\n$820,109,339.\\nDebts, British. At the outbreak of the Revolution, many Americans\\nowed money to British citizens, merchants and others. The Treaty of 1783\\nprovided for their payment. But many obstacles were thrown in the way,\\nState governments having provided, or even providing alter the ratification\\nof the treaty, that they might be paid into the treasury of the State, which\\nwould then refuse to entertain suits on the part of the creditors. The appre-\\nhension that a Federal judiciary would compel these debts to be paid was\\none cause of opposition to the Constitution of 1787. In 1796, in the case\\nof Ware vs. Hylton, the Supreme Court decided that such debts must\\nbe paid.\\nDecatur, Stephen (1779-1820), was born in Maryland. He began service\\nin the U. S. navy on the United States in 1798, and in 1803 commanded\\nthe Argus, and later the Enterprise. In 1804 he distinguished himself\\nby successfully destroying the Philadelphia, which had fallen into the\\npossession of Tripoli. In 1812, on the United States, while commanding\\nan Atlantic squadron, he captured the British ship Macedonian, and in\\n1814, after a stubborn battle, was compelled to surrender the unseaworthy\\nship President. In 1815, with ten vessels, he humbled the Barbary\\npowers, and concluded a treaty by which tribute was abolished and prisoners\\nand property were restored. Pie was one of the navy commissioners from\\n1816 to 1820, when he was killed by Commodore Barron in a duel.\\nDeclaration of Independence. Absolute separation from Great Britain\\nwas not at first contemplated by the colonies. New England favored it, but\\nthe Southern States were opposed. The transfer of the war to the south-\\nward in May and June, 1776, brought them to this view. The North Caro-\\nlina Convention took the first step toward independence by a resolution to\\nconcur with those in the other colonies in declaring independence, April\\n22, 1776. Virginia, May 17, 1776, prepared the title of the document by\\ndirecting her Representatives to propose in Congress a Declaration of Inde-\\npendence. Such a resolution was offered by Richard Henry Lee, June 7,\\n1776. This resolution was adopted July 2. Thomas Jefferson, John Adams,\\nBenjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston were the\\ncommittee appointed to draft the Declaration. The draft was formulated\\nalmost entirely by Jefferson. Before July 1, Pennsylvania, Maryland and\\nNew Jersey had instructed their delegates to vote against the Declaration.\\nThis instruction was rescinded. South Carolina came over to the majority,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0205.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "igo\\nDictionary of United States History.\\nand Delaware s vote, at first divided, was in the afiirmative. The Declara-\\ntion was, therefore, adopted by the unanimous vote of twelve States, New\\nYork alone not voting, July 4, 1776. The New York Convention afterward\\nratified the Declaration. The engrossed copy was signed on August 2. The\\nDeclaration sets forth the rights of man and of the colonists, enumerates\\ntheir grievances against the British Government, and declares that these\\nunited colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States.\\nDeclaration of Independence, Signers of.\\nNew Hampshire.\\nJosiah Bartlett,\\nWilliam Whipple,\\nMatthew Thornton.\\nMassachusetts.\\nJohn Hancock,\\nSamuel Adams,\\nJohn Adams,\\nRobert Treat Paine.\\nElbridge Gerry.\\nRhode Island.\\nStephen Hopkins,\\nWilliam EUery.\\nConnecticut,\\nRoger Sherman,\\nSamuel Huntingdon,\\nWilliam Williams,\\nOliver Wolcott.\\nNew York.\\nWilliam Floyd,\\nPhilip Ivivingston,\\nFrancis Lewis,\\nLewis Morris.\\nNew Jersey.\\nRichard Stockton,\\nJohn Witherspoou,\\nFrancis Hopkinson,\\nJohn Hart,\\nAbraham Clark.\\nPennsylvania.\\nRobert Morris,\\nBenjamin Rush,\\nBenjamin Franklin,\\nJohn Morton,\\nGeorge Clymer,\\nJames Smith,\\nGeorge Taylor,\\nJames Wilson,\\nGeorge Ross.\\nDelaware.\\nCaesar Rodney,\\nGeorge Read,\\nThomas M Kean.\\nMaryland.\\nSamuel Chase,\\nWilliam Paca,\\nThomas Stone,\\nCharles Carroll, of Carrollton.\\nVirginia,\\nGeorge Wythe,\\nRichard Henry Lee,\\nThomas Jefferson,\\nBenjamin Harrison,\\nThomas Nelson, Jr.,\\nFrancis Lightfoot Lee,\\nCarter Braxton.\\nNorth Carolina.\\nWilliam Hooper,\\nJoseph Hewes,\\nJohn Penn.\\nSojith Carolina.\\nEdward Rutledge,\\nThomas Heyward, Jr.,\\nThomas Lynch, Jr.,\\nArthur Middleton.\\nGeorgia.\\nButton Gwinnett,\\nLyman Hall,\\nGeorge Walton.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0206.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0207.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0208.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "/a(:jjY/?/ii^(^/u:^::^^^^a^^Z ^i^ {^^yJ ??^W^^yf^^3^fa^/ ^y 4 ^/I^\\nO- /i-\\nTi j^^Jy^j^\\nz^iu..r^^^\\n^n^ri.\\n^^^^^-^^IZ\\n(rvt(rn\\n^^^^^^/i^-A^c^^z^\\n^lyt^j^\\n(j;u-mur\\\\2 ^f StuU IS^.iprtHsift.iurl^ UuU tht-t n a /yLOUiOiCT Copy o/ltu ortiiuuii iMeiaraii^n tfi idepentitn^ Jwe.^titti altfuJ Hepartm^ni and thai 1 havt \u00e2\u0080\u00a2tnpartii", "height": "2530", "width": "1751", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0209.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0210.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 191\\nDeclaration of Rights. In 1765, the Stamp Act Congress published a\\nDeclaration of Rights and Grievances of the Colonists of America, in\\nwhich they protested against the Stamp Act and all efforts to tax them in a\\nParliament in which they could not be represented, and claimed for them-\\nselves all the rights of British subjects. A similar declaration of rights was\\nissued by the Continental Congress of 1774, adapted to meet also the aggres-\\nsive acts which had more recently been passed by Parliament. Another\\nsuch was included in the Declaration of Independence. For the statements\\nof the rights of the individual as over against his government which accom-\\npanied most of the new Constitutions of this period, see Bills of Rights.\\nDeclaratory Act, an act passed by Parliament, March 7, 1766, vindi-\\ncating the previous enactments affecting the colonies, and declaring that the\\nking, with the advice of Parliament, had full power to make laws binding\\nAmerica in any cases whatsoever. This law accompanied the repeal of the\\nStamp Act.\\nDecoration Day, known as Memorial Day in the Southern States. The\\ncustom that led up to it originated in the South before the close of the Civil\\nWar. Early in the spring of each year the Southern women were in the\\nhabit of decorating the graves of their dead soldiers with flowers, and thus\\nan unwritten law fixed May 30 as the day of observance. Similar observ-\\nances had been inaugurated in the North with no especial unanimity. May\\n5, 1868, General John A. Logan, then commander-in-chief of the Grand Army\\nof the Republic, issued an order fixing Maj- 30 of that year for strewing witL-\\nflowers the graves of dead soldiers. There has been no Federal legislation\\nregarding Decoration Day, but many States have made it a legal holiday.\\nDeep Bottom, Va., selected by Butler during the campaigning around Rich-\\nmond and Petersburg in 1864 as a position from which to threaten Lee. A\\nlodgment was effected there June 21, and Foster was there posted with\\nstrong force. Lee, fearing this position, made several ineffectual attempts\\nto secure it, and at last Grant ordered a counter attack on July 26 and 27.\\nHancock turned the Confederates advance position while Foster feinted an\\nattack upon his front. The plan worked so successfully that Miles brigade\\noutflanked the Confederates outpost and carried away four guns. Lee fell\\nback to Bailev s Creek, but continued to hold his strong defensive work at\\nChapin s Bluff.\\nDeerfield, Mass., was first settled in 1670. During King Philip s War\\na company under Captain Lothrop was attacked at Bloody Brook, in Deer-\\nfield, by savages in ambush and almost totally destroyed. Deerfield was\\nsacked by French and Indians in 1704 and many of the inhabitants killed.\\nDelancey, James (1703-1760), of New York, member of the council of\\nthe province from 1729, Chief Justice from 1733, Lieutenant-Governor from\\n1753, acted as Governor from 1753 to 1755 and from 1757 to 1760. He pre-\\nsided over the Albany Convention of 1754.\\nDelancey, James (1732\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1800), son of the preceding, served in the French\\nand Indian War, and took a prominent part in the Assembly before the Revo-\\nlution, but on its outbreak retired to England, and died there. His estates\\nwere confiscated.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0211.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "192 Dictionary of United States History.\\nDelancey, James (1750-1809), cousiu of the preceding, was during the\\nRevolutionar) War noted as a bold and successful commander of the Tory\\nlight-horse, known as Cowboys. After the war, his estates having been\\nconfiscated, he retired to Nova Scotia.\\nDelancey, Oliver (1708-1785), brother of Governor James Delancey, com-\\nmanded the New York troops in Abercrombie s campaign in the French and\\nIndian War, and during the Revolutionary War was commander of a brigade\\n0/ Tories. At the close of the war he retired to England.\\nDelancey, Oliver (1752-1822), son of the preceding, an officer in the\\nBritish army, served with distinction throughout the American war, and\\nfinally became full general in the British service.\\nDelano, Columbus, born 1809, member of Congress from Ohio, was Secre-\\ntary of the Interior in Grant s Cabinet from 1870 to 1875.\\nDelaware. In 1631 the Dutch from New Netherland founded a settle-\\nment in what is now Delaware, but it proved temporary. In 1638 the\\nSwedish West India Company settled a colony on the site of Wilmington.\\nThe colony of New Sweden, lying along the shores of Delaware River and\\nBay, became involved in quarrels with the neighboring settlements of the\\nDutch, who claimed the region. In 1655 Governor Stuyvesant conquered\\nthe region for the Dutch. In 1664 it fell, with all New Netherland, into the\\nhands of the English. William Penn in 1682 obtained possession of what is\\nnow Delaware, and for twenty years it was governed as a part of Pennsyl-\\nvania, except from 1691 to 1693. In 1703 the territories or three lower\\ncounties on the Delaware obtained recognition as a separate colony, with\\nan assembly of its own, though the proprietary always appointed the same\\nman Governor of both Pennsylvania and Delaware. Delaware framed its\\nfirst Constitution as a State in 1776. On December 7, 1787, Delaware ratified\\nthe Constitution of the United States, and was the first vState to do so. The\\nvote in convention was unanimous. In 1792 a second State Constitution\\nwas established. That of 1831, the last made, differs little from this. Up\\nto 1850 the State was usually Federalist and Whig, since then it has usually\\nbeen Democratic. Though a slave State it took no part in secession. The\\npopulation, which in 1790 was 59,096, in 1890 was 168,493.\\nDelaware, Crossing of the. On Christmas night, 1776, after a period of\\ndiscouragement, Washington made his way across the river Delaware through\\nthe floating ice, and on the next day, at the head of 2400 men, surprised,\\nattacked and captured a force of 1000 British troops (Hessian mercenaries)\\nunder Rahl.\\nDelawares, an Indian tribe, a branch of the Algonquin family, who,\\nwhen the whites first came to the Delaware River, were found dwelling near\\nit. Penn bought much land of them. At first a peaceable tribe, they were\\nlargely under the control of the Five Nations. Later, they became warlike,\\nand had a part in the war with Pontiac. In 1774 they received a signal\\ndefeat. After 1768 there were none east of the Alleghanies. The Christian\\nDelawares, converts of the Moravians, were largely massacred by the Ameri-\\ncans at Gnadenhiitten, near the close of the Revolutionary War. From", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0212.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 193\\nOhio the tribe emigrated to Missouri in 1818, in 1S29 into Kansas, and in\\n1868 into the Indian Territory, are now almost completely civilized.\\nDelawarr, Thomas West, Lord, a man of noble and philanthropic\\ncharacter, was appointed Governor of Virginia in 1609, and administered\\nthe colony with success until 161 1. In that year he entered the river that\\nbears his name. He died in 161 8.\\nDelfthaven, a small town in South Holland, port of Delft, is famous in\\nAmerican history as the place at which the Pilgrim Fathers embarked on\\nboard the Speedwell for Southampton, July 22, 1620.\\nDe Lome, Dupuy, Spanish Minister to the United States from 1893 to\\n1898, when he resigned in consequence of the friction caused by an indis-\\ncreet letter written by him to a Spanish agent.\\nDe Long, George W. (1844-1881), a lieutenant-commander in the U. S.\\nnavy, commanded the Jeannette in her Arctic voyage via Behring Strait.\\nHis vessel being crushed in the ice, he made a long and adventurous journey\\nto the Siberiail mainland and up the I^ena delta, but died of exposure and\\nstarvation when within reach of help.\\nDemocracy. Democracy, though one of the foremost elements in Ameri-\\ncan constitutional life, has grown up entirely outside the Constitution. The\\nConstitution leaves the suifrage to be prescribed entirely by the States. For\\nits stages of advance, see art. Suffrage. An important landmark in its his-\\ntory, in the Federal Government, is the inauguration of Jackson in 1829.\\nHe was felt to be the people s candidate, and his election was felt to be their\\ntriumph. From this time on American Democracy was recognized as the\\npermanent and characteristic system of politics in the United States. With\\nthis has gone a liberal policy in regard to naturalization and immigration.\\nDemocratic Party, historically the most importaut of American political\\nparties, having been in continuous existence for a hundred years. The rise of\\nsuch a party, as soon as national politics began under the new Constitution,\\nwas natural. The love of individual liberty rather than strong government,\\nwas native in the minds of most Americans. Those who felt this most\\nstrongly would be likely to look with apprehension upon the Federal Gov-\\nernment, and the possibilit) of its encroaching upon the States under cover\\nof the new Federal Constitution. They were therefore likely to be advo-\\ncates of strict construction of the Constitution and of States rights. To these\\nelements of party feeling, which had drawn the Anti-Federalists together in\\n1788, was added a few years later the strong sympathy of many Americans\\nwith the French Revolution, and the desire that Government should aid\\nFrance in her contest with England. Thomas Jefferson put himself at the\\nhead of the part) drawn together by agreement in these sentiments, and led\\nthem in opposition to the Federalists. The party took the name of Demo-\\ncratic-Republican, still its official title. Before Monroe s administration its\\nmembers were more commonly called Republicans, since then most commonly\\nDemocrats. From the first the party was strongest in the Southern States.\\nFrom its origin in 1792 to 1801, it was in opposition. In 1798 and 1799, upon\\nthe passage of the Alien and Sedition laws, it took strong ground for States", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0213.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "^94 DiCTIONARV Ol- UnITKD STATES HiSTORY.\\nrights in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, The election of Jefferson\\nin 1801 brought it into power. The chief tenets of the party were, belief in\\nfreedom of religion, of politics, of speech and of the press, in popular rule,\\nin peace, in economical government, in the utmost possible restriction of the\\nsphere of government, in hospitality to immigrants, and in the avoidance of\\nforeign complications. Placed in control of the government, the majority\\nof the party drifted away from its strict-constructionist ground, and supported\\nmeasures of a nationalizing character. After the War of 1812, the Federal-\\nist party went out of existence, and the Democratic party had complete\\npossession of the field. In 1820, Monroe was re-elected without opposition.\\nBut opposing tendencies in the nation and in the party were already show-\\ning themselves, and preparing the way for a new party division, between the\\nWhigs, advocates of protection and other nationalizing measures, and those\\nDemocrats who held to the old programme of States rights and free trade and\\nrestricted government. With the accession of Jackson in 1829, new social\\nstrata came into power in the Democratic party, the widening of the suflFrage\\ngiving it a more popular character. Managed by skillful politicians, not\\nwithout the aid of the spoils system, the party won every Presidential\\nelection but two (1840, 1848) from this time to i860, destroyed the U. S.\\nbank, annexed Texas, and carried the country through the war with Mexico.\\nBut meanwhile the slavery question, coming into increasing prominence,\\nwas gradually forcing a division between the Democrats of the South and\\nthe great body of those in the North, who were unwilling to go so far in the\\nprotection of slavery by national authority as was desired by their Southern\\nallies. The final split came in the nominating convention of i860. Two\\ncandidates were nominated, Lincoln and the Republicans won the election,\\nand the Civil War broke out. Though many War Democrats aided the\\nadministration in preserving the Union, the party was discredited in the eyes\\nof many by its previous connection with the Southern leaders and the pro-\\nslavery cause, and won no Presidential election till that of 1884, when in the\\nminds of many the war issues were extinct and economic questions had taken\\ntheir place. Defeated in 1888, it was again successful in 1892. At present\\nthe party is hardly more strict-constructionist than the Republican, nor more\\nmarked by devotion to States rights. Since the Chicago Convention of\\n1896, the party has been chiefly noted as the advocate of free silver, although\\nnot harmonious on this issue.\\nDemocratic Societies, clubs formed in many American towns in 1793, in\\nimitation of the Jacobin and other French political clubs, to express S5Tnpathy\\nwith that country and the principles of the French Revolution, and to propa-\\ngate extreme Democratic views on American politics. They opposed the\\nstrongest measures of Washington s administration, especially those employed\\nin the suppression of the Whiskey Insurrection of 1794, and were vigor-\\nously denounced by him. Soon after this they went out of existence.\\nDe Monts, Pierre de Guast, Sieur, a Calvinist gentleman of France, was\\nin 1603 given by Henry IV., the vice-royalty of Acadia, from latitude 40\\nto latitude 60, and the monopoly of its fur trade. In 1604 he settled a colony\\nin Acadia, near the present borders of Maine and New Brunswick, which he\\nremoved in 1605 to Port Royal, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia. In 1607 the\\ncolony was abandoned.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0214.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 195\\nDenio, Hiram (1799-1871), an eminent jurist of New York, was a Judge\\nof the Court of Appeals from 1853 to 1866.\\nDenmark. A commercial treaty was concluded between the United States\\nand Denmark in 1826. By treaty in 1857 the United States paid Denmark\\n$393,000 in commutation of the Sound dues. October 25, 1867, a treaty\\nwas concluded with Denmark, providing for the cession of the islands of St.\\nThomas and St. John for $7,500,000. Denmark ratified it, but the U. S.\\nSenate, at the instance of Senator Sumner, refused to do so. A convention\\nrelative to naturalization was concluded in 1872.\\nDannie, Joseph (1768-1812), a journalist, was one of the first Americans\\nto obtain fame in light literature. Removing from New England to Phila-\\ndelphia, he was editor, from 1801 on, of the Portfolio^ a literar} magazine\\nwhich maintained a higher standard than any of its predecessors. He had\\nalso a reputation as a graceful and humorous essayist.\\nDennison, William (1815-1882), War Governor of Ohio, was elected\\nGovernor in i860. An ardent Republican and anti-slavery man, he with\\ngreat energy and ability prepared the State for the Civil War and organized\\nand supplied its forces. He was chairman of the Republican National Nom-\\ninating Convention in 1864, and from that year to 1866 was Postmaster-\\nGeneral, in the cabinets of Lincoln and Johnson.\\nDenonville, Marquis de, French Governor of Canada from 1685 to 1689,\\nworked zealously against the British settlements and Governor Dongan, but\\nalienated the Indians by cruelty.\\nDenver, capital of Colorado, was settled in 1858.\\nDepartments, Executive. Executive departments of the U. S. Govern-\\nment existed before 1789. The Continental Congress at first transacted all\\nexecutive business through committees; then through commissions composed\\npartly of its own members, partly of others. In 1776 the Treasur}- Ofiice\\nof Accounts was established, and a comptroller, auditor and treasurer were\\nadded two years later. In 1781 four executive departments were organized,\\nunder a Superintendent of Finance and Secretaries of War, Marine and Foreign\\nASairs, respectively. A Postmaster-General had been provided in 1775. In\\n1784 the Treasury Department was put in the charge of a board of three, but\\notherwise the system continued until the inauguration of the new govern-\\nment in 1789. In that 3 ear Congress provided for Departments of State, the\\nTreasury and War, and instituted the office of Attorney-General. The first\\nplan contemplated separate departments of foreign affairs and home affairs,\\nbut finally these were united in the Department of State. The Nav}- Depart-\\nment was established in 1798, the Interior Department in 1849, ^^e Depart-\\nment of Justice in 1870, the Department of Agriculture in 1889. For details\\nof their history, see articles under their individual names.\\nDependency Act. (See Declaratory Act, of March 17, 1766.)\\nDepew, Chauncey M., president of the New York Central Railroad and\\neminent as a public speaker, was born in Peekskill, N. Y., in 1834. Since\\ni860 he has had an active part in politics. He was Secretary of the State", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0215.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "196 Dictionary of United States History.\\nof New York from 1863 to 1866 aud has had an important influence in\\nPresidential nominations. He was elected U. S. Senator from New York in\\n1899.\\nDeposits, Removal of the. President Jackson, on being successful in the\\nelection of 1832, believed himself authorized by the popular voice to pursue\\nto extremities his war upon the Bank of the United States (see Bank). By\\nthe Act of 1816 creating the bank, the funds of the Federal Government\\nwere to be deposited in it, subject to removal by the Secretary of the\\nTreasury, who should state to Congress the reasons for so doing. Jackson,\\nbelieving that the bank was unsound, and that its influence was used to\\ncorrupt politics, determined that the deposits should be removed. McL,ane,\\nSecretary of the Treasury, not favoring this course, was transferred to the\\nState Department. The new Secretary, Duane, refused to give the necessar}\\norder, and was dismissed by Jackson. Roger B. Taney was then appointed,\\nand ordered the removal, more strictly cessation, of deposits, September 26,\\n1833. Jackson set forth his reasons to Congress, on its assembling. The\\nSenate replied by a vote of censure. Jackson sent in a protest, declaring\\nthat the matter rested entirely within his competence as head of the Execu-\\ntive Department. In 1837 his friends succeeded in inducing the Senate to\\nexpunge its resolution of censure.\\nDerne Expedition. General William Eaton, U. S. Consul at Tunis, per-\\nsuading his Government to lend the co-operation of its naval forces in the\\nMediterranean, marched from Egypt across the desert with Hamet, rightful\\nbashaw of Tripoli, in an attack upon his usurping brother Joseph. On April\\n27, 1805, he took Derne. Upon this success a highly favorable treaty was\\nextorted from the bashaw, Hamet being induced to retire.\\nDe Russy, Fort, La., wrested from Dick Taylor, commanding about 12,-\\n000 Confederates, by A. J. Smith, leading an army of some 10,000 Federals.\\nThis battle is to be remembered in connection with Banks Red River\\nexpedition. It occurred March 14, 1864. Smith had been ordered to join\\nBanks. Hearing that Taylor was at Shreveport he followed him to Fort\\nde Russy. After a cannonade of two hours Smith ordered a charge, when\\nsuddenly the garrison surrendered.\\nDe Saussure, Henry ^A^illiam (1763-1839), of South Carolina, was\\ndirector of the U. S. Mint, 1794-95, and coined the first gold pieces issued\\nfrom that mint. From 1809 to 1837 he was a chancellor of South Carolina,\\nand was eminent as a jurist.\\nDeseret, said to mean the land of the honey-bee, the name given by\\nthe Mormons to their settlement State in Utah at the time of its settle-\\nment in 1848.\\nDesert Land Act, an Act of Congress, March 3, 1877, allowing, on credit\\nfor three years, a entry of 640 acres of desert laud for purposes of irrigation\\nand improvement.\\nDes Moines, la., laid out in 1846 and incorporated as Fort Des Moines in\\n1851. In 1857 it became a city and the capital of the State.\\nDe Smet, Peter John (1801-1872), a Belgian Jesuit, was a professor in the\\nUniversity of St, Louis from 1828 to 1838. From 1838 he was a missionary", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0216.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 197\\namong the Pottawatomies; from 1840 on, a missionary of remarkable zeal\\nand success among the Flatheads and other tribes of the Northwest. In\\nthe first fifteen years of his mission he estimated that he had traveled 120,-\\n000 miles. His influence over the Indian tribes was immense.\\nDe Soto, Fernando (?I496-I5i2), a Spanish noble, came to America in\\n1519 in the service of Pedrarias Davila, and accompanied Pizarro in the\\nconquest of Peru. In April, 1538, he set out from Spain with 600 men,\\ncommissioned to undertake the conquest of Florida, reputed to be a land of\\ngreat wealth. His well-appointed expedition landed in Tampa Bay in May,\\n1539. During the next three years he wandered over large parts of what\\nare now Alabama and Mississippi. In the spring of 1541 he discovered the\\nMississippi River. Crossing it, he penetrated as far westward as to the\\nhighlands of the White River. Returning, he died on the banks of the\\nMississippi in the spring of 1542. Some of his followers escaped to Mexico.\\nDetroit, Mich. The site was visited by the French in 1669. Detroit was\\nsettled in 1701 by a party under Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac. It fell to\\nthe British in 1763, and was besieged by Pontiac; to the United States in\\n1783. On August 16, 1812, General Hull, with 2000 men, made an inglor-\\nious surrender of Detroit to the British and Indians under General Brock\\nand Tecumseh. Hull was cashiered. Harrison retook the town in October,\\n1813, after Perry s victory on Lake Erie. From 1805 to 1847 Detroit was\\nthe capital of Michigan Territory and State.\\nDevens, Charles (1820-1891), an eminent lawyer in Massachusetts at the\\ntime of the outbreak of the Civil War, entered the army as a major and,\\nafter a brilliant military service, became a brevet major-general. From 1873\\ntu 1877, and again from 1881 to his death, he was a Judge of the Supreme\\nCourt of Massachusetts. From 1877 to 1881 he was Attorney-General in\\nthe Cabinet of President Hayes.\\nDewey, George, born 1837, Montpelier, Vt. He graduated from Annapolis\\nNaval Academy 1858. He served in Civil War under Admirals Farragut\\nand Porter. For bravery at Manila, May i, 1898, he was promoted to rear\\nadmiral; in 1899 he was made admiral by act of Congress.\\nDexter, Henry M. (1821-1890), Congregationalist clergyman and editor,\\nof Massachusetts, was the author of many learned writings on the early his-\\ntory of Congregationalism and of the Pilgrim Fathers.\\nDexter, Samuel (1761-1816), a noted lawj-er of Massachusetts, was suc-\\ncessively, for short periods in 1800 and 1801, Secretary of War and of the\\nTreasury in the Cabinet of President John Adams.\\nDickerson, Mahlon (1770-1853), a New Jersey and Pennsylvania lawyer,\\nwas Governor of New Jersey from 1815 to 1817, and a Senator from that\\nState from that time to 1833. From 1834 to 1838 he was Secretary of the\\nNavy, serving under Jackson and Van Buren.\\nDickinson, Daniel S. (1800-1866), was Lieutenant-Governor of New\\nYork from 1842 to 1844, and Senator from New York from 1844 to 1851.\\nHe was noted as an orator, and was a War Democrat", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0217.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "198 Dictionary of United States History.\\nDickinson, Don M., born in 1846, was Postmaster-General in Cleveland s\\nCabinet from 1888 to 1889.\\nDickinson, John (1732-1808), a Philadelphia lawyer, was in 1765 elected\\nto the Colonial Congress, and in 1768 distinguished himself by writing\\nLetters from a Pennsylvania Farmer in defence of the liberties of\\nAmerica. Elected to the Continental Congress in 1774, he wrote its\\nAddress to the Inhabitants of Quebec, its Declaration to the Armies,\\nits Address to the States, and its two petitions to the king. He opposed\\nthe Declaration of Independence as premature, but served loyally in the\\narmy. Again a member of Congress, he was chosen president of Delaware\\nin 1781, and was president of Pennsylvania from 1782 to 1785. He was a\\nmember of the Federal Convention of 1787, and advocated the adoption of\\nthe Constitution. He was a man of high character and cultivation.\\nDickinson College, one of the older American colleges, was founded at\\nCarlisle, Pa., in 1783, and named in honor of John Dickinson, then president\\nof the State, who gave it valuable gifts. A Presbyterian institution from its\\nfoundation to 1833, it was then transferred to the Methodists. President\\nBuchanan and Chief Justice Taney were among its alumni.\\nDieskau, Ludwig August von (1701-1767), a soldier of Saxon birth, who\\nhad served under Marshal Saxe in the French service, was sent to Canada\\nas major-general in 1755, and commanded an expedition against the Eng-\\nlish colonies by way of Lake Champlain. At first victorious in the fight\\nnear Fort Edward, he was finally defeated.\\nDighton Rock, a rock lying in the tide on the side of Taunton River, in\\nBerkeley, Mass., formerly in Dighton, and marked with a curious inscription,\\nattracted early attention on the part of antiquaries. Rafn, 1837, declared\\nthat its markings were a runic inscription of the Northmen, relating to the\\nexpedition of Thorfinn Karlsefne, but this view has now been generally\\nabandoned, though the central portion may be Norse.\\nDime, from the French word dixihne., a tenth, expressive of a tenth part\\nof the standard silver dollar. It was at first spelled disme, and thus\\nappeared on some trial pieces struck by the United States Mint in 1792.\\nThe coin is of silver, having been authorized in 1792 (with a weight of 41.6\\ngrains). Coinage was begun in 1796. Its weight was in 1853 reduced to\\n38.4 grains. There were no issues of dimes during the years 1799, 1806,\\n1808, 1812, 1813, 1815 to 1819 inclusive, 1824 1826.\\nDingley, Nelson, lawyer and journalist, bom 1832 in Maine. He was\\nspeaker of Maine Legislature 1863 to 1864. Governor 1874 to 1875. Elected\\nto Congress 1881, and has served continuously to date, 1897. Author of the\\nDingley Tariff Bill. Died 1899.\\nDinwiddle, Robert 1690-1770), a Scotchman, was Governor of Vir-\\nginia from 1752 to 1758. His chief merit was his perception of the military\\nabilities of Washington, whom he sent upon the mission to the French com-\\nmander on the Ohio, and then upon the military expedition which opened\\nthe French and Indian War. In the conduct of tlie war, he quarreled with\\nthe Virginian Assembly, and suggested taxation of the colonies.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0218.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 199\\nDirect Taxes. Congress has levied direct taxes on but five occasions.\\nIn 1798, 1813, 1815 and 1816, a direct tax was levied by Federal authority\\non lands, houses and slaves. In August, 1 861, to meet expenses of the Civil\\nWar, a direct tax of $20,000,000 was levied on all lots of ground with their\\nimprovements and dwelling-houses. The operation of the act was suspended\\non July I, 1862. By Act of March 2, 1891, $15,000,000, collected under this\\nact, were refunded to the States.\\nDirectories. The first city directory issued in the United States was pub\\nlished in New York as early as 1786. It was a small volume of eighty-two\\npages and contained only some nine hundred names. Since that time annual\\ndirectories have appeared in New York. Nearly every town of importance\\nin the Union now has its directory. In several States there have also been\\npublished State directories.\\nDirectory. The French Directory of five members was established as\\nthe Executive Government of France in 1795, and was suppressed by Bona-\\nparte in 1799 (November 9). It came into collision with the Government of\\nthe United States because of the action of France in seizing American\\nprovision-ships and permitting illegal captures of American vessels by her\\nprivateers. Our Government recalling Monroe in 1796, the Directory refused\\nto recognize his successor, C. C. Pinckney, and complained of the failure of\\nthe United States to stand by the treaty of alliance of 1778. New envoys\\nwere sent out by President Adams, Pinckney, Marshall and Gerry, but\\nwere dismissed without satisfaction, after attempts made to bribe the U. S.\\nGovernment (see X. Y. Z. Mission). A virtual state of war ensued (1798),\\nbut in 1 799 Adams, on a more favorable turn of affairs, sent a new embassy,\\nMurray, Ellsworth and Davie. When they arrived Bonaparte had already\\noverthrown the Directory. With his government the treaty of Morfontaine\\n(September 30, 1800) was concluded.\\nDisciples, Church of the, also called Christians and Campbellites, a\\nreligious body founded in 1 809 by Thomas and Alexander Campbell. Taking\\nthe express teachings of the Bible as the only authoritative guide in religious\\nmatters, their purpose was to bring about Christian unit) Their first stage\\nconsisted in the uniting in one body of various Protestants of Western Penn-\\nsylvania, chiefly Presbyterians and Baptists. Thence they spread westward.\\nIn 1 83 1 they were joined by another body which had grown up upon similar\\nprinciples in Kentucky and neighboring States. In 1867 the number of\\nDisciples in the United States was estimated at 425,000. The census of 1890\\nascribed to them 7246 organizations and 641,000 members.\\nDiscovery, a vessel dispatched on a voyage of discovery toward\\nGreenland in 1602 by the East India Company, and in 1606 to Virginia by\\nthe Virginia Company, accompanied by the God-Speed and the Susan\\nConstant.\\nDistrict. The name District has been given in American history to\\ndivisions of the country resembling territories in organization, but without\\nrepresentative -r elective institutions. Existing instances are the District\\nof Columbi* and that of Alaska. An earlv instance was the District of", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0219.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "200 Dictionary of United States History.\\nLouisiana, which from 1804 to 1812 comprised all that portion of the\\nLouisiana Purchase which lay north of the northern boundar of the present\\nState of Louisiana. In South Carolina the counties were at one time called\\ndistricts.\\nDistrict Courts. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for two classes of\\nU. S. Courts inferior to the Supreme Court, Circuit Courts and ^District\\nCourts. Each district consisted of one State, and had its district judge.\\nSince then, some States have been divided, and these Federal courts of the\\nlowest grade now number more than sixty. In 1891 an act was passed\\nfixing the judges salaries at $5000.\\nDistrict of Columbia. The Constitution of 1787 gave Congress power\\nto exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district\\n(not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States and\\nthe acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United\\nStates. In 1790, after warm discussions, the present site was selected. A\\nten-mile square was laid out on the Potomac. Maryland ceded sixty-four\\nsquare miles on the north bank of the river, Virginia thirty-six square miles\\non the south. In 1791 this area received the official name of the Territory\\nof Columbia. The seat of government was removed thither in 1800. In\\n1846 the portion south of the Potomac was retroceded to Virginia. The laws\\nof Maryland and Virginia were in force in the district, unless repealed by\\nCongress; e.g., their slave laws. From 1S71 to 1874 the district had a Terri-\\ntorial government, with elective institutioiis. This proved extravagant, and\\ngovernment by commissioners under the authority of Congress was substituted.\\nDix, John A. (1798-1879), born in New HamiDshire, was in the army\\nfrom 1812 to 1828. From 1833 to 1840 he was Secretary of the State of\\nNew York, and became a member of the Albany Regency. From 1845\\nto 1849 ^^s Democratic Senator. In the last months of Buchanan s\\nadministration he was Secretary of the Treasury, and aided to restore confi-\\ndence in the Federal Government. An ardent War Democrat, he served\\nthrough the war as a major-general of volunteers. From 1872 to 1S74 he\\nwas Governor of New York.\\nDixie. This favorite song of the Confederate armies was originally a\\nnegro melody, and is said to have originated in New York.\\nDixon, Jeremiah, English mathematician, with Charles Mason, ran Mason\\nand Dixon s Line, beginning in 1766.\\nDobbin, James C. (1814-1857), represented North Carolina in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1845 to 1847. Secretary of the Nav}\\nin Pierce s Cabinet from 1853 ^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^57-\\nDollar. The Spanish milled dollar was the type of the American silver\\ndollar. By Act of 1792, 371 ^4 grains of pure silver and 24^4^ grains of pure\\ngold were declared to be equivalent to each other and to the dollar of account.\\nThe silver dollar was first coined in 1794, weighing 416 grains (371^ plus\\nalloy). In 1837 the weight of alloy was so reduced that the weight of the\\ncoin should be 412 grains. The gold dollar was first coined in 1849. In", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0220.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 201\\n1873 provision was made for a trade dollar of 420 grains, for use in the trade\\nwith China and Japan. From 1873 to 1878 the issue of the old silver dollar\\nwas suspended. The gold half-dollar and quarter-dollar were never coined\\nby the U. S. Government. The silver half-dollar has been coined since 1794.\\nIts weight, at first 208 grains, was subsequently reduced to 206.25 in 1837,\\nto 192 in 1853, and raised to 192.9 in 1873. The quarter-dollar, coinage of\\nwhich began in 1796, has undergone corresponding changes of weight.\\nDominican Republic. The United States concluded with the Dominican\\nRepublic a convention relative to commerce and extradition in 1867. In\\n1 87 1 a movement was made to annex the Dominican Republic to the United\\nStates. (See San Domingo Question.)\\nDonaldson, Edward (1816-1889), rear-admiral, served in the U. S. navy\\nfrom 1835 to 1876. In the Civil War he took part in the capture of New\\nOrleans and in the passage of Vicksburg, and at the battle of Mobile Bay\\ncommanded the Seminole.\\nDonaldsonville, La., occupied in 1863 by a baud of Confederate guerrillas\\nand bombarded, June 28, by Admiral Farragut during his operations along\\nthe Mississippi River in command of the Union fleet.\\nDonation Lands. August 4, 1842, Congress passed a donation act for the\\nTerritory of East Florida. Persons who could bear arms were allowed one\\nquarter section of land upon which to settle. September 27, 1850, a dona-\\ntion act was passed for Oregon, granting settlers from 160 to 640 acres.\\nDonelson, Andrew Jackson (1800-187 1), nephew of General Jackson,\\nwas private secretary to his uncle during the latter s Presidency, Minister\\nto Prussia and the German Confederation from 1846 to 1849, and in 1856\\nwas nominated for the Vice-Presidency by the American party on the ticket\\nwith Fillmore.\\nDonelson, Fort, Tenn., an important Confederate fortification on the\\nCumberland. After the capture of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee, February\\n6, 1862, General Grant moved his forces over to the Cumberland and\\nattacked Fort Donelson. The Federal gunboats were driven off at first,\\nbut Grant s land forces attacked the fort in such numbers and with such\\nvigor that surrender became necessary. Grant, in a memorable letter,\\ndemanded its unconditional surrender of General Buckner, who commanded\\nit after the flight of Floyd and Pillow. 15,000 Confederates were made\\nprisoners by this victor and the fall of Nashville and Columbus became\\ninevitable. An attempt to recapture this place from the Federals was made\\nFebruary 15, 1863, by Wheeler, leading 4500 of Bragg s Confederate army.\\nThe garrison of the fort was 600 Federals under Harding. Wheeler\\ndemanded a surrender, but Harding replied by sending out skirmishers to\\ndelay an attack while he sent for aid to Fort Henr} In the evening the\\ngunboat Fair Play, Lieutenant Fitch, came up the river, and the Confed-\\nerates withdrew.\\nDoniphan, Alexander W. (1808-1887), colonel in the Mexican War,\\naccomplished amid many hardships a difficult march from New Mexico to", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0221.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "202 Dictionary of United States History.\\nChihuahua, and near the latter place defeated a Mexican force more than\\nfour times as numerous as his own.\\nDonop, Count (1740-1777), commander of Hessians in the Revolutionary\\nWar, was mortally wounded in an attempt to take by assault Fort Mercer,\\nnear Red Bank, N. J., October 22, 1777.\\nDoolittle, James R., born in New York in 1815, from 1853 1856 was\\nJudge of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, was U. S. Senator from 1857 to\\n1869, and a delegate to the Peace Convention of 1861. Died 1897.\\nDorchester Company. In 1623, under the lead of Rev. John White,\\ncertain English Puritans, wearied of King Charles persecutions, formed the\\nDorchester Company, for trading and fishing, and established a settlement at\\nCape Ann. The company was dissolved in 1626, but was revived in 1628\\nby a number of wealthy Englishmen, and John Endicott assumed the\\ngovernment at Naumkeag, now Salem, whither the first settlers had removed.\\nIn 1629 company was enlarged and, obtaining a royal charter, formed\\nthe Massachusetts Bay colony.\\nDorchester Heights were, at Washington s command, occupied and forti-\\nfied by General Thomas with 2500 of Washington s troops March 4 and 5,\\n1776. This proved so dangerous to Howe that he was obliged to evacuate\\nBoston with all speed.\\nDorchester, Lord. (See Carleton, Sir Guy.)\\nDorr, Thomas W. (1805\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1854), was bom in Providence. He was graduated\\nat Harvard in 1823, studied in New York and was admitted to the bar. He\\nwas a member of the Rhode Island Assembly from 1833 to 1837, when he\\nagitated governmental reform. See Dorr War. He died in 1854.\\nDorr Rebellion, an effort made in 1840-42 to overturn the State govern-\\nment of Rhode Island by revolutionary means. After the Declaration of\\nIndependence, Rhode Island retained her charter government. Many of the\\ncitizens, headed by Thomas W. Dorr, of Providence, became discontented\\nwith the existing government and its limited suffrage. Mass meetings were\\nheld, and in October, 1841, a convention of delegates prepared a Consti-\\ntution, which was submitted to a popular vote, and was claimed to have\\nreceived a majority of the votes of the State. The legitimate government\\ntreated these proceedings as nugatory, and, in a measure, criminal. May 3,\\n1842, the suffrage legislature assembled at Newport, with Dorr as Gover-\\nnor. King, the legitimate Governor, proclaimed martial law. The suf-\\nfrage part) appealed to arms. Their troops were dispersed and Dorr fled.\\nHe was afterward captured and convicted of treason, but was pardoned in\\n1852.\\nDorsey, Stephen W., was born in Vermont in 1842. He served in the\\nCivil War, was a member of the Arkansas Republican State Committee, a\\nU. S. Senator from 1873 to 1879, and in 1880 Secretary of the Republican\\nNational Committee. He was connected with the Star route frauds\\nexposed in 1881.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0222.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 203\\nDouble Eagle, or twenty-dollar gold piece, coinage authorized by Con-\\ngress March, 1849, coinage begun in 1850. Legal tender to an unlimited\\namount. So called from the figure of the national bird stamped on reverse.\\nDoubleday, Abner (1819-1893), general, born in New York, aimed the\\nfirst gun in the defense of Fort Sumter, and served with distinction at Antie-\\ntam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. He retired from the\\narmy in 1873.\\nDoughface, a Northern politician over-anxious to please the South. The\\nterm is said to have been invented by John Randolph, of Roanoke, and was\\nmuch used during the heat of the slavery conflict.\\nDouglas, Stephen Arnold (April 23, 1813-June 3, 1861), was bom at\\nBrandon, Vt. He worked on a fann, taught school, and at the age of\\ntwenty-one began the practice of law in Illinois. Soon afterward he was\\nAttorney-General of the State, member of the Legislature, and an unsuccess-\\nful Democratic candidate for Congress. In 1840 he became Secretary of\\nState of Illinois, and in 1841, Judge of the Supreme Court of the State.\\nJudge Douglas was in the House of Representatives from 1843 to 1847, and\\nin the Senate from 1847 to 1861. During this period, when the slavery\\nissue came to overshadow all other questions, the Little Giant, as Douglas\\nwas affectionately styled, became one of the leaders of his party. In Con-\\ngress he favored the acquisition of the whole of Oregon, and was chairman\\nof the important Committee on Territories. He advocated the compromise\\nof 1850, and formulated the doctrine of Popular Sovereignty (which see).\\nIn accordance with the latter idea he reported in December, 1853, the famous\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill (which see). His name was presented to the Demo-\\ncratic National Conventions in 1852 and 1856. While running for re-elec-\\ntion to the Senate in 1858, he carried on a joint debate with Lincoln, which\\nbrought the latter into national prominence. Douglas was nominated for\\nPresident by the Northern wing of the Democratic party in i860, but\\nreceived only twelve electoral votes although a large popular vote was\\nthrown for him. He survived the outbreak of the Civil War but a few\\nmonths, supporting to the end the cause of the Union. Life by Sheahan.\\nDouglass, Frederick, the most eminent of American negroes, was bom in\\nMaryland in 1817. He escaped from slavery in 1838, and was educated by\\nWilliam Lloyd Garrison. He lectured for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery\\nSociety from 1841 to 1845, and then labored in Europe till 1847. ^^i 1871\\nhe was commissioner for the District of Columbia, and in 1872 was Presi-\\ndential elector-at-large for New York. He was U. S. Marshal for the Dis-\\ntrict of Columbia from 1876 to 1881, and Recorder of Deeds from 1881 till\\n1886. From 1889 to 1891 he was U. S. Minister to Hayti. Died 1895.\\nDove, a small vessel, which accompanied the Ark in 1633 on Lord\\nBaltimore s colonizing expedition to Maryland.\\nDover, Del., was settled in 1687 and incorporated in 1720. Dover was\\nmade the capital of the State at the opening of the Revolution.\\nDover, N. H., one of the oldest towns in the State, was settled in 11^23.\\nOn the night of June 27, 1689, the town was attacked by Indians, and", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0223.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "204 Dictionary of United States History.\\ntwenty-three of the inhabitants were killed. Dover became a city in\\n1855-\\nDow, Neal, temperance reformer, was born in Maine in 1804. He secured\\nthe passage of the Maine liquor law in 1851, and was a member of the\\nLegislature from 1858 to 1859. He served during the Civil War, lectured\\nin England in 1857, i865 and 1874, and in 1880 was the Presidential candi-\\ndate of the Prohibition party. Died October 2, 1897.\\nDownes, John (1786-1855), entered the navy in 1802, commanded the\\nEssex and captured the Georgiana, which, named Essex Junior, he\\nafterward commanded till 1814, and from 1819-1821 commanded the\\nMacedonia, from 1828 to 1829 the Java, and from 1832 to 1834 the\\nPacific squadron.\\nDownie, George, born in Ireland, died in 1814. He was a British naval\\nofficer, who in 181 2 commanded the Canadian squadron, and was killed in\\nthe battle of Plattsburg, fighting against Commodore Macdonough.\\nDowning, Sir George (i623?-i684), of the class of 1642 of Harvard Col-\\nlege, went to England in 1645, envoy of Cromwell and of Charles\\nn. to the Netherlands, 1657-1663 and in 1671. He is .said to have insti-\\ngated the conquest of New Netherland.\\nDrafts, methods employed twice by the United States Government and\\ntwice by the Confederacy for raising and increasing the armies. The first\\nmeasure, introduced into Congress in 1814, during the war with Great\\nBritain, was due to a proposal by New York and Virginia of a Federal classi-\\nfication and draft from the State militia. This bill was prepared largely by\\nJames Monroe, but was highly unacceptable to the Federalists and proved a\\nfailure, though the army was much in need of men. In 1863 a somewhat\\nsimilar plan was introduced in Congress, but was objected to by the Democrats\\non the grounds of unconstitutionality and failed. Accordingly May 3, 1863,\\nanother bill passed both Houses, which had no reference to the militia, but\\ncalled every able-bodied citizen of military age into the Federal service. A\\ncommutation of $300 for exemption was permitted, and persons refusing\\nobedience were treated as deserters. April 16, 1862, and July 18, 1863, the\\nConfederate Congress passed conscription laws levying on all persons between\\nthe ages of eighteen and forty-five years. The unpopularity of the conscrip-\\ntion caused the draft riots in New York City July 13-16, 1863, when the\\ncity was for four days in the possession of the mob.\\nDrake, Sir Francis (1546-1596), an Elizabethan navigator, made an expe-\\ndition to Mexico in 1567, and to South America in 1572. He explored the\\nPacific coast from 1577 to 1579, landed on the coast of California and returned\\nto England by the Pacific and Indian Oceans, making a successful circum-\\nnavigation of the globe.\\nDrake, Joseph Rodman (1795-1820), poet, was born in New York City,\\nwas author of the Culprit Fay, written in 1816, and a life-long friend of\\nFitz-Greene Halleck, with whom he wrote the Croakers.\\nDranesville, or Drainsville, Va. Here December 20, 1861, J. E. B. Stuart,\\ncommanding 2500 Confederates, attacked 4500 Federals under Qrd, who was", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0224.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 205\\nengaged in loading his forage wagons. The fight was short, but severe.\\nThe Confederates were greatly outnumbered and were defeated.\\nDraper, John W. (1811-1882), born in England, came to America in 1832.\\nHe made extensive contributions to science, particularly in the line of chem-\\nistry and the action of light. During the Civil War he was inspector of\\nhospitals. He wrote an excellent History of the Civil War, 3 vols.\\nDraper, Lyman C. (1815-1891), made thorough and valuable investi-\\ngations regarding Western history and biography. He published Collec-\\ntions of the Wisconsin Historical Society, from 1853 to 1887.\\nDraper, William F., manufacturer, born in Massachusetts, 1842. Served in\\nUnion Army from 1861 to 1864, rising to rank of general. Served in Fifty\\nthird and Fifty-fourth Congresses. Became Ambassador to Italy May, 1897.\\nDrayton, William H. (i 742-1 779), born in South Carolina, went to Eng-\\nland, and in 177 1 was appointed a privy councillor of South Carolina. He\\nwas deprived of his crown offices on account of sympathy with the colonies,\\nand was made president of the Provincial Congress in 1775. In 1776 he\\nbecame Chief Justice of South Carolina and in 1777 president, and in 1778\\nwas a member of the Continental Congress.\\nDrayton and Sayres Case (1848), a fugitive slave case which resulted\\nfrom Captain Drayton, of the schooner Pearl, carrying seventy-five escaped\\nnegroes up the Potomac on his vessel. An armed steamer captured the vessel\\nand brought those on board back. The captain and another of the vessel s\\nofl cers were put in prison, where they remained till 1852, when they were\\nreleased through the instrumentality of Charles Sumner.\\nDred Scott vs. Sanford. In 1834 Dred Scott, a negro slave of Missouri,\\nwas taken by his master, who was a surgeon in the regular arm}-, first into\\nIllinois and then into Minnesota, a region from which slavery was expressly\\nexcluded by the celebrated Missouri Compromise of 1820. Wliile in Minne-\\nsota Scott was married with his master s consent, but on being brought back\\nto Missouri in 1838, he and his wife and children were sold to another master.\\nScott brought action for trespass in a St. Louis court, and a decision was\\nmade in his favor on the ground that, under the provisions of the Missouri\\nCompromise, the negro was free. The Supreme Court of Missouri reversed\\nthis decision, and the case came before the Federal Circuit Court in 1854.\\nThe defendant slave-holder pleaded that Scott was not a citizen entitled to\\nsue and be sued in the U. S. Courts. The court held the contrary but the\\njury s verdict decided the plaintiff still a slave. The case came before the\\nSupreme Court of the United States in 1857. Here the judgment of the\\nCircuit Court was reversed, and the case dismissed on the ground that no\\nnegro, bond or free, could plead in the U. S. Courts as a citizen. The\\ncourt then, though denying its jurisdiction over the dispute, discussed the\\nconstitutional points. Scott s status in Illinois was declared detennined by\\nhis Missouri domicile. As regarded the Minnesota Territory the court\\ndeclared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and void, it being held\\nthat States alone could prohibit slavery from their boundaries. Chief Justice", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0225.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "2o6 Dictionary of United States History.\\nTaney read the opinion of a majority of the court, all slave-holders, declaring\\nnegroes so inferior that they had no rights wliich the white man was\\nbound to respect. Justices Curtis and McLean dissented. Scott was afterward\\nfreed by his master. The decision aroused great excitement in the North.\\nDrewry s Bluff, or Fort Darling, on James River, Va., attacked May 15,\\n1862, by five Federal war-ships, including the Monitor. Captain Farrand\\nheld the fort with 20,000 Confederates. The Federal fleet was badly disabled\\nand had to retire. Again, May 13-16, 1864, during Butler s operations with\\nthe Army of the James around Bermuda Hundred, Fort Darling, or Drewry s\\nBluff, was the scene of some sharp fighting. It was held at that time by\\nBeauregard, who had about 20,000 men. Butler made an attack the morning\\nof the fourteenth and succeeded in carrying some of the Confederate lines.\\nBeauregard hastened to strengthen his position with reinforcements, which\\nopportunely arrived. On the sixteenth Beauregard made a return attack\\nwith a strong force and compelled Butler to retire. Butler s army was also\\nabout 20,000 strong.\\nDrummond, Sir George Gordon (1771-1854), a British soldier, served in\\nCanada from 1808 to 181 1 and from 1813 to 1816. He stormed Niagara,\\ncaptured Oswego, commanded at Lundy s Lane, and from 1814 to 1816\\nadministered the government of Canada.\\nDrummond, William, died in 1677. He was appointed Governor of\\nAlbemarle e., North Carolina) by Governor Berkeley, of Virginia (1663-67).\\nAfterward he was prominent as a leader in the Bacon Rebellion of 1676, and\\nwas executed by Berkeley.\\nDuane, James (1733-1797), first prominent as a New York advocate for\\nthe New Hampshire land grants, was a member of the first Continental\\nCongress, where he championed the British navigation acts and a colonial\\nunion subordinate to Parliament. In 1776 he opposed the Declaration of\\nIndependence as hasty. He was a member of the New York Provincial\\nCongress from 1775 to 1777 and one of the committee to draft the State\\nConstitution. He was a member of the convention that adopted the Federal\\nConstitution in 1788, and from 1789 to 1794 was District Judge for New\\nYork.\\nDuane, William (1760-1835), born in New York, was abroad from 1771\\nto 1795, when he returned to Philadelphia, and till 1832 edited the Aurora^\\nthe leading Democratic paper. He served as adjutant-general from 181 3 to\\n1815, and was an important figure in anti-Jeffersonian Democratic politics\\nin Pennsylvania.\\nDuane, William J. (i 780-1865), a distinguished lawyer, became Secretary\\nof the U. S. Treasury in 1833, and was removed by President Jackson for\\nrefusing to withdraw the deposits from the U. S. bank.\\nDubuque Visitor, established at Dubuque Lead Mines, Wisconsin Ter-\\nritory (now Dubuque, Iowa), May, 1836, by John King. It was the first of\\nthe early news publications in Iowa, It is now published as the Dtibuque\\nHerald.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0226.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 207\\nDuche, Jacob (1737-1798), Episcopal clergyman in Philadelphia, espoused\\nthe patriot cause at the beginning of the Revolution. He was the first chap-\\nlain of the Congress in 1774. He despaired of success for the colonies, and\\nin 1777 advised Washington by letter to abandon the attempt. This made\\nhim so unpopular that he went to England.\\nDudley, Joseph (1647-1720), of Massachusetts, was one of the Commis-\\nsioners for New England from 1677 to 1681, and in 1682 went to England\\non behalf of the Massachusetts colony. He was appointed president of New\\nEngland by James II. in 1685, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in\\n1687. From 1690 to 1693 he was Chief Justice of New York, and from 1702\\nto 17 15 was Governor of Massachusetts. He was always friendly to the royal\\ninterests.\\nDudley, Thomas (1576-1652), born in England, came to Massachusetts\\nin 1630 as Deputy-Governor. He was Governor from 1634 to 1635, from\\n1640 to 1641, from 1645 to 1646, and from 1650 to 1651. During most other\\nyears from 1630 to 1652, he was Deputy-Governor. He was at times an\\nopponent of Winthrop.\\nDuer, William (1747-1799), arrived in New York from England in 1768.\\nHe was a member of the committee that drafted the first Constitution of\\nNew York in 1777, was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1777 and\\n1778, and Secretary of the Treasury Board in 1789.\\nDuer, William A. (1780-1858), prominent in the New York Assembly in\\n1814, was Judge of the New York Supreme Court from 1822 to 1829, when\\nhe became president of Columbia College, resigning in 1842, and published\\nsome historical works.\\nDug Spring, Mo., a sharp skirmish, August i, 1861, between General\\nNathaniel Lyon s Federal force of 5500 and McCulloch s Confederate volun-\\nteers numbering 12,000. McCuUoch was worsted.\\nDuke s Laws. A code of laws drawn up in 1664 by Colonel Nicolls,\\nthen governing the colonies of the Duke of York s patent. They were first\\narranged for the government of the Dutch settlers of Long Island. They\\nprohibited the election of magistrates, but provided for trial by jury, equal tax-\\nation, tenure of lands from the Duke of York, freedom of religion, liability\\nto military duty, and recognition of negro slavery under certain restrictions.\\nDu Lhut, Daniel G., died in 1709, was engaged as fur-trader and explorer\\non the frontier, and was of much service to the French colonists in aiding\\nthem against Indian attacks. Duluth is named for him.\\nDummer, Jeremiah (16807-1739), was London agent of the Massachusetts\\ncolony from 1710 to 1721. He wrote Defence of the New England Char-\\nters, declaring that the charters were compacts, and that the land-titles\\nwere not derived from the crown.\\nDummer s War, a war during 1724-25 between the border settlers of Ver-\\nmont and Maine, and the Indian tribes incited by the French of Canada.\\nWilliam Dummer was then acting Governor of Massachusetts, and it was\\nthrough his efforts that the trouble was terminated by a treaty with the", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0227.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "2o8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nIndians in 1725. Fort Dummer was erected at the present site of Brattle-\\nboro in 1724. May 9, 1725, Captain John Lovewell defeated the Indians in\\na bloody battle at Fryeburg, Maine. Four sagamores signed the treaty with\\nDummer at Boston in November of the same year.\\nDunbar, Thomas, died in 1767. He was a British colonel who was left\\nat Little Meadows in Braddock s expedition against Fort Duquesne, and after\\nBraddock s defeat, destroyed the munitions of war and retreated.\\nDunkers (Dunkards or Brethren), a denomination of American Baptists\\nwho originated in Gennany in 1708, but were driven by persecution to this\\ncountry between 1719 and 1729. They are now most numerous in Ohio.\\nIn 1790 a number who held Universalist views seceded and still remain apart.\\nThey strive to reproduce the exact order of the apostolic church, dress plainly,\\nrefuse to go to law or to engage in war, take no interest on money lent to the\\nbrethren, and take especial care of the poor. Their membership is estimated\\nat about 10,000, but they themselves keep no statistics.\\nDunmore, John Murray, Earl of (1732-1809), a descendant of the Stuarts,\\nsucceeded to the peerage in 1766 and became Governor of New York in 1770\\nand of Virginia in 1771. In 1774 the Virginians under Patrick Henry took\\nup arms against his government. He fled in 1775 and during the first year\\nof the Revolution conducted petty warfare and led plundering expeditions\\non the coast, burning Norfolk, but was dislodged in 1776.\\nDu Pont, de Nemours, Pierre S. (i 739-1 81 7), celebrated French econo-\\nmist, twice president of the National Assembly, resided in America from 1798\\nto 1802 and in 1815 settled in Delaware.\\nDupont, or Du Pont, Samuel Francis (1803-1865), entered the navy in\\nhis youth, but had no opportunities for distinction until the Mexican War,\\nwhen he took San Diego. His great naval feat was in the first year of the\\nCivil War; he captured the fortifications of Port Royal harbor on November\\n7, 1861, and followed up this success by seizing Tybee and reducing many\\npoints on the coast of Georgia and Florida. For these successes he was\\nmade rear-admiral. The unsuccessful attacks on the defences of Charleston,\\nunder his lead, in 1863, were made against his better judgment.\\nDuquesne de Menneville, Marquis, was born in France early in the\\neighteenth century. He was Governor of New France from 1752 to 1755,\\nand was active in extending the interests of France and resisting the\\nencroachments of the English colonies. Fort Duquesue was named for\\nhim.\\nDuquesne, Fort, erected at the junction of the Allegheny and Monon-\\ngahela rivers in Pennsylvania by the French under Captain Contrecoeur in\\n1754. It became at once the centre of French military operations in that\\nsection. In 1755 Braddock was sent to capture it. He was defeated July 9\\nby the French and Indians. Major Grant and 800 men were defeated and\\ncut to pieces in a second expedition against the fort October 15, 1757. In\\nthe summer of 1758 General Forbes with 6000 men moved against it. His\\nmarch was slov/. The rains ruined roads as soon as constructed. A recon-\\nnoitring party under Grant was cut off. At length the whole force", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0228.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States Histor\\\\ 209\\nadvanced. On the evening of September 24 the fort was evacuated and\\nblown up. By Forbes slow advance the patience of the Indians in alliance\\nwith the French had been exhausted and the garrison reduced to less than\\n1000. The place was named Fort Pitt (Pittsburg) in honor of the English\\nMinister, and a strong fort erected there the next year.\\nDurell, Edward H. (1810-1887), drafted the bureau system of govern-\\nment for New Orleans in 1862, was a U. S. Judge in lyouisiana from 1863 to\\n1874, and from 1S75 to 1887 published much historical literature.\\nDustin, Hannah, of Massachusetts, born about 1660, was taken prisoner\\nl;y the Indians in 1697 and, aided by a boy, Samuel Leonard, killed ten of\\nher captors in camp and escaped to her home in Haverhill.\\nDutch. The chief settlements of the Dutch in the American colonies\\nwere in New Netherland, now New York and the adjoining part of New\\nJersey. They were successful in commerce and industrious in agriculture,\\nbut indifferent to politics. Probably at the time of the Revolution more\\nthan half of the population of the State were of Dutch descent, and Dutch\\nwas still spoken in the villages along the Hudson in the earlier years of this\\ncentury. Of late, efforts have been made to prove that the chief influence\\nin the formation of American institutions was Dutch rather than English,\\nthat for instance the ideas of a written constitution, the ballot, freedom of\\nreligion, democracy, equal partition of the goods of an intestate, the record-\\ning of deeds by the State, and free schools, were derived from Dutch example.\\nIn the case of most of these claims, it must be said that they are still quite\\nunproved. It is true that the Netherland Republic was in 1620 far in\\nadvance of England in respect to freedom, institutional development and\\ngeneral civilization, and that it was then in close association with England,\\nand that the Pilgrim Fathers and some other colonists were well acquainted\\nwith the life of the Dutch. In the case of free schools, registration of deeds\\nand the laws of succession, and a few other particulars, a probability of Dutch\\ninfluence has been shown. But in the case of the fundamentals of American\\nconstitutional life, the new theory not only has not been proved, but is in\\nmost respects highly improbable.\\nDuval, Gabriel (1752-1844), represented Maryland in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1794 to 1796. He was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt from 1811 to 1836.\\nDuxbury, Mass., was founded by Miles Standish about 1630, and incor-\\nporated as a town in 1637.\\nDuyckinck, Evert A. (1816-1878), admitted to the New York bar in 1837,\\nwas editor of the Literary World from 1847 to ^853 wrote exten-\\nsively upon American biography, history and literature. His chief work was\\na Cyclopaedia of American Literature, 1856.\\nDuzine, the twelve patentees of the settlement of New Paltz, made some\\nmiles west of what is now Kingston on the Hudson, in 1677, by Louis Dubois\\nand others. The Duzine were elected the legislative and judicial body\\nof the colony. They and later Duzines held control during 100 years.\\n14", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0229.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "2IO Dictionary of United States History.\\nDwight, Theodore 1 764-1 846), edited the Connecticut Mirror^ the official\\norgan of the Federalists, was secretary of the Hartford Convention, and\\nfounded the New York Daily Advertiser^ editing it from 181 7 to 1836.\\nDwight, Theodore W. (1822-1892), from 1858 to 1891 professor of law\\nin Columbia College, was a member of the New York Constitutional Con-\\nvention of 1867, and from 1874 to 1875 member of the Commission of\\nAppeals. He was one of the most famous of American teachers of law.\\nDwight, Timothy (1752-1817), of Connecticut, divine, poet and teacher,\\nwhile chaplain in the Continental army composed his poem Columbia.\\nFrom 1795 to 1817, he was president of Yale College and did much to\\nbroaden and advance higher education. His Travels in New England and\\nNew York are noteworthy.\\nDwight, Timothy, born in 1828, an editor of the New Englander from\\n1856, was a member of the committee to revise the English version of the\\nBible, from 1878 to 1885, and in 1886 was chosen president of Yale\\nUniversity. Resigned 1899.\\nDyer, Eliphalet (1721-1807), was Connecticut Commissioner to the Stamp-\\nAct Congress in 1765, Judge of the Superior Court from 1766 to 1793, a\\ndelegate to the Continental Congresses of 1774, 1775 and 1778, and a mem-\\nber of the Connecticut Committee of Safety in 1775.\\nE Pluribus Unum. First suggested as the motto of the United States by\\nFranklin, John Adams and Jefferson, August 10, 1776, they having been\\nappointed the committee to choose a design for the Great Seal. It was prob-\\nably suggested by the similar motto of the Getitlemmi s Magazine, which had\\na popular circulation in the colonies at that time. It occurs in a Latin poem\\nascribed to Virgil and called Moretum. It first appeared on coin in New\\nJersey in 1786, when copper coins were issued in that State.\\nEads, James B. (1820-1887), was noted for his achievements in engineering,\\namong them being the construction of the St. Louis bridge, with a central\\nspan of 520 feet, and the jetties of the Mississippi River.\\nEagan, Charles P., born in 1841, Commissary-General during the war with\\nSpain. His reputation was involved in the charges made by General Miles\\nrelative to embalmed beef, he made counter-accusations, and was relieved\\nfrom duty by McKinley in 1899.\\nEagle, a gold coin of the value of ten dollars. So called because of the\\nfigure of the national bird, which is stamped on the reverse. It was author-\\nized in 1792 and coinage was begun in 1794. It has always been legal tender\\nto an unlimited amount. The first delivery of eagles was made September\\n22, 1795, 400 in number. It was not coined from 1805 to 1837. By Act of\\n1834 its weight was slightly reduced.\\nEarle, Thomas (1796-1849), was active in calling the Pennsylvania Con-\\nstitutional Convention of 1837, and is supposed to have drafted the new", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0230.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "STATESMEN OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nPatrick Henry.\\nRobert Morris.\\nRnhprt R. luincrctnn\\nJohn Hancock.\\nJohn Dickinson,\\nJames Otis.\\nBenjamin Franklin\\nRichard Henry Lee.\\nRoppr Sherman.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0231.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0232.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Staths History. 211\\nConstitution. In 1840 he was the candidate of the Liberty party for Vice-\\nPresident.\\nEarly, Jubal Anderson (1815-1894), Confederate general, was attorney\\nfor Virginia from 1842 to 1844 and from 1848 to 1852, and served as major\\nin the Mexican War from 1847 to 1848. In 1861 he became a colonel in the\\nConfederate army and fought at Bull Run and Williamsburg. Promoted to\\nbrigadier-general in 1863 he was a commander at Fredericksburg and Gettys-\\nburg. Successful at first in his Shenandoah campaign he was defeated by\\nSheridan on the Opequan, at Fisher s Hill and at Cedar Creek, and by General\\nCuster at Waynesboro. For these defeats he was retired. He was president\\nof the Southern Historical Society.\\nEast India Company, the Dutch trading company under whose auspices\\nHenry Hudson in his vessel, the Half Moon, sailed up the Hudson River\\nand established three trading posts. The object of the company was not\\ncolonization, but a monopoly of the fur trade. In 1621 a similar monopoly\\nwas granted by the States General to the newly formed West India Company.\\nEast Jersey. (See New Jersey.)\\nEaton, Dorman B., was born in Vermont in 1823. Prominent in pro-\\nmoting civil service refonn, he was appointed a member of the Civil Service\\nCommission by President Grant in 1873 and in 1883 by President Arthur,\\nserving till 1886. He drafted the national civil service act of 1883, and has\\nwritten extensively upon the subject.\\nEaton, John, born in New Hampshire in 1829, served during the Civil\\nWar, and was appointed U. S. Commissioner of Education, serving from 1870\\nto 1886. He was president of the international congress of education at\\nNew Orleans, and vice-president of the congress at Havre, France.\\nEaton, John H. (1790-1856) was a U. S. Senator from Tennessee from\\n1818 to 1829, was vSecretary of War in Jackson s Cabinet from 1829 to 1831,\\nand Minister to Spain from 1836 to 1840. He was one of Jackson s closest\\nfriends and political advisers.\\nEaton, Margaret L. (1796-1879) Peggy O Neill a woman of great\\nbeauty and of fascinating manner, but of low social position, married John\\nH. Eaton in 1828. When he became Secretary of War she was refused\\nrecognition by the families of the Cabinet members. Her cause was sup-\\nported by President Jackson, who attempted to enforce her recognition,\\nwhich led to the disruption of the Cabinet in 1831.\\nEaton, Theophilus (1591-1658), a prosperous English merchant, came\\nto Massachusetts in 1637, explored the Connecticut coast, and in 1638 planted\\na colony at New Haven, of which he became one of the Seven Pillars\\nwho formed the government, and was made the first Governor. He was one\\nof the commissioners who formed the United Colonies of New England\\nin 1643.\\nEaton, William (1764-1811), bom in Connecticut, served in the Revolu-\\ntionary War from 1780 to 1783, and was Clerk of the Connecticut House of\\nRepresentatives from 1791 to 1797. He was Consul at Tunis, where he", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0233.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "212 Dictionary of United States History.\\nconducted important negotiations from 1799 to 1803, and was U. S. Naval\\nAgent to the Barbary States from 1804 to 1805. In 1805 he conducted the\\ncelebrated Derne expedition. (See Derne.)\\nEbenezer, the chief settlement of the Salzburger colonists of Georgia.\\nIt was founded near the confluence of the Savannah River and Ebenezer\\nCreek in 1734. Its Salzburger inhabitants were mainly farmers and Indian\\ntraders.\\nEconomy. (See Harmonists.)\\nEcuador. In 1839 commercial treaty was concluded between the United\\nStates and Ecuador. Conventions were concluded in 1862 for the settlement\\nof claims, and in 1872 relative to naturalization and extradition.\\nEden, Sir Robert, born in England, died in 1786. He was made Gov-\\nernor of Maryland in 1768, and ruled with moderation, causing the Mary-\\nland colonists to hope for reconciliation with Great Britain at the outbreak\\nof the Revolution. In 1776 he was obliged to depart.\\nEdenton, N. C, was founded in 1715, named for Governor Charles Eden,\\nand for a time was the place of meeting of the Legislature of the colony.\\nEdes, Benjamin (1732-1803), from 1755 to 1798 was editor of the Boston\\nGazette and Country Journal^ which became very influential during the\\nRevolutionary period. He materially aided the members of the Boston\\nTea Party in 1773.\\nEdison, Thomas A., was born in Ohio in 1847. One of the most suc-\\ncessful of inventors, he accomplishes his great achievements empirically by\\nalmost incessant labor. Among his inventions are the carbon telephone, the\\nphonograph, the microtasimeter, by which has been measured the heat of\\nthe sun s corona, and a quadruplex system of telegraphy.\\nEdmunds, George Franklin, Senator, was born in Vermont in 1S28. He\\nwas a Representative in the Vermont Legislature from 1854 to 1859 (except\\none year), serving as Speaker for three years, and was president pro tempore\\nof the State Senate from 1861 to 1862. He drew up the resolutions adopted\\nat the convention for uniting the Republicans and the War Democrats. In\\n1866 he was appointed to succeed Solomon Foote, deceased, in the U. S.\\nSenate, and held office till his resignation in 1891. In 1877 he was a mem-\\nber of the Electoral Commission. While in the Senate he ser\\\\ ed as chair-\\nman of the Judiciary Committee, and had the drafting of many important\\nbills. His services in the Senate were marked by uprightness of character,\\nability to detect imperfections in pending legislation, and hostility to irregu-\\nlar procedure.\\nEdmunds Act, a bill submitted by Senator Edmunds, of Vermont, and\\npassed by Congress March 22, 1882, to regulate and restrict the polygamous\\ninstitutions of the Mormons in Utah. Under its provisions Mormons were\\nin a great measure excluded from local offices, which they had hitherto\\nwholly controlled. Many persons were indicted and punished for polygamy\\nalso.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0234.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 213\\nEducation. (See Schools, Academies, Colleges, Universities.)\\nEducation, Bureau of. This office was established in 1867 for the pur-\\npose of collecting statistics showing the condition and progress of education\\nin the States and Territories, and of diffusing such information as might\\npromote the cause of education throughout the country. At first an inde-\\npendent office, it was in 1868 made a bureau of the Department of the\\nInterior.\\nEducational Land-grants. In the disposal of the lands of the North-\\nwest Territory large tracts were, in some instances, granted to the States\\nformed therefrom, to be sold by the State Legislatures for an educational\\nendowment; or else the lands were sold by the Federal Government, and a\\npercentage of the proceeds bestowed upon the State for the erection of\\nschools and colleges. When Illinois became a State three per cent of the\\nproceeds of the sales of public lands was granted for this purpose, to be paid\\nas fast as the sales were made. In 1829 the Legislature borrowed the school\\nfund for State purposes, and failed to pa} interest thereon, hence the Federal\\ngrant was withheld for some years. The total amount received was $712,-\\n745.24. In Michigan, the charge of the public lands was intrusted first to\\nthe Territorial, and then, in 1835, to the State Legislature. In general, these\\ngrants were mismanaged by the States. History by Knight.\\nEdward, Fort, erected on the Hudson River in 1755, and at first called\\nFort Lyman after the builder; an important post during the French and\\nIndian War. It was garrisoned, in 1755, by the Earl of Loudoun and 2500\\nmen, and afterward by General Webb. From this fort there were frequent\\nexpeditions against the French along the Canadian border. After the mas-\\nsacre at Fort William Henr}-, in 1757, the remnant of the latter s garrison\\ntook refuge in Fort Edward. The French General Montcalm proposed to\\nattack Fort Edward, but failed to do so. During the winter of 1757 the\\ntroops under General Webb, tired of inaction, mutinied and caused serious\\ntrouble. Captain Haviland then assumed command, and despatched a\\nscouting expedition under Rogers against the French border in 1758. This\\nparty was defeated near Lake George.\\nEdwards, Jonathan (1703-1758), born in Connecticut, was the most emi-\\nnent metaphysician America has ever produced. In 1727 he was ordained\\npastor at Northampton, Mass., where he remained until 1750. From 1751\\nto 1758 he preached to the Indians at Stockbridge. He was a most prolific\\nwriter upon religion and metaphysics, and in 1754 published his famous\\nInquiry- into the Freedom of the Will.\\nEdwards, Ninian (i 775-1833), a prominent law er, was Governor of the\\nTerritory of Illinois from 1809 to 1818, was U. S. Senator from 1818 to 1824\\nand was, by election, Governor from 1826 to 1830.\\nEggleston, Edward, was born in 1837. He is a popular novelist and the\\nauthor of a series of biographies of American Indians and a history of social\\nlife in the colonies.\\nEgypt. A commercial agreement was made in 1884 between the United\\nStates and Egypt.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0235.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "214 Dictionary of United States History.\\nEight-Hour Law. The Act of August i, ^892, restricts to eight hours\\nthe working daj of all laborers and mechanics emplo}ed by the United States\\nGovernment, by the District of Columbia, or by any contractor upon any of\\nthe public works. Violation of this law is punishable by fine and imprison-\\nment.\\nEl Bracito, N. M., a short, but hotly contested battle between Colonel\\nDoniphan s army of 900 men and a force of iioo Mexicans, under an officer\\nnamed Ponce de Leon, December 24, 1846. These troops charged upon the\\nAmericans, but were easily repulsed by a volley from rifles. This occurred\\nduring Doniphan s celebrated expedition against Chihuahua to join and\\nrelieve General Wool.\\nEl Dorado, meaning The pilded Man. Among the Muysca Indians of\\nBogota it was customary, at the time of the Spanish explorations of the six-\\nteenth century, for each new chief, with his naked body anointed with resinous\\ngums and covered with gold dust, to head a solemn procession to the Lake\\nof Govita, and to wash himself therein after much impressive ceremony.\\nAt the same time the assembled savages cast into the lake gold trinkets and\\nprecious stones, as offerings to the goddess of the lake, the drowned wife of\\na former chieftain. Hence the term el dorado came to be applied to any\\nplace where gold was reported to exist. Many expeditions were undertaken\\nin search of the mythical el dorado by the Spaniards. South America,\\nMexico and Florida were all, at different times, supposed to be the country\\nof the long sought el dorado.\\nElection Laws, Each colony and State has had its own laws for local\\nelections. The Constitution gives the Congress power to regulate Federal\\nelections. Elections to the Senate were first put upon a imiform plan by\\nFederal legislation in 1866, and elections to the House by Act of 1875.\\nFor the recent attempt to carry still further the policy of Federal control of\\nFederal elections, see art. Force Bill. History of colonial elections by\\nBishop.\\nElections. In the colonial period only Massachusetts (till 1691), Con-\\nnecticut and Rhode Island elected their Governors. But in all the people\\nelected their Representatives in the Assembly, and this was done either by\\nballot or, as in Virginia, after the English manner, viva voce. Election\\ndisturbances were common in the Southern colonies, though laws against\\nviolence and treating prevailed. Under the Constitution of 1787 the Federal\\nCongress did not pass laws controlling the election of Senators until 1866,\\nwhen the present system was introduced, nor of Representatives, completely,\\nuntil 1875. The first Presidential election was held in January and February\\nof 1789. The times of election formerly varied much in different States,\\nbut now nearly all elect their Congressmen in November.\\nElections, Presidential. The following table gives the electoral and\\npopular votes for President and Vice-President at each election. It is to be\\nremembered that in the elections preceding that of 1804 the electors did not\\nvote for President and Vice-President separately; he who had most votes was\\nmade President, he who stood second Vice-President. Up to 1824 electors\\nwere largely chosen by State I,egislatures without popular voting", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0236.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statks History.\\n215\\n1789\\n1792\\n1796\\n1800\\n1804\\n1808\\nI8I2\\nI8I6\\nW\\no\\n73\\n135\\n138\\n138\\n176\\n176\\nParty.\\nFederalist\\nFederalist\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nFederalist\\nRepublican\\nFederalist\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nFederalist\\nFederalist\\nRepublican\\nFederalist\\nRepublican\\nFederalist\\nRepublican\\nFederalist\\n221 Republican\\nFederalist\\nPresibent.\\nCandidate.\\nGeorge Washington\\nJohn Adams\\nJohn Jay\\nR. H. Harrison\\nJohn Rutledge\\nJohn Hancock\\nGeorge Clinton\\nSamuel Huntington\\nJohn Milton\\nJames Armstrong\\nBenjamin Lincoln\\nEdward Telfair\\nVacancies\\nGeorge Washington\\nJohn Adams\\nGeorge Clinton\\nThomas Jefierson\\nAaron Burr\\nVacancies\\nJohn Adams\\nThomas Jefferson\\nThomas Pinckney\\nAaron Burr\\nSamuel Adams.\\nOliver Ellsworth\\nGeorge Clinton\\nJohn Jay\\nJames Iredell\\nGeorge Washington\\nJohn Henry\\nSamuel Johnston\\nCharles C. Pinckney\\nThomas Jefferson*\\nAaron Burr\\nJohn Adams\\nCharles C. Pinckney\\nJohn Jay\\nThomas Jefferson\\nCharles C. Pinckney\\nJames Madison\\nCharles C. Pinckney\\nGeorge Clinton\\nVacancy\\nJames Madison\\nDe Witt Clinton\\nVacancy\\nJames Monroe\\nRufus King\\nVacancies\\nPopular\\nVote.\\nW\\n69\\n4\\n132\\n71\\n73\\n162\\n14\\n122\\n47\\n6\\nI\\n128\\n89\\nI\\n183\\n34\\nVicb-Presidbnt.\\nCandidate.\\nGeorge Clinton\\nRuftis King\\nGeorge Clinton\\nRufus King\\nJohn Langdon\\nJames Madison\\nJames Monroe\\nElbridge Gerry\\nJared Ingersoll\\nD. D. Tompkins\\nJohn E. Howard\\nJames Ross\\nJohn Marshall\\nRobert G. Harper\\n*Jc^crson was chosen President by the House of Representatives.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0237.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "2l6\\nDictionary of United States History.\\nw\\no\\n235\\n1824 261\\n261\\n288\\n1836 294\\n294\\n275\\n290\\n1852 I 296\\ni\\n296\\n303\\n314\\n317\\nParty.\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nDemocratic\\nNat. Repub.\\nDemocratic\\nNat. Repub.\\nAnti-Mason\\nDemocratic\\nWhig\\nWhig\\nWhig\\nWhig\\nWhig\\nDemocratic\\nLiberty\\nDemocratic\\nWhig\\nLiberty\\nWhig\\nDemocratic\\nFree-Soil\\nDemocratic\\nWhig\\nFree Dem.\\nDemocratic\\nRepublican\\nAmerican\\nRepublican\\nDemocratic\\nCons. Union\\nInd. Dem.\\nRepublican\\nDemocratic\\nRepublican\\nDemocratic\\nPresidhnt.\\nCandidate.\\nJames Monroe\\nJohn Q. Adams\\nVacancies\\nAndrew Jackson\\nJohn Q. Adams*\\nWilliam H. Crawford\\nHenry Clay\\nVacancy\\nAndrew Jackson\\nJohn Q. Adams\\nAndrew Jackson\\nHenry Clay\\nJohn Floyd\\nWilliam Wirt J\\nVacancies\\nMartin Van Buren\\nWm. H. Harrison I\\nHugh L. White I\\nDaniel Webster f\\nW. P. Mangum J\\nWilliam H. Harrison\\nMartin Van Buren\\nJames G. Birney\\nJames K. Polk\\nHenry Clay\\nJames G. Birney\\nZachary Taylor\\nLewis Cass\\nMartin Van Buren\\nFranklin Pierce\\nWinfiekl Scott\\nJohn P. Hale\\nJames Buchanan\\nJohn C. Fremont\\nMillard Fillmore\\nAbraham Lincoln\\nJ. C. Breckinridge\\nJohn Bell\\nS. A. Douglas\\nAbraham Lincoln\\nGeo. B. McClellan\\nStates not voting\\nUlysses S. Grant\\nHoratio Seymour\\nStates not voting\\nPopular\\nVote.\\n153,544\\n108,740\\n46,618\\n47,136\\n647,276\\n508,064\\n687,502\\n530,189\\n33,108\\n762,678\\n735,651\\n1,275,017\\n1,128,102\\n7,069\\n1,337,243\\n1,299,062\\n62,300\\n1,360,101\\n1,220,544\\n291,263\\n1,601,274\\n1,386,578\\n156,825\\n1,838,169\\n1,341,264\\n874,534\\n1,866,452\\n845,953\\n590,631\\n1,375,157\\n2,213,667\\n1,802,237\\n3,012,833\\n2,703,249\\nVice-President.\\nCandidate.\\nW\\n231\\nI\\n3\\n99\\n84\\n41\\n37\\n178\\n83\\n219\\n49\\nII\\n2\\n170\\n73\\n26\\n14\\nII\\n234\\n60\\n170\\n105\\n163\\n127\\n254\\n42\\n174\\n114\\n8\\n180\\n72\\n39\\n12\\n212\\n21\\n81\\n214\\n80\\n23\\nD. D. Tompkins\\nRichard Stockton\\nDaniel Rodney\\nRobert G. Harper\\nRichard Rush\\nJohn C. Calhoun\\nNathan Sanford\\nNathaniel Macon\\nAndrew Jackson\\nMartin Van Buren\\nHenry Clay\\nJohn C. Calhoun\\nRichard Rush\\nWilliam Smith (S. C\\nMartin Van Buren\\nJohn Sergeant\\nHenry Lee\\nAmos Ellmaker\\nWilliam Wilkins\\nR. M. Johnsonf\\nFrancis Granger\\nJohn Tyler\\nWilliam Smith (Ala\\nJohn Tyler\\nR. M. Johnson\\nFrancis J. Lemoyne,\\nL. W. Tazewell\\nJames K. Polk\\nGeorge M. Dallas\\nT. Frelinghuysen\\nThomas Morris.\\nMillard Fillmore\\nWilliam O. Butler\\nCharles F. Adams.\\nWilliam R. King\\nWilliam A. Graham\\nGeorge W. Julian.\\nJ. C. Breckinridge\\nWilliam L. Dayton\\nA. J. Donelson\\nHannibal Hamlin\\nJoseph Lane\\nEdward Everett\\nH. V. Johnson\\nAndrew Johnson\\nG. H. Pendleton\\nSchuyler Colfax\\nF. P. Blair, Jr.\\ni2\\no\\nu\\ns\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Adams was elected President by the House of Representatives,\\nt Johnson was chosen Vice-President by tbe Senate.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0238.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n217\\nNo. of\\nElec-\\ntors.\\nPresident.\\nVice-President.\\nParty.\\nCandidate.\\nPopular\\nvote.\\nElec-\\ntors.\\nCandidate.\\nElec-\\ntors.\\n187a\\n366\\nRepublican\\nUlysses S. Grant\\n3,597,070\\n286\\nHenry Wilson\\n286\\nDem. Lib.\\nHorace Greeley\\n2,834,079\\n3. Gratz Brown\\n47\\nDemocratic Charles O Conor\\n29,489\\nGeorge W. Julian\\n5\\nTemperance\\nJames Black\\nThos. A. Hendricks\\nR Grat? Brown\\n5,608\\n42\\n18\\nA. H. Colquitt\\nJohn M. Palmer\\nr. E. Bramlette\\n5\\n3\\n3\\nij VJ 1 t* ^^j xj A ^J *i\\nCharles J. Jenkins\\n2\\nW. S. Groesbeck\\nI\\nDavid Davis\\nI\\nWillis B. Machen\\nI\\nJ_/dVlU J-/\u00c2\u00abl V u\\nN. P. Banks\\nI\\nNot counted\\n17\\n14\\n1876\\n369\\nRepublican\\nRutherford B. Hayes\\n4,033,950\\n185\\nWilliam A. Wheeler\\n185\\nDemocratic\\nSamuel J. Tilden\\n4,300,590\\n184\\nT. A. Hendricks\\n184\\nGreenback\\nPeter Cooper\\n81,740\\nSamuel Carj-.\\nProhibition Green Clay Smith\\n9.522\\nG. T. Stewart.\\nIScattering\\n2,636\\n1880\\n369\\nRepublican James A. Garfield\\n4,454,416\\n214\\nChester A. Arthur\\n214\\nDemocratic \\\\Vinfield S. Hancock\\n4,444,952\\n155\\nWilUam H. English\\n15s\\nGreenback i James B. Weaver\\n308,578\\nB. J. Chambers.\\nProhibition Neal Dow\\n10,305\\nH. A. Thompson.\\nAmerican John W. Phelps\\n707\\nSamuel C. Pomeroy.\\niScattering\\n989\\n1884\\n401\\nDemocratic Grover Cleveland\\n4.874.986\\n219\\nT. A. Hendricks\\n219\\nRepublican\\nJames G. Blaine\\n4.851,981\\n182\\nJohn A. Logan\\n182\\nProhibition\\nJohn P. St. John\\n150,369\\nWilliam Daniel.\\nGreenback\\nBenjamin F. Butler\\nScattering\\n175,370\\n11,362\\nA. M. West.\\n1888\\n401\\nRepublican\\nBenjamin Harrison\\n5,440,551\\n233\\nLevi P. Morton\\n233\\nDemocratic\\nGrover Cleveland\\n5.538,434\\n168\\nA. G. Thurman\\n168\\nProhibition\\nClinton B. Fisk\\n250,290\\nJohn A. Brooks.\\nUnion Lab.\\nAlonzo J. Streeter\\nScattering\\n147,045\\n10,312\\nC. E. Cunningham.\\n1892\\n44/1\\nDemocratic\\nGrover Cleveland\\n5,553,142\\n276\\nAdlai E. Stevenson\\n276\\nRepublican\\nBenjamin Harrison\\n5,186,931\\n145\\nWhitelaw Reid\\n145\\nPeople s\\nJames B. Weaver\\n1,030,128\\n23\\nJames G. Field\\n23\\nProhibition\\nJohn Bid well\\n268,361\\nJ. B. Cranfell.\\n1896\\n447\\nRepublican\\nDemocrat\\nPopulist J\\nWilliam McKinley\\nWilliam J. Bryan\\n7.105,959\\n6,454.943\\n271\\n176\\nGarret A. Hobart\\nArthur Sewell\\nThomas E. Watson\\n271\\n176\\nProhibition\\nJoshua Levering\\n131,748\\nHale Johnson.\\nGold Dem.\\nJohn M. Palmer\\nScattering\\n132,870\\n50,133\\nSimon Buckner.\\nElectoral Commission, a commission appointed by an Act of Congress,\\nJanuary 29, 1877, to investigate certain charges of fraudulent return of\\nelectoral votes from Florida, Louisiana, Oregon and South Carolina, during\\nthe Presidential election of 1876. Hayes and Tilden were the respective\\nRepublican and Democratic candidates for that term. The commission\\nnumbered fifteen three Republican Senators, two Democratic Senators,\\nthree Democratic Representatives, two Republican Representatives, and five\\nAssociate Justices of the Supreme Court. Bradley, the fifth Justice selected,\\nhad the casting vote. February 9, the commission sustained the validity of\\nthe Hayes electoral ticket in Florida, and later gave similar decisions regard-\\ning the other States. The appointment of a commission of this sort was\\nhitherto an unheard-of step and has by some been deemed unconstitutional.\\nElectors. The Constitution provides that a number of electors for choos-\\ning the President and Vice-President shall be appointed by each State, equal", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0239.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "2i8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nto the number of Senators and Representatives from that State, no one of\\nthem holding a public national oflBce. Electors have been chosen in four\\ndifferent ways: by joint ballot of the State Legislatures, by a concurrent\\nvote of the two branches of the Legislature, by a general vote and by a dis-\\ntrict vote. By 1872, the general ticket method was adopted in every State.\\nAn elector is chosen from each Congressional district. Originally the electors\\nvoted for two persons without designating either as President or Vice-Presi-\\ndent. The one receiving the greatest number of votes was President. If no\\none had a majority the House was to choose from the five highest. Under\\nthe Twelfth Amendment the electors vote for President and Vice-President\\nas such, and if the election goes to the House of Representatives the choice\\nis from the three highest instead of from the five highest, as originally\\nprovided.\\nElevator Cases. (See art. Munn vs. Illinois.)\\nEliot, Charles W., was born in Massachusetts in 1834. He was elected\\npresident of Harvard College in 1869. His administration has been marked\\nby great advancement. He has written various works upon chemical and\\neducational topics.\\nEliot, John (1604-1690), the Apostle of the Indians, emigrated to\\nBoston from England in 1631. Soon after his arrival he began studying the\\nIndian language and translated portions of the Gospel, and in 1646 began to\\npreach to the Indians without the aid of an interpreter. In 1660 he founded\\nan Indian church at Natick, and in 1663 a catechism was published, the first\\npublication ever made in the Indian language. The same year he completed\\na translation of both the Old and New Testaments. Eliot s Indian Bible is\\nnow a very rare book, commanding a very high price.\\nElizabeth (1533-1603), Queen of England from 1558 to 1603, granted in\\n1578 to Sir Humphrey Gilbert letters patent to conquer and possess any\\nheathen lands not already in the hands of Christians. Gilbert s expedition\\nfailed. In 1584 Elizabeth granted a similar charter to Raleigh. In 1585,\\nwith the Queen s assistance, Raleigh sent seven vessels and 100 colonists to\\nsettle in Virginia, which had been taken in the Queen s name under the\\ncharter of 1584 and named by Elizabeth. In 1603 Gosnold named (one of)\\nthe Elizabeth Islands for her.\\nElizabethtown (Brockville, near the Thousand Islands). Here, in the\\nWar of 181 2, were confined some American prisoners. February 7, 1813,\\nMajor Forsyth crossed the river, released the captives, seized some military\\nstores and a number of British, and returned without the loss of a man.\\nElk Creek, Ind. Terr. Here General Blunt, leading 2400 National soldiers\\ntoward Fort Blunt, encountered the Confederate General Cooper at the head\\nof 5000 men. A brief fight took place in which Cooper was worsted.\\nElkins, Stephen B., born in 1841, was a delegate in Congress from New\\nMexico from 1873 to 1877, and was Secretary of War from 1891 to 1893, in\\nthe Cabinet of President Benjamin Harrison. Elected to United States\\nSenate 1895.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0240.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 219\\nEUery, William (i 727-1820), bora in Rhode Island, was chosen a delegate\\nto the Continental Congress in 1776, and served on the board of admiralty,\\nand the treasury and marine committees. He was one of the signers of the\\nDeclaration of Independence, and continued, except in 1780 and 1782, a\\nmember of the Congress till 1786.\\nEllicott, Andrew (i 754-1820), of Pennsylvania, surveyed and laid out the\\ncity of Washington in 1790, and was surveyor-general of the United States\\nin 1792. In 1796 he was appointed a commissioner to determine the bound-\\nary between the United States and the Spanish possessions on the south.\\nElliot, Jonathan (i 784-1846), came to New York from England about\\n1802, served in the navy in 1812; was editor of the collection called Elliot s\\nDebates on the Constitution, and author of numerous political works con-\\ncerning the United States.\\nElliott, Jesse D. (1782-1845), entered the navy in 1804, captured the\\nDetroit and Caledonia from the British at Fort Erie in 1812, com-\\nmanded the Madison at the capture of York, and served with distinction\\nin the battle of Lake Erie.\\nEllis, George E., clergyman, born in Massachusetts in 1814. Since 1887\\nhe has been president of the Massachusetts Historical Society. He has\\nwritten extensively upon historical and biographical subjects, The\\nPuritan Age in Massachusetts.\\nEllmaker, Amos (1787-1851), served in the Pennsylvania Legislature from\\n1812 to 1814, was State Attorney-General from 1816 to 1819 and in 1832\\nwas the Anti-Masonic candidate for Vice-President of the United States.\\nEilskwatawa, born about 1770, a Shawnee Indian prophet, brother of\\nTecumseh, ordered the attack at Tippecanoe in 181 1.\\nEllsworth, E. E. (1837-1861), in 1861 was appointed colonel of a regi-\\nment of Zouaves, and was shot by the proprietor of a hotel in Alexandria,\\nVa., while tearing down a Confederate flag from the hotel.\\nEllsworth, Oliver (1745-1807), was admitted to the Connecticut bar in\\n1771, and became State s Attorney in 1775. He was a delegate to the Con-\\ntinental Congress from 1778 to 1783, and from 1780 to 1784 was a member\\nof the Governor s Council. He was Judge of the Connecticut Supreme\\nCourt from 1784 to 1787, when he became a member of the Federal Con-\\nvention at Philadelphia, and was of influence in securing the compromise in\\nthe Constitution which reconciled the interests of the small States and the\\nlarge States. He was a U. S. Senator from 1789 to 1796, when he resigned;\\nwas Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court from 1796 to 1800, and Envoy\\nExtraordinarj to France in 1799.\\nEmancipation Proclamation. During the first eighteen months of the\\nCivil War President Lincoln listened xinmoved to the clamorings of aboli-\\ntionists for an emancipation proclamation. He declared he would preserve\\nthe Union without freeing the slaves, if such a thing were possible. Sep-\\ntember 22, 1862, he issued a preliminary proclamation that, unless the\\ninhabitants of the revolted States returned to their allegiance by January i,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0241.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "230 Dictionary of United States History.\\nthe slaves should be declared free. This had no effect. January i, 1863,\\nthe proclamation was issued declaring the freedom of slaves in all the States\\nwhich had seceded except forty-eight counties of West Virginia, seven\\ncounties in Virginia, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and\\nthirteen parishes of Louisiana, including New Orleans. These districts\\nwere practically under the control of the Union army. Lincoln expected\\nthe proclamation to take effect gradually. Its legal effect has been disputed;\\nits practical effect was enormous.\\nEmbargo, a prohibition of commerce by national authority, laid in var-\\nious forms and at various times from 1794 until 1815. Upon the declara-\\ntion of war between France and Great Britain in 1793, each Government\\nordered the seizure of neutral vessels bound for the ports of the other. This\\ncaused great excitement in the United States, and the first embargo was laid\\nMarch 26, 1794, to continue for thirty days and afterward prolonged to sixty.\\nIn consequence of the depredations of England and France upon the neutral\\ncommerce of the United States, the non-importation act was passed April\\n18, 1806, prohibiting trade with Great Britain and her colonies, but it did\\nnot go into effect until December 4. On December 22, 1807, Congress, at\\nthe instance of Mr. Jefferson, passed an embargo act, prohibiting the sailing\\nof any merchant vessel from any American port, save coasters. The act was\\nextensively evaded. The embargo failed to bring either England or France\\nto terms, and meanwhile it inflicted great injury on the shipping interest\\nand the export trade of the United States. On February 28, 1809, an act\\nwas passed repealing the embargo, and replacing it by a non-intercourse law\\nwhich forbade British or French vessels to enter American ports. Another\\nembargo act was passed in 1813, during the war.\\nEmerson, Ralph W^aldo (1803-1882), an eminent American poet and\\nphilosopher, was born in Boston. He was ordained a preacher of the Gospel\\nin 1829, but resigned his pastorate in 1832, because he could not sympathize\\nwith the formalities practiced in the church. He then began his career as\\nan eminent lecturer, giving courses of lectures for the most part upon bio-\\ngraphical and philosophical subjects. He contributed largely to periodicals\\nand published numerous works in literature and philosophy. His influence\\nupon the more thoughtful portion of the American public has never been\\nsurpassed. He resided in Concord, Mass., during all the latter part of his life.\\nEmigrant Aid Company, Massachusetts, the first organization formed\\nfor the purpose of settling Kansas with free-State emigrants. It was planned\\nby Eli Thayer, and chartered by the Legislature of Massachusetts in April,\\n1854. But before the actual woi k of settlement began, the New England\\nEmigrant Aid Society took its place, with a less ambitious design.\\nEmory, William K., born in 181 1, was one of the Mexico and U. S.\\nboundary commissioners, and served with distinction during the Civil War,\\nat Yorktown, Sabine Cross-Roads, Fisher s Hill and Cedar Creek, attaining\\nthe rank of major-general.\\nEndicott, John (i588?-i665), arrived from England in 1628 to assume\\nthe government of the colony at Salem, where he continued Governor till", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0242.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitbd States History. tai\\n1630, at whicli time the government of the Massachusetts Company and colony\\nwas transferred to New England. From 1641 to 1644 and in 1650 he was\\nDeputy Governor, and was made Governor in 1644, 1649, from 1651 to\\n1665 except 1654, when he was again Deputy Governor. In 1645 he was\\nappointed to the highest command in the colonial army, and in 1658 was\\nmade president of the colonial commissioners. He was a man of firm con-\\nvictions and choleric disposition, who tolerated no divergence from the\\nstrictly orthodox in religion, and meted out a severe type of justice to all\\nwho disobeyed the laws of the colony.\\nEndicott, William C, born in 1827, was a Judge in the Massachusetts\\nSupreme Court from 1873 to 1882, and from 1885 to 1889 was Secretary of\\nWar in Cleveland s Cabinet.\\nEndicott Rock. The so-called Endicott Rock, with its inscription dated\\n1652, fixed the northern limit of New Hampshire at the head waters of the\\nMerrimac River, and as a part of Massachusetts.\\nEngland, John (1786-1842), born in Ireland, was made Bishop of North\\nand South Carolina and Georgia in 1850, and was the first Catholic clergy-\\nman invited to preach in the Hall of Representatives at Washington.\\nEnglish, William H., born in 1822, was secretary of the Indiana Consti-\\ntutional Convention in 1850, Speaker of the State Legislature in 1851, U. S.\\nCongressman from 1853 to 1861, and the Democratic candidate for Vice-\\nPresident in 1880. Died 1896.\\nEntails were unknown in New England. South Carolina abolished them\\nin 1733, Virginia in 1776, Georgia in 1777, Maryland in 1782, North Carolina\\nin 1784.\\nEnterprise, an American brig of fourteen guns. Captain Burrows.\\nSeptember 5, 1813, the brig, while sailing off the Maine coast, met the\\nBritish brig Boxer, also of fourteen guns. Both vessels opened fire at the\\nsame time. The wind was light and the cannonading very destructive.\\nThe Enterprise, crossing the bows of the Boxer, gave such a raking\\nfire that the latter surrendered. The battle lasted forty minutes. Both\\ncommanders were killed. Two days later the prize was taken into Portland\\nharbor.\\nEntomological Commission, a commission created by Act of Congress,\\nMarch 3, 1877, and placed under the supervision of the Interior Department.\\nEpervier, brig. (See Peacock.\\nEpiscopal Church. (See Protestant Episcopal.)\\nEpworth League, an organization of young people of the Methodist\\nEpiscopal Church formed in 1889. There are now (1893) 10,972 local leagues\\nand over 650,000 members.\\nEqual Rights Party, 1884, the title assumed by a party headed by Belva\\nLock wood in 1884. Belva Lockwood was its self-nominated Presidential\\ncandidate, her platform advocating woman suffrage. (For the earlier Equal\\nRights party, see Loco-focos.)", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0243.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "222 Dictionary of Unitbd Statiss History.\\nEra of Good Feeling, a name applied to the period between 1817 and\\n1823, during Monroe s administration, when national political contests were\\nsuspended, the Democrats having a triumphant majority and the Federalist\\nparty being almost extinct. The War of 181 2 was ended and the new issues\\nof tariff and internal improvement had not arisen. Monroe s inaugural\\naddress soothed the few Federalists and the leaders of both parties joined in\\nreceiving the President and announcing the era of good feeling.\\nEric the Red, a Norwegian who is reported to have been banished from\\nIceland and to have gone on a voyage of discovery about 981, in which he\\nlanded at a place previously discovered by Gunniborn. On his return three\\nyears later he called it Greenland. Thither about 985 he led an expedition\\nand planted a colony. About 986 a vessel on its way to the settlement wan-\\ndered from its course and landed on a coast nine days sail south of Greenland,\\nand in 1000 A. D., a son of Eric the Red made a voyage of discovery to this\\nregion and named it Vinland, which is supposed to have been somewhere\\non the New England coast. Authorities differ as to the authenticity of this\\naccount, but the general opinion prevails that some such discoveries were\\nmade, though the details are not reliable.\\nEricsson, John (1803-1889), born in Sweden, early in life gave promi.se\\nof great achievements in invention. He came to the United States in 1839,\\nand in 1841 produced the war steamer Princeton, which revolutionized the\\nnavies of the world. During the Civil War he was employed in building\\nmonitors; the first of which, the Monitor, destroyed the Confederate iron-\\nclad Merrimac, in 1862. He is the author of a great number of valuable\\ninventions, the most important of which are connected with engines and\\nnaval equipments.\\nErie Canal, the most important artificial water-course in the United States.\\nIts construction was conceived by De Witt Clinton in 181 2, and begun as a\\nState work in 1817, being completed in 1825. It extends 363 miles through\\nNew York State, through what was, at the time of its commencement, a\\nwilderness, from the Hudson River at Albany and Troy to Lake Erie at\\nBuffalo. Clinton had at first intended it should be a national enterprise, and\\nfrom the interest he displayed, he was deputed with others to lay the plan\\nbefore the General Government, but without success. It was executed instead\\nas a State work, chiefly during his Governorship of New York. It contrib-\\nuted enormously to the development of the West and of the trade prosperity\\nof New York City and State. Property along the canal has increased enor-\\nmously and the tolls have been a valuable addition to the State revenue.\\nErie, Fort, Can., during the War of 181 2, was abandoned and fired with\\nall its stores. May 28, 1813, by orders of General Vincent. The same day\\nthe Americans crossed the Niagara and took possession of the ruins. After\\nthe Americans had withdrawn from the Canadian shore, the British rebuilt\\nthe fort and stationed there 170 men under command of Major Buck. July\\n3, 1 81 3, General Jacob Brown, preparatory to an invasion of Canada,\\ninvested the fort, and on demand it surrendered. The fort was now\\nstrengthened, and made capable of enduring a siege. After the battle of\\nNiagara, the British advanced against the American position. From", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0244.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 223\\nAugust 7 to 14 the bonibardmeut was almost incessant. At two o clock on\\nthe morning of the fifteenth, the British, 1500 strong, tried to surprise the\\nAmericans. Attacks were made upon three points, but one only was suc-\\ncessful. The main bastion of the fort was captured and held against all\\nattack. Suddenly its magazine blew up with tremendous force, the attack\\nwas renewed and the British retreated, leaving 221 dead, 174 wounded and\\n186 prisoners. The Americans lost, all told, 137 men. The siege still con-\\ntinued, the attacking works were continually pushed nearer; but on Sep-\\ntember 17 General Brown, in charge at the fort, planned a sortie to destroy\\nthe British works. An attack in three divisions was arranged and executed\\nunder cover of a fog. It was completely successful. The works were\\ncaptured and destroyed, the British broke camp and gave up the siege,\\nleaving behind over 800 men killed, captured or wounded. When the\\nAmericans finally abandoned Canada, Fort Erie was blown up November 5,\\n1814, and never rebuilt.\\nErie Purchase, land bought in 1788, by the State of Pennsylvania. The\\ntract is included in Erie County, and is still known as Erie Purchase.\\nErskine, David Montagu, Baron (1776-1855), was British Minister to the\\nUnited States from 1806 to 1809 (being then simply Mr. Erskine). In 1809\\nhe officially announced that atonement would be made for the Chesapeake\\noutrage, and that the British orders in council would be withdrawn, pro-\\nvided the American embargo and non-intercourse acts ceased as to Great\\nBritain. In consequence of this, President Madison proclaimed that, on\\nJune 10, 1809, all interdicts against Great Britain would cease. The British\\nMinistry repudiated the Erskine arrangements and declared them unauthor-\\nized. President Madison was, therefore, compelled to restore the suspension\\nof intercourse on August 9.\\nEssaie du Michigan, first newspaper issued in Michigan. Published\\nby Father Gabriel Richard in English and French, the first edition appeared\\nat Detroit August 31, 1809. Only eight or nine numbers appeared.\\nEssex, U. S. frigate of thirty-two guns. Captain Porter, was attacked\\non August 13, 181 2, by the Alert, a twenty-gun sloop-of-war. One broad-\\nside from the Essex nearly sunk the Alert, and caused its surrender.\\nLate in the year the Essex started on an independent cruise in the\\nPacific. Here it did noble service. It captured nearly every British whal-\\ning vessel off the west coast of South America, and deprived the enemy of\\n$2,500,000 worth of property and 360 seamen. In February, 1814, it was\\nsurprised while in the port of Valparaiso by the appearance of two British\\nmen-of-war, the Phoebe, thirty-six guns, and the Cherub, twenty-two\\nguns. On March 28, 1814, the Essex set sail for the open sea, and was\\nat once attacked by the enemy. It was a desperate and bloody battle.\\nAfter two-thirds of its men had been killed or disabled, including every\\noflBcer but one, and with his vessel a helpless wreck, Captain Porter sur-\\nrendered.\\nEssex, Junto, the name applied first by John Hancock in 1781 to a group\\nof leaders of Essex County, Massachusetts, and their adherents. They were", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0245.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "2 24 Dictionary of United States History.\\nupkolders of the commercial interests of the country, and desired a stronger\\nFederal Government. Upon the development of the Federal party they at\\nonce fell in line and were extreme members of that party. President Adams\\naccused them of trying to force a war with France in 1798\u00e2\u0080\u009499, and thus\\nthey acquired a national reputation. During the embargo period the name\\nbecame a synonym for New England Federalism. Among its number were\\nFisher Ames, Cabot, the Lowells, Pickering, Theophilus Parsons, Higgin-\\nson and Goodhue.\\nEstaing, Charles H. T., Count d (1729-1794), a French naval officer,\\ncommanded the fleet sent in 1778 to aid the colonies against Great Britain,\\nand brought Gerard, the first French Envoy to the United States. He\\nplanned an attack upon the British fleet in Newport harbor, but the cam-\\npaign was not successful, and in 1779 with General Lincoln he attempted to\\ntake the city of Savannah by assault. He captured a number of British ves-\\n.sels and on his return to France he prevailed upon the Ministry to send 6000\\nmen to America under Count de Rochambeau.\\nEustis, James B. (1834-1899), belonged to the Louisiana branch of the\\nfamous Eustis family. Was U. S. Senator from 1879 to 1891, and minister\\nto France from 1893 to 1897.\\nEustis, William (1753-1825), represented Massachusetts in Congress from\\n1801 to 1805, and from 1820 to 1823. From 1809 to 1813 he was Secretary\\nof War in Madison s Cabinet. From 1814 to 1818 he was Minister to Hol-\\nland, and from 1823 ^o 1825 Governor of Massachusetts.\\nEutaw Springs, Battle of, September 8, 1781. Shortly after the capture\\nof Ninety-Six, Greene moved upon the British so secretly they were not\\naware of his presence. At Eutaw Springs he came upon them. At 4 a. m.\\non September 8, Greene attacked the British in his usual order. The\\nmilitia in the first line under Marion and Pickens did gallant service and\\nwere supported by the regulars in the second line. A bayonet charge fol-\\nlowed, the British were routed and many fell or were made prisoners. A little\\nlater the retreating British took shelter in a brick house. Greene s artillery\\nwas brought to bear upon it in vain. The gunners were shot and the pieces\\ncaptured. A cavalry charge by Colonel Washington was repulsed and that\\nofficer was taken prisoner. Thus there were two engagements. In the first\\nGreene won a brilliant victory, in the second he lost many of his best men.\\nThe total American loss was 554, that of the British 1000. Again a tactical\\ndefeat proved to the Americans a strategic victor) That night the British\\nretreated to Charleston in such haste as to leave their wounded.\\nEvans, George (1797-1867), was born in Portland, Me. He was a mem-\\nber of the State Legislature from 1825 to 1828. He represented Maine in\\nthe House of Representatives from 1829 to 1841, and was elected to the\\nSenate, serving from 1841 to 1847. He was chairman of the Committee on\\nFinance, and was an authority on questions of the tariflf and finance.\\nEvans, Sir George de Lacy (1787-1870), led the British soldiers who\\ndestroyed the public buildings in Washington in 1814, and served at Bladens-\\nburg, Baltimore and New Orleans,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0246.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "GENERALS OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nFrancis Marion. Lafayette.\\nNathaniel Greene. Horatio Gates.\\nHenry Lee. George Washington.\\nPhilip Schuyler.\\nHenry Knox,\\nCharles Lee.\\nRochambeau.\\nAnthony Wayne.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0247.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0248.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History.\\n225\\nEvarts, William Maxwell, lawyer and Senator, was born in Boston in\\n1818. In i860 he was chairman of the New York delegation to the Repub-\\nlican convention. In 1865 and 1866 he established the unconstitutionality\\nof State taxation of U. S. bonds or National Bank stock, and in 1868 was\\ncounsel for President Johnson in the impeachment trial. From 1868 to\\n1869 he was Attorney-General of the United States, and in 1872 was U. S.\\ncounsel on the Alabama claims at Geneva. In 1877 he was the Republican\\ncounsel before the Electoral Commission, and was Secretary of State from\\n1877 to 1881, in the Cabinet of President Hayes. He was a delegate to the\\nInternational Monetary Conference in 1881, and from 1885 to 1891 was a\\nU. S. Senator from New York.\\nEverett, Alexander H. (1792-1847), of Boston, charg^ d affaires to the\\nNetherlands from 1818 to 1824, was Minister to Spain from 1825 to 1829,\\nand was a prolific writer upon political, economic and literary subjects.\\nEverett, Edward (1794-1865), an eminent American statesman, orator\\nand scholar, was born in Massachusetts. He was graduated from Harvard\\nat the age of seventeen, and in 1813 was ordained pastor of a church in\\nBoston, but resigned in 1814. In 1819 he accepted a position as professor\\nof Greek at Harvard College and held it until 1829, when he became editor\\nof the North American Review. From 1836 to 1840 he was Governor of\\nMassachusetts, chosen by the Whigs. He was appointed Minister Pleni-\\npotentiary to Great Britain, and served from 1841 to 1845, when he became\\npresident of Harvard, resigning in 1849. He was Secretary of State for\\nfour months in 1852 at the close of President Fillmore s administration,\\nand from 1853 to 1854 was a member of the U. S. Senate. In i860 the\\nConstitutional Union party made him its candidate for the Vice-Presi-\\ndency.\\nEverett, William, son of Edward Everett, was born in 1839. ^s\\nassistant professor of Latin at Harvard from 1863 to 1881, and became prin-\\ncipal of the Adams School in 1882. In 1893 he was elected to Congress\\nfrom Massachusetts as an Independent Democrat.\\nEvertsen, Cornells, a Dutch naval officer, born in Zealand. In command\\nof a squadron he secured the surrender of New York by the British in 1673,\\nchanged its name to New Orange, and re-established the old form of govern-\\nment, with Colve as Governor.\\nEwell, Richard S. (1817-1872), general, was graduated at the U. S.\\nMilitary Academy in 1840, and served in the Mexican War from 1846 to\\n1848. He entered the Confederate army as a brigadier-general, fought at\\nBlackburn s Ford and at Bull Run, and was promoted major-general in the\\nShenandoah campaign. He served with distinction at Malvern Hill and at\\nCedar Mountain. In 1863 he commanded Jackson s troops, and fought at\\nGettysburg, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House. He surrendered\\nto Sheridan in 1865 at Sailor s Creek with his entire force of 6000 men.\\nEwing, Thomas (i 789-1871), statesman, bom in Ohio, was admitted to\\nthe bar in 1816. From 1831 to 1837 he represented Ohio in the U. S.\\nSenate, where he supported Clay s tariflf system, advocated the recharter of\\n15", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0249.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "226 Dictionary of United States History.\\nthe U. S. Bank, and also the Force Bill, and opposed the removal of the\\ndeposits from the U. S. Bank. In 1841 he was appointed Secretary of the\\nTreasury in Harrison s Cabinet, and was the first Secretary of the Interior,\\nserving in Taylor s Cabinet from 1849 to 1850. From 1850 to 1851 he was\\nin the U. S. Senate, succeeding Thomas Corwin,\\nExcise Law. The first excise law was passed after an excited debate in\\n1790, Secretary Hamilton insisting upon the necessity of such an enactment.\\nIt levied a tax varying from nine to twenty-five cents upon every gallon of\\nliquors distilled in the United States and a higher rate for imported liquors.\\nLower rates were established in 1792. The opposition was strong through-\\nout the country, culminating in the Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania in\\n1794. During Jefferson s administration the excise was abolished, but was\\nrevived in 1813 during the War of 1812, imposing a tax on liquor, sugar,\\nsalt, carriages, and instruments of exchange, and a stamp duty. In 181 7 these\\nduties were repealed and no excise duty was levied until 1862, during the\\nCivil War. This system embraced taxation upon occupations and trades,\\nsales, gross receipts and dividends, incomes of individuals, firms and corpo-\\nrations, manufactures, legacies, liquors, tobacco, distributive shares and suc-\\ncessions. (See Internal Revenue.)\\nExecutive. The executives of the colonies were their Governors, appointed\\nby the crown in most colonies, elected by the people in Rhode Island and\\nConnecticut and in early Massachusetts. At the outbreak of the Revolution,\\nafter the royal Governors had ceased to control and before the new Consti-\\ntutions were set iip, the executive was the committee or council of safety.\\nThe States, in making their Constitutions, mostly instituted Governors,\\nthough some created an executive council, forming an executive like that of\\nSwitzerland. From 1775 to 1789 the U. S. Government had no other execu-\\ntive than Congress; The Constitution of 1787 gave executive powers to the\\nPresident, the Senate sharing in the executive powers of appointment and\\ntreaty making. There was talk in the convention of a plural executive, but\\na single head was finally resolved on. Executive departments had already\\ncome into existence. The Continental Congress at first managed all execu-\\ntive business through committees. Later, commissions were formed, partly\\nof its own members, partly of others. Early in 1781 Congress organized\\ndepartments under single heads the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, the Super-\\nintendent of Finance, the Secretary of War and the Secretar} of Marine.\\nThe history of these offices and of the departments which followed them in\\n1789, may be seen under their names individually.\\nExeter, N. H., was founded about 1638. During the latter part of the\\nseventeenth and early part of the eighteenth century the town suffered\\nseverely from attacks by Indians, especially in 1690 and 1709. Phillips\\nExeter Academy was established here in 1781.\\nExhibitions. The first exhibition of national importance held in the\\nUnited States was one held in New York in 1853, the next the Centennial\\nof 1876, held at Philadelphia, both as an international exposition of this\\ncountry s progress in its hundredth year of existence and an anniversary.\\nThe Centennial was under the management of the city of Philadelphia, and", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0250.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 227\\nwas open from May 10 to November 10. Many foreign nations were rep-\\nresented. The exhibition cost over $15,000,000. The International Cotton\\nExposition was held at Atlanta, Ga., from October 5 to December 31, 1881.\\nIt was suggested by Mr. Edward Atkinson, of Boston, and was designed to\\nshow the progress in the manipulation of cotton. The Southern Exposition\\nopened at Louisville, Ky., August i, 1883, and continued 100 days. The\\nWorld s Columbian Exposition was created by Act of Congress April 25,\\n1890. The dedication ceremonies took place October 21, 1892, and the\\nopening May i, 1893. The exposition terminated October 30. The total\\ncost was about $25,000,000. The exposition was held at Jackson Park, Chi-\\ncago, nearly every nation being represented. The Midwinter Exhibition in\\nCalifornia, 1893-94, is also to be noted.\\nExpatriation. There is no law in the United States permitting the vol-\\nuntary expatriation of a citizen. Expatriation has been pleaded before the\\nSupreme Court frequently, but has been allowed in no case. It has been\\nclaimed that freedom of emigration involved the right of voluntary expa-\\ntriation and many learned authorities have argued that such is the fact, and\\nthat expatriation is a natural right. So far as custom and usage sanctions\\nthe right has been accorded, the United States Government having in a\\nnumber of instances refused protection to both native-born and naturalized\\ncitizens on the grounds that they have expatriated themselves.\\nExpenditures. In 1794 the total expenditures of the Federal Government\\namounted to $6,300,000, in 1814 they temporarily ran up to $34,700,000.\\nIn 1834 they were $18,600,000; in 1854, $55,000,000. During the war they\\nran up to $1,295,000,000 in 1865. Then they declined to $237,000,000 in\\n1878. During the ensuing decade they averaged $260,000,000 per annum.\\nIn the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893, they were $459,400,000. Of the\\nannual expenditures, interest charges have sometimes been a large amount.\\n(See Debt.) In times of peace, expenditures for the army have usually been\\nabout two-thirds those for the civil departments of Government work, those\\nfor the navy about two-thirds those of the army. Since 1888 pensions have\\nbeen the largest item.\\nExports. The specie value of American exports in 1790 was $20,200,000.\\nExcept in years of war and embargo exports steadily rose until in 1836 they\\namounted to $129,000,000. In i860 they amounted to $400,000,000; in\\n1870 to $451,000,000; in 1880 to $871,000,000; in 1892 to $1,113,000,000.\\nExpress. This system of transportation was begun March 4, 1839, by\\nWilliam F. Harnden, who established express communication between New\\nYork and Boston. Alvan Adams and P. B. Burke started the Adams Express\\nCompany in 1840. The Wells Fargo Company was started in 1845, the\\nUnited States Express Company in 1853.\\nExpunging Resolution. In 1834 a resolution of censure had been adopted\\nby Congress against President Jackson for removing certain money deposits\\nfrom the Bank of the United States. This resolution was expunged by the\\nExpunging Resolution of January 16, 1837, Senator Benton being the\\nprime mover toward its adoption. Clay, Webster and Calhoun opposed it", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0251.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "228 Dictionary of United States History.\\nwith vehemence. A black line was drawn in the Journal around the resolu-\\ntion of censure, and the words Expunged by order of the Senate this six-\\nteenth day of January, 1837, inserted.\\nExtra Sessions. (See Sessions.)\\nExtradition, International. The first treaty of the United States which\\nmade any provision for extradition was the Jay Treaty of 1794, and Con-\\ngress made no law to carry this into effect. After this, the first extradition\\ntreaty concluded by the United States was the Treaty of 1842 with Great\\nBritain. In 1875, in the case of a criminal who had committed an ofiense\\nnot mentioned in the treaty, the United States procured his extradition on\\nanother charge, then tried him on the first. Great Britain protested against\\nthis. In many ways the Treaty of 1842 had become inapplicable to modern\\nconditions. In 1886, the Phelps-Rosebery Convention, which aimed to sub-\\nstitute a more satisfactory system, was rejected by the Senate. But in 1889\\nthe Senate ratified the Blaine-Pauucefote Convention, which accomplished\\nthe desired results. Extradition treaties have been concluded with all the\\nleading countries of the world, and most of the minor countries. France,\\n1843; Hawaii, 1849; Switzerland, 1850; Prussia, 1852, etc.\\nExtradition, Interstate. The New England Confederation of 1643 pro-\\nvided for the mutual extradition of criminals, and so did the Articles of\\nConfederation. The Constitution provides that a person charged with crime\\nin any State, who flees to another State, shall, on demand of the Governor\\nof the State from which he fled, be given up. An act of 1793 provided the\\nprocess.\\nEzra Chapel, Ga. Here, July 28, 1864, Hood, leading about 30,000 Con-\\nfederates from his intrenchments in Atlanta, which was then invested by\\nSherman s Army of the Tennessee, advanced against the Federal troops, con-\\nsisting of three corps under Sherman and Logan. The Federals were\\nengaged in throwing up earthworks, but stopped hastily and received Hood s\\ncharge staunchly. Hood was defeated with great loss and forced back to\\nhis fortifications within the town.\\nFair Oaks, or Seven Pines, Va., a two days engagement in the Penin-\\nsular campaign. May 31, June i, 1862, between the Confederates, numbering\\nabout 35,000 men under Johnston, and a detachment of some 11,000 troops\\nof McClellan s army under Casey. That leader had been sent across the\\nChickahominy River, and was accordingly isolated from the main army.\\nJohnston decided to attack him. He therefore sent Hill and Longstreet\\nagainst Casey s left flank and Gustavus Smith against his right. Casey was\\noverwhelmed, and retreated to Couch s position at Seven Pines, where the\\nlatter was fiercely defending himself and waiting for reinforcements from\\nHeintzelman. The Confederates were forcing their way down along the\\nChickahominy to Bottom s Bridge, when they were intercepted by Sumner s\\nbatteries and routed with great slaughter.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0252.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 229\\nFairchild, Charles S., bom in 1842, was Attoruey-General of New York\\nfrom 1876 to 1878. He was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in Cleve-\\nland s Cabinet from 1887 to 1889.\\nFairchild, Lucius, born in 1831, was Governor of Wisconsin from 1865\\nto 187 1. He was U. S. Consul at Liverpool from 1872 to 1878, Consul-\\nGeneral in Paris from 1878 to 1880, and U. S. Minister to Spain from 1880\\nto 1882. Died 1896.\\nFairfax, Thomas, sixth Baron (1691-1782), came from England to an\\ninherited estate of over five million acres in Virginia, where he lived from\\n1745 to 1782. He was a patron and intimate friend of Washington.\\nFalling Waters, W. Va., a smart skirmish between Federal and Con-\\nfederate troops under Generals Patterson and Johnston respectively. This\\noccurred early in July, 1861, during Patterson s campaign in West Virginia.\\nFalmouth, Mass. (See Portland, Me.)\\nFalmouth Gazette and Weekly Advertiser. This newspaper, the first\\nprinted in Maine, was established at Portland, Me., by Titcomb and White, in\\n1785. In 1786 it was changed to the Cumberland Gazette^ and in 1792 to the\\nEastern Herald. In 1796 it was consolidated with the Gazette of Maine.,\\nand was published as the Eastern Herald and Gazette of Maine. Again in\\n1804 it was united with the Portland Gazette. In 1831 it was established as\\na daily under the title of the Advertiser., but was suspended for two years,\\nbeginning with 1866. In x868 its publication was once more resumed, and\\ncontinues at the present time, in connection with the weekly edition, under\\nthe name of the Advertiser.\\nFaneuil, Peter (i 700-1 743), a rich merchant of Boston, was born in New\\nYork, of French blood. He is honored as the giver of Faneuil Hall to the\\ncity of Boston in 1742.\\nFaneuil Hall, the gift to Boston of Peter Faneuil, a merchant. The\\nhall was begun in 1740. It was designed to be both a market-house and a\\nplace of public meeting. In 1761 it was destroyed by fire. It was restored\\nin 1763, and was used as a theatre during the British occupation of Boston,\\nin 1775. In 1805 it was enlarged by the addition of a third story and an\\nincrease in width. During the Revolution it was the usual meeting place of\\npatriots, and was the scene of many stirring debates and important resolu-\\ntions. It has been called the Cradle of American Liberty.\\nFannin, James W. (1800-1836), of Texas, commanded a force in 1836 at\\nColeta River against General Urrea. After his surrender 357 of their num-\\nber, including Fannin, were shot by the Mexicans.\\nFanning, Edmund (i 737-1818), at first a clerk of the North Carolina\\nSupreme Court and a legislator. In 1777 he commanded a corps of loyal-\\nists, and fled to Nova Scotia at the close of the war, having been notorious\\nfor his barbarity as a leader in partisan warfare.\\nFarewell Address. Upon Washington s retirement in 1796 he adopted\\nthe suggestion made him by Madison, and delivered a farewell address to the\\nAmerican people, partly from Madison s draft of 1792 and partly from a", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0253.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "330 Dictionary of United States History.\\ndraft made by Hamilton and himself. Its most important paragraph was a\\nrecommendation of abstention from interference in European afiairs.\\nAndrew Jackson also delivered a farewell address in 1837.\\nFaribault, John B. (i769?-i86o), a pioneer of great influence over the\\nIndians among whom he traded; was the first to cultivate land west of the\\nMississippi and north of the Des Moines.\\nFarmers Alliance, an anti-secret, national organization of agriculturists\\nfor mutual improvement and furtherance of political ends. It was founded\\nin New York in 1873 and spread rapidly westward. Alliances were at first\\nState organizations. The national organization was completed in 1889 with\\nthe Agricultural Wheel under the name of National Farmers Alliance\\nand Industrial Union. Annual conventions have been held at different\\nplaces, the most noted at Ocala in 1890. The Alliance is opposed to national\\nbanks, the alien ownership of land, special privileges and Federal election\\nlaws.\\nFarmington, Miss., occupied by General Pope s brigade of Halleck s\\nFederal army, Ma} 20, 1862. Halleck was engaged in concentrating his\\nforces about Corinth, and Pope was ordered to push on and occupy Fanning-\\nton. Buell was to join Pope at this place, but was delayed, and Pope s\\nadvance was therefore slow. Two brief, but severe engagements took place\\nMay 3 and 9, before Pope finally joined Buell. The Confederates were\\ndefeated.\\nFarmington, Tenn., a battle of the Civil War during Wheeler s raid\\nthrough Tennessee. At Farmington Wheeler fell in with Crook, leading\\na strong National force, who effectually stopped his ravaging in that neigh-\\nborhood, by defeating him.\\nFarragut, David Glasgow (1801-1870), the most famous naval hero of\\nmodern times, entered the U. S. navy at the age of nine. In the War of\\n1812, while a mere boy, he was intrusted with important missions; but in\\nthe long period of peace he found little opportunity for distinction. A\\nSoutherner by birth, he threw in his lot with the Union, and toward the\\nend of the first year s fighting in the war he was assigned to important com-\\nmand. He had charge of the flotilla in the approach to New Orleans in\\nApril, 1862; his fame was founded on the passage of the river past the forts\\non April 24, which caused the fall of the city and its delivery into the\\nhands of the Federals under Butler. On June 28 he ran the batteries of\\nVicksburg, and the following year, having meanwhile received the rank of\\nrear-admiral, he contributed to the fall of Port Hudson and the final open-\\ning of the river. The greatest event in Farragut s life, and one of the\\ngreatest naval battles in modern times, v/as the battle of Mobile Bay on\\nAugust 5, 1864. Farragut s oversight of the contest while lashed to the\\nmast of his flag-ship, the Hartford, has become one of the most familiar\\nepisodes of the war. The office of vice-admiral was specially created for\\nhim in December, 1864, and that of admiral in 1866.\\nFast Days. The following days have, by Presidential proclamation,\\nchiefly in time of war, been appointed as days of national fasting, humiliation", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0254.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 231\\nind prayer: May 9, 1798, January 12, 1815, September 26, 1861, April\\n30, 1863, August 4, 1864, June i, 1865, September 26, 1881, the last on\\naccount of the death of Garfield.\\nFaulkner, Charles J. (1806-1884), author of the Fugitive Slave Law of\\n1850, was a U. S. Congressman from Virginia from 1851 to 1859, Minister\\nto France from 1859 to 1861, when he was recalled as disloyal. He was a\\nU. S. Representative from 1875 to 1877.\\nFauquier, Francis (i72o?^i768), was an able and popular Governor of\\nVirginia from 1756 to 1768, was opposed to all disloyalty, and was the\\nauthor of several minor works on finance.\\nFederal Hall, in New York, the building upon the balcony of which\\nGeorge Washington received the oath and made his first inaugural address,\\ni\\\\pril 30, 1789. The Hall had been fitted up for the use of the first\\nCongress\\nFederalist, a collection of papers first published in the Indepeitdent\\nJournal, of New York City, by Hamilton, Madison and Jay, from October,\\n1787, until March, 1788. They were eighty-five in number and appeared\\nunder a joint signature, A Citizen of New York at first, afterward Publius.\\nThe first of these essays appeared immediately after the adoption of the\\nConstitution. They were in explanation and defense of the new system of\\ngovernment. Gouverneur Morris was also invited to take part, but was pre-\\nvented by private business. Jay wrote five, Hamilton fifty-one, Madison\\ntwenty-six and their joint effort contributed three, by the most probable\\nconclusions. These papers did much toward securing the ratification of the\\nConstitution, and form one of the most important commentaries on the Con-\\nstitution.\\nFederalists, Federal Party, the first political party which had control of\\nthe Federal Government. When the Constitution of 1787 was before the\\npeople for ratification, those who favored its adoption took the name of\\nFederalists, giving to its opponents that of Anti-Federalists. In the First\\nCongress, definite party divisions were not found. Before the second had\\nended, there was a definite division between Federalists and those who called\\nthemselves Republicans or Democrats. Hamilton was the leader of the\\nformer, Jefferson of the latter. Hamilton s financial measures had been\\nacceptable to those who desired strong government, the commercial classes,\\nthose who wished to see the Union drawn still more closely together, still\\nfurther in the direction of centralization and national consolidation. Their\\nopponents stigmatized them as monarchists. Beside Hamilton and Vice-\\nPresident John Adams, the party s chief leaders were Fisher Ames, Cabot,\\nSedgwick, Strong, Pickering and Quincy, of Massachusetts; Ellsworth,\\nTracy, Griswold and Hillhouse, of Connecticut; Rufus King, Jay and\\nGouverneur Morris, of New York; Dayton, of New Jersey; Bayard, of Dela-\\nware; Marshall, Henry Lee, of Virginia, and C. C. Pinckney, of South\\nCarolina. Washington was more inclined to this party than to the other.\\nIts strength was always greatest in New England. When war broke out\\nbetween England and France in 1793, the Federalists, conservative and", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0255.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "232 Dictionary of United States History.\\naverse to the French Revolution, favored Great Britain. In 1796 they\\nelected John Adams President, but failed to elect Thomas Pinckney Vice-\\nPresident. In 1797 they tried to bring the country into war with France,\\nbut Adams, never so extreme as the bulk of the party, prevented this; the\\nresult was a schism in the party. In 1798 the party passed the Alien and\\nvSedition laws, which forever destroyed their popularity. In the election of\\n1800 Adams and Pinckney were decisively defeated by Jefferson and Burr;\\nthe causes were, the acts mentioned, internal dissensions, and the indifference\\nof intellectual and acute leaders to popular feelings. During the administra-\\ntions of JeflFerson and Madison the party dwindled. As an opposition party,\\nit took strict-constructionist ground. Some of its leaders engaged in projects\\nfor a disruption of the Union. Finally, its unpatriotic course in the War of\\n1 81 2 and the odium excited by the Hartford Convention destroyed it utterly.\\nHolding the Government during the critical years 17 89-1 801, it had given\\nit strength, but it distrusted the people too much for permanent success in\\nAmerica.\\nFelton, Cornelius C. (1807-1862), appointed Greek professor at Harvard\\nin 1834, was president of Harvard from i860 to 1862, and was the author of\\nmany classical works.\\nFenceviewers, town officers appointed in the early days of the New Eng-\\nland colonies to look after fences. They had to take care that the fences\\nwere four feet high, of reasonable strength and in a good state of repair,\\nand they had considerable authority to carry out these orders.\\nFenians, an organization of Irish-American revolutionists, established\\nin 1 86 1, which advocated the forcible separation of Ireland from England.\\nBy 1863 they had a large following in this country, John O Mahoney being\\nthe moving spirit. Emissaries visited all parts of the country. The British\\nGovernment watched them closely and spoiled their nearly matured plans\\nfor revolution by seizing, September 15, 1865, their organ, the Irish People,\\nin Ireland and arresting a number of their leaders, Luby, O Leary and\\nO Donovan Rossa. O Mahoney proposed to establish an independent govern-\\nment in America, and a convention was held at New York in 1865 for that\\npurpose, O Mahoney being elected president. The Fenians made several\\nattacks along the Canadian frontier in 1866, and rebellion broke out in Ireland\\nin 1867. It was quickly suppressed and the Fenians rendered harmless.\\nFenton, Reuben E. (1819-1885), was born in New York. He was a\\nRepresentative to Congress from New York from 1857 to 1864, when he was\\nelected Governor and served until 1868. He succeeded E. D. Morgan in the\\nU. S. Senate and served from 1869 to 1875, and was chairman of the U. S.\\nCommission at the Paris International Monetary Conference in 1878. He\\nwas a prominent Republican leader.\\nFerguson, Patrick, died in 1780. He was a British soldier who came to\\nAmerica in 1777, fought at Brandy wine, was active along the Hudson in\\n1779, and was promoted major for services at the siege of Charleston. He\\nenlisted many loyalists in South Carolina, but was defeated at the battle of\\nKing s Mountain.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0256.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 233\\nFerry, Orris S. (1823-1875), was born in Connecticut. He was Judge\\nof Probate in 1849, a member of the Connecticut Legislature from 1855 to\\n1857, and a U. S. Representative from 1859 to 1861. He served during the\\nCivil War, being promoted to brigadier-general in 1862. He was a U. S.\\nSenator from 1867 to 1875.\\nFerry, Thomas W., born in 1827, was a member of the Michigan House\\nof Representatives in 1850, and Senator in 1856, and was a member for\\nMichigan in the Chicago Republican Convention of i860. He was a Rep-\\nresentative in the U. S. Congress from 1865 to 1871, and a U. S. Senator\\nfrom 1871 to 1883. He acted as president of the Senate from 1875 to 1877,\\nduring which time he presided over the impeachment trial of Secretary Bel-\\nknap, and over the joint ijieetings during the electoral count of 1 877. D. 1 896.\\nFessenden, William Pitt (1806-1869), was born in New Hampshire. He\\nwas admitted to the bar in 1827, and soon began practice in Portland, Me.\\nHe served in the Maine House of Representatives from 1832 to 1840, 1845\\nto 1846, and 1853 to 1854. He was a member of the Whig National Con-\\nventions of 1840, 1848 and 1852, and became one of the founders of the\\nRepublican party. He was elected to the U. S. Congress from 1841 to 1843,\\nand served in the U. S. Senate from 1854 to 1864, when he was appointed\\nSecretary of the Treasury by President Lincoln, and served till 1865. He\\nwas again a U. S. Senator from 1865 to 1869. While in the Senate he made\\na famous speech against the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and in 1861 was appointed\\nchairman of the Finance Committee, where he very ably sustained the\\nnational credit. He was one of the seven Republican Senators who voted\\nfor the acquittal of President Johnson in the impeachment trial of 1867.\\nF. F. V s, an abbreviation of First Families of Virginia, applied gen-\\nerally to the Southern aristocracy. The term was of Northern origin.\\nField, Cyrus West (1819-1892), bom in Massachusetts, was engaged in\\nbusiness in New York till 1853. He conceived the idea of a submarine tele-\\ngraph across the Atlantic, and formed the New York, Newfoundland and\\nLondon Telegraph Company, consisting of Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor,\\nMarshall Roberts and Chandler White. The necessary rights for fifty years\\nwere obtained, and communication was secured in 1858, but the cable proved\\nworthless after a few weeks. The Atlantic Telegraph Company was formed\\nand attempts were made with the Great Eastern in 1865 and 1866, the\\nlast of which was completely successful. For this great achievement he\\nwas honored both at home and abroad. After this success he was active in\\nimproving the rapid transit system of New York.\\nField, David Dudley (i 805-1 894), was prominent in law reform move-\\nments. From 1847 to 1850 he was a commissioner to prepare Codes\\nof Civil and Criminal Procedure, now in several instances adopted; and\\nfrom 1857 to 1865 was chairman of a New York commission to prepare\\npolitical, penal and civil codes. In 1873 he published Outlines of an\\nInternational Code, which has attracted wide attention.\\nField, Stephen J., brother of Cyrus W. and David D., born in Connecti-\\ncut in 1816, practised law with his brother, David Dudley, and went to", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0257.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "234 Dictionary of United States History.\\nCalifornia in 1849, being one of the founders of Marysville. In the first\\nState Legislature he served on the Judiciary Committee, where he was active\\nin improving the judiciar}- system. From 1857 to 1864 he was Judge of the\\nCalifornia Supreme Court, and Chief Justice from 1859 to 1863, when he\\nwas appointed to the U. S. Supreme Court by President L,incoln. He was a\\nDemocratic member of the Electoral Commission in 1877. He still serves\\nupon the supreme bench (1894). Retired 1898, and died 1899.\\nFifty-four forty or fight. Under the treaty with Spain of 1819, parallel\\n42\u00c2\u00b0 was fixed as the northern limit of that country s possessions in America.\\nBetween 42\u00c2\u00b0 and 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 lay the special Oregon country, claimed by both\\nEngland and the United States. English fur-traders had passed to the south\\nof parallel 49\u00c2\u00b0, below which surveys had been made by the United States, and\\nwhere settlements were being slowly made. In 1844 the hot-headed among\\nthe Democrats started the cry, Fifty-four forty or fight, referring to 54\u00c2\u00b0\\n40 for which limit they wished to resort to war. For a time war seemed\\ninevitable, but in 1846 a treaty was concluded fixing the boundary between\\nthe British and United States possessions at 49\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude.\\nFilibusters, a name borrowed from the West Indian freebooters of the\\nsixteenth and seventeenth centuries and api3lied to associations originating\\nin the United States for the ostensible purpose of freeing Cuba and other\\nWest Indian islands or Central American districts from European control.\\nThe acquisition of Texas was a successful filibustering expedition. In 1850\\nLopez, a Cuban, Governor Quitman, of Mississippi, and others, were arrested\\nfor violating the neutrality law of 181 8, by a proposed filibustering expedi-\\ntion against Cuba. They were afterward released. In 1855 General William\\nWalker, with a California company, sailed on a filibustering expedition\\nagainst Nicaragua. He took possession of the country, was elected President\\nand was recognized by the American Minister. He surrendered to the United\\nStates, but organized another expedition in i860. He was captured and shot\\nby the President of Honduras. This ended filibustering. The term fili-\\nbuster as used in respect to parliamentary proceedings, in the sense of\\nengaging in dilatory tactics, is no doubt derived from this, in the meaning\\nof carrying on irregular warfare.\\nFillmore, Millard (1800-1874), was born in New York. He was admitted\\nto the bar in 1823 and began practice in Aurora, N. Y. He was elected by\\nthe Anti-Masons a member of the New York House of Representatives from\\n1829 to 1831, and drafted the bill abolishing imprisonment for debt. He\\nrepresented New York as a Whig in the Congress of the United States from\\n1833 to 1835, and again from 1837 to 1843, when he served as chairman of\\nthe Ways and Means Committee and drafted the tarifi bill of 1842. From\\n1847 to 1849 he was State Comptroller. In 1848 he was elected Vice-Presi-\\ndent of the United States on the Whig ticket with Zachary Taylor for Presi-\\ndent. After the death of Taylor on July 9, 1850, he became President and\\nserved until March 3, 1853. During his administration the Compromise Acts\\nof 1850 were passed and the Japanese expedition of 1852 was arranged. In\\n1856 he was defeated as the National American candidate for President of\\nthe United States. He commanded a corps during the Civil War, and was\\npresident of the Buffalo Historical Society.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0258.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 235\\nFilson, John (1747-1788), was an early explorer ou the Western frontiers\\nof the United States, who collected and published much information in\\nregard to the history of Kentucky.\\nFinance. (See Revenue, Expenditure, Debt, Banks, Tariff, Silver,\\nTreasury-, Greenbacks, Treasury Notes, Internal Revenue, Customs, etc.)\\nFindlay, William (1768\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1846), was a member of the Pennsylvania Legis-\\nlature in 1797 and 1803, State Treasurer from 1807 to 1817, Governor from\\n1817 to 1820 and a U. S. Senator from 1821 to 1827.\\nFinney, Charles G. (1792-1875), clergyman, met with great success as\\nan evangelist. In 1834 the Broadway Tabernacle, in New York, was con-\\nstructed for him. From 1851 to 1866 he was president of Oberlin College.\\nFire-eaters, a name given, especially in the fifties, to those Southern\\npoliticians who were most extreme in their advocacy of Southern claims\\nand in their hostility to the North and to anti-slaver agitation.\\nFiscal Bank of the United States. In 1841, Tyler having just taken\\nHarrison s place as President, the Sub-Treasury Act was repealed, and the\\nWhigs passed an act chartering the Fiscal Bank of the United States.\\nTyler vetoed the bill, to every one s surprise. Another bill, framed with\\nTyler s approval, was then passed, but its opponents had filled the Presi-\\ndent s mind with jealousies and suspicions, so he vetoed this bill also, and\\nthe Whigs could not override the veto.\\nFish, Hamilton (i 808-1 893), born in New York City, was admitted to the\\nbar in 1830. He was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives from New\\nYork, serving from 1843 to 1845, and was a State Senator in 1847. He was\\nGovernor of New York from 1848 to 1850, and was a U. S. Senator from\\n1851 to 1857. He was Secretary of State in Grant s Cabinet, serving from\\n1869 to 1877. He negotiated the Treaty of Washington in 1871, and the\\nSt. Domingo treaties.\\nFish Commission, created by Act of Congress in 1870. The head of\\nthis department is the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. There is also\\nan Assistant Commissioner. These officers collect statistics of fish and fish-\\neries of the whole countr) experiment concerning the best methods of\\ncapture, and investigate the food and habits of fish.\\nFisher, Fort, N. C, twice assaulted by the Federals during the Civil\\nWar. The fort protected the harbor of Wilmington. The first attack was\\nmade December 23 and 25, 1864, by Porter s fleet and a land force of 6500\\nmen under Butler and Weitzel. The fleet contained 500 guns. Butler\\nattempted to blow up the fort with a powder boat, but failed. This attempt\\nto take Fort Fisher failed, so Grant sent 1500 more men under Terry, and\\non January 13 and 15, 1865, a combined attack was made by land and sea.\\nThe fort was garrisoned by Whiting with 2300 Confederates. Throughout\\nthe thirteenth the fleet kept up a continucus fire, but the garrison held out\\nbravely. On the fifteenth the land force made an attack, and a hand-to-hand\\nfight of five hours took place. Then the fort surrendered, the entire garrison\\nbeing captured. Next day the powder magazine blew up, killing 200 men.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0259.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "236 DicnoNARY OF United States History.\\nFisheries Question. Previous to the Revolution fishennen of tlie Ameri-\\ncan colonies had free access to the fishing giounds of Labrador, Newfound-\\nland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Subsequently to the war this privilege\\nwas protested against by the inhabitants of the Canadas. The question was\\nlong debated. Finally a compromise was effected in the Treaty of Paris,\\nSeptember 3, 1783. United States fishermen were allowed access to the\\nfishing- grounds of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador, the St. Lawrence\\nand the Magdalen Islands, on an equal footing with British fishermen, in\\nsuch parts as were unsettled or where permission could be obtained from the\\nsettlers. The War of 181 2 did away with this treaty, the fishery right was\\ndenied the United States and Canadian Governors were instructed to exclude\\nour fishermen. A commission of the two countries decided in 1818 that the\\nUnited States should forever have the right to fish on the western and north-\\nern coast of Newfoundland and the Magdalens only. Reciprocal trade\\nbeing established between the United States and Canada by the Treaty of\\n1847, fishing was allowed the former in all British colonies except Newfound-\\nland, which refused consent. This treaty was terminated in 1866 by the\\nUnited States and the conditions of 1818 were revived. By the Treaty of\\nWashington in 1871, the United States fishermen were allowed to take fish\\nof any description, except shell-fish, in all Canadian waters, the British fisher-\\nmen to have the same privileges in United States waters north of latitude 39\u00c2\u00b0\\nnorth.\\nFisher s Hill, Va., a battle of the Civil War between Sheridan s army of\\nthe Shenandoah Valley, about 20,000 strong, and Early, commanding a large\\nConfederate force. After the battle of Opequan, when Early was defeated,\\nthe latter retreated to Fisher s Hill and was there overtaken, October 21,\\n1864, by Sheridan. Early held an unusually strong position. The Eighth\\nCorps gained a wooded approach in the Confederate rear, attacking the Con-\\nfederates thence while they were busy with Sheridan s main command on\\ntheir front. The success of this plan was instantaneous. The Confederates\\nfled in all directions, and were pursued by Sheridan to the Blue Ridge.\\nFishing Creek, Battle of, August 18, 1780. At this place General Sumter\\nhad taken his position with considerable stores and 100 prisoners captured\\nfrom the British. Here Tarleton attacked him and routed his forces, freed\\nthe captives, recovered the booty, and besides took 300 prisoners.\\nFishing Creek. (See Mill Springs.)\\nFisk, Clinton B. (1828-1890), entered the Civil War as colonel and\\nbecame major-general. He was president of the Indian Commission under\\nPresident Grant, and was the Prohibitionist candidate for President in 1888.\\nFiske, John, bom in 1842, first came to public prominence as an\\nexpounder of the theorj of evolution, making extensive and valuable con-\\ntributions. Since 1869, residing in Cambridge, he has lectured on Ameri-\\ncan history throughout the United States and in England. Among his works\\nrelating to the history of the United States are, The Critical Period of\\nAmerican History, The Beginnings of New England, Civil Govern-\\nment in the United States, The Discovery and Spanish Conquest of\\nAmerica, and The American Revolution.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0260.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statks History. 237\\nFitch, John (1743-1798), was bora in Connecticut. He was a watch-\\nmaker, and at the outbreak of the Revolution, engaged in gun-making for\\nthe American forces. He spent the winter with the troops at Valley Forge,\\nand in 17 So was appointed deputy-surveyor of Virginia. In 1785 he con-\\nstructed a boat propelled by steam power, and in 1790 one of his improved\\npassenger boats plied regularly between Philadelphia and Burlington.\\nRobert Fulton is said to have had access to his drawings and papers, and it\\nwas proved by the courts in 181 7, that his inventions and those of Fitch were\\nin substance the same.\\nFitzpatrick, Benjamin (1802-1869), Governor of Alabama from 1845 to\\n1855, was a U. S. Senator in 1848 and 1849, ^om 1853 to 1861. He\\nearnestly supported the Confederacy.\\nFive-Cent Piece, or Half Dime, originally a silver coin authorized in\\n1792, and coined the same year (original weight, 20.8 grains). In 1853 it was\\nreduced to 19.2 grains. In 1873 it was discontinued. In 1866 the coinage\\nof nickel five-cent pieces was authorized, the value remaining, as at first,\\none-twentieth of the standard dollar. The legal-tender value was, however,\\nreduced from five dollars to thirty cents. There were no issues of half\\ndimes during the years 1798, 1799, 1804, 1806 to 1828 inclusive. Some\\nsilver half dimes were the first coins struck by the U. S. Mint in 1792.\\nFive Forks, Va. a battle of the Civil War which practically sealed the\\nfate of Richmond and Petersburg. It occurred April i, 1865, during that\\nlast celebrated campaign. Here Sheridan cut to pieces Pickett s Confederate\\ntroops after many hours of the most desperate and sanguinary fighting of\\nthe whole war. The Confederates lost over 5000 in killed and prisoners.\\nThis victory for the Federals precipitated a general attack upon the Con-\\nfederate lines on April 2.\\nFive Nations. (See Iroquois.)\\nFive-twenties. Bonds bearing six per cent interest payable in gold, and\\nredeemable at any time after five years from the date of issue, and payable\\nin full at the end of twenty years, issued by the U. S. Government in 1862,\\n1864 and 1865.\\nFlag. The Stars and Stripes gradually grew; it was a creature of circum-\\nstance; there is no record of its birth. Among the colonies the British was,\\nof course, the recognized standard. Here and there were minor modifica-\\ntions, but the retention of the union with its two crosses of St. Andrew\\nand St. George marked all as essentially British. Even after the beginning\\nof the Revolution the union was retained to show that the war did not\\nmean separation. Congress made at first no effort to fix a national standard.\\nThere were two classes of flags in vogue in the early years of the Revolu-\\ntion, the pine tree flags of New England origin, and the rattlesnake\\nflag, more national in its make-up. The latter was white with a rattlesnake\\ncut into thirteen pieces, each marked with the initial of a colony, and the\\nlegend ya/\u00c2\u00ab, or die. The need of a national flag became evident in 1775.\\nThe stripes were first used by a Philadelphia light-horse troop, and Congress\\nadopted them in 1775 on the recommendation of a committee consisting of", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0261.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "238 Dictionary of United States History.\\nFranklin, Lynch and Harrison, still retaining the British union. This\\nflag was raised over the American headquarters at Cambridge, Mass., January\\nI or 2, 1776. After the Declaration of Independence, Congress, June 14,\\n1777, ordered the union to be displaced by thirteen stars. It was first\\ndisplayed at the battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777. On the admis-\\nsion of Vennont and Kentucky, 1794, two new stripes were added, but by\\nthe Act of April 4, i8i8, the number of stripes was limited to thirteen, the\\nnumber of stars increasing with the number of the States. (See also Revenue\\nFlag and Stars and Bars.)\\nFlagg, Azariah C. (i 790-1 873), an influential New York politician, was\\nappointed Secretary of State in 1826 by Governor Clinton, and served till\\n1833, was Comptroller of New York from 1834 to 1839 and 1842 to 1846,\\nand was a member of the Albany Regency and one of the founders of\\nthe Barnburner faction.\\nFlanaghan, Webster, born in 1832, was a brigadier-general in the Con-\\nfederate army. He was a member of the Texas Constitutional Conventions\\nof 1869 1^75) ^v^s lyieutenant-Governor in 1871 and served in the\\nRepublican National Conventions of 1872, 1880 and 1884.\\nFlatheads, a term incorrectly applied to the Selish Indians. They have\\nalways been friendly to the whites and originally resided on the Bitter Root\\nor St. Mary s River. In a treaty approved in 1859 they ceded all their lands\\nto the United States, and in 1871 were removed to a reservation in northwest\\nMontana.\\nFletcher, Benjamin, was appointed Governor of New York by William\\nand Mary. He arrived in 1692 and received a commission to assume also\\nthe government of Pennsylvania, which he did in 1693. He was zealous in\\nthe extension of the English Church. In 1698 he was deposed on account\\nof suspicions of complicity with pirates.\\nFletcher vs. Peck, a breach of covenant case before the Supreme Court in\\n1809-10, by viTrit of error from the Circuit Court of Massachusetts. Peck\\nhad sold to Fletcher certain lands in the State of Georgia, which had been\\npurchased from the State. The breach assigned was that the Legislature of\\nGeorgia had no authority to dispose of the lands. Peck had averred that the\\ntitle was good and that by the Act of the Georgia Legislature of January 7,\\n1795, the State was empowered to dispose of unappropriated lands. But in\\n1796 this act was repealed (see art. Yazoo Frauds). The Supreme Court\\ndecided that the grant of land by the State was a contract, and that the Act\\nof 1796, impairing the obligation of this contract of 1795, was therefore\\nunconstitutional and void.\\nFlogging. Until 1850 this was one of the punishments inflicted in the\\nnavy. It was abolished in that year in the navy and on merchant vessels.\\nIt was finally prohibited in the army in 1861.\\nFlorida was acquired by the treaty with Spain of February 22, 1819,\\nwhich was not finally ratified by Spain until 1821. It was first discovered\\nby Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, in 1513, on Easter day, whence its name.\\nIt was explored by Narvaez in 1528, and by De Soto in 1539. In 1564 a", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0262.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 239\\nsettlement was made near Florida by French Huguenots under Laudonni^re,\\nbut in the following year Melendez sailed from Spain to exterminate the\\nheretics; and having founded St. Augustine, 1565, massacred the entire French\\ncolony. The Spaniards held Florida until 1763, when they exchanged it\\nwith England for Cuba. In 1783 England gave Florida back to Spain in\\nexchange for the Bahama Islands. In 1795 the territory west of tlie Perdido\\nwas ceded to France, and passed into the possession of the United States\\nwith the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. During the War of 1812 the govern-\\nment of Florida was weak, and the State became a refuge for fugitive slaves\\nand Indians. The Governor of Georgia sent a force against them, which\\nincreased the disorder. In 1818 General Jackson invaded Florida, attacked\\nthe Seminoles and captured Pensacola, which was restored to Spain. Ceded\\nby Treaty of 1819, in 1822 Florida became a territory of the United States,\\nand in 1845 it was admitted as a State. In 1835-44 a war with the Seminoles\\nresulted in their removal to the Indian Territor}^ From 1845 to 1852 the\\nState was controlled by the Whigs, when it became Democratic. An ordi-\\nnance of secession was passed by a State Convention, January 10, 1861. It\\nwas restored to its full standing as a State on June 25, 1868. From this\\ntime until 1876 the Republicans controlled the State. In that year the\\ndispute over the electoral vote was decided by the Electoral Commission at\\nWashington in favor of the Republicans. Since 1876 the State has been\\nDemocratic. In 1869 Alabama offered $1,000,000 for West Florida, and a\\npopular vote in that part of the State voted in favor of the annexation to\\nAlabama, but it was not accomplished. The present Constitution was made\\nin 1868. The population of the State in 1845 was 54,477; in 1890 it was\\n391,422.\\nFlorida, a Confederate cruiser fitted out in England in 1862, and sail-\\ning at first under the name of the Oreto. She proceeded immediately to\\nNassau, in the Bahama Islands, and was twice seized, but eventually escaped.\\nHer name was then changed to the Florida. For two years she did great\\ndamage to the Union cause all along the coast and among the West Indies.\\nShe was captured and sunk October 7, 1864, in the Brazilian harbor of\\nBahia, by the Union vessel Wachusett, Captain Collins, who surprised\\nher when unprepared for battle.\\nFlower, Roswell P., born in New York in 1835, represented New York\\nin Congress from 1881 to 1883 as a Democrat, and was elected Governor of\\nNew York in 1892. He served one term. Died 1899.\\nFloyd, John (1770-1837), a States-rights Democrat from Virginia, in\\nCongress from 181 7 to 1829, Governor of Virginia from 1830 to 1834,\\nand was a personal friend of Jefferson, Madison, Crawford and Jackson. In\\n1832 South Carolina cast her electoral votes for him as President.\\nFloyd, John B. (1807-1863), was bora in New York. He served in the\\nVirginia Legislature in 1847-1849 and 1853, and was Governor from 1850\\nto 1853. He was appointed Secretary of War by President Buchanan, and\\nserved from 1857 to i860, when he resigned. He was accused of conspiracy\\nin aiding the Secessionists while Secretary of War, especially in removing\\nwar materials to Southern arsenals. He joined the Confederate army as a", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0263.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "240 Dictionary of United States History.\\nbrigadier-general and fought at Fort Donelson, but was soon after relieved\\nof command by Mr. Davis.\\nFloyd, William (1734-1821), was a delegate from New York to the Con-\\ntinental Congresses from 1774 to 1783, and signed the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence. He was a State Senator from 1777 to 1778, and a member of\\nthe first U. S. Congress from 1789 to 1791. He was a Presidential elector\\nin 1800, 1804 and 1820, and again State Senator in 1808.\\nFolger, Charles J. (1818-1884), was chairman of the Judiciary Committee\\nof the New York Senate from 1861 to 1869, and was appointed by Presi-\\ndent Grant assistant treasurer in New York City, 1869 to 1870. He was\\nmade Associate Judge of the State Court of Appeals in 1871, Chief Justice\\nin 1880, and Secretary of the Treasury in Arthur s Cabinet from 1881 to\\n1884. In 1882, as Republican candidate for Governor of New York, he\\nreceived a remarkable defeat at the hands of Mr. Cleveland.\\nPollen, Charles T. C. (1796-1840), born in Germany, came to America\\nin 1824, and from 1825 to 1834 was professor of Gennau at Harvard Col-\\nlege. He was an ardent anti-slavery advocate.\\nFoot, Solomon (1802-1866), was a member of the Vermont IvCgislature\\nin 1833 and 1836, and Speaker in 1837, 1838 and 1847. He was a Whig\\nCongressman from 1843 ^o 1847, Senator from 1857 1866.\\nFoote, Andrew H. (1806-1863), entered the navy in 1822, and from 1849\\nto 1852 was active in suppressing the African slave trade. At the beginning\\nof the Civil War he was placed in command of the western flotilla. In 1862,\\nin connection with the army of General Grant, he compelled Fort Henry to\\nsurrender and aided in a combined attack upon Fort Donelson. He suc-\\nceeded in capturing Island No. 10 from the Confederates, and in 1863 was\\npromoted rear-admiral. He was one of the most noble and courageous\\nofficers of the U. S. navy.\\nFoote, Henry S. (1800-1880), was elected a U. S. Senator from Missis-\\nsippi in 1847, and served till 1852, when he became Governor of the State\\nand served till 1854. He was a zealous opponent of secession in the South-\\nern convention at Knoxville in 1859, but served in the first two Confederate\\nCongresses. He published Texas and the Texans and The War of the\\nRebellion.\\nFoote, Samuel A. (1780-1846), was a Representative from Connecticut\\nin the U. S. Congress from 1819 to 1821 and 1823 to 1825; was Speaker of\\nthe State Legislature from 1825 to 1826, and a U. S. Senator from 1827 to\\n1833. In the Senate he offered the resolution which caused the famous\\ndebate between Webster and Hayne. He was Governor of Connecticut in\\n1834.\\nForakcr, Joseph B., was born in 1846. He served in the Army of the\\nCumberland during the war; was Judge of the Cincinnati Superior Court from\\n1879 to 1882, Republican Governor of Ohio from 1886 to 1890, and was\\nelected U. S. Senator in 1897.\\nForbes, John (1710-1759), British soldier, was appointed brigadier-general\\nin America in 1757, and was adjutant-general in the expedition against", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0264.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 241\\nLouisbourg. He commanded the expedition against Fort Duquesne, accom-\\npanied by Washington with 2000 Virginians; and after taking possession\\nnamed it Fort Pitt (now Pittsburg), in honor of William Pitt.\\nForce, Peter (i 790-1 868), an enthusiastic collector of materials for Ameri-\\ncan history, from 1823 to 1830 published the National Journal^ the first to\\nbe called an official organ. From 1833 to 1867 he was occupied in prepar-\\ning a documentary history of the Revolution. Nine volumes, entitled Ameri-\\ncan Archives, were published. The remainder still waits for publication.\\nColonel Force collected 22,000 books and 40,000 pamphlets relating to colo-\\nnial history, probably the most valuable collection then in existence.\\nForce Bill. After the passage of the Act of 1828, authorizing a higher\\nprotective tariff system, great discontent prevailed through many of the\\nSouthern States. In 1832-33 South Carolina claimed that State power to\\nnullify objectionable Federal enactments was an integral feature of American\\nconstitutional law. A bill, nullifying the protective tariff law, prepared\\naccording to John C. Calhoun s theory, was passed by the State Legislature.\\nA bill to enforce the tariff law was therefore at once introduced into Congress\\nand became law March 2, 1833. It was called the force bill, or the bloody\\nbill. Compromise adjusted the trouble. During the reconstruction period,\\nat the first indication of an attack on the reconstructed governments. Congress\\nat once took steps to defeat the attempt. A bill for the enforcement of the\\nFourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, commonly called the force bill,\\nwas passed in Congress by a strict party vote and became law May 31, 1870.\\nIt made punishable by fine or imprisonment all attempts at intimidation,\\nbribery or hindrance in the matters of registration and qualifying for voting.\\nApril 20, 187 1, a much more stringent law was enacted to put down the con-\\nspiracies against civil rights by the Ku-Klux Klan and similar organizations.\\nThe name has recently been applied to the Lodge Election Bill. July 2,\\n1890, a bill to amend and supplement the election laws of the United States,\\nand to provide for a more efficient enforcement of such laws, passed the\\nHouse, having been submitted by Lodge, of Massachusetts, but was forced\\nout of the way in the Senate by a combination of Democratic and Repub-\\nlican Senators anxious for the adoption of free coinage legislation.\\nForefathers Day. The celebration of the landing of the Pilgrims began\\nin 1769. At that time December 11, old style, was taken to be December\\n22 of new style, instead of December 21, as it should be. Hence an error\\nand confusion regarding the day was perpetuated.\\nForeign Affairs, Secretary of. This office was created by the Continental\\nCongress, January 10, 1781, upon the urgent appeal of the representatives\\nin foreign countries. Robert R. Livingston, of New York, was the first to\\nfill the office. The secretary had charge of all matters concerning foreign\\ngovernments and interstate aSairs as well. His scope was much restricted\\nat first, but was enlarged by reorganization in 1782. Later (1784-1789) the\\noffice was held by John Jay.\\nForney, John W. (1817-1881), between 1837 and 1855 edited the Demo-\\ncratic Intelligencer^ Journal d^A Pennsylvanian. From 1851 to 1855 he was\\n16", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0265.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "242 Dictionary of United Statbs History.\\nclerk of the U. S. House of Representatives, and also edited the Lhiion. He\\nedited the Press, of Philadelphia, from 1857 ^^59) when he again became\\nclerk of the House, and edited the Chronicle till 1870. From 1861 to 1867\\nhe was clerk of the U. S. Senate, and in 1879 established the Progress, of\\nPhiladelphia.\\nForrest, Edwin (1806-1872), born in Philadelphia, made his first appear-\\nance on the stage in 1820. After his appearance as Othello, at the Park\\nTheatre in New York, in 1826, his success was almost uninterrupted. He\\nwas most successful in melodramatic plays, and was exceedingly popular as\\nOthello, Richard IH., Coriolanus, I^ear, Spartacus and Damon. At Philadel-\\nphia he collected the largest dramatic library in the United States.\\nForrest, Nathan B. (1821-1877) born in Tennessee, enlisted in the Con-\\nfederate service, and commanded a regiment of cavalry at Fort Donelson.\\nHe took part in the battle of Shiloh, and made a successful attack upon\\nMurfreesboro. He served at Chickamauga in 1863, captured Fort Pillow in\\n1864, and surrendered to General Wilson, at Gainesville, in 1865.\\nForsyth, John (1780-1841), born in Virginia, was made Attorney-General\\nof Georgia in 1808. He was a Democratic Congressman from 1813 to 1818\\nand a U. S. Senator from 1818 to 1819, Avhen he was appointed Minister to\\nSpain, serving till 1823 securing the cession of Florida to the United\\nStates. He was again a U. S. Congressman from 1823 1827, when he\\nwas elected Governor of Georgia. From 1829 to 1834 he was a U. S.\\nSenator, and from 1834 to 1841 was Secretary of State in the Cabinets of\\nJackson and Van Buren.\\nFortune, a vessel which arrived at Plymouth November 11, 1621,\\nbringing thirty-five colonists to strengthen the feeble number of the Pilgrims\\nand a patent from the president and council of New England empowering\\nthe grantees to make laws and set up a government.\\nFortune Bay. Under the fisheries treaty of 1871 between the United\\nStates and Great Britain, our fishermen were granted a participation in the\\nNewfoundland fishing grounds. In January, 1878, in violation of these\\nprovisions, several Gloucester vessels were attacked by the natives at Fortune\\nBay, and driven away. Great Britain awarded damages of ;^i5,ooo.\\nForward, Walter (i 786-1 852), was a Congressman from Pennsylvania\\nfrom 1822 to 1825, and was active in the State Constitutional Convention in\\n1837. He was appointed First Comptroller of the Treasury in 1841, was\\nSecretary of the Treasury in Tyler s Cabinet from 1841 to 1843, Charg^\\nd affaires to Denmark from 1849 to 1851.\\nFoster, Sir Augustus J. (1780-1848), was appointed British Minister Pleni-\\npotentiary to the United States in 1811. His manners were not conciliatory,\\nand the difficulties which led to the War of 18 12 were not settled. He\\nreturned in 181 2.\\nFoster, Charles, born in Ohio in 1828, was a member of Congress from\\n1870 to 1876, and served on the Committee of Ways and Means. He was\\nGovernor of Ohio from 1879 to 1884. From 1891 to 1893 he was Secretary\\nof the Treasury in Harrison s Cabinet.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0266.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 243\\nFoster, John W., born in Indiana in 1836, served in the Civil War, com-\\nmanding in East Tennessee; and was Minister to Mexico from 1873 to 1880;\\nto Russia from 1880 to 1881, and to Spain from 1883 to 1885. From 1892\\nto 1893 he was Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Harrison.\\nFoster, Lafayette S. (1806-1880), was born in Connecticut, a descendant\\nof Miles Standish. He was admitted to the bar in 1831, was elected to the\\nState Legislature in 1839, 1840 and 1846, and was Speaker in 1847, 1848\\nand 1854. He was a U. S. Senator from 1855 to 1867, and served on the\\ncommittees on land claims, public lands, pensions, the judiciary and foreign\\nrelations, and was president of the Senate from 1865 to 1867. He was\\nSpeaker of the Connecticut Assembly in 1870, and was a judge of the State\\nSupreme Court from 1870 to 1876.\\nFoster, Stephen S. (1809-1881), anti-slavery agitator, studied for the\\nministry, but zealously opposed the pulpit for upholding slavery and pub-\\nlished The Brotherhood of Thieves: a True Picture of the American\\nChurch and Clerg and many articles on the abolition of slavery.\\nFour Years Law, a law passed by Congress in May, 1820, limiting the\\nterm of office of all persons employed in collecting the revenue to four years.\\nThe bill was hurried through with little debate and signed by President\\nMonroe after a brief consideration. Its purpose was avowedly to bring\\nrevenue accounts for inspection each year and withhold reappointment for\\nremissness. Its framers have been suspected of passing it in order to\\nstrengthen Crawford s chances for the Presidency. At all events, its passage\\nmuch facilitated the growth of the spoils system. It included all postmasters.\\nFox, George (1624-1691), founder of the Society of Friends, came to\\nAmerica and visited the colonies of Maryland, New Jersey, New York and\\nRhode Island (1671-73).\\nFox, Gustavus V. (1821-1883), enlisted in the navy in 1838, and served\\nmost efficiently as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1861 to 1865, when\\nhe was sent to Russia on a special commission and secured Alaska for the\\nUnited States.\\nFoxes, a tribe of Algonquin Indians and kinsmen of the Sacs. They\\nwere early driven from place to place, and finally settled on the Wisconsin.\\nIn the Revolution they joined the British under De Langlade. They made\\na treaty in 1804 and ceded lands, but with the English attacked Sandusky\\nin the War of 1812. In 1824 and 1830 they ceded large tracts of land.\\nThough involved in the Black Hawk War they gave up more of their terri-\\ntory in a treaty with General Scott at its close. Later they centred on the\\nDes Moines, and in 1842 were removed, settling on the Osage.\\nFrance. The first treaty which the independent States of North America\\nmade was with France, February 6, 1778. An offensive and defensive alli-\\nance was thus effected between the two countries against Great Britain, and\\nthe essential and direct end was to maintain the sovereignty and inde-\\npendence of the United States. The United States, as an equivalent, guar-\\nanteed to the crown of France all its then possessions in the West India", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0267.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "244 Dictionary of United States History.\\nIslands; exclusive mutual privileges were granted as to ships of war and\\nprivateers bringing prizes into port. France powerfully aided in securing\\nAmerican independence, by troops under Rochambeau and fleets under\\nD Estaing and De Grasse. The attempt of the United States to escape the\\nresponsibilities of its guarantees gave rise to strained relations during the\\nFrench Revolution, but the treaty of 1800 (to remain in force eight years)\\nrestored good feeling between the two countries, and in the amendments on\\neach side the old treaties entirely disappeared. On April 30, 1803, France\\nceded to the United States the province of Louisiana, as it had been retro-\\nceded from Spain to France in 1800, for the payment of 60,000,000 francs,\\nindependent of the assumption of spoliation claims against France, which\\namounted to 20,000,000 francs more. In 1831 a mutual settlement of all\\nclaims was agreed upon between the two countries, the United States agree-\\ning to pay 1,500,000 francs, and France 25,000,000. Difl culties arising\\nfrom this treaty postponed the fulfillment of its provisions, and it was not\\nuntil 1836 that the whole matter was settled. Conventions for the extradi-\\ntion of criminals were concluded in 1843, 1^45) 1858 and 1893. A consular\\nconvention was concluded in 1853. French difficulties in Mexico, the Civil\\nWar of the United States and the war of 1870-71 between France and\\nGennany gave rise to claims on the part of citizens of each country against\\nthe other. Accordingly the convention of 1880 was concluded by which\\ncommissioners were appointed for the settlement of these claims. The com-\\nmissioners finally allowed claims of $2,636.21 against France, and claims of\\n$625,566.35 against the United States. A reciprocity treaty was concluded\\nMarch 15, 1892. (See also French Revolution, and Directory.)\\nFrank, Manor of, a territory with privilege of local self-government\\ngranted to certain Welsh colonists, known as the Free Society of Traders,\\nby William Penn, March 20, 1682. The grant empowered them to hold\\ncourts of sessions and jail deliveries, and to appoint certain civil officers.\\nThe company purchased 20,000 acres of Penn.\\nFrankfort, Ky., was laid out in 1787, and was made the capital of the\\nState in 1792. It was held by the Southern forces for a month in 1862.\\nFrankfort Land Company, a company formed in 1686 of wealthy and\\ndistinguished persons of Germany and Holland. The members were chiefly\\nPietists, and they had intended coming to Pennsylvania themselves, but\\ngave up the idea, so the colonists were led by Francis Daniel Pastorius, a\\nlawyer and scholar. They came out in 1683, and began the foundation of\\nGermantown the same year. Later the company was organized, and 25,000\\nacres were purchased from William Penn.\\nFranking Privilege, a privilege formerly enjoyed by the President, Vice-\\nPresident, the Cabinet officers, the members of Congress, the delegates from\\nthe Territories and a few others, of sending mail matter free. To each of\\nthe first four Presidents this privilege was voted for the remainder of his\\nlife, and it has also been voted to the widows of ex-Presidents. The privi-\\nlege as regards individuals was abolished in February, 1873, there is\\nstill a provision permitting packages and business letters to be sent free from\\nthe departments.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0268.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 245\\nFrankland, Sir Charles Henry (1716-1768), collector of the port of\\nBoston from 1741 to 1757, is noted on account of his romantic connection\\nwith Agnes Surriage, a maid at a Massachusetts tavern, who afterward\\nbecame Lady Frankland. He was a man of great wealth, and lived in a\\nstate of hixur) unusual in colonial times.\\nFrankland or Franklin, the name given to a State assumed to be organ\\nized by the inhabitants of what is now Tennessee, in 1784, in revolt from\\nthe control of North Carolina. A Constitution was framed and ratified by\\npopular vote, a Legislature and a Governor, John Sevier, were elected, and\\ncivil war with the older parts of North Carolina seemed imminent. But the\\nparty favorable tc the old government suppressed the State government of\\nFrankland in 1788, and the cession of the lands to the United States, in\\n1790, quieted the disturbance.\\nFranklin, Benjamin (January 17, 1706-April 17, 1790), one of the most\\neminent American statesmen, philosophers and writers, was born in Boston,\\nthe son of a tallow-chandler and soap-boiler. He was apprenticed to his elder\\nbrother, a printer, and developed an eager fondness for books and writing.\\nAt seventeen he ran away to Philadelphia, where, in 1729, he established a\\nnewspaper. His public spirit, his talents as a writer and the fame of his\\nscientific discoveries advanced him in prominence. In 1753 he was appointed\\ndeputy postmaster-general of the British colonies. In 1754, being a member\\nof the Albany Convention, he proposed an important plan for colonial union.\\nFrom 1757 to 1762, and again from 1764 to the Revolution, he was agent of\\nPennsylvania in England; part of the time, also, for Massachusetts, New\\nJersey and Georgia. In 1773, acting as agent for the political leaders in\\nMassachusetts, he sent over to them the correspondence of Hutchinson,\\nOliver and other Massachusetts loyalists with a confidant of the British\\nMinistr} The publication of the letters aroused great excitement in the\\ncolonies, and brought down upon Franklin violent abuse on the part of the\\nministerialists, and dismissal from his office of postmaster-general. In 1775,\\nseeing that reconciliation was impossible, he returned to Pennsylvania, and\\nwas at once chosen a delegate to the Continental Congress. In 1776 he was\\none of the committee of five who drew up the Declaration of Independence,\\nand in the autumn was sent to join Arthur Lee and Silas Deane in the\\nmission to France. In Paris he was received with great enthusiasm. He\\nsucceeded in obtaining from the French Government not only the treaty of\\n1778, but also large sums of money supplied in secret before that govern-\\nment declared war on England and openly afterward. Franklin had a leading\\npart in the beginnings of negotiation with Great Britain for peace and\\nindependence. In respect to the actual manner in which the treaty was\\nconcluded, he was overruled by Adams and Jay, who deemed it best, con-\\ntrary to the instructions of Congress, to negotiate apart from France and\\nmake separate terms. Franklin played an important part in the arrange-\\nments of the treaty, especially those respecting the loyalists. After the\\nTreaty of Versailles had thus been signed (September 3, 1783), Franklin\\nnegotiated a favorable treaty with Prussia. In 1785 Franklin returned to\\nAmerica, and was chosen president of Pennsylvania, and again in 1786\\nand 1787, He was au influential member of the Convention of 1787, and", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0269.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "246 Dictionary of United States History.\\ndied at Philadelphia a few years later. Beside his eminence as a statesman\\nand as a philosopher and scientific discoverer, Franklin was noted as a\\nshrewd and practical philanthropist, and was one of the best of English\\nwriters. Writings edited by Sparks (1850) and by Ford (1887); autobi-\\nography; lives by Parton and Hale.\\nFranklin, William (1729-1813), last royal Governor of New Jersey, was\\nan illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. During a residence in Great\\nBritain he was appointed Governor of New Jersey, and held the ofiice from\\n1762 to 1776. In that year he was arrested as a Tory by the provincial\\nCongress of New Jersey. In 1778 he was exchanged, lived in New York\\ntill the close of the Revolutionary War, and then retired to England, where\\nhe died.\\nFranklin, William B., general, born in Pennsylvania in 1823,\\ngraduated at West Point in 1843, and served with distinction in the Mexi-\\ncan War, during which he was attached to the staff of General Taylor.\\nFrom this time to 1861, he was engaged in engineering work for the Gov-\\nernment. He entered the Civil War as a colonel of the regular army, and\\ntook part in most of the battles of the Peninsular campaign, commanding\\nthe Sixth Army Corps throughout the year 1862. At Fredericksburg he\\ncommanded the left wing, and was removed by General Burnside after the\\nbattle. The order of removal was not approved by President Lincoln, and\\nBurnside resigned his command. In 1863-64 Franklin commanded the\\nNineteenth Corps and took part in the Red River expedition.\\nFranklin, Tenn., scene of an important battle of the Civil War, Novem-\\nber 30, 1864. General Hood, Confederate, attempted to draw Sherman back\\nfrom his march through Georgia by moving northward into Tennessee and\\nattacking Thomas. At Franklin Hood brought to a stand a portion of\\nThomas army under Schofield, and, after several desperate attacks, com-\\npelled him to withdraw. But the Confederate loss was 5500, while that of\\nSchofield was 2300. Soon followed Thomas great victory over Hood at\\nNashville.\\nFranklin and Marshali College, Lancaster, Pa., under the control of the\\nReformed (German) Church, was founded in 1853 ^Y the consolidation of\\nFranklin College (founded 1787) and Marshall College (founded 1836). Its\\ntheological seminary was founded in 1825.\\nEraser, Simon (1729-1777), British brigadier-general, who in 1776 had\\ncommanded at Three Rivers, had command of Burgoyne s right wing in his\\nadvance upon New York. He won the victory of Hubbardton on July 7,\\n1777, but was mortally wounded in the battle of Saratoga, October 7.\\nFrayser s (or Fraser s) Farm, Va., also called Glendale, an action in the\\nSeven Days fighting in the Peninsular campaign, on the fifth day, June 30,\\n1862. McClellan was retreating to the James, pursued by Jackson. Long-\\nstreet and A. P. Hill attacked him at Frayser s Farm, intending to pierce\\nhis line. The Confederates attacked McCall s division with reckless impetu-\\nosity, but failed to break the line. They lost 7000 men killed, wounded\\nand missing, the Federals 4000.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0270.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of UnItbd States History. 247\\nFrederic II. (1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, in 1783\\ninstructed his ambassador in Paris to make friendly overtures to the Minis-\\nters of the United States there. Offers of a treaty of commerce and naviga-\\ntion were made in 1784, and in 1785 such a treaty was signed. Frederic\\nsent General Washington a sword. from the oldest general in the world to\\nthe greatest.\\nFrederica, Ga., on St. Simon s Island, was founded by General Ogle-\\nthorpe in 1736, an armed colony being settled there to guard the frontier\\nagainst the Spaniards. In 1742, during the war between England and\\nSpain, Frederica was attacked by a large force of Spaniards by land and sea,\\nbut Oglethorpe succeeded in holding it until the arrival of English ships\\ndrove the besiegers away.\\nFredericksburg, Va., scene of one of the most important battles of the\\nCivil War, December 13, 1862. Burnside had been appointed to the com-\\nmand of the Army of the Potomac on November 7. He resolved to make a\\ndirect march on Richmond, and moved his troops to the heights opposite\\nFredericksburg, on the north side of the Rappahannock. His force num-\\nbered about 125,000. The right was commanded by Sumner, the centre by\\nHooker, the left wing by Franklin. The army of Lee, 80,000 in number, was\\nstrongly intrenched on the heights behind Fredericksburg, the right being\\ncommanded by Jackson, the left by Longstreet. A road connected these\\nwings. A stone wall ran along the foot of the heights between the left\\nwing and the town. The Federal forces crossed the river by three pontoon\\nbridges during the two days preceding the battle. Burnside s plan was that\\nFranklin should make the chief attack and seize the road, and that Sumner\\nand Hooker should then carry the stone wall and the heights behind it.\\nFranklin did not employ enough troops to effect the object assigned him.\\nSumner s troops attacked the fortifications on Marye s Heights with great\\nbravery and persistency, but were finally repulsed with great slaughter at the\\nstone wall. The assault made by Hooker s forces at another portion of the\\nwall was also repulsed with terrible slaughter, lacking support from Franklin.\\nThe Federal loss in the battle was 12,800, the Confederate 4300. Two days\\nlater Burnside withdrew from Fredericksburg. On the thirtieth he and\\nFranklin were relieved of their commands.\\nFree Banking System. In 1838 the New York State Government estab-\\nlished a free banking system, which set the fashion of reform elsewhere\\nand was followed as a basis of the national banking system of 1863. Under\\nthis system the practice of granting special charters was abandoned. Any\\npersons could form a bank who should deposit securities with the State to\\nthe full amount of its circulating notes. Many of the other States quickly\\nfollowed New York s example, for the unregulated banking methods were\\nbeginning to affect seriously the State finances.\\nFree Masons. An attempt to introduce freemasonr into the colonies was\\nmade in 1730 by the appointment of a provincial grand master of New Jersey,\\nbut so far as is known the first lodge was established in 1733 at Boston.\\nOthers speedily followed. After the securing of independence the lodges", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0271.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "248 Dictionary of United States History.\\nestablished grand lodges in the separate States. For the history of the\\nopposition to freemasonry in the United States, see Anti-Masonic party.\\nFree Negroes. According to the census of 1790, there were 59,481 free\\ncolored persons in the United States. Of these 28,558 were in the Southern\\nStates, as against about 647,000 slaves, 17,852 in the Middle States, as against\\nabout 45,000 slaves, and 13,071 in New England, as against about 3800\\nslaves. As aversion to slavery decreased in the South, emancipation was\\nmade less easy, and free negroes were put under certain disabilities. The\\nview that they were a dangerous element in the population strengthened the\\nmovement for colonization of them in Africa (see arts. Colonization Society,\\nLiberia). In 1857 the Supreme Court declared that free negroes were not\\ncitizens of the United States (see Dred Scott). The Thirteenth Amendment\\nmade all negroes free.\\nFree Ships, Free Goods. A popular summary of the doctrine that, in\\ntime of war, all goods, whether belonging to neutrals or to members of the\\nbelligerent states, are, if carried in neutral vessels, thereby exempted from\\ncapture, unless they are by nature contraband of war. This doctrine was\\ngenerally held by neutrals. It was maintained by the United States during\\nthe wars between England and France, 1 793-1 81 5. England, on the other\\nhand, had always maintained that the determining characteristic was the\\nownership of the property, whatever the ownership of the vessel. This was one\\nof the differences from which arose the War of 1812. The Treaty of Ghent\\ndid not settle the question. By the Declaration of Paris (1856) it was agreed\\nby the signatory powers that free ships should make free goods, and indeed\\nthat both enemy s goods in neutral ships and neutral goods in enemy s ships\\nshould be exempt from capture. While the United States did not accede to\\nthe Declaration as a whole, they naturally welcomed this part of it.\\nFree Society of Traders, a Welsh colonization company formed in 1682\\nto establish colonies in Pennsylvania. March 20 of that year, William Penn\\ngranted them the Manor of Frank, with privileges of local self-govern-\\nment, and later they bought from Penn 20,000 acres of land.\\nFree-Soil Party, a short-lived party of anti-slavery men, which sprang\\ninto existence in 1848. Immediately after Taylor s nomination a plan was\\nlaid for a great anti-slavery meeting at Buffalo in August. Thousands\\nattended the meeting, chiefly of two elements: the members of the Liberty\\nparty, though in October, 1847, ^^^^Y nominated John P. Hale as candi-\\ndate for President; and the Barnburners, or dissatisfied anti-administration\\nDemocrats of New York, followers of Van Buren, desirous of avenging him\\nfor the nomination of Polk in 1844. These last had in June nominated\\nVan Buren by convention held at Utica. The Buffalo Convention, com-\\nposed of these two partly incongruous elements, nominated Van Buren and\\nC. F. Adams. Its resolutions declared that Congress had no more power to\\nmake a slave than to make a king, and ought to keep slavery out of the\\nTerritories. The Free-Soilers polled 291,263 votes in 1848. They were\\nstrongest in New York, Massachusetts and Ohio. They also won fourteen\\nCongressmen, and in the next House had seventeen. In 1852 the Van Buren\\nfaction was reunited with the regular Democracy. The Free-Soilers met in", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0272.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 249\\nconvention at Pittsburgh in August, and nominated John P. Hale and\\nGeorge W. Julian, but polled only 155,825 votes. The Kansas-Nebraska\\nBill called into existence the Republican party, and the Free-Soil party was\\nabsorbed in it.\\nFreedmen s Bureau, a bureau of the War Department of the United States\\nGovernment, established by Act of March 3, 1865, to have general charge\\nof the interests of the enfranchised negroes of the Southern States. Its title\\nwas bureau of refugees, freedmen and abandoned lands, and it was author-\\nized to assign to the freedmen allotments of confiscated or abandoned lands\\ngiven over to it by the President for such purposes. It was to continue one\\nyear. A bill continuing it for two years more was vetoed by President John-\\nson in r866, but was passed over the veto. Its general work continued till\\n1869, its educational work till 1870. It expended in its work over $15,000,000.\\nFreeman s Farm, N. Y., an indecisive battle, September 19, 1777, between\\nthe British army under Burgoyne, and Gates commanding the Continental\\ntroops. The latter was worsted at first, but Benedict Arnold attacked Bur-\\ngoyne s centre and saved the Americans.\\nFreewill Baptists. This denomination originated in 1780, ni a church\\nfounded at New Durham, N. H., by Benjamin Randall, and professing the\\ndoctrines of free salvation and open communion. Their general conference\\noriginated in 1827. In 1890 they numbered 1586 churches and about\\n88,000 members.\\nFrelinghuysen, Frederick T. (1817-1885), nephew of Theodore, was\\nSenator from New Jersey from 1866 to 1869, and from 1871 to 1877, and a\\nmember of the Electoral Commission of 1877. From 1881 to 1885 he was\\nSecretary of State in General Arthur s Cabinet.\\nFrelinghuysen, Theodore (1787-1861), Senator from New Jersey from\\n1829 ^^351 nominated for Vice-President by the Whigs in 1844 on\\nthe ticket with Clay, but defeated. From 1839 to 1850 he was chancellor\\nof the University of New York, and from 1850 to his death president of\\nRutgers College.\\nFremont, John Charles (1813-1890), was born in Norfolk, Va., and edu-\\ncated at Charleston, S. C. After a brief service in the navy he joined the\\nU. S. corps of topographical engineers, and married the daughter of Senator\\nBenton. In 1842 he explored a portion of the Rocky Mountains. In 1843\\nand 1844, with remarkaljle skill and energy, he conducted an exploration of\\nthe regions of Utah, the basin of the Columbia, and the passes of the Sierra\\nNevada. In 1846, while in conduct of another exploration in California, he\\nassisted in the Bear Flag War, alleging instructions from Washington,\\nco-operated with Commodore Stockton in the conquest of California, but\\nwas court-martialed for disobedience to General Kearny. In 1848 he\\nexplored, amid great hardships, the paths from Sante Fe to Sacramento, and\\nmade a similar expedition in 1853 ^^5i- These explorations made him\\nfamous as the Pathfinder, and in 1856 the new Republican party made\\nhim its candidate for the Presidency, but was defeated. In 1861 he com-\\nmanded in Missouri, but, prematurely ordering emancipation, was removed.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0273.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "250 Dictionary of United States History.\\nIn 1862 he commanded against Jackson in the Valley. In 1864 he was\\nnominated for the Presidency by a convention of radical Republicans dis-\\nsatisfied with Mr. Lincoln, but finally withdrew. A partial autobiography\\nhas been published.\\nFrench and Indian War (i 754-1763), the American phase of the Seven\\nYears War, and the culminating portion of the struggle between France and\\nEngland for the possession of North America. In 1754 France claimed the\\nwhole region west of the AUeghanies as a part of the basins of the St. Law-\\nrence and the Mississippi. England laid claim to all the country west of its\\nAtlantic settlements. The French colonists numbered only about 80,000\\nwhites, the English more than 1,100,000. But the latter were divided under\\nthirteen discordant governments and were industrial, while the French rule\\nwas unified and military, and had help from the Indians. The war began\\nwith a struggle for Pittsburgh (Fort Duquesne), Washington attacking the\\nFrench at Great Meadows and being forced to surrender at Fort Necessity\\n(1754). In 1755 the English planned four attacks: Braddock s expedition\\nagainst Fort Duquesne, and others by way of Lake Champlain, by way of\\nOswego and Niagara, and against the French posts near Nova Scotia. The\\nfirst was disastrous, the second and third accomplished nothing substantial,\\nbut the fourth was successful. From 1756 on, the French and Indians being\\nunder the command of the able Marquis of Montcalm, the English made no\\nIjrogress until the advent of William Pitt to the head of the ministry in\\nEngland in 1757. He formed a general scheme of conquest in America. In\\n1758 Amherst and Wolfe took Louisbourg, Bradstreet captured Fort Front-\\nenac and Forbes took Fort Duquesne. Encouraged b} these successes, Pitt\\nundertook the conquest of Canada. In 1759 Amherst took Ticonderoga and\\nCrown Point, while Prideaux took Niagara. But the chief operation of the\\nyear was a direct attack upon Quebec, entrusted to General Wolfe, who cap-\\ntured that town, considered impregnable, by means of the battle upon the\\nPlains of Abraham. The French were unable to retake Quebec. Montreal\\nwas taken in 1760, and the conquest of Canada was completed. The French\\nempire in North America came to an end. By the peace of Paris (1763)\\nFrance resigned to England all her possessions east of the Mississippi, and\\nto Spain New Orleans and all her possessions west of that river. To the\\ncolonists the war was important as relieving them from the pressure of hostile\\nneighbors, as giving them military experience and as enforcing the necessity\\nof union.\\nFrench Creek (near Clayton, N. Y.). General Brown, here entrenched\\nwith his division, was attacked November i, 1813, by a small British fleet.\\nA battery, skillfully handled, drove them back in two engagements. The\\nBritish loss was severe, the American slight.\\nFrench Revolution. The French Revolution began with the meeting of\\nthe States General in May, 1789, and continued through the period of the\\nNational Assembly and Legislative Assembly and Convention to 1795, or,\\nif the Directory be included, to 1799. It not only started movements of\\nenormous and permanent effect in Europe, but exerted a great influence in\\nAmerica. At first Americans were favorable to it, as to a natural con-\\nsequence of the American Revolution and a movement in favor of human", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0274.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitbd States History. 251\\nliberty and progress. But the execution of the king in January, 1793, and\\nthe ensuing Reign of Terror increased the conservative feeling against it.\\nIt was one of the main matters upon which our first parties were divided, the\\nFederalists opposing it, the Republicans favoring it; with the result that the\\nformer seemed to be especially the friends of England, the latter of France,\\nattacking Washington s administration with great vigor on account of his\\nneutrality.\\nFrench Spoliation Claims. During the difficulties with France in 1798,\\nwhich nearly amounted to a state of war, French war-vessels and privateers\\ncommitted many depredations upon American commerce, and many similar\\nacts had been committed before, in the course of the war between France\\nand Great Britain. The American negotiators in 1798, 1799 and 1800\\nattempted to obtain redress for these. But in the convention finally nego-\\ntiated with the First Consul Bonaparte in 1800, it was found necessary to\\ndrop the claim. The claims were then made against the U. S. Government\\nby its injured citizens. Bills for their relief were vetoed by Polk in 1846\\nand Pierce in 1855. In 1885 they were referred to the Court of Claims,\\nbefore which several thousand such cases have now come.\\nFrenchtown, now Monroe, in Southeast Michigan, scene of a battle in the\\nWar of 181 2, on January 22, 1813. The British were driven out of the town\\non the twentieth by Winchester, commanding the advance of Harrison s forces\\nintended for the reduction of Detroit. On the twenty-second the British,\\nunder Colonel Proctor, fell upon Winchester, and compelled him to surrender.\\nMany of the prisoners were massacred by the Indian allies of the British.\\nHence the aSair is sometimes called the Massacre of the River Raisin.\\nFreneau, Philip (1752-1832), poet, was graduated at Princeton in 1771-\\nHe wrote several popular poems during the Revolutionary War, and edited\\nA-rious periodicals. In 1790 he became editor of the New York Daily\\nAavertiser. He was soon appointed by Jefferson translator for the State\\nDepartment, and became editor of the National Gazette^ in which he abused\\nthe Federalists so violently that his official connection with Jefferson led to\\nembarrassing criticisms upon the latter.\\nFriends, or Quakers. In 1656 Quakers began to come to Massachusetts,\\nwhere they were imprisoned, banished, and in four cases in which they\\nreturned, hanged. Charles II. put a stop to the persecution. George Fox,\\ntheir founder, visited America in 1671-73. Friends settled largeh- in Rhode\\nIsland, and especially in Pennsylvania, which, founded by a Quaker (Penn),\\nwas largely a Quaker colony. New Jersey also was largely settled by\\nQuakers. Ever^ where they were thrifty and excellent citizens, though their\\naversion to war hampered Pennsylvania in making successful defence against\\nthe French. They were constantly forward in movements of philanthropy\\nand refonii, and had a most important part in the abolition movement. In\\n1827 occurred a rupture between the Orthodox Friends and the Hicksites,\\nor followers of Elias Hicks, the dispute being with regard to the atonement.\\nIn 1890 the Friends numbered 107,000.\\nFries, John 1764-?! 825), leader of a small insurrection against the U. S.\\nGovernment in Northampton, Bucks and Montgomery counties, Pa., in the", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0275.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "252 Dictionary of Unitkd States History.\\nspring of 1799, raised several hundred men in opposition to the direct\\ntax on houses window tax and at Bethlehem resisted a U. S. Marshal.\\nConvicted of treason in 1799 and again upon a new trial in 1800, he was\\nsentenced to death, but was pardoned by President Adams.\\nFrobisher, Sir Martin (?i 535-1 594), an English navigator, in 1576 sailed\\nto find the northwest passage, and discovered Frobisher s Strait. Later he\\nmade other voyages toward the northwest and took part in the destruction\\nof the Spanish Armada.\\nFrolic, brig. (See Wasp.\\nFromentin, Judge of the western district of Florida in 1831. Callava,\\nthe Spanish ex-Governor, applied to him for a writ of habeas corpus when\\nhe, Callava, was arrested at Andrew Jackson s orders. Fromentin granted\\nthe writ. Jackson deemed this contempt and a quarrel followed. Each\\nappealed to the President.\\nFront Royal, Va., an action in Jackson s Valley campaign. May 23, 1862.\\nBanks lay at Strasburg, with a large detachment at Front Royal under\\nColonel Kenly. After forced marches Jackson surprised and routed Kenly.\\nFrontenac, Louis de Buade, Count (1620-1698), Governor of New France,\\na man of high military reputation, was appointed to that post in 1672.\\nBeing a man of violent passions and great self-will he quarreled with the\\nintendant Duchesneau, the priests and the Jesuits, and was recalled in 1682.\\nBut in 1689, the colony having fallen into grave difficulties, he was reap-\\npointed. He organized the war against the English with great spirit and\\nskill, and sent out in 1690 the expeditions which destroyed Schenectady,\\nN. Y., Salmon Falls, N. H., and Casco, Maine. In the same year he repulsed\\nthe attack of Sir William Phips upon Quebec. In 1696 he invaded in person\\nthe country of the Iroquois and inflicted upon them a crushing defeat.\\nFrontenac, Fort, a fort established by Count Frontenac in 1672, on the\\npresent site of Kingston, Ontario. Abandoned in 1689, it was reoccupied in\\n1696. In 1758 it was captured and destroved by Bradstreet, with 3000\\nmen, mostly provincials.\\nFrontier Posts. The treaty of peace with Great Britain (1783) provided\\nthat the boundary of the United States should be Lakes Ontario, Erie, St.\\nClair, Huron and Superior, and that the British should at once evacuate all\\nposts within the United States. But Great Britain continued to hold the\\nposts on the great lakes, Oswegatchie (now Ogdensburg), Oswego, Niagara,\\nPresque Isle (now Erie), Sandusky, Detroit, Mackinaw, and some others of\\nless importance, on the ground that the American States had not complied\\nwith the requirement that debts due to British citizens should be paid.\\nAgain their surrender was stipulated in the Jay Treaty, and they were finally\\ngiven up in June, 1796.\\nFrothingham, Richard (1812-1880), editor, of Charlestown, Mass., wrote\\na history of the siege of Boston, published in 1849, and in 1871 published\\nthe Rise of the Republic of the United States.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0276.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 253\\nFry, James B., (1827-1894)311 officer of the U. S. army, was chief of staff\\nto McDowell and Buell from 1861 to 1863, and from 1863 to 1866 occnpied\\nthe responsible and difficult post of provost-marshal-general of the army.\\nFrye, William P., bom in ,1831, Senator, was Representative from Maine\\nfrom 1 87 1 to 1 88 1, and was then elected a Senator, which office he has held,\\nas a Republican, to the present time (1897).\\nFryeburg, Me., scene of an Indian fight in April, 1725. John Lovewell,\\nafter two successful expeditions against the Indians, undertaking a third,\\nwas surprised and slain at this place.\\nFuca, Juan de, a Greek of Cephalonia, asserted that in 1592, sailing in\\nthe Spanish service on the northwest coast of America, he had sailed into a\\nstrait in latitude 47\u00c2\u00b0 or 48\u00c2\u00b0, which led into the Atlantic Ocean. It has\\nbeen thought that this was the strait now called by his name, but his narra-\\ntive is disbelieved by good judges.\\nFuca Strait. (See San Juan Arbitration.)\\nFugio, also known as Franklin and sun-dial cents, were the earliest copper\\ncoins struck off by order of the U. S. Government, from the dies of Abel\\nBuel, in 1787. The first was struck off in New York. Obverse: Thirteen\\nlinked rings, making an endless chain. Legend: United States, inscribed\\naround a small central field inclosing inscription. We are one. Reverse:\\nAn erect sun-dial, sun appearing above. Legend: Fugio, 1787. Exergue:\\nMind your business.\\nFugitive Slaves, Fugitive Slave Laws. In all the colonies provision was\\nmade by law for the arrest and return of fugitive slaves. The articles of\\nconfederation between the New England colonies in 1643 provided for\\nmutual restoration between those colonies. Somersett s case prevented\\nextradition from England. The Ordinance for the Northwest Territory\\nprovided for return of fugitives thence. The Constitution of 1787 provided\\nthat no fugitive slave, fleeing into a free State, should therefore be free, but\\nthat he should be delivered up on claim by his owner. In 1793 Congress\\npassed the first Fugitive Slave Act, providing that, on the owner s giving\\nproof of ownership before a magistrate of the locality where the slave was\\nfound, the magistrate should order the slave delivered up to him, without\\ntrial by jury. Hindering arrest or harboring a runaway slave was punish-\\nable by fine of five hundred dollars. The law was open to much abuse.\\nMany free negroes in Northern States were kidnapped. Interference with\\ncaptures and rescue of arrested negroes became more frequent as anti-slavery\\nfeeling increased in the North. In Prigg vs. Pennsylvania the Supreme\\nCourt held that the law must be carried out by Federal authorities alone;\\nStates or State authorities could not be forced to act (1842). Several States\\nthen forbade them to do so. The escape of slaves to Canada was extensive,\\nand systematically aided by the Underground Railway. (See art.) In 1850,\\nas a part of the compromise measures of that year, a law was passed pro-\\nviding for a stricter practice in the matter, through U. S. commissioners\\nappointed by the U. S. courts. Proof of identity and two witnesses to the\\nfact of escape were all that was required as evidence, The negro could not", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0277.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "254 Dictionary of United States History.\\ntestify, nor have jury-trial. Upon this many Northern States passed Per-\\nsonal Liberty Laws for the protection of negroes. Some of these conflicted\\nwith the Act of 1850 and even with the Constitution. The Act of 1850\\naroused great feeling in the Nortli, the Personal Liberty Laws in the\\nSouth. The question of fugitive slaves did much to bring on the Civil\\nWar. The war and emancipation ended the whole matter. The acts were\\nrepealed in 1864.\\nFuller, Margaret, Marchioness of Ossoli (1810-1850), of Cambridge, Mass.,\\na woman of great learning, intellectual gifts and social charm and influence,\\nand a prominent leader among the Transcendentalists, was editor of the Dial^\\ntheir organ, from 1840 to 1842. She took an interesting part in aiding the\\nItalian cause in 1848, and was shipwrecked and drowned off Long Island on\\nher return.\\nFuller, Melville W., born in Maine in 1833, was graduated at Bowdoin\\nCollege in 1853, and was a lawyer in Chicago from 1856 to 1888. In 1862\\nhe was a member of the Illinois Constitutional Convention. In 1888 he was\\nappointed by President Cleveland Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States.\\nFulton, Robert (1765-1815), practically the inventor of the steamboat,\\nwas born in Pennsylvania. At first a portrait-painter, he went to England\\nin 1786. After a few years he began to occupy himself with engineering\\nand inventions. The subject of steam navigation already interested him.\\nFrom 1797 to 1804 he resided in France, where, inventing the torpedo, he\\nattempted to induce Napoleon to adopt it, iDut in vain. In England (1804-06)\\nhe had similar want of success with the British Ministrj^, and in 1806 returned\\nto America. At New York, in 1807, he successfully realized his project of\\na vessel propelled by steam power, his steamboat, the Clermont, success-\\nfully steaming from New York to Albany. His invention was of the first\\nimportance in developing the interior parts of the United States. (See also,\\nfor prior inventions, Fitch and Rumsey.)\\nFundamental Constitutions of Carolina, an elaborate constitution for that\\ncolony, drawn up in 1667 for the proprietors by John Locke, the philosopher.\\nIt provided for a territorial aristocracy, the proprietors at the head and two\\norders of nobility, called landgraves and caciques, below them. These were\\nto have entailed estates called seigniories and baronies. The proprietors\\nwere to be respectively palatine, chancellor, chief justice, constable, admiral,\\ntreasurer, high steward and chamberlain. There was to be a palatine s court,\\na grand council and a parliament. Property qualifications prevailed. Some\\nreligious liberty was granted. The whole scheme was unsuited to the needs\\nof a pioneer colony, and never went into practical operation.\\nFundamental Orders of Connecticut, tho oldest truly political consti-\\ntution in America (Bryce), were framed in January, 1639, by the towns of\\nWindsor, Hartford and Wethersfield, uniting to form one publike State or\\ncommonwealth. The orders provided for two general representative assem-\\nblies each year, composed of delegates from each town, one for the election\\nof Governor and magistrates, the other for the making of laws.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0278.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 25^\\nFunding, the converting of floating debt into debt having a definite time\\nto run before maturity, usually into interest-beai ing bonds. The most famous\\nsuch operation in United States history was tha t accomplished by the Act of\\nAugust 4, 1790, suggested by Hamilton, as Secretary of the Treasury. It\\nprovided for paying in full not only the foreign and domestic debt of the\\nUnited States, but also those debts which the States had incurred in the\\nprosecution of the Revolutionary War, by means of six per cent bonds, of\\nwhich, in the case of the domestic debt, one-third were to be deferred stock,\\ninterest beginning to be paid in 1800. (See art. Assumption.)\\nFunston, Frederick, born in 1865. He fought in the Cuban army, in the\\nU. S. arm) in the Philippines, and has been promoted brigadier-general for\\nbravery.\\nFur-trade. This trade, especially that in beaver, was an important ele-\\nment in the economic life of all the colonies in the seventeenth century, and\\nin the struggle between England and France for the possession of North\\nAmerica, also in all negotiations respecting the northwest boundary of the\\nUnited States. As the trade receded farther and farther to the northwest,\\nthe Hudson Bay Company and the Northwest Company, established in 1783\\nby England tried to monopolize it. In 1809 John Jacob Astor incorporated\\nthe American Fur Company. He founded Astoria in Oregon, and attempted\\nto connect it with Mackinaw by a line of posts and consolidate the whole\\nnorthwestern fur-trade. After the War of 181 2 he renewed his attempt. In\\n1816 Congress passed an act excluding foreign fur-traders.\\nFuss and Feathers, the army nickname for General Winfield Scott, also\\nused politically when he ran for the Presidency in 1852; due to his punctili-\\nousness as to dress.\\nG.\\nGabriel s Insurrection, an insurrection incited among the negro slaves of\\nthe vicinity of Richmond, Va., in 1800, by a slave of Thomas Prosser, called\\nGeneral Gabriel, and Jack Bowler. They intended to attack Rich-\\nmond by night with a thousand negroes and murder the inhabitants. An\\nescaped negro revealed the plot. Governor James Monroe ordered out the\\nmilitia and attacked the insurgents. The ringleaders were punished.\\nGadsden, James (1788-1858), served in the War of 181 2, was aide-de-\\ncamp to General Jackson in the subjugation of the Seminole Indians, and\\nconstructed works for the defense of the Gulf. He was appointed Minister\\nto Mexico in 1853, and negotiated the Gadsden Treaty, which secured the\\npurchase of the southern portion of Arizona and New Mexico.\\nGadsden Treaty was a treaty negotiated with Mexico in 1853 by James\\nGadsden. By this treaty the United States secured 45,000 square miles of\\nland in what is now Arizona and New Mexico. The United States paid\\nMexico $10,000,000, but received a considerably larger amount from Mexico\\nfor Indian depredation claims.\\nGage, Lyman J., banker, Chicago, 111. Born 1836, De Ruyter, N. Y.\\nBecame Secretary of the Treasury in President McKinley s Cabinet, March\\n5 1897-", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0279.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "256 Dictionary of Unitkd States History.\\nGage, Thomas (1721-1787), came to America in 1754 in command of a\\nregiment accompanying Braddock s expedition. He was appointed Governor\\nof Montreal in 1760, and from 1763 to 1772 was commander-in-chief in\\nAmerica. In 1774 he was appointed Governor of Massachusetts, and\\nattempted to subdue the antagonism of the colonists to English rule. In\\n1775 he sent troops to destroy stores collected at Concord, and this led to\\nthe battle of Lexington. The colonists refused to recognize Gage as Gov-\\nernor, and soon after the battle of Bunker Hill he resigned his commission.\\nGag-rule. A rule adopted by Congress in January, 1836, on motion of\\nJohn C. Calhoun. Congress had long been besieged by petitions from aboli-\\ntionists all over the country. Calhoun proposed that henceforth all anti-\\nslavery petitions be laid on the table unnoticed. This infringement upon\\nthe right of petition only increased the petition spirit in the North, and the\\ngag-rule was, after a long struggle, abolished December 3, 1844. John\\nQuincy Adams was its bitterest opponent and an ardent upholder of anti-\\nslavery principles in Congress during ten j ears.\\nGaillard, John (1765-1826), born in South Carolina, served in the U. S.\\nSenate from 1805 to 1826, and was president pro tempore in every Congress\\nfrom the eleventh to the eighteenth inclusive.\\nGaines, Edmund P. (1777-1849), served during the War of 1812, and\\nwas promoted major-general for services in defense of Fort Erie in 1814.\\nHe was commissioner to the Seminole Indians in 1816, and took command\\nagainst them in 181 7.\\nGaines, Myra Clark (1805-1885), wife of Edmund P. Gaines, was for\\nmany years plaintiff in an extraordinary lawsuit to recover the estate of her\\nfather, Daniel Clark. Her claim included much valuable property in New\\nOrleans, estimated at $35,000,000.\\nGaines Mills, or Chickahominy, Va., June 27, 1862. In this engage-\\nment of the Civil War, Porter, commanding 25,000 troops of McClellan s\\narray, was defeated by Lee with a Confederate force of 35,000. On the\\nmorning of June 27, Porter fell back to a range of low hills, and there\\nrepelled the Confederate attack until 5000 more men were sent him by\\nMcClellan. Meantime Jackson had joined Lee with 18,500 more troops. A.\\nP. Hill first attacked Porter s position, and was driven back with great loss\\nafter a two hours struggle. Then Jackson came up and joined the attack.\\nPorter, having no intrenchments, was forced to give way before the superior\\nnumbers. He crossed the Chickahominy in rapid retreat, and burned the\\nbridges behind him.\\nGales, Joseph (i 786-1 860), an editor of the Nationa Intelligencer hom\\n1807 to i860 in partnership with W. W. Seaton, published valuable reports\\nof proceedings in Congress, which would otherwise be unavailable the\\nAnnals of Congress, in forty-two volumes.\\nGallatin, Albert (January 29, 1761-August 12, 1849), was bom at Geneva,\\nSwitzerland, and is one of the most illustrious American statesmen of foreign\\nbirth. He was educated at the university of his native city, and emigrated\\nto America in 1780. After varied experiences he settled as a manufacturer", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0280.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "DeWitt Clinton.\\nRufus King.\\nSTATESMEN OF THE EARLY REPUBLIC\\nTimothy Pickering.\\nGouverneur Morris.\\nJosiah Quincy.\\nAlbert Gaiatm. Alexander Hamilton,\\nJohn Randolph.\\nCharles C Pmcknev.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0281.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0282.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 257\\nin Pennsylvania in 1784. By 1790 he was in the Legislature. His rise\\nto State and national prominence as a leader in the Democratic-Republican\\nparty was rapid. He was elected U. S. Senator in 1793, but was not admit-\\nted to his seat. The following year he helped by his influence to suppress\\nthe Whiskey Insurrection. From 1795 to 1801 he was a member from\\nPennsylvania of the National House of Representatives, and took a leading\\npart almost from the start, especially on financial topics. When his party\\ncame into power with Jefferson, Gallatin was invited to take the Treasury\\nportfolio. He filled this position from 1801 to 1813, and has passed into\\nhistory as one of the ablest of American financiers. In 1813-14 he was\\npeace commissioner in Europe, where his services in negotiating the Treaty\\nof Ghent were conspicuous. He was U. S. Minister to France 1816-1823,\\nand in 1826 he was sent as Envoy Extraordinary to Great Britain. He was\\nlater a bank president in New York City, and died at Astoria on Long Island.\\nGallatin published various pamphlets on finance, on the Oregon question, on\\nthe war with Mexico, Considerations on the Currency and Banking System\\nof the United States (1831); he was moreover an ethnologist, and pub-\\nlished Synopsis of the Indian Tribes (1S36) and other works. Biogra-\\nphy by Henry Adams, who has also edited his writings.\\nGallaudet, Thomas H. (1787-1S51), was the first to undertake in America\\nthe instniction of deaf mutes (1817), and founded at Hartford an institution\\nfor that purpose.\\nGallipolis, O., was settled by French refugees in 1789. It was a depot of\\nsupplies during the Civil War.\\nGalloway, Joseph (1729-1803), was Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly\\nfrom 1766 to 1774, proposed a form of government favorable to the crown\\nat the Provincial Congress in 1774, and joined the British forces in 1776.\\nGalveston, Tex., was first settled in 18 16, but first permanently settled in\\n1838. From 1817 to 1821 it was the haunt of the famous pirate Lafitte.\\nGalvez, Bernardo de (1755-1786), count, was born in Spain, became col-\\nonel in Louisiana in 1776 and was Governor from 1777 to 1783. He aided\\nthe colonies against the British in the Revolutionary War and was made\\nViceroy of Mexico in 1785.\\nGamble, Hamilton R. (1798-1864), was Secretary of State in Missouri in\\n1824, a Judge of the Supreme Court from 1851 to 1855, was appointed Gov-\\nernor of the State in 1861 by the Constitutional Convention and served\\nuntil 1864.\\nGananoqui (near Thousand Islands, Can.). Here Captain Forsyth, with\\nslight loss, captured, on September 20, 1812, a large supply of ammunition\\nand provisions from the British, whose loss was ten killed and twelve taken\\nprisoners.\\nGansevoort, Peter (1749-1812), born in New York, accompanied Mont-\\ngomery to Canada in 1775; withstood the British and Indians at Fort Schuylei\\nin 1777; was appointed Indian Commissioner and promoted brigadier-general\\nin 1809.\\n17", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0283.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "258 DiCTIOXARV OF UnITRD STATES HiSTORY.\\nGardoqui, Don Diego de, was Minister of Spain to the United States from\\n1785 to 1789, and negotiated concerning the Mississippi with Secretary\\nJay.\\nGarfield, James Abram (November 19, 1 831 -September 19, 1881), twen-\\ntieth President of the United States, was born at Orange, Cuyahoga County,\\nO., and after miscellaneous experiences, including work on a canal tow-path,\\nhe entered Hiram College in Ohio. From there he went to Williams College,\\nHud graduated in 1856. For a short time he taught the classics in Hiram\\nCollege, and in 1857 became the president of that institution. Two years\\nlater he entered the State Senate. In the opening year of the war he was\\nappointed lieutenant-colonel of volunteers; having been entrusted with a\\nsmall independent command he routed the Confederates at Middle Creek,\\nKy., January 10, 1862. He was made a brigadier-general, served at Shiloh,\\netc., and became chief of staff in Rosecrans Army of the Cumberland. In\\nthis capacity he rendered important services, and was made major-general\\nafter Chickamauga. He had been already elected to Congress, and took his\\nseat in December, 1863. From this time he served continuously and was one\\nof the leading debaters and orators on the Republican side. He was mem-\\nber of important committees, like Military AiFairs and Ways and Means, and\\nwas chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency and on Appropri-\\nations. General Garfield served on the Electoral Commission of 1877 and\\nwas elected U. S. Senator from Oliio in 1880. The same year he attended\\nthe National Convention, and on the thirty-sixth ballot received the nomina-\\ntion, through the influence of Blaine. Entering office March 4, 1881, he\\nchose Blaine for the State Department, Windom for tlie Treasury, and R. T.\\nLincoln for War. He became almost immediately involved in the Republi-\\ncan factional quarrels of New York. His appointment of the Half-Breed\\nRobertson to the collectorship of New York caused the Stalwart Senators,\\nConkling and Piatt, to resign and demand a vindication. In the midst\\nof these proceedings President Garfield was shot at Washington, July 2, b} a\\nfanatic, Guitean. He lingered through the summer, was removed in Sep-\\ntember to Elberon, New Jersey, and there passed away. Life by J. R. Gilmore.\\nGarfield, Lucretia R., born in Hiram, O., in 1832, became the wife of\\nJames A. Garfield in 1858. Her name became famous by reason of her\\nhusband s Presidency, and of her care over him during his long period of\\nsuflfering from his mortal wound.\\nGarland, Augustus H., was born in Tennessee in 1832. He opposed\\nsecession in the State Convention in 1861, but served in the Confederate\\nCongress till the close of the war. He won the famous test-oath case in\\n1866, and in 1874 was chosen Governor of Arkansas. He served in the U. S.\\nSenate from 1876 to 1885, and was Attorney-General in Cleveland s Cabinet\\nfrom 1885 to 1889. Died 1899.\\nGarland, Hugh A. (1805-1854), a Virginia Assembly-man for five years,\\nwas clerk of the U. S. House of Representatives from 1838 to 1841. He\\nsecured a Democratic majority at tlic opening session, in 1839, by omit-\\nting the names of the contested New Jersey delegates. (See Broad Seal\\nWar.)", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0284.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United vStatks History. 259\\nGarland s Case, an important case decided by the U. S. Supreme Court\\nin 1866. In i860 A. H. Garland, of Arkansas, was admitted to the Supreme\\nCourt of the United States as attorney and counselor, taking the oath then\\nrequired. In 1862 Congress passed an act requiring all candidates for office\\nto take oath that they had never in any way engaged in hostility against the\\nUnion. In 1865 all persons admitted to the bar of the U. S. Courts were\\nrequired to take this oath. Garland participated in the war against the\\nUnion, but was freely pardoned. He entered a plea before the Supreme\\nCourt in 1866 against his taking the prescribed oath of 1865, saying it was\\nunconstitutional and void as affecting his status in court, and that his pardon\\nreleased him from compliance with it, even if it were constitutional. His\\nplea was granted by the court, on the ground that the act was ex post facto.\\nGarner Case (1856), the saddest of many noted fugitive slave cases.\\nSimeon Garner, his son and their families escaped from Kentucky to Cincin-\\nnati. They were pursued and after a desperate struggle captured. Margaret\\nGarner, in order to save her children from slavery, had attempted to kill\\nthem during the struggle, and one was found dead when the fugitives were\\ncaptured. The courts decided upon returning the slaves. On their way\\nback to Kentucky Margaret made an attempt to drown herself and child.\\nGarnett, Robert S. (1819-1861), born in Virginia, was a Democratic\\nRepresentative from Virginia 1817 to 1827. voted alone against the\\nrecognition of the South American Republics. Commanding Confederate\\nforces in West Virginia, he was defeated and killed at Carrick s Ford.\\nGarrison, William Lloyd (i 805-1 879;, was born in Massachusetts. He\\nbegan his career in the employ of the N ewbiiryport Herald in 1818, making\\nanonymous contributions reproving the general apathy on the subject of\\nslavery. Between 1826 and 1831 he edited various emancipation papers,\\namong them the Herald^ Free Press, National Pkilanlhropist, Journal of the\\nTimes and the Genius of Universal Evtaiicipation. He also delivered series\\nof lectures in the interest of emancipation. From 1831 to i860 he edited\\nthe Liberator, which exerted an immense influence against slavery. In 1832\\nthe American Anti-Slavery Society was formed and organized by him, and\\nsoon afterward he became its president. His efforts for the abolition of\\nslavery were unceasing until the emancipation proclamation of President\\nLincoln had gone into effect. His influence in the anti-slavery cause was\\ngreater than that of any other man. I/ife by his sons, four volumes.\\nGary, James A., born in 1833, college graduate, cotton manufacturer,\\nbanker and politician. Postmaster-General from 1897 to 1898.\\nGas-light was first successfully introduced into Boston in 1822, into New\\nYork in 1823, into Philadelphia in 1835.\\nGaspee. During the spring of 1772 the British armed schooner\\nGaspee remained in Narragansett Bay and annoyed the inhabitants along\\nthe coast by excessive zeal in the suppression of smuggling. Chief Justice\\nHopkins, of Rhode Island, sent a sheriff on board to know by what authority\\nDudingston, her commander, acted, and found he was upheld by the British\\nadmiral. June 9, the Gaspee gave chase to the Providence, a small", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0285.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "26o Dictionary of United States History.\\npacket, and ran aground near Pawtuxet. That night a party of citizens\\nattacked her, wounded and captured Dudingston and the crew, and burned\\nthe Gaspee. Efforts to bring the perpetrators to justice failed.\\nGates, Horatio (1728-1S06), general, born in England, came to America\\nin 1755, and was a captain in Braddock s expedition. At the outbreak of\\nthe Revolution he was appointed adjutant-general in the colonial army, and\\nin 1777 commanded the Northern forces and gained a decisive victory over\\nthe British at Saratoga. Highly honored for this success he overestimated\\nhis abilities and conspired to gain chief command of the colonial army, but\\nhis schemes were disclosed. In 1780 he was placed in command of the\\nSouthern army, and met with a severe defeat at Camden. He was retired\\nfrom command, and was not acquitted by court-martial from blame for this\\ndefeat until 1782.\\nGates, Sir Thomas, was appointed lieutenant-general under the Virginia\\nCompany, and came to Virginia in 1609 with seven ships. The colony did\\nnot prosper, and Gates was sent to England in 1610, returning with men\\nand provisions in 1611. He assumed the government, and the colony became\\nmore prosperous under his rule, which continued till 1614, when he returned\\nto England.\\nGatling, Richard J., was born in North Carolina in 1818. He has\\ninvented various labor-saving devices, but is best known as inventor of the\\nrevolving batterj -gun bearing his name, which is capable of firing 1200\\nshots per minute.\\nGay, Sydney Howard (1814-1888), born in Massachusetts, edited the\\nAnti-Slavoy Standard from 1844 to 1857, when he became an editor of the\\nTribune^ serving as such until 1866. He is the author of an illustrated\\nhistory of the United States.\\nGayarre, Charles E. A., bom in 1805, served in the Louisiana Legislature,\\nwas Secretary of State for se\\\\ en years, and is the author of numerous his-\\ntorical works, chiefly histories of Louisiana in various periods. Died 1895.\\nGeary, John W. (1819-1873), commanded at Chapultepec in 1846, was\\nprominent in California politics from 1849 to 1852, was Governor of Kansas\\n1856-57, and during the Rebellion won distinction at Bolivar Heights, Cedar\\nMountain and Lookout Mountain, being promoted major-general. He was\\nGovernor of Pennsylvania from 1866 to 1873.\\nGeneral. This grade was first created by Act of Congress March 3, 1799,\\nand General Washington was appointed to fill it. The office was abolished\\nin 1802. It was not revived again until 1866, when General Grant was\\nappointed. On the election of Grant to the Presidency, William T. Sherman\\nsucceeded him in the grade of general. On the retirement of General Sher-\\nman, November i, 1883, the ofRce again became extinct. It was revived for\\na brief time (June to August, 1888), for Lieutenant-General Philip H. Sheri-\\ndan. Since his death in 1888 the office has ceased to exist, as has that of\\nlieutenant-general.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0286.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 261\\nGenet, Edmond C. (i 765-1834), was born in France. He was appointed\\nMinister to the United States in 1792, and arrived in Charleston, S. C, in\\n1793. He immediately took steps to induce the United States to aid France\\nin her troubles with Great Britain, and unlawfully commissioned privateers\\nfrom American ports. The executive had determined upon neutrality.\\nGenet succeeded for a time in arousing enthusiasm among the people of the\\nUnited States, and acted so imprudently that Washington s administration\\nrequested his recall in 1794. He was afterward naturalized and became a\\ncitizen of the United States.\\nGeneva Arbitration. A tribunal of arbitration assembled at Geneva in\\nSwitzerland, December 15, 1871, to arbitrate upon the Alabama claims.\\n(See art.) The tribunal consisted of Count Federigo Sclopis, of Italy;\\nViscount Itajuba, of Brazil; Mr. Jacques Staempfli, of Switzerland; Charles\\nFrancis Adams, of the United States, and Sir Alexander Cockburn, of Eng-\\nland. The tribunal decided that an award of compensation for the indirect\\nclaims advanced by America was not in keeping with the principles of\\ninternational law. This preliminary decision was accepted. The tribune\\nalso decided that Great Britain had not exercised due diligence in preventing\\nthe construction, equipment and provisioning of such ships as the Alabama;\\nthat $15,500,000 should be awarded in a gross sum to the United States, but\\nno compensation should be made for the pursuit of cruisers or for prospective\\nearnings.\\nGeneva Convention. A convention was concluded in 1864 for the amel-\\nioration of the condition of the wounded in armies in the field, between\\nSwitzerland, Baden, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Hesse, Italy, Nether-\\nlands, Portugal, Prussia and Wiirttemberg, and acceded to by most civilized\\nnations, including the United States. Additional articles in 1868 extended\\nto naval forces the advantages of the previous convention.\\nGentry, Meredith P. (1809-1866), served in the North Carolina Legisla-\\nture from 1835 to 1839, was a U. S. Congressman from 1839 to 1843 and\\nfrom 1845 to 1853, and served in the Confederate Congress in 1862 and\\n1863.\\nGeographer of the United States, an office created by the Act of May 20,\\n1785. The geographer s duties consisted in the supervision of surveys and\\nin the transmission to the Board of Treasury of the series of plats whenever\\nthe seven ranges of townships had been surveyed.\\nGeological Survey. The U. S. Geological Survey was established by\\nCongress in March, 1879, as a bureau of the Department of the Interior.\\nThe interior surv eys, topographical and geological, heretofore carried on by\\nother Government agencies, were confided to it.\\nGeorge I. (1660-1727), King of Great Britain and Elector of Brunswick,\\nascended the English throne in 1715, and ruled uneventfully over England\\nand the colonies for twelve years.\\nGeorge II, (1683-1760), King of Great Britain from 1727 to 1760, granted\\nin 1732 a tract of country from the reserved Carolina tract to James Ogle-\\nthorpe and a company formed by him. The government of the colony was", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0287.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "262 Dictionary of United Statks History.\\nto be conducted b the proprietors during twenty years, and after that time\\nthe form of government was to be decided by the king. In 1749 George\\nII. granted to the Ohio Company, formed by certain wealthy Virginians,\\n500,000 acres of land, on which they were to plant 100 families, and were to\\nbuild and maintain a fort. (See King George s War, Seven Years War,\\nFrench and Indian War.) His reign is chiefly memorable in American\\nhistory for the conquest of Canada.\\nGeorge III. (i 738-1820), son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, succeeded to\\nthe throne of England in 1760. His obstinate determination to increase the\\nroyal authority had much to do with the provoking of American resistance.\\nAt the outbreak of the Revolution he insisted merely upon maintaining the\\nright to tax the colonies, but when they .showed persistent determination he\\nbecame exasperated and wrote, Every means of distressing America must\\nmeet with my concurrence. Under his direction the war was prosecuted\\nwith vigor and he reluctantly consented to peace in 1782. He was kind-\\nhearted, upright and truthful, with a very forcible character, but was nar-\\nrow-minded and obstinate.\\nGeorge, Henry, born in Philadelphia in 1839, is well known as a writer\\nupon economics. He published various newspapers in California from 1858\\nto 1879. He first became prominent through his work, Progress and\\nPoverty, which advocates a common ownership of land to be brought about\\nby taxing land to the full amount of the rent. He is the author of Social\\nProblems, Protection or Free Trade, etc. Died October 29, 1897.\\nGeorge, james Z., born in 1826, signed the Mississippi ordinance of\\nsecession in 1861 and was a U. S. Senator from Mississippi from 1881 to the\\npresent time (1897). Died August 14, 1897.\\nGeorge, Fort (Niagara River). In the War of 1812, after the capture of\\nYork by the Americans, they moved against Fort George. On May 27, 1813,\\nthe troops were landed under cover of the guns of the fleet. The attack,\\nled by Colonel Winfield Scott and Commodore Perry, was successful. The\\nBritish, after spiking the guns and destroying the ammunition, abandoned\\nthe fort. Soon after. Forts Erie and Chippewa were likewise abandoned, and\\nthe whole Niagara frontier passed into the hands of the Americans.\\nGeorge, Fort, the name given by the French to Fort William Henry.\\n(See William Henry, Fort.)\\nGeorgetown College, D. C, was founded as a college by the Jesuits in\\n1789 and chartered as a university in 1815.\\nGeorgia, one of the original thirteen vStates, was founded by Oglethorpe\\ni!i 1733 as a refuge for debtors. The territory was originally claimed by the\\nSpanish Government, who explored it. In 1663 it constituted a part of the\\nCaroliuas, but in 1732 it was set apart and given to James Oglethorpe and\\nothers, to be held in trust for twenty-one years. The territory was styled\\nGeorgia in honor of George II., and included the land between the Savannah\\nand the Altamaha and the South Sea. The colony was expected to serve as\\na protection to the Carolinas against the Spaniards of Florida. In 1752\\nGeorgia became a royal colony. In 1763 the southern boundary was extended", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0288.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "DicTioNAKv OF United States History. 263\\nto St. ilary s River aud the western boundary to the Mississippi. The State\\nsuffered greatly from war and disorder during the Revolution. The first\\nConstitution was made in 1777; the present in 1868. January 2, 1788,\\nGeorgia unanimously ratified the National Constitution. In 1798 the\\nwestern territory of the State was organized into the Mississippi Territor}-\\nby the U. S. Government. Georgia s claims were satisfied in 1802 by the\\npayment on the part of the United States of $1,250,000, and the promise to\\npurchase for Georgia the claims of the Indians to lands within the State.\\nIn 1795 occurred the Yazoo fraud, by which the western territory was\\nsold to land companies. The sale was afterward repealed, and the land-\\nholders were compensated by the National Government. The State authori-\\nties demanded the fulfillment of the promise of 1802 relative to the Indian\\nremoval, but not until 1826 did the General Government succeed in obtaining\\nthe Georgian lands of the Creeks. The Creeks, however, refused to move,\\nand were protected by the decision of the U. S. Supreme Court. The\\nIndians were eventually driven out by the authorities of Georgia, as Presi-\\ndent Jackson refused to support the decision of the court. Georgia seceded\\nJanuary 19, 1861. During the war Confedei^ate prisons were established at\\nAndersonville and Millen. General Sherman, marching through Georgia,\\ncaptured Atlanta, September 2, 1864, and Savannah, December 21. The\\nreconstruction of the State was delayed until July, 1870, because of the\\nrefusal to extend the suflfrage to the blacks. Since reconstruction the State\\nhas been uniformly Democratic. The population of the State in 1790 was\\n82,548; in 1890 it was 1,837,353. Histories by Jones and by Stevens.\\nGeorgia, an iron steamboat built at Glasgbw in 1863 and used as a\\nConfederate cruiser. She sailed from Glasgow in April, 1863, under the\\nname of the Japan. She destroyed a large number of Union merchant\\nships along the French coast, and then sailed for England, where it was\\ngiven out she was to be chartered by the Portuguese Government. She was\\nnevertheless seized, August 15, 1863, by Captain Craven, commanding the\\nUnited States ship Niagara, aud returned to England.\\nGeorgia Gazette, first newspaper printed in Georgia. It was estab-\\nlished at Savannah by James Johnston, April 17, 1763, and continued until\\n1802, when its publication was suspended.\\nGeorgia Historical Society, founded at Savannah in 1839. It has pub-\\nlished four volumes of papers and part of a fifth. At the instance of the\\nsociety Bishop Stevens undertook his History of Georgia. It possesses\\ninany valuable manuscripts.\\nGerard, Conrad A., died in 1790. He was the first French Minister to\\nthe United States. Having negotiated the treaty between France and the\\nUnited States, he came to America in 1778, returned in 1779, and was active\\nin the negotiations with Great Britain in 1782.\\nGermaine, Lord George (1716\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1785), was appointed colonial secretary by\\nGeorge III. of England in 1775, and superintended the conduct of the\\nBritish forces during the Revolutionary War. He advocated vigorous\\nmeasures against the colonies, enlisted the services of the Six Nations, aud\\nwas influential in the bribery of Benedict Arnold. Resigned in 1782.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0289.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "264 Dictionary of United States History.\\nGerman Empire. One treaty of importance has been concluded between\\nthe United States and the new German Empire, that to define the rights,\\nprivileges and duties of consular agents, and to establish an agreement upon\\ntrade-marks (187 1). A reciprocity treaty was concluded in 1892.\\nGermans. There were more Germans in Pennsylvania than in any other\\nof the colonies. Penn encouraged their immigration. They were largely\\nof sects persecuted in Germany. They were averse to war and indifferent to\\npolitics, but had important influence on the development of manufactures.\\nPalatine, Moravian and other Germans were also settled in large numbers in\\nMaryland, New York, Virginia and the Carolinas, and Salzburgers in\\nGeorgia. They were sober and industrious. In the Revolution they were\\nin general not active. Of immigrants into the United States since 1820,\\nmore than one-third have been Germans. The revolutionary movements of\\n1848 caused the emigration of large numbers to the United States.\\nGermantown, Battle of, October 4, 1777. Howe after occupying Phila-\\ndelphia sent a considerable detachment down the river to seize Forts Mercer\\nand Mifflin. When Washington learned of this he determined to crush the\\nBritish at Germantown. In the early mornjng of October 4 his army in\\ntwo columns, the centre under Sullivan, the left under Greene, advanced\\nupon the village. The central column drove in the British outposts and\\nwas forcing back the British line opposite. Greene also was driving the\\nright back when an accident happened to destroy the whole plan. Stephen,\\nwho was upon the right of Greene s division, came on through the heavy\\nfog, and mistaking the American left-centre for the enemy, charged upon\\nthem. This at once caused a panic and the battle was lost. However, the\\ntroops retreated in good order before Cornwallis, who had hurried from\\nPhiladelphia with two battalions. The Americans lost 673, the British 575.\\nGeronimo, a chief of the Chiricahuas of the Apache tribe of Indians.\\nHe was captured by General Miles in 1 886 for making depredations, and was\\nplaced under surveillance at Fort Perkins, Florida.\\nGerry, Elbridge (1744-1814), Vice-President,born in Massachusetts, was a\\nmember of the Massachusetts colonial House of Representatives from 1772\\nto 1775 and a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1780 and\\nfrom 1783 to 1785. He signed the Declaration of Independence and aided\\nin framing the Constitution, but refused to sign it, believing that too great\\npowers were delegated to the National Government. He was elected a\\nRepresentative from Massachusetts to the first U. S. Congress in 1789 and\\nserved till 1793. He was a special commissioner to France in 1797 with\\nPinckney and Marshall, and was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1810\\nand 1811. He was elected Vice-President of the United States in 1812 as a\\nDemocrat and served until his death (1813-1814). Life by Austin.\\nGerrymander, an arrangement of the boundaries of election districts so\\ncontrived as to secure an unfair advantage to the dominant party. In colo-\\nnial times elections were by counties or by towns, and the gerrymander was\\nnot developed. The first gern mander has been said to be an arrangement\\nof Patrick Henry s, whereby Madison should not be elected to the First", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0290.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 265\\nCongress. But in reality the districting of Virginia at that time was not\\nclearly unfair. The name arose from a redistricting scheme carried out by\\nthe Republicans of Massachusetts in 181 1, in accordance with which the Essex\\nDistrict bore a fanciful resemblance to a salamander. Hence the name\\ngerr -mander was given to it from Governor Elbridge Gerry, under whom\\nthe act was passed. The practice has since become well-nigh universal in\\nAmerican politics, with most injurious effects upon public morality.\\nGetty, George W., bom in 181 9, was promoted major-geneial for gallantry\\nduring the Civil War, serving in the Virginia campaign and having a com-\\nmand at Yorktown, Antietani, Fredericksburg and the Wilderness. He\\ndefended Washington, and served in the Shenandoah campaign. He retired\\nin 1883.\\nGettysburg, Pa., a memorable battle of the Civil War, considered the\\nturning point of the struggle between the Confederates and Federals. The\\nConfederates numbering 70,000, under Lee, were defeated by the Union\\nArmy, led by Meade, finally numbering 93,000. The battle occurred July 1-3,\\n1863. Lee, having pushed thus far in his great invasion of the North, lay\\nat Chambersburg awaiting the results of disturbances among the Copper-\\nhead faction in the Northern cities. Ewell was posted between York and\\nCarlisle with a strong Confederate force. Longstreet s columns and Stuart s\\ncavalry were also separated from the main Confederate command. Meade\\nhad just taken command of the National troops, vice Hooker, resigned, had\\nordered the evacuation of Harper s Ferry, and contemplated a concentration\\nof his forces at Pipe Creek, fifteen miles from Gettysburg, hoping to offer\\nbattle to Lee at that place. The absence of Stuart s cavalry prevented Lee\\nfrom ascertaining the strength of the Nationals. Meade s plans of battle at\\nPipe Creek were frustrated, July i, by an attack by the Confederates upon\\nReynolds division at Gettysburg. Reynolds, though supported by Buford s\\ncavalry, was routed and killed. The fighting became general. Ewell s and\\nLongstreet s columns had arrived, and Meade sent Howard to assume com-\\nmand of the National field. Howard placed his forces upon the right,\\nextending his line beyond the town to the north. This line was broken in\\nthe centre by Lee s repeated charges, but not without severe losses to the\\nConfederates. Hancock arrived and rallied the Federals, placing his line\\nalong Round Top and Little Round Top, two strong positions. The National\\nline now was, beginning with the right: Slocum s, Howard s, Hancock s and\\nSykes with Sedgwick in reserve. The bloodiest fighting of the day, July 2,\\nwas between Vincent s and Hood s men on Little Round Top. The battles\\nof the first two days were indecisive. Meade began the attack, July 3, by\\ndriving Ewell from his position on Rock Creek. Then followed Pickett s\\ndisastrous charge upon Cemetery Ridge, in which 4600 Confederates were\\nkilled and wounded. Lee was obliged to retreat. The Nationals lost\\n19,000 killed and wounded the Confederate loss was officially reported at\\nabout 18,000. Many generals were killed on both sides.\\nGhent, Treaty of, a treaty of peace concluded between British and Ameri-\\ncan commissioners, assembled at Ghent in 1814. Clay, Adams, Gallatin,\\nBayard and Russell represented the United States. The treaty was con-\\ncluded December 24, 1814, and was ratified early in 1815. It provided for", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0291.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "266 Dictionary of United States History.\\nuniversal peace between the belligerents; the mutual restoration of territory,\\nproperty and archives; a cessation of hostilities immediately upon ratifica-\\ntion; a restoration of prisoners of war; an establishment of the disputed\\nnortheastern boundary by construction of the treaty of 1783, with possible\\nfinal reference to some friendly power; other boundary questions to be dis-\\nposed of in a similar manner; and a mutual promotion of the abolition of\\nthe slave trade. Nothing was said of the impressment of seamen, the search\\nof American vessels, and the oppressive decrees respecting neutral commerce\\nthe three grievances which mainly caused the war.\\nGherardi, Bancroft, born in 1832, nephew of George Bancroft, entered\\nthe navy in 1846, was made lieutenant-commander in 1862, and in com-\\nmand of the Port Royal distinguished himself at Mobile Bay. He\\nbecame a commodore in 1884, and a rear-admiral in 1886.\\nGibbon, John, born in 1827, served during the Mexican War, and in the\\nCivil War, on the Federal side, taking part in the battles of South Mountain,\\nAntietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and the Wilderness.\\nHe is author of an essay on Our Indian Question. Died 1896.\\nGibbons, James, Roman Catholic prelate, born in Maryland in 1834,\\nordained a priest in 1861, became Archbishop of Baltimore in 1877, and was\\nconfirmed cardinal in 1886.\\nGibbons vs. Ogden, an important case in the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nAaron Ogden, having obtained by assignment the exclusive right of nr.vi-\\ngation of all waters within the jurisdiction of the State of New York,\\ngranted by that State to Livingston and Fulton for thirty years, beginning\\n1808, filed a bill in the Court of Chancery of New York for an injunction\\nagainst one Gibbons, of New Jersey, who possessed two steamboats running\\nbetween New York and Elizabethtown, N. J. The injunction was granted.\\nGibbons appealed to the Supreme Court in 1824. Tlie court gave judg-\\nment for the appellant, it being deemed that the granting of exclusive navi\\ngation of waters within the State of New York b} that State s LegislaturCj\\nextending to coastwise traffic with another State, was repugnant to the\\nclause of the Constitution of the United States authorizing Congress to\\nregulate commerce.\\nGibson, Randall L. (1832-1892), Senator, entered the Confederate army as\\na private, and rose to various commands at Shiloh, Murfreesboro and Chicka-\\nmauga. He represented Louisiana in the U. S. Congress from 1875 to 1883,\\nand in the Senate from 1883 to 1892.\\nGiddings, Joshua R. (1795-1864), was born in Pennsylvania. He served\\nin the Ohio militia during the War of 1812, after which he studied law and\\nwas admitted to the bar in 1820. He was elected to the State Legislature\\nin 1826, and was a Representative from Ohio in the U. S. Congress fronv\\n1838 to 1859, during which time he was prominent as an advocate of the-\\nright of petition and one of the foremost opponents of slavery. In 1842 he-\\nwas censured by the House of Representatives for his advocacy of anti-\\nslavery measures. He at once resigned, and was triumphantly re-elected.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0292.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statks History. 267\\n111 1861 he was appointed Consul-General in Canada, and in 1864 published\\na histor} of the Rebellion.\\nGilbert, Sir Humphrey (1539-1584), Engli,sh navigator, half brother of\\nSir Walter Raleigh, sought to discover a northwest passage to India, and\\nwrote a treatise on the subject. In 1578 he made an expedition which met\\nwith no success. In 1583 he planted a colon) at Newfoundland which did\\nnot prosper. On his return he was lost at sea.\\nGiles, William B. (1762\u00e2\u0080\u00941830), represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress\\nfrom 1790 to 1799, 1801 to 1803, and in the Senate from 1804 to 1815. In\\n1826 he was a member of the Virginia Legislature, and was Governor of the\\nState from 1826 to 1829. He was a skillful parliamentary leader.\\nGillmore, Quincy A. (1825\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1888), was born in Ohio. He was graduated\\nat the U. S. Military Academy in 1849, was chief of engineers in the Port\\nRoyal expedition in 1 861, superintended the attack on Fort Pulaski, defeated\\nthe Confederates at Somerset in 1862, commanded at Fort Sumter, Fort\\nWagner and Morris Island, and was promoted major-general for services at\\nCharleston. He was an authority in engineering subjects.\\nGilman, Arthur, born in Illinois in 1837, in 1876 established the\\nHarvard Annex, of which he has since been executive officer. He has\\ncontributed largely to historical study.\\nGilman, Daniel C, born in 1831, one of the foremost of American edu-\\ncators, was associated with Yale College from 1856 to 1872, and was presi-\\ndent of the University of California from 1872 to 1875, since which time he\\nhas been president of the Johns Hopkins University.\\nGilman, Nicholas (1755-1814), promoted adjutant-general during the\\nRevolution, was a New Hampshire delegate to the Continental Congress\\nfrom 1786 to 1788, a U. S. Representative from 1789 to 1797, and a Senator\\nfrom 1805 to 1 814.\\nGilmer, Thomas W., died in 1844, was Governor of Virginia from 1840\\nto 1841. Pie was a U. S. Democratic Congressman from 1841 to 1844. He\\nwas Secretary of the Navy in Tyler s Cabinet in 1844, and was killed in the\\nPrinceton disaster.\\nGilmore, James R., born in Massachusetts in 1823, at the beginning of\\nthe Civil War published influential novels portraying Southern life.\\nGilpin, Henry D. (1801-1860), was U. S. attorney for Pennsylvania in\\n1832, solicitor of the U. S. Treasury in 1837, and Attorney-General for the\\nUnited States from 1840 to 1841, and was deeply interested in historical\\nwork. He edited the papers of James Madison, 1840.\\nGirard, Stephen (1750-1831), was born in France, but came to Phila-\\ndelphia about 1776. He amassed an immense fortune by commercial enter-\\nprises and speculation during financial crises. During the War of 181 2 he\\ngreatly aided the Government by a loan of $5,000,000. He was rigidl}-\\nfrugal and inhospitable in private life, but very generous in public affairs,\\ngiving large sums for public and charitable purposes. He founded Girard\\nCollege for orphans at Philadelphia.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0293.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "268 Dictionary of United States History.\\nGirty, Simon (i750?-i8i5), a Kentucky loyalist who led the Indians in\\ntheir depredations during the Revolutionary War and in the War of 1812,\\ncommitting many atrocious deeds.\\nGist, Mordecai (i 743-1 792), was elected captain of the first Maryland\\ncompany in the Revolutionary War, fought at Camden in 1780, and gained\\na victory over the British at Combahee in 1782.\\nGlass. The first mention of the manufacture of glass in the United\\nStates is in Captain John Smith s History of Virginia, in which he speaks\\nof a glass factory having been founded at Jamestown in 1615, and a second\\nin 1622. The work was coarse, being chiefly confined to bottles. In 1754,\\na successful factory was established in Brooklyn by Bamper, a Dutchman.\\nIn 1779, factories were founded at Temple, N. H., and in 1795 the industry\\nwas begun at Pittsburgh. By 1813 there were five glass factories, valued\\nat $160,000, at Pittsburgh. In 1840 there were eighty-one factories in the\\nStates, having a capital of $2,014,100. By 1870, 201 factories flourished in\\ndifferent places, having a total capital of $14,111,642. Since then the\\nindustry has rapidly increased.\\nGlazier, Willard, born in 1841, a lieutenant in the Civil War, was con-\\nfined in Southern prisons from 1863 to 1864, and wrote Capture, Prison-\\nPen and Escape, a popular account of his experiences.\\nGlendale, or Frayser s Farm, Va., a battle in the Peninsular campaign of\\nthe Civil War, occurring June 30, 1863. McClellan s army had just emerged\\nfrom White Oak Swamp, where had also been a fierce battle with Jackson s\\ntroops. Hill and Longstreet fell upon the Federal rear and there was terrific\\nfighting all the afternoon. McCall s division of the Federals fared worst and\\nthat leader was captured. Darkness ended this indecisive battle. This fight\\nis also called Nelson s Farm and Charles City Cross-Roads.\\nGlobe, a newspaper established at Washington by Francis P. Blair in\\n1830, and succeeding the U. S. Telegraph as the official organ of Jackson s\\nadministration. Later as the Congressional Globe it became the publisher\\nof official debates, and is now continued as the Congressional Record, pub-\\nlished by Congress.\\nGlobe, Congressional. A continuation of the Register of Debates,\\ncontaining in loS volumes a verbatim report of Congressional proceedings,\\ndebates and laws from 1837 to 1872. Its place was then taken by the Con-\\ngressional Record.\\nGnadenhutten, a settlement of Indians, christianized by the Moravians,\\nmade in 1783. It was situated on the Muskingum River. For many years\\nthis village and the sister settlements of Salem and Schonbrunn were peace-\\nful and prosperous. In 1781 Matthew Elliott, leading 300 whites and\\nHurons, appeared at Gnadenhiitten and urged the missionaries and Indians\\nto depart to Sandusky. They did so, but returned the next year. Another\\ntroop of soldiers, frontiersmen and savages, imder Colonel Williamson, and\\nwithout civil or military authority, appeared, and brutally butchered the\\nentire tribe, destroying their thriving village.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0294.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 269\\nGodkin, Edwin L., born in England in 1831, came to America in 1856.\\nIn 1865 he established the Nation^ and since 1881 has been an editor of the\\nEvening Post.\\nGod-Speed, a vessel sent in 1602 with the Discovery by the East\\nIndia Company on a voyage of exploration toward Greenland. She was\\nafterward sent with the Susan Constant and the Discovery with\\ncolonists to Virginia in 1606 by the Virginia Company.\\nGodwin, Parke, born in 1816, was connected with the New York Evening\\nPost from 1837 to 1853, contributed largely to the Detnocratic Rer iew, and\\npublished political, biographical and historical works, especially a history\\nof France to 843 A. D.\\nGoff, Nathan, born in 1843, promoted major during the Civil War,\\nand was elected to the West Virginia Legislature in 1867. He was State\\nDistrict Attorney from 1868 to 1881, Secretary of the Navy in 1881 and a\\nU. S. Congressman from 1884 to 1890.\\nGoffe, William (1605-1679), regicide, was born in England. He became\\na major-general in the English army, was one of the judges who sentenced\\nCharles I. to death, and was prominent in political afiairs during the Pro-\\ntectorate. Upon the return of Charles II., he fled to America in 1660, landing\\nat Boston. He was concealed in New Haven from 1661 to 1664, when he\\nwent to Hadley, Mass., where he remained until just before his death.\\nGold. The first law affecting the coinage of gold into lawful money was\\nenacted April 2, 1792. By this law any person could have gold bullion con-\\nverted into coin eleven parts pure to one part alloy. Its ratio to silver was\\nfifteen to one, and gold coins were legal tender to any amount. In March,\\n1795, a charge of four cents per ounce was made for coining gold bullion\\nbelow the standard. Under the law of April 21, 1800, a sum was retained\\nfor coining gold below the standard. January 18, 1837, the standard gold\\ncoin was made nine-tenths pure and one-tenth alloy. February 21, 1853, it\\nwas enacted that gold coins were to be exchanged for silver coins at par in\\nsums not exceeding $100, and a charge of one-half per cent was made for\\nrefining. February 12, 1873, it was enacted that one-fifth of one per cent\\nwas to be charged for coining standard gold. By the law of January 14,\\n1875, no charge was to be made for converting standard gold bullion into\\ncoin. For the history of the individual coins, see Double Eagle, Eagle, Half\\nEagle, Three-Dollar Piece, Quarter Eagle and Dollar.\\nGold, Production of. Up to 1830 the amount of gold produced in the\\nUnited States was exceedingly small. In the next two decades an annual\\naverage of $700,000 was obtained from the mines in the Southern States.\\nThe discovery of gold in California raised the annual product to $10,000,000\\nin 1848, to $40,000,000 in 1849, and to $50,000,000 in 1850. In 1853 it\\nreached its maximum, $65,000,000. In the decade 1861-70 it averaged $47-\\n000,000; in the decade 1871-80, $40,000,000; in the decade 1881-90, about\\n$34,000,000. In 1892-93 it was $33,000,000.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0295.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "270 Dictionary oi? United States History.\\nGolden Circle, Knights of the, an organization formed among the\\nCopperheads during the Civil War to rescue Confederate prisoners held\\nby the United States.\\nGolden Hind, the vessel which accompanied Sir Humphrey Gilbert s\\nSquirrel in the colonization expedition of 1583. Gilbert was lost, and\\nCaptain Edward Haies returned with the Golden Hind to England bear-\\ning the news.\\nGoldsborough, Louis M. (1805-1877), entered the navy at the age of\\nseven, served in the Mediterranean in 1827, promoted commander in\\n1841, and aided in the bombardment of Vera Cruz in 1847. In 1861 he was\\nin command of the North Atlantic squadron, and planned the capture o.\\nRoanoke Island in 1862. He retired in 1873, as rear-admiral, having been\\nlonger in the service than any other officer.\\nGooch, Sir William (1681-1751), was Governor of Virginia from 1727 to\\n1747, when he returned to England. He was created a baronet in 1746, and\\nwas appointed major-general.\\nGoodhue, Benjamin (1748-1814), a Massachusetts member of the Con-\\ntinental Congress from 1784 to 1789, was a U. S. Congressman from 1789 to\\n1795, and a (Federalist) Senator from 1796 to 1800. He drafted many of\\nthe present revenue laws, and served on the Committee on Commerce in the\\nSenate.\\nGoodrich, Samuel G. (i 793-1 860), served in the Massachusetts Senate in\\n1838 and 1839, and was U. S. Consul at Paris from 1851 to 1855. He\\npublished many juvenile and educational works, usually under the name of\\nPeter Parley, famous among which was a popular history of the United\\nStates.\\nGoodyear, Charles (1800-1860), was born in Connecticut. By persistent\\nexperiment he discovered the vulcanizing process by which he rendered\\nindia-rvibber useful.\\nGordon, John B., born in 1832, was promoted lieutenant-general in the\\nConfederate service, represented Georgia in the U. S. Senate from 1873 to\\n1880, and was elected Governor of Georgia in 1886.\\nGordon, William (1730-1807), an Englishman, emigrated to Massachu-\\nsetts in 1770, and was active in Massachusetts politics. He returned to Eng-\\nland in 1786, and published a valuable History of the Rise, Progress and\\nEstablishment of the Independence of the United States.\\nGorgeana, a town incorporated in 1642 under the grant of the charter\\nof Maine to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and others. The grant was made\\nDecember 2, 1631, of 24,000 acres on both sides of the Acomenticus River.\\nGorgeana was founded in 1641 as Acomenticus.\\nGorges, Sir Ferdinando (i565?-i647), was one of the founders of the\\noriginal Plymouth Company, and sent out a number of unsuccessful expedi-\\ntions to the New England coast. In 1620 he became a member of the\\nCouncil for New England. In 1623 he, with Mason, obtained a grant of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0296.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United vStates History. 271\\nNorthern New England; iu 1629, of Western Maine, separately. Under a\\nfuller proprietary grant of 1639, ^e established a government at Saco, Aco-\\nmenticus and Gorgeana.\\nGorman, Arthur P., born in 1839, was a page in the U. S. Senate from\\n1852 to 1866, served in the Maryland Legislature from 1869 ^879, and\\nhas been a U. S. Senator from r88i to 1897^ He is one of the chief Demo-\\ncratic political managers.\\nGorton, Samuel (i6oo?-i677), emigrated to America from England in\\n1636, was banished from Massachusetts for religious reasons, and finally\\nsettled in Rhode Island, where he founded a religious sect. He afterward\\nnamed the place Warwick, in honor of the earl from whom he obtained\\nredress for his grievances, when iu 1644-1647 he was persecuted by\\nMassachusetts.\\nGosnold, Bartholomew, died in 1607, an English navigator appointed by\\nLord Southampton to found a colony in New England. He landed on the\\ncoast of Maine, sailed around Cape Cod, and planted an unsuccessful colony\\nin Buzzard s Bay on the island of Cuttyhunk. He sailed on another expedi-\\ntion with Newport in 1606, and assisted in founding Jamestown.\\nGough, John B. (1817-1886), came to America from England in 1829.\\nHe led a dissipated life imtil 1842, when he reformed and devoted his efforts\\nto temperance reform. He relied entirelj on moral influences and disre-\\ngarded organized or legislative efforts. He was famous as an orator.\\nGould, Hannah F. (1789-1865), born in Massachusetts, was an extensive\\ncontributor of verse to various periodicals, and published several popular\\npoetical works.\\nGould, Jay (1836-1893), first engaged in surveying, but entered the broker-\\nage business in 1857 and amassed an immense fortune through railroad\\nspeculations. He was said to control nearly one-eighth of the railroad mile-\\nage in the United States.\\nGourgues, Dominique de (1537-1593), a French soldier, set sail in 1567,\\nwith three vessels and about 230 men, to punish the Spaniards led by\\nMenendez, for killing French explorers in Florida. He enlisted the services\\nof the Indians and attacked Fort San Mateo on the St. John s River, Florida,\\ncompletely annihilated the garrison, and likewise destro3 ed the fortifications\\nat the mouth of the river.\\nGovernor. When the American colonies were founded, Governor was\\nused in two senses in England, to denote the commander of a fortified post,\\nlike Hull or Tangier, and to denote the head of a great trading corporation,\\nlike the East India Company or the Massachusetts Company. The Governor\\nof an American colony got his name by derivation from both these sources,\\nprobably. When the Revolution broke out and the royal Governors fled, the\\nnew State Constitutions usually made provision for a single executive, called\\nthe Governor. At first he was chosen by the Legislatures in most States\\nsouth of New York, but now by the people. In the colonial period, th\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0297.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "272 Dictionary of United States History.\\nGovernors of Rhode Island, of Connecticut, and of Massachusetts down to\\n1691, were chosen by the people; those of proprietary colonies by the pro-\\nprietors; those of royal colonies by the crown.\\nGovernor s Island, N. Y., called Nutten Island by its original settlers,\\nthe Dutch, received its present name from having been the property of\\nGovernor Wouter van Twiller. It was fortified and occupied by the colonial\\ntroops during the Revolution.\\nGraduation Act, an act passed by Congress in 1854 to cheapen, for the\\nbenefit of actual settlers and for adjoining farms, the price of lands which\\nhad been long on the market.\\nGrady, Henry W. (i 851-1889), journalist and orator, became associated\\nwith the Atlanta Constitution in 1880. He made himself the spokesman of\\nthe New South, and delivered a famous speech on The New South in\\n1886, and one upon The Future of the Negro in 1889.\\nGrafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke of (1736-1811), English states-\\nman, opposed Townsend s policy of taxing the American colonies in 1766.\\nHe sought to prevent the war with the colonies, and opposed the measures\\nof lyord North.\\nGraham, George (i772?-i83o), commanded in the War of 1812, was act-\\ning Secretary of War from 181 5 to 181 7, and was U. S. Land Commissioner\\nfrom 1823 to 1830.\\nGraham, William A. (1804-1875), represented North Carolina in the\\nU. S. Senate from 1840 to 1843, was Governor of the State from 1845 to\\n1849, Secretary of the Navy in Fillmore s Cabinet from 1850 to 1853, and\\nWhig candidate for Vice-President in 1852.\\nGrahame, James (1790-1842), born in Scotland, published a History of\\nthe Rise and Progress of the United States of North America till the British\\nRevolution of 1688, which was recognized as a thorough and authoritative\\nwork.\\nGranby Token, a private or unauthorized coinage issued in Connecticut\\nin 1737 by John Higley, of Granby. It was made of copper. Obverse, a\\ndeer and legend, Value Me as You Please; Roman numerals III. and crescent.\\nReverse, three hammers upon a triangular field, each bearing a crown. Legend:\\nI Am Good Copper.\\nGrand Army of the Republic, organized during the winter of 1865-66 at\\nSpringfield, 111., chiefly through the activity of Dr. B. F. Stephenson, late\\nsurgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois Infantry. The first post was established\\nat Decatur, 111., in 1866. The ritual is secret. All soldiers and sailors of\\nthe U. S. army, navy and marine corps between April 12, 1861, and April 9,\\n1865, are eligible for membership, provided they have had an honorable\\ndischarge. The membership in 1893 was 407,781. National conventions\\nhave been held each year. The first commander-in-chief was Stephen A.\\nHurlbut, of Illinois. Grand army posts have been established in nearly every\\ncity in the North and West.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0298.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 273\\nGrand Gulf, Miss., assaulted, during Grant s expedition along the Missis-\\nsippi, by that general and Admiral Porter, who commanded eight Federal\\ngunboats, April 29, 1863. Wade held the place with a small Confederate\\nforce. The position was bombarded for some hours without avail.\\nGranger, Francis (1792-1868), son of Gideon, a New York Assemblyman\\nfrom 1826 to 1 83 1, was National Republican candidate for Vice-President in\\n1836, a U. vS. Congi-essman from 1835 to 1837 and from 1839 to 1843, and\\nwas Whig Postmaster-General in 1841.\\nGranger, Gideon (1767\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1822), served in the Connecticut Legislature, and\\nwas one of the originators of the school fund. He was Postmaster-General\\nof the United States from 1801 to 1814 in the Cabinets of Jefferson and\\nMadison, and was a member of the New York Senate from 181 9 to 1821\\nwhere he advocated an extensive system of internal improvements.\\nGranger, Gordon (i 821-1876), active in the Mexican War at Vera Cruz,\\nChapultepec and cit of Mexico, fought on the Federal side during the Civil\\nWar at Island No. 10, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge and Mobile, and was\\nbreve tted major-general.\\nGranger, Robert S., general, born in 1816, promoted captain in the Mex-\\nican War, liad commands in the Civil War at Lebanon, Lawrenceburg, in\\nNashville and Middle Tennessee in 1863, and Alabama in 1864. He retired\\nin 1873. Died 1894.\\nGrangers. The popular name for the Patrons of Husbandry, a secret\\nassociation devoted to the promotion of agricultural interests, organized in\\nWashington, December 4, 1867. By the end of 1875 it numbered 1,500,000\\nmembers in every section of the United States. Its organization was some-\\nwhat similar to that of the Freemasons, but both men and women were\\nadmitted to membership. Though fundamentally non-political, it exerted\\nconsiderable political influence in its contests with railroad corporations\\nfor cheaper rates.\\nGrant, James (1720-1806), met with a severe defeat in command of an\\nexpedition against Fort Duquesne in 1758. He commanded two brigades of\\nBritish troops at Long Island, and was in command of New Jersey during\\nthe battles of Trenton and Princeton. He served as a major-general in the\\nbattles of Brandywine and Germantown in 1777, and defeated Lee at\\nMonmouth in 1778.\\nGrant, Julia Dent, born in 1826, married General Grant in 1848, was with\\nhim, when practicable, during the Civil War, and accompanied him in his\\ntravels.\\nGrant, Ulysses S. (1822-1885), the greatest Federal general in the Civil\\nWar, was born at Point Pleasant, O., and was graduated from West Point\\nin 1843. He was commissioned a lieutenant, fought in the battles of Palo\\nAlto and Resaca de la Palma, and was brevetted captain in 1847 conduct\\nat Chapultepec. In 1854 he resigned his commission and engaged in business\\nuntil 1861. Soon after the outbreak of the war he was given command of\\n18", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0299.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "274 Dictionary of United States History.\\nthe forces at Cairo, 111., and in 1861 seized Paducah. In 1862 he gained pos-\\nses.sion of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, strongly contested points, the\\nsurrender of which was the first brilliant victor}- of the national arms. For\\nthis success he was commissioned major-general. In conjunction with the\\nforces of General Buell he defeated the Confederates at Pittsburg Landing\\nand soon afterward was assigned to command in Tennessee. He defeated\\nGeneral Price (1863) and succeeded in taking Vicksburg from Pendleton after\\nrepeated attacks. Having thus secured the Mississippi, he was appointed\\nmajor-general in the regular army and placed in command of the Western\\narmy. He gained brilliant victories about Chattanooga and was appointed\\nby President Lincoln to the newly revived rank of lieutenant-general. Leav-\\ning Sherman to conduct the chief Western army from Tennessee to the sea,\\nhe assumed control of the movements against the Confederates defending\\nRichmond, commanded by General Lee. With dogged persistence and at\\ngreat sacrifice of life he fought the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania\\nand Cold Harbor, destroying the railroads which brought supplies to the\\nConfederates, taking Petersburg in 1865 and compelling the entire command\\nto surrender on April 9 at Appomattox Court House, thereby ending the war.\\nIn the period of reconstruction which followed he played a most honorable\\npart, often being placed in difScult positions by the animosity between Presi-\\ndent Johnson and Congress. In 1868 he was unanimously nominated for\\nPresident by the Republicans, was elected and served two terms, from 1868\\nto 1876. During his administration occurred the passage of the Fifteenth\\nAmendment, the funding of the national debt, civil service reform was\\ninaugurated, the Treaty of Washington was negotiated with Great Britain,\\nand specie payment was resumed in 1875. He possessed an unassuming\\nmanner, yet was self-reliant and prompt in his decisions, calm and patient\\nin all circumstances, and won the admiration of all by his moral and physical\\ncourage. He published Personal Memoirs.\\nGrasse, Francois J. P., Count de (1723-1788), bom in France, was\\nappointed commander of a French fleet of twenty-nine vessels and 3000\\nmen to aid the American colonists in 1781. He aided in the siege of York-\\ntown, blockading the York and James Rivers, and sent troops to aid in the\\ndecisive engagement by which Cornwallis was compelled to surrender.\\nGray, Asa (1810-1888), born in New York, was recognized both in this\\ncountry and in Europe as one of the most eminent botanists of his time.\\nHe published a large number of valuable botanical works.\\nGray, Elisha, born in 1835, is a successful inventor of various electrical\\nappliances, chiefly for the telegraph and telephone, among them being his\\nspeaking telephone and multiplex telegraph.\\nGray, George, bom in 1840, Attorney-General of Delaware from 1879 to\\n1885, delegate to the National Democratic Conventions of 1876, 1880 and\\n1884, U. S. Senator from 1885 to 1899. Peace Commissioner in 1898, U. S.\\nCircuit Judge, 1899.\\nGray, Horace, born in 1828, reporter of the Massachusetts Supreme Court\\nfrom 1854 to 1861, Associate Justice of it from 1864 to 1873, then Chief\\nJustice. He was appointed a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court in 1882.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0300.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 275\\nGray, Isaac P., born in 1828, was a captain in the Civil War, and ser^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2e\u00e2\u0096\u00a0l\\nin the Indiana Senate from 1868 to 1872, when he was elected Lieutenant-\\nGovernor. He was Governor from 1885 to 1889, as a Democrat. Died 1895.\\nGray, Robert (1755-1806), born in Rhode Island, traded with the Indians\\non the northwest coast, and returned in 1790 via China, being the first to\\ncarry the American flag around the world. He sailed into the Columbia\\nRiver in 1792, from which arose the i\\\\.merican claim to Oregon.\\nGreat Awakening, a religious revival between 1734 and 1744, through\\nMassachusetts and Connecticut, induced by the eloquence of Jonathan\\nEdwards and George Whitefield. Edwards had a parish at Northampton,\\nWhitefield was an Englishman. Their preaching aroused the greatest\\nreligious enthusiasm, and made hundreds of convert. Tlie awakening was\\nlooked upon with disfavor in England.\\nGreat Bridge, Va., an engagement of the Revolution, occurring Decem-\\nber 9, 1775, near the Dismal Swamp, between Lord Dunniore, commanding\\na band of British and Tories, and Colonel Woodford leading 300 colonial\\nsoldiers. Dunmore attacked Woodford s camp, and was defeated with the\\nloss of 100 men, Woodford sustaining no loss.\\nGreat Britain. (See also Revolution.) The definitive treaty of peace\\nwhich ended the Revolutionary War between the United States and Great\\nBritain was concluded September 3, 1783. Failure to fulfill some of the\\nprovisions of this treaty notably the evacuation of the northern frontier\\nposts led to the negotiation of the Jay Treaty. This concession (of evacu-\\nation) with some doubtful commercial privileges was almost the only advan-\\ntage secured by the new treaty, which gave more than it gained, and proved\\nvery unpopular, though it was ratified. British orders in council, damaging\\nto American commerce, and the arbitrary impressment of American seamen,\\nresulted in the War of 181 2-1 5 (see next art.), which was ended by the\\ntreaty of peace known as the Treaty of Ghent, which provided for commis-\\nsions to settle the northern boundary. A commercial convention was con-\\ncluded in 1815. The Convention of 1818 reaffirmed the right of the United\\nStates to the enjoyment of the northeastern fisheries subject to certain\\nrenunciations. It referred to arbitration the question of the return of the\\nslaves captured during the War of 181 2, which was finally decided in favor\\nof the United States, and an indemnity paid. It attempted to settle the\\nnorthwest boundary The Ashburton Treaty of 1842 determined the long-\\ndisputed northeast boundary and provided for the mutual suppression of the\\nslave trade. The acquisition of California and the question of its approaches\\nacross the Isthmus led to new difficulties with Great Britain. The Claj--\\nton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 was concluded to settle all difficulties as to Cen-\\ntral American rights, but a difficulty of interpretation led to the conclusion\\nof the Dallas-Clarendon Treaty of 1854, which failed of ratification, and the\\nmatter was not satisfactorily adjusted for several years. In 1853 a claims\\nconvention was concluded, a reciprocity treaty in 1854, a treaty for the", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0301.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "276 Dictionary of United States History.\\nsuppression of the slave trade in 1862 afterward modified. A uaturaliza\\ntion convention was concluded in 1870. A treaty (Treaty of Washington)\\nwas concluded May 8, 1871, to settle questions arising from the American\\nCivil War. It provided for a commission of arbitration which awarded\\n$15,500,000 to the United States, and settled important questions of inter-\\nnational law. (See Alabama Claims and Geneva Arbitration.) This\\ntreaty further adjusted differences relating to the northeastern fisheries, and\\n$5,500,000 were awarded to Great Britain. Also the northwestern boundary\\ndispute (or San Juan question) was referred to the Emperor of Germany,\\nwho decided in favor of the United States. An extradition treaty was con-\\ncluded in 1890. The latest difficulty between the two nations has been the\\nBehring Sea dispute. This arose over the right to take seals in certain\\nwaters claimed by the United States as under its exclusive jurisdiction. A\\ntreaty of arbitration was signed February 29, 1892, which provided for a\\ntribunal of arbitration. It met in Paris, and on August 15, 1893, signed\\nan agreement which denies exclusive American jurisdiction beyond the\\nthree-mile limit, and grants damages for seizures by the United States, but\\nestablishes protective regulations binding upon both nations. In 1892 a\\nreciprocity treaty was concluded respecting the British West Indies.\\nGreat Britain, Second War with. The war between England and\\nFrance, resumed in 1803, resulted in innumerable aggressions upon the\\ncommerce of neutrals. The Berlin and Milan Decrees and the orders in\\ncouncil, issued by the two combatants in the effort to destroy each other s\\nresources, subjected to capture on the one hand all vessels trading with Eng-\\nland, and on the other hand all vessels trading with France or regions subject\\nto France practically nearly the whole continent of Europe. England,\\nmoreover, insisted on the impressment of seamen and the exercise of the\\nright of search. The Non-Importation Act, the embargo and the Non-Inter-\\ncourse Act brought neither belligerent to terms, and negotiations with Eng-\\nland failed to check British aggressions. The result was the growth, espe-\\ncially in the West, of a resolute war party, led by Clay, Calhoun, Crawford,\\nGrundy, Cheves, Lowndes and others, who succeeded in forcing President\\nMadison s hand, and in June, 1812, brought on a declaration of war with\\nEngland. The military and naval forces of the United States were exceed-\\ningly small in comparison with those of Great Britain, the country disunited\\nand the executive weak. The theatre of land operations was at first the\\nCanadian frontier. In 181 2 the Americans lost Detroit and Chicago, and\\nwere checked in attempts to invade Canada by way of Niagara. In 181 3\\nPerry s victory on Lake Erie secured that lake and Detroit, but in the\\nregions of Ontario and the St. Lawrence an American occupation of Upper\\nCanada proved temporary and no substantial gains were made. On the sea\\nthe little American navy won brilliant and encouraging victories in 1812.\\nIn 1813 it was on the whole unsuccessful, but privateers, to the end of the\\nwar, inflicted enormous damage on British shipping. In 1814 the army on\\nthe Canadian frontier, better commanded than heretofore, won victories at\\nLundy s Lane and Plattsburg. But the abdication of Napoleon left England\\nfree to employ more troops in America. A force which landed in Chesapeake\\nBay captured Washington, but was repulsed from Baltimore. Meanwhile", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0302.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "NAVAL COMMANDERS OF WAR 1812.\\nD, Porter. Stephen Decatur.\\nWilliam Bainbridge.\\nJames Lawrence. Oliver H. Perry. Charles Stewart.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0303.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0304.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 277\\nNew England gave violent expression to its dissatisfaction with the war,\\nespecially through the Hartford Convention. As neither nation was making\\nsubstantial gains, negotiations for peace were begun, and finally peace was\\nconcluded by the Treaty of Ghent (1814). The treaty said nothing of either\\nthe rights of neutrals or the impressment of seamen. Yet the effect of the\\nwar had been to increase the confidence of the Americans and their national\\nfeeling, and to withdraw the country s politics permanently from dependence\\non those of Europe. Before the news of peace arrived, Jackson won a\\nbrilliant victory at New Orleans over a formidable British force which had\\nbeen sent to occupy the mouth of the Mississippi (181 5).\\nGreat Meadows. Toward the end of May, 1754, Washington encamped\\nwith 150 men on a meadow near the Youghiogeny River between the\\nAlleghany and Laurel Ridges. His instructions were to advance upon Fort\\nDuquesne, which had been seized by the French during the preceding year.\\nWhen at Great Meadows he learned that a body of French were in his\\nvicinit} Taking a portion of his force and an Indian guide he surprised\\nthe French who were hidden in a hollow in the forest, and at once opened\\nfire. Several, among whom was their commander Jumonville, were killed,\\nand over twenty taken prisoners. This was the beginning of the French\\nand Indian War, and indeed was the first engagement of the Seven Years\\nWar.\\nGreece. The United States sympathized with the efibrts of the Greeks\\nto throw off the Turkish yoke, but early attempts at Governmental action in\\ntheir favor were frustrated. A commercial treaty was concluded in 1837.\\nGreeley, Horace (1811-1872), was born in New Hampshire. In 1833 he\\nedited the Evening Post, the first daily penny paper ever issued, and in\\n1834 founded the New Yorker. He was editorially connected with the\\nJeffersonian and the Log Cabin, campaign journals of considerable popu-\\nlarity, and in 1841 issued the first number of the Tribune, which he con-\\ntinued to edit until his death. It was at first Whig, then Anti-Slavery Whig,\\nthen Republican, employed the most eminent men of the day on its staflf,\\nproclaimed the most popular and radical views, and was the most influential\\npaper in America. From 1848 to 1849 he represented New York in the\\nU. S. Congress, where he redressed abuses of the mileage system. He\\nearnestly advocated the abolition of slavery during the war, and made most\\npowerful appeals to the administration through the columns of his paper.\\nDuring the period of reconstruction he advocated universal amnesty and\\nimpartial suffrage, and became one of the bondsmen of Jefferson Davis in\\n1867. 1\u00c2\u00b0 1872 he was Presidential candidate for the Liberal Republican\\nand Democratic parties, but was defeated by General Grant. Eccentric in\\nhabit and in thought, frank and open-minded, firm in his convictions, ever\\nmindful of the welfare of society, he was called by John G. Whittier, the\\nlater Franklin.\\nGreely, Adolphus W., born in Maine in 1844, was brevetted major for\\nservices in the Civil War, and soon afterward entered the Signal Service.\\nIn 1881 he commanded an expedition of twenty-five men which established", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0305.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "278 DiCTIONAKY OF UNITED STATES HISTORY.\\nau observation station at the farthest point north yet attained. When res-\\ncued in 1884, only seven men had survived. He was chief of the Signal\\nService from 1887 to 1892. In 1887 he became a brigadier-general.\\nGreen, Duff (1780-1875), an influential politician who edited an opposi-\\ntion organ during John Quincy Adams administration, and the U. S. Tele-\\ngraph (an official organ) during Jackson s first term. He supported\\nClay in 1832, and Calhoun in 1836.\\nGreenhalge, Frederic T., lawyer and statesman, born 1842 in England.\\nRemoved to Lowell, Mass., educated in public schools and Harvard College.\\nStudied law, admitted to bar 1865. Mayor of Lowell two years, one year in\\nLegislature, and 1889-90 in U. S. Congress. Governor of Massachusetts\\nthree terms, 1894-95-96. Died in office March 5, 1896.\\nGreen Bay Intelligencer, first newspaper published in Wisconsin. It\\nwas founded December 11, 1833, ^Y Suydam and Ellis at Green Bay. In\\nAugust, 1836, it was united with the Spectator and called the Wisconsin\\nDemocrat. In 1840 it was removed to Southport (Kenosha).\\nGreen Briar Creek, Va., an encampment of Confederate forces under\\nLee. Reynolds, the Federal commander in that quarter, left his camp at\\nElkwater, October 2, 1861, with 5000 men and a large artillery force and\\nadvanced against the Confederates. Kimball attacked the Confederates\\nfront and right, while Milroy cleared the Green Briar bridge. The fighting\\ncontinued fiercely for some time, but there was no decisive victory, for Rey-\\nnolds, having gained the bridge, sounded the recall.\\nGreen Mountain Boys, a band of Vermont mountaineers who, led by Ethan\\nAllen and Benedict Arnold, captured Fort Ticonderoga May 10, 1776, secur-\\ning fifty British prisoners and 200 cannon. They rendered efiective service\\nthroughout the Revolution.\\nGreenback Party, organized in a Greenback Convention at Indianapolis,\\nNovember 25, 1874, which assembled to adopt resolutions opposing the\\nspecie resumption bill proposed at that time in Congress and passed January\\n14, 1875. The Greenback party platform advocated the withdrawal of all\\nnational and State bank currency, and the substitution therefor of paper\\ncuiTency issued by the Government, and that coin should only be used in\\npayment of interest on the national debt. The Greenback Presidential can-\\ndidate in 1876, Peter Cooper, of New York, received 81,740 votes, chiefly\\nfrom the Western States.\\nGreenback Labor Party, au outgrowth of the Greenback party, formed\\nin Ohio in 1875. In 1878 a union of the Labor Reform and the remnants\\nof the old Greenback party was effected and was made national by the Con-\\nvention of February 22 of that year, at Toledo, O. The platform adopted\\nwas similar to that of the Greenback party. It advocated the withdrawal of\\ncurrency from all national and State banks and corporations, a paper currency\\nissued by the Government, and that coin should only be paid for interest on\\nthe national debt when so specified. They also demanded an eight-hour law,\\nthe prohibition of Chinese immigration, of land grants to railroads and of\\nspecial grants to corporations and bondholders. In 1878 they elected fourteen\\nCongressmen. Their national convention was held at Chicago, June 9, 1880,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0306.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 279\\nJames B. Weaver, of Iowa, and B. J. Chambers, of Texas, being the Presi-\\ndential nominees. Their popular vote reached 308,578. In 1884 the Presi-\\ndential candidate of the party was B. F. Butler, who received 175,370 votes.\\nIn 1887 the Union Labor party was organized.\\nGreenbacks. The popular name for the legal-tender Treasury notes which\\nthe U. S. Government issued during the war. Although the right of the\\nGovernment to issue bills of credit, legal-tender notes, was disputed by\\nmany, the necessities of the Government caused the passage of an act of\\nthat effect on February 25, 1862. This authorized the issue of #150,000,000\\nof such notes. Acts authorizing further issues of the same amount were\\npassed on June 11, 1862, and March 3, 1863. The legal-tender notes\\nrapidly depreciated, the price of gold averaging 220 throughout 1864, and\\neven on one day rising to 285. By Act of 1866 the total amount outstand-\\ning was reduced to $356,000,000 within two years. Since 1878 it has been\\n$346,681,016.\\nGreenbriar Company, a land company organized October 29, 1757, in\\nopposition to the Ohio and Loyal Companies. The Greenbriar Company\\nobtained a grant of 100,000 acres, chiefly along the Ohio River.\\nGreene, Christopher (1737-1781), served in the Rhode Island Legislature\\nfrom 1772 to 1774, was appointed commander in Arnold s expedition to Quebec\\nand in 1777 made a brilliant defence of Fort Mercer against the Hessians.\\nGreene, George W. (1811-1883), U. S. Consul at Rome in 1837, served in\\nthe Rhode Island Legislature from 1867 to 1869 and wrote a history of the\\nRevolution and a life of General Nathanael Greene.\\nGreene, Nathanael (i 742-1 786), general, born in Wanvick, R. I., served in\\nthe Rhode Island Assembly in 1770. He joined a military company in 1774\\nand was commissioned brigadier-general in 1775. He was active in the\\nengagement at Dorchester Heights, and was made major-general in 1776.\\nHe fought at Trenton and at Princeton and saved the American forces from\\ndefeat at Brandywine by a rapid march and skillful management. He com-\\nmanded the left wing at Germantown, skillfully covering the retreat, and in\\n1778 was appointed quartermaster-general while retaining his rank in the\\nfield. He presided at the trial of Major Andre. In 1780 he succeeded Gates\\nin command of the Southern forces. One of his detachments, under General\\nMorgan, having gained a decisive victory at Cowpens, Greene joined him\\nwith reinforcements and attacked Cornwallis at Guilford Court House. He\\nthen began a brilliant campaign in South Carolina, engaging Lord Rawdon\\nat Camden, capturing Forts Watson, Motte and Granby, regaining Orange-\\nburg, Augusta and Fort Ninety-six, and winning a decisive victory at Eutaw\\nSprings. Soon afterward a detachment under General Wayne took posses-\\nsion of Savannah and Greene occupied Charleston. He disbanded his troops\\nin 1783. By his skill in military manoeuvres he proved himself one of the\\nmost brilliant generals of that period, second only to Washington, among\\nthose of the Revolution.\\nGreenough, Horatio (1805-1852), designed a model fro-i; tiich Bunker\\nHill Monument was made; constructed the Rescue, and statue of Wash-\\nington, and became one of the most eminent of American sculptors.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0307.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "28o Dictionary of United States History.\\nGreenway Court, the home of Lord Fairfax in a valley of the Virginia\\nMountains. It was built in 1745, in Frederick County.\\nGranville, George (1712-1770), became a member of the English Parlia-\\nment in 1 741, was a lord of the Admiralty in 1744, a lord of the Treasury\\nin 1747, treasurer of the navy and privy councillor in 1754, leader of the\\nHouse of Commons in 1761, secretary of state and first lord of the\\nAdmiralty in 1762, and was first lord of the Treasury (Prime Minister) and\\nchancellor of tlie exchequer, from 1763 to 1765. In 1765 he secured the\\npassage of the act imposing stamp duties on America, and strenuously\\nopposed the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766. He was an able statesman,\\nbut possessed a very imperious nature.\\nGrenville, Sir Richard (1540-1591), an English navigator, set out with\\nseven vessels and 108 colonists for Carolina on a colonizing expedition for\\nSir Walter Raleigh in 1585. He landed the colonists at Roanoke Island,\\nbut they soon afterward returned to England on account of troubles with the\\nIndians. In 1586 he renewed the attempt. In 1591, with only one ship, he\\nattacked a Spanish fleet of fifty vessels and sunk four of them, but was\\nmortally wounded.\\nGrenville Act, so called after the British Minister, George Grenville; an\\nact extending the navigation acts, placing imposts on foreign molasses, an\\nincreased duty on sugar, regulating English manufactures, and prohibiting\\ntrade between America and St. Pierre and Miquelon, two small French\\nislands off Newfoundland.\\nGresham, Walter Q., born in 1832, was a member of the Indiana Legis-\\nlature from i860 to 1861, served during the Civil War, and was promoted\\nmajor-general in 1865. He was U. S. District Judge in Indiana from 1869\\nto 1883, when he was appointed Postmaster-General in Arthur s Cabinet, and\\nin 1884 was for a short time Secretary of the Treasury. From 1884 to 1893\\nhe was a Judge of the U. S. Circuit Court. In 1893 he became Secret?ry\\nof State in Mr. Cleveland s Cabinet, though till 1892 a Reiiublican. D. 1895.\\nGrey, Charles (1729-1807), major-general, accompanied Howe from Eng-\\nland in 1775, surprised and defeated General Wayne s force near the Schuyl-\\nkill on September 20, 1777, had a command at Germantown and Tappan,\\nand destroyed the shipping and stores at New Bedford in 1778.\\nGreytown, a town on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, bombarded and\\ndestroyed in 1854 by the U. S. ship Cyane. A negro had been shot by a\\nsteamship captain in May, and the mayor of Greytown ordered the captain s\\narrest. The, passengers resisted, among them Borland, the U. S. Minister.\\nThe next day Borland was assaulted on the street. In July the Cyane\\nwas despatched to the town. Commander Hollins sent to the mayor demand-\\ning immediate payment of the extortionate demands of a transit company,\\nwith which the town authorities had quarreled. This was refused. Hollins\\nopened fire and destroyed the town.\\nGrier, Robert C. (1794-1870), admitted to the bar in 1817, was District\\nJudge of Alleghany from 1838 to 1846, when he became a justice of the\\nU. S. Supreme Court and served until 1870.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0308.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 281\\nGrierson, Benjamin H., born in 1826, conducted a successful cavalry raid\\nfrom La Grange to Baton Rouge in 1863, and was successively promoted for\\ndashing cavalry exploits until appointed a major-general of the U. S. army\\nin 1866.\\nGriffin, Charles (1826-1867), fought at Bull Run, had commands at Mal-\\nvern Hill, Antietam, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, took a prominent part\\nin Grant s Peninsular campaign, and was made major-general in the U. S.\\narmy in 1865.\\nGriffin, Simon G., general, born in 1824, in 1862 fought at Camden,\\nAntietam and Fredericksburg, and assisted in taking Vicksburg. He fought\\nalso at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Petersburg, and aided in the defeat\\nof General Lee at Appomattox.\\nGrimes, James W. (1816-1872), Governor of Iowa from 1854 to 1858,\\nwas a U. S. Senator from 1859 to 1871, and chairman of the Committee on\\nNaval Affairs from 1864 to 1871. He was one of the Republicans who\\nvoted Not guilty at President Johnson s trial.\\nGrinnell, Henry (1800-1874), a successful merchant, devoted the later\\nyears of his life to the extension of geographical knowledge, and sent out\\ntwo expeditions to the polar seas.\\nGripen, a sloop furnished for emigrants in the Swedish colonization\\nexpedition of 1637. It reached Delaware Bay in March, 1638, and the emi-\\ngrants formed settlements along the Delaware River.\\nGriswold, Roger (1762-1812), represented Connecticut in the U. S. Con-\\ngress from 1795 to 1805, was appointed Judge of the Connecticut Supreme\\nCourt in 1807, and chosen Governor in 181 1.\\nGriswold, Rufus W. (1815-1857), associate editor of numerous periodicals\\nincluding Graham^s Magazine and the International Magazine, was the\\nauthor of Poets and Poetry of America and Prose Writers of America.\\nGriswold, Fort, Capture of, September 6, 1781. In view of the siege of\\nCornwallis in Yorktown, Clinton attempted a diversion upon Connecticut.\\nBenedict Arnold commanded. The only spirited resistance was offered by\\nthe garrison of Fort Griswold, 157 in number. After losing 192 of his 600\\nregulars Arnold carried the fort. No quarter was given. Only twenty-six\\nescaped. New London was laid in ashes, and before sunset the enemy\\nreturned up the Sound. The descent was wanton and useless.\\nGroesbeck, William S., born in 1815, represented Ohio in the U. S. Con-\\ngress from 1857 to 1859, was a State Senator in 1862 and of counsel for\\nPresident Johnson in the impeachment trial. Died in 1897.\\nGros Ventres, a name applied to two Indian tribes of different origin: the\\nGros Ventres of the Missouri and the Gros Ventres of the prairie. The latter\\ntribe, after wandering east and joining various tribes temporarily, finally\\nsettled about 1824 near Milk River with the Blackfeet. Treaties were made\\nwith them in 1851, 1853 and 1865, and the Indians have since continued\\nfriendly. They have suffered considerably from hostilities with other tribes,\\nThey now occupy a reser\\\\ ation in Montana.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0309.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "2S2 Dictionary of United States History.\\nGrover, Cuvier (1829-1885), a lieutenant-colonel at Williamsburg auJ\\nFair Oaks, commanded a division in the Shenandoah campaign and was\\nbrevetted major-general for semces at Fisher s Hill in 1864.\\nGrover, Lafayette, born in 1823, chairman of the Oregon Democratic\\nCommittee from 1866 to 1870, was Governor of Oregon from 1870 to 1878.\\nHe decided for the Democratic elector in the disputed Presidential election\\nof 1876, and was a U. S. Congressman from 1877 to 1883.\\nGrow, Galusha A., born in 1824, represented the Wilmot district in\\nPennsylvania in the U. S. Congress as a Whig and Republican from 1851 to\\n1863 and was Speaker of the House from 1861 to 1863. He served on the\\nCommittees on Indian ASairs, Agriculture and Tenitories, being chairman of\\nthis committee for four years. He was a delegate to the Republican National\\nConventions of 1864 and 1868. In 1894 he was elected Congressman-at-\\nlarge by an enonnous majority (188,000). He still serves (1899).\\nGrundy, Felix (1777-1840), born in Virginia, was a member of the Ken-\\ntucky Constitutional Convention of 1799, and a member of the State House\\nof Representatives from 1800 to 1806. He represented Tennessee in the\\nU. S. Congress from 1811 to 1S14 and was a member of the Tennessee House\\nof Representatives from 1815 to 1819. He was a U. S. Senator from 1820\\nto 1838, and was Attorney-General in Van Buren s Cabinet from 1838 to 1839,\\nwhen he again became a U. S. Senator and served until his death.\\nGuadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, was negotiated with Mexico by Nicholas\\nP. Trist for the United States in 1848, at the conclusion of the Mexican War.\\nBy this treaty Mexico ceded to the United States the territory of Texas, New\\nMexico and Upper California, and agreed upon the Rio Grande River as the\\nboundary between herself and Texas. The United States agreed to pay\\nMexico $15,000,000 and to assume all claims of its citizens against Mexico\\narising before the treaty. It reserved to Mexicans in the ceded territory the\\noption to remove or remain and assured protection of their rights of property.\\nGuatemala. One treaty has been concluded between the United States\\nand Guatemala a treaty of peace, amity, commerce and navigation, con-\\ncluded March 3, 1849. Requisite notice having been given this treaty ceased\\nto operate November 4, 1874. A reciprocity treaty was concluded in 1892.\\nGuerriere, frigate. (See Constitution.\\nGuess, George, or Sequoyah (1770-1843), an Indian half-breed who\\ndevised the alphabet used by the Cherokees. It consists of eighty-five char-\\nacters, mostly borrowed from the English, each representing a single sound.\\nGuilford Court House, Battle of, March 15, 1781. After the battle of\\nCowpens Morgan turned north and Cornwallis pursued. Greene resolved to\\ncrr.sh Cornwallis, thus separated from his base of supplies. In person he\\njoined Morgan in the Catawba Valley, and finally his main force effected a\\nconjunction with Morgan at Guilford Court House, N. C. Cornwallis was\\n.inxious for an engagement, but Greene crossed into Virginia, hoping to get\\nreinforcements. Not succeeding, and fearing that the people of North Car-\\nolina might think their cause deserted, he marched south again. By a", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0310.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 283\\nnumber of marches and countermarches he ehided Cornwallis until he found\\nhimself in a position to fight at Guilford Court House. His force was 4404.\\nCornwallis had 2213, all veterans. Greene placed in front his North Caro-\\nlina militia, in his second line his Virginia militia, and in his third line his\\nMaryland aiid Virginia regulars. The first line soon broke, but the second\\nwas pushed back only after a desperate struggle. In the third line the right\\nwing was victorious, but the left was beaten for a while, until Colonel Wash-\\nington s cavalry restored it. Cornwallis was now reduced to the defensive.\\nHe retired in good order and took position on a hill near Guilford Court\\nHouse. All attempts to dislodge him were vain. At evening Greene retired\\nwith a loss of 400. The British had fought bravely, losing 600. They\\nwere too crippled to act, and Cornwallis could only retreat. He had been\\noutgeneraled. It was a strategic victory for the Americans and Cornwallis\\nwas forced to abandon the Carolinas.\\nGunboats. The gunboat system was inaugurated during Jefferson s\\nadmniistration, $50,000 being appropriated at his suggestion, February 28,\\n1803, to build gunboats. In 1806, $60,000 more were appropriated for the\\nbuilding of 240 gunboats for the defence of fifteen principal harbors. The\\nseamen of the towns were to be trained to man them, and they were to be.\\ndrawn up under sheds when not in use. The gunboat question speedily\\nbecame a political issue, the Federalists opposing it and favoring a strong\\nnavy, the Republicans favoring it. The last appropriation was made in\\n1813. The gunboats were used to sosne extent during the War of 1812.\\nGunston Hall, Fairfax County, Va., the home of George Mason, of Revo-\\nlutionary fame. This old mansion continued in the possession of the Mason\\nfamily until after the Civil War.\\nGuntown, Miss. Here, June 10, 1864, while the Confederate cavalry-\\nman Forrest was raiding through Mississippi, Kentucky and Tennessee, he\\nwas met by Sturgis leading a force of 8000 Federals. Forrest had 1000\\nmen. He attacked Grierson, who led the Federal van, speedily routing him.\\nSturgis hurried up, but his troops were wearied out and not prepared for\\nbattle. They were put to flight and 200 baggage wagons were captured by\\nthe Confederates.\\nGustavus Adolphus (1594-1632), King of Sweden from 161 1 to 1632, in\\n1624 granted a charter to the Swedish West India Company founded by\\nWilliam Usselinx, and pledged himself to subscribe 400,000 daler of the\\nroyal treasury to the company s stock.\\nGuthrie, James (1792-1869), was a member of the Kentucky Senate from\\n1831 to 1840, Secretary of the Treasury in Pierce s Cabinet from 1853 to 1857,\\nand a U. S. Senator from 1865 to 1868.\\nGuyot, Arnold (1807-1884), came to America from Switzerland in 1848,\\nwas a professor at Princeton from 1854 to 1884, and became eminent as a\\npromoter of geographical and meteorological science.\\nGwin, William W. (1805-1885), represented Mississippi in the U. S.\\nCongress from 1841 to 1 843, and was a U. S. Senator from California from", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0311.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "284 Dictionary of United States History.\\n1850 to 1861, during which time he served on the Finance and Naval Com-\\nmittees. He was a pro-slavery Democrat.\\nGwinnett, Button (i 732-1 777), came to America from England in 1770,\\nrepresented Georgia in the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1776, and\\nsigned the Declaration of Independence.\\nGwynn s Island, Va. Here in 1776 Lord Duumore was entrenched with\\nhis British and Tory troops. December 8 the colonial troops, under Lewis\\nand Stephen, attacked and dislodged him, forcing him to take to his ships,\\nwhich were shelled as they sailed away. Dunmore was wounded.\\nH.\\nHabeas Corpus, Suspension of. On July 5, 1861, Attorney-General Bates\\ngave an opinion in favor of the President s power to declare martial law and\\nsuspend the writ of habeas corpus. A special session of Congress approved\\nthis opinion. Thereafter many arbitrary arrests were made, arousing much\\nindignation. September 24, 1862, the suspension was made general by the\\nPresident so far as it might affect persons arrested by military authority for\\ndisloyal practices. An act of Congress, March 3, 1863, again authorized the\\nsuspension of the writ by the President in cases of prisoners of war, deserters,\\nthose resisting drafts and offenders against the military or naval service. The\\narrest of Vallandigham, in Ohio, and of Milligan, in Indiana, caused great\\nexcitement. The case of the latter being brought before the Supreme Court\\nof the Union, that body decided that Congress could not give to military\\ncommissions the power of trial and conviction, and that the suspension of the\\nprivilege of habeas corpus did not suspend the writ itself In the case of the\\nKu-Klux rebellions there was a brief suspension of habeas corpus in 1871.\\nHabersham, Joseph (1751-1815), was a prominent patriot in Georgia dur-\\ning the Revolution. He was Postmaster-General in the administrations of\\nWashington, Adams and Jefferson from 1795 to 1801.\\nHadley, Mass., settled in 1659, became the refuge of the two English\\nregicides, Goffe and Whalley, in 1664. The town was attacked by Indians\\nduring King Philip s War. The savages were repulsed by the townspeople\\nunder the leadership of Colonel Goffe, one of the regicides, who suddenly\\ncame from his hiding-place for that purpose.\\nHail Columbia, a stirring national song. The music was composed in\\n1798 by Pfyles, leader of the orchestra at the John Street Theatre, New\\nYork, and was for a time known as the President s March. The words\\nwere composed the same year by Judge Hopkinson, after which the air\\nbecame immensely popular, it having been produced in a period of great\\npolitical excitement.\\nHakluyt, Richard (1553-1616), English author, in 1582 published Divers\\nVoyages Touching the Discovery of America, and as a result of further\\ninvestigations in France wrote A Particular Discourse covering Western", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0312.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 285\\nDiscoveries. In 1587 he produced the History of Four Voyages made by\\nFrench Captains into Florida, and in 1589 published The Principal Navi-\\ngations, Voyages and Discoveries made by the English Nation. In 1606 he\\nappealed to the king for a charter for the colonization of Virginia, and was\\none of the members of the South Virginia Company.\\nHale, Edward Everett, born in Massachusetts in 1822, has been pastor\\nof the South Congregational Church since 1856. He is a popular orator and\\nauthor, and lias done considerable historical work, being an authority on\\nSpanish-American affairs, has contributed to histories of the United States,\\nand published Franklin in France.\\nHale, Eugene, born in 1836, was a member of the Maine Legislature in\\n1867 and 1868, a U. S. Congressman from 1869 to 1879, and has been a\\nRepublican Senator from 1861 to the present time (1897).\\nHale, John P. (1806-1873), born in Rochester, N. H., was admitted to the\\nbar in 1830. He was a member of the New Hampshire House of Represen-\\ntatives in 1832, and was appointed U. S. Attorney for the district of New\\nHampshire from 1834 to 1840. He represented New Hampshire in the\\nU. S. Congress from 1843 to 1845. He was a U. S. Senator from 1847\\nto 1853, being the first zealous opponent of slavery in that body, and was\\nnominated in 1852 as the Presidential candidate of the Free-Soil party. He\\nwas again a U. S. Senator from 1855 to 1865, and was appointed Minister\\nto Spain by President Lincoln, serving from 1865 to 1869.\\nHale, Nathan (i 755-1 776), born in Connecticut, joined a volunteer com-\\npany at the first news of the Revolutionary War, participated in the siege\\nof Boston, and was made captain in 1776. He captured the British supply\\nship Asia, and volunteered to reconnoitre the position of the British forces.\\nHe was apprehended and hanged as a spy, his last words being, I only\\nregret that I have but one life to lose for my country.\\nHale, Nathan (1784-1863), editor of the Boston Daily Advertiser from\\n1814 to 1863, was one of the founders of the North American Review^ and\\nwas active in promoting industrial improvement.\\nHalf-breeds, a term applied in New York State, especially about 1880-\\n1884, to those members of the Republican party who would not fully sup-\\nport, first. General Grant s candidacy for a third term, and second, the\\nsystem of the spoilsmen and machine politicians of their own party. (See\\nStalwarts.\\nHalf Cent, a copper coin, the coinage and issue of which were authorized\\nby Congress in 1792. The weight of this coin was 132 grains, but this was\\nchanged to 104 grains when, in 1793, its coinage was again authorized. This\\ncoin was not issued during the years 1798, 1799, 1801, 1812 to 1824 inclusive,\\n1827, 1830, 1837 to 1848 inclusive, and 1852. It was discontinued in 1857.\\nHalf Dollar, silver coin. Its coinage was authorized (at weight 208\\ngrains) in April, 1792, and begun in 1794. Its weight was reduced in 1853\\nto 192 grains. This coin is a legal tender to the amount of ten dollars.\\nThere were no issues during the years 1798, 1799, i8oo, i8i6.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0313.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "286 DlC l IONAEY OF UNITED STATES HiSTORY.\\nHalf Eagle, a gold coin of the value of five dollars, stamped upon the\\nreverse with a figure of the uational bird, and hence the name. Its coinage\\nwas authorized in 1792, and begun in 1795. The first return of gold coins\\nwas made July 31, 1795, 744 half eagles. Authorized a second time iu\\n1837; legal tender to an unlimited amount. No coinage 1816-17.\\nHalf- King, the name by which the English called a chieftain of Indians\\non the Ohio, friendly to the English, who assisted Washington on his expe-\\ndition of 1753 and took part with him in the afiair of the Great Meadows in\\n1754-\\nHalf Moon, the vessel in which Henry Hudson, under the auspices of\\nthe East India Company discovered and explored in 1 609 the river which\\nbears his name.\\nHalf-Pay Question. At the close of the Revolution it was the first care\\nof Congress to cut down the expenses. April 26, 1778, by a majority of one\\nState, half-pay had been voted for life to the officers as a means of keeping\\nthe anny together. In the four years following five different votes were\\npassed, each annulling the former one. In 1782 it was proposed to remit\\nthe whole matter to the States. Finally in 1783, after the appearance of the\\nNewburgh addresses, it was decided to commute tlie h.alf-pay for life into\\nfive years full pay in one gross sura, certificates to be issued therefor at six\\nper cent. This measure was unpopular.\\nHalf-v/ay Covenant, a concession made on the part of the Church by the\\nNew England Synod convened at Northampton in 1657, mainly in order to\\nsecure a more facile working in relation to the State. The requirements for\\nchurch membership were relaxed in order that certain civil privileges might\\nbe obtained by those who had neither the ability nor willingness to make\\nprofession of religious experience. Such persons were admitted on grounds\\nof baptism, but were still denied the Lord s Supper. This half-way cove-\\nnant aroused much controversy, and was later opposed by Jonathan Edwards\\nand his followers.\\nHalifax Commission. Under the provisions of the fisheries treaty of\\n1871 between Great Britain and the United States, the fishermen of the latter\\ncountry were allowed to take fish along the shores of Canada and New-\\nfoundland. The inhabitants of these States complained, and accordingly a\\ncommission of representatives from each country met at Halifax, Nova Scotia,\\nin 1877, to determine the amount of compensation to be paid by the United\\nStates for the fishing privileges accorded them. The sum of $5,500,000 was\\nawarded Great Britain.\\nHall, Asaph, born in 1829, been connected with all the astronomical\\nobservations of the U. S. Government since 1863. In 1877 he discovered\\nthe satellites of Mars, and has made important observations of double stars.\\nHall, Charles F. (1831-1871), made Arctic expeditions fitted out by Henry\\nGrinnell in i860 and 1864, and commanded a U. S. Government expedition\\nto the polar region in 1871, making many valuable scientific observations.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0314.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 2S7\\nHall, James, bom in 181 1, was given charge of the New York Geological\\nSurveys from 1836 to 1841, was State Paleontologist from 1843 ^^79 and\\nhas made many valuable contributions to science.\\nHall, Lyman (1725-1790), a member of the Savannah Conventions of\\n1774 and 1775, represented Georgia in the Continental Congress from 1775\\nto 1780 and signed the Declaration of Independence.\\nHall, Nathan K. (1810-1874), represented New York in the U. S. Congress\\nfrom 1847 to 1849 and was appointed Postmaster-General in Fillmore s\\nCabinet, serving from 1850 to 1853, when he became a U. S. District Judge,\\nserving till 1874.\\nHalleck, Fitz-Greene (1790-1867), writer, born in Connecticut, was a\\ncounting-room clerk from 181 1 to 1849. In partnership with J. R. Drake\\nhe published the Croakers in 1819. He wrote Twilight, Fanny,\\nMarco Bozzaris and Young America. He was a fluent writer with a\\nbrilliant and polished style.\\nHalleck, Henry W. (1815-1872), born in New York, graduated at the\\nU. S. Military Academy in 1839. He published Elements of Military Art\\nand Science in 1846, which was a classic work at that time, and a treatise\\non International Law. He was prominent in the military and political\\nmovements in California from 1846 to 1854, and in 1861 was appointed\\nmajor-general of the U. S. army and assigned to the Department of Missouri,\\nand successfully organized that district. In 1862 he received command of\\nthe Mississippi Department, and was soon after appointed commander-in-\\nchief of the army, which position he retained until Grant was made lieutenant-\\ngeneral. After the war he commanded the Pacific Division until 1869, and\\nthe Division of the South from 1869 to 1872.\\nHalpine, Charles G. (1829-1868), connected with the A^ew York Herald,\\nTribune and other periodicals from 1852, entered the army in 1861, became\\na major and composed the humorous work of Miles O Reilly.\\nHalstead, Murat, born in 1829, was associated with numerous Ohio period-\\nicals from 1851 to 1883, when he became editor of the Comviercial Gazette,\\na combination of his Commercial and the Cincinnati Gazette. Subsequently\\nhe removed to New York.\\nHamilton, Alexander (January 11, 1757-July 12, 1804), Secretary of the\\nTreasury, was born at Nevis in the West Indies. He was on the one side\\nof Scottish, on the other of French birth. Deprived of parental care at an\\nearly age, he developed an astonishing precocity, and was in 1772 sent to\\nNew York City. There, after a short period of preparation, he entered\\nKing s (now Columbia) College. While the Revolutionary fever was at its\\nheight Hamilton, in July, 1774, made a public speech on the patriotic side,\\nmarvelous for a boy of seventeen. He followed up this success by a vigor-\\nous war of pamphlets. When hostilities began Hamilton organized a cavalry\\ncompany and served at Long Island and White Plains. As a member of\\n1 Washington s staff he rendered valuable aid; resigning from membership in\\nAe staff in 1781 he ended a brilliant military career at Yorktown, studied\\nlaw. and married the daughter of General Schuyler. For a short time.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0315.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "288 Dictionary ok United States History.\\n1782-1783, he was in the Continental Congress. He had risen to eminence\\nat the New York bar, when he took part in the Annapolis Convention of\\n1786. There followed two years of contests and triumphs of the greatest\\nrenown to himself and moment to his country. Hamilton was one of the\\nchief members of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He advocated a\\nvery strong central government, but accepted the results of that assembly,\\nand returned to New York to further by pen and voice the ratification of\\nour National Constitution. It is little exaggeration to say that Hamilton\\nwas practically the Federal party in New York. Of the eighty-five papers\\nin the Federalist fifty-one are undisputedly his, and he had a part in the pro-\\nduction of others. At the State ratifying Convention in 1788 at Pough-\\nkeepsie he contended almost single-handed against a two-thirds majority,\\nwhich he converted into a minority. He entered Washington s Cabinet\\nas Secretary of the Treasury in 1789. His report on the public credit,\\nreports on revenue, the mint, the bank, manufactures, etc., were of the\\nutmost value in placing the finances on a sound footing. Meanwhile within\\nthe Cabinet he was confronted with Jefferson, advocate of radically different\\nideas; the two great leaders quarreled almost incessantly, and Hamilton\\nresigned in 1795. He had previously accompanied the army for the sup-\\npression of the Whiskey Insurrection. He defended Jay s Treaty with\\nGreat Britain in the able Camillus letters, and was concerned in the prepa-\\nration of Washington s Farewell Address. He was in 1798 appointed inspec-\\ntor-general in view of the imminent war with France. But he quarreled\\nwith President Adams and intrigued against the latter and in favor of Pinck-\\nney. Hamilton and Burr had been political enemies; the latter, while Vice-\\nPresident, brought on a duel at Weehawken, N. J., July 11, 1804, in which\\nHamilton was mortally wounded. He wrote, besides the papers mentioned\\nabove, the Pacificus letters, report on the public debt in 1789, etc.\\nHamilton was perhaps the most brilliant of American statesmen; his state\\npapers were models of luminous and convincing argumentation; and he had\\nan extraordinary genius for administrative organization. His weaknesses\\nwere, an imperious self-confidence, and want of popular sympathies. His\\nworks were edited by H. C. Lodge in 1885, who has also written Hamilton s\\nbiography. Other lives are by J. C. Hamilton and J. T. Morse, Jr.\\nHamilton, Andrew (1676-1741), emigrated from Scotland in 1697, was\\nAttorney-General of Pennsylvania from 1717 to 1724, an Assemblyman from\\n1729 to 1739, and in the Zenger libel suit first advanced the doctrine that\\nin such cases evidence of the truth of the libel might be presented in\\ndefence.\\nHamilton, Paul (1762-1816), active in the Revolution, was Comptroller\\nof South Carolina from 1799 to 1804, Governor from 1804 to 1806, and Secre-\\ntary of the Navy in Madison s Cabinet from 1809 to 1813.\\nHamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., was founded by Presbyterians in 1793\\nas Hamilton Oneida Academy, chartered as a college in 181 2. Its law\\nschool was founded in 1854.\\nHamlet Case (1850), was the first recorded action under the Fugitive\\nSlave Act of 1850. Hamlet, a free negro with a family, was arrested in New", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0316.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 289\\nYork by a Deputy U. S. Marshal as a fugitive slave of Mary Brown, of Balti-\\nmore, and after a hasty examination surrendered iu accordance with the\\nlaw. Indignation was aroused and he was finally redeemed.\\nHamlin, Hannibal (i 809-1 893), was admitted to the bar in 1833. He\\nwas a member of the Maine Legislature from 1836 to 1840 and in 1847,\\nbeing chosen Speaker in 1837, 1839 and 1840. He was a Democratic Repre-\\nsentative in Congress from 1842 to 1846, was elected a U. S. Senator iu.\\n1848 and served till 1857. He changed his party affiliation on account of\\nanti-slavery sentiments, and was chosen Governor by the Republicans in 1857.\\nHe resigned and served in the U. S. Senate from 1857 to 1861, when he was\\nelected Vice-President of the United States on the ticket with Abraham\\nLincoln, and was a member of the Senate from 1869 ^o 1881, when he was\\nappointed Minister to Spain and served one year.\\nHammond, James H. (1807-1864), editor of the Southern Tivies^ a nullifi-\\ncation paper, represented South Carolina in Congress from 1835 to 1836, was\\nGovernor of the State from 1842 to 1844, and a U. S. Senator from 1857 to\\n1861, when he delivered the pro-slavery speech which won for him the name\\nof Mudsill Hammond. He published The Pro-Slavery Argument and\\nSketch of the Life of Calhoun.\\nHampden-Sidney College, in Prince Edward County, Va., was founded\\nas Prince Edward Academy, in 1776, by Presbyterians, and chartered as a\\ncollege eight years later. Near by is the Presbyterian Union Theological\\nSeminary, which was chartered in 1866. From 1837 to 1850 it had a\\nmedical school.\\nHampton, Wade (1754-1835), represented South Carolina in Congress\\nfrom 1795 to 1797 and from 1803 to 1805, and commanded on the Northern\\nfrontier from 1813 to 181 4. He owned 3000 slaves.\\nHampton, Wade, born in 181 8, was in his early life successively a mem-\\nber of the South Carolina House of Representatives and Senate. At the\\nbeginning of the Civil War he enlisted in the Confederate service and after-\\nward commanded a force known as Hampton s Legion of Cavalr) which\\ndistinguished itself at Bull Run, Seven Pines, Gettysburg and Trevillion s\\nStation. He was very successful in raids and in detachment service. In\\n1876 he was the Democratic candidate for Governor of South Carolina against\\nD. H. Chamberlain and gained the disputed office. He was elected to the\\nU. S. Senate in 1879 ser\\\\ ed until 1891.\\nHampton, Va., was attacked out of revenge by Admiral Warren, after his\\ndefeat at Craney Island. A battery and 500 Virginia militia defended the\\nvillage. Some 2500 British were landed, and soon drove the militia in\\ndefeat. The Americans lost thirty men, the British fifty. The village was\\nthen pillaged and several women outraged. Deep indignation was aroused\\non both sides of the sea, and an investigation was made by a British\\ncommission.\\nHampton Roads, Va., or the Monitor and Merrimac fight, the most\\nfamous naval battle of the Civil War, occurring March 8-9, 1862. March 8\\n19", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0317.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "290 Dictionary of United States History.\\nthe Confederate iron-clad Merrimac, commanded by Franklin Buchanan,\\nwas sent to raise the blockade of James and Elizabeth rivers by destroying\\nthe Union war-vessels. The Union frigate Cumberland was utterly\\ndestroyed and sunk by the Merrimac, which next, aided by three wooden\\nConfederate steamers, attacked and burned the Congress. March 9 the\\nMonitor, a Union iron-clad of a new type, appeared, and a fight of four\\nhours followed. Captain Worden, of the Monitor, was temporarily blinded\\nand Lieutenant Greene took command. The Merrimac was finally com-\\npelled to withdraw.\\nHancock, John (1737-1793), born in Massachusetts, was a member of the\\nMassachusetts Legislature from 1766 to 1772. It was his ship, the Liberty,\\nwhich caused a riot when seized by the royal customs officials for an alleged\\nevasion of the laws, and he was one of the commissioners who demanded the\\nremoval of the British troops after the Boston massacre. In 1774 he was\\nelected to the Provincial Congress at Concord, Mass., and together with\\nSamuel Adams, was exempted from pardon in Governor Gage s proclamation\\nof 1775. He represented Massachusetts in the Continental Congress from\\n1775 to 1780 and from 1785 to 1786, being chosen president from 1775 to\\n1777, and was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, his name stand-\\ning first upon that document. In 1776 he was commissioned major-general\\nof the Massachusetts militia, and in 1780 commanded the State troops in the\\nexpedition against Rhode Island. He was a delegate to the Massachusetts\\nConstitutional Convention of 1780, and was Governor of the State from 1780\\nto 1785 and from 1787 to 1792, and in the Presidential election of 1789\\nreceived four electoral votes. He was a man of strong and popular character,\\nof courtly and pleasing manner and liberally used his large fortune for benev-\\nolent purposes.\\nHancock, Winfield S. (1824-1886), born in Pennsylvania, graduated from\\nthe U. S. Military Academy in 1844. He was brevetted first lieutenant for\\ngallantry at Contreras and Churubusco during the Mexican War. He was\\nappointed brigadier-general of volunteers in 1861, and joined the Army of\\nthe Potomac. He served under General McClellan in the Peninsular cam-\\npaign, commanding at Yorktown, Williamsburg and Savage s Station, and\\nwas promoted colonel U. S. army for his meritorious service. He led his\\nbrigade at South Mountain and Antietam, commanded as major-general at\\nFredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, and was prominent at the\\nWilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor and Petersburg. In 1865 he received\\ncommand of the Army of the Shenandoah, and in 1866 was made a major-\\ngeneral in the regular army. He was the Presidential candidate of the\\nDemocratic party in 1880, but was defeated by James A. Garfield. General\\nGrant said of him, Hancock stands the most conspicuous figure of all the\\ngeneral officers who did not exercise a separate command. He commanded\\na corps longer than any other one, and his name was never mentioned as\\nhaving committed in battle a blunder for which he was responsible.\\nHanging Rock, Battle of, August 6, 1780. At this place General Sumter\\nsurprised the British post. The Tory regiment fled, and its panic was communi-\\ncated to the British regulars. At the outset no American had more than ten", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0318.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 291\\nbullets, but before the close of the engagement they armed themselves from\\nthe dead and wounded. Among those engaged was Andrew Jackson. This\\nsuccess strengthened the patriot cause in all parts of South Carolina.\\nHanover. Commercial treaties were concluded between the United States\\nand Hanover in 1840, 1846 and 1861, and an extradition treaty January 18,\\n1855. All are now obsolete.\\nHanover Court House, Va., an engagement, May 27, 1862, between the\\nrear ranks of Porter s column of McClellan s army and a Confederate brigade\\ncommanded by Branch. The latter attacked Morell s division with consider-\\nable success, but Porter, hearing the firing, immediately wheeled and came\\nto the rescue. The Confederates retreated rapidly, leaving a large number\\nof prisoners and small arms.\\nHanseatic Republics. A convention of friendship, commerce and navi-\\ngation was concluded between the United States and the Free Hanseatic\\nRepublics of Liibeck, Bremen and Hamburg in 1827, consular conven-\\ntion in 1852. (See Bremen.;\\nHard Cider. (See Log Cabin.)\\nHardee, William J. (1817-1873), born in Georgia, was brevetted major\\nand lieutenant-colonel for gallant conduct in the Mexican War. In 1856 he\\nproduced a work for the Government on the tactics of infantry, known as\\nHardee s Tactics. In 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate service as a\\ncolonel at Fort Morgan, and was soon afterward made brigadier-general. He\\ngained a success at Shiloh, was prominent in the campaign about Murfrees-\\nboro, and fought at Chattanooga. He surrendered with General Johnston s\\narmy at Durham Station in 1865.\\nHards, in the political history of New York, a faction of the Democratic\\nparty, existent from 1852 to i860, which inclined to alliance with the pro-\\nslavery Democracy elsewhere, as distinguished from the softs. In part\\nthe hards or hardshells were identical with the hunkers of preceding\\nyears.\\nHarlan, James, born in 1820, represented lov/a in the U. S. Senate from\\n1855 to 1865, when he became Secretary of the Interior in Lincoln s Cabinet,\\nserving until 1866. He was again a U. vS. Senator from 1866 to 1873.\\nHarlan, John M., born in 1833, served in the Union army from 1861 to\\n1867, was Attorney-General of Kentucky from 1863 to 1867, was a member\\nof the Louisiana Commission appointed by Hayes, and became a Justice of\\nthe U. S. Supreme Court in 1877. In 1893 he was a member of the Court\\nof Arbitration on the Behring Sea dispute.\\nHarlem Plains, a battle in the Revolutionary War, on September 16, 1776.\\nJust after Howe s occupation of Nev/ York his advanced guard of English\\nand Highland troops, under Colonel Leslie, came into conflict with some\\ntroops of Virginia under Major Leitch, and of Connecticut under Knowlton.\\nBoth sides were reinforced. Knowlton, attempting to flank the British, was\\nkilled. The Americans retreated, under orders from Washington, with a\\nloss of sixty killed and wounded.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0319.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "292 Dictionary of Unitrd States History.\\nHarmar, Josiah (1753-1813), born in Philadelphia, served during the\\nRevolutionary War, attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was com-\\nmander-in-chief of the U. S. arm} from 1789 to 1792.\\nHarmonists, a socialistic community founded upon a religious basis by\\nGeorge Rapp, of Wiirttemberg, in the Connoquenessing Valley, twenty-five\\nmiles from Pittsburgh, in 1803. There they built houses, churches, mills\\nand manufactories, and by 1805 there were 750 persons settled there who\\nformed the Harmony Society. After two years they decided to adopt celibacy,\\nand prohibited the use of tobacco. This caused the withdrawal of certain of\\ntheir people. In 1814 the Harmonists purchased 30,000 acres of land in Posey\\nCounty, Indiana, settling there in 1815. There they remained until 1824.,\\ncalling their settlement Harmony. In 1824 they removed to their present\\nlocation, on the Ohio River, not far from Pittsburgh. In 1831, a German\\nadventurer, Bernhard Miiller, settling among them, caused dissensions and a\\nsplit in the societ} Their numbers have decreased to less than 200.\\nHarnett, Cornelius (1723-1781), was prominent in the North Carolina\\nProvincial Assembly from 1770 to 1771, aided in drafting a State Constitu-\\ntion in the Provincial Congress at Halifax in 1776 and served in Congress\\nfrom 1777 to 1780.\\nHarney, William S. (1800-1889), joined the U. S. army in 1818, was\\nbrevetted major-general in 1865 for long and faithful service, and at the\\ntime of his death was the oldest officer in the U. S. army.\\nHarper, Robert Goodloe (i 765-1 825), born in Virginia, was admitted to\\nthe bar in 1786. He represented South Carolina in the U. S. Congress from\\n1795 to 1801, was promoted major-general for ser^ ices in the War of 1812,\\nand was elected a U. S. Senator from Maryland in 1816. He published\\nvarious pamphlets upon diplomatic subjects of the day which won great\\npopularity.\\nHarper, William R., born in 1856, and editor of Hebraica and the Old\\nTestament Student^ was professor of Semitic languages at Yale from 1886 to\\n1891, when he was chosen president of Chicago University.\\nHarper s Ferry, Va. In July, 1859, John Brown settled near Harper s\\nPerry and began, with the aid of some Kansas associates, the forcible libera-\\ntion of slaves. October 17 he seized, with seventeen whites and five negroes,\\nthe United States arsenal at Harper s Ferry, and spent the next eighteen\\nhours in freeing slaves, cutting telegraph wires, preparing defences and\\nmaking prisoners of fifty white men. October 18, 1500 militia and marines\\narrived. They surrounded the armory engine house, burst open the door\\nand captured Brown, three other whites and half a dozen negroes. Eight of\\nthe insurgents were killed. Brown was taken to Charlestown, Va., and\\nthere hanged, December 2, 1859.\\nHarper s Ferry, Va. (1862), was in possession of the Union troops, and\\ncaptured by Stonewall Jackson September 15. The Union leaders. Miles and\\nWhite, held the town with 11,000 men. Miles had posted a few regiments\\nupon the heights commanding the town, but these were easily driven away", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0320.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitkd States History. 293\\nby McLaws, while Jackson approached and bombarded the town, which sur-\\nrendered as he was about to attack it. Miles was mortally wounded. The\\ngarrison was captured.\\nHarper s Magazine, founded in 1850 by the Harper Brothers. It was\\noriginally an eclectic magazine containing the choicest contributions to Eng-\\nlish periodicals. This purely eclectic character was soon abandoned, and\\nnearly every contemporaneous American and English writer of note has\\ncontributed to its pages.\\nHarris, Isham G., born in Tennessee in 1818, devoted his evenings to the\\nstudy of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. He was elected to the\\nLegislature of Tennessee from 1849 to 1853, and served as Governor of the\\nState from 1857 until the occupation of Tennessee by the national army.\\nHe was an aide on General Johnston s stafiF, and served in the West through-\\nout the war. He was elected a U. S. Senator in 1877, and has served until\\nthe present time (1897). Died July 8, 1897.\\nHarris, Joel Chandler, born in Georgia in 1848, was admitted to the bar\\nand is editor of the Atlanta (Ga.) Constitutioti. He is the author of Uncle\\nRemus, His Songs and Sayings, and other stories of Southern life.\\nHarris, William T., born in 1835, founder and editor of the Journal of\\nSpeculative Philosophy^ is prominent in educational circles, and from 1889 to\\n1893 was chief of the U. S. Bureau of Education.\\nHarrisburg, Pa., capital of the State since 1812. The town was laid out\\nin 1785 and called Louisbourg. In 1791 it was incorporated under its pres-\\nent name. It became a city in i860.\\nHarrisburg Convention. In 1827 a high tariff bill, known as the\\nWoolen Bill, was introduced into Congress by Clay and his adherents.\\nIt passed the House, but was defeated in the Senate by the casting vote of\\nthe Vice-President. Accordingly the protectionist faction, in 1828, called a\\nconvention at Harrisburg. The delegates were chiefly from New England\\nand the Middle States. The convention presented the cause of protection\\nto the people, and decided to seek an increased duty, not only on woolens,\\nbut on other specified articles of manufacture. This resulted in the passage\\nof the high tariff bill of 1828.\\nHarrison, Benjamin (1740-1791), born in Virginia, was a member of the\\nHouse of Burgesses in 1764, a member of the Correspondence Committee in\\n1773, and a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1778. From\\n1778 to 1782 he was Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and\\nardently advocated united opposition to Great Britain. He was Governor\\nof the State from 1782 to 1784, and when a delegate to the State Conven-\\ntion of 1788 opposed the ratification of the Constitution as being a national\\nand not a Federal document.\\nHarrison, Benjamin, born August 20, 1833, twenty-third President of the\\nUnited States, was the grandson of President William Henr)^ Harrison, and\\nwas born at North Bend, Ohio. He was graduated at Miami University in\\n1852, and settled as a lawyer in Indianapolis. He was elected reporter of the", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0321.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "294 Dictionary of United States History.\\nIndiana Supreme Court in i860, but his term was interrupted by the war.\\nHe volunteered in 1862 and was colonel of an Indiana regiment; in the\\nbattles of Resaca and Peach Tree Creek in 1864 he won distinction. Leaving\\nthe army with the brevet of brigadier-general, he resumed his position of\\nSupreme Court reporter. General Harrison was a successful lawyer and\\ncampaign orator, and in 1876 he received the Republican nomination for\\nGovernor, being defeated by a small majority. His name was presented to\\nthe Republican National Convention of 1880. Elected to the U. S. Senate,\\nhe served from 1881 to 1887. At the National Convention of 1888 he was\\na leading candidate from the start, received the nomination, and was elected\\nover President Cleveland in a campaign in which protection was the prin-\\ncipal issue. In his Cabinet, Blaine in the State and Windom in the\\nTreasury Department were national figures. Proctor, and later Elkins, was\\nin the War Department, B. F. Tracy in the Navy, Noble in the Interior,\\nRusk Secretary of Agriculture, Miller Attorney-General, and Wanamaker\\nPostmaster-General. The administration was marked politically by the\\nMcKinley Tariff Act in 1890, with the attendant feature of reciprocity; the\\nforeign relations with Chili and Hawaii were matters of interest. In 1892\\nthe President was a candidate for renomination, and received the gift over\\nhis powerful rival, Blaine, who resigned from the Cabinet during the contest.\\nPresident Harrison was in the election again confronted with Cleveland.\\nThe Democratic reaction, very marked in 1890, proved to be still in force,\\nand the President was defeated and retired from office in 1893.\\nHarrison, Caroline Lavinia (Scott), born in Ohio, became the wife of\\nBenjamin Harrison in 1854, and was a worthy and willing helpmeet in the\\nstruggles and perplexities of his career. She died during his Presidency, in\\n1892.\\nHarrison, William Henry (February 9, 1773-April 4, 1841), ninth Presi-\\ndent of the United States, was born in Virginia, and was son of Benjamin\\nHarrison, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was educated at\\nHampden Sidney College, entered the army, and fought at Wayne s victory\\nof 1794. In 1798 he became Secretary of the Northwest Territory, and in\\n1799 delegate to Congress. In 1800 he was appointed Governor of the new\\nIndiana Territory. He was still Governor when the Indian outbreak\\noccurred, and his victoiy at Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811, gave to him a\\nnational reputation and an epithet for life. In the War of 1812 he was\\nmajor-general, first of Kentucky militia, and then in the regular army. He\\ndefended Fort Meigs against the British in 1813, and on October 5 of the\\nsame year he achieved his second noted military exploit by defeating Proctor\\nand Tecumseh at the battle of the Thames. General Harrison resigned\\nfrom the army in 181 4. From 181 6 to 181 9 he was Congressman, from\\n1825 to 1828 U. S. Senator, and U. S; Minister to the United States of\\nColombia 1828-1829. As the Whig candidate for President in 1836 he was\\ndefeated by Van Buren. In December, 1839, the Whig Convention put\\nHarrison again before the country and Van Buren was again his antagonist.\\nThe campaign of 1840 was without precedent or successor. The log cabin\\nand hard cider charged by his opponents against his earh record, became a\\ntower of strength to him a campaign ball was set rolling across the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0322.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "DlCTIOiVARY OF UNITED STATES HiSTORY. 295\\ncountry; and Tippecanoe and Tyler too were fairly sung into the White\\nHouse. In his Cabinet Webster as Secretar of State was the ablest mem-\\nber. Fatigue and exposure and importunities of office-seekers caused his\\ndeath after a month of service, the first death of a President while in\\noffice. General Harrison, though by no means brilliant, was an able admin-\\nistrator, and a man of good sense.\\nHarrison, Fort, Ind., a small fort, commanded by Captain Zachary Taylor\\nwith fifty men, attacked September 5, 181 2, by Indians and partly burned.\\nThe fort was saved by reinforcements with the loss of only three men.\\nHarrison, Fort, Va., wrested from the Confederates by a small detach-\\nment of Grant s Federal army, September 28, 1864, during the campaign in\\nthe vicinities of Richmond and Petersburg.\\nHarrodsburg, Ky., the oldest town in the State. The first cabin was built\\nhere in 1774 by Captain James Harrod.\\nHart, John (1708-1780), known as Honest John Hart, represented New\\nYork in the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777, signed the Declaration\\nof Independence, and in 1777-1778 was chairman of the New York Com-\\nmittee of Safety.\\nHarte, Francis Bret, born in New York in 1839, was associated with the\\nSan Francisco Golden Era in 1857, edited for a short time the Califorjiian^\\nand in 1868 established the Overland Monthly. He has mostly written\\nsketches of American frontier life. From 1880 to 1885 he was U. S. Consul\\nat Glasgow.\\nHartford, Conn., was settled in 1635 by emigrants from eastern Massa-\\nchusetts, under the lead of Thomas Hooker. The Constitution for the colony,\\nthe first framed in America, was written here in 1639. It became the capital\\nof the colony. In 1687 Sir E. Andros demanded the charter from the\\nassembly in session in the city, but it was concealed, it is said, in the Charter\\nOak. Trinity College was founded in Hartford in 1823.\\nHartford, Convention at. In November, 1780, a convention of delegates\\nfrom all the Northern States was held at Hartford, which sought methods of\\nfurnishing men and supplies for continuing the War of Independence. They\\npassed resolutions in favor of a better financial system and a stronger Federal\\ngovernment.\\nHartford Convention met at Hartford, Conn., December 15, 1814,\\nand adjourned Januar\\\\- 5, 1815. It consisted of delegates from Massachu-\\nsetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island and was the outgrowth of the opposi-\\ntion of the New England Federalists to the war with Great Britain which\\nwas then in progress and which was especially injurious to the commercial\\ninterests of New England. The New England States strongly denounced\\nthe policy of the Democratic administration in the conduct of the War,\\nespecially in respect to forcible drafts. The convention was held in secret\\nand a report was falsely circulated that it looked toward a dissolution of the\\nUnion. The general aim of the convention seems to have been to propose\\ncertain reforms in the direction of States rights. Its proceedings brought\\nupon the New England Federalists great odium.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0323.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "396 Dictionary of Unitkd Statks History.\\nHartranft, John F. (1830-1889), entered the army in 1861, had commands\\nat Roanoke, Antietam and Fredericksburg, was brigadier-general at the\\nWilderness, Spottsylvania and Petersburg and brevetted major-general in\\n1865. He was Governor of Pennsylvania from 1872 to 1878.\\nHarvard, John (1607-1638), was born in London, England. He was\\nordained a clergyman, but, being a Puritan, emigrated to New England in\\n1637 and became a freeman of the Massachusetts colony. At his death he\\nbequeathed half of his property or about 750 pounds, and his entire library\\nof 320 volumes, to the college which bears his name.\\nHarvard University, the oldest college in the United States, at Cambridge,\\nMass. It was founded in 1636, and chartered in 1650 by the General Court.\\nIn 1638 it was named after Rev. John Harvard, who left it probably ^750.\\nIts first class, consisting of nine, was graduated in 1642. It received State\\naid, in addition to private benefactions, till 1814, but its official connection\\nwith the commonwealth continued till 1865, after which time the control of\\nthe university was vested in its alumni. Besides its academic department it\\nhas schools of theology, law, medicine, science and dental surgery, founded\\nrespectively in 1819, 1817, 1782, 1848 and 1868.\\nHatcher s Run, Va., scene of two severe engagements during the Civil\\nWar, while Grant and Lee were manoeuvring about Richmond and Peters-\\nburg. October 27, 1864, Grant endeavored to force a passage of Hatcher s\\nRun and move against the South Side Railroad. Finding no assailable point\\nin the Confederate lines he decided to withdraw, when suddenly the Con-\\nfederates fell furiously upon Hancock s rear ranks. Hancock turned and\\ndrove them back to their fortifications. From February 5 to 7, 1865, there\\nwas also some severe fighting about Hatcher s Run between Hancock, who\\nwas endeavoring to push the Federal lines to that stream, and the Con-\\nfederates under Gordon and Hill. Hancock was successful.\\nHatteras Inlet, N. C, location of two Confederate forts commanded by\\nSamuel Barron, and deemed a valuable passage for landing the ammunition\\nand supplies of the Confederacy, and for sending cotton out of the country.\\nGeneral Butler and Commodore Stringham fitted out an expedition against\\nthese forts, Clark and Hatteras, and sailed from Hampton Roads August 26,\\n1861, with ten vessels carrying 158 guns and 900 men. Fort Clark, the\\nweaker position, was speedily reduced, August 27, by the guns of the Federal\\nships Minnesota, Wabash and Susquehanna, and Hatteras was\\ncaptured after protracted bombardment the next day. Barron and 700 Con-\\nfederates were made prisoners.\\nHatton, Frank (1846-1894), was Assistant Postmaster-General from 1881\\nto 1884, when he was made Postmaster-General in Arthur s Cabinet, being\\nthe youngest officer ever in a U. S. Cabinet except Alexander Hamilton.\\nHavemeyer, William F. (1804-1874), mayor of New York City from 1845\\nto 1851, and from 1872 to 1874, was president of the Bank of North America\\nfrom 1 85 1 to 1861, and very prominent in the overthrow of the Tweed ring.\\nHaverford College, Pa,, was founded by the Friends in 1833.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0324.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 297\\nHaw, Battle of the, February 25, 1781. About 400 loyalists had col-\\nlected near the Haw. Henry Lee, by passing for Tarleton s force, got\\namong them. The trick was discovered and a hot fight followed in which\\nninety loyalists were slain and many wounded. Lee s loss was light.\\nHawaii. A treaty of commerce and for the extradition of criminals was\\nconcluded between the United States and Hawaii in 1849, and a reciprocity\\ntreaty in 1875, extended by the Convention of 1887. Treaty rights were\\nfurther confirmed by Act of Congress in 1891. The coup d ktat of January,\\n1^93, Jepjied cue ^u^cu and cbLauiislied li republic, with iSanford B. Dole as\\npresident, annexation ta United States requested. An annexation treaty was\\nconcluded February 14, 1893, providing for the cession to the United States\\nof all rights of sovereignty in the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies;\\nfor reference to the U. S. Congress of all questions of administration, the\\nprovisional government meanwhile to continue under United States guidance;\\nfor the assumption by the United States of the Hawaiian debt to the limit\\nof $3,250,000; for the regulation of Chinese immigration; and for the support\\nof deposed royalty. Tlie close of the session of Congress prevented its rati-\\nfication by that body, and tlie incoming administration proving hostile to the\\ntreaty it was not ratified. Annexation treaty ratified July 7, 1898.\\nHawkins, Sir John (i 520-1595), an Elizabethan navigator who was\\nengaged in the West India slave trade. His first voyage was made in 1562.\\nIn 1565 he captured a cargo of slaves in Guinea and traded along the coast\\nof Florida. His last voyage was made in 1567 with Sir Francis Drake.\\nHe was knighted in 1588 for services against the Spanish Armada.\\nHawks, Francis L. (1798-1866), of North Carolina, for a time a success-\\nful lawyer, entered the Episcopal ministry and became eminent in his pro-\\nfession. He is the author of numerous political and ecclesiastical works,\\nand of a history of North Carolina.\\nHawley, Joseph R., born in 1826, was admitted to the Connecticut bar\\nin 1850. In 1857 he became editor of the Hartford Evetiing Press which\\nadvanced the interests of the Republican party. He was the first Connec-\\nticut volunteer in the Civil War, enlisted as a captain, and was mustered out\\nas brevet major-general in 1865. In 1866 he was elected Governor of Con-\\nnecticut, and in 1868 was president of the National Republican Convention,\\nin that of 1872 secretar) of the Committee on Resolutions and its chainnan\\nin 1876. He was a U. S. Congressman from 1872 to 1881, when he was\\nchosen Senator, serving until the present time (1897). He is a pleasing\\nspeaker and a strong Republican.\\nHawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864), was born at Salem, Mass. He con-\\ntributed his early productions to periodicals such as the N ew England Maga-\\nstne, the American Magazine^ the Democratic Revieiv and the Token. In\\n1837 appeared his Twice Told Tales, and in 1849 he published the\\nScarlet Letter, which at once brought him into prominence. In 1853 he\\nwas appointed Consul at Liverpool by President Pierce, and served until\\n1857. He is the greatest romance-writer that America has produc\u00c2\u00ab J.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0325.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "298 Dictionary of United States History.\\nHay, John, born in 1838, was assistant secretary to President Lincoln in\\n1861. He served several months in the Civil War, and from 1865 to 1867\\nwas secretar} of legation to Paris, chargd d affaires at Vienna until 1868,\\nand secretary at Madrid until 1870. He became associated with the Ne2V\\nYork Tribune., and from 1879 to 1881 was First Assistant Secretary of State.\\nHe is widely known for his dialect sketches and poems, and for Nicolay and\\nHay s life of Lincoln. Became Ambassador to England May, 1897, which\\noffice he resigned and became Sec. of State, McKinley s cabinet, Sept. 30, 1 898.\\nHayburn vs. State. Attorney-General Randolph in 1792 moved that the\\nSupreme Court issue a mandamus to the Circuit Court of Pennsylvania to\\nadmit Hayburn of that State to the United States pension list. Randolph\\ndeclared he made the motion ex officio with a view to seeing the provisions\\nof the Act of Congress of March 23, 1792, relating to pensions, executed.\\nThe court would not allow this, so he next pleaded the merits of the case.\\nJudgment was postponed and never given, since the Act of Congress of 1793\\nprovided for pensioners in another way. Whether the Act of 1792 was con-\\nstitutional was not decided by the court; but the judges were individually\\nof that opinion, and this gives the case a certain importance, being a very\\nearly one, among those involving such considerations.\\nHayden, Ferdinand V. (1829-1887), born in Massachusetts, was a surgeon\\nin the Civil War. He has superintended geological and geographical surveys\\nof the territories of the United States, and has published valuable reports.\\nHayes, Isaac I. (1832-1881), made three voyages of exploration to the\\nArctic regions, served as surgeon during the Civil War, and was a member\\nof the New York Assembly from 1865 to 1870.\\nHayes, Lucy Ware (Webb), married President R. B. Hayes in 1852, was\\nrenowned for her sympathetic devotion to the soldiers wounded in the Civil\\nWar, and for her efforts, while occupying the White House, to promote the\\ninterests of temperance and other good causes.\\nHayes, Rutherford Birchard (October 4, 1822-January 17, 1893), nine-\\nteenth President of the United States, was born at Delaware, O., and graduated\\nat Ken}on College in 1842. He practiced law in Fremont, O., and became\\ncity solicitor in Cincinnati. On the outbreak of the war he volunteered, and\\nrose from major of Ohio infantry to brigadier-general and brevet major-\\ngeneral. He was wounded at the battle of South Mountain, and distin-\\nguished himself in the Shenandoah campaign of 1864 at Winchester,\\nFisher s Hill and Cedar Creek. He entered Congress in 1865, and, having\\nbeen elected Governor of his State, he occupied that position from 1868 to\\n1872. He was defeated for Congressman in 187a, but elected (Governor in\\n1875 on the honest money issue, after a campaign which attraccea national\\nattention. It was this success which caused Governor Hayes name to be\\npresented to the Republican National Convention of 1876. The twp leading\\ncandidates, Blaine and Bristow, were set aside, and Hayes was nominated on\\nthe seventh ballot. (For the doubtful result and final settlement of this\\nextraordinary Hayes-Tilden campaign, see Electoral Commission.) Mr.\\nHayes was declared elected March 2, 1877, and inaugurated March 5. He", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0326.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0327.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": ".V\\n^x^\\ntl^\\nSTATESMEN OF THE MIDDLE PERIOD.\\nThomas H. Benton. Robert Winthrop.\\nStephen A. Douglas. Edward Everett.\\nSilas Wright.\\nJohn C. Calhoun. Daniel Webster.\\nHenry Clay. W. L. Marcy.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0328.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 299\\noclected Evarts for the State Department, Sherman for the Treasury, McCrary\\nfor War, R. W. Thompson for the Navy, Schiirz for the Interior, Devens\\nAttorney-General and D. M. Key Postmaster-General. During his adminis-\\ntration occurred the great railroad strikes of 1877, and the resumption of\\nspecie payments in 1879. President Hayes favored civil service reform, a\\nconciliatory policy in the South, vetoed the Bland bill and vetoed a Chinese\\nrestriction bill. After the close of his term, in 1881, he lived in retirement\\nin Ohio, i\\nHaymarket Massacre (Chicago), an Anarchist riot, originating in labor\\ntroubles which culminated in an open-air meeting in Haymarket Square\\nMay 4, 1886. Violent speeches were made by the Anarchists Spies, Parsons\\nand Fielden. A bomb was thrown among the police, causing great loss of\\nlife. Spies, Parsons, Fischer, Engel, Schwab, Lingg and Neebe were arrested\\nand tried. The first four were hanged November 11, 1887. Fielden and\\nSchwab were imprisoned for life. Lingg committed suicide. Governor\\nAltgeld, of Illinois, pardoned Fielden and Schwab in 1893.\\nHayne, Isaac (1745-1781), born in South Carolina, entered the colonial\\narmy at the outbreak of the Revolution, and when the British took posses-\\nsion of Charleston in 1780 was paroled. In 1781 he made an incursion\\nagainst the British, was pursued by a superior force and taken prisoner.\\nHe was sentenced to death by the British without a trial and hanged.\\nHayne, Paul H. (1830-1886), The Laureate of the South, editor of\\nnumerous periodicals, exerted a powerful influence upon the literary life of\\nthe South, and published a great number of poems.\\nHayne, Robert Young (1791-1839), served during tl\\\\e War of 1812, and\\nwas a member of the South Carolina Legislature from 1814 to 1818, in which\\nyear he was Speaker. From 181 8 to 1822 he was Attorney-General of the\\nState, and in 1823 sent to the U. S. Senate, where he strenuously opposed\\nthe protective system, denying its constitutionality. He asserted that under\\nthe Constitution a State had the right to arrest the operation of such Federal\\nenactments as she considered unconstitutional. This led to the famous\\ndebate between W^ebster and Hayne in 1830, respecting State rights and\\nnullification. He was chairman of the State Convention in 1832, which\\nreported the celebrated ordinance of nullification, and was Governor of\\nSouth Carolina from 1832 to 1834, when that State prepared to enforce the\\nnullification ordinance and make armed resistance against the Federal\\nauthority; but the tarifi bill of Henry Clay compromised the difliculties.\\nHayne was a brilliant speaker.\\nHays, Alexander (1819-1864), enlisted in the Civil War as a colonel in the\\nMaryland campaign, fought at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, was bre-\\nvetted colonel U. S. A., and was killed at the battle of the Wilderness.\\nHayti. It was not until November 3, 1864, that a treaty of amity, com-\\nmerce and navigation, and for the extradition of criminals, was concluded\\nbetween the two nations. The attitude of the United States up to that\\ntime toward this negro republic was fixed by considerations growing out of\\nthe slavery question.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0329.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "300 Dictionary of United States History.\\nHayward, a town officer appointed in the early New England colonies to\\nlook after hedges and boundaries of private property and prevent encroach-\\nment. Also his office was akin to that of the impounder and common\\ndriver.\\nHazelwood, John ^i726?-i8oo?), bom in England, was a commodore in\\nthe Pennsylvania iiavj in 1776, and while commander of the State navy in\\n1777 and of the Continental vessels on the Delaware River, became promi-\\nnent for skill and success.\\nHazen, William B. (1830-1887), commanded in the Mexican War, led a\\nbrigade at Shiloh, Chickanianga and Missionar.- Ridge, was promoted major-\\ngeneral, and was afterward prominent in the Signal Servdce, of which he\\nwas chief from 1880 to 1887.\\nHeadley, Joel T., bom in 1813, became an assistant editor of the New\\nYork Tribune in 1S46, and has written numerous popular works of histor\\nand biography, including a life of Washington. Died 1897.\\nHeath, William (1737-1814), was chosen captain of the Suffolk regiment\\nbefore the Revolution, and commanded the Boston artillery in 1770. He\\nwas a ^lassachusetts Assemblyman in 176 1 and from 1771 to 1774, and a\\nmember of the Committee of Safety and of the Provincial Congress from\\n1774 to 1775. He was made brigadier-general in 1774 for meritorious ser-\\n\\\\nces, and was promoted major-general in 1775. He was a member of the\\nconvention which ratified the Constitution, was a State Senator from 15^91\\nto 1792, and a probate judge from 1793.\\nHeintzelman, Samuel P. (i 805-1 880), graduated at West Point, served as\\na captain in the Mexican War, and was brevetted major for bravery. Ke\\nwas commissioned colonel in the Civil War, and afterward commanded as\\nbrigadier-general at Alexandria, Bull Run, Yorktown, Williamsburg and\\nFair Oaks, and in 1863 commanded the Northern Department. He was\\nretired in 1869 wdth the full rank of major-general U. S. A.\\nHeister, Leopold Philip von (i 707-1 777), Hessian lieutenant-general and\\ncommander of all the Hessians in America, landed at Long Island in com-\\nmand of two Hessian brigades in 1776, and aided the British against the\\ncolonies at that place and at White Plains. In 1777 he was recalled, at the\\ndesire of Howe.\\nHelena, capital of Montana, was settled in 1864.\\nHelena, Mo., fortified and occupied by 4500 Federals under Prentiss in\\n1863. The Confederates, Holmes, Price and Marmaduke, assaulted this\\nposition July 4 with 8000 soldiers. Charge after charge was made, but all\\nproved ineffectual. The National batteries inflicted terrible losses upon the\\nassaulting troops. Holmes ordered a retreat about noon, having lost fully\\ntwenty per cent of his army.\\nHelper, Hinton R., bom in 1829, author of The Impending Crisis of the\\nSouth, a book which, in the anti-slaver\\\\ struggles just before the war, made\\na profound impression, as presenting the views of the non-slaveholding whites\\nof the South. He was U. S. Consul at Buenos Ayres from 1S61 to 1867.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0330.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 301\\nHelps, Sir Arthur (1817-1875), is the English author of Conquerors of\\nthe New World and Their Bondsmen, The Spanish Conquest in America\\nand its Relation to the History- of Slavery, and lives of Columbus, Pizarro\\nand Cortez.\\nHenderson, David B., born in 1840, served in the Civil War, member of\\nCongress since 1883, will probably be next Speaker (1899).\\nHenderson, John B., born in 1826, was a member of the Missouri Legis-\\nlature in 1848 and 1856, and while a U. S. Senator from 1863 to 1869 was\\none of the Republicans who opposed the impeachment of President Johnson.\\nHenderson, Richard (i 734-1 785), a Judge in the North Carolina Supreme\\nCourt in 1769, organized the Transylvania Land Company in 1775, and\\nestablished a government over that region, but was declared guilty of an\\ninfringement of the rights of Virginia by the Legislature of that State.\\nHenderson, Thomas J., born in 1824, was a member of the Illinois\\nLegislature from 1855 to i860, was brevetted brigadier-general in 1865 for\\nservices in the Civil War, and was a U. S. Congressman 1 875-1 894.\\nHendrick (i68o?-i755), a Mohawk chief who represented the Six Nations\\nat a treaty congress in 1754 at Albany, and who faithfully aided the British\\nagainst the French.\\nHendricks, Thomas A. (1819-1885), was admitted to the bar in 1843.\\nHe was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives in 1848, and became\\na State Senator in 1849. In 1850 he was chosen a member of the conven-\\ntion to revise the State Constitution, and represented Indiana in the Congress\\nof the United States from 1851 to 1855. He was appointed by President\\nPierce Commissioner of the General Land Office, serving from 1855 to 1859,\\nand from 1863 to 1869 was a U. S. Senator. He was Governor of Indiana\\nfrom 1872 to 1877, and in 1876 was the Democratic candidate for Vice-Presi-\\ndent of the United States on the ticket with Samuel J. Tilden. He was the\\nunanimous choice of the Democratic party for Vice-President in 1884, and\\nwas elected on the ticket with Grover Cleveland for President, but died\\nduring his first year of office.\\nHening s Statutes, the first complete collection ever published of the\\nlaws of any colony and State, with inclusion of those obsolete and repealed.\\nHening s Statutes at Large of Virginia was published, beginning in 1809,\\nby W. W. Hening, largely at the instance of President Jefferson. It is of\\ngreat value as a source of history. (13 vols.)\\nHennepin, Louis (i640?-i7oi), a missionary of the Order of Recollets\\nof St. Francis, was born in Belgium. He came to Canada in 1673, and\\nfounded a convent at Fort Frontenac in 1676. He accompanied La Salle s\\nexpedition to the West and to the Niagara and the Upper Lakes in 1678,\\nand constructed Fort Cr^vecoeur in Illinois. Hennepin and his followers\\nproceeded down the Mississippi until captured by the Sioux in 1680. On\\nhis return to Europe he published his Description de la Louisiane nouvelle-\\nment decouverte au sud-ouest de la Nouvelle France, and in 1697 his\\nNouvelle decouverte d un tr^s-graud pays situe dans rAm^riqne, entre le\\nNouveau-Mexique et la mer Glaciale. He claimed to be the first to descend,\\nto the mouth of the Mississippi, but this is open to dispute,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0331.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "302 Dictionary of United States History.\\nHenry VII. (1457-1509), King of England from 1485 to 1509, granted\\non March 5, 1495, to John Cabot, his three sons, their heirs and assigns, a\\npatent for the discovery of unknown lands in the Eastern, Western and\\nNorthern seas, with a right to occupy such territories and to have exclusive\\ncommerce with them, paying to the king one-fifth part of all the profits.\\nThe enterprise was to be at their own proper cost and charge. In his\\nbook of private expenses for 1497 there is an item, To him that found the\\nnew isle, ;^io, no doubt referring to Cabot.\\nHenry, John. In 1809 John Henry was sent by Sir John Craig, Governor\\nof British North America, to report upon the state of affairs and political\\nfeeling in the New England States. Hoping for a reward, Henry painted\\nthe New England disafifection to the Union in very high colors in all his\\ncorrespondence with Craig. Failing of his reward he returned to the United\\nStates and sold, in 181 2, the whole correspondence to President Madison.\\nThe latter sent the documents to Congress in the belief that they proved an\\nattempt on (xreat Britain s part to annex New England. Nothing of the sort\\nwas proved.\\nHenry, Joseph (1797-1878), physicist, made highly valuable contributions _\\nto science, particularly in the line of electricity, magnetism and meteorology.\\nHe was director of the Smithsonian Institute.\\nHenry, Patrick (May 29, 1736-June 6, 1799), was born in Hanover County,\\nVa. He failed in farming and trading, and started his career as a lawyer,\\nwith somewhat slender equipment, in 1760. He attracted attention by a\\nnoted speech in 1763, and in 1765 he entered the House of Burgesses and\\nuttered his famous arraignment of the Stamp Act. He was a leader in\\norganizing the committees of correspondence, and was a delegate to the first\\nContinental .Congress. In 1775 occurred his liberty or death speech, and\\nhe was active in the beginning of hostilities as a colonel and commander of\\nVirginia troops. He took the lead in organizing the Virginia State Govern-\\nment, and was its first Governor, being elected in 1776, 1777 and 1778, and\\nin 1784 and 1785. His jealous} of State privileges and devotion to\\ndemocracy led him to oppose the Federal Constitution of 1787. He was\\nthe Anti-Federalist leader in the State, and was prominent in the ratifying\\nconvention of 1788. For a short time, 1794-1795, he was U. S. Senator,\\nwas finally a Federalist, and was for many years a member of the Virginia\\nlyCgislature. Patrick Henrj was noted for eloquence, but did not in con-\\nstructive statesmanship compare with some of the other great Virginians.\\nHis life has been recentlv written by William Wirt Henry. There are other\\nlives by Wirt and M. C. Tyler.\\nHenry, Cape, Va., named in April, 1607, by Admiral Newport, in honor\\nof Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I. of England.\\nHenry, Fort, Tenn., captured February 6, 1862, by the Federals, Com-\\nmodore Foote and General Grant, commanding seven Union gunboats and a\\nland force of 17,000. Fort Henry and Fort Heiman, a neighboring Confed-\\nerate stronghold, were held by General Tilghman with 2734 men. Heiman\\nwas early abandoned. Foote was to reduce Fort Henry and Grant to cut off", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0332.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United vStates History. 303\\nthe retreat of the garrison. The Union gunboats commenced firing at six\\nthousand yards, gradually nearing the fort. Tilghman held out bravely, but\\nthe bursting of a twenty-four-pounder gun, wounding many of his men,\\nforced him to surrender his staff and himself. By his orders Colonel Hei-\\nman had been directed to attempt a retreat with the main body of the garri-\\nson. This move was accomplished through Grant s late arrival, owing to\\nrecent floods.\\nHenshaw, David (1791-1852), a Massachusetts Senator in 1826, and a\\nRepresentative in 1839, was appointed Secretary of the Navy by President\\nTyler, but, being soon afterward rejected by the Senate, served only from\\n1843 to 1844.\\nHanson, Josiah (1787-1881), whose life furnished the basis for Uncle\\nTom s Cabin, was a negro slave in Maryland, but gained his freedom by\\nflight to Canada, and became pastor of a church.\\nHepburn vs. Griswold, one of the legal-tender cases in the U. S.\\nSupreme Court, decided 1864. In i860 Mrs. Hepburn promised to pay\\nGriswold on February 20, 1862, $11,250, legal tender at that time (i860)\\nbeing gold and silver only. In 1862, during the Civil War, the United\\nStates issued $150,000,000 of its own notes to be received as lawful money\\nin payment of public and private debts within the United States. Mrs.\\nHepburn s note being overdue, suit was brought by Griswold in the Court\\nof Chancery of Kentucky in 1864. Mrs. Hepburn tendered United States\\nnotes in payment, which were refused, though the court declared the debt\\nabsolved. The Court of Appeals reversed this judgment, and, it being\\nbrought to the U. S. Supreme Court, that body confirmed the judgment of\\nthe Court of Appeals of Kentucky, on the ground that the Act of 1862 was\\nnot intended to impair contracts made prior to its passage. This decision\\nwas reversed in Knox fs. Lee and Jitlliard z s. Greenman.\\nHerald of Freedom. The first issue of this newspaper was made Octo-\\nber 21, 1854, in Wakarusa, Kansas, but it was really printed in Pennsylvania.\\nIt was the first newspaper of Kansas. It was afterward established at\\nLawrence, January 6, 1855. After this the ofiice was destroyed and the\\npaper suspended for a time. It was soon renewed, however, and continued\\nuntil 1859, when it was finally suspended.\\nHerbert, Hilary A., was born in South Carolina in 1834, and was admitted\\nto the bar. He enlisted in the Confederate army as a captain, and was\\npromoted colonel. He was wounded in the battle of the Wilderness in 1864.\\nHe represented Alabama in the Congress of the United States from 1877 to\\n1893, when he became Secretary of the Navy in the Cabinet of President\\nCleveland.\\nHerkimer, Nicholas (1715-1777), was appointed a colonel of militia in\\n1758, and commanded at Fort Herkimer against the French and Indians.\\nHe was appointed brigadier-general of militia by the State Convention in\\n1776, and marched against Sir John Johnson s force of Tories and Indians.\\nHe was mortally wounded at Oriskany in an expedition for the relief of Fort\\nStanwix, which was besieged by St. Leger in 1777.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0333.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "304 Dictionary of United States History.\\nHermitage, the home of Andrew Jackson, at Nashville, Tenn., to which\\nhe moved from Hunter s Hill about 1804. The house in which he lived\\nduring the last twenty-five years of his life was not built until 1819.\\nHerndon, William L. (1813-1857), entered the navy in 1828, explored the\\nAmazon for the U. S. Government in 1851 and 1852, and bravely died while\\naiding passengers on the sinking mail steamer, Central America.\\nHerrera, Jose Joaquin (1792-1854), became president of Mexico in 1845,\\nbut was deposed for favoring the independence of Texas. He was second in\\ncommand during the war with the United States. He was again president\\nfrom 1848 to 1851.\\nHerrman, Augustine (i6o5?-i686), established the Virginia tobacco trade\\nabout 1629. He was prominent in the affairs of New Netherlands. He was\\ncreated L,ord of Bohemia Manor, a large tract of land southwest of the Dela-\\nware, in 1662.\\nHesse. A convention for the abolition of droit cfaubaine and taxes on\\nemigration was concluded between the United States and Hesse in 1844.\\nHessians. Early in 1776, the British Government made treaties with var-\\nious Gennan petty princes, by which it obtained mercenaries for the war in\\nAmerica. Under these treaties, the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel sent 17,000\\ntroops, the Duke of Brunswick 6000, the Count of Hesse-Hanau 2400, the\\nMargrave of Anspach 2400, the Prince of Waldeck and the Prince of\\nAnhalt-Zerbst about 1000 each. In all, England paid the princes about\\n;^i,8oo,ooo. The Hessians on the whole fought well. Some of them\\nsettled in this country and Nova Scotia. About 17,000 returned to Germany.\\nHewes, George R. T. (1751-1840), was one of the foremost among the\\npatriots in the Boston Tea Party in 1773. He afterward joined the army\\nand was stationed at West Point.\\nHewes, Joseph (i 730-1779), served in the North Carolina Senate in 1763.\\nHe was a prominent member of the Continental Congress in 1774, and\\nsigned the Declaration of Independence.\\nHewitt, Abram S., born in 1822, represented New York in the U. S.\\nCongress from 1874 to 1886, except one term, and advocated a moderate\\ntariff and honest money. He was one of the scientific commissioners sent\\nby the United States to the French Exposition of 1867. He was chairman\\nof the Democratic National Committee in 1876. He was chosen mayor of\\nNew York City in 1886, and served one term.\\nHeyward, Thomas, Jr. (1746-1809), a member of the first South Carolina\\nCommittee of Safety, was a delegate to Congress from 1775 to 1778, and\\nsigned the Declaration of Independence. In 1780, he commanded a battalion\\nin the siege of Charleston.\\nHickey Plot, a conspiracy in 1776 to assassinate General Washington at\\nNew York. Thomas Hickey, one of the general s life guards, was the ring-\\nleader. He was hanged in June, 1776. David Matthews, mayor of New\\nYork, was implicated, and Governor Tryon was suspected, Matthews was\\nimprisoned^", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0334.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 305\\nHickory, Old, a nickname given to General Jackson, on account of his\\ntoughness and powers of resistance.\\nHicks, Elias (1748-1830), a celebrated preacher of the Society of Friends,\\ndenied the divinity of Christ and a vicarious atonement, thereby causing a\\ndivision of the Society into Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers.\\nHicksites, a body that seceded from the Society of Friends in the year\\n1827 under the leadership of Elias Hicks, of Jericho, L. I. They still retain\\nthe name of Friends, but hold Socinian views in regard to the Trinity\\nand the atonement. Number of members in 1890, 22,000.\\nHigginson, Francis (1588-1630), came as pastor to Massachusetts from\\nEngland in 1629, settled at Salem, and wrote New England s Plantations,\\nor a Short and True Description of the Commodities and Discommodities of\\nthe Country.\\nHigginson, Thomas Wentworth, was born in 1823. He was early iden-\\ntified with the anti-slavery cause. He left the ministry in 1858, and has\\nsince devoted himself to literature. He enlisted in the Civil War in 1862,\\nwas made colonel of the first regiment of colored troops, and captured\\nJacksonville. He was a Massachusetts Congressman in 1880 and 1881. He\\nis an earnest advocate of woman suSrage. He has contributed largely to\\ncurrent literature, and has published two histories of the United States.\\nHigher Law. During the controversy in Congress, in 1850, over the\\nadmission of California as a free or slave State, Senator Seward, of New\\nYork, representing the Free-Soil Whigs, declared the common domain devoted\\nto justice and liberty, not only by the Constitution, but by a higher law\\nthan the Constitution, and that California must be admitted with no com-\\npromise.\\nHighlanders. After the troubles of 1715 and 1745 bodies of Highlanders\\ncame to the colonies and settled in the back districts of South Carolina as\\nIndian traders and farmers. When Oglethorpe came over in 1733 with his\\nletters patent for the district afterward called Georgia, he found numerous\\nsettlements of Highlanders occupying portions of his territory. They gave\\nhim invaluable aid in his difficulties with the Spaniards and the unfriendly\\nIndians. The Highlanders were opposed to the introduction of negroes.\\nHigh-minded Federalists, a name given in ridicule to a set of New York\\nFederalists, supporters of DeWitt Clinton, because of their overfrequent use\\nof that adjective.\\nHigley Token (see Granby Token), a private or unauthorized coinage\\nissued in Connecticut by John Higley, of Granby, in 1737. It was made of\\ncopper. The obverse bore a deer and a legend. Value Me As You Please, the\\nRoman numerals III. and a crescent; the reverse, three hammers on a trian-\\ngular field, each bearing a crown; legend, I Am Good Copper.\\nHildreth, Richard (1807-1865), in 1832 became associate editor of the\\nBoston Atlas^ which attained considerable eminence as a daily Whig journal.\\nIn 1837 he published articles opposing the annexation of Texas, and while\\nresiding in the South published the anti-slavery novel, Archy Moore,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0335.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "3\u00c2\u00ae6 Dictionary of United States History.\\nrepublished as The White Slave. In 1840 he published Despotism in\\nAmerica, in 1843 Theor) of Politics, and in 1854 The L,egal Basis\\nof Slavery. He is most prominent as author of a history of the United\\nStates in six volumes, which is brought down to the close of Monroe s first\\nterm, and is of excellent quality, though of warm Federalist sympathies.\\nHill, Ambrose P. (1825-1865), graduated from theU. S. Military Academy\\nin 1847 and served during the Mexican War. At the outbreak of the Civil\\nWar he was appointed a colonel in the Virginia volunteers and fought at\\nBull Run. He was promoted brigadier-general for bravery and commanded\\nat Williamsburg, and was afterward promoted major-general. He took a\\nprominent and aggressive part in the battles around Richmond, had important\\ncommands at Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and was\\nbrevetted lieutenant-general. He led a corps at Gettysburg, and met his\\ndeath in defence of Petersburg.\\nHill, Benjamin Harvey (1823-1882), born in Georgia, was admitted to the\\nbar in 1845. He was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in\\n1851, 1859 and i860. He was a Unionist member of the State secession\\nconvention and strenuously opposed the ordinance of secession, but after its\\npassage supported the Confederacy. He was a delegate from Georgia to the\\nConfederate provisional Congress, and was a member of the Confederate\\nSenate till 1865. He published Notes on the Situation, ably opposing the\\nreconstruction measures. He earnestly supported Horace Greeley for the\\nPresidency in 1872. He served in the U. S. Congress from 1875 to 1877,\\nand on the Electoral Commission, and was a member of the U. S. Senate\\nfrom 1877 to 1882.\\nHill, David B., politician, born in 1843, was a member of the New York\\nAssembly in 1871 and 1872. He was president of the Democratic State\\nConventions of 1877 and 1881. He was Lieutenant-Governor of New York\\nin 1882, and Governor from 1885 to 1891. He was in 1891 elected U. S.\\nSenator for the term expiring in 1897.\\nHill, Daniel H. (1821-1889), general, was born in South Carolina. He was\\ngraduated from West Point in 1842. He was brevetted major for gallant\\nservice at Chapultepec during the Mexican War. He enlisted in the Con-\\nfederate service in 1861, gained a victor} at Big Bethel, and was promoted\\nmajor-general in 1862. He gained distinction in the Seven Days battles\\nabout Richmond and at Boonesboro and Fredericksburg. He commanded in\\nNorth Carolina and at Richmond and Petersburg. He was engaged at\\nChickamauga, and surrendered in 1865.\\nHill, Nathaniel P., born in 1832, has been prominent in the development\\nof mining industries in the West. He was a U. S. Senator from Colorado\\nfrom 1879 to 1885, and was the leading advocate of bimetallism.\\nHill, Thomas (1818-1891), president of Harvard from 1862 to 1868,\\naccompanied Agassiz on the exploring expedition to South America. He\\npublished numerous mathematical works.\\nHillard, George S. (1808-1879), scholar and lawyer, was a delegate to the\\nMassachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1853. District", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0336.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 307\\nAttorney from 1866 to 1870. He was the author of Six Months in Italy\\nand numerous biographies.\\nHillhouse, James (1754-1832), Senator, was a captain in the Revolution-\\nary War. He was a Representative in the Connecticut Legislature from\\n1786 to 1789. He represented Connecticut in the U. S. Congress as a\\nFederalist from 1791 to 1795, and from 1796 to 1810 was a U. S. Senator.\\nFrom 1810 to 1825 he was commissioner of the Connecticut School Fund.\\nHe was a member of the Hartford Convention.\\nHilliard, Henry W., born in 1808, author of the Junius Brutus papers,\\nrepresented Alabama in the U. S. Congress from 1845 to 1851. He was a\\nbrigadier-general in the Confederate army. He was Minister to Brazil from\\n1877 to 1881.\\nHillsboro, N. C, an encampment of Shennan s Federal army of 85,000\\nmen in 1865, during his pursuit of Johnston s Confederate troops 45,000\\nstrong. April 14 Sherman ordered his army to move from Hillsboro, which\\nis near Raleigh, to cut off Johnston s retreat toward Charlotte. As this\\nmovement was about to be begun Johnston sent to negotiate a surrender by\\nconditional treaty for all Confederates under arms. This treaty was drawn\\nup April 18.\\nHindman, Thomas C. (181 8-1 868), was a lieutenant in the Mexican War.\\nHe represented Mississippi in Congress as a Democrat from 1858 to 1861.\\nHe was a brigadier-general in the Western Confederate army, and became\\nmajor-general. He was assassinated for having exacted too severe discipline.\\nHindoos, a nickname applied to the Know-Nothing party in consequence\\nof their candidate for the Presidency, Daniel Ullman, who was alleged to\\nhave been a native of Calcutta.\\nHiscock, Frank, Senator, born in 1834, was a New York District Attorney\\nfrom i860 to 1863. He was a U. S. Congressman from 1877 to 1886, when\\nhe became a U. S. Senator for the term ending in 1893.\\nHistorical Magazine, an important periodical, devoted to American\\nhistory, edited by Henry B. Dawson. The full title was The Historical\\nMagazine and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, History and\\nBiography of America. Eighteen volumes were published, from 1857 to 1873.\\nHistorical Societies. The first such in the United States was the Massa-\\nchusetts Historical Society, founded in 1791. The New York Historical\\nSociety was established in 1809, the American Antiquarian Society in 1812,\\nthe American Historical Association in 1884.\\nHitchcock, Edward (i 793-1 864), an eminent American geologist, pub-\\nlished Report on the Geology of Massachusetts and The Religion of\\nGeology. Prominent for his labors on fossils of the Connecticut Valley.\\nHitchcock, Ethan Allen, born in 1835, successful business man. Ambas-\\nsador to Russia in 1897, Secretary of the Interior in 1898, under McKinley.\\nHoar, Ebenezer R., born in 1816, was a Judge of the Court of Common\\nPleas of Massachusetts from 1849 to 1855 and of the Massachu-setts Supreme\\nCourt from 1859 1869. He was Attorney-General of the United States", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0337.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0508 Dictionary of United States History.\\nfrom 1869 to 1870 in Grant s Cabinet. He was a member of the commission\\nwhich negotiated the Treaty of Washington. He represented Massachusetts\\nas a Republican in the U. S. Congress from 1873 to 1875. Died 1895.\\nHoar, George F., born in 1826, was a member of the Massachusetts\\nLegislature in 1852 and 1857. He represented Massachusetts in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Republican from 1869 to 1877, and in the Senate from 1877 to\\nthe present time. Delegate to Republican National Conventions of 1876,\\n1880, 1884 and 1888. Member of the Electoral Commission in 1877.\\nHobart, Augustus C. (Hobart Pasha) (i 822-1886), entered the British\\nnavy in 1836. During the Civil War he commanded the Don, a success-\\nful blockade runner off the coast of North Carolina. He was placed in\\ncommand of the Turkish fleet in the war of Turkey against Russia in 1877.\\nHobart College, Geneva, N. Y., was chartered in 1825 by Episcopalians.\\nHobkirk s Hill, Battle of, April 25, 1781. Greene, being unable to assault\\nor invest Camden, S. C, took his position ten miles north at Hobkirk s Hill.\\nHere Lord Rawdon attacked him. Greene had nearly won when victory\\nslipped from his grasp. The famous Maryland brigade fell into disorder\\nthrough misunderstanding of orders and deranged Greene s plan. He was\\ndriven from his post and forced to retire.\\nHobart, Garret A., lawyer; bom 1844 in New Jersey. Served in State\\nLegislature. Was speaker of House and president of Senate. Elected Vice-\\nPresident November 3, 1896. Died 1899.\\nHobson, Richmond Pearson, the Hero of the Merrimac, born in Ala-\\nbama, 1870. As naval constructor planned the sinking of the collier Mer-\\nrimac across inlet to Santiago harbor, which he did June 3, 1898, with\\nseven volunteer assistants.\\nHodge, Charles (1797-1878), professor of theology at Princeton from 1822\\nto 1878, founded the Princeton Revieii which he edited until it was combined\\nwith the Presbyterian Quarterly vn 1871. He was author of a Systematic\\nTheology, and of great influence upon Presbyterian theological thought.\\nHoe, Richard M. (1812-1886), born in New York, invented a rotary press\\nknown as Hoe s lightning press, which in one minute will print, cut and\\nfold a sheet of paper 800 feet long.\\nHoffman, Charles Fenno (1806-1884), of New York, was editorially con-\\nnected with the Knickerbocker Magazine^ the American Afonthly Magazine\\nand the Literary World. He was an author of poems and popular songs.\\nHoffman, John T., born in New York in 1828, became a member of Tarn\\nmany in 1858. He was mayor of New York City from 1865 to 1869, and\\nGovernor of New York State from 1869 to 1873.\\nHolden, Edward S., born in 1846, was connected with the U. S. Naval\\nObservatory from 1873 to 1886, when he became director of the Lick Obser-\\nvatory. He is the author of a life of Sir William Herschel.\\nHolden, William W., born 1818, edited Raleigh Standard, 1843 to 1868.\\nSigned ordinance of secession 1861. While Governor of North Carolina in\\nJ 868 he was prominent in suppressing the Kii-Klux outrages.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0338.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United vStates History. 309\\nHolland, Josiah G. (1819-1881), an editor of the ilfassackuieKs Repub-\\nlican from 1849 to 1866, published a Historj- of Western Massachusetts\\nand a Life of Abraham Lincoln. In 1870 he established Scribner s\\nMonthly.\\nHolland. (See Netherlands.)\\nHolland Land Company, an association of Dutch capitalists to whom\\nRobert Morris sold in 1792-93 the greater part of a valuable tract of land,\\nwest of the Genesee River, which he had purchased the year before from the\\nState of Massachusetts.\\nHolland Patent, the first land-grant in the present county of Orange,\\nNew York. It was made to six Dutch patentees by Governor Dongan, of\\nNew York, in 1686. The land was to be held in free and common socage of\\nKing James II.\\nHoUey, Myron (1779-1841), while in the New York Assembly from 1816\\nto 1824, advocated the construction of the Erie Canal. He was prominent\\namong the Anti-Masons, and afterward labored in behalf of the Liberty\\nparty.\\nHoUins, George N. (1799-1878), naval officer, served in the Algerian War\\nin 1815. By his unauthorized bombardment of Nicaragua in 1855 he nearh-\\ninvolved the United States in difficulties with Great Britain. A Confederate\\nnaval officer during the Civil War, he commanded the naval forces below New\\nOrleans which Farragut defeated in April, 1863.\\nHolly Springs, Miss., held by the Federals under Colonel Murphy as\\nGeneral Grant s hospital and depot of supplies. It was captured by the Con-\\nfederate leader, Van Dorn, December 20, 1862, and the entire store of ordnance\\nand medical siipplies, besides 100 barrels of gimpowder, was destroyed. Grant\\nhad telegraphed Murphy to fortify his position and hold out until he could\\nsend reinforcements, but the latter was forced to yield.\\nHolman, William S., of Indiana, born in 1822, was a judge of probate\\nfrom 1843 to 1846 and prosecuting attorney from 1847 to 1849. He was a\\nmember of the Indiana Constitutional Convention in 1850, and served in the\\nState Legislature from 1851 to 1852. He represented Indiana in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1859 to 1865, from 1867 to 1877 and from 1879\\nto the present time (1894), obtaining the name of the Great Objector by\\nhis opposition to many expenditures. Died 1897.\\nHolmes, Abiel (i 763-1837), a Massachusetts clergyman, was the author\\nof a life of Ezra Stiles and Annals of America, brought down to 1820,\\nwhich is a standard authority; father of Dr. O. W. Holmes.\\nHolmes, Isaac E. (1796-1867), served in the South Carolina Legislature\\nin 1826 and 1832, where he proposed the nullification acts. He was a Demo-\\ncratic U. S. Congressman from 1838 to 1851.\\nHolmes, John (i 773-1 S43), was a member of the Massachusetts Legisla-\\nture from 1802 to 1803 and from 181 3 to 18 17. He was a Democratic U. S.\\nCongressman from 1817 to 1827 and from 1829 to 1833", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0339.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "3IO Dictionary of United States History.\\nHolmes, Oliver Wendell, born in Massachusetts in 1809, is an eminent\\nphysician, but is famed chiefly in literature. He was one of the founders of\\n\\\\h Atlantic Monthly in 1857. In this periodical appeared his Autocrat of\\nthe Breakfast Table, Professor at the Breakfast Table, Elsie Venner,\\netc. He has written many most popular poems, and is author of memoirs\\nof John Lothrop Motley and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Died October 7, 1894.\\nHolmes, Theophilus H. (1804-1880), was brevetted major for services in\\nthe Mexican War. He organized the North Carolina troops in 1861, and\\ncommanded in the Confederate army in Northern Virginia and in the Trans-\\nMississippi Department.\\nHolmes vs. Walton, New Jersey. This seems to have been the first\\ninstance of an American court s assuming the authority to pronounce upon\\nthe constitutionality of an act of the Legislature. The Legislature of Nev/\\nJersey had, in 1779, passed an act making lawful a trial before a jury of six\\nmen. In the case of Holmes vs. Walton the constitutionality of this act\\nwas questioned, and upon its being decided unconstitutional by the Court of\\nAppeals, the act was repealed and a constitutional jury of twelve men\\nsubstituted.\\nHoist, Hermann E. von, historian, was born in Livonia in 1841. From\\n1867 to 1872 he was engaged in literary work in America. He is the author of\\na standard work on The Constitutional History of the United States, 1750-\\n1861. Also has written a life of John C. Calhoun and The Constitutional\\nLaw of the United States. In 1872 he became a professor at Strasburg, in\\n1874 at Freiburg, whence he was called to the University of Chicago in\\n1891.\\nHolt, Joseph, born in Kentucky in 1807, was appointed by President\\nBuchanan Commissioner of Patents in 1857, and Postmaster-General in\\n1859, and succeeded John B. Floyd as Secretary of War in i860. Although\\npreviously a Democrat he supported the administration of President Lincoln,\\nwho appointed him judge advocate of the army. In 1865 he was brevetted\\nmajor-general U S. A. for services in bureau of military justice. Died 1894.\\nHomestead Law, securing to any citizen the right to enter upon 160 acres\\nof unappropriated lands at $1.25 an acre, and after five years actual resi-\\ndence to own it, was passed May 20, 1862. It has proved of immense value\\nin stimulating the settlement of the West.\\nHomestead Riots. On the final refusal of the workingmen s association\\nto accept certain changes in the wage scale, the proprietors of the Carnegie\\nSteel Mills, at Homestead, Pa., closed the works July i, 1892. The\\nemployes declared a strike about the same time. A mob prevented the\\nsheriff from placing pickets in the mills. July 6 a body of 300 Pinkerton\\ndetectives arrived. A bloody fight between these men and the strikers\\nimmediately took place, resulting in considerable loss on both sides. The\\nPinkertons surrendered. The Pennsylvania militia was then ordered out\\nand remained at Homestead luitil September to protect the mills. Many\\nof the strikers were arrested and indictments were found against them.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0340.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 311\\nHonduras. A commercial treaty was concluded between the United\\nStates and Honduras in 1864. By Art. XIV. the United States guaranteed\\nthe neutrality of an interoceanic railway in return for concessions by Hon-\\nduras. A reciprocity treaty was concluded in 1892.\\nHoney Springs, Ind. Terr. Here, July 17, 1863, General Blunt with\\n3000 Federal troops destroyed Cooper s command of 6000 Confederates.\\nThis force was lying in wait for Blunt, and the latter learning this, charged\\nupon them.\\nHood, John Bell (1831-1879), born in Kentucky, graduated at the U. S.\\nMilitary Academy in 1853. He enlisted in the Confederate service in 1861,\\nand soon after was appointed brigadier-general of the Texas brigade. He\\nwas brev^etted major-general for gallant service at Gaines Mill. He served\\nin the Maryland campaign and fought at Bull Run, Boonesboro, Fredericks-\\nburg, Antietam and Gett} sburg. He reinforced General Bragg at Chicka-\\nmauga, and in 1864 commanded a corps under General Johnston. He\\nsucceeded Johnston in command and attempted to crush Sherman in his\\nmarch to the sea, but was unsuccessful. He was soon afterward defeated by\\nGeneral Thomas at Franklin and at Nashville. He was succeeded by General\\nRichard Taylor.\\nHooker, Charles E., born in 1825, a Mississippi Congressman from\\n1859 to 1 86 1. He was a colonel in the Confederate service. He served in\\nthe U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1875 to 1883 and from 1887 to the\\npresent time (1894).\\nHooker, Joseph (1814-1879), born in Massachusetts, was graduated from\\nWest Point in 1837. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for his very gallant\\nservice during the Mexican War from 1846 to 1848. He was appointed a\\nbrigadier-general of the National forces in 1861, and commanded a division\\nin 1862 in the Army of the Potomac. He was brevetted major-general for\\nservices at Yorktown, Williamsburg and Malvern Hill. He had important\\ncommands at South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg. In 1863 he\\nsucceeded Burnside m command of the Army of the Potomac, and conducted\\nthe battle of Chancellorsville, but, being unsuccessful, was soon after suc-\\nceeded by General j\\\\Ieade. He was assigned command in the Army of the\\nCumberland, and fought at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. He\\naccompanied Sherman in his march through Georgia until after the siege of\\nAtlanta. He was brevetted major-general in the regular army in 1865, and\\nretired in 1868. He was a brave and skillful tactician, but had not the\\nabilities requisite for commander-in-chief.\\nHooker, Thomas (1586-1647), fled from England to Holland in 1630 on\\na charge of non-conformity. He escaped to New England in 1633, and was\\nchosen pastor at Newtown (now Cambridge) of the eighth church established\\nin the Massachusetts colony. With one hundred members of the commu-\\nnity he emigrated to Connecticut in 1636, and founded the town of Hart-\\nford. He was chosen pastor of the church at that place and was very\\nprominent in ail the affairs of the colony. He was author of Survey of\\nthe Summe of Church Discipline.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0341.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "312 Dictionary of United States History.\\nHooper, Samuel (1808-1875), was a member of the Massachusetts Legis-\\nlature from 1 85 1 to 1854, and of the U. S. Congress as a Republican from\\n1861 to 1875. He served on the Committees of Ways and Means, Banking\\nand Currency, and War Debts.\\nHooper, William (1742-1790), was a member of the North Carolina Leg-\\nislature in 1773, and of the Continental Congress fromj774 to 1777. He\\nsigned the Declaration of Independence. He was author of the Hampden\\nessays in 1773.\\nHopkins, Edward (1600-1657), came to America from England in 1637.\\nHe was Governor of Connecticut in the even years from 1640 to 1654. He\\naided in forming the union of the New England colonies in 1643.\\nHopkins, Esek (1718-1802), of Rhode Island, was appointed commander-\\nin-chief of the navy by the Continental Congress in 1775. In 1776, in\\ncommand of the first colonial fleet, he captured the British ships Hawke\\nand Bolton. He was retired in 1777 for neglect to appear before the\\nNaval Committee on a charge of unnecessary delays. He afterward was\\nprominent in Rhode Island politics.\\nHopkins, Johns (1795-1873), was the founder of Johns Hopkins Univer-\\nsity at Baltimore, which he endowed with about $3,500,000. He also gave\\nan equal sum for the foundation of a hospital at Baltimore.\\nHopkins, Lemuel (1750-1801), aided by Trumbull, Humphreys, Barstow\\nand others, called the Hartford Wits, published The Anarchiad, which\\nadvocated an efficient Federal constitution. He wrote satirical poems\\nentitled the Echo, The Political Greenhouse, and The Hypocrite s\\nHope.\\nHopkins, Mark (1802-1887), born in Massachusetts, was professor of moral\\nphilosophy from 1836 to 1887 at Williams College, and its president from\\n1836 to 1872. He was author of the Law of Love and an Outline\\nStudy of Man.\\nHopkins, Samuel (1721-1803), theologian, was born in Connecticut. He\\nwas ordained in 1743, and became a pastor at Newport, R. I., in 1770. He\\nwas prominent in the Rhode Island anti-slavery movements in 1774. His\\nreligious views exerted a powerful influence. He wrote A System of\\nDoctrines.\\nHopkins, Stephen (1707-1785), was a member of the Rhode Island\\nAssembly during most of the years from 1732 to 1752, and was Speaker at\\nvarious sessions, 1738-1749. He was one of the committee, at the Albany\\nConvention of 1754, which drafted a plan of colonial union. He was Gover-\\nnor of Rhode Island from 1755 to 1757, from 1758 to 1762, from 1763 to\\n1765 and from 1767 to 1768. He was a Rhode Island delegate to the Con-\\ntinental Congress from 1774 to 1780, and signed the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence. In 1765 he published The Grievances of the American Colonies\\nCandidly Examined. He was the most eminent Rhode Island statesman\\nof the last century.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0342.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 313\\nHopkinsianism, the doctrine advocated by Samuel Hopkins, minister at\\nNewport from 1770, as an addition to Calvinism, that holiness consisted in\\npure, disinterested benevolence, and that all self-seeking was necessarily sin-\\nful. It exerted a liberalizing influence on the theology of the day.\\nHopkinson, Francis (1737-1791), was admitted to the bar in 1761. He\\nwas a New York Councihnan from 1774 to 1776. He was a delegate to the\\nContinental Congress from 1776 to 1777, serving on the committee to draft\\narticles of confederation and advocating and signing the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence. He was appointed head of the Navy Department in 1775. He\\naided the cause of liberty by witty satires and popular poems and songs.\\nHe was Judge of Admiralty for Pennsylvania from 1779 to 1789, and a U. S.\\nDistrict Judge from 1790 to 1791.\\nHopkinson, Joseph (1770-1842), was one of the counsel in the Pennsyl-\\nvania insurgents trials, and defended Judge Chase in his impeachment trials.\\nHe represented Pennsylvania in the U. S. Congress as a Federalist from\\n1815 to 1819. He was a U. S. District Judge from 1828 to 1842, and a\\nmember of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention of 1837. He com-\\nposed Hail Columbia.\\nHornet, eighteen guns. Captain Lawrence, off Brazil on February 24,\\n1 81 3, attacked the Peacock, a British brig, eighteen guns. Within fifteen\\nminutes the Peacock was sinking, and struck her colors. Before all the\\nwounded could be moved she sank, carrying nine British and three Ameri-\\ncan seamen with her. On March 23, 1815, in the South Atlantic, the British\\nbrig Penguin, of eighteen guns, challenged the Hornet. The battle\\nlasted twenty-three minutes. The Penguin was boarded and captured,\\nlosing among others her commander. After scuttling the prize the Hor-\\nnet returned to the United States. In the latter part of April, 1815, the\\nHornet wns chased by the Cornwallis, seventy-four guns, and only\\nescaped capture by throwing overboard all its guns save one, its anchors,\\nboats and heavy stores.\\nHorry, Peter, a brigadier-general under General Francis Marion during\\nthe Revolutionary War, wrote a Life of Marion in conjunction with Rev.\\nMason L. Weems.\\nHorse-Shoe Bend, Ala., a battle, March 29, 1814, between General\\nAndrew Jackson s army of 3000 whites, chiefly Tennessee militia, and\\nfriendly Cherokee Indians, and 700 or 800 Creek warriors. The Creeks had\\nfortified themselves in the horse-shoe of the Tallapoosa River. Jackson\\nadvanced his cannon to within 200 yards of the barricade and began firing,\\nwhile the Cherokee allies swam the river and attacked the Creeks in the\\nrear. An assault was then ordered and the fort carried, about 500 Creeks\\nbeing killed, and an equal number of women and children being captured.\\nHorsford, Eben N. (1818-1893), chemist, was one of the originators of\\nthe Lawrence Scientific School, at Cambridge, Mass. He made liberal\\nendowments to Wellesley College, and wrote extensively upon the Norse and\\nother early voyages to America.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0343.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "314 Dictionary of United States History.\\nHosmer, Harriet, born in Massachusetts in 1830, is a prominent Ameri-\\ncan sculptor. Her best works are The Sleeping Fawn, Puck, Zenobia\\nin Chains and Beatrice Cenci.\\nHotchkiss, Benjamin B. (1830-1885), was considered at the time of his\\ndeath the first artillery engineer in the world. He invented among others,\\na machine gun and a magazine rifle.\\nHoudon, Jean Antoine (i 740-1 828), French sculptor, visited the United\\nStates in 1785, and modeled the statue of Washington which is in the capitol\\nat Richmond and is regarded as the best likeness of Washington.\\nHouse of Representatives, a term first employed in colonial and State\\nLegislatures to denote the lower or popula branch. In the Randolph plan,\\nbrought before the Convention of 1787, the lower branch of the Federal\\nLegislature is called simply the first branch. The name House of Repre-\\nsentatives first appears in the report of the committee of detail. (See arts.\\nApportionment, Slave Representation, Previous Question, Mace, etc.) The\\nHouse has twice chosen the President, in 1801 (Jefferson), and in 1825 (J. Q.\\nAdams). The chief law regulating elections of Representatives was passed\\nin 1875.\\nHouston, Samuel (1793-1863), enlisted in the U. S. army in 1813, and\\nwas promoted lieutenant for braver}- in the Creek War, 1813-1814. He\\nrepresented Tennessee in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1823 to\\n1827, Governor of Tennessee from 1827 to 1829. He was a mem-\\nber of the Texas Constitutional Convention in 1833. As commander-in-chief\\nof the Texan army he secured the independence of Texas. He was presi-\\ndent of Texas from 1836 to 1838 and from 1841 to 1844, secured the annex-\\nation of Texas to the United States and represented it in Congress from 1845\\nto 1859. He was again chosen Governor of Texas in 1859 and served until\\nhe refused to espouse the Confederate cause in 1861.\\nHoward, Jacob M. (1805-1871), was a member of the Michigan Legisla-\\nture in 1838 and represented that State in the U. S. Congress from 1841 to\\n1843. He drafted the first Republican platform in 1854 and gave the party\\nits name. He was a U. S. Senator from 1862 to 1871.\\nHoward, John Eager (1752-1827), colonel, joined the Revolutionary army\\nat the outbreak of the war, and was a captain imder General Mercer at\\nWhite Plains in 1776. He commanded as major at Germantown and Mon-\\nmouth, fought at Camden in 1780 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and\\nwon great fame at Cowpens in 1781. He was Governor of Maryland from\\n1789 to 1792. In 1796 he declined the portfolio of Secretary^ of War in\\nWashington s Cabinet. He was a U. S. Senator from 1796 to 1803.\\nHoward of Effingham, Lord, Governor of Virginia from 1683 to 1688.\\nHe succeeded Lord Culpepper, and was very unpopular for his extortions,\\nusurpations, dissolving of the assembly, multiplication of fees and arbitrary\\nimprisonments. Colonel Ludwell was sent to England to make complaints\\nagainst him.\\nHoward, Oliver Otis, born in 1830, was graduated from the U. S. Mili-\\ntary Academy in 1854. He was appointed colonel of a Maine regiment in", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0344.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 315\\n1861. He commanded a brigade at Bull Run, and for his gallant service\\nwas promoted brigadier-general. In 1862 he fought at Fair Oaks and\\nAntietam, and was promoted major-general. He served at Fredericksburg,\\nGettysburg, Lookout ^Mountain and Missionary -Ridge. In 1863 he was\\nassigned command in the Army of the Cumberland, and later in the Army\\nof the Tennessee. He accompanied Sherman in his inarch to the sea, and\\nwas present at Johnston s surrender in 1865. He was Commissioner of the\\nFreedmen s Bureau from 1865 to 1874. In 1886 he was commissioned\\nmajor-general, and assigned to the Pacific Division; in 1888 he was trans-\\nferred to the Atlantic Division. Retired 1894.\\nHoward s Reports, twenty-four volumes of law reports by Benjamin C.\\nHoward, containing cases from the U. S. Supreme Court of the vears 1843-\\n1860.\\nHowe, Elias (1819-1867), born in Massachusetts, was the inventor of the\\nfirst successful sewing-machine, in 1846. He served in a Connecticut regi-\\nment during the Civil War, and aided the Government by large loans.\\nHowe, George A. ..Viscount (1724-1758), came to America from England\\nin command of a regiment in 1757. He was promoted brigadier-general and\\nin 1758 served under Commander-in-chief Abercrombie at Fort Ticonderoga,\\nwhere he met his death. He was a very able and popular ofiicer and exerted\\na powerful influence over his subordinates.\\nHowe, Henry, born in Connecticut in 1816, was author of Our Whole\\nCountry and Historical Collections of New York, New Jersey, Ohio and\\nVirginia, in which much material was preserved.\\nHowe, Julia Ward, born in 1819, composed the Battle Hymn of the\\nRepublic in 1861. She is an earnest advocate of woman suffrage and has\\nbeen prominent in many reform movements.\\nHowe, Richard (Earl Howe) (1725-1799), a British rear-admiral, was\\nappointed commander-in-chief of the naval forces in North America in 1776.\\nIn conjunction with his brother. Sir William Howe, he was commissioned to\\nconciliate the colonies, but found this impossible. He then took possession\\nof Long Island and New York in 1776 and of Philadelphia in 1777. In\\n1778 he encountered the French fleet, under Count d Estaing, off the coast\\nof Rhode Island; both fleets were badly shattered by a storm which prevented\\na decisive engagement. He resigned his charge to Admiral Byron soon\\nafterward and returned to England. He published Narrative of the Trans-\\nactions of the Fleet in 1780, vindicating his conduct during his command\\nin America. He afterward became an admiral, and won the great victory of\\nJune I, 1794, over the French.\\nHowe, Robert (1732-1785), was a member of the North Carolina Assem-\\nbly from 1772 to 1773. He was a delegate to the Colonial Congress in 1774.\\nHe was appointed colonel, and aided in expelling Governor Dunniore from\\nVirginia. He was excepted in Sir William Howe s proclamation of royal\\nclemency. He commanded the North Carolina troops in the defence of\\nCharleston, and fought at Savannah. He commanded at West Point in\\n1780.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0345.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "5i6 Dictionary of United States History.\\nHowe, Samuel G. (1801-1876), founded a school for the blind in 1832,\\nsubsequently called the Perkins Institution, of which he was superintendent\\ntill 1876, and at which Laura Bridgman was educated. From 1851 to 1853\\nhe edited the Commonwealth. When commissioner to Santo Domingo in\\n187 1 he advocated annexation to the United States. He was author of an\\nHistorical Sketch of the Greek Revolution, in which he had participated.\\nHowe, Timothy O. (1816-1883), was a member of the Maine Legislature\\nin 1845. From 1850 to 1855 he was a Judge of the Circuit and Supreme\\nCourts of Wisconsin. He represented Wisconsin in the U. S. Senate as a\\nRepublican from 1861 to 1879, and served on the Committees of Finance,\\nCommerce, Pensions and Claims. He advocated the right of the National\\nGovernment to establish territorial governments in the seceded States. He\\nwas a delegate to the International Monetary Conference in 1881. He was\\nappointed Postmaster-General in Arthur s Cabinet in 1881 and served until\\nhis death.\\nHowe, Sir William (1729-1814), served under General Wolfe at Quebec\\nin 1759. In 1775 he succeeded General Gage as commander-in-chief of the\\nBritish forces in America. He commanded the British troops at Bunker Hill.\\nIn conjunction with his brother, Richard, he defeated the colonial armies at\\nLong Island and at White Plains in 1776, and captured Forts Washington\\nand Lee. He defeated Washington at Brandywine in 1777, and entered\\nPhiladelphia. After repulsing the American attack at Germantown he went\\ninto winter quarters in Philadelphia, and was accused of spending his time\\nin the pursuit of pleasure. He was removed from command in 1778, and\\nsuperseded by Sir Henry Clinton. He was a well-educated general and a\\nfavorite with his officers, but unsuccessful in strategy and incapable of man-\\naging a large army. He is described by General Henry Lee as the most\\nindolent of mortals, who never took pains to examine the merits or demerits\\nof a cause in which he was engaged.\\nHowells, William Dean, bom in Ohio in 1837, was Consul to Venice\\nfrom 1861 to 1865. He became an editor of the Atlantic Monthly in 1866,\\nand was editor-in-chief from 1872 to 1881. He is perhaps the most promi-\\nnent of American novelists. He is an advocate of the modern realistic\\nfiction which portrays life as it actually is. He has written lives of Abra-\\nham Lincoln and Rutherford B. Hayes.\\nHoxie, Vinnie R., sculptor, born in 1846, designed the marble statue of\\nAbraham Lincoln in the Capitol at Washington, and modeled the bronze\\nstatue of Admiral Farragut in Washington.\\nHuamantla, Mexico. Here, October 9, 1847, General Santa Anna endeav-\\nored to cut off and destroy a convoy commanded by General Lane, of the\\nAmerican army, en route from El Pinal to Puebla. The attempt was unsuc-\\ncessful.\\nHubbard, Lucius F., born in 1836, fought at Vicksburg and Nashville\\nduring the Civil War, and was brevetted brigadier-general. He was elected\\ntothe Minnesota Legislature by the Republicans in 1872 and 1874, and was\\nGovernor of Minnesota from 1882 to 1887.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0346.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 317\\nHubbard, Samuel D. (1799-1855), represented Connecticut in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Whig from 1845 1849. Postmaster-General in\\nFillmore s Cabinet from 1852 to 1853.\\nHubbard, William (1621-1704), came to America from England in 1630.\\nHe was a pastor at Ipswich, Mass., from 1665 to 1703. He was author of a\\nHistory of New England and A Narrative of Troubles with the\\nIndians.\\nHubbardton, Battle of, July 7, 1777. The fugitive garrison from Ticon-\\nderoga was overtaken by Eraser with 900 men at Hubbardton, Vt. He was\\nchecked until Riedesel, with 1000 men, came up and put the Americans to\\nflight. This was an episode in Burgoyne s invasion.\\nHubbell, Jay A., born in 1829, of Michigan, served in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Republican from 1873 to 1883. As chairman of the Republican Con-\\ngressional Committee in the campaign of 1880, he was noted for his pursuit\\nof assessments from office-holders.\\nHudde, Andreas (i6oo?-i663), came to America from Holland in 1629,\\nand was employed in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company.\\nHe was Governor of the Dutch colony on the Delaware from 1645 to 1655.\\nHudson, Henry, was born in the latter part of the sixteenth century.\\nHe made two voyages under the direction of the Muscovy Company in\\nsearch of a northwest passage. In the first expedition made in 1607 he\\nexplored the coast of Greenland, and was the first to suggest the existence\\nof an open polar sea. His second voyage in 1608 was unsuccessful. In\\n1609 he commanded an expedition for the Dutch East India Company.\\nAfter coasting along Labrador he sailed southward, touching at Newfound-\\nland, Penobscot Bay, Cape Cod and the Chesapeake. He sailed up the\\nHudson as far as the present site of Albany. On his last voyage in 1610 he\\nentered the strait and bay which bear his name. His crew became mutinous\\nbecause of severe hardships and set Hudson adrift in a small boat. Nothing\\nwas ever heard from him or his seven companions. He wrote Divers Voy-\\nages and Northern Discoveries and A Second Voyage.\\nHudson Bay Company, chartered by Charles II. May 16, 1670, for the\\ndiscovery of a new passage to the South Sea, and for the finding of some\\ntrade for furs, minerals and other considerable commodities. Adopting the\\nsuggestion of Sir Alexander Mackenzie, it combined with the Northwest\\nCompany in 1821, and obtained a more extensive charter. It was ever the\\nmost formidable rival of the United States as a claimant of the northwest\\nregions. Despite the treaty of 1783, which granted that territory to the\\nUnited States, the company persisted in making settlements, and, being on\\nthe disputed ground, it had the advantage of our Government. Every pos-\\nsible means was employed, and for a long time successfully, to prevent\\nimmigration from the States. The Selkirk settlement in Oregon was made in\\n1811-12, and later it was decided to seize and hold Oregon by force, turning\\nover the Indians to the Jesuits and furnishing troops to protect the priests\\nand repel intruders. The boundary settlement of 1846 finally excluded the\\neompany.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0347.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "31 S Dictionary of United States History.\\nHuger, Isaac (1742-1797), was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the first\\nSouth Carolina regiment in the Revolution. He was commissioned briga-\\ndier-general in the U. S. array in 1779, and engaged in all the important\\nbattles of the Southern armj He fought at vStono, Savannah, Charleston,\\nGuilford Court House and Hobkirk s Hill.\\nHughes, John (1797-1864), prelate, born in Ireland, came to America in\\n181 7. He was ordained a priest in 1826. He was made Bishop of New\\nYork in 1842. He is the founder of St. John s College. In 1850 he was\\nmade Archbishop of New York. He was prominent in the Catholic contro-\\nversies regarding the public-school system of New York and the tenure of\\nchurch property.\\nHuguenots. The first Huguenots to settle in this country were a small\\nband who had been induced to emigrate under the charter of the Carolinas\\ngranted to Sir Robert Heath in 1630. Upon reaching Virginia means of\\ntransportation failed, so they remained in that colony. The revocation of\\nthe Edict of Nantes in 1685 drove multitudes from France. Other parties\\ncame to Virginia about 1700 under Claude Philippe de Richebourg. In\\nMassachusetts they made a settlement at Oxford in 1686, but were massacred\\nand driven away by the Indians. By 1737, they had become an important\\nelement in South Carolina, where they founded at Charleston the South\\nCarolina Society, a benevolent organization. They also made early settle-\\nments in the Middle States, notably in New York. Jay, Revere and Lau-\\nrens were of this stock.\\nHull, Isaac (1773-1843), born in Connecticut, entered the merchant ma-\\nrine in 1784. In 1798, he was commissioned a lieutenant in the American\\nnavy. He commanded the Argus in 1804, and engaged in the Barbary\\nWars. In 1806, he was commissioned captain, and in 1807 assigned to the\\ncommand of the Constitution. He was highly honored for successfully\\nevading an attack of a superior British force in 1S12. Soon afterward he\\ncaptured the British ship Guerriere with a loss of fourteen men killed and\\nwounded, while the enemy lost seventy-nine. This was the first and most\\nfamous naval victors- during the war. He afterward commanded the\\nPacific and Mediterranean squadrons, and served on the Board of Naval\\nCommissioners.\\nHull, William (1753-1825), was chosen captain in a Connecticut regiment\\nin 1775. He fought at White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Saratoga, Fort\\nStanwix and Stony Point. He attained the rank of major. From 1805 to\\n1812 he was Governor of Michigan. In 1812 he was placed in command of\\nthe Army of the Northwest, with headquarters at Detroit. He regarded\\nhimself as compelled by superior forces and by lack of proper facilities to\\nsurrender Detroit to the British. He was tried by court-martial and sentenced\\nto death, but was reprieved by Madison.\\nHumphreys, Andrew A. (1810-1883), was assigned to the corps of topo-\\ngraphical engineers in 1838 and engaged in the coast survey. He served on\\nthe staff of General McClellan in 1862. He commanded a division at Fred-\\nericksburg and Chancellorsville and a corps at Gettysburg. In 1863 he", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0348.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 319\\nbecame chief of staff to General Meade. He was chief of engineers from\\n1866 to 1879, when he retired.\\nHundred, a territorial and political division of a county, borrowed from\\nEngland, and instituted in some of the colonies, notably in Maryland and\\nVirginia. It was also to be found in Maine and Delaware, and was based\\nupon the old Hundred system of the English counties. In Virginia the\\nHundred was in some instances synonymous with the parish or the plan-\\ntation, and again it was subdivided into parishes. The chief ofScer of the\\nHundred was usually the constable.\\nHunkers. A name applied originally to conservative Democrats in New\\nYork, but also used in other States. Though the name was not in use until\\n1844 the faction to which it applied existed as early as 1835. The\\nHunkers, in New York, opposed the loco-foco faction, the barn-burners\\nand radicals; and finally divided into the hards and the softs. They\\nrepresented the inertia of the State Democratic party. From 1835 to 1840\\nthey opposed the loco-foco war on bank charters. Later they opposed a\\nrevision of the Constitution and the radicals, and were disinclined to oppose\\nslavery. The faction ceased to exist about i860.\\nHunt, Henry J. (1819-1889), was prominent during the Mexican War.\\nHe served on McClellan s staff in 1861, and was chief of artillery in the\\nArmy of the Potomac from 1862 to 1865, engaging in all its battles.\\nHunt, Thomas Starry (1826-1892), scientist, made valuable original con-\\ntributions to the advancement of chemical and geological science. He\\ninvented the ink with which greenbacks were printed.\\nHunt, Ward (i 810-1886), was a New York Congressman in 1839. In\\n1865 he became a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, and from 1872\\nto 1882 was an Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nHunt, William H. (1824-1884), of Louisiana, was appointed Judge of the\\nU. S. Court of Claims in 1878, He was Secretary of the Navy in Garfield s\\nCabinet from 1881 to 1882, when he was appointed Minister to Russia.\\nHunter, David (i 802-1 886), commanded the main column of McDowell s\\narmy in the Manassas campaign in 1861 and commanded a division at Bull\\nRun. He succeeded General Fremont in command of the Western Depart-\\nment. He commanded the Department of Kansas from 1861 to 1862, when\\nhe was transferred to the Southern Department. He organized the first regi-\\nment of colored troops. In 1864 he commanded the Department of West\\nVirginia. He was president of the commission which tried the assassins of\\nPresident Lincoln. He was brevetted major-general in 1865 and retired from\\nservice in 1866.\\nHunter, Joseph (1783-1861), was assistant keeper of the public records in\\nLondon from 1833 till his death. He made valuable researches and dis-\\ncoveries in relation to the early settlements in New England. He secured\\nfor the Massachusetts Historical Society a transcript of the History of the\\nPlymouth Plantation. by Governor Bradford, from the original in the\\nFulham Library", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0349.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "330 Dictionary of United States History.\\nHunter, Robert M. T. (1809-1887), served in the Virginia Legislature in\\n1833. H^ represented Virginia in the Congress of the United States as a\\nWhig from 1837 to 1843 and from 1845 to 1847, was Speaker from\\n1839 to 1 84 1. He was a U. S. Senator from 1847 to 1861, and ardently\\nadvocated all pro-slavery legislation. He was a member of the provisional\\nCongress at Richmond in 1861. From 1861 to 1862 he was Secretary of\\nState in the Confederate Government. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the\\nConfederate Senate in opposition to the administration of Mr. Davis. He\\nwas one of the peace commissioners to confer with President Lincoln in\\n1865. He was treasurer of Virginia from 1877 to 1880.\\nHuntington, Frederick D., born in 1826, was chosen Protestant Episcopal\\nBishop of Central New York in 1869. He has been a frequent contributor\\nto periodicals, and has published Lectures on Human Society and\\nsermons.\\nHuntington, Samuel (1732-1796), of Connecticut, signed the Declaration\\nof Independence in 1776, was President of the Continental Congress from\\n1779 to 1781, and Governor of Connecticut from 1786 to 1796.\\nHunton, Eppa, born in 1823, was commonwealth attorney in Virginia\\nfrom 1849 to 1862. He was made a brigadier-general in the Confederate\\nservice. While a U. S. Congressman from 1873 to 1881 he served on the\\nElectoral Commission as a Democrat.\\nHurd, Frank H., born in 1841, was a member of the Ohio Senate in 1866.\\nHe was elected to the U. S. Congress as a Democrat in 1874, 1878 and 1882.\\nHe is an ardent and able advocate of free trade. Died 1896.\\nHurlburt, Stephen A. (1815-1882), served in the National army during\\nthe Civil War. He was Minister to Colombia from 1869 to 1872. He\\nrepresented Illinois in the U. S. Congress as a Republican from 1873 to\\n1877-\\nHurons, a tribe of Indians formerly occupying territory near Lake Huron.\\nAmong them the French began the famous Huron mission in 1632. They\\nallied themselves with the Algonquins against the Iroquois, which latter\\nnation destroyed several of their villages, finally dispersing them in 1649.\\nMany found their way to Canada.\\nHutchinson, Anne (Marbury) (i6oo?-i643), came to America from Eng-\\nland in 1634. She was expelled from the Massachusetts colony for preach-\\ning Antinomian doctrines and accusing the authorities of being under a\\ncovenant of works. She had won a large following. She founded Ports-\\nmouth, R. I., on the island of Aquidneck, which she purchased from the\\nIndians. She was afterward murdered by the Indians near Manhattan,\\nwhere she settled.\\nHutchinson, Thomas (1711-1780), Governor, was a member of the Gen-\\neral Court of Massachusetts from 1737 to 1739, 1740, and 1741 to 1749. He\\nwas Speaker from 1746 to 1748. He restored a healthy condition of trade\\nby redeeming the depreciated paper currency. In 1754 he was one of the\\ncommissioners at the Albany Convention, and aided in drafting a plan of\\ncolonial union. He was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0350.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 321\\nin 1756. In 1760 he was appointed Chief Justice. In 1765 his house was\\nsacked by a mob infuriated by the notion that he was a party to the obnox-\\nious stamp acts, and his vahiable library of historical pamphlets and docu-\\nments was destroyed. In 1770 he was appointed Governor of the province.\\nThe report was circulated that he was largely responsible for the oppressive\\nacts of the ministry, and this was intensified by Dr. Franklin s publication\\nof some of Hutchinson s letters to England which had fallen into his hands.\\nIn 1774 he sailed to England, where he spent the remainder of his life. He\\nwas a conscientious and high-minded Tory. He wrote a valuable history of\\nMassachusetts.\\nHylton vs. United States. In 1795 Hylton, of Virginia, was presented by\\nthe District Attorney before the Circuit Court for refusing to pay duty upon\\ncertain carriages, which, he averred, were kept for his own private use. The\\ndecree was against the defendant, and the case was transferred to the\\nSupreme Court of the United States. The argument turned entirely upon\\nthe question of the tax being direct or indirect. The court decided it to be\\nindirect since it must be incapable of apportionment and could not be uni-\\nform. Accordingly judgment was affirmed for the defendant.\\nI.\\nIberville, Pierre le Moyne d (1661-1706), engaged in the Canadian\\nexpedition against the English forts on the Hudson, fought at Fort Mousipi\\nand Fort Quitchilchouen, and in 1688 captured two English vessels. In\\n1690 he was one of the leaders against Schenectady. In 1694 he took Fort\\nNelson, and, in command of a frigate, captured three English ships, includ-\\ning the Newport. He destroyed Fort Peniaquid, and reduced nearly all\\nNewfoundland. In command of the Pelican, in 1697, he destroyed\\nseveral British ships, and captured Fort Bourbon. In 1698 he ascended the\\nMississippi and built Fort Biloxi, the first port on the river. In 1701 he\\ntransferred the colony to Mobile. In 1706 he captured Nevis Island.\\nIcaria, a communistic settlement founded in 1856, in Iowa, by the followers\\nof the Frenchman, fetienne Cabet. The latter, in 1848, had persuaded a\\nnumber of persons to settle with him in the Red River country of Texas.\\nThis colony failed because of Cabet s extravagant ideas. In 1850 the colony\\nmoved to Nauvoo in Illinois, a deserted village of the Mormons. Thence\\nthey moved again in 1856 (Cabet dying that same year at N ew Orleans), to\\ntheir present settlement near Corning, Iowa, calling it the Icaria Commune,\\nin reminiscence of Cabet s book, Icarie. Most of the people, less than 100\\nin all, are French, though there are a few Germans.\\nIdaho, a State, was formed from the Louisiana cession. It was organized\\nas a part of Oregon for a time, and later was joined to Washington. It was\\ngiven a territorial government of its own in 1863, and was admitted as a\\nState July 3, 1890. The population in 1890 was 84,385. Suffrage is denied\\nto Mormons. The Republicans control the State. In 1892 the Cceur", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0351.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "322 Dictionary of Unitku States History.\\nd Al^ne riots, caused by a strike of the miners, were suppressed by U. S.\\ntroops. History by Bancroft.\\nIllinois, a State of the American Republic, was formed from the North-\\nwest Territory, which was organized in 1787. The State was originally a\\npossession of France, who surrendered her claims to England in 1763. The\\nfirst settlement was a mission at Kaskaskia, founded by Marquette in 1675.\\nIn 1679 La Salle built Fort Crevecceur, and in 1682 established a colony at\\nCahokia, and in 1700 Kaskaskia was founded. George Rogers Clark, with\\na Virginia force, seized Cahokia and Kaskaskia in 1778, and Illinois was\\nmade a county of Virginia. March i, 1784, Virginia surrendered her claim\\nover Illinois to the United States. In 1809 it was erected into a territory\\ncomprising the present States of Illinois, Wisconsin and part of Michigan.\\nDecember 3, 1818, Illinois with its present boundaries became a State.\\nThe Black Hawk War broke out in 1832. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was\\nmurdered by a mob at Alton because of his attempt to publish an anti-\\nslavery newspaper in 1837. From 1840 to 1844 the Mormons caused excite-\\nment which led to the death at the hands of a mob of two of their leaders\\nand the emigration of the sect from the State. The southern part of the\\nState has usually been Democratic, the northern part Anti-Democratic.\\nDown to i860 the vote of Illinois was invariably Democratic in Presidential\\nelections. Including and since that time it has been Republican until 1892,\\nwhen it was Democratic. In 1858 Lincoln and Douglas canvassed the State\\ntogether for election to the U. S. Senate. Douglas won. In 1877 David\\nDavis, an Independent, was elected to the Senate by Democrats and Inde-\\npendents. The present Constitution was made in 1870. The population\\nof Illinois in 1818 was 34,620, in 1890 it was 3,826,351. History by\\nFord.\\nIllinois Intelligencer, the first newspaper published in Illinois. It was\\nestablished in 181 5, at Kaskaskia, by Mathew Duncan, and was removed to\\nFayette County in 1820. It was afterward called the Vandalia Whig and\\nIllinois Intelligeticer and was suspended in 1839.\\nImpeachments. There have been seven impeachments made by the Con-\\ngress of the United States. During the session of 1797-98, William Blount,\\nU. S. Senator from Tennessee, was impeached by the House and tried by\\nthe Senate for treasonable negotiations with Great Britain for the transfer of\\nNew Orleans. He was acquitted for want of jurisdiction. March 3, 1803,\\nJudge John Pickering, of the Federal Court of New Hampshire, was\\nimpeached and removed from the bench for drunkenness and profanity.\\nNovember 30, 1804, Judge Samuel Chase, of the U. S. Supreme Court, was\\nimpeached for arbitrary conduct and the introduction of political disquisitions\\nin his charges to grand juries. He was not removed. December 13, 1804,\\nJudge James Peck, of the Federal Court of Missouri, was impeached for\\npunishing as contempt of court a criticism of his opinions. He was acquitted.\\nDecember 29, i860. Judge West H. Humphreys, of the Federal District\\nCourt of Tennessee, was impeached and removed from the bench for aiding\\nthe Rebellion. November 25, 1867, the House impeached President Andrew\\nJohnson, charging him with having removed Stanton, Secretary of War, in", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0352.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 323\\nviolation of the Tenure of Office Act, with having appointed General L.\\nThomas contrary to the same act, with conspiracy with Thomas and others\\nfor the intimidation of Stanton and the unlawful disbursement of the Wat\\nDepartment s moneys, and with inducing General Emory, commanding the\\nDepartment of Washington, to disobey orders. The House adopted the\\nresolution of impeachment by a vote of 126 to 42. After the trial before\\nthe Senate, the vote stood 35 to 19. The necessary two-thirds were not\\nsecured. But the Senate adjourned sine die^ without voting upon some of\\nthe articles of charge. Hence the Chief Justice entered a verdict of acquittal\\non the record. March 2, 1876, William W. Belknap, Secretary of War, was\\nimpeached on the charge of bribery for appointments. He was acquitted.\\nImpending Crisis, a book by H. R. Helper, of North Carolina,\\nappearing in 1857. It earnestly opposed slavery on economical grounds.\\nThe book was used as a campaign document by the Republican party in\\ni860, and 140,000 copies were sold between 1857 and 1861. Helper purported\\nto represent the sentiments of Southern non-slaveholding whites.\\nImports. The specie value of the imports from foreign countries in 1791\\nwas $29,200,000. In 1807, just before the embargo, it was $138,500,000.\\nBy 1814 it had sunk to only $13,000,000, but rose to $147,000,000 in 1816.\\nReduced by the tariff act of that year, it again rose to $190,000,000 in 1836,\\njust before the crash of 1837. In 1857 it was $361,000,000; in 1867, $418,-\\n000,000; in 1877, $492,000,000; in 1887, $752,000,000; in 1892, $897,000,000,\\nImpost Amendment. (See Revenue Scheme.)\\nImpressment. For many years prior to the breaking out of the War of\\n1 81 2 the British Government claimed the right of stopping and searching\\nAmerican vessels, and impressing into the British service British seamen who\\nhappened to be serving under the American flag. Great Britain refused to\\nallow the right of expatriation and change of allegiance by naturalization.\\nShe was then engaged in war with France and accordingly claimed the\\nservices of all her maritime citizens, no matter what ceremonies of natural-\\nization they might have undergone abroad. Hence many American sailors\\nwere wilfully impressed. This grievance aided in a large measure in bringing\\nabout the embargo system and tlie War of 1812.\\nIncome Tax. But one income tax has been imposed oy the Federal\\nGovernment, and it arose from the necessities of the Government incident\\nto the Rebellion. August 5, 1861, Congress authorized a tax of three per\\ncent on all incomes over $800 per annum. In July, 1862, an act was passed\\ntaxing all incomes under $5000 five per cent, with an exemption of $600\\nand house-rent actually paid. Incomes in excess of $5000 and under $10,000\\nwere taxed two and one-half per cent additional, and incomes over $10,000\\nfive per cent additional with no exemptions. Further taxes of five per cent\\non incomes of Americans living abroad and of one and one-half per cent on\\nincomes from United States securities were laid, these expiring in 1865. In\\n1864 a special tax of five per cent was imposed on incomes above $600. A\\nreadjustment the same year imposed a five per cent tax on incomes between\\n$600 and $5000; ten per cent on incomes above $5000.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0353.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "524 DiCTIONAKY OF Unitbd STA-TES Histouy.\\nIndependence Hall, Philadelphia, scene of the Declaration of Indepen-\\ndence, July 4, 1776. The hall was begun in 1732 and completed in 1741.\\nJ. Kearsely was the architect, and E. Wooley the builder. It was first\\noccupied as the Pennsylvania State House in October, 1735. The tower was\\nbuilt in 1750. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 also met here.\\nIndependent Treasury. Until 1840 the United States Government had\\nnever ventured to assume entire control of its own funds, depending in a\\ngreat measure upon the two successive banks of the United States, and\\nvarious State banks selected by the Secretary of the Treasury for deposit-\\nories. The creation of an independent or sub-treasury system was an out-\\ncome of the panic of 1837. President Van Buren s message to Congress\\nthat year strongly recommended such a system. Silas Wright, of New York,\\nsubmitted a sub-treasury bill, which prohibited Government agents from\\nreceiving anything but gold and silver. Finally, in 1840, the bill became a\\nlaw, and sub-treasuries were created at New York, Boston, Charleston and\\nSt. Louis, the mint at Philadelphia and the branch mint at New Orleans\\nbeing also made places of deposit. The Whigs and some Democrats were\\nviolently opposed to this system, and effected its repeal in 1841 in favor of\\nthe national banking system. It again became a law in 1846 under Polk,\\nand has continued since.\\nIndependents, the name given in England to those who favored that fonu\\nof church government which in America is called Congregational; so called\\nfrom the independence of one church from all others, which prevails under\\ntheir system. The English Independents of the Commonwealth period\\nwere in close relations with the Puritan colonists of New England.\\nIndependents, in recent politics, men independent of both the Republican\\nand the Democratic parties; more especially applied in 1884 to those Repub-\\nlicans who bolted the nomination of Blaine.\\nIndian Affairs, Commissioner of. In 1832 Congress authorized the Presi-\\ndent to appoint a commissioner who, under the direction of the Secretary\\nof War, should have general superintendence of all Indian affairs. These\\naffairs had formerly been managed by War Department clerks. Since 1849\\nthis commissioner has been under the direction of the Secretary of the\\nInterior.\\nIndian Bible. In 1661 John Eliot, an English missionary among the\\nMassachusetts Indians, published through the Cambridge press the first\\nedition of the New Testament, which he had translated into the Indian\\ndialect. The whole Bible appeared three years later, and second editions of\\nboth were published, the fonner in 1680, the latter in 1685. Eliot was\\nassisted in the publication of the second edition by John Cotton, of Ply-\\nmouth, son of the Boston minister. Eliot drew from the Scriptures a frame\\nof government for the commonwealth and for the Indians, but these were\\nsuppressed as reflecting on the kingly government. Eliot s Indian Bible\\nis now one of the most valued of rarities.\\nIndian Territory is a portion of the public land of the United States\\nwhich has been set apart for various tribes of Indians who have been moved", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0354.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 325\\nthither from various portions of the United States. Jefferson first suggested\\nsuch a territory, and on June 30, 1834, an Act of Congress set apart for the\\nuse of the Indians all the country west of the Mississippi which was not\\nincluded within Missouri, Louisiana and Arkansas. This has been diminished\\nby the organization of various States and Territories, so that at present\\n(1894) the area is only about 25,000 square miles. The principal tribes are\\nthe Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks and Chickasaws. During the Civil War\\nmany of the tribes made treaties with the Confederate States. In 1870, an\\nattempt was made to organize a State. In 1866, the Indians agreed to\\ngrant the right of way through their land to railroads. Agents of the\\nUnited States live among the Indians and protect them from encroachments\\nfrom the whites. The United States has jurisdiction over all cases in which\\na white man is a party. Sale of intoxicating liquors is prohibited. In\\n1881-82 attempts were made by boomers from Kansas to force their way\\ninto the Territory. An Act of Congress of May 2, 1890, erected the unoc-\\ncupied portion of the Territory into a separate Territory to be called Okla-\\nhoma. The population of the Territory is about 75,000.\\nIndiana, a State of the Union, often called the Hoosier State, was formed\\nfrom the Northwest Territory. The first settlement was made at Vincennes\\nin 1702, by the French. This place was captured by Clark during the\\nAmerican Revolution. After the erection of Ohio as a separate Territory,\\nthe Northwest was called Indiana, with Vincennes its capital. In 1805 and\\n1809, the Territories of Michigan and Illinois were organized as separate\\nTerritories. November 7, 1 811, General Harrison defeated the Indians at\\nTippecanoe. December 11, 1816, Indiana became a State. Slavery was\\nforbidden by the Ordinance of 1787, by which the Northwest was organ-\\nized. Except in 1836 and 1840, the electoral votes were cast for Democratic\\ncandidates until i860, when Lincoln carried the State, since which date the\\nRepublicans have failed in but one Presidential election, that of 1876, until\\n1884. The Democrats have carried the State in the elections of 1874, 1876,\\n1878, 1882, 1884, 1890, 1892. The present Constitution was made in 1851.\\nThe population of the State in 1816 was 63,805; in 1890 it was 2,192,404.\\nHistory by Dunn.\\nIndiana, Historical Society of, founded in 1831. Its publications have\\nbeen few.\\nIndiana Gazette, first newspaper of Indiana, published in 1804 at Vin-\\ncennes, Knox County, by Elihu Stout. Its office was burned in 1806.\\nIndianapolis, Ind., settled in 1819. It became the capital of the State in\\n1828, and received a city charter in 1847.\\nIndians. The Indians were so called from the original supposition made\\nthat their land was India. When Englishmen came to this country there\\nwere probably about as many Indians in it as now, from two hundred to\\nthree hundred thousand. They were divided into tribes. In the Northern\\npart of the United States these tribes were either of the Algonquin or of the\\nIroquois race; in the South, either of that which is called Alobilian or of the\\nNatchez. Their tribal government was loose and weak. They had chief-\\ntains, but these had little real power. Confederacies of tribes were sometimes", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0355.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "326 Dictionary of United States History.\\nformed, but did not usually last beyond a single war. The Indian was\\nin general in the hunting and fishing stage of civilization. His relations\\nwith the settlers were more frequently hostile than friendly, which caused\\nsettlement to be more compact than in Spanish-American regions, where\\nthe aborigines were less warlike. There was also much trade with the\\nIndian, especially in furs. Likewise there was some effort to convert the\\nIndians to Christianity, though these efforts on the part of the English and\\nProtestant colonies were lamentably small when compared with the work of\\nthe French Jesuits. (See Praying Indians.) On their part the Indians\\nlearned something of civilization, especially in the articles of fire-arms and\\nfire-water. For individual wars and tribes, see articles under their names.\\nIngalls, John J., born in 1833, was admitted to the bar in 1857. He was\\na member of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention in 1859.\\nSecretary of the Kansas Council in i860, Secretary of the State Senate in\\n1861 and a member in 1862. He served in the U. S. Senate as a Republican\\nfrom 1873 to 1891. He was an able debater.\\nIngersoU, Charles J. (i 782-1 862), represented Pennsylvania in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1813 to 1815 and from 1841 to 1847. He was\\nDistrict Attorney from 1815 to 1829. He wrote a history of the War of 1812.\\nIngersoU, Jared (1749-1822), was a delegate from Pennsylvania to the\\nContinental Congress from 1780 to 1781. He was a member of the conven-\\ntion which framed the Federal Constitution in 1787. He was twice chosen\\nAttorney-General of Pennsylvania and was U. S. District Attorney for Eastern\\nPennsylvania. He was defeated as Federal candidate for Vice-President of\\nthe United States in 181 2.\\nIngersoU, Joseph R. (1786-1868), was a Whig Representative to Congress\\nfrom Pennsylvania from 1835 to 1837 and from 1843 to 1849. He was Min-\\nister to England from 1852 to 1857.\\nIngersoU, Ralph I. (1788-1872), was a prominent member of the Con-\\nnecticut Legislature from 1819 to 1825, a Democratic Representative to Con-\\ngress from 1825 to 1833, and Minister to Russia from 1846 to 1848.\\nIngersoU, Robert G., was born in 1833. He served in the Civil War as a\\ncolonel. In 1866 he was appointed Attorney-General of Illinois. He was\\ncounsel for the defence for the Star route conspirators, who were acquitted\\nin 1883. He is a popular Republican campaign orator. He is well known\\nfor his attacks upoi: the Christian religion. Died 1899.\\nIngham, Samuel D. (i 779-1 860), represented Pennsylvania in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1813 to 1818, and from 1822 to 1829. He was\\nSecretary of the Treasury from 1829 to 1831 in Jackson s Cabinet.\\nIngle, Richard, born early in the seventeenth century, usurped the govern-\\nment of Maryland in 1645, in revenge for the seizure of his ship by the\\nroyalist Governor in 1642.\\nIngraham, Duncan N. (1802-1891), entered the U. S. navy in 1812.\\nWliile commander of the St. Louis in the Mediterranean, in 1853, he\\nsecured the liberation of Martin Koszta, a prospective American citizen, who", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0356.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 327\\nhad been seized by Greeks at Smj rna at the instigation of Austrian officials.\\nIn 1 861 he was appointed chief of ordnance, construction and repair in the\\nConfederate navy.\\nInman, Henry (i 801-1846), of New York, achieved his greatest success\\nas an American artist in portrait painting. Among his portraits are those\\nof William Wirt, De Witt Clinton, Halleck, Van Buren, Seward and\\nWilliam Penn.\\nInterior Department, created by law in 1849, called in the title of\\nthe act the Home Department. Its functions were formerly distributed\\namong the departments of State, Treasury, War and Navy. These func-\\ntions are the regulation of patents, copyrights, the census, public docu-\\nments, public lands, mines, mining, judicial accounts, Indian affairs, bureau\\nof education, etc.\\nInternal Iniprovements, at Federal Expense. The Constitution did not\\nprovide for internal improvements, hence they have become a party ques-\\ntion. Since 1789 money has been steadily appropriated by Congress for\\nimprovements lying strictly within Federal jurisdiction, as for light-houses,\\nbuoys, beacons and public piers. The first actual appropriation for other\\ninternal improvement was in 1806, when a sum was appropriated for the\\nconstruction of the Cumberland Road, which should penetrate the Western\\nStates and be the means of transmitting emigrants and mails in time of\\npeace, and troops in time of war. About the same time a road was begun\\nthrough Georgia on the route to New Orleans. Congress passed a resolution\\nin 1 81 8, declaring its power to appropriate money for the construction of\\nroads and canals, and for the improvement of water-courses. March 3,\\n1823, th^ ^^t for harbor improvement passed Congress. April 13, 1824,\\n$30,000 was appropriated for the survey of such roads and canals as the\\nPresident should deem of national importance, and $300,000 was subscribed\\nto the stock of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. In May, 1822, Presi-\\ndent Monroe vetoed the Cumberland Road Bill, declaring that Congress had\\nno power under the Constitution to carry out a system of internal improve-\\nments at Federal expense. This, and Jackson s veto of the Maysville Turn-\\npike Road Bill in 1830, threw the matter into the hands of the States. But\\nsee River and Harbor Acts.\\nInternal Revenue. The receipts from internal revenue steadily rose during\\nthe period from 1791 to 1801, reaching $1,000,000 in the latter year. They\\nthen declined to almost nothing. In the War of 181 2 they rose again, reach-\\ning $5,000,000 in 1 81 6; and again declined to nothing in 1849 the subse-\\nquent years to 1862. Under the new system then inaugurated they rose to\\n$309,000,000 in 1866, and have been above $100,000,000 in every year since\\n($154,000,000 in 1892).\\nInterstate Commerce Commission, a commission appointed by Act of\\nCongress February 4, 1887. It has jurisdiction of rates on interstate traffic,\\nand can inquire into the management of the business of all common carriers\\nsubject to the provisions of An act to regulate commerce.\\nInterstate Commerce Law. In 1884 Representative I agan, of Texas,\\nsubmitted a bill to the House for the regulation of interstr e commerce, and", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0357.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "338 Dictionary of United Statbs History.\\nabout the same time a similar bill was proposed in the Senate. Both bills\\nfailed. Thereafter yearly debates took place concerning these and similar\\nbills, until, February 4, 1887, the Reagan bill was finally passed and approved.\\nIt provides for the appointment of a commission, consisting of five persons,\\nwho shall see to it that railroad and other such companies establish and pre-\\nserve a just and uniform rate of transportation. This particularly afifects\\nsuch corporations as control continuous lines from one State to another,\\neither by land or by water, or both. The law has been very effective in pre-\\nventing gross discriminations in charges for freight and issuing of passes.\\nInventions, The American gift for invention is remarkable, and has been\\nmuch stimulated by our patent system. On the whole, the most important\\ninventions maybe said to have been: Whitney s invention of the cotton gin\\nin 1793; McCormick s reaper, patented in 1834; the steam hammer in 1838;\\nGoodyear s method of vulcanizing rubber (1839); the telegraph, brought into\\nuse in 1844; the sewing machine (1846); the power loom (1846); the surgical\\nuse of anaesthetics (1846); the rotary printing press {1847); the telephone\\nabout 1876 and more recently the phonograph.\\nIowa, one of the United States, was formed from the territory obtained\\nfrom France by the purchase of Louisiana. Its name, signifying the beauti-\\nful country, is derived from the river of the same name. The first settle-\\nment in the State was made by Dubuque, a Frenchman from Canada, in 1788,\\non the site of the city which now bears his name. After the organization\\nof Missouri, in 1820, the territory to the north was neglected by Congress\\nuntil 1834, when it was made a part of Michigan. In 1836 it was added to\\nthe Wisconsin Territory, and in 1838 the Territory of Iowa was created.\\nApplication for admission as a State was refused by Congress imtil Decem-\\nber 28, 1846, when Iowa became a State. From 1846 to 1854 the State was\\nsolidly Democratic. Since 1854 the Republicans have controlled the State\\nuntil the election of Boies as Governor in 1889. In 1882 an amendment\\nto the State Constitution prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating\\nliquors was adopted by a large popular majority, but was declared void because\\nof informalities in its passage. The present Constitution was made in 1857.\\nThe population of Iowa in 1846 was 81,920, in 1890 it was 1,911,896.\\nIowa, Historical Society of, founded in 1857. It published Annals\\nfrom 1862 to 1875 and from 1882 to 1884, and the Iowa Historical Record\\nsince 1885.\\nIredell, James (i 750-1 799), came to America from England in 1767. He\\nwas a Judge of the North Carolina Supreme Court from 1777 to 1778.\\nHe was a commissioner to revise the laws of the State from 1787 to 1791.\\nHe was a leader of the Federalists in the North Carolina Convention of\\n1788, and was appointed a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court in 1790.\\nLife by McRee.\\nIreland, John, born in 1827, was a member of the Texas Secession Con-\\nvention of 1861. He was a Judge of the Texas Supreme Court from 1875\\nto 1882, and was elected Governor of the State in 1882 and 1884.\\nIron, The fii t iron manufactured in the United States was forged at the\\nbloomery of the Virginia Company, on the James River, in 1622. This", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0358.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 329\\nfoundry was burned by the Indians. The Massachusetts Bay colonists\\nerected a foundry at Lynn in 1631. John Winthrop, Jr., built a blast\\nfurnace at Hammersmith in 1644, and works at Braintree two years later.\\nIn 1702 a successful furnace was established at Plymouth, pig-iron being\\nobtained chiefly from Pennsylvania. In 1732 there were four furnaces in\\nsuccessful operation in Virginia between the Potomac and Rappahannock\\nRivers. The iron manufactured there was exported to England, but the\\nMassachusetts trade in iron was almost wholly domestic. The Ancram\\nWorks, built in New York in 1740, to use Salisbury ore, made, between\\n1750 and 1756, 3318 tons of pig-iron and 1302 tons of bar iron. It was\\nhere that the great chain, weighing 186 tons, which was stretched across the\\nHudson in 1778, was forged in six weeks. The first iron works of Penn-\\nsylvania were established on the Schuylkill in 1717. The Revolution gave\\na great impetus to the iron trade. Rolling mills for the manufacture of\\nsteel rails were first used in 1840 at the Mount Savage Works and at the\\nGreat Western Works. Since then the manufacture of iron and particularly\\nof steel has made wonderful progress. The Bessemer steel made iji this\\ncountry is considered most excellent. The Carnegie system, consisting of the\\nenormous works at Homestead, Pa., and a number of minor plants, the\\nBethlehem Steel and Iron Company, of Bethlehem, Pa., have been unusually\\nsuccessful in the manufacture of steel rails and platings, the latter plant\\nhaving received the contracts for the steel plates of many of the United States\\nwar-ships. Many flourishing iron and steel works are now in operation in\\nmost of the Northern and Middle States, notably Pennsylvania, and in some\\nSouthern States. The annual output is enormous. In 1890 the United\\nStates produced 18,000,000 tons of iron ore, 9,202,703 tons of pig-iron and\\n4,277,071 tons of steel.\\nIronsides, Old, the popular name for the frigate Constitution, a\\nname made additionally famous by Dr. Holmes poem.\\nIroquois, or Six Nations, an Indian confederation occupying Central\\nNew York, and consisting when first known, of the Mohawks, Oneidas,\\nOnondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. Later the Tuscaroras were added. In\\nthe seventeenth century they carried on extensive hostilities against the\\nFrench and suflfered severe losses. They allied themselves with the Dutch\\nand subsequently with the English, though they afterward joined Pontiac.\\nPeace was restored, but in 1774 a part of the western bands took up arms\\nagainst the whites. During the Revolution the Iroquois, with the exception\\nof those in Canada, favored England. They fought against the colonists and\\ncommitted extensive ravages. At the close of the war nearly all emigrated\\nto Canada, except the Oneidas and Tuscaroras, with whom the Government\\nmade a treaty in 1784. In 1785 and 1788, the Indians began to cede lands.\\nIn the War of 1812, the English and American Iroquois were arrayed\\nagainst each other, but peace was soon restored. The tribes became scattered,\\nsome going west and still others seeking their relatives in Canada.\\nIrrepressible Conflict, an expression first used by William H. Seward in\\nan address at Rochester, New York, October 28, 1858, in reference to the\\ninevitable clash between freedom and slavery.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0359.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "330 Dictionary of United States History.\\nIrving, Washington (i 783-1 859), born in New York, spent a large part\\nof his life abroad. In 1807, i\u00c2\u00b0 copartnership with his brother, he established\\nthe Sahnagwidi. In 1808 he published his Knickerbocker History of\\nNew York. In 1819 appeared the Sketch Book, which proved a great\\nsuccess. This was followed b}- Tales of a Traveler, Life of Columbus,\\nwhich is his best historical work, The Conquest of Granada, and The\\nAlhambra. From 1829 to 1832 he was Secretary of Legation in London.\\nHe served as Minister to Spain from 1842 to 1846. His greatest work is a\\nLife of Washington in five volumes (1855). He is one of the most\\npopular of American authors. His productions are marked by ease and\\ngrace rather than by originality.\\nIrwinsville, Ga., scene of the capture, May 11, 1865, of Jefferson Davis,\\nPresident of the Confederacy, by Colonels Harndeu and Pritchard, who had\\nbeen dispatched in pursuit of the fleeing President after the surrender of\\nLee s and Johnston s army. There was no bloodshed, except the accidental\\nkilling of two Federal soldiers by their comrades.\\nIsaac Case (1839), a fugitive slave case, in which the Governor of New\\nYork refused to arrest three colored men charged by the Governor of Virginia\\nwith abetting a slave s escape. He maintained that this was not a crime in\\nNew York.\\nIsland No. 10, Mississippi River, had been fortified by General Polk,\\nConfederate, and was commanded by General Mackall with about 8000 troops\\nof Beauregard s army. It was bombarded three weeks by Commodore\\nFoote, commanding seven Federal gunboats, and surrendered April 8, 1862.\\nThe evacuation was forced by Pope with a large land force. He, under\\ncover of a vigorous fire from two gunboats, which had run past the island\\nby night, brought his men across the river in transports. The defenders\\nof the batteries fled, and were pursued into the swamps. Nearly 7000\\nprisoners were taken, together with an immense quantity of ammunition\\nand supplies.\\nItaly. The United States was prompt to recognize the new kingdom of\\nItaly, and in 1868 a consular convention was concluded, and another in 1878,\\nwhich were both superseded by that of 188 1. A commercial convention was\\nconcluded in 1871. Extradition conventions were concluded in 1868 and\\n1884. The murder of Italian citizens in New Orleans in 1890 and the refusal\\nof the U. S. Government to interfere with the course of State judicial pro-\\ncedure led to the temporary withdrawal of the Italian Minister, but though\\nnone were brought to justice, diplomatic relations were soon restored.\\nItata. During the struggle between the President and Congress of\\nChili, in 1891, the Itata, Congressional cruiser, put in at San Diego, Cal.,\\nfor supplies of ammunition. Violation of United States neutrality was\\nalleged and an officer seized the vessel. The Itata put him ashore and\\nescaped. Pursued by the Charleston it surrendered. But a United\\nStates court has since decided that its arrest was unwarranted.\\nluka, Miss., an encampment of several thousand Confederate troops under\\nGeneral Price. Grant sent Rosecrans with 9000 men to destroy Price s\\narmy and prevent his co-operation with Bragg. Rosecrans, after some delay,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0360.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "a^;K\u00c2\u00a5g iC^ w..MJ^:jy3g^\\nJohn Lothrop Motley.\\nWm H Pcescott.\\nAMERICAN HISTORIANS.\\nWashington Irving. John Fiske.\\nGeorge Bancroft.\\nFrancis Parkman. J^reti Sparks.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0361.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0362.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitkd vStates History. 331\\nattacked the Confederates and a fierce battle followed, September 19-20,\\n1862, both sides losing heavily. At night the Federals lay down on their\\narms, expecting to renew the fight next day, but the Confederates moved\\nduring the night. Rosecrans pursued, but did not overtake them.\\nIverson, Alfred (1798-1873), represented Georgia in the U. S. Congress as\\na Democrat from 1847 to 1849 and from 1855 to 1861. He was also a\\nbrigadier-general in the Confederate army.\\nIzard, George (1777-1828), was commissioned major-general in 1814 for\\nservices in the War of 1812. He was Governor of Arkansas Territory from\\n1825 to 1828.\\nIzard, Ralph (1742-1804), was a commissioner to Tuscany from 1776 to\\n1779, and resided at Paris. He pledged his estate as security for a Govern-\\nmental debt during the Revolutionary War. He represented South Carolina\\nin the Continental Congress from 1781 to 1783. He was a U. S. Senator\\nfrom 1789 to 1795. He was able and eloquent, but possessed an uncontrol-\\nlable temper.\\nJackson, Andrew (March 15, 1767-June 8, 1845), seventh President of\\nthe United States, was born on the border of North and South Carolina.\\nHe began his military career at the early age of thirteen at the battle of\\nHanging Rock; occupations of a miscellaneous nature followed, and in\\n1788 he was public prosecutor in the western district of North Carolina,\\nnow Tennessee. He was in 1 796-1 797 the first Congressman from the State\\nof Tennessee, and in 1 797-1 798 was U. S. Senator. From 1798 to 1804 he\\nwas a Judge of the State Supreme Court. His life as a planter, not infre-\\nquently chequered with disputes and duels, was broken by the War of 181 2.\\nJackson, Old Hickor as he was called, commanded the Southwestern\\ntroops against the Creeks, whom he overwhelmed at the Horse-Shoe Bend\\nof the Tallapoosa, March 27, 1814. He was made a major-general, stonned\\nPensacola, and held New Orleans against Pakenham s invasion. The sweep-\\ning victory, January 8, 1815, of his riflemen over the flower of the Penin-\\nsular army, made Jackson for all time an American hero of the country in\\ngeneral and of the Democratic party in particular. General Jackson s\\nactions in P^lorida, capture of St. Marks in 1818, and summary execution\\nof two British subjects, led to considerable discussion. He was appointed\\nGovernor of Florida in 1821, and became U. S. Senator in 1823. In 1824\\nhe received ninety-nine electoral votes for President, but was beaten in the\\nHouse of Representatives. (See Adams, J. Q.) Elected in 1828 over the\\nPresident, he entered office in 1829, the first Representative of the new West\\nand of the masses. In his Cabinet, outside of Van Buren, there were few\\nnames of note; Jackson s real advisers were a coterie of practical politicians,\\nLewis, Kendall and others of the so-called Kitchen Cabinet. In 1831 he\\nreorganized his Cabinet, and the next year was re-elected over Clay. The\\nchief features of his eight years, 1829-1837, were his vigorous opposition to\\nnullification and to the United States Bank, his censure by the Senate, his\\nintroduction of the Spoils System, his settlement of the French spoliation", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0363.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "332 Dictionary of Unitbd States History.\\ndispute, and his Specie Circular of 1836. After his retirement he\\ncontinued to be regarded as the leader of the party, and died at the Her-\\nmitage, near Nashville. Jackson was of heroic character, but headstrong,\\narbitrary, vindictive and subject to the influence of politicians. Lives by\\nParton and W. G. Sumner.\\nJackson, Francis J. (1770-1814), known as Copenhagen Jackson, suc-\\nceeded Erskine as Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, when the\\nconflict between the British ship Leopard and the U. S. Chesapeake\\nwas in dispute. He returned in 1811, his character not having been such\\nas to promote mutual accommodation of differences.\\nJackson, Helen (Maria Fiske) Hunt (1831-1885), authoress, after the\\ndeath of her husband, Edwin B. Hunt, in 1863, began writing prose and\\npoetry for periodicals under the pen-name of H. H. In 1876 she married\\nWilliam S. Jackson. vShe was appointed special commissioner to the Mission\\nIndians of California by President Arthur in 1883, as a consequence of her\\nspecial interest in them, as shown by her writings, e. g.^ Ramona and\\nA Century of Dishonor.\\nJackson, Howell E. (1832-1895). He served in the Tennessee Legisla-\\nture in 1880. He represented Tennessee in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat\\nfrom 1881 to 1886, when he was appointed a U. S. Circuit Judge. In 1893\\nhe was appointed by President Harrison a Justice of the Supreme Court.\\nJackson, Thomas Jonathan (1824-1863), a native of Virginia, was gradu-\\nated at West Point in 1846, in time to see service in the Mexican War. He\\ntaught in the Virginia jMilitary Institute, and was, like so many other West\\nPointers, lifted by the Rebellion from obscurity. Having sided with the\\nConfederacy he was intrusted with a brigade, whose firm stand at the first\\nbattle of Bull Run led to its commander s epithet, Stonewall Jackson.\\nHis military fame was well grounded by the extraordinary rapidity of his\\nmovements in the Shenandoah campaign of 1862, where he outgeneraled\\nthe Federals Fremont, Banks and others, gained the battles of Front Royal,\\nMay 23, Winchester, May 25, Cross Keys, June 8, and Port Repiiblic, June 9.\\nHastily joining Lee before Richmond, he decided the victory at Gaines\\nMills, June 27. On August 9 he defeated the Federals at Cedar Creek. His\\nbold march ended in the victory over Pope at the second battle of Bull Run.\\nIn the invasion he seized Harper s Ferry September 15, and commanded the\\nleft wing at Antietam. At Fredericksburg he led the right wing of Lee s\\narmy, and at Chancellorsville May 2, 1863, his flanking movement around\\nHooker s right resulted in success. But Stonewall Jackson was by mis-\\ntake shot by his own men in this battle and died a few days later.\\nJackson, William (1759-1828), major, entered a South Carolina regiment\\nin 1775. He fought at Stono, Savannah and Charleston. He was secretary\\nto the convention which framed the Federal Constitution in 1787, his notes\\nof which are preserved.\\nJackson, Fort, La., a Confederate stronghold on the south of the bend in\\nthe jMississippi River. It was garrisoned by a small force under the com-\\nmand of General Duncan, and was bombarded during Farragut s expedition\\nagainst New Orleans, finally surrendering to General Butler, April 27, i86\u00c2\u00ab.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0364.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 333\\nJackson City, Miss., scene of a battle and sack during the Civil War.\\nThe battle took place May 14, 1863, between McPherson s division of Grant s\\narmy then operating along the Mississippi River, and a South Carolina\\nbrigade of Johnston s army, commanded by Walker. Crocker s troop bore\\nthe brunt of this fight, defeating the Confederates by their impetuous and\\nuntiring charges. The latter fled to their defences in the town, but were\\nshelled out of these by Sherman. July 10-17, after the fall of Vicksburg,\\nJohnston had again retreated to his intreuchmeuts. There he was invested\\nby Sherman s troops, who partially surrounded the town and opened fire\\nupon it. Ammunition gave out, however, and Johnston, taking advantage\\nof a lull, destroyed as much of the town as he could and retreated under\\ncover of a dense fog, July 1 7.\\nJacobin Clubs. (See Democratic Societies.)\\nJames I. (1566-1625), King of Great Britain from 1603 to 1625, granted,\\nApril 10, 1606, to a company of London merchants, a patent for the coloni-\\nzation of America. Of this company were formed the Virginia and Plymouth\\nCompanies, the efforts of the latter failing totally. The Virginia Company\\nwas granted a charter to establish a plantation between 41\u00c2\u00b0 and 34\u00c2\u00b0 north\\nlatitude, the Plymouth between 45\u00c2\u00b0 and 38\u00c2\u00b0. The first settlement made by\\nthe Virginia Company was at Jamestown in 1607. The persecutions of the\\nSeparatists in England caused a body of that sect to obtain a grant of land\\nfrom the Virginia Companj These Pilgrims intended to settle between the\\nHudson and the Delaware, but storms drove them to the north, and they\\nestablished the Plymouth colony in 1620. The king permitted this, but\\nwould not give a special charter. He became hostile to the Virginia Com-\\npany, and in 1624 brought it to an end by quo zvarrmito proceedings.\\nJames II. (1633-1701), King of Great Britain from 1685 to 1688, had in\\n1664, as Duke of York, received from his brother, Charles II., a proprietary\\ngrant of New Netherland, then recently conquered from the Dutch. Under\\nhis authority was promulgated the code called the Duke s Laws. His\\ngrant included all the territory between the Connecticut and the Delaware,\\nLong Island, Eastern Maine, Nantucket and Martha s Vineyard. As king,\\nhe adopted a policy for annulling the colony charters and solidifying the\\nEnglish possessions in America. Sir Edmund Andros was sent over in 1686\\nwith orders to ignore all colonial political machinery and to govern the\\ncountry through a council. The charters of Connecticut and Rhode Island\\nwere immediately demanded for annuUment, the latter colony only comply-\\ning. In 1688 Andros was made Governor of New York and New Jersey, as\\nwell as New England, his jurisdiction extending from Delaware Bay to the\\nconfines of New France.\\nJames, Henry, novelist, born in 1843, ^o^ of Henry James, theologian,\\nwas educated in Europe, and has lived there during many of the years since.\\nHe is noted as a writer of cosmopolitan spirit, graceful style, subtle insight\\nand realistic tendency. His novels mostly have to do with the life of Ameri-\\ncans in Europe.\\nJames, Thomas L., born in New York in 1831, edited the Democratic\\nRepubhcan from 1856 to 1866. While postmaster of New York, from 1873", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0365.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "334 Dictionary of United States History\\nto 1881, he inaugurated many reforms. He was appointed Postmaster-\\nGeneral in Garfield s Cabinet in 1881, and served until Arthur s administra-\\ntion in 1882!. He introduced thorough reform in the postal service.\\nJames Island, S. C, scene of two brief engagements during the Civil\\nWar. In the first, which occurred June 10, 1862, during the advance of the\\nFederals under Hunter against Charleston, Lamar, holding the island with\\n25,000 Confederates, easily defeated, at Secessionville, and drove from the\\nisland, Benham, leading 6000 Federals. In the second, July 16, 1863, Terry,\\nwho had made a lodgment upon the island with a small force, was expelled\\nby the Confederates under Hagood. Terry s movement was a feint to draw\\nthe Confederates attention from Fort Wagner, on Morris Island, in an assault\\nupon which he intended to join General Gillmore.\\nJameson, John A. (1824-1890), publicist, was Judge of the Chicago\\nSuperior Court from 1865 to 1883. He was author of The Constitutional\\nConvention: its History, Powers and Modes of Proceeding, a standard work.\\nJamestown, Va., first English settlement in the United States, was\\nfounded in 1607 by 105 colonists under Christopher Newport. During the\\nfirst season the colony was saved from destruction by the efforts of Captain\\nJohn Smith. On July 30, 1619, the first colonial assembly in America was\\nheld here. On March 22, 1622, several hundred colonists were massacred\\nby the natives. The town was burned in 1676 during Bacon s rebellion.\\nIn 1699 it ceased to be the capital.\\nJapan. The United States was among the first of foreign powers to\\nobtain rights of intercourse with Japan. Commodore Perry concluded a\\ntreaty of friendship and commerce March 31, 1854. The rights of Ameri-\\ncans in Japan were further extended by the Convention of 1857, and a still\\nmore extensive treaty was concluded in 1858, by which the former treaties\\nwere partially or wholly abrogated. In i860 a Japanese embassy was sent\\nto the United States. By the Convention of October 22, 1864, Japan agreed\\nto pay an indemnity of $3,000,000 to the United States, Great Britain,\\nFrance and the Netherlands for damages. (See Shimonoseki. The share\\nof the United States was returned to Japan in 1883. Commercial treaties\\nwere concluded in 1866 and 1878, the latter not now binding. An extradi-\\ntion treaty was signed April 29, 1886.\\nJasper, William (1750-1779), enlisted in a South Carolina regiment in\\n1776. In the attack of Fort Moultrie he exposed himself to the fire of the\\nenemy in order to recover the State flag, which had been shot from the par-\\napet. He was very successful in detachment service. He was mortally\\nwounded in the assault on Savannah.\\nJava, frigate. (See Constitution.\\nJay, John (December 12, 1745-May 17, 1829), Chief Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt, was born in New York City, of Huguenot descent. He graduated at\\nKing s (Columbia) College in 1766, and in the Revolutionary period was promi-\\nnent on the patriotic side as a member of the Committee of Correspondence.\\nAs delegate to the first Continental Congress of 1774 he was an author of\\nthe Address to the People of Great Britain. He was a member of the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0366.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 335\\nSecond Congress, and as delegate to the New York Convention lie helped in\\ndrafting the State Constitution. In 1777 he was Chief Justice of the State.\\nIn 1780 he became Minister to Spain, and was soon associated with Adams\\nand Franklin in negotiating the peacej Jay s services in this treaty were con-\\nspicuous. During the years 1 784-1 789 he was Secretary of Foreign Aflfairs.\\nWith Hamilton and Madison he wrote the Federalist^ of which five essays are\\nindisputably by Jay. He was a member of the New York Convention of\\n1788 which ratified the Constitution, and in 1789 Washington appointed him\\nfirst Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1792 he was the unsuccessful\\nFederalist candidate for Governor of New York. In 1794 Jay was sent as\\nspecial envoy to England to negotiate the treaty which, under the name of\\nthe Jay Treaty, became an object of such fierce abuse. His last public\\nservice was as Governor of New York, 1795-1801. Life by William Jay.\\nJay, John, (1817-1894), was Minister to Austria from 1869 to 1875.\\nFrom 1883 to 1887 he was a member of the New York Civil Service Com-\\nmission. He has published many influential anti-slavery, legal, political and\\nhistorical pamphlets.\\nJay, William (1789-1858), son of John Jay, was a Judge of the Westchester\\nCounty Court, N. Y., from 1818 to 1843. He devoted his efforts to the aboli-\\ntion of slavery and war. He published a Life of John Jay, a View of\\nthe Action of the Federal Government in Behalf of Slavery, War and\\nPeace and Causes and Consequences of the Mexican War.\\nJay Treaty, a treaty concluded in 1794 by John Jay and Lord Grenville,\\nrepresenting the United States and Great Britain respectively. The treaty\\nprovided for peace and friendship between the two countries; an evacuation\\nof the British posts in the United States by June, 1796; free commercial and\\nIndian intercourse on the American continent; unrestricted navigation of\\nthe Mississippi; indemnity by England to American citizens for recent\\nunlawful captures; corresponding indemnity by America for certain Genet cap-\\ntures of 1793, by privateers fitted out in our ports; and a limited trade between\\nthe United States and the British West Indies, by which our carrying trade\\nwas sadly curtailed. The treaty was generally unpopular in this country.\\nJay-hawkers, guerrilla bands which carried on an irregular warfare in and\\naround Eastern Kansas during the early part of the Civil War and before that\\ntime.\\nJefferson, Joseph, actor, born in 1829, was employed in strolling theatre\\ncompanies from 1832 to 1850. He made his first success as Asa Trench-\\nard in Our American Cousin. He has won his greatest fame as an\\nactor by his rendering of Rip Van Winkle. His acting is marked by variety,\\nvivacity and naturalness.\\nJefferson, Martha Wayles (1748-1782), born in Virginia, widow of Bath-\\nurst Skelton, became the wife of Thomas Jefferson in 1772. She was care-\\nfully educated, beautiful and accomplished, and a devoted wife.\\nJefferson, Thomas (April 2, 1743-July 4, 1826), third President of the\\nUnited States, was born at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Va. He was gradu-\\nated at William and Mary College, studied law, and entered upon its practice", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0367.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "336 Dictionary ok United States History.\\nand the care of his estate. In 1769 he entered the House of Burgesses, and\\nbecame active in the Revolutionary agitation; but his activity then and later\\nwas as a writer rather than as a speaker. He drafted the instructions to the\\nVirginia delegates to the first Continental Congress, and was in consequence\\nproscribed in Great Britain. As a delegate to the second Continental Con-\\ngress he is of course chiefly remembered for his draft of the Declaration of\\nIndependence. Soon after signing that document he left Congress to\\nre-enter the Virginia Legislature, where he labored strenuously for democratic\\nreforms in the laws respecting the church and the descent of landed property.\\nWhile Governor of Virginia, 1779-1781, he was called upon to resist the\\nBritish invasion of the State. He was again in the Legislature, and for a\\nshort time in Congress. In 1784 he went to France as Plenipotentiary, and\\nthere wrote his Notes on Virginia, and observed the outbreak of the\\nRevolution. At the end of 1789 Jefferson returned to America, and entered\\nupon his duties as Secretary of State in Washington s first Cabinet. In the\\nensuing years he became the central figure in the Democratic-Republican\\nparty which was forming in opposition to the Federalists. Hamilton, ablest\\nof the Federalist leaders, was also in the Cabinet, and between the two\\ndivergence of views developed into continual disputes. Jefferson finally\\nresigned in 1794. The great party of which he was the head gave him, in\\n1796, almost as many electoral votes as were given to Adams. He became\\naccordingly Vice-President. At this epoch he prepared a Manual of\\nParliamentary Practice, was president of the Philosophical Society, and\\ndrafted the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. In the election of 1800-1801\\nJefferson s party defeated Adams and the Federalists, but the defective pro-\\nvisions of the Constitution gave to Jefferson and Burr seventy-three electoral\\nvotes each, and there was no election; the House of Representatives accord-\\ningly took up the matter, and a bitter struggle ended in the choice of\\nJefferson for first place. In his Cabinet Madison was Secretary of State,\\nGallatin of the Treasur} Dearborn of War, Robert Smith of the Navy, and\\nLincoln Attorney-General. His administration was marked by the aboli-\\ntion of some Usages of an aristocratic nature, by the Tripolitan War, the\\nLouisiana Purchase (which see), the Lewis and Clark expedition, the\\nChesapeake incident, and the Embargo. (See Embargo.) President\\nJefferson was re-elected in 1804, and retired from office in 1809, but con-\\ntinued to be regarded as the adviser of the party. He was interested in\\nlater life in plans for education in Virginia, and superintended the planting\\nof the University of Virginia. He died at Monticello in his native State.\\nHis political theories have had more influence upon the public life of America\\nthan those of any other one man. There are biographies by H. S. Randall,\\nTucker, Parton, and a more recent life by Schouler.\\nJenkins Ferry, Ark. Here, April 30, 1864, while Steele, with a small\\nFederal force, was attempting to cross the Saline River, Kirby Smith fell\\nupon him. Steele turned and, ordering a counter charge, succeeded in dis-\\npersing the Confederates.\\nJenkins, Thornton A., bom in 181 1, served during the Mexican War. He\\ncommanded in Farragut s fleet from 1862 to 1865. He was chief of the\\nBureau of Navigation from 1865 to 1869.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0368.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 337\\nJersey, East and West. (See New Jersey.)\\nJersey Prison Ship, an unseaworthy sixty-four-gun ship, lying off the\\nBrooklyn shore of New York harbor from 1776 to 1783, and used by the\\nBritish as a prison for captured American sailors. Their treatment was most\\ninhuman. Eleven thousand are said to have died of cold and starvation.\\nJesuks. The efforts of the Jesuits to convert the Indians belong in general\\nrather to the history of New France and Canada than to that of the United\\nStates. But their expeditions extended into the West, where they had mis-\\nsionary establishments at Green Bay, Wiscousin, and elsewhere. In the tv/o\\nEnglish colonies in which Catholics were tolerated, Pennsylvania and Mary-\\nland, all the priests seem to have been Jesuits down to the suppression of\\nthat order by the Pope in 1773.\\nJesup, Thomas S. (i 788-1 860), born in Virginia, was brevetted colonel\\nfor services at Chippewa and Niagara in 1814. He was promoted major in\\n1818. He commanded the army in Florida in 1836.\\nJewell, Marshall (1825-1883), was elected Governor of Connecticut in\\n1869, 1871 and 1872. He was Minister to Prussia from 1873 to 1874. In\\n1874 he was appointed Postmaster-General; after introducing numerous\\nreforms, he resigned in 1876. He was a member of the Republican National\\nConvention in 1880, and was elected chairman of the National Republican\\nCommittee.\\nJews. Settlements began to be made by these people early in the eight-\\neenth century in South Carolina and Georgia. About 1734 they began to\\ncome in considerable numbers to Georgia, but the trustees of the Oglethorpe\\ngrant objected to them, and promptly checked their immigration on religious\\ngrounds. In 1749 they had established a flourishing body at Charleston, and\\nhad built a meeting-house. By 1765 a small number had also established\\nthemselves at New York. Others settled at Newport.\\nJogues, Isaac (1607-1646), came to Canada from France in 1630, and\\nspent his life among the Indians as a Jesuit missionary. He was twice\\ntaken captive by the Mohawk Indians, terribly tortured, and finally killed\\nby them.\\nJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., was chartered in 1867, and\\nnamed in honor of its principal benefactor, who bequeathed a fund of\\n$3,000,000. It was intended especially for post-graduate work, and has\\ndone much for research.\\nJohnson, Andrew (December 29, 1808-July 31, 1875), seventeenth Presi-\\ndent of the United States, was born at Raleigh, N. C. He had no advan-\\ntages of education, and was in early life a tailor; his energy triumphed over\\ndrawbacks, and in Tennessee, where he had settled, he became a member of\\nthe Legislature, and represented the .State in Congress in 1843-1853. In\\n1853-57 b^ w^s Democratic Governor of the State, and immediately there-\\nafter was U. S. Senator, serving until 1862. He was a strong Unionist, and\\nwas by President Lincoln appointed military Governor of Tennessee in 1862.\\nIn 1864 he was selected by the Republicans for the second place on the\\nM", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0369.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "338 Dictionary of United States History.\\nticket, was elected, and by the startling death of Lincoln he was lifted into\\nnational prominence. President Johnson took the oath of ofi ce April 15,\\n1865. Though elected as a Republican he had never ceased to hold many\\nDemocratic principles; Congress v/as heavily Republican; their divergence\\nof views, accented by Johnson s peculiarities of temper, caused a bitter\\nquarrel between executive and Congress. The veto of the Freedmen s Bureau\\nBill and of the Civil Rights Bill in 1866, the veto of the Congressional\\nplan of reconstruction and the Tenure of Office Bill in 1867 mark the stages\\nof the controversy. In 1867 President Johnson suspended and then removed\\nSecretar Stanton, and was forthwith impeached by the House of Represen-\\ntatives. The trial before the Senate, March-May, 1868, resulted in his\\nacquittal, as the President s enemies mustered one less than the necessary\\ntwo-thirds vote. Johnson lived in retirement after 1869, except for a short\\nterm as U. S. Senator in 1875.\\nJohnson, Cave (i 793-1 866), represented Tennessee in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1829 to 1837, and from 1839 to 1845. He was Post-\\nmaster-General in Polk s Cabinet from 1845 to 1849.\\nJohnson, Edward (i 599-1672), captain, came to America from England\\nabout 1630. He served in the Massachusetts General Court from 1643 to\\n1671, except 1648. He wrote a narrative of New England history from\\n1628 to 1652, called The Wonder-working Providence of Sion s Saviour in\\nNew England.\\nJohnson, Eliza McCardle (1810-1876), born in Tennessee, married\\nAndrew Johnson in 1826, and devoted herself to his advancement. Ill-\\nhealth prevented her from accompanying him in his public life.\\nJohnson, Sir Henry (1748-1835), came to America from England in 1775,\\nand commanded a battalion of British troops from 1776 to 1778. From 1778\\nto 1781, he commanded a regiment in the Jerseys, Virginia and Carolina.\\nJohnson, Herschel V, (181 2-1880), represented Georgia in the U. S.\\nSenate as a Democrat from 1848 to 1849. He was Judge of the Georgia\\nSupreme Court from 1849 to 1853. He was Governor of the State from\\n1853 to 1857. He was defeated as Democratic candidate for Vice-President\\nof the United States in 1 860, on the Douglas ticket. He served in the Con-\\nfederate Senate.\\nJohnson, Sir John (1742-1830), was knighted in 1765 and succeeded to\\nthe baronetcy of Sir William Johnson, his father, in 1774. He fled from\\nNew York to Canada in 1776 on account of his loyalist principles. In 1777\\nhe invested Fort Stanwix and fought at Oriskany. In 1780 he superin-\\ntended the atrocious depredations in the Cherry Valley and conducted the\\nraids in the Mohawk Valley. He was afterward Governor of Upper Canada.\\nJohnson, Reverdy (1796-1876), lawyer and diplomatist, reached a high\\nrank at the Maryland bar, and was U. S. Senator 1 845-1 849, and Attorney-\\nGeneral in President Taylor s administration, 1849-50. He was a member\\nof the Peace Conference, and in 1863 re-entered the Senate as a Republican.\\nHe held a prominent position among the leaders, and in 1868 was sent\\nto represent this country at London. Besides achieving great popularity in", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0370.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n339\\nEngland, he negotiated the so-called Johnson-Clarendon Treaty, which,\\nhowever, failed of ratification by the U. S. Senate. Mr. Johnson returned in\\n1869.\\nJohnson, Richard M. (1781-1850), served in the Kentucky Legislature in\\n1804. He represented Kentucky in the U. S. Congress as a Republican from\\n1807 to 1819. In 1812 he commanded a regiment in the war. In 1813 he\\nfought at Chatham and in the battle of the Thames, where he is said to have\\nkilled Tecumtha. He served in the U. .S. Senate from 1819 to 1829, and in\\nthe U. S. House of Representatives from 1829 ^^37- He was elected\\nVice-President of the United States by the Senate in 1837, and served from\\n1837 to 1 841, with Martin Van Buren as President.\\nJohnson, Richard W., born in 1827, fought at Pittsburg Landing in 1861,\\ncommanded a division in 1862 at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge. He\\npublished a life of General Thomas. Died 1897.\\nJohnson, Samuel (1696-1772), was an eminent Episcopal clergyman in\\nthe Connecticut colony from 1725 to 1754. He was influential in the endow-\\nment of Yale, and was president of King s College (Columbia) from 1754 to\\nJohnson, Thomas (1732-1819), represented Maryland in the Continental\\nCongi ess from 1774 to 1777. He was Governor of Maryland from 1777 to\\n1779. He was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court from 1791 to 1793.\\nJohnson, Sir William (1715-1774), was born in Ireland, and, having emi-\\ngrated to America, settled in the Mohawk Valley. In this region, then\\nmainly an Indian wilderness, Johnson s tact, ability and knowledge of the\\nIndian character, made him the central personage. He was colonel of the\\nSix Nations, commissary of Indian affairs, and member of the Governor s\\ncouncil. His headquarters was Fort Johnson, near Amsterdam. The influ-\\nence of the Johnson family held the Six Nations to the English alliance in\\nthe French and Revolutionary wars. Johnson attended the Albany Congress\\nin 1754, and the next year was appointed to command in the north. For\\nthe victory at the head of Lake George, September 8, 1755, really won by\\nGeneral Lyman, Johnson received the credit together with a baronetcy and\\na sum of money. In 1759, after the fall of Prideaux, he succeeded to the\\ncommand in the attack on Fort Niagara.\\nJohnson, William (1771-1834), was a member of the South Carolina\\nLegislature from 1794 to 1798. In 1804 he was appointed a Justice of the\\nU. S. Supreme Court and served till his death. His principles were opposed\\nto the nullification movements of 1831-1833. He published a Life of\\nNathanael Greene.\\nJohnson, William S. (1727-1819), was a Connecticut delegate to the\\nStamp- Act Congress in 1765. He was London agent of the colony from\\n1766 to 1771. He was Judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1772\\nto 1774, served in the Continental Congress from 1784 to 1787, and aided in\\ndrafting the Constitution. He was a U. S. Senator from 1789 to 1791, then\\npresident of Columbia College till 1800.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0371.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "340 Dictionary of United States History.\\nJohnston, Albert Sidney (1803-1862), a distinguished Confederate general,\\nwas born in Kentucky, and graduated at West Point in 1826. He served in\\nthe Black Hawk War, entered soon after the army of Texas, and became\\nSecretary of War for that republic. He passed through the Mexican War,\\nwas for a short time a planter, and again in the U. S. army rose to be pay-\\nmaster and colonel. He commanded skillfully the expedition to Utah, and\\nwas in charge of the Department of the Pacific when the war broke out.\\nHaving espoused the Confederate cause he was appointed a general and\\nentrusted with command in the West. He fortified the strategic point of\\nBowling Green, but his forces were driven back, and he was compelled to\\nconcentrate at Corinth. From this point he planned a surprise on Grant s\\narmy lying at Pittsburg Landing. The attack was executed in one of the\\nfiercest battles of the war, but General Johnston was killed in the afternoon\\nof the first day while leading a charge. Life by W. P. Johnston.\\nJohnston, Alexander (1849-1889), was admitted to the bar in 1876. He\\nwas professor of jurisprudence and political economy at Princeton from 1883\\nto 1889. He was an enthusiastic student of American history. He pub-\\nlished a History of American Politics, Representative American Ora-\\ntions, History of the United States for Schools, and a history of Con-\\nnecticut.\\nJohnston, Joseph Eggleston (February 3, 1807-March 21, 1891), a cele-\\nbrated Confederate general, was born in Virginia, and graduated at West\\nPoint in 1829. He had a long career of service in the old army in the wars\\nwith Black Hawk, the Seminoles, as engineer in Scott s campaign in\\nMexico, where he distinguished himself at Chapultepec, and finally as quar-\\ntermaster-general. The Confederate Government appointed him a major-\\ngeneral, and he commanded at the first battle of Bull Run. He had charge\\nof the operations in Virginia down to the middle of McClellan s Peninsula\\ncampaign, when he was severely wounded at the battle of Fair Oaks, and\\nwas replaced by General Lee. He had meanwhile been raised to the full\\nrank of general, and in 1863 he was sent to relieve Pemberton before Vicks-\\nburg, but failed. In the following December he succeeded to the command\\nof Bragg s defeated army; with this force he was the next year opposed to\\nSherman in the mountains of northern Georgia, and the skillful manoeuvring\\nof these two great masters of strategy has elicited warm praise. President\\nDavis, displeased with Johnston, put Hood in his place; but the next winter\\nthe two old antagonists were again pitted against each other in North Caro-\\nlina, where Johnston surrendered April 26, 1865. Subsequently he was a\\nrailroad president and a Congressman from Virginia. He wrote a Narrative\\nof Military Operations. Life by Hughes.\\nJohnstone, George, bom in Scotland, died .in 1787. He became Gov-\\nernor of West Florida in 1763. He was a British Commissioner to the\\nUnited States in 1778. He published Thoughts on Our Acquisitions in\\nthe East.\\nJoint High Commission. (See Alabama Claims.)\\nJoliet, Louis (1645-1700), a noted French explorer, was born in Quebec\\nand educated at a jestiit college. The scope of his explorations was the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0372.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "X: V,.\\n3\\nk ^^^rT.^^I^^E\\nCOMMANDERS IN THE MEXICAN WAR,\\nR. F Stockton. P^^ P Kearney,\\nJohn C Fremont.\\nWinfield Scott.\\nSanta Anna.\\nZachary Taylor.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0373.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0374.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 341\\nsame as Marquette s and La Salle s, the linking together of the great sys-\\ntems of the St. Lawrence lakes and the Mississippi. With Marquette he\\nstarted from Mackinaw, ascended Lake Michigan and descended the Illinois\\nRiver in 1673 to its mouth in the Father of Waters; thence he descended\\nthe great river to the present State of Arkansas, and returned to Canada.\\nThe chief credit of the exploration of the Mississippi, whether due to Joliet,\\nhis distinguished associate, or to La Salle, is a controverted question.\\nJonathan, or Brother Jonathan. The use of this expression, to denote\\nthe Yankee or American, is said to have sprung from General Washington s\\nhabitual use of it to designate Governor Jonathan Trumbull, of Connec-\\nticut, a valued helper in the conduct of the war.\\nJones, Anson (1798-1858), was prominent in gaining the independence\\nof Texas. He was Minister from Texas to the United States from 1837 to\\n1839. He was Secretary of State in Texas from 1841 to 1844 and President\\nin 1845, at the time of the annexation.\\nJones, Jacob (1768-1850), entered the U. S. navy in 1799. He was a\\nlieutenant of the Philadelphia from 1801 to 1803. In command of the\\nWasp he captured the British brig Frolic in 181 2. This was one of\\nthe first important naval victories of the war. In 1813 he commanded the\\nMacedonian in Decatur s squadron.\\nJones, James C. (1809-1859), was a member of the Tennessee Legislature\\nin 1837 and 1839. He was Governor of Tennessee from 1841 to 1845, and\\nwas a Whig Senator of the United States from 1851 to 1857.\\nJones, John P., born in England in 1830, a rich mine-owner, has been a\\nRepublican member of the U. S. Senate from Nevada from 1873 to the\\npresent time (1897) and has been prominent as an advocate of the free coinage\\nof silver. He v/as a member of the Brussels Monetar Conference of 1892.\\nJones, John Paul (July 6, 1747-July 18, 1792), a naval hero, was bom in\\nScotland and had been engaged in the merchant marine previous to his\\nsettlement in Virginia, shortly before the beginning of the Revolutionary\\nWar. On the opening of hostilities he volunteered with enthusiasm in the\\nservice of his adopted country, was appointed first lieutenant, and made a\\nnumber of successful cruises. In 1777 he sailed to France. From Brest as\\nheadquarters he conducted in his ship, the Ranger, a remarkable expedi-\\ntion to the British coasts, for which his old acquaintance with the localities\\nhad well fitted him. In St. George s Channel he took prizes, landed at White-\\nhaven and terrorized the seaboard for a short time. He captured the British\\nDrake, and his success led him in 1779 to start in command of a small\\nfleet against the eastern shore of the island; his own vessel was the Bon\\nHomme Richard. With this fleet he encountered off Scarborough a British\\nconvoy and ships of war. One of the fiercest naval fights on record followed\\nbetween Jones vessel and the British Serapis on the evening of Sep-\\ntember 23, 1779. The Serapis finally struck, but the American ship was\\ncompletely disabled, and the losses in the close-range struggle were great.\\nJones received the thanks of Congress and a gold sword from Louis XVI.\\nAfter the war he was a rear-admiral in the Russian navy, and died in Paris,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0375.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "342 Dictionary of United States History.\\nJones, John W. (1791-1848), represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Whig from 1835 to 1845, when he declined re-election. He was Speaker\\nof the House from 1843 to 1845.\\nJones, William (1760-1831), served in the battles of Trenton and Prince-\\nton during the Revolution. He represented Pennsylvania as a Democrat in\\nthe U. S. Congress from 1801 to 1803. He was Secretary of the Navy in\\n1813 and 1814. Subsequently he was president of the U. S. Bank.\\nJones Case, a fugitive slave case. George Jones, a respectable colored\\nman, was arrested in New York in 1836, on a fictitious charge of assault and\\nbattery. He was taken before Recorder Riker and was released to his kid-\\nnappers as their property, their word being taken as sufficient evidence.\\nThis was a favorite method of kidnapping.\\nJonesboro, Ga. A series of short, but sharp engagements during Sher-\\nman s investment of Atlanta in 1864, the town being then held by Hood\\nwith some 60,000 Confederates. Sherman s force was nearly 100,000 strong.\\nThere was some fighting between Atlanta and Jonesboro August 19 and 20,\\nKilpatrick having been dispatched to destroy the Macon railroad and\\nencountering a cavalry troop under Ross, whom he defeated. Kilpatrick\\nwas in his turn defeated the next day by a Confederate infantry force. j\\\\Iean-\\ntime Hardee had been sent from Atlanta to Jonesboro by Hood to guard his\\ncommunications. On August 31 Hardee fell upon the Federal right under\\nHoward and a desperate battle took place, in which Hardee was decidedly\\nworsted. Hardee retreated that same night.\\nJouett, James E., born in 1828, served during the Mexican War. In\\ncommand of the Saiitee in 1861, he captured the Royal Jacket, and\\nwas active at Mobile under Commodore Farragut. .In 1886 he became a\\nrear-admiral.\\nJournals of Congress. The Journals of Congress from 1774 to 1788\\nwere first published at Philadelphia in thirteen volumes, octavo, 1777-1788,\\nbut they were reprinted at Washington in four volumes, octavo, 1823. The\\nproceedings of the Constitutional Convention were published at Boston in\\n1 81 9, entitled Journal, Acts and Proceedings of the Convention Assem-\\nbled at Philadelphia which Framed the Constitution of the United States.\\nThere was also published at Boston, in 1821, a work in four volumes, entitled\\nSecret Journals of the Acts and Proceedings of Congress from the First\\nMeeting thereof to the Dissolution of the Confederation by the Adoption of\\nthe Constitution of the United States. The Journals of the Congress\\nunder the Constitution have been printed each session, according to the\\nrequirement of the Constitution.\\nJoutel, Henri, French explorer, came to America in 1684. He published\\nauthentic accounts of the last expedition of La Salle, and his own explora-\\ntions in the Mississippi Valley.\\nJuarez, Benito P. (1806-1872), was Governor of Mexico from 1847 to\\n1852, including part of the war with the United States. He was Minister\\nof Justice and Religion from 1855 to 1857. He was Secretary of the Interior", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0376.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 343\\nfrom 1857 to 1858. In 1858 he assumed the control of the executive, and\\nwas recognized by the U. S. Government in 1859. He maintained his\\ngovernment against the clerical party with difficulty throughout the revolu-\\ntionary troubles, but from the withdrawal of the French and the death of\\nMaximilian until his own death he ruled the republic.\\nJudd, Sylvester (1789-1860), edited the New Hampshire Gazette from\\n1823 to 1834. He carefully studied the history of Massachusetts and Con-\\nnecticut, and published Thomas Judd and his Descendants, and A His-\\ntory of Hadley.\\nJudiciary. Except in the earliest days of the Puritan colonies, the judi-\\nciary in the colonies was modeled on that of England. In each, the\\nGovernor (in the general case) constituted the court of admiralty, the court\\nof equity, and the ecclesiastical and highest probate court. There was a\\nsupreme or superior common-law court, from which appeals lay to the Gov-\\nernor and council, and ultimately to the King in Council. County courts\\nwere commonly held after the forms of the justices courts of quarter session\\nin England; and there was a similar system of lowest courts, held by indi-\\nvidual justices. When, at the beginning of the Revolution, the States made\\ntheir new Constitutions, they either abolished those courts which were not\\ncommon-law courts or reorganized them, or gave their functions to the com-\\nmon-law courts. Otherwise little change was made in the system. Under\\nthe Continental Congress the beginnings of a Federal judiciary are seen in\\nthe operations of the commissions which decided land cases between States,\\nand in those of the commissioners of appeal in prize causes, which in 1781,\\nunder the Articles of Confederation, was erected into a more regular court.\\nThe Constitution of 1787 provided for a supreme court, and such inferior\\ncourts as Congress might establish. By the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress\\nestablished circuit and district courts. (See arts. Supreme Court, Circuit\\nCourts and District Courts.) These constituted the Federal system until\\n1891, when the Circuit Courts of Appeal were added. Colonial judges were\\nmostly appointed by the Governors. In some States this feature was\\nretained; in most, it has now become the rule that judges are elected by the\\npeople. Beside the strictly Federal courts provided by the Constitution,\\nCongress has established a system of Territorial courts, and the Court of\\nClaims (see art.).\\nJudson, Adoniram (1788-1850), was a successful American missionary to\\nBurmah from 1813 to 1850. He thoroughly mastered the Burmese lan-\\nguage and translated a number of books, including the entire Bible.\\nJuilliard vs. Greenman, a case involving a question of legal tender, brought\\nby plaintiff on writ of error from the Circuit Court of New York to the\\nSupreme Court of the United States in 1884. Juilliard having contracted a\\nsale to Greenman, the latter offered payment in United States notes, which\\nthe plaintiff refused, demanding payment in gold or silver. The Circuit\\nCourt found a verdict for the defendant, on the ground that notes issued by\\nthe United States are legal tender for payment of any debt. The Supreme\\nCourt confirmed this judgment, thus affirming the constitutionality of the\\nLegal Tender Act of 1862.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0377.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "344 Dictionary of United States History.\\nJulian, George W., born in 1817, was a Free-Soil Representative to Con-\\ngress from Indiana from 1849 to 1851. He was the Free-Soil candidate for\\nVice-President of the United States in 1852. He was vice-president of the\\nfirst Republican convention in 1856 and chairman of the organization com-\\nmittee. He was a Republican member of the U. S. Congress from 1861 to\\n1 87 1. Died in 1899.\\nJumonville, N. Coulon de (1725 ?-i754), was sent by the French in 1754\\nto summon Washington to surrender the fort at Great Meadows. He was\\nkilled in an attack which was represented as a violation of international law\\nby the French, but probably was not.\\nJustice, Department of. This department was not created until June 22,\\n1870, though the ofEce of Attorney-General, who is at its head, was created\\nSeptember 24, 1789. The earlier Attorneys-General had leisure to practice\\nas attorneys. An assistant was first given the Attorney-General in 1859, a\\nsecond in 1868, a third in 1871. In 1861 the Attorney-General was given\\nsupervision of all U. S. district attorneys and marshals.\\nK.\\nKalakaua, David (1836-1891), was made king of Hawaii in 1874 and\\nestablished his government with the aid of American and English ships.\\nHe died in San Francisco while negotiating a treaty of reciprocity with the\\nUnited States.\\nKalb, Johann, self-styled Baron de Kalb (1721-1780), visited America as\\na secret agent of the French Government in 1768. He was encouraged by\\nFranklin and Silas Deane to join the Continental army, and accompanied\\nLafayette to the United States in 1777. He was appointed major-general\\nand served under Washington in New Jersey and Maryland. In 1780 he\\nwas despatched to South Carolina in command of the Delaware and Mary-\\nland troops. At Camden his troops defeated the opposing British force, but\\nwere subsequently surrounded and DeKalb was mortally wounded.\\nKalmar Nyckel Key of Kalmar a Swedish man-of-war furnished\\nas an emigrant ship in the Swedish colonization expedition of 1637. The\\nship entered Delaware Bay in March, 1638, and its passengers settled along\\nthe Delaware River.\\nKamper vs. Hawkins, a case adjourned from the District Court of Dum-\\nfries, Va., to the General Court in November, 1793. It involved the consti-\\ntutionality of an act of the State Legislature of 1792, which authorized a\\ndistrict court in term time, or a judge thereof in vacation, to exercise the\\nsame power of granting injunctions to stay proceedings on any judgment\\nobtained in a district court, and of proceeding to the dissolution or final\\nhearing of such cases, as was prescribed for the High Court of Chancery.\\nThe court decided that this law was not wholly in accordance with the Con-\\nstitution, but that there was no alternative for a decision between the Legis-\\nlature and the judiciary except an appeal to the people.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0378.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 345\\nKane, Elisha K. (1820-1857), served in the navy as a surgeon from 1843\\nto 1850. He accompanied E. J. DeHaven in 1850 on his Arctic expedition.\\nIn 1853-55 commanded the Advance in an Arctic exploring expedi-\\ntion. He reached latitude 80\u00c2\u00b0 35 and made valuable and accurate scien-\\ntific observations, which he published in his reports.\\nKansas. The territory of the State of Kansas formed a part of the\\nLouisiana and Texas cessions. The greater part was acquired by the United\\nStates in 1803. The portion lying south of the Arkansas River and west\\nof longitude 100\u00c2\u00b0 W. was ceded to the United States by Texas in 1850.\\nThe region was explored in 1541 by Coronado, a Spaniard. In 1819-1820\\nit was partly explored by Major Long, of the United States army. In 1854\\nStephen A. Douglas introduced a bill into Congress providing for the organi-\\nzation of the Kansas and Nebraska territories, and the repeal of the Missouri\\nCompromise of 1820, whereby slavery was prohibited north of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 The\\nexistence of slavery was left to the decision of the people of the State when\\nadmitted. The introduction and passage. May 30, 1854, of this bill caused\\nintense political excitement. Emigrants from Arkansas and Missouri imme-\\ndiately began to move into Kansas to hold the State for the pro-slavery party.\\nOn the other hand the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society sent out colonies\\nto keep slavery out of the State. The Kansas struggle then began. The\\npro-slavery men, aided by bands from Missouri, elected the Territorial delegate\\nto Congress, November 29, 1854. March 30, 1855, an election took place for\\na Territorial Legislature, in which the pro-slavery men were again successful.\\nAt this election 5427 votes were cast for their candidates, and 791 for their\\nopponents, and yet there were but 2905 legal voters in the country. This\\nLegislature met at Pawnee in July, and immediately proceeded to vote\\nKansas a slave Territory. On the other hand the anti-slavery men met in\\nconvention at Topeka, and adopted a State Constitution which prohibited\\nslavery, October-November, 1855. This Constitution was ratified by popular\\nvote, December 15. An election for a Legislature was held under this Con-\\nstitution in January. ]\\\\Iay 21 Lawrence was pillaged. In the same year a\\nparty under John Brown murdered five men. A bill for the admission of the\\nState was defeated in the Senate, and the State Legislature was dispersed by\\nFederal troops in 1856. A pro-slaverj- convention adopted the Lecompton\\nConstitution, which was submitted to a popular vote with or without slavery.\\nThe anti-slavery men refused to vote, and the Constitution was adopted. At\\na second election, January 4, 1858, it was defeated, and again on August 3\\nat another election ordered by Congress. In 1859 a constitutional conven-\\ntion at Wyandotte adopted a Constitution prohibiting slaver) which was\\nratified October 4. January 29, 1861, Kansas was admitted into the Union.\\nThe State was steadily Republican until 1882, when the Democrats carried\\nthe election. In 1892 the electoral votes of the State were cast for the can-\\ndidate of the People s party. The population of the State in 1890 was\\n1,427,096; in i860 it was 107,206. History by Spring.\\nKansas Aid Society, a Congressional association formed in 1854 for the\\npurpose of aiding free immigration into Kansas to prevent the establishment\\nof slavery, which had been made possible by the passage of the Kansas-\\nNebraska Act then recently adopted. Slavery advocates from Missouri were", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0379.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "346 UicTioNARY OK United States History.\\nat that time active in endeavoring to bring about the establishment of\\nslavery.\\nKansas City, Mo., was laid out in 1830, but its growth dates from i860.\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill. Under the provisions of this bill, which was\\npassed by Congress May 22, 1854, Kansas and Nebraska were separated\\nand organized into Territories. The importance of this bill lay in the fact\\nthat it practically repealed the Missouri Compromise. In the bill as reported\\nby Stephen A. Douglas, the question of slavery in the two Territories was\\nto be settled within the Territories, and if adopted the fugitive slave law was\\nto apply. The status of Nebraska was easily settled as a free Territory, but\\nthe question caused much trouble in Kansas. The passage of the act had\\nmuch to do with bringing on the Civil War.\\nKapp, Friedrich (1824-1884), came to America from Germany in 1850.\\nHe wrote lives of Generals Kalb and Steuben, and numerous works relating\\nto slavery and the relations between Germany and the United States.\\nKaskaskia, 111., a French settlement, settled in the latter part of the seven-\\nteenth century, garrisoned in 1778 by British soldiers. Colonel George\\nRogers Clark captured it with three companies of Kentucky recruits on the\\nnight of July 4, after a short struggle and with but little bloodshed.\\nKasson, John A., born in 1822, was chairman of the Iowa Republican\\nCommittee from 1858 to i860. He was appointed Assistant Postmaster-\\nGeneral in 1S61 and served till 1862. He represented Iowa in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Republican from 1863 to 1867, from 1873 to 1877 and from\\nt88i to 1884. He was Minister to Austria from 1877 to 1881 and to Ger-\\nmany from 1884 j;o 1885.\\nKautz, August V., born in Germany in 1828, was brevetted colonel U. S.\\narmy for services during the Civil War. He engaged in the Peninsular\\ncampaign in 1862, at South Mountain, Petersburg and Richmond, and was\\nnoted for his cavalr raids in southern Virginia in 1864. Died 1895.\\nKearny, Lawrence (1789-1868), served in the navy during the War of\\n1812. He was successful in destroying piracy and smuggling. He was\\ninfluential in negotiating the Treaty of 1845 with China.\\nKearny, Philip (1815-1862), entered the army in 1837. He was sent by\\nthe U. S. Government in 1S39 and 1840 to report upon the cavalry tactics\\nof the French. During the Mexican War he was brevetted major for gal-\\nlantry at Contreras and Churubusco. In 1861 he was assigued command of\\na brigade in the Army of the Potomac. He engaged at Williamsburg and\\nserved with the Army of Virginia. In 1862 he was assigned command of a\\ndivision and fought at Bull Run. He was killed in the battle of Chantilly.\\nKearny, Stephen W. (1794-1848), served throughout the War of 1812.\\nHe was promoted brigadier-general in 1846, with command in the West.\\nDuring the Mexican War he established a provisional government in Santa\\nF^ and fought the battle of San Pasqual, after which he was made major-\\ngeneral. In 1847 he was Governor of California. He wrote a Manual of\\nttie Exercise and Manoeuvring of U. S. Dragoons.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0380.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 347\\nKearsarge, the U. S. man-of-war which destroyed and sunk the Con-\\nieaerate cruiser Alabama ofif Cherbourg harbor, in France, June 19, 1864.\\nIn 1894 it was wrecked on a reef in the Caribbean Sea.\\nKearsarge and Alabama, a famous naval battle of the Civil War occur-\\nring June 19, 1864, just off the harbor of Cherbourg, France. The Con-\\nfederate war-ship Alabama was at that time engaged in destroying Union\\nvessels in European waters. She was commanded by Semnies; had eight\\nguns and sixty men. Winslow commanded the Kearsarge, the National\\nship having been dispatched in search of the Alabama. The Kear-\\nsarge had seven guns and sixty-two men. The Kearsarge lay waiting\\nfor the Confederate ship outside the harbor. The battle took place some\\nseven miles out at sea. The Alabama began the firing without much\\neffect upon her opponent. When the Kearsarge opened fire, her supe-\\nriority in point of management and gunnery was at once evinced. One of\\nher shells cut ofi the Alabama s mizzenmast and another exploded, killing\\nhalf her crew. She was speedily disabled and sunk. Semmes escaped.\\nKeifer, Joseph Warren, born in 1836, represented Ohio in the U. S.\\nHouse of Representatives as a Republican from 1877 to 1885. He was\\nSpeaker of the House from 1881 to 1883.\\nKeith, Sir William (1680-1749), was commissioned Lieutenant-Governor\\nof Pennsylvania and Delaware from 1717 to 1726. He served in the Penn-\\nsylvania Assembly in 1727 and 1728. He published a History of\\nVirginia.\\nKelley, Benjamin F. (1807-1891), during the Civil War fought at\\nPhilippi, Romney and Blue Gap. In 1863 he commanded the Department\\nof West Virginia. He was brevetted major-general in 1864 for services at\\nCumberland, New Creek and Morefield.\\nKelley, William D. (1814-1890), was admitted to the bar in 1841. He\\nwas Judge of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas from 1846 to 1856.\\nHe was a member of the Republican National Convention of i860, and\\nrepresented Pennsylvania in the U. S. Congress as a Republican from 1861\\nto 1890. He published The New South and many influential political\\nwritings, and was noted as a strong protectionist.\\nKellogg, William P., born in 1831, represented Louisiana in the U. S.\\nSenate as a Republican from 1868 to 1871. Kellogg was recognized by the\\nU. S. Government as Governor of Louisiana in 1872 in opposition to the\\nrival government led by McEnery. (See art. Louisiana.) He served until\\n1877. He again served in the U. S. Senate from 1877 to 1883, and in the\\nHouse of Representatives from 1883 to 1885.\\nKelly s Ford. (See Rappahannock Station.)\\nKemble, Frances Anne, born in London in 1809, has won distinction\\nboth in Europe and in the United States as an actress in historical plays.\\nShe has also been successful as a reader of Shakespeare. Died in 1893.\\nKendall, Amos (1789-1869), of Kentucky, bom in Massachusetts, earnestly\\nsupported Jackson in 1824. In 1829 he was appointed an auditor in the", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0381.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "348 Dictionary of United States History.\\nTreasur} Department. He was one of the chief men in Jackson s adminis-\\ntration, guiding the anti-bank policy, and advising and directing the President\\nin all his duties. He was Postmaster-General of the United States from 1835\\nto 1840 in the Cabinets of Jackson and Van Buren. He was an ardent anti-\\nslaver} advocate; and, though a Jackson Democrat, earnestly supported the\\nadministration during the Civil War. He wrote a L,ife of Andrew Jackson,\\nPrivate, Military and Civil (uncompleted).\\nKendall vs. United States. In 1835, Barry, then Postmaster-General,\\nmade certain contracts with Stokes and others of the District of Columbia,\\nfor carrying the mail of the United States, Kendall, Barry s successor,\\nrefused to pay to Stokes certain sums of- money mentioned in the contract.\\nStokes applied to the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia for a man-\\ndamus to compel Kendall to pay. This was granted. Kendall brought the\\ncase before the Supreme Court of the United States, and the decree of the\\nCircuit Court was confirmed on the ground that the mandamus did not seek\\nto control the Postmaster-General in his official duty, but to enforce the per-\\nformance of a mere ministerial act.\\nKenesaw^ Mountain, Ga. To this strong position General Johnston had\\nretreated about June 11, 1864, with about 60,000 Confederates, Sherman\\nfollowing him closely with 100,000 Federal troops. Johnston succeeded in\\nfortifying himself quite strongly. A smart skirmish took place June 14, and\\nGeneral Polk, of Confederate fame, was killed. On the lytli an assault was\\nordered by Sherman, which caused Johnston to contract his line. After this,\\nduring ten days, Johnston s cannon kept booming away from the heights,\\nwhile Sherman s army lay in the valley below, almost untouched. On the\\n2 2d an ineffectual attack was made by Hooker and Schofield, in which the\\nNationals lost heavily. This is known as the affair of Kulp s House.\\nAgain on the 27th Sherman caused two attacks to be made simultaneously\\nand from different quarters. So Hooker and McPherson advanced against the\\nConfederates left and centre. Both assaults failed disastrously. Nearly 3000\\nFederals were missing in killed and wounded. July i, however, McPherson\\nmade a more successful attack and Johnston was compelled to retire.\\nKennan, George, born in Ohio in 1845, has made in Siberia a thorough\\ninvestigation of the Russian exile system, the results of which he has pub-\\nlished in a book entitled Siberia and the Exile System. He had earlier\\npublished Tent-L,ife in Siberia.\\nKennebec Expedition, an expedition along the Kennebec River, sent out\\nby Washington under Benedict Arnold, in 1775, to co-operate with Mont-\\ngomery s Canada expedition. Arnold was assisted in this campaign by a\\nnumber of Indians. With iioo men Arnold reached Fort Augusta, Maine,\\nand thence proceeded through the wilderness along the Kennebec toward\\nQuebec. Upon reaching that place, which was garrisoned by a small force,\\nhe made the ascent at Wolfe s Cove and demanded a surrender. The garrison\\nrefused and Arnold, becoming frightened, drew off. He despatched Burr to\\nMontreal, which had been captured by Montgomery. The latter joined\\nArnold at Quebec and together they assaulted the town. Montgomery was\\nkilled and his force drew off under Campbell. Arnold kept Carleton, the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0382.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 349\\nEiiglisli commander, shut up in Quebec for three months, till he was driven\\naway by Burgoyne.\\nKennebec Purchase. In 1628, William Bradford and others, of the Ply-\\nmouth colonists, obtained a grant of territory for fishing purposes along the\\nKennebec and Cobbiseecontee Rivers. This was sold, in 1661, to Tyng\\nand otheii, and was called the Kennebec Purchase. This grant was\\nmade by the Council for New England.\\nKennedy, John P. (1795-1870), was a member of the Maryland House of\\nDelegates from 1820 to 1823. He represented Maryland in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Whig from 1838 to 1839, and from 1841 to 1845. He was Secre-\\ntary of the Navy in Fillmore s Cabinet from 1852 to 1853. He wrote a life\\nof William Wirt and one of George Calvert.\\nKent, Edward (1802-1877), was a member of the Maine Legislature from\\n1829 to 1833. He was Governor of Maine in 1838 and 1840, being chosen\\nby the Whigs. From 1849 to 1853 he was U. S. Consul at Rio Janeiro.\\nFrom 1859 to 1873 he was a Justice of the Maine Supreme Court.\\nKent, James (1763-1847), jurist, was a member of the New York Legisla-\\nture in 1790 and 1792. He was a Judge of the New York Supreme Court\\nfrom 1798 to 1804, and Chief Justice from 1804 to 1814. He was Chancellor\\nof New York from 1814 to 1823. He published Commentaries on American\\nLaw, which is the standard general treatise on American law.\\nKenton, Simon (1755-1836), a Kentucky pioneer, served as a scout in the\\ncolonial army till 1778. He commanded a Kentucky battalion from 1793\\nto 1794. He was engaged in the battle of the Thames in 1813.\\nKentucke Gazette. This journal was established at Lexington, Ky.,\\nAugust 18, 1787, the first important newspaper of Kentucky, and continued\\nto be published for seventy-five years.\\nKentucky was originally a part of Virginia. The first settlements were\\nmade by James Harrod and others at Harrodsburg in 1774; and by Daniel\\nBoone at Boonesborough in 1775. A land company in 1775 attempted to\\norganize a separate governaient under the name of Transylvania. In 1776\\nKentucky became Kentucky County of Virginia. The refusal of Virginia\\nand the National Government to allow a separate government and the indig-\\nnation over the provision concerning the navigation of the Mississippi led\\nto efforts being made to form an independent republic with alliance with\\nSpain or Canada. June i, 1792, the State was admitted into the Union.\\nThe close union of political feeling with Virginia was shown by the passage\\nof the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 and 1799, which pro-\\ntested against the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts by the Federalists.\\nThe Democrats controlled the State until 1830, except in 1824, when the\\nelectoral votes were cast for Clay. Kentucky became a Whig State, and so\\nremained until 1856, when the Democrats carried the State. In i860 the\\nelectoral votes were cast for Bell. In 1861 the Governor sympathized with\\nthe South, but the Legislature refused to call a convention, and elected dele-\\ngates to the Peace Congress at Washington. For a time the State attempted", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0383.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "350 Dictionary of United States History.\\nto reniaiu neutral, but the State Legislature in September, 1 86 1, pronounced\\nemphatically in favor of the Union. Since the war the State has been uni-\\nformly Democratic. A new Constitution was made in 1890-91. The pop-\\nulation of the State in 1792 was 73,077; in 1890, 1,858,635. History by\\nShaler.\\nKentucky Resolutions. These resolutions were the outgrowth, together\\nwith the Virginia Resolutions, of a feeling that the Federal party was making\\na strained and illegitimate use of the powers granted to the Federal Govern-\\nment by the Constitution. The resolutions were directly due to the passage\\nof the Alien and Sedition laws. The Kentucky Resolutions were framed\\nby Thomas Jeiferson, and introduced, in 1798, into the Kentucky Legis-\\nlature by John Breckeuridge. They were passed for the purpose of defining\\nthe strict-construction view of the relative powers of State and Government.\\nThey were nine in number. They declared that the Union was not based\\non the principle of unlimited submission to the General Government; that\\nthe Constitution was a compact, to which each State was a party as over\\nagainst its fellow States; and that, in all cases not specified in the compact,\\neach party had a right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the\\nmode and measure of redress. They proceeded to set forth the unconstitu-\\ntionality of the Alien and Sedition Acts, and invited other States to join in\\ndeclaring them void. No favorable response was evoked. In 1799 the\\nKentucky Legislature went further, and declared a nullification of a Federal\\nlaw by a State to be the rightful remedy in cases of Federal usurpation.\\nUpon these resolutions the doctrines of nullification and secession were later\\nfounded.\\nKenyon College, Gambler, O., was chartered in 1824 by Episcopalians\\nas a theological seminary, but a collegiate and a preparatory department were\\nafterward added. In 1840 the seminary was constituted into a separate\\nschool.\\nKeokuk (i78o?-i848), chief of the Sacs and Foxes tribes of Indians,\\npossessed extraordinary courage and powers of oratory. He used his influ-\\nence to prevent the Black Hawk War in 1832. In 1837 he made a tour\\nthrough the principal cities in the East and attracted great attention by his\\neloquent speeches. He always maintained friendship for the whites.\\nKernan, Francis (1816-1892), was reporter of the New York Court of\\nAppeals from 1854 to 1857. He represented New York in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1863 to 1865, and in the Senate from 1875 to 1881.\\nKerr, Michael C. (i 827-1 876), was a member of the Indiana Legislature\\nin 1856 and 1857. He was reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court from\\n1862 to 1865. He represented Indiana in the Congress of the United States\\nas a Democrat from 1865 to 1873, and was Speaker from 1875 to 1876. Hp\\nserved on the Committees on Elections, Civil Service and Ways and Means.\\nKersaint, Gui Pierre de P. (1742-1793), French naval commander, served\\nin Canada in 1762, and aided the colonists from 1777 to 1783. He cap-\\ntured two British ships in 1777. He commanded a fleet in Chesapeake Bay\\nin 1783.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0384.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 351\\nKey, David M., born in 1824, served in the Confederate army Lhroughont\\nthe war. He represented Tennessee in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from\\n1875 to 1877. He was Postmaster-General in Hayes Cabinet from 1877 to\\n1880. From 1880 to the present time (1894) he has been a U. S. District\\nJudge in Tennessee.\\nKey, Francis Scott (1780-1843), wrote The Star-Spangled Banner after\\nwatching the bombarding of Fort McHenry by the British in 1814. (See art.\\nMcHenry, Fort.) The song became immensely popular.\\nKeyes, Erasmus D., general, was born in Massachusetts in 1810. He\\n.served under General Scott from i860 to 1861. He fought at Bull Run and\\ncommanded a corps at Fair Oaks and Richmond. Retired 1864. Died 1S95.\\nKickapoos, a tribe of Algonquin Indians who early centred around the\\nIllinois. In 1779 they joined Colonel Clark against the English, but soon\\nmanifested hostility toward the new government. Peace was not fully made\\nuntil after Wayne s victory in 1795. They then ceded a part of their lands,\\nas they did also in 1802, 1803 and 1804. They joined Tecumseh and fought\\nat Tippecanoe in 1811. In the War of 1812 they allied themselves with the\\nEnglish, but suffered disastrous defeats. In 1815, 1816 and 1819 they ceded\\nmore territor} and in 1822 the majority removed from the Illinois to the\\nOsage. Some became roving bands. In 1854 they were removed to Kansas,\\nand in 1863 a party migrated to Mexico, whence 400 returned to Indian\\nTerritory in 1873.\\nKidd, William, born in Scotland, died in 1701. He early proved him-\\nself a bold and skillful navigator. He received a reward from the New\\nYork Council in 1691 for his services to the colonies. In 1696 he was placed\\nin command of the Adventure, of thirty guns and 154 men, to destroy\\npiracy. He was led to engage in the traffic he was commissioned to destroy,\\nand became one of the most noted of pirates. In 1699 he returned to New\\nEngland, was arrested and sent to England, where he was hanged.\\nKieft, Wilhelm (i6oo?-i647), the fifth Dutch Governor of New Nether-\\nlands, ruled from 1638 to 1647. concentrated the government in himself.\\nHe improved the condition and appearance of New Amsterdam, repaired the\\nforts, prohibited illegal traffic, enforced obedience to the police ordinances of\\nthe town, erected public houses and improved the system of land tenure.\\nHis rule was nevertheless tyrannical and despotic, and he was detested by\\nthe people. He organized the first representative assembly in New Nether-\\nlands in 1641, but dissolved it in 1643. recalled in 1647 the\\nrequest of the colonists.\\nKilbourn vs. Thompson, an important ca.se decided by the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt in 1880. Kilbourn was summoned as a witness before the House of\\nRepresentatives of the United States in 1876, and required to answer ques-\\ntions and produce certain papers. This he refused to do, and accordingly\\nThompson, sergeant-at-arms of the House, was ordered to arrest and imprison\\nhim for forty-five days in the common jail of the District of Columbia. He\\nwas released on a writ of habeas corpus, and brought suit before the Supreme\\nCourt against Thompson and certain Congressmen on the plea of illegal", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0385.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "352 DicrioxARv of United States History.\\nimprisonment. The court decided that the House might punish its own\\nmembers for disorderly conduct, but that the Constitution did not invest\\neither House with a general power of punishment for contempt.\\nKilpatrick, Hugh Judson (1836-1881), cavalry officer, engaged at Big\\nBethel, Falmouth and Bull Run. He commanded a cavalry brigade at\\nLeesburg in 1862, and at Richmond, and a division at Gettysburg, Boones-\\nborough and Resaca. He took part in Sherman s march to the sea. He\\nwas Minister to Chili from 1865 to 1868, and in 1881. He was a popular\\nRepublican campaign orator.\\nKilpatrick s Raid, a cavalry expedition, February 25 to March 4, 1864, led\\nby the Federal general of that name, who with 5000 horsemen swept around\\nLee s army, then lying near Richmond. The object of this raid was to\\nrelieve the Union troopers imprisoned in Libby prison. This purpose was\\nnot accomplished, but Kilpatrick succeeded in inflicting considerable loss\\nupon the Confederates by destroying railroads and bridges and cutting up\\nseveral of their regiments.\\nKimball, Herbert C. (1801-1868), was chosen one of the twelve Mormon\\napostles in 1835. He aided in establishing the Mormons in the valley of the\\nGreat Salt Lake. In 1847 he became a counsellor of Brigham Young.\\nKinderhook, N. Y., noted for a time as the place of residence of Martin\\nVan Buren.\\nKing, Horatio, born in 1811, was a clerk in the U. S. Postal Department\\nfrom 1839 to 1854. He was First Assistant Postmaster-General from 1854 to\\n1861. In 1861 he was Postmaster-General in Buchanan s Cabinet. Died 1897.\\nKing, Preston (1806-1865), was a New York Assemblyman from 1834 to\\n1837. He was a Democratic U. S. Congressman from 1843 to 1847 and from\\n1849 to 1853. He was a Republican U. S. Senator from 1857 to 1863.\\nKing, Rufus (1755-1827), was born in Maine and graduated at Harvard.\\nHe came prominently forward as a member of the Massa,chusetts Legislature\\nand a delegate to the Continental Congress. In the latter body he moved in\\n1785 the provision against slavery in the Northwest Territory, afterward\\nadopted in 1787. He was a leading member of the Constitutional Conven-\\ntion of 1787, and went home to work zealously for the ratification of the\\nConstitution by Massachusetts. Having removed to New York he was a\\nFederalist U. S. Senator from that State in 1 789-1 796, and wrote some of\\nthe Camillus papers. He was Minister to London, 1 796-1 803, and again in\\nthe Senate 1813-1825. In 1816 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gover-\\nnor, and the same year received thirty-four electoral votes for President,\\nhaving been the Federalist candidate for Vice-President in 1804 and 1808.\\nHis last service was again at the Court of London in 1825-1826. Life and\\nworks by King (1894).\\nKing, Thomas Starr (i 824-1 863), a famous Unitarian clergyman who won\\ndistinction as a lecturer in the East and in California. At the outbreak of\\nthe Civil War he wa J an earnest advocate of the Union cause.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0386.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 353\\nKing, William R. (1786-1853), represented Alabama in the U. S. Congress\\nas a War Democrat from i8ri to 1816. He was Secretary of Legation to\\nRussia from 181 6 to 181 8. He was a U. S. Senator from 1819 to 1844, and\\nMinister to France from 1844 to 1846. He was a U. S. Senator from 1846\\nto 1853, when he was elected Vice-President of the United States, but soon\\ndied.\\nKing George s War. Immediately upon the breaking out in Europe of\\nthe war of the Austrian succession, 1744, there began between the English\\nand French colonies a frontier war known as King George s. The French\\nmade an attack in 1744 upon the northeastern settlements, and privateers\\nfrom Louisbourg, in Cape Breton, harassed the New England coast. In 1745\\nthe General Court of Massachusetts proposed a colonial expedition against\\nLouisbourg, the strongest French fort north of the Gulf of Mexico. Massa-\\nchusetts voted 3250 men and the other colonies a proportionate number.\\nWilliam Pepperell, of Maine, commanded the expedition. After a siege of\\ntwo months Louisbourg capitulated, June 17, 1745. Another expedition was\\ncontemplated against Quebec, but the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle termmated\\nthe war (1748).\\nKing William s War. In 1689, upon the accession of William and\\nMary, war was declared between England and France, and at once spread to\\nthe colonies. During 1690 Governor Frontenac, of Canada, sent three\\nIndian expeditions against the English frontiers. Many settlers were killed\\nand scalped. A colonial Congress, the first ever held, assembled at New\\nYork in 1690, and the next summer Sir William Phipps was sent with a\\nfleet and iSoo New England men against Acadia and Port Royal, both of\\nwhich he captured. Acadia was retaken by the French the next year. In\\n1696 the French took Newfoundland, and massacred the inhabitants of\\nAndover, Mass. The trouble ended with the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697.\\nKing s Mountain, Battle of, October 7, 1780. Colonel Ferguson, with\\n1200 men, had been despatched by Cornwallis to scour the highlands of\\nSouth Carolina and enlist the Tories. Ferguson soon found the backwoods-\\nmen rising against him, and was closely beset by 3000 militia. He took a\\nposition at King s Mountain on the border between the Carolinas. In\\nhis rear was a precipice, and in front woods and broken ground. One\\ndivision of the Americans lured him from his position, and the other two\\nthen attacked his flanks. Ferguson himself fell, and 389 of his men weie\\nkilled, 716 were taken prisoners. The Americans lost their brilliant leader,\\nColonel James Williams. Of their troops twenty-eight were killed and\\nsixty wounded. History by Draper.\\nKing s Province. In 1664 royal commission was sent to the colonies\\nwith the power to regulate all the New England colonies. This commis-\\nsion in 1665 took the whole Narragansett country away from all the prov-\\ninces and converted it into the King s Province, under Rhode Island\\nmanagement. In 1729 it became King s County, Rhode Island.\\nKingsborough, Edward K., Viscount (i 795-1 837), published a famous\\nwork of nine volumes on The Antiquities of Mexico, which reproduces\\nin/ac simile the Mexican records and paintings then existing.\\n23", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0387.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "354 Dictionary of United States History.\\nKingston, N. C. Here, December 14, 1862, General Foster, en route\\nwith 11,000 Federals to destroy the important railroad junction at Golds-\\nboro, fell in with the Confederate General Evans, commanding 6000 troops.\\nAn engagement was immediately begun. Evans was posted between a\\ndense swamp and the bridge over the Neuse River. This was speedily cap-\\ntured and the Confederates dispersed. Again, March 8 and 10, 1865, there\\nwas some sharp fighting between the Federals under Cox, of Schofield s army,\\nand the Confederates under Bragg and D. H. Hill. Bragg was in full\\nretreat from Wilmington when he was overtaken by Cox. Bragg was com-\\npelled to retire to Goldsboro March 10. There were about 12,000 men\\nengaged on either side.\\nKirk, John Foster, born in 1824, came to the United States from Canada\\nin 1842. From 1847 ^o 1859 he was assistant to William H. Prescott. He\\nedited Lippincotf s Magazine from 1870 to 1886. He published a History\\nof Charles the Bold.\\nKirkwood, Samuel J., born in 1813, was prosecuting attorney of Rich-\\nland County, Ohio, from 1845 to 1849. He was Governor of Iowa from 1859\\nto 1863. He represented Iowa in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from\\n1866 to 1867. He was Governor of Iowa from 1875 to 1877, and a U. S.\\nSenator from 1877 to i88i, when he became Secretary of the Interior in\\nGarfield s Cabinet, serving till 1882. Died September i, 1894.\\nKitchen Cabinet, a coterie of intimate friends of President Jackson, who\\nwere supposed to have more influence over his actions than his ofiicial\\nadvisers. They were: General Duff Green, editor of the United States Tele-\\ngraph at Washington, the confidential organ of the administration; Major\\nWilliam B. Lewis, of Nashville, Tenn., Second Auditor of the Treasury;\\nIsaac Hill, editor of the New HampsJiire Patriot, and Amos Kendall, of\\nKentucky, Fourth Auditor of the Treasury.\\nKittanning, Burning of, September, 1756. During the French and Indian\\nWar, an attack was made in early September, 1756, by Colonel Armstrong\\nupon Kittanning, a nest of Delaware Indians. The place was completely\\nsurprised, the houses burned, the chief killed, and much ammunition\\nfurnished by the French destroyed. The English loss was about twenty.\\nKlamaths, a name given to several Indian tribes living in Oregon and\\nCalifornia. The influx of whites into California led to troubles in 1851,\\nbut a treaty soon restored peace. In 1864 they ceded large tracts of land\\nand went on a reservation.\\nKnights of Labor, an order founded in Philadelphia in 1869 by Uriah S.\\nStevens and formally organized in 1 87 1 for the protection of working people\\nand the development of educated labor. It was secret until the name was\\nmade public in 1881. By that time nearly all trades were represented. It\\nis governed by a national executive board and local assemblies which have\\npower to order strikes and boycotts. The membership is over 500,000.\\nThe chief strike so ordered was that on the Missouri Pacific system in 1886.\\nIt failed.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0388.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitrd States History. 355\\nKnott, James Proctor, born in 1830, was chairman of the Judiciary Com-\\nmittee in the Missouri Legislature from 1857 to 1859, when he became State\\nAttorney-General, and served till 1862. He represented Kentucky in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1867 to 1871 and 1875 to 1883. He was\\nchairman of the Judiciary Committee from 1875 to 1883. He was elected\\nGovernor of Kentucky in 1883, and served till 1887.\\nKnow-Nothings, Know-Nothing Party, a name given to the members of\\nthe American party, because, being members of a secret order, when they\\nwere asked anything about its organization or concerns, they professed to\\nknow nothing about the matter.\\nKnox, Henry (i 750-1806), an American cabinet officer, was born in Boston\\nand was a bookseller before the Revolution. He exchanged this occupation\\nfor that of an artillery- officer, fought at Bunker Hill, and obtained much\\ncredit for his transfer of ordnance in the winter of lyj^-i TjG from the\\nCanadian frontier and the Lake George region to the army around Boston.\\nHe was made a brigadier-general of artillery, fought with distinction at\\nTrenton, Brandywine, Monmouth and Yorktown, and received the grade of\\na major-general. He was active in the Cincinnati Society, and became Sec-\\nretary of War under the old Congress in 1785. Washington reappointed him\\nto this position, which he filled until 1795.\\nKnox, John Jay (1828-1892), was Deputy Comptroller of the Currency from\\n1867 to 1872 and Comptroller from 1872 to 1884. He drafted and prepared\\nthe Coinage Act of 1873. He wrote a History of Banking in the United\\nStates.\\nKnox vs. Lee, a legal-tender case brought before the Supreme Court of\\nthe United States in 1870 by writ of error from the Circuit Court of Texas.\\nA flock of sheep, belonging to Mrs. Lee, of Pennsylvania, had been seized by\\nthe Confederate authorities and sold to Knox for Confederate money. Mrs.\\nLee brought suit for recovery and demanded payment in gold or silver,\\nthough at the time of the sale greenbacks were deemed legal tender. The\\ndefendant objected and the court sustained the objection, saying there was\\nno difference in value in law between the two. Judgment was found for\\nthe plaintiflT and was confirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States.\\nThis decision overruled in part that given in the case of Hepburn vs.\\nGriswold.\\nKnoxville, Tenn., occupied by Burnside with a strong Federal force, 12,000\\nmen, in 1863, and beleagured and assaulted without success, November 17\\nand 29, by Longstreet, who had pursued the Federal general thither. The\\nfirst assault proving a failure, Lougstreet decided to reduce Burnside by siege,\\nbut fearing Grant might come up and destroy him, he attempted another\\nassault on the 29th. The Confederates made a desperate charge, pushing\\neach other up the parapet and many forcing their way through the embra-\\nsures. They were hurled back each time with heavy loss, and at last drew\\noff to bury their dead. The siege continued, however, for some days. Grant\\nhad ordered Sherman to go to Burnside s assistance. Sherman started to do\\nso, but meantime the battle of Chattanooga took place, and Sherman did not", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0389.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "356 Dictionary of United States History.\\narrive until December 4. Then, after a short battle, Longstreet was con\\npelled to raise the siege and retire.\\nKnoxville Gazette, earliest newspaper in Tennessee. It was established\\nat Knoxville in 1793, by R. Roulstone, the same year that printing was\\nintroduced into the State.\\nKnyphausen, Baron Wilhelm von (1716-1800), came to the United States\\nas second in command of the Hessians in 1776. In 1777 he was placed in\\ncommand of the German auxiliaries. He fought at Long Island, White\\nPlains, Fort Washington, Brandywine and Monmouth. During the absence\\nof Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, he was in command of New York. He\\nreturned to Europe in 1782.\\nKohl, John G. (1808-1878), visited America from Germany from 1854 to\\n1858. He published many valuable works relating to the United States,\\nincluding a series of maps and History of the Discovery of the U. S.\\nCoast, Flistory of the Two Oldest Charts of the New World, History\\nof the Discovery of the Northeastern Coast of America, History of the\\nDiscovery of America, History of the Discovery and Voyage through the\\nStraits of Magellan, and Travels in the United States.\\nKosciuszko, Tadeusz (1746-1817), came to America from Poland in 1775.\\nHe was commissioned colonel under General Gates in 1776, and distinguished\\nhimself by his engineering skill. He superintended the fortification at West\\nPoint. He was brevetted brigadier-general in 1783. He was afterward\\nprominent in the defence of Poland in 1794.\\nKossuth, Louis (i 802-1 894,) was provisional Governor of Hungary during\\nthe Hungarian war for independence in 184S and 1849. Exiled, he visited\\nthe United States from 1851 to 1852, and attempted to arouse the American\\npeople to support the cause of Hungary. The U. S. Government refused to\\ninterfere in the affairs of European powers. His eloquence aroused great\\nenthusiasm.\\nKoszta, Martin. In 1853 Koszta, an Hungarian refugee, was captured in\\nthe harbor of Smyrna and confined on an Austrian brig. The U. S. agent\\ndemanded his release, on the ground that he had taken the preliminary steps\\nfor becoming an American citizen. Captain Ingraham, commanding an\\nAmerican war-sloop, threatened to fire on the brig imless Koszta was released.\\nHe was therefore turned over to the French Consul until the matter could be\\narranged, and was afterward released. Ingraham s action was approved by\\nboth Houses of Congress the next year. May 7.\\nKu-Klux Klan, also called the White League, the Invisible Empire,\\nthe Knights of the White Camelia, a society founded at Pulaski, Tenn.,\\nin 1866, during the reconstruction period. It was originally organized for\\npurposes of amusement, but spread rapidly and terrorized the whole South\\nby its mysterious movements. It opposed such organizations as the Loyal\\nUnion League and Lincoln Brotherhood, fonned among the newly\\nfreed negroes by the more disreputable class of whites through the South.\\nThe negroes were in some cases persecuted and frightened nearly to death\\nand prevented from voting. The Klan was disbanded in 1869 by the order\\nof the Government. Some members were arrested, but not convicted of\\nmisdemeanor.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0390.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 357\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nLabor. (See Progressive Labor party, Union Labor party, United Labor\\nparty.)\\nLabor Department, at first a bureau connected with the Department of\\nthe Interior. It was established as a department June 27, 1884. The chief\\nofficer is the Commissioner of Labor, whose duty it is to diffuse useful infor-\\nmation among the people on labor questions, and to report the effect of cus-\\ntoms laws upon the currency and agricultural interests.\\nLabor Statistics, Bureaus of. (See Bureaus.)\\nLaboulaye, Edouard R. L. (1811-1883), was a prominent French student\\nof law and political institutions. He was an admirer of American institu-\\ntions, and advocated the cause of the Union during the war. He wrote\\nPolitical Histor} of the United States, The United States and France,\\nParis in America, The State and its Limits and translated Channing s\\nworks.\\nLa Colle Mill, Canada, March 30, 1814, War of 1812. To clear the way\\nto Montreal, General Wilkinson, with 4000 Americans, pushed on against\\nthe British entrenched at La Colle Mill. The place was defended at first by\\n200 men, but this number was increased to almost 1000 men during the battle\\nby reinforcements. The British position was so well fortified that the\\nassaults were easily repulsed; counter-charges were likewise unsuccessful.\\nAfter two hours of desperate fighting the Americans withdrew with a loss\\nof thirteen killed and 128 wounded; the British lost eleven killed and forty-\\nsix wounded. The military career of General Wilkinson ended with this\\nbattle; he was relieved from command, tried by court-martial, but acquitted.\\nLaconia, now the State of New Hampshire. August 10, 1622, a grant\\nwas made to Sir Ferdinando Gorges of the land between the Merrimac and\\nSagadahock (Kennebec) Rivers. November 7, 1629, a grant was made to\\nGeorge Mason between the Merrimac and the Piscataqua. In 1631 Mason\\nand Gorges formed the Laconia Company and obtained an additional grant\\nbetween Naumkeag and the Piscataqua.\\nLa Come, Pierre, a French-Canadian soldier who defeated the Indians at\\nLachine Rapids in 1747, and commanded at Grand Prd. He was an emissary\\nto the Acadians in 1749. He fought at Quebec.\\nLafayette, Marquis de [Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du\\nMotier] (September 6, 1757-May 20, 1834), a French general, was born in\\nAuvergne of a noble family distinguished in the service of the State. As a\\nboy he was a page to the queen. He was still a mere youth when the out-\\nbreak of the American Revolution excited the sympathy of many high-\\nspirited young Frenchmen, Lafayette among others. Having equipped a\\nship at his own expense he sailed from Bordeaux, with the nominal disap-\\nproval of the French Government, in April, 1777. Landing in South Caro-\\nlina he proceeded northward, was in July appointed a major-general, and\\nsoon became a fast friend of Washington. He was wounded at Brandywine,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0391.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "358 Dictionary of United Statks History.\\nserved at Monmouth and in the Rhode Island campaign, and sailed for France\\nin 1779, returning in time to sit on the board of judges against Andr^. In\\n1781 he commanded in Virginia against Arnold and then against Coniwallis,\\nand earned distinction by his conduct of affairs against the able British general.\\nAfter the war he returned to France, paid in 1784 a short visit to America,\\nand on the breaking out of the French Revolution he v/as for a time one of\\nthe foremost figures. He commanded the National Guard, but by 1792 the\\nJacobins removed him, as a moderate, from the eastern department; escaping\\nto Belgium he fell into the hands of the Prussians and Austrians and was\\nimprisoned, chiefly at Olmiitz, until 1797. He did not accept office during\\nthe Napoleonic regime, but was a member of the Chamber of Deputies in the\\nRestoration period. In 1824-25 he visited the United States and was received\\nwith the utmost enthusiasm. His last conspicuous service was as commander\\nof the National Guard in the revolutionar} days of 1830.\\nLafayette College, Easton, Pa., was chartered by Presbyterians in 1826,\\nand fully organized four years later as a college preparatory to the profes-\\nsions. In 1866 a scientific department was added through the gift of half a\\nmillion dollars from Mr. Pardee. A law department was opened in 1875.\\nLafitte, Jean (i7So?-i826), pirate, came to New Orleans from France\\nabout 1809. With his brother Pierre he engaged in smuggling and piracy.\\nAttempts to destroy their traffic were unsuccessful and they made a settle-\\nment at Barataria, on the island of Grand Terre. In 1814 the British made\\ntempting offers to engage against the United States during the war, but they\\nwere refused, and the documents containing the proposals were sent to the\\nLegislature. Believing them forgeries the Government sent an expedition\\nagainst the buccaneers and destroyed their settlement. They afterward\\njoined the forces of General Jackson and served during the war, on promise\\nof pardon. From 1817 to 1821 Lafitte occupied Galveston, nominally as\\nMexican Governor.\\nLake Borgne, Naval Battle on. Here Admiral Cochrane, with his fleet\\nto attack New Orleans, had his passage disputed b} some small war-vessels,\\ncarrying in all 182 men and twenty-three guns. Lieutenant Jones commander.\\nHe at once sent, December 14, 1812, sixty barges with 1200 men under\\nCaptain Lockyer to capture the American fleet. The engagement was long\\nand desperate, but resulted in a victory for the British at an expense of 300\\nkilled and wounded. The American loss was six killed and thirty-five\\nwounded.\\nLake Erie, Battle on, a celebrated naval battle of the War of 1812. The\\nAmerican fleet, hastily built and equipped for the occasion, consisted of eight\\nsmall vessels, two of twenty guns each, the rest only fourteen guns in all.\\nThe Lawrence, Commodore Perry, was the flagship. The British\\nsquadron. Commodore Barclay, consisted of six vessels of seventy guns in\\nall. The battle for the mastery of the lake began September 10, 1813.\\nPerry s ship was flying the motto, Don t give up the ship. The Law-\\nrence for two hours bore the bnrat of the battle till it was almost a total\\nwreck. In a small rowboat, amid the fire of the British fleet, Perry now\\ncrossed over to the Niagara, which was almost untouched. On reaching", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0392.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 359\\nthis, he at once hoisted his pennant and dashed through the British line.\\nWithin ten minutes the flagship and three other British ships had sur-\\nrendered. The other two were pursued and captured. Perry at once sent\\nhis famous despatch: We have met the enemy, and they are ours. The\\nAmerican loss was twenty-seven killed and ninety-six wounded; the British,\\n200 killed and 600 made prisoners.\\nLake George, Battle at. In the French and Indian War, on August 26,\\n1755, William Johnson, with about 2000 men, appeared at Lake George.\\nHis purpose was to advance upon Ticonderoga. Dieskau, the French com-\\nmander, advanced with 1500 men to cut off Johnson s communications. A\\ndivision sent out to prevent this was cut to pieces. The French followed\\nthe retreating force to Fort William Henry, but were repulsed. Johnson did\\nnot follow up his victory. The English loss was .142, the French 228.\\nLake of the Woods. By the Treaty of 1782-83 the boundary line\\nbetween the British and American possessions ran along the fortj -ninth par-\\nallel on a line with the source of the Mississippi. The Louisiana Purchase\\nin 1803 broke up conclusions as to the fairness of this line. Much dispute\\nand negotiation followed. Finally by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of\\n1842, the line was agreed upon which ran across Lake Superior, then up a\\nwaterway agreed upon, thence down a stream to the Lake of the Woods and\\nacross that lake to a point at the northwest corner (49\u00c2\u00b0 23 55 north lati-\\ntude), and then south to the 49\u00c2\u00b0 parallel and along it westerly to the Rocky\\nMountains.\\nLamar, Lucius Q. C. (1825-1893), represented Mississippi in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1857 to 1861. He became a colonel in the\\nConfederate service. In 1863 he was sent as a commissioner to Russia. He\\nwas a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from 1872 to 1877,\\nand a Senator from 1877 to 1885. He was an effective speaker and an\\nopponent of the inflation policy. He was Secretary of the Interior in\\nCleveland s Cabinet from 1885 to 1888, when he became a Justice of the\\nU. S. Supreme Court.\\nLamar, Mirabeau B. (1798-1859), was commissioned major in the Texan\\nrevolution. He was vice-president of Texas from 1836 to 1838, and presi-\\ndent from 1838 to 1 84 1. He was prominent at Monterey during the Mexican\\nWar.\\nLamb, Martha J. R. N. (1829-1893), was born in Massachusetts. She was\\nthe author of a History of the City of New York, and many historical\\nessays for periodicals. From 1883 to 1892 she was editor of the Magazine\\nof American History.\\nLament, Daniel S., of New York, was born in 1851. He was private\\nsecretary to President Cleveland during his first administration. He became\\nSecretary of War in Cleveland s Cabinet in 1893.\\nLancaster, Joseph (1778-1838), came to America from England in 1818.\\nHe was one of the inventors of the monitorial system of instruction and\\ngave a great stimulus to popular education.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0393.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "360 Dictionary of United States History.\\nLancaster, Pa., was fouuded in 1718, and was called Hickory Town until\\n1730. In 1777 Congress sat here for a few days, and from 1799 to 1812 it\\nwas the capital of the State. It became a city in 181 8.\\nLand Bank. In 1714, during Governor Dudley s rule of Massachusetts,\\nthe downfall of credit and general scarcity of circulating medium induced\\ncertain merchants to suggest the erection of a Bank of Credit in Boston,\\nfounded on land security, and to promote subscription promised ;^200 annu-\\nally to Harvard College. Dudley was greatly opposed to this measure and\\nhis son wrote an able paper setting forth the objections to such a scheme.\\nTo forestall the action of the bank, the province, by law, issued ^^50,000 to\\nbe let out on mortgages of real estate, and these bills were in circulation\\nduring thirty years. The Land Bank scheme was thus prevented.\\nLand Office. This office is charged with the surveying and disposal of\\nthe public lands of the United States. Until 181 2, no such office existed,\\nthe Secretary of the Treasury acting as the agent in the sale or disposal of\\nthe public lands. When the office of the Commissioner of the General Land\\nOffice was created, it remained a bureau of the Treasury Department, though\\nreorganized in 1836, until 1849, when, on the creation of the Interior Depart-\\nment, the Land Office became a part of it.\\nLander, Frederick W. (i 822-1 862), conducted several trans-continental\\nexplorations for the United States. He was appointed brigadier-general dur-\\ning the Civil War, and won distinction at Philippi, Hancock and Blooming\\nGap.\\nLands, Public. After the Revolution the Federal Government found\\ngreat difficulty in regulating the enormous tracts of public lands, which had\\nbeen acquired through purchase and conquest from the Indians and by the\\ncessions of the various States of their outlying territories. In 1787 the\\nprice of public land was 66^ cents per acre, and large tracts north of the\\nOhio were disposed of Unauthorized entries were frequently made, however,\\nand force had to be used for dislodgment. In 1790 Hamilton proposed that\\nthe public lands should be set apart in townships ten miles square, and dis-\\nposed of to suit different classes of purchasers on a credit basis. The rectan-\\ngular system was in fact adopted in 1796. Up to the year 1800 all sales had\\nbeen made from the territory now included in Ohio and amounted to 1,484,-\\n047 acres. In 1800 local registers were established. The credit basis of\\nsale caused numerous purchases, but paj ment was slow and in discouragingly\\nsmall amounts, while the debtors constantly cried for relief The States, too,\\nclaimed a share in the profits. Upon the question of ceding public lands to\\nnew States, Henry Clay prepared for the land committee a report reviewing\\nthe history of the public lands and concluding that it was inexpedient\\neither to reduce the price of the lands or to cede them to the new States.\\nIn 1835 speculation in public lands became popular, owing to the inflated\\ncondition of the currency, which proved injurious to the public interests.\\nIn 1836 Jackson issued his specie circular. (See art.) It was not until\\nin 1840 that the right of pre-emption was accorded to settlers. By 1850\\nit became common to make grants of lands to States, corporations and\\nindividuals for public improvements, such as raili oads and canals. In 1862", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0394.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 361\\nthe homestead laws, granting free settlement on public lauds, tended\\ngreatly to simplify matters and to promote real settlement.\\nLane, Henry Smith (1811-1881), was a Republican member of the Indi-\\nana Legislature from 1838 to 1843. He was a lieutenant-colonel during the\\nMexican War. He served in the U. S. Senate from 1861 to 1867.\\nLane, James Henry (1814-1866), commanded a brigade at Buena Vista\\nin the Mexican War. He represented Indiana in the U. S. Congress as a\\nDemocrat from 1853 to 1855. He was a leader of the Free-Soil party and\\nprominent in the Kansas disturbances from 1855 to 1859. He represented\\nKansas in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1861 to 1866.\\nLane, Joseph (1801-1881), served in the Indiana Legislature from 1833\\nto 1846. He was brevetted major during the Mexican War. He was\\nengaged at Buena Vista, Huamantla and Matamoras and commanded at\\nAtlixco. He was a delegate from Oregon to the U. S. Congress as a Demo-\\ncrat from 1851 to 1857. He was a U. S. Senator from 1859 to 1861. He\\nwas defeated as candidate for Vice-President of the United States on the\\nBreckinridge ticket in i860.\\nLane, Sir Ralph (15307-1604), assumed charge of Sir Walter Raleigh s\\nVirginia colony sent out in 1585. The colony was established on Roanoke\\nIsland, but was abandoned in 1585, and Lane returned to England.\\nLangdon, John (1741-1819), was a delegate from New Hampshire to the\\nContinental Congress from 1775 to 1776 and in 1783. He devoted his estate\\nto the cause of the Revolution, and fought at Bennington and Saratoga.\\nHe was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He was a\\nDemocratic U. S. Senator from 1789 to 1801. He was Governor of New\\nHampshire from 1805 to 1809, and from 1810 to 1811.\\nLanglade, Charles M. de (1729-1800), led the Ottawas in the defeat of\\nGeneral Braddock in 1755. He aided Montcalm during the siege of Quebec,\\nand was active in the battle on the Plains of Abraham. In 1777 he led a\\nband of Indians in aid of the English under Burgoyne. From 1780 to 1800\\nhe was commander-in-chief of the Canadian militia.\\nLanier, Sidney (1842-1881), poet, served in the Confederate army during\\nthe Civil War. He composed the ode for the opening of the Centennial\\nExhibition in 1876.\\nLansing, John (i 754-1829), was a delegate from New York to the Con-\\ntinental Congress from 1784 to 1788. He was a delegate to the Constitu-\\ntional Convention of 1787 which framed the Constitution, but refused to\\nsign it, and opposed its ratification. In 1790 he was appointed a Justice of\\nthe New York Supreme Court, and in 1798 became Chief Justice. From\\n1801 to 1 814 he was Chancellor of the State.\\nLansing, Mich., was settled about 1847, when it became the capital 01\\nthe State. It received a city charter in 1859.\\nLa Pe rouse, Jean T. de G. (1741-1788), commanded L Amazone in\\nD Estaing s flotilla in the Revolutionarj War. In 1780 he destroyed five", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0395.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "362 Dictionary of United States History.\\nEnglish vessels, and in 1782 destroyed the British posts on Hudson Bay.\\nFrom 1786 to 1788 he explored the Pacific.\\nLarkin, Thomas O., born in 1803, U. S. Consul at Monterey, Cal., was\\nprominent in all the movements which led to the separation of California\\nfrom Mexico, and in the organization of its government.\\nLa Salle, Sieur de [Robert Cavelier] (1643-1687), a distinguished French\\nexplorer, was born at Rouen. In 1669 he emigrated to Canada, and began\\nthe series of his remarkable journeys in the West. He visited Lake Michi-\\ngan and the Illinois River, but whether he at this early stage saw the Missis-\\nsippi is a disputed problem. In 1673 he received a grant of the station at\\nFort Frontenac (now Kingston). He was again in France in 1677, but the\\nnext year was back in Canada and had reached Niagara. He ascended the\\nchaiu of lakes to Mackinaw, thence up Lake Michigan and down the Illinois\\nRiver to Peoria. Disappointments followed; but he was able to renew the\\ncanoe voyage, descend the Illinois and Mississippi to its mouth, which he\\nreached in April, 1682, and to claim the entire region for Louis XIV.\\nReturning to France, he organized an expedition which, in 1684, sailed\\nectly for the mouth of the great river. But the explorers landed by\\nmistake at Matagorda Bay, and after harassing wanderings La Salle was\\nmurdered by his followers within the limits of Texas.\\nLatimer Case (1842), the first of a series of famous fugitive slave trials\\nwhich took place in Boston. George Latimer was seized without a warrant.\\nA writ of habeas corpus was denied, and the defendant was kept in the\\ncustody of the city jailer pending the securing of evidence against him. A\\nwrit of personal replevin, under the Act of 1837, securing trial by jury, was\\ndenied, the act beiug held illegal under the Prigg decision. Great indigna-\\ntion was aroused in Boston, and Latimer was finally released by his jailer on\\nthe payment of $400. The State Act of 1843 followed, forbidding ofl cers\\nto aid in the capture of fugitive slaves, or to permit the use of State jails for\\ntheir imprisonment.\\nLa Tour, Charles A. de St. E., died in 1665. He was lieutenant-general\\nof Acadia from 1631 to 1644. He was Governor and lieutenant-general of\\nAcadia from 1650 to 1654.\\nLaud, William (i 573-1644), Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to\\n1 641, sought to establish uniformity of worship by enforcing conformity to\\nthe Church of England. He increased the power of the clergy and punished\\nall dissenters. His persecutions of the Puritans, who maintained liberty of\\nconscience, caused them to seek refuge in other lands and many came to\\nAmerica. He was impeached in 1642 and executed in 1644.\\nLaudonnie re, Rene de (d. after 1586), founded a Huguenot colony in 1564\\nat Fort Caroline, Florida (Port Royal, S. C), which was destroyed by the\\nSpaniards under Menendez in 1565. He published a history of Florida in\\n1586.\\nLaurens, Henry (1724-1792), was a member of the first South Carolina\\nProvincial Congress in 1775. He was a delegate from South Carolina to the\\nContinental Congress from 1777 to 1780, and was its president from 1777 to", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0396.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United vStates History. 363\\n1778. He was appointed Minister to HoUaud in 1779; was captured during\\nthe voyage by the British, and confined in prison for fifteen months. In\\n1 7 81 he was appointed one of the commissioners to negotiate a treaty of\\npeace with Great Britain. In 1782 he signed the preliminary Treaty of Paris.\\nImpaired health forced him to retire from public life.\\nLaurens, John (i 756-1 782), became an aide to Washington at the out-\\nbreak of the Revolution, and is said to have engaged in all of Washington s\\nbattles. He fought at Brandywine, IMonmouth, Germantown, Charleston\\nand Savannah. In 1781 he was appointed a commissioner to France, and\\nobtained aid in money and supplies. He fought at Yorktown, and while\\nserving under General Greene, was killed in a skirmish.\\nLaw, John (1671-17.29), established a private bank in Paris in 1716. In\\n1718 his plan of a National Bank and an issue of paper money was adopted\\nby the French regent. In 17 19 depreciated national currency was received\\nat its par value in payment for shares in Law s scheme for colonizing the\\nMississippi Valley. Speculation and the inflated currency caused a panic in\\n1720.\\nLawrence, Abbott (1792-1855), represented Massachusetts in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Whig from 1835 to 1837. He was Minister to Great Britain\\nfrom 1847 to 1852. He founded the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard\\nCollege.\\nLawrence, James (1781-1813), was engaged in naval warfare on the Bar-\\nbary coast from 1804 to 1809, commanding the Argus, Vixen and\\nWasp. In 1813 while commanding the Hornet he captured the British\\nbrig Peacock after an engagement of fifteen minutes with a loss of only\\none killed and two wounded. When placed in command of the Chesapeake\\nhe accepted a challenge from Captain Broke of the Shannon. His defeat\\nwas caused by the imperfect discipline of the newly shipped crew. Lawrence\\nwas mortally wounded. His last injunction was, Don t give up the ship.\\nLawrence, William B. (1800-1881), was acting Governor of Rhode\\nIsland in 1851. He was one of the chief American authorities upon inter-\\nnational law, and edited an edition of Wheaton published in 1855.\\nLawrence, Kan., was founded in 1854, and became the headquarters of\\nthe anti-slavery settlers during the struggle which followed. On August 25,\\n1863, the town was burned by Confederate guerrillas under Quantrell, and\\n145 of the inhabitants ma.ssacred.\\nLea, Henry C, born in 1825, o^ Philadelphia, organized the system of\\nnumicipal bounties during the Civil War. He wrote Superstition and\\nForce, a History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, and other scholarly\\nworks on mediseval history.\\nLeander. April 25, 1806, while the feeling in this country was intensely\\nbitter toward Great Britain, a shot from the British war-ship Leander,\\nthen lying off Sandy Hook, killed John Pierce, helmsman on an American\\ncoaster. The citizens of New York denounced the outrage in a mass meet-\\ning, and called upon the National Government for better protection of the\\nharbor. A proclamation of the President interdicted British supplies and", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0397.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "364 Dictionary of United .States History.\\nordered the arrest of the Leander s captain, if found within our\\njurisdiction.\\nLear, Tobias (i 762-1 816), became private secretary to Washington in\\n1785, and for several years superintended his domestic affairs. He was a\\ncommissioner to conclude peace with Tripoli in 1805.\\nLeavenworth, Kan., was settled in 1854. Fort I^eavenworth was estab-\\nlished near the site of the city in 1827.\\nLeavitt, Joshua (i 794-1 873), was an ardent temperance reformer and\\nanti-slavery advocate. Pie was chairman of the national committee of the\\nLiberty party from 1844 to 1847. connected with the New York\\nIndependent from 1848 to 1873.\\nLechford, Thomas (i590?-i644), came to America from England in\\n1638, but returned in 1641. He wrote Plaine Dealing or Newes from New\\nEngland, which contains much valuable information.\\nLecky, William E. H.,born in 1838, English historian, wrote a Historj\\nof the Rise and lufluence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe, and a\\nHistory of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne, but is of\\nespecial interest to Americans as the author of a Historj of England in\\nthe Eighteenth Centur}, publication of which began in 1878, which gives\\nan admirable account of the American Revolution from the modern English\\npoint of view.\\nLecompton Constitution, a Constitution adopted by the pro-slavery party\\nof Kansas in a convention held at Lecompton September 5, 1857. The Con-\\nstitution sanctioned slavery, and prohibited the passage of emancipation\\nlaws by the Legislature. It was provided that the Constitution should not,\\nas a whole, be submitted to the people of the territory; they were only to vote\\nfor the Constitution with slavery or the Constitution without slavery.\\nFree-State settlers abstaining, the former alternative prevailed by a large\\nmajoritv. Later, without authorization from the convention, the Territorial\\nLegislature ordered a vote on the Constitution as a whole. It was voted\\ndown by a large majority, slave-State settlers now abstaining.\\nLedyard, John (i 751-1789), of Connecticut, traveler, accompanied Captain\\nJames Cook on his last voyage, and published an account of it. He after-\\nward traveled through Russia and Siberia.\\nLedyard, William (1750-1781), defended Fort Griswold, Conn., with 157\\nuntrained men against the British in 1781. After the surrender the British,\\ncommanded by Major Bromfield, massacred the entire garrison.\\nLee, Ann (1736-1784), founded the Shakers in 1771. She declared\\nherself the second appearing of Christ. She emigrated from England\\nto the United States in 1774 and established her colony at Watervliet, N. Y.\\nLee, Arthur (1740-1792), of Virginia, brother of R. H. Lee and Francis\\nLightfoot Lee, was prominent as author of the Monitor s Letters, An\\nAppeal to the English Nation and Junius Americanus. In 1770 he\\nwas appointed London agent of the Massachusetts colony. In 1776 he was\\nappointed with Franklin and Deane to secure a treaty of alliance with", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0398.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 365\\nPrance. In 1777 and 1778 he was coinmissioner to Spain and Prussia.\\nFrom 1782 to 1785 he was a member of the Coutineutal Congress. From\\n1784 to 1789 he was a member of the Board of Treasury of the Confedera-\\ntion. He opposed the adoption of the Constitution. He was a man of\\nlearning and talents, but vain and captious. Life by R. H. Lee.\\nLee, Charles (1731-1782), was born in England, and served in the army\\nat Braddock s defeat and through the French and Indian War. Some years\\nof miscellaneous experiences in the Portuguese service and on the Polish\\nstaff, interspersed with pamphleteering, left him a lieutenant-colonel on\\nhalf-pay. Removing to America in 1773 he contrived to pose as a great\\nmilitary light, and was in 1775 appointed the second in rank of the major-\\ngenerals. He was at the siege of Boston, commenced the fortifications of\\nNew York, and received the credit of the victory at Charleston in 1776. In\\nthe autumn campaign of that year he disregarded Washington s orders to\\nleave Northcastle, and was soon afterward captured at Baskingridge in New\\nJersey. He had intrigued against Washington, and it has lecently been\\nproved that in captivity he negotiated with the Howes. He was exchanged\\nin time to receive command of the van at Monmouth; his disgraceful retreat\\nthere is well known. After the battle he was suspended for disobedience,\\nmisbehavior and disrespect, and was eventually dismissed from the army.\\nHe died in obscurity at Philadelphia.\\nLee, Charles (1758-1815), was a delegate from Virginia to the Continental\\nCongress. He was naval officer of the Potomac till 1795. He was U. S.\\nAttorney-General from 1795 to 1801.\\nLee, Fitzhugh, born in 1835, was promoted major-general in the Confed-\\nerate army, and served as a cavalry commander in all the campaigns of the\\nArray of Northern Virginia. He was elected Governor of Virginia in 1885.\\nHe was a nephew of Gen. R. E. Lee. Consul-General at Havana 1896,\\nmajor-general of volunteers 1898, Governor of Havana province 1898.\\nLee, Francis Lightfoot (1734-1797), brother of R. H. Lee and A. Lee,\\nwas a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1765 to 1772. He\\nwas a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1779. He signed\\nthe Declaration of Independence, and aided in drafting the Articles of\\nConfederation.\\nLee, Henry (1756-1818), a Revolutionary partisan hero, was a member\\nof the Virginia family of Lees, and graduated at Princeton. He attained\\ndistinction in the latter half of the war as major of a partisan corps called\\nLee s Legion, whence he derived his epithet of Light-Horse Harry.\\nHe performed a brilliant exploit in 1779, in the capture of Paulus Hook,\\nand received a gold medal. In 1781 he ably covered the retreat of Greene s\\narmy, took a distinguished part at Guilford, Eutaw Springs, and the opera-\\ntions in the Carolinas and Georgia. He was a member of the Continental\\nCongress, of the ratifying convention of 17S8, was a Federalist, and Governor\\nof Virginia in 1 792-1 795. In 1794 he led the expedition to suppress the\\nWhiskey Rebellion. As Congressman, 1799-1801, it was his lot to pronounce\\nthe eulogy on Washington, containing the famous characterization, First in\\nwar, etc. His death was caused by injuries inflicted by a Baltimore mob\\nin 1814.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0399.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "366 Dictionary of United States History.\\nLee, Richard Henry (i 732-1 794), a member of a noted Virginia familj-,\\nwas educated in England. For many years, 1761-1788, he was a leader in\\nthe Virginia House of Burgesses and lyegislature. He earnestly opposed the\\nslave trade, the Stamp Act, and was one of the first among the patriot chiefs\\nto suggest the employment of the famous committees of correspondence.\\nAs a delegate to the first Continental Congress he was on the committee to\\ndraft the address, and in the Second Congre.ss he drew up the address to the\\npeople of Great Britain. On June 7, 1776, he moved the resolutions of\\nindependence. Meanwhile as the war proceeded, Lee was active in strictly\\nVirginian as well as in national matters, and opposed vigorously the paper-\\nmoney policy in his State. He was president of Congress, and in 1788 he\\nwas an Anti-Federalist champion for the rejection of the Federal Constitu-\\ntion. From 1789 to 1792 he was U. S. Senator. Life by R. H. Lee.\\nLee, Robert Edward (January 19, 1807-October 12, 1870), the great\\ngeneral of the Confederacy, was the son of Henry Lee Light-Horse Harry\\nand was born at Stratford, Va. He was graduated with high standing at West\\nPoint in 1829. In the Mexican War he served as chief engineer on the staff\\nof General Wool, and was distinguished in the advance on the capital,\\nespecially at Chapultepec. From 1852 to 1855 he was commandant at West\\nPoint. In 1859 he was sent against John Brown s raid on Harper s Ferry,\\nand he had reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel by 1861. When his State\\nseceded, Lee resigned, April 20, from the U. S. army, accepted the command\\nof the State forces, and in May was appointed a general in the Confederate\\narmy. For a year he was inconspicuously employed in Virginia and\\nSouth Carolina. The wounding of General J. E. Johnston at Fair Oaks,\\nMay 31, 1862, called Lee to supreme command. Henceforth his history is\\nthat of the Anny of Northern Virginia. He commanded in the Seven Days\\nbattles, beat Pope at the second battle of Bull Run, and immediately began\\nhis first invasion of the North. Chance revealed his plans to McClellan.\\nHis prestige was not impaired by the drawn battle of Antietam, and the\\narmy and its general gained new honors by the victories of Fredericksburg\\nand Chancellorsville. His second invasion of the North resulted disastrously\\nat Gettysburg. In the next year, 1864, he was pitted against Grant, whom\\nhe opposed stubbornly at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor.\\nThe long siege of Petersburg and Richmond followed. Lee s efforts to ward\\noff the break-up of the Confederacy were unavailing. Compelled to evacuate\\nRichmond on April 2, 1865, he sought to effect a junction with Johnston, but\\nwas hemmed in by Grant s army and forced to surrender at Appomattox\\nApril 9. Soon afterward he became president of Washington College in\\n.Lexington, Va. (now Washington and Lee University), aiid remained there\\nuntil his death. Lee was a man of singularly noble character, and much\\nrevered and beloved. Life by J. E. Cooke.\\nLegal-Tender Cases. After the breaking out of the Civil War Congress\\nwas compelled in 1862 to issue $150,000,000 in Treasury notes, and made\\nthem legal tender for payment of private debts and all public dues except\\nduties on imports and interest on the public debt. These notes became the\\ncirculating medium to a large extent. The constitutional validity of these", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0400.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History 367\\nLegal-Tender Acts was strongly contested, especially in their application to\\ndebts contracted prior to their passage. Their constitutionality was gener-\\nally maintained by the State courts, however. In 1869, this question came\\nbefore the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Hepburn vs.\\nGriswold. The validity of the acts was in this instance maintained only in\\nso far as it did not affect the obligations of contracts made prior to their\\npassage. A year later, in the case of Knox vs. Lee, this decision was over-\\nruled, and the constitutionality of the act was upheld in its applicability to\\npre-existing debts, though by a majority of the court only. The composi-\\ntion of the court had meantime been altered, two new judges having been\\nappointed. See Hepburn vs. Griswold, Knox vs. Lee, and Juilliard vs.\\nGreenman.\\nLegare, Hugh S. (1789-1843), was an anti-nullification member of the\\nSouth Carolina Legislature from 1820 to 1822 and 1824 to 1830. He was\\nState Attorney-General from 1830 to 1832. He was charge d affaires at\\nBrussels from 1833 to 1836. Was a member of the U. S. Congress as a\\nUnion Democrat from 1837 to 1839, and was Attorney-General of the United\\nStates in Tyler s Cabinet from 1841 to 1S43, and Secretary of State In\\n1843.\\nLegislature. The first elected representative legislature in America was\\nthat which met at Jamestown, Va., in 1619. The colonies of Southern New\\nEngland started with primarj assemblies, from which representative assem-\\nblies were soon developed. In New York the first true legislature was\\nassembled in 1683. In general the colonial legislatures were modeled on the\\nBritish Parliament, the procedure of which they followed closel} To king,\\nlords and commons corresponded the governor, the council appointed by him,\\nand the representatives of the people, variously called house of burgesses,\\nhouse of delegates, assembly, or house of representatives. These last were\\nelected by voters having a propert}- qualification, two members or more for\\neach county in the Middle and Southern States, one or two from each town\\nin New England. Tiie R,evolution broke up the upper houses or councils,\\nand the new constitutions substituted what in Virginia (1776) and then in\\nthe other States was called a senate. Pennsylvania and Georgia had at first\\nlegislatures of but one house. The legislatures of the Southern States were\\ngenerally given the power to choose the governor. The Constitution of 1787\\ngave the State Legislatures the right to choose U. S. Senators. All the\\namendments to the Federal Constitution have been ratified by them. In\\ngeneral it has been felt that State Legislatures have been declining in excel-\\nlence during the last two generations. State constitutions have imposed\\nmore and more restrictions upon their action.\\nLeisler, Jacob (born in Germany, died 1691), came to America in the\\nservice of the Dutch West India Company. From 1683 to 1688 he was one\\nof the commissioners of the New York Court of Admiralty. In 1689 Lc\\nheaded a revolution against the Jacobite office-hcldeis. He was placed at\\nthe head of the provisional Government, and continued in office until 1691.\\nHe was succeeded by Henry Sloughter, and soon afterward executed on a\\ncharge of treason. In 1695 Parliament reversed the charge.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0401.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "368 Dictionary of United States History.\\nLeland Stanford Jr. University, Palo Alto, Cal., was founded by means\\nof the gifts of Senator Stanford in memory of his son. These gifts in land\\nand money are estimated at twenty million dollars. The university opened\\nin October, 1891.\\nLe Moine, SauvoUe (1671 ?-i70i), was educated in France, where he was\\neir nent for his attainments. He was appointed first colonial Governor of\\njo isiana by Louis XIV., serving from 1699 to 1701.\\nLenox, James (1800-1880), was founder of the Leuox Library, New York,\\nwhich in many respects surpasses in value any other library of Americana.\\nThe collection of rare books and manuscripts is valued at nearly a million\\ndollars.\\nLenox Library, a library in New York City, especially noted for its nch-\\nness in rare Americana. It was collected by James Lenox, who at his death\\nin 1880 left it, with funds for increase, to trustees for the benefit of American\\nscholarship.\\nLetcher, John (1813-1874), represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1851 to 1859. He was Governor of the State from i860\\nto 1864, ^nd aided the Confederate cause.\\nLevant, ship. (See Constitution.\\nLeverett, Sir John (1616-1679), came to America from England in 1632*\\nHe was a delegate to the Massachusetts General Court from 1651 to 1653,\\nand in 1663. He was major-general from 1663 to 1673, Governor from 1673\\nto 1679.\\nLevis, Francois G., due de (1720-1787), was second in command at Que-\\nbec when it was captured by the British in 1759, and succeeded Montcalm\\nin command of the French forces. In 1760 he was forced to capitulate to\\nthe English.\\nL^w Chew. The United States concluded with Lew Chew a treaty of\\nfriendship and commerce in 1854.\\nLewis, Andrew (1720-1781), came to America (Virginia) from Ireland in\\n1732. He commanded at the battle of Point Pleasant in 1774 and served in\\nthe Continental army from 1775 to 1777.\\nLewis, Francis (1713-1803), came to America from England in 1735. He\\nwas a member of the New York delegation in the first Colonial Congress\\nat New York City in 1765. He was a member of the Continental Congress\\nfrom 1776 to 1779. He signed the Declaration of Independence and in 1779\\nwas a commissioner of the Board of Admiralty.\\nLewis, Meriwether (1774-1809), explorer, was secretary to President\\nJefferson from 1801 to 1803. He commanded an expedition with William\\nClark across the continent from 1803 to 1806. They ascended the Missouri\\nJliver, named three of its tributaries the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin\\nRivers, and descended the Columbia River to its mouth. From 1807 to\\n1809 he was Governor of Missouri Territory.\\nLewis, Morgan (1754-1844), served in the Continental army from 1776\\nto 1783, commanding at Stone Arabia and Crown Point. He was Chief", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0402.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 369\\nJustice of New York from 1801 to 1804 and Governor from 1804 to 1807.\\nHe was a major-general in the Niagara campaign and commanded at Sackett s\\nHarbor and French Creek.\\nLewis and Clark Expedition. In 1804-06, Meriwether Lewis and\\nWilliam Clark, under orders from President Jefferson, ascended the Mis-\\nsouri to its sources, crossed the Rocky Mountains, struck the head waters of\\nthe Columbia River, floated down that river to its mouth and explored a great\\ndeal of the Oregon country. Their explorations covered nearly all the\\ncountry south of the 49\u00c2\u00b0 parallel. Their company was composed of nine\\nKentuckians and fourteen soldiers. They started for the East March 23,\\n1806, having explored nearly the whole of the Northwest regions. History,\\nedited by Coues.\\nLewisites, in New York political history, the followers of Morgan Lewis,\\nwho was related by marriage to the Livingstons, and was Governor of Nev/\\nYork from 1804 to 1807. In the latter year the Lewisites and Burrites\\nunited and became known as Martling men, later Bucktails.\\nLexington, Ky., was settled in 1775 by Colonel Robert Patterson. The\\ntown was incorporated in 1782, and the first Legislature of the State met\\nhere. The State University was removed here in 1865.\\nLexington, Mass., Battle of, April 19, 1775. On the night of April 18, 1775,\\n8oo(^ British regulars were secretly despatched from Boston to arrest Samuel\\nAdaihs and John Hancock at Lexington, and to seize the military stores\\ncollected at Concord. News of their approach was spread through the inter-\\nvening towns by Paul Revere, and at daybreak, when the British arrived at\\nLexington, they found fifty minute-men drawn up on the village green.\\nThe advance guard, under Major Pitcairn, fired upon them, but they held\\ntheir gi-ound until the main body of the British, under Lieutenant-Colonel\\nSmith, appeared. They then gave way, and the regulars pushed fot-\u00c2\u00ab :ard to\\nConcord. Here they were unable to discover any military stores, and while\\nthey were committing some depredations affairs took a sudden turn. 200\\nregulars, who guarded Concord bridge, were routed by some 400 minute-\\nmen who had hastily collected from neighboring towns. The position of\\nthe British thus became perilous. About noon they started for Boston, sub-\\njected to a galling fire from all sides. Exhausted by their march of\\neighteen miles and their fast of fourteen hours, they fell into a disorderly\\nflight, and were saved only by the timely assistance of Lord Percy, who\\ncame from Boston with 1200 reinforcements and two cannon. Seven miles\\nfrom Boston their passage was for a while disputed by a force of militia.\\nThe whole countryside was out against them; once more their retreat became\\na rout, and at sunset they entered Charlestowu under the welcome protection\\nof the fleet, on the full run, just in time to avoid an encounter with Colonel\\nPickering and 700 Essex militia. The loss of the British was 273, thatcf\\nthe Americans ninety-three. In the fir=t place the battle showed, that the\\ncolonists could not be frightened into submission. It also showed the\\nefficienc} and promptness of the town militia. Twenty-three towns were\\nrepresented among the wounded and slain, and by the end of the week\\n16,000 men were besieging Gage in Boston.\\n24", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0403.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "370 Dictionary of United States History.\\nLexington, Mo., assaulted and captured August 20, 1861, by 28,000 Con-\\nfederates, led by McCulloch. Mulligan, with a National force of 3000, held\\nthe town. Repeated attacks were made and thirteen pieces of artillery were\\nbrought to bear upon the besieged, but the latter held out bravely for a long\\ntime. Finally the Confederates constructed movable breastworks of hemp\\nbales and, rolling these before them, they compelled Colonel Mulligan to\\nsurrender unconditionally, the water supply of the town having given out\\nand he being severely wounded.\\nLeyden, an inland city of Holland, where the Pilgrims, after leaving\\nEngland and living for a time in Amsterdam, settled in May, 1609. They\\nwere about 100 English men, women and children. A church was organized\\nin i5ii and for a time things went well. But controversies arose and they\\ncould not accommodate themselves to the conditions of life in Leyden. In\\n1 61 7 Carver and Cushman were dispatched to London to negotiate with the\\nVirginia Company for settlement on their territory. An agreement was\\nspeedily concluded. In July, 1620, a small ship, the Speedwell, was\\nbought and fitted out in Holland, and the Pilgrims left Leyden for Delft-\\nnaven, thence to embark for Southampton, where the Mayflower awaited\\nthem.\\nLibby Prison, a large building in Richmond, Va., named for its owner,\\nwho used it as a ship-chandlery before the Civil War. During the war it\\nbecame famous as a Confederate military prison, in which many Federal\\nsoldiers were confined.\\nLiberal Republican Party, an abortive offshoot from the regular Republi-\\ncan party in 1870\u00e2\u0080\u009472. Its origin was a reaction from the coercive measures\\nto maintain the newly-granted rights of the negroes and suppress the Ku-\\nKlux organizations. A union of the Liberal Republicans and the Demo-\\ncrats was first formed with considerable success in Missouri in 1870-71.\\nThey advocated universal suffrage, universal amnesty, a reform of the tariff\\nand a cessation of the unconstitutional laws to cure Ku-Klux disorders.\\nA general convention assembled at Cincinnati in May, 1872, and nominated\\nHorace Greeley for President, whom the Democrats also nominated. He\\nwas defeated because many Democrats refused to vote for him. B. Gratz\\nBrown, of Missouri, was the candidate for Vice-President.\\nLiberia, a negro republic on the west coast of Africa. It was at first a\\ncolony of free negroes founded by the American Colonization Society in\\n1 8x6 for the betterment of the negroes in the United States. It was at first\\ngoverned by the whites, but became independent in 1847. After the Civil\\nWar many of the freed slaves in the United States were permitted and,\\nindeed, encouraged to migrate to Liberia, and financial aid was afforded them\\nto do so. A treaty of commerce was concluded in 1862.\\nLiberty, a sloop belonging to John Hancock, which was seized in\\ni; !8 in Massachusetts on the ground of having evaded the customs. Con-\\nsiderable exciteriient arose, and the royal revenue officers, in pretended fear\\nof their lives, took refuge on the man-of-war Romney.\\nLiberty Bell, cast in London and received at Philadelphia in August,\\n1752, when it was hung in the Pennsylvania State House, afterward known", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0404.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 371\\nas Independence Hall. The bell was broken up and recast in April, and\\nagain in Jnne, 1753. It announced the Declaration of Independence, July 4j\\n1776. It was cracked July 8, 1835, while being tolled in memory of Chief\\nJustice Marshall. The bell was exhibited in the Pennsylvania State Build-\\ning at the World s Columbian Exhibition at Cliicago in 1893.\\nLiberty Tree, the tree on which a Boston mob hanged the effigy of\\nAndrew Oliver, of Boston, in August, 1765. Oliver had agreed to become\\ndistributor of stamps under the famous Stamp Act passed that year.\\nLibraries. The first library established in the United States was that of\\nHarvard College, founded in 1638. In 1700 a public library was founded\\nin New York City. It was afterward converted, in 1754, into a subscription\\nlibrary. Dr. Franklin and his associates, in 1731, started in Philadelphia a\\nlibrary company and the first subscription library. The Librar) of Congress\\nwas begun in 1800, on the establishment of the seat ,of government at\\nWashington. The Public Library of Boston, founded in 1848, stands next\\nto the Library of Congress in point of the number and value of its collec-\\ntions. It contains over 500,000 volumes and has eleven subsidiary branches.\\nThe school-district library system originated in New York State in 1838 and\\nhas been adopted by a large number of the other States. From 1820 to\\n1870 twenty-nine subscription or mercantile libraries were established in\\nvarious cities. There are now in the United States nearly 4000 libraries of\\niiooo volumes or more, which are more or less free and public. Their\\nincrease and success throughout the Union has been enonnous.\\nLibrary of Congress. Founded by Act of Congress April 24, 1800, and\\npermanently organized on the basis of a report made by John Randolph\\nDecember 21, 1801, $5000 being appropriated for the purchase of books.\\nIt was and is now located in the Capitol Building. When the British held\\nWashington for a single day, August 25, 1814, the Capitol was burned and\\nwith it the library. The same Congress bought 6700 volumes from Thomas\\nJefferson for $23,950. In 1824 an Act of Congress provided for an annual\\nappropriation of $5000 for purchasing books, and the library was placed in\\nthe central Capitol Building. In 1851 a second fire destroyed about 30,000\\nvolumes. In 1852 $75,000 were appropriated for the reconstruction of the\\nrooms and $75,000 for the immediate purchase of books. The library\\nnumbered 75,000 books in i860. A new and separate library building is\\nnow (1898) fully completed. The library now numbers more than 675,000\\nvolumes.\\nLick, James (1796-1876), bequeathed his immense fortune to philan-\\nthropic enterprises. He founded the famous Lick Obsei-vatory at Mount\\nHamilton, Cal.\\nLieber, Francis (1800-1872), bom and educated in Germany, came to\\nAmerica in 1827. He published the Encyclopedia Americana in 1832. He\\nardently upheld the Union during the Civil War, and was often consulted\\nby the executive. He wrote many important political works, among them\\na Manual of Political Ethics, Legal and Political Hermeneutics and\\nCivil Liberty and Self-Govemment. He was professor in the South", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0405.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "372 Dictionary of United States History.\\nCarolina College from 1838 to 1856 and in Columbia College from 1S57 to\\n1872.\\nLieutenant, in colonial Virginia the leading officer of a county, corre-\\nsponding to the lord-lieutenant of an English county. His duties were to\\nenroll and lead the militia, and also to supervise the administration of the\\ntobacco laws and hold a court for minor offences.\\nLieutenant-General. This office was first created in 1798, General Wash-\\nington being chosen to fill it. It was abolished in 1799, and was not revived\\nuntil 1855, being then filled by General Winfield Scott. In 1864 General-\\nGrant was appointed to this grade, and oh his appointment to the general-\\nship, William T. Sherman was chosen lieutenant-general in 1866. General\\nPhilip H. Sheridan was made lieutenant-general in 1883. With his death\\nin 1888 the office became extinct.\\nLigonia. (See Lygonia.)\\nLiliuokalani, bom in 1838, succeeded to the throne of Hawaii in 1891\\nShe was deposed and a provisional government established in 1893. She\\ncharged the U. S. Minister with complicity in the revolution, and attempted!\\nin vain to secure restoration.\\nLincoln, Abraham (February 12, 1809-April 15, 1865), the sixteenth\\nPresident of the United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky. Botk\\nthere and in Indiana, to which in 1816 the family removed, as well as in\\nIllinois, whither they went in 1830, Lincoln had the privations and also the\\ntraining of a backwoodsman s life. His later epithet of the rail-splitter is.\\na reminiscence of this early period, and he also about this time made a flat-!\\nboat voyage to New Orleans. In the Black Hawk War of 1832 he served\\nas captain and private. He tried keeping store and failed, studied law, was\\npostmaster of New Salem in Illinois, and deputy surveyor of the county.\\nAs a politician he had better success, and after one defeat served in the Leg-\\nislature from 1834 to 1842. Meanwhile he removed to Springfield and built\\nup a law practice. From 1847 to 1849 he was a Whig Congressman, but\\nwas not notably prominent. His importance dates from the Kansas-\\nNebraska controversy. In its progress he became the Republican State\\nleader, and in 1858 he took part with Stephen A. Douglas in a series of\\njoint debates in canvassing for the U. S. Senatorship. Lincoln was defeated,\\nbut the discussion had aroused great interest, and his utterances, e.g.^ a\\nhouse divided against itself cannot stand, brought him into national prom-\\ninence. In Februar}^ i860, he delivered a remarkable political speech at\\nCooper Institute, New York. He was pressed for the Presidency by many\\nWestern Republicans in the Chicago Convention in May, though Seward\\nwas in the lead at the outset. Amid great excitement Lincoln was nomi-\\nnated on the third ballot, and elected, by 180 electoral votes, over Douglas,\\nBreckenridge and Bell. This first victory of the Republicans decided the\\nSecessionists, and when the new President delivered his conciliatory inaug-\\nural address the countr was drifting toward civil war. In the Cabinet\\nSeward had the Department of State, Chase the Treasury, Cameron, and\\nsoon afterward Stanton, War, Welles the Navy, Caleb B. Smith the Interior,\\nI", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0406.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "ANTI-SLAVERY MEN.\\nJoshua R. Giddings.\\nWm. Lloyd Garrison.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0407.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0408.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 373\\nEdward Bates was Attorney-General, and Montgomery Blair Postmaster-\\nGeneral. Immediately on the fall of Fort Sumter the President, April 15,\\n1861, called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the Rebellion. He soon\\nissued a call for additional troops, instittited a blockade, and summoned Con-\\ngress to meet in extra session July 4. As the War President Lincoln is\\nidentified with a great part of the history of the struggle. Foreign compli-\\ncations, military and naval movements, domestic politics, as well as routim\\nadministrative duties, all claimed his attention; to the people and the armies\\nhe was endeared as Father Abraham; innumerable anecdotes are related\\nbearing on his humor, strong common sense and sympathy. On September\\n22, 1862, profiting by the partial success of Antietam, he issued a prelimi-\\nnary proclamation fixing the coming January i as the date for freeing slaves\\nin insurgent States. The Emancipation Proclamation to that effect accord-\\ningly appeared at the opening of 1863. On the nineteenth of November,\\n1863, he pronounced on the battlefield of Gettysburg his short but famous\\neulogy. He was renominated by the Republicans June 8, 1864, ^^d elected\\nover McClellan, receiving 212 electoral votes. Malice toward none, char-\\nity for all was the burden of his second inaugural. He had visited Rich-\\nmond after its fall, and was pondering the questions of reconstruction, when\\non the night of April 14 he was shot by Wilkes Booth in Ford s Theatre at\\nthe capital, and died the next morning. Among the many lives may be\\nmentioned those by Raymond, Morse, Herndon and the extended one by\\nNicolay and Hay.\\nLincoln, Benjamin (1733-1810), was major-general of the Massachusetts\\nmilitia from 1774 to 1775 and commanded them at White Plains in 1776.\\nIn 1777 he was second in command under General Gates at Bemis Heights.\\nHe commanded the Southern army from 1778 to 1780, when he was besieged\\nby the British at Charleston and forced to capitulate. He received the sword\\nof Coruwallis at Yorktown in 1781. He was Secretary of War from 1781\\nto 1784. He was a member of the Massachusetts Convention that ratified\\nthe Constitution.\\nLincoln, Levi (1749-1820), served in the Massachusetts Constitutional\\nConvention of 1780. From 1801 to 1805 he was Attorney-General of the\\nUnited States. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts from 1807 to\\n1808 rud acting Governor in 1809.\\nLincoln, Levi (1782-1868), was a member of the Massachusetts House of\\nRepresentatives from 1814 to 1822. He was Governor of Massachusetts from\\n1825 to 1834. He was a Whig member of the U. S. Congress from 18^15 to\\n1841.\\nLincoln, Mary Todd (1818-1882), married Abraham Lincoln in 1842.\\nHer family sympathized with the Confederate cause, and this, together with\\nthe death of her husband and of three sons, unsettled her reason.\\nLincoln, Robert T., born in 1843, is the son of Abraham Lincoln. He\\nserved in the Federal army from 1864 to 1865. He was admitted to the\\nIllinois bar and practiced until 1881. He was Secretary of War in the\\nCabinets of Garfield and Arthur from 1881 to 1885. He was appointed\\nU. S. Minister to Great Britain in 1889, serving till 1893.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0409.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "374 Dictionary of United States History.\\nLincoln, Neb., was laid out in July, 1867, and shortly after became the\\ncapital of the State.\\nLinn, Lewis F. (1795-1843), served during the War of 1812 as a surgeon.\\nHe was a member of the Kentucky Legislature in 1827. He represented\\nKentucky in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from 1833 to 1843.\\nL Insurgente. (See Constellation.\\nLittle Belt. (See President.\\nLittle Crow, chief of the Sioux tribe of Indians, led an outbreak of the\\nIndians on the Upper Minnesota in 1862, but was defeated at Wood Lake.\\nHe was shot while making a raid in 1863.\\nLittle Giant, a nickname for Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, because of\\nhis small stature and great abilities.\\nLittle James, a small vessel, which, in company with the Ann,\\nbrought reinforcements to the Pilgrims at Plymouth in August, 1623.\\nLittle Magician, a nickname given to Martin Van Buren on account of his\\ndexterity in political manipulations.\\nLittle Rock, Ark., founded in 1820, became the capital of the then\\nTerritory the same year. During the Civil War it was held by the Con-\\nfederates until it was captured by General Steele (vSeptember 10, 1863).\\nLittle Sarah, a privateer fitted out in 1793, at Philadelphia, by Citizen\\nGenet, the newly arrived French Minister. She sailed under French colors\\nand was manned by American seamen, and cruised for British vessels. This\\nwas done against the prohibition of the American Executive.\\nLittle Turtle, chief of the Miami Indians, died in 1812. He commanded\\nat the defeat of General Harmar on the IMiami in 1790, and of General St.\\nClair at St. Mary s in 1791. He was one of the signers of the Greenville\\ntreaty in 1795.\\nLittle Van, a nickname for Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the\\nUnited States.\\nLiverrnore, Mary A., born in 1821, distinguished herself during the Civil\\nWar by her labors in the Sanitar)- Commission. She is one of the foremost\\nlecturers upon woman suffrage and temperance reform.\\nLivingston, Brockholst (1757-1823), served at Ticonderoga, and with\\nBenedict Arnold at the surrender of Biirgoyne in 1777. In 1807 he was\\nappointed an Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, and served till\\nhis death.\\nLivingston, Edward (i 764-1 836), a brother of Robert R. Livingston,\\ngraduated at Princeton, and reached early in life a commanding position at\\nthe New York bar. From 1795 to 1801, he was a Democratic Congressman.\\nWhile district attorney in the following years he became entangled in busi-\\nness, was deeply indebted to the Government, and removed to Louisiana to\\nretrieve his fortunes. He was Congressman from that State in 1822-1829,\\nU. S. Senator 1829-1831, Secretary of State 1831-1833, and Minister to", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0410.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 375\\nFrance 1833-1835. His rank as a lawyer was very high, and his influ-\\nence, by his codes and legal writings, was profound upon law here and in\\nEurope. (See Batture Cases.)\\nLivingston, Philip (1716-1778), was a member of the New York Assem-\\nbly from 1758 to 1769. He was a delegate to the Stamp-Act Congress of\\n1765, and a member of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1778. He\\nwas one of the committee to prepare an address to the people of Great\\nBritain, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence.\\nLivingston, Robert R. (1746-1813), graduated at King s (now Columbia)\\nCollege and became a lawyer, member of the New York Assembly, and\\ndelegate to the Continental Congress. He served on the committee of five\\nwhich drafted the Declaration of Independence. He was Secretary for\\nForeign Affairs in 1781-1783, and was a prominent Federalist in the ratifying\\nconvention at Poughkeepsie in 1788. Meanwhile from 1777 to 1801 he was\\nChancellor of the State of New York, and in this position he administered\\nthe oath of office to Washington in 1789. While U. S. Minister to France\\nin 1801-1805 he helped to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. He is remem-\\nbered also for his connection with many societies in New York City, and\\nhis association with Fulton in the beginnings of steamboat navigation.\\nLivingston, William (1723-1790), was a delegate from New Jersey to the\\nContinental Congress from 1774 to 1776. He was Governor of New Jersey\\nfrom 1776 to 1790. In 1787 he was a delegate to the convention that framed\\nthe Constitution and signed that instrument.\\nLivingston Manor, in New York, adjoining that of Rensselaerswyck, was\\ngranted by Governor Dongan in 1686 to Robert Livingston, an immigrant\\nfrom Scotland.\\nLivingston vs. Jefferson. (See Batture Cases.)\\nLocal Government. England, at the time when the first settlements were\\nmade in the United States, had well-developed local institutions, the country\\nbeing subdivided into counties, the counties into hundreds, the hundreds\\ninto parishes or townships. In the Southern colonies, where the plantation\\nsystem prevailed and the settlers were scattered over a large area, it was\\nnatural that, of the institutions to which the settlers were accustomed, they\\nshould keep in use rather those of the county. In the New England colonies,\\nwhere population was more compact, it was rather the township s set of\\nofficers and institutions that were employed. Hence there grew up in the\\nUnited States two types of local government, in New England the town-\\nship system, in the South the county system. In the Middle colonies a form\\nof local government was instituted which kept in active existence both sets\\nof institutions, and this is the type now most common in the West. History\\nby Howard.\\nLocal Option, the determination by the people of a town or other minor\\npolitical community as to whether or not any licenses to sell intoxicating\\nliquors shall be granted. This principle is established in many sections of\\nthe various States.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0411.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "376 Dictionary of United States History.\\nLocke, David R. (1833-1888), was author of a series of patriotic satires\\nknown as the Nasby letters. They exerted great influence during the\\nCivil War in crushing the rebellion.\\nLocke, John (163 2-1 704), English philosopher and statesman, drew up a\\nconstitution for the government of Carolina, at the request of the pro-\\nprietaries. (See Fundamental Constitutions.\\nLockwood, Belva A. B., born in 1820, was admitted to practice before\\nthe Supreme Court and the Court of Claims in 1879. She was the candi-\\ndate of the Women s National Rights party in California for President of the\\nUnited States in 1884.\\nLockwood, James B. (1852-1884), accompanied the Lady Franklin Bay\\nexpedition with A. W. Greely iu 1882, and attained the most northerly point\\nof land ever reached, at 83\u00c2\u00b0 24 N.\\nLoco-foco, the radical faction, 1835-1837, of the Democratic party,\\nproperly of New York, though the name was afterward made national.\\nDuring the Federalist control of the Government, the method of granting\\nbank charters and controlling banks was charged by the opposing faction\\nwith favoritism and corruption. Upon their gaining control, things did not,\\nin the opinion of many, improve; and in 1835 there was formed in New\\nYork the Equal Rights party, opposed to special privileges in granting\\nbank charters to corporations. At a meeting in Tammany Hall, October 29,\\n1835, the regular Tammany Democrats tried to gain control. Finding them-\\nselves outnumbered, they turned out the lights and retired. The Equal\\nRights men produced candles and loco-foco matches, and continued the\\nmeeting. Hence the name. This party was beaten at the elections, but\\nnevertheless exercised considerable influence.\\nLocust Grove, Va., a battle of the Civil War during Meade s operations in\\nNorthern Virginia. This battle was desultory and lasted during two days,\\nNovember 27-29, 1863. Meade s army had crossed the Rapidan, and at\\nPayne s Farm, near Locust Grove, French s division had encountered the\\nConfederate troops of Lee under Edward Johnson and Lee. That night\\nSedgwick and Warren were ordered to meet at Locust Grove for a co-oper-\\native attack on the Confederates. They intended to mass their forces and\\nassault the Confederate flank, but the move failed. On the twenty-eighth\\nthere was a sharp battle of batteries, which accomplished little. The Federals\\nwere then ordered to retire.\\nLodge, Henry Cabot, born in 1850, was assistant professor of history at\\nHarvard College, and in 1880 and 1881 a member of the Massachusetts Leg-\\nislature. He was elected as a Republican to the Congress of the United\\nStates from Massachusetts in 1886 and served till 1893, when he entered the\\nSenate. He has published a Short History of the English Colonies in\\nAmerica, Studies in History- and lives of George Cabot, Alexander\\nHamilton and Daniel Webster.\\nLog Cabin and Hard Cider. In the campaign of 1840 the Whig candi-\\ndate, Harrison, was a military man of plain manners. One of the Demo-\\ncratic papers, scoffing at the Whigs for taking a candidate not of the first", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0412.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 377\\ncalibre, advised that Harrison be given a log cabin and a barrel of hau-d\\ncider, and he would stay contentedly in Ohio. This was taken up by the\\nWhigs, and really helped to make their candidate popular with the masses.\\nLog cabins were erected in great numbers in the cities, and were carried in\\nprocessions, accompanied with barrels of cider.\\nLogan, Benjamin (1752-1802), a Kentucky pioneer, renowned for his\\ngreat courage and endurance. He distinguished himself at Fort Logan,\\nChillicothe and Bryan s Station during Indian troubles.\\nLogan, John (1725 ?-i78o), chief of the Mingo tribe of Indians, lived\\npeacefully among the whites until 1774. In 1774 his family were massacred\\nby Ohio settlers, and Logan instigated a war. The terrible barbarities were\\ntermuiaced by the defeat of the Indians at the Great Kanawha. He sent a\\nfamous pathetic message to Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, reviewing\\nhis wrongs.\\nLogan, John Alexander (1826-1886), volunteered in the Mexican War,\\nand became thereafter a lawyer and politician in Illinois. He was a Demo-\\ncratic Congressman in 1 859-1 861, but left Congress for the army, fought at\\nBull Run, and was made a colonel of Illinois volunteers. At Belmont, Fort\\nHenr} Fort Donelson, and in the Western army generally he was promi-\\nnent, was appointed m.ajor-general, commanded a division in the Vicksburg\\ncampaign and a corps under Sherman in 1864, and on the battlefield of\\nAtlanta succeeded McPherson in the Army of the Tennessee. Black\\nJack Logan was, in fact, one of the most noted non-West-Poiuters of the\\nwar. He was Republican Congressman 1867-1871, and Senator 1871-1877\\nand 1 879-1 886. He received some votes at the Convention of 1884, and\\nwas nominated for second place on the ticket with Blaine, but not elected.\\nHe wrote The Great Conspiracy.\\nLogstown, a small settlement on the Ohio River in colonial times, notable\\nfrom the fact that it was the place in which the Virginia government, by a\\ntreaty with Indians, June 13, 1752, secured permission to erect a fort at the\\nforks of the Ohio. The undertaking was delayed, and the French antici-\\npated it by building Fort Duquesne.\\nLondon Company, the Virginia Compan}- proper, as distinguished from\\nthe Plymouth or North Virginia Company. It was chartered in 1606,\\nobtaining permission to colonize the territory between Cape Fear and Long\\nIsland. The first settlement was at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. The charter\\nwas taken away by James I. in 1624, the company dissolved.\\nLong, John D., lawyer and statesman, bom 1838 in Maine. Speaker\\nMassachusetts Legislature three terms. Lieutenant Governor 1879, and Gov-\\nernor 1880-1881-1882. Congressman 1883 to 1889. Became Secretary of\\nNavy March 5, 1897.\\nLong Island, N. Y., was settled about 1636 by the Dutch. The English\\nsettled the eastern portion of the island in 1640. Long Island passed into\\nthe hands of the Duke of York in 1664, and again came under Dutch con-\\ntrol in 1673. In 1674, the island v/as again acquired by the British. At\\nthe beginning of the Revolution Washington made efforts to defend it", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0413.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "378 Dictionary of United States History.\\nagainst the English. It was taken by Howe in 1776, and was held by Great\\nBritain until the close of the war.\\nLong Island, Battle of, August 27, 1776. The British plan of campaign\\nwas now to crush Washington in New York, seize the Hudson and thus\\ndivide the colonial forces. As Washington was inferior in numbers and\\nefficiency he occupied Brooklyn Heights with 9000 men. Howe s only\\ncourse was to dislodge him. He landed his men at Gravesend, L. I., and\\nafter four days reconnoitring advanced in three divisions, 20,000 strong.\\nTwo divisions met the American outposts, 5000 in number, under Stirling\\nand Sullivan. On the arrival of the third division in their rear they utterly\\nrouted the Americans and captured Stirling and vSullivan and 1000 of their\\nmen. The British now appeared before the American position, but refrained\\nfrom an assault, preferring a siege. Clearly perceiving the danger of such\\na course Washington conveyed his army over to New York under cover of\\nnight, thus brilliantly snatching from the enemy the fruits of his victory;\\nfor although New York had been taken, the colonial army was still\\nunsubdued.\\nLongfellow, Henry W. (1807-1882), became a popular poet by the pro-\\nduction of The Psalm of Life in 1838. This was followed by Hyperion,\\nHiawatha, Tales of a Wayside Inn, The Courtship of Miles Stan-\\ndish, etc., and a translation of Dante. The historical Craigie House was\\nhis home. He was a poet of genial temperament, beloved by all.\\nLongstreet, James, born in 1821, a Confederate general, graduated at West\\nPoint in 1842. He fought in the Mexican War, and had reached the rank\\nof paymaster when he entered the service of the Confederacy. He distin-\\nguished himself at Bull Run, Williamsburg, the Seven Days battles, led a\\ncorps at the second battle of Bull Run, and was renowned as a hard fighter.\\nHe commanded the Confederate left at Fredericksburg, the right at Gettys-\\nburg, and the left at Chickamauga. Soon after he was sent against Knox-\\nville, but failed to take it. Returning to the Army of Northern Virginia\\nhe fought at the Wilderness and almost constantly down to Appomattox.\\nAfter the war he held various offices in the customs and revenue service, was\\npostmaster and marshal, and under President Hayes was U. S. Minister to\\nTurkey.\\nLongwoods, Canada. Here Captain Holmes, while on the waj to attack\\nFort Talbot, was attacked by the British March 3, 1814. The British lost\\nmore men, but the Americans were forced to return empty-handed.\\nLookout Mountain. (See Chattanooga.)\\nLopez, Narcisso, a military adventurer and refugee from Havana, who in\\n1849, 1850 and 1851, planned, with the aid of Governor Quitman, of Missis-\\nsippi, and other Southerners, the capture and annexation of Cuba. The first\\nexpedition was frustrated by President Tyler. The second, 300 strong,\\nlanded at Cardenas and captured the town, but was quickly expelled. Lopez\\nwas arrested in Savannah, Ga., but released for want of evidence. The third\\nexpedition landed at Las Pazas in 1851. The inhabitants fled instead of\\ngiving their aid. The invaders were set upon by the Government troops", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0414.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 379\\nand quickly dispersed. Lopez fled to the mountains, but was captured and\\nexecuted at Havana, September i, 1851.\\nLoring, William W. (1818-1886), was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for\\nservices in the Mexican War. He served in the Confederate Army of\\nNorthern Virginia, and commanded a division at Vicksburg and Chatta-\\nnooga.\\nLos Angeles, Cal., was settled by the Spaniards in 1781. Gold dis-\\ncovered here in 1842 was the first authentic finding of the precious metal in\\nCalifornia. The city was occupied by Stockton in 1846, but was retaken by\\nthe Califomians. It was again captured in 1847.\\nLosantiville, Ohio, the name originally given to the settlement which is\\nnow the city of Cincinnati, by its founders, Patterson, Denman and Filson,\\nof New Jersey, who had purchased land from the Scioto Company in 1788.\\nThe name is compounded of os, Latin for mouth; anti, Greek for\\nopposite; ville, French for city; and L, the initial of the Licking\\nRiver. The name was changed in 1790.\\nLossing, Benson J. (1813-1891), of New York, author and wood-engraver,\\npublished Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution, and others of the Civil\\nWar and War of 1812, a National History of the United States, the\\nStatesman s Manual, lives of Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott, Washing-\\nton, etc., a history of New York, and Biographies of Eminent Americans.\\nLotteries. The history of American lotteries begins with that which the\\ncharter of 1612 authorized the Virginia Company to hold for the benefit of\\nits colonizing schemes. In the eighteenth century they were extraordinarily\\npopular in America. Legislatures authorized lotteries for every species of\\npublic improvement, for the building of churches and colleges, for the repair\\nof losses to individuals by fire and otherwise; e.g., Faneuil Hall, after the\\nfire of 1 761, was rebuilt by lotter}-. The Continental Congress tried to raise\\nmoney by lottery in 1777. The sums annually employed by Americans in\\nlottery speculations probably amounted to hundreds of thousands. The last\\nlottery supported by governmental encouragement was the Louisiana State\\nLottery. An act of Congress passed in 1890 attemped to crush it by forbid-\\nding it the use of the U. S. mails.\\nLoudon, Forts. There were two fortifications of this name during the\\ncolonial period. Both were erected for the purpose of defence against the\\nIndians. One was erected in Loudon County, Tenn., on the Tennessee\\nRiver, about 1750, and was the scene of an Indian massacre a few years\\nlater. The other was built in 1752 near Winchester, Va., for the protection\\nof the town. It was a square with four bastions, mounting twenty-four guns\\nand large enough to contain 450 men.\\nLoudoun, John C, Earl of (i 705-1 782), succeeded William Shirley as\\ncommander-in-chief of the British forces in North America in 1756. He\\nproved incapable and irresolute in the campaign against the French at Louis-\\nbourg. He laid an embargo on commerce in 1757, which was very unpopular.\\nIn 1757 he was succeeded by General Amherst.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0415.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "380 Dictionary of United States History.\\nLouis XVI. (1754-1793), succeeded to the throne of France in 1774.\\nHe gave the American colonies very considerable aid during the Revolution,\\nand burdened France with a debt in their behalf. His war with Great\\nBritain lasted from 1778 to 1782. He was executed in 1793. (See French\\nRevolution.)\\nLouisbourg, Cape Breton, Canada, a fort erected by the French in 1720.\\nUpon the breaking out of King George s War in 1744, privateers were sent\\nout from Louisbourg to harass the New England coast. Governor Shirley,\\nof Massachusetts, succeeded in raising, in 1745, a strong force of men and\\nships, to which all the New England States, New York and Pennsylvania\\ncontributed, either in money or supplies. An anny of 3250 men was dis-\\npatched against the fort under the command of William Pepperell, of\\nMaine. This force began the siege April 30. Five unsuccessful attacks\\nwere made. Finally, the French garrison becoming mutinous, the com-\\nmander of Louisbourg surrendered, June 17. The fort was restored to the\\nFrench by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. It was again captured by\\nShirley in 1758, during the French and Indian War. On June 2, 1758, the\\nBritish appeared before this fortress with 10,000 men under Amherst, and\\nforty-one sail under Boscawen. The fort was defended by 3080 regulars,\\nfive ships and seven frigates. On June 8, in spite of surf and a spirited\\nresistance, the British gained a foothold on the island. The outposts were\\nsoon captured and lines drawn around the citadel. The French ships were\\nburned or captured. The garrison attempted a sortie, but was repulsed.\\nHalf the men were in hospitals. On July 27 the fort capitulated, and the\\nstrongest point in America, and great stores, fell into the hands of the\\nEnglish.\\nLouisiana, the Creole State, was acquired by purchase from France in 1803.\\nIt was first visited by the Spaniard De .Soto in 1541, who was buried in the\\nMississippi. In 1682 La Salle descended the river and took formal possession\\nof the region in the name of Louis XIV., in whose honor it was named. In\\n1706 New Orleans was founded by Bienville. John Law secured control of\\nthe colony as a part of his Mississippi scheme in 1717. In 1762 France\\ntransferred her title to Spain, who restored the country again to France in\\n1800. Napoleon, following the plan of La Salle, proposed to found a new\\nFrance in America, but was finally induced to sell the entire teiTitory to\\nthe United States for $15,000,000 (1803). The following year the Territory\\nof Orleans was formed from the portion of this vast purchase south of\\n33\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude. The northern portion was organized as the Louisiana\\nTerritory, the name of which was afterward changed to Missouri. In April,\\n181 2, the Territory of Orleans became the State of Louisiana. The final\\nbattle of the War of 181 2 was fought at New Orleans after peace had been\\nmade at Gheut^ but before the news had reached America. General Jackson\\nrepulsed with great slaughter the attack of the British under Sir Edward\\nPakenham upon New Orleans. From 1812 until 1830 the State was Demo-\\ncratic. After 1830 until 1850 the Whigs were usually in the majority. The\\nState was carried for Polk in 1844 by fraud. The sugar planters wished for\\nprotection against foreign sugar. An ordinance of secession was passed in\\nconvention Januaiy 26, 1861. New Orleans was captured by United States", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0416.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United vStati-s History. 381\\ntorces April 25, 1862. The State was reitoied to its place in the Uuiou June 25,\\n1868. The present Constitution was made in that year. In July, 1871, the\\nRepublican party became divided into two factions, led by Warmoth and\\nKellogg. In January, 1872, there were two rival Legislatures; open conflict\\nhad been prevented by troops. Two candidates, McEnery and Kellogg, were\\nnominated for Governor, and on January 14, 1873, both were inaugurated as\\nGovernor. Two rival U. S. Senators were elected. The Kellogg govern-\\nment was supported by the President at Washington. In 1876 the vote of\\nthe State was claimed by both parties, but was finally given to the Republi-\\ncans by the Electoral Commission. Since 1876 the State has been Democratic\\nin all elections. The population in 1812 was 76,556; in 1890, 1,118,587.\\nHistory by Gayarre.\\nLouisiana, District of. In 1804, when that southern part of the Louisiana\\nPurchase which is now called the State of Louisiana was organized as the\\nTerritory of Orleans, all that was north of this was organized as the Dis-\\ntrict of Louisiana, under the Governor of Indiana Territor) In 1805 it\\nwas given a separate government as the Territory of Louisiana. In 181 2 its\\nname was changed to Missouri Territor}\\nLouisiana Historical Society, founded at New Orleans in i860 and\\nrecently reorganized. It is now in a flourishing condition, and has collected\\nover 1000 manuscripts and volumes.\\nLouisiana vs. Jumel, an important case before the U. S. Supreme Court,\\ndecided in 1882. The plaintiffs, holding bonds issned under the act of the\\nLouisiana Legislature of 1874, known as Act No. 3, demanded payment of\\nthese bonds in 1880. Payment was refused in obedience to Article 3 of the\\nLouisiana State Debt Act of 1880, carrying out provisions contained in the\\nnew Constitution of that State. This article recited that coupons of consol-\\nidated bonds falling due s a January, 1880, were remitted. Suit was brought\\nagainst officers of the State. The Circuit Court of Louisiana decided for the\\ndefendant, and its decision was confirmed by the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States on the ground that relief could not be awarded against officers\\nobeying the supreme power of the State; that the money is the State s\\nproperty, not held in trust by the officers, except in the capacity of her ser-\\nvants.\\nLouisville, Ky., founded in 1778 by a company of settlers under Colonel\\nGeorge Rogers Clark. It became a city in 1828. The introduction of\\nsteam navigation on the Ohio in 181 2 gave it importance as a centre of river\\ntrade.\\nLouisville Courier-Journal, probably the most influential newspaper\\nin Kentucky. In 1868 there existed in Louisville three newspapers, the\\nJournal^ Conner and Democrat. These journals were consolidated that\\nsame year, and called the Louisville Courier-Journal. It is now published\\ndaih by the Courier-Journal Company.\\nLovejoy, Elijah P. (1802-1837), established the St. Louis Observer in\\n1833, in which he ardently attacked slavery. He was compelled by violent\\npro-slavery sentiment to remove his paper to Alton, 111., in 1836, where his", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0417.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "382 Dictionary of United States History.\\nestablishraenl was sacked three times by a mob. At the fourth attack one\\nof the mob was killed, whereupon he was shot by his assailants.\\nLovejoy, Owen (1811-1864), was very prominent in the anti-slavery cause\\nin Illinois from 1836 to 1856. He represented Illinois in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Republican from 1857 to 1864.\\nLovelace, Francis (i6i8?-i675 became Governor of New York in\\n1668. He established an arbitrars rule, and so oppressed the people that\\nNew York surrendered to a Dutch fleet in 1673 without opposition. He\\nreturned to England in 1673.\\nLovell, Mansfield (1822-1884), fought at Chapultepec and Monterey in\\nthe Mexican War. He surrendered New Orleans to Admiral Farragut in\\n1862, commanded at Coffee ville and fought against Sherman at Kenesaw.\\nLow, Seth, born in 1850, while mayor of Brooklyn from 1881 to 1885,\\nintroduced many reforms and carefully guarded public interests. He became\\npresident of Columbia College in 1890.\\nLowell, A. Lawrence, born in 1856, distinguished writer on government.\\nLowell, Edward J., born in 1845, published The Hessians and the other\\nGerman Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War, 1884, and\\nThe Eve of the French Revolution, 1893.\\nLowell, James Russell (1819-1891), was bom at Cambridge, graduated\\nat Harvard, and devoted himself to belles-lettres, becoming eventually pro-\\nfessor of that department and of modern languages at his university. Aside\\nfrom his work as editor of the Atlantic and of the North America7t Review^ his\\nessays, Among My Books, etc., his poems, Fable for Critics, Cathedral,\\nCommemoration Ode, etc., his political activity is to be noted. His Big-\\nlow Papers, 1 846-1 848, helped powerfully the anti-slavery cause; a second\\nseries appeared in the period of the war. Lowell won general esteem as\\nU. S. Minister to Spain 1877-1880, and to England 1880-1885. The vol-\\nume, Democracy- and Other Essays, contains some of his contributions to\\npolitical philosophy.\\nLowell, John (i 743-1 802), secured the insertion of the clause all men\\nare born free and equal in the Massachusetts bill of rights. He was a\\nmember of the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1783. He was a Judge of\\nthe U. S. Court of Appeals from 1782 to 1789, and U. S. District Judge\\nfrom 1789.\\nLowell, John (1769-1840), was a supporter of the Federalist party and a\\nzealous opponent of the War of 1812. He published many political pam-\\nphlets, among them an Inquiry into the Subject of the Chesapeake and\\nMr. Madison s War.\\nLowell, Mass., was made a town in 1826 and incorporated as a city ten\\nyears later. The first cotton mill was started in 1823, and this industry has\\nsince grown to mammoth proportions.\\nLowndes, RawlinS (1722-1800), was appointed a Judge in South Carolina\\nby the crown, and affirmed the validity of unstamped public papers. He\\nwas president of the province from 1778 to 1780. He opposed the adoption\\nof the Constitution as fatal to liberty.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0418.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 383\\nLowndes, William J. (1782-1822), was a member of the South Carolina\\nLegislature from 1806 to 1810. He represented South Carolina in the U. S.\\nHouse of Representatives from 1810 to 1822. He served on the Committee\\nof Ways and Means from 1818 to 1822. He earnestly supported the War\\nof 1812. He was a brilliant debater, and called by Henry Clay the wisest\\nman he had ever known in Congress.\\nLoyal Company, a land company chartered June 12, 1749, in opposition\\nto the Ohio Company. Its patentees obtained a grant of 800,000 acres in\\nthe Northwest Territory, chiefly along the Ohio River.\\nLoyalists. From 1688 on, there was in every colon) a party favorable to\\nthe crown. When the Revolutionary movements began, this party became\\nmore active. In no colony was there an overwhelming majority in favor of\\nrevolution. In some the majority was unfavorable. The loyalists in\\nNew England and the Middle States comprised a large part of the most\\nrespectable and eminent men. It is now recognized that a large number\\nof them were patriotic in their resistance to the efforts to overturn the\\nexisting government. As the Revolution progressed they were treated\\nwith increasing harshness. Tories were ostracized, and in some cases\\ntarred and feathered. Acts banishing them and confiscating their prop-\\nerty were passed by most of the colonial conventions and legislatures.\\nDuring the British occupation of New York, Philadelphia and the Southern\\nStates, loyalist regiments and more irregular organizations were formed and\\ntook part in the war, often with great bitterness. Exasperation against them\\nwas so great that at the end of the war most of them felt obliged to go into\\nexile when the British troops withdrew. Thousands from the North went to\\nNew Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Canada. From the South many went to\\nthe Bahamas and West Indies. In the Treaty of 1783 the British endeavored\\nto have articles inserted which should provide compensation for the dis-\\npossessed loyalists, but no more was secured than a promise to recommend\\nthe matter to the States. The States refused to do anything in the matter^\\nthough subsequently some ameliorations of their hardships were secured.\\nLuce, Stephen B., rear-admiral, born in 1827, engaged in the battle\\nof Port Royal, on the Wabash, in 1862. He commanded the monitor\\nNantucket in 1863, and the Pontiac from 1864 to 1865. He was rear-\\nadmiral U. S. N. from 1885 to 1890.\\nLudlow, Roger (1590\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1665 removed from Massachusetts to Connecticut\\nin 1635. He is supposed to have drafted the Connecticut Constitution. In\\n1639 he founded the town of Fairfield. In 1654 he went to Virginia.\\nLundy, Benjamin (1789-1839), originated an anti-slavery association in\\nOhio called the Union Humane Society in 1815. He contributed an^i-\\nslavery articles to periodicals, and from 1812 to 1836 edited The Genins of\\nUm vetsal Etiiancipalioti^ ^uhWsh A i Baltimore after 1824. He advocated\\nnegro colonization. He was one of the first to deliver anti-slavery lectures\\nand the first to found societies for the encouragement of free labor. Gar-\\nrison was an assistant to him at first. Lundy was a Quaker.\\nLundy s Lane, Canada, a battle in the War of 181 2. After the defeat\\nof the British at Chippewa, General Drummond advanced to meet the", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0419.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "384 Dictionary of U.nited States History.\\nvictorious American army led by General Jacob Brown. The latter sent for-\\nward General Scott to menace the forts on the Niagara River. Near the\\nFalls, July 24, 1814, he fell in with General Riall with 1800 men, who were\\nposted on a hill near Luudy s Lane. Scott sent forward Major Jesup, who\\nby a flank movement gained the British rear and kept back reinforcements.\\nMeantime Scott was hotly engaged against a much larger force. The\\nAmerican main army soon arrived, and Colonel Miller stormed a battery\\nwhich was the key to the British position. The British, with the rein-\\nforcements that now had arrived, attempted in vain to recapture this posi-\\ntion. At midnight, after six hours of fighting, the battle ceased. The\\nBritish next day took possession of the battlefield and four of the cannon\\ncaptured. Both parties claimed the victory. The Americans lost about 850\\nmen, the Bi itish nearly 900 in all.\\nLunt, George (1803-1885), served several terms in the Massachusetts\\nLegislature. He was a U. S. District Attorney from 1849 to 1853. While\\neditor of the Boston Daily Courier from 1857 to 1865 he exerted a powerful\\ninfluence on the Democratic politics of the period. He wrote Three Eras\\nof New England and Origin of the Late War.\\nLuther vs. Borden, a celebrated case in the U. S. Supreme Court. In\\n1S42 Luther, of Massachusetts, brought action of trespass in the Circuit\\nCourt of Rhode Island against Borden for entering his house by force. In\\n1841 a portion of the people of Rhode Island had framed a new Constitution\\nand elected Thomas W. Dorr Governor in opposition to the charter govern-\\nment. (See Dorr War.) That government, King being the executive,\\ndeclared the State under martial law, and Luther s house was searched, he\\nbeing implicated in the armed conspiracy against the constitutional govern-\\nment. Luther pleaded the constitutionality of the new government, but\\nthe Circuit Court found judgment against him and this the Supreme Court\\nof the United States confirmed, 1842. But it was decided that the question\\nof the constitutionality of a State government lay rather with Congress than\\nthe judicial courts. Also it was decided that under martial law suspected\\npersons might be legally arrested by State authority.\\nLutherans in America. Dr. H. M. Miihlenberg is generally regarded as\\nthe founder of this church in America. Lutherans had settled in the coun-\\ntry as early as 162 1, and sent out probably the first missionaries to the\\nIndians, but they remained unorganized till 1742 when Dr. Miihlenberg was\\ninduced to leave Halle, in order to organize the churches scattered through-\\nout the colonies. The first synod was held in 1748, and others were held\\nannually thereafter. The church grew rapidly under the care of its organ-\\nizer. Schools were established, churches built, ministers ordained, and its\\nnumbers steadily increased till his death in 1787. The Civil War broke the\\nchurch into Northern and Southern Synods, and doctrinal questions divided\\nthe former into two sects, but there is now a movement on foot to unite all\\nbodies into one General Conference. Membership in 1890, 1,231,000.\\nLuxemburg. The U it ^d States concluded an extradition treaty with\\nLuxemburg in 1883.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0420.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 385\\nLuzerne, Anne Cesar de la (1741-1791), French diplomatist, was minister\\nto the United States from 1779 to 1783.\\nLygonia, a plantation in what is now the State of Maine, purchased April\\n7, 1643, by George Cleves, of Casco, and Alexander Rigby, of England.\\nCleves immediately set up his authority, claiming jurisdiction as deputy-\\npresident of the province of Lygonia, over a large portion of the territory\\ngranted to Ferdinando Gorges in 1639. The Massachusetts Bay government\\nwas called in as arbitrator, aud decided in favor of Cleves and Rigby in\\n1646, after much dispute.\\nLyman, Phineas (1716-1774), of Connecticut, in 1755 was commander-in-\\nchief of the Connecticut forces at Crown Point, and erected Fort Edward.\\nHe succeeded Sir William Johnson in command at Lake George in 1755.\\nHe commanded the Connecticut troops at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in\\n1759, and at Oswego and Montreal. He commanded in the Havana expedi-\\ntion in 1762.\\nLynch, William F. (1801-1865), planned and carried out the exploration\\nof the Jordan and the Dead Sea in 1848. He entered the Confederate navy,\\ncommanding at Roanoke Island, at Albemarle Sound and at Smithville.\\nLynch-law, the law administered during the Revolutionary period by\\nCharles Lynch, a Virginia planter, and his associates, to To ries and other\\nBritish sympathizers. The victims were hung up by their thumbs until\\nthey shouted: Liberty forever but were never killed. In later years and\\nat the present time the term is applied to summary executions without trial\\nand usually by mob violence. It is practiced largely in the West and South,\\nlynch-law executions being, in the United States at large, about twice as\\nnumerous as legal ones.\\nLyon, Mary (1797-1849), founded Mount Holyoke Seminary at South\\nHadley, Mass., in 1837, aud was its principal until 1849. She was thus a\\npioneer in the higher education of women in America.\\nLyon, Matthew (1746-1822), came to America from Ireland in 1759.\\nHe represented Vermont in the U. S. Congress as an Anti-Federalist and\\nDemocrat from 1797 to 1801. He was a U. S. Congressman from Kentucky\\nfrom 1803 to 1811. A strong Democrat, he was prosecuted under the Sedi-\\ntion Act of 1798.\\nLyon, Nathaniel (1818-1861), served with distinction at Contreras, Chuni-\\nbusco and the city of Mexico during the Mexican War. He served in\\nKansas during the political struggles aud supported the cause of the Free-\\nSoil party. In 1861 he was placed in command of the U. S. arsenal at\\nSt. Louis, and soon afterward succeeded General Harney in command of the\\ndepartment. He defeated the Confederates at Booneville and at Dug Spring\\nunder McCulloch. He was defeated at Wilson s Creek by a superior force,\\nand during the battle he was killed.\\nLyons, Richard B. P., Viscount, (Lord Lyons) (1817-1887), was British\\nMinister at Washington from 1858 to 1865. During the trj-ing times of the\\nCivil War he successfully conducted intricate negotiations and laudably dis-\\ncharged the duties of his position.\\n25", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0421.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "386 DicMONARY OF United Status History.\\nLyon s Creek, Canada. An American force sent to destroj some supplies\\nwas here attacked October 19, 1814, by the British under Colonel Murray.\\nThe latter was defeated with the loss of 150 men, the Americans lost sixty-\\nseven in all.\\nMcArthur, Duncan (1772-1839), served during the War of 1812, com-\\nmanding the Army of the West in 1814. He was a Democratic U. S. Con-\\ngressman from Ohio from 1823 to 1825. was Governor of Ohio from\\n1830 to 1832.\\nMcClellan, George Brinton (December 3, 1826-October 29, 1885), a\\nnoted American general, was born at Philadelphia, educated at the University\\nof Pennsylvania and at West Point, where he was graduated in 1846. His\\nservice in the Mexican War was followed by duty as instructor in the Alili-\\ntary Academy. He was sent to Europe as an expert to follow the course of\\nthe Crimean War, and published as a result, The Armies of Europe. For\\na few years he was engineer for the Illinois Central Railroad, and a railroad\\npresident. Appointed major-general, and entrusted with command in West\\nVirginia at the beginning of the Civil War he broke up Garnett s army, and was\\nsummoned to Washington after the Bull Run catastrophe. In August, 1861,\\nhe became commander of the Army of the Potomac, and in November he suc-\\nceeded General Scott as commander-in-chief McClellan s services in organ-\\nizing the array were invaluable. Excess of caution and friction between\\nthe Washington authorities and himself led to disappointments in his achieve-\\nments against the enemy. He commanded through the Peninsula campaign,\\nexecuting his famous change of base, was relieved of the command,\\nreappointed September 7, 1862, after Pope s disasters, and commanded in\\nthe Antietam campaign. On November 7 he was removed and placed on\\nwaiting orders. He resigned from the army in 1864, and was the same year\\nthe Democratic candidate for President, receiving twenty-one electoral votes.\\nHe was Governor of New Jersey 1878-1881. Little Mac was phenome-\\nnally popular with the soldiers of the Army of the Potomac in spite of out-\\nside criticism. See McClellan s Own Story for his defence.\\nMcClelland, Robert (1807-1880), represented Michigan in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1843 to 1849. Governor of Michigan\\nfrom 1852 to 1853. He was Secretary of the Interior in Pierce s Cabinet\\nfrom 1853 to 1857.\\nMcClernand, John A., born in 1812, represented Illinois in theU. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1843 1^5^ from 1859 to 1861. He organ-\\nized a brigade in 1861, and commanded it at Belmont and Fort Donelson.\\nHe commanded a division at Shiloh, Vicksburg, Arkansas Post and on the\\nBig Black River. He retired in 1864.\\nMcCloskey, John (1810-1885), cardinal, was Bishop of Albany from 1847\\nto 1864. He was Archbishop of New York from 1864. In 1875 he was\\nmade a cardinal.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0422.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United vStaths History. 387\\nMcClure, Alexander K., bom in 1828, was elected as a Republicau to the\\nPennsylvania Legislature in 1857 and 1858, and to the Senate in 1859. He\\nfounded the Philadelphia Times in 1875, which met with unusual success.\\nMcCook, Alexander McD., general, born in 1831, commanded a regiment\\nat Bull Run, and a division at Shiloh and in the Tennessee and Mississippi\\ncampaigns. He commanded a corps at Perryville, Stone River and Chicka-\\nmauga.\\nMcCormick, Cyrus H. (1809-1884), born in Virginia, invented the reap-\\ning-machine in 1 83 1.\\nMcCosh, James, born in 1811, came to America from Scotland in 1868\\nto assume the presidency of the College of New Jersey (Princeton), and held\\nthat position till 1888. He wrote The Methods of the Divine Govem-\\nment, and An Examination of Mill s Philosophy. Died 1894.\\nMcCrary, George W. (i 835-1890), represented Iowa in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Republican from 1869 to 1877. He was Secretary of War in Hayes\\nCabinet from 1877 to 1879. He was a U. S. Circuit Judge from 1879 to\\n1884.\\nMcCrea, Jane (1753-17 77). was taken prisoner by Indians led by I/e Loup,\\na Wyandotte chief, in 1777. On the way to the English camp they were\\nmet by other Indians led by Duluth, sent by David Jones, Miss McCrea s\\nlover, to escort her to the English camp, where they were to be married.\\nDuring the ensuing quanel Le Loup shot Miss McCrea. The versions of\\nthis event are many.\\nMcCulloch, Benjamin (1811-1862), commanded a company during the\\nMexican War at Montere}-, Buena Vista and the city of Mexico. He was a\\nU. S. Marshal from 1853 to 1857. He was commissioned brigadier-general\\nin the Confederate sei-vice in 1861 and fought with distinction at Wilson s\\nCreek and Pea RidgC; where he met his death.\\nMcCulloch, Hugh, born in 1808, was cashier and manager of a bank at\\nFort Wayne, Ind., from 1835 to 1856, and president of the Indiana State\\nBank from 1856 to 1863. While Comptroller of the Currency (a new office)\\nfrom 1863 to 1865 he organized the bureau and inaugurated the national\\nbanking system. He was Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinets of\\nLincoln and Johnson from 1865 to 1869. Pie successfully accomplished the\\nfunding of the national debt. He was again Secretan/ of the Treasury from\\niS84toi885. Died 1895.\\nMcCulloch vs. Maryland, a famous case in the U. S. Supreme Court,\\nbrought by writ of error from the Court of Appeals of Maryland to the\\nSupreme Court in 1819. McCulloch was cashier of a branch established in\\nBaltimore by the Bank of the United States, of Philadelphia, which had\\nbeen incorporated by an act of Congress in 181 6. The action was one of\\ndebt brought by the State of Marj land against McCulloch, who, it was\\naverred, had refused to comply with an act of the Maryland General Assem-\\nbly of 1818, which imposed a tax upon all banks or branches thereof in\\nthe State of Maryland, not chartered by the Legislature.^ The decision of the\\nCourt of Appeals of Maryland had been against the plaintiff. The Supreme", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0423.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "388 Dictionary of United Statks History.\\nCourt reversed this decision, declaring that the Bank Act of 1816 was con-\\nstitutional, and that therefore the act of the Maryland Legislature of 1818\\nwas contrary to the Constitution of the United States, and therefore void,\\nbecause States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to impede or control\\nthe operations of constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into exe-\\ncution any of the powers of the Federal Government.\\nMcDonald, Joseph E. (1819-1891), was a county prosecuting attorney\\nfrom 1843 to 1847. He represented Indiana in the U. S. Congress as a\\nDemocrat from 1849 to 1851. He was Attorney-General of Indiana from\\n1856 to i860. He was a U. S. Senator from 1875 to 1881, and was in favor\\nof hard money and a protective tariff.\\nMacdonough, Thomas (i 783-1825), commodore, served in the Tripoli\\nexpedition under Decatur from 1803 to 1804. He gained a celebrated victory\\nover a superior British squadron under Commodore Downie at Plattsburg on\\nLake Champlain in 181 4. The British fleet consisted of sixteen vessels with\\nninety-five guns and 1000 men, and lost about 200, besides prisoners. The\\nAmerican force consisted of fourteen vessels, carrying eighty-six guns and\\n850 men, and lost 112 men.\\nMcDowell, Irvin (1818-1885), graduated at West Point in 1838 and served,\\nlike so many other West-Pointers, in the Mexican War. In 1861 he was\\nappointed brigadier-general, and placed in charge of the Anny of the\\nPotomac. His plans for the first battle of Bull Run were admittedly\\nexcellent, but nothing could check the demoralization of the green troops.\\nHis reputation as a general was unjustly involved in the collapse of the\\narmy, and he was never again intrusted with high command. He was a\\ncorps commander in Virginia in 1862, fought at the battles of Cedar\\nMountain and second Bull Run; after the war he was a commander of various\\nmilitary departments, was promoted major-general in 1872, and retired in\\n1882.\\nMcDuffie, George (1788-1851), represented South Carolina as a Democrat\\nin the U. S. House of Representatives from 1821 to 1834. While chainnan\\nof the Ways and Means Committee he favored the maintenance of a U. S.\\nbank. He drafted the address of South Carolina to the people of the United\\nStates in 1832. He was Governor of South Carolina from 1834 to 1836, and\\nwas a U. S. Senator from 1842 to 1846.\\nMace. The mace used in the House of Representatives from 1789 on\\n(ebony fasces surmounted by a silver eagle upon a silver globe) was destroyed\\nwhen the British burned the Capitol in 1814. The present one was made\\nin 1842.\\nMacedonian, frigate. (See United States.\\nMcFingal, the most famous political satire of the Revolutionary\\nperiod, was written by John Trumbull, of Connecticut (1750-1831), and was\\npublished in 1782. It is an imitation of Butler s Hudibras.\\nMcGillivray, Alexander (1740-1793), chief of the Creek Indians, aided\\nthe British during the Revolution. He afterward conducted atrocious raids", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0424.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 389\\nalong the Cumberland River. He had a strong mind, but was treacherous\\nand cruel.\\nMcGlynn, Edward, Roman Catholic priest, born in 1837, aided in found-\\ning the Anti-Poverty Society in 1887. He was removed from the pastorate\\nof St. Stephen s Church, New York, on account of discountenancing paro-\\nchial schools and advocating in public the land theories of Henry George,\\nbut was restored to favor in 1892.\\nMcHenry, James (1753-1816), came to Philadelphia from Ireland about\\n1 77 1. He served during the Revolution as surgeon and aide. He was a\\nmember of the Maryland Senate from 1781 to 1786, a delegate from Mary-\\nland to the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786, and a member of the\\nConstitutional Convention in 1787. He was Secretary of War from 1796 to\\n1 801 in the Cabinets of Washington and Adams.\\nMcHenry, Fort, Baltimore, garrisoned by 1000 men under Major Armistead\\nduring the War of 1812, guarded Baltimore against an attack by sea. Sep-\\ntember 13, 1814, Admiral Cochrane with sixteen heavy war-vessels opened\\nbombardment upon the fort. Its guns failed to reach the fleet till some of\\nthe British vessels approached nearer. They met so warm a reception that\\nthey withdrew. A force of 1000 men landed to surprise the fort was\\nrepulsed. At midnight the firing ceased; next day the British withdrew\\nand Baltimore was safe. The only damage was on the American side, four\\nkilled and twenty-four wounded. During the bombardment Francis S. Key,\\na prisoner on board the British fleet, wrote the Star-Spangled Banner.\\nMcHenry Case (1851). One McHenry, a respectable colored resident of\\nvSyracuse, N. Y., was arrested in October as a fugitive slave. He escaped\\nthe officers, but was recaptured. A convention of the Liberty party was\\nthen in session, and fully 2000 people hastened to the court house and\\nrescued McHenry, who escaped to Canada. The U. S. Marshal was tried\\nfor kidnapping, but acquitted.\\nMcKean, Thomas (1734\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1817), Governor, was prominent in the Stamp-\\nAct Congress of 1765 as a delegate from Delaware, and aided in drafting the\\nmemorial to the lords and commons. He was a member of the Continental\\nCongress from Delaware from 1774 to 1783, and its president in 1781. He\\naided in drafting the Articles of Confederation, and was prominent in securing\\nthe Declaration of Independence, of which he was one of the signers. Chief\\nJustice of Pennsylvania 1777 to 1799, and Governor 1799 to 1808.\\nMcKenna, Joseph, born in 1843. Member of California Legislature,\\nmember of Congress 1884 to 1892, U. S. Circuit Judge 1892 to 1897, U. S.\\nAttorney-General 1897, Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court 1897.\\nMackinaw (originally Michillimackinac), was from the middle of the\\nseventeenth century a centre of the Northwestern fur-trade. In the War of\\n1812 the first move of the British was to send a body of two hundred\\nregulars and Canadians, with Indian allies, who, on July 17, 1812, captured\\nthis American post. An attempt to recapture it in 18 14 was unsuccessful.\\nMcKinley, John (1780-1852), represented Alabama in the U. S. Senate as\\na Democrat from 1826 to 1831. He was a U. S. Congressman from 1S33 to\\n1835. From 1837 to 1852 he was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0425.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "390 Dictionary of United States Histoey.\\nMcKinley, Wm., Jr., Congressman and Governor of Ohio, was bom at\\nNiles, O., iu 1844, and served as a volunteer in the Civil War. He was a\\nmember of the House of Representatives from 1877 to 1891, and as chair-\\nman of the Committee of Ways and Means had the chief hand in framing\\nthe Tariff Act of October i, 1890, commonly called the McKinley Act.\\nFrom January-, 1892, to January, 1896, he was Governor of Ohio. Elected\\nPresident of the United States Nov. 3, 1896, inaugurated March 4, 1897.\\nMcKinley Act, a bill submitted in Congress by Representative McKinley,\\nof Ohio, and which became law October i, 1890. It provided for a high rate\\nof duty on a large number of articles imported from foreign countries, but\\nmade sugar free. This act was designed to reduce the national revenue and\\nincrease protection.\\nMcLane, Louis (1786-1857), of Delaware, was Representative in Congress\\nfrom 1817 to 1827, Senator from 1827 1829, Minister to England from\\n1829 to 1831, and Secretary of the Treasury in Jackson s Cabinet from 1831\\nto 1833, when he resigned rather than order the removal of the deposits\\n(see art. Deposits). He was then Secretary of State for a year. In 1845-46\\nhe was again Minister to England.\\nMcLane, Robert M. (1815-1898), was a Democratic U. S. Congressman\\nfrom Maryland from 1847 to 1851. He was Minister to China from 1854 to\\n1856, to Mexico from 1859 to i860 and to France from 1885 to 1889;\\nMcLaws, Lafayette (1821-1897), was graduated at West Point, resigned\\nfrom the U. S. army in 1861, and became a major-general in the Confederate\\nservice. He distinguished himself as a division commander at Harper s\\nFerry, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.\\nMcLean, John (1785-1861), bom in New Jersey, but brought up in Ohio,\\nwas a Representative from Ohio from 1813 to 1817, and Postmaster-General\\nfrom 1823 to 1829, the administrations of Monroe and John Quincy\\nAdams. From 1830 to 1861 he was an Associate Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt of the United States. In the Dred Scott case he dissented from the\\nopinion of Chief Justice Taney.\\nMcLeod, Alexander, a Canadian temporarily in New York State in 1841,\\nwas arrested and indicted for participation in the Caroline affair (see art.).\\nThe British Minister demanded his release, alleging that, the case being\\ninternational, jurisdiction over it belonged to the U. S. Government, not\\nto the State courts. Such was also the view of the U. S. Government. But\\nthe courts of New York held, on the contrary, that the burning of the\\nCaroline was not an act of magistracy on the part of the Canadian Gov-\\nernment, that McLeod was therefore individually responsible and amenable\\nto the New York courts. He proved an alibi.\\nMcMaster, John Bach, born in 1852, is the author of a Histor of the\\nPeople of the United States from the Revolution to the Civil War, of\\nwhich three volumes have appeared, and a Life of Benjamin Franklin.\\nMcMillin, Benton, born in Kentucky in 1845, was a Representative in\\nCongress from Tennes.see, 1879-1897. A prominent Democratic leader.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0426.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "PRES T. Mgj lNLEY^y", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0427.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0428.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 391\\nMacomb, Alexander (1782-1841), entered the U. S. army in 1799, and at\\nthe outbreak of the War of 1812 was adjutant-general of the army. Taking\\nservice in the field he, in September, 1814, won the victory of Plattsburg\\nover Sir George Provost, and was made major-general. From 1835 to 1841\\nhe was commander-in-chief of the army.\\nMacon, Nathaniel (1757-1837), of North Carolina, Representative from\\n1791 to 1815, was Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1801 to\\n1807. From 1815 to 1828 he was a Senator from North Carolina. A Demo-\\ncratic-Republican of the strictest type, he was noted for his political upright-\\nness and purity. He was a principal member of the faction called Quids.\\nMacon, Fort, N. C, captured from the Confederates by General Parke,\\ncommanding 35,000 troops from Bumside s army, April 23, 1862. The fort\\nwas garrisoned by 500 Confederates under Colonel White.\\nMacon Bill No. 2, a bill so called from its author, Nathaniel Macon,\\nwas passed by Congress on May i, 1810, as a means of extricating the\\nUnited States from the difficulties caused by the aggressions of England and\\nFrance. It provided that commerce should be free, but that if either Eng-\\nland should withdraw her Orders in Council or France her Berlin and Milan\\nDecrees, intercourse should be prohibited with the nation which retained\\nthem.\\nMacon Road, Ga. a battle during Sherman s investment of Atlanta, July\\n26, 1864. McCook, commanding 4000 Federals, was defeated and captured\\nby 6000 Confederates of Hood s army under Ransom.\\nMcPherson, James B. (1828-1864), a brilliant young general of the Civil\\nWar, was graduated from West Point in 1853. In 1862 and 1863 he was\\nwith Grant in the Tennessee and Vicksburg campaigns, commanding a corps\\nwith distinguished success. In the spring of 1864 he was put in command\\nof the Army of the Tennessee, and assisted Sherman in his advance into\\nGeorgia. He had a most important part in the fighting against Johnston at\\nResaca, New Hope Church, Dallas and Kenesaw Mountain. He was killed\\nin the battle against Hood at Atlanta, July 22, 1864.\\nMcPherson, John R., born in 1833, was a member of the New Jersey\\nSenate from 1870 to 1873. He was elected to the U. S. Senate from New\\nJersey as a Democrat in 1876, 1883 and 1889. Died 1897.\\nMacVeagh, Wayne, lawyer, born in Pennsylvania in 1833, was U. S.\\nMinister to Turkey from 1870 to 1871, headed a commission of investigation\\nin Louisiana appointed by President Hayes in 1877, was Attorney-General\\nof the United States under Garfield in 1881, and in 1893 was appointed\\nMinister to Italy.\\nMadagascar. The United States concluded a commercial treaty with\\nMadagascar in 1867, which was modified and enlarged in 1881.\\nMadison, Dorothy Paine (1772-1849), wife of President Madison, was a\\nbeautiful and accomplished Quakeress. Her first husband was John Todd, a\\nPhiladelphia lawj er. She married Mr. Madison in 1794, and was unusually\\nsuccessful as a President s wife.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0429.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "392 Dictionary of United States History.\\nMadison, James (1751-1836), fourth President of the United States, was\\nborn ill King George County, Va. He was well educated, graduated at Prince-\\nton ill 1772, and was early distinguished for sound judgment, discretion,\\nacquirements, industry and patriotism. In 1774 he was a member of the\\nCommittee of Public Safety of Orange County, and in 1776 became a mem-\\nber of the Virginia Convention. From 1780 to 1784 he was a member of\\nthe Continental Congress, and, in spite of his youth and modesty, had a\\nleading share in its deliberations, and especially its committee-work, for\\nwhich his sensible and methodical mind was peculiarly apt. In the Virginia\\nAssembly (1784-87) he did great service in securing religious liberty and in\\npromoting the movement toward a better union of the States. Probably no\\none else contributed more to this end in all America. He was a member of\\nthe Alexandria-Mount- Vernon Conference of 1785, of the Annapolis Con-\\nvention of 1786, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, in which\\nhe had the most influential part, through his own talents for constructive\\nstatesmanship and also through his persuasive and conciliatory spirit.\\nIn 1788 he wrote a portion of the Federalist^ and did more than any\\none else to secure the ratification of the Constitution by Virginia. From\\n1789 to 1797 he was a leading member of Congress, inclining more and\\nmore to the doctrines and party of Jefferson. He wrote the Virginia reso-\\nlutions of 1798. From 1801 to 1809 he was Secretary of State in Jeffer-\\nson s Cabinet, and from 1809 to 181 7 he was President of the United\\nStates, being elected over C. C. Pinckney in 1808, and over DeWitt Clinton\\nin 1812. The chief event in his administration was the War of 1812, which\\nhe managed feebly. His Cabinet consisted of Robert Smith (1811-17 James\\nMonroe), Secretary of State; Albert Gallatin (1814 G. W. Campbell, 1814\\nA. J. Dallas, 181 6 W. H. Crawford), Secretary of the Treasury; William\\nEustis (1813 John Armstrong, 1814 J. Monroe, 1815 W. H. Crawford), Sec-\\nretary of War; Paul Hamilton (1813 William Jones, 181 4 B. W. Crownin-\\nshield). Secretary of the Navy; Csesar A. Rodney (181 1 William Pinckney,\\n1814 Richard Rush), Attorney-General. The Vice-Presidents were George\\nClinton, 1809-1813; Elbridge Gerry, 1813-1814. From 1817 to his death\\nMadison lived in retirement at Montpelier, Va. Life by Rives.\\nMadison, Fort (near St. Louis). Attacked September 5, 1812, by a party\\nof Winnebagoes. After three days fighting the Indians withdrew. The\\nAmerican loss was one man.\\nMadison, Wis., was chosen as the State capital in 1836, while yet a\\nwilderness.\\nMadoc, or Madog, a Welsh prince, son of Owain Gwynedd, is said, in\\naccordance with a tradition first published in the sixteenth century, to have\\nsailed west about 1171 and discovered America. The first mention of this\\nMadog is in a Welsh poem of the fourteenth century. He is not known to\\nhave existed, and the stor of his discovery is not now believed by the most\\ncompetent authorities.\\nMagazines. The first American literary periodical was the General\\nMagazine and Historical Chronicle, issued by Franklin at Philadelphia in\\n1741. In the same year and place appeared the American Magazine, but", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0430.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 393\\nneither lived a year. In 1743 an American Magazine and Historical\\nChronicle began to be published in Boston. The first which appeared in\\nNew York was the Independent Reflector, weekly, 1752. Other important\\nmagazines of the eighteenth century were the Pennsylvania Magazine of\\n1775, the American Museum, 1787-1797; the Massachusetts Magazine,\\n1789-1796, and the New York Magazine, 1790-1797. Of much more\\nvalue were the Portfolio, Philadelphia, 1801-1825, and the Monthly\\nAnthology, Boston, 1803-1811. The first important review was the North\\nAmerican Review, founded in 1815 at Boston. The chief predecessor of the\\nmodern literary and miscellaneous magazines of America was the Knick-\\nerbocker, 1 83 2-1 860. Of the leading magazines of the present time,\\nHarper s was founded in 1850, Scribner s (later the Century Magazine\\nin 1870, the Atlantic Monthly in 1857.\\nMagoffin, Beriah (181 5-1 885), a prominent member of the Democratic\\nparty, was Governor of Kentucky from 1859 to 1862. His sympathies\\ninclined toward the Confederates, but he maintained a policy of neutrality.\\nMagruder, John B. (1810-1871), Confederate major-general, commanded\\nthe forces in the Peninsula in 1862, the Department of Texas during the\\nremainder of the war, after which he served under Maximilian in Mexico.\\nMaguaga, Mich., scene of a minor engagement in the War of 1812,\\nAugust 9, 1 81 2. Colonel Miller, attempting to clear the road to Detroit,\\nattacked the British and Indians, under General Proctor and Tecumseh,\\nThough successful he was obliged to give up his advance movement.\\nMahan, Alfred Thayer, born in 1840. Rose to be captain in the U. S.\\nnavy. Authority on naval strategy and history.\\nMahon, Philip H. Stanhope, Lord (afterward Earl Stanhope) (1805-1875),\\nan English statesman, wrote a History of England from the Peace of\\nUtrecht to the Peace of Versailles (1713-1783), which is recognized as a\\nstandard work, and presents a moderate English view of the Revolution.\\nMahone, William (1826-1895), Confederate major-general, noted for hard\\nfighting in several battles, especially at Petersburg; 1878 organized the\\nparty called Readjusters, advocating reptidiation of the State debt of Vir-\\nginia. From 1881 to 1887 he was a Senator from Virginia.\\nMaine, name probably meaning main-land, as distinguished from the\\nislands off its coast. It was first settled by a party led by George Popham\\nin 1607, but this was temporary. By grants of 1622, 1629 ^639, Sir\\nFerdinando Gorges obtained the territory between the Piscataqua and the\\nKennebec. In 1652 and again in 1668, Massachusetts obtained possession\\nof this part of Maine. Eastern Maine, held by the Duke of York from 1664,\\nfell to Massachusetts in 1691. The District of Maine remained a part of\\nMassachusetts till 1820, when it was admitted to the Union as a separate\\nState on April 15. Its Constitution, framed in that year, is still in operation.\\nIn 1842 the Ashburton Treaty settled the long-standing dispute regarding\\nits northeast bonndan-. Its boundar^ with New Hampshire had been set-\\ntled in 1737. The Maine law, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of\\nintoxicating liquors, was passed in 1851 and permanently in 1858. Maine", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0431.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "394 Dictionary of United States History.\\nwas almost constantly Democratic from 1820 to 1854; almost constantly\\nRepublican from 1856 to the present time (1894). In 1880 a Democratic\\nGovernor and council counted in a Democratic-Greenback Legislature,\\nand for a brief period there were two bodies claiming to be Legislatures.\\nIn 1790 the population of Maine was 97,000, in 1820 298,000, in 1890\\n661,000.\\nMaine Historical Society, founded in 1822, has published several\\nvolumes.\\nMaine Law, a law prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors as a bever-\\nage, first adopted in Maine in 1851.\\nMaine, U. S. battleship, was blown up in the harbor of Havana on the\\nnight of February 15, 1898, by a nnsterious explosion from without, and\\n266 men were lost, including several officers. Captain Charles D. Sigsbee\\nwas in command.\\nMaiden, Upper Canada, was during the earlier part of the War of 1812\\nthe centre of British operations against Detroit and the Northwest. After\\nHarrison s victory on the Thames it was evacuated, October, 1813.\\nMallory, Stephen R. (i 813-1873), of Florida (though of New England\\nparentage), was a Senator from Florida from 1851 to 1861. During most\\nof this time he was chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. On the\\nformation of the Confederate Government he was appointed by President\\nDavis Secretary of the Navy, which office he held during the continuance of\\nthe Confederacy.\\nMalvern Hill, a battle in the Civil War, the last of the Seven Days\\nbattles, July i, 1862, by which McClellan completed his change of base to\\nthe James River. After the battle of Frayser s Farm, McClellan had\\nretreated with his 85,000 Federal troops to Malvern Hill, a strong position\\non an elevated plateau shaped like an amphitheatre. His lines were securely\\nposted behind fences, ditches and hedges, their batteries and infantry com-\\nmanding the slope which the Confederates must ascend to attack them.\\nLee ordered an attack, which was meant to be made simultaneously by all\\nparts of his line at a given signal, the Confederate yell. But his lieuten-\\nants were so separated that the signal could not be heard, and the attacks\\nwere therefore feeble and disorganized. D. H. Hill and Magruder bore the\\nbrunt of the fight. Time after time they charged the impregnable Federal\\nposition, but in vain. They were alwaj S driven back with fearful slaughter.\\nThe battle lasted until nightfall. During the night McClellan retired under\\ncover of a violent storm.\\nManassas, Va., the field of two engagements during the Civil War.\\nJuly 21, 1861, Johnston and Beauregard, with 31,000 Confederates, defeated\\n28,000 Federals under McDowell. August 29-30, Pope, Federal, with 40,000\\ntroops, was defeated by Lee and Jackson.\\nMandamus Councillors, a name opprobriously applied by the revolu-\\ntionary party in Massachusetts to those members of the council of the\\nprovince who, in August, 1774, accepted appointment by writ of mandamus", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0432.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 395\\nat Lhi.- hands of Governor Gage. By the charter of 1691 councillors had\\nbeen elected by the House of Representatives. The Massachusetts Charter\\nAct of 1774, to punish Massachusetts, gave Gov. power to appoint them.\\nMandans, a small tribe of Indians, numbering about 500, now dwelling\\non a reservation in Dakota. They are first heard oT about 1772. They\\nthen lived on the Missouri, about 1500 miles up from its mouth. They are\\nof light complexion, hence many vain attempts to trace their descent from\\nthe supposed Welsh colony of Prince Madoc.\\nManderson, Charles F., born in 1837, was appointed colonel during the\\nCivil War. He was elected to the U. S. Senate as a Republican from\\nNebraska in 1883 and 1887, serving till 1893.\\nMangoaks, a tribe of Indians in North Carolina, into whose country\\nRalph Lane, commander of Raleigh s colon) in 1586 attempted an expedi-\\ntion, on information of a pearl fishery among them.\\nMangum, Willie P. (1792-1861), of North Carolina, was a Representative\\nfrom that State from 1823 to 1826, and Senator from 1831 to 1836 and from\\n1840 to 1853, serving as a Whig. In 1836 he received the electoral votes\\nof South Carolina for the Presidency.\\nManhattan, the original, apparently Indian, name of the island on which\\nNew York is now situated. In 1613 the first settlement was made, of the\\nnature of a trading-post. In 1626 Peter Minuit, director for the Dutch\\nWest India Company, bought the island of the Indians for sixty guilders ($24).\\nManila, Battle of (Philippines), May i, 1898. The U. S. Naval Squadron,\\nviz., the Olympia, Baltimore, Raleigh, Petrel, Concord, and\\nBoston, under Commodore Dewey, destroyed the Spanish squadron under\\nAdmiral Montojo, viz., the Reina Christina, Castilla, Don Antonia de\\nUlloa, Isla de Luzon, Isla de Cuba, General Lezo, Marquis de\\nDuero, Cano Velasco, and Isla de Mindanao, and silenced the land\\nbatteries. Spanish lost two commanders and about 650 men killed and\\nwounded. Americans had six men wounded.\\nManley, John (1733-1793), bom in England, but settled in Marblehead,\\nMass., was commissioned by Washington to cruise off Boston and intercept\\nGage s supplies, October 24, 1775. He opened the naval operations of the\\nRevolution by capturing the Nancy, laden with military supplies, on\\nNovember 29. In 1776 he was made the second captain in the U. S. navy,\\nand commanded the Hancock in 1776 and 1777, and privateers subse-\\nquently. He was twice made a prisoner.\\nMann, Horace (i 796-1 859), of Massachusetts, educator, was graduated at\\nBrown University in 1819. From 1837 to 1848 he was secretary of the\\nMassachusetts State Board of Education. He reformed the educational\\nsystem of the State, introducing normal schools and teachers conventions,\\nand exerted a wide influence throughout the country in regard to educational\\nmatters. From 1848 to 1853 he was an anti-slaver Whig Congressman,\\nand from 1853 to his death was president of Antioch College.\\nManning, Daniel (1831-1887), of New York, chairman of its Democratic\\nState Committee from 1881 to 1884, was appointed Secretary of the Treas-\\nury by President Cleveland in 1885, and served as such till 1887.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0433.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "396 Dictionary of United States History.\\nManors, in the United States. Manors of the English type, i. e.^ lauded\\nestates granted on such terms that the right of property carried with it\\nrights of jurisdiction, were created in several of the colonies. In 1636 the\\nProprietor of Maryland ordained that every grant of 2000 acres to any man\\nshould be erected into a manor. Bohemia Manor, My Lady s Manor and\\nDoughoregan Manor are celebrated, as also Penn Manor in Pennsylvania.\\nUnder the Duke of York Martha s Vineyard was the Manor of Tisbury.\\nIn New Netherlaud the Dutch West India Company erected manors for the\\npatroons. (See Patroons, Anti-renters.)\\nMansfield, J. K. F. (1803-1862), general, was commander of the Depart-\\nment of Washington during the earlier part of the Civil War, and was\\nkilled at Antietam.\\nMansfield, William Murray, Lord (i 704-1 793), the most eminent of Eng-\\nlish judges, was Chief Justice of the King s Bench from 1756 to 1788. He\\nmaintained the right of Great Britain to tax the American colonies and was\\none of the most zealous opponents of the repeal of the Stamp Act. (See also\\nSommersett s Case.)\\nManteo, a friendly Indian of the Roanoke region, was helpful to Raleigh s\\ncolony of 1585-86. He had visited England with Amidas and Barlow just\\nbefore.\\nManufactory Bank, a short-lived scheme in Massachusetts in 1740 to\\nestablish a bank by securing its issues by a mortgage on the real estate of\\neach subscriber to the amount of his subscription. It was supported by\\ntraders and people in the rural districts and by the House of Representa-\\ntives, but was opposed by a strong party. It issued ;^50,ooo of notes and\\nthen failed.\\nManufactures. American manufactures began with the making of glass\\nat the Jamestown colony. At first the chief manufactures in the colonies\\nwere of ships, lumber and iron. Domestic manufactures continued till long\\nafter the Revolution to be an important portion, especially in the article\\nof cloth. Soon the amount of American exports of manufactured articles\\nwas so great that English manufacturers complained. In 1699 Parlia-\\nment enacted that no woolen manufactures should be shipped from the\\ncolonies. The iron manufacture was repressed by a series of laws beginning\\nin 17 19. Export of hats was forbidden in 1731, and several other similar\\nprohibitions were enacted. The Revolution stimulated manufactures and\\nStates tried to foster them by. bounties. Yet in 1789 they were still in their\\ninfancy. The country was mainly agricultural, though there were some\\nimportant manufactures of heavy iron goods, paper, glass, gunpowder, rum,\\nleather and textiles, and excellent ships were built. The slightly protective\\ntariff of 1789 increased manufactures, the War of 1812 still more so, inso-\\nmuch that in 1815 the amount of capital in the cotton and woolen industries\\nwas probably $50,000,000. After the war a great development of Ameri-\\ncan manufactures began, those created by the war demanding increase^\\nprotection, and receiving it in the tariffs of 1824 and 1828. Manufacturing\\ntowns arose, and American life ceased to be exclusively agricultural and\\nrural. This development, however, was almost entirely in the North.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0434.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 397\\nWlien the Civil War broke out, the South was almost without manufactures,\\nwhile the industrial life of the North was becoming more and more varied.\\nSince the war the manufactures of the United States have developed to such\\nan extent that they are the leading manufacturing country of the world, and\\nmake one-fourth of its entire total of manufacturing. The amount of\\nmanufacturing done in the United States seems to have about doubled from\\n1880 to 1890. The history of some of the leading industries is treated in\\nseparate articles.\\nMarble, Manton, born in 1835, was proprietor and editor of the New\\nYork World, a free-trade Democratic journal, from 1862 to 1876. He has\\npublished an account of the election of 1876.\\nMarbois, Fran9ois de Barbe-, Marquis de (1745-1837), was sent from\\nFrance to the United States as secretary of legation in 1779, and remained\\nuntil 1785. When appointed to cede Louisiana to the United States in\\n1803, he secured 30,000,000 francs more than the French administration\\nhad demanded. He wrote Complot d Amold et Sir Henry Clinton contre les\\nEtats-Unis d Amerique, and L Histoire de la Louisiane et de la Cession.\\nMarbury vs. Madison. William Marbury and others, having been\\nappointed justices of the peace in the District of Columbia by President\\nAdams, with the consent of the Senate, and having, on President Jefferson s\\naccession, failed to receive their respective commissions of appointment,\\nmoved the Supreme Court to issue a mandamus to James Madison, Secre-\\ntary of State, commanding him to deliver their several commissions. The\\ncourt decided that Marbury was legally entitled to his commission, but that\\nthe Constitution did not invest it with the authority to issue a mandamus\\nin such a case. The rule was discharged Februar 1803. Thus the court\\ndeclared unconstitutional a portion of an Act of Congress, the Judiciary Act\\nof 1789, which purported to grant such authority. This was the first\\nimportant case in which the Court set aside an act of Congress because of\\nconflict with the Constitution.\\nMarch Fourth, the day chosen for the Presidential inauguration. Its\\nchoice dates from the year 1788, that day being designated, after the ratifi-\\ncation of the Constitution by the States, as inauguration day, by the Congress\\nof the old Confederation. They fixed on the first Wednesday in January,\\n1 789, for the choice of the electors; the first Wednesday in February for the\\nvoting by the electors; the first Wednesday in March (March 4 that year)\\nfor the inauguration. The Twelfth Amendment makes this the constitu-\\ntional day.\\nMarch to the Sea, General Sherman s celebrated march from Atlanta to\\nSavannah with a Union army of over 60,000 men, November 15 to Decem-\\nber 21, 1864. Burning the Confederate shops, depots and storehouses, and\\nleaving Thomas with two corps to look after Hood, Slierman set out with\\nthe Fifteenth, Seventeenth, Fourteenth and Twentieth corps of infantry,\\n5063 cavalry under Kilpatrick, 1812 artillerymen, and enormous trains of\\nwagons and ambulances. The line of march extended nearly sixty miles\\nthrough the very ;heart of the Confederacy, passing through Rough and\\nReady, Jonesboro, Covington, McDonough, Macon, IVIilledgeville, Gibson,", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0435.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "398 Dictionary of United States History\\nLouisville, Millen, Springfield and many smaller towns. The march was\\n300 miles in length. The soldiers were allowed to pillage freely, discrimin-\\nating between the rich and poor. The Georgia Central Railroad was wholly\\ndestroyed, besides thousands of dollars worth of other property. Foraging\\nparties preceded the army, and scouts were kept constantly on the lookout\\nfor Confederate attacks. Sherman lost 764 men on the march. Savannali\\nwas captured, after some days of siege, December 21, Sherman presenting the\\ncity to Lincoln as a Christmas present.\\nMarcy, Randolph B. (181 2-1 887), served in the Mexican War, and was\\nbrevetted major-general for services during the Civil War. From 1869 to\\n1881 he was inspector-general. He published Exploration of the Red\\nRiver in 1852.\\nMarcy, William Lamed (1786-1857), an American Cabinet officer, gradu-\\nated at Brown, became a lawyer, took part in the War of 181 2, and became\\na Democratic editor in Troy. He was one of the leaders in the Albany\\nRegency, and a master in political management. In 1 823-1 829 he was\\nComptroller of New York, Associate Justice of the State Supreme Court\\n1829-1831, and in 1831-1833 member of the U. S. Senate, where he made\\nhis famous to the victors belong the spoils speech. He was Governor of\\nNew York 1833-1839, Secretary of War 1845-1849, and Secretary of State\\n1853-1857. In the latter office he has won general regard for his able treat-\\nment of difficult international questions.\\nMargry, Pierre, born in 1818, made extensive investigations and valuable\\ndiscoveries while archivist of the marine and colonies in Paris, concerning\\nLa Salle and explorations in the Mississippi Valley.\\nMariana, a tract of country, which included a large portion of the present\\nState of New Hampshire, granted to John Mason in 1629, by the council\\nfor New England. It extended from the Salem River to the Merrimac.\\nMarine, Secretary of, an office created by act of the Continental Con-\\ngress, February 7, 1781, to supersede the Board of Admiralty in the super-\\nvision of naval affairs. The duties corresponded to those of the present\\nSecretary of the Navy, with certain restrictions, but before the end of the\\nyear its duties were given to the Treasury Department.\\nMarine Hospital Service. In 1798 an act was passed in accordance with\\nwhich twenty cents per month might be detained from the wages of all sea-\\nmen, to be paid over to the collector of the ports where ships might enter\\non their return voyages, toward a fund for the erection of hospitals for mer-\\nchant seamen. This service has been placed under the charge of the Depart-\\nment of the Treasury.\\nMarines. The United States Marine Corps was first established by Act\\nof Congress November 10, 1775, authorizing the enlistment of two battalions\\nto be called the first and second battalions of marines. The Marine Corps\\nwas re-established by Act of Congress July 11, 1798. By this act the marines\\nare at any time liable to do duty in the forts and garrisons of the Uniled\\nStates, While enlisted they are exempt from arrest for debt or contract.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0436.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United vStates History. 399\\nThere is no regimental organization, but the corps may be formed into com-\\npanies as the President directs. The marines are at all times subject to the\\nlaws and regulations of the navy. By the Act of 1874, the commander-in-\\nchief of marines is entitled to the rank and pay of a colonel.\\nMarion, Francis (i 732-1 795), a Revolutionary general, was a South Caro-\\nlinian planter, of Huguenot descent. He fought in the Cherokee War and\\nsat in the Provincial Congress. Enlisting at the opening of the Revolution\\nhe was present at the British repulse off Charleston 1776, and took part in\\nthe unfortunate Savannah expedition of 1779. His noted period is the last\\nthree years of the war. He organized in 1780 a celebrated partisan corps,\\nMarion s brigade, famous for the activity of its movements, telling blows\\nand simplicity of fare. Marion, surnamed the Swamp-Fox, operated in\\nthe neighborhood of the Pedee River and other parts of the Carolinas. He\\nwas engaged in the capture of Fort Watson, took Georgetown, commanded\\nthe right at Eutaw Springs, and continued his harassing of the British\\nthrough 1782. He was subsequently a State Senator.\\nMark, a silver coin weighing eleven pennyweights six grains, ofifered by\\nMorris to the Continental Congress in 1783 for consideration as a national\\ncoin, but not accepted. It was equivalent to ten of his cents, seventy of\\nours. Obverse: An eye, the centre of a glory, thirteen-points cross, equi-\\ndistant a circle of as many stars. Legend: Nova Constellatio. Reverse:\\nU. S. 1.000, a wreath surrounding. Legend: Libertas. Justitia. 1783. This,\\nwith the quint, were known as the Nova Constellatio patterns.\\nMarkham, William (16357-1704), came from England in 1681, and was\\nDeputy-Governor of Pennsylvania and Delaware until 1682. He was\\nDeputy-Governor of Delaware from 1691 to 1693 Lieutenant-Governor\\nof Pennsylvania from 1694 to 1699.\\nMarmaduke, John S. (1833-1887), was promoted major-general in the\\nConfederate service, and fought at Sliiloh, Little Rock and Fort Scott. He\\nwas elected Governor of Missouri in 1884, and served till his death.\\nMarmion, Case of the. Under an act of the South Carolina Legislature\\npassed in 1822, any free negroes entering the ports of the State on ships\\ncould be imprisoned until the ship departed. This was done in the case of\\nthe Marmion. In 1824 the Attorney-General and in 1823 the District\\nCourt of the United States rendered opinions that this law was incompatible\\nwith the Constitution and the international obligations of the United\\nStates.\\nMarquette, Jacques (1637-1675), one of the most noted of the pioneers\\nof France in the New World, was born at Laon in France, and entered the\\nJesuit order. In 1666 he emigrated to Canada. In the course of his mis-\\nsionary work among the Indians in the Great Lake region he made various\\nexplorations. He founded a mission at Sault Sainte Marie and one at\\nMackinaw. Marquette and Joliet, in 1673, made a long journey by canoes\\nby way of the Illinois River to the Mississippi and down that stream to\\nArkansas; of this voyage Marquette has left an account in his journal. The\\nnext year he built a log hut on the site of Chicago, and thence pptihetl oT", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0437.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "400 UICTIONARY OF UNITED C5TATES niSTORY.\\nto Kaskaskia. While laboring among the Illinois Indians his health gave\\nway, and he died on his letuni to the North.\\nMarsh, George P. (1801-1882), represented Vermont in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Whig from 1843 to 1849. He was Minister to Turkey from 1849\\nto 1853, and to Italy from 1861 to 1882, and was a distinguished scholar.\\nMarshall, Humphrey (181 2-1 872), represented Kentucky in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Whig from 1849 to 1852, and from 1855 to 1859. He was a\\nbrigadier-general in the Confederate army and a Confederate Senator.\\nMarshall, James W. (1812-1885), discovered the first gold in California\\nwhile superintending the construction of a mill-race in Coloma.\\nMarshall, John (September 24, 1755-July 6, 1835), the greatest of Ameri-\\ncan jurists, was born at Germantown, Fauquier County, Va. He was\\ndeprived of a collegiate education, and was a youth when the Revolutionary\\nWar began. Young Marshall served as a regimental officer through the\\nstruggle, and fought at Brandywine, Monmouth, etc. He then applied him-\\nself to the law, entered the Virginia House of Burgesses and the council.\\nAs a member of the convention for ratifying the Federal Constitution in\\n1788, he contended on the Federalist side ably and successfully against the\\neloquence of Patrick Henry and his colleagues. With Gerry and C. C.\\nPinckney he was Envoy to France in 1797 at the time of Talleyrand s\\nattempted bribery of the United States. Returning the next year he served\\nas Congressman in 1 799-1800, and as Secretary of State 1800-1801. Presi-\\ndent Adams in 1801 appointed Marshall Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,\\nwhich position he held until his death. He is famous in the national annals\\nfor his great opinions defining and interpreting the Federal Constitution,\\nand aiding to consolidate the Union. He presided over the Burr trial, and\\nin 1829 was a member of the Virginia convention for revising the State\\nConstitution. Marshall wrote a life of Washington in five volumes, after-\\nward revised and condensed in two volumes. His writings were edited by\\nStory.\\nMarshals. The Judiciary Act of 17 89 provided for officers called marshals,\\nwhose functions with respect to the Federal courts were to be like those of\\nsheriSs with respect to the State courts. In 1790 they were entrusted with\\nthe census enumeration, and so frequently with respect to later censuses.\\nMarshfield, Mass., noted as the home of Daniel Webster. He died and\\nwas buried there.\\nMartha s Vineyard, discovered in 1602 by Bartholomew Gosnold, who\\ngave the name to a smaller island now called No Man s Land, whence it\\nwas transferred. Martha s Vineyard was at first called Capawak. It was\\nsettled in 1642 by Thomas Mayhew, an English merchant, who purchased\\nthe island from Lord Stirling, to whom it had been granted with other terri-\\ntory. Mayhew established a missionary post and made many converts\\namong the Indians. In 1644, the island was i^laced under the jurisdiction\\nof Massachusetts by the Federal Commissioners of New England. It was\\nlater transferred to New York, but was restored to Massachusetts in 1692,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0438.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 401\\nMartin, Francois X. (1762-1846), born in France, became a printer in\\nNorth Carolina, then moved to New Orleans. He was for thirty years a\\nJudge of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, and Chief-Justice from 1837 to\\n1845. He wrote histories of North Carolina and Louisiana.\\nMartin, Luther (1744-1826), Attorney-General of Maryland, was a mem-\\nber of the Annapolis Convention. He was a delegate from Maryland to the\\nContinental Congress from 1784 to 1785. He was a member of the Consti-\\ntutional Convention of 1787, but opposed the adoption of the Constitution.\\nHe was counsel for defence in the trials of Judge Chase and Aaron Burr,\\nhaving in his later years become a Federalist.\\nMartin vs. Hunter s Lessee, Virginia. In 1791 Martin brought a suit\\nof ejectment against the defendant in the District Court of Virginia for the\\nrecovery of certain lands. This court decided for the defendant. The\\nCourt of Appeals of Virginia reversed this decision, and their judgment\\nwas in turn reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1816.\\nThis judgment the Court of Appeals of Virginia refused to execute, being\\nof the unanimous opinion that the appellate power of the Supreme Court\\nof the United States does not extend to this court under a sound construc-\\ntion of the Constitution of the United States, and that the Act of Con-\\ngress to that effect is not in pursuance of the said Constitution. The\\nSupreme Court overruled this decision and established its prerogative upon\\nsuch points.\\nMartling Men, in New York political history, the members of a union of\\nBurrites and Lewisites (followers of Morgan Lewis), mostly Democrats,\\nformed in 1807. So called because their usual place of meeting was Mart-\\nling s long room. They were connected with the Tammany Society, and\\nwere later known as Bucktails.\\nMaryland, one of the original thirteen States. Maryland was founded by\\nCecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholic, in 1634. His father,\\nGeorge Calvert, was a member of the London Company and Secretary of\\nState under James I. from 1618 to 1625. He had made an unsuccessful\\nattempt to found a colony on Newfoundland in 162 1 (see Avalon) and in\\n1629 he had landed in Virginia with forty Catholic colonists, but they were\\nnot welcomed by the Protestants of Virginia and soon returned home.\\nCharles I. then gave to Baltimore a charter for the land north of the Potomac\\nRiver as far as the fort -first degree of latitude and to the source of the\\nPotomac River on the west. This territory lay within the grant to Virginia.\\nThe name Maryland was given in honor of the queen, Henrietta Maria.\\nThe government of the colony was to be in the hands of the proprietor.\\nSt. Mary s, the first settlement, was founded in 1634 by two hundred colonists,\\nmany of whom were Protestants. Baltimore maintained toleration for all.\\nBut from 1691 until the Revolution the Protestants were strong enough to\\ndisfranchise the Catholics. In 1635 Clayborne, a Virginian who had a\\ntrading post on Kent Island, within the grant to Maryland, and who had\\nbeen ejected by Calvert, invaded Maryland at the head of a party of rangers\\nand obtained temporary control of the colony. Maryland refused to ratif)-\\nthe Articles of Confederation which had been adopted by Congress in 1777\\n26\\nI", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0439.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "402 Dictionary of United States History.\\nuntil March i, 1781. The State had no western territory herself and\\ndemanded that Virginia, New York and other States should surrender their\\nclaims co lands beyond the Alleghanies to the General Government. When\\ntheir intention to do this was signified by those States, Maryland ratified the\\narticles and they became at once binding on all the States. The Constitution\\nwas adopted April 28, 1788, by a vote of sixty-three to eleven. The Feder-\\nalists controlled the State until 1802. In 181 2 the Hanson riots in Baltimore,\\ncaused by an attack on a Federalist newspaper oflice, resulted in the restora-\\ntion of the State to the Federalist party. From 1820 to 1850 the State was\\nAnti-Democratic (Whig). The American party controlled the State from 1854\\nto 1859. In 1860-61 the people generally were opposed to secession. The\\nCivil War began with the Baltimore riots in 1861. From 1868 to the present\\ntime (1894) the State has been Democratic. The population of the State in\\n1790 was 319,728; in 1890, 1,042,390. History by Scharf\\nMaryland Gazette, earliest newspaper published in Maryland. It was\\nestablished at Annapolis in 1727 by William Parks, and continued irregu-\\nlarly as a weekly until about 1736, when it was suspended. In 1745 another\\nGazette appeared, which, with the exception of a short suspension in 1765\\non account of the Stamp Act, was published regularly during the Revolu-\\ntion, and still exists as a weekly journal, there being but one newspaper in\\nthe United States of prior origin. Maryland was the fourth colony in which\\na newspaper was established.\\nMaryland Historical Society was founded in 1844, and has issued many\\nseparate publications, and also the printed archives of the colony.\\nMaryland in Liberia, a negro colony, composed largely of Maryland free\\nnegi oes, founded in Liberia in February, 1834, by the Maryland State Coloni-\\nzation Society, which had been organized three years before. Expeditions\\nhad been sent out and landed at Monrovia in 1831 and 1832, but these had\\nproved unsuccessful, and the colonists were removed to Cape Palmas, where\\nthe Maryland settlement was finally made. This settlement was an entire\\nsuccess. John Russworm, a citizen of Monrovia, was chosen as the first\\nGovernor in 1836.\\nMaryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, the third newspaper\\nestablished in Maryland. It appeared in Baltimore in 1773, and together\\nwith the Marylaiid Gazette constituted the entire Revolutionary press of the\\nState. This paper was edited and published by William Goddard. Its pub-\\nlication was finally suspended in 1797.\\nMason, Charles (i 730-1 787), an English surveyor, was commissioned\\nwith Jeremiah Dixon from 1763 to 1767 to survey the boundarj line between\\nPennsylvania and Maryland, famous as marking the boundary between the\\nfree and the .slave States.\\nMason, George (1725-1792), an American Revolutionary leader, was one\\nof the great Virginians of that epoch. He drafted in 1769 the non-\\nimportation resolutions in the Virginia Assembly, and was one of the\\nchief members of that body. In 1776 he drafted the Bill of Rights and the\\nnew State Constitution. He had an active part in the debates of the Federal", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0440.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 403\\nCoiivention of 1787, but refused to sign the Constitution, and went home to\\nthrow the weight of his great influence on the Anti-Federalist side in the\\nratifying Convention of 1788. Life by Miss K. M. Rowland.\\nMason, James M. (1798-1871), Senator, was a member of the Virginia\\nHouse of Delegates from 1826 to 1832. He represented Virginia in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Jackson Democrat from 1837 to 1839. He was a U. S.\\nSenator from 1847 to 1861. He was author of the Fugitive Slave Law of\\n1850. He was appointed Confederate Commissioner to England in 1861,\\nserving till 1865. (See art. Trent Affair.\\nMason, Jeremiah (1768-1848), was Attorney-General of New Hampshire\\nin 1802. He was a Federalist U. S. Senator from New Hampshire from\\n1813 to 1817. His reappointment as president of the Portsmouth branch\\nof the U. S. Bank caused dissatisfaction in Jackson s administration, and led\\nto the destruction of the U. S. Bank. He was one of the most vigorous,\\nacute and powerful advocates America has produced.\\nMason, John, born in England, died in 1635. He came to Newfound-\\nland as Governor in 1616. In 1622 he, with Sir Ferdinando Gorges,\\nobtained a grant of the territory from the Merrimac to the Kennebec. In\\n1629 he secured New Hampshire (Laconia) as a separate grant.\\nMason, John (1600-1672), came to America from England in 1630. He\\nwas one of the founders of Windsor, Conn., in 1635. He successfully con-\\nducted the Pequot War in 1637. He was major of the Connecticut forces\\nfrom 1637 to 1672, and Deputy-Governor of Connecticut from 1660 to 1670.\\nHe published Relation of Trouble by the Indians.\\nMason, John Y. (1799-1859), represented Virginia in Congress as a Dem-\\nocrat from 1831 to 1837. He was Secretary of the Navy in Tyler s Cabinet\\nfrom 1844 to 1845, Attorney-General in Polk s from 1845 ^o 1846, and\\nSecretary of the Navy from 1846 to 1849. He was Minister to France from\\n1854 to 1859, and joined with Buchanan and Soule in the Ostend Manifesto.\\nMason and Dixon s Line, the boundary line between Pennsylvania and\\nMaryland, so called from the names of the two English surveyors, Charles\\nIMason and Jeremiah Dixon, who were employed by William Penn and Lord\\nBaltimore to mark it off in 1766, after the settlement of the case of Penn\\nvs. Baltimore. Mason and Dixon marked the line with boundary posts,\\nhaving on one side the arms of Penn and on the other those of Baltimore.\\nThe line was famous as the line between free States and slave States.\\nMassachusetts derives its name from an Indian word meaning the great\\nhills, f the Blue Hills near Boston. The first settlement made by Gosnold\\non Cuttyhunk, in 1602, was a failure. The first permanent settlement was\\nmade (1620) at Plymouth, by 120 English Independents from Leyden. The\\ncolonists who came over in the Mayflower intended to found a settlement\\nin Northern Virginia, and had obtained a charter from the London Company\\nfor that purpose. When forced to land in Massachusetts they signed the\\nfamous compact on board the Mayflower, in which they agreed to abide\\nby such laws as should be passed for the welfare of the colony. Their", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0441.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "404 Dictionary of United States History.\\nleaders were John Carver and William Bradford. For four years they strug-\\ngled under the disadvantage of a system of communism. In 1627, the colo-\\nnists purchased the financial interest of the London merchants who had\\nadvanced money for the enterprise. The colony was never able to obtain a\\ncharter from the king because of its avowed opposition to the Church of\\nEngland, and in 1691 it was incorporated with Massachusetts Bay colony.\\nThe foundation of the latter colony was laid by some Dorchester merchants,\\nwho in 1623 made a settlement on Cape Ann for trading purposes. In 1626\\nthis settlement was moved to Salem by Conant. Two years later certain\\nleading Puritans of England obtained a grant from the Plymouth Company\\nfor the land from three miles south of the Charles River to three miles north\\nof the Merrimac, and westward to the South Sea. Organizing ostensibl}\\nas a trading company, they obtained a charter from Charles I. In 1630 the\\ngovernment of the company was moved to America, and one thousand con-\\nforming Puritans came over under Winthrop, Dudley, Higginson and Skel-\\nton, and founded Charlestown, Cambridge, Watertown, Roxbury and Boston.\\nNone but church members were allowed to vote. In 1631, upon the refusal\\nof Watertown to pay a tax, because of no representation, the House of Rep-\\nresentatives was formed of two members from each town. In 1644, the Gen-\\neral Court became bicameral. Massachusetts prepared to resist by force an\\nattack from England on her charter in 1634. Harvard College was founded\\n(1636), and Roger Williams banished from the colony for preaching against\\nthe connection of church and State. In 1637 occurred the trouble with\\nAnne Hutchinson and the Antinomians. In tlae same year the Pequods of\\nConnecticut were crushed. In 1641 the first body of statutes, called the\\nBody of Liberties, was adopted. Massachusetts joined the New England\\nconfederation in 1643. In 1648 the Cambridge platform was formulated,\\nand four years later a colonial mint was established. The first Quakers\\narrived in Boston in 1656, and a law was soon passed against Quakers and\\nRanters. In 1674 King Philip s War broke out. The charter was revoked\\nin 1684, and two years later Andros was sent over as royal Governor. A\\nnew charter was obtained in 1691, by which the religious qualification was\\nabolished and the colony made a royal province, its Governor to be appointed\\nby the crown. Witchcraft appeared at Salem and twenty persons were exe-\\ncuted as witches in 1692. Massachusetts aided England in the French and\\nIndian Wars, by capturing Port Royal in 1690, and Louisbourg in 1745. The\\nboundary line with New Hampshire was settled in 1737. From 1765 to\\n1776, the history of the State is the history of the American Revolution.\\n1765: Stamp Act passed and Massachusetts issued a call for the Stamp-Act\\nCongress to meet in New York. 1768: English troops were sent to Bos-\\nton. 1770: Boston Massacre. 1773: Boston Tea-Party, when $100,-\\n000 worth of tea was destroyed. 1774: Boston port was closed by the\\nEnglish. The colony, being virtually deprived of her charter, organized a\\ngovernment of her owu. 1775: April 19, battles of Lexington and Concord.\\nJune 17, battle of Bunker Hill. Massachusetts furnished, all years together,\\n92,563 men to the army. In 1780 a new State Constitution was adopted,\\nwhich was drawn up largely by John Adams. By a judicial interpretation\\nof the preamble of this Constitution, the institution of slavery was destroyed.\\nIn 1786 occurred Shay s Rebellion at Worcester and Springfield. A severe", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0442.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 405\\nstruggle took place over the adoption of the Federal Constitution, which was\\nfinally adopted February 6, 1788, by a vote of 187 to 168. The opponents\\nof the Constitution were led by S. Adams, Flancock and Gerry. Its advo-\\ncates were Rufus King, Theophilus Parsons and Fisher Ames. The State was\\nusually kept Federalist until 1823 by the ability of the Federalist leaders\\nand her large commercial interests, injured by the foreign policy of the\\nDemocrats. The Embargo Act caused great indignation in the State. It\\nwas opposed to the War of 1812, and in 1814 sent representatives to the\\nHartford Convention. In 1820 Maine became a separate State. In 1823\\nthe Democrats came into power permanently, and the Federalists became\\nextinct. From this time Massachusetts allied herself with Pennsylvania,\\nKentucky, Louisiana and other States in the support of a protective tariff.\\nThis change was caused by the growth of her manufacturing industries. In\\n1833 the Congregationalist church was dis-established. Davis, a Whig, was\\nelected Governor in 1834. In 1839 Morton was elected Governor by the\\nDemocrats by a majority of two. The State cast a large vote for the candi-\\ndates of the Liberty party in 1844 and 1845, and for those of the Free-Soil\\njarty in 1848 and 1849. In 1850, by a coalition of Democrats and Free-\\nSoilers, the latter secured the election of Charles Sumner as U. S. Senator.\\nThe Republicans controlled the State from 1856 to 1874. In 1878 B. F.\\nButler was elected Governor by the discontented Democrats and the Green-\\nback party. The Democrats elected the Governor in the years 1882, 1890,\\n1891 and 1892. The State is uniformly Republican in Presidential elec-\\ntions. The population of Massachusetts in 1790 was 378,787; in 1840,\\n737.699; ill 1890, 2,238,943. History by Barry.\\nMassachusetts Company. On March 19, 1628, there was granted to six\\npatentees, of whom John Humphrey and John Endicott were destined to be\\nmost prominent, territory extending from the Atlantic to the Western Ocean,\\nand in width from a line running three miles north of the Merrimac to one\\nrunning three miles south of the Charles. This was the Massachusetts Ba}\\nCompany. Endicott was sent over the same year and effected a settlement\\nat Naumkeag, or Salem, September 6. March 4, 1629, a charter was granted\\nto the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay, and under this instru-\\nment Massachusetts conducted her affairs for fifty-five years. The colony\\nwas ruled by the Governor and thirteen councillors. The charter was trans-\\nferred from England to America with Winthrop.\\nMassachusetts Historical Society, the first historical association estab-\\nlished in the United States. It was organized at Boston in 1791 to collect,\\npreserve and communicate materials for a complete history of the country.\\nIt has published fifty-six volumes of Collections and twenty-one of Pro-\\nceedings, upon a great variety of historical subjects. Since the establish-\\nment of this association, students of history in many of the other States\\nhave founded similar societies.\\nMassachusetts Indians, at the time of the English settlement of the\\nState, were composed of five Algonquin tribes, recently decimated by pesti-\\nlence. The Nipmucks occupied central Massachusetts, the Pennacooks what\\nis now New Hampshire, the Massachusetts the lands around Massachusetts", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0443.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "4o6 Dictionary of United States History.\\nBay, the Nausets Cape Cod, while the Pokanokets lived in the south-\\neastern portion of the State. All except the Nausets were friendly to the\\nsettlers, and this tribe entered into a peace with the Plymouth colonists.\\nMissions were begun on Martha s Vineyard in 1644, and in 1651 Indian con-\\nverts under John Eliot were gathered at Natick. The converts were termed\\nPraying Indians. At length discontent arose which in 1675 led to King\\nPhilip s War.\\nMassachusetts Spy, founded at Boston, August i, 1770. This news-\\npaper was established to support the Whig element in the New England\\ncolonies in opposition to the Boston Chronicle^ which favored the British\\nGovernment. It was edited by Isaiah Thomas, and was suspended in six\\nmonths for a time, but was begun again and removed to Worcester. Con-\\ntributions were at first made by members of both political parties, but its\\nsympathies were so evidently revolutionary that the royalist writers with-\\ndrew. Notable among the contributions concerning political questions were\\nthose signed Centinel, Leonidas and Mucins Scsevola. It is still\\npublished daily and weekly.\\nMassasoit (i58o?-i66o), chief of the Wampanoag Indians, made a treaty\\nof peace and mutual protection with the Plymouth colony in 1621, which\\nwas kept for over fifty years. He resided in what is now the town of\\nWarren, R. I. He was always friendly to the colonists, and warned them\\nof intended Indian attacks. He was father of King Philip.\\nMather, Cotton (1663-17 28), graduated from Harvard before he was six-\\nteen years old. He was active in urging on the witchcraft persecutions.\\nHe wrote much against intemperance, and in every way aimed at being use-\\nful to society, but was exceedingly meddlesome, pedantic aud conceited.\\nHe was probably the most learned man in America at the time in which he\\nlived, having a wide acquaintance with books and foreign languages. His\\nworks number 382. The chief is his Magnalia Christi Americana, a\\nchurch history of New England, published in 1702.\\nMather, Increase (1639-1723), was pastor of the North Church, Boston,\\nfrom 1664 till his death. He was prominent both in church and State. He\\nwas opposed to the half-way covenant, and secured the summoning of the\\nsynods of 1679 and 1680. He zealously opposed the surrender of the Massa-\\nchusetts charter to Charles II. in 1683, and secured a new charter for the\\ncolony in 1688. He was president of Harvard College from 1685 to 1701.\\nHe wrote a life of Reverend Richard Mather, A History of the War with\\nthe Indians, and many other works.\\nMather, Richard (1596-1669), came to Massachusetts from England in\\n1635. He was pastor of the church in Dorchester from 1636 till his death.\\nHe drew up the celebrated Cambridge Platform of church discipline,\\naided in making the New England version of the Psalms, and published an\\nelaborate defence of the New England churches. He was an able and a\\npowerful preacher.\\nMatthews, Stanley (1824-1889), commanded a brigade at Murfreesboro,\\nChickamauga and Lookout Mountain in the Civil War. He represented", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0444.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 407\\nOhio in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1877 to 1879. He was a\\nJustice of the U. S. Supreme Court from 1881 to 1889.\\nMaurepas, Jean F. P., Comte de (1701-1781), was French Minister of\\nState from 1738 to 1749 and from 1774 to 1781. He aided in negotiating\\nthe treaty of alliance with the United States in 1778.\\nMaury, Matthew F. (1806-1873), naval officer, wrote a famous Physi-\\ncal Geography of the Seas. In 1861 he commanded in the Confederate\\nnavy, and afterward was Confederate Commissioner in Europe.\\nMaxey, Samuel B., born in 1825, served dm ing the Mexican War, and\\nwas made major-general in the Confederate service. He represented Texas\\nin the U. S. Senate as a Democrat, from 1875 to 1887. Died 1895.\\nMaximilian, (Ferdinand Max. Joseph) (1832-1867), Archduke of Austria,\\nbecame prominent for his enlightened administration of the Lombardo-\\nVenetian kingdom. In 1863 France called an assembly of notables in\\nMexico, which approved a monarchical form of government and offered the\\ncrown of Mexico to Maximilian. He became emperor in 1864, but his\\nreign was disturbed by a powerful republican faction. He was able to main-\\ntain his position only by aid of French troops, which were withdrawn at\\nthe solicitation of the United States. Maximilian was soon afterward deposed\\nand shot.\\nMayflower Compact, the compact made by the Pilgrim Fathers in the\\ncabin of the Mayflower, in Provincetown harbor, November 11, 1620,\\nwhereby, before landing, they bound themselves into a civil body politic,\\nand promised obedience to the laws they should make as such.\\nMaynard, Horace (1814-1882), represented Tennessee in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as an American and Republican from 1857 to 1863 and from 1866 to\\n1875. He was Minister to Russia from 1875 to 1880. He was Postmaster-\\nGeneral in Hayes Cabinet from 1880 to 1881.\\nMazzei Letter, a private business letter written by Thomas Jefferson to\\nan Italian named Mazzei in 1796. The paragraph therein contained, to the\\neffect that an Anglican monarchical aristocratical party had sprung up in\\nAmerica, whose avowed object was to draw over us the substance, as they\\nhad already done the forms, of the British Government, did much toward\\narousing animosity against Jefferson, when the letter became public property\\nin 1797. It had been translated into Italian, then into French, and finally\\nappeared in an English paper. An allusion in it to men who had been\\nSamsons in the field and Solomons in the council was construed as an\\nattack on Washington.\\nMeade, George Gordon (1815-1872), a Federal general in the Civil War,\\ngraduated at West Point in 1835, fought in the Mexican War and against\\nthe Seminoles, and was busy in the surveying department. Soon after the\\nRebellion had commenced, he was assigned to a brigade in the Army of the\\nPotomac, was wounded in the Seven Days battles, and fought at the second\\nbattle of Bull Run. At Antietam and Fredericksburg he commanded a\\ndivision, and at Chancellorsville a corps. At the end of June, 1863, Meade", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0445.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "4o8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nwas appointed to supersede Hooker in command of the Army of the\\nPotomac; Lee s great invasion of the North was in progress, and Meade was\\nnear Frederick. Almost immediately afterward occurred the battle of\\nGettysburg (which see). The chief credit for this decisive Union victory is\\nvariously claimed for the commander-in-chief, for Hancock, Howard, Rey-\\nnolds and other corps commanders; Meade arrived on the battlefield about\\nnoon of the second day. He was made brigadier-general in the regular\\narmy, and the next year major-general. Under Grant in 1864-65 he was in\\nimmediate charge of the Army of the Potomac, and after the war held com-\\nmand of different departments.\\nMeagher, Thomas F. (1823-1867), was banished from Ireland in 1849\\nfor political reasons, and came to the United States in 1852. He commanded\\na New York brigade at Manassas, Antietam and Fredericksburg.\\nMechanicsville, Va., a battle of the Civil War occurring June 26, 1862,\\nduring McClellan s attempted approach to Richmond. Lee crossed the\\nChickahominy with 35,000 Confederates, intending to join Jackson s 25,000\\ntroops and demolish Porter s command of 20,000 of McClellan s troops\\nand cut off the latter s communications with his base. Jackson was for\\nonce late in arriving, and Richmond was for a time in considerable danger.\\nA. P. Hill s division advanced first and encountered at Mechanicsville a small\\nforce of Union troops, who were dispersed. Just beyond the town McCall\\nwas drawn up with a strong force on Beaver Dam Creek. The Confederates\\nattempted to turn McCall s flanks, but were repulsed with great loss each\\ntime.\\nMecklenburg Declaration. It has been vigorously affirmed and vigor-\\nously denied that, on May 20, 1775, a convention of the inhabitants of\\nMecklenburg County, North Carolina, passed resolutions in favor of inde-\\npendence from Great Britain, and actually declaring the independence of\\nMecklenburg County. The declaration first became generally known in\\n1818. It was alleged, however, that the original documents were destroyed\\nby fire in 1800. The probability is that the story arises from action taken\\non May 31, 1775, when resolutions were passed importing resistance to the\\nroyal governor, but not independence.\\nMecklenburg-Schwerin. Mecklenburg-Schwerin acceded to the com-\\nmercial treaty between the United States and Hanover in 1846 and to the\\nGerman extradition treaty in 1853.\\nMecklenburg-Strelitz. Meckleuburg-Strelitz acceded to the extradition\\ntreaty between Germany and the United States in 1853.\\nMedary, Samuel (i 801-1864), founded the Ohio Statesman^ a powerful\\nDemocratic paper, and edited it until 1858. He is said to have originated\\nthe campaign cry, Fifty-four forty or fight.\\nMediterranean Fund. In 1801-02 the wars with the Barbary pirates\\nnecessitated a slight increase in import duties, and the money thus accruing\\nwas termed the Mediterranean Fund. This was made a basis for the\\nincrease of protection in the tariff levied in 1816.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0446.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "Thaddeus Stevens.\\nHoratio Seymour,\\nSTATESMEN OF THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD, y\\nHorace Greeley. ^_^\\nEdwin M. Stanton^", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0447.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0448.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 409\\nMeigs, Montgomery C, born in 1816, was superintending engineer in\\nthe construction of Forts Wayne, Porter, Niagara, Ontario and Montgomery.\\nHe was quartermaster-general of the U. S. army from 1861 to 1882, when\\nhe retired.\\nMeigs, Return Jonathan (1734-1823), was a major in Arnold s expedition\\nto Quebec in 1775. At Sag Harbor in 1777 he took ninety prisoners,\\ndestroyed twelve ships and much forage without the loss of a man. He\\ncommanded a regiment at Stony Point.\\nMeigs, Return Jonathan, Jr. (i 765-1 825), represented Ohio in the U. S.\\nSenate as a Democrat from 1809 to 1810. He was Governor of Ohio from\\n1810 to 1814. He was Postmaster-General from 1814 to 1823 the Cabi-\\nnets of Madison and Monroe.\\nMeigs, Fort (War of 181 2). After the massacre at the River Raisin, the\\nmain body of Americans entrenched themselves on the Maumee, building the\\nfort. Here they were besieged, April 26, 1813, by more than 2000 British\\nand Indians, commanded by General Procter and the chief Tecumtha. On\\nMay 5 General Clay arrived with reinforcements for the Americans. Of\\nthese 800 attacked the British batteries, and the rest tried to cut their way\\nthrough the enemy. The batteries were taken, but recaptured by the British,\\nthe Americans losing all of the 800 but 170 who escaped to Fort Meigs.\\nThe other detachment, aided by timely sorties from the fort, defeated the\\nforce opposed to them and thus broke up the siege. The Indian allies\\ndeserted the British, who returned to Canada.\\nMelville, George W., born in 1841, became chief engineer of the De\\nLong Arctic expedition in 1879, and commanded the only party which sur-\\nvived the expedition. He was made a chief engineer in the U. S. navy in 1881.\\nMelville, Herman (1819-1891), deserted from a whaling vessel in the\\nMarquesas L- ands, and spent several months among the Typees. His novels\\nand accounts of his adventures were very popular.\\nMemminger, Charles G. (1803-1888), born in Germany, settled in South\\nCarolina. He was Secretary of the Treasury in the government of the Con-\\nfederate States.\\nMemphis, Tenn., was laid out as a village in 1820 and incorporated\\nin 1 83 1. During the Civil War it was early held by the Confederates with\\na fleet of eight vessels under Commodore Montgomery. It was rendered\\ndefenceless and captured by the Federals June 6, 1862. Commodore Davis\\nleft Fort Pillow June 4, with nine Union vessels, and proceeded at once to\\nMemphis, before which the Confederate fleet lay. An attack upon these\\nships was immediately begun. Four ram-boats under the Union commander,\\nEllet, joined Davis and did much toward destroying the Confederate fleet.\\nSeveral of the Confederate ships had their boilers shot through and their\\ncrews scalded to death. Their fleet was utterly demolished. During 1870-80\\nthe city was ravaged by yellow fever.\\nMenendez de Avile s, Pedro (d. 1574), Spanish commander, in 1565\\nfounded St. Augustine, Fla., and destroyed the French Huguenot settlement\\nat Port Roval.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0449.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "4IO Dictionary of United States History.\\nMennonites, a sect that sprang up in Holland and Germany about the\\ntime of the Reformation, through the influence of Simon Menno. In doc-\\ntrine they are allied to the Baptists. Members of this body came to this\\ncountry as early as 1683, and by invitation of William Penn settled in\\nPennsylvania. In 1727 they published a Confession of Faith. In this\\ncountry there are several varieties of Mennonites, differing mainly in exter-\\nnals, and numbering in all about 60,000 members.\\nMenomonees, a tribe of Algonquin Indians, were unfriendly to the Eng-\\nlish, but took sides against the colonists during the Revolution. In 181 2\\nalso they allied themselves with the British, taking part in several engage-\\nments. Treaties were made in 1817, 1825, 1827. In 1831 they began\\nto cede their lands around Green Bay and Lake Michigan. They aided the\\nGovernment in the Sac and Fox War and in the Rebellion.\\nMercer, Hugh (i72o?-i777), came to America from Scotland in 1747. He\\nserved in the French and Indian War. He was chosen brigadier-general in\\n1776, with command of the flying camp. He commanded a column at\\nTrenton and led the advance at Princeton, where he was surrounded by the\\nBritish and fought to the death rather than surrender.\\nMercer, John F. (1759-1821), served during the Revolution. He rep-\\nresented Virginia in the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1785. He was a\\nU. S. Congressman from Maryland from 1792 to 1794, and Governor of Mary-\\nland from 1 80 1 to 1803.\\nMercer, Fort, Capture of, November, 1777. Fort Mercer, on the Jersey\\nshore of the Delaware, below Philadelphia, with Fort Mifflin opposite, com-\\nmanded the stream. To ensure his supplies, Howe attempted to carry the\\nforts October 22. He lost 400 Hessian troops and their commander, Donop;\\nAmerican loss, thirty-seven. After a month s hard work, assisted by 6000\\nmen from New York, he carried the works and wrested control of the Dela\\nware from the Americans.\\nMerchant Marine. In early colonial times American shipbuilders and\\nmerchants became such dangerous commercial competitors, from the superi-\\nority of their ships and the greater efficiency of their sailors, that the British\\nGovernment, by the Navigation Acts, beginning in 1645, prohibited importa-\\ntion into the colonies except in English or colonial-built vessels. While the\\nNavigation Acts restricted trade, they fostered shipbuilding. The merchant\\nmarine continued to thrive after the Revolution. Between 1789 and 1797\\nthe registered tonnage increased 384 per cent, owing chiefly to the general\\nstate of war in Europe and the consequent increase in carrying trade. From\\n1837 1847 the tonnage rose from 810,000 to 1,241,000, to 2,268,000 in\\n1857, and culminated with 2,496,000 tons in 1861. The maximum tonnage\\nof the United States at any one time registered and enrolled (or engaged in\\nforeign and domestic trade), and in the fisheries, was in 1861, reaching\\n5,539,813 tons. It thus nearly equaled the tonnage of the whole of the rest\\nof the maritime world, excepting Great Britain, whose tonnage was slightly\\ngreater. But since this time, from various causes, the American merchant\\nmarine service has declined until it is now wholly insignificant. This is", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0450.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 411\\ndue largely to the fact that, when iron and steam vessels began to be used,\\nthe facilities for constructing them were limited, and the navigation laws\\nprohibited merchants from taking advantage of British superiority in con-\\nstruction. Income taxes and heavy taxes on gross receipts, especially since\\nthe Civil War, have greatly handicapped shipowners. The coastwise trade,\\ntoo, has fallen largely into the hands of foreigners.\\nMeredith, William M. (1799-1873), was Secretary of the Treasury in\\nTaylor s Cabinet from 1849 to 1850. He was Attorney-General of Pennsyl-\\nvania from 1861 to 1867, and president of the Pennsylvania Constitutional\\nConvention of 1873.\\nMerry Mount, a settlement on Massachusetts Bay instituted by Thomas\\nMorton and a band of unruly followers shortly after the landing of the Pil-\\ngrims (1625). In 1628 John Endicott, one of the six patentees of the Bay\\ncolony, visited the Merry Mount settlement and broke it up by force, caused\\ntheir May-pole to be cut down, rebuked them for their profaneness, admon-\\nished them to look there should be better walking. Morton was in England\\nat that time.\\nMerryman s Case, a case before the U. S. Supreme Court. The petitioner\\nwas arrested at his home in Maryland, in 1861, for treason, by order of a\\nmajor-general of the National army. He was imprisoned at Fort McHenry,\\nBaltimore. Chief Justice Tix. ey, of the Supreme Court of the United States,\\ngranted a writ of habeas coi pus, which the ofncer in charge at Fort IiIcHenry\\nrefused to execute, on the ground that the President had suspended the writ\\nof habeas corpzis. The majority of the court decided that no such power was\\nvested in the President, Congress alone having such privilege; that a military\\nofEcer has no right to arrest a person not subject to the rules and articles of\\nwar, except in the aid of judicial authority.\\nMessage, a written communication to Congress by the President. Regular\\nmessages are sent at the opening of each session of Congress; special mes-\\nsages, whenever an occasion for them arises. During the administrations of\\nWashington and John Adams the messages were delivered orally by the\\nPresident to the two Houses assembled together. From Jefferson s time they\\nhave been delivered in writing through the President s private secretary-, and\\nthen printed for distribution.\\nMethodist Episcopal Church. This denomination first assumed its\\npresent name at the conference held 1784. Previous to that time the scat-\\ntered followers of this belief had met in societies^ like those established in\\nGreat Britain by Rev. John Wesley. At the same conference the church\\nwas organized for missionary and pioneer work under charge of bishops sent\\nto this country by Mr. Wesley, who was recognized as the spiritual father of\\nthe denomination. Its success during the next few years was remarkable.\\nThe zeal and energy of its preachers and the work of the lay members\\nbrought about within sixteen years an increase of membership and preachers\\nalmost fourfold. This church was the first officially to acknowledge the\\nU. S. Constitution, and was very active in every anti-slavery movement.\\nThe first session of its general conference was held in 1792, at which time\\nthe membership was about 195,000. In 1843 the Abolitionist party in the", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0451.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "412 Dictionary of Unitbd States History.\\nchurch vithdrew in dissatisfaction and founded the Wesleyan Methodist\\nconnection. Two years later the Southern Methodists, dissatisfied in their\\nturn, separated and formed the Methodist Episcopal Church South. The\\nNorthern church, however, maintained its power and now has one and a half\\nmillion members. In literature, education and mission work it has always\\ndisplayed great energy. In 1890 it numbered 2,240,000 members.\\nMethodist Episcopal Church South. This body was identified with the\\nmain Methodist body until 1845. The rules of the church forbade any\\npreacher to own slaves, where emancipation was possible. When in 1844\\nBishop Andrew, of Georgia, came into possession of slaves by marriage, the\\nquestion of slavery was brought to a head, and an arrangement was made\\nfor an amicable separation into two bodies, the Southern having about half\\na million members. Difficulties arose as to details, and the Northern body\\nceased to recognize the Southern. The war greatly hindered the progress of\\nthe new church, but since that time it has made rapid progress, and has greatly\\naided in missionary work in the border States and destitute parts of the\\nSouth. Number of members in 1890, 1,210,000.\\nMethodist Protestant Church is the name assumed by a body that\\nseceded from the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1830. The sect differs\\nfrom its parent church mainly in ecclesiastical government. They abolish\\nthe episcopal office and admit the laity to an equal participation with the\\nclergy in administration and government. The slavery question divided\\nthis denomination, and both wings are growing slowly, but now are prac-\\ntically one in work and aims. Number of members in 1890, 142,000.\\nMetric System. This system was legalized by Act of Congress in July,\\n1866; and in 1873 and 1876 appropriations were made for procuring metric\\nstandards for the States and for the construction and verification of standard\\nweights and measures for the custom house and the several States.\\nMexican War, April, 1846, to September, 1847. The cause of the war\\nwas the revolt of Texas from Mexico and the subsequent annexation of that\\nState to the Union in 1845. Not only had Texas revolted, but she claimed\\nand carried into the Union with her a far more extended territory than had\\nbeen accorded in the original Mexican arrangements. In November of\\n1845, President Polk sent Slidell, a member of Congress from the South, to\\nMexico to treat with President Herrera concerning some indemnity for\\nTexas and also to negotiate for California. Slidell was not received, for\\nParedes, the soldier, had succeeded Herrera. Polk at once ordered General\\nZachary Taylor, then commanding the army, to advance through the dis-\\nputed territory and take a position on the left bank of the Rio Grande River.\\nHere, near Matamoras, April 23, 1846, he was attacked by the Mexicans\\nunder Arista, and a portion of his forces were captured. While Taylor\\nstruck Mexico General Kearney marched into New Mexico, conquered the\\nwhole countiy, ra sed the United States flag, and, sending Doniphan to join\\nWool at Chihuahvia, he proceeded to California, which was speedily con-\\nquered, chiefly through the efforts of Lieutenant Fremont. Scott now\\nassumed command of the army in Mexico, but Taylor continued to com-\\nmand in the North. Taylor fortified himself at Corpus Christi for a time in\\nthe defence of Texas, but later advanced into the heart of Mexico, leaving", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0452.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 413\\na garrison at Fort Brown opposite Matamoras. This place was afterward\\nbravely defended by Major Brown. The battle of Palo Alto was the first\\ngreat battle of the war, occurring May 8, 1846. The Mexicans under\\nArapudia and Arista were defeated. Then followed in quick succession the\\nbattles of Resaca de la Palma, Buena Vista and a number of lesser fights,\\nall disastrous to the Mexican cause. Thus Taylor penetrated into northern\\nMexico. Then Scott landed at Vera Cruz and marched on the Mexican\\ncapital. Santa x lnna, the Mexican general, was badly defeated at the battles\\nof Cerro Gordo, Contreras and Churubusco. Finally, General Scott, after\\na series of brilliant victories, marched on the city of Mexico, arriving in\\nAugust, 1847. After detailed operations of siege and bombardment, which\\nterminated in the Mexican defeat at Molino del Rey, September 7 and 8,\\nand a final scathing bombardment, the capital surrendered September 14,\\nthus terminating the war. The war was plainly one of unjust aggression\\non a minor power, with the object of winning more territor for new slave\\nStates.\\nMexico. The independence of Mexico was recognized by the United\\nStates in March, 1822. A treaty of limits was signed in 1828, with addi-\\ntional articles in 1831 and 1835 and a commercial treaty in 1831. The war\\nof 1846 was caused by Mexico s resentment over the annexation of Texas by\\nthe United States. After a succession of victories the United States obtained\\nin February, 1848, the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, by which Mexico ceded\\nCalifornia, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico to the United States in con-\\nsideration of a payment of $15,000,000 by the United States and the assump-\\ntion of $3,000,000 of unsettled claims against Mexico which were paid by\\nthe U. S. Government in 185 1. By the Gadsden Treaty of 1853\\nmillion of square miles of territory were added to the United States, and\\nrights of transit over the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. In 1861 an extradition\\ntreaty was concluded, and in 1868 a naturalization convention and a con-\\nvention for the establishment of a claims commission. Claims against\\nMexico were finally allowed to the amount of about $4,000,000, and against\\nthe United States to the amount of about $150,000. A reciprocity conven-\\ntion was concluded in 1883, but is not in operation owing to a failure of the\\nnecessary legislation. The boundary between Mexico and the United States\\nwas fixed by the Convention of 1884.\\nMexico, City of. By the fights of Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey\\nand Chapultepec, Scott s forces approached closer and closer to the capital.\\nAs a sequel of the last-named fight, he was in possession of two of the gates\\non the evening of September 13, 1847. Next morning, the officials of the\\nrepublic having fled, the authorities of the city surrendered unconditionally.\\nScott made a triumphal entry into the city, unopposed by any organized\\nresistance.\\nMiantonomo, sachem of the Narragansett Indians, died in 1643. He con-\\ncluded an alliance with Massachusetts in 1636 and aided in the Pequot War.\\nHe deeded the present site of Providence to Roger Williams.\\nMichigan, a State of the American Union, was formed from the North-\\nwest Territory. It was first explored and settled by the French. Marquette", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0453.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "414 Dictionary of United States History.\\nin 1668 established a mission at Sault Ste. Marie. In 1701 Detroit was\\nfounded. In 1763 the French surrendered their claims to the English, who\\nin 1783 surrendered it to the United States, although actual possession was\\nnot given until 1796. In 1787 Michigan was included in the Northwest\\nTerritory which was organized by the ordinance of that year. In 1805 it\\nwas created a separate territory. During the War of 1812 the inhabitants\\nsuffered from the English. A boundary dispute with Ohio was settled in\\nfavor of that State by the Act of Congress of 1836, which provided for the\\nadmission of Michigan. The inhabitants accepted the conditions, and\\nMichigan became a State January 26, 1837. Except in the year 1840 the\\nState was Democratic until 1856, since which time it has been Republican\\nin Presidential elections. The Maine Liquor Law was passed in 1855\\nand repealed in 1875. In 1840 Michigan had a population of 212,267, in\\n1890 2,093,889. The present Constitution was made in 1850. History by\\nCooley.\\nMichigan, Historical Society of, founded in 1874. It published three\\nvolumes of Pioneer Collections, between 1877 and 1880.\\nMichigan, University of, Ann Arbor. Its founding is due to grants of\\nland made by Congress. First opened to students 1842. It was the first\\nState university to attain high distinction. Its school of medicine was\\nestablished in 1850, its law school in 1859, its school of homoeopathy in 1875.\\nMiddlebury College, Middlebur Vt., was chartered in 1800, by Congre-\\ngational ists.\\nMiddleton, Arthur (1742-1787), aided in framing the South Carolina\\nConstitution in 1776. He represented vSouth Carolina in the Continental\\nCongress from 1776 to 1778, and signed the Declaration of Independence.\\nHe served during the Revolutionary War, and was a member of the Conti-\\nnental Congress from 1781 to 1783. He was author of several influential\\npolitical essays signed Andrew Marvell.\\nMidnight Appointments, official appointments of sixteen circuit judges\\nand other inferior officers made by John Adams during the last three weeks\\nof his Presidential term, many of the papers being signed just before mid-\\nnight of March 3, 1801. These appointments were made in a spirit of pique\\nat Jefferson s success, and the officers chosen were in every instance Federal-\\nists, bitterly opposed to Jefferson s principles.\\nMifHin, Thomas (i 744-1800), had served in the Pennsylvania Legislature\\nbefore he entered the first Continental Congress. In the war he was at first\\naide-de-camp to Washington, and then quartermaster-general. He covered\\nthe retreat of the army in the evacuation of Brooklyn in 1776, and soon\\nafterward was appointed major-general and a member of the Board of War.\\nWith Conwav and Gates he was associated in the intrigues against Washing-\\nton, and in 1778 he was retired from the office of quartermaster-general.\\nHe was president of Congress in 1783, member of the Federal Convention\\nof 1787, and a signer of the Constitution. He was Governor of Pennsylvania\\nfrom 1790 to 1799.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0454.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statb^s History. 415\\nMifflin, Fort. Fort Mifflin, on au island in the Delaware and, with Fort\\nMercer, commanding the stream, was captured by the British in the latter\\npart of November, 1777. (See Mercer, Fort.)\\nMilan Decree, a decree issued by Napoleon December 7, 1807, in which\\nhe declared to be denationalized, whether found in Continental ports or on\\nthe high seas, any vessel which should submit to search by a British vessel,\\nor should touch or set sail for or from Great Britain or her colonies. This\\nv/as in retort to the British Orders in Council of November 11, 1807, which\\ndeclared, among their provisions, any vessel and cargo good prize if it carried\\na French consular certificate of the origin of the cargo.\\nMileage. The First Congress provided that each member should receive,\\nbeside his pay, six dollars for each twenty miles traveled in going and\\nreturning. In 181 8 this was raised to eight dollars. An act of 1856 limited\\nthis to two sessions. In 1866, the railroad having long since come in, the\\nmileage was reduced to twenty cents a mile.\\nMiles, Nelson A., born in 1839, was distinguished at Fair Oaks and\\nMalvern, commanded a brigade at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Freder-\\nicksburg. He has since been successful in the Western Indian campaigns,\\nin 1890 became a major-general, and in September, 1895, commander-in-chief\\nof U. S. Army. Personally commanded Porto Rican expedition, 1898. His\\ncriticisms of the conduct of the Spanish-American War, although not borne\\nout by the commissions investigating them, received much popular support.\\nMilitary Academy, established at West Point, New York State, 1802, is\\nconnected with and under the supervision of the National War Department.\\nAt first provision was made for ten cadets, but in 1812 Congress authorized\\nprovision for 250. The present corps of cadets consists of one from each\\nCongressional district, one from each territory, one from the District of\\nColumbia and ten from the United States at large. Most of the leading\\ngenerals of the Civil War, on both sides, were graduates of West Point.\\nMilitia. The Constitution empowers Congress to provide for calling forth\\nthe militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and\\nrepel invasions. In 1792 an act was passed to provide for the national\\ndefence by establishing a uniform militia throughout the United States, by\\nthe enrollment of every free able-bodied white male citizen, between the\\nages of eighteen and forty-five. The Act of March 2, 1867, permitted the\\nenrolling of negroes. In 1862, the length of time for which the militia\\nmight be called out was fixed at nine months. The militia has been called\\nout three times: in 1794, at the time of the Whisky Insurrection in Penn-\\nsylvania; during the War of 1812, and in 1861 during the Civil War.\\nMill at Newport, an ancient stone structure at Newport, R. I. Former\\nantiquarians have proclaimed it the work of Northmen of the eleventh cen-\\ntury-. But more recent investigations have quite satisfactorily proved it to\\nhave been a windmill erected by Governor Arnold, of Rhode Island, some\\ntime between 1670 and 1680. The design corresponds to that of a mill in\\nChesterton, England.\\nMill Springs, or Fishing Creek, Ky. Here General Crittenden, com-\\nnianding 5000 Confederates, was defeated by General Thomas and a Union", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0455.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "4i6 Dictionary of United States History.\\narmy of 8000, January 19, 1862. Crittenden planned a night attack,\\nwhich miscarried, owing to Thomas strong position. The Confederates\\nmade a desperate charge, but were repulsed by an Ohio regiment and took\\nrefuge in an intrenched camp. General ZoUicoffer, Confederate, was killed.\\nMill-boy of the Slashes, a designation applied to Henry Clay, who was\\nborn in humble circumstances in the portion of Hanover County, Virginia,\\nknown as the Slashes, and, like other farm-boys, used to ride to mill.\\nMiller, Cincinnatus H. (Joaquin), born in 1841, was a Western adventurer\\nuntil 1866, when he became judge of Grant County, Ore., and served till\\n1870. He has published several poetical and prose works, among them\\nSongs of the Sierras.\\nMiller, James (1776-1851), entered the army as major in i8ro. He com-\\nmanded at Brownstown in 1812, and fought at Fort George, Chippewa and\\nL,undy s Lane. He was Governor of Arkansas from 181 9 to 1825.\\nMiller, Samuel F. (181 6-1 890), was an ardent anti-slavery advocate and a\\nRepublican leader in Iowa. He was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court\\nfrom 1862 to 1890, and was regarded by many as its leading member.\\nMiller, Warner, born in 1838, was a member of the New York I/Cgisla-\\nture from 1874 to 1878. He represented New York in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Republican from 1878 to 1881, and in the Senate from 1881 to 1887.\\nMiller, William (1782-1849), born in Massachusetts, served on the Cana-\\ndian frontier in 181 2. He proclaimed that the coming of Christ would\\noccur in 1843, founded the sect of Millerites, or Adventists.\\nMiller, William H. H., bom in 1841, became a law-partner with General\\nB. Harrison in 1874. He was Attorney-General in Harrison s Cabinet from\\n1889 to 1893.\\nMilligan s Case, a case decided by the U. S. Supreme Court in 1866.\\nThis case involved the right of a citizen to demand a writ of habeas corpus\\nunder particular circumstances. In October, 1864, during the Civil War,\\nMilligan was brought before a military commission convened at Indianapolis\\nby General Hovey. He was tried and sentenced to death for participation\\nin rebellious schemes. By the Habeas Corpus Act of Congress, 1863, lists\\nwere to be furnished in each State of persons suspected of violating national\\nlaws. But any such persons, arrested and no indictment found against them\\nby the Circuit Court, should be freed on petition verified by oath. Milligan\\nwas not indicted by the Circuit Court. He objected to the authority of the\\nmilitary commission and sued for a writ of habeas corpus in the Circuit Court.\\nThere was a division of opinion and the case came before the Supreme Court\\nin 1866. That body decided that the writ should be issued and the prisoner\\ndischarged. Regarding the military commission, it was maintained that\\nsuch power of erecting military jurisdictions remote from the seat of war was\\nnot vested in Congress, and that it could not be exercised in this particular\\ncase; that the prisoner, a civilian, was exempt from the laws of war and\\ncould only be tried by a jury and finally, that the writ of habeas corpus\\ncould not be suspended constitutionally, though the privilege of that writ\\nmight be.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0456.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 417\\nMilliken s Bend, La. In this engagement of the Civil War, a colored\\nregiment which lay in intrenchments commanded by the Union General\\nDennis, was destroyed, June 6 and 7, 1863, by 2500 Confederates led by\\nHenry McCulloch.\\nMills, Robert (1781-1855), of South Carolina, was architect of the Gen-\\neral Post-Office, Treasury and Patent-OflSce buildings at Washington. He\\nmade the original design of the Washington Monument.\\nMills, Roger Q., born in 1832, was a member of the Texas Legislature\\nin 1859 and i860. He represented Texas in the U. S. Congress as a Demo-\\ncrat from 1873 to 1892, when he was elected to the U. S. Senate. When\\nchairman of the Ways and Means Committee from 1887 to 1889, he drafted\\nthe Mills bill, making marked reductions in the tariff.\\nMilwaukee, Wis., dates its development from 1833, before which time\\nit was known only as an Indian trading post, occupied by Solomon Juneau,\\nwho is generally regarded as the founder of the city. He settled there\\nin 1818.\\nMims, Fort, Ala., thirty-five miles above Mobile, on the Alabama River.\\nAugust 30, 1 81 3, this fort, then held by some 500 men, women and children,\\nwhites, half-breeds, Indians and negroes, and commanded by two half-breeds,\\nBeasley and Bailey, was attacked by 800 Creek warriors, led by McQueen\\nand Weathersford, two half-breeds. The fort was completely taken by sur-\\nprise and could offer little resistance. Beasley and Bailey and over 200\\nothers were scalped, but the negroes were saved for slaves.\\nMining. The early land grants to corporations and individuals reserved a\\ncertain per cent of all minerals which might be discovered therein, to the\\ncrown. The Congress of the Confederation also passed a law to a somewhat\\nsimilar effect. By an Act of 1807 the President was authorized to lease lands\\ncontaining minerals, but this method was found ineffectual because of the\\nimmense number of illegal entries. This was especially noticeable in the\\nLake Superior copper district. The Acts of 1846 and 1847 authorized the\\nsale of mineral lands in Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Michigan\\nand granted the right of pre-emption, though not on the same basis as in the\\ncase of non-mineral public lands. In 1847-48 the discovery of gold in Cali-\\nfornia caused great excitement. Thousands of miners entered upon the\\npublic lands and took the Government so by surprise that during twenty\\nyears they remained in undisturbed possession. Gold mining began in\\nArizona in 1850, in Oregon in 1852, in Colorado in 1859, in Idaho and\\nMontana in i860. The first mining was the gulch and placer, and\\nthese placer miners adopted regulations of their own which afterward\\nwere recognized by the Government as ruling the distribution of claims, so\\nlong as they did not interfere with the Government requirements. A great\\nmany laws have been passed to govern the distribution of mines and mining\\nlands. This distribution is now ruled by the ordinary common-law right to\\nthe surface and all beneath it, plus a certain addition and minus a certain\\ndeduction, the addition being the right of the locator to follow veins of\\nwhich his land contains the apex, downward, between the end planes of his\\n27", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0457.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "4i8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nlocation., into bis neighbor s land; and the deduction being a similar right\\npossessed by the adjoining neighbor.\\nMining District. In 1849 the great rush for the mineral belts of the\\nSierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains occurred. In 1866 there were 500\\norganized districts in California, 200 in Nevada, 100 each in Arizona, Idaho\\nand Oregon. These districts were created and organized by all the free-\\nmen of the camp, who elected officers and clothed them with authority to\\nenforce the laws they ordained. These laws were, as a rule, obeyed in the\\nstrictest sense.\\nMinisink, N. Y, During 1779 constant raids were made by the British\\nand Indians along the border settlements of New York. On the night of\\nJuly 19, 1779, Brant, an Indian chief, commanding a force of 160 miscel-\\nlaneous troops, descended upon Minisink, a village in Ulster County. The\\ncitizens of Goshen, 120 strong, under Colonel Hathorn, went in pursuit.\\nThey were completely cut to pieces and Minisink was raided, though Sulli-\\nvan s army of 2312 men was not far away.\\nMinneapolis, Minn., was incorporated as a city in 1867. In 1872 the\\ncity of St. Anthony, incorporated in i860, was united to Minneapolis.\\nMinnesota, a State of the Union, was formed partly from the Northwest\\nTerritory and partly from the Louisiana Purchase. In 1678 Duluth visited\\nthe territor} and in 1680 Hennepin discovered and named the Falls of St.\\nAnthony. In 1763 France ceded the eastern part to England, by whom it\\nwas ceded to the United States in 1783; the rest was acquired in 1803.\\nSettlements were made near St. Paul by 1830, and at Stillwater in 1843.\\nMinnesota was organized as a territory in 1849, and included the modern\\nterritory of the Dakotas. It had been a part of the territory of Missouri, a^d\\nlater of Iowa. May 11, 1858, Minnesota became a State. In 1862 serious\\nattacks were made by the Sioux Indians. The State has always been Repub-\\nlican. Its present Constitution was made in 1857. The population of the\\nState in i860 was 172,023; in 1890 it was 1,301,826. History by Neill.\\nMinnesota, Historical Society of, founded in 1849. It published a vol-\\nume of Annals in 1856. A considerable portion of its collections was\\nlost by fire in 1881.\\nMinnesota Register, the first newspaper of any importance issued in\\nMinnesota. It was printed at Cincinnati and dated St. Paul. McLean and\\nOwens edited and published this journal. In August, 1849, it was consoli-\\ndated with the Chronicle^ and was then called the Chronicle and Register.\\nIts publication was continued until 1851, and since that time has been\\nsuspended.\\nMints. The first U. S. mint was established at Philadelphia for the purpose\\nof national coinage by the Act of Congress of April 2, 1792. The machinery\\nand first metal used were imported. In 1792-93, coppers were coined, in\\n1794 silver dollars, and in 1795 gold eagles. Steam power was introduced\\nin 1816. In 1835 branch mints were established at New Orleans, at Char-\\nlotte, N. C, at Dahlonega, Ga., in 1852 at San Francisco, in 1864 at Dallas\\nCity, Ore., and in 1870 at Carson City, Nev. Assay offices were established", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0458.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United vStates History. 419\\nat New York in 1854, at Denver, Colo., in 1864, and at Boise City, Idaho, in\\n1872. These were considered branches of the Philadelphia mint until 1873,\\nwhen the coinage act of that year made them separate mints and assay offices.\\nThese mints are bureaus of the Treasury Department and are all under the\\ngeneral supervision of the chief officer of that department. The mints at\\nCharlotte and Dahlonega were suspended in 1861, that of New Orleans from\\ni860 to 1879, that of Dallas in 1875, that of Carson in 1885. In 1652 Massa-\\nchusetts had established a colonial mint at Boston for the purpose of coin-\\ning shillings and minor pieces, but this soon became inoperative.\\nMinuit or Minnewit, Peter (i5So?-i64i), born in Wesel, Germany, was\\nmade Governor of New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in\\n1625. purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians, built Fort Amster-\\ndam, and held office till 1631. Under the auspices of the Swedish West\\nIndia Company, he planted a Swedish settlement on the Delaware, and built\\nFort Christiana in 1638.\\nMinute-men, members of a military force authorized by the Provincial\\nCongress of Massachusetts in 1774. They were to hold themselves ready to\\ntake the field at a minute s notice.\\nMiranda s Plot, a scheme devised by some of the Federalist leaders of\\n1798, notably King and Hamilton, to join Great Britain in obtaining posses-\\nsion of the French and Spanish lauds in America. One Miranda, of Caracas,\\nundertook to secure the disaffection of the Spanish provinces. By this joint\\nenterprise Great Britain was to obtain the West Indies, and the United States\\nFlorida and Louisiana east of the Mississippi. The plot fell through because\\nPresident Adams refused to favor it.\\nMischianza, an elaborate spectacular entertainment given to General\\nHowe by his officers on his departure from Philadelphia in 1778. It was\\ndevised by Andre.\\nMissionary Ridge. (See Chattanooga.)\\nMissiones, Spanish religious establishments conducted by Franciscan\\nfriars for the civilization and conversion of the Indians in Mexico and Cali-\\nfornia. The first mission founded in California was at San Diego, in 1769;\\na second was established at I\\\\Ionterey a few months later. Before many\\nyears had elapsed there was a line of twenty-one prosperous missiones\\nbetween San Diego and Point Reyes. In 1834 there were 30,650 Indians\\nconnected with the missiones. The property of the missiones was very\\nextensive. Their decline began in the attempt at secularization by the\\nSpanish Government. The priests had absolute control over the Indians,\\ntreating them more like slaves than free men, yet they taught them much\\nboth of religious and practical matters.\\nMississippi was admitted as a State December 10, 181 7. It was explored\\nby De Soto, a Spaniard, in 1539, and by the Frenchmen, Joliet and Mar-\\nquette, who came down the Mississippi in 1673. In 1682 La Salle took\\nformal possession of the territory for the King of France. Biloxi was\\nsettled by the French under Iberville in 1699. After the Louisiana bubble", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0459.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "420 Dictionary of United States History.\\nthe colonies in Mississippi grew slowly. The French ceded the territory to\\nEngland in 1763, and it was included within the State of Georgia until\\n1798, when it was organized as a territory by the U. S. Government under\\nprovisions like those of the Ordinance of 1787, with the exception of the\\narticle relative to slavery. The State has cast its electoral votes for Demo-\\ncratic candidates except in the years 1840, 1848 and 1872. In 1842 the\\nState repudiated its bonds to the amount of $5,000,000. In 1850 Jefferson\\nDavis aud Henry S. Foote were candidates for U. S. Senator, and canvassed\\nthe State on the issue of the advisability of secession. Davis, the leader of\\nthe pronounced Secessionists, was beaten by a small majority. An ordi-\\nnance of secession was passed by a State Convention January 7, 1861, but\\nwas not submitted to a popular vote. The State furnished the President,\\nJefferson Davis, of the Confederacy. Mississippi was readmitted February\\n23, 1870. In 1875 the white Democracy resorted to intimidation to keep\\nthe blacks from the polls, and succeeded in securing possession of the State,\\nwhich has been Democratic since that date. The population of the State\\nin 1817 was 75,512; in 1890 it had increased to 1,289,600. The present\\nConstitution was made in 1891.\\nMississippi Company. This land company was started in 1769 by some\\nwealthy and prominent Virginians as a rival to the Walpole Company,\\nwhich, in 1766, had obtained a grant of 500,000 acres along the Scioto\\nRiver.\\nMississippi Company. (See Compagnie de I Occident.)\\nMissouri was formed originally from the Louisiana cession. The country\\nwas first settled by the French. In 1805 the southern portion of the Louisi-\\nana country was organized as a territoiy under the name of Orleans, and\\nthe northern portion under that of Louisiana. When Louisiana was admitted\\nas a State, in 1812, the northern portion was called Missouri Territory. In\\n181 7 Missouri asked leave of Congress to frame a State Constitution. This\\nwas the cause of a fierce contest in Congress over the question of the exist-\\nence of slavery in Missouri, which was settled by the famous compromise\\n(1820) of Henry Clay. (See Missouri Compromise.) This provided for the\\nadmission of Missouri as a slave State, but that in future slavery should be\\nprohibited in all territory forming part of the Louisiana cession north of 36\u00c2\u00b0\\n30 Missouri adopted a State Constitution July, 1820, which established sla-\\nvery and forbade the immigration into the State of free negroes. This negro\\nclause led to another contest in Congress, and another compromise, whereby\\nMissouri was admitted August 10, 1821. The electoral vote of the State\\nwas cast for Clay in 1824, since which time the State has been Democratic\\nexcept during the period from 1862 to 1870, when the Republicans were in\\ncontrol. In 1849 the Democratic party in the State split into the hards,\\nor Benton men, and the softs, or pro-slavery party. A State Convention\\nmet in 1861, which proved to be of Union sentiment. An unsuccessful\\nattempt was made by the State officers to make an armed rebellion against\\nthe Union, and they were forced to flee from the State. The powers of\\ngovernment were then assumed by the convention, which, in 1863, passed\\nan ordinance of gradual abolition of slaver) In 1864 Lincoln carried the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0460.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 421\\nState. The Republicans divided in 1870 over the disfranchising clauses of\\nthe Constitution. The Liberal Republicans, headed by Carl Schurz and\\nB. G. Brown, elected Brown Governor of the State. In 1872 the State\\nelected Greek} electors, and in 1874 the Republican party disappeared.\\nSince then the State has been Democratic. The population of the State in\\n1821 was 66,586; in 1890, 2,679,184. The present Constitution of the State\\nwas made in 1875. History by Carr.\\nMissouri Compromise, a compromise effected by the Act of Congress of\\nMarch 3, 1820, between those who desired the extension of slavery into the\\nregions beyond the Mississippi and those who desired its restriction. Missouri\\nhaving applied for admission as a State, Tallmadge, of New York, in Feb-\\nruary, 1819, proposed an amendment which would ultimately destroy slavery\\nin the new State. The House passed the bill with this amendment; the\\nSenate refused to concur. Next year tlie bill, in the same form, passed the\\nHou.se again. The Senate voted to admit Maine, provided Missouri was\\nadmitted as a slave State. The House rejected the proposal. Thomas, of\\nIllinois, proposed as a compromise the arrangement mentioned in the pre-\\nceding article. When Missouri s Constitution was laid before Congress, how-\\never, it appeared that she had introduced clauses excluding free negroes from\\nthe State. The House then refused to admit Missouri. Clay effected a\\nfurther compromise, whereby Missouri agreed not to deprive of his rights\\nany citizen of another State.\\nMissouri Gazette. This newspaper was established at St. Louis in\\n1 80S by Joseph Charles. The name was changed in 1822 to the Missouri\\nRepublican, under which title it is published at the present time, daily, tri-\\nweekly and weekly.\\nMitchel, Ormsby M. (1809\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1862), secured the establishment of the obser-\\nvatory at Cincinnati, O., in 1843. invented numerous astronomical\\ninstruments. He made extensive observations of stars, nebulae and sun-\\nspots. He served in the Army of the Ohio from 1861 to 1862, engaging at\\nBowling Green, Nashville and Bridgeport. He commanded the Depart-\\nment of the South in 1862, but died of yellow fever.\\nMitchell, Donald G., born in 1822, a graceful and pleasant American\\nauthor, has published Reveries of a Bachelor, Dream Life and the\\nEdgewood books.\\nMitchell, John H., born in 1835, represented Oregon in the U. S. Senate\\nas a Republican from 1873 to 1879. He was again elected in 1885 and 1891;\\nhis present term will expire in 1897.\\nMobile, Ala., was founded as a fort by Lemoyne d Iberville in 1711. In\\n1763, by the Treaty of Paris, Mobile was ceded to Great Britain, but\\nwas recovered for the United States in 1813, having previously passed into\\nthe possession of the Spanish in 17S0. In 1819 it was incorporated as a\\ncity. Mobile was besieged and bombarded March 27 to April 9, 1865, by\\n45,000 Federal troops led by General Canby. Maury held the city with\\n9000 Confederates. His defences consisted of a system of irregular earth-\\nworks called Spanish Fort. This was invested April 4 by Smith and", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0461.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "422 Dictionary of United States History.\\nGranger, and was bombarded without much success. On the eighth, how-\\never, 300 yards of the Confederate defences were captured, together with 500\\nprisoners and fifty guns. The works were then evacuated. On the morning\\nof the ninth a general assault was made upon the city, and nearly all the\\nworks were carried, 3423 men and forty guns being captured. Mobile was\\nevacuated two days later and surrendered by its mayor April 12.\\nMobile Bay, Ala., scene of a naval engagement between the Federal and\\nConfederate fleets, August 5 to 23, 1864. Farragut commanded the National\\nfleet of eighteen vessels, fourteen of these being of wood and four ironclads,\\nthe Tecumseh, Winnebago, Manhattan and Chickasaw. The\\nConfederate Admiral Buchanan had far fewer vessels, three gunboats, the\\nMorgan, Gaines and Selma and the ram Tennessee. Still he\\nwas defended by three strongly garrisoned forts, Gaines, Morgan and Powell,\\nat the harbor s entrance, and the I ennessee was deemed a host in itself.\\nFarragut entered the harbor with the gunboat Brooklyn leading and the\\nentire fleet firing upon Fort IMorgan, whence a lively reply was begun. The\\nTecumseh immediately struck a torpedo and was sunk. The fleet became\\nconfused and for some moments was in great danger. But Farragut forged\\nahead with the flag-ship Hartford and was attacked by the Tennessee.\\nThe other Federal vessels quickly destroyed the Selma and chased away\\nthe Morgan and the Gaines. The Monongahela and the Lacka-\\nwanna were struck by the Tennessee, but the latter was disabled by a\\nbroadside at close range from the Hartford. The other boats closed\\naround her. Her smokestack and steering chains were gone, her crew panic-\\nstricken and she .soon became unmanageable. She therefore surrendered.\\nThe Confederate forts were shelled for several days. Fort Powell was blown\\nup and abandoned. Forts Gaines and Morgan surrendered.\\nModoc Indians originally occupied lands on Klamath Lake, Cal. They\\nbegan attacks against the whites as early as 1847. Hostilities continued\\nuntil 1864, when they ceded their lands and agreed to go on a reservation\\nwhich was not set apart until 1871. In the meantime they were placed on\\nthe Klamath reservation, and later on the Yainax reservation. A band\\nunder Captain Jack left the reservation and settled on Lost River, whence\\nthey refused to depart (1872). Hastilities followed, Captain Jack retreated\\nto the Lava Beds and was not finally conquered until June, 1873.\\nMohawks or Agmegue, one of the Five Nations of the Iroquois. The\\nEnglish early secured their friendship, and during the French and Indian\\nWars they proved valuable allies of the colonists. In the Revolutionary War\\nthe tribe under Brant carried on hostilities against the Americans. In 1784\\nthe Mohawks retired to Upper Canada.\\nMohicans, an Algonquin tribe of Indians, early settled around the Hud-\\nson. In 1628 they were driven to the Connecticut River by the Mohawks,\\nbut a part subsequently returned to their old home. Others who had pre-\\nviously gone eastward became known as the Pequots. The Mohicans were\\ncontinually friendly to the English colonists during the struggle with the\\nFrench, and also sen ^ed the Americans in the Revolution. The tribe finally", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0462.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 425\\npowers. The doctrine thus set forth has been maintained by the United\\nStates on many subsequent occasions, notably in matters relating to the\\nIsthmus of Panama and in the case of the French intervention in Mexico\\nunder Maximilian.\\nMontana was admitted as a State November 8, 1889. It was organized\\nas a territory in 1864. It formed a part of the Louisiana cession. In 1890\\nand 1 891 a deadlock in the Legislature was caused by a disputed election in\\nSilver Bow County. Since its admission as a State Montana has been\\nRepublican. The population in 1890 was 132,159.\\nMontauks, an Indian tribe which, at the time of the settlement of Long\\nIsland by whites, occupied the east end of the island. In 1659 they were\\nnearly exterminated by the Block Island Indians. In 1660, 1662, 1670 and\\n1687 they conveyed their lands to certain bodies of settlers at Easthampton,\\neserving the right to live on them or parts of them. They are now nearly\\nextinct again.\\nMontcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de (1712-1759), the ablest French\\ngeneral in America, was born near Nimes, and entered the army at the age\\nof fifteen years. He had experience in the War of the Austrian Succession,\\nand in 1756 was sent by the Government to take command in the New\\nVorld. The jealousy of the Canadian Governor, Vaudreuil, hampered\\nlontcalm, but the first years of his command mark the high-water point\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f French success. In 1756 he took Oswego, and the next year besieged\\nmd received the surrender of Fort William Henry at the head of Lake\\nGeorge; this surrender was followed by a massacre of the captives on the\\npart of Montcalm s Indian allies. On July 8, 1758, he repulsed Aber-\\ncromby s overwhelming force at Ticonderoga. The next year Wolfe made\\nhis formidable attack on Quebec. For weeks the French commander s skill-\\nful precautions foiled the British. On the thirteenth of September Wolfe s\\narmy scaled the Heights of Abraham, and in the defeat Montcalm was mor-\\ntally wounded, and died the following day. The great account of the period\\nis Parkman s Montcalm and Wolfe.\\nMonterey, Mexico, scene of a six days battle and siege during the Mexi-\\ncan War, September 20-25, 1846. General Taylor commanded the American\\narmy and General Ampudia held the town with 10,000 Mexicans. Taylor\\nbegan operations by cutting off communications and attempting to storm the\\nwestern heights, later disposing his troops so as to attack all points at once.\\nDuring two days his efforts were unsuccessful. Finally Captain Backus, of\\nthe First Infantry, by firing into Fort Teneria from a captured tannery, won\\nthat stronghold. La Federacion heights, Forts Obispado and Diablo and the\\nSaltillo road were captured in succession. In unsuccessful attacks on Fort\\nDiablo, 394 officers and men were lost. By September 23 Taylor practically\\nheld the town. On September 25 Ampudia was allowed to evacuate, carr\\ning one field battery and his small arms. This ended the campaign on the\\nRio Grande. Number engaged: Americans, 6600; Mexicans, 10,000.\\nMonterey, Pa. Here, July 5, 1863, just after the battle of Gettysburg,\\nwhile Lee was in full retreat from that battlefield, one brigade of his army", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0463.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "426 Dictionary of United States History.\\nwas overtaken by Kilpatrick, commanding two National brigades. The\\nConfederates were under Jones, and were on board a railroad train. The\\nfight took place about midday, and the Confederates were defeated. Kil-\\npatrick burned their train, captured their guards and resumed his march.\\nMontgomery, Richard (1736-1775), came to America as a British soldier\\nin 1757. He was engaged at Louisbourg in 1758 and at Montreal in 1760.\\nHe retired from the British army in 1772. He was a delegate to the Pro-\\nvincial Congress in New York City in 1775. He was appointed brigadier-\\ngeneral in the Continental army. The disability of General Schuyler placed\\nhim in command of the expedition to Canada in 1775, and he captured Fort\\nChambly, St. John s and Montreal. He led the assault on Quebec, and was\\nkilled at the first discharge of the British artillery.\\nMontgomery, Ala., founded in 181 7, became the capital of the State in\\n1847. From Februar} 1861, to May, 1862, it was the capital of the Con-\\nfederate Government, and was captured by the Union troops in 1865.\\nMonthly Anthology, a magazine established at Boston in 1803 by an\\nassociation of literary men. It was continued until 1811. It contained\\narticles by such writers as Tudor, Buckminster, Thatcher, Kirkland, J. S. J.\\nGardiner, J. Q. Adams and G. Ticknor.\\nMonticello, the birthplace and home of Thomas Jefierson, near Charlottes-\\nville, Va. The mansion was built by Jefferson s father in 1735, but was\\nremodeled and enlarged in later years. It is now owned by a New York\\nmerchant.\\nMontmorenci (July 31, 1759). In the French and Indian War the lead-\\ning final act was Wolfe s expedition. After waiting a month before\\nQuebec Wolfe determined to make an assault. The point chosen was the\\nHeights of Montmorenci. He landed his troops on the muddy shore at low\\ntide. They carried the .shore battery-, but were overwhelmed by the fire\\nfrom above. Under the protection of a shower they managed to retreat with\\na loss of 500 men.\\nMontpelier, the home of James Madison, in Orange County, Va. It was\\nhere that Madison died in 1833. The Montpelier mansion was erected by\\nhim shortly after his return from Congress, though his father had owned the\\nestate.\\nMontpelier, Vt., was made capital of the vState in 1805.\\nMontreal. After the loss of Quebec in 1759, the centre of the French\\nforce was Montreal. Upon this the English forces advanced from Quebec\\nunder Murray, from Lake Champlain under Haviland and from Lake Ontario\\nunder Amherst. The various outposts were driven in, and by September 6\\nthe English with 17,000 invested the town. The French were reduced to\\n2200 by desertion, and Vaudreuil, feeling resistance to be useless, surrendered,\\nSeptember 8, 1759. The whole colony passed to the English, and the French\\narmy and officers were sent back to France. On the twelfth of November,\\n1775, General Montgomery captured the city of Montreal. It was a part of\\na scheme of the Revolutionary Americans to conquer Canada, which threat-\\nened their strategic centre. New York.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0464.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 427\\nMoore, Alfred (1755-1810), fought at Charleston and Fort Moultrie during\\nthe Revolution. He was Attorney-General of North Carolina from 1792 to\\n1798. He was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court from 1799 to 1805.\\nMoorefield, Va., a sharp skirmish August 7, 1864, between small bodies\\nof Confederate and Union troops under B. Johnson and Averill respect-\\nively. The Confederates were defeated and Averill captured 500 prisoners.\\nMoore s Creek, Battle of, February 27, 1776. At Moore s Creek, N. C,\\nColouel Caswell, with 1000 militia, defeated 1600 loyalists, took 900 pris-\\noners, 2000 stand of arms and ;^i 5,000 in gold. This victory was as inspir-\\ning in the South as Lexington had been in New England.\\nMoquis, an Indian tribe in Arizona on the Little Colorado and San Juan\\nRivers. They killed or expelled the early missionaries who visited them,\\nbut of late years have been peaceable. They have suffered greatly from the\\nattacks of Apaches and Navajos.\\nMoravian Brethren. These form an evangelical church which flourished\\nin Bohemia before the Reformation, was stamped out about 1627 revived\\nduring the first half of the eighteenth century. They first settled in\\nGeorgia in 1735, but soon moved to Pennsylvania. They instituted a com-\\nmunism of labor; the lands were owned by the church, and its members\\nworked them, receiving in return the necessities of life. This plan existed\\ntill 1762, and greatly aided the church in sending out its itinerant ministers\\nand missionaries. They also for a long time excluded from their communi-\\nties all outsiders, but this system gradually died out and has now altogether\\ndisappeared. The American church still maintains its connection with the\\nparent churches in Europe and is growing rapidly, owing largely to its active\\nmissionary spirit. Number of members in 1890, 12,000.\\nMorey Letter, a letter published in a New York newspaper in 1880,\\nnear the end of the Garfield campaign, purporting to have been written by\\nGarfield to H. L. Morey, Employers Union, Lynn, Mass. It expressed\\nsympathy with capital rather than labor. It was proved to be a forgery.\\nMorfontaine, Treaty of, a name sometimes given to the convention\\nnegotiated September 30, 1800, between the United States and the French\\nRepublic, which had then recently come under the rule of the first consul,\\nBonaparte. It was negotiated by Ellsworth, Murray and Davie for the\\nUnited States, and Joseph Bonaparte for France. It provided for restoration\\nof captured ships aud property, and more liberal rules respecting neutrals,\\nbut postponed the French spoliation claims.\\nMorgan, Daniel (born about 1736, died 1802), was born of Welsh par-\\nentage in New Jersey. He fought from the battle of the Monongahela\\nthrough the French and Indian War, and Pontiac s War, and settled as a\\nfarmer in Virginia. In the Revolution he led a company of Virginian rifle-\\nmen to Washington s army before Boston. Joining Arnold s romantic expe-\\ndition to Canada, he showed great valor in the assault on Quebec, where he\\nwas captured. Released, he won distinction under Washington in 1777, and", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0465.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "428 Dictionary of Unitkd States History.\\nwas sent with his rifle corps to reinforce Gates. In the two battles of Still-\\nwater Morgan played a leading part. He resigned in 1779, but rejoined the\\narmy in 1780 as brigadier-general. At the opening of 1781 he gained at\\nCowpens one of the most brilliant victories of the war. Thereupon he con-\\nducted a famous retreat over the Catawba, and effected a junction with Greene.\\nGeneral Morgan was a Congressman from Virginia in 1797.\\nMorgan, Edwin D. (1811-1883), was a member of the New York Senate\\nfrom 1850 to 1863. He was chairman of the Republican National Committee\\nfrom 1856 to 1864. He was Governor of New York from 1858 to 1862, and\\ncommanded the Department of New York during the Civil War. He was a\\nU. S. Senator from 1863 to 1869.\\nMorgan, John (1725-1789), established the University of Pennsylvania\\nMedical School in 1765, and was physician-in-chief of the American army\\nfrom 1775 to 1777.\\nMorgan, John H. (1826-1864), commanded a Confederate cavalry force\\nfrom 1862 to 1863. He annoyed the National forces by successful and\\ndestructive raids in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and Tennessee, during one of\\nwhich he was shot.\\nMorgan, John T., born in 1824, promoted brigadier-general in the\\nConfederate service. He has represented Alabama in the U. S. Senate as a\\nDemocrat since 1877. His term expires in 1901.\\nMorgan, Lewis H. (1818-1881), the Father of American Anthropology,\\nmade extensive investigations concerning the kinships of the races. He\\npublished Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family\\nand Ancient Society.\\nMorgan, William, of Batavia, N. Y., born about 1775, proposed in 1826\\nto expose the secrets of the Order of Freemasons, of which he had been a\\nmember. His sudden disappearance soon afterward, and apparent abduction\\nby the Masons, caused great excitement. An Anti-Masonic party was\\nformed in most free States, and William Wirt was nominated for president\\nin 1831. Morgan, it is now known, was taken from Batavia to Niagara and\\nkilled, his body being sent over the falls.\\nMormons, a sect mainly located in Utah and the Territories and States\\nin its neighborhood, to the number of 150,000, but having also about 60,000\\nconverts in other parts of the United States and foreign countries. The sect\\nwas founded by Joseph Smith, of Sharon, Vt., and Palmyra, N. Y., the first\\norganized conference being held June i, 1830, at Fayette, N. Y. The dis-\\ntinguishing features of their belief are polygamy, materialism and baptism\\nfor the remission of sins. The Mormons first settled in Missouri, but were\\nexpelled thence, probably because of their anti-slavery sentiments. In 1839\\nthey settled at Nauvoo, 111. In 1844 an Illinois mob killed the leader Smith.\\nEmigrating again, by 1848 they were settled at Salt Lake City. Brigham\\nYoung, the president, was appointed Governor of Utah Territory in 1850 by\\nPresident Fillmore, but he turned out to be wholly in sympathy with the\\nMoi-mons, and resisted the Federal troops in 1857. Since that time the\\nGovernment has experienced many difficulties in regulating the relations of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0466.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 429\\nthe Mormons and Christians in Salt Lake City. In 1882 the Edmunds Act\\ndisfranchised polygamists.\\nMorning Post, first penny paper established in this country, founded\\nin New York City January i, 1833, by Horatio David Shepard, with Horace\\nGreeley and Francis V. Story as partners, printers and publishers. It was\\nsuspended after one month.\\nMorocco. A treaty of peace and friendship was concluded between the\\nUnited States and Morocco in 1787 for fifty years. This was renewed in\\n1836. In 1865 the United States joined with the European powers in a\\nconvention with Morocco concerning the administration and maintenance of\\nthe lighthouse at Cape Spartel; and similarly in 1880 in a convention for the\\nestablishment of the right of protection in Morocco.\\nMorrill, Anson P. (1803-1887), was elected Governor of Maine by the\\nLegislature in 1855. He represented Maine in the U. S. Congress as a\\nRepublican from 1861 to 1863.\\nMorrill, Justin S., born in 1810, represented Vermont in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Republican from 1855 to 1867. He was many times Chairman of\\nthe Ways and Means Committee. He is author of the famous Morrill\\nTariff of 1 861 and is a strong advocate of protection. He has been a mem-\\nber of the U. S. Senate from 1867 to the present time (1897). Died 1898.\\nMorrill, Lot M. (1813-1883), was president of the Maine Senate in 1856.\\nHe was Governor of Maine from 1858 to 1861. He represented Maine in\\nthe U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1861 to 1876. He was a faithful\\nworker and familiar with financial, naval and Indian afiairs. He was Secre-\\ntary of the Treasury in Grant s Cabinet from 1876 to 1877.\\nMorrill Tariff, so called after its framer, Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont.\\nThis tariff became law just before the war, March 2, 1861. It restored the\\nprotective rates of 1846 and substituted specific for ad-valorem duties. The\\nTariflF Act of 1864, also under the management of Morrill, was distinctly a\\nwar tariff used to advance the protectionist notions of its framers. It taxed\\nevery possible article indiscriminately and at the highest rates.\\nMorris, Charles (i 784-1856), Commodore, served in the war with Tripoli\\nfrom 1801 to 1805. He was lieutenant of the Constitution in the engage-\\nment with the Gnerriere. He was Chief of the Ordnance Bureau from\\n1851 to 1856.\\nMorris, George P. (1802-1864), journalist, was famous as a song-writer,\\ncomposing Woodman, Spare That Tree, My Mother s Bible and Long\\nTime Ago. He published Prose and Poetry of Europe and America.\\nMorris, Gouverneur (1752-1816), an American Statesman, was half-brother\\nof Lewis Morris, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was\\ngraduated at King s (Columbia) College in 1768, and was admitted to the bar\\nof New York. He was a delegate to the New York Provincial Congress and\\nto the Continental Congress, and was an influential adviser in financial matters.\\nHe was assistant to Robert Morris wheri the latter was Superintendent of\\nFinance; he attended the Federal Convention of 1787 and revised the final", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0467.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "430 Dictionary of United States History.\\ndraft of the Constitution. After passing some time in France, he went as a\\ndiplomatic agent to England in 1791, and was Minister to France 1791-1794.\\nFor some years he traveled in Europe. Returning he was U. S. Senator\\n1800-1803. He was a champion of canals, and chairman of the canal com-\\nmissioners. Morris was a noted writer of satires and addresses and a prom-\\ninent Federalist. Lives by Sparks and by Roosevelt.\\nMorris, Lewis (1726-1798), was a delegate from New York to the Contin-\\nental Congress from 1775 to 1777. He was a commissioner to the Western\\nIndians in 1775 to induce them to join the colonists against the British. He\\nsigTied the Declaration of Independence. He was major-general of the New\\nYork State Militia.\\nMorris, Robert (i 734-1806), the financier of the Revolution, was born in\\nLiverpool. Having settled in Philadelphia he built up a flourishing busi-\\nness there. He opposed the Stamp Act, and signed the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence. In Congress he gave valuable services to the Committee of\\nWays and Means, and in February, 1781, he was elected Superintendent of\\nFinance. Among his acts was the organization of the Bank of North\\nAmerica at the end of 1781. In 1784 he retired, but served in the Pennsyl-\\nvania Legislature, as delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and\\nU. S. Senator 1 789-1795. He had previously declined the office of Secre-\\ntary of the Treasury. In his later years he was unsuccessful in business,\\nand was at one time imprisoned for debt. There is a biography by Gould\\nand one by W. G. Sumner.\\nMorrison, William R., bom in 1825, served during the Mexican War.\\nHe commanded a regiment in the Civil War. He represented Illinois in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1863 to 1865 and from 1873 to 1887, and\\nwas chairman of the Ways and Means Committee from 1873 to 1875. He\\nhas been a member of the Interstate Commerce Commission from its origin\\nin 1887 to the present time (1897).\\nMorse, Jedediah (1761-1826), minister at Charlestown, Mass., from 1789\\nto 1820, was noted as a compiler of early American geographical works.\\nMorse, John T., bom in 1840, has published Law of Arbitration and\\nAward, Famous Trials and Life of Alexander Hamilton. He has\\nedited the American Statesmen series, contributing the volumes on John\\nQuincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Abraham\\nLincoln.\\nMorse, Samuel F. B. (1791-1872), was engaged in painting in his early\\nlife and gained considerable prominence as an artist. He conceived the idea\\nof an electro-magnetic telegraph in a conversation with Charles T. Jackson\\nin 1832. He immediately applied himself to the task, and in 1837 exhib-\\nited his invention. After repeated appeals Congress appropriated $30,000 in\\n1843 for a telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore, which was\\nsuccessfully tested in 1844. The number and character of the honors he\\nreceived was seldom equalled. His system is almost universally employed.\\nMorton or Mourt, George (1585-1628?), brought emigrants and supplies\\nfrom England to the Pilgrims in 1623. He edited in England in 1622", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0468.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 431\\nMourt s Relation of the Beginning and Proceeding of the English Planta-\\ntion at Plymouth, an important original source.\\nMorton, John (1724-1777), signer of the Declaration of Independence,\\nhad previously been a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, and\\nspeaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly from 1772 to 1775.\\nMorton, J. Sterling, of Nebraska, was born in 1832. He conceived the\\nidea of Arbor Day for tree planting. He became Secretary of Agriculture in\\nCleveland s Cabinet in 1893.\\nMorton, Levi P., born in 1824, founded the banking house of Morton,\\nRose Co. in 1869, which was the fiscal agent of the U. S. Government\\nfrom 1873 to 1884. He represented New York in the U. S. Congress as a\\nRepublican from 1878 to 1S81. He was Minister to France from 1881 tc\\n1885 and was Vice-President of the United States from 1889 to 1893.\\nMorton, Marcus (i 784-1 864), represented Massachusetts in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1817 to 1821. He was Governor of Massachu-\\nsetts from 1840 to 1 841 and from 1843 to 1844.\\nMorton, Nathaniel (1613-1685), came to America from England in 1623.\\nHe was secretary of the Massachusetts colony from 1647 to 1685. He wrote\\nNew England s Alemorial, a carefully prepared history of early colonial\\ndays.\\nMorton, Oliver Perry (i 823-1 877), was a leading lawyer in Indiana, a\\njudge, and a founder of the Republican party. As the party candidate for\\nGovernor he was defeated, but in i860 was elected Lieutenant-Governor.\\nAs Lane, the Governor, was chosen to the U. S. Senate, Morton became\\nGovernor. His term included the Civil War period, and his vigor in\\nequipping and forwarding troops and suppressing disaffection made him fore-\\nmost among the War Governors. Since the Indiana Legislature in 1863-\\n1865 refused its co-operation, he declined to summon it during those years.\\nHe was re-elected Governor in 1864. From 1867 to 1877 he was U. S.\\nSenator, and one of the most energetic and extreme of the Republican lead-\\ners. He was chairman of the Committee on Privileges and Elections, and a\\nmember of the Electoral Commission. He was a prominent candidate before\\nthe National Convention in 1876.\\nMorton, Thomas (1575 ?-i646), emigrated to Plymouth from England in\\n1622. He made a settlement at Mount Wollaston or Merry Mount, (now\\nBraintree) where he made himself obnoxious to the Puritans by his revels.\\nHe was twice seized and transported to England, where he published The\\nNew England Canaan in 1632. For this satire he was imprisoned on his\\nreturn in 1643.\\nMosby, John S., born in 1833, enlisted in the Confederate cavalry in\\n1861, and served under General Johnston in the Shenandoah campaign. In\\n1862 he became a scout and made raids upon McClellan s army. In 1863\\nhe led a band of guerillas in Northern Virginia, being successful at Chantilly,\\nDranesville and Warrenton Junction. He was consul at Hong Kong from\\n1876 to 1882.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0469.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "432 Dictionary of United States History.\\nMother Ann. (See Lee, Ann.)\\nMotley, John Lothrop (i 814-1877), historian, studied at Harvard and\\nGottingen, and was secretary of the U. S. legation at St. Petersburg in 1841.\\nIn 1856, he published The Rise of the Dutch Republic, which was imme-\\ndiately recognized as a brilliant and scholarly production. During the Civil\\nWar he zealously upheld the national cause in Europe. From 1861 to 1868,\\nhe produced The History of the United Netherlands. He was Minister\\nto Austria from 1861 to 1867, and to England from 1869 to 1870. In 1874\\nhe published the Life of John of Barneveld. He wrote an address entitled\\nHistoric Progress and American Democracy. Life by Dr. O. W. Holmes.\\nMott, Lucretia (1793-1880), entered the ministry of the Friends in Phila-\\ndelphia in 1818. She adhered to the Hicksite branch. She was one of the\\noriginal founders of the American Anti-Slaver Society. In 1840 she was\\nsent as a delegate to the World s Anti-Slavery Convention at London. Her\\nexclusion from it increased the woman-suffrage agitation, in which she\\nbecame a leader.\\nMott, Valentine (i 785-1 865), of New York, was one of the most success-\\nful surgical operators of his time. He held professorships in medical colleges\\nalmost continuously from 1809 to i860.\\nMoultrie, Fort, Battle of, June 28, 1776. When the British attempted to\\ncapture Charleston, S. C, they found the city defended by a palmetto fort on\\nSullivan s Island, under command of Colonel Moultrie. After a ten hours\\nengagement the fleet withdrew. The American loss had been only thirty-\\nseven, that of the British, 205, and only one of their ten sail remained\\nseaworthy. After refitting, Clinton and Parker sailed to New York. For\\nmore than two years there was no further invasion of the South.\\nMoultrie, William (1731-1805), represented South Carolina in the Con-\\ntinental Congress in 1775. He successfully defended Sullivan s Island in\\nCharleston Harbor against a British fleet in 1776. The fort there was named\\nin his honor. He defeated the British at Beaufort and successfully defended\\nCharleston in 1779. He was Governor of South Carolina in 1785 and 1794.\\nHe wrote Memoirs of the Revolution.\\nMoundbuilders, a name given to a prehistoric race the principal remains\\nof which are extensive earthworks found in the Mississippi Valley extend-\\ning from the lakes southward to the gulf. Many of these are clearly\\ndefensive works or places of sepulture. Fort Hill, Ohio, has a line of cir-\\ncumvallation about four miles in extent. These defensive works also include\\nstructures used for religious purposes. Many mounds are of regular outline\\nassuming the form of various geometrical figures. In Newark, Ohio, works\\nof this character cover an area of more than two square miles. A mound\\nnear St. Louis is 700 feet long by 500 broad at the base and ninety feet high.\\nSome mounds of this character contain skeletons. Mounds, such as those\\nnear Wheeling, W. Va., and Miamisburg, Ohio, are evidently the graves of\\ndistinguished personages. In Wisconsin and Iowa are earthworks which\\nassume the outline of men and animals. One in Adams County, Ohio, has\\nthe form of a serpent, It is over 1000 feet in length and its mouth i$", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0470.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 433\\npartially closed around an egg of perfectly regular dimensions. The figure\\nreaches a height of about five feet. Various theories prevail as to the ques-\\ntion what race built the mounds. It is now frequently thought to have been\\na race related to the Indians.\\nMount Crawford, Va. At this place 4500 Confederates under Jones were\\ndefeated disastrously by a somewhat stronger force of Federals commanded\\nby Hunter. The fight took place June 5, 1864. Jones was killed.\\nMount Holyoke Seminary and College, South Hadley, Mass., was first\\nchartered (1836) as a seminary, but rechartered (1888) as a college for the\\nhigher education of women. The founder was Miss Mar\\\\ Lyon.\\nMount Vernon, the home and burial-place of George Washington, on the\\nwestern bank of the Potomac in Fairfax County, Va. Mount Vernon man-\\nsion was built by Lawrence Washington in 1743, and was named in honor of\\nAdmiral Vernon. In 1858 it was purchased from John A. Wasliiugton by\\nthe Ladies Mount Vernon Association for $200,000, and is now a place of\\npublic resort.\\nMountain Meadow Massacre. In the autumn of 1857, a body of thirty-\\nsix Arkansas and Missouri emigrants en route to California, were brutally\\nmurdered at Mountain Meadow, Utah, by a band of Indians, who were\\nincited thereto by Lee, a Mormon fanatic. It was the period of the first\\ntroubles between the United States Government and the Mormons. Brigham\\nYoung had made threats of turning the Indians loose upon west-bound emi-\\ngrants, but the Mormons, as a body, were innocent of the massacre. The\\nemigrant party was encamped at Mountain Meadow when the attack began,\\nSeptember 7. They threw up earthworks and defended themselves for four\\ndays. Lee, under pretence of friendship, succeeded in drawing them out and\\nmurdering the whole party.\\nMugwump, a word of the Massachusetts Indians, meaning a great person-\\nage (mugquomp). After long use in localities, and occasional use in politics,\\nit came into prominence in 1884, being then applied to those independent\\nmembers of the Republican party, who openly refused to vote for the party s\\ncandidate, Blaine. Thus the name came to be applied to all Independent\\nRepublicans.\\nMuhlenberg, Frederick A. C. (1750-1801), represented Pennsylvania in\\nthe Continental Congress in 1779 and 1780. He was president of the State\\nconvention that ratified the Constitution. He was a U. S. Congressman\\nfrom 1789 to 1795 and was twice Speaker, 1789-1791, 1793-1795.\\nMuhlenberg, John P. G. (1746-1807), was a pastor at Woodstock, Va.,\\nfrom 1772 to 1775. He enlisted in the National army as a colonel in 1775.\\nHe won distinction at Charleston, Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth,\\nStony Point and Yorktown. He represented Pennsylvania in the U. S. Con-\\ngress from 1789 to 1791, 1793 to 1795 and from 1799 to 1801.\\nMulligan Letters, letters which James Mulligan, bookkeeper for War-\\nren Fisher, of Boston, testified before a Congressional committee in 1876,\\nhad been written bv James G. Blain?: t Mr. Fisher, The importance sf", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0471.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "434 Dictionary of United States History.\\nthese letters during the campaign of 1884 was due to the discussion as to\\nwhether they were or were not discreditable to Blaine. Mulligan died 1894.\\nMumfordsville, Ky., scene of an encounter between Chalmers, leading\\nthe advance guard of Bragg s army of 25,000 Confederates, and 21,000 Fed-\\nerals under Wilder and Dunham. The Confederates began the fight and\\nwere repulsed in th. ir first attack. But Bragg gradually drew his forces\\nabout Wilder until there was no chance of escape for that leader, who accord-\\ningly surrendered, September 17, 1862.\\nMunn vs. Illinois, one of the elevator cases decided by the Supreme\\nCourt of the U. S. In 1872, Munn and Scott, lessees of a grain elevator\\nand warehouse in Chicago, were found guilty in the Criminal Court of Cook\\nCounty, 111., of violating Article thirteen of the State Constitution relat-\\ning to the storage of grain. They had neglected to take out a license and\\ngive bond, and were charging rates higher than prescribed in the above-\\nmentioned act. They were fined, and the decision was confirmed by the\\nSupreme Court of Illinois, whence the case was transferred to the Supreme\\nCourt of the United States. That body confirmed the judgment on the\\nground that the Act of the Illinois Legislature was not repugnant to the\\nnational Constitution, and that a State could lawfully determine how a man\\nmight use his own property, when the good of other citizens was involved.\\nMurcheson Letter, a letter received in October, 1888, by Lord Sack-\\nville-West, British Minister at Washington, from one Charles Murcheson,\\nrepresenting himself to be a naturalized citizen of English birth, and asking\\nthe Minister how he should vote in the impending Presidential election.\\nLord Sackville openly advised, as favorable to British interests, Cleveland.\\nThis caused great indignation. Sackville s recall was requested and his\\npassports sent him.\\nMurfree, Mary N,, born in Tennessee about 1850, has published articles\\non Tennessee life under the pen-name of Charles Egbert Craddock. She is\\nauthor of In the Tennessee Mountains, Where the Battle Was Fought,\\nand The Despot of Broomsedge Cove.\\nMurfreesboro, Tenn., was occupied by an encampment of 1400 national\\ntroops under Crittenden and Duffield in 1862. These troops were defeated\\nand expelled July 13 by the Confederate cavalryman Forrest, who came\\nupon them unexpectedly and routed them after a sharp fight. Forrest cap-\\ntured a quantity of valuable stores. The second and great battle of Mur-\\nfreesboro took place December 31, 1862, and January i, 1863, Bragg, with\\n38,000 Confederates engaged, being opposed to 43,000 Federals led by\\nRosecrans. Bragg was about to go into winter quarters and was not expect-\\ning an engagement, when suddenly Rosecrans moved against him, forcing\\nhim to concentrate his troops. This he did, marching his army between\\nRosecrans and the town and drawing it up with Breckenridge on the right,\\nPolk in the centre and Hardee on the left. Opposing these were the Fedeial\\nleaders, Crittenden, Thomas and McCook. The Confederates were on the\\nwest side of Stone River. Rosecrans had planned to strike first, but Bragg\\naotidpated him. Both had massed their forces on the left, and on December", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0472.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 435\\n31, as Rosecrans left was hurriedly crossing Stone River, Bragg s left fell\\nupon it so furiously as completely to sweep away Johnson s division and\\nrushed forward upon Sheridan, having demolished Davis in the charge.\\nSheridan held out firmly, raking the Confederates with his batteries and\\nforcing them back. He was finally driven from his position, but he saved\\nthe day. Rosecrans now massed his batteries on a knoll and withstood the\\nConfederate charges until night Storms on January 2 and 3 prevented\\nbattle, and on the fourth Bragg had retired after slight skinnishing. Again\\nin 1863, in a seven days irregular skirmish and battle, June 23-30, during\\nRosecrans campaign in Tennessee, that general defeated and drove the Con-\\nfederate, Bragg, from the intrenchments he had thrown up during several\\nmonths at Tullahoma, near Murfreesboro, after which place the battle is\\nsometimes called. Rosecrans had 60,000 men, Bragg 40,000. Bragg s\\narmy was posted in a long line from Murfreesboro, past Tullahoma and\\nalong the Duck River. June 24 Rosecrans sent McCook and Wilder to cap-\\nture Booker s Gap and Liberty Gap, two important mountain passes. This\\nmove was successful. Granger had in the meantime dislodged the Confed-\\nerates from Guy s Gap, capturing three guns and a large body of prisoners.\\nBy the twentj -seventh Rosecrans was prepared for a flank movement against\\nthe Confederates. This was so well planned and executed that Bragg\\nvacated his intrenchments and fled across Elk River on the night of the\\ntwenty-ninth.\\nMurphy, Henry C. (i 810-1882), represented New York in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1843 to 1845 from 1847 to 1849. He was\\nMinister to the Netherlands from 1857 to 1S61. He was a student and writer\\non the Dutch history of New York.\\nMuscat. The United States concluded a treaty of amity and commerce\\nwith Muscat in 1833.\\nMuseum, National. (See National Museum.)\\nMuseum, Philadelphia, the earliest public establishment of this sort in\\nthe United States. It was founded by Charles Wilson Peale in 1785, and had\\nas a nucleus a stufied paddle-fish and the bones of a mammoth.\\nMyer, Albert J. (1827-1880), author of a Manual of Signals for the U. S.\\nArmy and Navy, was chief of the signal ser\\\\ ice from 1863 to 1864 and from\\n1866 to 1870. He inaugurated the present system of meteorological obser-\\nvations.\\nN.\\nNantucket, Mass., was settled in 1659. It was annexed to New York in\\n1664 and in 1693 ceded to Massachusetts. The town was incorporated as\\nSherburne in 1673, but in 1795 was given its present name. The year 1713\\nmarked the beginning of Nantucket s history as a whaling port.\\nNapoleon (I.) Bonaparte (August 15, 1769-May 5, 1821), general of the\\nFrench Army of Italy 1 796-1 798, commander in Egypt 1 798-1 799, First", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0473.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "436 Dictionary of United States History.\\nConsul 1799-1804, Emperor of the French 1804-1814, and (after the cap\\ntivity in Elba) again during the Hundred Days in 1815, and an exile in\\nthe island of St. Helena 1815-1821. He enters into American history\\nthrough the fact that he was head of the government at the time of the\\nLouisiana Purchase of 1803, and that his Continental commercial polic\\\\\\nand attempts to cripple Great Britain are largely bound up with the American\\ncommercial and naval troubles of Jefferson s and Madison s administrations,\\nwhich ended in the War of 1812.\\nNapoleon III. (1808-1873), of France, was the son of Louis Bonaparte,\\nKing of Holland. He was elected President of the French Republic in\\n1848, and in 1852 established an imperial government. From 1862 to 1867 he\\nattempted to establish Archduke Maximilian on the Mexican throne. The\\ndemand of U. S. Secretary of State Seward for the withdrawal of French\\ntroops from Mexico in 1866 was conceded by Napoleon. During the Civil\\nWar he inclined toward recognition of the independence of the Confederate\\nStates, but did not take that step.\\nNares, Sir George S., born in England in 1831, commanded an Arctic\\nexpedition in the Alert and Discovery from 1875 to 1876. He attained\\nlatitude 83\u00c2\u00b0 10 26 N., and made valuable scientific observations.\\nNarragansett Country, the lands occupied by the Narragansett Indians\\nat the coming of the English, but especially applied to that territory along\\nthe west shore of Narragansett Bay from Wickford to Point Judith. It was\\nlong a scene of rivalry between two land companies, John Hull, of Pine\\nTree Shilling fame, purchasing lands about Pettaquamscut Rock in 1660,\\nand Atherton s company making similar purchases the same year near Wick-\\nford. This territory was also a bone of contention between Rhode Island\\nand Connecticut during fifty years. It was detached from Rhode Island and\\nbecame the King s Province in 1665, but was afterward restored and was\\ncalled King s County till the Revolution, when its name became Washing-\\nton County.\\nNarragansetts, a tribe of Rhode Island Indians, formerly inhabiting the\\nwestern shores of the bay bearing their name. Though they at first engaged\\nin no open war against the settlers, yet they were held in distrust. In 1636\\nRoger Williams gained their friendship, and in 1644 they ceded their lands\\nto the king. Troubles arose in 1645, *i expedition was sent against\\nthem. The Indians, however, hastened to make a treaty. At the outbreak\\nof Philip s War they were suspected and were attacked by the whites.\\nHostilities followed which was terminated by a bloody encounter in a\\nswamp at South Kingstown. The Indians were almost annihilated; the\\nremnant, however, settled at Charlestown, R. I.\\nNarvaez, Panfilo de (1470-1528), was active in conquering the West\\nIndies for Spain. In 1520 he was sent by Velasquez, Governor-General of\\nCuba, to conquer Mexico, but was defeated by Cortes at Cempoala. He was\\nmade Governor of Florida by Spain in 1528, and led an expedition of 400\\nmen into the interior of Florida. They suffered severe hardships and were\\njjhipwrecked at the mouth of the Mississippi,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0474.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 437\\nNashville, Tenn., was settled in 1780 and became the capital of the State\\nin 1843. December, 1864, it was the scene of the Battle of Nashville,\\nwhich practically ended Hood s campaign in Tennessee. His army numbered\\nabout 40,000 men, while Thomas opposed him with 56,000 Federals. After\\nthe battle of Franklin, Thomas, though victorious, fell back December i,\\n1864, to Nashville and occupied a strong position protected by Forts Negley,\\nMorton, Confiscation, Houston and Gillem. Hood arrived December 2, and\\nformed his line with his salient resting on Montgoniery Hill, 600 yards from\\nThomas centre. Storms prevented fighting until the fifteenth. Then Steed-\\nman attacked the Confederates on the right, and Smith and Wilson advanced\\nagainst their left. Two redoubts were carried and many prisoners captured,\\nafter which an attack was made on Montgomery Hill with considerable\\nsuccess. On the sixteenth a combined attack was inaugurated against the\\nConfederate line, its chief force being concentrated upon the centre. Both\\nsides lost heavily. Another assault by Smith and Schofield won the day.\\nThe Confederates broke and fled in all directions.\\nNashville Convention, a convention of delegates from the Southern States\\nat Nashville, Tenn., June, 1850, suggested by the Mississippi State Conven-\\ntion of the previous year. The convention was called to consider the slavery\\nquestion and the encroachments of Northern abolitionists. It did not meet\\nwith universal approval. The Wilmot proviso and the Missouri Compromise\\nwere disapproved of, but resolutions of open resistance advanced by Texas,\\nSouth Carolina and Mississippi were voted down. The convention met\\nagain in November, and again moderate resolutions were adopted.\\nNassau. The United States concluded a convention for the abolition of\\nthe droit d aubaine and taxes on emigration with Nassau in 1846.\\nNassau, Fort, erected on the site of the present town of Gloucester, N. J.,\\nby Captain Cornelius Jacobsen Mey, representing the Dutch West India\\nCompany in 1623. It was abandoned and rebuilt a number of times, and\\nfinally abandoned in 1651.\\nNast, Thomas, born in 1840, came to America from England in 1846.\\nHe is one of the foremost pictorial satirists of the day. He is a Repub-\\nlican and has been prominent in political movements, such as the overthrow\\nof the Tweed ring.\\nNatchez, Miss., was settled by the French in 17 16. In 1729 the Natchez\\nIndians burnt the settlement and massacred the inhabitants. The French\\nsoon recaptured the town and held it until 1763, when it passed to Great\\nBritain. From 1779 to 1798 it was occupied by the Spaniards. In 1798 it\\nwas occupied by the United States and became the capital of the Territory\\nof Mississippi and so remained until 1820. In 1862 Natchez was captured\\nby a portion of Farragut s fleet.\\nNatchitoches, La., a brief engagement, followed by desultory skirmishing,\\nMarch 31, 1864, between detachments of Franklin s division of Banks Army\\nunder Mower, and several regiments of Confederates led by Dick Taylor.\\nThis was during Banks campaign in the Southwest. The Confederates were", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0475.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "438 Dictionary of United Statks History.\\ndefeated, but there was no great loss on either side. The Confederates\\nretreated, Franklin pursuing them.\\nNatick, Mass., was incorporated in 1781. In 1651 a band of John Eliot s\\nIndian converts came here from Newton, and in 1660 the first Indian church\\nin New England was erected. The settlement numbered several hundred\\nIndians, and had a simple government of its own.\\nNational Banks. The free banking system of the State of New York\\n(1838) gave all parties freedom to establish banks, and required securities to\\nbe deposited with the State for bank issues. In December, 1861, Secretary\\nChase recommended to Congress a similar system of national banks. He\\nrepeated this recommendation in 1862. The Act of February 25, 1863,\\nauthorized the free formation of banks, entitled to issue notes to the amount\\nof ninety per cent of the par value of the United States bonds which each\\nbank deposited with the Treasury Department. The system was to be super-\\nvised by an official called the comptroller of the currency. $300,000,000\\nof bank notes in all might be issued. A revised act was passed June 3,\\n1864. The Act of 1865 taxing State bank notes forced most of these to\\nbecome national banks. The Act of 1870 increased the total amount of issue\\nto $354,000,000. The system greatly benefited the Government in the\\nplacing of its bonds, and gave the country a superior system of banking, the\\nGovernment guaranteeing the notes. There are now nearl) 4000 national\\nbanks, with capital amounting to nearly $700,000,000, and deposits aggregat-\\ning nearly $1,800,000,000.\\nNational Board of Health, instituted by Act of Congress, March 3, 1879,\\nto consist of eleven members, seven civilian physicians, one army surgeon,\\none navy surgeon, one medical officer of the marine hospital service and one\\nofficer of the Department of Justice.\\nNational Cemeteries, for soldiers and sailors, originated in 1850. The\\narmy appropriation bill for that year appropriated $10,000 for purchasing a\\nlot near the city of Mexico for the interment of United States soldiers who\\nfell near that place during the Mexican War. The remains of Federal sol-\\ndiers who fell in the Civil War have been interred in seventy-eight national\\ncemeteries.\\nNational Intelligencer, a tri-weekly newspaper established in Washing-\\nton by Samuel H. Smith, in 1800, as the organ of Jefferson s administration.\\nThis journal was in reality an offshoot of a publication begun at Philadel-\\nphia in 1793 by Joseph Gales, the elder. Gales was an English immigrant,\\nwhose republican principles had forced him to leave England. In 1810\\nJoseph Gales, Jr., became one of the editors of the Natio7ial Intelligencer\\nand was joined in 181 2 by William Seaton, also an English immigrant.\\nThis paper wielded considerable influence in political circles. Its publica-\\ntion was suspended in 1866.\\nNational Republican Party, the name assumed by those who broke away\\nfrom the old Democratic-Republican party after the defeat of Adams by\\nJackson in 1828. Jackson s drift against the bank, protective tariff and\\notber features of Adams policy brought about their open organization. In", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0476.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United .States History. 439\\nI S3 1 they nominated Clay and indorsed a protective tariff, a system of inter-\\nnal improvements, and a cessation of removals from office for political reasons.\\nClay was defeated. In 1835 the party, reinforced by other elements, took\\nthe name of Whig.\\nNational Road. March 29, 1806, Congress authorized the President to\\nappoint three commissioners to lay out a road from Cumberland on the\\nPotomac, to the Ohio River, and $30,000 were appropriated for the expenses.\\nThe road was built as far as Illinois in 1838, the last act in its favor being\\nof May 25 of that year. The total amount appropriated was $6,821,246.\\nBills appropriating money for this were often opposed in Congress on grounds\\nof the unconstitutionality of appropriations for internal improvements.\\nNational University. The establishment of a National University in\\nthe central part of the United States was first conceived by George Wash-\\nington about 1790, when the shares he received from the Potomac Company\\nhad proved so valuable. He wished to appropriate this stock toward the\\nfounding of such an institution. This stock, and that accruing from the\\nJames River Company, left by his will for such purposes, were, however,\\ndivided between two charity schools, one on the James (see Washington and\\nLee University), and one on the Potomac. Washington strongly disap-\\nproved of foreign education for the American youth.\\nNationality is determined in the United States by the Federal law and\\nnot by the State. Members of the nation are, of course, also members of\\nthe State in which they reside. The Constitution established no rules\\nregarding the acquisition or loss of American nationality, wliich is therefore\\ngoverned by the subsidiary or common law of the land. All persons born\\nwithin the United States are considered to have acquired nationality. The\\nNaturalization Act of 1790 endowed children born of American parents\\nbeyond the sea with American nationality. The act of 1855 restricted this\\nto the children of citizen fathers. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 declared\\nall persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power\\nto be citizens of the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment (1868)\\ndefines them as all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and\\nsubject to the jurisdiction thereof\\nNaturalization. Section eight of article one of the Constitution empowered\\nCongress to establish an uniform rule of naturalization. This power was\\nfirst exerted in the Act of March 26, 1790, providing that, under certain\\nconditions, any free white alien might be admitted to citizenship by any\\ncourt of record of the State in which he resided. These conditions were:\\nPrevious residence of two years in the United States and of one year in the\\nState; good character; and an oath to support the Constitution. These con-\\nditions have undergone changes. An act of 1795 required five, an act of\\n1798 fourteen years residence. The act now in force, of April 14, 1802,\\nprovides for proof of five years residence in the United States and of one in\\nthe State; good character; an oath of allegiance, and a renunciation of titles\\nand of prior allegiance. No alien may be naturalized if his country be at\\nwar with the United States.\\n1\\n1", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0477.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "44\u00c2\u00b0 IJICTIOXARY OK UNITED OTATES HISTORY.\\nNavajos, a tribe of Apache Indians, occupying the northern part of New\\nMexico and Arizona. The Mexicans continually attempted to reduce them,\\nbut failed. After long-continued hostilities against the whites. Colonel Car-\\nson compelled them in 1863 to leave their country and remove to Bosque\\nRedondo as prisoners of the Government. In 1868 they were removed to\\nFort Wingate, and in 1869 were again placed in their old country.\\nNaval Academy. This institution was not founded by formal legislation,\\nbut was begun by the Navy Department when George Bancroft was Secretary\\nof the Navy. The first act of Congress regarding it was that of August 10,\\n1846, providing $28,200 for repairs, improvements and instruction under the\\ndirection of the Navy Department at Fort Severn, Annapolis, Md. In\\nMarch, 1847, a like sum was appropriated for the same purpose. During\\nthe Civil War the Academy was for a time located at Newport, R. I.\\nNaval Militia. On March 2, 1891, at the suggestion of Secretary- Tracy,\\nregarding the importance of a trained naval militia. Congress appropriated\\n$25,000 to purchase arms for the militia, to be expended under the direction\\nof the Secretary of the Navy.\\nNaval Observatory. This bureau was established in 1842 under the\\nname of the Depot for Naval Charts and Instruments. It is under the\\nsupervision of the Bureau of Navigation.\\nNaval Officer, in colonial times, an ofiicer, not of the navy, but of the\\ntreasury, charged with the execution of the navigation acts. Similarly,\\nfrom the beginning of the present Government in 1789, an official of the\\nTreasury Department has, under this name, watched over the execution of\\nthe American navigation laws at the larger ports, while at the smaller the\\nduties have been performed by the collector of the port.\\nNaval War College, a course of lectures on and instruction in the manipu-\\nlation of torpedoes. This course was established by the Government at\\nCoaster s Harbor Island in Newport in 1889. The course continues during\\nthree months each year. The members of the class are chiefly officers and\\nmen in the torpedo service, though the topics of the lectures are designed to\\ncorrespond with all branches of naval improvement and advancement.\\nNavigation Act, a famous marine law first promulgated by the British\\nGovernment in 1651 (or even, in a sense, in 1645) for the protection of Brit-\\nish commerce and the carrying trade. Its renewal with a few changes was\\nmade in 1660, soon after the accession of Charles II. The act related to five\\nsubjects: Coasting trade; fisheries; commerce with the colonies; commerce\\nwith European countries; commerce with Asia, Africa and America, and was\\nchiefly a move in England s struggle with the Dutch for the possession of\\nthe carrying trade of the world. The parts important to American history\\nwere those providing that all colonial trade should be carried on in ships\\nbuilt and ov/ned in England and the colonies, (a provision which powerfully\\nstimulated colonial ship-building) and that, in the case of many specified\\ngoods, trade should be with England only. The act was largely rendered\\ninoperative by colonial smuggling. The efforts at last made to enforce it\\nwere amone the chief causes of the Revolution.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0478.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 441\\nNavigation Laws of the United States. In the Convention of 1787 a\\ncompromise was effected between the New England members, who desired\\nthat the Federal Government might have the power to regulate commerce,\\nand the Southern members, who desired the slave-trade to be kept open for\\na time. Thus the Constitution gave Congress power to pass navigation laws.\\nBy Act of 1789 a tonnage tax of six cents per ton was levied on all Ameri-\\ncan vessels, and one of fifty cents a ton on all vessels built and owned in\\nforeign countries and entering American ports. In 1792 the act requiring\\nAmerican registration was passed. In 1793 the coasting trade was closed to\\nforeign vessels. In 1816, 1817 and 1820 the American navigation laws were\\nmade still more closely like those of Great Britain. Tonnage taxes were\\nrenewed at the time of the outbreak of the Civil War, and were raised to\\nthirty cents a ton.\\nNavy. In 1775 tiie States began the creation of State naval establish-\\nments. At the end of the year Congress began the organization of a Con-\\ntinental navy. Thirteen frigates were ordered to be constructed. With\\nthese, some exploits were performed. But most of the naval achievements\\nof the Revolutionary War were accomplished by the privateers, and by 1781\\nall thirteen of the Federal vessels had been either captured or destroyed.\\nThe one ship of the line completed was presented to the King of France.\\nA new navy was created by Congress in 1797 and 1798, when the Consti-\\ntution, United States and Constellation were built, and the purchase\\nof other vessels, to the number of twenty-four, was authorized. Adams and\\nthe Federalists favored increase of the navy; Jefferson and the Republicans\\ndisliked it. Jefferson s gunboat system was tried instead, and the American\\nnavy was allowed to dwindle, until at the outbreak of the War of 1812 the\\nUnited States had about twenty vessels, as against England s 830. The\\nvictories won secured larger appropriations that year, and a larger navy\\nresulted, which, after the conclusion of this war, was used against Algiers.\\nBy a resolution of 1819, ships-of-the-line were to be named after the States,\\nfrigates after the rivers of the United States, and sloops-of-war after the chief\\ncities and towns. At the outbreak of the Civil War there were but forty-two\\nvessels in commission, and these had been scattered over the globe by Secre-\\ntary Toucey. A new navy had to be constructed, in order to maintain the\\nblockade of Southern ports, and to assist the operations of land forces on the\\nAtlantic coast, on the Gulf and in inland waters. Steam and armor-plate\\nand the invention of the turreted Monitor revolutionized naval architec-\\nture during the war. By January i, 1864, the National Government had 588\\nvessels (seventy-five of them ironclads), with 4443 gmis, and 35,000 men.\\nAfter the war the navy was reduced. Great sums continued to be expended\\nupon it, but with so little effect that, in 1882, in a nominal navy of 140\\nvessels, there were but thirty-eight that were capable of sea-going service.\\nAt that time a new policy regarding the navy was inaugurated, and now,\\nafter great expenditures, the navy consists, including vessels in process of\\nconstruction, of six battleships, twenty-one cruisers, and a dozen or so other\\nvessels. The principal achievements of the navy are to be found under the\\nnames of the vessels.\\ni", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0479.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "442 Dictionary of United States History.\\nNavy, Department of the, one of the eight executive departments at Wash-\\nington, was created by an Act of Congiess April 30, 1798, and has been\\nlargely developed in later days. In 1862 the hydrographic office was estab-\\nlished. An assistant secretary was added in 1890.\\nNeal, John (1793-1876), first came into prominence by his articles upon\\nAmerican politics and customs. He was one of the most brilliant journalists\\nof his time, dealing with literature, history and biograph}-, and wrote novels\\nof some prominence in their day.\\nNebraska originally constituted a portion of the Louisiana cession of 1803.\\nThe first white men to visit the Nebraska country were L/Cwis and Clark in\\n1804-05. The territory was organized in 1854, May 30, and included,\\nbesides Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming, the Dakotas and part of Colorado. The\\nbill for the organization of the territory was introduced by Stephen A.\\nDouglas, and provided that any States which should be formed from the ter-\\nritory should exercise their own choice in regard to the existence of slavery.\\nThis set aside the famous Missouri Compromise of 1820, and aroused the\\nutmost indignation at the North. In 1863 the territory ..s reduced to its\\npresent limits, and in 1867 it became a State. The State has been Republi-\\ncan, except in the year 1890, when a Democratic Governor was elected..\\nThe population in 1867 was 60,000; in 1890 it was 1,058,910.\\nNecessity, Fort (July 3, 1754). From Great Meadows Washington had\\nadvanced toward Fort Duquesne, but hearing that a large detachment of\\nFrench were on foot he fell back to his former position. Here he hastily\\nerected a rude entrenchment which he called Fort Necessity. On July ist\\nhis garrison amounted to about 300 men. The French numbered nearly\\n500, including Indians. On July 3d they approached the fort in a pouring\\nrain. The French had a superior position, and the fight raged intermittently\\nfor nine hours. At length a parley sounded, and after little delay the garri-\\nson capitulated with honors of war, surrendering prisoners taken at Great\\nMeadows and being assured of unmolested retreat.\\nNegro Plot. March 18, 1741, a fire occurred in the chapel and barracks\\nat Fort George on the Battery in New York. It was generally believed to be\\naccidental, but charges were set afloat that it arose from a plot by the negroes\\nto bum the town. Eight other fires of a mysterious nature within a month\\nstrengthened this belief Mary Burton, a servant of one John Hughson,\\nfurnished testimony implicating a number of sailors and negroes. Twenty\\nwhites and over 160 slaves were seized and imprisoned. Finally Mary Bur-\\nton s accusations inculpated persons of such character that danger from that\\ndirection checked the fury. It was charged that the Spanish were inciting\\nplots among the negroes through Roman Catholic priests. Four whites were\\nhanged, eighteen negroes hanged and thirteen burned at the stake.\\nNegro Troops were employed to a slight extent in the Revolutionary\\nWar. Though a few generals made use of them in the first two years of the\\nCivil War, and Congress authorized their employment at the Sea Islands,\\nthe first general provision for their enlistment was made in July, 1863.\\nAfter that they were employed in considerable numbers, and at times with\\ngreat success.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0480.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 443\\nNegroes. In 1790 there were 757,000 colored people in the United States;\\nin 1800 there were 1,002,000; in 1810, 1,378,000; in 1820, 1,772,000; in\\n1830, 2,329,000; in 1S40, 2,874,000; in 1850, 3,639,000; in i860, 4,442,000;\\nin 1870, 4,88o,ooq; in 1880, 6,581,000; in 1890, 7,470,000. (See also\\nSlavery.)\\nNeill, Edward D. (1823-1893), of Minnesota, was a chaplain during the\\nCivil War. He has written English Colonization in America, Concise\\nHistory of Minnesota, and extensive works upon the histories of Virginia\\nand Maryland, the chief being The Virginia Company of L,ondon and\\nTerra Marise.\\nNelson, Samuel (1792-1873), of New York, was a Circuit Judge from\\n1823 to 1831. He was a Justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1831\\nto 1837 and its Chief Justice from 1837 to 1845. ^^s a Justice of the\\nU. S. Supreme Court from 1845 to 1872. He was a member of the Joint\\nHigh Commission, which in 1871 negotiated the Treaty of Washington.\\nNelson, Thomas (1738-1789), was a member of the Virginia Conventions\\nof 1774, 1775 and 1776. He represented Virginia in the Continental Con-\\ngress from 1776 to 1777 and in 1779. He signed the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence. He was Governor of Virginia in 1781. He expended his vast\\nestate for the colonial cause.\\nNelson, William (1825-1862), of Kentucky, organized several regiments\\nin 1 861. He commanded a division at Sliiloh and Richmond. He com-\\nmanded Louisville when threatened by General Bragg in 1862. He was\\nshot in an altercation with General J. C. Davis.\\nNelson s Farm. (See Glendale.)\\nNetherlands. The republic of the United Netherlands was one of the\\nfirst to welcome the United States into the sisterhood of nations. Her wil-\\nlingness to establish commercial relations led to a rupture with Great\\nBritain. In 1782 a treaty of amity and commerce was concluded, which\\nbecame abrogated by the republic of the United Netherlands losing its\\nindependence. At the Congress of Vienna the kingdom of the Netherlands\\nwas established, from which Belgium revolted in 1830. A commercial treatj^\\nwas signed in 1839, and consular conventions in 1855 and 1878. A conven-\\ntion relative to extradition was concluded in 1880. (See Belgium.)\\nNeutrality, Armed. (See Armed Neutrality.)\\nNeutrality, Proclamation of. Upon the declaration of war between\\nFrance and Great Britain in 1793 it was decided unanimously by President\\nWashington and his Cabinet that a proclamation of neutrality should issue\\nand that a French minister should be received. Jay was appointed to draft\\nthe proclamation. It declared the intention of the United States to pursue\\na line of conduct friendly to both nations, and enjoined upon the citizens to\\navoid a contravention of this disposition under pain of prosecution. Curi-\\nously enough the word neutrality was omitted in the proclamation,\\nthough enforced with fairness by the President. It was probably purposel 1\\nomitted.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0481.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "444 DicTioxAKv OF United States History.\\nNeuville, Jean G., Baron Hyde de (1776-1847), was exiled to the United\\nStates from France from 1806 to 1814. He was French Minister to the\\nUnited States from 1816 to 1822, and negotiated the French treaty of 1822.\\nNevada was formed from the Mexican cession of 1848. Prior to that\\ndate no settlement had been made in the State. In that year settlements\\nwere made by Mormons in the Carson and Washoe Valleys. In 1859 silver\\nwas discovered. In 1861 Nevada was organized as a territory, and October\\n31, 1864, it was admitted as a .State. In 1866 its territory was increased by\\nportions of Arizona and Utah. Until 1870 the Repnblicans controlled the\\nState. In that year the Democrats elected the Governor, who was re-elected\\nin 1874. In 1880 the Presidential electors were Democratic, in 1892 they\\nwere of the People s party. The population of the State in 1864 was 40,000;\\nin 1890 it was 45,761.\\nNew Albion. The name given to what is now Upper California and\\nOregon by Sir Francis Drake in 1579. In that year Drake took possession\\nof this territory in the Queen s name, but it was not claimed by the British\\ntill three centuries later. June 21, 1634, Sir Ednnmd Plowden obtained a\\ngrant of territory, called in the letters patent New Albion. The boundaries\\nof this New Albion were so defined as to include all of New Jersey, Mary-\\nland, Delaware and Pennsylvania embraced in a square, the eastern side,\\nforty leagues in length, extending from Sandy Hook to Cape May, together\\nwith Long Island and all other isles and islands within ten leagues of the\\nshore. The province was made a county palatine with Plowden as earl.\\nLittle effort at settlement was made, and nothing come of the grant.\\nNev7 Amsterdam. (See New York City.)\\nNew Archangel. (See Sitka.)\\nNew Bedford, Mass., was set off from Dartmouth, of which it was orig-\\ninally a part, in 1787. It received a city charter in 1847. Its history as a\\ngreat whaling port began as early as 1755.\\nNew Berne, or Newbern, at one time capital of the province of North\\nCarolina, was founded about 1693 by Christopher de Grafenried, a Swiss baron.\\nDuring the Civil War, Newbern was an important seaport in the possession of\\nthe Confederates. It was captured and partially burned by the Union leader,\\nBurnside, March 14, 1862. The gunboats shelled the woods as Burnside\\nadvanced, thereby clearing the way. An insignificant fortification was\\ndestroyed near the town. Burnside captured forty-six guns, three light\\nbatteries and a large amount of stores. Later, in 1864, Newbern was\\noccupied by the Federal General, Foster, with a small force. Pickett com-\\nmanded the Confederates in that section then. Februan- i and 2, he\\nattacked Foster s outposts and captured them, inflicting slight losses. Then\\nhe assaulted the main encampment, sending at the same time a regiment to\\nattack the Federal gunboat, Underwriter, then lying at the Newbern\\ndock. Little was accomplished by these attacks, and Pickett retired.\\nNew England. The name was first given to the region by Captain John\\nSmith, in his map of 161 6. Though formed into separate colonies and", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0482.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statks History. 445\\nStates, the region lias always had a certain degree of unit) as a region of\\nPuritan colonies, of similar religious and political predilections and similar\\nindustries and economic life. In 1643 most of its colonies were united in\\nthe New England Confederation. See United Colonies of New England.\\nNew England, Council for, a Council established at Plymouth, in the\\ncounty of Devon, for the planting, ordering, ruling and governing of New\\nEngland in America. It was incorporated November 3, 1620, and was lit-\\ntle else than the reorganization of the Plymouth, or North Virginia Com-\\npany of 1606. Ferdinando Gorges was the moving spirit of the new\\ncorporation. Bradford obtained from this company a patent pennitting the\\nsettlement of the Pilgrim Fathers. In 162 1 Gorges obtained an additional\\ngrant of territory called L,aconia, which comprised parts of the present States\\nof Maine and New Hampshire. The lands of the new company, which now\\nextended from L,ong Island to the Bay of Fundy, were distributed among\\ntwenty noblemen.\\nNew England Courant, the fourth newspaper published in the colo-\\nnies. It was established in 1721 at Boston, by James Franklin, who had\\nbeen deprived of the printing of the Boston News Letter. Franklin s friends\\nwere much opposed to the publication of a new journal, for they thought one\\nquite sufficient for the entire continent. But Franklin inaugurated a new\\ndeparture in journalism by attacking the Government officials and lampoon-\\ning the clergy. On this account the suppression of his paper was threat-\\nened, whereupon Benjamin Franklin assumed the editorship, and continued\\nthe publication with the same freedom. It was finally suppressed in 1727.\\nNew England Emigrant Company, a corporation formed at Boston in\\n1855 to control emigration ;o the newly formed Territor} of Kansas in the\\ninterest of the anti-slavery party. Slavery in Kansas had been made possible\\nby the adoption of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and slavery advocates in Mis-\\nsouri were actively at work for its establishment. The Emigrant Company\\naided immeasurably in making Kansas a free State.\\nNew England Shilling, the name given to the first coins issued in 1652\\nby the mint established in that year at Boston. They were of the value\\nof 1 2d, 6d and 3d peeces, stamped N E on the face and XII, VI or III on\\nthe reverse to denote the value. The value of the first named equaled\\neighteen and oue-fourth cents.\\nNew France was foimded by Champlain s settlement of Quebec in 1608.\\nCultivating friendly relations with the Indians, fur-traders soon explored the\\nSt. Lawrence basin, the Great Lakes and the Mississippi, while Jesuit missions\\nstill further extended French influence. But the province was over-governed\\nby Louis XIV., and though some of the governors were able men, the\\ncreation of a strong empire was prevented by paternalism, crushing out all\\nindividual initiative, by excessive centralization, by official corruption and\\nby religious bigotry. In 1690 the English colonies had eight times as large\\na population, in 1754 twenty times as great. But New France proved her-\\nself strong in a military sense. See the wars, King William s War, Queen\\nAnne s War, King George s War, French and Indian War, and the chief", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0483.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "446 Dictionary of United States History.\\nofficials, Frontenac and Montcalm. The final struggle was for the posses-\\nsion of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, and was a part of the Seven Years\\nWar. Its result was, to prevent the French scheme of connecting Canada\\nand Louisiana in one great empire, and entirely to destroy New France.\\nThe Treaty of Paris (1763) gave it all to England. Histories by Parkman.\\nNew Granada. (See Colombia.)\\nNew Hampshire was one of the original thirteen States. In 1622 Sir\\nFerdinando Gorges and John Mason obtained a grant of the laud lying\\nbetween the Merrimac and the Kennebec rivers. Rye, Dover and Ports-\\nmouth were settled by Churchmen and royalists. In 1629 Mason obtained a\\nseparate grant for the territory between the Alerrimac and the Piscataqua.\\nUpon the death of Mason the colony was left to itself until 1641, when if.\\nwas annexed to Massachusetts. In 1679 New Hampshire was made a royal\\nprovince; in 1685 it was again annexed to Massachusetts, and in 1749 it\\nagain became a royal province. At the outbreak of the Revolution, in 1775,\\nNew Hampshire was advised by the general government to form a tempo-\\nrary government. Constitutions were adopted in 1776, 1784 and 1792, whici\\nlast has been twice amended in 1852 and 1877. The National Constitutioi\\nwas ratified with difficulty, June 21, 1788, by a vote of 57 to 46. At firsl\\nNew Hampshire was Federalist. In 1805 the Democrats secured control of\\nthe State, which they held until 1855, except in the years 1809-1810, 1813-\\n1816. The Democrats attacked the charter of Dartmouth College in 1816,\\nand the ca.se was argued successfully in favor of the royal charter before the\\nU! S. Supreme Court by Daniel Webster. Complaints were made in 1829\\nby Hill and Woodbury, the Jackson leaders in the State, that Mason, the\\npresident of the Portsmouth branch of the U S. Bank, was guilty of par-\\ntiality in his loans. This led to the bank troubles of Jackson s administra-\\ntion. From 1856 to 1894 the State was usually Republican. The popula-\\ntion in 1790 was 141,885; in 1890 it was 376,530. Histor} by Belknap.\\nNew Hampshire Gazette, a newspaper established in 1756 at Ports-\\nmouth, N. H., by D. Fowle. This was the first newspaper in the State. In\\n1772 it was called the Neiv Hampshire Gazette and Historical Chronicle;\\nin 1776 the Freeman s Journal or New Hampshire Gazette; in 1788 the New\\nHampshire Gazette and General Advertiser; in 1796 the New Hampshire\\nGazette again. It is now published as the weekly edition of the Daily\\nChronicle^ established in 1852.\\nNew Hampshire Grants. (See Vermont.)\\nNew Hampshire Historical Society, founded in 1823, has issued nine\\nvolumes of Collections and a volume of its proceedings.\\nNew Haven Colony. In 1638 a body of immigrants under Theophilus\\nEaton and John Davenport settled at Quinnipiack, on the Sound, where\\nthey lived for a year without government other than religious unity. Then\\nthey formed a government and established the New Haven colony. This\\ncolony entered the New England Confederacy, formed in 1643 ^o^ protection\\njgainst the Canada settlers, the Dutch and Indians. In 1 662 the younger Win-\\nthrop obtained from Charles II. a charter for the Connecticut colony, which", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0484.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Stated History. 447\\ncharter included the New Haven colony. The latter resisted obstinately for\\nmany months, and was supported by RIassachusetts and Plymouth. On the\\narrival of the royal commission, she was forced to give way and become\\nabsorbed in Connecticut (1664).\\nNew Ireland. In 1779, a British force and fleet under McNeill and Mow-\\natt held possession of what is now known as the Castine peninsula, in\\nMaine. An expedition was sent from Boston to dislodge them. This\\nfailed. The British, as a result of their success, endeavored the next year\\nto erect Maine into a province under the name of New Ireland.\\nNew Jersey was one of the original thirteen States. The Dutch made a\\nsmall settlement in the south, and in 1655, under Governor Stuyvesant,\\nerected Port Nassau on the Delaware River, and forced the Swedes, who had\\nmade a settlement in 1638, to acknowledge their rule. When the Duke of\\nYork secured the country, in 1664, he granted the territory between the\\nDelaware and the Hudson to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, and\\ngave it its present name in honor of Carteret, who had held the island of\\nJersey for Charles II. during the Great Rebellion. In 1665 some English\\nemigrants settled Elizabethtown. New Englanders founded Middletown\\nand Newark in 1666. Berkeley finally sold his share to certain Quakers,\\nwho sola it to a party headed by William Penn (1676J. A boundary line\\nwas agreed upon, running from Little Egg Harbor northwest to the Delaware\\nat 41\u00c2\u00b0 40 north latitude. 400 Quakers settled in West New Jersey in 1677.\\nWilliam Penn and his associates purchased East New Jersey in 1682. lu\\n1686 writs of qiio warraulo were issued against the governments of both\\nJerseys, but the proprietary rights were undisturbed. The two colonies\\nwere united in a royal colony in 1702. New Jersey was a principal theatre\\nof fights in 1777 and 1778. First Constitution, 1776 (present, 1844).\\nNew Jersey ratified the National Constitution December 18, 1787. A pro-\\nperty qualification of ;^50 for voting existed until 1820. The political par-\\nties have always been nearly equal, and have experienced few changes in\\nstrength. During the war the State was strongly Democratic. Since the\\nwar the State has cast its votes for Democratic Presidential candidates with\\nthe exception of 1872. The State Legislature has usually been in the\\nhands of the Republicans. The population of the State in 1790 was 184,-\\n139; in 1890 it was 1,444,933. Historj by Scott.\\nNew Jersey Historical Society, founded in 1845, has issued eight vol-\\numes of Collections and twenty volumes of its proceedings.\\nNew Jersey Plan, a scheme of a Federal Constitution suggested in the\\nConvention of 1787 by William Paterson, of New Jersey, June 15. It\\nproposed: The enlargement and correction of the Articles of Confederation;\\nthat Congress should remain a single body, and should regulate taxation and\\ncommerce, and should choose the executive; that requisitions from States\\nshould be continued; that a judiciary should be established; that naturaliza-\\ntion should be uniform; that the executive should coerce refractory States or\\nindividuals, and other provisions of less importance. This plan was unfavor-\\nably reported, the Randolph plan being preferred, as creating a stronger\\ngfovemment and doins: more to remedv the defects of the Confederation,\\ni", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0485.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "44S IHCVIONARY Ol I NITUD STATUS HlSTORY.\\nNew Jcrseymca Foreigners. The solving ihal New Jersey is a louiyn\\nState comes down from the time when Joseph Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain\\nand Naples, after the downfall of Napoleon, songht an asylnm in Uie United\\nStates. As an alien he w.is obliged to olil.iin a special act o( legisl.itnie u\\nenable him to hold veal estate. Pennsylvania rel nsed, bnt New Jersey con-\\nsented, and he established himself in princely magniticence at Bordentown.\\nHence men of other States nvSed humoronsly to declare that the Jerseymeii,\\nwith their foreign prince, were foreigners, and their .Stale not a part of tlie\\nUnion.\\nNew Lights, religions revi\\\\-.ilisls in M.n.ssachnsetts and Connecticut\\nin 17^V| ;invl tor some yeai^s later, dnring the jxniod known as the Greal\\nAwakening. The movement was started by Jonath.m lulw.ivds and became\\na Avild i as,sion under the ministrations of George Whiteneld. The New\\nLights were so called in contradistinction to the ld Lights, or more\\nconservative ehnrchmen.\\nNew London, Conn. In 1781 New London was a resort of privateers\\nand a favorite depot for the West India trade. September 7, tlie traitor,\\nBenedict Arnold, was sent by Clinton against this town. He sneceeded in\\nplundering and destroying a larg-e amount of property T ort Griswold, on\\nthe opposite side of the Thames, w.is carried, and its eoniniander. Colonel\\nLetlyard, and sixty soldiers mercilessly killed. Arnold retired when the\\nmilitia beg-au to assemble. (See also Blue Lights.)\\nNew Madrid. Mo., a strong CoTifederate position, fortified by General\\nLei^mid.is Tolk and garrisoned by troojvs from Beauregard s connnand. It was\\ncaptured by the Federals under General Pope, IVIarch l.^, 1S62. Pope had\\nbeen dispatched by Halleek for this purpose and, mo\\\\iiig down tlie IMissis-\\nsippi River, had encamped two miles from New Madrid. Siege gnus having\\nbeen brought from Cairo, General Plummer was sent by night to sink trenches\\nand place sharjvshooters. This having been accomplished, firing began early\\nMarch 13. Three of the six Confederate gunboats were speedily disabled,\\nand the next night, in the midst of a stonn. New Madrid was evacuated.\\nMany valuable supplies were captured.\\nNew Mexico was organized as a Territory September 9, 1850, from terri-\\ntory acquired from Mexico. The Spaniard Nunez visited the country in\\n1537, ^nd Coronado in 1540. In 15S1 Bonillo explored tlie region and\\nnamed it New Mexico. Santa Fe was founded about i6og. The Spaniards\\nhad great difficulty with the Pueblo Indians. General Kearny captured\\nSanta Fe in 1S46, and two years later, by the treaty of Ciuadalupe Hidalgo,\\nthe Ignited States came into possession of New Mexico. The Territory of\\nNew Mexico W.IS org-ani7;ed bv Act of Congress September q, 1S50. In 1853\\na portion of tlie Gadsden Purchase was annexed. In 1866 the Territory-\\nwas finallv reduced to its present boundaries. The fear that a State church\\nwould be established by the Mexicans in the State has prevented its admis-\\nsion into the Union. The population of the Territory in 1890 was 153,593.\\nHistory by Bancroft,\\nNew Netherland. (See Ne^v York.^", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0486.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 449\\nNew Netherlands Company. This company was formed in 1 615 after\\nthe ascent of Hudson River by the Englishman who gave that river his\\nname. Hudson was at that time in the employ of Holland. The company\\nwas founded by Amsterdam merchants, who obtained a monopoly of the\\ntrade for three years, and established a settlement at Manhattan and trading\\nposts on the Delaware River. The company was succeeded by the Dutch\\nWest India Company.\\nNew Orange, the name given to the city of New York in 1673, when the\\ncolony of New Netherland was retaken from England by the States General\\nof Holland. It was .so called in honor of the Prince of Orange.\\nNew Orleans, La., was founded in 17 18 by Jean Baptiste Lemoyne de\\nBienville, and a few years later (1722; was made the capital of the vast terri-\\ntory known as Ixjuisiana. In 1 765 the town received the exiles from\\nAaidia, and in 1768 rose in arms against the cession of Louisiana to Spain.\\nThe following year the people were compelled to submit by a large Spanish\\nforce. In 1788 and 1794 the town was almost totally destroyed by fire. In\\nS03 the city, with the rest of Louisiana, was turned over to France, and by\\nFrance to the United States. In 1807, Kurr s conspiracy was here foiled,\\nand on January 8, 181 5, occurred the battle of New Orlean.s. In December,\\n18x4, 7000 British troops, under General Pakenham, were transported from\\nJamaica to Lake Borgne for an attack on New Orleans. General Jackson\\nmade every possible preparation to resi.st them. On December 23, Decem-\\nber 28 and January i, he had gained minor successes over them. But\\nPakenham was reinforced to 10,000 men. The decisive battle occurred on\\nJanuary 8, 1815. General Jackson with 5000 men drew up his first line in\\nthree detachments, two on the left bank and one of 800 men under General\\nMorgan on the right bank. The line was defended by numerous batteries\\nand redoubts, and by an armed vessel, the Louisiana. General Paken-\\nham, with 10,000 veteran troops, planned an attack in three divisions. On\\nthe night before the battle Colonel Thornton was ordered to cross the river\\nand attack General Morgan. At dawn, the British second division, under\\nGeneral Gibbs, attacked Jackson s left, and soon after, the third division,\\nunder General Keane, attacked the right. Tliis last movement was at first\\nsuccessful and captured part of Jackson s works, but the battery and musketry\\nfire was- so deadly that they fell back in disorder. Meantime from this divis-\\nion General Keane had detached half to assist the second division under\\nGeneral fiibbs. This had attacked Jackson s strongest position. As they\\nadvanced to the charge they were killed by the hundreds, yet did not falter.\\nWhen within 200 yards of the American line, the Kentucky and Tennessee\\nriflemen, deadly shots, four ranks deep, fired line by line. The slaughter\\nwas terrible, but the British, now reinforced by General Keane s troops,\\npressed on up to the very parapets. But Generals Pakenham and Gibbs\\nwere both mortally wounded. General Keane and Major Wilkinson, the\\nnext in command, were so severely wounded that thev were carried from\\nthe field and the British fell back in disorder. Colonel Thornton s division\\nhad meantime captured Get;er.i Morgan s position on the right bank of th-?\\nriver, but was recalled in view of the defeat on the other side. TIk- Briti-h\\nlost in this battle 700 killed, 1400 wounded, and 500 prisoners. The American\\n29", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0487.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "450 Dictionary of United States History.\\nloss was eight killed and thirteen wounded. Occurring after the con-\\nclusion of peace at Ghent, the battle had no lasting results, but was famous\\nas the one great success won by American land forces in the War of 1812.\\nIn the Civil War New Orleans was captured and occupied, May i, 1862, by\\nCaptain Farragut and General Butler, after four days, April 24 to 27, inclu-\\nsive, spent in bombarding Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the Confederate\\nstrongholds below the city, and in defeating the Confederate fleet. The\\nUnion armament consisted of four sloops of war, seventeen gunboats, twenty-\\none bomb-schooners, these latter in charge of Commander Porter, and two\\nsailing vessels. Lovell, for the Confederates, commanded thirteen armed\\nsteamers, the steam battery Louisiana, of sixteen guns, and the ram\\nManassas, besides a flotilla of five ships and rafts. There was in addition\\na land force of some 3000 men. Crossing the bar April 8, Farragut spent\\nseveral days in preparing for a bombardment of Forts Jackson and St.\\nPhilip. April 27 the bombardment began, 1400 shells being thrown in one\\nday. The Union fleet was then arranged in two columns and prepared to\\npass the forts, Farragut s column firing upon Fort Jackson, Bailey s upon\\nFort St. Philip. A chain had been placed across the river, but this was\\nbroken; the Hartford, Farragut s ship, got safely through under cover\\nof Porter s mortar-boats, and the others followed. The forts were silenced,\\nand the Confederate flotilla attacked and almost entirely destroyed. Lovell\\nfled and Farragut demanded the surrender of New Orleans from the mayor.\\nThis was finally granted and Butler took charge. In 1890, great excitement\\nagainst murderous Italians led to lynchings by a mob.\\nNew Plymouth. (See Plymouth Colony.)\\nNew Somersetshire, a grant of territory extended to William Gorges in\\n1636, and comprising those settlements along the coast of Maine, which had\\nnot been included in the Ferdinando Gorges patent of 1631. William\\nGorges was appointed Deputy-Governor.\\nNew Sweden, the name given to the colony which the Swedes in 1638\\nestablished on the Delaware River and Bay. (See Delaware.)\\nNew York was one of the original thirteen colonies. Henry Hudson, in\\nthe employ of the Dutch East India Company, discovered the Hudson River\\n(1609) while seeking for a passage to India. The Dutch carried on fur trade\\nwith the Indians with no serious attempt at colonization until (1621) the for-\\nmation of the Dutch West India Company, when the patroon system was\\nintroduced (which gave rise to the anti-rent difficulties of 1839-46). Set-\\ntlements were made at Fort Nassau (Albany) 1614, and New Amsterdam (New\\nYork) 1623. I he four Dutch Governors were Minuit, Van Twiller, Kieft\\nand Stuyvesant. In 1664 Nicolls captured the colony for the English and\\nintroduced the mixed system of local government. At this time the popu-\\nlation was very heterogeneous, eighteen languages being spokon. Andros\\nwas made Governor of New England and New York in 1688. His deputy,\\nNicholson, was overthrown in New York by Leisler. In 1690 the first\\ncolonial congress met at Albany to consider Indian troubles. About 1700\\nCaptain Kidd, the pirate, was captured. The negro plot of 1741 caused\\nterrible excitement. During the Revolution the State contained many", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0488.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 451\\nTories. lu 1777 the first State Constitution was adopted (others, 1821 and\\n1846). The National Constitution was with difficulty adopted July 26,\\n1788. The political history of New York until 1807 was a struggle of the\\ngreat families for control. In 1798 Burr introduced the machine into the\\npolitics of New York City. The Livingstons and Clintons introduced the\\nspoils system in 1801. From 1823 to 1850 New York was for the most part\\nunder the control of the Albany Regency. When Van Buren entered Jack-\\nson s Cabinet he carried the practical methods used by the Regency into\\nnational politics. The Erie Canal was opened in 1825, and the following\\nyear the first railroad, the Hudson and Mohawk, was chartered. In 1826\\nWilliam Morgan, who had divulged some of the secrets of the Masonic\\nOrder, disappeared, and the Masons were charged with his murder. The\\nAnti-Masonic party was formed and nominated William Wirt, of Virginia,\\nfor President in 1831. The loco focos opposed the grant of special bank-\\ning privileges. The hunkers desired the extension of the canal system,\\nthe barn-burners its restriction. In 1850 the Regency disappeared. In\\n1855 the know-nothing party elected State officers below the Governor.\\nAfter this the State was Republican until 1862, when the Democrats elected\\nthe Governor. During the Civil War the State furnished 467,047 troops to\\nthe Union army. In 1873 the Democratic party was thoroughly organized\\nby Samuel J. Tilden. In 1871-72 William M. Tweed was convicted of\\npeculation in New York City. The failure of Jay Cooke Co. caused a\\nfinancial panic in 1873. John Kelly led a revolt of Tammany against the\\nregular Democratic candidate, Robinson, in 1879, and caused the election of\\na Republican Governor. Garfield refused to grant the control of the patron-\\nage in New York to the Senators, Conkling and Piatt, whereupon they\\nresigned their seats and appealed to the Legislature for re-election, but were\\ndefeated in July, 1881. A division of Republicans into stalwarts and\\nhalf breeds followed. In recent years the Republicans have carried the\\nelections of the years 1872, 1879, 1881, 1883, 1888 and 1893. In 1882\\nCleveland was elected Governor by a majority of 192,854. A constitutional\\nconvention sits in 1894. The population of New York, which in 1790 was\\n340,120, in 1890 was 5,997,853. The fifth State in 1790, it became the most\\npopulous in 1820, and has remained such ever since. History by Roberts.\\nNew York City, formerly called New Amsterdam, was settled by the\\nDutch in 1623. In August, 1664, the city surrendered to the British under\\nthe Duke of York, and the name was changed to New York, an English\\nform of government being established. In July, 1673, the Dutch recaptured\\nthe city and named it New Orange. It was restored to the British crown,\\nhowever, on November 10 of the following year. The English government\\ngranted liberal charters to the city in 1686 and 1732. In 1688 occurred\\nLeisler s revolt. In 1741 a supposed plot of negro slaves to burn the city\\nand murder the whites was discovered, and a number of negroes were hanged\\nor burned at the stake. In 1765 a congress of colonial delegates, called the\\nStamp Act Congress, met in this city and drew up a declaration of rights\\nagainst Great Britain s arbitrary taxation. In 1774 a ship laden with tea\\nwas sent back to England, and chests on another vessel were thrown over-\\nboard. After the battle of Long Island the city fell into the hands of the", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0489.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "452 Dictionary of United States History.\\nBritish who occupied it uutil the close of the Revolution. From 1784 to\\n1797 New York was the State capital and from 1785 to 1790 the seat of the\\nUnited States Government. Washington was inaugurated here April 30,\\n1789. The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 made New York the outlet\\nof the surplus produce of the West. In July, 1863, a serious draft riot\\noccurred. In 1872 the Tweed Ring, which had been plundering the city\\nthrough the possession of the municipal oflSces, was broken up. The era\\nof elevated railroads began in 1878. Columbia College was incorporated\\nhere in 1754 as King s College. The population of the city was in 1790,\\n33.131; 1810, 96,373; 1820, 123,706; 1840, 312,710; i860, 805,658; 1870,\\n942,292; 1880, 1,206,299; 1890, 1,515,301.\\nNew York Gazette, established as first news journal of New York by\\nWilliam Bradford in New York City, 1725. It was discontinued about 1742,\\nbut was begun again the same year by James Parker as the Gazette and\\nWeekly Post Boy. Parker formed a partnership with Holt. The latter\\npublished the. paper alone for some years, but then relinquished it to Parker,\\nwhen he started his Journal. Parker died in 1770, and the Gazette survived\\nhim only two years, most of its subscribers having followed Holt and the\\nJournal. It was finally suspended in 1772. This newspaper was the organ\\nof the New York government and steadily supported the latter through a\\nperiod of bitter controversy.\\nNew York Herald, established May 6, 1835, by James Gordon Bennett.\\nThe price was one penny, and the first numbers were printed on a four page\\npaper 30 x 24. The Herald was a lively competitor with the Sun for the\\nsupport of the masses. From its beginning a specialty was made of ship-\\nping news. The editor proposed that the Herald should be an independent\\njournal. The price was afterward raised to three cents.\\nNew York Historical Society was founded in 1804 and incorporated in\\n1809. It has published twenty-five volumes of Collections, and four vol-\\numes of its proceedings.\\nNew York Packet and American Advertiser. This newspaper was\\nfounded in New York City, in 1776, by Samuel Loudon and was at first\\nissued as a weekly. It was aftenvard removed to Fishkill, but brought back\\nto New York after the Revolution and published there during several years\\nas a daily. It was then suspended.\\nNew York Sun, first successful penny paper established in the United\\nvStates. It was founded in September, 1833, by Benjamin H. Day, a printer,\\nwho promised in his prospectus to publish all the news of the day for one\\npenny. The success of the paper was due rather to the demand of the people\\nfor such a journal than to its able management. The first number was a\\nfolio of twelve columns, ten inches to the column. The price was aised to\\ntwo cents per copy after the Civil War.\\nNew York Times, established in 1850 by Henry J. Raymond, who had\\nbeen associated with Horace Greeley in the editorship of the Tribune. The\\nTimes had a strong financial backing and gained an immediate success. It\\nbecame a member of the Associated Press in the year of its initial appear-\\nance, and remained one of the most important of American papers.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0490.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n453\\nNew York Tribune, established April lo, 1841, by Horace Greeley, as\\na penny paper. Its success was assured from the start, although the Stm\\nendeavored to hinder its circulation. Greeley s assistants were Henry J.\\nRaymond, and Charles A. Dana, present editor of the New York Sim.\\nGeorge William Curtis, Bayard Taylor, Albert Brisbane and other distin-\\nguished writers contributed to its columns.\\nNew York Weekly Journal, the second newspaper issued in the colony\\nof New York. It is considered a prototype of the modern American politi-\\ncal journal. John Peter Zenger established this paper in New York City in\\n1733, the first issue appearing November 3. It was founded avowedly for\\nthe purpose of opposing the administration of Governor Cosby. The\\ncolumns were filled with sharp criticisms and poetical fusillades, contributed\\nby opponents of the Government. Its publication was suspended in 1752,\\nbut revived by John Holt in 1766, with new types and printing apparatus.\\nNewark, N. J., was founded in 1666 by a company of Puritans from Con-\\nnecticut. It was at first governed mainly according to Mosaic law. During\\nthe Revolution the town was several times ravaged.\\nNewberry, John S. (1822-1892), geologist, has made extensive exploration\\nin the Western United States, which revealed the vast resources of the West.\\nHe conducted the Mississippi Valley Sanitary Department from 1861 to\\n1866.\\nNewburg, N. Y., founded in 1708 by a band of Germans under a grant\\nfrom Queen Anne. The town was afterward settled chiefly by the Scotch\\nand English, who gave it the name of Newburg in 1743. A new patent\\nwas obtained in 1752, and the town was systematically laid out. In 1782,\\nafter the defeat of Cornwallis, Washington encamped his army at Newburg.\\nHere the army was disbanded April 19, 1783.\\nNewburg Addresses, two anonymous appeals issued in 1783 to the\\nofficers of Washington s army, then encamped at Newburg, to hold a\\nmeeting for the consideration of the question of the money then due them\\nby Congress. The addresses were written by Captain Armstrong, of Penn-\\nsylvania, and were supposed to have been instigated by the Gates faction.\\nWashington immediately denounced the meeting as subversive of discipline,\\nand called a regular meeting of the officers for March 16. Gates was placed\\nin the chair, and Washington s friends carried motions declaring their\\nunshaken confidence in Congress, and denouncing the infamous pro-\\nposals of the anonymous addresses.\\nNewburyport, Mass., was settled in 1635. It was distinguished for its\\npatriotism during the Revolution and in the War of 1812, and was down\\nto that time an important shipping port.\\nNewcomb, Simon, born in 1835, came to the United States from Canada\\nin 1853. Since 1884 he has been professor of mathematics in the Johns\\nHopkins University. For his astronomical work he has received the highest\\nhonors at home and abroad.\\nNewgate Prison. (See Simsbury.)", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0491.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "454 Dictionary of United States History.\\nNewmarket, in the southwestern part of Virginia. Near this place, May\\n15, 1864, Sigel, with 10,000 Federal troops, was defeated by Breckinridge,\\ncommanding about an equal force of Confederates. The Federals were aiming\\nat the Confederate resources near Staunton and Lynchburg, and Breckin-\\nridge moved to meet them. There was some skirmishing and then Breck-\\ninridge ordered a charge which decided the day. In this fight 225 cadets\\nfrom the Virginia Military Institute took part.\\nNewport, Christopher, bom in England about 1565, was one of the\\nfounders of Jamestown, Va., in 1606. In 1608 he brought settlers and sup-\\nplies to the colonists from England and returned with a cargo of yellow\\nmica, thinking it was gold. He again came over in 16x0 with Lord Dela-\\nware. He returned to England in 1612. He wrote Discoveries in\\nAmerica.\\nNewport, R. I., was settled in 1638 by a party of colonists from Massa-\\nchusetts under William Coddington. Newport was in the last century an\\nimportant seat of commerce. It earlj resisted the overbearing policy of the\\nBritish Government, and her citizens burned the English sloop Liberty,\\nstationed in the harbor to exact an unpopular tax. During the Revolution\\n8,000 British and Hessian troops held the town and committed ravages on\\nall sides. On their retirement many prominent Lojalist citizens emigrated\\nwith them. Newport contains the Old Stone Mill, supposed by some to\\nhave been built by the Northmen. It was permanently incorporated as a\\ncity in 1853.\\nNewport Mercury, the second newspaper published in Rhode Island.\\nIt was founded and edited by James Franklin, and the first numbers\\nappeared at Newport in September, 1758. This journal attained consider-\\nable success, becoming at once self-supporting. It has never been suspended\\nsince the fir.st publication, and continues at the present time under the\\noriginal title.\\nNewspapers. The first genuine newspaper established in the United\\nStates was the Boston News Letter^ founded at Boston in 1704 by Postmaster\\nJohn Campbell, and continued until 1776. Previous to this there had been\\nissued at Boston three publications of one number each. Of these the first,\\ncalled a Newspaper Extraordinary^ consisted wholly of extracts from a letter\\nof Dr. Increase Mather, who was then in London endeavoring to obtain a\\nnew charter for Massachusetts. This letter was published by Samuel Green\\nin 1689. On September 25, 1690, appeared the first and only number of\\nPublick Ocairrences Foreign and Domestic^ issued by Benjamin Harris. The\\nauthorities promptly seized and suppressed the paper as a pamphlet pub-\\nlished contrar}- to law and containing reflections of a very high nature. In\\n1697 B. Green and J. Allen republished a news letter, bearing no title, which\\nhad been issued in London the same year. It was printed on a single page,\\nand contained small news items from the continent. After the Bostoti News\\nLetter^ there appeared in 17 19 the Boston Gazette^ Andrew Bradford issuing\\nthe American Weekly Mercury at Philadelphia the same year. James\\nFranklin established the New England Coiirant at Boston two years later.\\nThis was suppressed for its attacks upon the Government and clerg}-, but was", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0492.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 455\\nrevived by Benjamin Franklin. William Bradford began the Gazette at\\nNew York in 1725, and John Peter Zenger the New York Weekly Journal\\nin 1733, in the cause of the people against the Colonial Government. Zeu-\\nger s paper may be regarded as a prototype of the modern news journal.\\nNewspapers were founded in the other colonies in the following order: In\\nMaryland, at Annapolis, in 1727; in South Carolina, at Charleston, in 1731;\\nin Rhode Island, at Newport, in 1731; in Virginia, at Williamsburg, in 1736;\\nin North Carolina, at New Berne, in 1755; in Connecticut, at New Haven,\\nin 1755; in New Hampshire, at Portsmouth, in 1756; in Georgia, at Savan-\\nnah, in 1763; in Vermont, at Westminster, in 1781. Between 1704 and 1775\\nseventy-eight different nev/spapers had been printed with varied success in\\nthe colonies. Of these, thirty-nine were in actual process of publication at\\nthe outbreak of the Revolution. The papers most influential in advancing\\nthe revolutionary cause were the Boston Gazette and the Massadiusetts Spy.\\nOn the British occupation of Boston, New York and Philadelphia, most of\\nthe Whig journals were suspended. It has been estimated that the thirty-\\nnine newspapers of 1775 circulated about 1,200,000 copies annually. After\\nthe Federal Constitution was adopted the newspapers fell largely into the\\nhands of English immigrants, men of versatility and talent. Violent parti-\\nsan controversies arose. The most influential papers of this period were the\\nColumbian Centinel^ published at Boston during forty years, commencing in\\n17S4, by Benjamin Russell; the Nczv York Minerva.^ established at New\\nYork in 1793 by Noah Webster; the New York Evening Post^ established as\\nthe central organ of the Federalists in 1801; the Philadelphia Aurora,\\nfounded by Benjamin Franklin Bache in 1790, and afterward edited with\\nvindictive partisanship by William Duane, an Englishman; the Philadelphia\\nNational Gazette, established in 1791 by Philip Freueau; and the National\\nIntelligencer, established at Washington by Samuel H. Smith in 1800. The\\nfirst daily newspaper was the American Daily Advertiser, appearing in Phila-\\ndelphia in 1784. In 1810 there were twenty-seven daily newspapers in\\nexistence. They were published in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Balti-\\nmore, New Orleans, Charleston, Alexandria, Va., and Georgetown, D C.\\nBy 1880 they had increased to 968. The first penny paper was the New\\nYork Sun, established in 1833 by Benjamin Day. The first Sunday paper\\nwas the Sunday Courier, appearing in New York in 1825, with but little\\nsuccess. The chief period of the political influence of editors in the\\nUnited States was that beginning in 1830 and ending after the war. Before\\nthat date the editor was often of little account, but from 1830 to 1870 the\\npaper was often known chiefly as the organ of the individual editor s\\nopinions.\\nNewton, John, born in 1823, commanded a brigade at vSouth Mountain\\nand Antietam. He commanded a division at Fredericksburg and Chancel-\\nlorsville and a corps at Gettysburg. He superintended the removal of\\nobstructions in Hell Gate, N. Y., in 1885. Died 1895.\\nNez Perces, an Indian tribe in Idaho. They have remained frieucliy i:\\nthe whites, covering Colonel Steptoe s retreat in the Oregon War. In i8.~,;\\nthey disposed of a part of their land, and a part went ou a reservation.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0493.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "456 Dictionary of United States History.\\nNiagara, Fort. During the French War, in the summer of 1759, the Eng-\\nlish under Prideaux laid siege to Fort Niagara, which was defended by a garri-\\nson of 600. Prideaux was reinforced by Johnson with 2300, partly Indians.\\nAfter a few weeks an attempt was made to succor the French. This party\\nwas beaten off and no alternative was left but to surrender. This the garrison\\ndid with honors of war on July 24. By the capture of Niagara, the English\\ncut off the French from all their posts in the interior. In the War of i8i2,\\non November 21, 1812, a severe bombardment was opened against this fort\\nfrom the British fortifications on the Canadian side. The artillery duel lasted\\nall day, resulting in slight damage to the fort and the loss of four killed\\nand five wounded. Later, in retaliation for the burning of Newark by the\\nAmericans, Colonel Murray, with about 1000 British and Indians, crossed over\\nfrom Canada, December 19, 1813, and made a night attack upon the fort. The\\nmain gate, through gross negligence, was found wide open, the commander\\nwas away and the men asleep The fort was captured without much diffi-\\nculty, but some slight resistance aroused the passions of the British and a\\nnumber of Americans were massacred. From this point as a centre the\\nwhole Niagara frontier was ravaged and made desolate. With the fort were\\ncaptured 344 men and immense stores of arms, ammunition and military\\nsupplies.\\nNiagara Falls, so called from an Iroquois Indian word meaning the thunder\\nof water. It was first visited and described in 1678 by a French missionary,\\nFather Hennepin. In 1751 Kalm, a Swedish naturalist, published a descrip-\\ntion of the Falls in the Geiitlemaii s Jlfagazine. Professor James Hall made\\na trigonometrical survey and a map of the Falls for the United States Coast\\nSurvey in 1842.\\nNicaragua. (See also Walker, William.) A commercial treaty was con-\\ncluded between the United States and Nicaragua in 1867 by which Nicaragua\\ngrants free transit to the United States in consideration of the guarantee of\\nthe neutrality of routes of communication between the Atlantic and Pacific.\\nAn extradition convention was concluded in 1870 and a reciprocity treaty in\\n1892.\\nNicaragua Canal. The Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua, capital\\n$100,000,000, was incorporated under a charter granted by Congress in 1889,\\npermission having been previously obtained from the Nicaragua Government\\nfor the exclusive right of constructing and operating an inter-oceanic ship\\ncanal. Excavations were begun October 8, 1891, at San Juan del Norte, or\\nGreytowu. The total length of the proposed waterway is 1697^ miles. The\\nreservoirs of Lakes Nicaragua and Managua furnish an adequate high water\\nlevel supply. In 1892 the canal had been opened one mile from Greytown.\\nThe sum then expended in plant and work amounted to |6oo,ooo. A bill\\nreported unanimously by the Senate Foreign Committee, recommending a\\ngovernment guarantee of $100,000,000, has been withrawn.\\nNichola, Lewis (1717-1807), came to America from Ireland in 1766. He\\nwas of great service to the colonies during the Revolution by his military\\nknowledge and suggestions. He was brevetted brigadier-general in 1783.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0494.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 457\\nNicholas, Wilson C. (i 757-1 820), became an officer in the colonial army\\nand commanded Washington s life-gnard until 1783. He was a member of\\nthe Virginia Convention that ratified the Federal Constitution. He repre-\\nsented Virginia in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from 1800 to 1804 and in\\nthe House from 1807 to 1809. He was Governor of Virginia from 1814 to\\n1817.\\nNicholson, Alfred O. P. (1808-1876), represented Tennessee in the U. S.\\nSenate as a Democrat from 1841 to 1843 and from 1859 to 1861. He wrote\\nthe famous Nicholson Letter to aspirants for the Presidential nomination\\nin 1848.\\nNicholson, Sir Francis, colonial Governor, died in 1728. He was Ivieuten-\\nant-Governor of New York in 1688, Governor of Virginia from 1690 to\\n1692 and from 1699 to 1705, and of Maryland from 1694 to 1699. He com-\\nmanded at Port Royal in 1710. He was Governor of Nova Scotia from 1712\\nto 1717 and of South Carolina from 1721 to 1725.\\nNicholson, James W. A. (1821-1887), commanded the Isaac Smith at\\nPort Royal in 1861. From 1863 to 1864 he commanded the Shamrock\\nand in 1864 the monitor Manhattan at Fort Gaines and Fort Morgan.\\nNicolay, John G., born in 1832, came to America from Bavaria in 1838.\\nHe was secretary to President Lincoln from i860 to 1865. He was U. S.\\nConsul at Paris from 1865 to 1869. He wrote The Outbreak of the Rebel-\\nlion, and, with Colonel John Hay, a voluminous work called Abraham\\nLincoln: a History.\\nNicolet, Jean, a French trader and explorer, who traveled as far west as\\nWisconsin about 1634. His reports of the Mississippi led the Jesuits to\\nbelieve it a passage to India.\\nNicollet, Jean N. (i 786-1 843), came to America from France in 1832.\\nHe carefully explored the Mississippi Valley, making scientific observations\\nand collecting valuable ethnological information. He prepared a map of\\nthe West for the Government.\\nNicolls, Sir Richard (1624-1672), came to America with a fleet from Eng-\\nland in 1664. New Netherlands surrendered to him without resistance, and\\nhe remained Governor till his resignation in 1667. He changed the name\\nto New York, published the first code of English law in America, estab-\\nlished English municipal government in the city, and managed the afiairs of\\nthe colony most creditably.\\nNiles, Hezekiah (1777-1839), was the founder of Miles Register^ a weekly\\njournal, which he edited from 181 1 to 1836, and published The Principles\\nand Acts of the American Revolution.\\nNiles, John M. (1787-1856), represented Connecticut in the U. S. Senate\\nas a Democrat from 1835 to 1839, and from 1843 to 1849. He was Post-\\nmaster-General in Van Buren s Cabinet from 1840 to 1841.\\nNiles s Register, a weekly journal established at Baltimore by Heze-\\nkiah Niles in i8n, and discontinued by his son in 1849. It was a weekly", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0495.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "458 Dictionary of United States History.\\nrepository of the documentary and political history of the country, reported\\nwith impartiality and fidelity. These reports were made with a fullness not\\nattempted by the local newspapers. Niles^s Register had a large circulation\\nfor many years. It is frequently quoted by historical writers.\\nNinety-Six, Fort, Evacuation of, June 29, 1781. One by one the British\\nhad evacuated the strongholds in the interior of South Carolina. Fort\\nNinety-Six alone remained in their possession. This was strongly garrisoned\\nand held out against Greene for twenty-eight days. Rawdon then appeared\\nwith 2000 men and Greene prudently retired. The British General, however,\\ncould not hold the fort and keep his army so far from the sea-board. Accord-\\ningly he evacuated it and retired upon Charleston.\\nNipmucks, a tribe of New England Indians, situated in southern-central\\nMassachusetts. The majority of the Nipmucks did not at first join with\\nPhilip in his war against the colonists, but were active against the English\\nduring the struggle in Connecticut (1675). In January, 1676, the remnant\\nof Philip s tribe, with the Narragansetts, the Quaboag and River Indians,\\nefiected a junction with the Nipmucks. On the overthrow of Philip the\\nNipmucks fled north and west.\\nNixon, John (1733-1808), of Massachusetts, was prominent in thepre-revo-\\nlutionary movements. He commanded at Fort Island in 1776, and led\\na battalion at Princeton. He was president of the Bank of North America\\nfrom 1792 to 1808.\\nNo Man s Land. In 1845 Texas, on being admitted into the Union,\\nceded to the United States that strip of her land which lay north of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30\\nNorth latitude. This piece, 167 miles by 35, was without government until\\n1890, when it became a part of Oklahoma.\\nNoah, Mordecai M. (1785-1851), was Consul-General at Tunis from 1813\\nto 1816. He edited the Democratic National Advocate from 1816 to 1826.\\nHe attempted to organize an establishment of the Jews at Grand Island in\\nNiagara River.\\nNoble, John W., bom in 1831, served during the Civil War. He was\\nSecretary of the Interior in Harrison s Cabinet from 1889 to 1893.\\nNominations. In the earlier stages of American political development,\\nnominations to elective offices were made by private, informal agreements\\namong active politicians, or by the more organized caucus; or else the candi-\\ndate announced his candidacy publicly, and ran for the office without other\\nnomination. Next came the legislative caucus. From 1796 to 1816 candi-\\ndates for the Presidency, for one party or the other, were selected by caucuses\\nof the members of Congress belonging to that party. The practice fell into\\ndislike by 1824 (see Caucus). Nominations of State officers to be elected by\\nthe people were similarly made by party caucuses in the Legislature. But\\nthis gave, in the case of a given party, no representation of those districts\\nwhose legislative delegates were not of that party. Hence arose a modification\\nof the caucus, the caucus being supplemented by the addition of delegates\\nspecially sent up from those unrepresented districts. From this developed\\nthe nominating convention pure and simple (see art. Convention, Nominating)", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0496.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 459\\naud this iustitution, developed in the States, was soon transferred to the\\nFederal arena. In the case of most U. S. officers of importance, not elected\\nby the people, the President nominates, subject to confirmation by the Senate,\\nas provided by the Constitution of 17S7. See arts. Removals, and Tenure\\nof Office Act.\\nNon-Importation Agreement, a compact entered into by the merchants\\nof New York and Boston in 1765, unanimously binding themselves to order\\nno new merchandise from England and to countermand old orders. This\\nwas in retaliation for the Stamp Act. The agreement was rendered in 1767\\nin consequence of the Townshend Acts and was strictly observ^ed until 1770,\\nwhen tea only was prohibited.\\nNon-intercourse Act, an Act of Congress passed March r, 1809, to be sub-\\nstituted for the Non-importation Act and the embargo. It was to continue\\nuntil the next session of Congress, but was revived by the Acts of June 28,\\n1809, May I, 1810, and March 2, 181 1. It forbade the entrance to x-^nierican\\nports of public or private British or French vessels, all commercial inter-\\ncourse with France or Great Britain, and the importation, after May 20, 1809,\\nof goods grown or manufactured in France or Great Britain or their colonies.\\nNootka Sound. In 1789 the Spaniards seized a number of British vessels\\nin Nootka Sound, in what was then called California, on the ground that they\\nwere intruding on Spanish possessions. War nearly resulted. But by the\\nprovisions of the so-called Nootka Convention, October 28, 1790, England\\nand Spain agreed to trade along the coast side by side, respecting each other s\\nsettlements.\\nNordhofF, Charles, born in 1830, came to America from Prussia in 1843.\\nHe has been Washington correspondent of the New York Herald sinc^ 1871.\\nHe wrote Secession in Rebellion, The Freedmen of South Carolina,\\nThe Communistic Societies of the United States and Politics for Young\\nAmericans.\\nNorfolk, Va., was founded in 1705 and became a city in 1845. At the\\nbeginning of the Revolution, December 9, 1775, a skirmish took place at\\nNorfolk between Virginia sharpshooters and Governor Dunmore, who had\\nerected a fort to guard the southern approach to Norfolk against any chance\\nrebels. After a hot fire of fifteen minutes, in which the Governor s force\\nlost sixty-seven men, the loyalists retired. The Governor sought the fleet\\nand in revenge fired the town with red-hot shot. Norfolk was scourged by\\nthe yellow fever in 1855. During the early part of the Civil War Norfolk\\nwas the principal naval depot of the Confederac) The Union troops\\nobtained possession of the city May 19, 1862, and held it for the remainder\\nof the war,\\nNormand, Jacques E. (1809-1867), came as an exile to the United States\\nfrom France in 1848. He established the communistic colony of La\\nReunion in Texas in 1 851, which was afterward expelled by the Govern-\\nment. He has published numerous works on communism.\\nNorsemen. The vikings of Norway and Iceland are represented in the\\nIcelandic sagas as h?,-^;lag voyaged to America about the year 1000. The", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0497.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "460 Dictionary of Unitki) Statks History.\\nmost famous of these accounts is that respecting Leif Ericsson (see art.).\\nThe sagas speak of settlements made on this coast, which maintained their\\nconnection with Greenland and the other Norse countries for several cen-\\nturies. Attempts have been made to locate tLcse settlements at given points\\non the American coast, as in Rhode Island, but with little success, it is\\nbelieved by the most scientific authorities. The name of their chief settle-\\nment was Vinland. Columbus is supposed by many to have obtained knowl-\\nedge of their voyages. The idea of connecting the Old Mill at Newport\\nwith the Norsemen is now abandoned.\\nNorth, Frederick, Earl of Guilford (1733-1792), known as Lord North\\nuntil 1790, became a Lord of the Treasury in 1763. In 1765 he advocated\\nthe Stamp Act and maintained the right of England to tax the colonies.\\nHe was Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the House of Commons\\nin 1767. From 1770 to 1782 he was First Lord of the Treasury and Prime\\nMinister of England. He followed the policy of George III. in the coercion\\nof the colonies and proposed the enforcement of the tea duty in 1773 and\\nthe Boston port bill in 1774. As head of the government he managed the\\nwar against America. After Yorktown, the failure of the king s efforts\\nbeing manifest, he resigned.\\nNorth American Review, a review founded in 1815 by William\\nTudor, at Boston, and originally published every two months, though now a\\nmonthly. Among its contents were found, beside reviews, a variety of mis-\\ncellaneous and poetical articles. It soon passed into the control of an asso-\\nciation of literary men, who met regularly in their editorial capacity. Many\\nchanges were made in the magazine and an uniform high standard was\\nmaintained throughout. Its earlier files contain the best collection of\\nAmerican literary, political, critical and scientific thought during the first\\nsixty or seventy years from its foundation.\\nNorth Anna River, Va., a two days conflict during the Civil War. Grant\\ncommanding 127,000 Federals was endeavoring to push on to Richmond,\\nwhile Lee opposed him with 110,000 Confederates. The fight occurred May\\n23 and 25, 1864. When Grant arrived at the North Anna River he found\\nLee s lines drawn up in a strong position on the other side of the stream.\\nWarren was dispatched across the Jericho Ford by Grant to attack Lee s\\nleft, it being his weak point. It was soon strengthened, but Warren man-\\naged to repulse Hill s assault and finally drove the Confederates back and\\nentrenched himself near their position, after capturing 1000 prisoners. Han-\\ncock meantime had driven McLaws from an ugly fortification at the Chester-\\nfield bridge. Grant thought that his passage of the river was assured on\\nthe 24th, but Lee had chosen an impregnable position along the North Anna\\nand Little rivers and some marshes. When Bumside attempted to^ cross on\\nthe 25th, his advance division under Crittenden was driven back with fearful\\nslaughter. Grant therefore decided to retire, June 26th.\\nNorth Bend, Ohio, noted for a time as the place of residence of William\\nHenry Harrison.\\nNorth Carolina was one of the original thirteen colonies. The first\\nattempts to make a settlement were made by Raleigh. His failures caused", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0498.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "Vf\\n:!^^^L^i^ f)\\\\..\\nGENERALS OF CIVIL WAR.\\nGeorge Gordon Meade- D. C. Buell. James B, McPherson. Joseph Hooker.\\nA. E. Burnside. George B. McClellan. Nathaniel P. Banks. W. S. Rosecran;.\\nPhilip H. Sheridan. Ulysses S. Grant. William T. Sherman.\\nBenjamm F. Butler. Irvin McDowell. John A. Logan. Winfield S. Hancock.\\nDavid Hunter. Henry W. Halleck. Georee H. Thomas. John Pooe.", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0499.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0500.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 461\\na prejudice against the region. Soon after the settlement of Virginia, 1607,\\nthe territory was explored and small settlements made by hunters and adven-\\nturers from Virginia. Charles I. gave the territory to his attorney-general,\\nSir Robert Heath, in 1629. In 1653, Roger Greene with Virginian dissent-\\ners founded the first permanent settlement in North Carolina, at Albemarle.\\nA party of New Englanders made a settlement on the Cape Fear River,\\n^1660, but soon left the country in disgust and were followed by a company\\nfrom Barbadoes who, in 1665, established the colony of Clarendon, on the\\nCape Fear River. In 1663, Charles II. gave both Carolinas to eiglit of his\\nfavorites. The territory extended to the parallel 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 on the north, to\\n29\u00c2\u00b0 on the south, and west to the South Sea. The king gave a charter to\\nthe proprietors in 1665, and in 1669 the colonial Legislature attempted to\\nattract immigrants by a law which prevented the collection of all debts\\nincurred by settlers before moving to the Carolinas. In the same year\\nLocke s Fundamental Constitutions attempted to institute the feudal sy.stem,\\nbut without success, and in 1693 the attempt was abandoned. In 1700 the\\ntwo colonies were .separated, and in 1729 North Carolina became a royal\\ncolony. In May, 1775, the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence is\\nsaid to have been issued by the inhabitants of Mecklenburg County (see\\nart). The first State Constitution was made in 1776 (the present in 1868).\\nThe population of the State was large but ill-organized at the time of the\\nRevolution. The State refused to ratify the national Constitution until\\n1789, and was thus ne.xt to the last of the thirteen States to accept that\\ndocument. The State was Democratic until 1840, when it was controlled\\nby the Whigs until 1852, since which date it has been Democratic. In\\n1860-61, the sentiment was at first decidedly opposed to secession on the\\nground that it would be impolitic; but upon Lincoln s call for troops, the\\nLegislature in special session called a State Convention, which on May 20,\\n1861, pa.ssed a secession ordinance. North Carolina was dissatisfied with\\nthe Confederate Government, and it was even proposed to secede from the\\nConfederacy. North Carolina wtis restored to her place in the Union July\\nII, 1868. In 1869 the Ku Klux Klan appeared in Alamance and Caswell\\nCounties, and Federal aid was solicited by Governor Holden. In 1868 and\\n1872, Grant carried the State for the Republicans. Since that time the\\nState has been Democratic. The population of the State in 1790 was 393,-\\n751; in 1890 it was 1,617,947. History by Moore.\\nNorth Carolina, University of, at Chapel Hill, was chartered in 1787 and\\norganized eight years later.\\nNorth Carolina Gazette, the first newspaper issued in North Carolina.\\nIt was established at New Berne in 1749 by James Davis. Its publication\\nwas suspended in 1761, but it was revived in 1768. Publication was finally\\nsuspended at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War.\\nNorth Carolina Historical Society, founded in 1840, but not chartered\\nuntil 1875. Its headquarters are at Chapel Hill.\\nNorth Dakota was originally a part of the Louisiana cession. Before\\nthe settlement of the boundary between the United States and Canada it\\nwas under British rule. A settlement was made at Pembina in 1812 bv", "height": "2530", "width": "1622", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0501.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "462 DlCTIOXARY OF UNITED STATES HISTORY.\\nLord Selkirk, who supposed that the region belonged to the English. With\\nSouth Dakota it was organized as the Territory of Dakota in 1861. In 1889,\\nNovember 2, North Dakota became a State. A prohibitory law went into\\neffect July, 1890. Prior to the appearance of the Farmers Alliance the\\nState was Republican. The population in 1890 was 182,719.\\nNorth German Union. The United States concluded a naturalization\\nconvention with the North German Union in 1868. (See German}-.)\\nNorth Point (near Baltimore). Here the British force while pushing forward\\nto attack Baltimore on September 12, 1814, came upon the American arm}-\\nand immediately joined battle. After two hours hard fighting, the British\\nright put to flight the American left, which in its retreat threw the rest of the\\nline into confusion and forced a general retreat. The Americans fell back\\ntoward Baltimore, leaving behind their wounded and two field pieces.\\nNortheast Boundary. The Treaty of 1783 defined the Northeast boundary\\nof the United States, toward Canada, as extending from the source of the St.\\nCroix due north to the highlands or watershed between the Atlantic and St.\\nLawrence systems, thence along those highlands to the northweslernmost\\nhead of the Connecticut River. Disputes over this definition lasted from\\nthat time to 1842. In 1831 the king of the Netherlands, as arbitrator, made\\nan award which neither party was willing to accept. Finally, by the\\nWebster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, the present line was agreed upon, not\\ngreatly differing from that suggested by the Dutch king, and giving about\\nseven-twelfths of the disputed territory to the United States and about five-\\ntwelfths to Great Britain.\\nNorthup Case. Solomon Northup, the son of a freedman, was enticed\\nfrom his home in Saratoga where he had a family and earned a comfortable\\nlivelihood. He was drugged and carried to Washington where he was\\nplaced in a slave pen. He was then conveyed South and sold to a hard\\nmaster with whom he remained for twelve years. He was at length rescued\\nfrom his servitude through the efforts of Northern friends.\\nNorthvvest Boundary Question. The territory bounded north by latitude\\n54\u00c2\u00b0 40 east by the Rocky Mountains, south by latitude 42\u00c2\u00b0, and west by the\\nPacific Ocean has been claimed at various times and to various extents by\\nRussia, Spain, Great Britain and the United States. The Russian claim,\\nwhich rested mainly upon occupation by fur traders, was settled by a treaty\\nJanuary 11, 1825. Under this treaty the United States were to make no\\nsettlements north of latitude 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 and Russia none south of that latitude.\\nEngland and Russia agreed upon the same terms. The Spanish claims were\\nconfined south of latitude 42\u00c2\u00b0 by the treaty which ceded Florida in 1819.\\nGreat Britain had little or no claim by discovery. The United States claim\\nrested upon the voyage of Gray up the Columbia River in 1792, and the\\nexplorations of Lewis and Clark through the Rocky Mountains and through\\nthe Oregon county in 1 805-06, under the orders of Jefferson. By the treaty\\nof October 20, 181 8, the wliole territor}- west of the Rocky Mountains was\\nto be opened to both countries for ten years, and, in 1827, the joint occupa-\\ntion for an indefinite period was agreed upon. Later this produced dissatis-\\nfaction, and after considerable negotiation, Great Britain was induced in 1846", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0502.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 463\\nto accept latitude 49\u00c2\u00b0 as the boundary from the Rocky Mountains to the\\nchannel between Vancouver s Island and the mainland.\\nNorthwest Territory, and the Ordinance of 1787 for its government. The\\nNorthwest Territory, consisting of the area west of Pennsylvania, north of\\nthe Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi, came under the control of the\\nContinental Congress by reason of the cessions made by Virginia (1784),\\nNew York (1782), Massachusetts (1785) and Connecticut (1786). In 1784\\nJefferson brought forward an ordinance for the government of this territory.\\nIts leading features were that it provided for its erection into States, and their\\nentrance into the Union on equal terms with the rest. A clause which would\\nhave prohibited slavery after 1800 was voted down. In 1787 a new ordinance\\nwas framed upon this and passed on September 13. The credit of its final\\nform, including the forbidding of slavery, has been attributed to Nathan Dane,\\nmember of the Continental Congress from Massachusetts, and, more largely\\nof late, to Dr. Manasseh Cutler, of the same vState, agent of the Ohio Com-\\npany. The ordinance provided that no land was to be taken up until it had\\nbeen purchased from the Indians and offered for sale by the United States;\\nno property qualification was required of electors or elected; a temporary\\ngovernment, consisting of an appointed governor and law-making judges,\\nmight be established until the adult male population of the territory increased\\nto 5000; then a permanent and representative government would be per-\\nmitted, with the right of sending a representative to Congress, who should\\ndebate, but not vote. When the number of inhabitants in any of the five\\ndivisions of the territory equalled 60,000, it should be admitted as a new\\nState; the new States should remain forever a part of the United States;\\nshould bear the same relation to the Government as the original States;\\nshould pay their apportionment of the Federal debts; should in their gov-\\nernments uphold republican forms, and slavery should exist in none of them.\\nIt also provided for equal division of the property of intestates, and for the\\nsurrender of fugitive slaves from the States. Under this government Arthur\\nSt. Clair was Governor of the territory from 1788 to 1802, when Ohio became\\na State. The western portions were then organized as the Territory of\\nIndiana, the northern as the Territory of Michigan, in 1B05.\\nNorthwestern University, Evanston, 111., was founded by the Methodists\\nin 1851.\\nNorton, Charles Eliot, born in 1827, was associate editor of the North\\nAmerican Review from 1864 to 1868. He has written Considerations on\\nSome Recent Social Theories and Historical Studies of Church Building\\nin the Middle Ages; has translated Dante, and edited the correspondence of\\nCarlyle with Emerson and that of Lowell. He is professor of the fine arts\\nin Harvard University.\\nNorton, John (1606-1663), came to the Massachusetts colony from Eng-\\nland in 1635. He aided in framing the Cambridge Platform in 1648.\\nHe went to England in 1662 with Governor Bradstreet to confer with\\nCharles II.\\nNorumbega, the name given by early explorers to various parts of tlie\\nEastern coast. In 1539 it was applied to the whole coast from Cape Breton", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0503.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "464 Dictionary of United States History.\\nto Florida; in 1556, to that country lying between Cape Breton and the\\nJersey coast, and after that time till the seventeenth century to New England.\\nIn 1605 Champlain applied it to the territory now comprised in the State of\\nMaine, the Norumbega River being identical with the Penobscot. David\\nIngram, who was put ashore in the Gulf of Mexico by Hawkins in 1568,\\ntraveled afoot to the St. John s River, passing through Massachusetts and\\nMaine. He described Norumbega as a splendid Indian city. Humphrey\\nGilbert, Walker and Rut were the earliest English explorers of Norumbega.\\nNorway. (See Sweden and Norway.)\\nNott, Eliphalet (i 773-1866), was president of Union College, New York,\\nfrom 1804 to 1866 and one of the most distinguished of American educators.\\nHis address on the death of Alexander Hamilton became famous.\\nNova Caesarea, the Latin name for New Jersey. The island of Jersey\\nderives its name from the Latin name Caesarea, given to it in Roman times.\\nNova Constellatio Coinage, two silver coins invented by Robert Morris in\\n1783 for national coinage, but not accepted by the Continental Congress.\\nThey were called the Mark and the Quint. Their values were respectively\\nabout seventy and thirty-five cents, their weights eleven pennyweights six\\ngrains, and five pennyweights fifteen grains. There were only a few pattern\\npieces struck off. For description of this coinage (see Mark, and Quint.)\\nNova Suecia, the Latin name for New Sweden.\\nNovum Belgium, a name used in the seventeenth century as the Latin\\nequivalent of New Netherland.\\nNovum Eboracum, the Latin name for New York, York in England\\nhaving originally been called Eboracum by the Romans, whence Eoforwic,\\nwhence York.\\nNoyes, John H. (1811-1886), foimded acolony of Perfectionists at Putney,\\nVt., in 1838. He removed to Oneida, N. Y., in 1848 and established there a\\nsocialistic community. He wrote a History of American Socialism.\\nNullification, the formal suspension by a State government of the opera-\\ntion of a law of the United States within the territory under the jurisdiction\\nof the State, was first suggested as the rightful remedy in the case of illegal\\nstretches of Federal legislative authority, in the Kentucky Resolutions of\\n1799. Practical exemplifications of its operation were afforded by Pennsyl-\\nvania in the Olmstead case in 1809, by Georgia in the matter of the Chero-\\nkees (1825-30), etc. But the theory was most completely developed by\\nJohn C. Calhoun, and its most important application was in South Carolina\\nin 1832, in her protest against the tariff of that year, which was exceedingly\\ndistasteful to the Southern States. Calhoun s nullification contemplated a\\nsuspension of the objectionable law by an aggrieved State, until three-\\nfourths of the States in national convention should overrule the nullifica-\\ntion. The question turned upon the dogma of State sovereignty. The\\nState Legislature of 1832, made up of nullifiers, put the State in a position\\nfor war and passed various acts resuming powers expressly prohibited to the\\n3tates by the Constitution. December 11, President Jackson issued the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0504.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. ^65\\nnullification proclamation, declaring nullification to be incompatible with\\nthe existence of the Union and contrary to the Constitution. February i,\\n1833, a bill called the bloody bill, was passed by Congress, authorizing\\nthe enforcement of the tariflf. February 26, Clay submitted a compromise\\ntariff bill, which was enacted. In consequence of this the South Carolina\\nConvention repealed the nullification ordinance on March 16, 1833.\\nNye, James W. (1814-1876), was a New York coimty judge from 1840\\nto 1848. He was appointed Governor of Nevada in 1861, and represented\\nNevada m the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1865 to 1873.\\no.\\nOak Grove, Va., a point much coveted by McClellan during the Penin-\\nsular campaign, just previous to the siege of Richmond. Heintzelman s\\ncorps, with a portion of Sumner s and Keyes was dispatched to capture\\nthis place. From here it was McClellan s intention to strike the Old Tavern.\\nOn June 25, 1862, Heintzelman, moving along the Williamsburg road,\\nencountered a small detachment of Lee s army. An engagement at once\\ntook place, Sickles and Grover, of Hooker s division, bearing the brunt of\\nthe attack. The position was won after a Federal loss of over 500 men.\\nOak Hill, the residence of James Monroe, during the latter part of his\\nlife, in Loudoun County, Va. The Oak Hill mansion was planned by Monroe\\nhimself.\\nOath. The Constitution provides that before the President enter on the\\nexecution of his ofi ce he shall take the following oath or affirmation: I\\ndo solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of\\nPresident of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve,\\nprotect and defend the Constitution of the United .States. This oath is\\nadministered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. A similar oath is\\nrequired of all officers National and State, and belonging to the executive,\\nlegislative and judicial departments. The first Act of Congress provided for\\noaths of office.\\nOberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, was opened in 1833 as the Collegiate\\nInstitute, but changed its name in 1850. It was founded by Congrega-\\ntionalists. Its theological department was opened in 1835.\\nOberlin- Wellington Case (1858). A negro named John Rice was cap-\\ntured near Wellington, O., by Kentucky kidnappers. An Oberlin College\\nstudent gave the alarm, and the kidnappers were pursued by a large crowd,\\nwho rescued the negro. For this infraction of the law thirty-seven citizens\\nof Oberlin and Wellington were indicted. During the progress of the case\\nthe greatest excitement prevailed over the entire countiy. No severe penal-\\nties were imposed upon the oflfenders.\\nO Brien, Fitz-James (1828-1862), came to America from Ireland in 1850.\\nHe served on the staff of General Lander in 1862, and died of wound?;\\nreceived in battle. He was a brilliant writer of prose and verse.\\n30", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0505.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "466 Dictionary of United States History.\\nObservatories. The first telescope used in the United States for astro-\\nnomical purposes was set up at Yale College in 1830. The first observatory\\nbuilding was erected at Williams College, in 1836, by Professor Hopkins.\\nIn 1838, the Hudson Observatory was organized in connection with the\\nWestern Reserve University, in 1839 that of Harvard. The West Point\\nObservatory soon followed. A Government Observatory was erected at\\nGeorgetown, D. C, in 1847, but has since been removed to Mount Look-\\nout, near Washington. The Ann Arbor Observatory, Mich., founded in 1854,\\nhas accomplished valuable work, as has also the United States Naval Obser-\\nvatory at Washington. Many of the colleges have now more or less efiici-\\nently equipped observatories. In 1874 James Lick, of San Francisco, gave\\n$750,000 for a telescope and other apparatus for an observatory. Accordingly\\nthe Lick Observatory was erected on Mount Hamilton, Cal., being completed\\nin 1888. The Lick telescope is one of the most powerful in the world, and\\nwith it numerous interesting and valuable discoveries have been made.\\nOcala Platform, of the Farmers Alliance congress, December 8, 1890.\\nIt demanded the abolition of national banks; the establishment of sub-treas-\\nuries which should lend money directly to the people at low rates of interest;\\nfree coinage of silver; low tariff; the prohibition of alien ownership of land,\\nand a graduated income tax. So called from the place of meeting,\\nOcala, Fla.\\nO Callaghan, Edmund B. (i 797-1 880), came to New York from Canada\\nin 1837. He was author of a History of New Netherland, and editor of\\nDocumentary History of New York, Documents Relating to the Histor\\nof New York (11 vols.), Remonstrance of New Netherlands, etc.\\nO Conor, Charles (i 804-1 884), of New York, was admitted to the bar at\\nthe age of twenty. He sympathized with the Confederates during the Civil\\nWar. He was nominated for President of the United States by the Labor\\nReform branch of the Democratic party in 1872. He was counsel for Jef-\\nferson Davis when he was indicted for treason. He was largely the means\\nof destroying the Tweed Ring, and was noted as a lawyer.\\nOconostota (before 1730-after 1809), head king of the Cherokee Indians.\\nHe captured Fort Priuce George and Fort Loudon, and massacred the gar-\\nrisons in revenge for an attack by English settlers in 1756. He aided the\\nEnglish in the Revolutionary War by harassing the frontiers of Virginia\\nand the Carolinas, but was soon afterward dethroned.\\nOdd Fellows. The first lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows\\nin the United States was organized at Baltimore in April 181 9, by Thomas\\nWildey and four others. Lodges were established in Boston in 1820, and\\nin Philadelphia in 1821, receiving charters from the Grand Lodge at Balti\\nmore. Since then the order has been established in every State and Terri-\\ntory of the Union.\\nOdell Town (Canada, near Lake Champlain). Here Lieutenant-Colone\\nForsyth had two small skirmishes with the British, June 22, 1814, in whicl\\nthe former was successful, but lost his own life. The British loss was seven\\nteen killed.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0506.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 467\\nOgden vs. Saunders, an important case in the U. S. Supreme Court,\\ndecided in 1827. Ogden, of Louisiana, declared upon certain bills of\\nexchange drawn upon the defendant Saunders, a citizen of Kentucky, but\\nthen living in New York. Saunders pleaded a certificate of discharge under\\nthe Act of the New York Legislature of 1801 for the relief of insolvent\\ndebtors. The District Court of Louisiana found judgment for the plaintiff.\\nOn a writ of error the case was brought before the Supreme Court, which\\ndecided in 1827 that the power to pass bankruptcy laws did not belong exclu-\\nsively to the United States, and that the fair exercise of that power by the\\nStates need not involve a violation of the obligation of contracts; but that\\nthe State law could not discharge a debt due to a citizen of another State.\\nOgdensburg, N. Y. February 22, 1813, Colonel McDonell, with 800\\nBritish soldiers, attacked the village and also Fort Presentation, commanded\\nby Colonel Forsyth. The attack upon the fort was repulsed, but that on the\\nvillage was successful. The British now reformed and moved against the\\nfort which, however, had meanwhile been evacuated, the Americans retreat-\\ning to Black Lake, nine miles away. Two armed sloops and the barracks\\nwere burned, the village plundered, and fifty-two prisoners made. The\\nAmerican loss was five killed and fifteen wounded; the British, six killed\\nand forty-eight wounded.\\nOglesby, Richard J., born in 1824, engaged in the Mexican War. In the\\nCivil War he commanded a brigade at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.\\nFrom 1863 to 1864 he commanded the Sixteenth Army Corps. He was\\nGovernor of Illinois from 1864 to 1869 and in 1872. He was a Republican\\nU. S. Senator from 1873 to 1879, and was again Governor from 1884 to\\n1888.\\nOglethorpe, James Edward (1698-1785), the founder of Georgia, was an\\noflScer in the British army and a member of Parliament, whose sympathies\\nhad become directed toward the misfortunes of debtors. In 1732 he\\nreceived from the king a grant of land for the purpose of founding a colony\\nfor this class, and in 1733 founded Savannah. The settlement prospered\\nfairly. Oglethorpe, who had twice returned to England, commanded an\\nunsuccessful expedition against St. Augustine in 1741 in the war with\\nSpain. The next year he repelled a Spanish attack on the colony, and\\nreturned finally to England in 1743. Subsequently, for the conduct of a\\nforce against the Young Pretender he received severe criticism. In 1752 he\\nresigned the charter of Georgia to the crown.\\nO Hara, Charles (1730?-! 802), came to Virginia from England in com-\\nmand of a regiment in 1780. He served at Cowpens, led the left wing of\\nCornwallis army at Guilford, and surrendered at Yorktown.\\nOhio, a State of the Union, was fonned from the Northwest Territory.\\nIt was originally explored by the French, and at the time of the French and\\nIndian War was claimed by both English and French. The former s claim\\nwas made good by the treaty of 1763. In 1774 the Quebec Act joined\\nOhio and the whole Northwest to Canada, but this act was nullified by the\\ntreaty of 1783. South of 41\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude Ohio formed a part of the\\ncession of Virginia to the general government in 1783. The territory north", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0507.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "468 Dictionary of United States History.\\nof that line was claimed by Connecticut by virtue of the charter of Charles\\nII., which extended her territory to the South Sea. The jurisdiction over this\\npart was ceded to the United States by Connecticut in 1786, but the owner-\\nship of the lands was retained by that State, which gave rise to the name,\\nThe Connecticut Reservation, or Western Reserve. In 1786 the Ohio\\nCompany, composed of IMassachusetts people, obtained control of 1,500,000\\nacres through the agency of Manasseh Cutler. The following year Congress\\npassed the Ordinance of 1787 for the government of the Northwest Terri-\\ntory. This provided for not more than five nor less than three States, for-\\nbade slavery and provided for the support of education. In 1788 Marietta\\nwas founded by settlers under General Putnam. In 1791 St. Clair s army\\nwas surprised and cut to pieces by the Indians, who were finally defeated by\\nGeneral Wayne in 1794. In 1800 Ohio was set off from the Northwest\\nunder a separate government, and in 1803 was admitted as a State. A\\nboundary dispute with Michigan, called the Toledo War, was settled in\\nfavor of Ohio by the act of Congress which provided for the admission of\\nMichigan in 1836. The Democrats held control of the State until 1824,\\nwhen Clay obtained its electoral votes. From 1824 until 1838 the Whigs\\nusually controlled the State becairse of their policy of internal improve-\\nments and protective tariff. From 1838 until 1855 the Democrats were suc-\\ncessful, except in the years 1840 and 1844. In 1848 a deadlock occurred in\\nthe organization of the Legislature, which resulted in favor of the Demo-\\ncrats and in the election of Salmon P. Chase, a Free-Soil Democrat, to the\\nU. S. Senate. In 1855 the Republicans elected a Governor, and in 1856\\nRepublican electors were chosen as in all subsequent Presidential elections.\\nIn State elections the State has been usually Republican, as at present (1894).\\nThe Pond Law, for the taxation of liquor selling, was declared unconsti-\\ntutional in 1882, and was followed by the Scott Law, which was upheld\\nby the courts. Ohio furnished 319,659 troops to the Union army. In 1863\\nGeneral Morgan, who had invaded Ohio, was captured at New Lisbon.\\nThe State furnished some of the most successful generals of the Union\\narmy. The population of the State in 1802 was 41,915; in 1890 it was\\n3,672,316. The present Constitution was made in 1851. History by Howe.\\nOhio Company. In 1749 George II. granted to a band of wealthy Vir-\\nginians, calling themselves the Ohio Company, a tract of land containing\\n500,000 acres, and lying mostly to the west of the mountains and south of\\nthe Ohio River. Thomas Lee was the projector of this company, but it was\\nlater conducted by Lawrence Washington. The conditions of the grant\\nwere that 100 families should be established upon it, a fort should be built\\nand a garrison maintained. Numerous store houses were also established.\\nOhio Company (the second), formed March i, 1786, on the suggestion\\nand in the house of Rufus Putnam, of Rutland, Mass. March 3, Putnam,\\nCutler, Brooks, Sargent and Cushing reported an association of 1000 shares,\\neach of $1000 in Continental certificates, or $125 in gold. A year was\\nallowed for subscription. Land was to be purchased from Congress, in\\ntracts lying between the Ohio and Lake Erie. May 9, 1787, Parsons, agent\\nfor the company, appeared before Congress and was well received. Congress\\ngranted certain lots free of charge, and an enormous tract was bought at", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0508.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 469\\nabout eight or nine cents per acre in specie. Colonization was immediately\\nbegun, and slaver\\\\ was prohibited. The company had much influence in\\nshaping the Ordinance for the Government of the Northwest Territory.\\nOhio Historical Society, founded in 1831, and reorganized in 1867. This,\\ntogether with the Firelands Historical Society and the Licking County\\nPioneer Historical Society, organized respectively in 1857 and 1867, have\\nfurnished much valuable information regarding early settlements in Ohio.\\nOjibways, or Chippewas, a tribe of Algonquin Indians living on the\\nshores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Early wars with neighboring\\ntribes greatly reduced their numbers. They joined Pontiac. During the\\nRevolution they were allies of England, but made peace by treaties in 1785\\nand 1789. They joined in the Miamis uprising, but, reduced by Wayne,\\nmade peace in 1795. They ceded most of their lands on Lake Erie in 1805.\\nThey renewed hostilities in 1812, but joined in the peace of 1816, and\\nrelinquished all their lands in Ohio. Other treaties ceding territory followed,\\nand by 185 1 nearly the entire tribe had moved west of the Mississippi.\\nOklahoma, a Territory of the United States, was organized May 2, 1890.\\nIt was formed from Indian Territory and the Public Land. The Territory\\nwas first opened to settlers April 22, 1889, and in 1890 the population was\\n61,834, including that of Green County, which is claimed by Texas. The\\npopulation now (1894) is more than double what it was in 1890.\\nOld Bullion, a nickname of Senator Benton. (See art.)\\nOld Colony, a name given in Massachusetts history to the territory\\nformerly occupied by the Plymouth colony, and absorbed into that of Massa-\\nchusetts Bay in 1691, now Plymouth and Bristol counties.\\nOld Dominion, a name commonly given to Virginia, which in colonial\\ndocuments is frequently called His Majesty s Dominion of Virginia.\\nOld Lights, the name applied to the orthodox conservative churchmen\\nto distinguish them from the New Lights, or revivalists, followers of\\nJonathan Edwards and George Whitefield during the period of the Great\\nAwakening in 1734, and later in Massachusetts and Connecticut.\\nOld Man Eloquent, the nickname for John Quincy Adams, sixth Presi-\\ndent of the United States, used during his latter years in the House of\\nRepresentatives, with allusion to a line in Milton s sonnet to the Lady\\nMargaret Ley in which Milton thus refers to Isocrates.\\nOld Public Functionary, a nickname of President James Buchanan, he\\nhaving alluded to himself under tliat designation in a message to Congress\\nin 1859.\\nOld South Church, a church built in Boston in 1730, and famous during\\nthe period just preceding the Revolution as a place for public meetings held\\nby the Revolutionary party. During the siege of Boston the British used it\\nas a riding-school, and the New England Library which the Rev. Thomas\\nPrince ^ad gathered in its belfry was scattered. It is now used as a museum\\nof historical relics, and as a hall for lectures on American history, known as\\nthe Old South Lectures, of patriotic object.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0509.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": ".[\u00e2\u0096\u00a0/o Dictionary of United States History.\\nOld State House. In 1658 a Town House was erected, on what ii\\nnow State Street, Boston, with money left by Captain Keayne, of Boston,\\nfor that purpose. This Town House was in use as the capitol of the colony\\nuntil 171 1, when it was destroyed by fire. In the next year there was\\nerected on the same site the building which is standing to-day and is called\\nthe Old State House. It has long been used as an office building, but was\\nformally rededicated in 1882, when the whole historj- of the old building was\\nrehearsed in addresses by prominent citizens.\\nOldenburg. In 1846 Oldenburg acceded to the commercial treaty between\\nthe United States and Hanover, and in 1852 to the German extradition\\ntreaty of that year.\\nOldham, John (1600 ?-i636), came to Plymouth from England in 1623.\\nHis murder by Indians on Block Island in 1636 was a chief incident leading\\nto the Pequot War.\\nOliver, Andrew (1706-1774), loyalist, was a member of the Massachusetts\\nCouncil from 1746 to 1765, provincial secretary from 1756 to 1770 and Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor from 1 77 1 to 1774. Mob violence compelled him to\\nresign the appointment as stamp officer in 1765.\\nOlmjtead et als. vs. Rittenhouse s Executrixes, a celebrated case of\\ncapture involving questions of prerogative regarding which the decisions of\\nthe Federal commissioners were set at naught by a State Court of Admiralty,\\nand which aided in establishing tlie Supreme Court. Olmstead and others,\\nof Connecticut, being pressed into British service aboard the sloop Active\\nin 1777, took possession of the sloop, and were in turn captured by Houston,\\ncommanding the Pennsylvania armed brig Convention. The State Court\\nof Admiralty of Pennsylvania adjudged a large share of the prize money to\\nthe State, the officers and crew of the Convention, and the owners, officers\\nand crew of a privateer which assisted in the capture. Olmstead and others\\nappealed to the Federal Commissioners of Appeals and received a favorable\\nverdict. This the State Court set aside and deposited the moneys with David\\nRittenhouse, State Treasurer. His executrixes were sued in 1802 before the\\nSupreme Court, and judgment was executed in favor of Olmstead and others,\\nin 1809, against violent opposition from Pennsylvania. (See Peters, U. S. z s.)\\nOlmsted, Frederick Law, born in 1822, landscape architect, wrote the\\nworks condensed in The Cotton Kingdom, so prominent during the\\nRebellion. He superintended the construction of Central Park, New York,\\nJackson Park, Chicago, and many others.\\nOlney, Jesse (1798-1872), published a Geography and Atlas in 1828,\\nwhich revolutionized geographical methods. It reversed the ancient system\\nof beginning with astronomy and the solar system, and concluding with the\\nearth.\\nOlney, Richard, of Massachusetts, was born in 1835. A lawyer and states-\\nman. He was Attorney-General in Cleveland s Cabinet from 1893 to 1895,\\nand on death of Mr. Gresham, became Secretary of State, serving till March\\n4. 1897.\\nOlustee, Fla. At this place, February 20, 1864, Sej^mour, commanding\\n6000 of Gillmore s Federal army then operating in the Department of the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0510.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitkd States History. 471\\nSouth, fell in with a Confederate ambush of nearly 13,000 men under Fin-\\nnegan. Gillmore had ordered Seymour to give up his contemplated expedi-\\ntion to the Suwanee River, but the order came too late. Seymour was\\nwholly defeated in less than half an hour, and had to retreat with gieat\\nhaste, leaving 1400 killed and wounded.\\nOlympia, capital of Washington State, was settled in 1846, and laid out\\nas a town in 1851. It became a city in 1859.\\nOmahas, a tribe of Dakota Indians, lived on the Quicoure at the begin-\\nning of the century. Treaties in 181 5 and 1820 ceded lands at Council\\nBluffs, and other treaties of a similar natui^e were made in 1825 and 1830.\\nIn 1854 they gave up more of their lands. Their reservation lies in the\\nnortheastern part of Nebraska. They have suffered much from the hostility\\nof the Sioux.\\nO Mahony, John F. (1816-1877), bom in Ireland, came to the United\\nStates in 1854. He organized the Fenian brotherhood in i860, whose\\nobject was the freeing of Ireland. He translated the History of Ireland\\nby Geoffrey Keating.\\nOmnibus Bill, a bill submitted to Congress by Henry Clay, January\\n29, 1850, at the time of the application of California for admission to the\\nUnion. The bill provided for the admission of California with her free con-\\nstitution; territorial governments in New Mexico and Utah without express\\nrestriction upon slavery; a territorial boundary line between Texas and New\\nMexico in favor of the former; a more effective fugitive slave law; and\\ndenial to Congress of power to interfere with the slave trade between slave\\nStates. After much cutting and amendment the bill was passed in July,\\n1850, as a series of acts.\\nOneida Community, a communistic settlement at Oneida, N. Y., founded\\nin 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes, of Vermont. They call themselves\\nPerfectionists. They possess property in common, believe in the faith\\ncure, and permit freedom of sexual intercourse within the limits of the\\ncommunity, which practice they deem less conducive to selfishness than the\\nordinary relationship of man and wife.\\nOneidas, a tribe of American Indians formerly of the Iroquois confeder-\\nacy, from an early period lived in New York State. They were generally\\nfavorable to the English, but in the Revolution supported the colonists.\\nFor this their villages were ravaged and their property destroyed. By a\\ntreaty in 1794, the Government made compensation for their losses. In\\n1785 and 1788, they ceded lands to the State of New York. Later, some\\nwent to Canada, and in 1821, a large number acquired lands on Green Bay.\\nO Neill, John (1834-1878), served in the National army from 1861 to 1864.\\nHe commanded the Fenian expedition to Canada in 1867 and captured Fort\\nErie. Further operations were prevented by United States authorities.\\nO Neill, Peggy. (See Eaton, Margaret L.)\\nOnis, Nuis de (1769-1830), while minister from Spain to the United\\nStates from 1815 to 181 9, negotiated the treaty by which Spain ceded\\nFlorida to the United States (181 9).", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0511.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "472 Dictionary of United States History.\\nOnondagas, a tribe of Iroquois in New York State, and head of the five\\nnations. They were early won over to the English and often served against\\nthe PVench. During the Revolution they joined the English. In September,\\n1788, they ceded all their territory to the State of New York, with the\\nexception of a small tract which they have since continued to hold.\\nOntario, Fort, erected in 1756 during the French and Indian wars by the\\nEnglish troops under Shirley at Oswego, N. Y. It was attacked the same\\nyear, while commanded by Colonel Mercer, by Montcalm. Both Oswego\\nand Ontario were captured, and the latter was burned to the ground.\\nOpequon. (See Winchester.)\\nOpera. In the autumn of 1825 the first Italian opera ever introduced\\ninto the United States was given at the Park Theatre in New York. Gar-\\ncia s daughter, afterward famous as Malibran, appeared in Rossini s Barber\\nof Seville.\\nOrange, Fort, erected in 1623, the present site of Albany, by Captain\\nCornelius Jacobsen Mey, representing the Dutch West India Company.\\nOrange River Free State. A treaty of commerce and extradition was\\nconcluded between the United States and the Orange River Free State in\\n1871.\\nOrd, Edward O. C. (1818-1883), commanded the national forces at Dranes-\\nville in 1861. He led the left wing of Grant s army at luka and Hatchie in\\n1862. He led a corps at Vicksburg, Jackson, Richmond and Fort Harrison.\\nIn 1865 he commanded the Department of Virginia and the Army of the\\nJames at Petersburg and in the subsequent battles ending at Appomattox\\nCourt House.\\nOrders in Council. Decrees issued by the king of Great Britain and his\\nPrivy Council, of which the most famous were those prohibiting com-\\nmercial intercourse by neutral countries with States with whom he was at\\nwar. A proclamation of June 8, 1793, had prohibited trade with France and\\ndirected the seizure of neutral ships engaged in such traffic. Similar orders\\nwere issued in 1794. November 11, 1807, the famous Orders in Council pro-\\nhibited direct trade from the United States to any European country under\\nNapoleon s power.\\nOrdinance of 1787. (See Northwest Territory.)\\nOrdinary was in England the title of a bishop or his deputy acting as\\nan ecclesiastical judge. In the United States, in the colonial period, the\\ncolonial governor was ex-officio ordinary, or head of the ecclesiastical courts\\nof the colony, which then had jurisdiction of matrimonial and testamentary\\ncauses. In New Jersey the probate judge is still called an ordinary.\\nOregon, a State of the American Union, was acquired by treaty with\\nEngland in 1846. It was visited by Drake in 1558 and, it is said, by Juan\\nde Fuca in 1592. In 1792 Vancouver, an English officer, surveyed the coast\\nfrom 30\u00c2\u00b0 to 60\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude. Robert Gray, of Boston, had previously\\ndiscovered the Columbia River. It was claimed by the United States that", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0512.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 473\\nthe Oregon country, included between 42\u00c2\u00b0 and 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 formed a part of\\nthe Louisiana cession, but England refused to recognize the claim. Lewis\\nand Clark surveyed the country in 1 804-1 S06. In 181 8 the United States\\nand England agreed upon a treaty of joint occupancy, which was renewed\\nin 1827. Russia had claims to the Oregon country south of 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 which\\nshe finally withdrew. Emigration from the United States into the region\\nwas stimulated by the reports of Dr. Whitman, a missionary, who made a\\nperilous journey on horseback to Washington in the winter of 1842-43, and\\nurged the Government at Washington to assert the claims of the United\\nStates to that region. The people of Oregon formed a provisional govern-\\nment in 1843. In the Presidential campaign of 1844 the Democratic plat-\\nform demanded the reoccupation of Oregon. The cry fifty-four-forty or\\nfight threatened war with England, which was averted by the treaty of 1846,\\nwhereby the northern boundary of the United States at 49\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude\\nwas extended to the Fuca Strait. In 1848 the territory of Oregon was\\norganized and made to include the present States of Washington and Idaho.\\nA State constitution was adopted in 1857, which forbade slavery and the\\nimmigration of negroes. The anti-negro provision prevented the admis-\\nsion of Oregon until 1859, February 14. In politics the State was at first\\nDemocratic, but in i860 the Republicans secured the electoral vote of the\\nState for Lincoln by a plurality. From i860 to 1868 the State was Repub-\\nlican in all elections. In 1868 the Democrats carried the State, and again\\nin 1870, 1874, 1878. At other elections the Republicans have been success-\\nful, except in 1892, when the electoral votes were cast for the fusion candi-\\ndate. The population of Oregon in i860 was 52,465; in 1890,313,767.\\nHistories by Bancroft and Barrows.\\nOregon Spectator. This was the first newspaper printed in Oregon. It\\nwas established at Oregon City, and the first issues appeared during Febru-\\nar) 1846.\\nO Reilly, John B. (1844-1890), bom in Ireland, transported for treason\\nin 1866, escaped from Australia to the United States in 1869. He was\\neditor of the Pilot from 1874 to 1890, and was noted as a poet.\\nOriginal Package. In 1890 the Supreme Court of the United States, in\\nthe case of Leisy Co. z s. Hardin, held that the plaintiffs, brewers in Illi-\\nnois, had the right to bring beer into Iowa and sell it in the original pack-\\nages, regardless of the Iowa prohibitory law. Their decision rested on the\\nright of Congress to have exclusive control of interstate commerce. Con-\\ngress immediately passed an act giving the State control of the liquors so\\nimported, though in the original packages.\\nOriskany, Battle of. On August 6, 1777, General Herkimer with 800\\nmen started to relieve Fort Stanwix, now besieged by St. Leger and his\\nIndians. At Oriskany, ten miles away, he halted and attempted to concert\\nan attack and a sortie. The plan miscarried. Herkimer advanced and was\\nattacked by the Indians and Tories in a deep ravine The battle raged\\nfuriously for hours, despite a terrific thunder-storm, and was one of the most\\ncruel and bloody of the war. Each side lost a third of its number. The\\nAmericans remained masters of the field, although badly disabled. The\\nsortie from the fort was a success, and badh crippled the enemy.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0513.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "474 Dictionary of United States History.\\nOrkney, Earl of. lu 1704 the Earl of Orkney was made titular Governor\\nof Virginia, a sinecure which he held for forty years, with an annual emolu-\\nment of ^1200.\\nOrleans, Territory of. In March, 1804, the region purchased from France\\nunder the name of Louisiana was divided by Congress into two territories\\nthe District of Louisiana and the Territory of Orleans, the latter being the\\npresent area of the State of Louisiana. In February, 181 1, an act was\\npassed to enable the people of the Territory of Orleans to form a consti-\\ntution and State Govermnent. April 12, 1812, an act was passed for the\\nadmission of the State of Louisiana into the Union.\\nOrr, James L. (1822-1873), represented South Carolina in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1849 ^o 1859, and was Speaker from 1857 to\\n1859. He was a Confederate senator from 1861 to 1865, and Governor of\\nSouth Carolina from 1865 to 1868.\\nOrth, Godlove S. (1817-1882), was a member of the Indiana Senate from\\n1842 to 1848. He was prominent in the Peace Conference of 1861. He\\nrepresented Indiana in the U. S. Congress as a Republican from 1863 to 1871\\nand from 1873 to 1875. He was active in securing the recognition of the\\nright of expatriation by European governments. He framed the Orth\\nbill, which reorganized the diplomatic and consular system. He was Min-\\nister to Austria from 1875 to 1877, and again a Congressman from 1879 to\\n1882.\\nOrton, James (1830-1877), professor in Vassar College, was recognized as\\nan authority on the subject of the geology and physical geography of the\\nwest coast of South America and the Amazon Valley, which he had care-\\nfully explored.\\nOsage Indians, were early driven to the Arkansas. They allied them-\\nselves with the French against England. In 1808 they ceded lands to the\\nGovernment; and made further cessions in 1815, 1818, 1822, 1825 and 1839.\\nAt the beginning of the Civil War 1000 went South; treaties in September,\\n1865, and May, 1868, prepared for the removal of the whole. In 1870 the\\ntribe conveyed their lands to the Government and agreed to remove to\\nIndian Territory.\\nOsborn vs. U. S. Bank, Ohio, an important case in the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt. Ralph Osborn, auditor of the State of Ohio, per J. L. Harper, his\\ndeputy, took by force from the U. S. Bank at. Chillicothe, $100,000 and\\ndelivered it to the State Treasurer as just payment to the State under the\\nlaw which was passed by the State s Legislature levying taxes upon banks\\ndoing business in the State with the consent of the law. The Circuit Court\\nof Ohio decided that a restitution be made with interest. The Supreme\\nCourt, the case being appealed thereto, confirmed the decision of the Circuit\\nCourt, omitting the interest (1824). (See McCulloch vs. Maryland.)\\nOsceola (i 804-1 838), chief of the Seminole Indians, inaugurated the\\nsecond Seminole War in 1836 by killing General Thompson in revenge for\\nthe enslavement of his wife. He conducted the war for over a year, fighting\\nat the Withlacoochee River, Micanopy and Fort Drane. He was seized while", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0514.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 475\\nnegotiating a treat}^ under a flag of truce with General Jesup near St. Aug-\\nustine in 1837.\\nOsgood, Samuel (1748-18 13), was a delegate from Massachusetts to the\\nContinental Congress from 1780 to 1784, Commissioner of the Treasury from\\n1785 to 1789, and Postmaster-General from 1789 to 1791.\\nOstend Manifesto. In 1852 France and Great Britain, fearful of the fili-\\nbustering expeditions against Cuba and the possible future favor of the United\\nStates toward such expeditions, suggested a tripartite convention in which\\neach should disclaim all intention to obtain possession of Cuba and should\\ndiscountenance such intention by another power. October 9, 1854, the\\nAmerican Ministers to Great Britain, France and Spain, James Buchanan\\nJohn Y. Mason and Pierre Soule, met at Ostend and drew up the Ostend\\nManifesto. This declared that a sale of Cuba to the United States would\\nbe advantageous to both governments; but that if Spain refused to sell, it\\nwas incumbent upon the Union to wrest it from her, rather than see it\\nAfricanized like San Domingo.\\nOswald, Richard (i 705-1 784), was appointed by Great Britain diplomatic\\nagent in 1782 to negotiate the treaty of peace with the United States which\\nwas signed at Paris in 1783.\\nOswego, Capture of. In the French and Indian War, in July, 1756,\\nMontcalm hastened from Ticonderoga to Oswego. It was hoped to divert\\nthe English from Ticonderoga. The expedition was conducted with secrecy,\\nand by August 10 Montcalm was near the fort. On the thirteenth he forced\\nthe abandonment of Fort Ontario, opposite Oswego. On the fourteenth\\nOswego, subject to bombardment and assault, surrendered. The Eno-lish\\nforce was about 1000, of whom fifty were killed. The attacking party num-\\nbered 3000. Both forts were burned. In the War of 1812, May 5, 1814,\\nSir James Yeo with about 3000 land troops and marines attacked Oswego,\\ndefended by a fort garrisoned by 300 men under Colonel Mitchell. The first\\nattack was repulsed by a heavy cannon placed near the shore. The second\\nattack, the next day, was successful, and the garrison retreated up the river.\\nThe British withdrew after burning the barracks and seizing the stores and\\na war schooner. The American loss was sixty-nine men; the British, nine-\\nteen killed and seventy-five wounded.\\nOtis, Elwell Stephen, born in 1838. He fought at Gettysburg, and be-\\ncame brigadier-general of volunteers, joined the regular army in 1866. In\\n1898 he was appointed major-general of volunteers, and military governor of\\nthe Philippines.\\nOtis, Harrison Gray (1765-1848), represented Massachusetts in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Federalist from 1797 to 1801. He was Speaker of the IMassa-\\nchusetts Legislature from 1803 to 1805, and president of the vSenate from\\n1805 to 1806 and from 1808 to 1811. He was prominent at the Hartford\\nConvention in 1814. He was a U. S. Senator from 1817 to 1822.\\nOtis, James (1725-1783), patriot and orator, was graduated at Harvard in\\n1743, and rose to the first place at the Boston bar. When the British Gov-\\nernment adopted a stronger coercive policy with its Writs of Assistance in\\n1761, Otis opposed the measure in a celebrated speech. He was a member", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0515.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "476 Dictionary of United States History.\\nof the Massachusetts Legislature, and published in 1764, an influential\\npamphlet entitled Rights of the Colonies vindicated. He moved the\\nappointment of a Stamp Act Congress, and was one of the delegates, and\\nhe made a spirited opposition to Townshend s acts. In 1769 he was severely\\nbeaten by some British officers and became insane for the remainder of his\\nlife. Otis ranks as one of the eloquent orators of the pre-Revolution period.\\nOttawas, a tribe of Algonquin Indians, aided the French against Eng-\\nland. During the Revolution they were under British influence. They\\njoined in treaties made in 1785 and 1789, but took up arms with the Miamis\\nsoon after, again making peace in 1795. Numerous treaties ceding territory\\naround Lake Michigan to the United States followed. A part went south\\nof the Missouri in 1833, where they lost their identity. A band of Ottawas\\nin Ohio removed to the Osage in 1836. Those remaining became scattered.\\nThe emigrants again removed to Indian Territory in 1870. In 1836 the\\nMichigan Ottawas ceded all their lands except reservations.\\nOttendorfer, Oswald, born in Moravia in 1826, fled to America in 1850.\\nHe became an editor of the Staats-Zeitung^ and afterward its proprietor and\\nmanager, making it an independent reform journal.\\nOttoman Porte. The United States concluded a commercial treaty with\\nthe Ottoman Porte in 1830. The translation of an article of this treat}\\nrelating to extra-territorial jurisdiction caused an extended dispute. In 1862\\nanother commercial treaty was concluded, which has ceased to be in opera-\\ntion, though the most favorable commercial relations continue.\\nOtto s Reports, more often cited as United States Reports (Otto), are law-\\nreports of cases from the United States Supreme Court, 1875-1881.\\nOwen, Robert (1771-1858), came to the U. S. from Scotland in 1824\\nfounded an unsuccessful comnmnistic society at New Harmon} Ind.\\nOwen, Robert Dale (1800-1877), came to the United States from Scotland\\nin 1824 with the communistic colony established at New Harmony, Ind., by\\nhis father. He was a member of the Indiana Legislature from 1835 to 1838,\\nand represented Indiana in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1843 to\\n1847. He was charg^ d affaires at Naples from 1853 to 1855 Minister\\nfrom 1855 to 1858, and was of some note as a writer.\\nOxenstjerna, Axel (1583-1654), Chancellor of Sweden, subscribed, in 1624,\\nto the stock of the Swedish West India Company, and later was personally\\ninterested in the Swedish settlements along the Delaware.\\nPaca, William (1740-1799), opposed all taxation of the colonies by Eng-\\nland. Member of the Maryland Legislature 1771 to 1774. He represented\\nMaryland in the Continental Congress 1774 to 1779 and signed the Declara-\\ntion of Independence. State Senator from 1777 to 1779, Judge of the Fed-\\neral Court of Appeals 1780-1782, and Governor of Maryland from 1782 to\\n1786. He was U. S. Judge for the District of Maryland from 1789 to 1799.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0516.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 477\\nPacific Railroads. The outbreak of the Civil War and the feeling of\\nnecessity of a better connection with the Pacific coast, induced the Govern-\\nment to make large grants in favor of the Central Pacific, Union Pacific and\\nKansas Pacific Railroads, by an act of July i, 1862. Later, 47,000,000 acres\\nwere granted to the Northern Pacific. The Central Pacific and Union Pacific\\nwere completed in 1869. The construction and finance of the Union Pacific\\nwere managed by the Credit Mobilier (see art.) and involved in legislative\\nscandals. In 1878 the office of Commissioner of Railroads was instituted,\\nto supervise the accounts of the Pacific railways.\\nPackard, Alpheus S. (1798-1884), was a professor at Bowdoin College,\\nchiefly of Greek, from 1824 to 1884, and was librarian of the Maine Histori-\\ncal Society for forty-eight years.\\nPackard, Alpheus S., bom in 1839, has made valuable contributions to\\nentomology and paleontology. He arranged the generally accepted classifi-\\ncation of insects. He published a great number of scientific monographs,\\nand a popular Zoology. Since 1878 he has been a professor in Brown\\nUniversity.\\nPaddock, Algernon S., born in 1830, was secretary of Nebraska Territory\\nfrom 1 86 1 to 1867. He represented Nebraska in the U. S. Senate as a\\nRepublican from 1875 to 1881, and from 1887 to 1893. Died 1897.\\nPaducah, Ky., scene of the first disaster encountered by the Confederate\\nleader Forrest during his great raid through Kentucky, Tennessee and\\nnorthern Mississippi in 1864. Forrest had 5000 men, while Hicks lay\\nfortified in Paducah with 800 National troops. March 25 Forrest demanded\\na surrender. Hicks refused peremptorily. Forrest then charged the earth-\\nworks again and again, but with signal failures each time. He was obliged\\nto retreat, having suflFered severe losses.\\nPage, John (i 744-1 808), represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress as a\\nDemocrat from 1789 to 1797. He was Governor of Virginia from 1802 to\\n1805. He published Political Addresses, and was an early friend of\\nJefierson.\\nPage, Thomas J., born in 1808, made an extensive exploration of La Plata\\nRiver. He became a commander in the U. S. navy in 1855. He was active\\nin the construction of the Confederate nav\\nPage, Thomas Nelson, born in 1853, is a popular writer of stories and\\npoems in the negro dialect. Some of his chief stories have been published\\nunder the title of In Ole Virginia, etc.\\nPage, William (1811-1885), of Albany, was one of the most famous\\nAmerican artists. He won great distinction for his portrait-painting. He\\nwas famous as a colorist, and was an accurate draughtsman.\\nPaine, Robert Treat (1731-1814), was a member of the Massachusetts\\nAssembly from 1773 to 1774, and of the Provincial Congress from 1774\\nto 1775. He was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Con-\\ngress from 1774 to 177S and signed the Declaration of Independence.\\nHe was Attorney-General of Massachusetts from 1780 to 1790, and a Judge", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0517.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "478 Dictionary of United States History.\\nof the Massachusetts Supreme Court from 1790 to 1804, when he resigned.\\nHe was an able lawyer and an impartial judge.\\nPaine, Robert Treat (1773-1811), is eminent as the author of several\\nremarkable poems, among them being The Invention of Letters, The\\nRuling Passion, and the song Adams and Liberty.\\nPaine, Thomas, generally styled Tom Paine (i 737-1809), a native of\\nEngland, passed his early years there as an exciseman, political writer, and\\nardent republican. He came to America in 1774 and edited the Pennsyl-\\nvania Magazine. In 1776 he published a pamphlet, Common Sense,\\nadvocating independence, which was widely circulated and created a profound\\nimpression. At intervals through the war he published the Crisis, and\\nwas secretary to- the Congressional Committee on Foreign Affairs. His ser-\\nvices in the Revolution were of undoubted value. Subsequently he was\\nclerk to the Pennsylvania Legislature. He was in France at the opening of\\nthe French Revolution, and in England where he published in 1791 his\\nRights of Man, and was outlawed in consequence. Escaping to France\\nhe was elected to ^the Convention, was imprisoned by the Jacobins, and wrote\\nhis Age of Reason. He returned to the United States, and died in New\\nYork. Life b}- Conway.\\nPakenham, Sir Edward M. (1778-1815), served in the Peninsular War\\nand in the South of France under the Duke of Wellington. He succeeded\\nGeneral Ross in command of a British force employed against New Orleans\\nin 1814. His troops were defeated by General Jackson on January 8, 1815,\\nand he was killed during the battle.\\nPalatinate. Palatinates were in Europe districts the ruler of which\\nreceived from the king almost royal rights of ruling in his province. Mary-\\nland was by its charter erected into a palatinate after the model of the\\npalatinate of Durham in England, and so continued as long as it was under\\nproprietary government. The proprietors of Carolina were at first given\\ntheir province as a palatinate.\\nPalfrey, John G. (1796-1881), was editor of the North American Review\\nfrom 1835 to 1843. He was Secretary of State in Massachusetts from 1844\\nto 1848, and represented Massachusetts in the U. S. Congress as a Whig\\nfrom 1847 to 1849. He wrote a valuable History of New England, a\\nLife of Colonel William Palfrey and The Progress of the Slave Power.\\nPalmer, James S. (1810-1867), commanded the Flirt during the Mexi-\\ncan War. He commanded the Iroquois at Vicksburg, and was Farragut s\\nflag-captain at New Orleans and Mobile.\\nPalmer, John M., born in 1817, Senator, was a member of the Illinois\\nSenate from 1852 to 1854. He commanded a brigade at New Madrid,\\nIsland No. 10, Farmington and Stone River, and a corps in Sherman s\\nGeorgia campaign in 1864. He was Governor of Illinois from 1869 to 1873.\\nHe was elected to the U. S. Senate as a Democrat in 1891.\\nPalmer, Thomas W., born in 1830, was a member of the Michigan Sen-\\nate from 1879 to 1880. He represented Michigan in the U. S. Senate as a", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0518.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 479\\nR\u00c2\u00bb-- from 1883 to 1889, and from 1889 to 1890 was Minister to\\nPaL*^^....^ Ranche, Tex., last engagement of the Civil War, occurring\\nMay II, 1865. Colonel Barrett with 450 Federal soldiers endeavored to sur-\\nprise General Slaughter, commanding 600 Confederates. Barrett was defeated\\nwith a loss of eighty men.\\nPalo Alto, Texas, first important battle of the Mexican War, May 8,\\n1846. General Taylor commanded the United States forces, Generals Arista\\nand Ampudia the Mexican. Arista opposed Taylor s march from Point\\nIsabel to Matamoras to relieve Major Brown, firing upon his advancing col-\\numns. Ringgold s batter} replied, while Taylor ordered the main portion\\nof his troops to deploy into line. Taylor acted on the defensive, depending\\nupon his batteries. The battle lasted one afternoon, at the close of which\\nArista began to retire, defeated, but in fairly good order. The Americans\\nnumbered 2300, the Mexicans 6000.\\nPanama Canal. The Panama Canal Company (French) was organized\\nby Count de Lesseps, March 3, 1880, and under the concession obtained\\nfrom the Colombian Government, was to construct and open the canal by\\nMarch 3, 1892. The face value of the shares issued was approximately\\n$500,000,000, but after $266,000,000 had been expended, the company in\\n1889 became bankrupt. The total length of the proposed waterway is\\nforty-five and one-half miles, and the work actually done is variously esti-\\nmated at one-third, one-fifth and one-tenth of the whole. In 1891 Lieuten-\\nant Wyse obtained an extension of the concession for ten years, provided a\\ncompany be formed for its completion; otherwise the Colombian Govern-\\nment will seize the propert} In November, 1892, the French Government\\ninstituted criminal proceedings against the leading officials of the Canal\\nCompany.\\nPanama Congress, was called by the Spanish American Republics\\nin 1826. The United States sent delegates too late for the preliminary\\nmeeting and the adjourned congress for 1827 never occurred. Among the\\nobjects of the proposed congress interesting to the United States were: The\\nestablishment of liberal doctrines of commercial intercourse; assent to the\\ndoctrine that free ships make free goods, and an agreement that each will\\nguard against the establishment of any future European colony within its\\nborders. The failure of the Congress showed that an alliance between the\\nUnited States and the petty Republics was inadvisable. President John\\nQuincy Adams was warmly in favor of the proposed meeting, but Congress\\ndid not favor it.\\nPan-American Congress, an international conference of representatives\\nfrom the United States and from seventeen States of Central and South\\nAmerica, which assembled at Washington, October 2, 1889, on the invitation\\nof the United States. Its purpose was to adopt some plan of arbitration for the\\nsettlement of disputes, and plans for the improvement of business intercourse\\nand means of communication between the countries. San Domingo was the\\nonly State to refuse the invitation. The delegates were taken on a tour of", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0519.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "480 Dic liONARY OF United States History.\\ninspection through the Union, prior to assembling for the business conven-\\ntion. Nothing very definite was arrived at in the convention, which was of\\nvalue chiefly through its exposition of the commercial status and resources\\nof the various countries. The Bureau of American Republics was established\\nat the suggestion of this convention.\\nPanics, or commercial crises in United States history, begin with that of\\n1819, due to speculation and disorder following upon the War of 1812. The\\nnext followed in 1837. The years preceding had been years of extraordinary\\nspeculation, carried on with a most unsound banking system. Jackson gave\\nthe final impetus to the panic by his specie circular, which struck a great\\nblow at credit, and forced many banks to suspend specie payments. The\\ncountry gradually righted itself without the aid of governmental interfer-\\nence, which Van Buren refused to give. In 1857 another period of inflation\\nwas followed by another crisis. After the war came another period of inflation,\\nand, as a result, the panic of 1873. The crisis of 1893 seems to have been\\nrather due to financial legislation than to an unsound condition of the busi-\\nness of the country at large.\\nPaoli, Pa. Here the British, under Major-General Grey, made a night\\nattack upon Wayne s encampment, September 20, 1776. Wayne was utterly\\nsurprised and could make no eflfective resistance. He lost 150 men.\\nPaper. The first attempt at the manufacture of paper in the United\\nStates was made in 1690 by William Rittinghuysen and William Bradford,\\n.who established a paper mill at Roxbury near Philadelphia. The paper was\\nmade wholly of linen rags. In 17 10 William de Wers erected a second mill\\nin Germantown, and the third, erected in 1714, on the Chester Creek in\\nDelaware, furnished Benjamin Franklin with paper. By 1810 the number\\nof paper mills in the United States was estimated at 185, nearly every State\\npossessing one or more. In 1870 there were nearly 700 of these establish-\\nments, manufacturing printing, writing and wrapping paper, with a capital\\nof $34,365,000.\\nParaguay. A commercial treaty was concluded between the United\\nStates and Paraguay in 1853, but Paraguay failed to ratify. Differences\\narose which led to tlie manifestation of force by the United States, and\\ntreaties of indemnity, commerce and navigation were concluded in 1859.\\nParis, Louis Philippe d Orleans, Comte de, eldest grandson of Louis\\nPhilippe, king of the French, born in Paris in 1838, became an aide-de-camp\\nto General McClellan in 1861. He returned to England in 1862. He has\\npublished several volumes of a Histoire de la Guerre Civile en Am^riqne,\\nwhich is to be completed in eight volumes. He has since been noted\\nbecause of his claims to the French throne. Died September 8, 1894.\\nParis, Declaration of. At the Peace of Paris, in 1856, the following\\ndeclaration with regard to the conduct of war was subscribed to by all the\\nparties to the treaty, and has since been accepted by nearly all civilized\\nnations, except the United States, (i) Privateering is and remains abol-\\nished. (2) Neutral goods in enemies ships and enemies goods in neutral\\nships, except contraband of war, are not liable to capture. (3) Paper", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0520.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 481\\nblockades are unlawful. The United States refused to agree to the aboli-\\ntion of privateering. This cost them heavily in the Civil War.\\nParis, Monetary Conferences at. There have been three International\\nMonetary Conferences held in Paris. The first was assembled June 17,\\n1867, at the solicitation of France, to consider the question of uniformity\\nof coinage and seek for the basis of ulterior negotiations. The United\\nStates and nearly every nation of Europe were represented. No definite\\ndecision could be reached, the convention adjourning July 6. On August\\n16, 1878, the second International Monetary Convention assembled at Paris,\\nat the suggestion of the United States, to adopt a common ratio between\\ngold and silver for the purpose of establishing internationally the use of\\nbimetallic money and securing fixity of relative value between those\\nmetals. The collective decision of the European delegates was that this\\nwould be impossible, monetarj questions being necessarily governed by the\\nspecial situation of each state or group of states. Adjournment took place\\nAugust 29. The Conference of April 8, 1881, assembled at the call of\\nFrance and the United States, to adopt a settled relative and international\\nvalue between gold and silver. The Conference adjourned July 8, having\\narrived at no agreement. (See Brussels.)\\nParis, Treaty of (1763), was a treaty concluded between Great Britain,\\nFrance, Spain and Portugal. France ceded to Great Britain Canada, Cape\\nBreton and the islands and coasts of the St. Lawrence. The Mississippi\\nRiver from its source to the Iberville and a line tlience through Lakes IMau-\\nrepas and Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico were to bound the Spanish\\nand British possessions. Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. England\\nrenounced her pretensions to Cuba in favor of Spain and surrendered her\\nforts in Spanish America.\\nParis, Treaty of (1782-83). See Versailles, by which name that treaty is\\nmore familiarly known, though in reality the treaty between the United\\nStates and Great Britain was signed at Paris and not, like the treaty between\\nGreat Britain and France, at Versailles.\\nParish. In England the parish was, at the time of the settlement of\\nAmerica, the unit of local government. Its leading institutions were appa-\\nrently adopted in the town government of the New England colonies, but\\nin the Southern colonies were imitated exactly, with the same name. The\\nVirginia parish, for instance, was usually a sub-division of the county.\\nBesides its religious duties, the vestr}- of the parish had to choose church-\\nwardens and with them to take charge of the poor, of public processioning\\nof bounds, of the counting of tobacco, and of other administrative matters.\\nThey chose the clergyman and provided for his salary. In New England\\nthe word parish had only an ecclesiastical significance. In South Carolina\\nthe parish was the chief subdivision of the colony, there being no counties.\\nIn Louisiana the same is still true.\\nParke, John G., born in 1827, was first in command at Fort Macon. He\\nfought at South Mountain and Antietam, and was chief of staff to General\\nBurnside at Fredericksburg and Vicksburg. He was promoted major-general\\nof volunteers.\\n31", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0521.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "^82 Dictionary of United States History.\\nParker, Amasa J. (1807-1890), represented New York in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1837 to 1839. He was a Judge of the New York\\nSupreme Court from 1847 to 1855.\\nParker, Foxhall A. (1821-1879), commanded the Mahaska frOm 1862\\nto 1863. From 1863 to 1866 he commanded the Potomac flotilla. He was\\nchief signal officer of the navy from 1873 to 1876.\\nParker, Sir Hyde (1739-1807), British naval officer, served on the\\nPhoenix on the American station, and in 1776 engaged in the attack on\\nNew York. He conveyed the troops which captured Savannah in 1778.\\nParker, Joel (i8i6-i888), was a member of the New Jersey Assembly\\nfrom 1847 to ^850, and prosecuting attorney from 1852 to 1857. He was\\nGovernor of New Jersey from 1862 to 1866 and in 1870. The National\\nI/abor Convention in 1872 nominated him for Vice-President of the United\\nStates. He was a Judge of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1880 to\\n1888.\\nParker, Sir Peter (1721-1811), left England in 177533 post-captain in\\nthe Bristol to co-operate with Sir Henry Clinton in an attack on Charles-\\nton, S. C. He made a gallant but unsuccessful assault on Fort Moultrie in\\n1776. He aided Lord Howe in the capture of New York, and commanded\\nthe squadron that took possession of Rhode Island. In 1782 he took De\\nGrasse prisoner.\\nParker, Sir Peter (17S6-1814), was sent in command of the Menelaus\\nto patrol Chesapeake Bay and blockade Baltimore harbor in 1814. He\\nwantonly destroyed and plundered public and private property, and com-\\npletely destroyed all domestic commerce during the month of his blockade.\\nHis conduct was exceedingly exasperating to the Americans. He was killed\\nduring one of his skirmishing- frolics.\\nParker, Theodore (1810-1860), was pastor of a Unitarian church at West\\nRoxbury, Mass., from 1837 to 1845. In 1845 he established the Twenty-\\nEighth Congregational Society in Boston. He was an ardent opponent of\\nall pro-slavery sentiments, and exerted a powerful anti-slavery influence.\\nHe was the leader of a new and more practical phase of the Unitarian\\nmovement.\\nParkman, Francis (1823-1893), attained high rank as a historian and\\nwriter by a series of works relating to the rise and fall of the French\\ndominion in America. During his later years he was regarded as the fore-\\nmost of American historians. In the preparation of his series he fre-\\nquently visited Europe to consult the French archives. It is a work of great\\ncandor and fairness, and is notable for its brilliant and graphic style and\\nevidences of careful research. It includes The Conspiracy of Pontiac,\\nPioneers of France in the New World, The Discovery of the Great\\nWest, The Jesuits in North America, The Old Regime in Canada,\\nCount Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV., A Half-Century\\n\u00c2\u00a9f Conflict, and Montcalm and Wolfe.\\nParliament. The right of Parliament to legislate for the colonies was\\nnot seriously questioned during the earlier portions of colonial history. In", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0522.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Uxited States HistorV. 483\\n1761 James Otis denied the right of Parliament to tax the colonists, since\\nthey were not represented in Parliament. The Stamp Act of 1765, and\\nother measnrcs of taxation caused by the Seven Years War, caused the same\\nprotest to be made generally. From this the revolutionary party advanced\\nto the position that Parliament had also no right to legislate for the colonies.\\nThe Declaratory Act of 1766 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 aimed to\\nperpetuate the system. TliC Parliament of 1768-1774, noted for aversion to\\npopular rights in England, as well as in America, abetted the king in all his\\nAmerican policy. Chief among their measures of this purport were the\\nBoston Port Act, the Massachusetts Charter Act, the Quebec Act and the\\nQuartering Act.\\nParris, Samuel (1653-1720), born in England, was a clergyman in Salem,\\nMass., from 1689 to 1696. In 1692 his daughter and niece accused Tituba,\\na slave, of bewitching them. Mr. Parris beat Tituba imtil she confessed.\\nThe delusion spread, and during the horrors of the Salem witchcraft,\\nhere inaugurated, nineteen persons were hanged. He afterward acknowl-\\nedged his error.\\nParrott, Robert P. (1804-1877), invented the system of rifled cannon and\\nprojectiles which bears his name. The Parrott guns exhibit great endur-\\nance, one at Charleston having been fired 4606 times before bursting, and\\nwere of great service in the Civil War.\\nParsons, Samuel H. (i 737-1 789), was a member of the Connecticut\\nAssembly from 1762 to 1780. He planned the capture of Ticonderoga in\\n1775. He fought at Long Island in 1776, and commanded a brigade at\\nVVliite Plains and the troops at New York Highlands from 1778 to 1779.\\nHe succeeded General Israel Putnam in command of the Connecticut line\\nin 1780. He had an important part in the forming of the Ohio Company,\\nthe securing of the Ordinance for the Government of the Northwest Terri-\\ntory and the early settlement of Ohio.\\nParsons, Theophilus (1750-1813), was graduated at Harvard, and rose to\\nthe leading position among the lawyers of Massachusetts. He was a mem-\\nber of the famous Essex Junto. He was foremost among the Federalists\\nin the Ratifying Convention of 1788. Aside from service in the State\\nLegislature he held no further political office. He was Chief Justice of the\\nMassachusetts Supreme Court from 1806 until his death.\\nParsons Case, a celebrated law case won by Patrick Henry in November\\nsession of the Court of Planover County, Va., in 1763. This case involved\\nthe constittitionality of the option law or two penny act, passed by the\\nVirginia Legislature in 1758. The operation of this act affected each parish\\nminister, compelling him to receive the value of the 16,000 pounds of tobacco,\\ndue for his year s services, in paper monej- of the colony-, amounting to\\n;^I33 instead of ;^4oo sterling, the selling value of the tobacco. The clergy\\nappealed to the crown. The crown disallowed (vetoed) the law. Under\\nthis disallowance the Rev. James Maury having sued for damagns, the court\\nsquarely adjudged the act to be no law, and decided for the plaintiff. A\\nnew trial was allowed on a demurrer, and Henry was retained a? counsel for\\nthe defendant. His eloquence induced the jury, a picked jury, to returu", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0523.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "484 Dictionary ok United States History.\\n.one peuuy damages for the plaintiff. Success in this famous case made\\nHenry s reputation at once.\\nParton, James (1822-1891), came to the United States from England in\\n1827. He published lives of Horace Greeley, Aaron Burr, Andrew Jackson,\\nBenjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, General Butler in New Orleans,\\nNoted Women in Europe and America, How New York is Governed\\nand Captains of Industry. Of these his Jackson is the most important.\\nPastorius, Francis D. (1651\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1719), came to America from Germany in\\n1683 and founded a colony of Germans and Dutch at Germautown, Pa. He\\nsigned the first protest made in America against slavery in 1688.\\nPatent Office. This office, or bureau, was created in 1836 in the Depart-\\nment of State, the chief officer being the Commissioner of Patents. The\\nPatent Office was transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1849,\\nwhen this latter department was created. Originally patents were signed by\\nthe President, then by the Secretaiy of vState and the Commissioner of\\nPatents; now by the Secretary of the Interior and the Commissioner.\\nPatents. The Constitution confers upon Congi-ess the power to issue\\npatents for useful inventions. A few patents had been issued by the States.\\nThe first patent law, passed in 1790, granted letters patent upon any new\\ninvention, for fourteen years, to both citizens and foreigners. Application\\nhad to be made to the Secretaries of War, the State and the Navy. The\\nAct of 1793 permitted the issue of patents to citizens only and required a\\nfee of $30. States were not permitted to issue patents. This was decided\\nin the case of Gibbons vs. Ogden in New York. In 1836, the year of the\\nestablishment of the patent office, a law was passed requiring a preliminan,\\nexamination of the novelty and patentability of inventions. Under the Law\\nof 1842 patents were granted for seven jears. This term was afterward\\nextended to its present length of seventeen years. Finally by the Act of\\n1 870 patents are to be granted to any person who can prove the newness\\nand desirability of his invention, on payment of the required fee. The\\nnumber of patents, annually issued, which in 1844 was 502, is now (1894)\\nabout 25,000.\\nPaterson, William (i 745-1 806), was a New Jersey Delegate to the Conti-\\nnental Congress from 1780 to 1781. He was a member of the Federal Con-\\nvention of 1787, and proposed the preservation of State sovereignty, in what\\nwas called the New Jersey Plan. He was a U. S. Senator from 1789\\nto 1790, Governor of New Jersey from 1791 to 1793, and a Justice of the\\nU. S. Supreme Court from 1793 to 1806.\\nPathfinder, the nickname of General John C. Fremont, given him because\\nof his valuable western explorations from 1837 to 1853.\\nPatrol, a military system adopted by the parishes of most of the Southern\\ncolonies, notably South Carolina. The patrol was a sort of police for the\\nparish, and was designed especially to prevent and subdue insurrections\\namong the slaves. In South Carolina the patrol was established by law in\\n1704. The patrollers furnished their own pistols and horses. They rode\\nfrom plantation to plantation and arrested all slaves who could not show", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0524.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 485\\npasses from their owners. This system soon became general through the\\nSouth, and continued under various forms for many years.\\nPatrons of Husbandry, or Grangers, a secret association formed at\\nWashington, December 4, 1867, for the promotion of agricultural interests.\\nIt somewhat resembles the order of the Masons. By 1875, it numbered\\n1,500,000 members in every section of the countr)-. Though not intended\\nfor political purposes, its aim to cheapen transportation involved it in a\\n^\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab.f/-political warfare with railroad corporations.\\nPatroons. In 1629 the Dutch West India Company, in order to effect a\\npermanent agricultural colonization of New Netherland, granted a charter\\nof Privileges and Exemptions to an}- members of the company who\\nwould within four years plant a colony of fifty anywhere in New Nether-\\nland, except on Manhattan Island. These wealthy grantees were called\\nPatroons, and were privileged to rule their colonies in absolute feudal style,\\nthe colonists being bound to them for a certain number of years. This system\\nwas soon found to be disadvantageous, since it tended to debar the less\\nwealthy class of individual colonists. In 1640 the charter was modified and\\nextended to any good citizen of the Netherlands. In later years there were\\nfrequent quarrels between the Patroons and the provincial government.\\nPatterson, Daniel T. (i 786-1 839), commanded the naval forces at New\\nOrleans in 1814, co-operating with General Jackson. He commanded the\\nflotilla that destroyed the stronghold of Jean Lafitte at Barataria.\\nPatterson, Robert (i 743-1 824), came to Pennsylvania from Ireland in\\n1768. He served in the Colonial army, was appointed Director of the Mint\\nby President Jefferson in 1805 and served till 1824.\\nPattison, Robert E., born in 1850, was comptroller of Philadelphia from\\n1877 to 1882. He was Governor of Pennsylvania from 1883 to 1887, and\\nwas again elected in 1890, to serve from 1891 to 1895.\\nPatton, Jacob H., born in 1812, has published A Concise History of the\\nAmerican People, The Democratic Party, Its History and Influences,\\nA Brief History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, and\\nThe Natural Resources of the United States.\\nPaul vs. Virginia, an important case before the U. S. Supreme Court. In\\n1866 Samuel Paul, of Virginia, was indicted by the Circuit Court of Peters-\\nburg and sentenced to pay a fine of fifty dollars for refusing, in his capacity\\nof insurance agent for a New York company, to comply v;ith that statute of\\nthe State of Virginia which required the deposit in the State Treasury of\\ncertain moneys in State bonds by insurance companies not incorporated\\nunder the State laws, or the agents of such companies, in return for a license.\\nThe Court of Appeals of Virginia confirmed the decree of the Circuit Court,\\nand the Supreme Court of the United States confirmed that of the Court of\\nAppeals on the ground that the Stale statute in question did not conflict\\nwith the clause of the National Constitution, which declares that the\\ncitizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and inmiunities\\nof citizens in several States, nor with the power of Congress to regulate\\ncommerce with foreign nations and among the several States.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0525.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "486 Dictionary of United States History.\\nPaulding, James K. (1779-1860), was associated with Washington Irving\\nin the publication of the Salmagundi in 1807. He was Secretary of the\\nU. S. Navy from 1838 to 184 1. He was a facile essayist and humorist. He\\nwrote Life of Washington, The Backwoodsman, Slavery in the\\nUnited States, Old Continental, or the Price of Liberty, and The\\nDutchman s Fireside, a novel.\\nPaulding, John (1758-1818), was one of the three captors of Major\\nAndre, and it was largely due to his influence that Andre was delivered to\\nthe authorities. He served throughout the Revolution.\\nPaulus Hook, Capture of, August 18, 1779. Paulus Hook was a sandy\\nisthmus on the site of Jersey City. This place was captured from the British\\nby Major Lee with 300 men. A mistake of the British favored their sur-\\nprise. One hundred and fifty-nine prisoners were taken.\\nPawnee Indians, for a long time inhabitants of Nebraska on the Platte,\\nhave always been friendly to the Americans. By a treaty in 1833 they sold\\nlands south of the Nebraska. They were afterward attacked by the Sioux\\nand their lands devastated. In 1857 they sold more of their lands, but the\\nGovernment did not protect them from further ravages of the Sioux.\\nPayne, Henry B., born in 1810, represented Ohio in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1875 to 1877. He was a member of the Electoral Com-\\nmission in 1877, and a U. S. Senator from 1885 to 1891. Died 1896.\\nPayne, John Howard (i 792-1 852), was an author and actor of consider-\\nable merit and fame at home and abroad. He is eminent as the author of\\nHome, Sweet Home, which he composed for his drama, Clari, or the\\nMaid of Milan. His renown as a song-poet was unsurpassed. He was\\nU. S. Minister to Tunis from 1841 to 1845 and from 1851 till his death.\\nPea Ridge, Ark., a hot engagement, March 7, 1862, between 10,500\\nUnion soldiers under General Curtis and 20,000 Confederate troops, includ-\\ning some 6000 Cherokee Indians, commanded by General Van Dorn, who\\nhad superseded Price and McCulloch. The Confederates began the fight,\\nadvancing toward Sugar Creek, along which Curtis had deployed his forces,\\nDavis occupying the centre, Carr the right and Sigel the left. McCulloch\\nfirst attacked the Union left, and then, moving to the east, endeavored to\\njoin Van Dorn and Price against Curtis left and centre. This movement\\nwas prevented by Sigel. At the close of the first day the National army\\nhad been defeated on their right, and the Confederates on their right. The\\nfollowing day the Confederates were compelled to retreat through the defiles\\nof Cross Timber Hollow, being unable to withstand the cross firing of Davis\\nand Sigel. The loss on both sides was quite heavy, the Confederates faring\\nthe worst.\\nPeabody, Andrew P. (1811-1893), was editor of the North America7i\\nRevieiv from 1854 to 1863, and professor of Christian morals at Harvard\\nfrom i860 to 1 881. He won esteem as a profound thinker, facile writer and\\nlovable teacher.\\nPeabody, George (1795-1869), bom in Danvers, Mass., was a most liberal\\nphilanthropist. From 1814 to 1837 he was in mercantile business in", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0526.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "OICTIONARY OF UNITED STATES HISTORY. 487\\nBaltimore. In 1838 he established the famous banking firm of George\\nPeabody and Company in London. He founded the Peabody Institute at\\nBaltimore in 1857 with $1,000,000, gave $2,500,000 for constructing lodging-\\nhouses for the poor in London, and $3,500,000 for the promotion of educa-\\ntion in the South. His public charities exceeded $10,000,000.\\nPeabody Museum, instituted as part of Harvard University in 1866 by\\nGeorge Peabody, an American banker, living in England. The best organ-\\nized work in archaeology and ethnology accomplished in the United States\\nhas been done under the auspices of this institution.\\nPeace Commission. In May, 1778, a Peace Commission was sent to the\\ncolonies by Lord North. The Commission offered all manner of conciliatory-\\nterms: an extension of the privileges of trade, an abolition of the quartering\\nact, a representation of the colonies in Parliament, an arrangement for\\nsustaining Continental bills of credit, and an almost independent colonial\\nadministration. The terms were refused and a treaty with France concluded.\\nPeace Commission, 1898. Pres. McKinley appointed Wm. R. Day, ex-\\nSec, of State, U. S. Senators Davis, Frye and Gray, with Whitelaw Reid, to\\nformulate, with the five Spanish commissioners, a treaty of peace between\\nU. S. and Spain. The joint commission met in Paris, Oct. to Dec. Spain\\nyielded Porto Rico, Cuba and Guam, an island of the Ladrones, and the\\nwhole Philippine group for $20,000,000, claimed for Spanish improvements.\\nPeace Conference. In January, 1861, the Legislature of Virginia passed\\na resolution inviting the various States to appoint delegates to meet at\\nWashington to consider an adjustment of the national difficulties then\\npending. This Conference met February- 4 and adjourned February 27.\\nTwenty-one States were represented. As a result of the deliberations of the\\nConference a constitutional amendment was proposed which prohibited\\nslavery north of the parallel of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 northern latitude .south of this line\\nit was to exist without restraint. It denied the right of passing laws giving\\nfreedom to slaves temporarily in the free States or to fugitive slaves, and\\nforbade Congress from controlling slavery in the Southern States, but pro-\\nhibited the slave trade. The amendment was brought up in the Senate, but\\nfailed of introduction in the House.\\nPeach Tree Creek, Ga., a battle, July 20, 1864, during Sherman s cele-\\nbrated march through Georgia. Sherman was then advancing on Atlanta,\\nand Johnston proposed to attack him as he crossed Peach Tree Creek, or else\\nallow him to attack the Georgia State troops at the Decatur and Marietta\\nroads and then fall upon his flank. Sherman advanced with Thomas on the\\nright, Schofield in the centre and McPherson on the left. June 20 Hood\\nadvanced to the attack and endeavored to cut Thomas off from Schofield and\\nMcPherson. Stewart s corps attacked Sherman s right centre under Newton,\\nwho, though surprised, held his ground. Hooker s whole corps was left\\nuncovered and suffered severeh but managed to drive the Confederates back.\\nThus the attack failed. Sherman had 30,000, Hood 50,000.\\nPeacock, eighteen guns. Captain Warrington. April 29, 1814, this\\nsloop attacked, off Florida, the British brig, ifepervier, eighteen guns.\\nThe battle lasted forty minutes, resulting in the capture of the E^pervier", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0527.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "488 Dictionary of United States History.\\nand the killing and wounding of twenty-two of its men. It had aboard\\n$118,000 in specie, and proved a very valuable prize. On June 30, 181 5, the\\nPeacock attacked and captured the Nautilus, fourteen guns. This\\ntook place after the treaty of peace. Next day, on ascertaining this fact,\\nCaptain Warrington gave up the Nautilus and returned home.\\nPeacock, brig. (See Hornet.\\nPeale, Charles Wilson (i 741-1727), of Pennsylvania, was prominent as a\\nportrait painter. He was a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature in\\n1779. He painted likenesses of nearly all the prominent officers in the Con-\\ntinental army. He painted the first portrait of Washington in 1772.\\nPearce, James A. (1805-1862), represented Maryland in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1835 to 1839 and from 1841 to 1843. He was a\\nU. S. Senator from 1843 1862.\\nPeary Expedition. In 1891 Lieutenant R. E. Peary conducted a scientific\\nArctic exploration to Greenland under the auspices of the Academy of\\nNatural Sciences of Philadelphia. He sailed in June and reached McCormick\\nBay the following month. From this place Peary and his wife and party\\nmade a number of exploring tours, reaching as far north as 82\u00c2\u00b0. A journey of\\n1300 miles was accomplished in sleds, and much valuable geographical and\\ngeological research was made. A relief party was dispatched to McCormick\\nBay in 1892.\\nPeck, John J. (1821-1878), of New York, served in every battle except\\none during the Mexican War. He commanded a brigade at Williamsburg\\nand Fair Oaks and was in command at Suffolk against Longstreet in 1863.\\nPeculiar Institution, a phrase applied to negro slavery about 1852 by the\\nSouth Carolina Gazette and afterward in general use.\\nPedro II. (1825-1891), was Emperor of Brazil from 1841 to 1889. He\\nopened the Amazon to the commerce of all nations in 1867. He visited the\\nUnited States in 1876 and aided President Grant in opening the Centennial\\nExhibition. He was deposed in 1889.\\nPegram, Robert B., of Virginia, born in 181 1, resigned from the U. S.\\nnavy in 1861 and entered the Confederate service. He commanded the\\nNashville in 1861 and the Virginia Merrimac Died 1894.\\nPeirce, Benjamin (1809-1880), won distinction for his original and exten-\\nsive work in pure and in applied mathematics. He was a professor at\\nHarvard from 1833 to 1867. He published many mathematical works.\\nPelican, the ship in which Sir Francis Drake made his famous voyage\\naround the world, leaving England November 15, 1577, and returning to\\nthat country September 26, 1580.\\nPelican, sloop. (See Argus.\\nPemaquid, the first permanent settlement made in Maine. It was estab-\\nlished by John Brown, of New Harbor, who bought lands from the Indians\\nJuly 15, 1625. It \u00e2\u0096\u00a0W as also the name originally given to the Kennebec\\nRiver, near which the settlement was located", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0528.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 48^\\nPemberton, John C. (1814-1881), was graduated from the U. S. Military-\\nAcademy in 1837. He served against the Seininoles in Florida from 1837\\nto 1839. He was an aide on General Worth s staff during the Mexican\\nWar, and was promoted major for ser\\\\aces at Monterey and Molino del Rey.\\nHe joined the Confederates in 1861 as staff officer to General Johnston. In\\n1862 he was assigned command of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida and\\nconstructed Fort Wagner and Batter B. He received command in Missis-\\nsippi, and in 1863 was defeated at Champion Hills and Vicksburg by General\\nGrant, after commanding Vicksburg during its siege.\\nPendergrast, Garrett J. (1802-1862), in command of the Cumberland\\nprotected Hampton Roads at the beginning of the Civil War and prevented\\nthe U. S. vessels from falling into the hands of the Confederates.\\nPendleton, Edmund (i 721-1803), one of the principal Virginian patriots\\nand orators, served in the House of Burgesses and as a member of a Committee\\nof Correspondence, and was a delegate to the first Continental Congress.\\nAs president of the Virginia Convention, he was the head of the State Gov-\\nernment 1775-1776, and afterward president of the Committee of Safety.\\nHe drew up the resolutions instructing the State representatives in Congress\\nto agitate for independence. He was also Speaker of the Legislature and\\nPresident of the Court of Appeals. His most important service was in 1788,\\nwhen he was one of the leaders of the Federalist phalanx in the convention\\ncalled to ratify the Federal Constitution.\\nPendleton, George Hunt (1825-1889), was a member of the Ohio Senate,\\nand from 1857 to 1865 was a Democratic Congressman and sat in important\\ncommittees. When McClellan was nominated for President in 1864, Pendle-\\nton received the second place on the ticket. In 1869 he was defeated for\\nGovernor of Ohio. While U. S. Senator, 1 879-1885, he was chairman of\\nthe Committee on Civil Service Reform, and his name is attached to an act\\nin furtherance of that measure. President Cleveland in 1885 appointed\\nSenator Pendleton Minister to Germany, where he remained until 1889.\\nPendleton Act, an act for the reformation of the national civil service,\\nintroduced into the Senate by Pendleton, of Ohio in 1880, but which did\\nnot become a law until January 6, 1883. It provides for open competitive\\nexaminations for admission to the public service in Washington, and in all\\ncustom-houses and post-offices where the official force is of as many as fifty\\nfor the appointment of a Civil Service Commission of three persons and for\\nthe apportionment of appointments according to the population of States.\\nPends d Oreilles, or Kalispels, a tribe of Selish Indians, inhabiting Mon-\\ntana, Idaho, Washington and British America. They have always been\\nfriendly to the whites.\\nPenguin, brig. (See Hornet\\nPeninsular Campaign. July 21, 1861, McClellan was appointed to com-\\nmand all the Federal troops about Washington. The popular cry was at\\nthat time: On to Richmond McClellan, after months of delay, finally\\nlanded his forces at Fort Monroe, April 2, 1862, and marched up between\\ntiie York and James Rivers toward Richmond, where Johnston lay encamped.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0529.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "49* Dictionary of United States History.\\nA month was spent besieging Yorktown, and after all the Confederates\\nescaped. At the battle of Williamsburg, May 4, McClellan was successful,\\nand again at the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31. Then followed the fights at\\nMechanicsville, Gaines Mills, White Oak Swamp, Frayser s Farm and Mal-\\nvern Hill, on the whole disastrous to the national cause. By the end of\\nJuly the Peninsular Campaign was ended and Richmond had not been\\nreached, though probably at one time it might have been. McClellan\\nretreated through the Chickahominy swamp to a base on James River.\\nPenitentiary. The first penitentiary was founded, by the influence of the\\nFriends of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia in 1786. This was followed soon\\nafter by the New York prisons at Sing Sing and Auburn. In the Philadel-\\nphia Penitentiary the system of solitary confinement prevailed, but the New\\nYork methods imposed silence rather than solitude, and upon this latter plan\\nwere based the penitentiaries of other States, which soon began to be estab-\\nlished. The prison system throughout the country became so noted for its\\nperfect and humane discipline that in 1831 De Tocqueville and Beaumont\\ncame to the United States on their noted tour of inspection.\\nPenn, John (1741-1788), represented North Carolina in the Continental\\nCongress from 1775 to 1776 and from 1778 to 1780. He signed the Decla-\\nration of Independence. During the invasion of North Carolina by Lord\\nCornwallis he was placed at the head of public aSairs in the State with\\nalmost dictatorial powers.\\nPenn, John (i 729-1 795), born in England, was Proprietary Governor of\\nPennsylvania from 1763 to 1771 and from 1773 to 1775. He attempted to\\nbe neutral during the Revolution.\\nPenn, Richard (1735-1811), came to America from England in 1763. He\\nwas Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania from 1771 to 1773. His rule was\\nmarked by unprecedented prosperity.\\nPenn, William (October 14, 1644-July 30, 1718), the founder of Penn-\\nsylvania, was born in London, the son of Admiral Penn. While at Oxford\\nhe joined the new sect of Quakers, and was expelled from the university.\\nFor a few years he traveled in France and Italy, and became a court favorite\\nin England. From this life he turned to become a minister of the Friends.\\nThis step led to a break with his father, to imprisonment in the Tower, in\\nNewgate and to other persecutions. He was aided, however, by his friend-\\nship with the Duke of York. Penn wrote numerous tracts and theological\\nworks, No Cross, no Crown, among others. He had already sent many\\nemigrants to America, when Charles II. gave him in 1681 an extensive\\ngrant. He sailed to his new possession in 1682, laid out the city of Phila-\\ndelphia and negotiated the famous treaty with the Indians under the elm\\ntree. He returned to England in 1684, and had considerable influence at\\ncourt after his friend came to the throne as James II. He was deprived of\\nhis government in 1692, but it was restored two years later. A visit to his\\ncolony in 1699 resulted in improving the condition of affairs. The new\\ncommonwealth had from the first a more tolerant basis than its neighbors.\\nPenn returned to England after a few years. In the latter part of his life", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0530.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 491\\nhe became involved in difficulties and passed some time in the Fleet Prison.\\nLife by Ellis, by Janney, and by W. H. Dixon. Macaulay s insinuations in\\nhis history have been refuted.\\nPenn vs. Baltimore, a case involving the boundaries between Penn s and\\nLord Baltimore s land grants from the crown. Charles Calvert, the third Lord\\nBaltimore, met Penn s deputy in 1682, Penn in 1683, but nothing was\\ndecided, though Penn obtained a new grant from the Duke of York reach-\\ning into Delaware and even into Maryland; also a letter from the king\\nrequesting Baltimore to hasten the adjustment of the boundary. The case\\nwas taken to London and decided in Penn s favor. A compromise was\\narranged in 1732, and enforced by the Court of Chancer) in 1760, in accord-\\nance with which a line was run by Mason and Dixon, fixing the boundary\\nin 1767 as now. (See art. Mason and Dixon s Line.)\\nPennamite War, a name sometimes employed to designate the Wyoming\\ncontroversy between Pennsylvania and Connecticut. (See Wyoming Con-\\ntroversy.)\\nPennington, William (1796-1862), was Governor of New Jersey from 1837\\nto 1842. In 1839 occurred the Broad Seal War, arising from his issuing\\ncommissions under the great seal of the State to five Democratic Congress-\\nmen whose election was contested by the Whigs and whose votes would\\ndetermine the Speakership of the U. S. Congress. He was a Republican\\nU. S. Congressman from 1859 to 1861 and Speaker.\\nPennsbury Manor, the name of William Penn s country house in Bucks\\nCounty, four miles above Bristol, on the Delaware, built during Penn s first\\nvisit on land purchased from the Indians in 1681.\\nPennsylvania, commonly called the Keystone State, was one of the\\noriginal thirteen colonies. William Peun obtained (1681) a grant of land of\\n40,000 square miles from Charles II. as payment of a debt of ;^i6,ooo due to\\nPenn s father, an admiral in the English navy. Penn proposed to found a\\ncolony for the benefit of the Quakers. The king gave it its name in honor\\nof Penn. To encourage emigration Penn offered a popular government, with\\ntoleration for all religious beliefs. His penal code was reformatory. The\\nDutch and Swedes already had settlements within his grant, but they were\\nincorporated in the new colony. In 1682 Philadelphia was founded from\\nplans drawn in England. Penn established a proprietary government and\\nhis wise administration and humane treatment of the Indians caused the\\ncolony to flourish. His rights passed to his heirs, of whom they were pur-\\nchased in 1776 by the State. Pennsylvania had difficulty with Connecticut\\nover the territory north of latitude 41\u00c2\u00b0, which by previous grant had been\\ngiven to the latter State. In 1776 this region was organized as the county\\nof Westmoreland and was represented in the Connecticut Legislature. This\\nquarrel at one time threatened to cause war between the two States, but in\\n1782 the territory in dispute was given to Pennsylvania by the decision of a\\nFederal court sitting at Trenton. Indian massacres occurred in this region\\nin the years 1755, 1763 and 1778. The southern boundar line was surveyed\\nby two English surveyors. Mason and Dixon (1763-67). Delaware, which\\nwas included in Penn s grant, was erected into a colony by itself (1703) with", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0531.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "492 Dictionary of Unitkd States History.\\na legislature of its own, but under the same governor as Pennsylvania. In\\n1756 stage coaches were established between Philadelphia and New York.\\nThe first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia September 5, 1774. The\\nDeclaration of Independence (1776), the Battle of Germantown (October 4,\\n1777) and Valley Forge (1777-1778) identify the State with the Revolution.\\nThe State included many Tories. A constitution for the State was made\\nin 1776. The Federal Constitutional Convention of 1787 met in Phila-\\ndelphia. The constitution was ratified by a State Convention (December\\n12, 1787). A new State constitution was made in 1790, another in 1838,\\nthe present in 1873. The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) was a protest\\nagainst an Act of Congress of 1790 which increased the tax on distilled\\nspirits, largely manufactured in Western Pennsylvania. In national poli-\\ntics the State was for many years the Keystone State. From 1825 ^o 1884\\nthe electoral votes were never cast for an unsuccessful candidate. Before\\n1825 the State was divided by the diflference in the occupations and nation-\\nality of the people of the eastern and western sections. The discovery of\\ncoal and the use of anthracite in the production of iron (1839) Pennsyl-\\nvania to support a protective tariflf. In 1835 the Anti-Masons elected a\\nGovernor. Since the formation of the Republican party, Pennsylvania has\\nbeen a steadily Republican State. From 1856 to 1887 the machinery of the\\nparty was under the control of Simon Cameron. In 1882 and 1890 the\\nDemocrats elected the Governor. Pennsylvania was loyal in the support of\\nthe Union cause and furnished 362,284 men for the army. The greatest\\nbattle of the war, Gettysburg, was fought on her soil (July 1-3, 1863). The\\npopulation of the State in 1790 was 434,373; in 1890 it had increased to\\n5,258,014. History by Proud.\\nPennsylvania, The Historical Society of, founded in 1824, has issued\\nfourteen volumes of Memoirs, and supported the Pennsylvania Magazine\\nof History and Biography.\\nPennsylvania, University of, Philadelphia. This institution was founded\\nas an academy in 1749, and incorporated in 1755. In 1779 it became a\\nuniversity, finally completing its organization in 1791. The medical depart-\\nment was founded in 1765, and the law department in 1789. Marked prog-\\nress has been made in recent years since the removal of the university to\\nits present site. The college was at the first befriended by Franklin.\\nPennsylvania Gazette, a semi-weekly newspaper established at Phila-\\ndelphia December 24, 1728, by Samuel Keimer. The full title was The Uni-\\nversal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania Gazette. Keimer\\nsoon turned it over to the management of his apprentice, Benjamin Franklin,\\nwho quickly made it the most valuable newspaper property in this country.\\nThe semi-weekly publication was, however, changed to a weekly, owing to\\nlack of subscription. Franklin retired from the management of the Gazette\\nin 1766. The Gazette did good service to the Revolutionar) cause until the\\nBritish occupation of Philadelphia. Publication was suspended until after\\nevacuation. It was then renewed and survived another brief suspension\\nin 1 81 5. The first part of the title was dropped when Franklin assumed\\nthe management. In 1845 the Gazette was merged in the Daily North\\nAmerican, which is still published.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0532.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 493\\nPennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser, founded in Philadel-\\nphia December 2, 1742, by William Bradford 3d. This journal divided the\\nfield with the Pefinsylvania Gazette until the British occupation of Philadel-\\nphia, when it was suspended for a period, but was afterward revived. The\\n_/OT/r\u00c2\u00aba/ made a successful venture as a semi-weekly in 1788. It was dis-\\ncontinued in 1797, and gave place to the Daily American, a daily newspaper.\\nPennsylvania Packet, or the General Advertiser, was founded in\\nNovember, 1771, by John Dunlapat Philadelphia. During the British occu-\\npation of Philadelphia it was removed to Lancaster. After the evacuation\\nit was brought back and published tri-weekly. It was afterward changed to\\na daily, and appeared under the title Pefinsylvania Packet and Daily Adver-\\ntiser in 1784.\\nPenny (Maryland), a copper coiu of the value of two cents, coined in\\nEngland by lyord Baltimore in 1659, and issued in Marjdand the same year.\\nThe obverse or face of this penny was stamped with a profile bust of Lord\\nBaltimore. The reverse contained a ducal coronet upon which were erected\\ntwo masts, each bearing a flying pennant with the legend Denarium: Terrae-\\nMariae. This coiu was i.ssued simultaneously with the Maryland shilling.\\nPenobscot Expedition, 1779. About 900 men were sent out from Boston\\nagainst a British post on the Penobscot. A combined land and naval attack\\nwas planned. Tlie laud force debarked and gallantly assaulted the fort.\\nOwing to disagreement between the commanders, the marines did not sup-\\nport them, and a British fleet now appearing on the scene forced all assailants\\nto retire. It was an unfortunate aflTair. The commander, Saltonstall, and\\nthe generals, Lowell and Wadsworth, were publicly censured.\\nPensacola, Fla., was first settled by French colonists about 1696 and\\ncame into the possession of the Spaniards in 1699. It fell alternately into\\nthe hands of the French, Spaniards and British until finally captured by the\\nSpaniards in 1781. This Spanish post, though neutral, allowed the British\\nto enlist there Indians against the United States in the War of 1812 and to\\nmake the town a rendezvous for British forces. General Jackson with 4000\\nmen advanced from Fort Montgomer) and on November 6, 1814, demanded\\nfrom the Spanish Governor possession of the forts. This was refused and\\nearly next day Jackson stormed the town. The forts were at once sur-\\nrendered and the British driven from the harbor. This prompt action on\\nJackson s part prevented another Indian war, drove the British from an\\nimportant point, and punished the Spanish for their violation of the laws of\\nneutrality. Jackson again took possession of the town in 1818. In 1819 it\\nbecame a part of the United States. At the beginning of the Civil War\\nthe navy yard and adjacent forts were seized by the Confederates, and later\\nseveral engagements occurred with the Federal forces.\\nPensions. The germ of the United States pension system lay in the pro-\\nvision by Congress near the beginning of the Revolutionary War that\\nofficers who should continue in the service till the end of the war should\\nreceive half pay during seven years thereafter. In 1785 Congress recom-\\nmended to the States that they should make provision for invalid pensioners,\\nand in 1808 the United States assumed the pension obligations of the States.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0533.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "494 Dictionary of United States History.\\nThese were only for persons disabled in the service. In 1818 an act was\\npassed granting pensions to all who had served nine months or more in the\\nRevolutionary array, and were in indigent circumstances. More claimants\\napplied than could possibly have survived from Washington s army, and the\\namount required to be paid during the first year was eleven times what had\\nbeen estimated, and in the second year seventeen times. Subsequent acts\\nprovided for wars subsequent to the Revolution. Acts of 1836, 1848 and\\n1853 provided pensions for all widows of Revolutionary soldiers whenever\\nmarried. A curious result has been that in 1868, when all Revolutionarv\\npensioners were dead, there remained 888 widows of such soldiers. In 1893\\nthirteen remained. Acts of July 14, 1862, and subsequent dates, provided\\npensions for soldiers and sailors disabled in the Civil War, and for the\\ndependent relatives of those who had died. Under these acts expenditures\\nfor pensions reached a maximum ($34,443,895) in 1871, and then declined\\nuntil, on January 25, 1879, the Arrears Act was passed, allowing back-pay\\non all pensions to which claim was then successfully laid. This act doubled\\nthe total annual sum in two years. Meanwhile an act of 1871 had pensioned\\nall who had served a certain time in the War of 1812, and their widows, if\\nmarried before the Treaty of Ghent. (In 1893 there were 86 such, but\\n5425 widows). In 1887, a service pension act for the Mexican War was\\npassed. Finally, the Act of June 27, 1890, called the Dependent Pension\\nAct, pensioned all who served ninety days in the War of the Rebellion and\\nwere honorably discharged, and who are incapacitated for manual labor,\\nand the widows, children and dependent parents of such. The effect has\\nbeen nearly to double the number of pensioners, and to raise the annual\\ncharge for pensions above $160,000,000, nearly twice the ordinary annual\\nexpenditure for the German army. Thirty years from the war, there are\\nnow nearly a million pensioners, though probably only two million individu-\\nals served in the Union army and navy. The total expenditure for pensions\\nsince 1861, has been about $1,700,000,000. In 1869, pensions were pro-\\nvided for retiring U. S. Judges, and widows of Presidents have been pen-\\nsioned by special act.\\nPensions, Bureau of. Down to 1849, the pension system of the United\\nStates was administered by the War and Navy Departments. In that year\\nit was given over to the Department of the Interior, then created.\\nPeople s Party. Organized during the National Union Conference at\\nCincinnati, May 19, 1891, and formed chiefly from the various Farmers\\nAlliances. A national committee was appointed to look after the interests\\nof the new organization, and the platform of the Farmers Alliance was\\nindorsed advocating free silver; the sub-treasury plan; equal taxation; reve-\\nnues limited to the necessity of the Government; a graduated income tax;\\nthe election of President, Vice-President and Senate by a direct vote of\\nthe people; and prohibition of alien ownership of land. The National\\nConvention at Omaha, Neb., July 2, 1892, nominated James B. Weaver, of\\nIowa, for President, and James G. Field, of Virginia, for Vice-President.\\nWeaver obtained a popular vote of 1,030,128 and an electoral vote of\\ntwentv-three.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0534.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 495\\nPepperrell, Sir William (1696-1759), was a member of the Massachusetts\\nLegislature iu 1726, and in 1727 became a member of the council. He was\\nChief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas from 1730 to 1759. In 1745\\nhe was active in procuring men and supplies for an expedition against the\\nFrench in Canada. He commanded the force that captured Louisbourg and\\nwas made a baronet. He was active in raising and equipping troops during\\nthe French War of 1755, and commanded the forces on the frontier of Maine\\nand New Hampshire.\\nPequots, a tribe of New England Indians, entered into a treaty with the\\ncolonists at Boston iu 1634, but soon became hostile. Expeditions were\\nsent against them and they in turu attacked Wethersfield and killed many\\nsettlers. In 1637, an expedition under Mason surprised the Indians at a fort\\nnear the present Groton, Conn. A desperate struggle followed in which the\\nIndians were overcome with great loss. The remnant was nearly annihi-\\nlated in a subsequent battle at Fairfield swamp. Many of the Pequots were\\nsold as slaves, and the remainder of the tribe separated and later became\\nwidely scattered.\\nPercival, James G. (1795-1856), of Connecticut, was a popular poet, and\\ncomposed several remarkable lyrics. He was a man of varied and extensive\\nknowledge and a fluent writer.\\nPercy, George (1586-1632), came to Virginia from England about 1607.\\nHe succeeded Lord Delaware as Governor, temporarily, in 161 1. He wrote\\nA Discourse of the Plantations of the Southerne Colonic in Virginia.\\nPercy, Hugh, Duke of Northumberland (1742-1817), in 1775 (being then\\nknown as Earl Percy) led a brigade to reinforce the British at Lexington,\\nand allowed wanton plundering by his troops during the retreat. Several\\ncitizens were murdered. In 1776 he led a column at the reduction of Fort\\nWashington and was the first to enter the American lines. He returned to\\nEngland in 1776.\\nPerfectionists. (See Oneida Coaimunity.)\\nPerry, Arthur L., born in 1830, has been professor of history and political\\neconomy at Williams College since 1853. ardent advocate of free\\ntrade. He has written Foes of the Farmers and two books on Political\\nEconomy.\\nPerry, Matthew Calbraith (1794-1858), brother of the victor of Lake\\nErie, served as a boy in the War of 181 2, and later against the pirates. He\\nrendered important services while in command of the Brooklyn Navy Yard,\\nand was promoted to be commodore iu 1841. His aid in the capture of Vera\\nCruz in 1847 was valuable, as was his blockade of the coast. Commodore\\nPerry is best remembered for his connection with Japan. He organized and\\ncommanded the expedition to that country then outside the list of friendly\\nnations in 1853, and signed a treaty with its government in 1854, thus\\nopening the Mikado s Empire to western influences.\\nPerry, Oliver Hazard (1785-1819), an American naval hero, was a native\\nof Rhode Island, and entered the navy as midshipman in 1799. He was in\\nthe Tripolitan War, and afterward devoted his attention to ordnance, fa", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0535.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "496 Dictionary of United States History.\\n1813 he was appointed to command on Lake Erie. With great efforts and\\nextraordinary rapidity he built a fleet on the lake and drilled his men. His\\npreparations being completed, he sailed from Put-in Bay in command of a\\nsquadron of nine vessels, of which the Lawrence and Niagara were the\\nchief The British commander, Barclay, had six. Their battle of Septem-\\nber 15, 1813, in which Perrj- showed great ability, resulted in the capture of\\nthe entire British squadron, and was immortalized in the laconic dispatch,\\nWe have met the enemy and they are ours. Perry co-operated in the\\nvictory of the Thames, was made captain, and served in the defence of\\nBaltimore.\\nPerryville, Tenn., the chief battle in Bragg s invasion of Kentuck)-.\\nOn October 8, 1862, General Bragg, leading 40,000 Confederate troops, was\\nretreating from Kentucky into East Tennessee, when at Perryville he was\\novertaken by General Buell, with 58,000 Federals. Bragg was forced to\\nturn and give battle. The fight lasted nearly all day, and was at times hand\\nto hand. The National left, being composed of raw recruits, was destrojed,\\nbut the rest of the line, under General Philip H. Sheridan, held out bravely\\nand repelled every attack of the Confederates, following them up with\\ncounter attacks. Buell s loss was 3700, including Generals James S. Jackson\\nand William T. Terrill. Bragg s casualties were about 3200. Bragg was\\ncompelled to retire. Buell did not follow hiin.\\nPersia. The United States concluded a treaty of friendship and com-\\nmerce with Persia in 1856.\\nPersonal Liberty Laws, statutes passed by the Northern States to pro-\\ntect the negroes within their borders. The first acts were passed about 1840,\\nthough Indiana and Connecticut had previously provided that fugitives\\nmight have a trial by jury. After the Prigg decision, many of the States\\npassed Acts prohibiting the use of State jails in fugitive slave cases. The\\nFugitive Slave Law of 1850 aroused the most violent opposition in the\\nNorth, and before 1856 many of the States had passed personal liberty\\nacts. Beside prohibiting the use of State jails, these laws forbade State\\njudges and ofiicers to assist claimants or issue writs. Trial was to be given\\nall alleged fugitives. Heavy penalties were provided for the violation of\\nthese laws. Such acts were passed in Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island,\\nMassachusetts, Michigan, Maine, Wisconsin, Kansas, Ohio and Pennsylvania.\\nOf the Northern States, New Jersey and California alone sanctioned the\\nrendition of fugitives.\\nPeru. The United States concluded a treaty of peace and commerce with\\nthe Peru-Bolivian Confederation in 1836. A claims convention was con-\\ncluded in 1841 with Peru, by which Peru agreed to pay $300,000 indemnity to\\nUnited States citizens. A commercial treaty was concluded in 1851. A con-\\nvention relative to the rights of neutrals at sea was concluded in 1856. Claims\\nconventions were concluded in 1862, 1863 and 1868. A commercial treaty\\nwas concluded in 1870, and an extradition treaty the same year. A com-\\nmercial treaty was concluded in 1887.\\nPet Banks, the name applied to certain State banks selected by the\\nTreasury Departuient as places ?f deposit for Federal funds withdrawn from", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0536.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "DlCTION ARY OF UNITED STATES HiSTORY. 497\\nthe Bank of the United States. This practice was in vogue during the\\nperiod between 1833 and 1836. The banks were chosen, it was said, not\\nbecause of fitness, but on the principle of the accepted system of granting\\nbank charters, namely, of party fidelity. This gave rise to competition\\namong the Democratic banks and a wholesale granting of charters, which\\nwas followed by speculation and inflation of the currency.\\nPeters, Hugh (1599-1660), came to America from England in 1635. In\\n1636, he succeeded Roger Williams as pastor of the first church in Salem,\\nand excommunicated Williams adherents. He took an active part in public\\naffairs. In 1638, he was appointed to collect and revise the Massachusetts\\nColonial Laws. In 1641, he was a commissioner to England and influenced\\nthe removal of imposts on New England commerce. He afterward played\\nan important part in the English Civil War.\\nPeters, Richard (1744-1828), was secretaiy of the Continental Board of\\nWar from 1776 to 1781, represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Con-\\ngress from 1782 to 1783, and was a U. S. district judge from 1789 to 1828.\\nPeters, Samuel (1735-1826), became a Church-of-Englaud minister in the\\nchurches of Hartford and Hebron, Conn., in 1762. He was suspected of\\nbeing a Tory, and in 1774 was required to make a written declaration that\\nlie had not communicated with England concerning the controversies with\\nthe colonies and would not do so. Soon afterward he fled to England. He\\nwrote a satirical History of Connecticut of little historical value.\\nPeters, United States vs., a Supreme Court case of the year 1809.\\nJudge Peters, of the U. S. District Court for Pennsylvania, decided for the\\nplaintiffs in the case of Olmstead and others z s. Rittenhouse s Executrixes,\\nbut refrained from carrying his judgment into execution because of a statute\\npassed by Pennsylvania forbidding this. A mandamus was then asked for\\nagainst Peters. The Supreme Court (Judge Marshall), declaring that the\\nLegislature of a State cannot annul the judgment or determine the jurisdic-\\ntion of a U. S. Court, granted the mandamus, and the decree was executed,\\nagainst the opposition of the Pennsylvania authorities and even of the Penn-\\nsylvania militia. (See Olmstead et als. vs Rittenhouse s Executrixes.)\\nPeters Reports, sixteen volumes of law reports by Richard Peters, Jr.,\\ncontaining cases from the United States Supreme Courts, 1 828-1 842.\\nPetersburg, Va. About this town and Richmond, from June, 1864, to\\nApril, 1865, there was the most celebrated campaign of the Civil War.\\nGradually Grant had forced Lee s Army of Northern Virginia southward\\nuntil the Confederates lay posted about Petersburg and Richmond. Grant s\\narmy, including drivers, camp followers, etc., numbered nearly 120,000\\nmen, while Lee was at the head of about 70,000. By June 10, 1864, the\\nConfederates were strongly posted, Lee, with the main command, at Peters-\\nburg, and Longstreet on the left at Chapin s BluflT, the line extending along\\nthe Boydton Road and Hatcher s Run eastward. The campaign was opened\\nby Butler, then commanding the Army of the James at Bermuda Hundred.\\nJune 10, a Federal force was sent by him under Gillmore and Kautz to\\ndestroy the Appomattox bridges and attempt the capture of Petersburg,\\n32", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0537.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "498 Dictionary of United States History.\\nThis expedition failed signally. June 14, Grant sent Smith with a large\\nforce upon a similar expedition. Smith delayed, thus giving the Confederates\\ntime to assault and defeat him. Grant lost 9000 men in these two expedi-\\ntions. The siege of Petersburg practically commenced June 18. Butler\\nhad affected a valuable lodgment at Deep Bottom, and, on the twenty-first,\\nforces under Hancock and Wright endeavored to destroy the Weldon Road,\\nbut this was frustrated by Hill, who attacked and defeated the Federals dis-\\nastrously. Then followed Sheridan s victory at Yellow Tavern and Wilson s\\nand Kautz s raid. June 25, Burnside proposed and began the construction\\nof a mine to blow up the Confederate lines about Petersburg. This mine\\nwas in process of construction until July 23, and was sprung July 30. It\\nconsisted of a shaft 520 feet long with lateral terminations forty feet in each\\ndirection and was charged with 8000 pounds of powder. Burnside was to\\nrush into the breach and seize Cemeter} Hill, commanding the town. A\\ncrater 200 feet long by sixty wide was formed by the explosion, and one\\nConfederate regiment was blown up, but the rest poured such a murderous fire\\nupon the advancing Federals that 4000 men were lost, and the attempt failed.\\nAfter this things remained comparatively quiet around Petersburg until\\nFebruary, 1865. Then Lee, having been appointed commander-in-chief of\\nthe entire Confederate force, perceiving that his situation was becoming\\ndesperate, determined to evacuate Richmond and Petersburg and join Johns-\\nton in the south. To cover his retreat, he sent a strong force on the night\\nof March 24, 1865, to assault Fort Steedman. The fort was carried at the\\nfirst assault, but reinforcements failed to come, and the Federals under Parke\\nquickly repelled the assault. Of 5000 Confederates, 3000 were killed, and\\nLee s retreat was prevented. The National line then extended without a\\nbreak from the Appomattox to Dinwiddle Court House. April i, the fatal\\nbattle of Five Forks occurred, Sheridan defeating the Confederates after a\\nder -;te fight. They were also defeated at Quaker and Boydton Roads.\\nApril 2, Grant ordered a united attack along the Confederate line from\\nAppomattox to Hatcher s Run. Everywhere the Confederates met defeat\\nafter fearful losses. On April 3, Lee evacuated Richmond and Petersburg\\nsimultaneously.\\nPetigru, James L. (i 789-1863), was Attorney-General of South Carolina\\nfrom 1822 to 1830. He ardently opposed the nullification and secession\\nmovements. He codified the Laws of South Carolina.\\nPetition. The Constitution prohibits Congress from making any law to\\nabridge the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the\\nGovernment for a redress of grievances. February 11, 1790, a petition\\nsigned by Franklin was offered to Congress praying the abolition of slavery,\\nbut it was unnoticed. Between 1830 and 1844 numerous petitions from\\nabolitionists poured in. Februar} 8, 1835, Henry L. Pinckney, of South\\nCarolina, suggested that resolutions be adopted to the effect that Congress\\ncannot constitutionally interfere with slavery in any of the States. The\\ncommittee on these resolutions reported favorably and suggested that there-\\nafter abolition petitions be laid on the table. These were adopted. John\\nQuincy Adams opposed these gag rules during ten years, finally accom-\\nplishing their abolition in 1844.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0538.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 499\\nPetroleum. Its existence was known to the Indians of Western New\\nYork, and it was collected in small quantities by them and by the early\\nsettlers of New York and Pennsylvania, amounting sometimes to as much\\nas twenty barrels in a year. The first organized and successful effort to bore\\nfor petroleum was made in 1854 by a New York company along Oil Creek,\\nN. Y. Oil was struck at seventy-one feet, and as much as a thousand barrels\\nper day was obtained. Oil fields were quickly located elsewhere in New\\nYork and in Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia, those of Pennsylvania\\nproving the richest. The latter yielded 3,000,000 barrels in 1862. Gaso-\\nlene, naphtha, kerosene, parafhne and other products soon began to be manu-\\nfactured from the petroleum.\\nPettaquamscut Purchasers, a company formed by John Hull, of Pine\\nTree Shilling fame, in 1660, which bought lands from the Indians about\\nPettaquamscut Rock, in the Narragansett country. This company was in\\nconstant collision with Atherton s company at Wickford. (See Narragansett\\nCountry.)\\nPettit, Charles (i 736-1 806), was secretary of New Jersey from 1772 to\\n1778. He was assistant quartermasrer-general of the Continental army from\\n1778 to 1783. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress\\nfrom 1785 to 1787.\\nPewter Muggers, a New York faction of the Democratic party which was\\nopposed to the Tammany candidates in 1828. Their meetings being held in\\na Frankfort Street resort over pciuter mugs, the name was affixed by their\\nopponents.\\nPhebe, brig. (See Essex.\\nPhelps, Edward J., born in 1822, was second comptroller of the Treasury\\nfrom 1851 to 1853. After the breaking up of the Whig party he became a\\nDemocrat. He became professor of law at Yale in 18S1. He was Minister\\nPlenipotentiary to England from 1885 to 1889.\\nPhelps, Elizabeth Stuart, born in Massachusetts in 1844, has been\\nprominent in temperance reform and efforts for the advancement of woman.\\nShe wrote The Gates Ajar, Hedged In, and many stories.\\nPhelps, John W. (1813-1885), of Vermont, served during the Mexican\\nWar. In the Civil War he commanded a brigade at Newport News, reduced\\nShip Island, and fought at New Orleans. He was candidate of the Ameri-\\ncan party for President in 1880.\\nPhelps, William \\\\Valter, born in 1839, represented New Jersey in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Republican from 1873 to 1875. He was Minister to\\nAustria from 1881 to 1882. He was a U. S. Congressman from 1883 to\\n1889, when he became Minister to Germany and served until 1893. Pie is\\nknown as a staunch supporter of a protective tariff. Died June 17, 1894.\\nPhiladelphia, Pa., was founded by commissioners appointed by William\\nPenn in 1681. The site of the present city was originally settled by Swedes.\\nIn 1683 Philadelphia was chosen as the capital of the colony, and continued", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0539.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "500 Dictionary of United Statijs History.\\nto be such for 117 years. During the earlier part of the Revolution the city-\\nwas the virtual capital of the colonies. Here the first Continental Congress\\nconvened in 1774; on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was\\nadopted; on July 9, 1778, the Articles of Confederation were signed; and in\\n1787 the Constitution of the United States prepared. Here also, in 1786,\\nthe Protestant Episcopal Church of North America was organized. In\\nDecember, 1790, Congress convened here, and continued to hold its sessions\\nin the city for ten years. The first American bank was established here in\\n1 781, and the first United States Mint in 1792. In 1876 the centennial cele-\\nbration of the independence of the colonies was held in Philadelphia, and\\nin 1882 the bi-centennial of the landing of William Penn was observed.\\nThe University of Pennsylvania was incorporated here in 1779.\\nPhilip, King, chief of the Wanipanoags, died in 1676. He was the son\\nof Massasoit, and succeeded to the chieftainship in 1662. He was for many\\nyears friendly to the whites, but realized the decline of the Indian race, and\\nwas led to hostilities by the encroachments of the colonists. In 1675 he\\ninaugurated King Philip s War, and enlisted nearly all the New England\\ntribes. Thirteen towns were destroyed, and 600 colonists lost their lives.\\nHe was killed at Mount Hope, R. I., and his tribe almost annihilated.\\nPhilippa, or Philippi, W. Va., the first engagement during McClellan s\\nWest Virginia campaign. Here Colonel Porterfield, commanding 1000 Con-\\nfederate troops, was surprised and routed June 3, 1861, by Colonels Kelly\\nand Dumont, with two regiments of McClellan s army. This occurred\\nsubsequently to West Virginia s rejection of the secession ordinance.\\nPhilipse Frederick (1626-1702), came to New Amsterdam from Holland\\nabout 1640. In 1693 P^^^ of his vast estate was erected by royal charter\\ninto the Manor of Philipseborough. Very prominent in colonial affairs.\\nPhilippine Commission. J. G. Schurman, Dean C. Worcester, Col. Charles\\nDenby, Gen. Otis and Admiral Dewey were appointed by McKinley in 1899\\nto report on the question arising in the Philippines.\\nPhilippine Islands. Twelve hundred islands (of which 408 are inhabited)\\nin the Malay Archipelago, discovered by Magellan in 1521. Area, 115,528\\nsquare miles. Population, 7,000,000. Luzon is the chief island, on which\\nis Manila (154,000 inhabitants), the largest city and capital of the whole\\ngroup. This city was blockaded May i, 1898 (see Manila, Battle of), was\\ntaken August 13. Spain has ceded the islands to the United States. The\\nnative revolt, begun against Spain, is continued against the American.\\nPhillips, John (1719-1795), with his brother Samuel, founded Phillips\\nAndover Academy in 1780, and in 1781 founded Phillips Exeter Academy\\nwith an endowment of $134,000.\\nPhillips, Wendell (1811-1884), one of the greatest platform orators of the\\ncountry, was born in Boston and graduated at Harvard in 183 1. He became\\na lawyer, but from 1837 onward gave his chief energies to the abolitionist\\nmovement. He was the lecturer of the cause, as Garrison was the writer.\\nFor many years he labored against a hostile sentiment. He succeeded Gar-\\nrigon as president of the anti-slavery societ)-. He was, moreover, an ardent", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0540.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United vStates History. 501\\nadvocate of the temperance and woman suffrage reforms, a champion of the\\ngreenback party, and an eloquent and acceptable lecturer on various topics,\\nsuch as the Lost Arts, etc.\\nPhillips, William (1731-1781), was appointed a major-general in the Brit-\\nish army in America in 1776. He commanded at St. John till 1777, when\\nhe became second in command to Burgoyne at Montreal. By his skill and\\nenergy as an artilleryman he forced the evacuation of Ticonderoga by General\\nSt. Clair. He was prominent in the two Saratoga battles, and succeeded\\nBurgoyne in the command of the surrendered troops. He was promoted\\nlieutenant-general in 1780. In 1781 he joined General Benedict Arnold with\\n2000 men and assumed command. He died of typhoid fever soon afterward.\\nPhips, Sir William (1651-1695), engaged in trade and in 1687 recovered\\n;^300,ooo from a wrecked Spanish vessel. In 1690 he commanded the\\nexpedition which captured Port Royal and made an unsuccessful attempt to\\nreduce Quebec with a naval force of thirty-four vessels and about 2000 men.\\nWhile in England in 1692 he was appointed Governor of Massachusetts.\\nHe was prominent in the suppression of witchcraft. He was a man of great\\nindustry and integrity. He died while visiting England to answer charges\\nagainst him.\\nPiatt, Donn (1819-1891), was Secretary of Legation at Paris from 1853\\nto 1857, i^i months was Charge d Affaires. He served on the staff\\nof General Schenck during the Civil War.\\nPickens, Andrew (1739-1817), served in the Cherokee War in 1761. In\\n1779 he defeated the British under Colonel Boyd at Kettle Creek and was\\nactive at the battle of Stono. He commanded the militia at Cowpens,\\ncaptured Augusta and led the Carolina militia at Eutaw Springs. He served\\nin the South Carolina Legislature from 1783 to 1794, and was a U. S. Con-\\ngressman from 1793 to 1795. He was again in the South Carolina Legis-\\nlature from 1801 to 1812. He negotiated numerous treaties with the Southern\\nIndians.\\nPickens, Francis W. (1805-1869), represented South Carolina in the U. S.\\nCongress as a NuUifier from 1834 to 1843. He was Governor of South\\nCarolina from i860 to 1862. He demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter\\nand gave the order to fire upon the Star of the West.\\nPickering, John (1777-1846), of Massachusetts, was celebrated for his\\nphilological studies, and was one of the founders of American Comparative\\nPhilology. He published A Vocabulary of Americanisms and Remarks\\non the Indian Languages of North America.\\nPickering, Timothy (1745\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1829), was a Harvard graduate and militia\\nofficer in Massachusetts, who entered actively into the civil and military life\\nof the Revolution. He was made adjutant-general of the army in 1776, and\\nmember of the board of war, and in 1780 he became quartermaster-general,\\nmaterially aiding Washington s final movements. He held this position until\\n1785, and then settled in Pennsylvania. In 1791 he negotiated a treaty with\\nthe Six Nations, and the same year he was called to the office of Postmaster-", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0541.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "502 Dictionary of United States Historv.\\nGeneral. This position he, in 1795, exchanged for that of Secretary of War,\\nand a few months later he took charge of the State Department, which he\\nheld until 1800. Becoming again identified with Massachusetts Pickering\\nrepresented that State in the U. S. Senate 1805-1811 and the House 1813-\\n1817. He was a radical Federalist and a member of the Essex Junto. As\\na vigorous opponent of the Embargo he was at one time extremely unpopular.\\nI,ife by Pickering and Upham.\\nPickett, George E. (1825-1875), served with distinction during the Mexi-\\ncan War at Vera Cruz, Contreras and Chapultepec. He joined the Con--\\nfederates and in 1862 commanded a brigade under General Johnston. He\\nwas active at Richmond and Gaines Mills, and commanded a division at\\nFredericksburg, Gettysburg and Petersburg. His command was routed at\\nFive Forks, and he surrendered with General Lee. He was famous for a\\ncavalry charge at Gettysburg.\\nPierce, Franklin (November 23, 1804-October 8, 1869), fourteenth Presi-\\ndent of the United States, was born at Hillsborough, N. H., graduated at\\nBowdoin (where he was associated with Hawthorne and Longfellow), and\\nbecame a lawyer in his native State. While very young he was Speaker in\\nthe Legislature, and Democratic Congressman from 1833 ^^37- ^e was U.\\nS. Senator 1839-1842, declined a Cabinet offer from President Polk, and\\nvolunteered in the Mexican War. Appointed to a brigade he showed bravery\\nin the battles of Contreras and Churubiisco. This war record made him\\nPresident. He was President of the State Constitutional Convention in\\n1850, and attained high rank at the bar. At the Democratic National Con-\\nvention of 1852 Pierce was nominated on the forty-ninth ballot, triumphing\\nover the more prominent competitors, Marcy, Cass, Buchanan and Douglas.\\nIn the election the Whig party collapsed and Pierce received 254 electoral\\nvotes. The noted names in his Cabinet were Marcy in the State Depart-\\nment, Jefferson Davis Secretary of War, and Caleb Cushing Attorney-Gen-\\neral. His administration was marked at home by the Kansas-Nebraska\\nquestion and the development of the slavery controversy, and abroad by the\\nKoszta incident, the Japan treaty and the Nicaraguan affairs. President\\nPierce was defeated for renomination in 1856, and after 1857 lived in retire-\\nment.\\nPierce, Henry L., born in 1825, was a member of the Massachusetts Leg-\\nislature from i860 to 1866. He represented Massachusetts in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Republican from 1873 to 1877.\\nPierce, William (i740?-i8o6), served with distinction during the Revo-\\nlution. He represented Georgia in the Continental Congress from 1786 to\\n1787. A member of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, he opposed the\\nplan adopted.\\nPierpont, John (1785-1866), was an ardent reformer, in Massachusetts,\\nand earnestly supported the temperance and anti-slavery movements. He\\nwrote many poems, one of the most famous being Warren s Address at the\\nBattle of Bunker Hill.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0542.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 503\\nPierre, capital of South Dakota, was founded in 1829 near the site of\\nold Fort Pierre.\\nPierrepont, Edwards (1817-1892), was a member of the Union Defence\\nCommittee in New York. In 1864 he was active in organizing the War\\nDemocrats. He was appointed prosecutor of John H. Surratt, one of the\\nconspirators against President lyincoln. He was active in destroying the\\nTweed ring. He was Attorney-General in Grant s Cabinet from 1875 to 1876,\\nand Minister to England from 1876 to 1878.\\nPietas at Gratulatio, a somewhat famous series of adulatory poems in\\nLatin emanating from Harvard College in 1762 on the accession of George\\nHI.\\nPigot, Sir Robert (1720\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1796), commanded the left wing of the British force\\nat Bunker Hill, where he displayed great skill and bravery. He commanded\\nin Rhode Island in 1778.\\nPike, Albert (1809-1891), attained high reputation as a lawyer. He edited\\nthe Arkansas Revised Statutes in 1836. He fought in the Mexican War and\\norganized a force of Cherokees for the Confederates, engaging at Pea Ridge\\nand Elkhorn.\\nPike, Zebulon M. (1779-1813), U. S. army, explored the Mississippi to its\\nsource in 1805. From 1806 to 1807 he was engaged in geographical explora-\\ntions in Louisiana territory and discovered Pike s Peak in the Rocky Moun-\\ntains. He was seized by the Spanish Government for trespassing on Spanish\\nterritory, but was soon afterward released. In 181 3 he was assigned to the\\nprincipal army as adjutant and inspector general. He commanded the expe-\\ndition against York, Upper Canada, and was killed by the explosion of a\\nmagazine of a captured fortification.\\nPilgrim Fathers, the first settlers in Massachusetts. In 1608, a party of\\nPuritans, chiefly from the north of England, weary of the constant religious\\npersecutions, left England and settled at Amsterdam, whence they later\\nmoved to Leyden. But they could not conform to the customs of Holland.\\nAccordingly in 1617, Robert Cushman and John Carver were sent to Eng-\\nland to treat with the Virginia Company for a grant of settlement in its ter-\\nritory in x\\\\merica. This was readily obtained. Early in 1620, the Pilgrims\\nembarked from Delfthaven in the Speedwell, a vessel chartered in Hol-\\nland. Arriving at Southampton, they found the Mayflower, which\\nCushman had brought from London, awaiting them. August 5, 1620, the\\nMayflower and the Speedwell left Southampton for the New World.\\nTwice the Speedwell put back for repairs, and the second time she was\\nleft, the Mayflower sailing alone from Plymouth with 102 passengers,\\nSeptember 6. Their destination was to a point near the Hudson River, but\\nthe wind drove them to the north. Skirting along Cape Cod, November\\nII (O. S.), the Mayflower dropped anchor o0 what is now Provincetown.\\nLater the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock, and thus the colony of\\nPlymouth v/as begun. The leaders of the Pilgrims were Bradford, Brew-\\nster, Cushman, Miles Standish, and Carver. The name comes from a passage\\nin the journal of William Bradford.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0543.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "504 DicTiONAKY OF Unitkd State.s Historv.\\nPilgrim Society, a society founded at Plymouth in 1820. It erected Pil-\\ngrim Hall in 1824, and has a valuable collection of portraits and memorials\\nof the early settlers.\\nPilgrims, Landing of. Tradition has not entirely determined who landed\\non Plymouth Rock; whether the exploring party of ten men who landed\\nDecember 11 (old style), or the whole company. It is generally conceded\\nthat the first landing occurred at that place, that being the most convenient\\nwithin sight. Elder Thomas Faunce, in 1741, then ninety-one years old,\\ndeclared he had heard of it from the oldest planters.\\nPillow, Gideon J. (1806-1878), commanded the right wing of the Ameri-\\ncan army at Cerro Gordo and led a division at Churubusco, Molino del Rey\\nand Chapultepec. In 1861 he was appointed brigadier-general in the pro-\\nvisional Confederate army. He commanded under General Polk at Belmont.\\nWhen the command devolved upon him at Fort Donelson, he gave it over\\nto General Buckner and escaped.\\nPillow, Fort, Tenn., held by the Confederates with 6000 troops and pro-\\ntected by eight ironclads under Commander Hollins. This place was\\ncaptured by the Union flag officer, Davis, who assailed it with a fleet of\\ngunboats, and captured it June 4, 1862. The Confederate flotilla was utterly\\ndestroyed in less than an hour. Some ships had their boilers shot through\\nand some were butted and sunk. The fire was then directed against the\\nfort itself, which was speedily reduced, and evacuated by the garrison. The\\nUnion troops did not hold it long, however, abandoning it in consequence of\\noperations on the Tennessee River. In 1864, the fort was held by 550\\nFederals under Major Booth, 260 of these soldiers being negroes. The fort\\nwas assaulted April 13 and captured by the Confederate cavalryman, Forrest,\\nleading 4000 soldiers. The first assault was unsuccessful, but Booth was\\nkilled and Bradford, leader of the colored troops, took command. The\\nFederals were assisted by their gunboat New Era, but this aid availed\\nlittle, because of the high banks of the river. Forrest sent in a flag of truce\\ndemanding a surrender, which was refused. Another assault was ordered\\nand this time an entrance was gained. Nearly the whole garrison were\\nkilled.\\nPinchback, Pinckney B. S., born in 1837, of African descent, was a mem-\\nber of the Louisiana Senate in 1868. He was Governor during the impeach-\\nment of Governor Warmoth. He was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1873,\\nbut was disallowed his seat.\\nPinckney, Charles (1758-1824), was a member of the South Carolina\\nLegislature from 1779 to 1780. He was a delegate to the Continental Con-\\ngress from 1777 to 1778 and from 1784 to 1787. He was a member of the\\nConstitutional Convention of 1787, and drafted one of the constitutions pro-\\nposed. He was Governor of South Carolina from 1789 to 1792 and from\\n1796 to 1798, a U. S. Senator from 1797 to 1801, Minister to Spain from\\n1803 to 1805, Governor from 1806 to 1808. He was a Democratic U. S.\\nCongressman from 1819 to 182 1. C. C. Pinckney and Thomas Pinckney\\nwere his cousins.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0544.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 505\\nPinckney, Charles Cotesworth (1746-1825), an American statesman,\\nwas Attorney-General of his colony, South Carolina, and member of its\\nProvincial Congress in 1775. He held the rank of major in the war, fought\\nat Charleston, Brandywine and Germantown, and surrendered at Charleston\\nin 1780. He was a member of the Federal Convention in 1787, and the\\nFederalist leader in his State s ratifying convention in 1788. Pinckney\\ndeclined a Cabinet position, but accepted in 1796 the mission to France; the\\nDirectory, however, refused to acknowledge him. The French proposals to\\nbribe the American envoys called from him the well-known phrase: Mil-\\nlions for defence, but not a cent for tribute He was appointed major-\\ngeneral for the expected war with France. Pinckney was the Federalist\\ncandidate for Vice-President in 1800, and for President in 1804 and 1808.\\nPinckney, Henry L. (1794-1863), was a member of the South Carolina\\nLegislature from 1816 to 1832, and represented South Carolina in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1833 to 1837.\\nPinckney, Thomas (1750-1828), brother of C. C. Pinckney, was an aide to\\nGeneral Lincoln and Count d Estaing in the Revolution. He fought at Stono\\nand was taken prisoner at Camden. He was Governor of South Carolina\\nfrom 1787 to 1789, and Minister to Great Britain from 1792 to 1796. He\\nnegotiated the treaty Avith Spain securing free navigation of the Mississippi.\\nIn 1796 he was a Federalist candidate with Adams. He was a U. S. Con-\\ngressman from 1797 to 1801.\\nPinckney Plan, a plan for a Federal Constitution, proposed May 29, in the\\nConvention of 1787, by Charles Pinckney, of South Carolina. It resembled\\nthe Randolph Plan, but no copy of it has been preserved. Many years after-\\nward Pinckney produced a document which he declared to be this, but it\\nwas not.\\nPine, Robert E. (1730 ?-i 788), came to Philadelphia from England in\\n1783. He was prominent as an artist and painted portraits of many of the\\nheroes of the Revolution, including Washington and Robert MoitIs.\\nPine Tree Shilling, the name given to the largest of the coins issued in 1652\\nby the first mint established in Boston. These coins had the value of I2d.,\\n6d. and 3d. pieces, that value being denoted b}- the figure XII, VI or III\\nstamped upon the reverse. The obverse contained the representation of\\na pine tree encircled by a grained ring, with the legend Mathosets In.\\nWeight, 72 grains value, 181^ cents.\\nPinkerton, Allan (1819-1884), fled from Scotland as a Chartist to America\\nin 1842. He established Pinkerton s Detective Agency in Chicago in 1850,\\nand organized the secret service of the National army in 1861.\\nPinkerton Law. The vSundry Civil Appropriation Act of August 5,\\n1892, provides that no employe of the Pinkerton Detective Agency, or\\nsimilar agency, shall be employed in any Government service, or by any\\nofficer of the District of Columbia.\\nPinkney, William (1764-1822), orator, was a member of the Maryland\\nHouse of Delegates fi-om 1788 to 1792 and of the Executive Council ^otn", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0545.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "5o6 Dictionary of United States History.\\n1792 to 1795. He was a commissioner to L,ondon under Jay s treaty from\\n1796 to 1804, Attorney-General of Maryland in 1805, commissioner in Eng-\\nland (jointly with James Monroe) from 1806 to 1807, and Minister from 1807\\nto 1811. He was Attorney-General in Madison s Cabinet from 1811 to 1814,\\nMinister to Russia from 1816 to 1818, and represented Maryland in the U. S.\\nSenate from 1820 to 1822. He was a most eloquent advocate. Life by\\nWheaton.\\nPinzon, Martin A. (1441-1493), is reported by some to have visited the\\nNew World in 1488 and by others to have seen charts of Norman explorers.\\nHe aided Columbus in fitting out his expedition, and was given command of\\nLa Pinta. He parted from Columbus in the West Indies and attempted\\nto usurp the honors of the discovery by arriving first at the Court, but was\\nprevented by storms.\\nPinzon, Vicente Y. (i46o?-i524 commanded La Nina in the expedi-\\ntion of Columbus in 1492. In 1499, he discovered Brazil and the Amazon,\\nHe made two subsequent voyages to South America in 1506 and 1508.\\nPiracy. Many of the colonies were infested by pirates during the latter\\nyears of the seventeenth and the earlier portion of the eighteenth centuries.\\nIn North Carolina and South Carolina and in the ports of the Spanish col-\\nonies to the south, the pirate Teach, called Black Beard, made frequent\\nravages and was gladly received by the inhabitants of Charleston in the\\nmatter of trade. Teach s headquarters were in North Carolina. From\\nthence he preyed upon the Spanish possessions in the south and traded as\\nfar north as Philadelphia, where prominent citizens were in league with\\nhim and with Evans, another pirate. He was finally driven away by Gov-\\nernor Johnson, of North Carolina. In New York and along the Eastern\\ncoast the celebrated Captain Kidd terrorized the coast settlers for a number\\nof years. Piracy was made a capital offence in the New England colonies.\\nDuring the middle of the nineteenth centur} the American Government\\ncontended for an international declaration that the slave-trade should be\\ntreated as piracy.\\nPitcairn, John (i74o?-i775), born in Scotland, was for several years a\\nBritish ofiicer (major) in Boston. He led the advance in the expedition to\\nLexington and Concord, and is said to have given the order to fire upon the\\nmilitia at Lexington, although he denied the charge. He was killed at\\nBunker Hill while leading the final assault.\\nPitcher, Moll, wife of a Revolutionary soldier, who distinguished herself\\nby her bravery at the battle of Monmouth in 1778. Her husband was\\nkilled while discharging a cannon. Moll promptly took his place, vowing\\nto avenge his death. General Washington commended her bravery and gave\\nher a commission as a sergeant.\\nPitkin, Timothy (1766-1847), was Speaker of the Connecticut Legisla-\\nture for five consecutive sessions. He represented Connecticut in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Federalist from 1805 to 1819. He was regarded as an author-\\nity on U. S. political history. He wrote Statistical View of the Commerce", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0546.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "L)lCTIONAKY OF UNITED STATES HiSTORY. 507\\nof the United States of America and A Political and Civil History of the\\nUnited Stc\\\\tes from 1763 to 1797.\\nPitt, William (i 759-1 806), second son of the Earl of Chatham, became\\nPrime Minister of England in 1783. He inforced the English navigation\\nacts against the United States with great severity, yet his policy was liberal\\nin the main. He resigned oifice in 1801.\\nPitt, Fort, a large fortification erected in 1759 by the British upon the\\nsite of Fort Duquesne at the junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny\\nRivers. Duquesne had been destro) cd and abandoned by the French the\\nprevious year. Fort Pitt was so called in honor of the British minister. Its\\nsite is now in Pittsburgh, Pa. See Duquesne, Fort, and Pittsburgh.\\nPittsburgh, Pa., dates its history as a town from 1764, when its first\\nstreets were laid out. Previous to this time it had been a military station\\nunder the name of Fort Pitt, and still earlier (1755-1758) was the scene of a\\nstruggle between England and France for its possession, the French having\\nfounded Fort Duquesne here in 1754. Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city\\nin 1816. In 1845 it was visited by a disastrous conflagration in which\\n$5,000,000 worth of property was consumed.\\nPittsburgh Landing. (See Shiloh.)\\nPlaisted, Harris M., born in 1828, commanded a brigade at Charleston\\nand served in Grant s Richmond campaign. He represented Maine in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Republican from 1875 to 1877, and was Governor of\\nMaine from 1881 to 1883. Died 1898.\\nPlater, George (1736-1792J, represented Maryland in the Continental\\nCongress from 1778 to 1781. He was president of the Maryland Convention\\nthat ratified the Federal Constitution, and was Governor of Maryland in\\n1792.\\nPlatforms. The first platform ever adopted by a national convention\\nwas that of a national assembly of young men, held at Washington in\\nMay, 1832, to indorse the nomination of Clay by the National Republican\\nparty. In 1844 both the Whigs and the Democrats drew up a platform,\\nbut in 1848 the Whigs refused to commit themselves by a platform. After\\nthis the adoption of party platforms by national conventions became general.\\nPiatt, Orville H., born in 1827, was a member of the Connecticut Senate\\nfrom 1 86 1 to 1862, and of the Legislature from 1864 to 1869. He was\\nelected to the U. S. Senate as a Republican, and served from 1879 to the\\npresent time (1897). Re-elected for term beginning March 4, 1897.\\nPiatt, Thomas C, born in 1833, represented New York in the Congress\\nof the United States as a Republican from 1873 to 1877. He was chosen\\na member of the U. S. Senate in 1881, but resigned soon afterward with\\nRoscoe Conkling on account of a disagreement with President Garfield con-\\ncerning the appointment to the collectorship of the port of New York. He\\nwas elected in Jan., 1897, to U. S. Senate for term beginning March 4, 1897.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0547.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "5o8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nPlatte Country, the name, previous to 1854, given to that territory stretch-\\ning west from Missouri to the Rocky Mountains, and which now comprises\\nthe States of Kansas and Nebraska. A bill was introduced into Congress in\\n1854 by Douglas, of Illinois, for the organization of the territory, the slavery\\nquestion to be determined by the inhabitants, in direct violation of the Mis-\\nsouri Compromise. (See Kansas-Nebraska Bill.)\\nPlattsburgh (Lake Champlain). In August, 1814, General Prevost with\\n14,000 men and a flotilla of sixteen vessels advanced from the St. Lawrence\\nto attack the American land force entrenched at Plattsburgh and the fleet on\\nLake Champlain. The American land force consisted of 3500 troops and\\nabout 4000 militia, under General Macomb. The naval force was made up\\nof fourteen vessels, commanded by Captain Macdonough. The British army\\non September 5 was eight miles away. The next day it advanced in two\\ncolumns, but was held partly in check by the American militia. On reaching\\nthe north bank of the Saranac General Prevost constructed works and on\\nthe eleventh tried to force his way across in two places. At the same time\\nthe two fleets fought desperately for over two hours in Platt.sburgh Bay. This\\nended with the defeat of the British, who lost about 200 men and the com-\\nmodore of the fleet. The news of this victory came to the fighting armies\\nat the critical part of the battle and turned the tide in favor of the Americans.\\nThe British fled to Champlain, leaving behind the sick and wounded and a\\nvast amount of stores. On September 24 they returned to Canada, having\\nlost in all, killed, wounded, missing and deserters, nearly 2000 men. The\\nAmerican loss in the land battle was 150.\\nPleasant Hill, La., a brief but fierce engagement of the Civil War, April\\n9, 1864. After the battle of Sabine Cross Roads, in which Banks had been\\ndefeated, he fell back to Pleasant Hill with his army, now reduced to about\\n8000 men. Kirby Smith, leading nearly 20,000 Confederates, followed in\\nhot pursuit. During the morning there was some sharp skirmishing, and\\nabout five o clock a fierce fight took place. Banks troops, greatly outnum-\\nbered and in a woful condition, nevertheless fought valiantly. Smith was\\nfinally obliged to leave the field, having lost several guns he had captured\\nthe day before. Banks marched on to Grand Ecore.\\nPleasonton, Alfred, born in 1824, served with distinction in the Mexican\\nWar. He served throughout the Virginia peninsular campaign, and com-\\nmanded a brigade at Boonesborough, South Mountain, Antietam, Fred-\\nericksburg and Chancellorsville, where his brilliant action saved the national\\narmy from serious disaster. He was commander-in-chief of cavalry at\\nGetty.sburg. He retired in 1888 with the rank of colonel in the regular\\narmy. Died 1897.\\nPlowden, Sir Edmund, was a patentee of a grant by Charles I. in 1634,\\nembracing New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware and Pennsylvania. A county\\npalatinate was erected, called New Albion, of which he v as Governor.\\nHe visited the colony in 1641, but remained mostly in Virginia till his\\nreturn in 1648. The Swedes disputed his jurisdiction, and the colony pros-\\npered only iu the alluring accounts published in its interests,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0548.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok Unitkd Statks History. 509\\nPlowden, Francis, son and heir of Sir Edmund Plowden, succeeded in\\n1634, with his brothers George and Thomas Plowden, to the shares of four\\npatentees of New Albion, but obtained no profit therefrom.\\nPlumb, Preston B. (1837-1891), attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel\\nduring the Civil War. He represented Kansas in the U. S. Senate as a\\nRepublican from 1877 to 1891.\\nPlumed Knights, certain Republican campaign clubs fonned during the\\nPresidential campaign of 1884 in honor of Mr. Blaine. The name is derived\\nfrom a speech of Colonel Robert Ingersoll, in which he gave that designation\\nto Blaine.\\nPlymouth, N, C, wrested from the Federals, April 17, 20, 1864, while occu-\\npied by Wessells, commanding a garrison of 2400 men, by Hoke leading 7000\\nConfederates. Hoke came upon the town in the night, thus surprising Wes-\\nsells. The Confederate ram Albemarle took part in the fight, driving\\naway the Union gunboats Southfield, Miami and Bombshell, while\\nHoke took the town. Forts Wessells and Warren were also taken by Hoke.\\nFort Warren was valiantly defended against numerous assaults, but it was\\nlightly garrisoned, and was finally forced to surrender. Fort Wessells also\\nheld out bravely, but having lost the protection of the gunboats, it too\\nsuccumbed.\\nPlymouth Brethren. This sect was formed in England and Ireland\\nabout 1830 with John Darby as its principal founder. They reject organiza-\\ntions and creeds, but retain the ordinances. Their number in the United\\nStates is small.\\nPlymouth Colony, the first settlement in Massachusetts, founded by a\\nparty of Puritans from the north of England, November 11, 1620 (O. S.).\\nThese first settlers, called the Pilgrim Fathers, after having spent a number\\nof years at Amsterdam and Leyden in search of religious liberty, secured a\\ngrant from the Virginia Company and embarked from Plymouth, England,\\nSeptember 6, 1620, on the Mayflower. They were 108 in number. (See\\nart. Pilgrim Fathers. During the first winter they endured great suffer-\\ning and ma 7 died. John Carver was chosen as the first Governor of the\\ncolony. No royal charter was ever granted, though the colony was in exist-\\nence nearly seventy years. The colonists bound themselves to obey certain\\nlaws, which they should frame themselves on principles of justice and mode-\\nration. In 1622-23, the number of the colonists was increased by new\\narrivals in the Fortune, Ann and Little James. Plymouth colony\\nbecame a member of the New England Confederation (see United Colonies\\nof New Egland) in 1643. ^Y the Massachusetts charter of 1691, it was\\nunited with the colony of Massachusetts Bay.\\nPlymouth Company, a company formed of Plymouth and Bristol mer-\\nchants, and also called the North Virginia Company. It was incorporated\\nin 1606, and obtained a charter from James I., with grant of land between\\nLong Island and Passamaquoddy Bay. This company was the rival of the\\nLondon company. In May, 1607, two ships were despatched to America", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0549.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "5IO Dictionary of Unitkd States HistorV.\\nbearing a company of colonists commanded by George Popham. An abor-\\ntive attempt at permanent settlement was made on the Kennebec River, but\\nPopham died and the remaining colonists returned home. The company\\nstill continued to exist till its reorganization in 1620 as the New England\\nCompany, or Council for New England.\\nPlymouth Rock, in Plymouth harbor, the landing place of the May-\\nflower s Pilgrims on December 11, 1620 (O. S.). John Alden and Mary\\nChilton were supposed to have been the first persons to step upon the famous\\nrock. (See Pilgrims, Landing of)\\nPocahontas (1597 ?-i6i6), daughter of Powhatan, was reported by Captain\\nJohn Smith to have saved his life in 1607, when he was about to be slain by\\nher father s tribe. In 1609 she informed the colonists of an intended Indian\\nattack. She was baptized in 1613 and christened Rebecca. In 1614 she\\nmarried John Rolfe, and in 1616 went to England. She was presented at\\nthe Court of King James as Lady Rebecca. She was graciously received,\\nand was an object of much interest. She died in England. From her\\ndescended many of the illustrious families of Virginia.\\nPocket Veto. (See Veto.)\\nPocotaligo, S. C. At this place on October 22, 1862, General Brannan,\\nwho had been assigned to destroj railroad connection between Charleston\\nand Savannah, commanding 4448 Federal troops, encountered some 5000\\nConfederates under Walker. A brisk fight followed. Brannan s supply of\\ncartridges gave out, and he was getting decidedly the worst of the fight.\\nHe therefore retreated precipitately. On January 14, 1865, just previous to\\nSherman s march from Savannah through the Carolinas, Howard was ordered\\nto seize this place and establish there a depot of supplies for the Federal army.\\nThe seizure was effected after a sharp engagement with 5000 Confederates\\nunder Beauregard.\\nPoe, Edgar A. (1809-1849), was one of the most remarkable of American\\npoets and writers of stories. He was connected with numerous periodicals\\nin which appeared some of his best works. He led a very varied life and\\ndeveloped a gloomy and weird style and a sarcastic criticism which were\\npeculiarly his own. Among his works are The Raven, The Gold\\nBug and Eureka.\\nPoindexter, George (i 779-1 853), represented Mississippi in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1807 to 1813. He served on General Jackson s\\nstaff in the War of 1812, was again a delegate in Congress from 1817 to\\n1819, and was Governor of Mississippi from 1819 to 1821. He prepared a\\nrevised code of the laws of Mississippi in 1822. He was a U. S. Senator\\nfrom 1830 to 1835.\\nPoinsett, Joel R. (1779-1851), was sent to South America in 1809 by\\nMadison to ascertain the prospects of the revolutionists. He represented\\nSouth Carolina in the U. S. Congress as a Republican from 1821 to 1825.\\nHe was sent to Mexico as Commissioner in 1822, and was Minister there", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0550.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 511\\nfrom 1825 to 1829. Hs was an ardent opponent of nullification. He was\\nSecretary of War in Van Buren s Cabinet from 1837 to 1841.\\nPoint Pleasant, Va. Here occurred October 10, 1774, a fierce battle\\nbetween the Virginia troops of Lord Dunmore, under General Andrew Lewis,\\nand a strong Indian army led by the Shawnee chief, Cornstalk. The\\nIndians crossed the Ohio River at night and fell upon Lewis encampment\\nabout sunrise. Colonel Charles Lewis and Colonel Fleming were killed,\\nbesides many others. But General Lewis managed to save his camp and\\nrout the savages with heavy losses.\\nPoland, Luke P. (1815-1887), was a Judge of the Vermont Supreme\\nCourt from 1848 to i860 and Chief Justice from i860 to 1865. He repre-\\nsented Vermont in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1865 to 1867\\nand in the House from 1867 to 1875. He was chairman of the commit-\\ntees to investigate the Ku-Klux Klan outrages and the Credit Mobilier\\ntransactions.\\nPolk, James Knox (November 2, 1795-June 15, 1849), eleventh President\\nof the United States, was born in Mecklenburg County, N. C. Having\\ngraduated at the University of North Carolina, he became a lawyer in Ten-\\nnessee, and represented that State as a Democratic Congressman, 1825-1839.\\nHe became chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, and in 1 835-1 839\\nhe was Speaker of the House. From 1839 to 1841 he was Governor of\\nTennessee, and iailed of re-election in 1841 and 1843. The Democratic\\nNational Convention selected Polk in 1844 as a safe compromise candi-\\ndate. He was elected over Clay after a hard struggle, having 175 electoral\\nvotes. Being inaugurated March 4, 1845, he selected Buchanan for the State\\nDepartment, R. J. Walker for the Treasury, Marcy for War, and the historian\\nBancroft for the Navy. The Mexican War, which President Polk favored,\\nwas prosecuted successfully during his administration, and the Oregon\\ncontroversy with England was peacefully settled in 1846. The revenue\\nWalker Tariff received his approval. He vetoed river and harbor bills\\nin 1846 and 1847. The California gold discoveries occurred near the end\\nof his term. He died in Nashville a few months after his retirement from\\noffice.\\nPolk, Leonidas (1806-1864), was engaged in the service of the Episcopal\\nChurch after 1831, and was Bishop of Louisiana from 1841 to 1861. He\\nstrongly sympathized with the secession movement, and, being a West-\\nPointer, was appointed major-general, and superintended the construction\\nof fortifications at New Madrid, Fort Pillow, Island No. 10 and Memphis.\\nHe commanded at Belmont, and led a corps at Shiloh and Corinth. He\\ncommanded the right wing at Chickamauga, where it was asserted that his\\ndisobedience of orders saved the National army from annihilation. He\\nserved with General Johnston in opposing General Sherman at Atlanta, and\\nwas killed near Kenesaw Mountain in June, 1864.\\nPolk, Sarah C. (1803-1891), of Tennessee, married James K. Polk in\\n1824. She was a great favorite in Washington society, and although she", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0551.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "512 UlCTIONAKV OF UxiTKD SXATKS HiSTOKY.\\nintroduced numerous reforms and innovations in the White House, main-\\ntained her popularity-.\\nPolk, William (1758-1834), served as major of a North Carolina regiment\\nat Brandywine and Germantown, and fought at Camden and Eutaw Springs.\\nHe was a Tennessee Congressman from 1787 to 1794.\\nPoll Tax, a tax levied upon each poll or head of population. The\\nFederal Government has the power to levy such a tax in proportion to the\\nenumeration or census, but has never exercised the power. In 1641 a poll\\ntax was levied in Maryland, each person being made to pay forty pounds of\\ntobacco yearly for the support of the parish minister and the building of\\nchurches. Similar laws were passed in other colonies at various times. In\\ni860, according to a report made to the New York Legislature, twenty-seven\\nStates and Territories employed the poll tax. Some States, as South Caro-\\nlina, have constitutional provisions for levying the poll tax. In others, as\\nin Massachusetts, its payment is made a qualification for voting.\\nPollard, Edward A. (1828-1872), edited the Richmond Examiner from\\n1861 to 1867. He ardently advocated the Confederate cause and severely\\ncriticised Jefferson Davis. From 1867 to 1869 he published Southern\\nOpinion. He wrote a Southern History of the War, The Lost Cause,\\nLee and His Lieutenants, The Lost Cause Regained and Life of Jef-\\nferson Davis with the Secret History of the Southern Confederacy.\\nPollock, James (1810\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1890), represented Penusylvania in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Whig from 1844. He was Governor of Pennsylvania from 1855\\nto 1858. He was director of the U. S. mint from 1861 to 1866 and from\\n1869 to 1879.\\nPolygamy, instituted and practiced by the Mormons under the leader-\\nship of Joseph Smith in 1830, in New York. In 1838, the Mormons emi-\\ngrated to Missoiiri, and in 1839 to Illinois. Their polygamous institutions\\ncould not be tolerated in either of these, so they gradually emigrated to\\nUtah, wliere, from 1848 to 1882, they practiced polygamy unrestricted.\\nPolygamists controlled and held all local offices, with a few exceptions. In\\n1882, Senator Edmunds submitted a bill to restrict and eventually abolish\\npolygamy. Under its provisions polygamists have been excluded as office-\\nholders. A great number of persons have been convicted and sentenced for\\npolygamy, and the Supreme Court has upheld the law.\\nPomeroy, Samuel C. (1816-1891), was an organizer of the New England\\nEmigrant Aid Society, and founded a colony at Lawrence, Kan., in 1854.\\nHe represented Kansas in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1861\\nto 1873.\\nPomeroy, Seth (1706-1777), engaged in the capture of Louisbourg in\\n1745. He served in the Massachusetts Legislature in 1774 and 1775. He\\nfought at Bunker Hill, and was appointed brigadier-general, but declined.\\nPoncas, a tribe of Dakota Indians, have suffered greatly from the attarJts\\nof the Sioux, who drove them beyond the Missouri. In 1858 they solfe", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0552.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 513\\nlands to the Government and went on a reservation near the Yanktons.\\nIn 1865 they were assigned a reservation on the Missouri.\\nPonce de Leon, Juan (1460-1521), a Spanish explorer, was according to\\nsome accounts an associate of Columbus on his second voyage. He became\\nGovernor of the eastern part of the island of Hayti, was led to attempt the\\ncolonization of Porto Rico, and effected the conquest of that island. It was\\nin 151 2 that, searching for a fouutain of perpetual youth, he discovered the\\ncoast of Florida near St. Augustine. He returned to Spain, and in 1521\\nsailed to the Florida coast; lauding not far from his former point of discovery,\\nhe lost the greater part of his force, returned disappointed to Cuba, and soon\\ndied. The Spanish claims to the regions were based on his voyages.\\nPond Law. After 1875 the regulation of the liquor traffic in Ohio\\nbecame a leading question in State politics. In 1882 the Republicans\\nadopted the so-called Pond Law for the taxation of liquor selling. It was\\ndeclared^ unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the State. It required\\nof dealers to take out a high license and also to give a bond.\\nPontiac (born about 1720, died 1769), one of the Indian chiefs most dan-\\ngerous to the English, was a leader of the Ojibways, Ottawas and Pottawa-\\ntomies. He acquired great influence, and is said to have contributed to\\nBraddock s defeat. Though he consented to the surrender of Detroit to the\\nBritish at the end of the French and Indian War, he forthwith organized a\\nwide-spread conspiracy in 1762. Assembling a large force near Detroit, he\\nfired the warriors in a remarkable oration, but the plot was disclosed, and\\nPontiac s siege from May to October, 1763, was fruitless. He fought during\\nthe siege the battle of the Bloody Bridge. Although Detroit was saved, many\\nother English posts, Sandusky, Mackinaw, Presque Isle, etc., fell before\\nPontiac s allies. The great chief signed a treaty in 1766, and three years\\nlater was murdered. See Parkman s Conspiracy of Pontiac.\\nPontiac \\\\Var, a war in 1763 between the English and American settlers\\nalong the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontier, and a confederacy of Dela-\\nware, Shawanese and Seneca Indians, led by Pontiac, a Shawanese chief.\\nThese Indians had been dishonorably treated by the settlers arriving after\\nthe capture of Fort Duquesne. They were, besides, incited to the attack by\\nthe French fur traders. In June of 1763 a simultaneous attack was made\\nalong the whole frontier; the trading posts between the Ohio and Lake Erie\\nwere taken and the settlers and English traders were scalped. The settlers\\nretaliated by slaughtering the inhabitants of Conestoga, a body of Christian-\\nized Indians on the Susquehanna. General Bouquet invaded the Indian\\ncountry by way of Pittsburgh, Bradstreet along the lakes. The war was\\nthus brought to an end (1764). It was an afterpiece to the French and\\nIndian War.\\nPoole, William F. (1821-1894), librarian, devoted much attention to\\nAmerican historv. He publislied Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft,\\nThe Popham Colony, The Ordinance of 1787 and Anti-Slavery\\nOpinions ]3efore 1800.\\n33", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0553.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "514 Dictionary of United vStatbs History.\\nPoor, Enoch (i 736-1 780), accompanied Schuyler s expedition to Canada\\nin 1776. He commanded a brigade at Stillwater and led the attack at Sara-\\ntoga. He served under Lafayette at Monmouth, and led a brigade against\\nthe Six Nations in 1779.\\nPoor Richard, a fictitious name assumed by Benjamin Franklin, in\\nconnection with the almanac, commonly called Poor Richard s Almanac,\\nwhich he began to publish in 1732, under the name of Richard Saunders, or\\nPoor Richard.\\nPoore, Benjamin Perley (1820-1887), newspaper correspondent, made a\\nvaluable collection of French historical documents for Massachusetts from\\n1844 to 1848. He wrote Life of General Taylor, The Conspiracy Trials\\nin 1865, Life of Burnside and Reminiscences.\\nPope, John (i 770-1 845), represented Kentucky in the U. S. Senate as a\\nDemocrat from 1807 to 181 3. He was Territorial Governor of Arkansas\\nfrom 1829 to 1835. He represented Kentucky in the U. S. Congress from\\n1837 to 1843.\\nPope, John (1823-1892), an American general, was graduated at West Point\\nin 1842, and fought at Monterey and Buena Vista. He was engaged in the\\nexploration of Minnesota and the sur\\\\ ey of the Pacific Railroad, and in\\n1861 received a command in Missouri. He captured a Confederate force at\\nBlackwater in December, 1861, New Madrid and Island No. 10 in the Mis-\\nsissippi in the spring of the following year. These successes led to his pro-\\nmotion to be major-general of volunteers, brigadier-general in the regular\\narmy, and to his appointment to the Army of Virginia, formed in the sum-\\nmer by the union of various corps. Pope took command, with head-\\nquarters in the saddle, and conducted an unfortunate and much criticized\\ncampaign against Lee, culminating in the reverses of Second Bull Run and\\nChantilly at the end of August and first of September, 1862. He was\\nrelieved of the command in Virginia, and was employed in bringing the\\nMinnesota Indians to terms. After the war Pope was a department com-\\nmander until his retirement in 1886. He attained the grade of major-\\ngeneral in 1882.\\nPopham, George (1550-1608), came to America from England in 1607\\nwith two ships and 100 men, and founded the first New England settlement\\nat Fort George, Me.\\nPopham Colony. In 1607 two ships, the Mary and John, commanded\\n|t y George Popham, and the Gift of God, commanded by Raleigh Gilbert,\\nwere sent out by Sir Ferdinando Gorges. They reached the mouth of the\\nKennebec River in Maine on August 19. Popham was left to establish a\\ncolony at Sabino, and Gilbert returned. Popham died during the winter,\\nand when a ship arrived the next year the colony was broken up.\\nPoplar Spring, Va., wrested from the Confederates and occupied by Grant\\nOctober 1, 1864, during the campaign in the vicinities of Richmond and\\ni. euci.jL/.u.j.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0554.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statks History.\\nS15\\nPopular Sovereignty. This term originated about the time of the\\nacquisition of additional territory from Mexico in 1848. A suggestion was\\nmade of a middle course between the Wilmot Proviso, which prohibited the\\nintroduction of slavery into newly acquired or organized territories, and the\\npositive permission of slaver}- under federal legislative enactment namely,\\nthe question was to be settled by the inhabitants of the territories. The\\nKansas-Nebraska bill of 1854 purported to enforce the popular sovereignty\\nidea. The Dred Scott decision of 1857 decided against it. The Demo-\\ncratic National Convention of 1856 approved of non-interference by Congress\\nwith slavery in the Territories. Douglas, of Illinois, was an ardent advocate\\nof this policy, and he vainly defended it against the Dred Scott decision.\\nThe popular sovereignty idea disappeared with the outbreak of the rebel-\\nlion. It was called in derision squatter sovereignty.\\nPopulation. Careful estimates place the population of New Hampshire\\nin 1 700 at about 5000 Massachusetts and Maine, 70,000 Rhode Island,\\n6000; Connecticut, 25,000; New York, 25,000; New Jersey, 14,000; Penn-\\nsylvania and Delaware, 20,000 Maryland, 30,000 Virginia, 80,000, and the\\nCarolinas, perhaps 15,000. Population grew very fast in the colonial\\nperiod. In 1754 the total population of the thirteen colonies is supposed to\\nhave been 1,425,000, of whom Virginia contained 284,000 (three-fifths\\nwhite); Massachusetts and Maine, 211,000; Pennsylvania and Delaware,\\n206,000; Mar^dand, 148,000; Connecticut, 137,000; New York, 96,000.\\nIn 1775 the colonies probably contained fewer than 3,000,000. The popula-\\ntion of New England was almost purely English, that of New York largely\\nDutch, tha of Pennsylvania largely German and Scotch-Irish, while colonies\\nto the southward contained many of these last two races and some Hugue-\\nnots. The first census was taken in 1 790. The following tables show the\\nresults of the successive censuses (exclusive of Alaska and Indian Territory):\\nThe following table gives the total population of the United States at\\neach census, and the number of inhabitants per square mile of settled area\\nCensus.\\nTotal.\\nSettled\\narea.\\nCensus.\\nTotal.\\nSetUed\\narea.\\n1790\\n1800\\n1810\\n1820\\n1830\\n1840\\n3.929.214\\n5,308,483\\n7,239,881\\n9.633.822\\n12,866,020\\n17.069,453\\n16.4\\n17.4\\n17.7\\n18.9\\n20.3\\n21. 1\\n1850\\ni860\\n1870\\n1880\\n1890\\n23,191.876\\n31,443,321\\n38,558,371\\n50,155.783\\n62,622,250\\n237\\n26.3\\n30.3\\n32.0", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0555.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "5i6\\nDictionary of United States History.\\nso H M r^oo r*i CO ro *go o O lo o fo choo 00*5 o-r-u-jo- i/^oD o- rooo t-o Jn u^ino \u00c2\u00bbo t-.oo r*\\nfO ^00 OO OT^ W CO CD d\\nin t\u00c2\u00bbi o -^cc w vo\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J vO fO O^ rooo\\nr-\u00c2\u00abi CO r\\ns-co -o c\\nQQ\\n1*100 m fc- r^ in i^ u-, C ^O O\\nI I- r^ too \u00c2\u00abo r^^O\\nmo m jr^O\\n1/5 lovo to r*\\npT o n T? w\\n\\\\0 J- O VD O^ r*\\nN COOO \u00e2\u0080\u00a21 \\\\D\\nr^ co-^toQ o -\u00c2\u00abi-m\\ni- \\\\0 \\\\0 M 0 rO C\\nO VD ^0 ^0 m r^ to t^ C\\nin o o Oi ^o r-. m*o\\nt^ iS moo r^ o\\nI m o I\\n1 SlO\\noco r^cp O tom o jrf\\nI 1j 5s\\nt^co mmtoi^cT f* m-\\nr-\u00c2\u00bboo r^\\nn n\\nm N -I to (N w mw m o\\nQ ^o*^tO r* N\\nOMnirtMtom *oto\\nfi\\nO\\no\\n(U\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n\\nW\\nc I\\no\\nmo 00 CT\u00c2\u00bb\\nt\u00c2\u00bb.o o* H mmTMH CT vD IN m m to\\nKct tow o^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-* O mmo p* o^ct^cjion\\n^clO %D o to o o* o^oo to o r-- o^\\nm \u00c2\u00bbj. ONf o\\n_ _ gii^m*0 o\\nmCTv^tOOCO r-roti\\nCJ tOOOOO tOOO 0 0 N M N 00 moo row N\\nt\u00c2\u00ab .-i M 11 invo M rocor-^o r- *oo t--\\nQ\\\\ ro o mmr^m^ CT O O f\\nq cf t^ mcooo io o m to f^ c\\nN I- o m cotoM w rrm\\nmr*r .Noo tow ^o\\no -^t-^t^ r^ 0 o \u00e2\u0096\u00a0*f\\\\o\\nmCff^ to \u00e2\u0080\u0094QONOO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2:^a^t^^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0- oo no tm\\nm o* t^\\n:Sv8\\nM CO fO^O N Ov cvo to to m N\\nmw oco o t^-^^o M tN o n\\na *cr-r4io o tso o. o_too\\no t r^ inczfoo r^ ai n w\\n1- lor^o mo rtoo torfr-x c^co\\nt-. to\u00c2\u00bbc t^*o \\\\o r^ r-\\nM t*\u00c2\u00bb to mvo m M\\nihmt^tot- \u00c2\u00bbo(s\\n00 cc o_ o m r-io m\\n00 *0 vD* M* ro O N\\nN tN t^ C7-00 O^ to\\ntoo CO c to\\nmm o 00 mtooooo\\nio_ r-.oo (H N o to m\\nf*\\\\D to d* o m O\\nmot-o 3 8 ^-HO^i-\\no\u00c2\u00bb i-i r- f o com\\n00 m\\nr- m m\\nmfi ov t ^Tf^\\no ro\u00e2\u0080\u0094 inr- .M\\nr-- o m\\\\D a in o\\n(n t^ to fO t^ic vD N\\n\\\\o m t^ V CT- CT*\\nOC o O^VO CO\\nto Tj- C OC o-\\no m r~ r^ o O\\naa; ^t- o cyoo n m\\nc f- mt^mro\u00c2\u00ab-\\nto r^r* (s pi i-T M\\nmw r^ N\\n00 r^ o^\\no r- to\\nCA(s M o r-\\nr- m o i-\u00c2\u00bb tOM\\nr^ to m t^ w\\nm to\\nt--00\\nto to\\nfOOCO o\\nooo tor*\\n^oo cf\\ntM O 0\\\\M\\nt^\u00c2\u00ab moo\\nai\\n42 1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-1\\nX\\n11\\nbe\\nV\\nCO o to\\nTj- rO fO N\\nS-S\\nt^O_\\nH to\\nt^rO\\nlO o\\nU5 eg\\n(8\\nS 2 S a.\\n5 o a fe\\n00 w\\nw m\\nr^ C7Nm o CO (Ti\\nto m rf c5 to\\nr^m d r^ cT\\nCO On rf to\\n\u00c2\u00ab5 N to -^^o\\nto Q m\\ntOO^OO Q\\n(S x ON\\nM m\\nmo\\nl6\\no\\nt-\u00c2\u00bb rO P* N\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*a3 o w\\nO m-^\\nMl \\\\o m\u00c2\u00bbo o N\\nm o -^o\\nmmr- m o r^\\nvo O ad O* N\\nO t- M 00 t^\\nTj- w ro\\n^m\\n?85\\no \u00c2\u00bbnt^\\ncr-m o\\nmm to\\nQwnf*\\nm o\\nw 0\\\\\\no\\\\oo m\\nr* inco\\nooo t^\\nO) 00\\nmr;r^\\nvo {T CO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ll?l\u00c2\u00a3.\\nmw\\nrO m o\\nti dim m\\no vo V o\\n:S S\\nm o^\\nto to\\n00 1-\\no to\\nSo*\\nto\\nto m toi-i\\ntooo 0\u00c2\u00ab\\nSS\\na -z\\nlis a\\nW in\\n5-5\\nn QflAOSaiS;\\n9\\ng.S 05 3 -a", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0556.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 517\\nPopulation, Centre of. The centre of the population of the United\\nStates at the time of the census of 1790, lay some twenty-three milen to the\\neast of Baltimore. In 1800, it was about the same distance west of Balti-\\nmore; in 1810, about forty miles west-northwest of Washington; in 1820,\\nsixteen miles north of Woodstock, Va.; in 1830, nineteen miles west-south-\\nwest of Moorefield, W. Va.; in 1840, sixteen miles south of Clarksburg, W.\\nVa.; in 1850, twenty-three miles southeast of Parkersburg, W. Va.; in i860,\\ntwenty miles south of Chillicothe, O.; in 1870, forty-eight miles east by\\nnorth of Cincinnati; in 1880, in Kentucky, eight miles west by south of\\nCincinnati; in 1890, in Southern Indiana.\\nPorcupine, Peter, pseudonym of William Cobbett. (See art.)\\nPort Gibson, Miss., a battle of the Civil War, taking place May i, 1863,\\nduring Grant s campaign along the Mississippi River. Grant was pursuing\\nwith some 25,000 Federals the Confederate Pemberton, who was retreating\\ntoward Vicksburg with a large army. Near Port Gibson, Grant s advance,\\nunder that general himself, overtook Pemberton s rear, about 12,000 men\\nunder Bowen. A battle immediately took place. Bowen, though greatly\\noutnumbered, defended himself stoutly. Bowen held a strong position\\nalong both branches of the Port Gibson road, and consequently divided the\\nforces of the Federals as he slowly fell back. He was defeated, but man-\\naged to retire in good order.\\nPort Hudson, La., in possession of Confederate troops, 6000 strong, under\\nGardner in 1863. It was assailed on three separate occasions by the Feder-\\nals, as being a desirable position from which to command the Mississippi\\nfrom New Orleans to Vicksburg. The fort surrendered to General Banks\\nafter the fall of Vicksburg. The first attempt to reduce it was made March\\n8, by Banks and Farragut, the Federal admiral. Farragut essayed to pass\\nthe batteries of the fort with his fleet, while Banks, with a land force of\\n12,000, diverted the attention of the garrison. Farragut s fleet consisted of\\nthe Hartford, the Mississippi, the gimboats Alijatross, Essex and\\nSabine, and several mortar-boats. This attempt was an utter failure.\\nFarragut s fleet had to return to Prophet s Island badly disabled by the fort s\\nbatteries. On May 23 of the same year. Banks again invested the fort with\\n15,000 men. Augur coming to his aid with 3500 more. May 24, Augur\\ndefeated a body of Confederates under Miles, driving them back within their\\nworks. Being informed on May 24 that the Confederates were endeavoring\\nto escape, Banks determined on a general assault, the Federal naval force\\nunder Farragut having come to his assistance. The struggle was a severe\\none, but the Confederates resisted every attack. So the siege went on.\\nEach day Farragut s guns riddled the Confederate works, and many Federals\\nwere killed by the Confederate sharpshooters. Gardner held out gallantly\\nuntil he heard that Vicksburg had been captured. Then he surrendered\\nJuly 9, 1863.\\nPort Republic, Va. Here, June 13, 1862, Jackson, with 8000 Confederates,\\ndefeated and pursued 3000 Federals under Carroll and Tyler, of Shields\\ncommand. The latter had attempted to capture a cattle train which they\\nsupposed to be guarded only by some 300 cavalry. Instead they found", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0557.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "5i8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nJackson with two strong brigades and three batteries. The Federals fought\\nwith spirit, Colonel Candy recapturing by an impetuous charge a Federal\\nbattery which had been taken by the enemy. However, on Taylor s appear-\\nance with a fresh brigade the Unionists retired. Jackson pursued them five\\nmiles, capturing 450 prisoners and 800 muskets.\\nPort Royal in Acadia, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia, was founded in 1605\\nby the Sieur De Monts, and in 1607 more permanently by Poutrincourt. In\\n1614 the settlement was ravaged by Samuel Argall, from Virginia. In 1628\\nit was captured by the English, but restored in 1632; again captured in 1690,\\nbut retaken in 1691; finally taken in 1710, and named Annapolis.\\nPort Royal, S. C, was first settled in 1562 by a band of Huguenots under\\nJean Ribault. The colony was soon reinforced by Ren^ Laudonniere, but it\\nwas not wholly successful, even at the first. Then Pedro de Menendez,\\nappointed Spanish Governor of Florida, after founding St. Augustine in 1565,\\nmarched along the coast and destroyed the French settlement, while Ribault\\nwas sailing unsuccessfully against St. Augustine. In revenge for this a French\\ngentleman, Dominic de Gourgues, in 1567 destroyed the Spanish settlement\\nat St. Augustine by a private expedition. During the late Civil War, to\\ncomplete the Federal blockade of the Southern coast. Commodore Dupont,\\ncommanding the Federal frigate, Wabash, fourteen gunboats, thirty-four\\nsteamers and twenty-six sailing vessels, attacked the fort, November 7, 1861.\\nThe works were garrisoned by 1700 South Carolina troops under Generals\\nDrayton and Ripley and were protected by Commodore Tattnall with six\\nConfederate gunboats. The expedition started from Fort Monroe late in\\nOctober. The fleet entered the harbor between the two forts, firing upon\\nthem simultaneously. Then sailing in an elliptical track the ships concen-\\ntrated their fire upon Fort Walker, which surrendered after three hours.\\nFort Beauregard was also speedily reduced. The Confederate fleet had been\\nprevented from rendering assistance by a few gunboats.\\nPort Royal Island, Battle of, February 3, 1779. During the Southern\\ncampaign of the Revolution General Prevost sent J.Iajor Gardiner with 200\\nmen to seize Port Royal Island. General Moultrie with about an equal\\nnumber attacked and defeated Gardiner. The American loss was trifling.\\nThe British lost most of their officers and many privates.\\nPorter, Albert G., bom in 1824, represented Indiana in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Republican from 1859 to 1863. He was first Comptroller of the\\nU. S. Treasury from 1878 to 1880, Governor of Indiana from 1880 to 1884,\\nand Minister to Italy from 1889 to 1892. Died 1897.\\nPorter, Andrew (1743-1813), fought in the battles of Trenton, Princeton,\\nBrandywine and Germantown, and received the personal commendation of\\nWashington. He accompanied General Sullivan in the expedition against\\nthe Six Nations in 1779.\\nPorter, David (i 780-1 843), an American naval hero, came of a seafaring\\nfamilv, and fought in the wars with France and Tripoli. In 1812 he was\\nappointed a captain, and with the Essex captured a number of British\\nprizes and the man-of-war Alert. In 1813 he started on a cruise in the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0558.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statks History. 519\\nPacific with tlie Essex, ill the course of which he nearly destroyed the\\nBritish whale-fisheiy in that ocean. In the harbor of Valparaiso on March\\n28, 1814, the Essex and the Phoebe fought a desperate battle, in\\nwhich the former, completely disabled, was compelled to surrender. Porter\\nfought against the West India pirates in 1824, and from 1826 to 1829 directed\\nthe Mexican navy. He was then U. S. Consul to the Barbary States, and\\nfrom 18.31 until his death he was U. S. Minister resident to Turkey.\\nPorter, David Dixon (June 8, i8i3-Februai7 13, 1891), son of David\\nPorter, and one of the most distinguished American naval ofl cers, accom-\\npanied his father in his voyages, and became a midshipman in 1829. He\\nhad served in the Mexican War, and had commanded California mail steam-\\ners, when the Civil War called out his powers. With the control of the\\nmortar fleet he, in April, 1862, bombarded Forts Jackson and St. Philip, aid-\\ning Farragut in the great feat of taking New Orleans. He was continuously\\nactive in the operations near Vicksburg that year, commanded the Missis-\\nsippi squadron, and captured Arkansas Post in January, 1863. Promoted to\\nbe rear-admiral Porter, in May, 1863, took Grand Gulf near Vicksburg and\\ncooperated with Grant in the reduction of that stronghold. The following\\near he aided Banks in the Red River expedition. Transferred the same year\\nto the North Atlantic squadron Admiral Porter commanded the powerful naval\\ncontingents in the two assaults on Fort Fisher, December, 1864, and January,\\n1865; *^^i^ latter. Porter and General Terry succeeded in reducing this last\\nof the important sea fortresses left to the Confederates. He was promoted\\nto be vice-admiral in 1866 and admiral in 1870. Until 1869 he was super-\\nintendent of the naval academy. Besides writing a life of his father and\\nother naval works Admiral Porter was also a successful novelist.\\nPorter, Fitz-John, born in 1822, was graduated at West Point in 1845,\\nalmost immediately took part in the Mexican War. Assigned to the Army of\\nthe Potomac in the Rebellion, he was soon in command of a corps, and\\ndistinguished himself in the Seven Days battles, especially at Gaines Mill\\nand Malvern Hill. He was now promoted to be major-general of volunteers.\\nvShortly afterward part of the Army of the Potomac was transferred to\\nPope s command. Porter and his corps were present at the second battle of\\nBull Run, August 29 and 30, 1862, and his conduct became the subject of\\nwarm controversy. He remained inactive on the first day, and took a leading\\npart on the day following for this he was deprived of command, but restored,\\nand served in the Antietam campaign. In November, however, he was\\ncourt-martialed, and cashiered in January. Many efforts to reverse the\\ndecision were unavailing until 1886, when an act of Congress restored him\\nto the army with the rank of colonel.\\nPorter, Horace, born in 1837, was chief of artillery at the capture of\\nFort Pulaski, in 1861. He fought at Antietam, was chief of ordnance at\\nChickamauga, and was an aide to General Grant from 1864 to 1865. Became\\nAmbassador to France May, 1897.\\nPorter, James M. (1793-1862), was appointed Secretary of War in 1843\\nby President Tyler, and ser\\\\ ed till 1844. He was a prominent Pennsylvania\\njurist.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0559.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "520 Dictionary of United Statbs History.\\nPorter, Noah (1811-1892), was president of Yale College from 1871 to\\n1886. He was principal editor of revised editions of Webster s Unabridged\\nDictionary, and was one of the most scholarly metaphysicians in America.\\nPorter, Peter B. (i 773-1 844), represented New York in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1809 to 1 813. He served on the Canadian fron-\\ntier. He was Secretary of War in J. O. Adams Cabinet from 1828 to 1829.\\nPortfolio, the first American periodical which reached an age of over\\nten years. It was established in Philadelphia by Dennie in 1801, and was pub-\\nlished monthly until 1825. many distinguished contributors.\\nPortland, Me., settled in 1632, was bombarded by the British in 1775,\\nrebuilt in 1783 and incorporated in 1786. From 1820 until 1832 it was the\\ncapital of the State. A city charter was obtained in 1832. It was the scene\\nof a disastrous fire in 1866.\\nPorto, or Puerto, Rico, an island of the Antilles group, discovered by\\nColumbus in 1493. Population, 807,000. San Juan, the largest and only\\nfortified city, is the capital. The U. S. army, under Gen. Nelson A. Miles,\\nlanded July 28, 1898, began the conques of the island, and met with only slight\\nresistance. Spain s acceptance of peace -otocol, Aug. 12, 1898, put an end to\\nAmerican aggressions before the taking of San Juan. Spanish sovereignty\\nyielded and formal possession taken by the United States, Oct. 18, 1898.\\nPortsmouth, N. H., was settled in 1623, incorporated as a town in 1633,\\nand as a city in 1849. It was the State capital until 1807. In 1694 the\\ntown was attacked by Indians, and several persons killed. In 1774 the\\ninhabitants refused to receive a cargo of British tea.\\nPortsmouth, R. I., one of the original settlements in Rhode Island, was\\nfounded in 1637 by William Coddington and other followers of Anne Hutch-\\ninson, from Massachusetts. At first an independent communit} it was united\\nwith Newport in 1640 to form the colony of Rhode Island. Providence\\nwas joined with them in 1644.\\nPortugal. A commercial treaty was concluded between the United States\\nand Portugal in 1840. By the treaty of 1851 provision was made for the\\npayment of certain claims of American citizens against Portugal.\\nPost Office. In the colonies, especially the more thickly-settled colonies\\nof the North, some slight arrangements for postal communication were made\\nbefore 1692. On February 17 of that year King William and Queen Mary\\ngranted to Thomas Neale a patent making him postmaster-general for the\\ncolonies. At once several colonies passed acts establishing and regulating a\\npostal system. In 17 10, under Queen Anne, an act of Parliament established\\na uniform system for all the colonies. Of the postmasters-general for America\\nin the colonial period the most famous was Franklin, who in 1774 was\\ndeprived of his office for his attitude in the American conflict. William\\nGoddard thereupon planned a Constitutional Post Office, upon a plan\\nwhich Congress adopted July 26, 1775, on that date establishing a system,\\nwith Franklin as postmaster-general. The Articles of Confederation and\\nthe Constitution gave Congress power over the matter. Congress, in 1790,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0560.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 521\\ncontinued the post office with little substantial change. The plan to conduct\\nthe post office system siniph- on an expense-paying basis originated about\\n1840. At the International Postal Conference held at Berne in 1874 the\\nUniversal Postal Union was formed with rates of five cents per half-ounce\\non all letters passing between the countries composing the Union. In 1790\\nthere were seventy-five post offices in the United States; in 1820, 4500; in\\ni860, 28,000; in 1884, 70,000; in 1898, 72,000.\\nPost Office Department. This department existed already before 1789.\\n(See art. Post Office.) Congress continued it by several temporary enact-\\nments, and on May 8, 1794, gave it a permanent establishment. The post-\\nmaster-general was not a member of the President s Cabinet until General\\nJackson s administration (1829), the exigencies of the spoils system then\\nrequiring it. In 1820 a four years term for postmasters was instituted.\\n(See art. Star-route Frauds.)\\nPostage. Letter postage is now two cents for any distance in the United\\nStates. From 1792 to 1845 letter postage ranged from six to twenty-five\\ncents, according to the distance. In 1845 the rate was reduced to five cents\\nfor 300 miles and tinder, and ten cents for greater distances. In 1851 it was\\nmade three cents for 3000 miles, prepaid, otherwise five cents, and was\\ndoubled for greater distances. In 1863 there was established a uniform rate\\nof three cents, which was changed to two cents per ounce in 1883. Mailable\\nmatter is now divided into four classes: first, letters; second, regular publi-\\ncations; third, books; fourth, merchandise. Until 1845 letters were single\\nor double according as there was one piece of paper or two. Postage stamps\\nwere introduced in 1847, but did not become general till 1855, when letters\\nwere required to be prepaid. Stamped envelopes were first furnished in 1852\\nand postal cards in 1872. Registration was established in 1855; postal\\nmoney orders in 1864; the free-delivery system in 1865 in places containing\\na population of 50,000. In 1892 the free-delivery system was extended.\\nPostal Currency, a substitute for fractional currency during the Civil War,\\nowing to the scarcity of silver. This was invented by General Spinner,\\nUnited States Treasurer under Lincoln. Postage stamps were pasted upon\\nthe paper used for government securities and representing different sums.\\nThese bits of paper were circulated among the clerks of the department, and\\nbecame for a while the medium of small exchange.\\nPotomac Company, was chartered in 1784, with General Washington as\\npresident, for the purpose of connecting the Potomac valley with the West\\nby means of a canal, and for general land improvement. The Chesapeake\\nand Ohio Canal Company succeeded it in 1828.\\nPottawatomies, a tribe of Algonquin Indians, early occupied what is now\\nlower Michigan and upper Illinois and Indiana. Joining Pontiac, they\\nsurprised Fort St. Joseph in 1763. During the Revolution they were hostile\\nto the Americans, but joined in the treaty of 1795. The tribe was then\\ncomposed of settled bands and the wandering Prairie band. In 1812 they\\naided England, but by treaties in 181 5 and subsequently, ceded nearly all\\ntheir territory. A large tract was assigned to them on the Missouri. In\\n1867, 1400 became citizens, but the Prairie band continued under the Indian\\nDepartment.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0561.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "522 Dictionary ok United States History.\\nPotter, Alonzo (1800-1865), became Episcopal Bishop of Pennsylvania in\\n1845. He founded the Episcopal Hospital and the Di^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0init5\u00e2\u0096\u00a0 School at\\nPhiladelphia. He possessed remarkable executive ability.\\nPotter, Clarkson N. (1825-1882), represented New York in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1869 to 1875 and from 1877 to 1881. He was\\nprominent in the election controversies of 1876.\\nPotter, Henry C, born in 1835, son of Bishop Alonzo Potter, was rector\\nof Grace Church, New York, from 1858 to 1883. In 1883 he became assistant\\nbishop to his uncle, Horatio Potter. In 1887, on tlie latter s death, he\\nbecame Bishop of New York.\\nPotter, Horatio (i 802-1 887), became rector of St. Peter s, Albany, N.\\nY., in 1833, provisional bishop in 1854, and Bishop of New York in 1861.\\nHis able administration brought great prosperity to his diocese.\\nPotter, James (1729-1789), came to Pennsylvania from Ireland in 1741.\\nHe was made brigadier-general of Pennsylvania troops in 1777 and served\\nwith distinction throughout the war under General Washington.\\nPotter, Robert B. (1829-1887), led the assault at Roanoke Island, com-\\nmanded a regiment at Cedar Mountain and Chantilly, and carried the bridge\\nat Antietam. He led a division at Vicksburg, the Wilderness and Peters-\\nburg.\\nPowell, John W., born in 1824, was a lieutenant-colonel of Illinois artil-\\nlery during the Civil War. He secured the establishment of the U. S.\\nGeological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnography at the Smithsonian\\nInstitution, and is director of the former.\\nPowers, Hiram (1805-1873), sculptor, went from Ohio to Florence, Italy,\\nin 1837, where he afterward resided. Among his most popular statues are\\nEve Tempted, The Greek Slave and The Fisher-Boy. He is emi-\\nnent for his busts of distinguished men, including Adams, Jackson, Webster,\\nMarshall, Longfellow and Sheridan. He executed statues of Washington,\\nWebster, Calhoun, Franklin and Jefferson.\\nPowhatan (i550?-i6i8), was the chief of thirty tribes of Indians, num-\\nbering about 8000, occupying territory between the James and York rivers in\\nVirginia. He was visited by Captain John Smith in 1609, who made\\nnegotiations for provisions. A gilded crown was brought from England and\\nPowhatan was declared emperor of the Indies. He never trusted the\\nwhites and was in constant collision with them. In retaliation for an attempt\\nof Captain Smith to capture him, he planned the destruction of the James-\\ntown settlement, but was prevented, the colonists being warned by his\\ndaughter, Pocahontas.\\nPowhatan Indians, a confederation of thirty Indian tribes south of the\\nPotomac, in existence at the time of the settlement of Jamestown. It was\\nconjectured that the entire federation numbered eight thousand souls.\\nPownall, Thomas (1720-1805), came to America from England in 1753.\\nHe immediately sympathized with American political tendencies. He was\\nGovernor of Massachusetts from 1756 to 1760. While a member of the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0562.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 5J3\\nBritish Parliament from 1767 to 1781 lie ardently opposed oppressive meas-\\nures toward the colonies. He wrote Colonial Constitutions, The Admin-\\nistration of the Colonies and Description of the Middle States of America.\\nPrairie Grove, Ark. At this place the Union leaders Blunt and Herrou\\nwith 12,000 troops defeated nearly twice as many Confederates under Hind-\\nman and Marmaduke, December 7, 1862. Hindman attacked Herron while\\nthat general was separated from the main command. Herron returned the\\nattack, pushing his batteries across Illinois Creek and effectually silencing\\nthe Confederates for a time. Meanwhile Blunt arrived and attacked the\\nConfederate flank, as it was about to execute a flank movement against\\nHerron. This resulted in defeat for the Confederates though they occupied\\na strong position.\\nPratt, Orson (i 81 1-1881), became one of the twelve Mormon apostles in 1835.\\nHe was for many years a member and seven times was Speaker of the Utah\\nLegislature. He wrote The Great First Cause and Patriarchal Order.\\nPraying Indians, a name given to those New England Indians who were\\nearly won to the Christian faith. During Philip s War they remained\\nfriendly to the colonists, a company of them enlisting under Major Gookin\\nin July, 1675. They acted as scouts and spies and rendered valuable ser-\\nvice against Philip. (See Eliot, John, and Natick.)\\nPreble, Edward (1761-1807), commodore, joined a privateer in 1777. In\\n1779 he engaged in the attacks of the Protector on the British privateer,\\nAdmiral Duff. He served on the Winthrop when that vessel captured\\nan armed brig. He was commissioned lieutenant in 1798, and in 1799 com-\\nmanded the Essex. In 1803 he commanded the Constitution and the\\nsquadron against the Barbary States. His operations resulted in the treaty\\nof 1805, by which tribute by the United States and the slavery of Christian\\ncaptives was abolished.\\nPreble, George H. (1816-1885), rear-admiral, served in the Mexican War.\\nHe commanded the Macedonian against Chinese pirates in 1854. He\\ncommanded the Katahdin and the St. Louis during the Rebellion,\\nand wrote a History of the United States Flag.\\nPre-emption Law. The first pre-emption act was passed March 3, 1801.\\nIt was a special act affecting the Symmes colonization scheme on the\\nMiami River. Between that time and 1841 about eighteen pre-emption acts\\nwere passed, all of a more or less special nature. The first general law was\\njjassed in 1830. That of 1841, which is now in force, grants, upon consid-\\nerations of residence and improvement, freedom of entry upon 160 acres of\\npublic lands to any person over twenty-one years of age. Twelve to thirty-\\nthree months are allowed for payment, and the amount varies with the value\\nand situation of the tract pre-empted.\\nPrentice, George D. (1803-1870), edited the Louisville, Ky., Journal\\nfrom 1 83 1 to 1870. He was the principal advocate of the Whig party in Ken-\\ntucky, and vigorously opposed secession. He wrote a Life of Henry Clay.\\nPrentiss, Benjamin M., born in 1819, was a captain during the Mexican\\nWar. In 1861 he was made colonel of Illinois volunteers, and placed ia", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0563.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "524 Dictionary of United States History.\\ncommand at Cairo. He defeated the Confederates at Mount Zion, served\\nunder General Grant at Shiloh and was taken prisoner. He was made\\nmajor-general, and defeated Generals Holmes and Price at Helena, Ark.\\nPrentiss, Sergeant S. (1808-1850), orator, was a member of the Missis-\\nsippi Legislature in 1835. He represented Mississippi in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Whig from 1838 to 1839. He made eloquent speeches against the\\nrepudiation of the Mississippi State debts.\\nPresbyterian Church in the United States. This sect owes its origin to\\nthe numerous members of the Presbyterian Churches of Scotland and Ireland\\nwho moved to the American colonies for greater freedom. The first Presby-\\ntery was formed at Philadelphia about the year 1705, largely through the\\nlabors of Francis Makemie. In 1716 the first Synod was held, with about\\ntwenty-five churches represented. In 1729 the Westminster Confession and\\nCatechisms were fonnally adopted. In 1741 a schism on educational ques-\\ntions took place, but was healed in 1758. The first General Assembly met\\nin 1789, and the Confession and Catechisms were again adopted, with some\\nslight changes. In 1811 the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was formed\\nby members who had seceded from the parent church. A still greater schism\\narose in 1838 between the conservative and the progressive wings of the\\ndenomination. These reunited in 1871, at which time the total raembership\\nwas about 435,000. From both these bodies the Southern members with-\\ndrew, and formed separate organizations, which, however, united in 1864.\\nThe parent church, since the reunion of 187 1, has made rapid progress, and\\nby its devotion to education and missions has raised a high standard for its\\nclergy and membership. In recent years much controversy has been aroused\\nby the trial of Dr. Briggs for heresy. Number of members in 1890,\\n788,000.\\nPresbyterian Church South, This body was organized December 4,\\n1861, when the Southern Presbyterians seceded and organized a new General\\nAssembly. The power and educational institutions of this body were greatly\\nweakened by the losses of the war. In 1890 there were 180,000 members.\\nPrescott, Richard (i 725-1788), British soldier, came to Canada from Eng-\\nland in 1773. He surrendered in 1775 on the reduction of Montreal by the\\nAmericans. He commanded in Rhode Island from 1776 to 1777.\\nPrescott, ^Villiam (1726-1795), served as a captain in the Provincial army\\nunder General Winslow in the expedition against Nova Scotia in 1755. In\\n1774 he commanded a regiment of minute-men. In 1775 with a brigade of\\n1000 men he constructed entrenchments at Bunker Hill. In the ensuing\\nbattle he displayed great skill and bravery, and was one of the last to leave\\nthe entrenchments when it was found necessary to retreat. In 1777 he served\\nunder General Gates at Saratoga. He afterward served several years in the\\nMassachusetts Legislature.\\nPrescott, William Hickling (1796-1859), grandson of the commander at\\nBunker Hill, was graduated at Harvard in 1814. Abundant means enabled him\\nto carry out his purposes of prolonged historical research, though his partial\\nblindness was a great hindrance. Prescott s works nearly cover the period", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0564.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n52s\\nof Spanish greatness. They appeared in this order: Ferdinand and\\nIsabella (183S), Conquest of Mexico (1843), Conquest of Peru (1847),\\nPhilip the Second (1855-58), to which should be added the continuation\\nof Robertson s Charles V. Prescott had access to many valuable original\\nsources, including the Spanish archives at Simancas, and his histories are\\npermanently attractive for their charm of style. I,ife by Ticknor.\\nPresident. Penn, in 1696, in his scheme for a general government for\\nthe colonies, gave its executive the title of president; the Albany Convention\\nproposed that of president-general. The Continental Congress had its presi-\\ndent. In the Convention of 1787, it was decided on June 4 that there\\nshould be a single executive, to whom on August 6 the style of President\\nwas given. Beside executive functions, he was invested with the veto power.\\nThe First Congress debated titles for him, but without finding any better\\nthan Mr. President. The first two Presidents read their speeches to Con-\\ngress, Jefferson began the practice of sending messages instead. Up to the\\nratification of the Twelfth Amendment (1804) the President and Vice-Presi-\\ndent were not separately voted for. He who obtained tlie largest number of\\nelectoral votes was President, he who stood next Vice-President. Jefferson\\nand J. Q. Adams were elected by the House of Representatives. Tyler,\\nFillmore, Johnson and Arthur were originally elected Vice-Presidents. The\\nfollowing have been the Presidents of the United States:\\nName.\\nGeorge Washington\\nGeorge Washington\\nJohn Adams\\nThomas Jefiferson\\nThomas Jefferson\\nJames Madison\\nJames Madison\\nJames Monroe\\nJames Monroe\\nJohn Quincy Adams\\nAndrew Jackson\\nAndrew Jackson\\nMartin Van Buren\\nWilliam H. Harrison\\nJohn Tyler\\nJames K. Polk\\nZachary Taylor\\nMillard Fillmore\\nFranklin Pierce\\nJames Buchanan\\nAbraham Lincoln\\n.\\\\braham Lincoln\\nAndrew Johnson\\nUlysses S. Grant\\nUlysses S. Grant\\nRutherford B. Hayes\\nJames A. Garfield\\nChester A. Arthur\\nGrover Cleveland\\nBenjamin Harrison\\nGrover Cleveland\\nWilliam McKinley\\nState.\\nVirginia\\nVirginia\\nMassachusetts\\nVirginia\\nVirginia\\nVirginia\\nVirginia\\nVirginia\\nVirginia\\nMassachusetts\\nTennessee\\nTennessee\\nNew York\\nOhio\\nVirginia\\nTennessee\\nLouisiana\\nNew York\\nNew Hampshire\\nPennsylvania\\nIllinois\\nIllinois\\nTennessee\\nIllinois\\nIllinois\\nOhio\\nOhio\\nNew York\\nNew York\\nIndiana\\nNew York\\nOhio\\nPolitical party.\\nFederalist\\nFederalist\\nFederalist\\nDem. -Republican\\nDem. -Republican\\nDem. -Republican\\nDem. -Republican\\nDem. -Republican\\nDem. -Republican\\nNational Republican\\nDemocratic\\nDemocratic\\nDemocratic\\nWhig\\nElected by Whigs\\nDemocratic\\nWhig\\nWhig.\\nDemocratic\\nDemocratic\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nRepublican\\nDemocratic\\nRepublican\\nDemocratic\\nRepublican\\nQualified.\\nApril\\n30 1789\\nMarch\\n4 1793\\nMarch\\n4, 1797\\nMarch\\n4, 1801\\nMarch\\n4, 1805\\nMarch\\n4, 1809\\nMarch\\n4. 1813\\nMarch\\n4, 1817\\nMarch\\n5. 1821\\nMarch\\n4- 1825\\nMarch\\n4, 1829\\nMarch\\n4. 1833\\nMarch\\n4. 1837\\nMarch\\n4, 1841\\nApril\\n6, 1841\\nMarch\\n4- 1845\\nMarch\\n5. 1849\\nJuly\\n9 1850\\nMarch\\n4, 1S53\\nMarch\\n4. 1857\\nMarch\\n4, 1861\\nMarch\\n4, 1865\\nApril\\n15. 1S65\\nMarch\\n4, 1869\\nMarch\\n4, 1S73\\nMarch\\n5, 1S77\\nMarch\\n4, 1881\\nSeptember\\n20, 1 88 1\\nMarch\\n4, 1885\\nMarch\\n4. 1889\\nMarch\\n4, 1S93\\nMarch\\n4. 1897", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0565.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "526 Dictionary of United States History.\\nPresident (of a State). The first coustitutions of Pennsylvania and New\\nHampshire (1776) provided, not for a single executive head, but for an\\nexecutive council, of which one member was president. Delaware, South\\nCarolina, and the New Hampshire Constitution of 1784 provided for a single\\nhead, but called him president. South Carolina in 1778, Pennsylvania ir\\n1790, Delaware and New Hampshire in 1792, altered the title to Governor.\\nPresident and Little Belt. During 1811, and ^for some time pre-\\nvious, British cniisers hovering about our coast had captured many Ameri-\\ncan vessels bound for France, and had made a number of impressments. In\\nMay, 1811, Commodore John Rodgers, commanding the American frigate\\nPresident, was ordered to put to sea from Chesapeake Bay and protect\\nour commerce. When thirty miles oif Cape Charles, May 16, Rodgers des-\\ncried a vessel, which he supposed to be the British man-of-war Guerrierc.\\nHe decided to approach her and make inquiries regarding impressment.\\nThis vessel was the Little Belt, a small British frigate. She showed no\\ncolors and sailed away, the President pursuing. Overhauling her about\\neight o clock, Rodgers declared she ran up colors which could not be recog-\\nnized for the darknes.s, and fired upon the President. The fire was imme-\\ndiately returned and the Little Belt was disabled in about eighteen\\nminutes. The dispute as to which was in fault was never settled. When\\nFoster, the British Minister arrived, however, it was mutually agreed to\\ndrop the affair of the Little Belt and the Constitution outrage. In\\nSeptember, 1814, the President, under Decatur, was captured by the\\nEndymion and other British vessels.\\nPresidential Succession. The Constitution provides for the succession\\nof the Vice-President in case of the death, removal, resignation or disabilit}-\\nof the President, and gives Congress power to provide what ofiicer shall suc-\\nceed in case of the death, removal, etc., of the Vice-President. In 1793,\\nCongress provided that in such case the president of the Senate should suc-\\nceed, and then the Speaker of the House of Representatives. This was of\\ndoubtful constitutionality, and attended with some inconveniences and dan-\\ngers. Hence Congress in 18S6 provided that in such case the succession\\nshould next pass to the Secretary of State, then to the Secretary of the\\nTreasury, then successively to the Secretary of War, the Attorney-General,\\nthe Postmaster-General, the Secretary of Navy, the Secretary of Interior,\\nand the Secretary of Agriculture.\\nPresident s March, a popular national air composed in 1789 by Pfjdes,\\nleader of the orchestra at the John Street Theatre, New York. It was\\nplayed for the first time on Trenton Bridge as Washington rode over on his\\nway to be inaugurated. Later Judge Hopkinsoii set the Avords of Hail\\nColumbia to the air, and it became immensely popular under that name.\\nPresidio, the military settlements made by the Spanish in California.\\nThey were massive forts, the chief being at Los Angeles, Santa Barbara,\\nMonterey and San Diego. That of Los Angeles was the first established,\\nit being begun some time before 1795, but the later forts were of more\\nimportance. Regular armed forces were placed in these fortresses, and vil-\\nlages grew up around them, They were primarily intended to protect the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0566.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "DiCTIONAKY OF UnITKD STATES HISTORY. 527\\nreligious missions, but the soldiers and friars were in constant collision.\\nThe commander of a presidio exercised no little influence in the manage-\\nment of the province.\\nPress, Freedom of the. In the original Constitution of the United\\nStates there was no provision regarding the freedom of the press, it being\\nleft to be regulated by the States in accordance with the established opinion\\nof the people. But the first Congress passed an amendment to the Consti-\\ntution securing the freedom of the press against the Federal Government.\\nPrevious to this the States had nearly all inserted in their constitutions\\nclauses permitting freedom of speech and publication to every citizen. Citi-\\nzens were of course held responsible for abuses of this liberty. In States, as\\nNew York and New Jersey, where no such provision was made in the origi-\\nnal Constitution, the freedom of the press was considered as established\\nunder the common law, but provisions to that effect were embodied in later\\nconstitutions. During British rule of the colonies this freedom was much\\nrestricted by the Star Chamber Press-censorship regulation of 1637, which\\nwas confirmed by Parliament in 1643.\\nPreston, John S. (i 809-1 881), was an able orator, and when Commissioner\\nfrom South Carolina to Virginia in 1861, made a most elaborate plea in\\nfavor of secession. He served on the staff of General Beauregard from 1861\\nto 1862.\\nPreston, William B. (1805-1862), represented Virginia in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Whig from 1847 to 1849. He was Secretary of the Navy in\\nTaylor s Cabinet from 1849 to 1850, and was a Confederate Senator in 1862.\\nPreston, William C. (1794-1860), was a member of the South Carolina\\nLegislature from 1828 to 1832, and a leader of the nullification party. He\\nwas a Democratic member of the U. S. Senate from 1833 to 1842.\\nPrevious Question. The previous question, said to have been invented\\niu the House of Commons by Sir Harry Vane, was not used in the practice\\nof the House of Representatives iu its first twenty-two years, to prevent\\nfurther debate. Its use in its present manner originated on February 28,\\n1 81 1, in a decision by the House upon appeal taken on a point of order.\\nPrevost, Augustine (1725-1786), British soldier, was captain of the Royal\\nAmericans under Wolfe at Quebec. He was brevetted major-general for the\\ncapture of the fort at Sunbur Georgia, in 1778. He defeated General\\nJohn Ashe at Brier Creek in 1779, and made an unsuccessful attack upon\\nCharleston. He successfully defended Savannah against the Americans in\\n1779.\\nPrice, Sterling (1809-1867), a Confederate general, was Speaker of the\\nMissouri Lower House, and Congressman from that State in 1845-1846. In\\nthe Mexican War he commanded a regiment under Kearny and gained\\nsuccess in New Mexico and Chihuahua. He was Governor of Missouri in\\n1853-1857. He was one of the commanders in the defeat of Lyon at\\nWilson s Creek in 1861. The same year he captured Lexington in Missouri.\\nHe was defeated at luka the next year, fought at Corinth, made in 1863 an", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0567.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "523 Dictionary of United States History.\\nunsuccessful attempt on Helena, and in 1864 resisted General Steele s\\nadvance on the Red River region.\\nPrideaux, John (1718-1759), served in the British army against the French\\nin America. In 1759 he commanded an expedition against Fort Niagara\\nwhich was successful.\\nPriestley, Joseph (i 733-1 S04), an English Unitarian clergj-man, made\\nmany discoveries in chemistry and discovered oxygen in 1774. His theo-\\nlogical views were obnoxious, and in 1791 his church and property were\\ndestroyed by a mob. In 1794 he came to the United States from London\\nand continued his investigations in science and philosophy at Northumber-\\nland, Pa.\\nPrigg vs. Pennsylvania. In 1837 Edward Prigg caused a fugitive Mary-\\nland slave-woman to be returned to her mistress, in violation of a Penn-\\nsylvania statute forbidding the carr ing of any negro out of the State in order\\nto enslave him. The case was finally brought before the Supreme Court of\\nthe United States, where it was contended that the statute was unconstitu-\\ntional since it conflicted with the National Fugitive Slave Act of 1793.\\nThe opinion was handed down that the national law must be carried out\\nby national authorities alone.\\nPrime, Benjamin Y. (1733-1791), of New York, composed many popular\\nsongs and ballads during the Revolution. He was an able physician and a\\ncelebrated linguist. He wrote Columbia s Glory, a poem, and The\\nPatriotic Muse.\\nPrince, Thomas (1687-1758), was connected with the Old South Church\\nin Boston, from 1 718 to 1758. He collected many valuable manuscripts and\\ndocuments relating to New England historj^, many of which were destroyed\\nby the British in 1776. He wrote an accurate and scholarly Chronological\\nHistory of New England.\\nPrince Society, an organization established in Boston for publishing only.\\nIt has issued a series of valuable annotated volumes relating to the early\\nhistory of Massachusetts.\\nPrinceton. February 28, 1844, President Tyler and a large party sailed\\ndown the Potomac on the man-of-war Princeton, to see Commodore Stock-\\nton s Peacemaker throw its 200-pound balls. The Peacemaker exploded\\nand many people were killed, among them two members of the Cabinet,\\nAbel P. Upshur, Secretary of State, and Thomas W. Gilmer, Secretary of\\nthe Navy. The President narrowly escaped.\\nPrinceton, Battle of, January 3, 1777. After his bold stroke at Trenton,\\nWashington found himself confronted by Cornwallis. Being unable to cope\\nwith his superior force, he resorted to strategy. Leaving his camp-fires\\nburning and a few men working in the trenches, he passed around the British\\nleft and encountered their reinforcements at Princeton. These he routed,\\nthus cutting the British line, forcing Cornwallis to retreat upon New York,\\nand making himself master of communication between New York and Phila-\\ndelphia. The British lost 200 killed and 300 taken prisoners, besides a\\nnumber of cannon. The American loss was 100,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0568.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 529\\nPrinceton College (properly the College of New Jersey), was founded\\nunder the auspices of the Presbyterian Synod of New York and chartered in\\n1746 and again in 1748. It suffered greatly during the Revolution and its\\nmain building was used as a hospital and as barracks. The college continued\\nweak till the presidency of Dr. Jas. McCosh, who assumed charge in 1868.\\nHis administration was marked by great energy and activity. New buildings\\nwere erected, the endowment largely increased and the curriculum improved\\nand enlarged. Its theological seminary was founded in 181 2 and is now well\\nendowed and equipped. James Madison was graduated here in 1771.\\nPrinting, First. The first printing press in the American colonies was\\nestablished by Stephen Day at Cambridge, Mass., in 1638. Its first produc-\\ntions were the Freeman s Oath, a calendar, and the Bay Psalm-book. In\\n1685, William Bradford established his printing press in Philadelphia. Its\\nfirst issue was the KalendariiiDi Pennsilvanieiise,\\nPrinting Presses. Previous to the Revolution all presses were built on\\nthe same plan a flat platen, impressing against type arranged on a flat bed.\\nImpressions were obtained with a screw, and fifty an hour was the maxi-\\nmum capacity. In 1810, Kcenig substituted the revolving cylinder for the\\nplaten, and obtained 1000 per hour in the London Times oflflce. Steam\\nprinting presses were first used by the New York Sun in 1835. Hoe s press\\ninventions of 1828 and 1847 made possible 20,000 per hour, and Craske s\\ndiscoveries in 1861 in papier machk stereotyping increased the rapidity of\\nthe presses. Improvements were continually made in the Hoe, Walter and\\nBullock presses, and the first perfecting Hoe press was erected for the New\\nYork Commercial Advertiser in 1880; capacity 20,000 per hour.\\nPrintz, Johan (1600-1663), came to America from Sweden, and was Gov-\\nernor of the Swedish colony on the Delaware from 1641 to 1654. His rtile\\nwas marked by great military and commercial advancement.\\nPrisons. The prisons of the United States down to the year 1786, and\\nin most States later, shared the evil arrangements common in the prisons of\\nEurope. (For an instance, see Simsbur} In 1786 the first penitentiary\\nwas established, that of Philadelphia, and before long the Pennsylvania\\nsystem became famous as the best in the world.\\nPrivateers. In the colonial wars Great Britain derived great advantage\\nfrom the colonial privateers. Upward of 400 privateers, which were fitted\\nout in the ports of the British colonies, did great damage to French prop-\\nerty, ravaging the West India Islands belonging to France, and making\\nnumerous captures along the coast of France herself. After the breaking\\nout of the Revolution, the Continental Congress decided in IMarch, 1776,\\nthat permission be accorded to citizens to fit out privateers against the\\nBritish. Privateers were therefore fitted out at Salem, Cape Ann, Newbury-\\nport, Bristol and other seaport towns, and greatly aided by their ravagings\\nthe revolutionary cause. During the year 1776 American privateers cap-\\ntured 342 British vessels, and these privateer adventures became so lucrative\\nthat the sailors could scarcely be induced to enter the national service-\\nJanuary 28, 1778, an American privateer assailed in the night the British\\n34", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0569.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "53\u00c2\u00b0 Dictionary of United States History.\\nfort of New Providence, in the Bahamas, capturing the fort and a sixteen-\\ngun man-of-war. Hardly had the War of i8i2 been declared when priva-\\nteers began to be fitted out, small vessels most of them, which chiefly\\ninfested the West Indies, capturing British craft of every description. The\\nprivateers were usually schooners or brigs of 200 or 300 tons, carrying from\\n80 to 100 men. Twenty-six were fitted out in New York in the summer\\nof 1812. The list of all private armed vessels during the entire War of 1812\\nnumbers more than 500. In 1813, of 400 British vessels captured, four-\\nfifths were taken by privateers. Tlie Reindeer, Avon and Blakeley,\\nbuilt near Boston in 1814 in an incredibly short time, were fair samples\\nof the privateers of the later years of the war. They were larger and\\nbetter equipped than the earlier privateers. They did not confine their cap-\\ntures to merchant vessels, but boldly attacked and often defeated British war\\nships. They hung about the coasts of the West Indies and the Canary\\nIslands and even of Great Britain and Ireland, doing immense damage to\\nthe British cause.\\nPrivy Council. This body, the constitutional advisers of the British\\nking, was from 1700 superseded for the most important business by the cabi-\\nnet. But it still retained one important function with respect to the colonies.\\nOne of its four committees had cognizance, as a judicial court, of appeals\\nfrom the highest colonial courts. It is not known that appeals to the\\nKing in Council were taken from colonial courts before 1675. Some of the\\ncolonies refused to concede such appeals until after this. But later statutes\\ngranted such appeal in all cases involving more than a certain sum, usually\\ntwo hundred or three hundred pounds.\\nPrize Causes, Court of Appeal in. (See Court of Appeal in Cases of\\nCapture.)\\nPrize Courts. During the colonial wars, cases of prize were adjudged by\\nthe admiralty courts held by the colonial governors as vice-admirals, or by\\njudges whom they appointed, with appeal to commissioners in England.\\nOn the beginning of naval warfare and privateering in the Revolution, the\\nStates erected admiralty courts to deal with this class of cases. The Con-\\ntinental Congress established a court of appeal for such causes when in\\ndispute between States. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, the U. S. District\\nCourts were made prize courts, with appeal to the Supreme Court.\\nProctor, Henry A. (1787-1859), came to America in 1812 as colonel in\\nthe British army. He repulsed General Hull at Amherstburg, and gained\\nvictories at Brownstown and at the River Raisin. He was repulsed from Fort\\nMeigs by General Harrison and by Major Croghan from Fort Stephenson in\\n18 1 3, and totally defeated by General Harrison at the battle of the Thames.\\nProctor, Redfield, born in 1831, was Governor of Vermont in 1878. He\\nwas Secretary of War in Harrison s Cabinet from 1889 to 1891, when he\\nbecame a U. S. Senator.\\nProgressive Labor Party, the radical, or socialistic element that withdrew\\nfrom the United Labor Party at Syracuse, N. Y., August 19, 1886. They\\nadvocated a common inheritance of land and wealth and industries, and\\nupheld all the tenets of extreme socialism.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0570.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Status History. 531\\nProhibition appeared first as an issue in purely State politics in the Maine\\nLegislature in 1837, a prohibitory bill being introduced, but defeated. Later^\\nin 1846 (permanently in 1851), a proliibitory law was passed in Maine. Fol-\\nlowing the lead of Maine, prohibitory laws were enacted between 1850 and\\n1856, in Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, Michigan, New York, Iowa\\nand Connecticut. Other States have tried the experiment and local option\\nhas been established in some of the towns and counties of these and many\\nother States. Prohibition first appeared as a national isLHie during the session\\nof the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of Good Templars, held in Oswego, N. Y.,\\nMay 25, 1869. committee was appointed to issue a call for a convention.\\nThis convention assembled at Chicago, September i, 1869, formed the\\nNational Prohibition Reform party. The first nominating convention of this\\nparty was held at Columbus, O., February 22, 1872. James Black, of Penn-\\nsylvania, was nominated for President and polled 5608 votes. Prohibition\\nhas largely entered into both national and State politics since that time, but\\nis most influential in the States. In 1876 Henry W. Blair, of New Hamp-\\nshire, introduced into the House a joint resolution to amend the Federal\\nConstitution by prohibiting from and after 1900 the manufacture and sale of\\ndistilled alcoholic intoxicating liquors. It was not adopted. In national\\npolitics the Prohibition vote has steadily increased. In 1876 its Presidential\\ncandidate. Green Clay Smith, received 9522 votes; in 1880 Neal Dow received\\n10,305; in 1884 John P. St. John, 150,369; in 1888 Clinton B. Fiske, 250,-\\n290; in 1892 John Bidwell, 268,361.\\nPropagation of the Gospel, Societies for. The first of these societies\\nwas organized July 27, 1649, under the title of Corporation for Promoting\\nand Propagating the Gospel among the Iiulians of New England. It was\\ndissolved in 1661. Its chief publications were what are known as the\\nEliot Tracts, John Eliot being one of the moving spirits in American\\nmission work among the Indians at that time. The second society of this\\nkind was organized April 7, 1662, and was called Corporation for the\\nPropagation of the Gospel in New England and Parts Adjacent in America.\\nIt still exists. Its work was broken up for a time by the American Revo-\\nlution, but was continued in New Brunswick. The third, the Society for\\nthe Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, was chartered June 16,\\n1 701, and long maintained a useful missionary activity in the American\\ncolonies. The fourth and last society of this sort was incorporated by the\\nState of Massachusetts in 1778, and was known as the Society for Propa-\\ngating the Gospel among the Indians and Otliers in North America. The\\ninfluence of these societies was widely felt and tended to promote mission-\\nary movements in the different colonies.\\nProprietaries. Many proprietary governments were instituted in America\\nby the crown, as in New York, New Jersey and the Carolinas, but only\\nPennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland remained such until the time of the\\nRevolution. In proprietary governments, the proprietor appointed the Gov-\\nernor, and in general performed all those acts of government which in royal\\ngovernments were performed by the crown. The laws of Pennsylvania and\\nDelaware were subject to the supervision and control of the crown; those of\\nMaryland were not.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0571.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "532 Dictionary of United States History.\\nProtection. The American Government has maintained the policy of\\nprotection during all its history, except during the years from the establish-\\nment of the Walker tariflf of 1846 to that of the Morrill tariff of 1861. The\\nfirst tariff, that of 1789, was one in which, though the amount of protection\\nwas moderate, the principle of protection was distinctly recognized. From\\n1824 to 1846 tariffs were arranged in accordance with the American system,\\ni. e., the combination of protection with the policy of internal improvements\\nat national expense. (See art. Tariff.)\\nProtestant Episcopal Church. This is the name of what may be called\\nthe Church of England in America. Its history begins with the settlement\\nat Jamestown (1607), among whose settlers was a clergyman, Rev. R. Hunt,\\nwho labored zealously in the colony throughout his life. The clergy were\\nsupported by grants from the Legislature, and afterward by tithes, and the\\ninterests of the church were carefully fostered by the Virginia Company and\\nby the successive royal governors. William and Mary College was char-\\ntered in 1692 in order to educate the clergy for the colonial churches.\\nBy 1 701 Maryland for the most part had become Episcopal and attempts\\nwere soon made to establish the church in the more southern colonies, but\\nwith poor success. In New York City Trinity Church was founded 1696,\\nand generally throughout the Middle States the church was spread through\\nthe agency of the Society for Propagating the Gospel, chartered 1701. By\\nthe time of the Revolution there had been established in New England\\nthirty-six churches. This war greatly lessened the influence of the church,\\nwhich naturally was English in sympathy, but in 1785 the first general con-\\nvention was held and remodeled the organization to suit the new political\\ncondition. Two years later American bishops were consecrated in London\\n(Seabury in Scotland in 1784), aud thus the formal organization of the\\nAmerican church was completed. During the next twenty years the church\\nlost almost all its power through dissension and the withdrawal of State aid,\\nbut from that time on a steady growth has been manifest, and the church in\\n1890 numbered 532,000 communicants.\\nProtocol. A document serving as a preliminary to, or opening of, a diplo-\\nmatic transaction. The peace protocol of the Spanish- American War was\\nsigned August 12, 1898.\\nProvidence, R. I. was settled in 1636 by Roger Williams and his company,\\nwho were forced to leave Massachusetts because of their religious opinions.\\nThe town was nearly destroyed by the Indians in 1676. Providence was\\nincorporated as a city in 1832. Brown University was removed hither in 1770.\\nProvidence Plantations. March 14, 1644, Roger Williams obtained from\\nthe Parliamentary Commissioners a patent which associated the towns of\\nProvidence, Portsmouth and Newport in one community, though it pre-\\nscribed no criterion of citizenship, and no form of organization. Massa-\\nchusetts claimed these settlements in the Narragansett Country, but failed\\nto make good her claim. Plymouth also threatened trouble concerning the\\nownership of the territory. Williams endeavored to institute a system of\\ngovernment, but the scheme proved a failure at first. The Providence Plan-\\ntations remained distinct from the Rhode Island colony until they were\\nunited under the charter of 1663.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0572.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 533\\nProx, or Proxy. In old Rliode Island usage, a list of candidates at an\\nelection, a ticket, or ballot; in Connecticut, an election, or election-day.\\nPrussia. The United States concluded witli Prussia treaties of amity and\\ncommerce in 1785 and 1799, and a treaty of commerce and navigation in\\n1828. Prussia joined with the other German States in an extradition con-\\nvention in 1852.\\nPruyn, Robert H, (1815-1882), served in the New York Assembly from\\n1848 to 1850 and in 1854. He was Minister to Japan from 1861 to 1865,\\nand greatly increased American power in the East.\\nPryor, Roger A., born in 1828, was a special commissioner to Greece in\\n1855. He represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from\\n1859 to 1 861. He became a brigadier-general in the Confederate service,\\nand since the war has been a prominent lawyer in New York.\\nPublic Land. (See No Man s Land.)\\nPublick Occurrences, both Foreign and Domestick, the first news-\\npaper published in America, though it can hardly be called a newspaper, as\\nno second number appeared. It was issued at Boston in 1690 by Benjamin\\nHarris and printed by Richard Pierce. A year earlier there had been pub-\\nlished at Boston, by Samuel Green, extracts from a letter of Dr. Increase\\nMather, who was then endeavoring to secure a new charter for Massachusetts.\\nPtiblick Ocatrrenccs^ four daj^s after its appearance, was spoken of in the\\nGeneral Court of Massachusetts as a pamphlet published contrary to law\\nand containing reflections of a verj- high nature. It was accordingly sup-\\npressed, though the contents were innocent enough, and the court forbade\\nanything in print without license obtained from those appointed by the\\nGovernment to grant the same. Publick Occurrences was printed on three\\npages of a folded sheet, one page being blank, two columns to a page, 7x11.\\nIt was designed for a monthly issue.\\nPuebla, Mexico, occupied at the close of the IMexican War by 500 Ameri-\\ncan soldiers under Colonel Childs. General Santa Anna, after evacuating\\nthe city of Mexico, besieged this place from September 24 to October i,\\n1847, hoping to take it and thus cut off Scott s communications with Vera\\nCruz. The siege was ineffectual.\\nPueblo Indians, early inhabited what is now New Mexico. They have\\nalways been in a state of semi-civilization and by a decision of the Supreme\\nCourt in 1857 were declared citizens of the United States. They have\\ninvariably been peaceful and friendly to the whites.\\nPueblos, the purely civic colonies established in California by the Spanish.\\nThey were so called to distinguish them from the missiones and presidios.\\nPueblo lands were vested, either by proprietary right in the individual, or in\\ncompanies of individuals, reserving to them certain rights as citizens and\\ncolonists. The first settlers were also allowed money and supplies to start\\non. The first pueblo settlement in Alta California was made in 1771. The\\ninhabitants of pueblos were permitted by a decree of Philip II., of Spain, to\\nelect their own magistrates, of whom the alcalde was the chief. Lands", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0573.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "5,34 Dictionary of Unitbd States History.\\noutside the pueblo grants were reserved to the king, but might be used as\\na common pasturage.\\nPugh, George E. (182 2-1876), was an aide to General Lane in the Mexican\\nWar. He represented Ohio in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from 1855 to\\n1861.\\nPugh, James L., born in 1820, represented Alabama in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1859 to 1861. He served in the Confederate Senate\\nfrom 1862 to 1865. He has been a member of the U. S. Senate from 1879\\nto the present time (1897).\\nPulaski, Kazimierz (1748-1779), was outlawed for leading the insurgents\\nin Poland, and came to America in 1777. He was placed on Washington s\\nstaff and rendered valuable assistance at Brandywine and Gennantown.\\nFrom 1777 to 1778 he served under General Wayne as a brigadier-general.\\nHe was given command of a body of foreigners, deserters and prisoners\\nof war, which became famous as Pulaski s legion. He made a vigorous\\nbut unsuccessful attack on the British at Charleston in 1779. He com-\\nmanded the French and American cavalry in the siege of Savannah and was\\nmortally wounded.\\nPulaski, Fort, opposite Savannah, Ga., captured after a bombardment of\\nfifteen hours by the Union commander Gillmore, April 10, 1862. Savannah\\nwas thus cut off from the outside world and remained in possession of the\\nFederals.\\nPuritans. The name Puritans was first used in England to designate\\nthose Protestant members of the Church of England who, while not desiring\\nto separate from or to destroy the existing establishment, desired to see it\\ninfused with a spirit of greater earnestness and purged of many still-remain-\\ning Catholic ceremonies. The settlers of Massachusetts Bay came from this\\nset, which is not to be confounded with the Separatists or Independents, from\\nwhom the Pilgrim Fathers came. The Separatists were the extreme wing\\nof the Puritan party, we may say, so extreme that they preferred to abandon\\nthe Established Church, and would gladly have seen it abolished. As the\\ncontest in England went on, and deepened into civil war, the Puritans mostly\\nbecame either Presbyterians or Independents. Similarly in America circum-\\nstances made of the settlers at the Bay a body of Independents whose ecclesi-\\nastical polity did not differ from that of the Plymouth Pilgrims. The\\nPuritan spirit was one of severe moral earnestness, united with a Calvinistic\\ntheology. Their opposition to amusements grew more and more severe, and\\nthe persecuting spirit prevailed among them. Toward the end of the\\ncentury, Puritanism in Massachusetts began to relax. In New Haven it was\\nmore rigid than in Massachusetts; in Connecticut somewhat less so. Rhode\\nIsland was partly Puritan in sentiment (using Puritan in the general, or\\nEnglish sense), but never under control of the Puritans. In the other\\ncolonies there were some Puritan settlements, as at Newark in New Jersey,\\nat Providence (Annapolis) in Maryland, and at Dorchester in South Carolina.\\nPutnam, Israel (i 718-1790), a Revolutionary general, was born at Dan-\\nvers, j\\\\Iass., and settled as a farmer in northeastern Connecticut, near Pomfret.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0574.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "Dictionary qf United Statss History. 535\\nPutnam s early life is associated with many romantic episodes, the wolf hunt,\\nhis service in the French and Indian War with Rogers Rangers, his rescue\\nof Fort Edward, and his narrow escape from deatli by burning while a\\nprisoner of the Indians. He was in command of a regiment with General\\nAmherst in the Canadian campaign of 1760. In the stirring times following\\nhe was one of the chief Sons of Liberty. How at the news of Lexington\\nhe dropped his plough and rode in a day to Cambridge is a fireside story,\\nPutnam was made commander of the Connecticut troops and a brigadier.\\nHe commanded at Bimker Hill conjointly with Colonel Prescott. Forthwith\\nhe was appointed one of the major-generals, and had charge of the centre in\\nthe siege of Boston. In the defence of Long Island he was entrusted with\\nthe works on Brooklyn Heights, and in the retreat from New York his name\\nis often mentioned. For a short time he was Governor of Philadelphia, and\\nwas then in 1777 placed in command of the defences in the Highlands of\\nthe Hudson. He was engaged in the repulse of Tryon s troops in the south-\\nwest of Connecticut, in connection with which is related the somewhat\\napocryphal story of Putnam s escape on horseback down a flight of stone\\nsteps.\\nPutnam, Rufus (i 738-1824), of Massachusetts, was appointed lieutenant-\\ncolonel in 1775. He superintended the construction of defences about New\\nYork and at West Point. He fought at Stillwater and served under General\\nWayne. Afterward he was prominent in the settlement of Ohio.\\nPynchon, John (1621-1703), came to America from England in 1630 and\\nbecame chief magistrate at Springfield in 1652. Pie rendered great assist-\\nance during the Indian Wars. He was an assistant under the Massachusetts\\ncharter from 1665 to 1686.\\nPynchon, William (1590-1662), came to New England from England in\\n1630. He founded a settlement at Springfield, Mass., in 1636. He was\\ngiven the government of tlie settlement in 1640, and managed affairs verj\\nsuccessfully. While in England in 1650, he published The Meritorious\\nPrice of Our Redemption, which caused great excitement as being heretical.\\nQ.\\nQuackenbush, Stephen P. (1823-1890), U. S. Navy, had charge of the\\nDelaware, the Unadilla, the Pequot, the Patapsco and the\\nMingo. He fought at Roanoke Island, Winton, Malvern Hill and Harri-\\nson s Landing, and captured the Princess Royal.\\nQuaker Kill, Battle of, August 29, 1778. On the night of August 28,\\nthe Americans on Rhode Island fell back toward Butts Hill at the northern\\nend of the island. Contrary to Greene s advice the enemy were allowed to\\noccupy Quaker and Turkey Hills. From these hills the British assailed the\\nAmericans, but were repulsed and driven back to Turkey Hill. The hottest\\nof the battle took place on the low ground between the hills. The Ameri-\\ncan loss in killed and wounded was 206; that of the British 222.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0575.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "536 Dictionary of United States History.\\nQuaker Road, Va., among the last of the battles of the celebrated cam-\\npaign of the Civil War about Richmond and Petersburg. It occurred\\nMarch 29, 1865, Grant having ordered a general advance of his left against\\nthe Confederate lines in order to intercept Lee s meditated withdrawal to\\nNorth Carolina. Warren s corps, while pushing along the Quaker Road to\\nstrike the Boydton Road, fell in with a body of Confederates. The latter\\nwere defeated and 100 prisoners taken.\\nQuakers. (See Friends.)\\nQuarantine. In the United States quarantine enactments were passed by\\nthe colonial legislatures and afterward for many years by the States. The\\nfirst national quarantine act was passed February 23, 1799, requiring Federal\\nofficers to aid in the execution of State or municipal quarantine regulations.\\nApril 29, 1878, a national quarantine act was passed. March 3, 1883,\\n$100,000 were appropriated for maintaining quarantine points along the\\ncoast. On September i, 1892, owing to the presence of cholera, President\\nHarrison proclaimed a twenty-days quarantine of New York.\\nQuarter Dollar. Its issue was authorized (weight 104 grains) by Con-\\ngress in 1792, and its coinage was begun in 1796. It was reduced to 93\\ngrains in 1853. This coin is legal tender to the amount of ten dollars.\\nThere were no issues of the quarter dollar during the years 1798 to 1803\\ninclusive, 1808 to 1815 inclusive, 1817, 1824, 1826 and 1830.\\nQuarter Eagle, a gold coin of the value of two and a half dollars, author-\\nized in 1792, coinage begun 1796. The weight was slightly reduced in\\n1834. The reverse of this coin contains a figure of the national bird, and\\nhence the name of the coin. As a legal tender the value of this coin is\\nunlimited. No coinage 1800, 1801, 1809 to 1821.\\nQuartering Acts. In 1765 Parliament passed an act compelling the col-\\nonies to provide the garrisons in America with fire, candles, vinegar, salt,\\nbedding, cooking utensils and liquors. It was the first act requiring the\\ncolonies to tax themselves for imperial objects. In 1774 an act was passed\\nlegalizing the quartering of troops in the town of Boston. Both acts were\\nmost distasteful to the colonists.\\nQuay, Matthew S. bom in 1833, attained the rank of colonel during the\\nCivil War. He was a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature from 1864\\nto 1866, Secretary of the State from 1873 to 1878 and from 1879 to 1882,\\nand State Treasurer in 1885. He was elected to the U. S. Senate as a\\nRepublican in 1887 and re-elected in 1893.\\nQuebec. In June, 1759, Wolfe appeared before Quebec with 4000 men and\\na fleet. The French under Montcalm, numbering 16,000, held all the heights\\non the north bank of the river. Wolfe seized the heights on the south, thus\\ncommanding the basin and getting his artillery trained on the town. The\\nFrench plan was the defensive. Wolfe got his ships past the city, making\\nthe line of defence longer. He also entrenched himself on the French left\\nand made a furious assault at Montmorenci (q. v.) As the season wore on he\\nwas obliged to strike a blow before winter. This he did on September 13,\\nand gained a decisive advantage on the Plains of Abraham (q. v.) The", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0576.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 537\\nFrench were disorganized. Vaudreuil proved incompetent and ordered tlie\\ngarrison to capitulate when provision gave out. This the gallant Ramesay\\nwas forced to do just as aid came from Montreal. The citadel capitulated\\nSeptember 17, 1759. The English garrisoned the place. The French made\\nan attempt to regain it the following spring, but were driven back. The\\nfall of the citadel was the death-blow to French power in North America.\\nAt the beginning of the Revolution, as a part of the scheme for the conquest\\nof Canada, a force was sent against Quebec under Benedict Arnold. After\\nnumberless privations, he arrived at Quebec on November 13, 1775, and\\ndrew up for battle the 700 men who remained of his force. December 3\\nMontgomery came with 500 men, and on December 31 a furious attack was\\nmade upon the town from opposite sides. The repulse was due mainly to\\nthe unfortunate death of General Montgomery Arnold also was severely\\nwounded. The expedition was a blank failure.\\nQuebec Act, an act of the British parliament in 1774, designed to prevent\\nthat newly acquired province from joining for freedom with the other\\ncolonies. The property of the Catholic church was guaranteed to it, and the\\nboundaries of Quebec were extended to the Mississippi River on the west,\\nand to the Ohio on the south, beside the present Canada. This was the\\nterritory now included in the five States northwest of the Ohio.\\nQueen Anne s War. In 1702 there broke out in Europe the war of the\\nSpanish succession, which was known in this country as Queen Anne s War.\\nIt was chiefly a series of bushranging skirmishes between the frontiersmen\\nof the English and French settlements. In 1704 and 1705 James Moore,\\nof South Carolina, with 50 whites and 1000 Creek Indians, attacked and\\ndestroyed several Spanish settlements in Florida. The French retaliated by\\na water attack on Charleston in 1706, but they were easily defeated and\\ndriven away. In 1704 a body of 350 Canadians and Indians massacred the\\ninhabitants of Deerfield, Mass. Three attempts were made by New England\\ntroops, 1704, 1707 and 1710, to capture Acadia, the last proving successful.\\nThe war was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.\\nQueenstown, Ontario. General Van Rensselaer, in command of the Ameri-\\ncan troops on the Niagara frontier, mustered nearly 6000 men at or near\\nLewiston. On the night of October 12, 1812, he sent over about 1000\\nmen to attack Queenstown preparatory to a further invasion of Canada.\\nGeneral Brock, the capturer of Detroit, in person commanded the British\\nforces, but was killed early in the action. The rest of the American troops\\nrefused to cross the river, and the attacking party, overpowered by numbers,\\nwas compelled to surrender. The American loss in killed and wounded\\nwas 190, in prisoners 900; the British lost about 130 killed, wounded and\\nprisoners.\\nQuids. The name applied to a faction of the Republican party, led by\\nJohn Randolph from 1805 to 1811. They were opposed to the nomination\\nof Madison, Jefferson s choice for the succession. They declared war on the\\nadministration party in 1806, as governing Congress by backstairs influence.\\nFrom that time they were called quids, or the tertiiim quid, as distin-\\nguished from the two great parties. They opposed the restrictive system,", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0577.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "538 Dictionary of United Statks History.\\nand nominated Monroe in 1808. Their leading ground of divergence from\\ntlie administration was that it had moved away from the ground occupied\\nby the party when in opposition, and in tlie direction of centralization and\\nfederal encroachment.\\nQuincy, Josiah (1744-1775), of Boston, attained high rank as a lawyer. He\\ndenounced the Stamp Act and other oppressive measures of Parliament in a\\nseries of articles in the Boston Gazette^ signed Hyperion. In 1770 he\\ndefended Captain Preston and the British soldiers implicated in the Boston\\nMassacre. In 1774 he published an able work entitled Observations on\\nthe Boston Port Bill, which clearly indicated war and American independ-\\nence as the final result of the controversies. In 1774 he went to England\\nas a confidential agent of the colonial patriots, and was active in strengthen-\\ning the American cause, but died on his return.\\nQuincy, Josiah (1772-1864), was the son of the Revolutionary patriot of\\nthe same name, and graduated at Harvard. Very early in life he began a\\npolitical career, was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature, and after a\\ndefeat entered Congress in 1805. He was a Federalist and in sympathy\\nwith the Essex Junto. During his Congressional service, which lasted until\\n1813, he made many notable speeches, particularly against the Embargo,\\non the Louisiana question, and in support of the navy. From 1823 to 1828,\\nMr. Quincy was mayor of Boston, and from 1829 to 1845, president of Har-\\nvard College, where he favored the elective system, introduced marking\\nregulations, and acquired the great telescope. He wrote histories of Harvard\\nCollege and of Boston.\\nQuint, a silver coin equal to about thirty-five cents and weighing five\\npennyweights, fifteen grains, presented to the Continental Congress in 1783,\\nby Robert Morris for consideration as a national coin, but not accepted.\\nObverse: an eye, thirteen points cross, equidistant, a circle of as many stars.\\nLegend: Nova Constellatio. Reverse: U. S. 500., a wreath surrounding.\\nLegend: Libertas, Justitia. Tliis coin, with the mark, formed the Nova\\nConstellatio coinatje.\\nQuitman, John A. (i 799-1 858), was chancellor of the Mississippi Superior\\nCourt from 1828 to 1831, and from 1832 to 1835. He was a member of the\\nMississippi Senate in 1835, and ex-officio Governor for a time. He com-\\nmanded a brigade at Monterey, led the assault at Vera Cruz, commanded at\\nAlvarado, and stormed Chapultepec. He was appointed by General Scott\\nGovernor of the Cit\\\\- of Mexico. He was Governor of Mississippi from 1850\\nto 1 85 1, and served in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1855 to 1858.\\nHe early maintained the right of secession, and suggested a Southern\\nConfederacy.\\nQuivira, an Indian town of the sixteenth century, presumably situated in\\nwhat is now the State of Kansas, and reputed to contain fabulous wealth.\\nIt was visited by tsventj -nine Spaniards under Coronado, a Spanish leader,\\nin 1541. The exploring band traveled northward through Mexico over the\\nplains for several months, led by wandering Indian tribes. Quivira, when\\nfinally reached, was found to be an ordinary Indian village.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0578.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 539\\nQuorum. During the first fifty Congresses tlie rule requiring the presence\\nof a quorum, in order to invalidate the proceedings, had been interpreted to\\nmean that the constitutional quorum (one-half), was shown to be present b}\\nthe count of votes. In September, 1890, the Speaker (T. B. Reed, of Maine),\\nruled that he might decide a quorum to be present when enough members\\nwere visibly present, though some did not vote.\\nR.\\nRafn, Karl C. (i 795-1 864), Danish archaeologist, made a careful study of\\nthe ancient Norwegian and Icelandic sagas, especially those couceiTiing expe-\\nditions to North America. He held that the Scandinavians discovered\\nAmerica in the tenth century, that the coast as far as Massachusetts and\\nRhode Island had been partially colonized, and that the Vikings reached\\nFlorida. His best known work is Antiquitates Americanse.\\nRaguet, Condy (1784-1842), of Philadelphia, was U. S. Consul at Rio\\nJaneiro from 1822 to 1825, and charge d affaires from 1825 to 1827. He\\nnegotiated a treaty with Brazil. He was a prominent writer on free trade.\\nRailroads. The first railroad constructed in America was projected by\\nGridley Bryant in 1825, and extended from Quincy, Mass., to the nearest tide-\\nwater. It was four miles long. The second railroad extended from mines near\\nMauch Chunk, Pa., to the Lehigh River. It was begun in 1827. Stephen-\\n.son s locomotive came into use in 1829, and by 1830 there were twenty-three\\nmiles of railroad completed in the United States. The New York Central\\nroad was projected in 1825; the Boston and Albany in 1827; the Baltimore\\nand Ohio in 1828; the Pennsylvania in 1827; the Maryland and South Caro-\\nlina in 1828. In 1840 there were 2200 miles completed; in 1850, 7500; in\\ni860, 29,000; in 1870, 49,000; in 1880, 93,671, and in 1893, 171,805 miles,\\nshowing total assets of $11,482,000,000. The consolidation of railway com-\\npanies began in 1853, forming a germ of the grand trunk system. Govern-\\nment aid was first extended to railroads in 1850, in the case of the Illinois\\nCentral, by a large land grant. In 1862 the Union Pacific Company was\\ngranted both land and pecuniar} aid. To the Northern Pacific were granted\\n47,000,000 acres; to the Atlantic and Pacific 42,000,000 acres. These roads\\nwere begun in 1864 and 1866 respectively. In 1869 Vanderbilt consolidated\\nthe Hudson River and New York Central roads, forming a trunk line to the\\nWest. The United States now contains about one-half of the railway mile-\\nage of the world.\\nRail-Splitter, a nickname for Abraham Lincoln, who in his youth earned\\nmoney to educate himself by splitting rails for a neighbor.\\nRains, Gabriel J. (1803-1881), served during the Mexican War. He\\njoined the Confederates in 1861, led a division at Wilson s Creek, and served\\nat Shiloh, Perrj ville and Seven Pines.\\nRale. (See Rasle.)", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0579.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "540 Dictionary of United States History.\\nRaleigh, Sir Walter (1552-1618), one of the celebrated Elizabethan navi-\\ngators, was a native of Devonshire. He served with the French Huguenots\\nunder Coligny, in the Netherlands, and in Ireland. His first scheme to col-\\nonize America failed in 1579. He encouraged the ill-fated expedition of his\\nhalf-brother, Gilbert, and soon after, in 1 584, despatched Amidas and Barlow\\nto make a settlement. This attempt, as well as the subsequent one of\\nGrenville and Lane in 1585, and that of White in 1587, all under Raleigh s\\nauspices, miscarried, and the introduction of tobacco and potatoes into\\nEurope were the chief material results. Raleigh led an expedition up the\\nOrinoco, served at Cadiz and against the Armada, and was a friend of Spen-\\nser, and himself an author. In 1603 he was disgraced and put in the Tower,\\nwhere he wrote a History of the World. Released after many years, he\\nmade an unfortunate voyage to Guiana, was re-arrested on his return and\\nexecuted.\\nRaleigh, N. C, became the State capital in 1792. It was founded at that\\ntime for that purpose. It was occupied by Sherman s army of 85,000\\nFederals, during his pursuit of Johnston commanding 45,000 Confederate\\ntroops. Sherman passed through this town April 13, 1865, and encamped a\\nfew miles beyond. This took place without bloodshed, as Johnston s army\\nwas in full retreat toward Charlotte. Kilpatrick s cavalry was hurried for-\\nward in pursuit of the retreating Confederates.\\nRail, Johann G. (1720?-! 776), was one of the Hessians hired by George\\nIII. to serve in America. He fought at White Plains and Fort Washington,\\nand was surprised and killed at the battle of Trenton.\\nRambouillet Decree, a decree issued by Napoleon, March 23, 1810, ordering\\nthe immediate seizure and sale of American vessels, whether in French ports\\nor those of territories occupied by French armies. This decree was not\\nknown in the United States until July. The decree was issued in retaliation\\nfor the repeal of our non-intercourse act. Napoleon avowing his detennina-\\ntion to prohibit any commercial intercourse with the allies of France which\\nwas not enjoyed by that country also.\\nRamsay, David (i 749-181 5), a physician, was a member of the South\\nCarolina Legislature from 1776 to 1783. He was taken prisoner at Charles-\\nton in 1780, and confined eleven months as a hostage. He represented\\nSouth Carolina in the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1786. He wrote\\na History of the American Revolution, Life of George Washington,\\nHistory of South Carolina and History of the United States.\\nRamsey, Alexander, born in 1815, represented Pennsylvania in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Whig from 1843 to 1847. He was territorial Governor of\\nMinnesota from 1849 to 1853, and Governor of that State from 1859 to\\n1863. He was a Republican member of the U. S. Senate from 1863 to 1875,\\nand Secretary of War in Hayes Cabinet from 1879 to 1881.\\nRandall, Alexander W. (1819-1872), was a member of the Wisconsin\\nAssembly in 1855. He was a district judge in 1856. He was Governor of\\nWisconsin from 1857 to 1861, and was energetic in raising troops for the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0580.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 541\\nCivil War. He was Minister to Italy from 1S61 to 1862, Assistant Post-\\nmaster-General in Johnson s Cabinet from 1866 to 1869.\\nRandall, James R., bom in 1839, wrote many popular songs in support\\nof the Southern cause, among them Maryland, My Maryland and The\\nBattle-Cry of the South. He became editor of the Constitutionalist in 1866.\\nRandall, Samuel J. (1828-1890), represented Pennsylvania in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1863 to 1890. He distinguished himself by\\nspeeches against the Force Bill in 1875. While chairman of the Com-\\nmittee on Appropriations, from 1875 to 1876, he curtailed expenditures by a\\nsystematic reduction in appropriations. He was Speaker from 1876 to 1881.\\nHe was prominent as a leader in opposition to the Morrison tariff bill in\\n1884. He served on Committees of Banking, Rules and Elections. He was\\nprominent in tariff debates as a leader of the protectionist wing of the\\nDemocratic party.\\nRandolph, Edmund Jennings (1753-1813), was a member of one of the\\nmost noted Virginian families. Soon after leaving William and Mar} College\\nhe became prominent as a patriotic leader, and was active in the Virginia\\nConstitutional Convention of 1776. He was Attoniey-General of the State,\\ndelegate to the Continental Congress, and member of the Annapolis Conven-\\ntion of 17S6. While Governor of Virginia, 1786-1788, he sat in the Federal\\nConvention of 1787, introduced the Virginia Plan, and was a leading\\ndebater. He refused to sign the Constitution, 3et defended it the next year\\nin the State Ratifying Convention. He was in Washington s Cabinet as\\nAttorney-General, 1789-1794, and Secretary of State 1794-1795. In the\\nlatter position he was involved in some charges made in connection with\\nthe French minister, and resigned. Life by Conway.\\nRandolph, Edward (i620?-after 1694), came to New England in 1675\\nas a commissioner of the British Government. He returned exaggerated\\naccounts of the population and wealth of the colonies, and urged measures\\nof taxation and oppression. By his efforts the charter of Massachusetts\\nwas conditionally forfeited. He was secretary of New England and a mem-\\nber of the Governor s coimcil from 1686 to 1689.\\nRandolph, John, of Roanoke (June 2, 1773-June 24, 1833), was a near\\nrelative of Edmund Randolph. He was educated at Princeton and Colum-\\nbia, and in 1799 entered the National House of Representatives from Vir-\\nginia. Though very young, he soon became a leader on the Democratic side.\\nHis strict constructionism, however, was of the most thorough-going stamp,\\nand he was frequently at variance with Jefferson and other party chiefs. Ran-\\ndolph was renowned for an eloquent satire of a peculiarly bitter kind, whose\\neffect was enhanced by his personal eccentricities. He was foremost in the\\nconflict against the Yazoo frauds and the Embargo. He also opposed Madi-\\nson and the War of 1812. His career in the House lasted until 1825, with\\na break from 1813 to 1815. From 1825 to 1827 he was U. S. Senator. He\\ninvented the epithet dough-faces for Northern sympathizers with slavery,\\nand styled the union of Adams and Clay a coalition between the black-\\nleg and the Puritan, which remark led to a duel with Clay. President", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0581.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "542 DicTiONAav OF United States Hia fonY.\\nJackson sent him iu 1830 as U. S. Minister to Russia, but his stay abroad\\nwas brief. There are lives of Randolph by Garland and by Henry Adams.\\nRandolph, Peyton (1721-1775), was appointed king s attorney in Virginia\\nin 1748, and held ofl ce till 1766. He was elected to the Virginia House of\\nBurgesses in 1748, and was chairman of a cominittee to revise the colonial laws.\\nHe drew up the reiiionstrance against the Stamp Act in 1765, but opposed\\nPatrick Henry s resolutions. He was elected president of the first Conti-\\nnental Congress in 1774, but soon afterward resigned on account of ill\\nhealth. He presided over the Virginia conventions of 1774 and 1775. He\\nwas again a member of the Continental Congress in 1775.\\nRandolph, Theodore F. (1816-1883), was a New Jersey Senator from 1861\\nto 1865, Governor of New Jersey from 1868 to 1872, and a Democratic U. S.\\nCongressman from 1875 to 1881.\\nRandolph Plan, the scheme of a Federal constitution proposed in the\\nConvention of 1787 by Edmund Randolph of Virginia. It was the first plan\\nsubmitted, being presented May 29. It was composed of fifteen resolutions\\nand proposed a correction of the Articles of Confederation; representation\\nby population in two branches of Congress, the first chosen by the people,\\nthe second by State Legislatures; congressional control of taxation and com-\\nmerce; congressional veto of State enactments; that Congress should choose\\nthe executive; that the executive with part of the judiciary should have a\\nlimited veto on Acts of Congress, and other less important provisions. The\\nplan was favorably reported and many of its suggestions were used in the\\ndrafting of the Constitution as it now exists.\\nRansom, Matt W., born in 1826, was Attorney-General of North Caro-\\nlina from 1852 to 1855, and a member of the State IvCgislature from 1858 to\\ni860. He attained the rank of brigadier-general in the Confederate service\\nand was engaged in all the important battles of the Anny of Northern Vir-\\nginia. Since 1872 he has served in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat. His\\npresent term expires in 1895.\\nRansom, Thomas E. G. (i 834-1 864), fought at Charleston, Fort Henry,\\nFort Donelson and Shiloh, and served on General Grant s staff at Vicksburg.\\nHe commanded a division at Sabine Cross-roads and a corps in operations\\nabout Atlanta. He died in Georgia.\\nRantoul, Robert (1805-1852), was a member of the Massachtisetts Legis-\\nlature from 1833 to 1837. He made a powerful and famous appeal for the\\nabolition of capital punishment. Pie was counsel for Thomas Sims in\\nhis celebrated fugitive slave case. He was U. S. District Attorney for\\nMassachusetts from 1845 to 1849, and served in the U. S. Senate as a Demo-\\ncrat from 1851 to 1852. He was an eloquent speaker on moral, political and\\neducational reforms.\\nRapp, George (i 770-1847), founded the Harmonists, a socialistic religious\\nsect. They emigrated to Pennsylvania from Germany in 1803. Their\\ncommunity is prosperous, and noteworthy for its morality and the promo-\\ntion of education.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0582.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 543\\nRappahannock Station and Kelly s Ford, Va. This battle of the Civil\\nWar took place November 7, 1863, during Meade s and Lee s operations in\\nNorthern Virginia. Sedgwick, advancing toward the Rappahannock River,\\ncame upon about 2000 Confederates of Ewell s column of Lee s army under\\nGodwin. Russell s division of the famous sixth corps was ordered to charge.\\nThis they did so successfully that Godwin was routed aud 1600 prisoners\\nwere taken. An engagement took place the same day at Kelly s Ford near\\nthe station.\\nRasin River (Frenchtown, now Monroe, Mich.) General James Winches-\\nter with about 1000 Kentuckians, under orders of General Harrison, erected\\nfortifications at the rapids of the IMaumee. After this was done he sent\\nahead two-thirds of his men to drive the British from Frenchtown and, on\\nthe success of this movement, himself followed with the rest of his forces.\\nHere he was attacked by General Proctor with 1500 British and Indians on\\nJanuary 22, 1813. Taken by surprise the Americans, after a brief defence,\\nfled to the woods. A sunrender was effected with full assurance of safety.\\nThe captives were hurried to Maiden, leaving the sick and wounded Ameri-\\ncans behind. These were at once massacred by the Indians, save a few who\\nwere taken to Detroit for ransom. The Americans lost 197 killed and miss-\\ning, and 737 prisoners. The British loss was 24 killed and 158 wounded.\\nRemember the River Rasin was long a war cry of Kentuckian soldiers.\\nRasle, Sebastian (1658\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1724), came to America as a Catholic missionary\\nfrom France in 1689. He assumed charge of the mission of Norridgewock,\\non the Kennebec, about 1695. The Indians were induced by him to support\\nthe French. He was wrongfully charged with causing Indian depredations,\\nand a price was put on his head. His church was three times destroyed,\\nand he was finally surprised and shot by the English colonists.\\nRatification of the Constitution. The Constitution was by its own terms to\\nbecome binding on the States ratifying when it had been ratified by conven-\\ntions of nine States. Signed Sei^tember 17, 1787, it was at once transmitted\\nto Congress, and by Congress to the States. It was ratified by the convention\\nof Delaware on December 7; by Pennsylvania on December 12; by New Jersey\\non December 18; by Georgia on January 2, 1788; by Connecticut January 9; by\\nMassachusetts on February 6, with recommendations of amendment; by Mary-\\nland on April 28; by South Carolina on May 23, and by New Hampshire\\non June 21, 1788, making nine. Virginia ratified June 25, 1788 New York,\\nJuly 26, 1788; North Carolina, November 21, 17S9 Rhode Island, May\\n29, 1790. In the last four the debate was especially warm, and in general,\\nratification was secured with difficulty. Plamilton and Madison had a lead-\\ning part in bringing it about. The well-to-do and commercial classes gener-\\nally supported it. For the ratification of amendments, see art. Amendments.\\nRaum, Green B., born in 1829, served with distinction during the Civil\\nWar. He represented Illinois in the U. S. Congress as a Republican from\\n1867 to 1869, was Commissioner of Internal Revenue from 1876 to 1883,\\nand Commissioner of Pensions from 1889 to 1893.\\nRawdon, Francis (1754-1826), Lord Rawdon, came to America as a\\nBritish soldier in 1773. He was a captain at Bunker Hill. As aide to Sir", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0583.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "544 Dictionary of United States History.\\nHenr Clinton he fought at Long Island, White Plains, Fort Washington,\\nFort Clinton; also at Monmouth. He led a corps at the battle of Camden\\nin 1780, and defeated General Nathanael Greene at Hobkirk s Hill, relieved\\nFort Ninety-Six and fortified Orangeburg. He incurred much obloquy for\\nthe execution of Colonel Isaac Hayne. Afterward he was made Earl of\\nMoira, Marquis of Hastings, and Governor-General of India.\\nRawlins, John A. (1831-1869), became a successful lawyer in Illinois.\\nHe ably defended the Union cause. He became an aide to Grant when\\ncommissioned brigadier-general in 1861, and served with him throughout\\nthe War. Although he knew nothing of military afiFairs at the beginning\\nof the War, yet he showed remarkable executive ability and be-^ame Gen-\\neral Grant s chief of staff in 1865. He exerted great influence over General\\nGrant, and rendered valuable advice in many of the important manoeuvres.\\nHe was Secretary of War in Grant s Cabinet in 1869.\\nRaymond, Henry J. (1820-1869), became assistant editor of the New\\nYork Tribune on its foundation in 1841. He was connected with the Courier\\nand Enquirer from 1843 to 1851. In 185 1 he established the New York\\nTimes, and was of great influence as its editor. He represented New York\\nin the U. S. Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867. He wrote a\\nLife of Daniel Webster and The Life and Public Services of Abraham\\nLincoln.\\nRaymond, Miss. In this battle, May 12, 1863, during Grant s Mississippi\\ncampaign of the Civil War, 6000 Federals under McPherson defeated Gregg\\nleading 7000 Confederates. Grant was moving his army along the Big Black\\nRiver in two columns. McPherson commanded the corps on the extreme\\nleft, eight miles from the main line. Early on the twelfth of May Gregg\\nfell upon Logan s division of McPherson s troops. The fight lasted three\\nhours and was very severe. The Confederates v.-ere pursued.\\nRaynal, Guillaume T. P., called Abb6 (1713-1793), published a philo-\\nsophical history of the discovery and conquest of the American colonies\\nwhich contained attacks on the Roman Catholic Church and was condemned\\nby it, but was widely popular.\\nRead, George (1733-1798), a signer of the Declaration of Independence,\\nwas before the war Attorney-General of Delaware and member of the Legisla-\\nture. He wrote the noted address to George III., and was a leading member\\nof Congress. He was a delegate to the Annapolis Convention of 1786, and\\nto the Federal Constitutional Convention of the following year. From\\n1789 to 1793 he was U. S. Senator from Delaware, and Chief Justice of the\\nState from 1793 until his death. (Life by Read.)\\nRead, John Meredith (1797-1874), was a U. S. District Attorney from\\n1837 to 1844. He was Judge of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from i860\\nto 1872. His legal opinions had a wide reputation.\\nRead, Thomas (1740-1788), was the first to obtain the rank of commo-\\ndore in the American navy. He rendered valuable assistance at the battle\\nof Trenton. He commanded the frigate George Washington.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0584.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 545\\nRead, Thomas Buchanan (1832-1873), poet and artist, was boiii in\\nPennsylvania. Among his poems Sheridan s Ride is the most popular, and\\none of his chief artistic productions was a painting illustrating that poem.\\nReadjusters, a political faction formed from the Democratic party of\\nVirginia in 1878. Its formation was due to a bill which passed the State\\nLegislature in March of that year for refunding the State debt. The party\\nwas led by William Mahone and was violently opposed to the payment of\\nthe debt. In 1879 and 1881, by a fusion with the Republicans they gained\\ncontrol of the State government, and sent William Mahone to the United\\nStates Senate.\\nReagan^ John H., born in 181S, was a member of the Texas Legislature\\nfrom 1847 to 1849. He represented Texas in the U. S. Congress as a Demo-\\ncrat from 1857 to 1861. He was Postmaster-General of the Confederacy\\nfrom 1 86 1 to 1865. He again ser\\\\ ed in the U. S. Congress from 1875 to\\n1887, and was a Senator from 1887 to 1891.\\nRear-Admiral. This rank was created by Act of Congress in 1862, along\\nwith that of commodore, it being at the time the highest naval grade.\\nThose of admiral and vice-admiral, outranking it, were created later.\\nRebellion. (See Civil War.)\\nReciprocity. A reciprocity agreement between the United States and\\nCanada was concluded in 1854, and terminated in 1866. A similar one was\\nmade with Hawaii in 1875. Various others, of an equally special sort, were\\nfrom time to time made by the United States. The matter was brought\\ninto a new phase by the tariff act of 1890 (McKinley Act), which provided\\nthat the duties on sugar, molasses, coffee, tea and hides, which had been\\nremoved, might be reimposed by the President in case of any countries\\nwhich levied what he thought unjust or unreasonable duties on the agricul-\\ntural products of the United States. With this resource in hand, the Presi-\\ndent entered on negotiations which resulted in the conclusion of reciprocity-\\ntreaties with Brazil, Spain (for Cuba and Porto Rico), and San Domingo\\n(1891), and Salvador, Germany, Great Britain (for the West Indies), Nica-\\nragua, Honduras, Guatemala and Austria-Hungary (1892).\\nReconcentrado. Name applied to a Cuban living under the severe mili-\\ntary rule, culminating under Gen. Wej ler.\\nReconstruction. One of the leading problems remaining after the Civil\\nWar was how to reconstruct the governments of the States which had\\nseceded. Mr. Lincoln had proceeded upon the theory that nothing more\\nwas necessary than that a sufficient number of the citizens should form a\\nState Government, of which the officials were loyally desirous of maintain-\\ning constitutional relations with the Government of the Union. The sepa-\\nration of West Virginia from Virginia had been accomplished by a Virginian\\nLegislature so constituted. President Johnson proceeded upon the same\\ntheory. In Congress other theories were broached, some even going so far\\nas to hold that the seceding States had ceased to exist as States, and consti-\\nLuted a territory respecting which Congress was at liberty to make such\\narrangements as it chose. The view generally upheld by Congress was that\\nthe Southern States could be re-admitted only on such terms as Congress\\n35", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0585.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "546 Dictionary of United States History.\\nshould impose. Its mainteuauce of this view was largely owing to its\\nbelief that the substantial results of the war in respect to the enfranchise-\\nment and civil rights of the negro could not be secured in any other way,\\nbecause of the reluctance of some Southern Legislatures to accept these\\nresults. Before Congress met in December, 1865, Johnson had recognized\\nprovisional governments in all the Southern States but one, on their accept-\\ning the Thirteenth Amendment. But Congress proposed the Fourteenth\\nAmendment, and insisted on its acceptance as a pre-requisite to re-admission\\nof any State. In 1867 it passed the Reconstruction Act, which divided the\\nSouth into five military districts, under the command of generals of the\\narmy, who were to effect a registration of voters, including negroes, and\\nexcluding those disqualified by the Fourteenth Amendment. These voters\\nshould elect a convention, which should make a constitution, ratified by\\nthem. It should then be submitted to Congress, and if it was acceptable to\\nCongress, the State should be reinstated whenever its Legislature had ratified\\nthe Fourteenth Amendment. The result was the notorious black or carpet-\\nbag governments. Under this act Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana\\nand the Carolinas were re-admitted. Tennessee had already been re-admitted\\nby Congress in 1866. Georgia, Mississippi, Texas and Virginia were\\nrequired also to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment, and were not re-admitted\\nuntil 1870. In 1868 the Supreme Court, in the case of Texas z s. White,\\nsustained the Congressional, as over against the Presidential, theory of\\nreconstruction.\\nRecord, Congressional, successor to the Congressional Globe. It contains\\na complete report of Congressional debates, proceedings and enactments from\\n1872 down to the present time.\\nRed Bank. (See Mifflin, Fort.)\\nRed-Cross Society. The American (National) Association of the Red-\\nCross, for the relief of the wounded in war and of sufferers by floods and\\nother similar catastrophes, was founded at Washington, May 21, 1881.\\nRed-Jacket (i 751-1830), chief of the Wolf tribe of the Senecas, served\\nwith the Six Nations against the Americans during the Revolution. In the\\nWar of 181 2 he assisted the United States. He made an eloquent speech\\nagainst the treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784. He lacked courage, and was an\\ninverate opponent of Christianity, schools and missionaries, but was a\\nsagacious statesman and an eloquent orator.\\nRed Line Map, a map made by the Frenchman D Anville in 1746. It\\nhad been sent to Vergennes, the French Minister, by Franklin in 1782, and\\nwas discovered among the Paris archives by Jared Sparks. A strong red\\nline drawn near the ridge, in which the Kennebec and Penobscot Rivers\\nrise, more than favored the English claims, respecting the northeast bound-\\nary of the United States. Sparks sent it to Webster, who was anxious lest\\nthe English should hear of it. It was used in a secret session of the Senate,\\nand with the Maine commissioners to induce a ratification of the treaty, and\\nwas afterward made a ground of reproach against Webster by opponents of\\nthe treaty.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0586.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n547\\nRed Stone Old Fort, Pa., built as a stoxe-house by the Ohio Company,\\nwas the scene of important movements during the French and Indian War.\\nHere General Dinwiddle ordered the English forces to assemble until they\\ncould advance against the French (1754). The fort was burned by the\\nFrench after the English defeat at Fort Necessity. During the Whisky\\nRebellion a committee of insurrectionists held a meeting here August 28,\\n1794.\\nRedemptioners, or indented servants. From the earliest settlement of\\nthe American colonies, particularly the middle colonies, indented servants\\nformed a large part of the population. Many came over from England\\nunder bond for their passage to serve a number of years. Many also were\\nkidnapped and placed in enforced slavery for a term of years. They served\\nfour, five, or seven years, according to contract. At the end of these terms\\nthey were released, awarded fifty acres of land and became free citizens.\\nHence the term Redemptioners. This system was introduced in Virginia\\nin 1607 with the first colony; in Massachusetts in 1631. It also existed in\\nMaryland, New York, Connecticut and Pennsylvania. The practice was\\nnot discontinued in the middle colonies until 1750.\\nRedpath, James (1833-1891), came to America from Scotland in 1848.\\nHe was an ardent abolitionist. He founded the Haytian Bureau of Emi-\\ngration. He assisted Jefferson Davis in preparing his History of the\\nSouthern Confederacy, and engaged in the Irish Home Rule movement.\\nReed, John (i 781-1860) represented Massachusetts in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Federalist from 1813 to 1817 and as a Whig from 1821 to 1841. He\\nwas Eieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts from 1844 to 1851.\\nReed, Joseph (1741-1785), was president of the Pennsylvania Convention\\nof 1775. He became aide-de-camp, secretary and adjutant-general to Gen-\\neral Washington, and was active in organizing the business of headquarters.\\nHe served in the Long Island campaign and at Brandywine, Germantown\\nand Monmouth. He was elected to Congress in 1777 and signed the Articles\\nof Confederation in 1778. He was president of the Pennsylvania Executive\\nCouncil from 1778 to 1781. He was an earnest opponent of slavery and of\\nthe proprietary system of government in Pennsylvania. He wrote An\\nAddress to the People of Pennsylvania. Life by Reed.\\nReed, Thomas B., speaker, born in 1839, was a member of the Maine\\nLegislature from 1868 to 1870, and State attorney-general from 1870 to\\n1873. He was elected, 1876, to the U. S. Congress as a Republican, and\\nhas served by re-election to the present time (1898). He was speaker from\\n1889 to 1 891 and introduced changes in parliamentary practice giving\\ngreater powers to the speaker, especially in the matter of deciding upon the\\npresence of a quorum. Speaker again in 1895 and 1897. Withdrew 1899.\\nReeder, Andrev/ H. (1807-1864), of Pennsylvania, was appointed Gov-\\nernor of Kansas in 1854, but was removed in 1855 for not exerting official\\ninfluence against the Free-State movement. When chosen U. S. Senator\\nunder the Topeka constitution in 1856 he was not allowed his seat.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0587.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "1\\n548 DtcTioNAitY OK United Statks Hisixjuy.\\nReformed Church (Reformed Dutch Church). This denominatisn origU\\nnated in Holland, and its first synod was held in Antwerp in 1563. Emi-\\ngrants from Holland brought its teachings to this country and a churc^ was\\norganized as early as 1619 in New Amsterdam. The denomination gr ?w\\nslowly, owing partly to persecutions from the English, but about 1737 fell\\nstrong enough to ask for a separate organization from the parent church in\\nHolland. This was finally effected in 1772 through the agency of Dr. John\\nH. Livingston, and in 1792 the new organization was completed. At that\\ntime there were 136 churches and fifty ministers. The constitution then\\nadopted was revised in 1842, and again in 1874. The denomination in 1890\\nnumbered 310,000 communicants, living largely in the Middle States, and\\nsome parts of the West.\\nReformed Episcopal. This church separated from the Protestant Epis-\\ncopal in December, 1873, on the ground that the parent church was drifting\\nfrom evangelism and the true principles of the church. The Rev. G. D.\\nCummins, D. D., assistant bishop of the diocese of Kentucky, was the leader\\nof the movement. In 1890 this church had 8500 communicants.\\nReformed Presbyterians. In 1743 members of the Scottish church of\\nthis name, who v,-ere settled in the American colonies, organized and sub-\\nscribed to the Old Scottish Covenant. In 1798 the first Presbytery was\\nformed, and two years later it ordained that no slave-holder should be\\nadmitted to membership. In 1833 a schism took place on the church s atti-\\ntude toward the State. The main body now ruled that its members should\\nnot act as American citizens nor in any way identify themselves with the\\npolitical system of the United States. This position is still maintained.\\nNumber of members in 1890, 17,000.\\nRefunding. On August 31, 1865, the debt of the United States consisted\\nof $2,845,907,627, of which only $1,109,568,192 was funded debt. Partial\\nenactments enabled the Secretary of the Treasury, by December, 1867, to\\nconvert floating debt, compound interest notes, 7-30 s, and U. S. notes,\\ninto funded debt of the amount of nearly $700,000,000. The refunding act\\nof 1870 authorized the issue of certain amounts of five per cent, four and one-\\nhalf per cent, and four per cent bonds, to take the place of the existing\\nbonds, mostly sixes. During the next ten years, this substitution had been\\ncarried on to an extent which lessened the annual interest charge by $20,000\\n000, (reducing it from $82,000,000 to $62,000,000). In 1881 the annual\\ninterest cliarge was reduced almost $20,000,000 again, by the Windom\\nrefunding scheme, which converted $460,000,000 of five and six per cent\\nbonds into bonds bearing three and one-half per cent interest.\\nRegicides. In July, 1660, there arrived at Cambridge, Mass., Edward\\nWhalley and his son-in-law, William Goffe, two of the judges who had con-\\ndemned Charles I. For some months they appeared in public and joined in\\ndevotional meetings in Cambridge and Boston, where they were kindly\\nreceived. Upon the news of the passage by Parliament of the Indemnity\\nAct, marking Whalley and Goffe for vengeance as regicides, they fled to\\nNew Haven and were received and concealed by Davenport in the Judges\\nCave. They were concealed from pursuit at New Haven and Milford for", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0588.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 549\\nnearly two jears. After this they fled to a cave in New Hampshire, but\\nwere there discovered by some Indians, and returned to Hadley, Mass.,\\nwhere they were concealed until their death, Whalley dying in 1674, Goflfe\\nin 1679. When King Philip attacked Hadley in 1675, Goffe appeared and\\nled the defence. Dixwell, another regicide, also escaped to New England.\\nRegister of Debates, a record of Congressional proceedings from Decem-\\nber, 1824, to October, 1837. It was published in twenty-nine volumes, and\\ncontains many valuable State papers and public documents, besides the de-\\nbates and routine Congressional work. It is a continuation of the Annals\\nof Congress, and was succeeded by the Congressional Globe.\\nRegulators, the name given to a body of insurgents in North Carolina\\njust before the Revolution. Heavy taxes and fees aroused the resistance of\\nthe back-country people against Governor Tryon in 1766. The rebellion\\nspread, but Tryon signally defeated the armed bands at Alamance, on the\\nHaw, in 1771. His successor, Martin, compromised with the Regulators.\\nReid, Samuel C. (1783-1861), commanded the privateer General Arm-\\nstrong, and fought one of the most remarkable battles on record at Fayal\\nin 1814 with a British squadron. He designed the present form of the\\nU. S. flag.\\nReid, Whitelaw, journalist, born in 1837, was one of the leading war\\ncorrespondents during the Civil War. He became an editor of the New\\nYork Tribune in 1869, and its proprietor in 1872. He was Minister to\\nFrance from 1889 to 1892. He wrote After the War, a description of the\\nSouth, and Ohio in the War, which is a valuable historical work. In\\n1892 he was the caudidate of the Republicans for Vice-President, but was\\ndefeated, with Harrison. Special Ambassador to England in 1897.\\nReindeer, sloop. (See Wasp.\\nRelief Party, a political party existing in Kentucky between the years\\n1820 and 1826. This party advocated the relief of delinquent debtors.\\nThey elected the Governor, and passed a bill to this end in 1824. The bill\\nwas deemed unconstitutional. The Anti-Relief party regained control ia\\n1826.\\nRemington, Philo, of New York, born in 1816, superintended the business\\nof E. Remington and Sons, who produced the celebrated Remington rifles\\nand developed the successful Remington type-writer.\\nRemovals. The Constitution of 1787 gave the President power to\\nappoint oflficerswith the consent of the Senate, but did not state whether the\\npower of removal was also to be exercised under this restraint. Debate on\\nthis arose in 1789, and it was concluded to allow the power of removal to\\nrest with the President alone. This remained the policy of the Government\\nuntil the jjassage of the Tenure-of-Office Act, (see Art.) in 1867.\\nReno, Jesse L. (1823-1862), general, served at Contreras, Churubusco,\\nChapultepec and Vera Cruz during the Mexican War. He commanded a\\nbrigade in Burnside s North Carolina expedition at Roanoke Island, Fort\\nBarton and New Berne. He commanded a corps under General Pope at", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0589.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "550 Dictionary of United States History.\\nManassas and at South Mountain, where he was killed while leading an\\nassault.\\nRensselaerswyck, a Dutch colony of New York, established in 1630 by\\nKilian van Rensselaer, a pearl merchant and member of the Amsterdam\\nChamber. He purchased territory from the Indians, which is now comprised\\nin Albany and Rensselaer counties, and established the first settlement near\\nFort Orange, the present site of Albany. This long remained an indepen-\\ndent manor. (See Anti-Renters.)\\nRepresentatives. (See House of Representatives.)\\nRepublican Party. The name of Republicans was, in the earlier history\\nof the Union, taken by the party formed by Jefferson, as distinguishing them\\nfrom their Federalist opponents, stigmatized as monarchists. But this party\\nhas been treated in an article under the name of Democrats, by which they\\nwere also known. In 1854 the name was revived, to be applied to a new\\nparty, at first characterized primarily by opposition to the extension of\\nslavery to the territories. The compromise of 1850 had resulted in the dis-\\nruption and decay of the Whig party. There was a brief interval before\\nparties could be re-formed upon the basis of the slavery question purely.\\nThe passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act by the Democrats in 1854 caused\\na general coalition of Northern Free-Soilers, Whigs, Democrats, Know-Noth-\\nings and Abolitionists, uuited in opposition to that measure and the conse-\\nquent repeal of the Missouri Compromise. At first known as Anti-\\nNebraska Men, the coalitionists took in that same year the name of\\nRepublicans. They at once won a plurality of Congress, and in 1856 held\\ntheir first national convention at Philadelphia, which nominated Fremont\\nand Dayton. Defeated then, in 1859 they again controlled the House. In\\ni860 Democratic divisions enabled them to elect Lincoln. For the next\\nfourteen years the party, reinforced for a time by War Democrats, was\\nsupreme. It controlled the National Government, enlarged its powers by\\nbroad construction of the Constitution, carried on the war, abolished slavery,\\nreconstnicted the governments of the seceding States and controlled them,\\nmaintained the protective system and refunded the debt. It carried the\\nelection of Lincoln in 1864 and of Grant in 1868 and 1872. The Liberal\\nRepublican schism of 1872 indicated a reaction from the radical policy fol-\\nlowed in regard to reconstruction, and was followed by extensive defeats in\\nthe tidal wave of 1874, due partly to official corruption in high places.\\nYet the party managed, though barely, to carry the election of Hayes in\\n1876, and elected Garfield in 1880. In 1884 the nomination of Blaine caused\\nthe bolt of the mugwumps, and the election of a Democratic President.\\nThe party then became, more distinctly than in the years just preceding, the\\nparty of high protection. In 1888 it elected Harrison. Defeated in 1892,\\nit was again successful in State elections in 1893. Its strength has always\\nlain in the North. In addition to the principles already mentioned, it has\\nof late advocated a more stirring foreign policy than that of the Democrats,\\nand larger expenditures for pensions and other national objects.\\nRepublican Party, in Pennsylvania, a party existing under the first con-\\nstitution, that of 1 776-1 790, which desired the substitution of a stronger", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0590.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 551\\ngovernment for that set up in 1776. They formed the germ of the Federal\\nparty in Pennsylvania. Their opponents were styled Constitutionalists.\\nRepudiation. The Constitution provides that the States can make no\\nlaws which shall impair the obligation of contracts; yet the Eleventh\\nAmendment provides that the jurisdiction of the National Supreme Court\\ndoes not extend to suits brought against a State by a citizen of another\\nState. Hence the States have been at liberty either to repudiate or to acknowl-\\nedge debts. Repudiation has been adopted at various times and in various\\ndegrees by Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, the Carolinas,\\nArkansas, Tennessee, Minnesota, Michigan and Virginia. The repudiation\\nof the last mentioned State involved the largest sum, ($33,000,000), now par-\\ntially liquidated. In some of the other States too, bills have been passed in\\nthe Legislature, since the repudiating acts, for refunding the debt.\\nRequisitions upon the States were the only means of raising money\\nwhich the Articles of Confederation left to the Continental Congress. This\\nproved entirely ineffectual. From 1782 to 1786 Congress made calls\\namounting in the aggregate to more than $6,000,000, but only a million of\\nthis had been paid in by the end of March, 1787.\\nResaca de la Palma, Texas. On May 9, 1846, General Zachary Taylor\\nutterly routed General Arista and drove him from this stronghold, to which\\nthe latter had retired after the battle of Palo Alto. The Mexican artillery,\\nbaggage, war material and Arista s private correspondence were captured.\\nCaptain May, of Taylor s dragoons, won the day by charging upon and\\nsilencing the Mexican guns. General Taylor s army numbered 2000 men;\\nthat of Arista 5000 men.\\nResaca, Ga. Here was fought. May 14 and 15, 1864, one of the first\\nbattles of Sherman s celebrated campaign through Georgia. Marching\\ntoward Atlanta with his main command, Sherman sent McPherson to seize\\nResaca and cut off Johnston s supplies by the railroad. McPherson failed\\nto gain this point, and Johnston immediately availed himself of the oppor-\\ntunity and posted his own army in this desirable position. Sherman turned\\nback and marched against him. Sherman had 100,000 troops; Johnston\\nabout 55,000. May 14, Sherman was in position around Resaca on the north\\nand west, and on that day there was continual skirmishing and artillery firing.\\nJohnston refused to leave his entrenchments, and the Union leader would\\nnot attack them. Finally McPherson gained an elevated position, from\\nwliich he could destroy the railroad bridge over the Oostenaula River.\\nJohnston tried in vain to dislodge him. Meantime Hooker made a brilliant\\ncharge, and Sherman sent a detachment across the stream on pontoons to\\nhelp destroy the bridge. Johnston, seeing his communications so seriously\\nthreatened, retreated on the night of the fifteenth.\\nResumption. (See Specie Resumption.)\\nReturning Boards. Although in general it is a fixed principle in Ameri-\\ncan constitutional law that judicial functions belong solely to the judician,\\ndepartment, and the returning boards are allowed only ministerial functions,", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0591.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "55* Dictionary of United States History.\\nyet in Florida, South Carolina and Louisiana returning boards with judicial\\n?)-wers were constituted by the reconstructed State governments, by statute,\\nhis action, probably quite unconstitutional, led to the troubles of 1876,\\nconnected with the Presidential election. The returning boards used their\\njudicial power to manipulate the returns to such a degree that the rights\\nof the contest were practically indiscoverable.\\nRevels, Hiram R., born in 1822, represented Mississippi in the U. S.\\nSenate as a Republican from 1870 to 187 1. He was the first man of African\\ndescent to sit in the U. S- Senate.\\nRevenue. In 1793 the revenue of the Federal Government was $4,600,-\\n000; in 1813, $14,300,000; in 1833, $33,500,000; in 1853, $61,600,000.\\nDuring the war it rapidly rose until it attained its maximum in 1866, $520,-\\n000,000. Thence it declined, until in 1878 it was $257,400,000. During\\nthe ensuing decade it averaged about $340,000,000. In the fiscal year end-\\ning June 30, 1893, it was $461,700,000. In every year the largest item in\\nthese receipts has been customs revenue. In war times and since the Civil\\nWar, internal revenue (see art.) has been large. Sales of public lands have\\nbeen a large source of revenue at times, especially just before the panics of\\n1837 and 1857.\\nRevenue Flag, instituted by act of Congress, March 2, 1799, to consist\\nof sixteen perpendicular stripes, alternate red and white, the Union of the\\nensign bearing the anns of the United States in dark blue on a white field.\\nRevenue Scheme, a scheme proposed by the Continental Congress, in\\norder to enable it to meet its money obligations. Requisitions upon the\\nStates, the only mode allowed to Congress by the Articles of Confederation,\\nhad proved a failure. In 1781 Congress proposed an amendment to the\\nArticles, whereby it would be empowered to levy a five per cent duty on\\nimports, to pay the Revolutionary debt. Rhode Island refused her assent.\\nIn 1783 Congress asked for this power for only twenty-five years. After\\nmany delays. New York refused in 1787, making impossible that unanimous\\nconsent which was necessary in order to validate an amendment to the\\nArticles. Then the only plan was that of a Constitutional Convention.\\nRevere, Paul (1735-1818), was a copper plate engraver in Boston, Mass.,\\nand produced many caricatures illustrative of the pre-Revolutionary topics.\\nHe was one of the prime movers of the Boston tea party. On the night\\nof April 18-19, 1775, he apprised the citizens of Lexington and Concord of\\nthe intended expedition of the British. This is the subject of Longfellow s\\npoem, Paul Revere s Ride. In 1775 he printed the provincial paper\\nmoney of Massachusetts, and erected a mill for the manufacture of gunpow-\\nder. He engaged in the unsuccessful Penobscot expedition in 1779.\\nRevolution and Revolutionary War. The Revolution, by which the\\nthirteen American colonies separated themselves from Great Britain, had\\nseveral causes. Increase of population in America would naturally cause a\\ndesire for independence, especially after the French had been driven out\\n(^7^3)- Just at this time the government of George III., under Grenville,\\nresolved to enforce more strictly the Navigation Act and other laws restricting", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0592.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitbd States History. 553\\nAmerican trade in the interest of England, to station garrisons in America,\\nand to pay a part of the expense by a stamp-tax. The Stamp Act aroused\\nviolent opposition, expressed through the Stamp-Act Congress of 1765.\\nTaxation by Parliament without representation in Parliament was declared\\nillegal and tyrannous. The British Government persisted in the principle,\\ntaxing various imports from 1767 to 1770, and tea thereafter. Boston Tea-\\nparty led Parliament to pass acts retaliating upon Boston and altering the\\ncharter of Massachusetts. The colonies, already brought into concert through\\ntheir Committees of Correspondence, convened in Continental Congress at\\nPhiladelphia in September, 1774. They published a declaration of rights,\\nprotested to king and Parliament, and engaged in an association, or non-\\nimportation agreement. In April, 1775, Gage, the British commander at\\nBoston, encountered resistance at Lexington and Concord, and war began.\\nA local army, though defeated at Bunker Hill, besieged Boston. A second\\nContinental Congress organized a regular or Continental army, appointed\\nWashington commander-in-chief, and pursued the war. Boston was captured,\\nand the British troops under Howe retired to New York. Acting from this\\ncentre, they gained considerable successes over Washingtou. Meanwhile\\nCongress issued its Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776), and provis-\\nionally governed the new republic, the United States of America. Under\\nits advice, the colonies, now called States, made for themselves constitutions\\nand organized new governments in place of the defunct royal governments.\\nIt also framed a new and more regular scheme of Federal government, called\\nthe Articles of Confederation; but unanimous consent to its adoption was\\nnot obtained until 1781. Congress had great difficulty in getting men and\\nmoney. Many were disaffected or indifferent to the cause of revolution.\\nThe Continental paper money depreciated rapidly, and loans were hard to\\nraise. In 1776 the war for the most part went against them. In 1777\\nHowe occupied Philadelphia, their capital, defeating the Americans at\\nBrandywine and Gennantown. But this prevented him from co-operating\\nwith Burgoyne, who was marching down from Canada to New York in the\\neffort to cut off New England from the rest of the Union. In October\\nBurgoyne surrendered at Saratoga. This success enabled the Americans to\\nconclude, in February, 1778, a treaty of alliance with France, which brought\\nthem French aid in men and money. During the remainder of the war the\\nefforts of the British commander, Clinton, were mainly directed against the\\nsouthern end of the American line. Savannah was taken in 1778, Charles-\\nton in 1780, and Gates was badly defeated at Camden. The war in the\\nSouth was managed with much severity, but successfully for the Americans\\nafter the appointment of Greene. Cornwallis, marching northward through\\nthe Carolinas, took up a position in Virginia, at Yorktown, where, in October,\\n1781, he was compelled to surrender to a French-American army which\\nWashington had brought down from the North, the French fleet assisting.\\nThis virtually ended the war. England was obliged to consent to American\\nindependence. Preliminaries having been arranged in 1782, peace was\\nmade on these terms at Paris in 1783, the United States being conceded a\\nterritory extending from Canada to Florida and westward to the Mississippi.\\nHistories by Bancroft and Fiske.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0593.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "554 Dictionary of United States History.\\nReynolds, John F. (1820-1863), was brevetted major for gallantry at\\nMonterey and Buena Vista during the Mexican War. He commanded a\\nPennsylvania brigade in the Peninsular campaign at Gaines Mill and Glen-\\ndale, and led a division at the second battle of Bull Run. In 1862 he com-\\nmanded the Pennsylvania militia for the defence of the State. He was\\npromoted major-general and commanded the First Corps at Fredericksburg.\\nHe led the left wing at the beginning of the battle of Gettysburg, where he\\nwas killed.\\nReynolds, Joseph J., born in 1822, was brevetted major-general for ser-\\nvices during the Civil War. He fought at Chickamauga, was chief-of-staff\\nat Chattanooga and commanded the Department of Arkansas from 1864 to\\n1866.\\nRhea Letter. On January 6, 1818, Andrew Jackson, then department\\ncommander in the Southwest, wrote to President Monroe regarding the\\nSeminole troubles in Florida and advising the prompt seizure of East\\nFlorida, which he declared could be done without implicating the Govern-\\nment. He offered to accomplish the seizure himself within sixty days, if\\nit should be indicated to him that it were desirable. John Rhea, a Con-\\ngressman from Tennessee, was the secret channel through which he hoped\\nMonroe s assent might be signified. It was not. In 1831, during Jackson s\\nadministration, in the height of his quarrel with Calhoun, which turned in\\npart upon the Seminole affair, Rhea wrote to Monroe, hoping to elicit from\\nhim something that would implicate him as approving Jackson s plan.\\nMonroe, on his death-bed in New York, denounced Rhea s insinuations as\\nutterly false.\\nRhett, Robert B. (1800-1876), represented South Carolina in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1837 to 1849, and in the U. S. Senate from\\n1 85 1 to 1852. He was a radical States -rights secessionist.\\nRhind, Alexander C, boni in 1821, commanded the Crusader in 1861.\\nHe was prominent in the attacks on Charleston in 1863, and fought at Fort\\nWagner and Fort Fisher. He was commissioned rear admiral and retired\\nin 1883. Died 1897.\\nRhode Island was one of the original thirteen States. Its dual origin is\\nindicated by its official title, The State of Rhode Island and Providence\\nPlantations, and by its two capitals. Providence and Newport. Roger Wil-\\nliams, the patron saint of the State, was banished from Massachusetts Bay\\nColony because of his attacks on the theocratic government of that colony.\\nHe advocated complete separation of church and State, and entire toleration\\nfor all creeds. He founded Providence in 1636. Two years later the Anti-\\nnomians, followers of Anne Hutchinson founded Portsmouth, and in 1639\\nNewport was settled. March 14, 1644, a charter was granted by which these\\nsettlements were united in one colony with a popular government. This\\ncharter was revoked, and in 1663 a new one was granted, which continued\\nto be the fundamental law until 1842. This gave the entire power of govern-\\nment to the people. Rhode Island applied for admission to the New England\\nConfederation, but her application was denied. In 1742, the western bound-\\nary Hue V. .13 finally settled with Connecticut; but not until 1862 was the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0594.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 555\\neastern boundary with Massachusetts determined. Brown University was\\nfounded in 1764. The devotion of the colony to the American cause was\\nsliown in 1772, by the affair of the Gaspe. Rhode Island was not represented\\nin the convention of 1787, and did not ratify the Constitution until May 29,\\n1790. This delay was due to the desire of the agricultural classes to retain\\nthe power to levy import taxes and to make paper money a legal tender.\\nIn presidential elections, save in 1804, the State was Federal until 1816,\\nwhen the electoral votes were cast for Monroe. From 1824 to 1850, the\\nState was Whig, with the exception of the year 1836. An unjust appor-\\ntionment of representatives and a property qualification for voting led to\\nDorr s rebellion in 1842, when a new constitution was adopted which\\nwidened the suffrage, but the property restriction was not entirely removed\\nuntil (i 886-1 888) the adoption of the Bourn amendment which retained\\nthe property qualification for election to city councils only. From 1856\\nuntil the present time (1894) the State has been Republican in Presidential\\nelections. The Democrats elected the Governor in 1887, 1889, 1890 and\\n1891. The extension of the suffrage has strengthened the Democratic party.\\nFrom 1886 to 1889 there was a prohibitory amendment against intoxicants.\\nIn 1893 an amendment to the constitution provided for plurality elections.\\nThe population of Rhode Island, which in 1790 was 68,825, 1890 was\\n345,506. History by Arnold.\\nRhode Island, Battle of, August 29, 1778. Newport, R. I., had been\\nseized and garrisoned by the British with 6000 men under Pigott. Sullivan\\nand Lafayette on land and Count d Estaing on sea concerted an attack.\\nButts Hill on Rhode Island was seized by Sullivan. Estaing was forced to\\nmeet Howe and the English fleet, but-a terrible storm averted battle, and\\nEstaing retired to Boston to refit. Pigott attempted to carry Butts Hill,\\nAugust 29. The British met with a bloody repulse. The Americans, how-\\never, were obliged to evacuate by the arrival of Clinton with 5000 reinforce-\\nments.\\nRhode Island Gazette, established at Newport, September 27, 1732,\\nby James Franklin, was the first newspaper of Rhode Island. Publication\\nwas suspended in May, 1733.\\nRhode Island Historical Society was founded in 1822, and has published\\neight volumes of collections and begun the issue of a quarterly.\\nRiall, Sir Phineas (1769-1851), came to America as a British major-gen-\\neral in 1813. He commanded at Chippewa and Lundy s lyane in 1814. He\\nwas brave and energetic, but unskillful in military operations.\\nRibaut, Jean (i 520-1 565), a Huguenot, sailed from France on a colonizing\\nexpedition in 1562. After exploring the Florida coast, he planted a colony\\nat Port Royal, called Fort Charles, which was unsuccessful. In 1565 he was\\nappointed Governor of this colony. He was driven off by a Spanish fleet,\\nand when he surrendered later to Menendez, the entire party was massacred.\\nRice. The production of rice was begun in 1695 in South Carolina, when\\nthe captain of a brigantine from Madagascar, which touched at Sullivan s\\nIsland, presented one of the colonists with a small bag of the vegetable. Its", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0595.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "556 DicTioxARY OF United States History.\\ncultivation spread rapidly through the South and has long been out- of the\\nchief sources of revenue. In 1870, 72,635,021 pounds were produced in the\\nUnited States, South Carolina leading with 32,304,825 pounds. This was a\\nmarked decrease from the production previous to the Civil War. (In 1850,\\n215,313,497 pounds.) The culture at present is much less successful than\\nin former years.\\nRice, Alexander H., born in 181 8, represented Massachusetts in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Republican from 1859 to 1867. He served on the naval com-\\nmittee. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1876 101879. Died 1895.\\nRich Mountain, W. Va., occupied by Colonel Pegram, with a regiment\\nof Confederates and six guns of General Garnet s command. July 11, 1861,\\nMcClellan ordered Rosecrans to attack this position. Climbing the mountain\\nduring a heavy storm, Rosecrans, with 1900 men, forced Pegram to retire\\nafter a fierce fight. Pegram and his entire force were captured the next day\\nby McClellan.\\nRichardson, Henry H. (1838-1886), was the architect of Trinity Church,\\nBoston, and many other noble structures. His architecture is noticeable for\\nharmony and massiveness rather than for elaborate details. He was recog-\\nnized as the leader of the new school of American architects.\\nRichardson, Israel B. (1815-1862), of Vermont, was brevetted major for\\nservices at Contreras, Churubusco and Chapultepec. He led a brigade at\\nBull Run, and commanded a division at Chickahominy, South Mountain\\nand Antietam, where he was mortally wounded.\\nRichardson, William A., of Massachusetts, born in 1821, was Secretary\\nof the U. S. Treasury in Grant s Cabinet from 1873 to 1874. He was a\\nJustice of the U. S. Court of Claims from 1874 to 1885, when he became\\nChief Justice. Died 1896.\\nRichmond, Dean (1804-1866), gained an enviable reputation for his\\nupright dealings in business. He was a leader of the Democratic party in\\nNew York. He secured the consolidation of the New York Central Rail-\\nroad.\\nRichmond, Ky. Here, August 29-30, 1862, 16,000 Federals under Mason\\nand Cruft were utterly routed by about an equal number of Confederates,\\nled by Kirby Smith. August 29 a smart skirmish occurred, in which Mason\\nhad a slight advantage. The next day he encountered Smith s entire force\\nand was wholly defeated, Cruft and himself escaping by flight. The Union\\nloss was very heavy.\\nRichmond, Va., was founded in 1742 and made the capital of the State\\nin 1779. In 1781 it was burned by Arnold. Richmond was the seat of\\ngovernment of the Confederate States during the Civil War. In April,\\n1865, on the capture of Petersburg by General Grant, it was evacuated and\\nfired by the Confederate troops. The conflagration lasted for over twenty-\\nfour hours.\\nRichmond and Petersburg Railroad, Virginia, attacked by General Smith,\\n^,Iay 6 and 7, 1864, with about 20,000 men of Butler s Army of the James", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0596.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 557\\nduring the occupatiou of Bermuda Hundred b) that general. Smith com-\\nmenced to destroy the railroad at Walthall Junction, but D. H. Hill came\\nup with a strong Confederate force. Smith stopped and gave battle to the\\nConfederates. Hill was driven away after some sharp fighting. Then\\nSmith continued his destruction of the road, tearing it up for several miles.\\nHe was suddenly recalled by Butler, May 7, the latter having heard that Lee\\nwas advancing in full force.\\nRichmond Enquirer. This newspaper was established at Richmond\\nin 1804 by T. Ritchie. It continued for many years, and exercised great\\ninfluence in the politics of Virginia.\\nRicketts, James B. (1817-1887), of New York, served during the Mex-\\nican War. He commanded a Federal batten,- at Alexandria and Bull Run,\\nled a division at Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, in the Richmond\\ncampaign, and at Cedar Creek.\\nRiders, objectionable party measures, likely to be vetoed on their own\\nmerits, which are added to important bills to secure their passage. The\\nfirst use of the rider, of national importance, was the joining in 1820 of the\\nbill for the admission of Maine to that permitting slavery in Missouri, so as to\\ncompel the acceptance of both or neither. These were afterward separated.\\nThe Army Appropriation Bill of 1856 had a rider attached prohibiting the\\nemployment of Federal troops for the enforcement of territorial law in\\nKansas. The President signed this measure, but protested against the\\nrider. In 1879 the Democrats in Congress attempted riders on appropria-\\ntion bills to bring to an end the Federal interference in Southern politics.\\nPresident Hayes, by firm use of the veto, dealt a severe blow at this objec-\\ntionable practice. State Constitutions have frequently prevented it by\\nallowing the Governor to veto separate items in appropriation bills.\\nRiding, a division of the provinces held by James, Duke of York, insti-\\ntuted by the Duke s Laws. The riding was borrowed from Yorkshire,\\nEngland.\\nRidpath, John C, of Indiana, born in 1840, is author of a Popular His-\\ntory of the United States, a Monograph on Alexander Hamilton, Life\\nand Work of Garfield, Life of J[ames G. Blaine, History of Texas,\\nand a Cyclopaedia of Universal History.\\nRiedesel, Baron Friedrich A. (173S-1800), major-general, came to\\nAmerica in 1776 in command of 4000 troops from Brunswick employed by\\nthe British. He served in Burgoyne s expedition in 1777, and fought at\\nTiconderoga, Hubbardton and Saratoga. Captured there, he was afterward\\nexchanged. He was placed in command of Long Island in 1780 and trans-\\nferred to Canada in 1781. He returned to Germany in 1783. He was a\\nskillful general.\\nRiedesel, Frederica C. L. (1746-1808), married Baron Riedesel in 1762,\\nand came to America in 1777. She was with lier husband in all his cam-\\npaigns and captivity, ministered to the sick and wounded, and wrote interest-\\ning accounts of the Americans.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0597.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "558 Dictionary of United States History.\\nRigdon, Sidney (i 793-1 876), was one of the propagators of the doctrine\\nof the Mormons, and was one of the presidents of the church. He refused\\nto recognize Brigham Young as leader of the church, and was excommuni-\\ncated.\\nRinehart, William H. (1825-1874), of Baltimore, one of the most promi-\\nnent of American sculptors, produced, among his works of art, Indian\\nGirl, The Woman of Samaria, Love Reconciled with Death, Clytie,\\nand a statue of Chief-Justice Taney.\\nRinggold, Ga., an engagement of the Civil War, November 27, 1863,\\nduring Bragg s precipitate flight from the battle-field of Chattanooga.\\nHooker, commanding a Federal brigade, was in hot pursuit, when at Ring-\\ngold, near a narrow mountain gap, he encountered a body of Confederates\\nunder Cleburne blocking his passage. These troops were immediately\\ncharged by Hooker, and the fight lasted all the afternoon. Hooker was\\ndefeated and driven back with great loss.\\nRipley, Eleazar W. (i 782-1 839), major-general, was a member of the\\nMassachusetts Legislature from 1810 to 1812. He served in the attack on\\nYork (now Toronto), Canada, and commanded a brigade under General\\nBrown on the Niagara frontier, fighting at Chippewa and Niagara. He\\nwas prominent in defence of Fort Erie. He represented Louisiana in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Jackson Democrat from 1835 to 1839.\\nRipley, George (1802-1880), was the chief promoter of the Brook Farm\\nexperiment at Roxbury, Mass., from 1844 to 1846. He edited the Harbinger^\\na Fourierite organ, from 1844 to 1848, and was assistant editor of The\\nAmerican Cyclopaedia. He was literary editor of the New York Tribune\\nfrom 1847 to 1880. He had an extensive literary knowledge, and was a\\nsevere critic.\\nRising, Johan C, born about 1600, came to America from Sweden in 1654.\\nHe captured Fort Casimir from the Dutch and became Governor of New\\nSweden, but was expelled by Governor Stuyvesant, of New Amsterdam, in\\n1655-\\nRitchie, Thomas (1778-1854), founded the Enquirer at Richmond, Va., in\\n1804, and edited it until 1845. paper was a powerful organ of the\\nStates -Rights Democrats. He edited the Urtion from 1845 to 1849.\\nRittenhouse, David (1732-1796), a famous astronomer, was a member of\\nthe Pennsylvania Committee of Safety in 1776 and treasurer of Pennsylvania\\nfrom 1777 to 17B9. He was director of the U. S. mint from 1792 to 1795.\\nRiver and Harbor Acts. President Polk vetoed a river and harbor bill\\nin 1846 and Pierce another in 1854. From this time to 1870 appropriations\\nfor the improvement of rivers and harbors were inserted not infrequently in\\nappropriation bills. Since 1870 they have been separate. From $2,000,000\\nin 1870 the appropriations rose to $19,000,000 in 1882-83. Since then\\nbiennial appropriations have been the rule. That of 1891 was of $25,000,000.\\nRiver Brethren, a religious denomination which came into existence about\\nthe close of the Revolution, named probably from their baptizing only in", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0598.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 559\\nrivers, or perhaps because they originated near the Susquehanna River;\\nakin in doctrine to the Mennonite Baptists.\\nRives, William C. (i 793-1 868), represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1823 to 1829. While Minister to France from 1829 to\\n1832 he negotiated the Indemnity Treaty of 1831. He was a U. S. Senator\\nfrom 1833 to 1834 and from 1836 to 1845, Minister to France from 1849 to\\n1853, Confederate Congressman from 1861 to 1864. He wrote an\\nelaborate life of Madison.\\nRivington, James (i724?-i8o2), came to America from England in 1760,\\nand founded the New York Gazetteer in 1773, which became very obnoxious\\nto the patriots. He furnished Washington with valuable information on the\\nBritish movements.\\nRivington s New York Gazetteer, or, the Comtectiait, New Jersey,\\nHudsori s River and Quebec Weekly Advertiser. This newspaper was estab-\\nlished in New York City April 22, 1773. It was distinctly royalist in its\\nsympathies, its circulation extended exclusively among the Tories, and it\\nwas issued under the protection of the king s army. Rivington was obliged\\nto suspend publication in 1775, but renewed in 1777 under the title Riving-\\ntoii s New York Loyal Gazette, afterward changed to Royal Gazette. The\\npublication was finally suspended in 1783, when the British withdrew from\\nNew York.\\nRoach, John (1815-1887), came to New York from Ireland in 1829. He\\nestablished extensive ship-building works in Pennsylvania which built six\\nmonitors and many other vessels for the U. S. Government.\\nRoanoke Colony. In 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh, having obtained a large\\ngrant of land from Queen Elizabeth, sent out, April 9, seven vessels and\\n108 settlers under the command of Sir Richard Grenville. After skirting\\nthe West Indies and Hispaniola, they landed at Roanoke, in North Carolina,\\nJune 20. Ralph Lane was left in charge of the settlement and Grenville\\nreturned to England. During the following winter Lane made numerous\\nexploring expeditions and suffered greatly from Indian attacks. In the\\nspring he received some aid in men and supplies from Sir Francis Drake,\\nbut finally the settlers persuaded Drake to take them home. Soon after\\nGrenville arrived with new settlers. These had been destroyed by the\\nIndians when, in 1587, a new colony of Raleigh s, under White, came out.\\nWhite himself returned to England. When he came back (1590) he found\\nthe colony vanished. It seems to have been destroyed by the savages,\\nthough there is a theory that descendants of the colonists are still to be\\nfound among North Carolina half-breeds.\\nRoanoke Island, N. C, a valuable stronghold of the Confederacy, being\\nthe key to their defences south of Norfolk, and a protection for the landing\\nof supplies in that city. It was defended by three earthworks Pork Point,\\nWeir s Point and Fort Blanchard, and commanded by General Wise.\\nAgainst this place the National Government dispatched Buruside and Golds-\\nborough with thirty-one gunboats, fourteen transports and 11,500 troops.", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0599.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "560 Dictionary ok United States History.\\nWith great difficulty a landing was effected February 7, 1862, the Confed-\\nerate fleet was dispersed and destroyed at Elizabeth City, N. C., the earth-\\nworks were demolished and 2500 Confederates made prisoners.\\nRoanoke River, N. C, scene, on May 5, 1864, of a naval engagement\\nbetween Captain Melancthon Smith, commanding the Federal double-enders\\nSassacus, Mattabesett, Wyalusing and Miami and some smaller\\nvessels, and the Confederate ram Albemarle, Captain Worley, and two\\ngunboats. The Federal ileet was badly disabled, and the Albemarle too\\nwas damaged. After the battle she steamed up the river, and in October\\nwas destroyed by the Federal commander Cushing, a daring exploit.\\nRoberts, Benjamin S. (1811-1875), was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for\\nservices in the Mexican War. He served as chief of cavalry under General\\nPope in 1862, and fought at Cedar Mountain and Bull Run.\\nRoberts, Jonathan (1771-1854), represented Pennsylvania in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1811 to 1814. He earnestly supported the\\nWar of 1812. He was a U. S. Senator from 1814 to 1821.\\nRobertson, George (i 790-1874), represented Kentucky in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 181 7 to 1821. He was Speaker of the Kentucky\\nLegislature from 1823 1827, and Chief Justice of Kentucky from 1829\\nto 1843.\\nRobertson, James (17 10-1788), came to America in 1756 as major of\\nBritish troops. He commanded a brigade at the battle of Long Island. He\\nwas appointed royal Governor of New York in 1779.\\nRobertson, James (1742-1814), held the Cherokee Indians in check dur-\\ning the Revolution. He founded settlements on the Cumberland River in\\n1779. He defeated the designs of the half-breed McGillivray (q. v.) for\\ntwelve years.\\nRobertson, William (1721-1793), Scottish historian, published eight\\nbooks of a History of America, dealing with the settlement and history of\\nthe Spanish colonies. A History of Virginia until 1688 was published\\nfrom his manuscripts.\\nRoberval, Jean F. de la R. (1500 7-1547), led a colonizing expedition to\\nCanada from France in 1542. He was soon afterward recalled, and perished\\nwhile conducting another expedition.\\nRobeson, George M., born in 1827, was Secretary of the Navy in Grant s\\nCabinet from 1869 to 1877. He represented New Jersey in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Republican from 1879 to 1883. Died 1897.\\nRobinson, Beverly (1723-1792), of New York, commanded the Loyalist\\nAmerican regiment during the Revolution. He was concerned in the trea-\\nsonable negotiations of Arnold, and was prominent in the trial of Major\\nAndr^. His immense estate was confiscated.\\nRobinson, Charles, born in 181 8, had a prominent part in the early strug-\\ngles of the Forty-niners in California. In 1856 he was elected Governor of\\nKansas by the Free-State party under the Topeka Constitution, and again\\nunder the Wyandotte Constitution in 1859. Died 1894.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0600.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 561\\nRobinson, Edward (1794-1863), was a careful student of Biblical litera-\\nture. He made extensive researches in the Holy Land and published many\\n\\\\vorks relating to Biblical literature, history and geograpln-.\\nRobinson, Ezekiel G. born in 1815, was president of Brown University\\nfrom 1872 to 1889. He has a high reputation as a teacher, preacher and\\norator. He made a careful translation of Neander s History of the Plant-\\ning of the Church, and has written on pliilosophy and ethics. Died 1894.\\nRobinson, George D., born in 1834, represented Massachusetts in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Republican from 1877 to 1883. He was Governor of\\nMassachusetts from 1883 to 1886. Died February 22, 1896.\\nRobinson, John (i575?-i625), was suspended from the Churcli of Eng-\\nland for nonconformity, and in 1608 fled to Holland. He ardently advo-\\ncated the plan of emigrating to America and made arrangements with the\\nVirginia Companj for sending his congregaticu thither. In 1620 the Pil-\\ngrims sailed from Southampton, and Robinson took leave of them in a mem-\\norable sermon. He intended to follow them, but was prevented by illness\\nbefore arrangements could be made. After his death many more of his fol-\\nlowers came to America. He wrote A Justification of vSeparation from the\\nChurch of England, and was a man of noble and tolerant spirit.\\nRobinson, John C. (1817-1897), served in the Mexican War. He com-\\nmanded a brigade at Richmond and a division at Fredericksburg, Chancel-\\nlorsville and Gettysburg, and fought at the Wilderness and Spottsylvania.\\nRobinson, Lucius (1810-1891), joined the Republican part} and was\\nComptroller of New York from i86x to 1865. He returnecl to the Demo-\\ncratic party and was elected Governor in 1876, serving till 1880.\\nRobinson, William Erigena (1814-1892), came to America from Ireland\\nin 1836. Pie was prominent as a correspondent of the New York Tribnm^\\nunder the name of Richelieu. He represented New York in the U. 6\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1866 to 1868 and from 18S0 to 1884. He\\nsecured the passage of a bill in 1868 asserting the rights of expatriation and\\nnaturalization.\\nRochambeau, Comte de [Jean Baptiste Donation de Vimeure] ^1725-\\n1807), the principal French military figure in the Revolutionary War, aside\\nfrom Lafayette, served in the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven\\nYears War. In 1780 he was sent to America in coitmiand of a considerable\\nforce, and fixed his headquarters at Newport. Having concerted his plans\\nwith Washington, he marched to the neighborhood of New York in the\\nsummer of 1781, effected a junction with his ally, and the two moved rapidlv\\nsouthward to Yorktown. Rochambeau conducted assaults on the town, and\\nreceived a fair share of the credit for the feat. He returned to France in\\n1783. Later he was a field marshal, but was inconspicuous in the French\\nRevolution.\\nRochester, Nathaniel (1752-1831), served in North Carolina in the Revo-\\nlution as commissary-general. He purchased large tracts near Rochester,\\nN. Y., which was named for him. He served in the Legislatures of North\\nQaroKna, JIarylancJ and New York,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Kft", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0601.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "562 Dictionary of United States History.\\nRockingham, Charles W. Wentworth, Marquis of (1730-1782), while\\nPrime Minister of England from 1765 to 1766, secured the repeal of the\\nStamp Act. He became Premier again in 1782 and began the negotiation\\nof the Treaty of Paris with the United States.\\nRockingham Convention, the first State party convention held in New\\nHampshire. August 5, 1812, a mass meeting of 1500 voters assembled at\\nPortsmouth, Rockingham County, adopted a platform, nominated a full\\nticket, State, Electoral and Congressional, and joined in a vigorous address\\nto President Madison.\\nRocky Face Ridge, Ga. a strong position from which Johnston, with an\\narmy of 55,000 Confederates during four days, May 5-9, 1864, opposed the\\nadvance of Sherman s anny, 99,000 strong, on Atlanta. McPherson flanked\\nthe Confederate left and endeavored to carry Resaca, but without avail. He\\nthen fell back to Snake Creek Gap, and, on May 7, Sherman passed his\\ntroops through this defile, threatening Johnston s rear, while Howard s\\ndivision menaced his front. Johnston, perceiving he was about to be\\nhemmed in, fell back to Resaca to strengthen his position.\\nRocky Mountain, Battle of, July 30, 1780. Rocky Mountain, one of the\\nstrategic points of South Carolina, was seized by the British in 1780. On\\nthe above date Sumter, with a small force, made a spirited but unsuccessful\\nattack upon the post.\\nRodgers, Christopher R. P, (1819-1892), commanded the Wabash at\\nPort Royal. He was fleet captain at Fort Sumter in 1863. From 1863 to\\ni866 he commanded the Iroquois. He retired, a rear admiral, in 1881.\\nRodgers, John (1771-1838), a naval hero, served in 1799 in the war\\nagainst France, and later in the Tripolitan War. He took command in the\\nMediterranean in 1805, and compelled Tripoli and Tunis to sign treaties.\\nWhile in command of the President in 181 1, Rodgers had an encounter\\nwith the British Eittle Belt, an affair which increased the tension between\\nthe two nations. In the ensuing war he took many prizes; he was also\\npresent at the defence of Baltimore in 1814. After peace was restored he\\nheld for many years the office of naval commissioner.\\nRodgers, John (1812-1882), rear-admiral, engaged in the Port-Royal expe-\\ndition in 1861, and commanded the Galena in the battle of Drury s Bluff\\nIn command of the monitor Weehawken, he captured the Confederate\\niron-clad Atlanta in 1863. He commanded the Dictator from 1864 to\\n1865. He was distinguished for his courage and superior ability. He was\\nsuperintendent of the U. S. Naval Observatory from 1877 to 1882.\\nRodman, Thomas J. (1815-1871), invented the Rodman guns, which are\\ncast about a hollow core through which a stream of cold water runs. He\\nwas an inspector of ordnance during the Civil War.\\nRodney, Csesar (1728-1784), was a delegate from Delaware to the Stamp\\nAct Congress at New York in 1765. He was Speaker of the Delaware\\nAssembly from 1769 to 1774, and of the Delaware popular Convention in\\n1774. He was a member of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0602.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 563\\nwas a member of the committee to draft a statement of rights and griev-\\nances, and signed the Declaration of Independence. He served under Gen-\\neral Washington in the Delaware campaign from 1776 to 1777, and was\\npresident of Delaware from 1778 to 1782.\\nRodney, Caesar A. (1772-1824), represented Delaware in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1803 to 1805. He was Attorney-General in Jef-\\nferson s and Madison s Cabinets from 1807 to 1811. As commissioner to\\nSouth America in 1817 he advocated the recognition of the Spanish-Ameri-\\ncan republics. He was a U. S. Congressman from 1821 to 1822 and a U. S.\\nSenator from 1822 to 1823. He was appointed Minister to the Argentine\\nprovinces in 1823.\\nRodriguez s Canal (near New Orleans). Just before the battle of New\\nOrleans, General Jackson had made this his line of defence against the British,\\nwho on January i, 1815, endeavored to storm the works. They were repulsed\\nwith heavy loss, abandoning five heavy cannon.\\nRoe, Francis A., born in 1823, commanded the Pensacola in passing\\nForts Jackson and St. Philip in Farragut s squadron. He commanded the\\nKatahdin from 1862 to 1863. He commanded the Sassacus, destroyed\\nblockade runners and fought against the Albemarle.\\nRoebling, John A. (1806-1869), came to Pennsylvania from Germany in\\n1831. He established a large wire manufactory in Trenton, N.J. He con-\\nstructed the Niagara and Cincinnati suspension bridges, and began the con-\\nstruction of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1869.\\nRoebling, Washington A., born in 1837, was a colonel in the Civil War,\\nserving at South Mountain, Antietam and Bull Run. He succeeded his\\nfather in the construction of Brooklyn Bridge, which was completed in\\n1883.\\nRogerenes, a sect of Seventh-Day Baptists, followers of Jonathan Rogers,\\nof New London, Conn. The sect originated about 1675. Beside keeping\\nthe Saturday as the holy day, they opposed the use of medicines and family\\nprayers.\\nRogers, John, of New York, born in 1829, came into prominence as a\\nsculptor in i860 for his group, The Slave Auction. He has gained great\\ncelebrity for his statuettes illustrating war subjects and rural life.\\nRogers, Robert (1727-1800), commanded Rogers Rangers during the\\nFrench War. In 1759 he destroyed the Indian village at St. Francis.\\nIn 1765 he was appointed Governor of Mackinaw, Mich., by the crown.\\nHe was paroled by Congress at the outbreak of the Revolution. He raised\\nThe Queen s Rangers, a corps which was distinguished during the war.\\nIn 1777 he went to England, and in 1778 was banished from America.\\nRogersville, Tenn., a brief fight, November 6, 1863, between detachments\\nof Bumside s Federal troops and some Confederates from Longstreet s com-\\nmand. This took place during Longstreet s pursuit of Bumside toward\\nKnoxville.\\nRoman Catholic. (See Catholic.)", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0603.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "564 Dictionary of United vStatrs History.\\nRomero, Matias, born in 1837, was Mexican charge d affaires at Wash-\\nington from i860 to 1863, when complicated diplomatic questions were at\\nissue. He was Minister to the United States from 1863 to 1868, and from\\n1882 to the present time (1898.) Died 1898.\\nRomney, W. Va. October 25, 1861, Colonel Kelly, who was then guarding\\nthe Allegheny section of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, surprised a Con-\\nfederate battalion. Sixty prisoners were taken besides all the camp equi-\\npage, provisions and munitions. Colonel Wallace, of Indiana, also, June,\\n1861, routed a Confederate force from Romney.\\nRoorback, a general term for political forgerj originating in the publica-\\ntion for political purposes of alleged extracts from the Travels of Baron\\nRoorback, in 1844.\\nRoosevelt, Robert B., born in 1829, edited the New York Citizen from\\n1868. He represented New York in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from\\n1871 to 1873, and was Minister to the Netherlands from 1888 to 1889.\\nRoosevelt, Theodore, born in 1858, was a Republican member of the\\nNew York Assembly from 1880 to 1884. He was an ardent advocate of\\npolitical reform, and succeeded in abolishing many political abuses. He is\\nauthor of a History of the Naval War of 181 2, of lives of Benton and\\nGouverneur Morris in the American Statesmen Series, and of The Winning\\nof the West. Has served as U. S. Civil Service Commissioner, President\\nPolice Board, New York, and Assistant Secretary of Naw, which he resigned\\nMay, 1898, and served in Cuba as Lt. Col. and Col. of Rough Riders.\\nBecame Governor of New York State Jan. i 1 899.\\nRoot, Elihu, born in 1845, graduate of Hamilton college, U. S. District\\nAttorney 1883 to 1885, became Secretary of War in 1899.\\nRoot, George Frederick, bom in 1820, has composed many songs of\\nnational popularity, includiiu; Battle Cry of Freedom, Just Before the\\nBattle, Mother, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching, and There s\\nMusic in the Air. Died 1895.\\nRopes, John C, born iu St. Petersburg in 1836, has contributed to the\\npublications of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts. He has\\nwritten, The Army under Pope, in Campaigns of the Civil War, a book\\non Napoleon, and one on the Waterloo campaign.\\nRosa Americana, a coinage issued in 1722 by Great Britain for America\\nof a mixed metal resembling brass, and called Rosa Americana or Wood s\\nmoney, after its manufacturer William Wood. The royal letters patent\\ndescribed this money as two-pence, pence and half-pence. The obverse was\\nstamped with a laureated head of George the First; the reverse with a double\\nrose from which projected five barbed points. Legend: Rosa Americana,\\n1722 above, and below. Utile Dulci.\\nRose, George (1744-1818), was British Minister to the United States\\nfrom 1807 to 1808, to negotiate concerning the Chesapeake affair. He\\nmade demands which the United States would not concede.\\nRose, Sir John (1820-1888), came to Canada from Scotlaml in 1S36. Hc\\nwag Bviticsh rotrimipsior r ;.!;c ni ed States iu 1864 and 1869. In 1870,\\nus confidential ageut he mm.^ neguliations toward the treaty of Washington.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0604.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "DicriuNARv o! United Statks History. 565\\nRosecrans, William Starke (1819-1898), an American general, was\\ngraliuited at West Point in 1842. Previous to the war he was a professor at\\nthe academy, an engineer and a financier. Being appointed colonel of Ohio\\nvolunteers in 1861, he served in West Virginia, and won the battle of Rich\\nMountain, July, 1B61. He next succeeded McClellan in the Department of\\nthe Ohio, and gained the victor^ of Carnifex Ferrj in September. Appointed\\ncommander of the Army of the Mississippi, he conquered at luka, Septem-\\nber, 1862, at Corinth, October, and succeeded Buell as commander of the\\nArmy of the Cumberland. He fought the great battle of Murfreesboro\\nshowed skillful strategy in the next months, and was defeated at Chicka-\\nmauga. After this Rosecrans was superseded, sent to the West, and put on\\nwaiting orders. He resigned in 1867. He was Minister to Mexico, 1868-\\n1869, Democratic Congressman from California, 1881-1885, and Register of\\nthe U. S. Treasury from 1885 to 1893.\\nRose well, a famous old Virginia homestead on Carter s Creek, near the\\nYork River. It was begun in the seventeenth century by Mann Page, and\\nfinished by his son and widow.\\nRoss, George (1730-1779), was a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly\\nfrom 1768 to 1770. He was appointed to prepare the Pennsj-lvania declara-\\ntion of rights. He served in the Continental CongTess from 1774 to 1777,\\nand signed the Declaration of Independence. He was active in reorganizing\\nthe government of Pennsylvania, and in urging aggressive measures against\\nBritish oppression. He was appointed judge- of admiralty in 1779.\\nRoss, John (i 790-1866), chief of the Cherokee Indians, successfully\\nresisted the encroachments of the Georgia Legislature upon the Cherokee\\nland titles in 1829. He opposed the treaty of New Echota in 1835, but was\\ncompelled by the United States to remove to a reservation.\\nRoss, Robert (i770?-i8i4), came to America in 1814 in command of a\\nforce of British soldiers. He defeated the Americans at Bladensburg, burned\\nthe capitol and other public buildings at Washington, and was killed at\\nNorth Point.\\nRosser, Thomas L., born in 1836, attained the rank of major-general in\\nthe Confederate service. He commanded the Virginia cavalry under Gen-\\neral Early in 1863, fighting at Cedar Creek.\\nRouarie, Armand T. (1756-1793), came to the United States from France\\nin 1777. He served with Lafayette in New Jersey and under General Gates\\nagainst Cornwallis. He fought at Wanren Tavern, Camden and Yorktown,\\nRough and Ready, a nickname of President Zachary Taylor, earned dur-\\ning his Mexican campaigns.\\nRough Riders. Popular name of the First Volunteer Cavalry in the\\nSpanish- American War, composed of cow-boys and society men.\\nRoumania. The United States concluded a consular convention with\\nRoumania in 1881.\\nRousseau, Lovell H. (1818-1869^. was a member of the Indiana Legis-", "height": "2551", "width": "1665", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0605.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "566 Dictionary of United States History.\\nlature in 1844 and 1845. He distinguished himself at the battle of Buena\\nVista in the Mexican War. He led a brigade at the battle of Shiloh and\\nfought at Penyville. He commanded a division of the army of the Cum-\\nberland at Stone River, Chattanooga and Cliickamauga. He represented\\nKentucky in the U. S. Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867. He was\\nsent to receive Alaska from the Russian Government and assume control\\nof the territory in 1867.\\nRowan, Stephen C. (1808-1890), vice-admiral, came to America from\\nIreland. He entered the U. S. navy in 1826. He assisted in the capture of\\nMonterey and San Diego in 1846 during the Mexican War, and commanded\\na naval brigade under Commodore Stockton at San Gabriel and La Mesa.\\nIn the Civil War he commanded the Pawnee at Acquia Creek and Hat-\\nteras. He commanded the fleet in the attack on Roanoke Island in 1862,\\nfought at New Berne and captured Fort Macon. He commanded The\\nNew Ironsides off Charleston from 1862 to 1864. He became super-\\nintendent of the Naval Observatory in 1882.\\nRoyal African Company, an English slave-trading corporation organized\\nabout 1720 for the especial purpose of transporting slaves to the colonies.\\nIn the Carolinas special care was enjoined upon the Government to encourage\\nthis trade.\\nRuger, Thomas H., born in 1833, commanded a brigade in the Rappa-\\nhannock campaign and a division at Gettysburg. He commanded a division\\nagainst General Hood in 1864 and led a division in North Carolina in 1865.\\nHe became a brigadier-general in 1886. Retired 1897.\\nRuggles, Benjamin (i 783-1857), represented Ohio in the U. S. Senate as\\na Democrat from 1815 to 1833. He was called the wheel-horse of the\\nSenate on account of his industrious habits.\\nRuggles, Timothy (1711-1795), served in the Massachusetts General\\nCourt twenty-three years between 1739 and 1770. He commanded a regi-\\nment at Crown Point in 1755, was second in command at Lake George, and\\nled a brigade in General Amherst s Canadian expedition. When a delegate\\nto the Stamp-Act Congress in New York in 1765, and its president, he\\nrefused to sign the addresses and petitions. He espoused the British cause\\nduring the Revolution.\\nRule of 1756, a rule of international law laid down by the English Courts\\nin the War of 1756, that where a European country has forbidden trade with\\nits colonies in times of peace, it shall not open it to neutrals in time of war.\\nIn 1793 the English Prize Courts enforced this doctrine against American\\nneutral carriers, the U. S. Government protesting.\\nRum, Romanism and Rebellion. At a meeting of clergy, in which all\\ndenominations were supposed to be represented, held in the Fifth Avenue\\nHotel, New York, during the Presidential campaign of 1884 in the interest\\nof the Republicans, Rev, R. B. Burchard described the Democrats as the\\nparty of Rum, Romanism and Rebellion. This remark was unfortunate\\nfor the Republicans, and aided the Democrats to win the election.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0606.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 567\\nRumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count (1753-1814), of Massachusetts,\\nsympathized with the pre-Revolutionary movements, but the jealousy of his\\nfellow-ofEcers in the New Hampshire regiments alienated his patriotism.\\nHe carried dispatches from Howe to England in 1776. He raised the\\nKing s American Dragoons in New York in 1781 and was appointed\\nlieutenant-colonel. He went to England in 1783. He entered the service\\nof the Elector of Bavaria, acquired great influence, and was made prime\\nminister and a count in 1790. He contributed valuable observations and\\ndiscoveries to science, particularly on the nature and eflfects of heat and in\\nchemistry, of which he was one of the founders.\\nRumsey, James (1743-1792), of Maryland, invented a steamboat in 1786,\\nbut died in England before he could perfect his invention.\\nRush, Benjamin (1745-1813), was prominent in the pre-Revolution-\\nary movements. He was chairman of the committee of the Pennsylvania\\nConference which decided for independence. He was a member of the Con-\\ntinental Congress in 1776 and signed the Declaration of Independence. He\\nwas physician-general of the Middle Department from 1777 to 1778, and was\\na member of the Pennsylvania Convention of 1787. He was treasurer of\\nthe U. S. Mint from 1799 to 1813. His observations and discoveries in\\nmedical science were second to none, and he was noted for philanthropy.\\nRush, Richard (1780-1859), was Attorney-General of Pennsylvania in\\n181 1, Attorney-General of the United States in Madison s Cabinet from\\n1814 to 1 81 7, temporary Secretary of State in 181 7, Minister to England\\nfrom 1817 to 1825, and Secretary of the Treasury in J. Q. Adams Cabinet\\nfrom 1825 to 1829. He was candidate for Vice-President of the United\\nStates on the ticket with Adams in 1828. He was Minister to France from\\n1847 to 1 85 1. He published Memorials of a Residence at the Court of\\nSt. James.\\nRusk, Jeremiah M. (1830-1893), entered the National army in 1862, and\\nserved under General Sherman with the rank of lieutenant-colonel from the\\nsiege of Vicksburg till 1865. He represented Wisconsin in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Republican from 1871 to 1877, and was Governor of Wisconsin\\nfrom 1882 to 1888. He was Secretary of Agriculture in Harrison s Cabinet\\nfrom 1889 to 1893.\\nRusk, Thomas J. (1802-1856), was active in the struggle of Texas for\\nindependence. He represented Texas in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat\\nfrom 1846 to 1856.\\nRussell, Benjamin (1761-1845), of Massachusetts, founded the Colu7nbian\\nCentincl, a Federalist organ of great influence, which he edited till 1828.\\nHe published the Boston Gazette from 1795 to 1830. He originated the\\nphrase era of good feeling, and the word gerrymander.\\nRussell, William E., was bom in 1857. He was mayor of Cambridge,\\nMass., from 1885 to 1889. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1890 to\\n1893. He advocated tariff and industrial reforms, and was a prominent\\nleader of the young democracy. Died July 16, 1896.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0607.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "568 DiCTIONAKY OF UNITED STATES HISTORY.\\nRussia. Russia has always been particularly friendly to the United States,\\nrecognizing its independence immediately upon the settlement of peace with\\nGreat Britain in 1783. By the Treaty of 1824 the navigation and fisheries\\nof the Pacific were regulated, and a favorable commercial treaty was secured\\nin 1832 by the United States. A convention relative to neutral rights at sea\\nwas concluded in 1854. By the Treaty of 1867 Russia ceded all its Ameri-\\ncan possessions to the United States for $7,200,000. An extradition treaty\\nlong pending went into eflfect June 24, 1893.\\nRutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J., was established by royal charter\\nin 1770 vmder the name of Queen s College. It received its present name in\\n1825 i honor of a gift of I5000 from Colonel Henry Rutgers. Till 1865 it\\nwas controlled by the synod of the Protestant Reformed Church, which\\nchurch must still furnish its president and three-fourths of its trustees.\\nDuring the Revolution its exercises were suspended, and till 1863 the college\\nsuffered from financial embarrassments. Since then it has greatly increased\\nin endowment and influence.\\nRutgers vs. Waddington, a case tried before Mayor James Duane, of\\nNew York, in 1784. Under the provisions of the Trespass Act, passed\\nsome time before by the New York State Legislature, Elizabeth Rutgers had\\nsued Joshua Waddington, a wealthy Tory merchant, for unlawful trespass\\nupon and possession of certain real estate. Alexander Hamilton appeared\\nfor the defendant. It was alleged that the Trespass Act was contrary to the\\nprovisions of the Treaty of 1783, by which protection was promised the\\nTories, and likewise violated principles of the law of nations. The court,\\nhowever, refused to assume jurisdiction over acts of Assembly, to set them\\naside on any ground. It gave the case to the defendant by an equitable in-\\nterpretation of the statute itself.\\nRutledge, Edward (i 749-1800), was a delegate from South Carolina to\\nthe Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777. He signed the Declaration of\\nIndependence. He was a member of the first Board of War in 1776, and a\\nmember of the committee to draw up Articles of Confederation. He was a\\ncommissioner to confer with Lord Howe in 1776. He commanded a com-\\npany of artillery during the siege of Charleston. He was a member of the\\nSouth Carolina Legislature from 1782 to 1798, and Governor of South\\nCarolina from 1798 to 1800.\\nRutledge, John (i 739-1 800), an eminent statesman of South Carolina,\\nattended the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, and the First and Second Con-\\ntinental Congresses. He was in 1776 the president of the State Government,\\nand served as Governor 1 779-1 782. He was also Chancellor of the State,\\nand a member of the Federal Convention of 1787. Rutledge ranked among\\nthe Federalist leaders. President Washington appointed him in 1795 Chief\\nJustice of the U. S. Supreme Court, but the nomination was rejected by\\nthe Senate.\\nRyswick, Treaty of, in 1697, ended the war which, in Europe, was called\\nthe War of the Grand Alliance; in America, King William s War.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0608.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 569\\ns.\\nSabine Cross Roads, La. Here during Banks Red River expedition of\\n1864 General Banks advance-guard of 8000 Federals was defeated, as it\\nmarched toward Shreveport, b)- 20,000 Confederates led by Kirby Smith.\\nBanks was totally unprepared for battle, his line of march extending over\\ntwenty miles. Suddenly, April 8, the Confederates emerged from the forest\\nand bore down upon the disorganized line, and charged the Federals with\\ngreat fury. Their line gave way almost immediately. The Confederates\\npursiied them over three miles, until, at Pleasant Grove, Emory s division\\nwas met drawn up to receive them. A brief skinnish followed, and then\\nthe Confederates desisted. Banks lost heavily.\\nSackett s Harbor, N. Y. The first attack upon this place in the War of\\n1812, was made on July 29, 1812, by a fleet of five British vessels that bom-\\nbarded the fortifications. They were repulsed with the loss of thirty-two\\nmen killed and wounded; the Americans lost not a man. A second and last\\nattempt was made May 29, 1813. Six British vessels and forty bateaux with\\n1000 troops aboard under command of Governor-General Sir George Prevost,\\nattacked the militia and regulars under General Jacob Brown. The militia\\nfled at the first fire; therefore, the oflScers in charge of the storehouses, think-\\ning the Americans defeated, set fire to the storehouses, whereby half a mil-\\nlion dollars worth of supplies were destroyed. General Brown, however,\\nsucceeded in rallying the militia, and the British, believing them to be rein-\\nforcements, turned and fled, leaving their dead and wounded behind.\\nSackville, Lord. (See West, Lionel Sackville-.)\\nSacramento, Cal., was founded in 1841, and became the capital of Cali-\\nfornia in 1845. It obtained a city charter in 1863.\\nSacramento, N. M., a narrow pass where, February 23, 1847, the Ameri-\\ncan Colonel Doniphan defeated a force of Chihuahuans four times super-\\nior in numbers to his own.\\nSacs, an Algonquin tribe of Indians, formerly centred near the Detroit\\nRiver, were driven beyond Lake Michigan by the Iroquois and settled near\\nGreen Bay, where they subsequently joined with the Foxes. They aided\\nPontiac, and during the Revolution supported the English. In 1812, the\\nRock River Sacs aided Great Britain. In 1804 and 1816 they ceded lands.\\nTheir later history is that of the Foxes.\\nSafety Fund, the beginning of reform in the banking system. The Safety\\nFund Act was passed by the New York Legislature in 1829, tipon the sugges-\\ntion of Governor Martin Van Buren. It required that banks chartered by\\nthe State should pay into the vState Treasury a certain percentage of their\\ncapital stock to serve as a fund out of which the liabilities of any of them\\nthat might fail should be made good. But the deposit was eventually found\\ntoo small, and a different system was adopted later.\\nSage, Russell, bom in 1816, represented New York in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Whig from 1853 to 1857. has had immense intercuts in railroads,\\nfor many of which he has been a director.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0609.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "570 Dictionary of United States History.\\nSt. Augustine, Fla., the oldest town in the United States, was settled by\\nthe Spaniards under Menendez in 1565, when a fort was erected. It was\\nseveral times attacked by the French, English and Indians. It came into\\nthe possession of the English by the Treaty of 1763, was ceded to Spain in\\n1783, and transferred to the United States in 1819.\\nSt. Brandan s Isle, a legendarj island supposed to have existed to the\\nsouthwest of the Canary Islands and to have been discovered by the Irish\\nMonk, St. Brandan, and seventy-five brother monks in the sixth century,\\nafter seven years spent in the search for the land of saints. This legend is\\ntraceable as far back as the eleventh centurj Each of the various early\\ngeograpliers gives it a different location. The legend had some influence\\nupon the discovery of America.\\nSt. Charles, Ark., occupied in 1862 by the Confederates, 100 strong, under\\nWilliams and protected by Fry with a gunboat, the Maurepas, and several\\nbatteries. The Federals under Commander Kilty and Colonel Graham\\nstormed and took this place June 17. They had five gunboats and a regi-\\nment.\\nSt. Clair, Arthur (1734-1818), came to America as a British soldier in\\n1758. He served under General Amherst at Louisbourg, and distinguished\\nhimself at Quebec. Joining the iVmerican cause, he accompanied General\\nSullivan in the expedition to Canada in 1776. He commanded a brigade\\nat Trenton and Princeton. He was appointed major-general and succeeded\\nGeneral Gates at Ticonderoga, which he surrendered in 1777. He fought at\\nYorktown. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress from\\n1785 to 1787, and was Governor of the Northwest Territory from 1789 to\\n1802.\\nSt. John, John P., born in 1833, served during the Civil War, attaining\\nthe rank of lieutenant-colonel. He served in the Kansas Senate from 1873\\nto 1874, and was Governor of Kansas from 1878 to 1882. He was the candi-\\ndate of the Prohibition party for President of the United States in 1884.\\nSt. John s College, Annapolis, Md., was chartered in 1784, opened five\\nyears later. It was closed during the Civil War.\\nSt. Joseph, Fort, an English fort situated, in 1781, within the limits of the\\npresent State of Michigan. It was captured that same year by sixty-five\\nSpanish militiamen and sixty Indians, under Don Eugenio Pourre, from the\\nSpanish settlement at St. Louis on the Mississippi. The avowed intention\\nof Spain in this expedition was hostility to England, but in reality it meant\\nproposed encroachment on our possessions, a fact quickly perceived by John\\nJay and Benjamin Franklin, then ministers at Madrid and Paris, respec-\\ntively.\\nSaint Leger, Barry (1737-1789), came to America as a British soldier in\\n1757. He commanded a company at Louisbourg in 1758 and served under\\nWolfe at Quebec in 1759. Heconmianded the British expedition against\\nFort Stanwix and distinguished himself by his strategy at Oriskany. From\\n1780 to 1781 he conducted a guerilla warfare, with headquarters at Mon-\\ntreal.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0610.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 571\\nSt. Louis, Mo., settled as a trading post in 1764, was occupied by Spanish\\ntroops in 1771 and was under Spanish rule for thirty years. lu May, 1780,\\nthe town was attacked by Indians and thirty citizens killed. In 1803 it\\nbecame American, and the seat of government of the District of Louisiana;\\nin 1822 a city. In 1849 St. Louis was visited by an extensive conflagration\\nwhich destroyed many of the business houses of the town. Population in\\n1810, 1600; in i860, 160,773; i l 1890, 450,245.\\nSaint Luc, La Corne de (17 12-1784), was active against the British during\\nthe old French War. He led the Indians on the left column in Montcalm s\\nexpedition against Fort William Henry. He distinguished himself at\\nTiconderoga in 1758. He engaged in the contests about Quebec in 1760.\\nHe espoused the cause of the crown during the Revolutionary War and\\nreceived the co-operation of the Indians.\\nSt. Lusson, Simon F. D., Sieur de, was sent to explore the Lake Region\\nin 1670. In 1675 he concluded a treaty with seventeen Indian tribes and took\\npossession of the country for France.\\nSt. Mary s, the first settlement made in Maryland. Governor Calvert,\\nwith his ship, the Ark, effected a landing, March 27, 1634, and the emi-\\ngrants took possession of their new home, calling it St. Mar3- s. The town\\nafterward went to decay.\\nSt. Paul, Minn., was settled as a trading post in 1838, and laid out in\\n1849-50. It was the capital of Minnesota from the origination of the terri-\\ntorial government in 1849.\\nSt. Philip, Fort (Mississippi River, below New Orleans). This fort, con-\\nsidered the key to Louisiana, was garrisoned by about 400 men under Major\\nOverton, when, January 9, 1815, an attack upon it was made by five British\\nvessels. The bombardment lasted nine days and resulted in the killing of\\ntwo Americans and the wounding of seven others. The British withdrew\\nwithout capturing the fort. In the Civil War, this fort was garrisoned by a\\nsmall Confederate force under General Duncan. It was on the north side of\\nthe bend in the Mississippi River. It wfls bombarded during Farragut s\\nexpedition against New Orleans and surrendered to General Butler, April 27,\\n1862.\\nSt. Regis (on the boundary between Nova Scotia and Canada), an Indian\\nvillage occupied by the British, and captured October 22, 1812, by Major\\nYoung. Forty prisoners, army supplies and a flag were among the spoils.\\nSt. Simon, an island oflf the coast of Georgia, south of Savannah, ceded\\nto James Oglethorpe by the Creek Indians under the treaty of 1733. In\\n1742 it was attacked by a Spani.sh fleet of fifty-one sail under Monteano,\\nGovernor of St. Augustine. Oglethorpe drove off the Spaniards with a\\nsmall force.\\nSalaries, Congressional. Clause i of Art. I, Sect. 6, of the Constitution pro-\\nvides that the Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation\\nfor their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of\\nthe United States. Under the Articles of Confederation each State pro-\\nvided payment for its own members of Congress, but in the convention of", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0611.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "572 Dictionary of United States History.\\n1787 it was thought best that they be made independent of their States in\\nthis respect. Pinckney suggested that the Senate, representing the wealth\\nof the country, be allowed no salary, but the proposition was voted down.\\nThe First Congress voted that its members be paid $6.00 per day and $6.00\\nfor each twenty miles of travel going and coming. The rates have been\\nrepeatedly changed. They were: From 1789 to 1815, $6.00 per day; from\\n1815 to 1817, $1500 per year; from 1817 to 1855, $8.00 per day; from 1855\\nto 1865, $3000 per year; from 1865 to 1871, $5000 per year; from 1871 to\\n1874, $7500 per year; and since 1874, $5000 per year. The Senators and\\nRepresentatives have received the same compensation, except during 1795,\\nwhen the Senators received I7.00 per day. The Speaker of the House and\\nthe president pro tempore of the Senate receive $8000 per year. A mileage\\nof twenty cents is allowed. The change in 1816 from $6.00 per day to\\n$1500 per year was received with great disfavor, as was that of 1873, to\\ntake effect from March 4, 1871, which is known as the salary grab. All\\nchanges in Congressional .salaries have been retroactive, covering from twelve\\nto twenty-four months. Acts affecting salaries prior to 1866 were separate\\nacts. Since then they have frequently been sections of an appropriation\\nact.\\nSalaries, Executive. By the Act of Congress of September 24, 1789, and\\nagain February 18, 1793, the salary of the President was made $25,000, that\\nof the Vice-President $5000. That of the President continued the same\\nuntil March 3, 1873, when it was raised to $50,000. The salary of the Vice-\\nPresident was raised to $8000 in 1853, to $10,000 March 3, 1873, and was\\nreduced to $8000 again January 20, 1874. These salaries are paid monthly.\\nA furnished house is provided for the President. The Constitution provides\\nthat a salary shall be voted for the President, which shall not be diminished\\nduring his term of office. Hence that part of the salary grab act of 1873\\nwhich aflfected his salary was not repealed. Of the Cabinet officers, the Sec-\\nretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury received in 1789 a salary\\nof $3500, the Secretary of War $3000, the Attorney-General $1500. The\\nPostmaster-General had $2000. In 1819, the salary of the four secretaries\\nwas made $6000, that of the Postmaster- General $4000, and that of the\\nAttorney-General $3500. In 1853, all were made equal, $8000; in 1873,\\n$10,000; in 1874, $8000 again.\\nSalaries, Judicial. The Constitution provides that the salaries of judges,\\nvoted by Congress, shall not be lessened during their term of office. When\\nthe courts were first organized in 1789, the Chief Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt was paid $4000, the Associate Justices $3500 each. The District\\nJudges received from $1000 to $1800. These salaries have been raised from\\ntime to time. Since March, 1873, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has\\nreceived $10,500; the Associate Justices $10,000; the Circuit Court Judges\\n$6,000 each, and the District Judges from $3500 to $5000, until 1891, when\\nthe salary of all District Judges was fixed at $5000.\\nSalary Grab, tlie popular name for the general increase in Federal\\nsalaries in 1873. The Constitution pro\\\\ ides for the compensation of the\\nPresident, Senators, Representatives, Justices and Federal officers from the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0612.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "DicTioxARY OF United States History. 573\\nFederal treasur)-. The Act of March 3, 1873, provided that the President s\\nsalary be increased from $25,000 to $50,000, that of the Chief Justice from\\n$8500 to $10,500, those of the Vice-President, Cabinet officers. Associate\\nJustices and Speaker of the House from $8000 to $10,000, and of Senators\\nand Representatives from $5000 to #7500. Another Act, March 4, 1873,\\nwas retroactive as regarded the salaries of members of Congress during the\\nprevious two years. This, the essence of the salary gTab, excited so much\\nindignation that the laws were repealed, except those affecting the salaries\\nof the President and Justices.\\nSalem, Mass. The first house was built here in 1626 by Roger Conant,\\nand the town was settled in 1628 by John Endicott. The next year eleven ships\\ncame from England bringing 406 immigrants who settled in the vicinity.\\nIn this year the first church organization in the Massachusetts colony was\\neffected here. In 1692 the town was stirred up by the famous witchcraft\\ndelusion which resulted in the execution of nineteen alleged witches on\\nGallows Hill. The town was incorporated in 1630 and assumed a city\\ngovernment in 1836.\\nI Salem, Oregon, was settled in 1834, incorporated in 1853, and became\\ncapital of the State in i860.\\nSalisbury, N. C, a Confederate prison camp defended by Gardiner with\\n3000 soldiers. It was captured April 12, 1865, by 4000 Federal cavalry\\nunder Stoneman. All its. guns and 1364 prisoners were taken, besides enor-\\nmous quantities of ammunition and provisions.\\nSalt Lake City, capital of Utah, was settled by the Mormons under\\nBrighara Young in 1847.\\nSaltonstall, Dudley (1738-1796), was commodore of the expedition\\nagainst a British post on the Penobscot River in 1779, where the disastrous\\ndefeat by Sir George Collier was charged to him.\\nSaltonstall, Gurdon (1666-1724), was Governor of Connecticut from 1708\\nto 1724. He was prominent in the political affairs of the colony, and dis-\\ntinguished for his learning and eloquence.\\nSaltonstall, Sir Richard (1586-1658), came to Massachusetts from Eng-\\nland in 1630 as Assistant to Winthrop. He began the settlement of Water-\\ntown, but returned to England in 1631. He was a patentee of Connecticut,\\nand sent a vessel to take possession of the territory He wrote letters of\\nremonstrance to John Cotton and John Wilson in regard to the persecution\\nof persons for their religious convictions.\\nSalvation Army. The United States branch of this organization, which\\noriginated in England in 1865, was established in 1880. There are now in\\nthis country 536 corps and outposts, about 1700 officers, with 15,000 adher-\\nents.\\nSalzburgers. Numerous immigrants from among these people, Protestants\\ndriven out by the oppressions of the Prince-Bishop of Salzburg, settled in\\nwhat was afterward Georgia previous to the granting of Oglethorpe s patent\\nin 1733. Their chief settlement was a mere hamlet called Ebenezer. They", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0613.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "574 Dictionary of United States History,\\nand the Higblandeis aided Oglethorpe considerably in his troubles with the\\nSpaniards and unfriendly Indians. They owned land on the communal\\nsystem. They were chiefly farmers and Indian traders and were opposed to\\nthe introduction of negroes. j\\nSamoa. The United States concluded a treaty of friendship and com-\\nmerce with Samoa in 1878. German aggressions and native difficulties\\nresulted in the establishment of a joint protectorate of the islands by the\\nUnited States, Germany and Great Britain by the treaty of Berlin in 1889.\\nThe death of the king, in 1898, led to new difficulties, which were settled\\nin 1899 by the abolition of the kingship.\\nSamoset, born about 1590, was a chief of the Pemaquid Indians in;\\nMaine. He learned English from the colonists of Monhegan Island, sent\\nout by Sir Ferdinand\u00c2\u00a9 Gorges. Soon after the landing of the Pilgrims he\\nentered Plymouth, saying, Welcome, Englishmen. He brought Squanto,\\nwho had visited England, to act as interpreter, and manifested a friendly\\ninterest toward the colonists,\\nSampson, William T., bora 1840, Palmyra, N. Y. Acting rear-admiral\\nin Spanish-American war 1898. Was advanced to rear-admiral after the\\nnaval battle of Santiago, in which he commanded the American squadrons.\\nSan Antonio, Tex., was founded in 1714 by the Spaniards. A fort and\\na mission were established. The city was an important centre during the\\nMexican and Texan Wars. It was incorporated in 1733.\\nSan Diego, Cal. A settlement made near the site of the present city by\\nFather Junipero in 1768 was the first in the State.\\nSan Domingo. The revolt of the blacks of San Domingo, under Tous-\\nsaint Louverture against the French had an important connection wil h tht\\nhistory of the United States. Bonaparte as First Consul conceived the idea\\nof forming a great French colonial empire in the Mississippi Valley, to\\nbalance the influence of the Anglo-Saxon race in America. To this end he\\nacquired Louisiana from Spain by the treaty of San Ildefonso. But San\\nDomingo was to be his military base, and its reconquest was to be a first\\nstep. His failure in attempts to recover it, coming at the same time with the\\nopportunity of renewing war with England, caused him, instantly abandon-\\ning the whole scheme, to sell Louisiana to the United States. (See also\\nDominican Republic.)\\nSan Domingo Question. In 1869 the desirability of San Domingo as a\\ncoaling station for U. S. vessels and other American interests there caused a\\nmovement toward the annexation of that republic to the United States. Pres-\\nident Grant sent General Babcock to examine into the matter and, on his\\nfavorable report, a treaty was concluded November 29, 1869. The Senate\\nrejected the treaty June 30, 1870, and the movement became generally unpop-\\nular. Grant still persisted and Congress concurred in sending a commission,\\nconsisting of Wade, White and Howe, to examine the matter in 1871. Their\\nreport was favorable, but Congress continued to disapprove of annexation.\\nGrant abandoned the question in a special message in April, 1871.\\nSan Francisco, Cal., was settled as a fortified town and Spanish mission", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0614.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 575\\nin 1766. In 1846 ah American inan-of-war took possession of the place.\\nThe discovery of gold in 1849 caused the city to grow enormously. The\\ncity was granted a charter in 1850. Three disastrous fires occurred in that\\nyear amounting to about $8,000,000 in property destroyed.\\nSan Ildefonso, Treaty of, a secret treaty between France and Spain,\\nOctober i, 1800, by which Louisiana was retroceded by Spain to France in\\nconsideration of an agreement advantageous to the royal family of Spain\\nrelative to Tuscany. This treaty was directly instrumental in bringing\\nabout the purchase of Louisiana by the United States in 1803.\\nSan Jacinto, Battle of, fought in 1836, was the closing battle of the war\\nfor Texan independence. General Houston, at the head of about 700 Texans,\\ndefeated 1536 Mexicans under Santa Anna. Many of General Houston s\\ntroops had openly enlisted in New Orleans and the independence of Texas was\\nlooked upon with favor by the U. S. Government.\\nSan Juan de Ulua, a fortified castle on an island in the harbor of Vera\\nCruz, Mexico. General Winfield Scott bombarded the city and fort from\\nMarch 22 to 28, 1847. March 29, both city and fort were called upon to\\nsurrender and agreed to do so.\\nSan Juan Question. In negotiating the treaty of 1846, by which the\\nforty-ninth parallel, from the Rocky Mountains to the sea, was made the\\nboundary between the American and British possessions, a controversy arose\\nconcerning the course of the line through the channel which divides Van-\\ncouver Island from the mainland. The Americans contended for the Canal\\nde Haro, the British for the Rosario Strait. To avoid conflict, it was decided\\nthat both nations occupy the island of San Juan at opposite ends. In 1872\\nthe German Emperor, acting as arbitrator, decided for America.\\nSan Salvador. A treaty of amity, commerce and navigation was con-\\ncluded between the United States and San Salvador in 1850. May 23, 1870,\\nan extradition convention was signed, and on December 6 a treaty of amity,\\ncommerce and consular privileges was concluded. A reciprocity treaty was\\nconcluded in 1891.\\nSand-lot Constitution, the California constitution of 1879.\\nSands, Benjamin F. (1811-1883), commanded the Dacotah at Fort\\nCaswell in 1862. He was senior officer of the North Carolina Blockading\\nSquadron from 1862 to 1865. He commanded the Fort Jackson in both\\nattacks on Fort Fisher.\\nSands, Joshua R. (1795-1883), fought in the engagement with the Royal\\nGeorge in 1812. He commanded the Vixen during the Mexican War,\\nfighting at Alvarado, Tabasco, Laguna and Tuxpan.\\nSands, Robert C. (1799-1832), of New York, was assistant editor of the\\nI New York Review 1825 to 1827, Commercial Advertiser 1827 to\\n1832. He wrote with Bryant and Verplanck The Talisman.\\nSandy Creek. An American flotilla with supplies for the fleet at Sackett s\\nHarbor was attacked here May 30, 1814, by two guuboats, but defeated and\\ncaptured them. British loss 68 killed and wounded and 170 prisoners.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0615.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "57^ DiCTiONARv uF UwiTKU Statks Histoky.\\nSandys, Sir Edwin (1561-1629), was an active member of the first Lon-\\ndon Company for Virginia. He was made treasurer of the company in 1619.\\nHe established representative government in Virginia, and contributed\\nlargely to its prosperity. He aided the Pilgrims in securing a charter.\\nSandys, George (1577-1644), was treasmrer of Virginia from 1621 to 1624.\\nHe built tlie first water-mill, the first iron-works and the first ship in Vir-\\nginia, and liis translation of Ovid was English America s first literary pro-\\nduction.\\nSanta Anna, Antonio Lopez de (1795-1876), a turbulent Mexican poli-\\ntician, entered the Spanish army in Mexico, sided finally with the patriots,\\nopposed Iturbide, and became a politico-military leader of national promi-\\nnence. He was President 1832-1835. The next year he marched against\\nthe Texan revolutionists, stormed the Alamo, and was defeated by Houston\\nat San Jacinto and captured. He was head of the executive in 1839, and\\nagain President 1841-1844; overthrown, he was once more President in\\n1846, and in 1847 was beaten by Taylor at Buena Vista. After Scott s vic-\\ntories and conquest of the capital Santa Anna resigned, but reappeared as\\nPresident and dictator in 1853-1855. He frequently attempted to regain\\npower, and was a marshal under the empire, but died in obscurity.\\nSanta Barbara, Cal., occupies the site of a mission founded in 1786. It\\nwas visited by an earthquake in 1806. It was occupied by U. S. troops\\nduring Fremont s campaign.\\nSanta Fe, N. M., was first visited by the Spaniards in 1542 and settled in\\n1609, according to the latest authorities. It was captured by the Indians in\\n1680 and the settlement burned. It was recaptured in 1694. It has suffered\\nseveral subsequent attacks from the natives, the most serious being in 1837.\\nIt was occupied August 18, 1846, by an American army under General\\nKearny after a march of sixteen days from Bent s Fort on the Arkansas\\nRiver. The occupation was achieved without bloodshed. From captured\\n]jarties of scouts it was learned that the Mexican General Armijo was lying\\nill wait with a large army, but no engagement took place.\\nSanta Rosa Island, Fla., was attacked the night of October 9, 1861, by\\nConfederate soldiers, who surprised and routed Wilson s New York Zouav^es,\\nbut were themselves compelled to retire the next day.\\nSantiago, Battles of (Cuba), July i, 2 and 3, 1898. The American army\\nof about twenty thousand men, commanded by General Shaf ter, attacked the\\nSpanish anny of an equal number, mider Generals Linares and Toral, driving\\nthem back into the city. American loss, 250 men killed and 1500 wounded;\\nSpanish loss much greater. On July 3 the Spanish fleet, viz.: Cristobal\\nColon, Vizcaya, Almirante Oquendo, Maria Teresa, Furor and\\nPUiton, under Admiral Cervera, attempted to escape from the harbor, and\\nwas met and destroyed by the American fleet, viz. the Brooklyn,\\nOregon, Texas, Iowa, Indiana, Gloucester, Vixen and\\nNew York, under Admiral Sampson. Spanish loss about 600 killed and\\n1700 prisoners. American loss, one killed. Santiago surrendered to Shafter\\nJuly 17. Americans took possession of the city July 18.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0616.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 577\\nSaratoga, Battle of, September 19, October 7, October 17, 1777. Baum s\\ndefeat at Bennington and St. Leger s failure at Fort Stanwix rendered Bur-\\ngoyne s position perilous. The Continental armies were daily increasing,\\nand there were no signs of help from Howe. Bnrgoyne detennined to take\\nthe offensive and crossed the Hudson. The Americans, under Gates, held\\na strong position at Bemis Heights. Burgoyne decided to stonn their\\nencampment and to try to turn their flank simultaneously. His plan was dis-\\ncovered and thwarted by Arnold, who made a furious opposition until he too\\nwas outflanked by Riedesel, who had been dispatched against the Heights.\\nIt was a drawn battle. Gates showed his incompetency by keeping his\\n11,000 men in camp, while Arnold with 3000 held the British in check.\\nThe battle was bloody, both British and Americans losing a fourth of the\\nmen engaged. For eighteen days nothing was done. Then news came to\\nBurgoyne that his supplies were cut off and he was forced to engage again,\\nthough he had but 4000 to oppose to 16,000. Again with 1500 picked men\\ntinder Fraser he tried to turn the American flank and again Arnold thwarted\\nhim. Both Fraser and Arnold were disabled. The Americans gained the\\nfield. October 7, Gates with 20,000 men followed up the retreating army, who\\nfound their passage across the Hudson blocked. No word reached Burgoyne\\nfrom Clinton, and he accordingly treated in regard to surrender. The terms\\nagreed upon were that the British should march out with honors of war, lay\\ndown their arms, march to Boston, embark for England and not serve\\nagainst Americans again. This was called the Convention of Saratoga,\\nto respect Burgoyne s feelings. Arms were laid down October 17. Thus\\nfailed the first attempt to cut in twain the American military line. The\\nConvention was broken by Congress.\\nSardinia. The United States concluded a commercial treaty with Sar-\\ndinia in 1838.\\nSargent, Aaron A. (i 827-1887), represented California in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Republican from 1861 to 1863, and from 1S69 to 1873, and was a\\nU. S. Senator from 1873 to 1879. He was Minister to Germany from 1882\\nto 1884.\\nSassacus, (i56o?-i637), chief of the Pequot Indians, led an attack on a\\nfort at Saybrook and massacred its inmates. The English under John\\nMason destroyed the Pequot settlement in 1637.\\nSaulsbury, Eli (1817-1893) represented Delaware in the U. S. Senate as\\na Democrat from 1871 to 1889.\\nSaulsbury, Willard (1820-1892), was Attorney-General of Delaware from\\n1850 to 1855. He represented Delaware in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat\\nfrom 1859 to 1 87 1. He earnestly supported the Union and sought to pre-\\nvent the Civil War. He formed the famous .Saulsbury combination with his\\nbrothers Gove and Eli, which ruled Delaware politics for thirty years. He\\nwas Chancellor of Delaware from 1874 to 1892.\\nSault Ste. Marie, Mich., was first settled in 1641 by Jesuits, and during\\nthe seventeenth century was famous as a centre for missionary expeditions\\nand explorations.\\n37", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0617.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "578 Dictionary of United vStates History.\\nSaunders, Alvin, born ia 1817, was territorial Governor of Nebraska from\\n1861 to 1867. He represented Nebraska in the U. S. Senate as a Republi-\\ncan from 1877 to 1883.\\nSaunders, Romulus M. (1791-1867), represented North Carolina in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1821 to 1827 f ^o\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 1841 to 1845. He\\nwas Minister to Spain from 1846 to 1S49.\\nSavage s Station, Va., a battle during McClellan s Peninsular campaign,\\noccurring June 29, 1862. Magruder, with a detachment of Lee s arm} while\\nmoving along the Williamsburg road, came upon Sumner and Hcintzelman\\nretiring toward Savage s Station with a large number of McClellan s troops.\\nAn engagement immediately took place, the Confederates attacking Sumner s\\ncorps, which was endeavoring to bar the road into the White Oak Swamp.\\nSumner maintained his ground stoutly against repeated assaults, and in the\\nevening the national army retired into the swamp.\\nSavannah, Ga., was settled in 1733 by Oglethorpe, as the first settlement\\nin the colony. In the Revolution it was captured by the British. In\\nDecember, 1778, 3000 British under Colonel Campbell attacked Savannah.\\nHowe, the American commander, held out against a force three times his\\nown until a negro guided the British to the American rear. The British\\nlost but twentj -four, and secured the capital of Georgia and 400 prisoners.\\nIn September, 1779, the French under D Estaing and the Americans under\\nLincoln undertook the siege of Savannah. The plan was to make two real\\nand two feigned attacks before dawn. The plan miscarried. A brave but\\nunavailing assault was made, in which Sergeant Jasper distinguished him-\\nself by rer.cuing his colors, though twice mortally wounded. After an obsti-\\nnate struggle of fifty-five minutes the assailants were driven back. The\\nBritish loss was trifling. The French and Americans lost about 800 men.\\nEstaing sailed away and Georgia was left in the undisputed possession of the\\nBritish. In 1864 the city was occupied, after ten days siege and fighting,\\nDecember 10 to 21, by Sherman as the finale of his celebrated march to the\\nsea. Sherman s army was 60,000 strong. Hardee held Savannah with\\n15,000 Confederates. After great difficulty experienced in approaching the\\ntown, Shennan began his investment December 10. On the 12th, Hazen\\nwas sent with his division of the Fifteenth Corps to capture Fort McAlister,\\nsince Sherman desired to communicate with the Federal fleet, which lay off\\nSavannah under the command of Dahlgren. Hazen took the fort, which\\nwas manned by 200 Confederates and had twenty-three guns, after about fif-\\nteen minutes of desperate assault, and communication with the fleet was\\nestablished. Thereupon Sherman summoned Hardee to surrender, but the\\nlatter refused. Sherman accordingly put his siege guns in position and pre-\\npared for assault. Hardee, seeing himself about to be surrounded, evacuated\\nthe city on the night of the 20th by means of a pontoon bridge.\\nSavings Banks. (See Banks, Savings.)\\nSawyer, Philetus, born in 1816, represented Wisconsin in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Republican from 1865 to 1875. He was a member of the U. S.\\nSenate from 18S1 to 1893.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0618.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 579\\nSaxe, John G. (1816-1887), prominent in journalism, but won dis-\\ntinction by his poems, mostly humorous.\\nSaxony. The droit d aubaine and taxes on emigration were abolished by\\nthe Convention of 1845 between the United States and Saxony,\\nSaybrook, Conn., was founded in 1635 by a party sent out by John Win-\\nthrop, and was given its name in 1639 by George Fenwick, who conveyed\\nthe settlement to the jurisdiction of Connecticut in 1644. It was named for\\nLords Saye and Brooke.\\nSaybrook Platform. May 13, 1708, at the suggestion of the Colonial\\nLegislature of Connecticut, a synod of four lay delegates and twelve minis-\\nters met at Saybrook to adopt some more energetic system of church govern-\\nment than then existed. They adopted the Confession of Faith of the\\nReforming Synod held at Boston in 1680 and provided for one consocia-\\ntion or more of churches in each county for mutual affording to each\\nother such assistance as may be requisite, upon all occasions ecclesiastical,\\nand that a general association of church representatives should meet each\\nyear at election time.\\nSaye and Sale, William Fiennes, Lord (1582-1662), a Puritan lord, was\\nprominent in colonization enterprises. In 1632 he and others obtained a\\ngrant for a colony on the Connecticut River, afterward called Saybrook, from\\nhis name and that of Lord Brooke. In 1633 he procured a grant in New\\nHampshire.\\nSchaff, Philip, born in Switzerland in 181 9, died 1893, was president of the\\nAmerican Bible Revision Committee. He was president of the Society of\\nChurch History from 1888 till his death. He published an important His-\\ntory of the Christian Church.\\nSchaumburg-Lippe. Schaumburg-Lippe acceded to the German extradi-\\ntion convention with the United States in 1854.\\nSchell, Augustus (1812-1884), was chairman of the New York Democratic\\nCommittee from 1853 to 1856, and of the National Committee in i860 and\\n1872. After the overthrow of the Tweed ring he was active in reorganizing\\nTammany.\\nSchenectady, N. Y., was settled in 1661 by Arent Van Corlear, who\\nerected a fort here. The Indians and French massacred nearly all the\\ninhabitants on February 9, 1690, and in 1748 again a large number of people\\nwere killed. It was incorporated as a city in 1798. Union College was in-\\ncorporated here in 1795.\\nSchenk, Robert C. (1809-1890), represented Ohio in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Whig from 1843 to 1851. He was Minister to Brazil from 1851 to 1853,\\nnegotiating important commercial treaties. He commanded a brigade at\\nBull Run, and served under General Rosecrans in the Shenandoah Valley.\\nHe led a division at Cross Keys and was engaged in the second battle of\\nBull Run. He again served in the U. S. Congress as a Republican from", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0619.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "58o Dictionary ov United States History.\\n1863 to 1 87 1. He served on the Joint High Commission vi liich negotiated\\nthe Treaty of Washington, and was Minister to England, 1871 to 1876.\\nSchley, Winfield S., born in 1839, engaged in the capture of Port Hudson\\nin 1862. He commanded the expedition which rescued A. W. Greely at\\n.Cape Sabine, in Grinnell Land, in 1884. He commanded a squadron at\\nnaval battle at Santiago, July 3, 1898, and was made rear-admiral.\\nSchlosser, Fort, near Niagara, a fort held by Major Mallory which was\\ncaptured and burned by the British, December, 1813, during the raid of\\nColonel Murray in retaliating for the burning of Newark.\\nSchofield, John M., born in 1831, was graduated at West Point in 1853.\\nIn the beginning of the war he served in Missouri. Afterward he held com-\\nmand of that department and later of the Department of the Ohio. In the\\nAtlanta campaign he commanded a corps. He defeated Hood at the battle\\nof Franklin, November 30, 1864, and fought at the following battle of Nash-\\nville. In the beginning of 1865 he commanded in North Carolina, and\\nunited his force with Sherman s army. He was then sent on a special\\nmission to France. Since that time he has been a department com-\\nmander, except in 1 868-1 869, when he was Secretary of War, and\\n1876-1881, when he was Superintendent at West Point. He was made\\nmajor-general in 1869, and succeeded Sheridan as commander-in-chief in\\n1888. Retired SeptemlDer 29, 1895.\\nSchoolcraft, Henry Rowe (1793- 1864), an expert on Indian affairs and\\nethnologist, studied the natural sciences and passed many years as Indian\\nagent for the Government in the region of the great lakes. Mackinaw was\\nhis headquarters. He led a Government expedition in 1832. At various\\ntimes he was commissioned in regard to Indian matters. Besides poems,\\nSchoolcraft wrote a number of books of travel, and works relating to Ameri-\\ncan languages and antiquities.\\nSchools. There has been much controversy as to whether the public\\nschool, t. e., the school supported by the public and free to the poor, was\\nfirst established in New England (Massachusetts) or in New Netherland,\\nwith the weight of evidence inclining to the latter. The Boston Latin\\nSchool seems to be the direct successor of one founded in 1635, the Roxbury\\nLatin School was founded in 1657, the Penn Charter School at Philadelphia\\nin 169S. Governor Berkeley s famous remark made in 1670, that he thanked\\nGod there were no free schools in Virginia, is often quoted. The South\\nbeing thinly settled, efforts to maintain schools were seldom successful.\\nBoys were sent abroad, or were educated by tutors or by the parish clergy-\\nman or by lettered servants. In New England a certain amount of educa-\\ntion was general and compulsory. The Society for the Propagation of the\\nGospel in Foreign Parts did something for education in American colonies.\\nThe disorders of the Revolutionary period probably caused some falling off\\nin elementary education. The Constitution left the matter to the States.\\nThe Blair Bill, which passed the Senate in 1884 and 1886, proposing to\\ngive Federal money to States, in proportion to the number of their illiter-\\nates, for education, was defeated in the House.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0620.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 581\\nSchouler, James, of Massachusetts, bom in 1839, has published many\\nvaluable legal treatises and an excellent History of the United States\\nunder the Constitution, in five volumes. Since 1889 he has lectured on\\nAmerican History at the Johns Hopkins University.\\nSchurman, Jacob G., born in 1854, Canadian educator, became professor\\nof philosophy at Cornell University in 1884, and its president in 1892. He\\nhas published Kantian Ethics and the Ethics of Evolution, and The\\nEthical Import of Darwinism. Philippine Commissioner in 1899.\\nSchurz, Carl, was born in 1829 Cologne, in Prussia. He took part in\\nthe revolutionary movements of 1849, escaped from Germany, and eventu-\\nally settled in the United States. He soon attracted attention as an able\\npolitical orator; President Lincoln appointed him Minister to Spain in 1861,\\nbut he resigned and entered the army. He commanded a division at the\\nsecond battle of Bull Run and at Chancellorsville, and had charge of a corps\\nat Gettysburg. After the war he was a journalist. In 1 869-1 875 he was\\nRepublican U. S. Senator from Missouri. He was active in the Liberal\\nRepublican movement of 1872. He was Secretary of the Interior in Presi-\\ndent Hayes Cabinet 1877-1881; editor of the New York Eve7ting Post 1881-\\n1884, and has since been engaged in business. His life of Clay is in the\\nStatesmen Series.\\nSchuyler, Eugene (i 840-1 890), was U. S. Consul at Moscow from 1866 to\\n1869, and at Reval from 1869 to 1870. He was secretary of the U. S. Lega-\\ntion at St. Petersburg from 1870 to 1876; was Consul-General at Constanti-\\nnople from 1876 to 1878; Consul at Birmingham, England, from 1878 to\\n1879; Chargd d Affaires and Consul-General at Bucharest from 1880 to 1882,\\nand Minister Resident and Consul-General to Greece, Roumania and Servia\\nfrom 1882 to 1884. He wrote a work on Turkestan, and American Diplo-\\nmacy and the Furtherance of Commerce.\\nSchuyler, Peter (1657-1724), enjoyed great influence with the Five\\nNations and negotiated many treaties. He commanded an expedition\\nagainst the French on Lake Champlain in 1691. He was second in com-\\nmand in the expedition against Montreal in 1709. He went to England\\nwith five Indian chiefs in 17 10 to solicit vigorous measures against the\\nFrench. He was acting Governor of New York from 1719 to 1720.\\nSchuyler, Peter (1710-1762), of New York, commanded Oswego when\\ncaptured by Montcalm in 1756. He led a regiment in 1759 under General\\nAmherst during the conquest of Canada.\\nSchuyler, Philip John (November 22, 1733-November 18, 1804), an\\nAmerican general and statesman, was bom at Albany. He fought in the\\nFrench and Indian War, and was afterward a member of the New York\\nAssembly and one of the leaders among the patriots. He was a delegate to\\nthe first Continental Congress in 1774, and was included in the first list of\\nmajor-generals in the next year. .Schuyler s familiarity with Northern New\\nYork fitted him for his assignment to the command in that region. There", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0621.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "582 Dictionary of United States History.\\nwas soon unfortunately a divided authority in that department, as intrigues\\ngave a command there also to General Gates. Schu}ler was, in 1777,\\nreinstated, and put in charge of the defence against Burgoyne s invasion.\\nBefore he could reap the results of his efforts he was superseded by Gates.\\nGeneral Schuyler resigned from the army in 1779, but continued to be a\\ntrusted adviser of Washington and Indian commissioner. He was frequently\\nState Senator, and was a Federalist U. S. Senator in 1789-1791 and 1797-\\n1798. He was a strong advocate of the canal system in the State. Life by\\nLossing.\\nSchuyler, Fort. After Herkimer s defeat at Oriskam there was danger\\nof St. Leger s descending upon Albany. All depended upon the relief of\\nFort Schuyler. Contrarj- to the advice of his officers, General Schuyler sent\\na relief party of 800 volunteers. The fort was relieved and St. Leger s\\ntroops dispersed (August 16, 1777).\\nSchwatka, Frederick (i 849-1 892), commanded the Arctic expedition in\\n1878 which discovered traces of Sir John Franklin s party-. In 1889 he made\\nvaluable discoveries relating to Aztec ci\\\\ ilization.\\nScioto Company, a land-speculating organization formed in 1787 for the\\npurchase of territory- along the Ohio and Scioto. John Cleves Symmes, Joel\\nBarlow and William Duer, of New York, were largely interested. Barlow\\nwas sent to Europe iu the company s interest as emigration agent. Symmes\\nparcelled out the lands to other parties, the tract which now embraces the\\ncity of Cincinnati falling to the share of Matthias Denman, Robert Patter-\\nson and John Tilson, of New Jersey.\\nScofield, Glenni W. (1817-1891), represented Pennsylvania in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Republican from 1863 to 1875. He was Register of the U. S.\\nTreasury from 1878 to 1881, and a Justice of the U. S. Court of Claims from\\n1881 to 1891.\\nScotch-Irish, the name used in America to designate immigrants from the\\nnorth of Ireland, mostly Presbyterians of Scotch descent. Scots had been\\nsettled in the north of Ireland during the Plantation of Ulster in the\\nreign of James I. Thence some came to America early. But the large emi-\\ngrations were just after the famous siege of Londonderry in 1689, and again\\nin 1718 and the years immediately succeeding. The largest settlements of\\nthem were made in the hilly parts of Pennsylvania, in the valley of the\\nShenandoah, and in the Carolinas. In all these, they occupied the highland\\nregions, back from the coast, and formed a sturdy, independent, Presbyterian\\npopulation. Jackson, Calhoun, and many other eminent men were of this\\nstock. In New England their chief settlements were at Londonderry,\\nAntrim, etc., in New Hampshire, founded about 17 19.\\nScotch-Irish Congresses. The first was held at Columbia, Tenn., in\\nMay, 1889, at which time the Scotch-Irish Society was organized. The pur-\\npose of the societj and the yearly conventions is the preser\\\\ ation of Scotch-\\nIrish histor. and associations. The second Congress was convened at Pitts-\\nburgh, Pa., May 29-June i, 1890; the third at Louisville, Ky., May, 1891;", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0622.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 583\\nthe fourth at Atlanta, Ga., April 28, 1892 the fifth at Springfield, Ohio, in\\nMay, 1893 the sixth at Des Moines, Iowa, iu June, 1894.\\nScott, Dred (i8io?-after 1857), a negro slave born in Missouri. His suit\\nfor freedom is known as the Dred Scott -case (see art. He was afterward\\nowned by C. C. Chafee, of Massachusetts. In 1857 emancipated\\nin St. Louis.\\nScott, John M. (1730-1784), was one of the founders of the Sons of\\nLiberty. He advocated extreme measures against England. He commanded\\na brigade at Long Island, and represented New York in the Continental\\nCongress from 1780 to 1783.\\nScott, Robert K., born in 1826, commanded a regiment at Fort Donelson\\nand Shiloh. He led a brigade at Hatchie River and a division at Port Gib-\\nson and Champion Hills. He was Governor of South Carolina from 1868\\nto 1871.\\nScott, Thomas A. (1824-1881), avou distinction in the management of\\nrailroads. His energy and business qualifications contributed largely to the\\nsuccess of the Pennsylvania Railroad system.\\nScott, Winfield (June 13, 1786-May 29, 1866), a distinguished American\\ngeneral, was born near Petersburg, Va. Educated at William and Mary\\nCollege, he entered the army at the age of twenty-two. In the opening year\\nof the War of 1812 he was taken prisoner at the battle of Queenstown\\nHeights. Being released, he served iu the campaign of 1813, was made a\\nbrigadier-general, and distinguished himself at the battles of Chippewa and\\nBridgewater in 1814. He was jjromoted to be major-general, and saw little\\nmore ser\\\\ ice for a generation. In the Nullification excitement he com-\\nmanded at Charleston, and he served against the Seminoles and Creeks, suc-\\nceeding Macomb as commander-in-chief of the U. S. army in 1841. In the\\nsecond year of the Mexican War General Scott took command of the main\\narmy. He besieged and took Vera Cruz, stormed Cerro Gordo, and reached\\nPuebla. Having rested his army, he pushed on to the plain of the capital,\\nwon the victories of Contreras, Chunibusco, Molino del Re) and Chapulte-\\npec, and entered the city of Mexico, September 14, 1847. In 1852 he was\\nthe Whig candidate for President, and was overwhelmingly defeated by\\nPierce. Later he was engaged on a commissio 1 for rectifying the boundary\\nline with Great Britain. The outbreak of the war found him still in com-\\nmand of the army, but he retired in October, 1861. Scott s imposing stature,\\nstrict discipline, and attachment to military etiquette won for him the epithet\\nof Old Fuss and Feathers.\\nScott Law, a liquor law passed by the Legislature of Ohio in 1883. It\\nforbids the selling of liquor on Sunday; levies a tax of $200 yearly on gen-\\neral liquor dealers, and |ioo on sellers of malt liquors, the whole tax to go\\ninto the county and municipal treasuries.\\nScribner s Monthly, projected by James G. Holland and Roswell B.\\nSmith in 1S70 at New York. Iu iSSi this company sold out to a new", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0623.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "584 Dictionary of United States History.\\ncompany formed by Smith, which began the Century Magazine in the same\\nyear. The Scribner s Magazine was re-established in 1887.\\nScrooby, a small hamlet in the northern part of Nottinghamshire, Eng-\\nland, one of the strongholds of Puritanism in the latter part of the six-\\nteenth century. Thence came a number of the Pilgrim Fathers.\\nScrub Race. The Presidential campaign and election of 1824 termed\\nthe scrub race. The candidates were not nominated by Congressional\\ncaucus, as had been the custom. Crawford, of Georgia, was put forward by\\na quasi-caucus; New England s candidate was John Q. Adams; Clay was\\nnominated by Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Illinois and Ohio; and Andrew\\nJackson by Tennessee and other States. Jackson received the largest popular\\nvote, but Adams was chosen by the House.\\nScudder, Horace E., of Massachusetts, was born in 1838. He has pub-\\nlished the series of American Commonwealths, Men and IManners in\\nAmerica, Noah Webster, and a History of the United States. He has\\nlately been the editor of the Atlantic Monthly.\\nSeabury, Samuel (i 729-1 796), of New York, clergyman, was obnoxious\\nto the colonists on account of the publication of pamphlets signed A West-\\nchester Farmer, entitled Free Thoughts on the Proceedings of the Con-\\ntinental Congress, The Congress Canvassed, and A View of the\\nControversy between Great Britain and her Colonies. He was made\\nBishop of Connecticut in 1784, one of the first three Episcopal bishops.\\nHe was prominent in the organization of the Episcopal Church in\\nAmerica.\\nSeal, Confederate, adopted by the Confederate Congress, April 30, 1863,\\nwas designed by Thomas J. Senimes, of Louisiana. The device represents\\nan equestrian portrait of Washington, surrounded by the principal agricultural\\nproducts of the Confederacy.\\nSeal of the United States. July 4, 1776, Congress appointed Benjamin\\nFranklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson a committee to prepare a device\\nfor the great seal of the United States. The committee reported various\\ndevices during several years. William Barton, of Philadelphia, was appoinf ^d\\nto submit designs. Sir John Prestwich, an English antiquarian, suggest*. 1\\na design to John Adams in 1779. Combining the various designs of Barton\\nand Prestwich, a seal was adopted June 20, 1782. Arms: Paleways of\\nthirteen pieces argent and gules; a chief azure; the escutcheon on the breast\\nof the American eagle displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive\\nbranch and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows; and in his beak a\\nscroll with the motto: E Plitribus Umitn. Crest: a glory breaking through\\na cloud proper and surrounding thirteen stars. Reverse: A pyramid\\nunfinished. In the zenith an eye in a triangle, surrounded with a glory\\nproper, over the eye the words, Anmiit Coeptis. Beneath the pyramid,\\nMDCCLXXVI, and words, Novus Ordo Seculonim,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0624.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 585\\nSearch. Great Britain, iu the period before the War of 1812, claimed\\nand exercised the right of search on two grounds. Search was made for\\ndeserting English sailors, and many American seamen were impressed as\\nsuch, and search was made for such goods as were declared subject to con-\\nfiscation in accordance with the paper blockade of the Continent and the\\nOrders in Council. This was one of the grievances on account of which the\\nWar of 1812 was begun, but was not remedied by the Treaty of Ghent.\\nThe right of search for the purposes of suppression of the slave-trade was\\ncarefully regulated by several treaties between Great Britain and the United\\nStates,\\nSeaton, William W. (1785-1866), was joint editor with Joseph Gales of\\nthe National Intelligencer from 181 2 to i860, and sole editor from i860 to\\n1866. With Mr. Gales he published Annals of Congress from 1798 to\\n1824, Register of Debates in Congress from 1824 to 1837, and Ameri-\\ncan State Papers.\\nSecession. After the adoption of the Constitution of 1787 the thought\\nthat the States were sovereign remained familiar to the minds of many, if\\nnot most, Americans. This led easily to the thought of secession by a State\\nor States as a remedy for aggressive action on the part of the Federal\\nGovernment. The Federalists of New England made threats of secession\\nin 1811 and 1814. As the slavery agitation began to be foremost among\\npolitical issues, secession was extensively suggested as the constitutional\\nright of the Southern States if the system of slavery was attacked. South\\nCarolina was ready to secede in 1850. In i860, upon news of the election\\nof Lincoln, she did so, December 20, by convention, which passed an\\nordinance purporting to repeal her adoption of the Constitution in 1788 and\\nto revive her independence. Mississippi seceded January 9, 1861, Florida\\nJanuary 10, Alabama January 11, Georgia January 19, Louisiana January 26,\\nTexas February i, all by conventions. These seven States formed the\\nConfederate States of America, February 4, 1861. Buchanan s government\\ncould find no constitutional warrant for coercing a seceded State. After the\\nfiring on Fort Sumter and the decision of Mr. Lincoln and the North to\\nsuppress rebellion by armed force, four more ^tates seceded Arkansas\\nMay 6, North Carolina May 20, Virginia May 23, Tennessee June 8. In\\nmost of these States there had been strong opposition to secession, but on\\nthe ground that it was inexpedient. That a State had a right to secede was\\nthe nearly universal belief. The national Government never recognized this\\nright, nor the validity of the ordinances. (See arts. Confederate States, Civil\\nWar.)\\nSecretaries. The first heads of executive departments bearing this title\\nwere instituted in 1781. (See art. Executive, and those on the several\\ndepartments now represented in the Cabinet.)\\nSeddon, James A. (1815-1880), represented Virginia in theU. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1845 to 1847 and from 1849 to 1851. He was Con-\\nfederate Secretary of War from 1862 to 1865.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0625.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "586 Dictionary of United States History.\\nSedgwick, Catherine Maria (1789-1867), of Massachusetts, established and\\nmanaged a private school from 181 3 to 1863. She published many novels\\nillustrative of American life and manners.\\nSedgwick, John (1813-1864), graduated at West Point in 1837, and served\\nin the Seminole and Mexican Wars. In the opening phase of the Rebellion\\nhe led a brigade in the Army of the Potomac, and commanded a division at\\nFair Oaks, the Seven Da3 s Battles, and Antietam. He was a corps general\\nat Chancellorsville, and directed the left wing at Gettysburg. In November,\\n1863, he captured a Confederate division at the River Rapidan. In the\\nterrible fighting of the Wilderness General Sedgwick was as usual foremost,\\nand was killed at Spottsylvania.\\nSedgwick, Robert (1590-1656), came to Massachusetts about 1635 from\\nEngland. In 1652 he became commander of the Massachusetts militia.\\nHe engaged in the expedition against Penobscot in 1654 and against the\\nSpanish West Indies in 1655.\\nSedgwick, Theodore (1746-1813), represented Massachusetts in the Con-\\ntinental Congress from 1785 to 1786. He served in the U. S. Congress as a\\nFederalist from 1789 to 1796 and in the U. S. Senate from 1796 to\\n1799. He was Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives from 1799\\nto 1801. He was a Judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Court from 1802\\nto 1813.\\nSedition Law. The Sedition law was an act passed by the Federal\\nmajority in Congress in 1798. It was passed in order to put an end to the\\nscurrilous and abusive tone of the press, which was largely controlled by\\naliens, French, English, Irish and Scotch refugees. It was modelled on two\\nEnglish acts of 1795. It provided heavy fines and imprisonment for any\\nwho should combine or conspire against the operations of the Government,\\nor should write, print or publish any false, scandalous and malicious writ-\\nings against it, or either House of Congress, or the President, with intent\\nto bring contempt upon them or to stir up sedition; truth of the libel could\\nbe offered in defence. The Alien and Sedition laws called out the Virginia\\nand Kentucky resolutions, and by their severity occasioned the fall of the\\nFederal party.\\nSeelye, Julius H., born in 1824, was professor of mental and moral phil-\\nosophy at Amherst College from 1858 to 1875, and its president from 1877\\nto 1 89 1. He represented Massachusetts in the U. S. Congress as a Republican\\nfrom 1875 to 1877. Died 1895.\\nSelectmen, the chief officers of a New England town. English parishes\\nhad their vestries, which were of two sorts, common vestries, composed of\\nall the rate-payers, and select vestries. In the latter, concerns were managed\\nby select vestrymen. Hence the term selectmen, as used in New England,\\nfor the governing board of a town. The practice is found in Massachusetts\\nas early as the issue of the Body of Liberties. The selectmen acted\\nunder the orders of the town-meeting.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0626.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0627.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "NAVAL COMMANDERS OF CIVIL WAR.\\nD. G. Fafragut. S. F. Dupont. John L. Worden.\\nA. H. Foote.\\nS. F. Dupont.\\nRaphael Semmes.\\nJohn A. Winslow.\\nJohn A. Dahlgreen.\\nDavid D. Porter.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0628.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 587\\nSelfridgc, Thomas O., born in 1837, commanded a siege battery at Vicks-\\nburg. He commanded the Osage in the Red River Expedition, and\\nthe Huron at Fort Fisher. He was distinguished for courage and\\ncoolness.\\nSeminole War. The Semiuoles were a nation of Florida Indians, com-\\nposed chiefly of Creeks and remnants of other tribes. During the War of\\n1 81 2, the British had been materially aided by the Seminoles. The com-\\nbined British and Indian stronghold the Negio Fort, on the Appalachicola\\nwas a constant menace to Georgia. During 1817, there were constant\\ncollisions and massacres of the whites. General Gaines accomplished little.\\nFlorida was then held by Spain. In Januar\\\\ 1818, Andrew Jackson was\\ngiven command, and in less than six months completely reduced the Semi-\\nnoles, burning their towns and defeating them day after day. Ambrister and\\nArbuthnot, English adventurers in league with the Spanish and Indians,\\nwere summarily hanged. Pensacola was captured and the whole of East\\nFlorida was taken possession of After the acquisition of Florida, many\\nslaves fled to the Seminoles. The Government endeavored to recover them,\\nand to force the Seminoles to remove to the West. War with the Seminoles\\nensued and was carried on with severity on both sides. General Thompson,\\nthe U. S. agent, finding their chiefs opposed to migration, put Osceola in\\nchains. War followed and Osceola killed Thompson and others at Fort\\nKing on December 28, 1835, and cut to pieces a body of troops under Major\\nDade. After a most disastrous struggle they were partially conquered, and\\nin 1837 agreed to emigrate. Osceola, however, fled and renewed the war.\\nHe was finally taken by treachery and the conflict ended (1842). By treaty\\nof 1845 the Seminoles were removed west of tlie Missi.ssippi; in 1856 they\\nwere assigned lands west of the Creeks.\\nSemmes, Raphael (1809-1877), a Confederate naval commander, served\\nfor many years in the American navy, including the Mexican War, and in 1861\\njoined the Southern side. In the period just before the commencement of\\nhostilities, he was very active in procuring supplies for the naval depart-\\nment of the new Confederacy. As commander of the Sumter he cap-\\ntured many American merchantmen until he was blockaded at Tangier.\\nHe then sold the Sumter, and in 1863 assumed charge of the Alabama.\\nIn this privateer he made sixty-two captures, but the Alabama s career\\nwas ended off Cherbourg, June 19, 1864, by the Kearsage. (See Ala-\\nbama and Kearsarge. Semmes escaped in a British vessel, made his\\nway to the South, and was appointed rear-admiral. He was arrested in 1865\\nafter the close of the war, but was released.\\nSenate. The name Senate was first applied to an American institution of\\ngovernment in the Virginia Constitution of 1776. Thence it was adopted\\ninto all those States whose legislatures were organized with two branches.\\nThe State Senates were in some cases elected by voters having a higher\\nproperty qualification than the electors of the lower branch. In the delibera-\\ntions of 1787 the Federal upper House was at first designated as the second\\nbranch. The name Senate first appears in the report of the committee of\\ndetail, August 6, One of the chief compromises of the Constitution was that", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0629.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "5S8 Dictionary of Unitkd States History.\\neffected by Connecticut, which harmonized the conflicting interests of large,\\nand small States by arranging that, while Representatives should be appor-\\ntioned to population, each State shoixld have two Senators, chosen by the State\\nLegislature. In 1789 the Senate was divided into three classes by lot, one-\\nthird retiring every two years. Down to 1795 the Senate sat with closed\\ndoors. Invested with the executive powers of concurrence in appointments\\nand treaties, it has been, as a rule, stronger than the House, though the\\nreverse is usually true of upper Houses. Elections of Senators were not\\ngoverned by any Federal law until 1866, when an act was passed providing\\nfor the present mode of election.\\nSenecas, a tribe of Iroquois Indians, lived in Western New York. They\\nallied themselves with Pontiac, destroying Venango, attacking Fort Niagara,\\nand cutting off an army train near Devil s Hole in 1763. During the Revo-\\nlution they favored the English. General Sullivan invaded their territory\\nand devastated it. They made peace in 1784. They ceded a great part of\\ntheir land, and in 181 2 joined the American cause, though a part in Ohio\\njoined the hostile tribes of the West, making peace in 1815. This band\\nremoved to Indian Territory in 1831, liut the rest remained in New York.\\nSeparatists, a sect which arose, chiefly in the North of England, about\\n1567, inspired by the exhortations of ministers who believed the gospel\\nshould be preached freely and the sacraments administered without idola-\\ntrous gear, and who, like Robert Brown, called upon the people to sepa-\\nrate from the Church of England. A number of them emigrated to\\nHolland in 1608. Their chief strength was about Scrooby, in Nottingham-\\nshire. A number of the Pilgrim Fathers belonged to this sect.\\nSeparatists (of-Zoar), the inhabitants of a communistic settlement in\\nOhio, called Zoar. They originated in Wiirttemberg, whence, in 181 7, a\\nnumber of them emigrated to this country to secure religious freedom.\\nThey were dissenters from the Established Church. Arriving at Philadel-\\nphia, they procured a tract of 6500 acres of land in Ohio, and founded the\\nvillage of Zoar, choosing Joseph Baumeler as leader. It was not their\\noriginal intention to form a communistic society, but necessity compelled\\nthem to do so later. At first marriage was prohibited, but in 1830 this rule\\nwas abolished.\\nSergeant, John (i 779-1852), represented Pennsylvania in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Federalist from 1815 to 1823, 1S27 to 1829, and from 1837\\nto 1842. He was the Whig candidate for the Vice-Presidency in 1832, on\\nthe ticket with Clay.\\nServia. The United States concluded commercial and consular conven-\\ntions with Servia in 1881.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0630.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\nSessions of Congress.\\n5\u00c2\u00ab9\\na\\nFrom\\nTo\\na\\nFrom\\nTo\\na\\n5\\ni\\n8\\n1\\nMarch\\n4, 1789\\nSeptember\\n29, 1789\\n36 1\\nI\\nDecember\\n5. 1859\\nJune\\n25, i860\\nM\\nJanuary\\nDecember\\n4. 790\\nAugust\\n12. 1790\\n2\\nDecember\\n4, i860\\nMarch\\n2, 1861\\n6,1790\\nMarch\\n3, 1791\\nI\\nJuly\\n4, 1861\\nAugust\\n6, l86l\\nOctober\\n24. 1791 i May\\n8, 1792\\n37 s\\n2\\nDecember\\n2, 186\\nJuly\\n17, 1862\\nNovember\\n5, 1792 March\\n2, 1793\\n3\\nDecember\\nI, 1862\\nMarch\\n3. 863\\n3{\\nDecember\\n2. 793\\nJune\\n9. 794\\n38\\nI\\nDecember\\n7, 863\\nJuly\\n2,1864\\nNovember\\n3. 794\\nMarch\\n3. 1795\\n2\\nDecember\\n5,1864\\nMarch\\n3.1865\\n4\\nDecember\\n7. 1795\\nJune\\nI, 1796\\nI\\nDecember\\n4. 1865\\nJuly\\n28, 1866\\nDecember\\n5, 796\\nMarch\\n3. 797\\n39]\\n2\\nDecember\\n3,1866\\nMarch\\n2, 1867\\nMay\\n15. 1797\\nJuly\\n10, 1797\\nI\\nMarch\\n4. 1867\\nMarch\\n30. 1867\\n51\\nNovember\\n13. 1797\\nJuly\\n16, 1798\\nJuly\\n3, 1867\\nJuly\\n20, 1867\\nDecember\\n3.1798\\nMarch\\n3. 1799\\nNovember\\n21, 1867\\nNovember\\n30, 1867\\n5 J\\nDecember\\n2, 1799\\nMay\\n14, 1800\\n40\\n2\\nDecember\\n3. 867\\nJuly\\n25, 1868\\nNovember\\nDecember\\n17, 1800\\n7, 1801\\nMarch\\nMay\\n3. 1801\\n3, I802\\nSeptember\\nNovember\\n21, lS63\\nI, 1868\\n-1\\nNovember\\n10, 1868\\nDecember\\n6. 1802\\nMarch\\n3. 1803\\n3\\nDecember\\n7, 1868\\nMarch\\n3. 1869\\n8 J\\nOctober\\n17. 1803\\nMarch\\n27, 804\\n41-^\\n1\\nMarch\\n4, 1869\\nApril\\n9. 1869\\nNovember\\n5. 1804\\nMarch\\n3. 1S05\\n2\\nDecember\\n6. l86q\\nJuly\\n15, 1S70\\n9\\nDecember\\n2, 1S05\\nApril\\n21, 1806\\n3\\nDecember\\n5, 1870\\nMarch\\n3. 1871\\nDecember\\nI, 1806\\nMarch\\n3.1807\\nI\\nMarch\\n4, 1871\\nApril\\n20, 1871\\nOctober\\n26. 1807\\nApril\\n25, 1808\\n42-!\\n2\\nDecember\\n4. 1871\\nJune\\n8, 1872\\nNovember\\n7, S08\\nMarch\\n3. 1809\\nI\\n3\\nDecember\\n2, 1S72\\nMarch\\n3. 873\\nMay\\n22, 1809\\nJune\\n28, 1809\\n-.J\\nI\\nDecember\\nI. 1873\\nJune\\n23. 874\\nIl-\\nNovember\\n27, 1809\\nMay\\nI, tSlo\\n43 j\\n2\\nDecember\\n7. 1874\\nMarch\\n3. 1875\\n3\\nDecember\\n3, 1810\\nMarch\\n3, 8\\n44{\\nI\\nDecember\\n6, 1875\\nAugust\\n15. 1876\\nly\\nNovember\\n4. 1811\\nJuly\\n6, 1812\\n2\\nDecember\\n4. 1876\\nMarch\\n3. 1877\\nNovember\\n2, 1812\\nMarch\\n3. 1813\\n45-|\\nI\\nOctober\\n5. 1877\\nDecember\\nI. 1877\\nMay\\n24. 813\\nAugust\\n2, 1813\\n2\\nDecember\\n3. 1877\\nJune\\n19, 1878\\n13-\\nDecember\\n6, 1813\\nApril\\n18, 1814\\n3\\nDecember\\n2, 1878\\nMarch\\n3. 1879\\nSeptember\\n19, 1814\\nMarch\\n3. 1815\\nI\\nMarch\\n18, 1879\\nJuly\\nI. 1879\\nJ4\\nDecember\\n4. lS 5\\nApril\\n30, 1S16\\n46 i\\n2\\nDecember\\nI, 1879\\nJune\\n16, 1880\\nDecember\\n2, I8l6\\nMarch\\n3, 8i7\\n3\\nDecember\\n6, 1880\\nMarch\\n3, 1881\\n15\\nDecember\\n1817\\nApril\\n30, 1818\\n47]\\nI\\nDecember\\n5. 1881\\nAugust\\n8, 1882\\nNovember\\n16, 1818\\nMarch\\n3. 1819\\n2\\nDecember\\n4, :882\\nMarch\\n3. 883\\ni6|\\nDecember\\n6, l8ig\\nMay\\n15, 1820\\n48\\nI\\nDecember\\n3,1883\\nJuly\\n7. S84\\nNovember\\n13, 1820\\nMarch\\n3. 1821\\n2\\nDecember\\nI, 1884\\nMarch\\n3. 885\\n17 1\\nDecember\\n3, 1821\\nMay\\n8, :822\\nI\\nDecember\\n7. 1885\\nAugust\\n5, 1886\\nDecember\\n2, 1822\\nMarch\\n3. 823\\n49 1\\n2\\nDecember\\n6, 1886\\nMarch\\n3. 887\\nisl\\nDecember\\n1823\\nMay\\n27, 1824\\nI\\nDecember\\n5, 887\\nOctober\\n20, 1888\\n2\\nDecember\\n6, 1824\\nMarch\\n3. 1825\\n5\u00c2\u00b0-\\n2\\nDecember\\n3, 888\\nMarch\\n3,1889\\n19 1\\nDecember\\n5. 1825\\nMay\\n22, 1826\\nI\\nDecember\\n2, 1889\\nOctober\\nI, 1S90\\nDecember\\n4, 1826\\nMarch\\n3. 1827\\nS -j\\n2\\nDecember\\nI, 1890\\nMarch\\n3. 189\\n20 J\\nDecember\\n3, 827\\nMay\\n26, 1828\\n1\\nDecember\\n7, 1891\\nAugust\\n5, 1892\\nDecember\\nI, 1828\\nMarch\\n3. 1829\\n52\\n2\\nDecember\\n5, 1892\\nMarch\\n3- 1893\\n21 J\\nDecember\\n7,1829\\nMay\\n3 1830\\nI\\nAugust\\n7, 1893\\nNovember\\n3, 1893\\nDecember\\n6, 1830 1 March\\n3. 831\\nS3-\\n2\\nDecember\\n4. 1893\\nAugust\\n28, 1894\\nJ\\nDecember\\n5. 1831 July\\n16, 1832\\n3\\nDecember\\n3. 1894\\nMarch\\n4, 895\\nDecember\\n3, 1832 1 March\\n3. 833\\n1\\nDecember\\n2. 1895\\nJune\\nII, 1896\\nf\\nDecember\\n2. 1833 June\\n30. 834\\n2\\nDecember\\n7, 1896\\nMarch\\n4, 897\\n23\\nDecember\\nI, 1834 I March\\n3. 835\\nf\\nI\\nMarch\\n15, 1897\\nJuly\\n24, 1897\\nDecember\\n7, 1835 July\\n4. 1836\\n55-^\\n2\\nDecember\\n6, 1897\\nJuly\\n8, 1898\\n24\\nDecember\\n6, 1836 1 March\\n3. 837\\nI\\n3\\nDecember\\n5. 1S98\\nMarch\\n4, 1899\\nf\\nSeptember\\n4, 1837 October\\n:6, 1837\\n25-^\\nDecember\\n4, 1837 July\\n9. 1838\\n1.\\n1 3\\nDecember\\n3. 1838\\nMarch\\n3. 839\\n26.\\nDecember\\n2, 1839\\nJuly\\n21. 1840\\n26^\\nDecember\\nMay\\n7, 1840\\n3 1841\\nMarch\\nSeptember\\n3. 1841\\n13, 1841\\n27-\\nDecember\\n6, 184 I\\nAuKust\\n3 1842\\nDecember\\n5, 1842 March\\n3. 843\\n28\\nDecember\\n4, 1843 June\\n17, 1844\\nDecember\\n2, 1844 March\\n3. 1845\\nDecember\\nI, J845 August\\nID, 1846\\n29-\\nJ\\nDecember\\n7. 1846\\nMarch\\n3. 1S47\\n30\\nDecember\\nDecember\\n6, 1847\\n4. 1848\\nAugust\\nMarch\\n14, 1S48\\n3. 1849\\nDecember\\n3. 1849\\nSeptember\\n30. 1850\\n3\\nDecember\\n2, 1850\\nMarch\\n3. 851\\nV\\nJ\\nDecember\\nI, 1851\\nAugust\\n3 1852\\nDecember\\n6, 1852\\nMarch\\n3. 1853\\nDecember\\n5, 1853\\nAugust\\n7. 854\\n33\\nDecember\\n4. 854\\nMarch\\n3, 1855\\n34-\\nDecember\\n.3, 1855\\nAugust\\n18, 1856\\nAugust\\n21, 1856\\nAugust\\n30, 1856\\nDecember\\nI, 1856\\nMarch\\n3. 857\\n-i\\nDecember\\n7. 1857\\nJune\\n14. 1858\\nDecember\\n6, 1858\\nMarch\\n3, 859", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0631.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "590 Dictionary of United States History.\\nSeven Cities. (See Cibola.)\\nSeven Days, an unbroken series of battles, between the Federal and Con-\\nfederate troops, June 26 to July 2, 1862, known as the Seven Days Fight\\naround Richmond. McClellan s army was 92,500 strong, June 26; Lee s\\nforces numbered about 85,000. McClellan lying quiet, L,ee left Magruder\\nto defend Richmond, and planned, with his main force, to unite with Jackson\\nand crush Porter, who was lying on the north of the Chickahominy. He\\ndefeated him at Gaines Mills and cut off McClellan s communications to the\\nnorth. That general determined to change his base to the James, which he\\ndid at the expense of continual fighting. Arriving there, he was forced to\\nwithdraw and end the campaign. (See Mechanicsville, Gaines Mills,\\nSavage s Station, Frayser s Farm, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill.)\\nSeven Pines, or Fair Oaks, Va. May 31, 1862, McClellan s army had\\ncrossed the Chickahominy and advanced toward Richmond. Johnston, with\\na heavy force of Confederates, attacked Keyes corps at Seven Pines. Keyes\\ndefended himself stoutly, but the rain had washed away the bridges over\\nthe Chickahominy and reinforcements came up slowly, so he held his line\\nwith difficulty. After protracted and fierce fighting, reinforcements came\\nup under Sumner, and the Confederates were repulsed, Johnston himself\\nreceiving severe wounds.\\nSeven-thirties, treasury notes of the United States bearing interest at\\nthe rate of 7.30 per cent per annum (.02 per cent a day). They were first\\nauthorized in order to meet the expenses of the war by act of July 17,\\n1 86 1. The total amount issued, before the war was concluded, amounted to\\n$830,000,000.\\nSeven Years War, a war between England and Prussia on the one hand,\\nand France and Austria on the other, lasting from 1756 to 1763. A part\\nof it went on in India, and a part in America. The latter phase of it is in\\nAmerican history called the French and Indian War. The war was con-\\ncluded by the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France losing Canada and Louisiana.\\n(See French and Indian War.)\\nSeventh of March Speech, Daniel Webster s celebrated speech For the\\nUnion and Constitution in the Senate, March 7, 1850. It essentially\\napproved of the Clay Compromise and advocated yielding on the part of\\nNorthern abolitionists to Southern slavery principles in order to maintain\\nthe Union in harmony. Calhoun s doctrine of peaceable secession was\\ndenounced as impossible.\\nSevier, John (1745-1815), one of the chief pioneers of the West, was born\\nin Virginia, and was a hardy Indian fighter from his early years. He was\\npresent at the battle of Point Pleasant in 1774, and was one of the command-\\ners at King s Mountain in 1780. When the Tennessee district of North\\nCarolina in 1784 declared its independence as the State of Franklin, it chose\\nSevier for Governor. He assumed the office but the temporary State was\\nsoon taken back, Sevier became Congressman in 1790. When Tennessee", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0632.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Uxitkd Si ates History. 591\\nfinally entered the Union he was its first Governor, serving from 1796 to\\n1803. He was again Congressman from 181 1 to 1815. There is a biography\\nby Gilmore.\\nSewall, Samuel (1652-1730), Chief Justice of Massachusetts, came to\\nAmerica from England in 1661. He was an assistant of Massachusetts\\nfrom 1684 to 1688, a member of the Executive Council from 1692 to\\n1725, and judge of the probate court from 1692 to 1718. He was prominent\\nin the Salem witchcraft trials and afterward publicly acknowledged his\\nerror. He was Chief Justice from 1718 to 1728. He published The\\nSelling of Joseph, one of the first tracts advocating the rights of slaves,\\nand kept a diary, since published, which gives an interesting and amusing\\npicture of life in Puritan Boston.\\nSeward, Frederick W., born in 1830, sou of W. H. Seward, was Assistant\\nU. S. Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869 and from 1877 to 1881. He\\npublished the Life and Letters of William H. Seward.\\nSeward, George F., born in 1840, was Consul at Shanghai, China, from\\n1861 to 1863, Consul-General to China from 1863 to 1876, and Minister to\\nChina from 1876 to 1880.\\nSeward, William Henry (May 16, 1801-October 10, 1872), a distinguished\\nAmerican statesman, was born in Orange County, N. Y. He was graduated\\nat Union College in 1820, and having studied law he entered on its practice at\\nAuburn. The anti-Masonic excitement broke out soon afterward, and Sew-\\nard was carried into the State Senate on a wave of this feeling in 1830. In\\n1834 he was defeated as the Whig candidate for Governor. About this time\\nbegan the political partnership of Thurlow Weed, Horace Greeley and Sew-\\nard, which was far-reaching in its influence on State and National affairs.\\nSeward was Governor in 1839-1843. In 1849 entered the U. S. Senate.\\nHe was in that body one of the leaders of the anti-slavery men, and when\\nthe Republican party was formed he was among its foremost orators.\\nAmong his numerous speeches were that in 1850, which spoke of the\\nhigher law, and the irrepressible conflict oration of 1858. In i860, at\\nthe Chicago Convention, Seward was at the start the leading candidate for\\nthe Presidential nomination. The many elements opposed to him proved\\ntoo strong, and Lincoln was nominated. The new President called his chief\\nrival to the Department of State. Secretary Seward s tenure of his ofBce,\\n1861-1869, covers the highly important periods of the Civil War and of\\nreconstruction. Many were the delicate questions, especially with England,\\nas in the Trent affair and throughout the struggle, also with France in\\nthe Mexican episode. Seward s ability in the conduct of the foreign rela-\\ntions has been generally praised. On the night of Lincoln s assassination\\nhe was stabbed and dangerously injured. In 1867 he negotiated the pur-\\nchase of Alaska, and he made various West Indian treaties which failed of\\nconfirmation. He traveled extensively after retiring from office, and the\\nnarratives of his travels, as well as his speeches, have been published. Life\\nby Seward.\\nSeymour, Horatio (May 31, 1810-February 12, 1886), a prominent Demo-\\ncratic statesman, was ia early life the military secretary of Governor Marcy", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0633.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "592 Dictionary of United States History.\\nof New York. With the politics of that State he was thereafter identified.\\nAs Assemblyman, Mayor of Utica, and Speaker of the Assembly, he had\\nbecome noted as a leader of the Democratic party, and in 1850 he was\\ndefeated as its candidate for Governor. In 1 853-1 855 he was Governor, bnt\\nthe State was close, and the Republicans held control for a few years. Sey-\\nmour s attitude in the Civil War is difficult to characterize. He supported\\nthe Union, but could hardly be reckoned as a War Democrat. In 1862 he\\nwas elected Governor over the Republican candidate, and served 1863\u00e2\u0080\u00941865.\\nDuring his term occurred the Draft Riots in New York City, July, 1863.\\nGovernor Seymour s speech to the mob has been the subject of severe criti-\\ncism. He was defeated for re-election in 1864. In 1868 he presided over\\nthe Democratic National Convention, and received against his will the\\nnomination for President. In the election he was defeated by Grant.\\nSeymour, Truman (1824-1891), U. S. A., served in the Mexican War. He\\naided in the defence of Fort Sumter in 1861. He commanded the left wing\\nat Mechanicsville in 1862, led a division at Malvern Hill, and was brevetted\\ncolonel for services at South Mountain and Antietani. He fought at Morris\\nIsland and Fort Wagner and captured Jacksonville.\\nShackamaxon, scene of William Penn s famous treaty with the Indians\\nin 1682, near Chester, Pa. By this treaty the confidence and friendship of\\nthe Indians were secured, and their land was fairly purchased.\\nShadrach Case (1851). In May, 1850, a fugitive slave from Virginia,\\nnamed Frederic Wilkins, came to Boston, and secured employment under\\nthe alias of Shadrach. Subsequently he was arrested and jailed in the\\nUnited States Court-house pending trial. Shadrach was rescued by a\\nbody of colored people and conveyed in safety to Canada. Intense excite-\\nment prevailed in Boston, and spread over the entire country upon Congress\\nturning its attention to the infringement of the law. Mv. Clay introduced a\\nresolution requesting the President to send to Congress information regard-\\ning the matter. President Pierce issued a proclamation announcing the\\nfacts, and calling upon the people to prevent future disturbances.\\nShafter, William R., born in 1835, at Galesburg, Mich. Served through\\nthe Civil War with distinction. He became Brigadier General in 1897.\\nPresident McKinley appointed him Major General in 1898, and he commanded\\nthe American army at the battle of Santiago.\\nShaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of (1621-1683), was one of\\nthe nine proprietors who received a grant of Carolina in 1663, extending\\nfrom the Virginia frontier to the river St. Mathias in Florida. He was\\nprominent in the management of the colony, and secured for it the consti-\\ntution drafted by Locke in 1667. It established a territorial aristocracy\\nwith the proprietors at the head, granting religious toleration.\\nShakers, a communistic association founded at New Lebanon, N. Y., in\\nSeptember, 1787, by a party of the followers of Ann Lee, of England,\\nfounder of the sect. James and Jane Wardley were at the head of this\\nsociety. The formation of the society was due chiefly to the influence of a\\nreligious revival, and the name is derived from the peculiar dance with", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0634.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 593\\nwhich they accompany their worship. Ann Lee was supposed to liave had\\na special revelation from heaven. She died at Watervliet, N. Y., in 1784,\\nafter a number of years spent in preaching and making converts.\\nShanley vs. Haney (1762), an English case in equity brought by an\\nadministrator to recover money given by his intestate to a negro brought to\\nEngland as a slave. The suit was dismissed by Lord Northington, who held\\nthat a slave became free as soon as he set foot on English territory. (See\\nSommersett.)\\nShannon, frigate. (See Chesapeake.\\nSharpless, James (1751-1811), came to America from England in 1794,\\niind executed many portraits of distinguished Americans in pastel, the most\\nnoteworthy being that of Washington.\\nSharpsburg. (See Antietam Creek.)\\nSharswood, George (i 810-1883), was President-Judge of a district court\\nfrom 1851 to 1867 and a Judge of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from\\n1867 to 1882. He published many valuable legal works.\\nShaw, Lemuel (1781-1861), was Chief Justice of the Massachusetts\\nSupreme Court from 1830 to i860. He is regarded as one of the foremost\\nof New England jurists.\\nShawmut, the name of an Indian settlement, which once stood upon the\\nsite of Boston. The latter town was long known to the Indians by that\\nname.\\nShawnees, a tribe of Algonquin Indians, after wandering about the east\\nwere driven west by the Iroquois. They first aided the French in their final\\nstruggle until won over to the English. They joined Pontiac and from time\\nto time continued hostilities until the peace of 1786. They took part in the\\nMiami War, but, finally reduced by General Wayne, they submitted under\\nthe Treaty of 1795. In 1812 a part joined the English. The Missouri band\\nceded their lands in 1825, and the Ohio band in 1831. They became some-\\nwhat scattered, but the main band in Kansas ended tribal relations in 1854.\\nShawomet, a place on the Pawtuxet River, R. I., where in 1643 the turbu-\\nlent English adventurer, Gorton, and a few friends concluded a purchase of\\nland from Miantonomo, a chief of the Narragansett Indians, and established\\nthe town of Warwick, one of the elements which combined to make Rhode\\nIsland.\\nShays, Daniel (1747-1825), served as an ensign at the battle of Bunker\\nHill and attained the rank of captain during the Revolutionary War. In\\n1786 he was the chief leader of the insurrection known as Shays Rebel-\\nlion (q. V.) After the rebellion he lived for a year in Vermont. He received\\npardon from Governor Bowdoin of Massachusetts and settled in New York in\\n1788.\\nShays Rebellion. After the close of the Revolution, much discontent\\nand indeed actual want prevailed through New England, especially in\\nWestern Massachusetts. The annual State tax amounted to $1,000,000.\\nRiots and armed mobs were frequent, the especial grievances being the high\\nsalary of the Governor, the refusal to issue paper money, and the specific\\n38", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0635.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "594 Dictionary of United States History.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2taxes to pay the interest on the State debt. December 5, 1786, 1000 armed\\nmen under Daniel Shays took possession of Worcester and prevented the\\nsession of the Supreme Court. Springfield was mobbed by the same men.\\nGeneral Lincoln, commanding 4000 militia, attacked Shays near Spring-\\nfield, January 25, 1787, quickly routing his force. They fled to Amherst,\\nwhere 150 were captured. The insurgents were pardoned on laying down\\ntheir arms.\\nShea, John D. Gilmary (1824-1892), published The Discovery and\\nExploration of the Mississippi Valley, Novum Belgium, The Opera-\\ntions of the French Fleet under Count de Grasse and an extensive and\\nvaluable History of the Catholic Church in the United States.\\nSheaffe, Sir Roger H. {1763-1851), served in the British army in Canada\\nfrom 1802 to 1 811. He defeated the American troops at Queenstown In\\n1813, and defended York (now Toronto) when attacked.\\nShelburne, W^m. P. Fitz-Maurice, Earl of, (1737-1805), while President\\nof the Board of Trade in Grenville s Cabinet in 1763, opposed the Stamp\\nAct and other measures oppressive to the American colonies. He sought to\\nmoderate the arbitrary colonial policy of Grafton and Townsend, and ardently\\nopposed the colonial administration of Lord North. He became Premier in\\n1782, and negotiated the preliminaries of peace with the United States. He\\nresigned in 1783.\\nShelby, Isaac (1750-1826), serx^ed in the battle of Point Pleasant in 1774.\\nHe distinguished himself at the battle of Long Island Flats, Tenn., with\\nthe Indians in 1776. In 1780 he defeated the British at Cedar Springs and\\nMusgrove s Mill. He planned and engaged in the battle of King s Moun-\\ntain. He was Governor of Kentucky from 1792 to 1796 and from 1812 to\\n1816. In 1812 he organized a body of 4,000 volunteers and joined General\\nHarrison in Canada, taking part in the victory of the Thames.\\nShenandoah, a British- Confederate cruiser. She sailed from London\\nas the Sea King, October 8, 1864, commanded by Captain James J. Wad-\\ndell, of the Confederate navy. Making for Madeira, her name was changed\\nto the Shenandoali. From Madeira she sailed for Melbourne, destroying\\na number of United States merchant ships on her way. Thence she went\\nto Behring Sea and did great damage to the whaling vessels. At the close\\nof the war the Shenandoah was surrendered to the British Government\\nand afterward turned over to the United States.\\nShepard, Thomas (1605-1649), was charged with non-conformity in Eng-\\ngland and came to America in 1635. He was pastor of the church at Cam-\\nbridge, Mass., from 1635 to 1649. He was influential in the establishment\\nof Harvard College at that place. He was one of the most influential men\\nin New England and a writer on theological subjects.\\nSheridan, Philip Henry (March 6, 1831-August 5, 1888), one of the great\\nUnionist generals of the war, was born at Albany, and graduated at West\\nPoint ill 1853. In the first stages of the Civil War he was quartermaster,\\nbut in 1862 he received a cavalry command. At the battle of Perryville h?", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0636.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0637.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "STATESMEN OF RECENT TIMES.\\nGeorge F. Edmunds. Allen G. Thurman.\\nJohn Sherman. Carl Schurz.\\nJames G. Blaine.\\nWilliam M. Evarts. Samuel J. Tilden.\\nGeorge Wm. Curtis.\\nJohn G. Carlisle. Thomas F. Bayard.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0638.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 595\\nled a division, and on the bloody field of Murfreesboro lie especially distin-\\nguished himself. Appointed major-general of volunteers, he fought at\\nChickamauga, and at Missionary Ridge he shared with Hooker and others\\nthe honors of the day. The great period of his career was now approaching.\\nGrant gave him, in 1864, the charge of the cavalry corps in the Army of\\nthe Potomac; he was present at the Wilderness, fought the battle of Todd s\\nTavern, conducted an extended raid in May and June, and was in August\\nplaced in charge of the Army of the Shenandoah. He defeated Early at\\nWinchester and Fisher s Hill, and was absent at Winchester, when, on\\nOctober 19, 1864, the enemy made a sudden attack on his army at Cedar\\nCreek. Little Phil s ride from Winchester, twenty miles away, to the\\nbattle-field, his reforming the army and turning defeat into a brilliant vic-\\ntory, is the theme of story and poetry. He was made a major-general in the\\nregular army. In the operations of 1865 he took the leading part, won the\\nbattle of Five Forks, April i, and helped materially in the denouement at\\nAppomattox. In 1869 he was promoted to be lieutenant-general and in 1888\\ngeneral. In 1883 he succeeded General Sherman as commander-in-chief of\\nthe army. He wrote Personal Memoirs.\\nSheridan s Raid in Virginia. On the day of the battle of Spottsylvania\\nCourt House, May 8, 1864, Grant ordered Sheridan to ride with his cavalr\\nentirely around the Confederate anny, destroying bridges and depots, tearing\\nup railroads and capturing trains. Sheridan followed his commands to the\\nletter. He destroyed ten miles of railroad, captured several trains, cut all\\nthe telegraph wires and recaptured 400 prisoners, who had been taken by\\nthe Confederates in the Wilderness. The Confederate cavalry under J. E. B.\\nStuart was immediately dispatched to intercept him. They met at Yellov/\\nTavern, and a hot engagement took place. The Confederates were finally\\ndefeated, and Stuart himself, the most famous cavalryman of the Southern\\narmy, was mortally wounded. Sheridan then rode on toward Richmond.\\nThe outer defences were at that time quite weak, and the Union leader found\\nlittle difficulty in dashing through the Confederate Hues and capturing a\\nlarge number of prisoners. The inner works were too strong for him, so he\\nretreated and rejoined Grant May 25.\\nSherman, John, bom May 10, 1823, American statesman, is the brother\\nof General W. T. Sherman. Having been a sur\\\\-eyor, he settled to the prac-\\ntice of law at Mansfield, O. Since he entered the House of Representatives\\nin 1855 his official career has been unbroken. He was the Republican candi-\\ndate for Speaker in 1859, and was chairman of the Ways and Means Com-\\nmittee. In 1 86 1 he entered the U. S. Senate. He was foremost in the\\nfinancial and other measures, and personally recruited an Ohio brigade. For\\nseveral years he was chairman of the important Finance Committee. He\\nvisited Louisiana at the time of the Tilden-Hayes excitement, and in 1877\\nleft the Senate to enter President Hayes Cabinet. During his administra-\\ntion of the Treasury Department occurred the Resumption of Specie Pay-\\nments in 1879, for which Secretary Sherman had made careful preparation.\\nIn 1 881 he re-entered the Senate. His name has been several times pre-\\nsented to Republican National Conventions. In 1880 Garfield headed the", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0639.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "596 Dictionary of United States History.\\nOhio delegation in Sherman s favor, and was himself nominated. In 1888\\nSherman was first in the lead, but Harrison finallj won. Senator Sher-\\nman has been chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations. He became\\nSecretary of State in McKinley s Cabinet March 4, 1897.\\nSherman, Roger (1721-1793), a signer of the Declaration of Indepen-\\ndence, was a shoemaker in early life, a surveyor, lawyer, Judge of the Supe-\\nrior Court of Connecticut, and member of the Legislature. He was a dele-\\ngate to the first and second Continental Congresses, was one of the committee\\nof five to draft the Declaration, and a member of the Connecticut committee\\nof safety. He was an influential delegate to the Federal Constitutional\\nConvention of 1787. He supported the Constitution in the ratifying con-\\nvention of his State, and wrote the valuable Citizen letters. In the first\\nCongress he was a member of the House of Representatives 1789-1791, and\\nU. S. Senator 1 791-1 793. Few of his contemporaries have a more honorable\\nrecord of usefulness through the entire revolutionary period.\\nSherman, Thomas W. (1813-1879), was brevetted major for services at\\nBuena Vista during the Mexican War. He commanded the land forces of\\nthe Port Royal Expedition in 1861. In 1863 he commanded a division in\\nthe Army of the Tennessee, engaging at Corinth. He was active in the\\nengagements about New Orleans and led the left wing at Port Hudson\\nin 1863.\\nSherman, William Tecumseh (February 8, 1820-February 14, 1891), one\\nof the most famous generals of recent times, was born at Lancaster, Ohio,\\nand graduated at West Point in 1840. He was engaged in the Seminole\\nWar, and in the Mexican War took part in the expedition to California. In\\n1853 he resigned, and was in business in California, New York and Kansas.\\nIn 1 860-1861 he was superintendent of a military college in Louisiana.\\nWhen the Rebellion began he was appointed colonel. At the first battle of\\nBull Run he commanded a brigade. In October he was transferred to the\\ndepartment of the Cumberland, but was removed the next month. Shennan\\nwas one of the few who earl)^ in the war foresaw the severity of the contest.\\nIn 1862 he was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee, and with his division\\ncontributed materially to the victory of Shiloh. Made major-general of\\nvolunteers and corps commander, he had a signal share in the success of the\\nVicksburg campaign. He was now promoted to be brigadier-general in the\\nregular army, and commanded the left wing at the battle of Chattanooga.\\nImmediately afterward he was sent to relieve Burnside at Knoxville. When\\nGrant in 1864 assumed command of all the Federal armies he intrusted\\nSherman with the task of crushing the Rebellion in the West. Accordingly\\nin the spring General Sherman with a powerful force moved southward,\\nopposed by General J. E. Johnston in the mountains of Northern Georgia.\\nThese great strategists contended at Dalton, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain,\\netc. (See arts.) In the vicinity of Atlanta three severe battles were fought\\nwith Hood, and that city was taken. In November Sherman started on his\\nfamous march to the sea, reaching Savannah at Christmas time. He was\\nnow a major-geneial in the regular army. Leaving Savannah in February,\\nbe entered Columbia, fought the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0640.jp2"}, "639": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n597\\nand after Lee s surrender, concluded a treaty with Johnston; as this was\\nrejected by the Government, another treaty on September 26, 1865, was\\nframed, and Johnston s army surrendered. General Sherman was promoted\\nto be lieutenant-general in 1866, and succeeded Grant as general and com-\\nmander-in-chief in 1869. He retired from the army in 1883. He is the\\nauthor of Memoirs. Sherman was of a firm, straightforward, soldierly\\ncharacter.\\nSherman Act, a bill submitted by Senator Sherman, of Ohio, and passed\\nby Congress July 14, 1890. This act provided that the Secretary of the\\nTreasury purchase each month 4,500,000 ounces of silver bullion at market\\nprice, treasury notes of legal-tender character to be issued in payment there-\\nfor, and these notes to be redeemable on demand, in coin at the treasury. It\\nalso provided that 2,000,000 ounces be coined each month into standard sil-\\nver dollars, and that the silver legislative act of February 28, 1878, be\\nrepealed. The purchasing clause of the Sherman act was repealed in 1893.\\nShields, Charles W., born in 1825, has occupied at Princeton Theological\\nSeminary a professorship of the harmony of science and revealed religion\\nsince 1865. He is the author of extensive philosophical works.\\nShields, James (1810-1879), soldier, came to the United States from Ire-\\nland in 1826, and was a member of the Illinois L,egislature in 1836. He was\\nCommissioner of the General Land Office from 1845 to 1847. He com-\\nmanded a brigade during the Mexican War, gaining distinction at Cerro\\nGordo aud Chapultepec. He represented Illinois in the U. S. Senate as a\\nDemocrat from 1849 to 1855. He commanded a division in General Banks\\narmy and gained a victory at Winchester in 1862, but was defeated at Port\\nRepublic by General Jackson.\\nShilling. In America this coin was first issued from the mint at Boston.\\nIts coins were of the value of lad, 6d and 3d peeces, and every shilling\\nweighing the three-penny trojweight and lesser peeces proportionably. The\\nfirst struck were mere planchets stamped near the border NE, and on the\\nreverse the value indicated by XII, similarly impressed. The first struck\\nwere known as the New England Shilling and these were followed by\\nthe Willow Tree, Oak Tree and Pine Tree coins. Their weight\\nwas 72 grains, and their value 18^ cents. The tree coins all bore the same\\ndate, the Pine Tree being the most conspicuous. Maryland also, 1659,\\nhad shillings coined in London by Lord Baltimore; their weight was 66\\ngrains, and their value 16.73 cents. They bore a profile bust of Lord Balti-\\nmore, an escutcheon with his arms and the figure XII denoting the value.\\nThere was also the Bermuda shilling or Hogge penny, one of the earliest\\ncoins used in America. As a money of account the shilling, like the pound,\\nvaried much in value from colony to colony. In New England and Virginia\\nthe shilling equalled, in 1790, a sixth part of the Spanish or Mexican silver\\ndollar; in New York and North Carolina an eighth; in New Jersey, Penn-\\nsylvania, Delaware and Maryland two-fifteenths; in South Carolina and\\nGeorgia three-fourteenths.\\nShiloh or Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., the most important of the battles\\nbetween the western armies during the Civil War, resulting in frightful loss", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0641.jp2"}, "640": {"fulltext": "598 Dictionary ok United Stat3;s History.\\nof life on both sides. This fight lasted two days, April 6 aud 7, 1862, the\\nConfederates being forced to retreat on the afternoon of the second day.\\nGrant commanded the Federals, numbering 33,000, and expected 7000 more\\nunder Buell to join him. His line extended two miles along Lick Creek,\\nPrentiss holding the left, McClernand the centra and William T. Sherman\\nthe right. The Confederates, 40,000 strong, v/ere led by Albeit Sidney\\nJohnston with Beauregard, Bragg and Hardee as his chief lieutenants. The\\nConfederates, in a three-line formation, attacked heavily Sherman s and\\nMcClernand s divisions, and drove them back, though -with great loss. In\\nthe afternoon Johnston was shot and Beauregard assumed command of the\\nConfederates. They surrounded and captured Prentiss command, and were\\nvictorious on the first day, though sustaining heavy loss, and perhaps not\\nfully pressing their advantages. The next morning Grant, now joined by\\nBuell, assumed the offensive. Throughout the day the advantage lay with\\nthe Federals. A charge led by Grant himself in the afternoon began the\\nrout, but the roads were too rough to pennit pursuit. The Federal losses were\\nabout 13,000, the Confederate were officially reported to be about 11,000.\\nShimonoseki, a town of Japan commanding the straits leading from the\\ninland sea to the Sea of Japan. June 25, 1863, the American steamer Pem-\\nlaroke was fired upon by the Japanese for attempting to enter the straits,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0which had been ordered closed by the Mikado. July 16, the United States\\nship Wyoming destroyed two vessels and attacked the batteries in retalia-\\ntion. September 5, 1864, a combined squadron of American, British,\\nFrench and Dutch ships attacked the forts and destroyed them. The Mikado\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was forced to pay an immense indemnity to each nation, the United States\\nreceiving f 785,000. This sum, vastly beyond the real damage, was paid\\n1864-1874. In 1883 it was returned to Japan, but without the interest.\\nShipbuilding. This was in the colonial period one of the foremost\\nbranches of manufacturing industry in the colonies, especially in New Eng-\\nland. In IMassachusetts the business began in the first years. In 1698 it\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was enacted that no vessel of more than thirty tons should be built save\\nunder the supervision of a competent shipwright. The first schooner, an\\nAmerican invention, was built at Gloucester, in 1713. The American ships\\ncompeted powerfully with those of England, and were thought the best and\\ncheapest in the world. They formed America s chief manufacture for export.\\nShiras, George, of Pennsylvania, was born in 1832, and was appointed to\\nsucceed Justice Bradley in the U. S. Supreme Court in 1892.\\nShires. In 1643 the General Court of Massachusetts Bay colony ordered\\nthat the whole colony, which then included the present State of New Hamp-\\nshire, be divided into four shires Essex, Middlesex, vSufFolk and Norfolk.\\nIn all the colonies the name was used for county.\\nShirley, William (1693-1771), Governor, came to Massachusetts from\\nEngland in 1734. He was Royal Governor of Massachusetts from 1741 to\\n1749. He planned the successful expedition against Cape Breton in 1745.\\nHe was again Governor of Massachusetts from 1753 to 1756, and was com-\\nmander of the forces in British North America at the outbreak of the French\\nWar in 1755.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0642.jp2"}, "641": {"fulltext": "Dictionary op United States History. 5^^\\nShogeoquady Creek (near Buffalo). A British force which had crossed\\nthe Niagara to capture American batteries and vessels was here defeated\\nwith heavj- loss, August 3, 1814, by the Americans under Major Morgan.\\nShoshones, or Snake Indians, consisted of various bands, chief among^\\nwhich were the Buffalo Eaters, on Wind River, and the Tookarika, on the\\nSalmon. Some of the bands near Humboldt River and Great Salt Lake\\nbegan hostilities in 1849. In 1862 California volunteers nearly exterminated\\nthe Hokandikah. Treaties with various bands followed in 1863, 1864 and\\n1865. Hostilities were afterward renewed for a period. The Government\\nattempted to collect the whole nation, and they were assigned various reser-\\nvations.\\nShubrick, William B. (1790-1874), served on the Constitution in the\\ndefence of Norfolk and in the capture of the British ships Cyane and\\nLevant in the War of 181 2. He commanded the Pacific squadron during\\nthe Mexican War.\\nShute, Samuel, (1653-1742) was colonial Governor of Massachusetts from\\n1716 to 1723. He was continuously engaged in controversy with the Legis-\\nlature regarding the prerogative.\\nSiam. Treaties of amity and commerce were concluded between the\\nUnited States and Siam in 1833 and 1856, the latter of which was modified\\nin 1867. The liquor traffic was regulated by an agreement in 1884.\\nSibley, Henry H. (1811-1891), was a delegate from Wisconsin Territory\\nto Congress in 1849. He represented Minnesota in the U. S. Congress as a\\nDemocrat from 1849 to 1853, and was Governor in 1858.\\nSibley, Henry H. (1816\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1886) engaged in the important operations during\\nthe Mexican War. He commanded the Confederate forces which defeated\\nColonel Canby at Valverde, in New Mexico. He subsequently commanded\\na brigade under General Taylor and General Smith.\\nSibley, John L. (1804-1885) was assistant librarian at Harvard from 1841\\nto 1856 and librarian from 1856 to 1877. He published Biographical\\nSketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in three volumes.\\nSickles, Daniel Edgar, born in 1823, was prior to the war a lawyer, Demo-\\ncratic member of the New York Legislature, Secretary of Legation at Lon-\\ndon, and Congressman from 1857 to 1861. He had command of a brigade in\\nthe Peninsula campaign and at Antietam, a division at Fredericksburg, and\\na corps at Chancellorsville and at Gettysburg, where his services were con-\\nspicuous. After the war he was sent abroad on a mission, and retired from\\nthe army with the rank of major-general in 1869. From 1869 to 1873 he was\\nU. S. Minister to Spain. In 1893 he re-entered the House of Representa-\\ntives as a Democrat from New York City.\\nSigel, Franz, general, born in 1824, prominent in the insurrection in\\nBaden in 1848 and 1849. He came to the United States in 1852. He\\nardently upheld the National cause during the Civil War. He captured\\nCamp Jackson in Missouri, fought the battle of Carthage, and was second in", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0643.jp2"}, "642": {"fulltext": "6oo Dictionary of United States History.\\ncommand at Wilson s Creek in 1861. He commanded the right wing at\\nPea Ridge in 1862, and led a corps at Cedar Creek and the second battle of\\nBull Run. He was defeated by General Breckinridge at New Market iu\\n1864.\\nSigners, (See Declaration of Independence, and Convention of 1787.)\\nSigourney, Lydia H. (1791-1865), of Connecticut, was a writer of grace-\\nful prose and poetry of elevated moral tone. She wrote Traits of the\\nAborigines of America and Pocahontas.\\nSilliman, Benjamin (1779-1864), The Nestor of American Science, pro-\\nfessor in Yale College from 1802 to 1853, founded the American Journal\\nof Science in 1818, and was sole editor until 1838. He exerted his influence\\nfor the Union and the abolition of slaver}^\\nSilver. Under the law of April 2, 1792, first of the coinage laws, the ratio\\nbetween silver and gold was made one to fifteen. Silver bullion could be\\npresented for coinage into lawful money, 1485 parts pure to 179 parts alloy,\\none-ninth being retained for coinage expense. The law of March 3, 1795,\\ncaused two cents per ounce to be charged for coining silver bullion below\\nthe standard. April 21, 1800, it was enacted that a sum equivalent to the\\nexpense of refining should be retained for coining silver below the standard.\\nMay 19, 1828, the law provided for coining silver below the standard a charge\\nequal to expense of materials and a charge for wastage. June 28, 1834, a\\ncertain deduction (one-half per cent) was made for coining standard silver,\\nif paid in coin five days after deposit. January 18, 1837, the standard silver\\ncoin was made nine-tenths pure and one-tenth alloy, and silver coins were to\\nbe legal tender for any amount. The dollar weighed 412 grains. By the\\nlaw of February 21, 1853, the weight of the half dollar was reduced from\\n206 to 192 grains, and it was made legal tender to the amount of only $5.\\nNo private deposits for such coinage were to be received, but the mint was to\\npurchase bullion and turn out coins to be exchanged with gold at par value\\nin sums not exceeding $100. February 12, 1873, the law made the weight\\nof the trade dollar 420 grains, the half dollar 193.75 grains. Silver bullion\\ncould be deposited for coinage into trade dollars only, and the mint was\\nto purchase bullion for the coinage of coins less than $1.00. By the law\\nof July 22, 1877, the trade dollar ceased to be a legal tender. By the law of\\nFebruary 28, 1878, silver dollars of the weight of 412)^ grains were made\\nlegal tender for all debts and the treasury was to purchase and coin not less\\nthan $2,000,000 worth of bullion per month and not more than $4,000,000.\\nJune 2, 1879, silver coins less than $1.00 were made legal tender to the\\namount of $10. By the law of July 14, 1890, the Secretary of the Treasury\\nwas directed to purchase at market price silver bullion to the amount of\\n4,500,000 ounces per month, issuing in payment treasury notes, to be a legal\\ntender for debt. So much bullion was to be coined as might redeem these\\nnotes, and the Act of 1878 was repealed. In 1893 the silver-purchase clause\\nof this act was repealed. (For the history of the individual silver coins see\\nDollar, Trade Dollar, Half Dollar, Quarter Dollar, Twenty-Cent Piece, Dime,\\nFive-Cent Piece and Three-Cent Piece.)", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0644.jp2"}, "643": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 6oi\\nSilver, Production of. The silver mines of the United States were dis-\\ncovered in 1859. The production rose to |2, 000,000 in 1861; to $11,250,000\\nin 1865; to $16,000,000 in 1870; to $32,000,000 in 1875; to $38,500,000 in\\n1880; to $51,600,000 in 1885, and to $75,000,000 in 1892.\\nSilver Greys, a nickname applied to the conservative element of the\\nWhig party, because many of them withdrew from a meeting owing to a\\ndisagreeable measure. Some one remarked: There go the Silver Greys,\\n(they were gray-haired respectabilities), and the expression became a sobri-\\nquet.\\nSimcoe, John G. (i 752-1 806), came to America as a British soldier and\\ncommanded a regiment at Brandywine. He organized the Queen s Ran-\\ngers, which were active in the South and surrendered with Cornwallis at\\nYorktown.\\nSimms, William Gilmore (1806-1870), of South Carolina, wrote a num-\\nber of poems, the best of which is Atlantis, a Tale of the Sea. He is\\nbest known for his romances, illustrative of Southern life, and founded on\\nRevolutionary- and border incidents in South Carolina. Life by Trent.\\nSims Case (1851), a famous fugitive slave case, which illustrates a com-\\nmon method of the seizure of negroes under the law of 1850. Sims was\\narrested in Boston on a false charge, and immediately claimed as the property\\nof a Mr. Potter, of Virginia. He was sent back to Virginia on a certificate\\nsigned by the United States Commissioner, despite the intense indignation\\nof the people, which ran so high that the court house was surrounded with\\nchains and guarded by a company of armed men called afterward Sims\\nBrigade.\\nSimsbury, Conn., worthy of note because of the old copper mine which\\nwas used as a prison for captured Tories by the colonial sympathizers during\\nthe Revolution. The prison was used until 1827.\\nSinking Fund. A sinking fund was created by act of August 12, 1790, to\\napply the surplus of income from imports and tonnage to the reduction of\\nthe debt. An act of 1795 put the entire matter of the public debt and its\\nextinction in the hands of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund.\\nSioux, or Dakota Indians, first dwelt near the head waters of the Missis-\\nsippi. Later several bands wandered to the Missouri, and some remained\\nnear the St. Peter s. They aided the English in 181 2, but soon after made\\npeace with the Government. In 1837 they ceded to the United States all\\ntheir lands east of the Mississippi, and in 185 1 made further grants. Hostili-\\nties arose in 1854, but the Indians were defeated in 1855, and peace followed.\\nIn 1862 a general uprising took place, and a large number of whites and\\nIndians were killed. They were finally conquered, and many bands fled to\\nDakota. In 1863 the Minnesota Sioux were removed to Crow Creek, and\\nsome bands fled to British territory. A few bands continued hostilities. An\\nunsatisfactor}- treaty was made with the Sioux by General Sherman in 1868.\\nSitting Bull and other chieftains were unreconciled. May 15, 1876, General\\nCuster and iioo men were destroyed at Little Big Horn River by a force of\\n9000 Sioux.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0645.jp2"}, "644": {"fulltext": "6o2 Dictionary ok United States History.\\nSitka, or New Archangel, capital of Alaska, was settled in 1799 by Bara-\\nnoff, but dates its growth from the time of the transference of the territory-\\nto the United States (1867).\\nSitting Bull (1837-1890), was chief of the Sionx Indians who massacred\\nGeneral Custer s party on Little Big Horn River in 1876. He escaped to\\nCanada, but surrendered in 1880.\\nSix Nations. (See Iroquois.)\\nSkinners, bands of marauders, adherents of the American cause, who\\ninfested what was known as the neutral ground in New York State during\\nthe Revolution. They were continually skirmishing with the Cowboys,\\nthe British camp followers and adherents.\\nSlater, John F. (i8i5-:-i884), of Norwich, Conn., gained a large fortune\\nin cotton manufacturing. He contributed the Slater Fund of f 1,000,000\\nfor the education of freedmen in the South.\\nSlater, Samuel (1768-1835), came to America from England in 1789 to\\nintroduce cotton machiner} in the American States. His machinery was\\nconstructed from memory, as communication of models of English machin-\\nery was forbidden. He started his new cotton-spinning machinerj at Paw-\\ntucket, R. I., in 1790, which was the beginning of cotton manufacture in\\nAmerica. He established mills at Webster and Slatendlle, Mass.\\nSlaughter House Cases, three iu number (at first five, but two dismissed\\non compromise). These cases arose out of an act of the Louisiana Legis-\\nlature of 1869 to protect the health of New Orleans and to incorporate the\\nCrescent City Live-stock, Landing and Slaughter House Company. The\\nButchers Benevolent Association of New Orleans protested against this act\\nas creating a monopoly. Suit was also brought against the State by Paul\\nEsteben and others, on ground that their business was injured. It was\\nclaimed by the plaintiffs that the creation of a monopoly of this sort by a\\nState s Legislature was directly opposed to that clause of the Fourteenth\\nAmendment to the Constitution, which prohibits State Legislatures from\\nenforcing laws which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of the\\ncitizens of the United States. The Supreme Court of Louisiana decided\\nthat this act did not conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment, and the\\nSupreme Court of the United States confirmed the decision, thus decidedly\\nlimiting the scope of that Amendment.\\nSlave Representation. One of the chief subjects of dispute in the Con-\\nvention of 1787, as in the case of previous attempts to make a constitution,\\nwas that of representation of that part of the population of certain States\\nwhich consisted of slaves. It was contended on the one hand that, being\\npersons, they should be represented, and on the other hand that, being\\nproperty, they should be made the object of taxation. The compromise\\nwhich was reached, and which continued in force until the abolition of\\nslavery, provided that, for purposes of reckoning alike a State s proportion\\nof representatives and its proportion of direct taxes, its population should\\nbe computed by adding to the whole number of free persons, exclusive of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0646.jp2"}, "645": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 603\\nuntaxed Indians, three-fifths of all other persons, of slaves. This\\nmode of counting population was first suggested in 1783, by the Conti-\\nnental Congress, as a basis for the apportionment of contributions from\\nthe States, to be agreed upon as an amendment to the Articles of Confede-\\nration.\\nSlave Trade. The importation of negro slaves into the American colo-\\nnies began with the year 1619, when a Dutch vessel brought a cargo of\\nslaves into James River. In 1713, by the Treaty of Utrecht, Great Britain\\nobtained the contract for supplying slaves to the Spanish West Indies. This\\nstimulated the general slave trade. Some colonies desired to prohibit the\\nimportation of slaves, but Great Britain forced it upon them. Virginia\\npassed several such acts, but they were vetoed. Pennsylvania passed bills\\nprohibiting slave trading in 1712, 1714 and 1717, but they were vetoed.\\nMassachusetts passed a similar bill in 1774, which was vetoed. It was pro-\\nhibited by Rhode Island in 1774, by Connecticut the same year and by the\\nnon-importation covenant of the colonies October 24, 1774. It was forbid-\\nden by nearly all the States during the Revolution. The slave trade ques-\\ntion was an important one in the formation of the Constitution. The\\nSouthern States, except Virginia and Maryland, demanded it, hence it was\\ncompromised by allowing Congress to prohibit it after 1808. The act of\\nMarch 22, 1794, prohibited the carrying of slaves by American citizens\\nfrom one foreign country to another. That of May 10, 1800, allowed United\\nStates warships to seize vessels engaged in such traffic. That of Februar\\\\^\\n28, 1803, prohibited the introduction of slaves into States which had for-\\nbidden slaver)-. In 1808 the importation of slaves into the United States\\nwas forbidden. The acts of April 20, 1818, and March 3, 1819, authorized\\nthe President to send cruisers to Africa to stop the slave trade. Various\\nprojects for renewing the trade arose in the fifties. It was in reality never\\ngiven up until 1865. No restrictions were placed upon domestic slave\\ntrading.\\nSlave Trade Tribunals. By the treaty of 1862 with Great Britain\\nrespecting the slave trade, it was agreed that when vessels suspected of being\\nengaged in that traffic were detained by public vessels of either government,\\nthey should be brought for trial before one of three mixed courts established\\nfor that purpose at Sierra Leone, the Cape of Good Hope and New York.\\nThat at New York was, as the treaty permitted, removed to Washington,\\nwhere it was reckoned a branch of the Department of the Interior. By the\\ntreaty of 1870 the system was abolished.\\nSlavery. Slavery in the American colonies began with the importation\\nof a cargo of slaves into Virginia by a Dutch ship in 161 9. In the other\\ncolonies it was gradually introduced. The slave trade was favored by the\\nBritish Government during the eighteenth century. Meantime a sentiment\\nunfavorable to it began to develop in the colonies. The Germantown\\nQuakers drew up a memorial against it in 1688, Boston town-meeting in\\n1 701. Woolman and other Quakers preached against it. Slaves were few\\nivi the North, but numerous in the South, where their increase and the dan-\\njjer felt from them caused severe laws respecting them. The Revolution, as", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0647.jp2"}, "646": {"fulltext": "6o4 Dictionary of United States History.\\na movement for liberty, with its declaration proclaiming all men free and\\nequal, joined with the humanitarian spirit of the close of the century to\\nincrease anti-slavery sentiment. The Northern States either abolished slav-\\nery or provided for gradual emancipation. All the States but the southern-\\nmost forbade the importation of slaves from abroad. But the sentiment soon\\ndeclined. In the Constitution of 1787, States were given representation in\\nthe House of Representatives for three-fifths of their slaves, and Congress\\nwas forbidden to prohibit the slave trade until 1808. The invention of the\\ncotton-gin made slave labor more profitable than ever before, and the South\\nbegan to defend slavery as a positive good, in spite of its obvious economic\\ndisadvantages. Abolition societies, first formed about 1793, languished after\\n1808. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 arranged that the area west of the\\nMississippi and north of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 should not be open to slavery except in the\\ncase of Missouri. The Ordinance of 1787 had forbidden slavery in the\\nregion north of the Ohio. The American Colonization Society tried to pal-\\nliate the evils of slavery by emancipation and deportation. About 1830 the\\nagitation against slavery took on a more ardent phase, and henceforth for\\nthirty years slavery was the most absorbing of political themes. Slave labor\\ndemanded more and more new land, and the Government was led to the\\nannexation of Texas and the war with Mexico largely by this need. After\\nbitter disputes, the territory so acquired was thrown open to slavery if the\\nsettlers desired it; this was done by the Compromise of 1850. The Kansas-\\nNebraska Act of 1854 extended the same permission to territoiy north of\\n36\u00c2\u00b0 30 repealing the Missouri Compromise; and the Supreme Court (case\\nof Dred Scott) sustained such repeal. The question of slavery in the terri-\\ntories proved the crucial question. Many in the North who had no desire\\nfor the abolition of slavery in States where it was already existent and legal\\nwere unwilling to see it extended, while slave-owners claimed Constitutional\\nright to protection of their property in slaves, as essential if they were to\\nhave any share in the common territories. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850\\nand the unwillingness of Northern people to execute it assisted to precipi-\\ntate conflict. Finally, in i860, the election of Lincoln was taken by the\\nSouth as proof that their claims were to be disregarded, and secession and\\nCivil War resulted. As a means of crushing rebellion. President Lincoln,\\non January i, 1863, issued his Emancipation Proclamation. The Thirteenth\\nAmendment (1865) abolished slavery. In 1790 there were 698,000 slaves in\\nthe United States (40,000 in the North, 293,000 in Virginia, 107,000 in\\nSouth Carolina, 103,000 in Maryland, 101,000 in North Carolina); in 1800,\\n894,000; in 1810, 1,191,000; in 1820, 1,538,000; in 1830, 2,009,000; in\\n1840, 2,487,000; in 1850, 3,204,000; in i860, 3,954,000, the last being about\\none-fourth of the total population of the Southern States.\\nSlidell, John (bom about 1793, died 1871), a Louisiana lawyer, and Con-\\ngressman from that Slate in 1843-45. He was sent as U. S. Minister to\\nMexico in 1845, but was not received. From 1853 to 1861 he was a prominent\\nmember of the U. S. Senate, on the State-rights side. Having joined the\\nConfederacy, Slidell was despatched as commissioner to France. With the\\nother Confederate commissioner, Mason, he was seized en route by the\\nAmerican naval commander, Wilkes. (See Trent Afiair.) Having been", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0648.jp2"}, "647": {"fulltext": "DicnoNAKY OF United States History. 605\\nreleased, he contiuued his voyage to France, but did not induce the Gov-\\nernment to side openly with the South. He settled in England after the\\nwar.\\nSlocum, Henry Warner (1827-1894), graduated at West Point in 1852. He\\nwas a colonel in the first battle of Bull Run, and continued with the Army\\nof the Potomac as brigade and division commander, serving in the Peninsula\\nand Antietam campaigns. In the great contests of Fredericksburg, Chan-\\ncellorsville and Gettysburg he had charge of a corps, and in the last-named\\nstruggle he directed the right wing. As commander of the left wing he\\nmade the march with Sherman to the sea and through the Carolinas. He\\nwas a Congressman from New York 1869-1873 and 1885-1887, and was\\nat different times mentioned as Democratic candidate for President.\\nSmalley, George W., born in 1833, won distinction as a war correspond-\\nent of the Neiv York Tribune during the Civil War, and has for some years\\npast been its representative in England.\\nSmall-Pox. This disease raged at Boston in 1722-24. Cotton Mather\\nadvised the Turkish method of inoculation, and asked Dr. Zabdiel Boyl-\\nston to make a trial of it. It was generally opposed by government and\\npeople, and Mather had a grenade thrown through his window in conse-\\nquence.\\nSmallwood, William (i 732-1 792), commanded the Maryland battalion at\\nBrooklyn Heights, White Plains, Fort Washington and Germantown. He\\ndistinguished himself at Camden. He was Governor of Maryland from\\n1785 to 1788.\\nSmith, Andrew J., born in 1815, commanded a Federal brigade at Corinth,\\nVicksburg and Pleasant Hill. He commanded the force which captured\\nFort de Russy and a corps at Nashville and Mobile.\\nSmith, Buckingham (1810-1871), was U. S. Secretary of Legation in\\nMexico from 1850 to 1852, and at Madrid from 1855 to 1858. He made\\nvaluable researches concerning the colonial history of Florida and Louisi-\\nana.\\nSmith, Caleb B., (1808-1864), represented Indiana in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Whig from 1843 to 1849. He was Secretary of the Interior in Lincoln s\\nCabinet from 1861 to 1862, when he became a U. S. District Judge.\\nSmith, Charles Emory, born in 1842, became editor of the Albany\\nExpress in 1865, and of the Albany Jojirnal in 1870. Since 1880 he has\\nconducted the Philadelphia Press. He was Minister to Russia from 1890 to\\n1892. Became Postmaster-General in President McKinley s Cabinet 1898.\\nSmith, Charles F. (1807-1862), was brevetted colonel for gallant service\\nduring the Mexican War. He fought at Monterey, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo,\\nSan Antonio, Contreras, Churubusco and the City of Mexico. The four\\ncompanies in his command were known as Smith s Light Battalion. He\\nwas assigned command in Kentucky at the outbreak of the Civil War, and\\ndistinguished himself by his skill. He fought at Fort Henry and led", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0649.jp2"}, "648": {"fulltext": "6o6 DlCTIONAl^Y OF UNITED STATES HlSI-QRY.\\ndivision at Fort Douelsoii, which stormed and captured the high ground\\nwhich commanded the fort. He died while preparing to advance upon\\nShiloh.\\nSmith, Edmund Kirby (1824-1893), distinguished himself at Cerro Gordo\\nand Contreras during the Mexican War. He was appointed brigadier-\\ngeneral in the Confederate army, fought at Bull Run in 1861, led the\\nadvance in General Bragg s Kentucky campaign, defeated the National forces\\nat Richmond, Ky., and fought at Perryville and Murfreesboro. In 1863 he\\nreceived command of the Trans-Mississippi Department, where he organized\\na government, established factories for supplying the troops with muni-\\ntions of war, and rendered the district self-supporting. His forces were the\\nlast to surrender in the Civil War.\\nSmith, Erasmus P. (1814-1882), was adviser in international law to the\\nMikado of Japan from 1871 to 1876. He has published a Political Econ-\\nomy, which is based on purely physical laws.\\nSmith, Francis (i720?-i79i), colonel, came to America as a British\\nsoldier, and commanded the troops sent to Concord in 1775. He fought at\\nLexington and Concord, and commanded a brigade at Long Island, and at\\nQuaker Hill in 1778.\\nSmith, Gerrit (1797-1874), was prominent for his philanthropy in every\\ngood cause. He represented New York in the U. S. Congress as an Ultra-\\nAbolitionist from 1853 to 1854. He identified himself with the anti-slavery\\nparty, and did all in his power for emancipation. He contributed liberally\\nto the national cause during the Rebellion. He signed the bail-bond of\\nJefferson Davis with Horace Greeley.\\nSmith, Goldwin, born in 1823, came to America from England in 1868,\\nand settled in Canada in 1871. He had been a prominent champion of the\\nU. S. Government during the Civil War. He has advocated the annexation\\nof Canada to the United States. He has written The Civil War in\\nAmerica, Experience of the American Commonwealth, and The United\\nStates, an Outline of Political History (1893).\\nSmith, Green C, born in 1832, commanded a regiment at Lebanon, Tenn.\\nHe represented Kentucky in the U. S. Congress as a Unionist from 1863 to\\n1866, and was Governor of Montana from 1866 to 1869. In 1876 he was\\nthe Presidential candidate of the Prohibition party. Died 1895.\\nSmith, Hoke, born in 1855, organized and became president of the\\nAtlanta, Ga., Evening Journal in 1887. He became .Secretary of the\\nInterior in Cleveland s Cabinet in 1893.\\nSmith, James (i720?-i8o6), came to America from Ireland in 1729. He\\nraised the first Pennsylvania company in 1774 for resisting Great Britain.\\nHe aided the patriotic cause by An Essay on the Constitutional Power of\\nGreat Britain over the Colonies in America. He represented Pennsylvania\\nin the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778, and signed the Declaration\\nof Independence.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0650.jp2"}, "649": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 607\\nSmith, John (1579-1632), a noted explorer and historical writer, was of\\nEnglisli birth, and led a most adventurous early life. He traveled exten-\\nsively, though the narratives of his various exploits are somewhat apocry-\\nphal. He was in the Netherlands, fought against the Turks, and joined\\nNewport s expedition, which founded Virginia in 1607. In the outward\\nvoyage Smith was imprisoned. He soon after his release became the prac-\\ntical head of the struggling colon) He explored the Chickahominy region\\nand was taken prisoner by Powhatan (to which epoch belongs tlie famous\\nPocahontas legend). The next year he made a long exploration of the\\nChesapeake Bay and its tributaries. He was president of the colony, but in\\n1609 met with an accident and returned to England. In 1614 he was on\\nthe New England coast, engaged in discoveries. He wrote voluminously,\\nbut is suspected of romantic exaggeration and coloring. His chief works\\nwere: A True Relation, Generall Historic of Virginia, and a Descrip-\\ntion of New England.\\nSmith, John (1735-1816), represented Ohio in the U. S. Senate as a Dem-\\nocrat from 1803 to 1808. He was charged with being connected with Burr\\nand Blennerhasset, but it was not proved.\\nSmith, John Cotton (i 765-1 845), was a member of the Connecticut Legis-\\nlature from 1796 to 1800, and represented Connecticut in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Federalist from 1800 to 1806. He was Judge of the State Supreme\\nCourt in 1809, Lieutenant-Governor in 18 10 and Governor from 181 3 to\\n1 81 8. He was president of the American Bible Society from 1831 to\\n1845.\\nSmith, John E., born in 1816, led a regiment at Forts Henry and Donelson,\\nand at Shiloh and Corinth. He commanded a division in the Vicksburg\\ncampaign and fought also at Missionar Ridge.\\nSmith, Joseph (1805-1844), claimed to have visions of a new religious\\nfaith about 1823, and from the revelations he produced the Book of Mor-\\nmon. A church was founded in 1830, and in 1831 they emigrated from\\nNew York to Kirtland, Ohio, thence to Missouri. They v;ere driven away\\nby the citizens in 1838 and settled Nauvoo, 111. The colony increased\\nrapidly, and a charter was obtained. Smith gained almost unlimited power,\\nand in 1843 sought to establish polygamy as an essential feature of their\\nreligion. Dissensions occurred and Smith was arrested. A mob surrounded\\nthe jail, and he was shot.\\nSmith, Joshua Toulmin (1816-1869), of England, visited America from\\n1837 to 1842, and published his Discovery of America by the Northmen in\\nthe Tenth Century, which is regarded as an important authority.\\nSmith, Melancthon (1724-1798), was a member of the first New York Pro-\\nvincial Congress in 1775. In 1777 he was a commissioner for detecting and\\ndefeating conspiracies in the State. He was a delegate from New York to\\nthe Continental Congress from 1785 to 1788. In the New York convention\\nin 1788 to consider the ratification of the Constitution, he supported the\\nAnti-Federal party.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0651.jp2"}, "650": {"fulltext": "6o8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nSmith, Melancthon, born in 1810, commanded the Massachusetts at the\\ncapture of Biloxi. He destroyed the Confederate ram Manassas when\\ncommanding the Mississippi at New Orleans, and served at Port Hudson\\nand Fort Fisher.\\nSmith, Meriwether (1730-1790), was a member of the Virginia House\\nof Burgesses in 1770 and of the Revolutionary conventions of 1775 and\\n1776. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1782,\\nand a member of the convention that ratified the Federal Constitution in\\n1788.\\nSmith, Morgan L. (1822-1874), fought at Forts Henry and Donelson, and\\nled a brigade at Shiloh and Corinth. He commanded a division at Vicks-\\nburg, Missionar} Ridge, Kuoxville and Chattanooga.\\nSmith, Nathan (i 762-1 822), represented Connecticut in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Federalist from 1795 to 1799. He was a Judge of the Connecticut\\nSupreme Court from 1806 to 1819. He was a leader at the Hartford conven-\\ntion in 1 81 4.\\nSmith, Persifer F. (1798-1858), served with distinction throughout the\\nMexican War, commanding a brigade at Monterey, Churubusco, Contreras,\\nChapultepec and the City of Mexico. He was commissioner of armistice\\nwith Mexico in 1847.\\nSmith, Richard, born in 1823, came to America from Ireland in 1841.\\nHe became an editor of the Cincinnati Gazette in 1854, and in 1880 vice-\\npresident of the consolidated Gazette and Commercial^ and has had an\\nimportant part in politics.\\nSmith, Robert (1757-1842), of Maryland, served as a volunteer at the\\nbattle of Brandy wine. He was one of the Presidential electors in 1789, and\\nwas the last surviving member. He served in the Maryland Senate in 1793,\\nand v/as a member of the House of Delegates from 1796 to 1800. He was\\nSecretary of the Navy in Jefiferson s Cabinet from 1802 to 1805, and though\\nappointed Attorney-General in 1805, really served as Secretary of the Navy\\nfrom 1805 to 1809. He was Secretary of State in Madison s Cabinet from\\n1809 to 181 1, when he was succeeded by Monroe.\\nSmith, Samuel (i 752-1839), of Maryland, fought at Long Island, Harlem\\nand White Plains, and was distinguished at Brandywine and Fort Mifflin,\\nwhich he commanded. He also fought at Monmouth. He represented\\nMaryland in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1793 to 1803, in the\\nU. S. Senate from 1803 to 1815, and again in the House from 1816 to 1822.\\nHe was again U. S. Senator from 1833 to 1835. He attempted, with his\\nbrother Robert, to control Madison s administration.\\nSmith, Samuel P., of Massachusetts, bom in 1808, is the author of the\\nnational hymn, My Country, tis of Thee. Died 1895.\\nSmith, Thomas K. (i 820-1887), commanded a Federal regiment at Pitts-\\nburgh Landing, Corinth and Vicksburg. He led a division in the Red River\\nexpedition in 1863.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0652.jp2"}, "651": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. flog\\nSmith, Truman (1791-1884), represented Connecticut in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Whig from 1839 to 1843 and from 1845 to 1849, and in the U. S.\\nSenate from 1849 to 1854.\\nSmith, William (1762-1840), represented South Carolina in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1797 to 1799. He was a circuit judge from\\n1799 to 1816. He served in the South Carolina Senate from 1806 to 1808.\\nHe was a U. S. Senator from 1817 to 1823 and from 1826 to 1831. He was\\na strict State-rights advocate, but opposed nullification.\\nSmith, William (1796-1887), represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1841 to 1843. He was Governor of Virginia from 1845\\nto 1848, and again a Congressman from 1853 to 1861.\\nSmith, William F., born in 1824, was engaged at the battle of Bull Run\\non the staff of General McDowell. He commanded a division at Yorktown,\\nWilliamsburg, Fair Oaks, Savage Station and Malvern Hill in 1862. He\\nled a division at South Mountain and Antietam. He commanded a corps at\\nFredericksburg. He engaged in the operations about Chattanooga in 1863,\\nand fought at Missionary Ridge. He rendered valuable services by placing\\na bridge across the Tennessee at Brown s Ferry, which made possible the\\nvictories at Chattanooga. He commanded a corps at Cold Harbor and\\nPetersburg in 1864, and has written extensively on the war.\\nSmith College, Northampton, Mass., a college for girls founded by Sophia\\nSmith, was chartered in 1871, but opened first in 1875.\\nSmithson, James (1754-1829), of England, bequeathed his estate of\\n$500,000 for founding the Smithsonian Institution which was erected at\\nWashington in 1846 for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among\\nmen.\\nSmithsonian Institution, a scientific establishment in Washington, was\\norganized by Act of Congress August, 1846, under the provisions of the\\nwill of James Smithson, which bequeathed $515,169 to the United States\\nGovernment.\\nSmuggling. The British navigation laws and laws protective to manufac-\\ntures caused bold and extensive smuggling throughout the colonies during\\nthe latter part of the seventeenth and half of the eighteenth centuries.\\nRespectable merchants and prominent public men felt no qualms of con-\\nscience in cheating the revenue oflScers b) illicit trade with pirates and with\\nWest India merchants. New York was the principal port for smugglers,\\nthough Boston, Philadelphia and Charleston were also enriched by smuggled\\ngoods. Governor Bellomont, of New York, found in 1700, that a lycen-\\ncious trade with pyrats, Scotland and Cura9ao had sprung up and the prov-\\nince of New York grew rich, but the customes, they decreased. All this\\nled to the attempt of the British Government to enforce the Acts of Trade,\\nwhich did much to precipitate the Revolution.\\nSmyth, Alexander (1765-1830), came to America from Ireland in 1775.\\nHe represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1817 to\\n1825 and from 1827 1830. He wrote Regulations for the Infantry.\\n39", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0653.jp2"}, "652": {"fulltext": "6io Dictionary of ITnitrd Statks History.\\nSocialistic Labor Party, organized at Baltimore by a congress of social-\\nists in 1S83. A manifesto was issued setting forth their demands and prin-\\nciples, but; being moderate. The party is composed of local sections in\\nnearly every city, these sections being divided into branches.\\nSofts, or Softshells, the name given to a faction of the Democratic party\\nin New York from 1852 to i860, partly identical with the barnburners of\\nthe preceding period, and disinclined to alliance with the pro-slavery democ-\\nracy of the South.\\nSojourner Truth (1775-1883), was freed from slavery in New York in\\n1 81 7. She was an effective lecturer upon politics, temperance, women s\\nrights and slavery.\\nSoley, James Russell, born in 1850, professor at Annapolis, has superin-\\ntended the governmental publication of the naval records of the Civil War\\nsince 1883. He has been Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1890 to 1893.\\nHe published The Boys of 1812, the Autobiography of Commodore\\nMorris, and several books of naval history.\\nSomers, Richard (1778-1804), was given command of the Nautilus in\\nPreble s squadron during the Tripolitan War from 1803 to 1804. He\\ncommanded a division of gunboats, and was distinguished for gallantry.\\nHe attempted to destroy the Tripolitan fleet by exploding a bomb-vessel in\\ntheir midst. All on board were killed by the premature explosion of the\\nvessel.\\nSommersett Case. Sommersett was a slave, brought to London from\\nBoston in October, 1769. In October, 1771, he escaped from his master, but\\nwas soon secured and brought before Lord Mansfield. The negro was dis- 1\\ncharged on the ground that in England slavery could exist only by positive\\nlaw, and in the absence of such law a person could not be deprived of liberty\\non the ground that he was a slave. This decision determined the future\\ncourse of England in the delivery of fugitives.\\nap Sonoma, a Californian stronghold, taken June 14, 1846, without an engage-\\nfroiinent, by Ezekiel Merritt and twenty American soldiers of Captain Fremont s\\ni8ccommand. It is to be remembered in connection with the Bear Flag revolt\\nin California, partially incited by Fremont. The fort, at the time of its\\ncapture, was ungarrisoned, being inhabited only by Colonel Vallejo, an old\\nMexican officer.\\nSons of the American Revolution, a society of the male descendants of\\nsoldiers, sailors and conspicuous patriots during the Revolution, originally\\norganized in California July 4, 1876. It has now thirty State branches.\\nSons of Liberty. The name was first assumed b\\\\- a society organized in\\nConnecticut, in 1755, to advance theological liberty. Barr6, in his speech\\nin Parliament February 6, 1765, applied the words to the whole body of\\nAmerican patriots. They advocated non-importation, aided in the hanging\\nin effigy of the stamp distributor, Oliver, in 1765, and proposed, in 1774, the\\norganization of a Continental Congress. They embraced mainly the younger\\nand more ardent element.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0654.jp2"}, "653": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 6ii\\nSons of the Revolution, an organization of tlie same nature as the Sons\\nof the x\\\\nierican Revohition, first established in New York in 1875. It has\\nnow seventeen State branches.\\nSoule, Pierre (1802-1870), was driven from France on account of his\\nextreme liberal ideas and his attacks on the ministry of Charles X. He\\ncame to the United States in 1826. After studying law at New Orleans, he\\nrepresented Louisiana in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat in 1847 and from\\n1849 to 1853. He was Minister to Spain from 1853 to 1855, and was one\\nof the ministers who framed the celebrated Ostend Manifesto in 1854.\\nHe was an able and eloquent defender of the Southern cau.se while in public\\nlife.\\nSouth, University of the, Sewanee, Tenn., was chartered by Episco-\\npalians in 1858, but not opened for ten years on account of the war. The\\ntheological department was opened in 1876.\\nSouth American Republics, Recognition of. As early as 1817 Henry\\nClay had ardently advocated in Congress the appropriation of money for\\nsending an accredited minister to the self-liberated State of Buenos Ayres.\\nHis motion was, however, rejected. By 1822, through the efiforts of Bolivar\\nand other patriotic Soutli American liberators, Chili, Peru, New Grenada\\nand Venezuela had been practically freed from Spanish dominion. In March,\\n1822, President Monroe, in a special message to Congress, recommended the\\nrecognition of these republics and the establishment of international relations\\nwith them. Congress passed an almost unanimous resolution to this effect\\nin the same year, and by 1825 arrangements had been made for an exchange\\nof ministers.\\nSouth Carolina was one of the original thirteen States of the American\\nUnion. It was partially explored by the Spaniards in 1525, who named it\\nChicora. French Huguenots under Ribaut attempted to plant a colony at\\nPort Royal in 1562, but the colonists soon abandoned the undertaking and\\nreturned to France. In 1670 William Sayle and a party of Englishmen\\nfounded Charleston. Charles II. gave the territor} between 29\u00c2\u00b0 north lati-\\ntude and 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 north latitude to eight of his favorites (1663), and in 1665\\nhe issued a charter to the proprietors by which the virtual control of the\\ncolony was placed in their hands. They employed Locke, the philosopher,\\nto draw up a constitution which should provide an ideal government.\\nLocke s Fundamental Constitutions, or the Grand Model, attempted in\\nvain to set up the feudal system and v/as formally abandoned b)^ the pro-\\nprietors in 1693. In 1700 the colony was separated from North Carolina, the\\nboundary being fixed in 1732. South Carolina became a royal colony in\\n1729. The Southern boundary caused a dispute with Georgia which was\\nsettled in 1787 in favor of Georgia. South Carolina then ceded her western\\nterritory consisting of a strip twelve miles wide, to the general government.\\nDuring the Revolution the important battles of Fort Moultrie, Cowpens,\\nKing s ?.Iountain, Camden and Eutaw Springs were fought in South Caro-\\nlina. The first constitution was made in 1776, the present in 1S68. The\\nNational Constitution was ratified May 23, 1788, by a vote of 149 to 73. For\\nsome \\\\-ears the Federalists retained control of the State because of the", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0655.jp2"}, "654": {"fulltext": "9ta DICTIO^fAHY or United Statks History.\\nwealth and influence of their leaders. In 1800 Pinckney refused the offer\\nof the Democrats in the Legislature to choose electors favorable to Jefferson\\nand himself and stood by his colleague, Adams, in his defeat. From this\\ntime the State was solidly Democratic. By the famous compromise of 1808\\nthe apjDortionment of representatives was made according to population and\\ntaxes. The State protested against the gross inequality of the tariff of 1828\\nby the South Carolina Exposition, in which the doctrine of nullification\\nwas defended. In 1832 the tariff of 1828, the tariff of abominations, was\\nmodified, but the principle of protection still retained, whereupon South\\nCarolina in convention at Columbia on November 24, 1832, declared the\\ntariff acts of 1828 and 1832 null and void and prohibited payment of duties\\nafter February i, 1833. Henry Clay s compromise tariff was passed in 1833\\nand at the same time a force bill became law; on March 11, 1833, the nulli-\\nfication ordinance was repealed. South Carolina was the mother of secession\\nand after 1850 she was ready to secede at any time when she could rely upon\\nthe aid of the other States. December 20, i860, an ordinance of secession\\nwas passed, to sustain which the State furnished 60,000 troops out of a popula-\\ntion including only 47,000 voters. April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter was fired on.\\nSouth Carolina was re-admitted June 25, 1868. From 1868 to 1873 the\\ncarpet-bag State government was exceedingly corrupt. In 1870 and\\n1 87 1 the Ku Klux Klan aimed at the suppression of the negro vote by out-\\nrage. In 1876 the Republicans carried the State in a disorderly election.\\nSince that time the State has been steadily Democratic. The population\\nof South Carolina in 1790 was 249,033; in 1890 it was 1,151,149.\\nSouth Carolina, University of, at Columbia, was chartered as a college in\\n1 801, organized as a university in 1S65.\\nSouth Carolina Gazette. There were four gazettes published in\\nSouth Carolina during the early years of journalism. The first was estab-\\nlished at Charleston, January 8, 1732, by Thomas Whitmarsh, it being the\\nfirst newspaper of the colony. Publication was suspended within a year.\\nIn February, 1734, IvCwis Timothy began in Charleston the second gazette.\\nThis was suspended several times, and finally ceased to exist in 1800. Rob-\\nert Wells founded, in 1758, the third, called the Soui/t Carolina and A?neri-\\ncan General Gazette. Publication suspended 1780. The fourth, called the\\nSouth Ca7-oI:na Gazette and Coimtry Journal^ was published 1765, by Charles\\nCrouch. Publication suspended at the Revolution.\\nSouth Carolina Historical Society, founded at Charleston in 1855. It\\nhas a small library, including some important manuscripts. It has pub-\\nlished three volumes of collections and a part of a fourth.\\nSouth Company (Sodre Compagnie, Compagnia Australis, Suyder Com-\\npagnie, General-Haudels-Conipagnie). See Swedish West India Company.\\nSouth Dakota was originally a part of the Ivouisiana cession. Before the\\nsettlement of the boundary between the United States and Canada the terri-\\ntory was under British rule. Dakota was organized as a territory in 1861,\\nand in 18S9, November 2, the two Dakotas were admitted as States. The\\nmanufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors was prohibited by an act of 1890.\\nThe State is Republican. Its population in 1890 was 328,808.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0656.jp2"}, "655": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 613\\nSouth Mountain, Md., an engagement, during Lee s expedition into\\nMaryland, which continued throughout the day, September 14, 1862,\\nbetween the main body of Lee s army and sev eral divisions of Burnside s\\ncolumn of McClellan s army. Jackson had been dispatched by Lee to\\ncapture Harper s Ferry, he himself moving toward South Mountain, whither\\nhe was pursued by McClellan s troops. The engagement was opened by an\\nattempt by the Confederates, under Hill, to oppose the Union troops passage\\nof Catoctin Creek. This was unsuccessful, and the Confederates retired\\nfarther up the mountain, guarding all passages with batteries. Cox, Reno,\\nHooker and Ricketts forced their way up the right and left country roads\\nand succeeded in carrying the eminence, outflanking the Confederates on the\\nright and left. The latter was forced to retreat, leaving their dead.\\nSouth Sea. So near was the South Sea or Pacific Ocean thought to be\\nto the Atlantic at the time of the granting of the colonial charters that\\nseveral of them granted lands extending to the South Sea. Such were the\\ncharter of the Virginia Company, granted in 1609, and the charters of\\nMassachusetts Bay, Connecticut and Carolina.\\nSouthampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of (i 573-1 624), was active in\\nthe colonization of America, sending, among others, expeditions under Bar-\\ntholomew Gosnold in 1602, and under Lord Arundel in 1605. He was\\ntreasurer e., president) of the Virginia Company from 1620.\\nSouthampton Insurrection. (See Turner, Nat.)\\nSouthard, Samuel L. (i 787-1842), represented New Jersey in the U. S.\\nSenate as a Democrat from 1821 to 1823. He was Secretary of the Navy in\\nthe Cabinets of Monroe and Adams from 1823 to 1829. He was acting Sec-\\nretary of the Treasury March to July, 1825, and U. S. Senator, 1833 to 1842.\\nSouthwest Territory, a territory of the United States, comprising all the\\nregion ceded by North Carolina (now Tennessee) and the narrow strip ceded\\nby South Carolina. This was organized in 1790 as the Southwest Territory,\\nwith institutions resembling those of the Northwestern, except for the admis-\\nsion of slavery. With the admission of Tennessee in 1796 and the organiza-\\ntion of the Mississippi Territory in 1798, this Territory went out of existence.\\nSpain, Spain was an ally of France and the United States from 1778 to\\n1782. From 1783 she possessed all to the south and west of the United\\nStates. By the treaty of October 27, 1795, between the United States and\\nSpain, the southern boundary of the United States was defined, the naviga-\\ntion of the Mississippi was granted, and New Orleans made a port of deposit.\\nA claims convention was concluded in 1802, but Spain did not ratify it until\\n181 8. The cession of Louisiana in 1803 and the occupation of West Florida\\nin 1 810 caused some trouble with Spain. By the treaty of 181 9 the Floridas\\nwere ceded to the United States, and the Sabine agreed upon as the western\\nboundary of Louisiana; the United States assumed claims of $5,000,000 due\\nfrom Spain to United States citizens. Soon after, Mexico and the Central\\nand South American States secured their independence of Spain. Claims\\nconventions were concluded in 1834 and 1871. An extradition convention", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0657.jp2"}, "656": {"fulltext": "f !4 Dictionary of United Statks History.\\n-^vas concluded in 1S77, which v/as amended by the convention of i88a. A\\nreciprocity agreement was made February 13, 1884. A reciprocity treaty,\\nrelative to American trade with Cuba and Porto Rico, was concluded in 1891.\\nSpanish- American War of i8g8. In 1895 a new rebellion broke out in\\nCuba. Capt.-Gen. Weyler attempted in vain to suppress it by measures so\\ncruel and so destructive that intervention by the United States was frequently\\nsuggested. Pres. McKinley s message of Dec, 1897, counselled further for-\\nbearance. The Sagasta ministry, acting through Capt.-Gen. Blanco, made\\nproposals of home-rule for Cuba, but without real prospect of success. On\\nFeb. 15 the U. S. S. Maine was blown up in Havana harbor, under cir-\\ncumstances which made it probable that some Spanish officials were respon-\\nsible. The nation showed remarkable self-control, but determined that\\nSpain s misrule in Cuba must end. Pres. McKinley attempted to bring this\\nabout by diplomacy. By a message of April 11 he admitted his failure, and\\nrecommended forcible intervention. On April 19, Congress declared Cuba\\nindependent and authorized intervention. Spain declared our action a declara-\\ntion of war, Apr. 21. Havana blockaded, Apr. 22 First naval action, Apr.\\n27, at Matanzas, Cuba. May i, battle of Manila (which see). First land\\nskirmish, May 11, near Cabanas, Cuba. Spanish Admiral Cervera s fleet\\nreported at Santiago, Cuba, May 19. Shut in, May 29, by Com. Schley,\\njoined by Acting Admiral Sampson, June i. Ladrone Islands captured June\\n21. Land and naval battles of Santiago (which see) July i to 17. Gen. Miles\\nlanded on Porto Rico (which see) July 25. Aug. 12, peace protocol signed at\\nWashington. xVdmiral Dewey and Gen. Merritt jointly took Manila, Aug. 13.\\n(See also Cuba, Peace Commission, 1898, and Philippine Islands.)\\nSparks, Jared (1789-1866), an American historical writer, was graduated\\nat Harvard in 1815, and after a short experience as a Unitarian clergyman,\\nbecame the editor of the North Amcricatt Review in 1824; this position he\\nheld until 1831. He was a professor in Harvard, and president of that college\\n1849-1853. His works include the edition of Diplomatic Correspondence\\nof the American Revolution, in twelve volumes; the writings of Washing-\\nton with a life, in twelve volumes; the Library of American Biograph)\\n(of which Sparks himself wrote the lives of Arnold, Allen and others), an\\nedition of Franklin s works, and a biograjjliy of Gouverneur Morris. His\\nlife and letters have been edited by H. B. Adams in 1893.\\nSpeaker. After the model of the English House of Commons, the popular\\nbranch of each colonial legislature had its speaker. When, at the time of\\nthe Revolution, the vState constitutions were fonned, some States gave this\\nsame title to the presiding officers of their upper houses. The Constitution\\nof 1787 provides for the office of speaker of the House of Representatives,\\nin saying The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and\\nother officers; but that the Speaker should be, as he now is, the most\\nimportant and influential official of the Federal Government, next after the\\nPresident, v/as not contemplated by the framers of the Constitution. This\\nhas come about gradually, as a consequence of the development of the\\nsystem of standing committees (see art. Committees) and of the entrusting\\nof their appointment to the Speaker. The first speaker of the modem kind,\\nmore a leader of the House than a mere presiding officer, was Speaker Cla", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0658.jp2"}, "657": {"fulltext": "f!77T-^\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -^^TTTT ,11 J J r-T u j\\n~=\u00c2\u00bbr TTJ-\\nNAVAL COMIVIANDERS OF WAR 1898.\\nWilli-im T. Sampson.\\nCharles D. Sigsbee\\nJohn D Long.\\n(Secretary of yavy.)\\nGeorge Dewey.\\nWinfieiri S. Schley.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0659.jp2"}, "658": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0660.jp2"}, "659": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n615\\nSpeakers of the House of Representatives. The numbers at the left\\nrefer to the successive Congresses.\\no\\nF. A. Muhlenberg\\nJonathan Trumbull\\nF. A. Muhleuberg\\nJonathan Dayton\\nJonathan Dayton\\nTheodore Sedgwick\\nNathaniel Macon\\nNathaniel Macon\\nNathaniel Macon\\nJoseph B. Varnum\\nJoseph B. Varnum\\nHenry Clay\\nHenry Clay\\nLangdon Cheves\\nHenr) Clay\\nHenry Clay\\nHeury Clay\\nJohn W. Taylor\\nPhilip P. Barbour\\nHenry Claj\\nJohn W. Taylor\\nAndrew Stevenson\\nAndrew Stevenson\\nAndrew Stevenson\\nAndrew Stevenson\\nJohn Bell\\nJames K. Polk\\nJames K. Polk\\nRobert M. T. Hunter\\nJohn White\\nJohn W. Jones\\nJohn W. Da\\\\ds\\nRobert C. Winthrop\\nHowell Cobb\\nLinn Boyd\\nIvinn Boyd\\nNathaniel P. Banks\\nJames L. Orr\\nWilliam Pennington\\nGalusha A. Grow\\nSchuyler Colfax\\n1 Schuyler Colfax\\nSchuj ler Colfax\\nJames G. Blaine\\nI James G. Blaine\\nj James G. Blaine\\nMichael C. Kerr\\ni Samuel J. Randall\\nSamuel J. Randall\\nSamuel J. Randall\\nJ. Warren Keifer\\nJohn G. Carlisle\\nJohn G. Carlisle\\nJohn G. Carlisle\\nThomas B. Reed\\nCharles F. Crisp\\nCharles V. Crisp\\nThomas B. Reed\\nPennsylvania\\nConnecticut\\nPennsylvania\\nNew Jersey\\nNew Jersey\\nMassachusetts\\nNorth Carolina\\nNorth Carolina\\nNorth Carolina\\nMassachusetts\\nMassachusetts\\nKentucky\\nKentucky\\nSouth Carolina\\nKentucky\\nKentuck)\\nKentucky\\nNew York\\nVirginia\\nKentucky\\nNew York\\nVirginia\\nVirginia\\nVirginia\\nVirginia\\nTennessee\\nTennessee\\nTennessee\\nVirginia\\nKentucky\\nVirginia\\nIndiana\\nMassachusetts\\nGeorgia\\nKentucky\\nKentucky\\nMassachusetts\\nSouth Carolina\\nNew Jersey\\nPennsylvania\\nIndiana\\nIndiana\\nIndiana\\nMaine\\nMaine\\nMaine\\nIndiana.\\nPennsylvania\\nPenns3 lvania\\nPennsylvania\\nOhio\\nKentucky\\nKentucky\\nKentucky\\nMaine\\nGeorgia\\nGeorgia\\nMaine\\nTerm.\\nApril I, 1789, to March 4, 1791.\\nOctober 24, 1791, to March 4, 1793.\\nDecember 2, 1793, to March 4, 1795.\\nDecember 7, 1795, to March 4, 1797.\\nMay IS, 1797, to March 4, 1799.\\nDecember 2, 1799, to March 4, 1801.\\nDecember 7, iSoi, to March 4, 1803.\\nOctober 17, 1803, to March 4, 1805.\\nDecember 2, 1805, to March 4, 1807.\\nOctober 26, 1S07, to March 4, 1809.\\nMay 22, 1809, to March 4, 181 1.\\nNovember 4, 1811, to Jlarch 4, 1813.\\nMay 24, 1S13, to January 19, 1814.\\nJanuar) 19, 1814, to March 4, 1815.\\nDecember 4, 1815, to March 4, 1817.\\nDecember i, 1817, to March 4, 1819.\\nDecember 5, 1819, to Jlay 15, 1820.\\nNovember 15, 1820, to March 4, 1821.\\nDecember 4, 1821, to March 4, 1823.\\nDecember i, 1823, to March 4, 1825.\\nDecember 5, 1825, to March 4, 1827.\\nDecember 3, 1827, to March 4, 1829.\\nDecember 7, 1829, to March 4, 1831.\\nDecember 5, 1831, to March 4, 1833.\\nDecember 2, 1S33, to June 2, 1834.\\nJune 2, 1834, to March 4, 1835.\\nDecember 7, 1835, to March 4, 1837.\\nSeptember 5, 1837, to March 4, 1839.\\nDecember 16, 1839, to March 4, 1841.\\nMay 31, 1841, to March 4, 1843.\\nDecember 4, 1843, to March 4, 1845.\\nDecember r, 1845, to March 4, 1847.\\nDecember 6, 1847, to March 4, 1849.\\nDecember 22, 1849, to March 4, 1851.\\nDecember i, 1851, to March 4, 1853.\\nDecember 5, 1853, to March 4, 1855.\\nFebruary 2, 1856, to March 4, 1857.\\nDecember 7, 1857, to March 4, 1859.\\nFebruary l, i860, to March 4, 1861.\\nJuly 4, 1861, to March 4, 1863.\\nDecember 7, 1863, to March 4, 1865.\\nDecember 4, 1865, to March 4, 1867.\\nMarch 4, 1867, to March 4, 1869.\\nMarch 4, 1869, to March 4, 1871.\\nMarch 4, 1871, to March 4, 1873.\\nDecember i, 1873, to March 4, 1875.\\nDecember 6, 1S75, to August 20, 1876.\\nDecember 4, 1876, to March 4, 1877.\\nOctober 15, 1877, to March 4, 1879.\\nMarch 18, 1879, to March 4, 1881.\\nDecembers, 18S1, to March 4, 1883.\\nDecember 3, 1883, to March 4, 1885.\\nDecember 7, 1S85, to March 4, 1887.\\nDecember 5, 18S7, to March 4, 1889.\\nDecember 2, 1S89, to March 4, 1S91.\\nDecember 8, 1891, to March 4, 1893.\\nAugust 7, 1893, to March 4, 1S95.\\nDecember, 1895, to March 4, 1899.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0661.jp2"}, "660": {"fulltext": "6i6 Dictionary of United States History.\\nSpecie Circular, a treasury circular drafted by Senator Beuton and issued\\nat President Jackson s orders, July ii, 1836, which directed that nothing\\nbut gold and silver should be received in payment for the public lands. This\\nwas Jackson s last financial exploit. The circular was issued quite in oppo-\\nsition to the sentiment or will of Congress. The next Congress passed a\\nbill to rescind this specie circular, but Jackson killed it by a pocket veto.\\nThe circular created much indignation throughout the country, and con-\\ntributed greatly to the financial crash of 1837.\\nSpecie Resumption. In 1861, after the breaking out of the Civil War,\\nthe banks of New York suspended coin payments, and their example was\\nfollowed by most of the banks through the country-. Congress authorized\\nthe issue of large quantities of United vStates notes, to be a legal-tender.\\nJanuary 14, 1875, an act was passed by Congress ordering the resumption\\nof specie payments of Government contracts to begin January i, 1879. To\\nthis end the purchase of bullion and the manufacture of subsidiary coin was\\nat once begun for the redemption of fractional notes. These notes were\\nrapidly presented for redemption, compelling the Government to run its\\nmints over business hours.\\nSpeed, James (1812-1887), was prominent in urging Kentucky to refrain\\nfrom disunion, and was active in the national cause. He was U. S.\\nAttorney-General from 1864 to 1866 in the Cabinets of Lincoln and Johnson.\\nSpeedwell, the ship which was to have sailed with the Mayflower\\nin 1620, and which joined her at Southampton for that purpose, having\\nbrought the Pilgrims from Delfthaven thither. Twice she started and twice\\nshe put back, first to Dartmouth and then to Plymouth; finally the May-\\nflower sailed alone.\\nSpencer, John C. (1788-1855), represented New York in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1817 to 1819. He served in Tyler s Cabinet as\\nSecretar of War from 1841 to 1843 ^.nd as Secretary of the Treasury from\\n1843 to 1844.\\nSpencer, Joseph (1714-1789), was appointed brigadier-general in the Con-\\ntinental army in 1775. He served at Boston and New York and commanded\\nthe unsuccessful Rhode Island expedition. He represented Connecticut in\\nthe Continental Congress in 1779.\\nSpies, August V. T. (1855-1887), Anarchist, came to the United States\\nfrom Germany in 1871. He was hanged as one of the instigators of the\\nHay market massacre in Chicago in 1886, when sixty-two policemen were\\nwounded.\\nSpinner, Francis E. (1802-1890), represented New York in the U. S.\\nCongress as an anti-slavery Democrat from 1855 to 1861. He was U. S.\\nTreasurer from 1861 to 1875, and ended his service without the discrepancy\\nin his accounts of a penny.\\nSpiritualists, a name applied to the believers in the theory that spirits\\ncan and do act through sensitive organizations known as mediums. It first\\ncame into prominence in the United States through the manifestations of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0662.jp2"}, "661": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Ukitisd States History. 6x7\\nthe Pox Sisters, at Hydeville, N. Y., 1848. The phenomena consist of the\\ninoyiii- of physical objects, rappings, spirit photographing, etc. The\\nbehevers in these manifestations are not yet completely organized into a\\nseparate body, but issue periodicals aud books in great numbers.\\nSpofford, Ainsworth R., bom in 1825, and was librarian of Congress\\n1864 to 1897. He has published The American Almanac (annual) and\\nA Practical Manual of Parliamentary Rules.\\nSpoils System. The system of partisan use of the offices, as a means of\\nrewarding those who have worked for the election of the appointer and of\\npunishment for those who have not, was earlier developed in New York and\\nPennsylvania than elsewhere, largely because of the existence in those\\nStates of a large body of apathetic non-English voters. In New York the\\nill-devised council of appointment had much to do with the growth of the\\nsystem, and so had Aaron Burr. In the Federal Government, Jefferson car-\\nried out the system to a considerable extent. The Act of 1820 prescribing\\na four-years term for many officers favored its growth. Finally, the politi-\\ncians who surrounded Jackson brought it to its full development as an engine\\nof party warfare. It has since been a regular reature of American politics\\nin every administration, tempered of late by the provisions of the Civil Ser-\\nvice Act of 1883. The phrase was derived from a statement of Senator W.\\nL. Marcy, of New York, in a speech in the Senate in 1832. Speaking of\\nthe New York politicians, he said: They see nothing wrong in the rule\\nthat to the victor belong the spoils of the enemj\\nSpotswood, Alexander (1676-1740), was Governor of Virginia from 1710\\nto 1723, and greatly improved the condition of the colony by wise laws and\\ncareful administration. He was Deputy Postmaster-General of the colonies\\nfrom 1730 to 1739.\\nSpottsylvania Court House, Va., an indecisive, but hard-fought and\\nsanguinary engagement during the Civil War (1864). Grant led the Union\\narmy of about 100,000 men. The Confederates engaged numbered about\\n50,000. After the battle of the Wilderness, Grant wished to cut off Lee s\\ncommunications with Richmond, and with this intention he hurried forward\\ntoward Spottsylvania Court House. Lee hastened in the same direction and,\\nby obstructing the Federal route with felled trees and skirmishers, managed\\nto arrive first, Warren s advance corps of Grant s army being detained on\\nthe road. On May 7, 1864, there was some slight skirmishing. May 8,\\nGrant sent Sheridan s cavalry corps to ride around the Confederate army,\\ntearing up bridges and railroads and demolishing trains. This corps engaged\\nJ. E. B. Stuart s Confederate cavalry, defeating them and killing their\\nleader. The National line was formed with Hancock holding the right,\\nWarren and Sedgwick the centre, and Burnside the left. On the 9th and\\nloth, assaults were made upon a salient or weak point in the Confederate\\ndefences by Hancock, and then by Upton, but the Confederates remained\\nfirm. It rained on the nth and there was no fighting. On the 12th a des-\\nperate charge by Hancock captured the coveted salient. The Confederate\\nEdward Johnston and 4000 men were taken. This captured point the Con-\\nfederates charged again and again, and there was frightful slaughter on both\\nsides. From this death angle, the Confederates retired at midnight.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0663.jp2"}, "662": {"fulltext": "6i8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nSpraguc, Charles (1791-1875), poet, was cashier of the Globe Bauk, Bos-\\nton, from 1824 to 1865. He won distinction by his poems. He wrote a\\nShakespeare Ode, The Brothers and The Family Meeting, etc.\\nSprague, Peleg (1793-1880), represented Maine in the U. S. Congress as\\na National Republican from 1825 to 1829, i^ the U. S. Senate from 1829\\nto 1835. He was U. S. Judge for the Massacliusetts district from 1841 to\\n1865.\\nSprague, William, born in 1830, was Governor of Rhode Island from\\ni860 to 1863. He represented Rhode Island in the U. S. Senate as a\\nRepublican from 1863 to 1875.\\nSpring Hill, Tenn., scene of a defeat of 2600 Federal troops, led by\\nColonel Coburn, by General Van Dorn, commanding 20,000 Confederates,\\nMarch 5, 1863. Coburn had been sent thither by Rosecrans to co-operate\\nwith Sheridan, who was making demonstrations against Forrest toward the\\nSouth. Van Dorn fell upon him when quite unprepared for battle. Coburn\\nfought gallantly during one entire day, despite the fact that he was com-\\npletely surrounded by Van Dorn s superior numbers. In the evening his\\nammunition had given out and his forces were greatly reduced, so he had to\\nsurrender 1300 of his infantry. Later, November 29, 1864, a brief battle\\nwas fought here during Hood s campaign in Tennessee, between a small\\ndetachment of Hood s army and a company of Federals from Thomas force\\nunder Stanley. The latter was guarding a baggage-train when the Confed-\\nerates came upon him. There was no decisive victory.\\nSpringer, William M., born in 1836, was secretary of the Illinois Constitu-\\ntional Convention in 1862. He has represented Illinois in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat since 1875. He was a member of the Potter committee on\\nthe Presidential election of 1876, and of the joint connnittee which reported\\nthe Electoral Commission Bill. He has been prominent in tariff legislation.\\nSpringfield, 111., became the State capital in 1837. It was laid out in\\n1822, and was incorporate as a city in 1840. It was the residence of Lin-\\ncoln before he became President.\\nSpringfield, Mass., was settled in 1635 by emigrants from Roxbury. In\\n1675 the settlement was burned by Indians. Springfield dates its import-\\nance from the opening of the Boston and Albany Railroad in 1838. It\\nreceived a city charter in 1852.\\nSpringfield, Mo., occupied by Brown with 2400 Federal militia in 1862-63.\\nMarmaduke, commanding 4000 Confederates, appeared suddenly January 8,\\n1863, from Arkansas, and fell upon Brown s outposts. The latter s five\\nearthworks were speedily destro)-ed. Brown fought gallantly from ten\\no clock till dark. Marmaduke then withdrew, having lost over 200 men.\\nBrown s loss was even more severe. He himself lost his right arm.\\nSpringfield, N. J., Battle of, June 23, 1780. In June, 1780, General\\nClinton advanced to seize the American stores at Morristown, N. J. On the\\ntwenty-third his anny of about 5000 men met the Americans at Springfield.\\nThe Americans were unable to resist and were driven back to the Short\\nHills. Here Greene formed them again and the British could not force", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0664.jp2"}, "663": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitkd vStates History. 6ig\\ntheir position. The British then fired the village and retreated. The loss\\nof the Americans was estimated at about sixty, that of the British about 300.\\nSquatter Sovereignty. A term derisively used as a substitute for the\\nphrase popular sovereignty, which Douglas and others used to character-\\nize their plan of leaving it to the inhabitants of each territory to decide,\\nwithout Congressional interference, whether it should become a free State or\\na slave State.\\nSquier, Ephraim G. (i 821-1888), was charge d affaires to the Central\\nAmerican States in 1849, U. S. Commissioner to Peru in 1863. He made\\nvaluable historical and geographical investigations in Central and South\\nAmerica.\\nStamp Act. In 1765 George Grenville, Chancellor of the English\\nExchequer, proposed a bill for taxing the colonies through a stamp duty.\\nNo .serious opposition was expected. But the measure aroused great excite-\\nment in America as an attempt at taxation without representation.\\nStamp Act Congress, a body of delegates from all the colonies except\\nNew Hampshire, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia, which met at New\\nYork October 7, 1765, and adjourned October 25. The action of this Con-\\ngress consisted of an address to the king, petitions to Parliament and a\\ndeclaration of the rights and grievances of the colonies. It protested that\\nthe colonies could only be taxed by their own representatives in the colonial\\nassemblies; claimed the inherent right of trial by jury, and declared the\\nStamp Act to have a manifest tendency to subvert the rights and liberties of\\nthe colonies. The House of Commons objected to the declaration as that of\\nan unconstitutional gathering.\\nStanbery, Henry (i 803-1881), was Attorney-General in Johnson s Cabinet\\nfrom 1866 to 1868, when he resigned to become leading counsel for the\\nPresident in the impeachment trial.\\nStandish, Myles (i584?-i656), came to America with the Pilgrims in\\n1620. He led the exploring expeditions to discover a suitable place for\\nsettlement. He was appointed military captain in 1621, being the first com-\\nmissioned military officer in New England. He rendered valuable service\\nin repelling Indian hostilities. He visited England in 1625 as agent for\\nthe colony and returned with supplies in 1626. He founded Duxbury in\\n1632. He was a member of the executive council, and for many years\\ntreasurer of the colony. His courtship of Priscilla Mullens was commemo-\\nrated by Ivongfellow, in his Courtship of Miles Standish.\\nStanford, Leland (i 824-1 893), became a successful merchant in Cali-\\nfornia. He was Governor of California from 1861 to 1863. As president\\nof the Central Pacific Railroad he superintended its construction over the\\nmountains. He served in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1884\\nto 1893. He founded Leland Stanford, Jr., University in California with\\n$20,000,000, which offers all branches of education.\\nStanley, David S., born in 1828, led a division at Island No. 10 and\\nCorinth in 1862. He was active in Sherman s Georgia invasion. He fought\\nat Murfreesboro, Nashville and Franklin.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0665.jp2"}, "664": {"fulltext": "620 Dictionary of United States History.\\nStanley, Henry M., explorer, born in 1840, came to the United States\\nfrom Wales in 1855. He has made exploring expeditions in Africa in\\n1870-72, 1874-77, 1879-82 and 1887-89, accounts of which he has published.\\nStannard, George J. (i 820-1 886), fought at Bull Run and Harper s Ferry.\\nHe led a brigade at Gettysburg in 1863. He led the advance on Petersburg\\nand Richmond, and captured Fort Harrison in 1864.\\nStanton, Edwin McMasters (1814-1869), the great War Secretary of the\\nCivil War, built up a large legal business in Ohio and Pennsylvania before\\nthe Rebellion, but held no offices except reporter to the Ohio Supreme\\nCourt. President Buchanan called him to his Cabinet as Attorney-General in\\ni860. In 1862 President Lincoln selected hii^ to succeed Cameron as Secre-\\ntary of War. His conduct of this department was very energetic; he was, how-\\never, embroiled at times with politicians and officers; especially notable were\\nhis controversies with McClellan and Shennan. Continuing in Johnson s\\nCabinet, he differed seriously with the President, and was suspended in\\nAugust, 1867. This action brought to a head the quarrel between Congress\\nand the President. Stanton was restored in Januar} 1868, removed in\\nFebruary-. The President s impeachment followed. By President Grant\\nStanton was nominated as Justice of the Supreme Court, but he died soon\\nafterward.\\nStanton, Elizabeth Cady, bom in 1815, has been prominent as an advo-\\ncate of woman suffrage. She has addressed legislatures, committees and\\nconventions. She was a candidate for Congress in New York in 1868.\\nStanwix, John (1690-1765), came to America from England in 1756 as\\ncommander of a battalion and was assigned command in the Southern Dis-\\ntrict. In 1758 he constructed the important fortress called Fort Stanwix at\\nthe Oneida carrying-place on the Mohawk River. In 1759 he repaired old\\nFort Du Quesne at Pittsburgh. He returned to England in 1760.\\nStanwix, Fort, erected in 1758 on the Mohawk River, at what was called\\nthe great carrying place, by Brigadier-General Stanwix. The name was\\nafterward changed to Fort Schuyler. It was built to protect the country\\nfrom the depredations of the Six Nations, and treaties were concluded there\\nbetween those Indians and the English, determining the boundaries of the\\nIndian Territory in 1768. In 1777 Peter Gansevoort was placed in command\\nof the fort and was besieged for nearly a month by the English under St.\\nL,eger. He refused to capitulate, however, and St. Leger was compelled to\\nwithdraw. The fort was abandoned in 1781, being partially destroyed by\\nthe floods of that year.\\nStar of the West, a steamer sent by the Federal Government from\\nNew York, January 5, 1861, laden with reinforcements and supplies for Fort\\nSumter. She appeared off the Charleston bar January 9, but was promptly\\nfired upon by the batteries of Fort Moultrie and Morris Island, and being\\nstruck by a shell put back to New York. She was afterward, April 20,\\n1 86 1, seized by the Confederates in the harbor of Indianola.\\nStar Routes, the name applied to postal lines over which the mail cannot\\nbe carried by railroad or steamboat. In 1881 the second assistant Postmaster", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0666.jp2"}, "665": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 6\u00c2\u00abi\\nGeneral, Thomas J. Brady, and others, including Senator S. W. Dorsey,\\nof Arkansas, were accused of combining with certain mail contractors to\\ndefraud the Government. The combination had originally 134 routes, upon\\nwhich the compensation for service imder the contract amounted to $143,169.\\nBy increasing the number of trips per week, shortening the contract time\\nfor each trip and allowing therefor, the compensation was raised to $622,808.\\nDorsey was brought to trial in 1882. Dorsey denied all charges and the first\\njury failed to bring a decision. A second trial took place in 1883 and Dor-\\nsey was acquitted. Brady s trial was postponed, and no decision was found\\nagainst him. But the corrupt combination was broken up.\\nStar-Spangled Banner. This song was composed September 13, 1814,\\nduring the bombardment of Fort McHenr by Francis S. Key, a young\\nBaltimorean, who had gone down the harbor in a cartel vessel. It was pub-\\nlished and sung at the theatres to the air of Anacreon in Heaven, and\\nimmediately became popular.\\nStark, John (i 728-1822), a noted Revolutionary general, was a native of\\nNew Hampshire. He was a hero of the Indian border warfare, and was at\\none time captured. He fought in the French and Indian War, and was\\nactive in the Revolution, being one of the principal leaders at Bunker Hill.\\nHe served in Canada, at Trenton and Princeton, and resigned in 1777. But\\nthe danger of Burgoyne s invasion called out the New Hampshire militia,\\nand they demanded Stark as a commander. At Bennington, August 16,\\n1777, Stark overthrew the Hessian detachment, and in this way powerfully\\ncontributed to the catastrophe of Saratoga. He was made a brigadier-gen-\\neral, and served until the close of the war. His life has been written by\\nEverett.\\nStars and Bars, the flag of the Confederacy. March 5, 1861, the Flag\\nCommittee appointed in the Provisional Senate of the Southern States\\nrecommended that the flag of the Confederate States shall consist of a red\\nfield with a white space extending horizontally through the centre, and\\nequal in width to one-third the width of the flag. It was first displayed\\nMarch 4, 1861, simultaneously with the inauguration of Lincoln, being\\nunfurled over the State House at Montgomery, Ala. In 1863 the Confeder-\\nate Senate adopted a white flag with one blue star in the centre, the Stars\\nand Bars bearing too close a resemblance to the Stars and Stripes. Johnston\\nand Beauregard also adopted a battle flag, a red ground with a blue\\ndiagonal cross and white stars.\\nStarving Time. In 1609, after the departure of Captain John Smith\\nfor England, the settlers of Jamestown, Va., were, during many months,\\nreduced to the last extremities, being obliged to eat rats, snakes, toads and\\neven dead bodies to prevent starvation. This was known as the starving\\ntime.\\nState, Department of. Under the Continental Congress, foreign affairs\\nwere at first managed by a committee. January 10, 1781, the oflSce of Sec-\\nretary for Foreign Affairs was instituted. Livingston held it till 1783, Jay\\nfrom 1784 to 1789. In the First Congress a Department of Foreign Affairs", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0667.jp2"}, "666": {"fulltext": "622 Dictionary of United States History.\\nand a Home Department were at first planned, but on July 27, 1789, the\\nDepartment of State was formed, uniting the functions of the two.\\nStaten Island, N. Y., was bought from the Indians by Michael Pauw in\\n1631 and later transferred to the Dutch West India Company. It was set-\\ntled by colonists under De Vries in 1637, and two years later burned and\\nravaged by the Raritan Indians. The West India Company acquired the\\npatroon titles on the island, but in 1665 it was confiscated by the Duke of\\nYork.\\nStates. The Declaration of Independence declared that these united\\ncolonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States. Thir-\\nteen States thenceforth existed. Whether they were from the beginning\\nindependent and sovereign, or whether the primary allegiance of the citizen\\nwas from the first due to the United States, has been much debated. The\\nfact is, that both views can find countenance in public and oflicial expres-\\nsions of that early time, and that the Union has come to be supreme in all\\nmen s minds onl) by historic processes. Ardent advocacy of State-rights\\nwas associated with the theory that the Constitution was a voluntary com-\\npact, and led to the doctrines of nullification and secession. The States at\\nonce organized governments modeled on those of the colonial period, with\\nstrict severance of the legislative, executive and judiciary departments. It\\nhas been one of the chief causes of the success of the American Union that,\\nfrom the beginning, its scheme provided for the admission of new States.\\nOn October 10, 1780, the Continental Congress resolved that the western\\nterritory to be ceded to the United States shall be settled and formed into\\ndistinct, republican States, which shall become members of the Federal\\nUnion, and have the same rights of sovereignty freedom and independence,\\nas the other States. The first States so admitted were Vermont and Ken-\\ntucky. The act admitting Kentucky was passed on February 4, 1791, to\\ntake effect June i, 1792; that admitting Vermont was passed February 18,\\n1791, to take effect March 4, 1792. The date usually regarded as the date\\nof admission of a State is that on which the act took effect.\\nStates, Admission of. (The date given is that when admission took\\neffect.)\\nDelaware ratified the Constitution December 7, 1787\\nPennsylvania do. do. December 12, 1787\\nNew Jersey do. do. December 18, 1787\\nGeorgia do. do. January 2, 1788\\nConnecticut do. do. January 9, 1788\\nMassachusetts do. do. February 6, 1788\\nMaryland do. do. April 28, 1788\\nSouth Carolina do. do. May 23, 1788\\nNew Hampshire do. do. .June 21, 1788\\nVirginia do. do. June 25, 1788\\nNew York do. do. July 26, 1788\\nNorth Carolina do. do. November 21, 1789\\nRhode Island do. do. May 29, 1790\\nVermont was admitted to the Union Alarch 4, 1791\\nKentucky do. do. June i, 1792\\nTennes.see do. do. June i, 1796", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0668.jp2"}, "667": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of r.NiTKD States History. 623\\n0^i\u00c2\u00b0 vvas admitted to the Union November 29, 1802\\nLouisiana do. do. April 30, 181 2\\nIndiana do. do. December 11, 1816\\nMississippi do. do. December 10, 1817\\nIlliiiois do. do. December 3, 1818\\nAlabama do. do. December 14, 1819\\nMaine do. do. March 15, 1820\\nMissouri do. do. August 10, 1821\\nArkansas .do. do. June 15 1836\\nMichigan do. do. January 26^ 1837\\nFlonda do. do. March 3, 1845\\nTexas do. do. December 29, 1845\\nIowa do. do. December 28, 1846\\nWisconsin do. do. May 29, 1848\\nCalifornia do. do. September 9, 1850\\nMinnesota do. do. May 11, 1858\\nOregon do. do. February 14, 1859\\nKansas do. do. Januarj- 29, 1861\\nWest Virginia do. do. June 19, 1863\\nNevada do. do. October 31, 1864\\nNebraska do. do. March i, 1867\\nColorado do. do. August i, 1876\\nNorth Dakota do. do. November 2, 1889\\nSouth Dakota do. do. November 2, 1889\\nMontana do. do. November 8, 1889\\nWashington do. do. November 11, 1889\\nIdaho do. do. July 3, 1890\\nWyoming do. do. July 10, 1890\\nUtah do. do. January 4, 1896\\nStates Rights. All parties have, of course, professed to be friendly to\\nall the rights of the States under the Constitution. But the term States\\nrights as a political watchword in U. S. history has meant the rights of the\\nStates as interpreted by those who have held the theory that the States are\\npartners to a constitutional compact, that their rights include essential rights\\nof sovereignty, and that the paramount allegiance of the citizen is due to\\nhis State rather than to the Federal Government. It was State rights con-\\nceived in this sense which were made the basis of the movements for nullifi-\\ncation and secession.\\nSteamboat. Rumsey and Fitch invented the steamboat before Fulton, but\\nhe was the first to make a practical success of it. His boat, the Clermont,\\nmade a successful trip up the Hudson in 1807. The Clermont was a\\npaddle-wheel boat, of twenty horse-power. Fulton and R. R. Livingston\\nobtained from the State of New York a monopoly of the use of this inven-\\ntion on New York waters during thirty years. (See Gibbons vs. Ogden.)\\nIn 1819 the steamboat Savannah sailed from America to Liverpool.\\nAlmost immediately steamboats began to be used on the Mississippi and\\nother Western rivers, and contributed enormously to the development of\\npopulation and agriculture in the great central valley. In 181 8 the first\\nsteamer appeared on the Great Lakes, the Walk-in-the- Water. By 1830\\nthere was a daily line from Bufialo to Detroit. Steam navigation across the\\nAtlantic was established in 1838.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0669.jp2"}, "668": {"fulltext": "624 Dictionary of United States History.\\nStedman, Edmund Clarence, bom in 1833, contributed many poems to\\nthe New York Tribune after 1859. He was war correspondent of the New\\nYork IVorld fwm 1861 to 1863. Since 1865 he has been a stock-broker in\\nNew York. He wrote The Diamond Wedding, How Old John Brown\\ntook Harper s Ferry, Alice of Monmouth, Poets of America, Gettys-\\nburg, and edited a Library of American Literature.\\nStedman, Fort, Va., garrisoned in 1865 by troops from Grant s army,\\nthen operating around Richmond and Petersburg. It was assailed on the\\nnight of March 25 by two divisions of Lee s army under Gordon. The\\nassault was a surprise, and the fort ^^s quickly captured. The assault was\\nintended as a ruse, under cover of which Lee planned to retreat from Peters-\\nburg. The plan failed, however, for the Federals, quickly recovering them-\\nselves, retook the fort, March 27.\\nSteedman, Charles (1811-1890), in command of the Bienville, led a\\ncolumn of vessels at Port Royal. He commanded the Paul Jones at Fort\\nMcAllister in 1862, and the Ticonderoga at Fort Fisher in 1864.\\nSteedman, James B. (1818-1883), commanded a regiment with distinc-\\ntion at Philippi and Perryville. He led a brigade at Chickamauga, and a\\ndivision in the Atlanta campaign in 1864. He served at Nashville.\\nSteel. (See Iron.)\\nSteele, Frederick (1819-1868), served with distinction during the Mexi-\\ncan War at Contreras and Chapultepec. He commanded a brigade at Dug\\nSpring and Wilson s Creek in 1861. He led a division at Round Hill and\\nHelena, and a corps in the Yazoo Expedition, and captured Arkansas Post\\nin 1863. He commanded a division at Vicksburg, and served at Little Rock\\nand Mobile.\\nStephens, Alexander Hamilton (February 11, 1812-March 4, 1883), Vice-\\nPresident of the Southern Confederacy, was born in Georgia, and graduated\\nat Franklin College in 1832. He practiced law, served in the Legislature\\nof Georgia, and from 1843 to 1859 was a Whig member of the national\\nHouse of Representatives. He supported Douglas in his slavery policy, but\\nopposed secession strongly in i860. Nevertheless, when the step had once\\nbeen taken, he sided with the Confederacy, and was its Vice-President, 1861-\\n1865. He diflfered with President Davis as the war progressed. In 1864,\\nhe favored peace, and in 1865 he took part in the Hampton Roads Confer-\\nence. He was imprisoned in 1865, but was shortly afterward released. Hav-\\ning been elected U. S. Senator, he was refused a seat. From 1875 to 1882,\\nStephens was again a Congressman from Georgia. In the latter year he was\\nelected Governor of his State, but died soon after entering upon the duties\\nof the office. Of his works the most valuable is his Constitutional View\\nof the War Between the States, in two volumes. Life by Johnston and\\nBrowne.\\nStephenson, Fort (Fremont, O.), garrisoned by 160 men under Major\\nCroghan, was attacked August i, 1813, by General Proctor and Tecumtha\\nwith 4000 men. After a heavy bombardment, a charge was made but gal-\\nlantly repulsed. The British lost i3i, the Americans only one killed.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0670.jp2"}, "669": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 625\\nSterett, Andrew (1760?\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1807), was executive officer of the Constel la-\\nLion, which captured the French frigate L Insurgente in 1799 and\\nLa Vengeance in 1800. In command of the Enterprise, he captured\\nL Amour de la Patrie and a Tripolitan cruiser after a desperate encounter.\\nThe Tripolitan vessel three times renewed the conflict after surrendering,\\nand was completely dismantled, while the Enterprise did not lose a\\nman.\\nSterne, Simon, born in 1839, has been prominent in political reform in\\nNew York. He has written Representative Government and Personal\\nRepresentation, and a Constitutional and Political History of the United\\nStates.\\nSteuben, Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand von, called\\nBaron Steuben (i 730-1 794), the disciplinarian of the American Revolu-\\ntionary army, was born at Magdeburg. He fought in the war of the Aus-\\ntrian Succession and through the Seven Years War. He was then an aide\\nto Frederick the Great and held a lucrative position, which he exchanged in\\n1778 for service on the side of the Americans. Congress appointed him\\ninspector-general, and his services in drilling the troops were invaluable.\\nHe commanded the left wing at the battle of Monmouth, and took part in\\nthe siege of Yorktown. He was a member of the board which decided the\\nfate of Andr^. He identified himself even more than Lafayette with the\\ncountry to which he had given his aid, settling in New York and receiving\\nfrom Congress in his last years a grant of land near Utica.\\nStevens, Henry (1819-1886), of Vermont, was an authority on the early\\ncolonial history of America. In 1845 he went from Vermont to England\\nin search of Americana, and remained there until his death. He was agent\\nof the British Museum for procuring books of all kinds regarding America,\\nand assisted in forming libraries in America. He wrote Bibliotheca Amer-\\nicana, Notes on the Earliest Discoveries in America, and other such\\nbooks.\\nStevens, Isaac I. (1818-1862), was Governor of Washington Territory\\nfrom 1853 to 1857, when he became a delegate to the U. S. Congress, serv-\\ning till 1 86 1. He commanded a division at Newport News, and fought at\\nManassas and Chantilly, where he was killed.\\nStevens, John (i 749-1 838), made valuable discoveries in steam naviga-\\ntion. He constructed a boat propelled by screws in 1804. He conceived\\nthe idea of a railroad system and devised the first locomotive in America.\\nStevens, John Austin, of New York, bom in 1827, was founder of the\\nMagazine of American History. He wrote Colonial Records of the New\\nYork Chamber of Commerce and Albert Gallatin in the American\\nStatesmen Series.\\nStevens, John L., of Maine, was envoy extraordinary to Sweden and\\nNorway from 1877 to 1883, and to Hawaii from 1889 to 1893. He was\\nJ)rominent in the deposition of Queen Liliuokalani, and in the negotiations\\nor the annexation of Hawaii to the United States. Died 1895.\\n,4C", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0671.jp2"}, "670": {"fulltext": "626 Dictionary of United States History.\\nStevens, Thaddeus (1792-1868), a Republican politician of influence, was\\ngraduated at Dartmouth, and settled to the practice of law in Pennsylvania.\\nHe was a Whig member of the Pennsylvania Legislature, and as Congressman\\nin 1 849-1 853 he opposed the Compromise of 1850. He was again in Congress\\nfrom 1859 to 1868 as a Republican, of the radical type, and advocated drastic\\nmeasures. He urged emancipation and the Fourteenth Amendment, as well\\nas acts of confiscation; he was chairman of the important Committees of\\nWays and Means and of Reconstruction, proposed the impeachment of Presi-\\ndent Johnson, and was chairman of the board of managers of the impeach-\\nment proceedings.\\nStevens, Thomas H., born in 1819, fought at Port Royal and commanded\\nthe leading vessel at Fort Clinch. He captured many prizes, and was engaged\\nat Petersburg, Charleston and Mobile. Died 1896.\\nStevenson, Adlai Ewing, born in 1835, Vice-President of the United States,\\nwas a lawyer, practising at Bloomington, 111. From 1875 to 1877 and 1879\\nto 1 881 he was a Democratic Congressman from Illinois, and from 1885 to\\n1889 he was First Assistant Postmaster-General in President Cleveland s\\nfirst administration. He received, in 1892, the Democratic nomination for\\nthe second place on the ticket with Cleveland, was elected, and entered oflBce\\nin 1893.\\nStevenson, Andrew (1784-1857), was a member of the Virginia Legis-\\nlature from 1804 to 1820. He represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress as\\na Democrat from 1823 to 1834, when he resigned. He served as Speaker\\nof the House from 1827 ^^34- Minister to England from 1836\\nto 1 841.\\nStevenson, John W. (1812-1886), represented Kentucky in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1857 to 1861. He was Governor of Kentucky\\nfrom 1867 to 1871, and a U. S. Senator from 1871 to 1877.\\nStewart, Alexander (1740 ?-i794), born in England, served in the Southern\\ncampaign during the Revolution. He was defeated by General Greene at\\nEutaw Springs in 1781, and retreated to Charleston.\\nStewart, Alexander T. (i 803-1876), came to America from Ireland in\\n1823. He conducted at New York the most extensive dry goods business in\\nthe world.\\nStewart, Alvan (1790-1849), of New York, won distinction as an advocate\\nof temperance and slavery reform. He was the first to earnestly advocate a\\npolitical part}- to promote the abolition of slavery.\\nStewart, Charles (1778-1869), entered the U. S. navy in 1798. He cap-\\ntured the French ships, Deux Amis, Diana and Louisa Bridger,\\nwhile commanding the Experiment in 1800. During the Tripoli tan War\\nhe was executive ofl5cer of the Constitution, and commanded the Siren\\nfrom 1803 to 1806. While commanding the Constitution he captured\\nthe Pictou and the British brigs Catherine and Phcenix in 1813.\\nIn 1814 he captured the Lord Nelson and the Susan. In 1815 he\\ntook the British ships of war, Cyane and Levant. He received the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0672.jp2"}, "671": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 627\\nsobriquet of Old Irousides, and died a rear-admiral. He was the grand-\\nfather of Charles Stewart Paruell.\\nStewart, Gideon T., born in 1824, was active in organizing the Pro-\\nhibition party, and has been prominent in Ohio politics. He was the Pro-\\nhibition candidate for the Vice-Presidency on the ticket with G. C. Smith in\\n1876.\\nStewart, William M. born in 1827, discovered the celebrated Eureka\\ndiggings in California. He was chosen a member of the Nevada Territorial\\nCouncil in 1861, and represented Nevada in the U. S. Senate as a Republi-\\ncan from 1864 to 1875. In 1887 he was again elected to the U. S. Senate.\\nHis present term expires in 1899. He has been prominent in coinage legis-\\nlation.\\nStiles, Ezra (1727-1795), was president of Yale College from 1778 to\\n1795. He was one of the most learned Americans of his time. He wrote an\\nAccount of the Settlement of Bristol, R. I., and a history of the regicides\\nin America.\\nStille, Charles J., of Pennsylvania, born in 1819, has written How a\\nFree People Conduct a Long War, Northern Interest and Southern Inde-\\npendence, The Historical Development of American Civilization, a\\nHistory of the U. S. Sanitary Commission, and lives and letters of John\\nDickinson and General Anthony Wayne. Died 1899.\\nStillwater. (See Saratoga.)\\nStirling, Lord. (See Alexander, Sir William.)\\nStockbridge, Mass., was formerly the home of the Stockbridge or Housa-\\ntonic Indians, among whom an interesting mission was established, and who\\nremoved westward in 1788.\\nStockbridge Indians, a band of Connecticut Mohegans, who were col-\\nlected by Rev. Mr. Sargeant at Stockbridge in 1736. Like the rest of their\\ntribe, they always continued in friendly relations with the English colonists.\\nBetween 1820 and 1830 they emigrated from New York to Wisconsin; here\\nthe majority soon became citizens.\\nStockton, John P., born in 1826, was U. S. Minister to Rome from 1857\\nto 1 86 1. He represented New Jersey in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat\\nfrom 1865 to 1866 (when his election was declared illegal), and from 1869 to\\n1875-\\nStockton, Richard (1730-1781), was admitted to the bar in 1754 and\\nattained great reputation. He became a member of the New Jersey Execu-\\ntive Council in 1768 and a Judge of the Provincial Supreme Court in 1774.\\nHe hoped for a reconciliation between the colonies and England, and wrote\\nAn Expedient for the Settlement of the American Disputes, in which he\\nproposes a plan of colonial self-government. He was a delegate from New\\nJersey to the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1777, and signed the Dec-\\nlaration of Independence. He was appointed to inspect tlie Northern army,\\nbut was captured by Loyalists. He never recovered froiii the effects of the\\nill-usage he received.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0673.jp2"}, "672": {"fulltext": "628 Dictionary of United States History.\\nStockton, Robert Field (i 795-1866), grandson of Richard Stockton, was\\nin the nav in the War of 1812, and was distinguished in the ensuing Alge-\\nrine War. He was engaged in the establishment of Liberia and in the\\ncapture of slavers and pirates. He was the chief promoter of the Delaware\\nand Raritan Canal. As captain he commanded a squadron on the California\\ncoast in the Mexican War, and co-operated with Frdmont in the conquest of\\nthat province. He captured Los Angeles, and organized a government.\\nCommodore Stockton left the navy in 1850 and was U. S. Senator from\\nNew Jersey in 1851-1853. He was a delegate to the Peace Congress of 1861.\\nStoddard, Richard H., of New York, was bom in 1825. He has been a\\nliterary reviewer for periodicals since 1880. His reputation as a poet is con-\\nsiderable. He wrote Abraham Lincoln, an ode; Putnam the Brave, etc.\\nStoddert, Benjamin (1751-1813), of Maryland, distinguished himself at\\nthe battle of Brandywiue. He was Secretary of the Board of War from\\n1777 to 1781. He was Secretary of the Navy in Adams Cabinet from 1798\\nto 1 801, being thus the first Secretary of the Navy.\\nStone, Charles P. (i 824-1 887), served with honor during the Mexican\\nWar. He led a brigade in General Patterson s Shenandoah campaign in 1861.\\nWhile commanding the corps of observation in the Army of the Potomac\\nfrom 1861 to 1862, he was defeated at Ball s Bluff. He served at Port\\nHudson in 1863, and was chief of staff to General Banks from 1863 to 1864.\\nStone, David M., bom in 1817, has been connected with the Neiv York\\nJournal of Cotnmerce since 1849, editor-in-chief since 1866. He is\\nregarded as an authority on commercial matters. Died 1895.\\nStone, Lucy (181 8-1 893), was prominent as an ardent anti-slavery advo-\\ncate. In 1869, she aided in forming the American Woman s Suffrage Asso-\\nciation. She edited the Womans Journal in Boston from 1872 on.\\nStone, Thomas (1743-1787), was a delegate from Maryland to the Conti-\\nnental Congress from 1775 to 1779, and signed the Declaration of Independ-\\nence. From 1779 to 1783 he was a prominent, member of the Mary land\\nSenate. He again served in the Continental Congress from 1784 to 1785.\\nHe was a member of the committee to draft a plan of confederation.\\nStone, \\\\Villiam (1603 ?-i 695?), was appointed Governor of Maryland in\\n1649, and founded the settlement of Providence, now Annapolis. He was\\nremoved from office in 1653.\\nStone, William L. (1792-1844), an editor of the New York Commercial\\nAdvertiser from 1821, wrote many tales of border life, a History of the\\nN. Y. Convention of 1821 and Border Wars of the American Revolution.\\nStone River. (See Murfreesboro.)\\nStoneman, George, born in 1822, graduated at the U. S. Military Academy\\nin 1846. He refused to surrender Fort Brown to the Secessionists in 1861\\nby order of his superior officer, General Twiggs. He commanded the cavalry\\nof the Army of the Potomac from 1861 to 1862. He led a division at the", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0674.jp2"}, "673": {"fulltext": "DiCTlOIxARY OF UnITKD StATES HiSTORY. 629\\nlecond battle of Bull Run, and a corps at Fredericksburg. He commanded\\nI cavalry raid toward Richmond in 1863; was engaged in the Atlanta cam-\\npaign in 1864; ^rid fought at Salisbury and Asheville. He was Governor\\n)f California from 1883 to 1887. Died 1894.\\nStono Ferry, Attack upon, June 20, 1779. Lincoln s first attempt to\\nlislodge the British at Charleston was made at Stono Ferry. Maitland s\\n?oo men ofiFered a stout resistance to Lincoln s 1200. The Americans\\netired, losing 301. The British loss was somewhat less. Three days later\\nhe fort was evacuated.\\nStony Creek, Canada, War of 1812. A body of Americans under\\njeneral Chandler, while pursuing General Vincent, encamped June 6, 1813,\\nit Stony Creek. During the gloom of night they were surprised and\\nittacked by Vincent. The British, after severe fighting, were repulsed with\\nhe loss of 178 killed, wounded and captured; the American loss was 154,\\nncluding the capture of both General Chandler and General Winder.\\nStony Point, Capture of, July 16, 1779. While the Americans were\\njuilding a fort at Stony Point in May, 1779, Clinton ascended the Hudson,\\n;aptured it and increased its strength. Washington detailed General Wayne\\n;o regain this position. With 1200 men he undertook the task. Not a gun\\nvas loaded. The troops depended solely upon a bayonet charge. They got\\n!0 near the fort without being observed that v/ith one rush they entered the\\nbrt and soon forced the garrison to surrender. The American loss was\\nifteen killed and eighty-three wounded. The British lost sixty-three killed\\nmd 553 taken prisoners. The humanity of the Americans contrasted favor-\\nibly with the reckless brutality of the British in their surprises.\\nStorrs, Richard S., born in 1821, was pastor of the Church of the Pilgrims\\nit Brooklyn, N. Y., from 1846 to 1894. He was one of the most eloquent pulpit\\njrators iu America. He wrote Early American Spirit, The Declaration\\naf Independence and its Effects, and a life of St. Bernard.\\nStory, Joseph (1779-1845), jurist, was admitted to the bar at Salem,\\n^ass., in 1801. He represented Massachusetts in the U. S. Congress as a\\nDemocrat from 1808 to 1809. In 1811 he was appointed an Associate\\nJustice of the U^. S. Supreme Court and continued in that oflSce until his\\nleath. He was professor of law at Harvard from 1829 to 1845. His success\\nis a teacher and his ability as a juiist place him among the foremost of\\nAmericans. He wrote valuable legal treatises including his famous Com-\\nnentaries on the Constitution of the United States, and Commentaries\\nm the Conflict of Laws. Life by W. W. Story.\\nStory, William W., born in 1819, has written several legal books. He is\\niistinguished as an artist and poet. Among his best known works are statues\\nf his father, Joseph Story, Chief-Justice Marshall, and George Peabody. He\\npublished Life and Letters of Joseph Story. Died 1895.\\nStoughton, William (1632-1701), was an agent of the Massachusetts\\n:olony in England from 1676 to 1679. He was Lieutenant-Governor and\\nChief Justice of Massachusetts from 1692 to 1701, and Acting Governor from", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0675.jp2"}, "674": {"fulltext": "630 Dictionary of United States History.\\n1694 to 1699. He was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the witch-\\ncraft trials.\\nStowe, Calvin E. (1802-1886), was professor of Biblical literature at Lane\\nSeminary from 1830 to 1850, id at Andover Seminary from 1852 to 1864.\\nHe was sent by Ohio to examii: the European school system in 1836. He\\nwas the husband of Mrs. H. B. Stowe.\\nStowe, Harriet Beecher, born in 181 2, was the daughter of Lyman\\nBeecher, a clergyman of intense intellectual activity and joyous disposition,\\nwhose influence upon Mrs. Stowe was very marked. In 1836 she married\\nCalvin E. Stowe. During her residence in Ohio she acquired some knowledge\\nof Southern life and of the condition of the slaves. The passage of the\\nfugitive slave law, and the favor with which it was received, called forth her\\nwell-known work, Uncle Tom s Cabin, in 1852. (See art.) She wrote\\nDred, The Minister s Wooing, and other novels. Died July i, 1896.\\nStratford, the old Lee mansion in Westmoreland County, Va. It was\\nerected by Richard Lee, an Englishman, who came to Virginia as secretary\\nto one of the king s council. It was the birth-place of Robert E. Lee.\\nStringham, Silas H. (i 798-1 876), entered the U. S. navy in 1809. He\\nserved in the President during the engagements with the Little Belt\\nand Belvidere. He served in the Algerine War in 1815. He was execu-\\ntive oflicer of the Hornet from 1821 to 1824 captured the pirate ship\\nMoscow. He commanded the Ohio at the bombardment of Vera Cruz\\nin 1847, and the squadron which, assisted by the military force under Gen-\\neral Butler, reduced Forts Hatteras and Clark in 1861.\\nStrong, Caleb (1745-1819), Governor, was a member of the Massachusetts\\nCommittee of Correspondence and Safety from 1774 to 1775, and of the\\nMassachusetts general court from 1776 to 1778. He aided in drafting the\\nState constitution in 1779. He was a member of the Massachusetts Senate\\nfrom 1780 to 1789. In 1787 he was a member of the convention that framed\\nthe Constitution of the United States. He was a Federalist U. S. Senator\\nfrom 1789 to 1796, and Governor of Massachusetts from 1800 to 1807 and\\nfrom 1812 to 1816.\\nStrong, William, born in 1808, represented Pennsylvania in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1S47 to 1S51. He was a Justice of the Supreme\\nCourt of Pennsylvania from 1857 to 186S, and a Justice of the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt from 1870 to 1880, when he retired. He was a member of the electoral\\ncommission in 1877. Died 1895.\\nStuart, Alexander H. H. (1807-1891), represented Virginia in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Whig from 1841 to 1843. was Secretary of the Interior\\nin Fillmore s Cabinet from 1850 to 1853. He was a member of the Virginia\\nSenate from 1857 to 1861, and zealously opposed the policy of secession.\\nHe was a delegate to the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in\\n1866.\\nStuart, Gilbert (1755-1828), born in Rhode Island, studied painting in\\nEurope and painted portraits of many distinguished Europeans. He returned\\nto America in 1793 and painted several portraits of Washington, the first of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0676.jp2"}, "675": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 631\\nwhich was destroyed, and the second is in the Boston Athenaeum. His pictures\\nare very numerous and exhibit rare genius in portraying individual character.\\nStuart, James E. B. (1833-1864), Confederate cavalry general, was gradu-\\nated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1854. He commanded the Confederate\\ncavalry at Bull Run in 1861. In 1862 he conducted a daring reconnaissance\\nof McClellan s army on the Chickahominy. He fought at the second battle\\nof Bull Run, and led the advance of Jackson s Maryland invasion. He\\nfought at South Mountain and Antietam. His command formed the Con-\\nfederate extreme right at Fredericksburg. He temporarily commanded\\nJackson s corps at Chancellorsville. He was mortally wounded at Yellow\\nTavern, where he attempted to check Sheridan s advance.\\nStuart, Moses (i 780-1852), was professor of sacred literature at Andover\\nSeminar} from 1810 to 1848. He was an enthusiastic Hebrew scholar, and\\nhas been called the father of Biblical science in America.\\nSturgeon, Daniel (1789-1878), was treasurer of Pennsylvania in 1838 and\\n1839. He represented Pennsylvania in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from\\n1839 to 1 85 1, and was treasurer of the U. S. Mint from 1S53 to 1858.\\nSturges vs. Crowninshield, an action brought against the defendant,\\nbefore the Circuit Court of Massachusetts, 181 1, for payment of two promis-\\nsory notes. Transferred to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1819.\\nThe defendant had pleaded a discharge by the insolvency law of New York\\nbefore the Circuit Court, but judgment was found against him. This judg-\\nment was reversed by the Supreme Court, which recognized the insolvency\\nlaw of New York as constitutional, but with certain limitations.\\nSturgis, Samuel D. (182 2-1 889), served in the Mexican War. He com-\\nmanded a division at South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg, and\\nwas chief of cavalry of the Ohio Department from 1863 to 1864.\\nStuyvesant, Peter (1612-1682), the last Dutch Governor or director-gen-\\neral of New Netherlands, arrived in 1647. Various controversies arose with\\nthe New England settlements, and with the patroons. He was intolerant\\nin religious affairs, and raised a vigorous opposition on account of his con-\\ntempt for popular rights. Trade, however, flourished during his administra-\\ntion. In 1655 he attacked the Swedish colony of Delaware, and annexed it\\nto the Dutch possessions. When the English fleet came to New Amsterdam\\nin 1664, Stuyvesant could make no effective resistance, and signed a treaty\\nof surrender September 9. He continued to reside in New York, on his\\nextensive farm of Great Bouwerie, and died there.\\nSubsidies. In early use the word denoted a special tax, then it signified\\nthe payment made to an ally for assisting in war. It is now the term\\napplied to pecuniar^ aid rendered by the State to industrial enterprises of\\nindividuals. The granting of monopoly rights was the earliest form of sub-\\nsidies in the United States. National aid has been in a number of instances\\ntendered to railroad corporations, chiefly in land grants, many millions of\\nacres being granted to the Northern Pacific, the Union Pacific, the Illinois\\nCentral, the Mobile and Ohio and the Kansas Pacific Railroads. In the case\\nof the Union Pacific, in addition to a land grant of 33,000,000 acres, the", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0677.jp2"}, "676": {"fulltext": "f^a Dictionary of Univbd States History.\\nUnited State? pledged itself to $25,000 per mile, half the cost. Subsidies\\nhave been granted for the encouragement of the United States steam marine\\nat various times siuce 1S50, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company being the\\nchief of these contractors.\\nSub-Treasury. (See Independent Treasury.)\\nSuffrage. Restricted sufirage was the rule in America till well into the\\npresent centuiy. Massachusetts and New Haven colonies for a time gave\\nthe suffrage to none but church members. In most of the colonies a free-\\nhold qualification prevailed, sometimes the forty-shilling freehold of Eng-\\nlish law, sometimes a freehold of so many acres. The constitutions made in\\nthe Revolutionary period mostly provided for the fonner in the Northern\\nStates, for the latter in the Southern, while New Hampshire, Peimsylvania,\\nDelaware and Georgia had simply a requirement of tax-pa\\\\ing. The Con-\\nstitution of 1787 left this matter entirely to the States, allowing all to vote\\nfor Congressmen in a given State who could vote for the members of the\\nState House of Representatives. After 17S9, the influence of democratic\\nprinciples led to the abolition of property qualifications in Georgia in 1798;\\nin Mar^ laud in iSoi and 1809; in ^lassachusetts in 1821; in New York in\\n1821; in Delaware in 1S31; in New Jersey in 1844; in Connecticut in 1845;\\nin Virginia in 1850; in North Carolina in 1854 aud 1868; in South Carolina\\nin 1865; in Rhode Island, except in some municipal elections, in 1888. The\\nFifteenth Amendment forbids any State, or the United States, to deny the\\nsufirage to any citizen because of race, color or previous condition of sers i-\\ntude. The new States have mostly provided for manhood suffrage from the\\nfirst, often even for the suffrage of aliens in process of naturalization. For\\nthe extension of the suffrage to women, (see art. Woman StifTrage.)\\nSugar Act, an act passed by Parliament in 1733 and renewed in 1763,\\nby which hea\\\\-y duties were laid upon all sugar and molasses imported into\\nthe American colonies from foreign colonies. It was one of the direct causes\\nof the Revolution.\\nSullivan s Island. Battle of. (See Fort Moultrie.)\\nSullivan, James (i 744-1808), bom in IMaine, was a member of the Massa-\\nchusetts Provincial Congress in 1775. He was a Judge of the Massachusetts\\nSupreme Court from 1776 to 1782, a delegate to the Continental Congress\\nfrom 17S4 to 17S5, and Attorney -General of Massachusetts from 1790 to\\n1807. He was Governor of Massachusetts from 1807 till his death. Life\\nby Amor\\\\\\nSullivan, John (i 740-1795), a Revolutiouar general, was a native of Maine\\nand a major of militia before the war. He was a New Hampshire delegate to\\ntlie First Continental Congress, and was appointed brigadier-general in 1775.\\nHe was engaged in the siege of Boston and in Canada in the unsuccessful\\nattack on Three Rivers. Sullivan became a major-general in 1776, was one\\nof the principal commanders in the battle of Long Island and in the autumn\\ncampaign of 1776, fought at Trenton and Princeton, and made a raid on\\nStaten Island. He led the right wing at Brandywine and Germantown, and\\nwon the battle of Butts Hill in Rhode Island in 1778. The next year he", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0678.jp2"}, "677": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 633\\nravaged the country of the Six Nations. He served in Congress, and was a\\nFederalist in New Hampshire in the contest of 1788. Life by Amory.\\nSully, Thomas (1783-1S72), came to America from England in 1792. He\\nis famous for his paintings, Washington Crossing the Delaware, Thomas\\nJefferson, Fanny Kemble, Queen Victoria, Lafayette and The Capture of\\nMajor Andr^.\\nSummit Point, Va., a battle of the Civil War during Sheridan s campaign\\nin the vSbenandoah Valley and Early s sortie against Washington. Sheri-\\ndan was retreating toward Halltown with the intention of strengthening his\\nposition there, for he had heard that Early was expecting reinforcements\\nunder Anderson and that others might come. On the road through Summit\\nPoint, he fell in with several detachments of Early s troops. Rodes s and\\nRamseur s infantr were advanced to the attack, and a fierce skirmish\\noccurred. The Federals lost quite heavily and were decidedly worsted-\\nGetty s division of the Sixth Corps lost 250 killed and wounded.\\nSumner, Charles (January 6, 1811-March 11, 1874), an American states-\\nman and orator, was born at Boston, graduated in 1830 at Harvard, and\\nstudied law. On returning from an extended European tour, 1 837-1 840, he\\nbecame profoundly interested in the anti-slavery question. Without entering\\ninto active politics, he became noted as an orator. Among his speeches at\\nthis period were those on the True Grandeur of Nations in 1846, and on\\nthe Scholar, Jurist, etc., in 1846. Sumner, who had been a moderate\\nWhig, helped organize the Free-Soil party in 1848, and was defeated for\\nCongress the same year. In 1851, after a prolonged struggle of three months\\nin the Massachusetts Legislature, he was elected U. S. Senator by a coalition\\nof Democrats and Free-Soilers. He speedily became the chief advocate in\\nthe Senate of the anti-slavery sentiment. His speech, Freedom National,\\nSlavery Sectional, gave the signal of his course. That on the Crime\\nagainst Kaii..a3, in May, 1856, provoked a personal assault from a Southern\\nRepresentative, Preston Brooks. Sumner was severely injured, and did not\\nresume his seat until 1859. He was meanwhile re-elected Senator as a\\nRepublican, and re-elected twice, serving until his death. In 1861 he became\\nchairman of the Committee of Foreign Affairs and was one of the chief\\nfriends and advisers of President Lincoln. He opposed Johnson, but sup-\\nported the Alaska purchase. In 1871 he strongly opposed the San Domingo\\nTreaty, broke with President Grant and the Republican Senators, and was\\nremoved from his chairmanship. He supported Greeley in 1872, and gave\\nhis closing efforts to the furtherance of the civil rights of colored citizens.\\nComplete works in fifteen volumes. Memoir and Letters, by E. L. Pierce.\\nSumner, Edwin V. (i 797-1 863), general, led the cavalry charge at Cerro\\nGordo iu 1847, commanded the reserves at Contreras and Churubusco and\\nled the cavalry at Molino del Rey. He was Governor of New Mexico from\\n1851 to 1853. He succeeded General Johnston in command of the Pacific\\nDepartment from 1861 to i86 2. He commanded the left wing at the siege\\nof Yorktown, led a corps at Fair Oaks, was twice wounded during the Seven\\nDays battles, and commanded a corps at Antietam. He led a division at\\nFredericksburg and retired in 1863.", "height": "2551", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0679.jp2"}, "678": {"fulltext": "634 Dictionary of United States History.\\nSumner, Increase (i 746-1 799), was a member of the Massachusetts\\nLegislature from 1776 to 1780 and of the Senate from 1780 to 1782. He\\nwas a Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court from 1782 to 1797. He\\nwas a member of the convention that adopted the Federal Constitution in\\n1788, and was Governor of Massachusetts from 1797 to 1799.\\nSumner, William G., born in 1840, became professor of political economy\\nat Yale College in 1872. He has written a History of American Currency,\\na History of Protection in the United States, a life of Andrew Jackson,\\nand The Financier and Finances of the American Revolution.\\nSumter, Thomas (i 734-1 832), soldier, conducted partisan warfare at the\\nbeginning of the Revolution. He defeated a force of British and Tories,\\nmade an unsuccessful attack on Rocky Mount and routed the British at\\nHanging Rock. He severed the communications of Cornwallis and captured\\nhis supply train. He was severely defeated by Colonel Tarleton at Fishing\\nCreek. He defeated Major Weinyss at Broad River, and repelled Colonel\\nTarleton at Blackstock Hill. He represented South Carolina in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1789 to 1793 and from 1797 to 1801, and in\\nthe Senate from 1801 to 1809. He was Minister to Brazil from 1809 to\\n1811.\\nSumter, Fort, Charleston Harbor, opening engagement of the Civil War,\\nApril 12, 13, 1861, Major Anderson commanding the fort with 129 Union\\nsoldiers. General Beauregard the Confederate forces of about 6000 volun-\\nteers. During the early period of secessionist agitation Anderson had com-\\nmanded the whole of Charleston harbor, including Forts Sumter, Moultrie,\\nJohnson and Castle Pinckne} To obtain possession of these was the chief\\nsolicitude of South Carolina. Anderson, fearful of being surprised in unfor-\\ntified Fort Moultrie, where he was stationed, moved his forces secretly to\\nSumter on the night of December 26, r86i. On that day a commission of\\nthree, deputed by the South Carolina Convention, arrived at Washington\\nto treat with President Buchanan and make complaints against Anderson.\\nAnderson s move caused a postponement of their accorded interview with\\nBuchanan and, upon Governor Pickens seizure of Fort Moultrie, Castle\\nPinckney, the Charleston Arsenal, Custom House and Post Office, the Presi-\\ndent refused their demand of the withdrawal of the Federal troops. Pickens\\nimmediately proceeded to assemble volunteers and strengthen the captured\\nforts. Beauregard was chosen to command the Confederate troops. Mean-\\ntime The Star of the West, a merchant-steamer, was chartered and\\nstocked with provisions for Anderson s relief. She sailed from New York\\nJanuary 5, 1861, with 250 recruits. On entering Charleston harbor and\\nshowing the United States flag she was fired upon from Fort Moultrie and\\ncompelled to put to sea again. Pickens demanded Anderson s surrender,\\nwhich was refused. On April 8, 1861, President Lincoln notified Pickens\\nand Beauregard that an attempt would be made to supply Anderson with\\nprovisions. This decided the Confederates for war, and on April 12, Ander-\\nson having again refused to evacuate on terms agreeable to Beauregard, the\\nlatter conmienced to fire on Fort Sumter. The bombardment continued two\\ndays. April 14 Anderson surrendered because of lack of provisions and", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0680.jp2"}, "679": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United Statks History. 635\\nbecause portions of the fort were in flames. The firing upon Fort Sumter\\niid more than any of the previous acts of the secessionists to rouse the\\nNorth to resistance. Immense enthusiasm for the cause of the Union was\\nimmediately awakened. Fort Sumter was assailed by Admiral Dahlgren s\\nfleet on the night of September 8, 1863. This attack was led by Commo-\\ndore Stephens and proved an utter failure, Beauregard s batteries easily\\ndriving off the attacking troops. In February, 1865, the Union flag was\\nDuce more raised over Fort Sumter.\\nSunbury. In the autumn of 1778, Sunbury, Ga., had resisted a force sent\\naorth from Florida by the British general Prevost. Early in January,\\n1779, Prevost marched to Savannah, and on his way captured Sunbury and\\nits garrison.\\nSunday Laws. In the New England colonies laws were early passed\\nforbidding labor, travel or play on the Sabbath. A Massachusetts Act of\\n1649 provided for the beginning of this prohibition on the evening of vSatur-\\nday. In New York the Duke s Laws (1665) forbade the profanation of\\nthe Lord s Day by travel or labor. Pennsylvania in the first laws (those of 16S2)\\nforbade labor. South Carolina, in 1684, forbade profanation of the Sabbath.\\nVirginia, in 1692, forbade travel or profanation. All the colonies, Puritan\\nDr not, seem to have had such laws, and these continued in existence after\\nthe Revolution.\\nSunday Newspapers. The first started in this country was the Sunday\\nCourier^ which appeared in New York in 1825 lived but a few months.\\nSeveral other Sunday journals, however, followed tiie Sunday Courier.\\nOf these the Atlas, started in 1837 by three journeymen printers, was the\\nmost successful. Prior to the Civil War about a dozen of these Sunday\\npapers were begun and discontinued after a short time. They gradually\\nbecame more successful, many of the dailies issuing a Sunday edition. The\\npublic sentiment was strongly against them at first. By 1880 there were\\n225 Sunday papers, half that number being Sunday editions of dailies.\\nSuperintendent of Finance, an office established by Act of the Contin-\\nental Congress, F ebruary 7, 1781, to supersede the Treasury Board, which\\nwas suspected of carelessness. Robert Morris filled this office. He was\\nauthorized to examine the state of the finances and report plans for improve-\\nment; to direct the execution of orders respecting revenue and expenditure\\nand control the public accoimts. In 1784 Morris resigned and the oSice was\\nabolished.\\nSupreme Court. The Constitution of 1787 provided for a Supreme Court.\\nTlie Judiciaiy Act of 1789 prescribed its times of session and its rules of\\nprocedure. Washington appointed Jay Chief Justice and the court began its\\nsessions in 1790. For a dozen years it had little business. John Marshall,\\nChief Justice from 1801 to 1835, first made the court a great power in the\\ngovernment. The influence of his decisions in strengthening and national-\\nizing the Government cannot be over-estimated. For the court s power to\\nset aside State and Federal laws as unconstitutional see art. Unconstitution-\\nality. The court continued to be composed of Federalists long after the\\nFederalists lost control of Congress and the executive. At first it consisted", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0681.jp2"}, "680": {"fulltext": "636\\nDictionary of United States History.\\nof the Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. A sixth was added iu 1807,\\ntwo more in 1837, a ninth in 1863. From 1836 to 1864, under Chief Justice\\nTaney, the court was Democratic, and more inclined to the support of State\\nrights. In the important Dred-Scott case it gave a decision favorable to\\nslavery. During the war the Supreme Court was made Republican. During\\nthe conflict between Congress and President Johnson, Congress, to prevent\\nhim from appointing any judges, enacted laws which reduced the number\\nof Associate Justices to seven. In 1870 an eighth was added, by reason of\\nwhich the court reversed its decision in the Legal Tender cases. The court\\nhas been throughout its history the most powerful tribunal of this century.\\nThe leading cases which have appeared before it are treated in separate\\narticles. A list of the Justices follows. History by Carson. (For the reports\\nsee next art.)\\nSupreme Court, Chief Justices and Associate Justices.\\nChief Justices.\\nJohn Jay\\nJohn Rutledge\\nWilHatn Gushing\\nOliver Ellsworth\\nJohn Jay\\nJohn Marshall\\nRoger B. Taney\\nAssociate Justices.\\nJohn Rutledge\\nWilliam Gushing\\nRobert H. Harrison\\nJames Wilson\\nJohn Blair\\nJames Iredell\\nThomas Johnson\\nWilliam Patersou\\n(Not confirmed)\\nSamuel Ghase\\nBushrod Washington\\nAlfred Moore\\nWilliam Johnson\\nBrockholst Livingston\\nThomas Todd\\nLevi Lincoln\\nJohn Quincy Adams\\nJoseph Story\\nGabriel Duvall\\nSmith Thompson\\nRobert Trimble\\nJohn McLean\\nHenry Baldwin\\nJames M. Wayne\\nPhilip P. Barbour\\nWilliam Smith\\n]ohn Gatron\\nJohn McKinley\\nPeter V. Daniel\\nSamuel Nelson\\nLevi Woodbury\\nRobert G. Grier\\nBenjamin R. Curtis\\nJohn A. Campbell\\nNathan CHflFord\\nNoah H. Swayue\\nState.\\nNew York\\nSouth Carolina\\nMassachusetts\\nMaryland\\nPennsylvania\\nVirginia\\nNorth Carolina\\nMaryland\\nNew Jersey\\nSouth Carolina\\nMassachusetts\\nMaryland\\nConnecticut\\nVirginia\\nNorth Carolina\\nNew York\\nVirginia\\nSouth Carolina\\nNew York\\nKentucky\\nMassachusetts\\nMassachusetts\\nMassachusetts\\nMaryland\\nNew York\\nKentucky\\nOhio\\nPennsylvania\\nGeorgia\\nMaryland\\nVirginia\\nAlabama\\nTennessee\\nAlabama\\nVirginia\\nNew York\\nNew Hampshire\\nPennsylvania\\nMassachusetts\\nAlabama\\nMaine\\nOhio\\nTerm of Service.\\n1789 to\\n1789.\\n1789 to\\n1789 to\\n1789 to\\n1789 to\\n1790 to\\n1791 to\\n1793 to\\n179s to\\n1796.\\n1796 to\\n1796 to\\n1798 to\\n1799 to\\n1800.\\n1801 to\\n1804 to\\n1807 to\\n1807 to\\nI8II.\\niSii.\\n181 1 to\\n1811 to\\n1823 to\\n1826 to\\n1829 to\\n1830 to\\n1835 to\\n1836 to\\n1836 to\\n1837.\\n1837 to\\n1837 to\\n1841 to\\n1845 to\\n1845 to\\n1846 to\\n185 1 to\\n1853 to\\n1858 to\\n862 to\\n1 1\\n1795-\\nDeclined.\\n1810.\\n1790.\\n1798.\\n1796.\\n1799-\\n1793-\\n1806.\\n1795-\\nDeclined.\\n1811.\\n1800.\\n1829.\\n1804.\\nDeclined.\\n1835-\\n1834.\\n1823.\\n1826.\\nDeclined.\\nDeclined.\\n1845.\\n1835.\\n1843.\\n1828.\\n1 861.\\n1844.\\n1867.\\n1864.\\n1841.\\nDeclined\\n1865.\\n1852.\\ni86o.\\n1872.\\n1851.\\n1870.\\n1857.\\n1861.\\n1881.\\n1S81.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0682.jp2"}, "681": {"fulltext": "CHIEF JUSTICES OF SUPREME COURT.\\nJohn Jay.\\nOliver Ellsworth.\\nJohn Rutledge.\\nSalmon P. Chase.\\nJ. Marshall.\\nMelville W. Fuller.\\nM. R. Waite.\\nR. B. Taney", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0683.jp2"}, "682": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0684.jp2"}, "683": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n637\\nChief Justices.\\nAssociate Justices.\\nState.\\nTerm of Service.\\nSamuel F. Miller\\nDavid Davis\\nStephen J. Field\\nIowa\\nIllinois\\nCalifornia\\nOhio\\nPennsylvania\\nPennsylvania\\nNew Jersey\\nNew York\\nOhio\\nKentucky\\nGeorgia\\nOhio\\nMassachusetts\\nNew York\\nMississippi\\nIllinois\\nKansas\\nMichigan\\nPennsylvania\\nTennessee\\nLouisiana\\nCalifornia\\n1862 to 1890\\n1862 to 1877\\n1S63 to 1897\\n1864 to 1873\\n1869.\\n1870 to 1880\\n1870 to 1892\\n1872 to 1886\\n1874 to 1887\\n1877 to\\n:88o to 1887\\n1881 to 1889\\n1881 to\\n1S82 to 1893\\n1888 to 1893\\n1888 to\\n1889 to\\ni8gi to\\n1892 to\\n1893 to 1895\\n1894 to\\n1898 to\\nMorrison R. Waite\\nEdwin M. Stanton*\\nWilliam Strong\\nJoseph P. Bradley\\nWard Hunt\\nMelville W. Fuller\\nJohn M. Harlan\\nWilliam B. Woods\\nStanley Matthews\\nHorace Gray\\nSamuel Blatchford\\nLucius Q. C. Lamar\\nDavid J. Brewer\\nHenry B. Brown\\nGeorge Shiras, Jr\\nHowell E. Jackson\\nEdward D. White\\nJoseph McKenna\\nDied before his commission took efTecv.\\nSupreme Court Reports begin with the volume numbered 2 Dallas, and\\nconsist of the following: Dallas, 3 vols., 1790-1800; Crancli, 9 vols., 1800-\\n1815; Wheaton, 12 vols., 1816-1827; Peters, 16 vols., 1828-1842; Howard,\\n24 vols., 1843-1860; Black, 2 vols., 1861-1862; Wallace, 23 vols., 1863-\\n1875; from this point they are numbered 90 U. S., 91 U. S., etc.\\nSurplus, Distribution of. The distribution of the treasury surplus\\namong the States in preference to appropriating it to internal improvements\\nwas advocated by President Jackson in 1829, the debt having been paid,\\nwhile the compromise of 1832 forbade the reduction of the tariff. In 1836\\na bill to this effect was passed by Congress, and to it was joined a bill to\\nregulate the public deposits. Afterward an attempt was made to separate\\nthe two bills, but this failed. The bill provided that all the money in the\\ntreasury, January i, 1837, in excess of $5,000,000, was to be deposited with\\nthe States in the proportion of their membership in the electoral college, and\\nin four installments. The States were to give certificates of deposits, pay-\\nable to the Secretary of the Treasury on demand. Jackson defended this\\nstep on the ground that many of the States were improvement States,\\nwith a growing money market and a large debt, and therefore in urgent\\nneed of funds. The States mostly misused the money. Only three of the\\nfour installments were paid, when the crash of 1837 came upon the Federal\\nGovernment, and no more was paid. History by Bourne.\\nSusan Constant, a vessel sent with colonists to Virginia in 1606 by\\nthe Virginia Company. She was commanded by Christopher Newport, and\\nwas accompanied by the God-Speed and the Discovery. The colonists\\nlanded May 13, 1607.\\nSusquehanna Company, a land company formed in 1754, chiefly of\\nConnecticut farmers, for the colonization of the Wyoming countr By", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0685.jp2"}, "684": {"fulltext": "638 Dictionary of United States History.\\na treaty with the Five Nations, July 11, 1754, an enormous tract of country\\nwas purchased for ^2000. It began at the southern boundary of Connecti-\\ncut and followed in a northerly direction the course of the Susquehanna to\\nnorthern Pennsylvania. In 1785-17 86 man}- disputes arose between the\\nSusquehanna Company and the Pennsylvania claimants of the territor)\\nThis was called the Pennamite War. (See Wyoming Controversy.)\\nSusquehannas, or Conestogas, an extinct tribe of Indians, once inhabit-\\ning lands on the Susquehanna River. They waged fierce wars with neigh-\\nboring tribes, and became so troublesome to Maryland that they were pro-\\nclaimed public enemies in 1642. In 1652 they ceded lands to the colony. In\\n1675, after a bitter struggle with the Iroquois, they were overthrown. Some,\\nretreating to Maryland, were attacked by the whites. The Indians then\\nravaged the frontier until completely cut off. A remnant of the tribe, dur-\\ning a period of excitement against the Indians, was butchered at Lancaster,\\nPa., 1763.\\nI\\nSutter, John A. (1803-1880), came to America from Baden in 1834. In j\\n1841 he founded a settlement on the present site of Sacramento. The first\\ngold in California was found on his estate in 1848.\\nSwaanendael, a settlement established in 1632 on the Delaware River at\\nthe site of the present town of Lewiston, Del., by Godyn, Blommaert,\\nDe Vries and others. A fort was also built. Trouble soon arose with the\\nIndians and the inhabitants were massacred.\\nSwamp Fight, a fight in the Narragansett country, in what is now South\\nKingstown, R. I., on December 19, 1675, during King Philip s War. Philip\\nand his allies, entrenched in a strong palisade in the midst of a swamp, were\\nattacked by the forces of Massachusetts, Plymouth and Connecticut, and de-\\nfeated with great slaughter; the stockade was destroyed.\\nSwamp Lands. In 1849 Congress passed a resolution which led to the\\ngrant of enonnous tracts of overflowed and swamp lands to the States for their\\ndisposal. These were in many instances regranted to railroad corporations.\\nSwann, Thomas (1805-1883), was president of the Baltimore and Ohio\\nRailroad from 1847 to 1853, Governor of Mar^dand from 1865 to 1869, and\\na Democratic U. S. Congressman from 1869 to 1879.\\nSwansea, Mass., was attacked by the Indians on June 20, 23, 25, 1675,\\nduring King Philip s War. Many houses were burned and terrible atrocities\\ncommitted.\\nSwayne, Noah H. (1804 1884), was U. S. District Attorney for Ohio\\nfrom 1831 to 1841. He was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court from 1862\\nto 1881, when he resigned.\\nSweden and Norway. Sweden was the first nation to offer voluntarily\\niier friendship to the United States. A treaty of amity and commerce was\\nconcluded in 1783. With Sweden and Noi-way a commercial treaty was con-\\ncluded in 1816, and another in 1827. An extradition convention was con-\\ncluded in i860, and a naturalization convention in 1869. A new extradition\\ntreaty was concluded January 1 4, 1 893.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0686.jp2"}, "685": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 639\\nSwedenborgians (New Jerusalem Church). A sect named after its foaudei,\\nEmanuel Swedenborg, and because they believe that his teachings sujjei-\\nseded the old form of Christianity and brought in the New Jerusalem.\\nSwedenborg himself founded no church, but his followers organized bodies\\nin sympathy with his teachings. The first church in the United States was\\nfounded at Baltimore, 1792, and since 181 7 a general convention meets\\nannually, which now represents some five thousand members.\\nSwedes. The Swedish element in U. S. history came originally in the\\nsettlement of New Sweden. (See Delaware.) The Swedish language was\\nspoken there until after the Revolution, when the Swedish king ceased to\\nsend out a Swedish pastor, as he had hitherto done, because it seemed no\\nlonger necessary. Swedish immigration to the United States began to be\\nimportant about 1846, and increased rapidly after 1876. Immigrants from\\nSweden and Norway have constituted six per cent of all immigrants since\\n1820.\\nSwedish West India Company, or the South Company, founded in Octo-\\nber, 1624, by Willem Usselinx, of Antwerp, under a charter granted by Gus-\\ntavus Adolphus, of special trading privileges with America. The kin^\\nsubscribed 400,000 daler, and stock was taken by other Swedes, among them\\nChancellor Oxenstjerna. Combining later with certain Dutch merchants,\\nthe company eSected settlements along the Delaware River. The charter\\nextended to 1646.\\nSweeny, Thomas W. (i 820-1 892), came to the United States from Ire-\\nland in 1832. He served with distinction during the Mexican War. He\\nserved at Wilson s Creek and Fort Donelson, and led a brigade at Shiloh.\\nHe commanded a division in the Atlanta campaign, and fought at Snake\\nCreek Gap, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. He engaged\\nin the Fenian invasion of Canada in 1866.\\nSweet, Benjamin J. (18.32-1874), was severely wounded at Perryville in\\n1861. In 1864 he took command of the prison at Camp Douglas, Chicago,\\nwhere he defeated two well-planned attempts to liberate the prisoners and\\nbum Chicago.\\nSwett, Samuel (1782-1866), of Massachusetts, served on the staff of Gen-\\neral Izard during the War of 1812. He wrote History of the Battle of\\nBunker Hill, Who was Commander at Bunker Hill and Defence of\\nTimothy Pickering against Bancroft s History.\\nSwinton, William (i 833-1 892), became connected with the New York\\nTimes in 1858 and became a war correspondent in 1862. He traveled in the\\nSouth in 1867 and collected material for a History of the Civil War.\\nHe wrote the Times Review of McClellan, Campaigns of the Army of\\nthe Potomac, The Twelve Decisive Battles of the War, and an excellent\\nseries of school books.\\nSwiss. In 171 1 a number of Swiss and Germans emigrated to South\\nCarolina led by Jean Pierre Purry, and in 1732 an extensive tract was\\ngranted to a new body from Neufchatel, along the Savannah River.", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0687.jp2"}, "686": {"fulltext": "640 Dictionary of United States History.\\nSwiss Confederation. The United States concluded, in 1847, with the\\nSwiss Confederation a convention for the mutual abolition of droit d aubaine\\nand taxes on emigration. In 1850 a convention of friendship, commerce and\\nextradition was concluded.\\nSykes, George (182 2-1 880), served with distinction during the Civil War.\\nHe commanded a battalion at Bull Run. He had charge of the infantry in\\nthe defence of Washington from 1861 to 1862. He led a division at Gaines\\nMills and a corps at Fredericksburg and Gettysburg. He commanded a\\ncorps in the Army of the Potomac till 1864, when he was sent to Kansas.\\nSymmes Purchase. John Cleves Symmes and his associates bought in\\n1787 a tract of land along the Ohio and Miami Rivers. The tract originally\\ncontained 1,000,000 acres, but was reduced later to 248,540 acres, because of\\nthe partial failure of the colonization plans. The first pre-emption law was\\npassed in 1801 for the furtherance of this scheme.\\nT.\\nTaft, Alphonso (1810-1891), of Ohio, was Secretary of War in Grant s\\nCabinet from March to May, 1876, when he was made Attorney-General and\\nserved till 1877. He was Minister to Austria from 1882 to 1884, and to\\nRussia from 1884 to 1885.\\nTalbot, Silas (1751-1813), rendered brilliant service in the navy during\\nthe Revolution, capturing many British vessels. He represented New York\\nin the U. S. Congress as a Federalist from 1793 to 1795.\\nTalcott, John (1630-1688), was treasurer of the Connecticut colony from\\n1660 to 1676. He was one of the patentees named in the charter of 1662.\\nHe commanded the colonial army during the Indian wars.\\nTaliaferro, William B., born in 1822, was prominent in the Confederate\\narmy of Northern Virginia from 1861 to 1863. He commanded at Morris\\nand James Islands in 1863. In 1864 he commanded the district of South\\nCarolina. Died 1898.\\nTalladega, a village of the Creek Indians of Alabama in 1813. Novem-\\nber 7, Andrew Jackson, then conducting a campaign against the Creeks,\\nreceived a message from Talladega, which was a friendly town, begging aid\\nagainst the hostile tribes. Jackson replied by marching to Talladega and\\ndefeating the Creeks, November 8.\\nTallahassee, Fla., was selected as the seat of the territorial government\\nin 1822. It was laid out in 1824, and became a city in 1827. Tallahassee\\nwas occupied May 10, 1865, by General McCook and 500 Federal soldiers\\nfor the purpose of receiving the surrender of the Confederates in that sec-\\ntion, who were commanded by Sam Jones. No fighting of consequence\\noccurred.\\nTalleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice, Prince de (1754-1838), the\\nfamous French diplomatist, was minister of foreign affairs in France when", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0688.jp2"}, "687": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 641\\nPitickney, Marshall and Gerry were sent from the United States on a special\\nmission in 1797. He demanded (i) a disavowal of President Adams hostile\\nexpressions toward France; (2) a loan, and (3) douceurs, which the Ameri-\\nican envoys refused to concede. The unofficial French negotiators, Hot-\\ntinguer, Bellamy and Hauteval, were designated as X, Y and Z in the reports\\nsent to the United States These X, Y, Z papers aroused great indignation\\nagainst France. Later, Talleyrand made overtures for more favorable nego-\\ntiations. He had visited the United States in 1794. He was still Minister\\nat the time of the Louisiana cession of 1803.\\nTallmadge, Benjamin (i 754-1835), commanded detachments during the\\nRevolution at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, Lloyd s Neck and Fort\\nGeorge. He represented Connecticut in the U. S. Congress as a Federalist\\nfrom 1801 to 1817.\\nTallmadge, James (1778-1853), represented New York in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1817 to 1819. He proposed the exclusion of sla-\\nvery from Missouri as a condition of its admission to the Union as a State,\\nand delivered a widely popular speech in opposition to slavery. He was\\nLieutenant-Governor of New York from 1826 to 1827. one of the\\nfounders of the American Institute at New York and its president from 1831\\nto 1850.\\nTalmage, Thomas De Witt, born in 1832, has been pastor of the Central\\nPresbyterian Church in Brooklyn since 1869. He is a popular preacher and\\nlecturer.\\nTammany (seventeenth century), was chief of the Delaware Indians. He\\nwas a brave and influential chieftain about whom there are many traditions.\\nHe is the patron of the Democratic organization called the Tammany\\nSociety.\\nTammany. In 1789 William Mooney, an Irish-American politician,\\nfounded in New York City the Columbian Order, a secret society, which in\\n1805 was incorporated as the Tammany Society, named after the Indian\\nTammany, and wearing Indian insignia, especially a buck s tail. In 1800, b}\\ncareful work under Aaron Burr, the order controlled New York City politics.\\nNext, under Daniel D. Tompkins, it became the administration wing of the\\nDemocratic party in New York City, upholding Madison and opposing the\\nClintons. The Bucktails and the Albany Regency controlled the State for\\na long period. In 1822 the power over the society had gone into the hands\\nof its general committee. Stricter and stricter organization followed, and\\nTammany developed into a machine for securing success in elections and\\npower and plunder for its chieftains. Always indifferent to principles, it\\ngrew worse after the influx of foreigners into the cit} till after the war its\\ncorruption culminated in the scandalous performances of the Tweed Ring.\\n(See art.) Since the defeat of the Tweed Ring in 1871, Tammany, under\\nthe control of John Kelly, Richard Croker and others, has been famous for\\nstrict control over a large body of voters, strict devotion to the spoils system,\\nlooseness of allegiance to the Democratic party, and indifference to the wel-\\nfare and interests of the great city which it has almost constantly ruled.\\n41", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0689.jp2"}, "688": {"fulltext": "642 Dictionary of United States History.\\nTaney, Roger Brooke (1777-1864), Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt, was graduated at Dickinson College, became a member of tlie Mary-\\nland Legislature, and settled in Baltimore. Lawyer and politician, at first\\nFederalist and later Jacksonian Democrat, he was Attorney-General 1831-\\n1833, and was appointed by President Jackson as Secretar\\\\ of the Treasury\\nin 1833, to take the place of a less subservient official. Taney was not\\nconfirmed by the Senate, but in his few months of service he ordered the\\nremoval of the Government deposits from the bank. The President nomi-\\nnated him as Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court in 1835, and he was\\nconfirmed in the following year. In his long service, until his death, various\\nimportant questions were decided, chief of which in interest was the Dred\\nScott case in 1857. Life by Tyler.\\nTappan Patent, a grant of land in what is now Orange County, N. Y.,\\nmade in 1686 by Governor Dongan, of New York, to six Dutch patentees.\\nThe land was to be held in free and common socage of King James II.\\nTariff. Before 1789 colonies and States occasionally levied tarifis on\\nimports, sometimes of a protective nature. The diversity of these tariffs\\nand the consequent hindrances to commerce formed one cause of the cement-\\ning of a stronger union in 1787. The new Constitution gave CongTess power\\nto regulate commerce. In 1789 the First Congress passed a tariff act which\\nimposed on imports duties averaging about eight per cent ad valorem. In\\n1790, and again in 1792, the rates were slightly increased. They were in\\nlarge part so adjusted as to give protection to American industries. This\\npolicy Hamilton and the Federalists constantly advocated, largely for politi-\\ncal reasons. The War of 181 2 gave artificial stimulus to American manu-\\nfactures, v/hich was accordingly continued by the tariff of 1816, which\\nimposed duties of about twenty-five per cent on leading manufactures, the\\nagricultural South and commercial New England protesting. In 1824 a\\nnew tariff act was passed, increasing duties on metals and agricultural pro-\\nducts. Clay now made himself the leader in advocacy of the American\\nsystem, so-called, the combination of a higher protective tariff with Federal\\nexpenditures for internal improvements. A protectionist convention at Har-\\nrisburg urged higher duties. In 1828 a tariff called the tariff of abomina-\\ntions imposed duties on raw materials. It was passed by reason of political\\nintrigues, rather than by reason of economic considerations. The South\\nprotested violently, urging not only the injustice of a high tariff from which\\nexporting States received no benefit, but also its unconstitutionality. Cal-\\nhoun and South Carolina took the lead in this remonstrance. Though the\\ntariff of 1832 went back nearly to the rates of 1824, it retained the principle\\nof protection. South Carolina then proceeded to nullify the act. Though\\nJackson met nullification with vigorous repression, Congress compromised\\nin the tariff of 1833, which provided for a gradual reduction of duties to a\\nunifonn revenue rate, to be reached in 1842. In 1846 a new tariff was\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0enacted, which, though not quite a tariff for revenue only, was rather a\\nrevenue than a protective tariff. A still lower tariff came in in 1S57. This\\nremained until 1861, when the Morrill Tariff went into effect, in accordance\\nwith the policy of the Republicans, now in power, who favored high protec-\\ntive duties. The Civil War caused large increase of the rates to meet", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0690.jp2"}, "689": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Uxitkd States History. 643\\nGovenimeut expenses and stimulate manufactures. These coutiuued long\\nafter the war. In 1882 a Tarifif Commission was appointed to consider readjust-\\nments, and the Republicans made some slight reduction.^. Since then thej-\\nhave returned to advocacy of high protection, while the Democrats, since\\nPresident Cleveland s message of 1887, have favored reduction of the rates.\\nThe McKinley Act of 1890 maintained and strengthened the protective\\nsystem. A Democratic bill for moderate reduction was introduced into the\\nHouse in December, 1893. History by Taussig.\\nTariff Commission, a commission appointed b) an Act of Congress of\\nMarch 28, 1882, to consist of nine members appointed from civil life by the\\nPresident. The duty of this commission was to investigate questions relating\\nto the commercial, mercantile, agricultural, manufacturing and mining inter-\\nests of the United States and make suggestions for the establishment of a\\njudicious tarifif, or a revision of the existing tariff and the internal revenue\\nlaws.\\nTarleton, Sir Bannastre (i 754-1 833), colonel, came to America from Eng-\\nland with Lord Cornwallis in 1776. He engaged in Colonel Harcourt s raid\\nupon Baskingridge, N.J. In 1779 he organized the British Legion, or\\nTarleton s Legion, in South Carolina, with which he conducted partisan\\nwarfare. He slaughtered Colonel Buford s regiment at Waxhaw Creek and\\nfought bravely at Camden and Fishing Creek. He was defeated at Black-\\nstock Hill by General Sumter and his force was almost annihilated at Cow-\\npens by General Morgan. He surrendered with Cornwallis at Yorktown. He\\nwrote A History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Prov-\\ninces of North America.\\nTattnall, Josiah (1795-1871), served in a seamen s battery on Craney\\nIsland during the War of 181 2. He served in Decatur s squadron during\\nthe Algerine War. He was given command of the Spitfire at the out-\\nbreak of the Mexican War and commanded the Mosquito division at the\\nsiege of Vera Cruz. In 1861 he entered the Confederate service and was\\ngiven command of the naval defences of Georgia and South Carolina. He\\nled an attack on Port Royal in 1861. In 1862 he commanded the Merrimac.\\nHe was active in the defense of Savannah.\\nTaxables, in the Southern colonies, meant persons upon whom a poll-tax\\nwas paid (called tithables in Virginia). In Maryland, for instance, taxables\\nincluded all males and all female slaves of sixteen years or more, excepting\\nbeneficed clergymen of the Church of England, paupers and disabled slaves.\\nTaxation. In the earlier days of the American colonies there was little\\nneed of taxation; quit rents satisfied the proprietary or company. Volun-\\ntary contributions, forfeitures, fines and payments for land defrayed the\\ngreater part of the colonial expenses. By the year 1653, however, we find\\nthe colonists complaining of the injustice of chimney and head money,\\ntithes on grain, flax, hemp, tobacco, butter, cheese and excessive export\\nduties. In 1796 most of the States passed laws to regulate taxation, adopting\\nvarious methods of apportionment and collection, and varying often in the\\nobjects taxed. All levied a tax on land except Delaware, and there was a\\nmiiform poll tax in nine; other things taxed were horses and cattle and farm", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0691.jp2"}, "690": {"fulltext": "644 Dictionary ok United States History.\\nstock, stock in trade of merchants, money on hand or at interest, houses,\\nslaves, carriages, billiard tables, processes of law and official papers. The\\nperiod between 1796 and the Civil War was the transition period as regards\\ntaxation, the modern system of taxation being gradually developed. About\\n1851 a uniform rate of taxation began to be introduced in some States. The\\nFederal Government has raised little money by direct taxes (see art. Direct\\nTaxes), and has used the income tax only in the Civil War. It has raised\\nits revenue through indirect taxation. (See Excise, Internal Revenue,\\nTariff.)\\nTaxation no Tyranny, a famous pamphlet against the cause of the\\nAmerican colonies, written by Dr. Samuel Johnson, and published in London\\nin 1775.\\nTaylor, Bayard (1825-1878), author, came into prominence by his accounts\\nof a pedestrian tour in Europe from 1844 to 1846. In 1847 he became an\\neditor on the staff of the Tribune. He made extensive travels through\\nEurope, Asia and Africa. He was Secretary of Legation at St. Petersburg\\nfrom 1862 to 1863 and Minister to Berlin in 1878. He wrote an admirable\\ntranslation of Goethe s Faust.\\nTaylor, George (1716-1781), came to America from Ireland in 1736. He\\nserved in the Pennsylvania Legislature from 1764 to 1769. He represented\\nPennsylvania in the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1777, and signed the\\nDeclaration of Independence.\\nTaylor, John (1750-1824), called John Taylor of Caroline, represented\\nVirginia in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from 1792 to 1794 and from\\n[822 to 1824. During the interval he served in the Virginia House of\\nDelegates, where he moved the celebrated Virginia Resolutions of 1798. He\\nwrote Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United\\nStates, Construction Construed and the Constitution Vindicated and\\nNew Views of the Constitution of the United States, leading works of the\\nState-rights school.\\nTaylor, John (i 770-1832), was admitted to the bar in 1793. He was a\\nmember of the South Carolina Legislature for a number of years, represented\\nSouth Carolina in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1807 to 1810,\\nwhen he became a U. S. Senator and served until 1816. He was a U. S.\\nCongressman from 1816 to 1817, and Governor of South Carolina from 1826\\nto 1828.\\nTaylor, John (1808-1887), came to Canada from England in 1832. He\\nbecame a Mormon apostle in 1838, and succeeded to the presidency of the\\nMormon Church in 1877. He was indicted for polygamy in 1885.\\nTaylor, John W. (1784-1854), represented New York in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1813 to 1833. He was Speaker of the House from\\n1820 to 1821, during the passage of the Missouri Compromise, and from 1825\\nto 1827. Hs delivered the first speech in Congress plainly opposing the\\nextension of slavery. He aided in organizing the National Republican and\\nthe Whig parties.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0692.jp2"}, "691": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 645\\nTaylor, Richard (i 826-1 879), son of President Zacliar} Taylor, was a\\nmember of the Louisiana Legislature from 1856 to i860. He was a member\\nof the Louisiana Secessionist Convention. He commanded a Louisiana regi-\\nment at Bull Run, and a brigade in General Jackson s Virginia campaign.\\nHe distinguished himself at Middletown, Winchester, Cross Keys, Port\\nRepublic and the seven days battles before Richmond. In 1863 and 1864\\nhe commanded the department west of the Mississippi. He defeated\\nGeneral Banks at Sabine Cross-Roads in 1864. In 1864 he commanded\\nthe East Louisiana Department. He wrote Destruction and Reconstruc-\\ntion.\\nTaylor, William R. (1811-1889), commanded the St. Mary s during\\nthe Mexican War and served at the siege of Vera Cruz. He commanded\\nthe Housatonic from 1861 to 1863, and the Juniata at Fort Fisher.\\nTaylor, Zachary (September 24, 1784-July 9, 1850), twelfth President of\\nthe United States, was born in Orange County, Va. He received an appoint-\\nment to the U. S. army as first lieutenant in 1808. In 181 2 he conducted\\na defence of Fort Harrison against the Indians. After the long period of\\ncomparative peace he served in the Black Hawk War, and becoming colonel,\\nwas appointed to command against the Seminoles in Florida. There, in\\nDecember, 1837, he won the battle of Okeechobee. When war with Mexico\\nwas approaching, Taylor was ordered to the disputed Texan frontier. He\\ngained the victory of Palo Alto, May 8, 1846, Resaca de la Palma, May 9,\\nand occupied Matamoras. He was made major-general, and stormed Monc-\\nerey in September. In the following campaign General Taylor, who had\\nbeen compelled to detach some of his best troops, was attacked by vastly\\nsuperior forces under Santa Anna, and gained a brilliant victory at Buena\\nVista, February 22-23, ^^47- Rough and Ready was now the national\\nhero. The following year the Whigs nominated him as candidate for Presi-\\ndent over such competitors as Clay and Webster, and he was elected and\\nentered on his duties in 1849. The California question complicated with\\nthe absorbing slavery topic was the chief matter in President Taylor s admin-\\nistration; he died before the compromise was completed.\\nTaylor vs. Reading, a New Jersey case, memorable because one of the\\nearliest cases in which a court took upon itself to pronounce upon the con-\\nstitutionality of a legislative enactment. The Legislature of New Jersey\\npassed an act in 1795, upon the petition of the defendants in the case of\\nTaylor vs. Reading, declaring that in certain cases payments made in Con-\\ntinental money should be credited as specie. The Court of Appeals deemed\\nthis an ex post facto law, and as such unconstitutional and inoperative.\\nTazewell, Littleton W. (i 774-1860), was a member of the Virginia\\nHouse of Delegates from 1796 to 1800, a Congressman from 1800 to 1801.\\nHe heartily supported the War of 1812. He was appointed a commissioner\\nto Spain in 1819 under the treaty for the purchase of Florida. He repre-\\nsented Virginia in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from 1825 to 1833. He\\nwas a prominent member of the convention to revise the Virginia constitu-\\ntion in 1829, and was Governor of Virginia from 1834 to 1836. In 1840 he\\nreceived eleven electoral votes for Vice-President. Life by Grigsb)", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0693.jp2"}, "692": {"fulltext": "646 DlCTIOXARY OF UNITED STATES HiSTOKY.\\nTea. June 29, 1767, at the iustance of Lord North, Parliament passed an\\nact levying a high duty on tea imported into the colonies. In 1769 the citi-\\nzens of Boston sent vigorous resolutions to the King denouncing this act.\\nIt was partially repealed in 1770, but the East India Company was later\\nassisted by the Government in shipping a surplus quantity of tea to Boston.\\nDecember i, 1773, the citizens of Boston held a meeting to consult concern-\\ning the most effectual method of preventing the landing of this tea.\\nAnother meeting was held December 10, and parties of citizens disguised\\nas Mohawks, made a raid upon the vessels and threw the tea overboard.\\nIn several of the other colonies the landing of tea was prohibited and the\\ncargoes sent whence they came.\\nTecumseh, or Tecumtha, (i768?-i8i3), chief of the Shawnee Indians,\\njoined his brother Ellskwatawa, the Prophet, in an attempt to organize\\nthe Western Indians in a confederacy against the whites. The scheme was\\ndefeated by the battle of Tippecanoe in 181 1. He aided the British in the\\nWar of 181 2, serving at Raisin River and Maguaga. He was joint com-\\nmander at Fort Meigs, where he protected the American forces from mas-\\nsacre. He served at Lake Erie, and led the left wing at the battle of the\\nThames, where he was killed.\\nTelegraph. The telegraph was first brought into practical use in the\\nUnited States by Professor S. F. B. Morse. He began his experiments in 1832,\\naided by L. D. Gale and George and Alfred Vail. In 1837 he filed a caveat\\nin the Patent Office at Washington, and in 1840 obtained a patent covering the\\nimprovements he had made in the meantime. The first line established was\\nbetween Baltimore and Washington, it being successfully operated Maj^ 27,\\n1844. I^ October, 1842, Morse had attempted to operate a line from Gover-\\nnor s Island to the Battery in New York, but this experiment failed. Samuel\\nColt, in 1843, laid a submarine cable from Coney Island and Fire Island, at\\nthe mouth of New York harbor, up to the city, and operated it successfully\\nfor a time. In i860 it was estimated that there were over 50,000 miles\\nof telegraph lines in operation in the United States, and at present the lines\\nextend over 190,000 miles. In 1857 Cyrus W. Field attempted to connect\\nEurope and America by means of an Atlantic cable. The first attempt\\nfailed, but the laying of the cable was finally accomplished August 5, 1858.\\n(See Atlantic Cable.)\\nTelephone. The invention of the telephone is claimed by Gray, of\\nChicago; Bell, formerly of the Institute of Technology, of Boston, now of\\nWashington, and several others. The possibilit} of such an instrument was\\ndiscovered previous to 1873, but the first satisfactory results were not\\nobtained until 1877, when Bell completed and put into practical use a tele-\\nphone line between Salem and Boston, Gray achieving a like result the\\nsame year in a line set up between Chicago and Milwaukee, a distance of\\neighty-five miles. By 1880 there were in existence 148 telephone companies\\nand private concerns, operating 34,305 miles of wire (1893, 308,000 miles).\\nConversation can now be carried on easily between New York and Chicago,\\nand for even greater distances. The Bell Company is the most extensive.\\nTwo suits have been brought against the patent, but both have failed.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0694.jp2"}, "693": {"fulltext": "AMERICAN INVENTORS.\\nPeter Cooper.\\nCharles Goodyear.\\nSamuel F. B. Morse.\\nEl Whitney.\\nSamuel Colt.\\nRtthard M. Hoe.\\nThomas A. Edison.\\nCyrus W, Field.\\nElias Howe.\\nE. B. Bigelow.\\nOliver Evans.\\nAlexander Graham Belt.\\nCyrus H. McCormick.\\nRobert Fulton.", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0695.jp2"}, "694": {"fulltext": "i\\ni", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0696.jp2"}, "695": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok Unitkd States History. 647\\nTeller, Henry M., born iu 1830, was major-general of Colorado militia\\nfrom 1862 to 1864. He represented Colorado in the U. S. Senate as a\\nRepublican from 1876 to 1882. From 1877 to 1878, he was chairman of the\\nspecial committee on election frauds. He was Secretary of the Interior in\\nArthur s Cabinet from 1882 to 1885. He was again elected to the U. S.\\nSenate in 1885, 1891 and 1897.\\nTemperance. (See Prohibition.)\\nTen-Forties, bonds bearing five per cent interest, redeemable at any\\ntime after ten years from the date of issue, and payable in full at the end of\\nforty years, issued by the U. S. Government iu 1864.\\nTen-Hour Law. In the early years of manufactures the working day\\nsometimes extended to thirteen or fourteen hours. After the passage of the\\nten-hour law in England in 1847, the working classes in this country\\ndemanded a similar law. In 1853, the manufacturing companies in Lowell,\\nLawrence and Fall River voluntarily reduced the working day to eleven\\nhours. In 1874, Massachusetts enacted a law prescribing a ten-hour day for\\nall females and all males uuder eighteen years of age employed in textile\\nfactories. Similar laws have been passed elsewhere.\\nTennessee was originally a part of North Carolina. The first settlements\\nwere made by a company of hunters on the Watauga in the eastern part of\\nthe State in 1769. When North Carolina proposed to surrender the territory\\nto the U. S. Government, these settlers protested, and formed a separate\\nState Government under the name of Frankland or Franklin. They elected\\na Governor, John Sevier, and a legislature which requested admission to the\\nUnion as a State. In 1788 the State Government was overthrown by the in-\\nhabitants of the State who were favorable to North Carolina, an act of\\namnesty was passed by the Legislature of North Carolina, and Sevier was\\nadmitted as a Senator. In 1794 a Territorial Government was organized\\nunder provisions like those of the Ordinance of 1787, except that slavery\\nshould not be abolished. The State was admitted into the Union, June i,\\n1796. Knoxville was the capital until 1802, when it was changed to Nash-\\nville. The vote of the State was cast for Democratic candidates until 1835.\\nThe legislature nominated Jackson for the Presidencj- in 1824 and the State\\nsupported him almost unanimously. In 1835 the Whigs elected Cannon\\nGovernor, and in 1836 cast the electoral votes for Hugh L. White, the\\ncandidate of the Southern States-Rights faction of the Whig party. The\\nWhigs secured the electoral votes of the State at each election until\\n1856, when Buchanan carried the State. In January, 1861, a popular vote\\ndefeated a proposal for the State to secede from the Union. June 8, 1861,\\nthe Secessionists carried the State. During the war the State furnished\\n31,092 to the Union army. The State was the scene of some of the fiercest\\nbattles, as Island No. 10, Nashville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and\\nMissionary Ridge. July 24, 1866, the State was restored to the Union. The\\npresent constitution was made in 1870. Since 1874, State politics have been\\nshaped by the problem of the State debt. In 1880 this resulted in the elec-\\ntion of a Republican Governor. The population of the State in 1796 was\\n77,202; in 1890 this had increased to 1,767,518. History by Ramsey.", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0697.jp2"}, "696": {"fulltext": "648 Dictionary of United States History.\\nTennessee Bond Cases, seventeen causes decided by the Supreme Court\\nof the United States in 1885, wherein it was held that the statutory lien\\nupon railroads created by an act of the Tennessee L,egislature in 1852, was\\nfor the benefit of the State and not of the holders of State bonds issued\\nunder that act.\\nTennessee Historical Societies. One was founded at Nashville in 1847.\\nAnother was organized at Knoxville more recently.\\nTenure of Office Act. By the Constitution the Senate is associated with\\nthe President in the making of appointments to office. But it was cou-\\neluded in 1789 that removals were entirely in the discretion of the Presi-\\ndent. This remained the rule until 1867, when Congress, in the course of\\nits quarrel with President Johnson, passed over his veto the Tenure of Office\\nAct. This act provided that, with certain exceptions, every officer appointed\\nwith the concurrence of the Senate should retain his office until a successor\\nshould be in like manner appointed. During the recess of the Senate the\\nPresident might, for specified causes, suspend an officer until the Senate\\ncould act. If the Senate approved, the officer might then be removed, other-\\nwise not. Johnson s ignoring of the act in the case of Secretary Stanton, in\\n1868, led to his impeachment. The act was repealed in 1887.\\nTerra Mariae, the Latin equivalent of Marjdand. The charter of ]\\\\Iary-\\nland, alone among the colonial charters, was written in Latin.\\nTerritories. Several states had extensive claims to Western lands. They\\nwere also claimed for the United States, as won by all in common, through\\nthe Revolutionary War. New York ceded her claims in 1781, Virginia in\\n1784, Massachusetts in 1785, Connecticut in 1786 and in 1800, South Caro-\\nlina in 1787, North Carolina in 1790, Georgia in 1802. Subsequent addi-\\ntions of territory have been made by annexation (see art.) Preparatory to\\ntheir admission as States, the separate regions of this domain have been\\norganized as Territories, the first organized being the Northwest Territory,\\nby the Ordinance of 1787. The Southwest Territory was organized in 1790.\\nThe history of each Territory can be found under its name or that of the State\\nof the same name. At first the form of government of a Territor}- was modeled\\non that in the Ordinance for the Government of the Northwest Territory.\\nAfterward two types were developed. In those of the second class, the Gov-\\nernor, Secretary Judges and Legislative Council of thirteen were all ap-\\npointed by the President. In those of the first class, to which latel)- all\\norganized Territories have belonged, there is a bicameral Legislature, the\\nHouse of Representatives being elected by the people. Convening, the\\nHouse nominates eighteen persons, from among whom the President chooses\\na Legislative Council of nine. A delegate represents each Territory in\\nCongress, but without vote.\\nTerry, Alfred Howe (1827-1890), an American general, was one of the\\nmost successful of the civilian officers in the War of the Rebellion. Before\\nthe struggle he had been a lawyer, paying some attention to militia matters.\\nDuring the first year he commanded a regiment at the capture of Port Royal\\nand Fort Pulaski. Being made a brigadier-general, he served in 1862-1863\\nin the operations near Charleston. He commanded a corps in the Army of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0698.jp2"}, "697": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 640\\nthe James, and fought at Chester Station, Dre\\\\vr) s Bhifif and the siege of\\nPetersburg. He was intrusted with the military part of the second attempt\\non Fort Fisher, January, 1865, co-operating with the admiral. The successful\\nstonning of the fort on January 14 made Terry a brigadier-general in the\\nregular army. He captured Wilmington, and was a departmental com-\\nmander after the war. General Terrv became major-general in 1886, and\\nretired in 1888.\\nTexas, the largest State in the Union, popularly known as the Lone\\nStar State, fonned originally a part of the Spanish possessions in America.\\nThe United States surrendered her claim that Texas was included in the\\nLouisiana purchase, by the treaty of 1819-1821 with Spain, whereby the\\nUnited States obtained possession of Florida and settled the eastern boundary\\nof Texas. Meanwhile Mexico had declared her independence of Spain, and\\nTexas with Coahuila formed a State of Mexico, and in 1827 adopted a State\\nConstitution which forbade the importation of slaves and provided for the\\ngradual abolition of slavery. Moses Austin, an American, obtained a large\\ngrant of land in Texas in 1820, and formed a settlement of Americans,\\nwhich increased rapidly. A new State Constitution was formed in 1833 by\\na convention of the 20,000 settlers, but Mexico refused to recognize it.\\nWhen Santa Anna, the President of Mexico, attempted to reduce the Mexi-\\ncan States to the condition of departments in 1835, Texas immediately\\nseceded, March 2, 1836, and proclaimed her independence, which she main-\\ntained by the defeat of Santa Anna at the head of 1500 troops by General\\nSam Houston with only 700 or 800 Americans, in the battle of San Jacinto,\\nApril 21, 1836. A constitution was adopted favoring slaver)-. Houston was\\nelected President. The United States, England, France and Belgium recog-\\nnized the new government as independent (1837). From this time until\\nDecember 29, 1845, when Texas was finally annexed to the United States,\\nthe question of its annexation was the Gordian knot of American politics.\\nTreaty negotiations failing, annexation was accomplished by joint resolution\\nof both Houses of Congress. The dispute over the western boundary of\\nTexas led to the Mexican War (q. v.). March 25, 1850, Texas ceded all\\nclaims to territory outside of her present limits to the United States for\\n$10,000,000. February i, 1861, an ordinance of secession was passed.\\nDuring the war there was a large influx of slaves from the other States.\\nThe State was restored to its place in the Union March 30, 1870. The\\nState has been uniformly Democratic except for a brief period prior to 1873.\\nThe population of Texas in 1850 was 212,592; in 1890, 2,235,523. The\\npresent constitution was made in 1876. History by Yoakum.\\nTexas Gazette and Brazoria Advertiser, first newspaper of Texas.\\nIt was established at Brazoria in 1830. September 4, 1832, it was merged\\nin the Constitutional Advocate and Texas Public Advertiser, which was sus-\\npended in 1833.\\nTexas vs. White et al. This case was tried before the Supreme Court\\nof the United States on the original bill in 1868. In 185 1 the United States\\nissued to the State of Texas 5000 coupon bonds for $1000 each, payable to\\nState of Texas or bearer, in arrangement of certain boundar} claims. Part", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0699.jp2"}, "698": {"fulltext": "650 Dictionary of United States History.\\nof these bonds were seized during the Civil War by the revolutionary gov-\\nernment of Texas and sold to White Chiles and others of New York and\\nother States, though said bonds were only payable if endorsed by a recog-\\nnized Governor. In 1866 a bill was filed for an injunction to recover these\\nbonds. This was granted on the ground that the action of a revolutionar\\\\-\\ngovernment did not affect the right of Texas as a State of the Union, hav-\\ning a government acknowledging her obligations to the National Constitu-\\ntion. The Court pronounced the Union an indestructible Union of inde-\\nstructible States and the act of secession void.\\nThames, Canada. At this river a final stand was made by General Procter\\nand Tecumtha, when pursued by General Harrison in the War of 1812. The\\nposition chosen was poor and very favorable to the American advance.\\nOctober 5, 1813, Harrison with 3000 men attacked and by a vigorous charge\\nof cavalry under Colonel Johnson drove the British in great confusion from\\nthe field. Tecumtha was slain and General Procter himself barely escaped\\ncapture. This defeat ended his disgraceful career. The Americans lost\\nforty-five and the British forty-eight, besides thirty-three Indians; 477 pris-\\noners were captured. The results of the battle were: The Indian North-\\nwestern Confederacy was destroyed; the British power in Upper Canada was\\nbroken, and practically all that had been lost by General Hull at Detroit was\\nregained.\\nThatcher, Henry K. (i 806-1 880), commanded the Constellation on\\nthe Mediterranean station from 1862 to 1863. In command of the Colo-\\nrado he led the first division of Commodore Porter s fleet in both attacks\\non Fort Fisher. He succeeded Farragut in command of the Western Gulf\\nsquadron at Mobile, whose surrender he secured. He was promoted rear-\\nadmiral and retired in 1868.\\nThayer, Eli, born in 1819, of Worcester, Mass., founded the Emigrant Aid\\nCompany which settled Lawrence, Topeka, Manhattan and Ossawatomie.\\nThese settlements in Kansas exerted a powerful influence for the anti-slavery\\ncause. He represented Massachusetts in the U. S. Congi-ess as a Republican\\nfrom 1857 to 1861. He wrote The Kansas Crusade.\\nThayer, John M., born in 1820, led a brigade at Donelson and Shiloh and\\ncommanded a division at Vicksburg and a column at Chickasaw. He rep-\\nresented Nebraska in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1867 to 1871,\\nand was Governor of Nebraska from 1886 to 1891.\\nThayer, Sylvanus (1785-1872), was superintendent of the Military\\nAcademy at West Point from 181 7 to 1833. During his administration the\\nacademy became one of the best in the world. From 1833 to 1863 he fortified\\nBoston Harbor.\\nTheatre. The first theatre in the United States was opened at Williams-\\nburg, Va., September 5, 1752. This was followed by others at Annapolis,\\nMd., and at New York, in Nassau Street, in 1753. Theatres were opened at\\nAlbany in 1769, at Baltimore in 1773, at Charleston, S. C, in 1774, at New-\\nbem, N. C, in 1788, and at Boston in 1793.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0700.jp2"}, "699": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitkd States History. 651\\nThomas, George Henry (July 31, iSi6-March 28, 1870), a distinguished\\nAmerican general, was born in Virginia, and graduated at West Point in\\n1840. He fought against the Seininoles, and in the Mexican War was dis-\\ntinguished at Monterey and Buena Vista. In the summer of 1861 he had\\ncharge of a brigade in Virginia, and later in the year was promoted to the\\ncommand of a division in the Western array. At Mill Spring, in Kentucky,\\nJanuary 19, 1862, General Thomas gained the first marked Union success in\\nthe war. He led the right wing at Perryville, and the centre at Murfrees-\\nboro At the battle of Chickamauga, September 19-20, i860, Thomas\\nability prevented a serious disaster, and earned for him the title of the\\nRock of Chickamauga. He fortified Chattanooga, received command of\\nthe Anny of the Cumberland, and was made brigadier-general in the regular\\narray. In connnand of his array he had a prominent share in the battle of\\nMissionary Ridge and in the hard fighting of Sherman s campaign in 1864.\\nIn September, 1864, he was detached from Sherman s army, and was ordered\\nto oppose General Hood. This service culminated in his decisive victory of\\nNashville, December 15, 16, 1864. General Thomas received the thanks\\nof Congress, and was promoted to be major-general in the regular army.\\nAfter the war he was a departmental commander. Life by Van Home.\\nThomas, Isaiah (1749-1831), edited the Massachusetts Spy from 1771 to\\n1 801. He earnestly supported the Revolutionary movement by his paper.\\nFrom 1775 to 1801 he published the celebrated Nezc England Almanac. He\\nfounded the American Antiquarian Society, to which he gave valuable books,\\nfiles of newspapers and estates. He wrote A History of Printing in\\nAmerica.\\nThomas, Jane (eighteenth century), was the wife of John Thomas, colonel\\nof the Spartan regiment of South Carolina. She distinguished herself by\\naiding in repelling an attack upon her house by the Tories.\\nThomas, Jesse B. (1777-1850), was territorial delegate to Congress from\\nIndiana from 1808 to 1809. He represented Illinois in the U. S. Senate as a\\nDemocrat from 1818 to 1829. He introduced the Missouri Compromise in\\n1820.\\nThomas, John (i 725-1 776), of Massachusetts, commanded a regiment\\nunder General Amherst at Crown Point in 1760, and aided in the capture\\nof Montreal. He was appointed a brigadier-general by the Provincial Con-\\ngress in 1775. He had charge of the fortification of Dorchester Heights,\\nwhich led to the evacuation of Boston by the British. In 1776 he was\\ngiven command in Canada, but died of small-pox.\\nThomas, Lorenzo (1804-1875), was chief of staff of General Butler dur-\\ning the Mexican War. He was adjutant-general of the army from 1861 to\\n1863. He organized colored troops from 1863 to 1865. In 1868 President\\nJohnson, in the course of his quarrel with Secretary Stanton, appointed\\nThomas Secretary of War. This led directly to the impeachment of\\nJohnson.\\nThomas, Philip F. (1810-1890), represented Maryland in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1839 to 1841. He was Governor of Maryland", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0701.jp2"}, "700": {"fulltext": "652 Dictionary of United vStatks History.\\nfrom 1848 to 1851, and Comptroller of the State Treasury from 1851 to\\n1853. He was Secretary of the Treasury in Buchanan s Cabinet from\\nDecember, i860, to January, 1861. He was refused a seat in the Senate in\\n1868, as having given aid and comfort to the Rebellion. He was a U. S.\\nCongressman from 1875 to 1877.\\nThomas, Theodore, born in 1835, came to America from Germany in\\n1845. He has been influential in introducing a higher class of music in\\nAmerica. He has been leader of the Philharmonic Society, and for a time\\ndirector of music at the World s Fair.\\nThompson, George, the abolitionist (born in Liverpool, England, in\\n1804, died in Leeds, England, in 1878), was active in the anti-slavery agita-\\ntions respecting the British colonies, and came to this country in 1834 at the\\nrequest of William Lloyd Garrison and others, to speak in behalf of abolition.\\nHe spoke in different parts of the country and his efforts led to the forma-\\ntion of 150 anti-slavery societies. He was finally threatened by mobs in Bos-\\nton and fled to England in 1835. He aided greatly in preventing the\\nrecognition of the Southern Confederacy by the British Government.\\nThompson, Jacob (1810-1885), represented Mississippi in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1839 to 1851. He was Secretary of the Interior\\nin Buchanan s Cabinet from 1857 to 1861, and used that position to aid\\nschemes of secession. He was Governor of Mississippi from 1862 to 1864.\\nIn 1864 he was sent as a Confederate commissioner to Canada, where he\\npromoted the scheme to release the prisoners at Camp Douglas, Cliicago, and\\nbum the city.\\nThompson, John R. (i 823-1 873), of Virginia, was editor of the Southern\\nLiterary Messenger from 1847 to 1859. He exerted a great influence upon\\nSouthern literary tastes. He wrote The Burial of Latand, The Death\\nof Stuart, and other poems popular in the South.\\nThompson, Richard W., born in 1809, served in the Indiana Legislature\\nfrom 1834 to 1838, and represented Indiana in the U. S. Congress as a Whig\\nfrom 1 841 to 1843, and from 1847 to 1849. He was a Circuit Judge in\\nIndiana from 1867 to i86q. He was Secretary of the Navy in Hayes Cabi-\\nnet from 1877 to 1881.\\nThompson, Smith (176S-1843), was a Judge of the New York Supreme\\nCourt from 1802 to 1 818. He was Secretary of the Navy in Monroe s Cabi-\\nnet frour 1818 to 1823, and a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court from 1823\\nto 1843.\\nThomson, Charles (1729-1824), came to America from Ireland in 1740.\\nHis influence during the Revolution was such that he was called the Sara\\nAdams of Philadelphia, the life of the cause of liberty. He was Secretary\\nof the Continental Congress during its entire history, from 1774 to 1789. He\\nmade careful records of the proceedings and took valuable notes.\\nThoreau, Henry D. (1817-1862), of Massachusetts, was a poet and author,\\nof idealistic aspirations, a fine scholar, a transcendentalist and a lover of\\nnature. He wrote Walden, or Life in the Woods, The Maine Woods\\nA Yankee in Canada, etc.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0702.jp2"}, "701": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 653\\nThorfinn, died after 1016. He went to Greenland from Norway in 1006.\\nAccording to the Sagas, in 1007 he sailed for Vinland with three ships and\\n160 persons, sighted Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, sailed along the New\\nEngland coast and landed upon some island, where they spent the winter.\\nThe next three years were spent in a bay wliich some have identified with\\nMount Hope Bay, where they traded with the Esquimaux. They returned\\nin loii.\\nThornton, Sir Edward, born in 1817, was Minister from England to the\\nUnited States from 1867 to 1881. He was a member of the commission on\\nthe Alabama claims in 1871, and an arbitrator of the American and Mexican\\nClaims Commission in 1873.\\nThornton, Matthew (17 14-1803), canie to America from Ireland about\\n1717. He was Judge of the New Hampshire Supreme Court from 1776 to\\n1782. He represented New Hampshire in the Continental Congress from\\n1776 to 1778 and signed the Declaration of Independence.\\nThorvald Ericsson, died in 1004. He is said to have came to America\\n(Rhode Island?) from Iceland with thirty men in 1002, in 1003 to have\\nexplored the southern coast of New England and in 1004 the northern coast.\\nThree-Cent Piece, a silver coin issued in 1851, having been authorized\\nthe same year. Its weight in grains was 12.375. In 1853 its weight was\\nchanged to 11.52. The coinage was discontinued by an Act of Congress of\\n1873. This coin was a legal tender to the amount of thirty cents. Nickel\\nthree-cent pieces began to be coined in 1865.\\nThree-Dollar Piece, a gold coin, authorized in 1853; coinage begun 1854.\\nThis coin has always been a legal tender to an unlimited amount.\\nThrockmorton, James W., born in 1825, was a member of the Texas\\nLegislature from 1851 to 1861, and Governor of Texas from 1S66 to 1867.\\nHe was a Democratic U. S- Congressman from 1875 to 1879 and from 1883\\nto 1887. Died 1894.\\nThroop, Enos T. (1784-1S74), represented New York in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1815 to 1816. He was Governor of New York\\nfrom 1829 to 1832, Minister to Naples from 1838 to 1842.\\nThurman, Allen Granbery, born in 1813, an American statesman, is an\\neminent lawyer, settled in Columbus, Ohio. He is a life-long Democrat;\\nfrom 1845 to 1847 he was Congressman from Ohio; he was Justice of the State\\nSupreme Court 1851-1854, and its Chief Justice 1854-1856. In 1867 he was\\ndefeated for Governor by General Hayes. From 1869 to 1881 he was aU. S.\\nSenator. While his part} was in the minority Senator Thurman was its\\nleader, and afterward he had the chairmanship of the Judiciary Committee.\\nHe was at one time president pro iem. of the Senate. He was the sponsor\\nfor the Thurman Act, wliich compelled the Pacific railroads to fulfil their\\nobligations to the Government. President Garfield appointed him a dele-\\ngate to the Paris Monetar\\\\- Convention of 1881. Thurman received votes in\\nthe Democratic National Conventions of 1876, 1880 and 1884. In i888 he\\n:was nominated by acclamation for second place on the ticket with Cleve-\\nland, but was defeated in the election. Died 1895.", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0703.jp2"}, "702": {"fulltext": "654 Dictionary of UniTkd States History.\\nThwaites, Reuben G., boru in 1853, editor of the Wisconsin State\\nJournal from 1877 to 1886. He has given much attention to Western his-\\ntory. He wrote Historic Waterways, and a small history of the colo-\\nnies.\\nTicknor, George (i 791-1871), of Massachusetts, was admitted to the bar\\nin 1813. From i8i5to iSighewas in Europe engaged in philological study\\nand collecting a library which was unsuipassed in Spanish literature. He\\nwas professor of modern languages and literature at Harvard from 1819 to\\n1835. He wrote a History of Spanish Literature, which is recognized\\nas a masterly work. His letters have been published.\\nTiconderoga. During the French and Indian War, in June, 1758, a\\nBritish and Provincial force of 15,000 men advanced upon Ticonderoga,\\nthen occupied by t:ie French. Montcalm had only 3600. After some inde-\\ncision he retired to the site of the fort and threw up earthworks. During\\ntheir advance the English lost Howe, and the command fell to the incompe-\\ntent Abercroinby. V/ithout support of artillery he attempted to carry the\\nfort by a bayonet charge. He was disastrously repulsed with a loss of 1944\\nto 277 on the side of the French. He retreated precipitately. On July 22,\\n1759, General Amherst appeared before Ticonderoga. He met little opposi-\\ntion and placed his artillery in position. On the night of the 23d, Bourla-\\nmaque retired from t!ie fort with the best troops. The garrison kept up a\\nbrisk fire until the night of the 26tli, when they abandoned the place and\\nfired a train to the magazine. The fort was blown up and tlie place fell\\ninto English hands. In the Revolutionary War also the strategic importance\\nof Ticonderoga was recognized. A force under Ethan Allen arrived on the\\nshore of Lake Champlain in tlie early morning of May 10, 1775. There\\nwere not enough boats to carry over all his forces, and so with only eighty-\\nthree men he descended upon the little garrison, who surrendered without a\\nblow. Thus the colonists gained the key to the route to and from Canada,\\nand captured a number of cannon and a considerable quantity of powder\\nand ball, which they much needed. On July i, 1777, Burgoyne in his\\nmarch south appeared before Ticonderoga. The British seized a position\\nwhich commands the fort and compelled the garrison, 3000 in number, to\\nevacuate. These retired into the Green Mountains, the women and wounded\\nto Fort Edward (July 5, 1777).\\nTidal Wave, the term applied to the unprecedented success of the\\nDemocratic party in elections. State and Congressional, from 1872 to 1876.\\nThis was due to the corruption of the Republican administration. The\\ntidal wave resulted in the contested election of 1876-77.\\nTiffin, Edward (1766-1829), came to America from England in 1784.\\nHe was Governor of Ohio from 1803 to 1807, and represented Ohio in the\\nU. S. Senate as a Democrat from 1807 to 1809.\\nTilden, Samuel Jones (February 9, 1814-August 4, 1886), an American\\nstatesman, was educated at Yale and the University of New York. He\\nacquired a high position at the New York bar, became famous as a counsel\\nfor corporations, and amassed wealth. Though interested in New York", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0704.jp2"}, "703": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 6^5\\npolitics aud very influential in the counsels of the Democratic party,\\nMr. Tilden held no office for many years, except in 1845 i the Assem-\\nbly, and the next year in the State Constitutional Convention. By about\\nthe close of the war he had become the recognized leader of the New\\nYork Democracy. He was one of the most expert party managers of modern\\ntimes. lu strenuously opposing the Tweed ring in 1871 and the following\\nyears, as well as in antagonizing other abuses, Tilden acquired such prestige\\nthat in 1874 as candidate for Governor he was elected over Dix by 50,000\\nmajority. He served from 1875 to 1877. His success caused his nomination\\nfor President by the National Convention in 1876. In the remarkable elec-\\ntion Tilden had a substantial popular majority, but the result of the electoral\\nvote was in doubt. (See Electoral Commission.) The extra-constitutional\\nElectoral Commission admitted 184 votes for Tilden and 185 for Hayes.\\nGovernor Tilden, the sage of Gramercy Park, continued to be regarded as\\nthe party adviser, the great defrauded. He wrote letters declining in ad-\\nvance the nomination in 1880 and 1884. By the provisions of his will a\\nlarge sum was left for a free public library in New York.\\nTilghman, Matthew (1718-1790), was a member of the Maryland General\\nAssembly from 1751 to 1774. He was a delegate to the Continental Con-\\ngress from 1774 to 1777. He was president of the Revolutionary Conven-\\ntion which directed the State Government from 1774 to 1777. To him was\\nlargely due the drafting and organizing of the government of Maryland.\\nTimber Culture. March 3, 1873, Congress passed the Timber Culture\\nAct, granting to settlers 160 acres of treeless lauds for the encouragement of\\ntree culture. An act of June 3, 1878, authorized the sale at $2.50 per acre\\nof forest lands on the Pacific Coast, and at the same time prohibited timber\\ndepredations on the public lands.\\nTimrod, Henry (1S29-1867), of South Carolina, became popular in the\\nSouth for his war lyrics written during the Civil War. He was a poet of\\ngenius and delicate imagination.\\nTingey, Thomas (1750-1829), came to America from England and served\\nin the Continental navy during the Revolution. He commanded the Wash-\\nington Navy Yard from 1804 to 1829.\\nTippecanoe, a nickname of President William Henry Harrison, originating\\nin his victory over the Indians on the Tippecanoe River, in Indiana, in 1811.\\nTithables, in Virginia, all persons liable to poll-tax, to wit, all males and\\nall female slaves of more than sixteen years.\\nTithingman, a sort of Sunday constable, who preserved order in meeting\\nand discharged various police functions of a similar nature. The office was\\npeculiarly a New England institution, though rare instances of tithingmen\\nwere to be found in Maryland and elsewhere. In towns where there were\\nIndian inhabitants, it was the duty of the tithingman to preserve order\\namong them.\\nTobacco, introduced to the knowledge of civilized nations on the discovery\\nof America, where it was found in use by the Indians on the islands and on", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0705.jp2"}, "704": {"fulltext": "656 Dictionary of United States History.\\nthe mainland as far north as Virginia. It was cultivated in Portugal and\\nFrance earlj- in the sixteenth centurJ^ Its cultivation was begun by the\\nearliest settlers in Virginia and Marj land, to whom it was frequently the\\nsole, yet lucrative, source of income. It was used as a legal tender in Mary-\\nland in 1733, during a period of depreciation in the colonial currency, and\\nwas widely used as a medium of barter and exchange and payment of debt.\\nVirginia led in the production of tobacco during many years, her annual\\nproduction frequently reaching 20,000,000 pounds. Kentucky now leads.\\nTobacco is at present widely cultivated in the Southern, Middle, Western\\nand even the New England States, that of the Connecticut valley being\\ndeemed especially adapted for cigar wrappings. In 1889 there was a total\\nproduction of 565,795,000 pounds in the United States, valued at $43,666,-\\n665. During the years 1 865-1 892 the total internal revenue receipts from\\ntobacco amounted to $896,512,367.\\nTocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clerel de (1805-1859), a French pub-\\nlicist and politician, visited the United States in 1 831-183 2 on a mission to\\nexamine the penitentiary system. He published in 1835-40 Democracy in\\nAmerica, the most important commentary on American affairs by a foreigner\\nuntil the appearance of Bryce s American Commonwealth. De Tocque-\\nville was afterward member of the Chamber of Deputies and of the French\\nAcademy, and in 1849 was Minister of Foreign Affairs.\\nTod, David (1805-1868), was Minister to Brazil from 1847 to 1852. He\\nwas a champion of the peace policy in 1861, but when Governor of Ohio\\nfrom 1862 to 1864 was a firm supporter of the Government.\\nTodd, Thomas (1765-1826), a prominent Kentucky jurist, was an Asso-\\nciate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court from 1807 to 1826.\\nTohopeka. (See Horse-shoe Bend.)\\nToledo War, a boundary controversy between Ohio and Michigan,\\nwhich came to a head in 1835, just previous to Michigan s application for\\nadmission to the Union. The controversy was over that territory which\\ncontained the city of Toledo, and its history may be traced back to the ordi-\\nnance of 1787 respecting the division of the Northwest Territory. In\\n1835 Ohio proposed to assume control of the disputed tract. Michigan\\nresponded by making such action highly penal, and appealed to the Federal\\nGovernment. An armed collision seemed imminent. Finally it was agreed\\nthat Michigan should be admitted to the Union and awarded certain terri-\\ntory in the north, provided she would give up her clearly rightful claim to\\nthe Toledo country.\\nTom the Tinker, the popular watchword of the rebels of western Penn-\\nsylvania during the Whisky Rebellion of 1794, originating in the destniction\\nof the house of an obnoxious official by a mob, which gave out that it was\\nbeing tink\u00c2\u00abtred.\\nTompkins, Daniel D. (1774-1825), Vice-President of the United States,\\nwas graduated at Columbia, and became a leading lawyer and Democratic\\npolitician in the State of Nev; York. He was a Judge in the Supreme Court\\n\u00c2\u00a9f the State, and its Governor from 1807 until 1817. While holding this", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0706.jp2"}, "705": {"fulltext": "DiCTIOXARV or T^MTED STATES HiSTORV. 657\\noffice lie opposed the Bank and gave an efficient support to the War of 1812.\\nGovernor Tompkins was elected Vice-President in 1 816 on the ticket with\\nMonroe, and re-elected in 1820, serving from 1817 to 1825.\\nTonga. The United States concluded a treaty of amity, commerce and\\nnavigation with Tonga in 1886.\\nTonty, Chevalier Henri de (1650 ?-i704), accompanied L,a Salle to Canada\\nin 1678 and explored with him the Mississippi. Later he twice descended\\nto the mouth of the Mississippi in search of La Salle.\\nToombs, Robert (1810-1885), one of the most influential Secessionists, was\\ngraduated at Union College and rose to distinction as a lawyer in Georgia.\\nHe served in the Creek War, in the legislature, and as a State-Rights Whig\\nin Congress from 1845 to 1853. While in Congress he favored and took part\\nin the compromise measures of 1850. He was U. S. Senator from Georgia\\n1853-1861. Senator Toombs was one of the most active champions of the\\nslave power, and when the crisis occurred in i860 he was second to none in\\nenergy as a disunionist. He aided powerfully in forcing his State to secede.\\nDuring the war he was at different times Congressman, Secretary of State,\\nand a brigadier-general. Afterward he practised law, and refused persistently\\nto take the oath of allegiance to the Government. In his last years he\\ndevoted himself to a contest with the railroad power.\\nTopeka, Kan., was founded in 1854, received a city charter in 1857 and\\nbecame the State capital in 1861.\\nTopeka Constitution. On October 23, 1855, a constitutional convention,\\nrepresenting the anti-slavery population of Kansas, met at Topeka. This\\nconvention adopted the boundaries set by the Kansas-Nebraska bill, pro-\\nhibited slavery after July, 1857, and conferred the right of suffrage on white\\nmale citizens and on every civilized male Indian who has adopted the\\nhabits of the white man. This free State convention was dispersed by Fed-\\neral troops. The bill to admit Kansas to the Union under the provisions of\\nthe Topeka constitution passed the House, but failed in the Senate.\\nTorbert, Alfred T. A. (1833-1880), led a Federal brigade at Manassas,\\nCrampton s Gap and Gettysburg in 1862. In 1864 he was placed in com-\\nmand of a division of cavalry in the Army of the Potomac. He fought at\\nCold Harbor, Trevillian Station, Winchester and Cedar Creek. He com-\\nmanded at Tom s River, Liberty Mills and Gordonsville. He was Consul\\nGeneral at Paris from 1873 to 1878.\\nTories. (See Loyalists.) The name Tory had been employed in Eng-\\nland from 1679 to designate those who were desirous to increase the power\\nof the king. The term had become odious by reason of the Jacobite con-\\nspiracies, and was revived in America as a term of reproach.\\nTotten, Joseph G. (1788-1864), was chief engineer of the army on the\\nCanadian frontier during the war of 181 2. During the Civil War he had\\ncharge of the engineering bureau at Washington.\\nToucey, Isaac (1796-1869), represented Connecticut in the U. S. Congress\\nds a Democrat from 1835 to 1839. He was chosen Governor of Connecticut\\n4?", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0707.jp2"}, "706": {"fulltext": "fi5^ Dictionary of United States History.\\nby the Legislature in 1846. He was Attorney-General in Polk s Cabinet\\nfrom 1848 to 1849, and a U. S. Senator from 1852 to 1857. He was Secre-\\ntary of the Navy in Buchanan s Cabinet from 1857 to 1861, and was charged\\nwith favoring the seceding States by dispersing the navy.\\nTourgee, Albion W,, bom in 1838, served in the national army during\\nthe Civil War. He prepared a report on the condition of the Southern\\nStates for the I/Dyalists Convention in 1866. He published The North\\nCarolina Code, and A Fool s Errand, and other books on the Reconstruc-\\ntion period. Appointed Consul to Bordeaux May, 1897.\\nToussaint Louverture, leader of the revolted negroes of Hayti and Presi-\\ndent of the Haytian Republic, is connected with the history of the United\\nStates through Bonaparte s San Domingo expedition. The First Consul\\nintended, after conquering the islani, to make it the basis of an expedition\\nwhich should create in Louisiana a French colonial empire. Toussaint s\\nresistance and the destruction of French troops by yellow fever balked this\\nplan, and Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States.\\nTowle, George M. (1841-1893), was U. S. Consul at Nantes, France,\\nfrom 1866 to 1868, and at Bradford, England, from 1868 to 1870. He wrote\\nGlimpses of History, Heroes of History, and other popular historical\\nbooks.\\nTown. In New England the word town has constantly been used in the\\nsense of township, meaning the primary subdivision of the countv, a large\\narea, rural or urban. In the Middle colonies and the South it meant, as in\\nEngland, an incorporated municipality of greater or less size. Thus in\\nMassachusetts nearly all the territory of the colony was occupied with towns,\\nwhile in the South there were a few towns here and there. As to the origin\\nof the New England town various theories have been held. To some it has\\nseemed an original creation of the early settlers, to others an imitation of the\\nEnglish parish.\\nTown-Meeting, the meeting of all freemen of a town in primarj- assembly\\nfor the discussion of local affairs and the election of local officers. This has\\nbeen one of the most characteristic of New England institutions, and one\\nof the most valuable, because of the education it has afforded in politics.\\nJefferson on this account wished that something similar might be introduced\\ninto Virginia. In the tvpe of local government which has been instituted in\\nthe northernmost row of Western States, the township usually has a town-\\nmeeting. In the row of States west of the Middle States, this is not\\nusual.\\nTownsend, Edward D., born in 1817, was the principal executive officer\\nof the War Department, under Secretary Stanton, during the Civil War.\\nHe wrote Anecdotes of the Civil War in the United States. Died 1893.\\nTownsend, George A., born in 1841, reported the Peninsular campaign\\nfor the New York Herald in 1862. He was war correspondent for the World\\nin 1864 and 1865. He wrote The Real Life of Abraham Lincoln and\\nVArious tales of Maryland life.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0708.jp2"}, "707": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitkd States History. 659\\nTownshend, Charles (1725-1767), English statesman, was made Com-\\nmissioner of Trade and Plantations in 1749, and made a careful study of the\\nAmerican colonies. In 1763 he was made First Lord of Trade and Planta-\\ntions. He ardently supported Grenville s Stamp Act in 1765 and was in\\nfavor of imposing upon the colonies heavy burdens. He advocated the\\nannulling of the colonial charters and the establishment of a uniform system\\nof Government. In 1766 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer. He\\nsecured the passage of an act in 1767 which levied burdensome duties on\\nsuch articles as tea, paper and ghiss. He was a man of ready wit and bril-\\nliant oratory, but unwise.\\nTownshend Acts, two acts proposed in Parliament, April 16, 1767, at the\\ninstance of Charles Townshend, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. They\\nwere to go into effect November 20. They provided for the appointment of\\ncommissioners to enforce more effectually the laws of trade with the colonies;\\ngranted duties on glass, paper, colors and tea, and legalized writs of assist-\\nance. The revenue was to defray the charge of the administration of justice\\nand support the civil government in the provinces. The people of Massa-\\nchusetts opposed tl .em by renewing their non-importation agreements.\\nTracy, Benjamin F., lawyer, born in 1830, was elected a district attorney\\nin New York in 1854 and 1856. He led a regiment at the battles of the\\nWilderness and Spottsylvauia, and had charge of the prison camp at\\nElmira. He was a U. S. District Attorney from 1866 to 1873, and was\\nSecretary of the Navy in Harrison s Cabinet from 1889 to 1893.\\nTrade Dollar, a silver coin issued in 1 873-1 874 for use in China, in com-\\npetition with Spanish and Mexican dollars. It was not intended for circula-\\ntion in the United States, though it vv as made a legal tender to the amount\\nof five dollars at the time of its issue; this provision was repealed in 1876.\\nIts actual value was less than that of the standard dollar.\\nTrades Unions. These associations of workinginen, for concerted action\\nupon questions of wages, hours of labor and for mutual relief, were begun\\nin this country in 1852 by the formation of the International Typographical\\nUnion, followed in 1S59 ^Y Machinists and Blacksmiths International\\nUnion, and the Iron Moulders Union of North America. The Brotherhood\\nof Locomotive Engineers was organized in 1863, the Journeymen Tailors\\nNational Trades Union in 1865, the Coopers International Union in 1870,\\nthe Cigarmakers International Union about the same time, the Miners\\nNational Union in 1873. There are beside numerous other lesser and local\\nassociations.\\nTranscendentalism. This movement derived its name from the German\\nphilosophy of Schelling, and signified the philosophy of those v, ho deemed\\nthe objective realities of the world to be best studied by interrogating the\\nsubjective consciousness. The school of the transcendentalists prevailed in\\nNew England, especially at Concord, Mass., in and after 1830. Emerson\\nwas its leader, but many of his followers were unpractical and visionar\\\\\\nmen, whose philosophy was of little value to the actual world. The move-\\nment exercised great influence on Unitarian religion, on various reforms and\\nespecially on the anti-slavery cause.", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0709.jp2"}, "708": {"fulltext": "66o Dictionary ok United States History.\\nTransylvania Company, a colonization company, organized in North Caro-\\nlina in 1775. Its grants were obtained directly from the crown, no colonial\\ngovernment being permitted to issue land warrants.\\nTravis, William B. (1811-1836), while fighting for the independence of\\nTexas was besieged at Fort Alamo by the Mexicans in 1836. After des-\\nperate fighting, when only six men were left, they surrendered on promise\\nof protection, but were slaughtered by command of Santa Anna.\\nTreason against the United States is defined in the Constitution as consist-\\ning only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving\\nthem aid and comfort. A motion to give Congress the sole power of defin-\\ning the punishment of treason was lost in the convention of 1787. Most of\\nthe States have inserted in their constitutions a provision regarding treason\\nsimilar to that of the National Constitution. There has been practically no\\ninstance of an indictment for treason against a State except that of Dorr in\\nRhode Island. At the end of the Civil War there were no prosecutions for\\ntreason, because the idea of State allegiance had in many States so long\\npredominated over that of national allegiance. April 30, 1790, an act was\\npassed making treason punishable by death. Burr s case was the principal\\none under this act. July 17, 1862, an act of Congress provided that treason\\nshould also be punishable by the liberation of the guilty person s slaves.\\nTreasury Board, established by the Continental Congress February 17,\\n1776, to consist of a standing committee of five Congressmen who should\\nhave control over minor officials and act as a Ways and Means Committee.\\nThe Committee of Claims and the Treasury Office of Accounts were the\\nprincipal bureaus under the Board s supervision. September 26, 1778, an\\nAct of Congress provided for securing a house for the various offices of the\\ndepartment, thus forming the germ of the present treasury system. Provision\\nwas also made for the annual appointment of a comptroller, auditor and\\ntreasurer, thus doing away with the Treasury Office of Accounts. The\\nTreasury Board ceased to exist in September, 1781, when a Superintendent\\nof Finance was instituted. After Robert Morris resigned this office, from\\n1785 to 1789 the Treasury was again under a board of commissioners.\\nTreasury Department. Under the Continental Congress financial matters\\nwere at first managed by a committee. The Treasury Office of Accounts\\nwas created in 1776. In 1778 the department was given an organization\\nmuch like that of the present time. In 1781 the office of Superintendent\\nof Finance was created, and the department put under a single head. In\\n1785 the Board was restored. The First Congress, by Act of September 2,\\n1789, established the present Treasury Department.\\nTreasury Notes. Treasury notes, receivable for all dues to the Govern-\\nment, but not made a legal tender, were first issued to meet the expenses of\\nthe War of 1812. In 1812 issues of five millions were authorized, in 1813\\nof five millions more, in 181 4 of eighteen millions, in 181 5 of eight millions\\nmore. The rate of interest was 5 2-5 per cent. The financial panic of 1837\\ncaused further issues of sixteen millions in 1837 and 1838, $4,000,000 in\\n1839, $6,000,000 in 1840, $8,000,000 in 1841, $11,000,000 in 1842, and", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0710.jp2"}, "709": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 66i\\n|2,ooo,ooo in 1844. The Mexican War caused issues of $26,000,000, under\\nAct of 1846. The panic of 1857 was met by issues to the amount of $53,-\\n000,000. These notes usually had but a short time to run. The Civil War\\nrequired the issue of enonnous quantities of treasury notes. Those which\\nbore a legal tender character are treated of under Greenbacks. The Govern-\\nment also met temporary exigencies by the issue of demand notes and frac-\\ntional and postal currenc}-. The chief variety of notes resembling the\\ntreasury notes hitherto issued, receivable for dues to Government, but not\\nlegal tenders, was the 7.30 s, of which $830,000,000 were issued. These\\nwere nearly all paid by the end of 1869. The Sherman Act of 1890 pro-\\nvided for the issue of treasury notes wherewith to make the monthly pur-\\nchases of silver bullion required by that Act.\\nTreasury Office of Accounts, an office created in April, 1776, by the Con-\\ntinental Congress. It was under the supervision of the standing committee\\nof the treasury, and was under the immediate direction of an auditor-general,\\nassisted by clerks, whose business it was to audit accounts and report to Con-\\ngress through the Treasury Board.\\nTreat, Robert (1622-1701), came to Connecticut from England early in\\nthe seventeenth century. He was a deputy from 1653 to 1659, and an assist-\\nant from 1659 to 1664. He opposed the union of Nev/ Haven and Connec-\\nticut. He commanded the Connecticut forces in King Philip s War. H^\\nwas Deputy-Governor of Counecticut from 1676 to 1683, aud Governor from\\n1683 to 1698, except two years under Sir Edmund Andros from 1687 to\\n1689. He was again Deputy-Governor from 1698 to 1708.\\nTreaties. The first treaty negotiated by the United States was the treaty\\nof alliance with France, February, 1778. Other treaties negotiated under\\nthe Continental Congress were with the Netherlands (1782), with Great Brit-\\nain, treaty of peace, (1783), with Sweden (1783), with Prussia (1785), and\\nwith Morocco (1787). The Constitution of 1787 gave the President the\\npower of making treaties, w:*li the consent of two-thirds of the Senate. In\\n1795, in the matter of the Jay Treaty, the House attempted to claim for\\nitself a control over the treatj -making power, through the power of making\\nappropriations. An account of individual treaties may be found under the\\nname by which each is familiarly known, or the country with which it was\\nconcluded.\\nTrenchard, Stephen D. (1818-1883), commanded the Rhode Island\\nduring the Civil War and was active in both attacks on Fort Fisher. He\\nwas promoted rear-admiral and commanded the North Atlantic Squadron\\nfrom 1876 to 1878.\\nTrent Affair. In 1861 the Confederate Government sent John Slidell and\\nJ. M. Mason as commissioners to France and Great Britain respectively.\\nThey ran the blockade to Havana and embarked thence in the British mer-\\nchant ship Trent. November 8 the Trent was stopped in the old\\nBahama channel by Captain Wilkes of the United States ship San Jacinto.\\nMason and Slidell were seized and taken to Boston as prisoners. Wilkes\\naction was generally approved in the North; yet it involved a breach of", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0711.jp2"}, "710": {"fulltext": "662 DiCTIONARy OK UnITKD STATKri HiSTORY.\\niuteniatioual law, and Mason and Slidell were surrendered to Great Britain\\nbecause its neutral rights had been transgressed, and to prevent the war which\\nthat country threatened.\\nTrenton, N. J., was first settled in 1680 and received its name in 1720 in\\nhonor of Colonel William Trent. It was chosen as the capital of the State\\nin 1790 and became a city two years later.\\nTrenton, Battle of, December 26, 1776. After retreating across the\\nDelaware, Washington received reinforcements and determined to strike a\\nblow upon the British centre at Trenton. Neither his right wing nor centre\\nwas able to cross the river. However, with only 2500 men he crossed the\\nstream filled with floating ice, marched nine miles in a blinding snowstorm\\nand took Trenton by surprise. The commander. Rail, and seventeen of his\\nmen were .slain. One thousand Hessians were taken prisoners. Only four\\nAmericans perished, two killed in action, and two frozen to death.\\nTrescot, William H. born in 1822, was Secretary of Legation to Eng-\\nland from 1852 to 1853. He was assistant U. S. Secretary of State from\\n1857 to i860. He served in the South Carolina Legislature from 1862 to\\n1868. He was U. S. counsel before the Fisheries Commission at Halifax in\\n1877. He was a Plenipotentiary to revise the treaties with China in 1880,\\nand Special Envoy to the South American belligerents in 1881. He has\\nwritten several books on diplomatic histor} Died 1898.\\nTrevett vs. Weeden, among the earliest instances of a court s assimi-\\ning authority to pronounce upon the constitutionality of an act of the\\nlegislature. By an Act of the Rhode Island Le.r^islature of 1786, paper\\nmoney issued by the State was made a legal tender. Weeden refused to\\nreceive this currency in payment of a debt. The Superior Court of the\\nState summarily dismissed the case as not within the jurisdiction of the court.\\nThough the record is imperfect, it is deemed virtually certain that the court\\npronounced the act of the legislature unconstitutioual and void.\\nTrevillian Station, Va. Here during Grant s campaign against Rich-\\nmond, Sheridan, while raiding along the Virginia Central Railroad, met and\\ndefeated a strong force of Confederate cavalry under Wade Hampton. Sheri-\\ndan captured 500 prisoners, June 11 and 12, 1864.\\nTriangle, a reach of land toward Lake Erie purchased by Pennsylvania\\nfrom the Government, September 4, 1788. It formerly was part of New York.\\nTrianon Decree, a secret decree issued at the palace of the Trianon,\\nFrance, Auc.ust 5, 1810, by Napoleon, ordering the immediate confiscation\\nof all American vessels and merchandise brought in previous to May i, 1810,\\nand ordering that, until November i, American vessels were to be allowed to\\nenter French ports, but not to unload without his permission. At the same\\ntime he offered to revoke the Milan and Berlin decrees, November i. This\\nwas a ruse to entrap American vessels, and it succeeded admirably.\\nTrimble, Isaac R. (1802-1888), commanded a Confederate brigade at\\nGaines Mills and Slaughter IMountain, and captured Manassas Junction in\\n1862. He led a division at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0712.jp2"}, "711": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 663\\nTrimble, Robert (1777-1828), was appointed Chief Justice of Kentucky\\nin 1810. He became U. S. District Attornej- in 1813, and was District Judge\\nof Kentucky from 1816 to 1826. He was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt from 1826 to 1828.\\nTrinity College, Hartford, Conn., founded by Episcopalians, was chartered\\nin 1823. Till 1845 its name was Washington College. Besides the usual\\ncollege course it had a theological department till 1851, when this was\\nmerged into the Berkeley School at Middletown.\\nTripoli. After several ineffectual attempts to come to an understanding\\nwith Tripoli the United States concluded a treaty of peace and friendship\\nNovember 4, 1796. A threat by the Bashaw of further depredations led to\\na chastisement of Tripoli by the U. vS. navy, which resulted in a peace\\nwithout purchase and favorable commercial privileges by the treaty of June\\n4, 1805. (See next article.)\\nTripolitan War. During the latter part of the eighteenth centur} the\\nUnited States had followed the method employed by many European nations\\nof protecting our commerce from the depredations of the Barbary States by\\nthe annual payment of tribute money. In 1801 the demands of the Bashaw\\nof Tripoli being iniusually exorbitant, President Jefferson determined to\\nabolish this practice. Commodore Dale was despatched with a squadron to\\nmake demonstrations along the coast of Tripoli. He captured a large cruiser\\nand for a time overawed the Bashaw. In 1803 Preble was sent to take\\ncommand, Congress having recognized wnr with Tripoli. Several captures\\nwere made. Captain Bainbridge, of the Philadelphia, however, ran his\\nvessel on a rock, and she was taken by the Tripolitaiis with all on boai d.\\nDecatur in the Intrepid ran up the harbor of Tripoli at night and burned\\nthe Philadelphia under the fire of the batteries on the shore. Tripoli\\nwas invested and bombarded during the summer. Finally June 4, 1805, a\\ntreaty of peace and friendship was concluded with the Bashaw, the United\\nStates agreeing to pay $60,000 for the ransom of the ofiicers and crew of the\\nPhiladelphia. (See Derne Expedition.)\\nTroUope, Frances M. (i 780-1 863), visited America from England from\\n1829 to 1831. She published Domestic Manners of the Americans, The\\nRefugee in America, and Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw,\\nwhich depicted rude and ludicrous phases of American life in a manner\\nmuch disliked at the time.\\nTrumbull, Benjamin (1735-1820), was pastor at New Haven from 1760\\nto 1820. He wrote a General History of the United States, and an excel-\\nlent History of Connecticut from 1630 to 1713.\\nTrumbull, James Hammond, born in 1821, was Secretary of State for\\nConnecticut from 1861 to 1865. He is one of the leading American philolo-\\ngists in respect to Indian languages. He has published the earlier volumes\\nof the Colonial Records of Connecticut and The Blue Laws of Connec-\\nticut.\\nTrumbull, John (1750-1831), passed the entrance examination at Yale\\nCollege in 1757. He published in 1772 The Progress of Dullness, a", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0713.jp2"}, "712": {"fulltext": "664 Dictionary of United States History.\\nsatire on the prevailing mode of education. In 1773 appeared his Eleg\\non the Times, a poem on the Boston Port Bill and other colonial topics.\\nIn 1774 he published the first two cantos of McFingal, in which he\\ndescribed the American character and customs and satirized their extrava-\\ngances. The popularity of this poem was enormous. With Humphreys,\\nBarlow and Hopkins he wrote Anarchiad. He was Judge of the Connecti-\\ncut Supreme Court from 1801 to 1819.\\nTrumbull, John (1756-1843), is noted for his historical paintings, such as\\nThe Declaration of independence, The Battle of Bunker Hill, and\\nDeath of Montgomery. He painted portraits of Washington and Jef-\\nferson.\\nTrumbull, Jonathan (1710-1785), was Chief Justice of the Connecticut\\nSupreme Court from 1766 to 1769, and Governor of Connecticut from 1769\\nto 1783. He was the only one of the colonial Governors who espoused the\\npeople s cause. He aided the colonists with all his power, and was one of\\nthe principal advisers of Washington. (See Jonathan, Brother.\\nTrumbull, Jonathan (1740-1809), represented Connecticut in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Federalist from 1789 to 1795, and in the U. S. Senate from\\n1795 to 1796. He was Governor of Connecticut from 1798 to 1809.\\nTrumbull, Lyman, bom in 1813, was admitted to the bar in 1837. He\\nwas Secretary of State for Illinois from 1841 to 1842, and a Justice of the\\nIllinois Supreme Court from 1848 to 1853. He represented Illinois in the\\nU. S. Senate as a Democrat from 1855 to 1861 and as a Republican from\\n1 861 to 1873. Died 1896.\\nTruxtun, Thomas (1755-1822), was made lieutenant of the privateer\\nCongress in 1776. In 1777 he commanded the Independence and cap-\\ntured three large ships. In 1781 he commanded the St. James, with\\nwhich he disabled a superior British vessel. In 1798 he was placed in com-\\nmand of the Constellation, and commanded a squadron to protect Ameri-\\ncan commerce in the West Indies. In 1799 he captured the French frigate\\nL Insurgente after a severe engagement, and in 1800 he gained a victory\\nover the French frigate L,a Vengeance.\\nTryon, William (1725-1788), born in Ireland, was appointed Lieutenant-\\nGovernor of North Carolina in 1764. He was Governor from 1765 to 1771.\\nHe suppressed the revolt of the Regulators with great cruelty. He\\nbecame Governor of New York in 1771, and continued in ofSce until 177S.\\nHe was detested by the patriots for his inhumanity and the destruction of\\nDanbury, Fairfield and Norwalk, Conn.\\nTucker, George (1775-1861), came to Virginia from Bermuda about 1787.\\nHe represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1819 to\\n1825. He wrote an excellent Political History of the United States,\\nextending from 1789 to 1841.\\nTucker, John Randolph, born in 1823, was Attorney-General of Virginia\\nfrom 1857 to 1865. He represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress as a\\nDemocrat from 1875 to 1887. He was an able orator. Died 1897.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0714.jp2"}, "713": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 665\\nTucker, Josiah (1711-1799), dean of Gloucester from 1758 to 1799, wrote\\nnumerous able works in politics and economics concerning the American\\nRevolution. He strongly urged the recognition of the independence of the\\nAmerican colonies.\\nTucker, St. George (1752-1828), jurist, came to Virginia from Bermuda\\nin 1771. He was a lieutenant-colonel at Yorktown, a member of the\\nAnnapolis Convention in 1786, and a U. S. District Judge from 1813 to\\n1827. H^^ edition of Blackstone contained important disquisitions on the\\nConstitution from the point of view of the State-rights school.\\nTucker, Samuel (1747-1833), of Massachusetts, while commander of\\nthe Franklin and the Hancock in 1776, captured more than thirty\\nvessels. From 1777 to 1780 he commanded the Boston, and captured\\nmany prizes, including the sloop-of-war Thorn. He commanded the\\nThorn from 1780 to 1781, when he was captured by the British frigate\\nHind. He was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature from 1814\\nto 181 8.\\nTuUahoma. (See Murfreesboro.)\\nTunis. Tunis, like the rest of the Barbary powers, was early a source\\nof annoyance to the American commerce of the Mediterranean. A treaty\\nwas purchased in 1797 by the payment of $107,000. This treaty was altered\\nby the convention of February 24, 1824.\\nTunnel Hill, Ga., scene of sharp skirmishing, February 23 and 25, 1864,\\nbetween Federal and Confederate troops of Grant s and J. E. Johnston s\\narmies, and commanded respectively by Palmer, and Stewart and Anderson.\\nThe Confederates were on their way to reinforce Polk s army in Mississippi,\\nand Grant sent Palmer to intercept them. There was no decisive victory for\\neither side, for Palmer, hearing of Johnston s advance, fell back.\\nTurgot, Anne Robert J. (1727-1781), the famous French statesman, was\\ninfluential in obtaining the French treaty of alliance with the United States\\nin 1778. He wrote Reflexions sur la situation des Am^ricains des Etats-\\nUnis.\\nTurkey. (See Ottoman Porte.)\\nTurnbull, Robert J. (1775-1833), of South Carolina, was a leader of the\\nnullification party and published The Crisis and The Tribunal of\\nDernier Ressort in its interests.\\nTurner, Nat (i8oo?-i83i), a negro slave, was the instigator of the South-\\nampton insurrection in Virginia in 1831. He believed himself chosen by\\nthe Lord to free his people. At an appointed time he set out with his fol-\\nlowers from house to house to kill all white persons. Fifty-five were killed\\nbefore the insurgents were dispersed. After hiding for a time Turner was\\ncaptured and hanged.\\nTurner, Thomas (1808-1883), sen ed in the navy during the Mexican\\nWar. He captured two Spanish ships purchased for the secessionist party\\nin i860 at Vera Cruz. He commanded the New Ironsides with abiHt\\nat Charleston in 1863.", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0715.jp2"}, "714": {"fulltext": "666 DicTioNARV OF United States History.\\nTuscaroras, originally one of the Six Nations of Iroquois, migrated\\ntoward North Carolina. In 171 1 they attempted to massacre the vv^hites,\\nbut were defeated in the battle of the Neuse January 28, 1712. Hostilities\\nwere resumed, but they were overthrown in 171 3 and 800 taken prisoners.\\nThe tribe then fled to New York, except a small part, who had remained\\nfriendly. These subsequently removed. The Tuscaroras early favored the\\nEnglish, but joined with the colonists during the Revolution.\\nTattle, Herbert H., born in 1846, was engaged in journalism till 1S80.\\nIn 1881 he became professor of history, politics and international law at\\nCornell, and has published an important history of Prussia. Died 1894.\\nTweed, William M. (1823-1878), represented New York in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1853 to 1855. When appointed street com-\\nmissioner in 1863, he began the organization of the Tweed Ring (q. v.) His\\nposition as State Senator from 1867 to 1871, grand sachem of the Tammany\\nsociety from 1869 to 1871, and commissioner of public works from 1863 to\\n1 87 1, gave him immense political influence, and every officer in the State\\nbecame under his sway. He was indicted in 1S71 and sentenced in 1873 to\\ntwelve years imprisonment for peculation.\\nTweed Ring, a political ring, famous for its unscrupulous dishonesty,\\nwhich governed New York, State and city, from i860 to 1871. The ring\\nwas composed of William M. Tweed, A. Oakey Hall, Peter B. Sweeney and\\nRichard B. Connolly. These men, through bribery and influence among\\nthe lower classes, particularly the foreign element, having first gained con-\\ntrol of Tammany Hall, so manipulated the mayoralty election of 1S65 as to\\nsecure the city government. In 1866, Hall was elected mayor; Sweeney was\\nmade city and county treasurer; Tweed, superintendent of the street depart-\\nment; and Connolly, city comptroller. They carried into effect a new city\\ncharter which gave them absolute control of fiscal appropriations. When\\nthe Ring was finally overthrown in 1871, through publications of its frauds\\non the taxpayers, and the untiring efforts of Samuel J. Tilden, a prominent\\nDemocrat, it was discovered that the city debt had increased from $20,000,-\\n000 to f 101,000,000. Tweed died hv prison; Sweeney and Connolly went\\ninto exile, and Hall also left the countr}-.\\nTwenty-Cent Piece, a silver coin authorized in 1875, aud issued chiefly\\nfor use in the Pacific States. Its coinage was discontinued in 1878. It was\\na legal tender to the amount of five dollars.\\nTwiggs, David E. (i 790-1862), served during the War of 1812. He\\ncommanded the right wing at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. He\\nfought at Monterey, and led a brigade at Vera Cruz and a division at the\\ncapture of Mexico. He was in command of the Department of Texas in\\n1861 and surrendered his army and military stores to the Confederate Gen-\\neral McCuUoch. He was dishonorably dismissed from the U. S. army.\\nTwo-Cent Piece was first issued in 1864. Weight in grains 96. Its issue\\nwas discontinued in 1873. Upon the issue of 1864 first appeared the motto\\nIn God We Trust. It was legal tender to the value of twenty-five cents.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0716.jp2"}, "715": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 667\\nTwo-Penny Act, an act passed by the Virginia Assembl)- in 1755, to\\nendure ten months, permitting that all debts now payable in tobacco should,\\nat the debtor s option, be payable in money, at the rate of sixteen shillings\\nand eight pence for every hundred-weight of tobacco. This equals two-pence\\na pound; hence the name. (See Parsons Cause.)\\nTwo Sicilies. A claims convention was concluded in 1832, which pro-\\nvided for the payment of 2,115,000 Neapolitan ducats to the United States\\nfor Napoleonic (Muratist) commercial depredations. A commercial treaty\\nwas concluded in 1845, and a commercial and extradition treaty in 1855.\\nTyler, John (March 29, 1790-January 17, 1862), tenth President of the\\nUnited States, was a native of Virginia, and was graduated at William and\\nMar College in 1S06. He early became a lawyer and member of the Legis-\\nlature. From 1816 to 1821 he v/as Congressman, and from 1825 1827\\nGovernor of Virginia. He represented his State and the Democratic party in\\nthe U. S. Senate 1827-1836. He opposed the Democrats in various points,\\nand received some Whig electoral votes for President in 1836. He ser\\\\-ed as\\na Whig member of the Legislature, and received the second place on the\\nticket with Harrison. They were elected in the Tippecanoe and Tyler\\ntoo hurrah campaign of 1840, and one month after the inauguration Tyler,\\nby Harrison s death, succeeded to the office of President. He called an\\nextra session of Congress, vetoed tlie Bank bills, and broke with the Whig\\nleaders. All the members of his Cabinet, except Webster, resigned in the\\nautumn of 1841. He finall) reorganized the Cabinet with Whigs and\\nDemocrats both, of whom Calhoun was the most prominent. The tariff of\\n1842, the Oregon excitement, and tlie annexation of Texas mark President\\nTyler s administration. He was nominated by a Democratic Convention- in\\n1844, but withdrew from the contest, After retiring in 1845, he was in\\nretirement until 1861, when he acted as president of the Peace Convention.\\nSoon afterward he was elected to the Confederate Congress. Life by Tyler.\\nTyler, Letitia C. (1790-1842), married John Tyler in 1813. She was\\nespecially fitted for the social duties of the White House, but her health was\\ndelicate, and she died soon after coming to Washington. In 1844 President\\nTyler married Julia Gardiner, of New York (1820-1889).\\nTyler, Moses Coit, born in 1835, became professor of American history\\nin Cornell University in 1881. He wrote a History of American Litera-\\nture, and a life of Patrick Henry.\\nTyler, Robert O. (1831-1874), commanded an artillery division at Fred-\\nericksburg. He was in command of the artillery reserve at Chaucellorsville,\\nGettysburg and in the Rapidan campaign. He led a division at Spottsylvania\\nand a brigade at Cold Harbor.\\nTyndale, Hector (1821-1880), commanded a brigade at Chantilly, Bull\\nRun and Antietam in 1862. In 1863 he led a division at Wauhatchie and\\nChattanooga.\\nTyner, James N., born in 1826, represented Indiana in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Republican from 1S69 to 1875. Fle was Postmaster-Geiieral in Grant s Cab-\\ninet from 1876 to 1877, and Assistant Postmaster-General from 1877 to 1881.", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0717.jp2"}, "716": {"fulltext": "668 Dictionary of United States History.\\nu.\\nUncas (i588?-i682) revolted from the Pequot Indians in 1635 and became\\nchief of the Mohegans. He made treaties of peace with the colonists, and\\nin 1637 greatly assisted Colonel Mason s expedition against the Pequots, for\\nwhich he received part of their land. In 1643 defeated Miantonomo,\\nchief of the fJarragansetts, and put him to death. He was always friendly\\nto the whites and faithful to his treaties.\\nUncle Sam. An explanation which has been offered for this phrase is\\nthat the U. S. on some Government supplies in the War of 181 2 was\\nhumorously declared to be the initials of one Uncle Sam Wilson, a con-\\ntractor.\\nUncle Tom s Cabin, first published in the National Era^ at Washing-\\nton, from June, 1851, to x\\\\pril, 1852, and appearing in book form in Boston\\nin 1852. Mrs. Stowe seems to have been at first disappointed as to its success,\\nbut during the next five years 500,000 copies were sold through the States.\\nIt served to stimulate abolitionists sentiments in a remarkable degree, stir-\\nring to their profoundest depths thousands of minds in the North which\\ncould never have been reached by politicians. It played no small part in\\ncreating an anti-slavery party, though its delineations of outrages perpetrated\\nupon the slaves were in a great measure misleading and the work of imagi-\\nnation.\\nUnconstitutionality. The judicial power of declaring laws unconstitu-\\ntional is sometimes spoken of as if it were a peculiar power specially con-\\nferred upon the U. S. Supreme Court. On the contrary, it is a natural and\\nnecessary incident of the ordinary judicial function of deciding cases, as this\\nmust operate under a system which involves two sorts of laws, the one (called\\nconstitutions) superior to the other (called statutes). In case of conflict\\nbetween the two in any case brought before a judge, he must decide in\\naccordance with the former. This was pointed out as long ago as 1787, by\\nJames Iredell. Similarly, in the colonial period, in the case of chartered\\ncolonies, the Privy Council acting on appeals, or the colonial courts them-\\nselves, might set aside a colonial statute as repugnant to the charter. Soon\\nafter the enacting of the first written constitutions in America, courts began\\nto exercise this function with respect to those constitutions. The first such\\ncase observed is the New Jersey case of Holmes vs. Walton, in 1779. In\\nCommonwealth vs. Caton, in Virginia, in 1782, there was an approach to this.\\nSimilar cases followed in Rhode Island (Trevett vs. Weeden, 1786) and in\\nNorth Carolina (Bayard vs. Singleton, 1787). The first case in which the\\nU. S. Supreme Court set aside a Federal statute as contrary to the Constitu-\\ntion was that of United States vs. Yale Todd, (1794), but the first famous one\\nwas that of Marbury vs. Madison (1803.) The first case in which it set\\naside a State law was that of United States vs. Peters, (1809). For particu-\\nlars, see these cases. History by Coxe.\\nUnderground Railroad, a name given to a mysterious organization\\nwhich made it its business to aid in the escape of fugitive slav-es. The\\nmovement originated among the Quakers of Pennsylvania, and the system", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0718.jp2"}, "717": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 669\\nwas gradually extended until a chain of stations was established a day s\\njourney apart and leading from Kentucky and Virginia across Ohio, and\\nfrom Marj land through Pennsylvania and New York to Canada. The sta-\\ntions were private houses, and the inmates were known to be pledged to the\\ncause. The fugitives reached these stations after nightfall, were fed and\\nclothed when it was necessary and given a night s rest. The sick were pro-\\nvided with a place in which to remain until they were restored to health.\\nLevi Coffin, a Quaker, and the reputed president of the organization, assisted\\nin the escape of about 100 slaves annually for many years. He always had\\na carriage in readiness to convey the fugitives to a place of safety and\\norganized sewing circles to provide clothing for the destitute. Harriet Tub-\\nman, a colored woman, who had escaped North, made nineteen journeys to\\nthe South and brought back bands of fugitives always without detection.\\nThe greatest secrecy was observed in all of the movements of the organiza-\\ntion. The Underground Railroad was formally organized in 1838, but did\\nnot reach its perfection until the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850\\naroused the Abolitionists to still greater exertions. History by Still.\\nUnderbill, John, died about 1672. He came to America from England in\\n1630. He commanded in the expedition against the Pequots in 1637,\\nwas conspicuous in the Dutch and Indian Wars from 1643 to 1646.\\nUnderwood, Francis H., bom in 1825, greatly aided the Free-Soil move-\\nment. He was clerk of the Superior Court in Boston from 1859 to 1870,\\nand U. S. Consul to Glasgow, Scotland, from 1885 to 1888. He has written\\nnovels and lives of Lowell, Longfellow and Whittier. Died 1894.\\nUnderwood, Joseph R. (1791-1876), was Judge of the Kentucky Court\\nof Appeals from 1828 to 1835. He represented Kentucky in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Whig from 1835 to 1843, and in the U. S. Senate from 1847 to\\n1853-\\nUnion College, Schenectady and Albany, N. Y., was incorporated in 1795\\nby the regents of the University of New York State. The Dudley Observa-\\ntory at Albany is a department. The medical school was established in\\n1838, the law school in 1851.\\nUnion Labor Party, a descendant of the Greenback party. It was organ-\\nized at Cincinnati, February 23, 1887, and included in its platform some of\\nthe principles of the Knights of Labor.\\nUnitarians. The first Unitarian church in the United States, King s\\nChapel, of Boston, became such by secession from the Episcopal body under\\nRev. James Freeman. In 1801 the original church of Plymouth, the oldest\\nCongregational church in America, joined the new movement. From 181 5\\nto 1825 t^^ controversy between the two parties among the Congregationalists\\nwas carried on with great bitterness, and resulted in the division of many\\nchurches. Harvard College about this time came under the influence of\\nthe Unitarians. Rev. W. E. Channing, of Newport, R. I., greatly aided\\nthe new movement by his tongue and pen. The bod\\\\- has been especially\\ncharacterized by literary culture, refinement and social virtue, but remains\\nsmall and confined mainly to New England.", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0719.jp2"}, "718": {"fulltext": "670 Dictionary of United States History.\\nUnitaa Fratrum, 01 United Brethren. (See Moravians.)\\nUnited Brethren in Christ. This sect arose soon after 1752 at Lancaster,\\nPa., through the labors of Rev. C. W. Otterbein, and afterward of Rev.\\nMartin Boehin. Their purpose was to spread pure and earnest evangelical\\nreligion. Conferences began to be held annually, beginning at Baltimore\\nin 1789. In 1800 the societies were united into one body with the above\\nname and elected their two leaders as bishops. At first there was no formu-\\nlated system of doctrine, but in 181 5 a creed was adopted at the annual con-\\nference, which still remains unchanged. The body has always favored\\nradical reforms, an active missionary spirit and democracy in church govern-\\nment. Its membership lies principally in rural districts and numbered in\\n1890, 225,000.\\nUnited Colonies of New England. In May, 1643, at the solicitation of\\nthe Colonial Government of Connecticut, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay,\\nPlymouth, Connecticut and New Haven met by delegates at Boston, and\\nbound themselves together under a written constitution for mutual protec-\\ntion against the Indians, and the French and Dutch settlers of Canada and\\nNew York. This league existed forty years. Each colony had one vote\\nin controlling the league. Each managed its own internal affairs, the\\ngeneral management of the confederation being intrusted to a board of eight\\ncommissioners. After 1664 the confederation languished, and in 1684 it\\nexpired.\\nUnited Empire Loyalists. After the close of the Revolution, of the\\nexpatriated Tory exiles, exceeding 30,000 in number, many fled to Canada,\\nNova Scotia and New Brunswick, where they fonned societies called the\\nUnited Empire Loyalists. These associations kept burning a bitter hatred\\ntoward the Americans, and border disturbances were kept up for a long time.\\nUnited Labor Party, organized in New York City in 1886. They ran\\nHenry George as candidate for mayor that year. They proposed the forma-\\ntion of a national organization, and declared that values arising from the\\ngrowth of society belonged to the community as a whole.\\nUnited States. Up to the Declaration of Independence the title employed\\nhad been United Colonies, after that it v/as United States of America. Their\\nindependence was first acknowledged by France, in the treaty of 1778.\\nGreat Britain acknowledged it by the treaty of 1783. The government at\\nfirst consisted simply of the Continental Congress. From March i, 1781,\\nthe constitution in force was the Articles of Confederation; from June 21,\\n1788, the present Constitution. The area was at first about 850,000 square\\nmiles; the population in 1790 less than four millions. (See Annexations,\\nPopulation,)\\nUnited States, a frigate of forty-four guns built in 1798, met on\\nOctober 25, 181 2, near the island of Madeira, the British frigate Mace-\\ndonian, likewise of forty-four guns. The fight at first was at long range, in\\nwhich the Macedonian was badly damaged; this vessel, in attempting to\\ndraw nearer, lost nearly all its masts and spars. Seeing further resistance to\\nbe useless it surrendered. Of its 300 men it lost thirty-six killed, sixty-eight", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0720.jp2"}, "719": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok UxXiteo States History. 671\\nwounded. The United States lost five killed and .six wounded. The\\nUnited States with its prize then returned home and anchored January i,\\n181 3, in New York harbor.\\nUnited States Telegraph. The publication of this newspaper was\\nbegun in Washington in 1826 by Duff Green. Jackson was then President\\nand the U. S. Telegraph was established as the organ of his administration.\\nThis journal was afterward suspended, having achieved but little success,\\nand was superseded as official organ in 1830 bv the Globe edited by Francis\\nP. Blair.\\nUnited States vs. Peters. (See Peters.)\\nUnited States vs. Todd. In 1794 Todd was by decree of the Circuit\\nCourt of Connecticut admitted to the U. S. pension list. It was afterward\\n(in 1794) decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that the Circuit\\nCourt could not constitutionally make such decrees, nor could it act in the\\ncapacity of a commission not of judicial function. This related to the Act\\nof Congress of 1792, relating to pensions, and formed the first instance in\\nwhich the U. S. Supreme Court pronounced upon the constitutionality of an\\nAct of Congress.\\nUniversalists. The main tenet of their belief was held by some Chris-\\ntians in the third century, but as a modern teaching it owes its development\\nto the founders of the denomination who advocated their views about the\\nmiddle of the eighteenth century, almost simultaneously in England and the\\nAmerican colonies. The first convention of delegates met in Oxford, Mass.,\\nin 1785, and adopted the name of Independent Christian Society, com-\\nmonly called Universalists. In 1790 a general convention met in Philadel-\\nphia and drew up a platform of government and a confession of faith. Two\\nyears later the New England churches organized a convention for New Eng-\\nland, and ten years later adopted the Profession of Belief which is still in\\nvogue. This latter convention is now the General Convention. The body\\nnumbered about 49,000 members in 1890.\\nUniversities. The first project of a university in America was made by\\nthe Virginia Company in 1619, when it made a grant of 10,000 acres of\\nand for a university at Henrico. But the highest educational estab-\\niishments of the colonial period were no more than colleges, and are more\\nfitly treated under that title. Washington greatly desired the establishmenf\\nof a national university, and left funds for that purpose, but his plan was\\nnever realized. The first true university, in the sense in which that term\\nwas used in Europe, was the University of Virginia, chartered in 181 9 and\\nopened in 1825. Since then several types of university have developed in\\nthe United States, viz., that which is a university in the sense of consisting of\\nan aggregation of several schools, academic and professional, e. g.^ Harvard;\\nthe State universities, of which the University of Michigan was the first to\\nattain eminence; and that which is occupied with advanced or post-graduate\\ninstruction primarily, such as Johns Hopkins and Clark Universities.\\nUniversity Extension. This movement was introduced into the United\\nStates in 1890 the American Society for the Extension of University", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0721.jp2"}, "720": {"fulltext": "672 Dictionary of United States History\\nTeaching, founded in Philadelphia by Provost William Pepper, of the Uni-\\nversity of Pennsylvania. During 1891-92 over sixty lecture centres were\\nestablished in various towns. A seminary for training University Extension\\nlecturers was opened at Philadelphia in October, 1892. More than 100 col-\\nleges now participate in the movement. The movement has spread widely\\nand has flourishing lecture centres in New England and the West.\\nUpland, the original name of Chester, Pa. It was settled by the Swedes\\nin 1645, ill 1682 possessed a mixed population of Swedes, Dutch and\\nEnglish.\\nUpshur, Abel P. (i 790-1 844), was a member of the Virginia legislature\\nfrom 1824 to 1826, a Judge of the General Court of Virginia from 1826 to\\n1841, and a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1829. He was\\nSecretary of the Navy in Tyler s Cabinet from 1841 to 1843, and Secretary\\nof State from 1843 to 1844, when he was killed on board the Princeton.\\nHe wrote an important exposition of the State-rights theory of the Consti-\\ntution.\\nUpton, Emory (1839-1881), commanded a battery at Yorktown and\\nGaines Mill and an artillery brigade at South Mountain and Antietam. He\\nled a brigade at Fredericksburg, Gettysburg and in the Rapidan campaign.\\nHe fought in the Wilderness, led a column at Spottsylvania and fought at\\nPetersburg. He led a division at Opequan in 1864. He wrote a System\\nof Infantry Tactics.\\nUrsuline Convent. A Roman Catholic nunnery and school for girls,\\nchiefly Protestant, was established in Boston in 1820, and in 1826 was moved\\nto Charlestown. Prejudice transformed several incidents into evidence of\\nforcible proselytism, and on August 12, 1834, a mob of the lower Protestant\\nclasses burned the convent. Riots followed but were quieted by Bishop\\nFenwick, Harrison Gray Otis and others.\\nUsher, John P. (1816-1889), of Indiana, was First Assistant Secretary of\\nthe Interior from 1862 to 1863, when he became Secretary of the Interior in\\nLincoln s and Johnson s Cabinets, serving till May, 1865.\\nUsselinx, Willem (1567-1647), of Antwerp, merchant, planned the Dutch\\nWest India Company, which was chartered in 162 1, but becoming dissatis-\\nfied, went over into the service of Gustavus Adolphus in 1624, founded\\nthe Swedish West India Company, which was chartered in 1626. The\\nremainder of his life was spent in efforts in behalf of that company in vari-\\nous countries of Europe. Life by Jameson.\\nUtah forms a part of the Mexican cession of 1848. When the Mormons\\nwere driven from Illinois and Missouri they migrated to the present territory\\nof Utah, which was inhabited by the Ute or Utah Indians, whence the name\\nof the territory. Salt Lake City was founded, and the following year (1849)\\na convention asked in vain for admission into the Union for the new State\\nof Deseret. A territorial government was organized in 1850, with Brig-\\nham Young as Governor. In 1857 Federal troops were sent into the terri-\\ntory to compel obedience. Admission into the Union was again demanded\\nin 1862 and again refused. The Edmunds Bill, passed in 1882, aimed at\\nthe suppression of polygamy and disfranchised all polygamists, but has not", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0722.jp2"}, "721": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 673\\niicceeded as yet (1894), because of the large number of mouogaraous Mor-\\nions who control the L,egislature, and the difficulty of securing convictions\\nnder the law. The opening of mines has attracted many Gentiles into\\nle territor) The population of Utah, which in 1890 was 207,905, would\\njme time ago have warranted its erection into a State were it not for the\\nxistence of polygamy, which would fall under the protection of the State\\n^gislature if Utah were admitted. December 13, 1893, a bill passed the\\nlouse for its admission. Utah admitted as a State Januarj 4, 1896.\\nUtes, a tribe of Indians in New Mexico, Utah, Colorado and Nevada.\\nMiey have generally been friendly to the whites, but the Utah bands have\\narried on hostilities with the Mormons. Subsequently disturbances occurred\\netween them aud miners at Pike s Peak and they defeated Major Ormsby on\\nVuckee River. In 1865 large tracts of land were ceded to the United States.\\n,ater trouble arose with Black Hawk, a chief of the Pah Utes, and for several\\nears bloody warfare followed.\\nUtrecht, Treaty of, concluded between France, Great Britain, Portugal,\\nrussia, Savoy and Holland in 1713, ended the war of the Spanish Succes-\\nlon, called in America Queen Anne s War. France ceded to Great\\niritain Hudson s Bay aud Straits, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and the\\ndjacent islands. Spain granted to a British company the exclusive right\\n3r thirty years of supplying Spanish America with negroes, and engaged\\not to transfer any land or lordship in America.\\nVail, Alfred (1807-1859), of New Jersey, was associated with Professor\\nlorse in the invention of the telegraph. The alphabetical characters and\\nnany of the essential features of the telegi aph are his invention.\\nVallandigham, Clement Laird (1822-1871), a lawyer and active Demo-\\nratic politician in Ohio, served in the Legislature of that State, and was\\nCongressman 1 857-1 863. He bitterly opposed the Government as the war\\nprogressed, aud became noted as the most extreme of Northern sympathizers\\ns^ith the Confederacy. General Burnside arrested him, and he was banished,\\n^rom the Confederate States he went to Canada, and while there was nomi-\\nlated for Governor by the Ohio Democrats in 1863. He was defeated by\\ntrough by a majority of 100,000. The following year he was a member of\\nhe Democratic National Convention.\\nVallandigham s Case. In 1863 Clement L. Vallandigham, of Ohio, was\\nried, convicted and imprisoned for uttering opinions disloyal to the Union\\n)y a military commission appointed by General Burnside. Vallandigham\\nipplied to the Supreme Court to review by certiorari the proceedings of the\\nnilitary commission, claiming to have been unlawfully convicted. The\\nsupreme Court maintained the decision of the commission on the ground\\nhat it had no power to review proceedings ordered by a general officer of\\nhe United States array.\\n43", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0723.jp2"}, "722": {"fulltext": "674 Dictionary of United States History.\\nValley Forge, site of Washington s winter encampment, 1777-7S, twenty\\nmiles from Philadelphia on the west side of the Schuylkill. His force at\\nthis encampment was 11,000 strong, but in miserable condition for lack of\\nproper food and clothing. There was great suffering, borne with wonderful\\npatience throughout the winter. The men had no shoes and were obliged\\nto forage for supplies.\\nValverde, N. M., an engagement, occurring February 21, 1861, between\\n1500 Unionists, chiefly volunteers, under Canby, and 2000 Texan rangers\\ncommanded by Sibley and Green. Colonel Roberts, Federal, first routed\\nMajor Pryon, but the latter, falling back, was supported by Green. The\\nTexans made a spirited dash upon the Federal lines, heedless of the\\nvolley of grape and canister. The Federal troops fled in the utmost con-\\nfusion.\\nVan Buren, John (1810-1866), son of Martin Van Buren, was Attorney-\\nGeneral of New York from 1845 to 1847. He was active in the political\\ncanvass of 1848, when his father was a candidate of the Free-Soil party for\\nthe Presidency.\\nVan Buren, Martin (December 5, 1782-July 24, 1862), eighth President of\\nthe United States, was born at Kinderhook, N. Y. He rose to eminence in\\nhis State both as a lawyer and as a Democratic politician. He is noted as\\nan adroit party manager, and was styled in his time the Little Magician.\\nHe was a State Senator, U. S. Senator 1821-1828, Governor 1828-1829, and\\nSecretar)^ of State under Jackson 1829-1831. President Jackson, in 1831,\\nappointed him U. S. Minister to England, but the Senate refused to confirm\\nthe nomination. He was elected witli Jackson for the latter s second term,\\nserving as Vice-President 1833-1 837, and was the chosen heir to the succession.\\nElected by 170 electoral votes over the Whig candidate, Harrison, in 1836,\\nhe inherited the results of Jackson s measures. The two foremost places in\\nPresident Van Buren s Cabinet were held by Forsyth in the State and Wood-\\nbury in the Treasury Department. Among the features of public interest\\nin his administration were the disastrous panic of 1837, the independent\\ntreasury system and the pre-emption law. In 1840 he was pitted against his\\nformer antagonist, but with the opposite result; he received only sixty electoral\\nvotes. In 1844 Ex-President Van Buren had a majority, but not a two-\\nthirds majority of votes in the Democratic National Convention; he opposed\\nthe annexation of Texas, and was discarded, for Polk. In 1848 he was the\\nFree Soil candidate, and diverted enough Democratic votes to defeat Cass and\\nelect Taylor. Life by E. M. Shepard.\\nVan Corlear, Arendt (i6oo?-i667), came to America from Holland in\\n1630. He became superintendent of a colony having jvirisdiction from\\nthe Hudson to the Mohawk Rivers. He founded the settlement at Schenec-\\ntady, and had great influence with the Indians.\\nVan Cortlandt, Oloff S. (1600-1684), came to New Netherlands from\\nHolland in 1638 in the service of the West India Company. He was promi-\\nnent in political affairs, and from 1655 to 1664 was a burgomaster of New\\nAmsterdam.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0724.jp2"}, "723": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 675\\nVan Cortlandt, Pierre (1721-1814), was a member of the New York\\n\\\\.ssembly from 1768 to 1775. He was a member of the first Provincial\\n!^ongress, and was Lieutenant-Governor of New York from 1777 to 1795.\\nVan Cortlandt, Stephanos (1643-1700), held every prominent office in\\nhe province of New York except the Governorship. He was Mayor of New\\niTork almost continuously from 1677 to 1700. His estate was erected into a\\nordship and manor in 1697.\\nVan Dorn, Earl (1820-1863), was promoted for gallant service at Cerro\\n^ordo, Contreras and Churubusco, and aided in the capture of the City of\\nviexico. In 1856 he commanded an expedition against the Comanches. In\\n:86i he joined the Confederacy and succeeded Jefferson Davis as major-\\njeneral of the Mississippi forces. He captured the steamer Star of the\\nA^est, and received the surrender of Major Sibley and Colonel Reeve. In\\n[862 he commanded the trans-Mississippi Department. He was defeated at\\nPea Ridge and Corinth. He captured valuable stores at Holly Springs in\\nC862.\\nVan Rensselaer, Kilian (1595-1644), was prominent in forming the Dutch\\niVest India Company. He sent an agent from Holland to the New Neth-\\nerlands, who purchased a vast estate comprising the present counties of\\n\\\\lbany, Columbia and Rensselaer. He named it Rensselaerswyck and col-\\n)nized it with emigrants. Under his management through a director the\\nrolony became a powerful, almost independent, province.\\nVan Rensselaer, Solomon (i 774-1852), led the attacking party at Queens-\\nown Heights in 181 2. He represented New York in the U. S. Congress as\\nI Federalist from 1819 to 1822.\\nVan Rensselaer, Stephen (1765\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1839), was a member of the New York\\nsenate from 1791 to 1795, and Lieutenant-Governor from 1795 to 1801. He\\nerved in the New York Assembly from 1808 to 1810. He was appointed\\ncommander of the forces on the northern frontier in 1812, and fought the\\n)attle of Queenstown Heights. He was a canal commissioner from 1816 to\\n1839. He represented New York in the U. S. Congress as a supporter of\\nV.dams from 1822 to 1829. He founded the Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti-\\nute at Troy.\\nVan Rensselaer Manor. (See Rensselaerswyck.)\\nVan Twiller, Wouter or Walter (1580 ?-after 1646), was chosen Governor\\n)f New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1633, and served\\nmtil 1637. He ably maintained the commercial interests of the colony, but\\nvas an incompetent Governor, and was constantly involved in quarrels with\\nhe English in the Massachusetts and Connecticut colonies.\\nVan Wart, Isaac (1760-1828), was an active supporter of the patriot\\n:ause during the Revolution. With John Paulding and David Williams he\\nntercepted Major Andr6 in 1780.\\nVan Wyck, Charles H., bom in 1824, represented New York in the U. S.\\ni^ongress ar, a Republican from 1859 to 1863 and from 1867 to 1871. He\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0epresented Nebraska in the U. S. Senate from 1881 to 1887. Died 1895.", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0725.jp2"}, "724": {"fulltext": "676 Dictionary of United States History.\\nVance, Zebulon B. (1830-1894), represented North Carolina in the\\nU. S. Congress as a State-Rights American from 1858 to 1861. He was\\ncolonel of a Confederate regiment from 1861 to 1862; Governor of North\\nCarolina from 1862 to 1864, and greatl} aided the Confederate cause. He\\nwas again Governor from 1876 to 1879, and was a U. S. Senator from 1879\\nto 1894.\\nVancouver, George (1758-1798), British naval officer, took part in the\\nsecond and third voyages of Captain Cook. In 1791 he was appointed by\\nthe British Government to survey the northwest coast of North America\\nfrom 30\u00c2\u00b0 north latitude, northward. He returned to England in 1795. A\\nreport of his careful survey was published entitled Voyage of Discovery to\\nthe North Pacific Ocean and Round the World. England s claim to\\nOregon was mainly founded on it.\\nVanderbilt, Cornelius (1794-187 7), amassed a large fortune by steamboat\\ntransportation. In 1851 he established a steamship line between New York\\nand California via Nicaragua. In 1855 he established a line between New\\nYork and Havre. lu 1857 he turned his attention to railroads, and became\\none of the foremost railroad kings in America. He founded Vanderbilt\\nUniversity at Nashville, Tenn.\\nVanderbilt, William H. (1821-1885), son of Cornelius, became president\\nof the New York Central and Hudson River and New York and Harlem\\nRailroads in 1877, ^t his death was probably the richest man in\\nAmerica.\\nVane, Sir Henry (161 2-1662), a noted Puritan statesman, came to Boston\\nin 1635, and was Governor of the Massachusetts colony the next year. He\\nsided Vv ith Mrs. Hutchinson in the celebrated Antinomian controversy. He\\nwas a member of the General Court, but soon returned to England. He was\\nknighted, entered Parliament, became treasurer of the navy, and was promi-\\nnent in the impeachment of Strafford, as commissioner to Scotland, and\\nmember of the Westminster Assembly. In the Commonwealth he sat in\\nthe Council of State, was a Republican leader, and frequently opposed to\\nCromwell. He presided over the State Council in 1659, and at the Restora-\\ntion was excepted from the general pardon. Although not one of the\\nRegicides, yet as a strong Republican he was executed by Charles II. on\\ngeneral charges of treason. He is supposed to have invented the previous\\nquestion and the constitutional convention. Life by Hosmer.\\nVarick, Richard (i 753-1 831), was secretary to General Schuyler in the\\nNorthern Department from 1776 to 1780. He was Washington s record-\\ning secretary from 1781 to 1783, and was Mayor of New York from 1791 to\\n1801.\\nVarnum, James M. (1748-1789), commanded a regiment at White Plains,\\nled the troops at Red Bank, and served under Lafayette in Rhode Island.\\nHe represented Rhode Island in the Continental Congress from 1780 to 1782\\nand from 1786 to 1787.\\nVarnum, Joseph B. (1750-1821), was a member of the Massachusetts\\nLegislature from 1780 to 1787, of the Massachusetts Convention of 1788,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0726.jp2"}, "725": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 677\\nand of the Governor s Council from 1787 to 1795. He represented Massa-\\nchusetts in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1795 to 1811, acting as\\nSpeaker from 1807 to 181 1. He was a U. S. Senator from 1811 to 1817.\\nVassar, Matthew (1792-1868), came to America from England in 1796.\\nIn 1861 he founded Vassar College at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., with an endow-\\nment of $778,000.\\nVassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., an institution for the higher educa-\\ntion of women, was first chartered in 1861, but opened four years later. It\\nwas named after Matthew Vassar, its founder.\\nVaudreuil, Louis P. de R. (1721-1802), entered the French navy in 1740\\nand became chef d escadre in 1777. He participated in the capture of Grenada\\nunder Count d Estaing. He assisted at the siege of Savannah in 1779,\\nassuming command of the fleet during the assault. He commanded a\\ndivision under Count de Grasse in the Chesapeake engagement with Admiral\\nGraves and in the siege of Yorktown.\\nVaudreuil, Philippe de R., Marquis de (1640-1725), came to Canada from\\nFrance in 1687 as commander of the forces. He defended Quebec against\\nthe English in 1690 and in 17 10. He became Governor of Montreal in\\n1702 and of Canada in 1703.\\nVaudreuil, Pierre F. de R. (1698-1765), Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal,\\nborn in Canada, was made Governor of Three Rivers in 1733 and of Louisiana\\nin 1742. He was appointed Governor of Canada in 1755. He was estranged\\nfrom Montcalm, the commander of the Canadian troops, but did all in his\\npower to avert the capture of Quebec. He capitulated for the surrender of\\nQuebec in terms distasteful to the authorities, but an investigation exonerated\\nhim.\\nVaudreuil, Pierre F. de R. (1704-1772), captured Fort Massachusetts and\\ngained a victory on Lake St. Sacrament and took many prisoners. He organ-\\nized the Canadian army that besieged the forts at Oswego and Ontario.\\nVaughan, Benjamin (1751-1835), was prominent in the negotiations for\\npeace between England and the United States in 1783. He was not officially\\nconnected with the transaction, but as a friend of Franklin and Lord Shel-\\nburne. He was a member of Parliament from 1792 to 1796. He came t i\\nAmerica in 1796. He accumulated a large library and wrote many political\\narticles.\\nVaughan, Sir John (1738-1795), British soldier, came to America from\\nEngland in 1775. He led the grenadiers at Long Island, and commanded\\na column at Forts Clinton and Montgomery. In 1779 he captured Stony\\nPoint.\\nVenezuela. The United States concluded a treaty of peace, friendship,\\nnavigation and commerce with Venezuela in 1836. By the Convention of\\n1859 Venezuela agreed to pay claims of $130,000. A commercial and\\nextradition treaty was concluded in i860.\\nVera Cruz, Mexico, deemed the gateway to the heart of Mexico during\\nthe Mexican War, was besieged by General Scott with 12,000 men, March", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0727.jp2"}, "726": {"fulltext": "678 Dictionary of United States History.\\n23-29, 1847. General Morales commanded the town with 4390 men. Scott\\nfound no difficulty in landing his soldiers from the island of Ivobos, his\\nrendezvous, and in placing his batteries. The town was poorly fortified\\nand Scott s bombardment effected great ruin. On March 25 Morales held\\na council of war. He was advised to surrender, but refused to do so, and\\nresigned his command to General Jose Juan Landero. This general sur-\\nrendered March 29. The Mexican officers were allowed to retain their\\narms and effects and the soldiers were permitted to retire to their homes.\\nScott then took possession.\\nVergennes, Charles G., Count de (1717-1787), became Minister of Foreign\\nAffairs in France in 1774. He gave efficient support to the American\\ncolonies during the Revolution. He counselled Louis XVI. to loan them\\nmoney, to recognize their independence, and to sign the treaty of 1778, by\\nwhich France aided them with forces, money and supplies. He was a\\nnegotiator of the treaty of Versailles in 1783. The American negotiators\\nsuspected him of intending to sacrifice their interests, and, disregarding their\\ninstructions, made a separate peace apart from France.\\nVermont (the word means Green Mountains) was known during its early\\nhistory as the New Hampshire grants. The district was claimed by both\\nNew York and New Hampshire, but refused to acknowledge the authority\\nof either. New York obtained a decision of the king J 1 her favor (1764),\\nand endeavored to compel the settlers to pay for theit land again. The\\npeople of Vermont resisted, organized militia, and remained independent.\\nIn 1777 Vermont declared her independence, and adopted as her constitution\\nthat of Pennsylvania, with some changes, one of which was the abolition of\\nslavery. In 1789 New York agreed to recognize the separation of Vermont,\\nand on March 4, 1791, the State was admitted into the Union. Until 1800\\nthe State supported the Federalist party. After that date the State was\\nDemocratic until 1820. Vermont was represented in the Hartford Conven-\\ntion (1814) by one delegate. Since 1820 the State has been uniformly Anti-\\nDemocratic (Whig, then Republican). In 1832 the electors were Anti-\\nMasonic. In 1882 the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors was\\nprohibited. The population of Vermont in 1791 was 85,339; i^ 1890,\\n332,422. History by Robinson.\\nVermont, University of, Burlington, was chartered in 1791, but opened\\nin 1800. In 1865 the State added an agricultural department. The medical\\ndepartment was organized in 1809.\\nVermont Gazette. There were two gazettes established in Vermont.\\nThe first, called the Vermont Gametic, or Green Mountain Post Boy, -was the\\nfirst paper of the State, and was begun at Westminster by Spooner and\\nGreen, February 12, 1781, and was suspended two years later. In 1783,\\nJune 5, Haswell and Russell founded at Bennington the Vermont Gazette,\\nor Freemen s Depository. With several changes of title, it survived till 1880.\\nVerona, Congress of (1822), a meeting of envoys of the great European\\npowers to consult respecting the disturbances in Spain. Their project of\\ninterference for the sake of restoring Spanish power in the revolted colonies", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0728.jp2"}, "727": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 679\\nof South America was what led to the enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine\\nin 1823.\\nVerplanck, Gulian C. (i 786-1 870), was a member of the New York\\nLegislature from 1820 to 1822. He represented New York in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1825 to 1833, and was a State Senator from\\n1838 to 1841. He wrote The Bucktail Bards, a series of political pamph-\\nlets; Discourses on American History-, Arts and Literature; The Ameri-\\ncan Scholar, and was joint editor of the Talisman.\\nVerrazano, Giovanni de (1470-1527), Florentine navigator, is said to have\\nvisited the north coast of North America in 1508. He engaged in plunder-\\ning Spanish and Portuguese commerce, and became famous as a corsair. In\\n1522 he captured a treasure-ship sent from Mexico by Cortes. In 1524 he\\nexplored the coast of North America from 30\u00c2\u00b0 to 50\u00c2\u00b0, and took possession\\nfor the king.\\nVersailles, Treaty of, a treaty of peace concluded at Versailles between\\ncommissions representing the United States and Great Britain. It was\\narranged in 1782, and was formally ratified September 3, 1783. Jay, Adams,\\nFranklin and Laurens formed the American Commission. By this treaty\\nthe absolute independence of the United States was recognized. Florida\\nwas returned to Spain; the Americans relinquished their pretensions to the\\nterritory north of Lake Erie; the St. Lawrence river system, from the\\nwestern end of Lake Superior to the forty-fifth parallel, was made the\\nbouudar)-; from the forty-fifth parallel to the sea, the boundary followed the\\nhighlands after an uncertain fashion, and was long a matter of bitter dispute;\\nBritish right of navigation of the Mississippi was yielded, England accord-\\ning in return the American right of fishing on the Canadian and Newfound-\\nland coasts; Loyalists and Tories were to be protected in America; English\\ntroops were to be withdrawn without destroying any property, or taking\\naway any negro slaves belonging to Americans. This treaty was in reality\\nsigned in Paris, but is generally known by the above name, which properly\\nbelongs only to the treaty between England and France.\\nVesey, Denmark (i767?-i822), a negro slave whu purchased his freedom\\nin 1800 and lived in Charleston. He maintained the right of slaves to\\nstrike for liberty, and organized a plot for a general insurrection around\\nCharleston. Several thousand slaves were in the plot. The attempt was\\nmade in 1822, but was promptly suppressed, and U. S. troops guarded\\nagainst a new attempt. The leaders were hanged.\\nVespucius. (See Americus.)\\nVest, George G., bom in 1830, was a member of the Confederate Senate\\nfrom 1863 to 1865. He was elected to the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from\\nMissouri in 1879. His present term expires in 1897.\\nVestries. In England every parish had its vestry. In America, wher-\\never there were parishes of the Church of England, there were vestries.\\nWherever that church was the established church, the vestries had powers\\nof civil government in local matters, as well as powers in ecclesiastical", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0729.jp2"}, "728": {"fulltext": "Mo Dictionary of United vStates History.\\nmatters. In Virginia, for instance, the vestry, the members of which were\\nself-elected, were the chief authority in local government in less matters\\nthan those of the county.\\nVetch, Samuel (1668-1732), was adjutant-general of the Port Royal expe-\\ndition in 1 7 10, and after its capture was made Governor of Nova Scotia. He\\nheld office till 1713.\\nVeto. Except in Connecticut and Rhode Island, colonial Governors had\\nthe power of vetoing acts of the colonial Legislatures, and the crown had\\nalso a right of vetoing subsequently. None of the original State constitu-\\ntions gave the executive of the State a veto till that of Massachusetts in\\n1780. In the Convention of 1787 various other plans for the veto were con-\\nsidered, such as a suspensory veto and one in which the Supreme Court\\nshould be associated with the President. The plan finally adopted resembled\\nthat of Massachusetts, Congress being given power to override the veto by\\na two-thirds vote of both houses. Since then all but four of the States\\nhave given their Governors the veto power. A Federal negative on State\\nlaws was also discussed, but wisely abandoned. The general feeling is that\\nthe veto power has been useful to good government. It was for a long time\\nused but sparingly. Washington vetoed two bills, Adams and Jefferson (and\\nalso J. Q. Adams, Van Buren, Taylor and Fillmore) none, Madison six,\\nMonroe one, Jackson twelve, Tyler nine, Polk three. Pierce nine, Buchanan\\nseven, Lincoln three, Johnson twenty-one, Grant forty-three, Hayes twelve,\\nArthur four, Cleveland (first administration) 301, mostly private pension\\nbills. Of acts passed over the veto, the numbers are: Tyler one, Pierce five,\\nJohnson fifteen, Grant four, Hayes one, Arthur one, Cleveland two. The\\nvetoes most important historically were those by which Madison, Monroe\\nand Jackson checked the internal improvement policy, Tyler s bank and\\ntariff vetoes, and those of Johnson upon the Freedmen s Bureau Acts, the\\nCivil Rights Act, the Tenure of Office Act, and the Reconstruction Acts, all\\nof which, save the first Freedraeu s Bureau Bill, were passed over his veto.\\nHistor by Mason.\\nVeto, Pocket. The Constitution provides that, if the President does not\\neither sign or veto a bill within ten days, it shall become law without his\\nsignature, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in\\nwhich case it shall not be a law. This gives the President opportunity to\\nprevent a bill from becoming law, if it is passed in the last days of a ses-\\nsion, by simply taking no action upon it. This is called the pocket veto.\\nIt was first used by President Madison in 181 2 in the case of a naturaliza-\\ntion act. But the first conspicuous instances were those by General Jack-\\nson, seven of whose twelve vetoes were of this sort.\\nVice- Admiral, a grade created by Act of Congress in 1864. It was at the\\ntime of creation the highest naval office, but was outranked by that of\\nadmiral, created two years later. By the Act of January 24, 1873, Congress\\nprovided that when the offices of admiral and vice-admiral became vacant\\nthe grades should cease to exist, that of rear-admiral to be then deemed the\\nhighest. On the death of Vice-Admiral Rowan in 1890 the grade became\\nextinct. During the colonial period it was usual for tlie royal governor of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0730.jp2"}, "729": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History.\\n68 1\\na colony to be also appointed vice-admiral, which made him head of the\\ncolonial admiralty courts.\\nVice-President. The office of Vice-President was provided by the Con-\\nstitution of 1787, which provided that in case of the removal, death, resig-\\nnation or disability of the President, his office should devolve on the Vice-\\nPresident, whose only function meantime was to preside over the Senate. At\\nfirst the electors did not vote for President and Vice-President separately, but\\nhe who received the second largest number of votes was made Vice-President.\\nThe modern practice was brought in by the Twelfth Amendment in 1804.\\nThe Vice-President has succeeded the President on four occasions, in each\\ncase by reason of the President s death: Tyler succeeded Harrison in 1841,\\nFillmore, Taylor, in 1850; Johnson, Lincoln, in 1865; Arthur, Garfield, in\\n1881. The attempt was made in 1841 to give Tyler only the title and rights\\nof Acting President, but he claimed the full office of President A list\\nof the Vice-Presidents follows:\\nOf these Clinton, Gerry, King, Wilson and Hendricks died in office; Clinton\\nin 1812, Gerry in 1814, King in 1853, Wilson in 1875, Hendricks in 1885.\\nCalhoun resigned in 1832.\\nVicksburg, Miss., scene of an important battle and siege during the Civil\\nWar. The battle occurred December 28 and 29, 1862, while Grant and\\nSherman were forcing their way down the Mississippi with the Army of the\\nWest, The Confederate leader Johnston lay posted along the Yazoo River,\\nholding the hills between Vicksburg and Haines Bluff. Sherman caused a", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0731.jp2"}, "730": {"fulltext": "682 Dictionary of United States History.\\nfeint to be made upon the right of the enemy, v/hile his main force attacked\\nthe centre, crossing the intervening bayou for that purpose. The fight was\\nbegun with a heavy play of artillery from both armies, and Sherman s\\ntroops were made to face a scathing fire of musketry during their attempt\\nto reach the hills upon which the Confederates were posted. The Federal\\nsoldiers were obliged to scoop holes in the sand banks for steps. Every\\nassault was repelled, and Sherman lost heavily. A heavy rain the next day\\nmade another attack impossible. By May, 1863, Grant and Sherman had so\\nfar been successful in their operations along the Mississippi that after having\\ndefeated the Confederates at Champion Hills and Big Black River, they had\\ncompelled Pemberton, the Confederate leader, to retreat into Vicksburg. By\\nMay 19 Grant had begun a siege of that town with an army of 30,000 men.\\nPemberton commanded over 25,000 Confederates. Grant s army was rein-\\nforced during the siege until it numbered 70,000. Johnston had telegraphed\\nPemberton to surrender the town and escape with his army if possible, but\\nit was then too late. Porter held the Federal base of supplies along the\\nYazoo River. Before the city Grant occupied the centre, with Sherman on\\nhis right and McClernand on his left. On the Confederate side, Stevenson\\noccupied five miles from the Warrenton Road to the railroad, with Bowen in\\nreserve. The fortifications were bastioned earthworks, and there were pro-\\nvisions for two months. After some skirmishing, Grant ordered a grand\\nassault May 22. But this proved a signal failure and cost him 2500 men;\\nso he settled down to take the cit\\\\ by regular approaches. There was min-\\ning and counter-mining and a constant bombardment from Grant s batteries\\nand the Federal gunboats and bomb-rafts, of which there were a number,\\nboth above and below the city. Pemberton held out bravely, for he had a\\ngreat deal to contend with, both from lack of supplies and from discontent\\namong his men. Finally, July 3, after forty-seven days of siege, perceiving\\nthat Grant contemplated a final assault, Pemberton asked for an armistice,\\nand on July 4 he surrendered. The garrison was paroled and allowed to go free.\\nVilas, William F., born in 1840, commanded a regiment at Vicksburg in\\n1863. He was Postmaster General in Cleveland s Cabinet from 1885 to 1887\\nand Secretary of the Interior from 1887 to 1888. U. S. Senator from Wis-\\nconsin, 1891-97.\\nVillere s Plantation (near New Orleans). The British, when moving upon\\nNew Orleans, encamped here. December 23, 1814, General Jackson made a\\nnight attack by land and river. After severe fighting the Americans with-\\ndrew. Their loss in all was 213 men; the British lost about 400.\\nVincennes, Jean B. B. (1688-1736), Canadian explorer, attained great\\ninfluence over the Miami Indians, among whom he resided for some time.\\nHe rendered valuable services against the Foxes near Detroit in 171 2. In\\n1725 he built a fort and trading post on the present site of Vincennes, Ind,\\nHe joined the expedition of D Artaguette against the Chickasaws, by whom\\nthey were finally defeated and burned at the stake.\\nVincennes, Ind., oldest town in the State, was settled by the French in\\n1702. It came into the possession of England on the surrender of Canada\\nin 1763, but was taken from them by the American army under General", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0732.jp2"}, "731": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitf.d Statks History. 683\\njcorge Rogers Clark iu 1779. It became the capital of Indiana in 1800 and\\nremained the seat of the Government until 181 4.\\nVinland. (See Norsemen.)\\nVinton, Samuel F. (1792-1862), represented Ohio in the U. S. Congress\\nIS a Whig from 1823 to 1827 and from 1843 to 1851.\\nViomenil, Antoine C. du H., Baron de (1728-1792), was appointed sec-\\nond in command of the French force under Count Rochambeau to aid the\\n/American colonists. He distinguished himself at Yorktown where he led\\nthe assault on the redoubt.\\nVirginia, the Old Dominion, was one of the original thirteen States. Its\\nshores were perhaps explored by Sebastian Cabot (1498) and Verrazano\\n(^1524), and certainly by Sir Walter Raleigh, who attempted to colonize the\\nterritory which he named Virginia in honor of Queen Elizabeth. In 1606,\\nthe London Company was chartered and obtained a grant of the land\\nbetween the thirty-fourth and forty-first degrees of latitude. Three years\\nlater new boundaries were given to Virginia. Starting from Old Point Com-\\nfort it was to extend two hundred miles north and south, and west and\\nnorthwest to the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. The London Company\\nwere to have the profits of the colony for twenty-one j-ears, after which they\\nwere to pass to the crown. The government of the colony was placed in\\nthe hands of the two councils, one of which was resident in the colony. All\\nsettlers were guaranteed all rights as if living in England. One hundred\\nand forty-three colonists set sail for Virginia and iu 1607 foimded Jamestown,\\nthe first permanent English settlement in America. For the first years the\\ncolonists were too largely gentlemen, who were totally unfit to endure the\\nhardships of pioneer life, and the colony was saved only by the exertions of\\nJohn Smith. In accordance with royal instructions the colonists were bur-\\ndened by the communal system until 161 2. Samuel Argall as Governor in\\n1 61 7 exercised all the tyranny of martial law until recalled the following\\nyear. Under his successor, Yeardle}-, the first representative assembl}- in the\\nhistory- of America convened (1619) at Jamestown. This encouraged immi-\\ngration, and in the same year some women appeared in Virginia. Slavery\\nwas introduced (161 9) by the sale of twenty African slaves from a Dutch\\nman-of-war. Factions having appeared in the London Company a writ of\\nquo warranto was issued against the charter, and in 1624 Virginia became a\\nroyal colony. Virginia remained loyal to Charles I. during his struggle\\nwith Parliament, and became the home of many royalist fugitives who were\\nthe ancestors of many of the most famous men in the history of the State.\\nCharles II. repaid the loyalty of the people by granting the entire territory\\nto Lords Arlington and Culpepper, and by the enforcement of the Naviga-\\ntion Act, which compelled the colonists to sell all their products in English\\nmarkets. The discontent was increased by the tyranny of Governor Ber-\\nkeley and an uprising of the Indians, and Bacon s Rebellion followed in\\n1676. Upon the death of Bacon his followers were defeated and many\\nhanged. From this time until the Revolution the colony increased in popu-\\nlation, wealth and influence, and was recognized as the leading power iu the\\nstruggle against England. Her militia, under Washington, did good service", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0733.jp2"}, "732": {"fulltext": "684 Dictionary of United States History.\\nin Braddock s campaign in the French and Indian War. The asseniblj was\\ndissolved in 1774 by Governor Dunmore, when a protest was being drawn\\nup against the Boston Port Bill, but the members immediately reassembled\\nin convention. In May, 1776, another convention adopted the first con-\\nstitution of the State. The delegates in Congress from Virginia proposed\\nthe declaration of the independence of the colonies. Virginia took a promi-\\nnent part in the struggles of the Revolution which closed on her soil by\\nthe capture of Yorktown and Cornwallis, October 19, 1781. Much oppo-\\nsition was made to the Federal Constitution, which threatened to prevent\\nits adoption, but it was finally ratified by a State convention on January 25,\\n1788. The boundaries have caused much dispute because of the extensive\\nclaims made by Virginia. Her western territory was surrendered to the\\ngeneral Government because of the reluctance of Maryland to ratify the Arti-\\ncles of Confederation until that should be done. Kentucky became a sepa-\\nrate State in 1792. Virginia has been jealous of all encroachments by the\\nnational Government and has uniformly supported the Democratic party.\\nUntil 1825, the influence of Virginia in national politics was pre-eminent.\\nIn 1798, a protest was made to the centralizing policy of Hamilton and the\\nFederalist party by the famous Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. From\\n1806 to 1808, the Quids, under John Randolph, strenuously opposed the\\nnomination of Madison to the Presidency. The more rapid growth of the\\nwestern part of the State caused injustice from the old apportionment of\\nrepresentation. A convention assembled in 1829, and a readjustment was\\naccomplished in the constitution of 1830. In 1831, a negro insurrection\\nbroke out under Nat Turner, which taught the danger of all agitation of the\\nslavery question. (John Brown and other abolitionists attempted to free the\\nslaves at Harper s Ferry, 1859.) Virginia did her utmost to avoid war in i860\\nand 1861, and called a peace convention of all the States. The people of\\nVirginia knew that in case of war their State would be the battle-ground.\\nAn ordinance of secession was passed by a State convention April 17, 1861,\\nand ratified by a popular vote May 23, 1861. During the war Richmond\\nwas the capital of the Confederacy, and Virginia the scene of many of the\\ngreatest battles. The State was readmitted January 26, 1870. The State\\nwas Democratic until the union of the Republicans and Readjusters under\\nMahone, who was elected U. S. Senator in 1879. There have been long-\\ncontinued agitations respecting the paj ment of the State debt of $30,000,000,\\ncontracted before the war. In 1891 a settlement was made, the debt being\\nscaled down to $19,000,000, to bear two and subsequently three per cent\\ninterest. The population of the State in 1790 was 747,610; in 1890, 1,655,-\\n980. History by Cooke and by Howison.\\nVirginia, University of, Charlottesville, Va., was chartered in 1819 and\\nopened in 1824. Its organization, plan of government and system of\\ninstruction are due to Thomas Jefferson, who planned it after the model of\\nEuropean universities, and by the original ideas upon which he founded it\\nmade it for a time the most influential school in America. It early devel-\\noped the elective system. The department of medicine was founded in\\n1827, that of law in 1851. The university has prospered since the Civil\\nWar.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0734.jp2"}, "733": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitbd States History. 685\\nVirginia Company. On April 10, 1606, James I. set apart by charter the\\nterritory between Cape Fear and Passamaquoddy Bay to be settled by two\\nrival companies, the Virginia Company of London, and the North Virginia\\nor Plymouth Company. To the London, or Virginia Company proper, was\\ngranted the land between parallels 34\u00c2\u00b0 and 41\u00c2\u00b0 north, or between Cape Fear\\nand Long Island. This company was composed of London merchants and\\nadventurers. In 1606 an expedition consisting of three vessels and 143\\nmen, commanded by Christopher Newport, was fitted out, and succeeded in\\nfounding. May 13, 1607, the first permanent English settlement in America\\nat Jamestown, Va. In 1609 a new charter was granted and the company\\nreincorporated under the name of the London Company of Virginia; still\\nanother in 1612. Other colonizing parties arrived in 1609, 1611 and 1619,\\nand by 1620 the colony of Virginia was firmly established. The majority\\nin the company was of the political party in England opposed to the court.\\nIt fell into difficulties with the king, who in 1624 caused its charter to be\\nannulled. The company then dissolved.\\nVirginia Coupon Cases. There were eight of these cases. All related\\nto the legislation of the State of Virginia in 1871, authorizing the receipt\\nof coupons of the State s funded debt, in payment of taxes and debts due\\nthe State. These cases came before the Supreme Court of the United Stales\\nin 1884. The act of the Virginia General Assembly of 1882 required pay-\\nment of tax dues in gold, silver, United States treasury notes, national\\nbank currency, and nothing else. Plence the tax collectors refused to\\nreceive coupons in payment of taxes as authorized by the Act of 1871.\\nThe Supreme Court of the United States decided the Act of 1882 void as\\nimpairing the obligation of the contract of the Act of 1871, and judgment\\nwas found for the plaintiffs, the tax-payers.\\nVirginia Gazette. There were four gazettes published in Virginia\\nin the last century and all at Williamsburg. William Parks established the\\nfirst, August, 1736, it being the first newspaper published in the province.\\nPublication suspended 1 750. William Hunter founded the second, February,\\n1 75 1. Publication was suspended after the Revolution. The third was\\nbegun by William Rind, May, 1766. Publication was suspended 1774.\\nDavis and Clarkson published the fourth gazette, beginning April, 1775,\\nand continuing several years. There was also a Vn-gima Gazette published\\nin Richmond for a very short period about 1804 by A. Davis, a semi-weekly.\\nVirginia Historical Society, organized in 183^1 and chartered in 1834\\nunder the title of The Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society; but\\nits researches have been mainly devoted to history-. John Marshall was one\\nof the early presidents. The society has recently published a series of\\nvolumes of historical material.\\nVirginia Judges, case of the Superior Court Judges of Virginia. An act\\nof the Virginia Legislature of 1779 constituted a Court of Appeals to consist\\nof the Judges of the High Court of Chancery, General Court and Court of\\nAdmiralty. Afterward from time to time various acts were passed by the\\nlegislature affecting the privileges of the Court of Appeals. In 1788 this\\ncourt declared that the legislature could not control the prerogatives of the", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0735.jp2"}, "734": {"fulltext": "686 Dictionary of Ujsited States History.\\ncourt under the provisions of the State constitution; that the judges of this\\ncourt could not be required to act as district judges; that the legislature\\ncould not reduce the salaries of the judges, their duties remaining the same,\\nand that the existing judges could not be removed during good behavior.\\nThis is one of the earliest instances of a court s pronouncing upon the con-\\nstitutionality of an act of the legislature.\\nVirginia Resolutions, resolutions passed by the Virginia Legislature in\\n1798, in antagonism to the loose construction view of the Federalists. The\\npassage of the Alien and Sedition laws was the direct cause of their adoption.\\nThey were framed by James Madison and sent to the legislatures of the other\\nStates, by which they were not approved. They declared the Union to be a\\ncompact, each party to which had a right to interpose in order to protect\\nand defend itself against infringements of the compact. They regretted the\\nintroduction of a broad construction of the constitution, as tending toward\\na monarchy. They protested against the Alien and Sedition laws as uncon-\\nstitutional. With the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799, these were\\nthe foundations of the later doctrines of nullification and secession.\\nVirginius, an American merchant vessel, captured on the higli seas\\nnear Jamaica by the Spanish man-of-war Tornado, October 31, 1873, on\\nthe ground that it intended landing men to assist in the Cuban insurrection\\nthen in progress. Four Cubans found among the passengers, and Captain\\nFry, with a number of others, were executed. This caused consider-\\nable excitement in the United States. Spain, however, made immediate\\nand ample reparation: The incident served to foment the filibustering\\nspirit against Cuba, still rife among a certain class of statesmen in this\\ncountry.\\nVolney, Constantin F. C. B., Count de (1757-1820), traveled in the\\nUnited States from 1795 to 1799. He conducted a controversy regarding\\nJohn Adams work on the U. S. Constitution. He wrote La loi naturelle\\nand Tableau du climat et du sol des Etats Unis d Amdrique.\\nVolunteers. On April 15, 1861, after the news of the firing upon Fort\\nSumter reached Washington, President Lincoln promptly called for 75,000\\nvolunteers. The Northern States eagerly responded. April 19, a Massa-\\nchusetts regiment, en route to Washington, was attacked by a Baltimore\\nmob. Jefferson Davis also called for volunteers, and the Southern States\\nobeyed his call with alacrity. Later in 1861 Congress provided for the calling\\nout of 500,000 volunteers, and throughout the war they continued a chief\\nvariety of fighting material.\\nVoorhees, Daniel W., born in 1827, was U. S. District Attorney for\\nIndiana from 1858 to 1861. He represented Indiana in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1861 to 1866 and from 1869 to 1873. In 1877 he\\nbecame a U. S. Senator, and has served on the Finance Committee until the\\npresent time (1893). He has been prominent as an advocate of free silver\\ncoinage, but in 1893 the opposition thereto. His present term expires\\nin 1897. Died April 10, 1897.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0736.jp2"}, "735": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 6\u00c2\u00ab7\\nWaddell, James I. (1824-1886), entered the U. S. navy in 1841. He\\nserved during the Mexican War. He was made a lieutenant of the Louis-\\niana in the Confederate service in 1862. In 1863 he took command of the\\nShenandoah, with which he preyed upon the U. S. merchant marine, and\\nmade thirty-eight captures. He did not learn of the fall of the Confederacy\\nuntil three months after its occurrence.\\nWade, Benjamin Franklin (1800-1878), an American statesman, was a\\nlawyer and Whig politician in Ohio; he had been in the State Senate and\\nserved as State Judge before his entrance into the U. S. Senate. His term\\nin that body covers the long period of 1 851-1869. He rapidly became\\nknown as one of the most outspoken anti-slavery and later Republican\\nleaders. He strongly opposed the Kansas-Nebraska measure, and during the\\nRebellion he was chairman of the Joint Congressional Committee on the\\nConduct of the War. Senator Wade opposed President Lincoln to some\\ndegree on the Reconstruction problem, and was naturally in the opposition\\nto President Johnson. He was chairman of the Committee on Territories,\\nand was chosen President /y i9 icm. of the Senate in 1867. President Grant\\nappointed him to the San Domingo commission in 187 1. Wade was a leading\\ncandidate for the vice-presidency in 1S68, and chairman of the Ohio dele-\\ngation in the convention that nominated Hayes.\\nWadsworth, James S. (1S07-1864), was a prominent supporter of the\\nFree-Soil party in New York. In 1861 he was a delegate to the Peace Con-\\nvention in Washington. He was volunteer aide to General McDowell at\\nBull Run in 1861. He was in command of a brigade before Washington,\\nand was military governor of the District of Columbia in 1862. He com-\\nmanded a division at Fredericksburg and at Gettysburg, where he lost over\\nhalf his men. He was killed while leading his division at the Wilderness.\\n\\\\Vadsworth, Peleg (1748-1829), fought at Long Island in 1776, and was\\nsecond in command of the Penobscot expedition in 1779. He represented\\nMaine in the U. S. Congress from 1793 to 1807.\\nWagner, Fort, S. C, in possession of a strong body of Confederates under\\nBeauregard in 1863 and assaulted without success by General Strong with\\n11,500 Federals of Gillmore s command. Strong was assisted by Dahlgren\\nwith the Federal frigate, Ironsides, and six monitors. The Federals\\ndesired to hold Fort Wagner in order to render the destruction of Fort\\nSumter easier. The Federal troops were secretly landed upon the south\\nend of Morris Island and the Confederate works in that vicinity easily cap-\\ntured. July 17 a brief assault was made, which was quickly repulsed bj the\\nConfederates. July 18 the assault was resumed. Strong was mortal!)-\\nwounded and 1200 men were lost. Putnam, and Shaw, who led a colored\\nregiment, were also killed. The assaults were continued upon Sumter,\\nhowever, though that upon Wagner ceased. Sumter was practically destroyed\\nby July 23, though Beauregard s force nearly twice outnumbercfl Gill-\\nmore s,", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0737.jp2"}, "736": {"fulltext": "688 Dictionary of Unithd Statics History.\\nWaite, Morrison R. (1816-1888), Chief Justice, was admitted to the bar\\nin 1839 and soon was acknowledged as a leader. He was a member of the\\nOhio Legislature in 1849. won distinction as a counsel for the United\\nStates in the Alabama claims before the tribunal of arbitration at Geneva,\\nSwitzerland, from 187 1 to 1872. He was elected President of the Ohio\\nConstitutional Convention in 1874. He became Chief Justice of the U. S.\\nSupreme Court in 1874 and served until his death.\\nWaldo Patent. In 1630, Beauchamp and others of Massachusetts obtained\\nfrom the Council for New England a grant of thirty square miles on the\\nPenobscot Bay and river. This was afterward called the Waldo Patent,\\nand is still in part held by the heirs or assigns of the grantees.\\nWaldseemuller, Martin (i470?-after 1522), German geographer, published\\nan Introduction to Cosmography, with the Four Voyages of Americus\\nVespucius. He advocated the name America for the New World, and\\nseems to have been the author of its success.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Walke, Henry, born in 1808, commanded the gunboats at Belmont and\\nthe Carondelet at Forts Fisher, Donelson and Pillow in 1862. He com-\\nmanded the Lafayette at Grand Gulf in 1863.\\nWalker, Amasa (i 799-1 875), was a member of the Massachusetts Senate\\nin 1849. He was Secretary of the State from 1851 to 1853. repre-\\nsented Massachusetts in the U. S. Congress as a Republican from 1862 to\\n1863. He was prominent in advocating new and reformatory measures,\\nand was an authority on questions of finance. He published Nature and\\nUses of Money and Mixed Currency and Science of Wealth, a Manual\\nof Political Economy.\\nWalker, Francis A., born in 1840, was adjutant-general of the Second\\nArmy Corps during the Civil War. He was commissioner of Indian affairs\\nfrom 1871 to 1872. He was professor of history and political economy at\\nthe Yale Scientific School from 1873 to 1881, when he became president of\\nthe Massachusetts lustitute of Technology. He compiled the ninth and\\ntenth censuses, and published Money, Trade and Industry, several works\\non political economy and a history of the Second Army Coq^s. Died 1897.\\nWalker, Robert James (1801-1869), an American Cabinet officer, was\\neducated in the University of Pennsylvania, studied law, and removed to\\nMississippi. He was Democratic U. S. Senator from that State from 1836 to\\n1845. favored the annexation of Texas, and the same year refused the\\nnomination for Vice-President. In 1845 President Polk called him to the\\nTreasury Department which he conducted until 1849. He is identified with\\nthe Walker revenue tariff of 1846. He favored the warehouse system\\nand the creation of the Interior Department. He was Governor of Kansas\\nIn 1 857-1 858, and during the war was U. S. financial agent in Europe.\\nWalker, William (i 824-1860), organized an unsuccessful expedition iu\\n1853 for the conquest of the State of Sonora, Mexico. In 1855 he was\\ninduced to aid the Liberal party in the Nicaragua troubles. He gained a\\nvictory at La Virgen, and took possession of Granada. He became Secretary\\nof War and comniander-iu-cbief. He gained tmdisputed control of Nicaragua", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0738.jp2"}, "737": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Ukitkd States IIisthky. 6S9\\nand caused himself to be elected President iu 1856. His government was\\nrecognized by the United States. He was defeated iu an insurrection in 1857.\\nHe made two subsequent attempts to overthrow governments in Central\\nAmerica, in one of which he was captured and shot.\\nWalker vs. Jennison, a case, the decision in which in 1783 was the death-\\nblow to slavery in Massachusetts. A negro servant had been beaten and\\nimprisoned by a citizen who claimed him as his slave. The public would\\nnot overlook the offence. The Supreme Court held in Worcester County\\njudged the defendant guilty of assault and fined him forty shillings. The\\nCourt held that the State Constitution of 1780, in declaring all men free\\nand equal, had abolished slavery in Massachusetts.\\nWallace, Lewis, born in 1827, a lawyer and politician iu Indiana, volun-\\nteered in the war, and commanded a division at the battle of Fort Donelson.\\nHe was made major-general of volunteers. Previous to the battle of Shiloh\\nGeneral Wallace s division was stationed at Crump s Landing near the main\\nanny; his force could not reach the scene for the first day s fighting, but took\\npart in the second day s work. He commanded the defences of Cincinnati\\nin anticipation of Kirby Smith s attack; in July, 1864, in the battle of the\\nMonocacy, Wallace, though defeated by Early, gained time to save the capital.\\nHe was Governor of Utah 1878-1881, and Minister to Turkey 1881-1885.\\nBesides a life of President Harrison, General Wallace has written three\\nsuccessful novels: A Fair God, Ben-Hur and The Prince of India.\\nWallace, William A., born in 1827, was a member of the Pennsylvania\\nSenate from 1862 to 1867. He represented Pennsylvania in the U. S. Senate\\nas a Democrat from 1875 to 1881.\\nWallace, William H. L. (1821-1862), served during the Mexican War.\\nHe commanded a brigade at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, where he was\\nmortally wounded after a gallant stand against the enemy.\\nWallace s Reports, law reports by John W. Wallace, in twenty-three\\nvolumes, of cases in the U. S. Supreme Court, 1 863-1 875.\\nWallack, James W. (i 794-1 864), first came to the United States from\\nEngland in 1818. He was a favorite actor in refined comedy. He estab-\\nlished Wallack s Theatre in New York in 1861.\\nWallack, John Lester (1820-1888), was proprietor of Wallack s Theatre,\\nNew York, from 1864 to 1888. He was a popular actor of refined comedy.\\nHe wrote The Veteran and Rosedale for the stage.\\nWalpole Grant. The Walpole Company was formed in 1766. In 1769\\nthe company petitioned for a grant of 2,500,000 acres between 38\u00c2\u00b0 and 42\u00c2\u00b0\\nnorth latitude and east of the Scioto River. August 14, 1772, the grant\\nwas finally made by the crown. The Walpole Company was opposed by the\\nMississippi Company, formed some years later by a body of wealthy Vir-\\nI ginia planters.\\nWalthall, Edward C, born in 1831, connuanded a Confederate regiment\\nat Fi- Hing Creek, and a brigade at Missionary Ridge and Nashville, He\\n44", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0739.jp2"}, "738": {"fulltext": "690 Dictionary of United States History.\\nwas elected a U. S. Senator from Mississippi as a Democrat in 1885. He\\nremained in office until his death in 1898.\\nWalton, George (1740-1804), was prominent in the pre-Revolutionary\\nmovements in Georgia. He represented Georgia in the Continental Con-\\ngress from 1776 to 1 781, and signed the Declaration of Independence. He\\ncommanded a battalion at Savannah in 1778. He was Governor of Georgia\\nin 1779 and 1789. He represented Georgia in the U. S. Senate from 1795\\nto 1796.\\nWalworth, Reuben H. (i 788-1 867), represented New York in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1821 to 1823. He was Chancellor of New\\nYork from 1828 to 1848. He was pronounced by Joseph Story the greatest\\nequity jurist living.\\nWampanoags, a tribe of Massachusetts Indians who at first showed great\\nfriendliness toward the whites. In 162 1 they entered into an amicable\\ncompact with the Plymouth settlers, and continued in peaceable trade rela-\\ntions with them. Later Massasoit, the chief of the tribe, was on terms of\\nfriendship with Roger Williams. They, however, resisted all attempts to\\nconvert them to Christianity. Their last chief, Philip, resided at Mount\\nHope, and under him a disastrous war was waged with the whites, which in\\n1676 resulted in the overthrow of the tribe. Their power was broken, and\\nthey were rapidly dispersed.\\nWampum, or Wompan, an Indian word meaning strings of white\\nbeads. Wampum was used as money, according to tradition, first by the\\nNarragansett Indians and was afterward generally adopted by the Indians\\nalong the eastern coast as a medium of exchange. It was also used as money\\nby the colonists of New England and the Middle States, being deemed a\\nlegal tender from 1627 to 1661. Wampum was manufactured from beads\\nmade from the stems of periwinkle shells, common along the coast. These\\nshells were both white and black, and the value of the latter as a medium\\nof exchange was twice that of the former. The beads were strung together\\nand sewn upon belts, and were also worn as necklaces and wristlets. The\\nblack beads were called Suckanliock. Wampum was also known under\\nthe Dutch name Sewon, or Zeewand. Payments were made by strip-\\nping off individual beads, or by cutting off portions of the embroidered belts.\\nW^anamaker, John, born in 1838, of Philadelphia, established a system\\nof co-operation among employees in his store, which is one of the largest in\\nthe United States. He was Postmaster-General in Harrison s Cabinet from\\n1889 to 1893.\\nWar, Secretary of, an office created by Act of Continental Congress, Feb-\\nruary 7, 1 78 1. This office was designed to supersede the Board of War.\\nBenjamin Lincoln was the first Secretary (1781-83), Henry Knox the second\\n(1785-89). Under Knox the department was developed and well conducted\\nuntil the establishment of the present War Department in 1789.\\nWar Democrats, members of the Democratic party who supported the\\nadministration during the Civil War, in spite of previous party connections\\nwith the secessionists.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0740.jp2"}, "739": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 691\\nWar Department. The Continental Congress at first managed military\\naffairs through a committee. In 1776 the Board of War and Ordnance was\\ncreated, and in 1777 a new Board of War, not composed of members of Con-\\ngress. In 1781 a Secretary of War was provided for. August 7, 1789, the\\nFirst Congress established the War Department. Henry Knox, who had\\nbeen Secretary of War since 1785, was continued in the new office.\\nWar of 1812. (See Great Britain, Second War with.)\\nWard, Artemus (1727-1800), became a major in 1755, and served under\\nGeneral Abercrombie against the French and Indians. He was a prominent\\nmember of the Massachusetts Legislature. He was made commander-in-\\nchief of the Massachusetts forces in 1775. He was in nominal command\\nat the battle of Bunker Hill, but was not in the field. He commanded the\\nforces besieging Boston until the arrival of Washington, when he became\\nsecond in command. He represented Massachusetts in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Federalist from 1791 to 1795.\\nWard, Frederick T. (1831-1862), attained high rank as a soldier in the\\nservice of the Chinese Emperor. At the time of the Trent affair between\\nEngland and the United States he prepared to seize British vessels in\\nChinese waters.\\nWard, John Q. A., bom in 1830, won distinction as a sculptor by his\\nstatues, The Freedman, The Indian Hunter, The Pilgrim, and\\nThe Good Samaritan. He has executed statues of Washington, Putnam\\nand Garfield.\\nWard, Nancy (eighteenth century), prophetess of the Cherokee Indians,\\nsympathized with the white settlers and saved many from the stake. She\\ngave warnings of every raid of the Cherokees upon the whites.\\nWard, Nathaniel (i578?-i652), was charged with non-conformity in\\nEngland and came to Massachusetts in 1634. He compiled the Body of\\nLiberties for the Massachusetts colony which was adopted by the general\\ncourt in 1 64 1. It was the first code of laws established in New England.\\nHe returned to England in 1646. He wrote The Simple Cobbler of Agga-\\nwam in America, a political satire.\\nWard, Samuel (1725-1776), was Governor of Rhode Island from 1762 to\\n1763 and from 1765 to 1767. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress\\nfrom 1774 to 1775. He was a zealous patriot.\\n\\\\Vare, Henry (i 764-1845), was Hollis professor of divinity in Harvard\\nCollege 1805 to 1840. His acceptance caused the separation of the Unita-\\nrians, of whom he became a leader, from the Orthodox Congregational ists.\\nWare, William (1797-1852), pastor of the First Congregational Church\\nin New York 1821 to 1836. He wrote American Unitarian Biography,\\nThe Works and Genius of Washington Allston and Life of Nathaniel\\nBacon, and also several historical novels, Zenobia, Aurelian, etc.\\nWare vs. Hylton, a Supreme Court case of importance. In 1796 Ware,\\na citizen of Great Britain, brought suit against Hylton, of Virginia, for the", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0741.jp2"}, "740": {"fulltext": "692 Dictionary of United States History.\\nrecovery of a debt. Hylton refused payment 011 the plea that the act of the\\nVii;ginia Legislature of 1777 enabled debtors of British subjects to pay such\\ndebts to the State loan office. Hylton claimed to have done this. The\\nU. S. Circuit Court in Virginia decreed for the defendant, but the Supreme\\nCourt of the United States reversed this decision on the ground that the\\nlegislature had not the power to extinguish the debt, when payment of such\\ndebts had been stipulated in the Treaty of 1783.\\nWaring, George E. (i833?-i898). Expert sanitary engineer, died in 1898\\nwhile planning the sanitation of Ciiba.\\nWarner, Adoniram J., born in 1834, served in the Civil War. He repre-\\nsented Ohio in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1878 to 1880, and\\nfrom 1882 to 1886. He has published works upon economic questions.\\nWarner, Charles Dudley, born in 1829, been an editor of the Hartford\\nPress and Coiirmtt since i860, and of Harper s Magazine since 1884. He\\nhas written Studies in the South, Mexican Papers and Studies in the\\nGreat West, which depict the political and social condition of those terri-\\ntories; Washington Irving in the Men of Letters series, of which he\\nis editor, and Backlog Studies.\\nWarner, Seth (1743-1784), of Vermont, was a leader of the inhabitants\\nof the New Hampshire Grants in the conflicts of jurisdiction with New\\nYork authorities, by whom he was outlawed. He was second in command at\\nTiconderoga. He captured Crown Point. He participated in Montgomery s\\ncampaign in Canada. He commanded at Hubbardston and was active at\\nBennington. He retired in 1782 on account of ill health.\\nWarner, Susan (1819-1885), wrote The Wide, Wide World, the most\\npopular novel by an American except Uncle Tom s Cabin. She also pub-\\nlished Queechy, and other novels.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Warren, Gouverneur Kemble (1830-1882), graduated at West Point in\\n1850. In the Civil War he was continuously in the Army of the Potomac.\\nHe was a colonel at Big Bethel, commanded a brigade in the Peninsula cam-\\npaign. Second Bull Run, Antietam and Fredericksburg, was chief engineer\\nof the army at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg; in the latter struggle he\\nseized the important position of Little Round Top. He was distinguished\\nas commander of a corps at Centreville, October, 1863, and led a corps\\nthrough the Wilderness, North Anna, Cold Harbor and Petersburg campaign,\\nuntil at the battle of Five Forks, April i, 1865, he was removed by Sheri-\\ndan. In 1879 w^s lieutenant-colonel in the regular army.\\nWarren, Joseph (1741-1775), an American patriot, was a graduate of\\nHarvard and a physician of Boston. In the years immediately preceding\\nthe outbreak of the Revolution Dr. Warren was foremost among the Massa-\\nchusetts patriots. He was a noted orator, a member of the Committees of\\nCorrespondence, president of the Provincial Congress of 1774, and chairman\\nof the Committee of Public Safety. He was actively engaged in organizing\\nthe volunteers in the spring of 1775. The Massachusetts Provincial Congress\\nmade him a major-general. Waiving his rank, he fought at the battle of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0742.jp2"}, "741": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 693\\nBunker Hill as a private soldier, and was the chief victim. His life has been\\nwritten by A. H. Everett and by R. Frothingham.\\nWarren, Mercy (1728-1814), sister of James Otis, maiTied James Warren\\nin 1754. She wrote a History of the American Revolution, which is valu-\\nable because of her personal acquaintance with many of the characters.\\nWarren, Sir Peter (1703-1752), was commodore of the fleet which con-\\nveyed Sir William Pepperrell s expedition against L,ouisbourg in 1745. He\\nwas promoted rear-admiral for his service.\\nWarrington, Lewis (1782-1851), entered the U. S. navy in 1800. He\\nserved with distinction on the Vixen, of Preble s squadron, during the\\nTripolitan War. He served on the Essex and the Congress from\\n1811 to 1813. He commanded the sloop Peacock, and captured the\\nEperviet and fourteen merchantmen during 1814. He was chief of the\\nBureau of Ordnance from 1842 to 1851.\\nWarwick, R. I., early known as Shawomet, was settled in 1643 by a\\nparty under Samuel Gorton, who purchased the land from Miantonomo. It\\nwas one of the four towns which, in 1644, united to form the colony of\\nRhode Island. In 1648 the name of Warwick was given the colony. It\\nwas attacked by the Indians during King Philip s War and the town\\ndestroyed by fire.\\nWashburn, Cadwallader Golden (1818-1882), was the brother of E. B.\\nWashburne. He settled in Wisconsin as a lawyer and financier. From 1855\\nto 1 861 he was Congressman from Wisconsin. He was a delegate to the Peace\\nConference of 1861. In the war he commanded a corps, was major-general\\nof volunteers, and served in the West. He was again a Republican Con-\\ngi essman 1S67-1871, and Governor of Wisconsin 187 2-1 874.\\nWashburn, Emory (1800-1877), was Governor of Massachusetts in 1853\\nand 1854. He wrote a Judicial History of Massachusetts, 1630 to 1675\\nand Treatise on the American Law of Real Property.\\nWashburn, Israel (1813-1883), was admitted to the bar in 1834. He\\nwas a member of the Maine Legislature from 1842 to 1843. He represented\\nMaine in the U. S. Congress as a Whig from 1851 to 1861. He was Gov-\\nernor of Maine from 1861 to 1863, and Collector of Customs at Portland\\nfrom 1863 to 1877.\\nWashburn, William B. (1820-1887), represented Massachusetts in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Republican from 1862 to 1873. He was Governor of\\nMassachusetts from 1872 to 1874, and a U. S. Senator from 1874 to 1875.\\nWashburn, William D., born in 1831, was Surveyor-General of Minne-\\nsota from 1 86 1 to 1865. He represented Minnesota in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Republican from 1879 to 1885. He was elected to the U. S. Senate for\\nthe term ending in 1895.\\nWashburne, Elihu Benjamin (181 6-1887), was a lawyer in Illinois, Whig\\nCongressman, and afterward Republican Congressman from 1853 to 1869.\\nHe was chairman of the Committee of Commerce and of the Impeachment", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0743.jp2"}, "742": {"fulltext": "r)94 Dictionary of Unitkd States History.\\nCommittee of 1868. His long service and care of public expenditures\\nearned for him the epithets of father of the house and watch-dog of\\nthe Treasury. President Grant appointed him Secretary of State, but he\\nheld office for a few days only. From 1869 to 1877 Mr. Washburne was U. S.\\nMinister to France. He stayed in Paris through the siege of 1870-1871\\nand the days of the Commune, and was by the Gennans intrusted with the\\ncharge of German interests also. His memoirs are published under the title\\nRecollections of a Minister to France.\\nWashington, Bushrod (1762-1829), jurist, a nephew of General Wash-\\nington, was a member of the Virginia Convention in 1788 that ratified the\\nFederal Constitution. He was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court from\\n1798 to 1829.\\nWashington, George (February 22, 1732-December 14, 1799), the first\\nPresident of the United States, was born in Westmoreland County, Va.\\nSome of the familiar anecdotes of his early life rest on the more than doubt-\\nful authority of Weems, one of his first chroniclers. At the age of sixteen\\nhe was compelled to leave school, and he became a surveyor. His appoint-\\nment as adjutant-general and major at the early age of nineteen was prepara-\\ntory to his selection for the first striking public event of his life, his service\\nas messenger from the Virginian to the French Governor in 1 753-1 754.\\nHow he traversed the pathless forests of Western Pennsylvania is familiar;\\nthe following summer a battle at Great Meadows fought by his small force\\nushered in the long French and Indian War. Washington was obliged to\\nsurrender Fort Necessity. He resigned, but the next year served on Brad-\\ndock s staff at the defeat of the Monongahela, and had a miraculous escape.\\nColonel Washington continued in the army until 1759, and had a part in the\\ntaking of Fort Duquesne in 1758. He married in 1759, and the same year\\nentered the Virginia House of Burgesses. For several years he now led the\\nlife of a Virginia planter, at Mount Vernon. He was a delegate to the first\\nand second Continental Congresses; by the latter body he was appointed\\ncommander-in-chief, June 17, 1775, and took command of the army under\\nthe historic elm at Cambridge, July 3. It was his task to put into the form\\nof an organized force the raw and ill-equipped soldiers. His first enterprise\\nsucceeded; Boston was evacuated by the British, March 17, 1776, and the\\narmy was transferred to New York. After the Declaration of Independence,\\na disheartening series of reverses marked the half year: the battle of Brook-\\nlyn, the withdrawal from New York, White Plains, the fall of Fort Wash-\\nington, and the melancholy retreat of the diminishing army across New\\nJersey. The tnorale of the troops and of the country was suddenly raised\\nby Washington s brilliant surprise of Trenton and victory of Princeton. In\\nthe autumn of 1777 his army, though defeated at Brandy wine and German-\\ntown, kept a large British force occupied, and so contributed to the dhtoue-\\nment of the year, at Saratoga. Then came the gloomy winter at Valley\\nForge, and the cabal of Conway and Gates. The battle of Monmouth was\\nwon in the summer, but thereafter Washington s part was for some years in\\nother phases of the war than in battles, and active hostilities drifted away\\nprincipally to the south. The treason of Arnold in 1780 was a severe blow.\\nIn the following summer Washington showed the qualities of a great general", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0744.jp2"}, "743": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0745.jp2"}, "744": {"fulltext": "Mrs Johr\\nMrs. John\\nMrs. Benjarr\\nHarriet Lar\\n{Mere .Ai\\nI Adams.\\nTyler. M\\n(,V;\\nin Harrison.\\ne Johnston.\\nLADIES OF THE WHITE HOUSE.\\nMf^ James K. Polk.\\nMrs. Franklin Pierce. Mrs, Jame^ Madison. Mrs. Andrew Johnson. Mr-:. John Quincy Adamj.\\nrs. Mary Arthur McElroy. Mrs, James A. Garfield. Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, Mrs Millard Fillmore.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0itt-r it/C/it^slt-r .1. Aitlutr.) Sisfi-r of firoii-r Clerelaiid.)\\nMrs. Abraham L ncoln. Mrs. George Washington. Mrs. Grover Cleveland.\\nMrs. William McKinley. Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes. Angelica Van Buren.\\ntut. I iJJuntjfiter-ui-fnw of Martin uii}iur9ti.)\\nMrs. Ulysses S. Grant,\\nMartha Johnson Patterson. Mrs. Martin Van Buren.\\nhauijlitfr of Aiulrfir Jolni-iON.)\\nMrs. James Monroe. Mrs. Andrew Jackson. Martha Jefferson Randolph.\\n(JJait jIiler of Tliouuis Jeff^rsun.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0746.jp2"}, "745": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statks History. 695\\nby his secret and rapid march from the Hudson to Chesapeake Bay, a march\\nwhich resulted in the fall of Yorktown. His significance in the war was largely\\nmoral; there was a widespread confidence in his thorough devotion to the\\ncause. He replied severely to the Newburg address of 1782 (which had\\nhinted at monarchy). After a letter to the State Governors he took leave\\nof the army and officers, and, December 23, 1783, resigned to Congress at\\nAnnapoli: his commission. Deeply impressed with the need of a more\\nefficient government, he presided over the Federal Convention of 1787. He\\nwas the unanimous choice for President, and was inaugurated at New York\\nApril 30, 1789. Elected again without opposition, he served until 1797.\\nOf his Cabinet, Jefferson was Secretary of State, Hamilton of the Treasury,\\nKnox of War, and Randolph Attorney-General. Washington made tours to\\nthe North and South. In 1793 he issued a neutrality proclamation. His\\npart in Jaj s treaty of 1795 caused a temporary loss of his popularity. On\\nSeptember 19, 1796, he issued his Farewell Address. Perhaps his greatness\\nwas even better shown by his conduct as President than by his generalship.\\nWhen war with France seemed imminent in 1798, he was appointed lieuten-\\nant-general, but he died soon after at Mount Vernon. He has been\\nuniversally deemed the greatest of Americans, and one of the noblest public\\ncharacters of all time. His writings and life were edited by Sparks, twelve\\nvolumes, and more recently by Ford. Of other biographies there are: by\\nMarshall, five volumes; Irving, five volumes; Everett, Hale, H. C. Lodge.\\nWashington, Martha (1732-1802), born Martha Dandridge, of Virginia,\\nmarried Daniel Parke Custis in 1749, by whom she had four children. She\\ninherited his vast estates and was one of the wealthiest women in Virginia.\\nIn 1759 she married George Washington. She was a competent housekeeper\\nand her wealth enabled them to entertain in magnificent style. She fully\\nsympathized with Washington s patriotic feelings and suffered many priva-\\ntions for the cause of independence.\\nWashington, Mary Ball (1707-1789), mother of General George Wash-\\nington, was the second wife of Augustine Washington, whom she married\\nin 1730. George was her oldest son. Left a widow in 1743, she managed\\nher affairs with prudence and discretion, and brought up her six children\\nwell. She was an excellent mother to Washington, and was regarded by him\\nwith great veneration and affection. She lived many years at Fredericks-\\nburg, Va., in great simplicity, and died during the first year of her son s\\npresidency.\\nWashington, William Augustine (1752-1810), distinguished himself at\\nLong Island, Trenton and Princeton. In 1778 he was lieutenant in Colonel\\nBaylor s dragoons. In 1779 he joined the army of General Lincoln in the\\nSouth. He defeated Colonel Tarleton at Rantowles. He captured the post\\nat Rudgely s in 1780. He commanded a light corps at Cowpens, Guilford\\nCourt House, Hobkirk s Hill and Eutaw Springs. He was a relative of\\nGeneral Washington.\\nWashington was formed from the Oregon countr) which was claimed by\\nEngland and the United States, and was recognized as belonging to the latter\\nby the treaty of 1846. It was organized as a territory by an Act of Congress", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0747.jp2"}, "746": {"fulltext": "696 Dictionary ok Uinitbd States History.\\nof March 2, 1853. Wasliington became a State, November 11, 1889. The\\nState is usually Republican, but in 1884 and 1886 the Democrats carried the\\nState. The population of the State in 1890 was 349,330. History by Bancroft.\\nWashington, D. C, capital of the United States, was selected as the seat\\nof the Government in 1790. In 1800 it became the capital. In 1814 it\\nwas captured by the British troops and the Capitol and other public buildings\\nburned. In 1871 Congress abolished the charter of the city and instituted a\\nform of territorial government which resulted in a great number of improve-\\nments for the city. In 1 874 the territorial government was in turn abolished\\nand the city s affairs placed in the hands of three commissioners. (See art.\\nDistrict of Columbia.)\\nWashington, Fort, Battle of, November 16, 1776. The retreat of the\\nContinental army had made Fort Washington untenable. Greene had orders\\nto withdraw men and stores, but Congress interfered. He accordingly\\nincreased the garrison. Howe soon appeared before the fort but gained it\\nonly after a severe struggle, which cost him 500 men. One hundred and\\nfifty Americans fell, 3000 were made prisoners, and great stores of artillery\\nand small arms fell to the enemy.\\nWashington, Treaty of, ratified in 1871 and proclaimed in force, July 4,\\nof that year, after thirty-four meetings of commissioners, representing Eng-\\nland and the United States, and assembled at Washington. It provided for\\narbitration as to the Alabama Claims; as t6 claims of British subjects against\\nthe United States; as to fisheries, and as to the settlement of the Northwest\\nboundary question. The arbitrators upon the Alabama Claims were to be\\nfive in number and were to be appointed by the President of the United\\nStates, the Queen of England, the King of Italy, the President of the Swiss\\nConfederation, and the Emperor of Brazil. Their sessions were to be held at\\nGeneva.\\nWashington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pa., Presbyterian, was\\nformed in 1865 by the union of Jefferson College, chartered 1802, and Wash-\\nington College, chartered 1806.\\nWashington and Lee University, Lexington, Va. An academy founded\\nabout 1773, and called Liberty Hall, was chartered in 1782, and named in\\n1796 Washington College in honor of a gift received from George Washing-\\nton. In 1870 at the death of General R. E. Lee, its president, the name was\\nchanged to its present form. A law school was founded in 1867.\\nWashington College, Chestertown, Md., was founded in 1782.\\nWashington Elm, a tree at Cambridge, Mass., beneath which General\\nWashington took command of the Continental army, July 3, 1775. The\\narmy then numbered 15,000 men fit for duty. The Washington Elm still\\nstands.\\nWashington Gazette, the earliest news publication of the District of\\nColumbia. The paper was established at Washington by Benjamin Moore,\\nJanuary 11, 1796. It was published semi-weekly, but has been discon-\\ntinued.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0748.jp2"}, "747": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 697\\nWashington Monument, at Washington, D. C, an obelisk 555 feet liigh,\\nwas begun in 1848 by the Washington National Monument Society, and fin-\\nished in 1884 by the U. S. Government.\\nWasp, sloop-of-war, eighteen guns. Captain Jones, left the Delaware\\nOctober 13, 1812, for the West Indies. Five days later it attacked the\\nFrolic, twenty guns, convoying a fleet of merchantmen. The Frolic\\nwas soon disabled, boarded and captured, losing ninety of its 108 men.\\nWithin two hours after the capture the Wasp and its prize were captured\\nby the British frigate the Poic tiers, seventy-four guns, and the Ameri-\\ncans taken to Bermuda as prisoners.\\nWasp (No. 2), eighteen guns, Captain Blakeley. In the British\\nChannel he harassed British merchant-ships, and on June 28, 181 4, fought\\nwith the Reindeer. Both vessels were badly damaged, but finally the\\nReindeer was boarded and captured, losing twenty-five killed and forty-\\ntwo wounded. The Americans lost twenty-seven in all. On September i\\nit conquered the Avon, eighteen guns, but was driven off by the arrival\\nof several warships. September 21, near the Azores, it captured and sent\\nhome a valuable prize, the Atlanta. On October 9 the Wasp was\\nspoken by a Swedish bark, but was never heard of afterward.\\nWatauga Association, an organization formed in 1769 for the settlement\\nof that territory now comprised in the State of Tennessee. The colonies\\nthus established continued to be known as the settlements of the Watauga\\nAssociation until 1777.\\nWaterbury, David (1722-1801), served in the French and Indian War.\\nIn 1776 he was second in command at Valcour Bay and was defeated. He\\ncommanded a brigade under Washington from 1781 to 1783.\\nWaterman. Robert W., born in 1826, was prominent in the political cam-\\npaign in Illinois in 1856 and 1858. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Cali-\\nfornia from 1886 to 1887, when he became Governor and served till 1891.\\nWatertown, Mass., was settled in 1630 by colonists under Sir Richard\\nSaltonstall. In 1631 the townspeople declined to pay a tax of ;^6o levied\\nby the assistants, thus protesting against their autocratic rule, which\\nbore fruit in the establishment of a more popular governmental plan in 1632.\\nIn 1775 the Provincial Congress met at Watertown.\\nWatson, Elkanah (1758-1842), was a zealous promoter of internal im-\\nprovements, and conceived the project of the canals of New York. He\\nfounded the first agricultural society in New York.\\nWatson, James C. (1838 1880), was professor of astronomy at the Uni-\\nversity of Wisconsin from 1859 to 1869. His discoveries in astronomy have\\nbeen numerous, and he has made valuable contributions to the science.\\nWatson, Fort, Capture of, April 23, 1781. This post commanded the\\nroad between Camden and Charleston, S. C. It was captured by Marion s\\nmen who erected a tower of pine logs so as to command the fort. As the\\nfort had no artillerv it was soon forced to surrender.", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0749.jp2"}, "748": {"fulltext": "698 Dictionary of United States History.\\nWatterson, Henry, born in 1840, was a staff officer in the Confederate\\nservice from 1861 to 1863 and chief of scouts in General Johnston s army in\\n1864. He has edited the Louisville Courier-Journal sinco. 1868. He repre-\\nsented Kentucky in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1876 to 1877.\\nHe is an aggressive advocate of free-trade and revenue reform. He wrote\\nOddities of Southern Life and Character.\\nWaxhaw, Battle of, May 29, 1780. After the capture of Charleston, S. C,\\ndetachments of British troops set out to seize strategic points in the interior.\\nOne of these, 700 cavalry under Tarletou, pursued a Virginian regiment\\nunder Colonel Buford and overtook it at Waxhaw, S. C. Buford and 100\\ninfantry saved themselves by flight. Though the rest sued for quarter, 113\\nof them were killed on the spot and 150 more were too badly hacked to be\\nmoved. Only 53 were taken prisoners.\\nWayland, Francis (1796-1865), was pastor of the First Baptist Church,\\nBoston, from 1821 to 1826. He was president of Brown University from\\n1827 to 1855. He was celebrated as an instructor, preacher and author.\\nHe possessed a strong personality which was stimulating to his pupils. He\\nwrote Elements of Moral Science, Elements of Political Economy,\\nThe Limitations of Human Responsibility, and Slavery and Reli-\\ngion.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wayne, Anthony (i 745-1796), a noted general of the Revolution, was a\\nnative of Pennsylvania. A surveyor in early life, he became a member of\\nthe Legislature and Committee of Public Safety, and commanded a regiment\\nin the Canadian invasion of 1775-1776. Later he had charge of the Ticon-\\nderoga forts. Being appointed brigadier-general he was in charge of a divi-\\nsion at Brandywine and conducted a successful retreat. He was surprised at\\nPaoli, commanded tlie right wing at Germantown, and was distinguished at\\nMonmouth. His famous exploit was the storm of Stony Point, July 15,\\n1779. General Wayne suppressed the mutiny of the troops at Morristown,\\nin January, 1781, had an honorable part in Virginia the same year and in\\nGeorgia in 1782. He was a member of the Pennsylvania ratifying conven-\\ntion of 1787. When the Indian affairs required a decisive policy, Mad\\nAnthony was made major-general, and inflicted an overwhelming blow\\nat the battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794, which led to an Indian treaty the\\nfollowing year. Life by Stilld\\nWayne, James M. (1790-1867), was Judge of the Georgia Supreme Court\\nfrom 1824 to 1829. He represented Georgia in the U. S. Congress as a\\nDemocrat from 1829 to 1835. He was a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court\\nfrom 1835 to 1867.\\nWaynesboro, Va., scene of a victory in March, 1865, for 10,000 Federals\\nunder Sheridan, then commanding in the Shenandoah Valley, over Early\\nwho was intrenched at Waynesboro with 2500 Confederates. Early was\\ncompletely routed, losing 1600 men, eleven guns, seventeen flags and 200\\nloaded wagons.\\nWays and Means, a standing committee first created in the House of\\nRepresentatives in 1795 (December 21). It has charge of the methods and", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0750.jp2"}, "749": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 699\\nprovisions for collecting the government revenues, including the tariff system,\\ninternal taxation, financial measures and the public debt.\\nWeather Bureau, first suggested in 1817 by Josiah Meigs, then Commis-\\nsioner of the Land Office, who established a system of meteorological registers\\nin connection with the office. In 1819 a co-operative movement was begun\\nby Surgeon-General Lovell, of the Army, who had weather reports made\\neach month by the officers of different military posts. Some twenty years\\nlater the lake system of meteorological observations was established by the\\nEngineer Department. In 1836 predictions of meteorological phenomena\\nbegan to be made by the Smithsonian Institution, and the results of these,\\ntogether with those of the Land Office and War Department, being published\\nin 1839, formed the basis for a scientific meteorological bureau. In 1869 the\\nWeather Bulletin of the Cincinnati Bureau appeared. In 1870 Congress\\nmade a money appropriation for the establishment of a Weather Bureau at\\nWashington and ordered arrangements to be made for telegraphic communi-\\ncations between posts of observation all over the country. Until 1891 the\\nBureau was a bureau of the War Department; in that year it was transferred\\nto the Department of Agriculture.\\nWeathersford, William (i770?-i824), Indian chief, led the Creeks against\\nthe U. S. forces during the War of 1812. In 1814 he voluntarily surrendered\\nto General Jackson.\\nWeaver, James B., born in 1833, attained the rank of brigadier-general\\nduring the Civil War. He was a district attorney of Iowa in 1866. He\\nbecame an editor of the Iowa Tribime. He was elected to Congress from\\nIowa as a Nationalist in 1879. In 1880 he was the candidate of the\\nNational party for the Presidency. He was again elected to Congress in\\n1884 and 1886. In 1892 he was the Presidential candidate of the People s\\nparty.\\nWebb, Alexander S., born in 1835, fought at Bull Run and commanded\\na brigade at Gettj sburg, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania. He was chief\\nof staff at Petersburg. He wrote McClellan s Campaign of 1862.\\nWebb, James W. (1802-1884), edited the New York Courier and Enquirer\\nfrom 1829 to 1861, which was the chief organ of the Whig party. He was\\nMinister to Brazil from 1861 to 1869.\\nWebster, Daniel (January 18, 1782-October 24, 1852), a distinguished\\nAmerican orator and statesman, was born at Salisbury, N. H., was educated\\nat Phillips (Exeter) Academy and at Dartmouth, where he was graduated in\\n1801. He taught school at Fr^eburg, in Maine, studied law, was admitted\\nto the bar in 1805, and began the practice of law in Boscawen, N. H. In\\n1807 he removed to Portsmouth. He was soon a leader of the bar, and\\nfrom i8i3toi8i7 was Congressman. In views he was then a moderate Fed-\\neralist. He now settled in Boston, and in 181 8 rose to the front rank of\\nlawyers by his plea before the U. S. Supreme Court in the famous Dart-\\nmouth College case, which involved the obligation of contracts and the\\npowers of the Government. From 1823 to 1827 he was Congressman from\\nMassachusetts, was chairman of the Judiciary Committee, and had attracted", "height": "2551", "width": "1586", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0751.jp2"}, "750": {"fulltext": "700 Dictionary of United States History.\\nattention by his speeches on Greece and on free trade. He had become widely\\nknown as an orator. Among his great speeches were at Plymouth, 1820,\\non the bi-centennial; at the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker Hill\\nMonument, 1825; the eulogy on Adams and Jefferson, 1826. In 1827 Webster\\nentered the U. S. Senate, and ranked chief among the orators, of the\\ngiants in Congress Clay, Calhoun, Benton, to mention no others, were\\nhis contemporaries. He favored the protective tariff of 1828. Two years\\nlater he reached his highest point, in the debate on the Foote resolution,\\nwhere his reply to Hayne won for him the title of Expounder of the Con-\\nstitution. Webster opposed Nullification, was often pitted against Calhoun,\\ntook an active part in the Bank controversy, and was, with Clay, highest in\\nthe Whig party. He came within reach of the nomination for President.\\nIn 1836 he received the electoral vote of Massachusetts. President Harri-\\nson chose him for Secretary of State in 1841, and he alone of the members\\nof Tyler s Cabinet refused to resign in September, 1841. He negotiated\\nthe Ashburton Treaty with Great Britain in 1842, and resig-ned in 1843. In\\n1845 he re-entered the Senate. He spoke on the Oregon question, gave a lame\\nsupport to Taylor in 1848, and in 1850 in the Compromise excitement he\\nalienated many former friends by his famous seventh of March speech.\\nHe was again Secretary of State in 1850-1852. He received a few votes in\\nthe Convention of 1852, refused to support Scott, and died soon after at his\\nhome in Marshfield, Mass. Works and life in six volumes, edited by\\nEverett. Life by G. T. Curtis and by H. C. Lodge.\\nWebster, Joseph D. (1811-1876), served during the Mexican War. He\\nwas chief of staff to General Grant in 1 862 and during the Vicksburg cam-\\npaign and to General Sherman from 1864 to 1865.\\nWebster, Noah (1758-1843), born in Connecticut, fir.st came to promi-\\nnence by the publication of a spelling book, of which 62,000,000 copies have\\nbeen issued. In 1784 he published Sketches of American Policy, which\\nhad influence upon the movement toward a national constitution. In 1787\\nhe published The Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution. In\\n1795 he wrote articles signed Curtius, which were influential in behalf of\\nthe Jay treaty. In 1828 his first Dictionary of the English Language\\nwas published. He served in the legislatures of Connecticut and Massa-\\nchusetts. Life by Scudder.\\nWebster, Pelatiah (1725-1795), was an ardent patriot during the Revolu-\\ntion. He was well versed in politics and finance. He wrote Essays on\\nFree Trade and Finance and The Union and Constitution of the Thirteen\\nUnited States.\\nWedderburn, Alexander (1733-1805), Attorney-General of England, was\\none of the gieatest foes of the colonists in the Cabinet of Lord North and\\nviolently opposed their claims and advocated unlimited subjection.\\nWeed, Thurlow (1797-1882), one of the most influential journalists and\\npoliticians that the country has ever produced. He was early employed\\nin a printing establishment and as a countr} journalist. He became con-\\nnected with the Rochester Telegraph and with the Anli-Masonic Enquirer.\\nIn 1825 was in the New Yoi-k Legislature, but afterward avoided oflSce.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0752.jp2"}, "751": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 701\\nAlready influential in State and national politics, Weed, in 1830, founded\\nthe Albany Evening Journal, which he conducted until 1856 as a Whig, and\\nlater as a Republican organ. His influence was felt in nearly ever nomi-\\nnation of the Whigs and Republicans from 1836 to 1876. For years he\\nwas a political partner of Seward, whom he favored for President in i860.\\nDuring the Civil War he was in Europe acting as an agent in behalf of the\\nUnion cause. Life by Barnes.\\nWeems, Mason L. (1760-1825), a wandering Virginian parson, wrote\\nlives of Washington, Francis Marion, Benjamin Franklin and William Penn.\\nThey are unreliable. With him originated many anecdotes about Washing-\\nton, including the story of the cherry-tree.\\nWeights and Measures, International Bureau of. To secure interna-\\ntional uniformity and precision in standards of weight and measure an inter-\\nnational bureau was established at Paris by a convention concluded May 20,\\n1875, between the United States, Germany, x\\\\ustro-Hungary, Belgium,\\nBrazil, the Argentine Confederation, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, Peru,\\nPortugal, Russia, Sweden and Norwa)-, Switzerland, Turkey and Venezuela.\\nWeitzel, Godfrey (1835-1884), planned the capture of New Orleans in\\n1862. He commanded a division at Port Hudson and in the Lafourche\\ncampaign. He superintended the construction of defenses at Bermuda\\nHundred, James River and Deep Bottom. He commanded a corps at Fort\\nHarrison in 1864, and was second in command at Fort Fisher. He com-\\nmanded all the forces north of the Potomac after March, ^.865.\\nWeldon Road, Va. General Grant, during his memorable operations\\nabout Richmond and Petersburg, attempted to capture this road from the\\nConfederates under Lee, June 22 and 23, 1864. Hancock s and Wright s\\ncorps were detailed to effect this capture. A gap occurred between the two\\ncorps during the necessary movements, and into this the Confederate Hill\\nthrew a strong column. Both corps were struck upon the flank and thrown\\ninto confusion. The attack was finally repelled. On the twenty-third,\\nWright again made the attempt to seize the road and cut the telegraph\\nwires. Hill drove him off, inflicting severe loss upon his troops. Grant lost\\n4000 men in these ineffectual attempts. Again, August 18, 1864, during the\\ncampaign about Petersburg, Grant seized the opportunity, while the main\\nbody of Lee s army was massed toward Richmond, of attacking the Weldon\\nRailroad. Warren moved with the eighteenth and fifth corps and struck the\\nroad four miles from Petersburg. A gap occurring between the two corps,\\nLee thrust Mahone s division into the opening and captured 2000 prisoners,\\nbut was eventually driven back to his lines. Warren spent the next day in\\nfortifying himself, and Lee, having attempted to dislodge him, was severely\\ndefeated. On the twent}-fifth, Gregg s cavalry were defeated while destroy-\\ning the road.\\nWelles, Gideon (1802-1878), was from 1826 to 1854 an editor of the\\nHartford Times which became the chief organ of the Democratic party in\\nConnecticut. He was a member of the Connecticut Legislature from 1827\\nto 1835, and State Comptroller in 1835, 1842 and 1843. He was an ardent", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0753.jp2"}, "752": {"fulltext": "702 Dictionary of United States HIstory.\\nopponent of slavery, and identified himself with the Republican party when\\nit was organized. He was Secretary of the Navy in the Cabinets of Lincoln\\nand Johnson from 1861 to 1869. He was an unsparing critic of official\\nconduct. He wrote Lincoln and Seward.\\nWellesley College, Wellesley, Mass., founded by Henry F. Durant, for the\\nhigher education of women, was chartered in 1870, but first opened five\\nyears later.\\nW^elling, James C, bom in 1825, was an editor of the National Intelli-\\ngencer from 1850 to 1865. This journal exerted great influence during the\\nwar. He became president of Columbian University in 1871. Died 1894.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wells, David A. (1828-1898), suggested the idea of folding newspapers\\nand books by machinery. In 1864 he published Our Burden and Our\\nStrength, a political essay of great originalit)-. He served on several U. S-\\ncommissions of revenue. He has written many pamphlets on economic sub-\\njects and Our Merchant Marine, A Primer of Tariff Reform and The\\nRelation of the Tariff to Wages, and Recent Economic Changes.\\nWells College, Aurora, N. Y., for girls, was chartered in 1867.\\nWelsh. The Welsh early began to settle in Pennsylvania and seem to\\nhave been a valuable addition to the population. By 1765 several flourish-\\ning Welsh colonies had been established.\\nWelsh Barony, a tract of 40,000 acres granted by William Penn to a\\nWelsh colony. The colonists were granted the right of local self-govern-\\nment. The Barony was conducted after the methods of the English\\nmanor.\\nWentworth, Benning (1696-1770), was Governor of New Hampshire\\nfrom 1741 to 1767. His grants of land in what is now southern Vermont,\\nwhich was claimed by New York, are known in history as the New Hamp-\\nshire Grants.\\nWentworth, Sir John (i 737-1 820), went to England as an agent of the\\nNew Hampshire colony in 1765 and was appointed Governor, serving till\\n1775. He was an able Governor and did much to increase the importance\\nand prosperity of the colony. He became unpopular by complying with a\\nrequest for aid by the British in Boston and went to England in 1775. He\\nwas Governor of Nova Scotia from 1792 to 1808.\\nWentworth, John (1815-1888), was, from 1837 to 1861, editor and pro-\\nprietor of the Chicago Democrat, which was the chief daily paper of the\\nNorthwest. He represented Illinois in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat\\nfrom 1843 to 1851, and from 1853 to 1855. He was one of the founders of\\nthe Republican party and served as a Republican in the U. S. Congress from\\n1865 to 1867.\\nWesley, Charles (i 708-1 788), was one of the founders of the society\\nwhich was the beginning of Arminian Methodism. He wrote 7000 hymns,\\nsome of great merit, many of which are now in use. From 1735 to 1736\\nhe was in Georgia, secretary to Governor Oglethorpe.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0754.jp2"}, "753": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 703\\nWesley, John (1703-1791), of England, was the founder of the society\\ncalled in derision the Methodists, because of their methodical habits.\\nFrom 1735 to 1738 he labored in Georgia. He formed a Methodist society\\nin London. In 1769 some of his followers introduced Methodism in America.\\nWesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., was chartered in 1831. It was\\nfounded by the Methodists, especially Wilbur Fisk.\\nWest, Benjamin (i 738-1 820), born in Pennsylvania, went to Italy in 1760\\nand settled in England in 1763. He was one of the most famous painters\\nof the day. He was one of the founders of the Royal Academy and was its\\npresident from 1792 to 1802 and from 1803 to 1815. He painted many\\nfamous religious pieces and The Death of Wolfe and The Treaty of\\nPenn.\\nWest, Lionel Sackville Sackville-, born in 1827, was British Minister to\\nthe United States from 1881 to 1888, when he was recalled for publishing a\\nletter giving advice in regard to voting in the United States. In 1888 he\\nbecame Lord Sackville. (See Murcheson Letter.)\\nWest India Company, Dutch, or Chartered West India Company (Geoc-\\ntroyeerde Westindische Compagnie). This company was chartered by the\\nStates-General of the United Netherlands in 1621, at the instance of Willem\\nfJsselinx. It was given a monopoly of trade with America for twenty-four\\n/ears, with the right to colonize and to make wars and alliances. It colo-\\naized and governed New Netherland (till 1664) and also certain West India\\nislands and a part of Brazil. It was rechartered for twenty-five years in\\n[647. Its preoccupation with military efforts in Brazil prevented its doing\\nmuch for New Netherland. (For the Swedish company of similar name see\\nSwedish West India Company.)\\nWest Jersey. (See New Jersey.)\\nWest Point, N. Y., the chief of the Continental fortifications in the Hud-\\nson River Valley during the Revolution. In August, 1780, Benedict\\nArnold, already contemplating treason, obtained command of the post from\\nWashington, and immediately entered into communication with Clinton, the\\nBritish general. Major Andrd was sent to arrange with Arnold for the\\nsurprise and surrender of the post. He was captured by three Skinners,\\nContinental marauders, while retnrning to New York after his interview with\\nArnold, having settled upon September 25 as the night for the surprise.\\nWhen Arnold heard of his capture he immediately fled to the Vulture, a\\nBritish warship lying in the river, and Washington was quickly informed\\nof his treason. The Military Academy of the United States was established\\nhere in 1802. (See art. Military Academy.)\\nWest Point, Va. Here, May 7, 1862, several strong detachments of Fed-\\nerals were landed from gunboats, and, under the command of Franklin and\\nSedgewick, attacked some Confederates led by Whiting and Wade Hampton.\\nThese latter, charging on the Federals from the woods, easily routed them,\\nbut were themselves compelled to retreat before the firing from the vessels.\\nThe losses were trifling on both sides.", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0755.jp2"}, "754": {"fulltext": "704 DlCTIONARV OI- UiNITED STATES HiSTORY.\\nWest Virginia. The western and north western parts of Virginia refused\\nto be bound by the ordinance of secession of April 17, 186 1. A convention\\nwas called at Wheeling in May, 1861, which summoned a State convention.\\nThis convention refused to recognize the State officers who were in opposi-\\ntion to the National G overnment, elected Frank Pierpont Governor of Vir-\\nginia, and called a State Legislature to meet at Wheeling. The convention\\nvoted to erect a new State to be called Kanawha, and the State Legislature,\\nwhich had been called by this convention and which claimed to be the Leg-\\nislature of the State of Virginia, gave its consent to the division of the\\nState. West Virginia became a State of the Union June 19, 1863. An i\\namendment to the State constitution of date 1866 disfranchised all per-\\nsons who had aided the Rebellion. Until 1870 the State was controlled by\\nthe Republicans. The Flick Amendment, 1871, extended the suffrage to\\nnegroes and removed the disfranchising clause of i865. In 1872 Grant car-\\nried the State by a small majority, since which time the State has been\\nsteadily Democratic. The population of West Virginia in 1870 was 442,-\\n014; in 1890 it was 762,794.\\nWestern Company. (See Compagnie de I Occident.)\\nWestern Reserve, or Connecticut Western Reserve. When Connec-\\nticut, in 1786, ceded her western lands to the United States, she reserved a\\nlarge tract adjoining Pennsylvania, now forming the northeastern corner\\nof Ohio. Hence this name. Complete cession of jurisdiction was made in\\n1800.\\nWestminster, Treaty of, negotiated in 1674, concluding a war between\\nEngland and the Netherlands, is memorable in America from the fact that\\nNew Netherland, which had been taken from England by the Dutch, was\\nrestored under its provisions.\\nWeston, Thomas (i 575-1 624), formed a joint stock company for fitting\\nout the expedition of the Pilgrims to America in 1620, but soon afterward\\nwithdrew from it as unprofitable. He organized a company of his own and\\nsent an advance party in 1622 which founded a settlement at Wessagussett\\nunder a grant by the king to Sir Ferdinando Gorges. The settlers were\\nimprovident and soon returned to England.\\nWestover, a Virginia parish formed in 1720 of land along both sides of\\nthe James River, beginning at the Chickahominy. The famous old West-\\nover mansion, still in existence, was the home of Colonel William Byrd.\\nWethersfield, Conn., first settled in 1634, was one of the earliest settle-\\nments in the State, and one of the three towns which united in 1639 in\\nframing the Fundamental Orders of the colony.\\nWhale-fishery began in the New England colonies as early as 1690,\\nwhere it was prosecuted during nearly fifty years in small boats, since the\\nwhale frequented the northern coast during that period. In 1740 the Arctic\\nand Antarctic coasts began to be explored in search of whales. In 1758\\nMassachusetts alone employed 304 vessels in the whale-fishery. The right\\nwhale was at first the object of capture, but after 1812 sperm-whales became\\nequally desirable. In 1815 there were only 164 ships engaged in it. In 1830", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0756.jp2"}, "755": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 705\\nhe products of the fishery were 106,800 barrels of sperm, 115,000 barrels of\\nirhale oil, 120,000 pounds of \u00e2\u0080\u00a2whalebone, and 2,500,000 pounds of sperm\\nandles. Since 1840 the whale-fishery has decreased, chiefly because of the\\ncarcity of whale.\\n\\\\A^halley, Edward (1620-1676), regicide, joined the Parliamentary party\\na 1642. He led the horse at Bristol, Banbury, Worcester and elsewhere,\\nnd was entrusted with the custody of the king at Hampton Court. He sat\\nti the high court of justice that condemned King Charles and signed the\\neath warrant. He was a member of Cromwell s second and third Parlia-\\niients and the House of Lords. He fled to America with Goffe (q. v.) in\\n660. (See Regicides.)\\nWharton, Francis (1820-1889), was professor of international law at\\nBoston University from 1866 to 1885, and from 1885 to 1889 was examiner\\nif claims in the Department of State. He wrote The State Trials of the\\nJnited States during the Administrations of Washington and Adams, and\\nDigest of International Law, and edited The Revolutionary Diplomatic\\norrespoudence of the United States.\\nWharton, Thomas (1735\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1778), was a zealous opponent of the oppressive\\niieasures of England toward the colonies. He was chosen a member of the\\nhiladelphia Committee of Correspondence in 1774. He became one of the\\nommittee of Safety in 1775, and in 1776 became president of the Council\\n)f Safety, in which the executive authority temporarily resided. He was\\nnesident of Pennsylvania from 1777 to 1778.\\nWheatley, Phillis (1753-1784), was brought from Africa to America in\\n761, and purchased in the slave market by John Wheatley. She showed re-\\nnarkable ability, and learned easily. She acquired prominence by her poems.\\nWheaton, Frank, born in 1833, of Rhode Island, commanded a brigade\\nit Antietam, Fredericksburg, the Wilderness and Spottsylvania. He led a\\nlivision at Cedar Creek and Petersburg, and is now (1894) a brigadier-general\\nn the U. S. army.\\nWheaton, Henry (1785-1848), of Rhode Island, edited the New York\\nNational Advocate from 1812 to 1815, in which the question of neutral rights\\n,vas ably discussed during the war. From 1816 to 1827 he was reporter for\\nhe U. S. Supreme Court. His reports are exceedingly valuable, containing\\n:arefully prepared notes and citation of authorities on all difficult points.\\nHe was Chargd d Affaires in Denmark from 1827 ^^35) Minister Resident\\n;o Prussia from 1835 to 1837, and Minister Plenipotentiarj from 1837 to\\n[846. He wrote Elements of International Law which is ackntjwledged\\nI standard authority, a History of the Law of Nations, and a History\\n)f the Northmen.\\nWheaton s Reports, twelve volumes of law reports by Henry Wheaton,\\ncontaining cases from the U. S. Supreme Courts from 1816 to 1827, with\\nippendices containing discussions of the Principles and Practice of Prize\\nI^ourts, many of them written by Judge Story.\\nWheeler, Joseph, born in 1836, entered the Confederate service and com-\\nnanded a brigade at Shiloh. He commanded General Bragg s cavalry at\\n45", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0757.jp2"}, "756": {"fulltext": "706 Dictionary of United States History.\\nI\\nGreen River and Perryville. He led the cavalry at Murfreesboro and at\\nChickamauga. In a raid in 1863 in Tennessee he destroyed national stores t\\nvalued at $3,000,000. He engaged at Knoxville, Missionary Ridge ancl(\\nLookout Mountain. He harassed General Sherman in his march to Atlanta, i\\nand fought at Atlanta and Aiken. He was elected to Congress from Alabama)\\nin 1880 and has served since 1885. Major-General and commander of cav I\\nairy in the Santiago campaign of the Spanish-American War.\\nWheeler, William A. (1819-1887), was a U. S. District Attorney in New\\nYork from 1845 to 1849. He represented New York in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Republican from 1861 to 1863 and from 1867 to 1877. He was author\\nof the compromise in settlement of the political disturbances in Louisiana\\nin 1876. He was elected Vice-President of the United States in 1877 on the\\nticket with President Hayes and served till 1881.\\nWheeling Bridge Case, a case of original jurisdiction in the Supreme\\nCourt of the United States in 1855. The Wheeling and Belmont Bridge\\nCompany prepared to rebuild a bridge over the Ohio River, according to\\nthe plan of the original bridge, which an Act of Congress had declared not\\nobstructive to commerce. The State of Pennsylvania declared it to bt\\nobstructive to commerce and applied to Justice Grier for an injunction to\\nprevent its erection. This was granted, but the bridge was erected in\\ndefiance thereof. A majority of the Supreme Court refused to pass judg-\\nment against the Bridge Company for contempt, though acknowledging the\\nright of Grier to issue the injunction. Judgment was given for the defend-\\nant on the ground that it was within the jurisdiction of Congress to deter-\\nmine what was and what was not an obstruction to commerce.\\nWheelock, Eleazar (1711-1779), established an Indian missionary school\\nat Lebanon, Conn., in 1754, which was removed to Dresden (now Hanover).\\nN. H., in 1770, and became Dartmouth College.\\nWheelock, John (1754-181 7), was a lieutenant-colonel in the Continental\\narmy. President of Dartmouth College in 1779. His quarrel with the trus-\\ntees, culminating in 1815, led to the celebrated Dartmouth College case.\\nWheelwright, John (1592-1679), came from England as a Puritan to the\\nUnited States in 1636. He was banished from Massachusetts in 1637 for\\nsympathizing with Anne Hutchinson, and founded Exeter, N. H., in 1638.\\nWhigs. The name of Whigs was taken by the party in the colonies which\\nfurthered the Revolution, because their principles were but the application\\nto America of those principles which the Whigs of England had advocated,\\nand had secured through the Revolution of 1688. In 1834 the name was re-\\nvived. The Federal party had virtually come to an end about 181 7. Hence-\\nforth all American politicians were simply Republicans. But, as will\\nusually happen in such cases, a divergence of views developed itself within\\nthe party. Adams and Clay and their followers, on the one hand, advocated\\na policy of protection and federal internal improvements and a broad or loose\\nconstruction of the Constitution. Others, on the other hand, construing the\\nConstitution strictly, opposed these things; these found a leader in Jackson.\\nThe former took the name of National Republicans. Adams was their", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0758.jp2"}, "757": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United Statks Histokv. 707\\ncandidate in 1828. After his defeat their chief leader was Clay, wliom they\\nnominated for President in 1831. Their opposition to Jackson drew to them\\nvarious elements and, as opponents of executive usurpation, the coalition\\ntook the old name of Whigs (1834). The Whig body always formed rather\\na coalition than a party. They were united in opposition to Jackson, but\\nthe Northern Whigs favored the U. S. Bank, a protective tariff, etc., while\\nthe Southern Whigs were strict constructionists. In the election of 1836\\nthese various elements supported various candidates. In that of 1840 they\\nunited upon the available Harrison, and triumphantly elected him and\\nTyler in a campaign of unthinking enthusiasm. Harrison died, and the\\nWhigs quarreled violently with Tyler. In 1844 they nominated their real\\nleader. Clay, who narrowly missed election. The annexation of Texas and\\nthe Mexican War and the Wilmot proviso now brought slaver} to the front\\nas the leading issue of politics. This was fatal to the Whigs, for it was\\nsure to divide the Northern and the Southern Whigs. In 1848 they pre-\\nserved themselves temporarily by passing over Clay and Webster and nomi-\\nnating a military candidate, Taj lor. He was elected. But when similar\\ntactics were tried in 1852 (with Scott), the party was decisively defeated. It\\nwas disintegrating because of its inability to maintain any opinion on sla-\\nvery. The Northern Whigs became Free-soilers, and by 1856, Republicans;\\nthe Southern, Democrats. Many Whigs went temporarily into the American\\nparty. A small portion of them formed the Constitutional Union Part}-,\\nwhich nominated Bell and Everett in i860. Parties became sectional, and\\nthe Whig party ceased to exist. Its chief leaders were, beside those men-\\ntioned, in the North, Winthrop, Choate, Seward, Weed and Greeley; in the\\nSouth, Mangum, Berrien, Forsyth, Stephens, Toombs, Prentiss and Critten-\\nden; in the West, McLean, Giddings, Ewing and Corwin.\\nWhipple, Abraham (1733-1819), of Rhode Island, commanded the pri-\\nvateer Gamecock during the French War from 1759 to 1760. He headed\\nthe expedition which burned the Gaspe in Narragansett Bay in 1772.\\nIn 1775 he was placed in command of two Rhode Island vessels and fought\\none of the first naval engagements of the Revolution. In 1 776 he commanded\\nthe Providence, which captured more prizes than any other American vessel.\\n\\\\A^hipple, Edwin P. (1819-1886), was a frequent contributor to periodi-\\ncals. He was famous as a lecturer, and his portraitures of eminent men were\\nkeen and critical. He was superintendent of the Merchants Exchange in\\nBoston from 1837101860. He wrote Recollections of Rufus Choate,\\nCharacter and Characteristic Men, Washington and the Principles of\\nthe Revolution, and Outlooks on Society, Literature and Politics.\\nWhipple, Henry B., bom in 1822, became Episcopal Bishop of Minne-\\nsota in 1859. He has attained great influence with the Indians of the North-\\nwest and is often consulted by Government authorities concerning the\\nIndian problem.\\nWhipple, William (i 730-1 785), was a delegate from New Hampshire to\\nthe Continental Congress in 1775, 1776 and 1778, and signed the Declaration\\nof Independence. In 1777 he commanded a brigade at Saratoga and Still-\\nwater, and he participated in General Sullivan s Rhode Island campaign in", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0759.jp2"}, "758": {"fulltext": "7o8 Dictionary of United States History.\\n1778. He was a member of the State Assembly from 1780 to 1784, and\\nJudge of its Supreme Court from 1782 to 1785.\\nWhisky Insurrection, a revolt against tbe execution of a Federal excise\\nlaw, which came to a head in western Pennsylvania in August, 1794, and\\nwas suppressed the same year. Scarcity of cash in the wild districts of\\nNorth Carolina, Virginia and Pennsylvania, had made distillation the\\nchief means of support among the mountaineers, whisky being used as a\\nmedium of exchange. The excise law was passed March 3, 1791. During\\nthe next three years there were constant protests and insurrectionar mass\\nmeetings headed by one Bradford. William Findley, John Smilie and\\nAlbert Gallatin were the quieter leaders. Revenue officers were tarred and\\nfeathered by Bradford and his followers, and there was a general state of\\nlawless opposition despite the efforts of Findley and Gallatin. In October,\\n1794, 15,000 militia were ordered out by President Washington, and under\\nGeneral Henry Lee marched into western Pennsylvania, and the revolt was\\npromptly suppressed. Bradford fled the country, but a number of the ring-\\nleaders were arrested and imprisoned. The affair was important as exhi-\\nbiting the power of the new Federal Government.\\nWhisky Ring, the name applied to an association of revenue officers and\\ndistillers, formed in St. Louis in 1872 to defraud the Government of the\\ninternal revenue tax on distilled liquors. By 1874 it had spread into\\nnational proportions. Distillers were often forced to enter the ring or expect\\nruin in their business. There were branches of the ring at Chicago, Mil-\\nwaukee, Peoria, Cincinnati and New Orleans, and an agent at Washington\\nto corrupt the Treasury agents. In 1874 about $1,200,000 of taxes were\\nunpaid. In 1875, at the suggestion of Mr. George Fishback, editor of the\\nSL Louis Democrat^ the Secretary of the Treasury appointed Mr. Myron\\nColony, of the Cotton Exchange, to make a secret investigation of the\\nfrauds. Through his efforts indictments were brought against 238 persons,\\nand the Government was shown to have been defrauded of $1,650,000 in ten\\nmonths. Among those concerned was General Babcock, President Grant s\\nprivate secretary, and many other Government officials.\\nWhitcomb, James (1795-1852), was Commissioner of the General Land\\nOffice from 1836 to 1841. He was Governor of Indiana from 1843 to 1848,\\nand represented Indiana in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from 1849 to 1852.\\nWhite, Andrevi^ D., born in 1832, was a member of the New York Senate\\nfrom 1863 to 1866. He was active in legislation for educational improvements\\nand the incorporation of Cornell University. He was president of Cornell\\nfrom 1867 to 1885. He was one of the commissioners to Sau Domingo in\\n1871. He was Minister to Germany from 1879 to 1881 and to Russia from\\n1892 to 1894. Became Ambassador to Germany May, 1897. Delegate to\\nthe Peace Conference 1899.\\nWhite, Hugh L. (1773-1840), was a Justice of the Supreme Court of\\nTennessee from 1801 to 1807, when he became a U. S. District Attorney.\\nHe was again a Judge of the State Supreme Court from 1809 to 181 7. He\\nwas a commissioner to adjust the claims of American citizens against Spain\\nfrom 1820 to 1824. He represented Tenji.essee in the U. S. Senate as a", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0760.jp2"}, "759": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 709\\nDemocrat from 1825 to 1835 and from 1836 to 1839. He received the\\nelectoral votes of Tennessee and Georgia for President of the United States\\nin 1836, as a Whig.\\nWhite, John (1575-1648), English clergyman, was one of the promoters\\nof the Massachusetts colony. He established a colony of Puritans at Dor-\\nchester in 1630.\\nWhite, John (1805-1845), represented Kentucky in the U. S. Congress as\\na Whig from 1835 to 1845, when he became a district judge. He was\\nSpeaker of the House from 1841 to 1843.\\nWhite, Peregrine (1620-1704), son of one of the Pilgrims, was the first\\nwhite child born in New England. He became a citizen of Marshfield,\\nMass., and filled several minor civil and military offices.\\nWhite, Richard Grant (1821-1885), critic, was connected with the New\\nYork Courier and Eriqiiirer from 1845 to 1859. He wrote patriotic articles\\nfor periodicals during the Rebellion. He published Poetry, Lyrical, Nar-\\nrative and Satirical, of the Civil War, various literary essays and an edition\\nof Shakespeare.\\nWhite, William (1748-1836), presided at the first American Episcopal\\nConvention in 1785, and drafted the church constitution then adopted. He\\nwas made bishop of Pennsylvania in 1786, one of the first three American,\\nbishops. He was chaplain to Congress from 1787 to 1801.\\nWhite House, the President s house or executive mansion at Washington,\\ncalled the White House because it is painted white. The corner-\\nstone was laid in 1792, and President Adams was the first President who\\noccupied the mansion. It was completed in 1800. When the British held\\nWashington for a single day in 1814, the White House was burned together\\nwith the Capitol and other buildings. Congress authorized its restoration in\\n1815, and it was again ready for occupation in 1818 and has been occupied\\nby each successive President since that time. Its model was the house of\\nthe Duke of Leinster at Dublin.\\nWhite House, Va. (near Mount Vernon). In the War of 1812 batteries\\nwere erected at this point September i, 1814, to prevent the British fleet\\nfrom descending the Potomac. This was successful for several days, but at\\nlast the fleet by a heavy bombardment forced the Americans to retire.\\nWhite House (on the Pamunkey), Va., a battle of the Civil War during\\nGrant s expedition against Richmond. It occurred June 21, 1864, and the\\nConfederates were defeated. A small Federal force held White House, and\\nupon this Wade Hampton had contemplated an attack with a strong com-\\npany of Confederates, chiefly cavalr}\\\\ Just as the assault was about to be\\nbegun, Sheridan, who had been absent on an expedition against the West\\nVirginia Central Railroad, came up with 6000 men. He immediately\\nattacked Plarapton s troops. These were utterly defeated and had to retreat\\nwith all possible haste. Sheridan captured a considerable number of\\nprisoners.", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0761.jp2"}, "760": {"fulltext": "710 Dictionary of United Statks History.\\nWhite League, an organization formed in the South in 1874 to check\\nthe growth of political power among the negroes.\\nWhite Oak Swariip, Va., a battle occurring immediately subsequent to\\nthe battle of Savage s Station, June 30, 1862. Jackson, leading his own\\ncommand and the brigades of A. P. Hill and I^ongstreet, had been ordered\\nto sweep around the Chickahominy River and destroy the retreating Feder-\\nals as they emerged from the swamp. Finding the bridge over this stream\\ndestroyed, he changed his course and pursued them through the swamp.\\nUpon arriving at the White Oak Swamp bridge he found that demolisi.ed\\nalso. There he was met by Smith, Richardson and Naglee, and Ayres and\\nHazard of Franklin s Federal brigade. These troops immediately offered\\nbattle. Hazard was mortally wounded and his force literally cut to piece:\\nAyres and the others held out for some time, but retired during the night\\nleaving 305 sick and wounded.\\nWhite Plains, Battle of, October 28, 1776. After his occupation of\\nNew York, Howe attempted unsuccessfully to break the blockade by getting\\nin the rear of the American position. Washington at length concentrated\\nat White Plains and Howe tried an attack in front. He succeeded in gain-\\ning an unimportant position, losing 229 men to the enemies 140. He was\\ndiscouraged and fell back on Dobbs Ferry, making a feint upon Fort Wash-\\nington and Philadelphia.\\nWhitefield, George (1714-1770), was influenced by Charles Wesley to\\njoin the Methodists, and in 1738 made his first voyage to America. He\\nreturned to England after a few months to obtain funds for building an\\norphanage in Savannah, Ga. The orthodox churches were closed to him,\\nand he addressed vast assemblages in the open air. His eloquence and\\ngraceful delivery exerted a powerful influence over his hearers. A consid-\\nerable sum was collected for his project. In 1740 he made a tour through\\nthe colonies. He made seven visits to America, and had immense revivalist\\nsuccess.\\nWhiting, William H. C. (i 825-1 865), commanded the Confederate\\nbrigade whose arrival won the battle of Bull Run. He constructed Fort\\nFisher and took command in 1864, defending it until 1865.\\nWhitman, Marcus (1802-1847), was sent to Oregon as a missionary phy-\\nsician in 1836. He reported to the U. vS. Government the value of the then\\ndisputed territor) His colonization efibrts did much to secure that region\\nfor the United States.\\nWhitman, Walt (1S19-1893), was noted for the originality of his poetica\\nwritings, both as to thought and style. He wrote Leaves of Grass,\\ndealing with nineteenth century American life, Democratic Vistas, etc.\\nWhitney, Eli (1765-1825), of Connecticut, was the inventor of the cot-\\nton-gin, which so facilitated the preparation of cotton that it increased itr\\nexportation from 189,500 pounds in 1791 to 41,000,000 pounds in 1803. Ir\\n1798 he established an arms-factory near New Haven, Conn., which was the\\nfirst one in America. He supplied the Government with arms of a superio\\nquality.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0762.jp2"}, "761": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0763.jp2"}, "762": {"fulltext": "William Cullen Bryant.\\nJohn G. Whittier.\\nAMERICAN POETS.\\nHenry W. Longfellow.\\nOliver Wendell Holmes,\\nEdgar A. Poe.\\nJames Russell Lowell.\\nRalph Waldo Emerson,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0764.jp2"}, "763": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 711\\nWhitney, Josiah D., born in 1819, has made valuable geological surveys\\nof Ohio, the Lake Superior region, Mississippi and California. He became\\nprofessor of geology at Harvard in 1865. Died 1896.\\nWhitney, William C, born in 1839, was prominent in the overthrow of\\nthe Tweed ring in 187 1. He was corporation counsel for New York City in\\n1875, 1876 and from 1880 to 1882. He has been active in the organization\\nof the Democracy of New York. He was Secretary of the Navy in Cleve-\\nland s Cabinet from 1885 to 1889.\\nWhitney, William D., (1827-1894), became professor of Sanskrit in Yale\\nCollege in 1854 and of comparative philology in 1870. He was president\\nof the American Oriental Society from 1884 to 1894. He was editor-in-\\nchief of the Century Dictionary.\\nWhittier, John G. (i 807-1 892), poet, was a member of the Mas husetts\\nLegislature from 1835 to 1836. He was appointed secretary of tie Ameri-\\ncan Anti-Slavery vSociety in 1836. He edited the Pennsylvania Freeman\\nfrom 1838 to 1839. He contributed editorials to the National Era, a Wash-\\nington anti-slavery paper, from 1847 to 1859. With the exception of Long-\\nfellow he was the most popular American poet. He was a P^aker, and a\\nman of philanthropic spirit. Prominent among his works 2 Legends of\\nNew England and Snowbound.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wicker, Lambert (1735-1778), was one of the first naval officers appointed\\nin the Revolution. He conveyed Franklin to France in 1776 in the Re-\\nprisal. He captured fourteen British vessels in five days.\\nWickliffe, Charles A. (i 788-1 869), represented Kentucky in the U. S.\\nCongress as a Democrat from 1823 to 1833. He was Postmaster-General in\\nTyler s Cabinet from 1841 to 1845.\\nWide-Awakes, a political division of the Republican party, organized in\\ni860 to promote the election of Lincoln; one of the first organizations of\\nuniformed torchlight-parade enthusiasts in American politics.\\nWigglesworth, Michael (i 631-1705), came to America from England in\\n1638. He was a pastor in Maiden, Mass., from 1657 to 1705. He wrote\\nThe Day of Doom, a famous Puritan poem which passed through ten\\neditions.\\nWilde, Richard H. (1789-1847), represented Georgia in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1815 to 1817 and from 1827 to 1835. He composed the\\npopular song, My Life is Like the Summer Rose.\\nWilderness, The, Va., a bloody and irregular fight during the Civil War\\nbetween the Army of the Potomac, 118,000 strong, under Grant, and the\\nArmy of Northern Virginia, numbering about 61,000 Confederates, under\\nLee. The battle occurred March 6 and 7, 1864. Grant s lieutenants were\\nMeade, Burnside and Hancock; Lee s were Ewell, A. P. Hill, Stuart and\\nLongstreet. The Wilderness is an almost impenetrable waste of forest and\\nunderbrush, and in this the Confederates were posted. Grant s army crossed\\nthe Rapidan River on pontocis the night of March 5. Grant had planned\\nto attacV the Confederates, out lyce anticipated him, beginning the fight", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0765.jp2"}, "764": {"fulltext": "712 Dictionary of United States History.\\nearly March 6. Hancock s and Burnside s corps were hurried to the front.\\nAll day the fight continued. Artillery and cavalry were useless in the dense\\nbrush, so the fighting was confined to musketry at close range. The night\\nwas spent by both armies in constructing intrenchments. Early the next\\nmorning Lee feigned an attack upon the Union left, not wishing to make\\nthe battle general until Longstreet should come up. Hancock was ordered to\\nassault Lee s right, which was weakest. About midday Longstreet arrived,\\nbut was soon wounded by his own men by mistake. At night the battle\\nwas undecided. Both sides lost heavily. Grant withdrew, and shifted his\\ngeneral line of attack.\\nWilkes, Charles (i 798-1 877), an American naval officer, was lieutenant\\nand commander of the squadron which in 1 838-1 842 sailed on an exploring\\nexpedition through the Pacific, along its American coasts and in the Ant-\\narctic regions. He became captain in 1855. While in command of the\\nSan Jacinto, November 8, 1861, he stopped the British ship Trent, and\\ntook the Confederate commissioners. Mason and Slidell. This celebrated\\nTrent Affair, which nearly involved the United States in war with Great\\nBritain, brought to Wilkes the thanks of the Navy Department, approval of\\nCongress and popular praise, but was disavowed by the Government. He\\ncommanded the James River squadron, was commodore in 1862, was retired\\nin 1864, and made a rear-admiral on the retired list.\\nWilkins, William (1779-1865), represented Pennsylvania in the U. S.\\nSenate as a Democrat from 1831 to 1834 and in the U. S. Congress from 1842\\nto 1844. He was Secretary of War in Tyler s Cabinet from 1844 to 1845.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Wilkinson, James (i 757-1 825), served in the Revolutionary War as\\nadjutant-general and brigadier-general and Secretary of the Board of War.\\nIn 1794 he commanded the right wing under Wayne in his victory over the\\nIndians. Made general of the army in 1796, he was stationed in the West,\\nand was Governor of Louisiana Territory 1 805-1 806. For intrigues with\\nBurr and Spain he was court-martialled in 181 1, but acquitted, though not\\ninnocent. In the War of 181 2 he was a major-general, but his efforts on the\\nnorthern frontier ended in a fiasco. He was discharged from the army in\\n1 81 5. His memoirs were published.\\n^Vilkinson, John, born in 1821, commanded the Confederate ram Louis-\\niana at New Orleans in 1862. He ran a regular blockade runner from\\nWilmington to Bermuda in 1863. In 1864 he destroyed merchant vessels\\nwith the Chickamauga.\\nWillard, Emma (1787-1870), founded the Troy Female Seminary in 1821,\\nwhich she conducted till 1838. She is considered the pioneer in the higher\\neducation of women in America. She wrote many popular school books.\\nWillard, Frances E. (1839-1898), has been prominent in reform move-\\nments. She has been president of the Women s Christian Temperance\\nUnion since 1879. She became editor of the Chicago Evening Post in 1879.\\nWillcox, Orlando B,, bom in 1823, commanded a brigade at Bull Run.\\nHe led a division at Antietam and South Mountain and a corps at Freder-\\nicksburg. He commanded a division during the Richmond campaign from\\n1864 to 1865.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0766.jp2"}, "765": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 713\\nWillett, Marinus (1740-1830), of New York, served in the expeditions\\nagainst Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Frontenac. He defended Fort Stanwix\\nagainst the Tories and Indians in 1777. He commanded the forces in the\\nMohawk Valley from 1780 to 1783.\\nWilliam III. (1650-1702), King of Great Britain from 1689 to 1702\\n(William and Mary king and queen 1689-1694), attempted in October, 1692,\\na union of the American colonies for the purpose of carrying on his war\\nwith the French. To this end a requisition was made on each colony north\\nof the Carolinas for a fixed quota of men and money for the defence of New\\nYork, the outguard of his Majesty s neighboring plantations in America,\\nThis is memorable as the first form of British regulation of the colonies\\nafter the revolution of 1688. William proposed to follow the policy of\\nJames H. for consolidating the colonies. In May, 1696, William appointed\\na board of commissioners for trade and plantations, which had a general\\nsupervision of the colonies till 1768. (See King William s War.)\\nWilliam and Mary, College of, was founded at Williamsburg, Va., in\\n1693, upon the basis of a charter granted by King William and Queen Marj\\nNext to Harvard it is the oldest of American colleges. In colonial times it\\nwas of great importance. Jefferson, Monroe and Marshall studied here.\\nThe Revolution, the removal of the capital to Richmond, the foundation of\\nthe University of Virginia, and finally, in 1862, the destruction of the\\ncollege buildings by Union soldiers, destroyed its prosperity. It has lately\\ntaken a new lease of life.\\nWilliam Henry, Fort, erected on the shores of Lake George in 1755,\\nduring the French and Indian Wars by General Johnson, who then com-\\nmanded the English and Continental troops in New York. During two\\nyears expeditions were sent out against the Canadian border. In 1757 a\\nFrench expedition against it, under Vaudreuil and Rigaud, failed. The\\ngarrison, however, was in a wretched disorganized condition. The fort was\\nagain attacked in 1757 by a strong French and Indian force under General\\nMontcalm. The latter besieged and bombarded it for several days, but\\nColonel Munro, thecommanding oflBcer, refused to surrender. Finally the\\nfortifications were carried by storm, the fort was captured, many of the gar-\\nrison murdered by the Indians, and the rest pursued to Fort Edward, on the\\nHudson.\\nWilliams, Alpheus S. (i 810-1878), commanded a corps at South Moun-\\ntain, Antietam and Gettysburg and during Sherman s march to the sea. He\\nrepresented Michigan in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1875 to\\n1878.\\nWilliams, David (1754-1831), served under Montgomery in the Canadian\\ncampaign from 1775 to 1776. He was one of the captors of Major Andre,\\nwith John Paulding and Isaac Van Wart.\\nWilliams, Ephraim (1715-1755), of Massachusetts, Colonel, served in\\nCanada in the French War from 1740 to 1748. He erected Fort Massachu-\\nsetts in 1751. He bequeathed funds for founding Williams College, which\\nwas chartered in 1793.", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0767.jp2"}, "766": {"fulltext": "714 Dictionary of United States History.\\nWilliams, George H., born iu 1823, District Judge in Iowa from\\n1847 to 1852. He was Chief Justice of Oregon Territor from 1853 to\\n1857, and represented Oregon in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1865\\nto 1871. He was a member of the joint commission that arranged the\\nTreaty of Washington in 1871. He was Attorney-General in Grant s Cabi-\\nxiet from 1872 to 1875.\\nWilliams, James D. (1808-1S80), was almost continuously a member of\\nthe Indiana Legislature from 1843 to 1874. He represented Indiana in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Democrat from 1875 to 1876, and was Governor of\\nIndiana from 1876 to 1880. He was a member of tlie State Board of Agri-\\nculture for seventeen years, and its president four years. He greatly\\nimproved educational facilities.\\nWilliams, John (i 644-1 729), became pastor at Deerfield, Mass., in 1686.\\nHe was carried away captive to Montreal by Indians with his family in\\n1704. He wrote The Redeemed Captive, a very popular account of his\\nexperiences.\\nWilliams, Jonathan (1750-1815), was secretary to Benjamin Franklin in\\nFrance from 1777 to 1785. He was chief engineer of the U. S. army from\\n1805 to 1812, and planned and constructed Forts Columbus, Clinton and\\nWilliams in New York harbor.\\nW^illiams, Roger (born about 1599, died 1683), founder of Rhode Island,\\nwas graduated at Pembroke College, Cambridge, England. He took\\norders, but soon became a Nonconformist. In 1631 he came to Massa-\\nchusetts, and was an assistant pastor in Plymouth and Salem. In 1634 he\\nbecame pastor in Salem. His opinions on civil and ecclesiastical matters\\ndid not meet with approval. He withdrew from the church in 1635; was\\nsummoned before the General Coiirt and expelled from the colony. In\\nJanuary, 1636, he left Salem and founded Providence the same year, estab-\\nlishing friendly relations with the Indians. He formed a Baptist church in\\n1639, but soon withdrew from it. Visiting England he obtained a charter\\nfor the colony in 1644. ^t one time president of the colony, was\\nengaged in various religious controversies and exerted his influence generally\\nin favor of toleration and peace with the Indians. Rhode Island s religious\\nfreedom was due to him.\\nWilliams, Samuel Wells (181 2-1 884), went to China as printer to the\\nAmerican Mission in 1833. He was U. S. Secretary of Legation and inter-\\npreter in China from 1855 to 1876, and Charge d Affaires nine times. He\\nwrote The Middle Kingdom, a standard book on China, and became pro-\\nfessor of Chinese at Yale College.\\nWilliams, W^illiam (1731-1811), accompanied Colonel Williams expedi-\\ntion to Lake George in 1755. He was a member of the Connecticut\\nAssembly for more than fifty years and a judge of probate for forty years.\\nHe represented Connecticut in the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1777\\nand from 1783 to 1784, and signed the Declaration of Independence.\\nWilliams College, Williamstown, Mass., was first started as a free school\\nin 1 791, and incorporated as a college two years later. Dr. Mark Hopkins", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0768.jp2"}, "767": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 715\\nwas its most famous president. At different times it has received aid from\\nthe State, the last being a gift of $75,000, given in 186S.\\nWilliamsburg, Va., formerly capital of the colony, was built under an act\\nof the Colonial Legislature of 1699. The city received a charter in 1722.\\nIn 1780 the seat of government was removed to Richmond. A battle\\nbetween the Union and Confederate forces occurred here May 6, 1862. It\\nwas a nine hours engagement between the rear columns of Magruder s\\narmy, retreating from Yorktown, and Hooker s division of McClellan s\\nami)-, at the opening of the Peninsular campaign. Magruder had been\\nreinforced from Johnston s army. Hooker had been sent in pursuit of the\\nretreating Confederates, and he overtook them at Williamsburg. Long-\\nstreet s division had already passed the town, but returned. Hooker held\\nhis ground bravely, but was compelled to retreat before such odds.\\nWilliamson, Hugh (1735-1819), while in London in 1774 was examined\\nbefore the Privy Council regarding the Boston tea part)-. He was a dele-\\ngate from North Carolina to the Continental Congress in 1784, 1785 and\\n1786. He was a member of the convention that framed the Federal Con-\\nstitution in 1787. He represented North Carolina in the U. S. Congress as\\na Federalist from 1790 to 1793. He wrote a History of North Carolina.\\nWillich, August (1810-1878), came to America from Germany in 1853.\\nHe commanded a German regiment from 1861 to 1862. He led a brigade\\nat Chickamauga, in the Atlanta campaign and in Sherman s march to the sea.\\nWilling, Thomas (1731-1821), was head of the firm of Willing and Morris\\n[Robert Morris] from 1754 to 1793, which was an agent of Congress during\\nthe Revolution. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress\\nfrom 1775 to 1776. He was the first president of the U. S. Bank in 1791.\\nWillis, Nathaniel P. (1806\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1867), poet, was connected with the New\\nYork Mirror from 1823 to 1842, and the Home Journal from 1848 to 1867.\\nHe wrote Scenery of the United States and Canada, etc.\\nWilmington, Del., was originally settled by Swedes, who at Christiana\\nCreek, now a part of the city of Wilmington, established the first Swedish\\ncolony in America, April, 1638. The town, its central portion, was\\nfounded in 1732, and incorporated as a borough in 1740. It became a city\\nin 1832.\\nWilmington, N. C, was founded in 1733. This town was wrested from\\nthe Confederates and occupied by the Federal troops 20,000 strong, under\\nSchofield.^ February 22, 1865. The actual capture of the town itself was\\naccomplished without bloodshed. Its protecting fortifications. Forts Fisher\\nand Anderson, had been captured January 15 and February 18 respectively.\\nAfter the Confederates Bragg and Hoke, who had held Fort Anderson with\\n6000 men, abandoned that stronghold, they retreated, February 20, through\\nWilmington, burning the steamers, cotton, naval and military stores, to pre-\\nvent their falling into the hands of the Federals. On February 22, therefore,\\nthe town was occupied by Schofield without opposition.\\nWilmot, David (1814-1868), represented Pennsylvania in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1845 to 1851. He was author of the Wilmot", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0769.jp2"}, "768": {"fulltext": "7i6 Dictionary of United States History.\\nproviso, providing that slaver} be excluded from territory to be purcliased\\nfrom Mexico in 1846. He was president judge of the Thirteenth District\\nof Pennsylvania from 1853 to i85i. He preside! over the Republican Con-\\nvention of i860, and served in the U. S. Senate as a Republican from 1861\\nto 1863, when he became Judge of the U. S. Co irt of Claims.\\nWilmot Proviso. August 8, 1846, President Polk, in a special message\\nto Congress, requested money for the adjustment of a boundary with\\nMexico, that is, for the purchase of Mexican territory outside of Texas. A\\nbill appropriating $2,000,000 was at once introduced into the House. David\\nWilmot, a Democrat, of Pennsylvania, proposed as an amendment the since\\nfamous Wilmot Proviso, which provided that neither slavery nor invol-\\nuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for\\ncrime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. The bill thus\\namended passed the House, but failed in the Senate. January 4, 1847, a bill\\nappropriating $3,000,000 instead of $2,000,000 was proposed by Preston\\nKing. It passed the House with the proviso attached, but the latter was\\ndropped in the Senate. For a number of years the Wilmot Proviso was\\nbrought up and debated whenever new territcries were to be organized. It\\nwas discussed in the case of Oregon, California, Utah and New Mexico, but\\nwas not finally established until June 9, 1861, when Congress passed an act\\nprohibiting slavery in any territories of the United States now existing, or\\nwhich may be hereafter formed or acquired.\\nWilson, Alexander (1766\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1813), naturalist, came to America from Scot-\\nlaud in 1794. He made a valuable collection of American birds and pub-\\nlished nine volumes of an American Ornitholog} He enjoyed considerable\\nreputation as a poet.\\nWilson, Henry (February 16, 1812-November 22, 1875), Vice-President\\nof the United States, was born in New Hampshire. He was in his early life\\na farmer, and a shoemaker in Natick, Mass. He was a Whig member of the\\nMassachusetts Legislature, but renounced the Whig policy at the convention\\nof 1848, and aided in forming the Free-Soil party. In 1853 he was the\\ndefeated Free-Soil candidate for Governor. A coalition of parties sent him to\\nthe U. S. Senate in 1855, and he was continued thereby Republican votes until\\n1873. Senator Wilson was one of the principal opponents of slavery.\\nDuring the war he was chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs.\\nWhen President Grant was re-nominated in 1872, Senator Wilson received\\nthe second place on the ticket. They carried the coimtry, and Wilson was\\nVice-President 1873-1875. He wrote various historical works, chief of which\\nis Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, in three volumes. Life by Nason.\\nWilson, James (1742-1798), an American statesman, was bom in Scot-\\nland, received a university education, and emigrated to Pennsylvania in\\n1766. He became an able lawyer, and was a delegate to the Continental\\nCongress. He signed the Declaration of Independence, and was one of the\\nsigners who also sat in the Federal Convention of 1787. Of this body he\\nwas one of the foremost members, and was on the Committee which drafted\\nthe Constitution. On him fell the burden of its defence in the ensuing", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0770.jp2"}, "769": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 717\\nratifying convention of Pennsylvania. In 1789 he was appointed by Wash-\\nington an Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court.\\nWilson, James F. (1828-1895), represented Iowa in the U. S. Congress as\\na Republican from 1861 to 1869. He was chairman of the Judiciary Com-\\nmittee from 1863 to 1869. He became a U. S. Senator in 1883.\\n\\\\Vilson, James, born in 1835, in Scotland, member of Iowa State Legis-\\nlature, member of Congress 1879 to 1885, Secretary of Agriculture 1897.\\nWilson, James H., bom in 1837, served at Fort Pulaski in 1862 He led a\\ndivison at the Wilderness and Petersburg. He captured Selma, Montgomery,\\nColumbus and Macon. He took Jefferson Davis prisoner in 1865.\\nWilson, John (1588-1667), clergyman, came to America from England\\nwith the Puritans in 1630, and organized the first church in Boston, of which\\nhe was pastor till 1667.\\nWilson, William L., born in 1843, has represented West Virginia in the\\nU. S. Congress as a Democrat since 1883. He was a prominent member of\\nthe Ways and Means Committee that prepared the tariff bill of 1888, and,\\nas chairman of that committee in 1893, prepared the new tariff bill of that\\nyear. Became Postmaster-General in Cleveland s Cabinet February, 1895.\\nChosen President of Washington and Lee University in 1898.\\nWilson, Woodrow, born in 1856, professor at Princeton College, has\\nbecome prominent for his writings upon political science. He wrote Con-\\ngressional Governuieut, a Study in American Politics, and The State\\nalso a historical book, Division and Reunion, 1830-1880.\\nWilson s and Kautz s Raid, Va., an expedition against the Confederate\\nrailroads and storehouses south of Richmond during Grant s campaign\\nagainst that city, June 22-30, 1864. Wilson and Kautz, commanding 7000\\ncavalry troops from the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James,\\nsucceeded in destroying several miles of the Weldon Railroad, a number of\\ndepots on the South Side Road and twenty-five miles of the Danville Road.\\nThey failed to dislodge Fitzhugh Lee from Roanoke Bridge.\\nWilson s Creek, Mo. The Federal leaders, Lyon and Sigel, were here\\ndefeated with great loss by McCuUoch and his Missouri and Arkansas volun-\\nteers, August 10, 1 861. Lyon was killed and Sigel was compelled to retreat\\nto Springfield. Lyon had come upon the Confederates by night, hoping to\\nsurprise them. The plan was well executed, but the disparity of force was\\ntoo great, his army numbering only some 5000 men, while that of McCulloch\\nwas considerably over 12,000. In this fight the Federals lost over 1200 men,\\nand the Confederates, though victorious, likewise sustained heavy casualties.\\n^Vilson s Landing, Va., an outpost of General Butler s Army of the\\nJames in 1864. It was held by Wild with two colored regiments. May 24\\nFitzhugh Lee s cavalry charged the post, but were defeated and driven back.\\nWinchell, Alexander (1824-1891), was professor of geology, zoology and\\nbotany at the University of Michigan from 1855 to 1873. He made valu-\\nable geological investigations in Michigan and Minnesota.\\nWinchester, James (1752-1826), ser\\\\ ed in the Revolutionary army. He\\nwas made commander of Fort Wayne in 181 2. He fortified Maumee Rapids", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0771.jp2"}, "770": {"fulltext": "7i8 Dictionary of United States History.\\nin 1813. He was defeated by a superior force of British and Indians under\\nColonel Proctor at Rasin River in 18 13. (See Rasin River.)\\nWinchester, Va. Here occurred, during the Civil War, three sharp\\nbattles. March 11, 1862, Jackson, having evacuated Winchester, where he\\nhad been stationed, marched up the valley to be in easy communication\\nwith Johnston s army. L,earning that Shields, weakened by the withdrawal\\nof part of his force, was pursuing him, Jackson determined to engage that\\ngeneral. He commanded 10,000 Confederates, while Shields had 7000 Fed-\\nerals. However, the latter concealed his true strength by feigning retreat.\\nThe battle took place just outside of Winchester, Shields holding a strong\\nposition. The Confederates suffered a severe defeat. Again, June 15, 1863,\\nthe Federal leader, Milroy, lay encamped near Winchester with about 7000\\ntroops. Hooker was following Lee, who was then supposed to be marching\\non Washington. Ewell and Longstreet, leading 18,000 Confederates, came\\nupon Milroy as they were hastening to join Lee. Milroy, ignorant of their\\nsuperiority in numbers, held his post until it was too late to retreat. Then\\nhe defended himself as best he could, but in vain. The Confederate lines\\nclosed around him, defeating him utterly. Part of his army escaped to\\nHarper s Ferry and part fled into Pennsylvania. Twenty-nine guns and\\n4000 prisoners were captured. Also during Early s raid through the Shen-\\nandoah Valley part of his army encountered near Winchester, July 12, 1864,\\na small force of Federals under General Averell. The battle did not last long\\nfor Averell was greatly outnumbered. He was easily defeated, losing three\\nguns and about 400 men. Early then marched on Chambersburg, Pa. In\\n1864, while Sheridan, commanding 40,000 Federals, and Early with nearly\\nas large an army of Confederates, were manceuvring around Winchester, an\\nengagement occurred near that town, in which the Confederates were\\ndefeated, Sheridan capturing nearly 25,000 prisoners. The battle occurred\\nSeptember 19, and is sometimes called the battle of Opequon, from Early s\\nposition along the banks of that creek. The Federals opened the fight by\\ncharging upon and breaking Early s first line. This attack was repelled,\\nbut, being struck upon the flank, the Confederates gave way and fled in con-\\nfusion to Winchester.\\nWinder, John H. (1800-1865), served with distinction at Contreras,\\nChurubusco, Chapultepec and the City of Mexico. He entered the Confed-\\nerate service and was commandant at Libby Prison, Belle Isle and Anderson-\\nville. He is charged with extreme cmeltv.\\nWinder, William H. (1775-1824), led a successful expedition into Canada\\nbelow Fort Erie in 1812. His brigade repelled the British attack at Stony\\nCreek in 1813. He was in command at Bladensburg in 1814, and was disas-\\ntrously defeated.\\nWindom, William (1827-1891), represented Minnesota in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Republican from 1859 to 1869. He served in the U. S. Senate\\nfrom 1870 to 1881. He was Secretary of the Treasury in Garfield s Cabinet\\nin 1881, again a U. S. Senator from 1881 to 1883, and Secretary of the\\nTreasury in Harrison s Cabinet from 1889 to 1891.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0772.jp2"}, "771": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of Unitkd States History. 719\\nWindsor, Conn., was permanently settled in 1636 by Massachusetts\\nsettlers. A trading house was erected here by William Holmes and\\nseveral associates for the Plymouth Colony in 1633. Windsor was one of\\nthe three towns which, in 1639, united in framing the Fundamental Orders\\nof Connecticut.\\nWinebrenner, John (1797-1860), seceded from the German Reformed\\nChurch in Pennsylvania and founded a sect called the Wiuebrennerians\\nin 1830. Their distinctive ordinances are baptism by immersion, washing\\nof feet, and the Lord s Supper.\\nWinebrennerians (Church of God), a denomination organized in 1830 by\\nRev. John Winebrenner, of Harrisburg, Pa., in order to advocate a more intense\\nChristian life. They have a church government like that of the Presbyterians\\nand hold views like those, partly of the Baptists, partly of the Methodists.\\nWines, Enoch C. (1806-1879), was prominent in the refonn of penal\\ninstitutions throughout the world. He secured the assembling of., the first\\nNational Prison Congress in 1870, and was its secretary from 1870 to 1879.\\nWingfield, Edward Maria, was active in colonizing Virginia under the\\npatent of 1606. He came to Virginia from England in 1607. He was\\nnamed first president of the colon}-, but was deposed in 1608. He wrote a\\nDiscourse of Virginia.\\nW^innebagoes, a tribe of Dakota Indians, migrated east early, but were\\nforced back to Green Bay. Early in the seventeenth century an alliance of\\ntribes attacked and greatly reduced them. Later they were nearly extermi-\\nnated by the Illinois. They joined with the French, and in the Revolution\\nfavored the English. They were also active in the Indian War of 1793-4,\\nbeing leduced b) Wayne. In 1812 they were friendly to the English. In\\n1816 they made a treaty of peace. Treaties in 1826 and 1827 fixed their\\nboundaries. In 1829 they ceded large tracts of land. They made subse-\\nquent treaties and were removed from place to place until in 1866 they\\nwere given lands at Winnebago, Neb.\\nWinslow, Edward (1595-1655), one of the Pilgrim leaders, joined Robin-\\nson s congregation at Leyden in 1617, and was one of the prominent mem-\\nbers of the Mayflower band. He was the diplomatist and commercial\\nhead of the colony. The first year he negotiated a lasting treaty with\\nMassasoit, whose life he saved two years later. He conducted an exploring\\nexpedition into the interior, and visited England several times in the interests\\nof the settlement. Winslow was often chosen assistant, and was three times\\nGovernor. In 1633 he dispatched a vessel up the Connecticut whose crew\\nbuilt a house on the site of Hartford, in rivalry with the Dutch claims. He\\nrepresented his colony in the New England Confederation, and by Cromwell\\nwas appointed head commissioner of an expedition against the Spanish West\\nIndies, which was, however, unsuccessful; Winslow died during its course.\\nHe wrote a historical work, the Relation or Good Newes from New\\nEngland, and several religious works, Hypocrisie Unmasked, etc.\\nWinslow, John (1702-1774), of Massachusetts, was a member of the\\nunsuccessful British expedition against Cuba in 1740, He executed the", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0773.jp2"}, "772": {"fulltext": "720 Dictionary of United States History.\\norder for removing the Acadians from their homes in 1755. He commanded\\n8000 men against the French in 1756 and took command of Fort William\\nHenry. He was a major-general in the Kennebec expedition against the\\nFrench from 1758 to 1759. He became Chief Jnstice of the Court of\\nCommon Pleas in Plymouth County in 1762. He was prominent in the\\nStamp- Act troubles. He founded the town of Winslow, Maine, in 1766.\\nWinslow, John A. (1811-1873), of Massachusetts, entered the U. S. navy\\nin 1827. He served with distinction during the Mexican War. While com-\\nmanding the Kearsarge of seven guns and 163 men, he won a brilliant\\nvictory over the Alabama, Captain Semmes, of eight guns and 149 men.\\nThe engagement lasted about an hour, at the end of which the Alabama\\nsank. The Alabama lost forty killed, seventy taken prisoners, and thirty-\\nnine escaped on the British yacht Deerhound. The Kearsarge lost\\nthree men wounded, of whom one died. This was the most noted engage-\\nment between two vessels during the war.\\nWinslow, Josiah (1629-1680), was an assistant in the Plymouth colony\\nfrom 1657 *^o 1673. He was one of the commissioners of the United Col-\\nonies from 1658 to 1672. He became commander of the Plymouth forces in\\n1659. He was Governor of the Plymouth colony from 1673 to 1680. He\\nwas elected general-in-chief of all the forces of the United Colonies in 1675.\\nWinsor, Justin, born in 1831, was superintendent of the Boston Public\\nlyibrary from 1868 to 1878, when he became librarian of Harvard Univer-\\nsity. He has written much upon American history, and has edited the\\nco-operative works, Memorial History of Boston and Narrative and\\nCritical History of America. He wrote a Reader s Handbook of the\\nAmerican Revolution and numerous bibliographies also, Christopher\\nColumbus and From Cartier to Frontenac. Died 1897.\\nWinthrop, John (January 22, 1588-March 26, 1649), one of the chief\\nfounders and historians of New England, was born near Groton, in England.\\nHe was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and became a justice of the\\npeace and attorney. His sympathies were with the Parliamentary opposition\\nto the Stuart policy, and in 1629 lie was chosen Governor of Massachusetts.\\nHe arrived in Salem in the summer of 1630, and soon proceeded to the site\\nof Fioston. He continued as the chief magistrate until 1634. In the short\\nibUowing period, when Vane was Governor, and the Anne Hutchinson con-\\ntroversy was the burning question, Winthrop opposed Vane. He was\\nGovernor again from 1637 to 1640 and from 1646 until his death. No name\\nstands higher among the colonists in respect to ability and character\\ncombined. Governor Winthrop wrote a valuable journal of events in the\\ncolony, published by Savage under the title History of New England.\\nHis Life and Letters were edited by R. C. Winthrop.\\nWinthrop, John (1606-1676), son of the preceding, came to Massachusetts\\nfrom England in 1631. He was an assistant of the Massachusetts colony\\nfrom 1 63 1 to 1649. He went to England in 1634 and obtained a commission\\nto build a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut River. In 1646 he founded\\nwhat is now New London, and became a Connecticut magistrate in 1650.\\nHe was elected Governor of Connecticut in 1657, and held office till his", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0774.jp2"}, "773": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 721\\ndeath, except one year. In 1663 he obtained a charter from Charles II.\\nuniting the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven.\\nWinthrop, John (Fitz-John) (1639-1707), son of John Winthrop the\\nyounger, was a highl} efficient agent of the Connecticut colony in Londdn\\nfrom 1693 to 1697. He was Governor of Connecticut from 1698 to 1707.\\nWinthrop, Robert C, born in 1809, a descendant of Governor Winthrop,\\nwas graduated at Harvard in 1828. He was a Whig in politics, and was\\nSpeaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. From 1841 to 1850\\nhe represented his State in the lower House of Congress, where he acquired\\na reputation as a debater and orator. He was Speaker of the House in\\n1 847-1849, and was defeated in 1849 for re-election to the chair. In\\n1850-1851 he was U. S. Senator, but a coalition of Democrats and Free-\\nSoilers defeated him. The same year he failed as the Whig candidate for\\nGovernor. Winthrop received a plurality of votes, but as the law then\\nrequired a majority the choice went to the legislature, where he was beaten.\\nMr. Winthrop has long been noted as a classic orator, particularly on histori-\\ncal themes. His addresses on anniversary occasions, as at the Yorktown\\nCentennial in 1881, were greatly admired. He died November 17, 1894.\\nWinthrop, Theodore (1828-1861), was military secretary to General Butler\\nat Fort Monroe. He aided in planning the attack on Little and Great Bethel,\\nwhere he was killed. His posthumous novels attracted wide attention.\\nWirt, William (1772-1S34), a cabinet officer, and one of the ablest and\\nmost eloquent lawyers in the country. He was a Virginian and sat at one\\ntime in the State House of Delegates, but aside from that office he was not\\nactive in political life. One of his most celebrated speeches was that deliv-\\nered in 1807 in the prosecution of Aaron Burr. From 1817 until 1829 Wirt\\nwas Attorney-General of the United States. In 1832 he was the Anti-\\nMasonic candidate for President, and received seven electoral votes. Even\\nbetter known than his addresses and essays were his Letters of the British\\nSpy, and his Life of Patrick Henry. Life by Kennedy.\\nWisconsin, a State of the Union, was the last State to be formed from\\nthe Old Northwest. It was early explored by Nicolet, La Salle and\\nFrench traders, who made the first settlement at Green Bay in 1639. In\\n1763 the treaty of Paris gave the territory to the English, under whose jur-\\nisdiction it remained until 1796, when it was ceded to the United States.\\nIn 1836 it was formed into a separate territory, and included besides its pres-\\nent area the present territory of Iowa and Minnesota and parts of the\\nDakotas. May 29, 1848, the State was finally admitted into the Union.\\nThe State was Democratic in national politics until 1856, when it was car-\\nried by the Republicans as at every subsequent Presidential election until\\n1892. In 1872 the Graham liquor law was passed requiring a license for\\nthe sale of liquor and a bond for payment of any damages from its sale. In\\n1874 the Potter law fixed the railroad rates for passengers and freight. In\\n1890 the Democrats elected the Governor, and in 1892 the Presidential\\nelectors. The present constitution dates from 1848. The population of the\\nState in 1850, was 305,391; in 1890, 1,686,880.\\n4\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0775.jp2"}, "774": {"fulltext": "722 Dictionary of United States History.\\nWisconsin, Historical Society of, founded in 1849 and reorganized in\\n1854. It has published several volumes of collections, and has formed a\\nlarge library.\\nWisconsin, University of, at Madison, was incorporated in 1838, but not\\norganized till 1848. Grants of land from the nation and State aid have\\nplaced it upon a firm foundation. Besides its college course it has a depart-\\nment of law, founded in 1863, and colleges of mechanics and agriculture.\\nWise, Henry A. (i 806-1 876), represented Virginia in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Democrat from 1833 to 1843, but supported the Whig party in opposi-\\ntion to Jackson s bank policy. He was Minister to Brazil from 1844 to\\n1847. elected Governor of Virginia in 1856, after a severe struggle\\nwith the Know-nothings, whom he denounced as abolitionists in disguise.\\nHe served till 1859. During his administration occurred John Brown s raid.\\nAs a member of the Virginia Convention in 1861 he labored for conciliation.\\nHe led a Confederate brigade in the Kanawha Valley and defended Roanoke\\nIsland. He wrote a book of political history called Seven Decades of the\\nUnion.\\nWisner, Henry (i 725-1 790), was a delegate from New York to the Con-\\ntinental Congress from 1774 to 1776. He rendered valuable service to the\\npatriot cause in the manufacture of munitions. He opposed the adoption\\nof the Constitution as creating too centralized a government.\\nWitchcraft. The early New Englanders believed that human beings\\ncould, by compact with evil spirits, obtain power to suspend the laws of\\nnature and thus injure their fellows. In 1671 Samuel Willard, a minister of\\nMassachusetts, proclaimed that a woman of his congregation, Knapp by\\nname, was bewitched, though her insanity was clearly proven. Between\\n1684 and 1693 more than 100 persons were tried and convicted of witch-\\ncraft and many of them were hanged. Special courts were appointed by\\nGovernor Phipps for the trial of witches. Witnesses were frequently guilty\\nof open perjury, for the charge of witchcraft soon came to be used as a\\nmeans of striking a private enemy. The witchcraft epidemic was especially\\nprevalent at Salem, where a number of persons professed themselves be-\\nwitched and singled out those who had bewitched them. Educated men\\nlike Increase Mather firmly believed in it. In 1693 the superstition began\\nto weaken chiefly through the writings and protests of Thomas Brattle and\\nRobert Calef, of Boston. The same belief prevailed elsewhere at that titne.\\nWitherspoon, John (17 22-1 794), came to America from Scotland in 1768\\nto accept the presidency of Princeton College, N. J. He was a prominent\\npatriot at the beginning of the Revolution, and did much to influence the\\nScotch and Scotch-Irish to defend the patriot cause. He was a member of the\\nContinental Congress from 1776 to 1779 and from 1780 to 1783. He signed\\nand strongly advocated the Declaration of Independence, and signed the\\nArticles of Confederation. He wrote Considerations on the Nature and\\nExtent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament.\\nWolcott, Oliver (1726-1797), was a member of the Connecticut executive\\ncouncil from 1774 to 1786. He was Commissioner of Indian Affairs for", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0776.jp2"}, "775": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 723\\nthe Northern Department in 1775. He was a delegate from Connecticut to\\nthe Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778, and signed the Declaration of\\nIndependence. He was placed in command of fourteen Connecticut regi-\\nments which he organized for the defence of New York. He led a brigade\\nunder General Gates at Saratoga. He served in Congress from 1780 to\\n1784. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Connecticut from 1786 to 1796,\\nwhen he became Governor.\\nWolcott, Oliver (i 760-1 833), was comptroller of public accounts of the\\nUnited States from 1788 to 1789, auditor of the U. S. Treasury from 1789\\nto 1791, and Comptroller from 1791 to 1795. He was Secretary of the\\nTreasury in the Cabinets of Washington and Adams from 1795 to 1801, but\\nopposed Adams policy, being guided by Hamilton. He was a U. S. Circuit\\nJudge from 1801 to 1802, and Governor of Connecticut from 1817 to\\n1827.\\nWolfe, James (1727-1759), one of the chief heroes in the expansion of\\nEngland, entered the army at an early age and fought in the war of the\\nAustrian Succession and against the rising of the Young Pretender in 1745.\\nHe was a brigadier-general and commander of a division under General\\nAmherst in the siege and taking of Louisbourg in 1758, and displayed great\\ngallantry. He was promoted to be major-general and selected by Pitt for\\nthe great stroke of 1759, the capture of Quebec. In June with eight thou-\\nsand troops Wolfe appeared near the city. Strongly fortified bj- nature and\\nart, and under command of the ablest French general of the time, Mont-\\ncalm, the Gibraltar of the New World resisted all attempts, direct and other-\\nwise. Wolfe and the English became discouraged. A steep but practicable\\npath from the river gave Wolfe his opportunity to surprise his enemy. On\\nthe heights of Abraham the French were completely defeated, September\\n13, 1759, and the surrender of Quebec soon followed. But Wolfe was killed\\nin the moment of victor}-. See Parkman s Montcalm and Wolfe.\\nWoman Suffrage. Twenty-eight States, a large majority of the Union,\\nhave given women some form of suflTrage. In Arizona, Delaware, Idaho,\\nIllinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota,\\nMontana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Dakota, Oklahoma,\\nOregon, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin, women\\nhave various forms of school suffrage. In Wyoming women have had the\\nsame vote with men since 1869. This right was confirmed by the Constitu-\\ntional Convention of 1889, and Wyoming was admitted to the Union in\\n1890. They have generally voted the Republican ticket, that party having\\nbeen mainly instrumental in enfranchising them. In Utah women voted\\nfrom 1870 until disfranchised by Congress in the Edmunds Law of 1882.\\nA law was passed by the New York Assembly in 1891 enabling women to\\nvote. This bill had been proposed in 1880. No vote was taken in the\\nSenate. In Kansas they have equal suffrage with men at municipal elections.\\nIn Arkansas and Missouri they vote, by signing or refusing to sign petitions,\\non liquor license in many cases. In Louisiana they vote on allowing rail-\\nroads to run through their parish. In IMississippi they were admitted in\\n1892, to vote on fence questions by the stock law. In Montana they vote", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0777.jp2"}, "776": {"fulltext": "724 Dictionary of United States History.\\nou local taxation. In Delaware suffrage is granted them in several munici-\\npalities. In Colorado they are allowed the same rights of suffrage as men.\\nWoman s Rights. The first woman s rights convention in the United\\nStates met at Rochester in 1848. (See Woman Suffrage, Equal Rights Party.)\\nWomen s Christian Temperance Union, organized in 1874 for reforming\\nthe drinking class and securing the abolition of the liquor traffic. The\\nNon-partisan W. C. T. U., was formed at Cleveland in 1890, as a protest\\nagainst the attitude of the W. C. T. U. in politics.\\nWood, Fernando (181 2-1 881), represented New York in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Democrat from 1841 to 1843. He was elected mayor of New\\nYork City from 1855 to 1858 and from 1861 to 1863. At the outbreak of\\nthe Rebellion he recommended that New York secede and become a free\\ncity. He again served in the U. S. Congress from 1863 to 1865.\\nWood, Leonard, army-surgeon, colonel of the Rough Riders, made\\nbrigadier-general for bravery, and appointed Governor of Santiago.\\nWood, Thomas J., born in 1823, served during the Mexican War. He\\ncommanded a division at Shiloh, Corinth, Stone River, Murfreesboro and\\nChickamauga. He engaged in Sherman s invasion of Georgia, and led a\\ncorps at Nashville in 1864.\\nWoodbridge, W^illiam (1780-1861), was Judge of the Michigan Supreme\\nCourt from 1828 to 1832, and Governor of Michigan from 1840 to 1841.\\nHe was a Democratic U. S. Congressman from 1841 to 1847.\\nWoodbury, Levi (1789-1851), was an earnest supporter of the War of\\n181 2. He was appointed a Judge of the New Hampshire Supreme Court in\\n1817, and was Governor of New Hampshire from 1823 to 1824. He repre-\\nsented New Hampshire in the U. S. vSenate as a Democrat from 1825\\n1 83 1. He was Secretary of the Navy in Jackson s Cabinet from 1831 to\\n1834, when he was transferred to the Treasury Department, and continued\\nin Van Buren s Cabinet till 1841. He again served in the U. S. Senate\\nfrom 1841 to 1845, and was of great influence in the Democratic party.\\nHe was a Justice of the IJ. S. Supreme Court from 1845 to 1851.\\nWoodford, Stewart L,, bom in 1835. Entered the Civil War as a private,\\nrising to rank of general, Lieutenant-Governor of New York in 1866, went\\nto Congress in 1872, became United States District Attorney in 1877, Minis-\\nter to Spain at the time of the Spanish-American War.\\n\\\\Voods, Charles R. (1827-1885), commanded a regiment at Fort Donel-\\nson and Shiloh, a brigade at Corinth and a regiment at Vicksburg. He led\\na division in Sherman s Georgia campaign.\\nWoods, William B. (1824-1887), was a member of the Ohio Legislature\\nfrom 1857 to i860, serving as Speaker of the House in 1858. He was com-\\nmissioned a lieutenant-colonel of Ohio volunteers, and fought at Shiloh,\\nArkansas Post, Resaca, Dallas, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and Bentonville.\\nHe led a division in Sherman s march to the sea. He was a U. S. Circuit\\nJudge from 1869 to i88o, when he became a Justice of the U. S. Supreme\\nCourt,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0778.jp2"}, "777": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 725\\nWood s Coins (see Rosa Americana), coins issued by Great Britain for use\\nin America in 1722 and made by William Wood after whom they were called\\nWood s coins, or Rosa Americana. They were of a mixed metal resembling\\nbrass, and the royal letters patent denominated them two pence, pence and\\nhalf pence. Obversed stamped with laureated head of George the First;\\nreverse with a double rose from which issued five barbed points. Legend,\\nRosa Americana 1722, Utile Dulci.\\nWoodworth, Samuel (1785-1842), was engaged in numerous journalistic\\nventures. He is chiefly memorable for his poems, of which the Old Oaken\\nBucket is the most popular.\\nWool, John E. (i 784-1869), served with great distinction at Queenstown\\nHeights in 1812 and at Plattsburgh in 1814. He was inspector-general of the\\namiy from 1816 to 1841. He was active in organizing troops for the Mexi-\\ncan War. He was second in command to General Taylor at Buena Vista,\\nwhere he selected the groimd and arranged the forces. He commanded the\\nEastern Department from 1857 to i860, Fort Monroe from 1861 to 1862, the\\nMiddle Military Department from 1862 to 1863, and the Department of the\\nEast in 1863.\\nWoollens Bill, the term applied to a celebrated tariff measure of 1827,\\nbecause its most important provision was the advancement of the sliding\\nscale, so carefully adjusted in 1824, from 33 to 40 and 45 per cent on all\\nwoollen imports. The bill was introduced in the House in February,\\n1827, but failed in the Senate.\\nWoolsey, Melancthon T. (1782-1838), defeated the British at Sackett s\\nHarbor in 1812. He was second in command on Lake Ontario in 1813,\\nand captured several prizes with the Sylph. He again defeated the\\nBritish at Sackett s Harbor in 181 4.\\nWoolsey, Theodore D. (1801-1889), was professor of Greek at Yale from\\n1831 to 1846, and president from 1846 to 1871. His opinions in interna-\\ntional law were of great weight. He wrote Introduction to the Study of\\nInternational Law, Political Science, Communism and Socialism in\\ntheir History and Theory, a Manual of Political Ethics, and annotated\\neditions of Lieber s Civil Liberty and Self Government.\\nWooster, David (1710-1777), general, commanded a sloop-of-war in the\\nexpedition against Louisbourg in 1745. He was a brigadier-general in the\\nFrench War from 1756 to 1763. He was one of the originators of Arnold s\\nexpedition for the capture of Quebec in 1775. He was appointed one of\\nthe eight brigadier-generals of the Continental army and stationed in\\nCanada, where he succeeded Montgomery in command for a short time. He\\nwas in command of Danbury when attacked by Governor Tryon s troops in\\n1777. He was killed in an assault on the enemy near Ridgefield, Conn.\\nWorcester, Joseph E. (1784-1865), edited the American Almanac\\nfrom 1 83 1 to 1843. He published valuable textbooks ou history and geog-\\nraphy, and his Dictionary of the English Language, which attempted to\\nrepresent the English language as it was, while Noah Webster s, in the\\noriginal editions, represented it as Webster thought it ought to be.", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0779.jp2"}, "778": {"fulltext": "726 Dictionary of United Statks History.\\nWorcester vs. Georgia, an important case decided b} the Supreme Court.\\nSamuel Worcester, a missionary among the Cherokee Indians, was in 1831\\nseized by the authorities of Gwinnett County, Ga., indicted and sentenced\\nto four years imprisonment for residing among the Indians in defiance of an\\nact of the Georgia Legislature of 1830. This act recites that any white\\nperson found living among the Indians without license from the Governor\\nof Georgia is liable to imprisonment. Worcester pleaded the unconstitu-\\ntionality of the act, and by writ of error the case was brought before the\\nSupreme Court, 1832. That body confirmed Worcester s plea and found\\njudgment in his favor, on the ground that the Georgia Act, being repugnant\\nto the treaties made between the United States and the Cherokee nation, was\\nunconstitutional and void.\\nWorden. John Lorimer (1818-1897), an American naval ofiicer, entered\\nthe navy at tlie age of seventeen. The great deed with which his name is\\nprincipally associated is the battle of the Monitor and Merrimac in\\nHampton Roads, March 9, 1862. Worden commanded the Monitor with\\ngreat skill, in an action which must be ranked among the decisive struggles\\nof the war. He received a vote of thanks from Congress and was promoted\\nto be commander. He was engaged in the blockade, destroyed the privateer\\nNashville, and took part in the attack on the Charleston forts in 1863.\\nFrom 1870 to 1874 he was superintendent of the Naval Academy. Worden\\nbecame commodore in 1868, rear-admiral in 1872, and was retired in 1886.\\nWorld s Fair. The World s Columbian Exposition was created by Act\\nof Congress April 25, 1890. President Harrison, on December 24, 1890, pro-\\nclaimed the Exposition to the world and invited foreign nations to participate.\\nOn October 21, 1892, the Exposition grounds and buildings at Chicago were\\nformally opened and dedicated with appropriate ceremonies by Levi P. Mor-\\nton, Vice-President of the United States, and presented by President Higin-\\nbotham, of the World s Columbian Exposition, to President Palmer, of the\\nWorld s Columbian Commission. The Exposition opened May i, 1893, and\\nclosed October 30, of the same year. The Exposition Act provided for a\\nnaval review, which took place in New York Harbor in April, 1893, many\\nforeign nations participating. There were about 22,000,000 paid admissions\\nto the Fair, and the receipts exceeded the expenditures by nearly $2,000,000.\\nSee Exhibitions and Centennial.\\nWorth, William J. (1794-1849), entered the army in 1812. He served as\\nan aide to General Winfield Scott in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. He\\ndistinguished himself at the battles of Chippewa and Niagara. He was in\\ncommand of the Department of Florida from 1841 to 1846 and was active\\nin subduing the Seminole Indians. He was second in command to General\\nTaylor at the outbreak of the Mexican War. He conducted an assault at\\nMonterey and led his brigade in the battles from Vera Cruz to the City of\\nMexico.\\nWright, Carroll D., born in 1840, was chief of the Massachusetts Bureau\\nof Labor Statistics from 1873 to 1888, of the U. S. Bureau of Labor from\\nits organization in 1884, and of the Department of Labor since 1888. He\\nis prominent as a statistician and investigator of social problems.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0780.jp2"}, "779": {"fulltext": "Dictionary ok United States History. 727\\nWright, Elizur (1804- 1885), became secretary of the American Anti-\\nSlavery Society in 1833. He was an editor of numerous anti-slavery publica-\\ntions including the Emancipator, Human Rights, The Massachusetts\\nAbolitionist, the Chronotype and the Commonwealth. He was\\nprominent in insurance improvements, and was Insurance Commissioner\\nof Massachusetts from 1858 to 1866. He aided in organizing the National\\nlyiberal League and was its president for three years.\\nWright, Horatio G. (i 820-1 899), fought at Bull Run and was chief engi-\\nneer of the Port Royal expedition. He led a division at Secessionville and\\ncommanded the Department of the Ohio till 1863. He led a division at\\nGettysburg and a corps at Rappahannock Station, the Wilderness and Spott-\\nsylvania. He repulsed General Early s threatened invasion of Washington\\nin 1864. He commanded at Cedar Creek and led a corps at Petersburg.\\nWright, Sir James (1714 ?-i785), was appointed Chief Justice and Lieu-\\ntenant-Governor of South Carolina in 1760. He became royal Governor of\\nGeorgia in 1764, but was compelled to retire in 1776.\\nWright, Silas (i 795-1 847), was graduated at Middlebury College, and be-\\ncame a lawyer and influential politician in the State of New York. He was a\\nmember of the State Senate, and Congressman from 1827 to 1829. or the\\nnext four years he was Comptroller of New York. Then, 1 833-1 844, he\\nwas U. S. Senator, and one of the Democratic leaders in the Senate. From\\n1845 to 1847 ^^s Governor of the State. One of his acts was the calling\\nout the militia to suppress the Anti-Renters. The local Democracy was at\\nthat time engaged in bitter factional fights, and Governor Wright was\\ndefeated for re-election in 1846. Life by Hammond.\\nWright, William (1794-1866), represented New Jersey in the U. S. Con-\\ngress as a Whig from 1843 to 1847, and in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat\\nfrom 1853 to 1859 and from 1863 to 1866.\\nWrits of Assistance. In 1754 Parliament, at the petition of Shirley,\\nthen Governor of Massachusetts, passed an act providing for a more thorough\\nenforcement of the navigation and revenue laws. General warrants were to\\nbe issued by the courts to revenue officers to continue for an indefinite\\nperiod, and not returnable into the court, for the seizure and examination of\\ngoods imported by illicit traders. These were called writs of assistance.\\nThey were legalized by the Townshend Acts of 1767. The colonists vehe-\\nmently objected to them, because their vague and general terms left the way\\nopen to great abuses against the liberty of the subjects, in the search of prem-\\nises. In February, 1761, arguing against an application for such writs before\\nthe Superior Court of Massachusetts, James Otis declared the navigation laws\\nillegal, and denied the claim of Parliament to legislate for the colonies.\\nWurttemberg. The abolition of droit d aubaine and taxes on emigration\\nwas agreed to by the Convention of 1844 between the United States and\\nWiirttemberg. A naturalization and extradition convention was concluded\\nin 1868.\\nWyandotte Constitution, the final constitution of Kansas, adopted Octo-\\nber 4, 1859, by a convention appointed by the Territorial Legislature of", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0781.jp2"}, "780": {"fulltext": "726 Dictionary of United States History.\\nKansas, and under the provisions of which Kansas was admitted to the Union.\\nThe Constitution prohibited slavery; the Governor was to be elected for two\\nyears; suffrage was limited to whites, and Topeka was made the capital.\\nWyatt, Sir Francis (1575 ?-i644), was appointed Governor of Virginia in\\n162 1. He brought from England a constitution upon which subsequent\\nforms of government in the colonies were modeled. Trial by jury, an\\nannual assembly convoked by the Governor, an executive veto power, and\\nthe concurrence of the Virginia Company and the Colonial Assembly in all\\nacts, were features. He governed from 162 1 to 1626 and from 1639 to 1642.\\nWyoming was organized as a territory in 1868. It was admitted as a\\nState by Act of Congress approved July 10, 1890. Both male and female\\ncitizens are allowed the suffrage. The State has been Republican. The\\npopulation in 1890 was 60,705.\\nWyoming Controversy, a controversy which arose between Pennsylvania\\nand Connecticut in 1782 regarding the jurisdiction of certain lands within\\nthe limits of the former State, but which had been settled by Connecti-\\ncut adventurers. In 1784 the Pennsylvanians attempted to dispossess the\\nConnecticut claimants. This led to bloodshed and to a revival of the Susque-\\nhanna Company in Connecticut for the establishment of the latter s claims.\\nJohn Franklin, the moving spirit of the Susquehanna Company, was seized\\nand imprisoned by Timothy Pickering, clerk and commissioner of the new\\ncounty of Luzerne, formed by Pennsylvania from the Connecticut claims in\\n1787. The question was finally settled in favor of Pennsylvania s juris-\\ndiction in 1790.\\nWyoming Massacre, Pa. In 1776 two Continental companies had been\\nplaced in the Wyoming Valley for the protection of the settlers, chiefly Con-\\nnecticut emigrants. Two years later Major John Butler, commanding a force\\n800 strong, of Indians, British and Tories, descended upon the valley. July 3,\\n230 Americans, in six companies, led by Colonel Zebulon Butler, attempted\\nto oppose the British raids. Their unorganized lines fell upon the enemy\\nabout four o clock in the afternoon. The Continentals were utterly routed\\nand a brutal massacre followed. Butler could not restrain his Indians, who\\ntook 227 scalps. Women and children were, however, spared.\\nWythe, George (1726-1806), jurist, became a member of the Virginia\\nHouse of Burgesses in 1758 and served until the beginning of the Revolu-\\ntion. He drafted a remonstrance to Parliament against the Stamp Act in\\n1764. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1776\\nand signed the Declaration of Independence. He became Judge of the\\nHigh Court of Chancery in 1777, and was sole chancellor of that court from\\n1786 to 1806. He was an ardent supporter of the Federal Constitution in\\nthe Virginia Convention of 1788, and was of great note as a lawyer.\\nX.\\nX Y Z Mission. In October, 1797, Marshall, Pinckney and Gerry were dis-\\npatched to France to treat with Talleyrand and endeavor to restore harmony", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0782.jp2"}, "781": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 729\\nand a good understanding, and commercial and friendly intercourse between\\nthe two republics. They had great difficulty in obtaining an interview\\nwith Talleyrand, being met instead by the latter s special agents, Hottin-\\nguer, Bellamy and Hauteval. In dispatches to the home Government the\\nUnited States Commissioners designated the.se agents respectively as X,\\nY and Z, and hence the name. The special agents suggested that the\\nAmericans propose to Talleyrand the loan of a large sum of money by the\\nUnited States, or that the latter Government accept the assignment from\\nFrance of an extorted Dutch loan, and that one of the envoys return to\\nAmerica to arrange matters. The Commission indignantly refused these\\nproposals, and broke up in 1798, having accomplished nothing definite.\\nThe envoys report of their negotiations aroused intense feeling against France\\nin the United States.\\nY.\\nYale, Elihu (1649-1721), Governor of Madras, went to England from New\\nEngland in 1652. He gave various gifts amounting to about ;^900 to Yale\\nCollege in a time of need, for which the college was named in his honor.\\nYale University, New Haven, Conn., was chartered in 1701. During its\\nfirst year it had only one student. Established first at Saybrook, it was moved\\nin 1716 to New Haven. The college received its name from Elihu Yale,\\nwho gave gifts amounting to ;^900. The Medical School was opened in 181 3,\\nthe Theological School in 1822, the Law School in 1824, the Sheffield Scien-\\ntific School in 1847.\\nYancey, William L. (1814-1863), served in both branches of the Alabama\\nLegislature. He represented Alabama in the U. S. Congress as a Democrat\\nfrom 1844 to 1847. He was a leader of the extreme party in the South.\\nHe proposed the formation of committees of safety in the Southern States\\nto fire the Southern heart. He made a tour through the North and West\\nduring the campaign of i860, urging the rejection of the Republican candi-\\ndate. He was a Confederate Commissioner to Europe from 1861 to 1862,\\nwhen he became a member of the Confederate Senate. Life by Du Bose.\\nYankee. The most probable explanation of this designation is that it is a\\ncorruption by the Massachusetts Indians of the word English, or perhaps of\\nthe French word Anglais.\\nYankee Doodle. The history of the song is uncertain, but the air existed\\nin England as far back as the middle of the last century.\\nYates, Richard (1818-1873), was a member of the Illinois Legislature\\nfrom 1842 to 1849. He represented Illinois in the U. S. Congress as a\\nWhig from 1850 to 1854. He was Governor of the State from i860 to\\n1864, and was active in the support of the Union. He represented Illinois\\nin the U. S. Senate from 1865 to 1871.\\nYates, Robert (1738-1801), of New York, was the author of numerous\\nessays signed The Rough Hewer, which advocated the patriot cause. Ho\\nwas a member of the New York Provincial Congress from 1775 to 1778,", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0783.jp2"}, "782": {"fulltext": "730 Dictionary op United Statks History.\\nHe became one of the Committee of Safety in 1776. He became a Judge\\nof the New York Supreme Court in 1776, and was Chief Justice from 1790\\nto 1798. He was a member of the convention that framed the Federal Con-\\nstitution, but left the convention and opposed the ratification of the Consti-\\ntution.\\nYazoo City, Miss., wrested from the Confederates of Johnston s command\\nby Herron and 5000 Union troops, July 13, 1863. Herron had been sent by\\nGrant for this purpose. Chrisman commanded the garrison of 800. Her-\\nron was assisted by DeKalb with a gunboat, but the latter was sunk by a\\ntorpedo. Herron captured 300 prisoners, 800 horses, 200 bales of cotton\\nand 250 small arms, besides a Confederate steamboat.\\nYazoo Frauds. Georgia began her existence as a State with doubtful\\nclaims to the territory west of her present area, but she did not hesitate to\\npass laws regulating their disposal. In 1795 four land companies were\\nformed and combined, in their operations in bribing the Georgia Legislature,\\nunder the name of the Yazoo Companies. By successfully bribing every\\nmember of the Legislature, except one, Robert Watkins, they induced that\\nbody to grant the companies, for a nominal consideration of $500,000, a\\ntract of land containing 35,000,000 acres. These frauds aroused great\\nindignation through the State. The act was declared unconstitutional and\\nvoid by the grand jury of every county except two. February 13, 1796,\\nthe Anti- Yazoo party, having the majority in the Legislature, revoked the\\nsale as a violation of the State Constitution. Immediately numerous claims\\nsprang up, which had to be decided by Congress, Madison, Gallatin and\\nLincoln were appointed commissioners to investigate the claims. In 1802\\nGeorgia ceded her western claims to the United States. The claims arising\\nfrom the Yazoo Frauds were not decided until 1814. (See art. on the case\\nof Fletcher z s. Peck.)\\nYeamans, Sir John (i6o5?-i676?), born in England, was Governor of an\\nunsuccessful colony called Clarendon, founded in 1665 on Cape Fear\\nRiver. He was Governor of South Carolina from 1671 to 1674, and intro-\\nduced the first slaves into that colony in 1671.\\nYeardley, Sir George (i58o?-i627), was an early immigrant to Virginia\\nfrom England, and was appointed Deputy-Governor in 1616. He was dis-\\nplaced by Samuel Argall, but was appointed Governor in 1619, and con-\\nvened the first representative assembly in the Western Hemisphere. He was\\nsucceeded by Sir Francis Wyatt in 1621, but again held office from 1626 till\\nhis death.\\nYellow Bayou, La., a brief skirmish. May 18, 1864, during Banks Red\\nRiver campaign, between the rear-guard of Bailey s troops imder Mower and\\na small body of Confederates led by Polignac. The Confederates were\\nworsted.\\nYellow Fever. This disease first appeared in North America in 1780,\\nravaging Boston during the summer of that year. It subsequently visited\\nNew York and Philadelphia, especially in 1793 and 1797, the latter city\\nhaving sufifered later than 1822. More recent and malignant appearances of", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0784.jp2"}, "783": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 73^\\nthe epidemic have occurred in the Southern and Gulf States, the worst being\\nthat of 1878.\\nYellow Tavern. (See Sheridan s Raid.)\\nYellowstone Park. This tract was set apart by Congress in 1872 as a\\nnational park.\\nYeo, Sir James L. (1782-1819), commanded the British forces on Lake\\nOntario during- the War of 181 2. He captured Oswego in 1814. He was\\ndefeated in York Bay by Captain Chauncey.\\nYork, Me., second town settled in the State. The place was chartered by\\nSir F. Gorges in 1641 as a borough, and in 1642 as a city by the name of\\nGorgeana. On February 5, 1692, it was attacked by Indians, over 160 in-\\nhabitants massacred and the town burned.\\nYork (now Toronto), Ontario. An attack was planned by the Americans\\npreparatory to an invasion of Canada. April 27, 1813, General Pike with\\n1700 men and thirteen armed vessels effected a landing, and against a deter-\\nmined resistance fought his way to the town. The British, despairing of\\nlonger holding the place, blew up their powder-magazine. By this fifty-two\\nAmericans were killed, 180 wouuded, and the rest thrown into confusion.\\nDuring the dismay caused by the explosion General Sheaffe, in command of\\nthe British, withdrew with the larger part of his army, after having destroyed\\nsome vessels on the stocks and a large amount of stores. The town was then\\nsurrendered by the civil authorities together with 290 regulars and militia,\\na war-vessel and a large quantity of naval and militar stores. The Ameri-\\ncans lost in killed and wouuded 286 including General Pike himself, the\\nBritish 149. The provincial government buildings were burned.\\nYoung, Brigham (i 801-187 7), the chief exponent of Mormonism and\\npolygamy, was a Vermonter by birth, and a mechanic in New York. He\\nwas converted to Mormonism in 1831, and became an intimate associate of\\nSmith. Commencing to preach the next year, he soon removed to Kirtland,\\nOhio, was chosen elder in 1832 and apostle in 1835. Brigham Young was\\nore of the founders of the Nauvoo settlement in 1840, and in 1844 he\\nsucceeded Smith. Owing to persecution he conducted an emigration in\\n1846, and passed the following winter among the Indians of Nebraska.\\nHaving in 1847 explored the vSalt Lake valley, he returned and led his band\\nto the new home in 1848. He became Governor of Deseret in 1849,\\nwas appointed Governor of the Territory of Utah in 185 1. The next year\\nhe announced the dogma of polygamy, and systematically defied the National\\nGovernment. He submitted, however, to Johnston s expedition of 1857, He\\nremained president of the Monnon Church until his death.\\nYoung, John (i8o2?-i852), represented New York in the U. S. Congress\\nas a Whig from 1836 to 1837 and from 1841 to 1843. He was Governor of\\nNew York from 1847 to 1849, when he became Assistant U. S. Treasurer in\\nNew York City.\\nYoung, John R., born in 1841, became connected with the Philadelphi;i\\n/^ess in 1857, and was its war correspondent. He has since been an editcu", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0785.jp2"}, "784": {"fulltext": "732 Dictionary of United States History.\\nof the New York Tribune aud Herald. He was Minister to China from\\n1882 to 1884. Became librarian of Congress 1897. Died 1899.\\nYoung Men s Christian Association. This organization was first estab-\\nlished in the United States at Boston in 1851, having originated in London\\nin 1844. The present (1894) aggregate membership of the 1438 American\\nAssociations is 245,809, and the net value of their property $14,208,043.\\nYorktown (Octoberi9, 1781). On his arrival in Virginia in May, 1781,\\nCornwallis found himself in command of 5000 veterans. O^jposed to him\\nwas Lafayette with 3000 men, mostly raw militia. Cornwallis burnt aud\\nharried southern Virginia, but was unable to bring Lafayette to battle.\\nLafayette was continually reinforced and finding he could not catch him, on\\nJune 15 Cornwallis retreated to Richmond, and thence on the 20th toward\\nthe sea. In the first week of August, Cornwallis took his position at York-\\ntown with a garrison of 7000 men. Lafayette watched him from Malvern\\nHill. Washington now conceived the bold scheme of leaving Clinton\\nunguarded in New York and of striking at Cornwallis in the South. The\\nFrench fleet of thirty-four sail and 20,000 men under De Grasse was expected\\ndaily, and on August 17 news came that it was headed for the Chesapeake.\\nWithout giving Clinton any clue to his movements, Washington shifted a\\nbody of 2000 Continentals and 4000 French from West Point to Yorktown.\\nThe march was one of 400 miles and was accomplished between August 19\\nand September 18. The French fleet had already arrived, and kept the\\nenemy s fleet at bay. Cornwallis was completely hemmed in by 16,000 men\\nand the fleet. Each day the lines grew closer and no help came from Clin-\\nton. On October 14, two British redoubts were taken by storm. Next day\\nthe British made a fruitless sortie, and on the 17th a white flag was displayed.\\nThe British became prisoners of war. Cornwallis was directed to give his\\nsword to General Lincoln. He sent it by General O Hara. The number of\\nthe British who surrendered was 7247 soldiers and 840 seamen. This disas-\\nter utterly crippled the British forces in America and was considered by all\\nparties the end of the war.\\nZalinski, Edmund L. G., born in 1849, came to America from Poland in\\n1853. He served with distinction on the staff of General Miles from 1864\\nto 1865. He perfected the pneumatic dynamite torpedo gun.\\nZanzibar. A treaty relative to import duty and consuls was concluded\\nbetween the United States and Zanzibar in 1886.\\nZenger s Case, first real struggle of the colonial press for freedom of\\nspeech against the Government. This case laid the foundation of the liberty\\nof the press in America. In 1735 John Peter Zenger, at that time editor\\nand publisher of the Nezv York Weekly Journal^ which had been estab-\\nlished as an organ of the popular cause against the colonial government,\\nwas brought to trial for the publication of false, scandalous, malicious,", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0786.jp2"}, "785": {"fulltext": "Dictionary of United States History. 733\\nseditious libels against the royal government of the colony of Ne\\\\y York.\\nEvery possible means was employed to secure Zenger s condemnation, but\\nno jury could be found or compelled to return a verdict of guilty.\\nZeno Brothers, Nicolo (i340?-i39i and Antonio, were Venetian navi-\\ngators who visited Greenland and Newfoundland about 1380 or 1390, and\\nare said to have navigated the coast of North America as far south as Vir-\\nginia. The accounts written by Zeno were partially destroyed and their\\nauthenticity was doubted. Subsequent researches have strengthened belief\\nin their authenticity. Zeno s map of Greenland and the northern coast of\\nNorth America shows considerable accuracy.\\nZinzendorf, Nicholas L., Count (1700-1760), visited America from Sax-\\nony (i 741-1743), and organized the Moravian Church in America. He con-\\nducted seven conventions, preached in the Lutheran and Reformed Churches,\\nand organized churches.\\nZoar. (See Separatists.)\\nZoUicoffer, Felix K. (1812-1862), was an editor of the Columbia, Tenn.,\\nObserver from 1834 to 1841. He became an editor of the Nashville Banner\\nin 1 841. He was Comptroller of Tennessee from 1844 to 1849, represented\\nTennessee in the U. S. Congress as a Whig from 1853 to 1859, and was an\\nadvocate of extreme Southern views. He entered the Confederate service\\nas a brigadier-general, and was killed in the battle of Mill Spring.", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0787.jp2"}, "786": {"fulltext": "-b..^.", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0788.jp2"}, "787": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0789.jp2"}, "788": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0790.jp2"}, "789": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0791.jp2"}, "790": {"fulltext": "^oo\\n^y- v^\\n-Y\\ns-\\ns -O*\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^oo\\n^m^\\\\\\nA^^\\ns jlJ\\n,\u00e2\u0096\u00a00\\nc\\n1 c^;^^\\nO\\nl\\\\\\no\\n5 c.\\noo^\\nA\\nf^.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f\\n.,N\\ni.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^0 0\\n,6-\\nxO\u00c2\u00b0..\\n,0\\n,0o^\\n1-0 ,A\\n1 1 it-\\nA\\n.x-^-\\n.-O", "height": "2595", "width": "1649", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0792.jp2"}, "791": {"fulltext": "A\\nr- A oo^\\nx^^\\nU^ 1\\n-o o\\nxO\u00c2\u00b0.,\\n-f\\n^Y?^,* ^T\\nll v^ /K^. 1 f", "height": "2583", "width": "1650", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0793.jp2"}, "792": {"fulltext": ";:i:i:!-:::i|il!li|\\niiiiii\\n0011 412487", "height": "2659", "width": "1713", "jp2-path": "dictionaryofunit01jame_0794.jp2"}}