{"1": {"fulltext": "fcf\\nli:\\nlira\\niiiiilllL\\n1\\njjgnijg\\n1", "height": "4500", "width": "2855", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": ",i\\n*-v^,-^.\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nUiap. Copyright No\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.\\n4.\\nK:f", "height": "4344", "width": "2744", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "1^^\\nm-:\\n;f", "height": "4460", "width": "2689", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4252", "width": "2636", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4344", "width": "2784", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THE CALORIFIC POWER\\nOF FUELS.\\nA COLLECTION OF AUXILIARY TABLES\\nAND TABLES SHOWING THE HEAT\\nOF COMBUSTION OF FUELS,\\nSOLID, LIQUID AND\\nGASEOUS.\\nTO WHICH IS APPENDED\\nTHE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON BOILER TESTS\\nOF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL\\nENGINEERS ^DECEMBER, i8gg.)\\nBY\\nHERMAN POOLE, F.CS.,\\nMember of the Society of. Cheinical Industry the American Chemical Society\\nthe Am^erican Society o/ Mechanical Engineers the American\\nInstitute of Mining Engineers etc., etc.\\nSECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED.\\nFIRST THOUSAND.\\nNEW YORK:\\nJOHN WILEY SONS.\\nLondon: CHAPMAN HALL, Limited.\\n1900.", "height": "4268", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES KECEiViiiJ,\\nLibrary of Congrot%\\nUfflce of thf\\nAPR 2 11900\\nKe^ltUr ef Ctpyrlgktft\\nA^y^,\\nxV-*\\n61136\\nCopyright, 1898, 1900,\\nBY\\nHERMAN POOLE.\\nl^ Lt n SECOND COPY,", "height": "4344", "width": "2744", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "TO MY WIFm\\nTHIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELir\\nDEDICATED.", "height": "4268", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4344", "width": "2776", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nThe books on fuels hitherto pubHshed in Enghsh, contain\\nonly a few scattered facts regarding their calorific powers, how\\nthey are obtained, and the practical use made of them. Quite\\nfrequently these books are consulted for these facts, and the\\ninformation they do contain is utilized to its fullest extent.\\nIt was thought that a book especially devoted to this subject\\ncontaining all the reliable data might be of interest, and in\\nfurtherance of that idea this book is published.\\nThe work commenced as a translation of M. Scheurer-Kest-\\nner s Poitvoir Calorifique des Covibustibles but changes be-\\n:ame necessary to adapt it to American methods and data,\\nand it was deemed advisable to simply use the skeleton of the\\nAvork and fill it in, as considered best. Even this skeleton has\\nhardly been preserved intact, as the arrangement of much of\\nthe material has been changed, many portions omitted, many\\nnew ones supplied, and in sorne of the original discussions tie\\nargument has been so changed as to point nearly opposite to\\nthat advocated by M. Scheurer-Kestner.\\nThe work embraces only that portion of calorimetric de-\\nterminations having a bearing on fuel values. A concise\\ndescription is given of the leading calorimeters, those most\\ncommonly used being described more fully than the others, and\\nsome examples of working and calculations are added.\\nCoal being the principal fuel naturally receives more space\\nthan any of the others, and most of the examples and calcuhi-\\ntions are based on results from this fuel. The other fuels are", "height": "4260", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "VI PREFA CE.\\ndiscussed briefly, some space being given to the heats of for-\\nmation of the different kinds of gas, and the advantages gained\\nby their use. A short account of theoretical flame tempera-\\ntures is given, with the methods of calculating and applying\\nthe same.\\nThe Report of the Committee on Boiler Tests, submitted\\nto the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, in Decem-\\nber, 1897, is published in full, as are also several of the appen-\\ndices to the report. This report revises the old method of\\n1885, and gives the most recent methods of testing boilers\\nand reporting the same.\\nA set of tables of constants used in this and allied sub-\\njects is given, and finally a collection of calorimetric and ana-\\nlytic data on all the kinds of fuel used. It is believed that these\\ntables are fuller and more complete than any previously pub-\\nlished in any language, and in collating them all available books\\nand periodicals have been freely used. In all instances where\\nthe author was known, he has been credited with his results.\\nOf course in such a large amount some unreliable data may\\nhave crept in, but all possible pains have been taken to exclude\\nany such. The list of periodicals, etc., consulted will be found\\nfollowing the table of contents.\\nFor help in the work, and especially the tabular matter, the\\nauthor is under obligations to many. Prominent among them\\nare Profs. R. C. Carpenter, E. E. Slosson, W. O. Atwater,\\nand D. S. Jacobus; and Messrs. William Kent, R. S. Hale,\\nF. L. Slocum, W. B. Day, and C. E. Emery. The Astor\\nLibrary and the Libraries of the American Society of Civil\\nEngineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers\\nw^ere freely used, and much help obtained from the librarians.\\nMost of the cuts are from Scheurer-Kestner s book; a few\\nwere taken from Lunge and Hurter s Alkali-Maker s Hand-\\nbook; some from Groves and Thorpe s work on Fuels; a\\nfew from the Reports of the American Society of Mechanical\\nEngineers; two from Dingler s Polytechnic Journal; one", "height": "4344", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFA CE. Vll\\nfrom the Scientific American Supplement and one from\\nEngineering News.\\nThe work has been unavoidably delayed waiting for de-\\nsired data, some of which came too late to be used.\\nThe author knows well that the book is far from perfect\\nor complete, but it is as near so as could be made with the\\ndiverse kinds of material obtainable. Some errors, especially\\nin the tables, may be found, which he hopes to correct in the\\nfuture.\\nThat it may be found of service and aid to others in their\\nwork on fuels is the sincere wish of the author.\\nHERMAN POOLE.\\nNew York, Jan. i, 1898.", "height": "4332", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.\\nThe reception accorded the first edition has induced the\\nauthor to make many changes and improvements in the present\\none.\\nBesides making the necessary typographical corrections\\nmuch new matter has been added and the tables of fuel\\ndeterminations considerably enlarged, so that they now include\\nthe fuels of the known world.\\nAmong the changes made may be mentioned the new\\nchapter on Liquid Fuels, which has been entirely rewritten the\\nnew pages on ice-calorimeters, Jones Sampler, Kent Draft\\nGauge, new smoke tests, new table of specific heat of water,\\nincluding all the recent determinations. Prof. Jacobus article\\non moisture in steam, new calorimeter pages and examples,\\netc., etc.\\nIn the fuel tables will be found valuable and extensive\\nadditions to the fuels of the United States, Germany, Scotland,\\nIndia, Russia, Bulgaria, Africa, and other countries.\\nThe entire Appendix is new and is in accord with the report\\nof the Boiler Test Committee of the A. S. M. E. for Dec.\\n1899. Many other changes will be noticed in most of the\\nchapters of the book.\\nThe interest in the work manifested by the leading engi-\\nneers and chemists not only of the United States, but of Europe\\nalso, is very gratifying, and it gives me pleasure to be able to\\nacknowledge cooperation from Hofrath Professor H. Bunte of", "height": "4344", "width": "2744", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PRE FA CE. IX\\nCarlsruhe Professor W. Louguinine of Moscow Professor\\nH. Hoefer of the Oesterreichische Zeitschrift fur Berg- unci\\nHiittenwesen, Vienna Professor W. Carrick Anderson of Glas-\\ngow; Professor Aime Witz of Lille; Dr. F. Luhn, chemist\\nof the Imperial Institute, London Professor R. C. Carpenter\\nof Ithaca, N. Y. W. B. Phillips of the Alabama Geological\\nSurvey Prof. D. S. Jacobus of Hoboken, N. J. Chf. Eng.\\nD. P. Jones, U. S. N. of Pittsburg; Dr. R L. Slocum of Pitts-\\nburg, and many others. Especial mention maybe made of the\\nnew and previously unpublished determinations of the Bul-\\ngarian Coal, kindly sent by H. B. M. Consul F. G. Freeman,\\nSofia, Bulgaria.\\nThat this edition with its improvements may meet with as\\ngood a reception as the first one is the sincere hope of the\\nauthor.\\nHERMAN POOLE.\\nNew York, February i, 1900.", "height": "4388", "width": "2656", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4340", "width": "2752", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nPreface o\\nContents xi\\nAuthorities xv\\nCHAPTER I.\\nFuels i\\nDefinitions. Fuels. Calorific Value. Heat of Combustion.\\nThermometers. Metastatic Thermometers.\\nCHAPTER II.\\nMethod of Determining Heat of Combustion 7\\nMethods Depending on the Composition. On the Reducing\\nPower.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nCalorimeters 12\\nInstallation. Evaluation in Water. Correction for Readings.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nCalorimeters with Constant Pressure 20\\nCalorimeters using Air or Oxygen. Favre and Silbermann s.\\nAlexejew s. Fischer s. Thomsen s. Carpenter s. Schwack-\\nhofer s. W. Thompson s. Barrus s. Hartley and Junker s.\\nCHAPTER V.\\nCalorimeters with Constant Volume 45\\nRelation of Constant Volume and Constant Pressure. An-\\ndrews Berthelot s. Description. Working. Calculation.\\nxi", "height": "4208", "width": "2656", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "xu\\nCONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nPACK\\nMahler s Bomb 57\\nDescription. Working. Calculation. Examples Colza Oil,\\nCoal, Gas, Coke. Atwater s. Kroeker s. Walther-Hempel.\\nWitz s. Ice Calorimeters.\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nSolid Fuels 75\\nCoal. Lignite. Peat. Coke. Charcoal. Wood.\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nLiquid Fuels 88\\nShale Oils. Petroleum. Gas Oil.\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nGaseous Fuels 92\\nHeat of Combustion from Analysis. Coal Gas. Gas of Gaso-\\ngenes. Producer or Air Gas. Water and Mixed Gas. Natural\\nGas.\\nCHAPTER X.\\nCalorific Power of Coal burnt under a Steam-boiler 109\\nDistribution of Heat. Weight of Fuel. Sampling the Fuel.\\nAnalysis of the Coal. Analysis of the Cinders. Duration of the\\nTest. The Water Evaporated. Temperature of the Steam.\\nMoisture of Steam. Corrections for Quality of Steam. Quality\\nof Superheated Steam. Determination of Moisture in Horizontal\\nPipe. Combined Calorimeter and Separator.\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nCalorific Power of Coal burnt under a Steam-boiler\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Con-\\ntinued. Air Supplied and Waste Gases 125\\nVolume of Air Necessary to Combustion. Volume of Waste\\ngases by Analysis. Gas Sampler. Analysis of Gases. Calcula-\\ntion of Volume from Analysis. Calculation of Volume of Air\\nSupplied. Calculation of Weight of Waste Gases from Analysis.\\nVolume of Waste Gases by the Anemometer. Fletcher s Ane-\\nmometer. Segur s Differential Gauge. Hirn s Method. Kent s\\nGauge. Dasymeter. Econometer. Gas Composimeter. Tempera-\\nture of Waste Gases. Pneumatic Pyrometer. Carbon in Smoke.", "height": "4344", "width": "2752", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CON J ENTS.\\nXUI\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nPAGi;\\nCalorific Power of Coal burnt under a Steam-boiler Con-\\ntinued. Calculation of the Heat Units 159\\nHeat of Aqueous Vapor. Heat of Waste Gases. Heat of the\\nTemperature. Heat of the Hygroscopic and Combustion Water.\\nCalories of the Combustible Gases. Calories due to Soot. Dis-\\ntribution of Calories Loss.\\nFlame and Flame Temperatures \\\\(y~.\\nWeight and Heat Units of Carbon Vapor 173\\nEvaporative Power of Fuel 174\\nAPPENDIX.\\nReport of the Committee on the Revision of the Society Code\\nOF 1885, Relative to a Standard Method of Conducting Steam-\\nboiler Trials 17-/\\nReport of Committee. Rules for Conducting Trial. Form for\\nReport.\\nTables ic)\\nFuel Tables 20.\\nIndex 2^", "height": "4212", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4340", "width": "2736", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.\\nThe following list contains the names of the different pub-\\nlications consulted to obtain data, especially for the tables.\\nDates are not usually given, as in many cases the entire file\\nwas used since 1868.\\nAlkali Reports, England.\\nAmerican Engineer.\\nAmerican Gas Light Journal.\\nAmerican Manufacturer.\\nAnnalen der Chemie und Physik.\\nAnnales de Chimie et Physique.\\nAnnales des Mines.\\nAustralian Mining Standard.\\nBayerisches Industrie und Gewerbeblatter.\\nBell, Sir I. L., Chemical Phenomena of Iron-smelting.\\nBerichte der Deutscher Chemischer Gesellschaft.\\nBerthelot, Essai de Mecanique Chimique.\\nBerthier, Traite des Essais par la Voie seche.\\nBulletin No. 21, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.\\nUniversity of Wyoming.\\nde la Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse.\\nde la Societe Chimique de Paris.\\nde I Association des Proprietaires d Appareils a Vapeur du\\nNord de la France.\\nChemical News.\\nColliery Guardian.\\nComptes Rendus de I Academie des Sciences.\\nCrookes and Rohrig, Metallurgy.\\nDingler s Polytechnisches Journal.\\nDufrenoy, Traite de Mineralogie.\\nElectrical Engineering.", "height": "4268", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "XV I AUrHORITIES CONSULTED,\\nEngineer.\\nEngineering.\\nEngineering and Mining Journal.\\nEngineering Mechanics.\\nEngineering News.\\nGroves and Thorpe, Chemical Technology, Vol. I.\\nGliickauf.\\nIce and Refrigeration.\\nIron Age.\\nIshervvood, B. M., Engineering Precedents.\\nResearches in Steam Engineering.\\nJahrbuch der K. K. Berg-Akademie.\\nfiir Geologic.\\nJohnson, W. B., Report to Congress, U. S. A., 1844.\\nJournal American Chemical Society.\\nCanadian Mining Institute.\\nChemical Society.\\nFranklin Institute.\\nSociety of Chemical Industry.\\nImperial Institute.\\nIron and Steel Institute.\\nde I Eclairage au Gaz.\\ndes Usines a Gaz,\\ndu Gaz et de I Electricite.\\nfiir Gasbeleuchtung.\\nfiir Praktische Chemie.\\nfiir Angewandte Chemie.\\nof Gas Lighting.\\nKent, William, Pocket-book.\\nLe Genie Civil.\\nMemoires de la Societe des Ingenieurs Civils.\\nMineral Industry, Vol. I.\\nMineral Resources, U. S. A., various volumes.\\nMining Journal.\\nM rin and Tresca, Machines a Vapeur.\\nOesterreichische Zeitschrift fiir Berg- und Hiittenwesen.\\nPeclet, Traite de la Chaleur.\\nPercy s Metallurgy, Fuels.\\nPhilosophical Magazine.\\nPf lytechnisches Centralblatt.\\nProgressive Age.\\nProceedings Alabama Industrial and Scientific Society,\\nAmerican Gaslight Association.", "height": "4344", "width": "2740", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. xvii\\nPnoceedings: American Institute Mining Engineers.\\nAmerican Society of Civil Engineers.\\nInstitute of Mechanical Engineers.\\nInstitution of Civil Engineers.\\nReports: British Alkali Commission.\\nBritish Association of Gas Managers.\\nBureau of Mines, Canada.\\nDepartment of Mines, New South Wales.\\nGeological Survey, Ohio.\\nGeological Survey, U. S.\\nSouth Lancashire and Cheshire Coal Association on Boiler?\\nand Smoke Prevention, 1869.\\nRevista Minera.\\nRevue Scientifique et Industrielle.\\nUniverselle des Mines.\\nSanitary Engineer.\\nScheerer, Lehrbuch der Metallurgie.\\nScheurer-Kestner, Pouvoir Calorifique des Combustibles.\\nScience.\\nSer, Traite de Physique Industrielle.\\nStahl und Eisen.\\nStevens Indicator.\\nThomsen, Thermo-chemie.\\nTransactions Newcastle Chemical Society.\\nUre s Dictionary.\\nUnited States Census Bulletin, 1890.\\nWilliams, C. W., Fuel, its Character and Economy.\\nWatt s Dictionary of Chemistry.\\nWitz, Traite theorique et pratique des moteurs a gaz.\\nWurtz, Dictionnaire de Chimie,\\nZeitschrift Physikalische Chemie.\\ndes Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure.\\nZeitung Berg- und Hiittenwesen.", "height": "4288", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nINTRODUCTORY.\\nFUELS.\\nFuels are those substances containing carbon, or carbon\\nand hydrogen, which are utiHzed for the heat they produce\\nupon union with oxygen. The products of this union, called\\ncombustion, are carbonic acid or carbonic acid and water.\\nMany fuels, such as wood, peat, crude petroleum, etc., exist\\nnaturally; others, such as coke, charcoal, coal-gas, etc., are\\nformed artificially.\\nThe {w\u00e2\u0082\u00aci par excellence to-day is coal. Improvements in\\ntransportation allow deliveries at points more and more\\nremote from the mines, and the increasing demand, aided by\\nnew and improved machinery, tends to lower the cost. New\\nlocations are still being discovered, and the old ones are being\\nworked more thoroughly and completely. A large portion of\\nthis book will be devoted to coal, other fuels being treated\\nincidentally; and such treatment is fitting, since it is the study\\nof coal to which the energies of physicists and engineers are\\nstill principally devoted in their researches on the calorific\\npower of fuel.\\nFor convenience of discussion the fuels will be divided\\ninto three general heads:\\nSolid fuels coal, lignite, peat, coke, charcoal, and wood.", "height": "4292", "width": "2620", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "2 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nLiquid fuels petroleum, shale oils, vegetable and animal\\noils.\\nGaseous fuels coal gas, producer gas, water gas, mixed\\ngas, natural gas.\\nCALORIFIC POWER OR HEAT VALUE.\\nThe quantity of heat generated by the combustion of\\na definite quantity of fuel in oxygen is called the calorific\\npower, heat value, or heat of combustion.\\nThe expression calorific power or heat value has a wider\\nsignification than heat of combustion. In the popular sense\\nthe former terms apply to the measure of an industrial yield as\\nwell as to the heat given off by the fuel during its complete\\ncombustion. The expression Jieat of combustion, more nearly\\ncorrect from a scientific point of view, is applied, on the con-\\ntrary, only to that quantity of heat generated by the substance\\nwhen completely burnt; that is to say, when the carbon and\\nhydrogen are completely changed to carbonic acid and water.\\nThe unit adopted for these quantities of heat is the Calorie\\nand the British Thermal Unit.\\nThe Calorie is the quantity of heat absorbed by the unit of\\nweight of pure water when its temperature is increased one\\ndegree Centigrade. This unit is usually one gram or one\\nkilogram. When it represents the atomic or molecular\\nweight, it is called the atomic or molecular calorie^ the gram,\\nbeing taken as the atomic unity.\\nThe British Thermal Unit (B. T. U.) is the quantity of\\nheat absorbed by one unit (usually one pound) when its tem-\\nperature is increased one degree Fahrenheit. It is of a\\ncalorie.\\nA kilogram in burning generates n calories with a kilogram\\nas unit and the Centigrade scale; a pound generates n calories,\\nwith a pound as unit and the Centigrade scale (W. Kent s\\npound-calorie); or, whatever the weight taken, there will be\\ngenerated the same number of calories, using the same unit of.", "height": "4344", "width": "2700", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "IN TROD UC TOR Y. 5\\nweight and the Centigrade scale. Hence to pass from the\\nCentigrade scale to the Fahrenheit scale multiply by the\\nfactor 1.8, that being the ratio of the two scales-\\nIn this work calories referred to the kilogram (kilo-\\ncalories) will be used, and the calorie will be the quantity of\\nheat necessary k) raise the temperature of that amount of pure\\nwater one degree Centigrade. We will omit consideration of\\nthe variations in specific heat of water; to consider these it\\nwould be necessary to state that the initial temperature was\\no\u00c2\u00b0 C. But, as remarked by Berthelot, the calorie varies\\nonly to a very slight degree if we take the water at a slightly\\nincreased temperature at 1 5\u00c2\u00b0 or 20\u00c2\u00b0, for example; so that we\\nare accustomed to regard as constant the specific heat absorbed\\nby the water for each degree comprised in this interval of\\ntemperature, thus simplifying the calculations. We may\\nlessen this little error by referring the calorie to a litre of\\nwater instead of a kilogram, that is, by measuring the water\\ninstead of weighing it; the weight of a litre of water diminish-\\ning from its maximum density at 4\u00c2\u00b0 C, while its specific heat\\ngradually increases. The error of calculation is thus made\\nless than the error of experiment.\\nHEAT OF COMBUSTION.\\nWhen the fuel contains hydrogen, its heat of combustion\\nmay be expressed in two ways. Hydrogen in burning pro-\\nduces water, and this water may be either condensed or in the\\nstate of vapor. The same number does not apply to both\\ncases, since the vaporization of the water formed consumes\\nheat, which is not given up to the calorimetric bath. We\\nusually consider the heat of combustion, the result of the\\nexperiment made under ordinary conditions, or when the\\nwater is in the liquid state; this is the general acceptance of\\nthe term heat of combustion. Some authors, however, prefer\\nto consider the water as vapor.\\nIt is easy, however, to change from one system to the", "height": "4316", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "4 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nother. The heat of combustion of one kilogram of hydrogen\\nbeing 34500 calories,* and the water formed being liquid at\\n0\u00c2\u00b0 C, a portion of the 34500 calories is used to vaporize the\\nwater in the case where it is gaseous or considered as such.\\nExperiment has shown that the heat of vaporization of\\nwater is expressed by the formula of Regnault,\\n606.5 0.305/, or\\n1091.7 o.305(/ 32\u00c2\u00b0) for Fahrenheit degrees,\\nin which t represents the temperature of the water in the state\\nof vapor. Now one kilogram of hydrogen produces nine\\nkilograms of water. To keep these nine kilograms of water\\nin vapor, at 100\u00c2\u00b0 C. for example, there will be needed, by the\\nabov^e formula, 637 calories per kilogram of water, or nine\\ntimes as much per kilogram of hydrogen, which is 5733\\ncalories. These 5733 calories reduce to 5453 when the water\\nis considered as being at 0\u00c2\u00b0 C. instead of at 100\u00c2\u00b0 C. Deduct-\\ning 5453 calories from 34500 calories representing the heat of\\ncombustion of hydrogen, the water formed being condensed,\\nwe obtain 29047, which number represents the heat of com-\\nbustion of hydrogen, the water being in the state of vapor\\nat o*^. We will call it, in round numbers, 29ioof calories, as\\nis done by several writers.\\nTHERMOMETERS.\\nBefore taking up the study of calorimeters, we must con-\\nsider the calorimetric thermometer, which is a most important\\npart of the apparatus employed. The reading of the ther-\\nmometer and the corrections are quite delicate and also very\\nimportant, the calculation of the heat of combustion depend-\\ning principally on their accuracy.\\nIn this work calorimetric questions relating to fuel only\\nwill be considered hence a description of ordinary ther-\\n*62iooB. T. U. t 52380 B. T. U.", "height": "4344", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY,\\n5\\nmometers and their manufacture will not be needed. They\\nare usually bought all finished, and should be obtained only\\nfrom reliable dealers.\\nFavre and Silbermann employed a thermometer of their\\nown design, divided into J^ degrees and graduated from 32^\\nto 0\u00c2\u00b0 C. Each degree occupied about 0.3 inch. By means\\nof a cathetometer they read to yi-g- of a degree. Their calori-\\nmetric bath of 2 litres capacity was subjected to at least 8\u00c2\u00b0\\nelevation in temperature, and the quantity of substance\\nnecessary to use at times exceeded 2\\ngrams. To lessen this amount of rise\\nin temperature and also the time of\\ncombustion, they used longer thermo-\\nmeters, with scales reading to -\u00c2\u00a7^^-0\u00c2\u00b0 or\\nScheurer-Kestner used\\n3\\nJ 2\\n1\\nc\\neven to\\na thermometer divided to -5^^\u00c2\u00b0 with his\\nFavre and Silbermann calorimeter.\\nSince then they have been used gener-\\nally. Such thermometers are difficult\\nto work with, and require care in ma-\\nnipulation, and often a series of ther-\\nmometers or at least two with scales\\nin sequence are employed. If the\\ninitial temperature of a calorimetric\\nbath is found a little above the highest\\ngraduation on the first thermometer,\\nand if the rise in temperature of the\\nbath amounts to two degrees, we must\\nsubstitute the second one having for its lowest degree the\\nhighest of the first. Besides the trouble of substitution, it\\nnecessitates a correction for agreement of the degrees common\\nto the two instruments. To obviate this difficulty the\\nmetastatic thermometer was invented by Walferdin and\\ndescribed in the Comptes Rendus de T Academie des ScienceSy\\n1840, p. 292, and 1842, p. 63.\\nFig. I. Metastatic\\nThermometer.", "height": "4308", "width": "2624", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "O CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\nAs it is not advisable to have the increase of temperature\\nmore than three or four degrees, and as this increase must be\\nmeasured very closely, thermometers are used in which the\\nstem is so drawn out and divided that small fractions of a\\ndegree can be easily read. The divisions of the scale should\\nnot be greater than J\u00c2\u00b0, and much finer is desirable.\\nMany physicists use special thermometers having the\\nreservoir and the tube near the zero point blown large enough\\nto hold all the mercury needed from o\u00c2\u00b0 to 1 6\u00c2\u00b0 or to the be-\\nginning of the divisions. The graduations, engraved on the\\nglass, should then begin and the tube be drawn out so that\\nthey may be sufficiently fine. Too long a tube (over i8\\ninches) is liable to damage. If the mercury cylinder be\\ntoo large it does not respond quickly enough to minute\\nchanges in temperature. Readings of the thermometer are\\nusually made v/ith a cathetometer, and hence -gL-\u00c2\u00b0 is sufficiently\\nsmall. The length of a degree should be at least one inch.\\nWith all thermometers it is essential that the glass of the\\nbulb should be rather thin, or the thermometer will be too\\nslow. The slightest difference in temperature must be\\nshown immediately by a movement of the mercurial column.\\nTo test for sensibility, read the height of the column and then\\nplace the hand on the bulb. If sufficiently sensitive the mer-\\ncury will descend quickly from the expansion of the glass and\\nafterwards rise. In thermometers divided to yw\u00c2\u00b0 move-\\nment should be immediate, and over several hundredths.\\nIn ordinary calorimetric experiments the correction due to\\nlength of the mercury column flowing out of the bulb may\\nbe neglected for several reasons; the experiments should be\\nmade in a room where the temperature is nearly the same as\\nthat of the calorimetric bath, such correction would be of\\nvery little consequence for a slight change of temperature,\\na,nd the experimenter should plunge the thermometer into the\\niDath as deep as is necessary to take the reading at che level\\nof the eye.", "height": "4344", "width": "2724", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER 11.\\nMETHODS OF DETERMINING HEAT OF COMBUSTION.\\nThere are two methods for determining tne heat of com-\\nIbustion of substances one by calculation based on the\\nchemical composition, and the other by actual combustion in\\na calorimeter. The first method may be considered under\\ntwo heads: that in which the units are calculated directly from\\nthe composition, and that in which they are calculated from\\nthe quantity of oxygen consumed during combustion in a\\ncrucible.\\nCALCULATION FROM CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.\\nDulong stated that the heat generated by a fuel during\\ncombustion was equal to the sum of the possible heats gener-\\nated by its component elements, less that portion of the hy-\\ndrogen which might form water with the oxygen of the fueL\\nHis formula was\\nX 8080C 34SOO (h j),\\nor expressed in B. T. U. s,\\nX 14500C 62 100 ^H \u00e2\u0080\u0094J,\\nin which\\nX the heat of combustion sought;\\n8080 the heat of combustion of carbon in calories\\n14500 B. T. U.\\n34500= hydrogen in calories;\\n62100= B. T. U.\\n7", "height": "4292", "width": "2624", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "8 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nH r- the quantity of hydrogen less that supposed to form^\\nwater with the oxygen.\\nOther authors and experimenters have tried to interpret\\ntheir results by a general formula with varying success.\\nMany of them by working on a certain number of coals from\\na certain location work out a formula which applies to that\\nset of coals, but not as well to another set. A few of them\\nwill be given. They all resemble Dulong s and are usually\\nonly modifications of his original one.\\nThe Verein Deutscher Ingenieure adopted the following:\\nX 8100C 29000 f H j 2500S 600^,\\nin which allowance is made for the heat of combustion of\\nsulphur and the heat of the hygroscopic water. All the\\ncoefficients are round numbers and that for hydrogen, 29000,\\nis the one in which the water is supposed to be as aqueous\\nvapor, all the water being considered as passing off in that\\nstate. None of the other formulae uses this coefficient.\\nIt gives rather low results. The question as to the advis-\\nability of reckoning the heat due to sulphur is a debatable\\none. In no case does it amount to more than a verv small\\nper cent and can have but little effect on the total.\\nBalling gives as formula\\nX 8080C 34462 (h g) 652(^ 9H)\\nto represent the actual occurrences in a steam-boiler fire work-\\ning under a pressure of steam corresponding to 300\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nSchwackhoefer made the following modification to allow\\nfor the correction due to hygroscopic water:\\nX 8080C 34500 I H 637B.\\n(H-?)", "height": "4344", "width": "2704", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "METHODS OF DETERMINING HEAT OF COMBUSTION. 9\\nMahler formulated one based on the results of calorimetric\\ndetermination of the heat of combustion of 44 different kinds\\nof fuel. It is\\n_ 8140C 34500H 3 000 (O N)\\nX\\nor simplified,\\nX 111.4C 375H 3000;\\nor in B. T. U. s,\\n;r 200. 5C 675 H 5400.\\nWith the coals he examined he found a very close agree-\\nment between the results calculated by this formula and\\nthose observed. A similar but not equally close concordance\\nwas found using the Dulong formula. With wood and lig.\\nnites the difference amounted to 2 per cent. His formula\\napplies also to other substances whose constituents are accu-\\nrately known. Cellulose, the heat of combustion of which\\naccording to Berthelot is 4200 calories, by Mahler s formula\\nis 4264.\\nIn summing up he says: From a scientific point of\\nview, in the present state of our knowledge on the subject,\\nwe cannot give a general formula depending strictly on the\\nchemical composition which will give the calorific power of\\ncombustibles, substances so complex and varied.\\nLord and Haas in a paper read before the American Insti-\\ntute of Mining Engineers, Feb. 1897, state that in a series of\\nforty Pennsylvania and Ohio coals they found differences\\nvarying from 2.0 to 1.8 per cent between the calculated\\nand the observed results, and an average difference of 0.12\\nper cent.\\nIn 1896 Bunte published some analyses and calorimetric\\ntests of gas-cokes, showing a difference of from 0.04 to\\n1.2 per cent.", "height": "4316", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "lO CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThree elements enter into these cases, the analysis, the\\n:alculation, and the combustion; all may be erroneous. As\\nthe matter stands now the weight of error seems to be on the\\nside of the analysis, as our methods of analysis, especially in\\nwater determinations, are not entirely satisfactory; yet it must\\nbe confessed that some of the most recent analyses give a\\nbasis trom which very close agreement can be calculated.\\nWith such fuels as coke, charcoal, or anthracite, having but\\nlittle volatile matter, the results agree quite well, but with the\\nbituminous coals, asphalts, mineral oils, etc., which are so\\nvery complex, the differences are greater.* In these the\\nactual proximate chemical constitution seems to make a differ-\\nence. It may be safely stated, however, that for ordinary\\nindustrial uses, in absence of the possibility of a calorimetric\\ntest, and with coals having under 20 per cent of volatile\\nmatter, a fairly accurate approximation may be arrived at by\\ncalculation.\\nThe great inducement that formerly existed in favor of\\ncalculated results exists no longer. I refer to the difficulty\\nof making a calorimetric test. These can be made now by\\nmeans of the modern apparatus, so simple and almost self-\\nregulating that the time consumed is but a small fraction of\\nthat needed for an analysis, and the labor and care, hardly\\nanything in comparison.\\nIf possible, by all means have a calorimetric test. If not\\npossible, use the best analysis available.\\nCALCULATION FROM QUANTITY OF OXYGEN USED.\\nThis is the litharge reduction test. It depends on\\nWelter s formula, which is based on the hypothesis that the\\nheat of combustion is proportional to the quantity of oxygen\\nconsumed:\\nN=mP,\\nMahler s limit for Dulong s formula is O N 15.", "height": "4344", "width": "2720", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "METHODS OF DETERMINING HEAT OF COMBUSTION. II\\nin which A^ is the heat of combustion sought, m is the coeffi-\\ncient previously determined, and P is the weight of oxygen\\nnecessary for the combustion of one kilogram of the substance.\\nGiving P the value resulting from the use of the equiva-\\nlents 16 for oxygen to burn 6 of carbon, and 8 for oxygen\\n\u00c2\u00b10 burn i of hydrogen we have\\nand the general formula becomes\\nN Zm h) 26880 h).^\\nTo use this method the combustible is mixed with an\\nexcess of litharge and heated in a crucible. The button of\\nlead formed shows the amount of oxygen consumed, and from\\nthis is deduced the heat by means of the formula. The heat\\nshould be increased very slowly. Mitchell substituted white\\nlead for litharge and claimed to obtain uniform results.\\nThis formula was recommended by Berthier, and has been\\nused since by a few others. It. is faulty, as was shown by\\nsome of Berthier s own determinations in which contradictory\\nresults were obtained. Dr. Ure showed that no uniform re-\\nsults could be obtained using the same materials. Scheurer-\\nKestner in 1892 showed that the formula not only gave erro-\\nneous results, but actually reversed the relation of combus-\\ntibles. In one case cited the heats actually obtained by a\\ncalorimeter were 8813 and 8750, while by the litharge test\\nthey were 7547 and 7977. The results were not only low,\\nbut reversed the ratio.\\nThis method is allowable only in cases where the crudest\\napproximations are desired and where no analyses or calori-\\nmetric tests can possibly be made.\\nValue given by M. Ser.", "height": "4392", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nCALORIMETRY.\\nCalorimeters for rapid combustion are invariably com-\\nposed of a combustion-chamber and a calorimetric bath,\\nusually a cylinder, surrounding it and containing a known\\nquantity of water, the elevation in temperature of which is\\nmeasured. The combustion is made in oxygen, pure or\\ndiluted.\\nCombustion-chambers are either under a constant pressure,\\nas in the calorimeters of Rumford, Favre and Silbermann,\\netc. or with a constant volume, as in the calorimeters of\\nAndrews, Berthelot, etc. With solids the difference of results\\nobtained under constant volume and constant pressure is so\\nsmall that we shall not consider it. With gases, however, it\\nis different, and we will state under which conditions the\\nresults have been obtained.\\nThe first calorimetric experiments date from Lavoisier and\\nLaplace. In 1814 Count Rumford replaced the ice calorim-\\neter of Lavoisier by an apparatus in which the heat devel-\\noped during the combustion was absorbed by water. It was\\nsome time after, 1858, that Favre and Silbermann discovered\\nthe causes of the great errors of their predecessors, and pub-\\nlished methods for correcting some while avoiding others.\\nWe owe to them, above all, the observation that, even when\\nsupplied with pure oxygen, combustion may be only partial,\\non account of the formation of combustible gases. They\\ndetermined that this occurs generally, and gave a method of\\nestimating the unburnt gases, so as to make allowances in the\\ncalculation.\\n12", "height": "4344", "width": "2716", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CALORIMETRY. 1 3\\nCarbon, which, before their time, had given only 7624\\ncalories to Laplace, 7386 to Clement-Desormes, 7915 to Des-\\npretz, 7295 to Dulong, and 7678 to Andrews, yielded to F.\\nS. 8081 after correction for carbonic oxide in the waste\\ngases. This number has since been increased to 8140 by the\\nlatest determinations of Berthelot. Berthelot and Vielle have\\nshown that by using oxygen under pressure complete com-\\nbustion can be attained.\\nINSTALLATION OF APPARATUS.\\nThe apparatus should be placed in a room free from\\nsudden changes in temperature and consequently protected\\nfrom direct sunlight. If it is not entirely protected from\\nsolar radiation, the apparatus may be set up on the north\\nside and shaded from the direct midday sun by a screen.\\nThe calorimeter cylinder with its accessories, as well as the\\ndistilled water used, should remain in the room long enough\\nto acquire its proper temperature. The cylinder should be\\nprotected as much as possible from radiation by envelopes\\nwhich vary according to circumstances. Favre and Silber-\\nmann used a cylinder with a double wall. The external one\\nwas filled with water, and between this one and the cylinder\\nproper swan s down was packed. The upper part of the\\ncylinder also had a layer of thick paper covered with down\\non the under side.\\nBerthelot states that the down is more troublesome than\\nuseful, and that it may be omitted with advantage. The space\\nbetween the cylinder and its envelope forms a layer of air\\nwhich is an excellent non-conductor. In modern instruments\\nthe down is replaced by a thick layer of felt. Berthelot even\\nomits this covering, stating that the great cause of loss of\\nheat was not from radiation, but due to evaporation produced\\nby the agitation of the water in contact with the air. He\\nsurrounds his cylinder with a layer of air inside of the\\nenvelope of water, and outside of all a layer of felt 0.8 inch\\nthick. By this means external influence is much reduced.", "height": "4272", "width": "2624", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "14 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nEVALUATION OF THE CALORIMETf-R IN WATER.\\nBefore using a calorimeter its equivalent in water must be\\ndetermined; that is, we must calculate to what quantity of\\nwater it corresponds in terms of specific heat. This is to-\\nbe added to the weight of water employed and includes the\\ncombustion-chamber, cylinder, and the immersed pieces,\\nthermometer, supports, etc.\\nBelow is given an example showing the calculation of the\\nvalue in water of a Favre and Silbermann s calorimeter:\\nCopper, 1145.651 grams at 0.09516 specific heat 109.008 grams^\\nPlatinum, 22.810 0.0324 0.706\\nValue in water of the chamber and accessories 109.714\\nThermometer, weight of glass immersed, 12 grams at 0.198 2.400\\nMercury, 63 0.332 2.070\\nTotal equivalent of water 114.184\\nwhich added to the 2 kilograms of water in the bath makes a\\ntotal of 2 1 14. 184 grams of water.\\nThe calorimetric weight for the Berthelot bomb at the\\nCollege of France in 1888 was 398.7 grams for bomb and\\naccessories.\\nThe water value of the calorimeter used by Lord and Haas\\nat the Ohio State University, Columbus, O., was determined\\nas 465 grams. Mahler s apparatus had a water equivalent\\nof 481 grams. Still, it is better to determine this equivalent\\nby actual experiment, as we are not sure of the specific heat\\nof the metal of the bomb, which might, however, be deter-\\nmined by a sample taken from the original block of which it\\nwas made.\\nSeveral methods may be employed for this.\\nWhen we use the calorimetric bomb, we burn in the obus^\\nusing 2000 grams of water, a known quantity of a substance\\nof fixed composition, and of which the heat of combustion,\\nis known, as sugar, or naphthalin. We then use less water\\nand burn a smaller quantity of the substance. If I gram of\\nsubstance was taken the first time, we may take 0.8 gram with\\n1800 grams of water the second time. We then have two", "height": "4344", "width": "2708", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CALORJMETRY.\\n15\\nequations, rrom which we eliminate the heat of combustion of\\nthe substance and deduce thence the value in water of the\\ncylinder, etc.\\nThis method, suggested by Berthelot, may be replaced by\\nthe following, to which he gives the preference:\\nPour into the calorimeter a certain quantity of warm\\nwater, at 60\u00c2\u00b0 C. for instance. This water is previously con-\\ntained in a bottle, and the temperature is measured by a\\nthermometer placed inside. As control, operate first without\\nthe bomb in the cylinder and afterwards with it in place.\\nOne test of this kind gave Berthelot a value of 354 calories\\nfor the bomb. The value deduced by calculation from specific\\nheat was 355.4. Below is the detailed calculation giving the\\nseparate parts of the bomb.\\nSoft steel.\\nPlatinum.\\nBrass.\\nNames of the Different Parts.\\nWeight\\nin\\nGrams.\\nValue in\\nWater.\\nWeight\\nin\\nGrams.\\nValue in\\nWater.\\nWeight\\nin\\nGrams.\\nValue in\\nWater.\\nCrucible\\n1709.7\\n221.2\\nII. 7\\n187.61\\n24.28\\n1.28\\n728.8\\n528.8\\n23.63\\n17.15\\n20.0\\n3.97\\n108.9\\nSt/- n-rort\\nI 86\\nCone-screw and socket\\nof fi rp-ra rri fr\\n0.37\\nMovable accessoriesserv.\\ning for suspension and\\nIfinHlincT\\n33-0\\n1.07\\nScrew of bomb\\n802.7\\n88.08\\n10.13\\nTotals\\n2745.3\\n301.24\\n1290.6\\n41.85\\n132.9\\n12.36\\nRecapitulation.\\nMetals Used.\\nSteel\\nPlatinum\\nBrass (calorimeter and agitator omitted).\\nWeight of bomb\\nValue in water by direct test.\\nWeight in\\nGrams.\\n2745.3\\n1290.6\\n132.9\\n4168.8\\nCalculated\\nValue in Water.\\n30T.24\\n41. 85\\n12.36\\n355-45\\n354-7", "height": "4268", "width": "2608", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "1 6 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nCORRECTIONS FOR THE READINGS.\\nThe corrections to be applied to thermometric readings,\\nbesides those due to the thermometer itself, are of various\\nkinds, and naturally vary with the kind of calorimeter used.\\nSome, however, are comiiioii to all.\\nThe correction relative to heating and cooling concerns all\\ncalorimeters. Favre and Silbermann made this correction with\\na coefficient previously determined, once for all, by a series\\nof experiments. For example, the coefificient that they found\\nfor their calorimeter 0.0020225) represents the influence\\nof the external temperature through the envelopes and pack-\\nings for one minute and one degree.\\nInstead of a coefficient of correction thus determined,\\nuse preferably a system of correction devised by Regnault and\\nPfaundler. This system is superior to the preceding, as it\\nallows consideration of all external conditions at the time of\\nthe experiment. It is evident, for example, that the evapora-\\ntion of a liquid may vary in such proportions that a fixed\\ncoefificient will not always represent it.\\nThe system of Regnault and Pfaundler does not need\\nprevious experiments nor a determined coefificient. It rests\\non observation of the thermometer immersed in the bath a\\nTew minutes before and after the experiment, or at the times\\nwhen external influence is at its minimum or maximum.\\nKnowing the value of these two kinds of influence, it is\\neasy to calculate it for the whole duration of the test.\\nIt is well to continue the observations before combustion\\nfor some five minutes. These five minutes should be pre-\\nceded by at least ten minutes immersion of the combustion\\nchamber with agitator, so as to establish equilibrium of tem-\\nperature between the cylinder and the water.\\nSuppose the initial correction corresponding to the first\\nperiod to be zero which is rare, it is true, but simplifies the", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "CALORIMETRY.\\n17\\ndemonstration and that the observations have given the fol-\\nlowing data:\\nInitial temperature of bath 18.460\u00c2\u00b0\\nAfter I minute 19.700\\n2 20.540\\n3 20.670\\n4 20.680\\n5 20.676\\n6 20.665\\n7 20.655\\n8 20.640\\n9 20.630\\n10 20.620\\nThe combustion once commenced is continued till after\\nthe fourth minute and ends between the fourth and fifth\\nminutes, but the equilibrium of temperature between the bath\\nand the combustion-chamber is not established until the\\neighth minute, the time when the variation due to difference\\nbetween them has become regular (0.010\u00c2\u00b0 per minute).\\nA table of corrections is formed as follows:\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0e\\n18.460\u00c2\u00b0\\n1st minute.\\n19.700\\nMean\\n19.080\u00c2\u00b0\\nDifference 0.620\\n2d\\n20.540\\n20. 120\\n1.660\\n3d\\n20.670\\n20.605\\n2.14s\\n4th\\n20.680\\n20.675\\n2.215\\n5th\\n20.676\\n20.678\\n2.218\\n6th\\n20.665\\n7th\\n20.655\\n8th\\n20.640\\n9th\\n20.630\\njoth\\n20.620", "height": "4308", "width": "2608", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "1 8 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThe total elevation of temperature is\\n20.676 18.460 2.216\u00c2\u00b0,\\nand the correction is\\n20.676 20.620 0.056\u00c2\u00b0 for five minutes,\\nor o.oi 1\u00c2\u00b0 for one minute.\\nThen\\n2.216 0.01 1 0.620 0.0031\\n2.216 o.oii 1.660 0.0083\\n2.216 O.OII 2.145 0.0107\\n2.216 O.OII 2.215 o.oiio\\n2.216 O.OII 2.218 O.OIIO\\nTotal 0.0441\\nThere is then 0.0441 to be added to the difference, 2.2 16\u00c2\u00b0,\\nincreasing it to 2.260\u00c2\u00b0, which is the corrected difference of the\\nbath temperature, from which the heat of combustion of the\\nsubstance burnt in the calorimeter is calculated.\\nRegnault and Pfaundler s formula is\\nAtn Ato K{tn to)\\nin which\\nAtn ascertained variation of temperature from the heat-\\ning and cooling of the calorimeter for one\\nminute;\\nAto variation at the beginning;\\ntn to loss or gain during the total time of the test;\\nn number of minutes of test.\\nUsing the above numbers,\\nK 0.00496.\\n2.216", "height": "4344", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CA L ORIME TRY. 1 9\\nIt will suffice, then, to find the total loss or gain to take\\nthe sum of all the gains or losses calculated by means of the\\ncoefficient K during the whole time of the experiment.\\nThus,\\n0.620 X 0.00496 0.0031\u00c2\u00b0,\\n1.660 X 0.00496 0.0083\u00c2\u00b0,\\nand so on.\\nFor the full and exact method of correction devised by\\nPfaundler, see vol. ix., p. 113 et seq, of the Annalen der Chemie\\nund Physik.", "height": "4260", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nCALORIMETERS WITH CONSTANT PRESSURE.\\nThe first calorimeters were of constant pressure; that is,\\nthe combustion was carried on at the atmospheric pressure or\\nvery near it, and did not vary from the beginning to the end\\nof the experiment. Hence the modifications in the volume\\nof the gases before and after combustion exercised no influ-\\nence on the observed results.\\nRumford, in 1814, was the first who tried to correct\\nexternal influences. He employed a practical method which\\nhas often been used since, and consists in giving the calo-\\nrimeter bath a temperature in the beginning of the test less\\nthan that of the room, and allowing it at the close to attain\\na temperature in the same proportion above that of the room.\\nHis calorimetric apparatus was composed of a copper boiler\\nof several litres capacity, heated by an interior tube through\\nwhich passed the gaseous products of the combustion. The\\ncombustible was burnt in a little burner placed under the\\nboiler, and the air used circulated around the heater before\\npassing to the burner, thus preventing any loss of caloric by\\nradiation.\\nDulong in 1838 used oxygen, and obtained much superior\\nresults. His calorimeter consisted of a rectangular copper\\nbox, 25 centimetres (about 10 inches) deep, 7.5 centimetres\\n(2.9 inches) wide, and 10 centimetres (3.9 inches) long. It\\nwas closed at the upper part by a cover with a mercury seal.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "FAVRE AND SILBERMANN S CALORIMETER. 21\\nThe oxygen passed into the calorimeter by a copper tube\\nopening at one of the sides of the box near the bottom.\\nThe gases of combustion were drawn into a gas-holder. The\\napparatus was enclosed in another likewise rectangular, in\\nwhich was put 1 1 litres (gf quarts) of water. This was the\\ncalorimetric cylinder. The water was kept in motion by an\\nagitator.\\nThe unit chosen by Dulong was one gram of water whose\\ntemperature was raised one degree. He corrected the tem-\\nperature observed, same as Rumford, but he also noticed\\nthat this correction was correct only when the first period\\nwas equal to the second. The results obtained by Dulong in\\n1838 were not published till after his death, in 1843. For\\nhydrogen and carbonic oxide they are but slightly different\\nfrom the most modern determinations.\\nCALORIMETER OF FAVRE AND SILBERMANN.\\nIn 1852 Favre and Silbermann published their first\\nresearches on the quantities of heat generated by chemical\\naction and described their calorimeter.\\nAll rapid-combustion calorimeters and all with constant\\npressure intended for solid bodies are copied more or less after\\nthat of Favre and Silbermann. The principle and mode of\\nexecution in their general lines are the same; the form in some\\ndetails or the material employed for the combustion-chamber\\nhas been modified more or less; but the general apparatus\\nand accessories, as well as the method, have remained as\\nF. S. left them. We will describe, then, this calorimeter\\nin its details, and outline the modifications made by other\\nexperimenters.\\nThe calorimeter called Favre and Silbermann s is composed\\nof three concentric copper cylinders (Fig. 2, B, C, D),\\nCylinder B is the calorimeter cylinder; it is silver-plated and\\npolished on the inner surface so as to lessen its emitting\\npower; its capacity is a little over 2 litres (3 J pints), being 20", "height": "4308", "width": "2608", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "22\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\ncentimetres (about 8 inches) high and 12 centimetres (4}\\ninches) in diameter. In the middle is placed the combustion-\\nchamber A (Figs. 2 and 3).\\nFig. 2. Fig. 3.\\nFavre and Silbermann Calorimeter.\\nThe combustion-chamber is of burnished gilt copper, and\\nis shown in Fig. 3. It is a slightly conical vessel, the large\\nopening in which receives a stopper from which is suspended\\nthe burner made of a material suitable to that of the sub-\\nstance operated on. The stopper itself carries two tubes, m\\nand n, the first being an observation tube for the combustion,\\nand is surmounted by a mirror M, which allows examination\\nduring the burning. The mirror receives light by the tube\\nm, which is closed by an athermanous system of quartz,\\nalum, and glass. The other tube, n, carries the jet for the\\noxygen. Tube b is closed, or removed during the test with\\ncoal, as it is of no use then. Tube c serves as the exit for the\\nwaste gases of the combustion, which pass through the coil cc\\n(Fig. 2) before reaching the analytical apparatus. This coil", "height": "4344", "width": "2700", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "FAVRE AND SlLBERMANN S CALORIMETER\\n23\\nis sufficient to cool the gas to the temperature of the bath.\\nExperimenters should solder the oxygen-jet to the stopper\\nso as to diminish the number of openings. It is also advan-\\ntageous to solder the coil to the cover.\\nCertain fuels with very smoky flames require the addition of\\noxygen very near their surfaces. Scheurer-\\nKestner and Meunier-Dollfus employed the\\nfollowing arrangement (Fig. 4), a being the\\nplatinum capsule; cc the platinum tube,\\nwhich at the part c fits tight in the mouth\\nof the oxygen-jet; b, b, b, platinum suspen-\\nsion-rods; dj fuel.\\nIt is impossible to prevent the genera-\\ntion of more or less hydrocarbons and car-\\nbonic oxide. The weight of the hydrogen\\nand carbon is determined by causing the\\ngaseous products of combustion to pass\\nthrough an organic analysis tube, after re-\\nmoving the water and carbonic acid. For\\nthis purpose the exit-tube c (Fig. 3) is con-\\nnected by a caoutchouc tube with a Liebig apparatus, fol-\\nlowed by a U-tube of soda-lime.\\nThe gas-current being rather rapid, an absorption appa-\\nratus must be used, large and powerful enough to completely\\nfree the gas from the carbonic acid and water before it reaches\\nthe red-hot copper oxide. This is done by passing the gases\\nthrough another U-tube smaller than the preceding, and whose\\nweight should vary only a few milligrams. The gases thus\\nfreed pass to the tube of hot copper oxide, where the com-\\nbustible gases are burnt to water and carbonic acid, which are\\ncollected and weighed as usual.\\nScheurer-Kestner and Meunier-Dollfus employed a plati-\\nnum combustion-tube, and prefer soda-lime as absorbent for\\nthe water after the conclusive experiments by Mulder.*\\nZeitschrift fiir analytische Chemie, I. 4.", "height": "4284", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "24 CALORIFIC POWER OF lUELS.\\nThe coal for the experiment must be m pieces; if \\\\n\\npowder, the combustion is more difficult, unburnt gases\\nescaping in considerable quantities, so that it is rare to obtain\\na complete combustion, and the cinders almost invariably\\ncontain small quantities of coke. To determine these, the\\ncapsule and tube are withdrawn from the combustion-cham-\\nber, dried, and weighed. The coke and the little soot on the\\nsides of the capsule are burnt off by calcination in the air and\\na new weighing made, giving the weight of the carbon and\\ncinder elements which must be considered in the corrections.\\nFrom half a gram to a gram of coal may be used.\\nWhen the combustion-chamber containing the weighed\\nsubstance is put into the calorimeter all the parts of the\\napparatus are connected by caoutchouc joints and tested.\\nA slow current of oxygen from a gas-holder is passed\\nthrough the apparatus. The combustible is ignited by a few\\nmilligrams of burning charcoal, the joint in the tube being\\nbroken for the moment, and immediately reconnected without\\nstopping the flow of oxygen. The little glass M allows inspec-\\ntion of the combustion, the intensity of which can be regulated\\nby the flow of oxygen from the gas-holder. The temperature\\nshown by the thermometer is recorded each minute to obtain\\nthe data necessary for the correction spoken of above (pages\\net seq.).\\nTo calculate the heat-units developed by the combustion\\nthe following elements are needed\\n1. Weight of the combustible used;\\n2. Weight of the carbon remaining in the cinders unburnt\\nor as black\\n3. Weight of the cinders;\\n4. Weight of hydrogen escaped unburnt;\\nTo prepare the oxygen a copper flask of one litre capacity is used, in\\n^whicli is placed some chlorate of potash, which is then heated by a gas\\nflame. The gaseous current is very regular, except towards the end, when\\nit may become tumultuous. The addition of a sriiall percentage of black\\noxide of manganese promotes the regularity of the gas generation.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "FAVRE AND SILBERMANN S CALORIMETER. 2$\\n5. Weight of carbon escaped unburnt in the gaseous\\nproducts;\\n6. Elevation of temperature of calorimeter bath;\\n7. Correction for heating and cooling caused by external\\ninfluences on the calorimeter cylinder.\\nThe combustion of the coal by this means is rarely com-\\nplete; there remain variable quantities of coke mixed with\\nthe cinders formed. An uncertainty attends the calorimetric\\nvalue according as the combustion was slow or rapid, since\\nthis small quantity of coke contains more or less hydrocarbons.\\nThese differences, however, apply within very close limits, so\\nthat no fear need be entertained of large errors therefrom.\\nWhen a coal, in pieces, has been burnt, there remains in the\\ncapsule only a few milligrams of coke or unburnt carbon.\\nFrom this we calculate the calorimetric value, using 8080 as\\ncoefficient (heat of combustion of charcoal according to Favre\\nand Silbermann); and in using that coefficient the hydrogen\\nwhich may exist in the coke is naturally neglected, but this\\ncannot be prevented. The carbon and hydrogen of the com-\\nbustible gases which escaped combustion are transformed into\\nwater and carbonic acid, and weighed as such. The hydrogen\\nis calculated as in the free state (coefficient 34500) and the\\ncarbon as carbonic oxide (coefficient 2435).\\nIt is evident that these are only approximations, since the\\nhydrogen is not disengaged in a free state, but as a hydro-\\ncarbon; and its coefficient (34500) should be diminished by the\\nheat of formation of this compound, or, in other words, by the\\nheat of combustion of hydrogen and carbon. This correction,\\nhowever, is not possible; for neither the composition nor state\\nof molecular condensation of such hydrocarbon is known.\\nSimilarly for the carbon, and its heat of combination in the\\ncarbon compound. There are, then, some uncertainties,\\nbut not of much importance, in the determination of the heat\\nof combustion of fuels uncertainties which the use of the\\ncalorimetric bomb has entirely avoided.", "height": "4300", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "26 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nA complete test will now be described, giving all the cor-\\nrections.\\nSuppose one gram of dried coal in fragments is used.\\nAfter combustion in the calorimeter, weigh the capsule con-\\ntaining the cinders.\\nCinders after combustion o. i lo gram.\\ncalcination in the air o. lOO\\nUnburnt carbon remaining in cinders.... o.oio\\nThen\\nCoal used, dried at ioo\u00c2\u00b0 C i .000 gram.\\nCinders o. 100\\nPure coal (cinders out).. 0.900\\nCarbon not burnt during the experiment., o.oio\\nThere was collected from the combustion of the hydro-\\ncarbons and the carbonic oxide o. 10 gram of carbonic acid,\\ncorresponding to 0.006 of carbonic oxide (molecular ratio\\nII :7); also o.oio gram of water, corresponding to o.ooii\\ngram hydrogen (molecular ratio 9 i).\\nIncrease of temperature of the bath 3-702*\\nCorrection 0.020\\nTotal increase 3. 722\\nCalorimeter equiv. in water 2. T14 kilos and 3.722 X 2. 114 =7.8683\\nUnburnt carbon o.oio X 8.080 cal. 0.0808\\nCarbonic oxide 0.006 X 2.403 0.0144\\nHydrogen o.ooii X 34.500 0.0383\\nTotal calories from 0.900 gram coal completely burnt 8.0018\\nI gram pure coal 8.891 calories,\\nI kilogram pure coal 8891 calories, or\\nI pound 16003.8 B.T.U.\\n2000 grams of water 114 grams for value in water of calorimeter and\\naccessories.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "FA VRE A ND SILBERMA NN S CAL ORIME TER.\\n27\\nIn this example the corrections are not very important,\\nsince they do not exceed one-half per cent. These are the\\n-ordinary conditions when the coal used is in pieces. With\\npulverized coal, on the contrary, the quantity of unburnt\\ncarbon and of combustible gases increases considerably and\\nrenders results less certain. The oppor-\\ntunity we have to weigh the cinders of\\neach test obviates pulverization of the coal\\nto obtain an average sample of the cinders.\\nFavre and Silbermann s calorimeter has\\nbeen modified by Berthelot in several par-\\nticulars. He has happily modified the\\nagitator and given it a coiled form, as\\nshown in Fig. 5, a detailed description of\\nwhich is given in his Essai de Me canique\\nChimique, p. 14$.\\nThis agitator has the advantage over\\nthe old one of more completely mixing\\nthe water, with less force, and without\\naccelerating evaporation. Fig. 5 shows\\nit placed in the middle of the calorimeter.\\nHe has also replaced the gold-plated copper combustion-\\nchamber by the glass apparatus which Alexejew used for\\ncombustibles.\\nFig. 5.\\nThe F. S. calorimeter with all accessories and an agitator (not me-\\nchanical) costs about 500 francs ($100.00); with mechanical agitator arranged\\nfor a laboratory turbine or dynamo the cost is about 600 francs ($120.00).\\nBerthelot s calorimetric bomb of platinum, enamelled inside and not\\ndouble, costs no more, and is much preferable. A single operator can\\nhandle it, while the F. S. apparatus requires two.\\nNevertheless, the manner of working the F. S. calorimeter is de-\\nscribed in detail, because its use fs surrounded by conditions easily realized\\nin all countries. The calorimetric bomb requires oxygen compressed to 25\\natmospheres, which cannot be obtained everywhere.", "height": "4332", "width": "2608", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "28\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nALEXEJEW S CALORIMETER.\\nThe apparatus used by Alexejew was composed of a glass\\ncombustion-chamber A (Fig. 6), in which he burnt the coal\\npreviously reduced to fragments.\\nThese fragments were placed on a\\nplatinum grating in the centre of\\nthe chamber. The fuel was kindled\\nby means of a platinum sponge\\nplaced over it, on which impinged\\na jet of hydrogen from the gas-\\nholder M^ opening at correction\\nfor which is of course made in the\\ncalculation. The grating contain-\\ning the fuel was suspended from\\nthe glass rod a. As soon as the\\ncombustion was started the current\\nof hydrogen was cut off by the cock\\nand the oxygen allowed to flow\\nin through by the waste gases pass-\\ning out through the coil. If the\\ncombustion was interrupted, it was\\nrekindled by the hydrogen and\\nplatinum sponge. The hydrogen used was calculated in grams\\nand multiplied by 34500. The number of calories thus ob-\\ntained was deducted from that calculated from the rise in\\ntemperature of the bath. According to Alexejew, the im-\\nportance of this correction never exceeded one-half per cent,\\nand he never had to rekindle the fuel.\\nAlexejew did not determine the unburnt gases, as experi-\\nence showed they never exceeded 0.35 per cent. It is im-\\npossible, however, to determine the hydrogen of the hydro-\\ncarbons if desired, as these would be mixed with the hydrogen\\nused for kindling, part of which may escape combustion.\\nThe kindling with hydrogen might, however, be replaced by\\nthat with carbon, as in the F. S. apparatus.\\nFig. 6. Alexejew Calorim-\\neter.", "height": "4376", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "A LEXEJE fV S CAL OKI ME TER. 29\\nThe calorimeter contained 2500 grams (5.5 11 lbs. of\\nwater, a quantity somewhat larger than that usually employed,\\nand which is based on the sensibiHty of the thermometer.\\nTo attain the same degree of precision it was necessary to use\\nlarger samples of fuel or else have more delicate thermometers.\\nThe water was kept in motion by the coil-agitator.\\nThe following determination of the calorific value of\\ncapryl alcohol will show the use of this calorimeter.\\nWeigh the fuel container before and after the combustion\\nto determine the weight of substance used. If very volatile\\na portion may be carried along by the gases and condense in\\nthe accessory apparatus.\\nData.\\nWeight of Absorption Apparatus.\\nCalcium chloride tube 43-9285\\n(43.8383\\nH,0 0.0902\\nGeissler apparatus 3 /3o/2/\\n(71-7558\\nCO, 1. 8169\\nSoda-lime tube i 85.7280\\n(85.7209\\nCO, 0.0071\\nBurner\\n1-4378\\nSubstance burnt o.6jJi\\nSecond calcium chloride tube J 9 -334\\nj 96.3272\\nH,0 .0070\\nSecond Soda-lime tube -S 9 9 5\\n(91.0872\\n.0053", "height": "4344", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "2(^a\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThermometer Readings.\\nReadin\\ngs taken every minute.\\n17.500\\n18.400\\n20.36a\\n.500\\n.800\\n.352\\n.498\\n19.200\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2342\\n.495\\n.500\\n.332\\n.494\\n20.000\\n.324\\n.492\\n.250\\n.314\\n.492\\n.320\\n.304\\n.490\\n.352\\n.368\\n.294\\n17.488\\nT\\n.380\\n.282\\n20.380\\n.272\\nCombustion begins\\nCombustion ends.\\n.262\\n17.690\\n20.380 Ti\\n.250\\n.240\\n18.020\\n20.370\\n20.230\\nCalculation of Results.\\nSubstance\\nburnt\\nby weight\\n.0.6773\\nTerence\\n)rrection\\nCO,\\n.0.6758\\nDif\\n.001 K\\nCc\\nfor Cooling. A 0\u00c2\u00b0.i04.\\nJ\\nT, 20.484\\nT 17.488\\ni\\nI\\nT^ T 2.996\\nThe water and metal parts have a value of 2167.679\\ngrams.\\ni^^ 6494.367 Cal.\\n2.990\\nCorrections.\\nBy observation, the loss of heat from water absorbed in\\nthe CaCl tubes (0.0454 gram) was 28.1 calories.\\nThe loss from hydrogen in the unburnt gases was 25.6\\ncalories, and the loss from carbon in the same 7.9 calories.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "FISCHER S CALORIMETER,\\n2i)b\\nThen\\ngrams of substance.\\n6494.4\\n28.1\\n25.6\\n7.9\\n6556.0 calories obtained from 6758\\nThe calorific value is then\\n6556^\\n6758\\n9705.\\nFISCHER S CALORIMETER.\\nFischer made a combustion-chamber of silver 0.940 fine,\\nso that it would be less easily attacked\\nby sulphur, from which the gaseous pro-\\nducts of coal are rarely free. He drew\\noff the waste gases at the bottom of the\\napparatus (Fig. 7), thus avoiding the in-\\nconvenience of exit-tubes in the cover\\nof the combustion-chamber. The cool-\\nling coil was replaced by a flattened\\npipe of a certain size. A represents\\nthe combustion-chamber. The oxygen,\\npurified by passing over potash and\\nthen dried, arrived by the tube a fast-\\nened in the tube of the cover by a\\ncaoutchouc joint, and passed by means\\nof the platinum tube r into a crucible\\nz of the same metal, containing one\\ngram of the fuel. The crucible was\\ncovered by a grating, which became\\nred-hot towards the end of the opera-\\ntion. This was intended to burn the\\nwaste gases, and the black deposited at the beginning. The\\ngases flowed out at and after having encircled the outside\\nFig. 7. Fischer s Cal\\nORIMETER.", "height": "4344", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "3P\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nof the crucible escaped at b. The thermometer showed\\nwhether the temperature of the gases was the same as that\\nof the bath.\\nThe calorimetric bath contained 1500 grams (3.3 lbs,) of\\nwater, and was protected against external influences by a\\nwood casing, while the space C was filled with glass wool;\\nbut this is not necessary. ;z is a brass cover which may be\\ndispensed with. The thermometer T is the calorimetric\\nthermometer; in is an agitator moved by the string 0. The\\nvalue in water of the one used by Fischer was 11 3. 5 calories.\\nThe coal was dried in nitrogen. The carbonic acid and the\\nunburnt carbon were determined.\\nthomsen s calorimeter.\\nThis calorimeter was designed especially for tests of gases\\nand vapors. It is not adapted to tests of solid fuels. It\\nconsisted (Fig. 8) of a calorimetric\\nbath of thin brass, with a capacity\\nof some 3 litres (195 cubic inches),\\nprotected from radiation by a cylin-\\ndrical ebonite envelope and a plati-\\nnum balloon of half a litre (32.5\\ncubic inches) capacity, in which the\\ngases were burnt, being delivered\\nthrough the opening at the bottom.\\nThe waste gases passed off\\nthrough a coil, and a mechanical\\nagitator kept the water in circula-\\ntion.\\nThe dried gas was delivered\\nwith perfect regularity from a mercury gas-holder, sufficient\\nair or oxygen being added to render it free-burning, and\\nenough oxygen was supplied to insure perfect combustion.\\nThis he attained by always having 40 to 50 per cent in the\\nFig. 8. Thomsen Calo-\\nrimeter.", "height": "4376", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CARPENTER S CALORIMETER. 3 I\\nwaste gases. The gases passed off through a carbonic acid\\nabsorbing apparatus.\\nTo reduce to the minimum, or entirely suppress, the cor-\\nrection for temperature he regulated his gas-flow so that the\\ntemperature was as much higher than the air at the close of\\nthe experiment as it was lower at the beginning. This he\\neasily did by means of his hydrogen supply. If a liquid was\\ntested, it was vaporized and burnt in a specially devised\\nburner which allowed complete combustion of almost all com-\\npounds not having too high a boiling-point. If too high for\\nheat vaporization, they were carried along by a current of air,\\noxygen, or hydrogen, as seemed best adapted.\\nThe water of the calorimeter being weighed, the lower\\nportion was closed with a rubber stopper and by means of an\\naspirator a pressure of 8 to 12 inches of water was put on the\\napparatus to test the joints. When ready, the temperature\\nof the bath and the air was noted for some minutes, the gas-\\nholder reading taken, the burner placed in position, and the\\ntest commenced. The depression produced by the aspirator\\nwas about 0.4 inch during the whole test. The regularity of\\nthe working was shown by a gauge registering the pressure.\\nWhen the temperature had reached the desired point the gas\\nand electric current were shut off, the burner removed, and\\nthe opening closed again. The aspirator was used to draw\\ndry air, freed from CO^ through the apparatus to insure\\nremoval of all waste gases. The apparatus was then allowed\\nto rest, taking the temperature at short intervals for fifteen\\nminutes. He then had all the data required.\\ncarpenter s calorimeter.\\nProf. R. C. Carpenter devised a calorimeter especially for\\ncoal determinations, which is a modification or extension of\\nThomsen s. He has used it considerably in connection with\\nwork he has been engaged on, and the results credited to him\\nin the tables at the end of the book were obtained with it.", "height": "4344", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "32\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nFig. 9 is a sectional view of his apparatus. It consists of\\na combustion-cylinder, 15, with a removable bottom, 17,.\\nA\\nLJ=\\nJMB^JL\\nI\\nFig. 9. Carpenter Calorimeter.\\nthrough which passes the tube, 23, to supply oxygen, and alsa\\nthe wires, 26 and 27, to furnish electricity for the igniter.\\nIt also supports the asbestos combustion-dishes, 22, used for", "height": "4376", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CARPENTER S CALORIMETER, 33\\nholding the fuel. At its top is a silver mirror, 38, to deflect\\nthe heat. The plug is made of alternate layers of asbestos\\nand vulcanite. The products of combustion pass off through\\nthe spiral tube, 28, 29, 30, 31, which is connected with the\\nsmall chamber, 39, attached to the outer case of the instru-\\nment. This chamber has a pressure-gauge, 40, and a small\\npinhole outlet, 41. Outside the chamber is the calorimetric\\nbath, I, which is connected with an open glass gauge, 9, 10.\\nAbove the water is a diaphragm, 12, used to adjust the level.\\nThe calorimeter has an outer nickel-plated case, polished\\non the inside. The bath holds about 5 pounds of water, and\\nuses about 2 grams of coal at a time. It is thus considerably\\nlarger than the bomb, and the charge being larger the time\\nconsumed by the test is longer, being some ten minutes for\\neach gram burnt. The entire outside dimensions of the case\\nare 9J inches high and 6 inches diameter.\\nIn using the apparatus the coal is ground to a powder in a\\nmill or mortar. The asbestos cup is heated to burn off ail\\norganic matter and weighed. The sample is then placed in\\nit, and the whole weighed again. This gives the weight of\\nthe coal used. Place it in the combustion-chamber, raise the\\nplatinum igniting wire above the coal, make the connections\\nwith the battery, and as soon as the heat generated causes the\\nwater to rise in the glass tube turn on the oxygen, and by\\npulling down the wires kindle the coal. At this instant the\\nreading on the glass scale must be taken.\\nBy means of the glasses 33, 34, and 36 watch the\\nprogress of the combustion, and as soon as finished take the\\nscale-reading and the time. The difference between this\\nscale-reading and the one previously made is the actual\\nscale-reading.\\nTo correct for radiation, allow the apparatus to stand with\\nthe oxygen shut off for a length of time equal to that of the\\ncombustion, and take the scale-reading and the time. The", "height": "4344", "width": "2604", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "34 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\ndifference between this and the actual reading is to be\\nadded to the actual for the corrected reading.\\nNow, by inspection of the calibration-curve previously-\\nprepared, at the point corresponding to the corrected scale-\\nreading will be found the B. T. U. s for the quantity burnt.\\nThe ash is determined by weighing the asbestos cup after the\\ncombustion.\\nThe following shows all the calculation needed:\\nWeight of crucible (asbestos cup) i .269 grams.\\nand coal 3-Oi7\\nash 1.567\\ncombustibles 1.450\\nash 0.297\\ncoal 1.747\\n1.747 grams X 0.002205 0.003852 pounds.\\nFirst scale-reading 3.90 inches; time 2 hrs. 55 m.\\nSecond 14.70 3 20\\nThird 14.30 3 45\\nActual scale-reading. 14.70\u00e2\u0080\u0094 3.90= 10.80 inches.\\nRadiation correction 14.70\u00e2\u0080\u0094 14.30= .40\\nCorrected reading 11.20\\nOn the calibration-sheet 11.2 corresponds to 46.25\\nB. T. U. s, and 46.25 B. T. U. 0.003852 12000 B. T. U.\\nper pound.\\nAll air must be removed from the water in the bath,\\nthe apparatus must work at a constant pressure, and the\\npressure for which it is calibrated. A pressure of 10 inches\\nof water has been found satisfactory. Complete combustion\\nis always attained in the asbestos cups.\\nIt will be seen that the use of thermometers is obviated,\\nand also all corrections but one. The apparatus is intended", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "S CH WA CKHOFER S CALOR I ME TER,\\n35\\nfor ordinary every-day work, and will give good comparative\\nresults when used according to directions, which must be\\nimplicitly followed. The amount of calculation is reduced to\\na minimum, and there are no delicate parts requiring extra\\ncare and adjustment. For the purpose intended, it seems an\\nadvance over the others previously used, which could never\\ngive more faint approximations to correct results.\\nschwackhofer s calorimeter.\\nIn 1884 Schwackhofer published calorimetric researches\\non different kinds of coal, using a calorimeter in which he rnade\\nFig. 10. Schwackhofer Calorimeter.\\nseveral modifications intended to render it specially applicable\\nto such fuel.\\nHe considered it advisable to use as much as five or six\\ngrams of coal, which is six times that generally used. He\\nburnt at the same time and under definite conditions, shown", "height": "4340", "width": "2600", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "3^ CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nin the sketch (Fig. lo), a certain quantity of sugar-charcoal,\\nthe combustion of which was intended to accelerate and com-\\nplete that of the coal tested.\\nIn the figure (Fig. \\\\6)ab represents the combustion-cham-\\nber, c the calorimetric bath. Minor details of accessories, en-\\nvelopes, regulators, etc., are omitted. The burner proper is of\\nplatinum and of two pieces, a and b, superimposed, the coal\\nbeing placed in the lower portion, the sugar-charcoal in the\\nupper one. All pieces of the burner may be removed for the\\nintroduction of the coal and for cleaning. The two combus-\\ntibles rest on perforated plates of platinum, in which the per-\\nforations, made by a special machine, are so small that light\\ncan hardly pass through, and from which the cinders can be\\ncompletely removed the holes in the upper one are slightly\\nlarger than those of the lower. The oxygen enters through\\nthree tubes, e, f, g. Tubes g and in pass outside the bath, and\\ncarry mirrors to allow inspection during the burning. The\\nwaste gases pass off at the bottom through a coil n, and are\\ncollected in H. This vessel is simply to detect smoking, he\\nhaving found that it happened only when the pressure was di-\\nminished at the burner, and that it could be stopped by a rein-\\nstatement of the normal pressure, p represents an aspirator, in\\nwhich are collected the waste gases. Another one, not shown\\nin the sketch, serves to contain the gas analyzed. Both are\\nfilled with water covered with a film of oil. The oxygen\\npasses through a jar s filled with soda-lime, a bottle o fur-\\nnished with a thermometer, a cock t as regulator of the flow,\\nand one or more wash-bottles q containing sulphuric acid.\\nThe calorimeter-chamber c contains 5200 cc. (4.6 qts.) of\\nwater. 5 or 6 grams (77 to 92.5 grains) of coal were used, with\\n2 to 4 grams (31 to 62 grains) of sugar-carbon of a known\\ncalorific value. The temperature of the bath rose about 10\u00c2\u00b0\\nC, and the experiment generally lasted an hour.\\nThe sugar-carbon was first kindled in the upper part of the\\nburner, the under portion burning first. From this sparks", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "W. THOMPSON S CALORIMETER. IJ\\nivcre thrown to the coal, and it soon kindled. The oxygen\\nilowed in by g and e. When combustion was well under way\\nand had reached the lower portions of the coal, g was shut off\\nand /opened.\\nSchwackhofer obtained complete combustion of the sugar-\\ncarbon and coal, with no formation of black, and no residue of\\ncoke.\\nThe gaseous product of the combustion was generally of\\nthe following composition:\\nCarbonic acid 50 to 60 percent;\\nCarbonic oxide 1.2 to 0.3\\nOxygen 10 to 1 5\\nNitrogen... 30 to 40\\narising principally from the fact that to keep up the normal\\npressure the combustion-chamber was in communication with\\nthe open air. The cinders were weighed after each test.\\nThis apparatus should give exact results, but its use is\\ncomplicated. The long duration of the test requires impor-\\ntant corrections for influence of external heat, and it needs\\nseveral thermometers.\\nW. THOMPSON S CALORIMETER.\\nW. Thompson devised a calorimeter in which the com-\\nbustion is started by a jet of oxygen, but the waste gases in-\\nstead of passing through a coil bubble up through the water\\nof the calorimetric bath. In this apparatus the uncombined\\ngases are naturally neglected. (See Fig. ii.) It is an appa-\\nratus, as the inventor says, not intended for scientific re-\\nsearches, but for handy use of mechanics or for popular use.\\nrt: is a galvanized-iron gas-holder containing oxygen d, a\\nstop-cock regulating the flow of water to this holder; d, stop-\\ncock for gas; e, rubber tube; level-gauge; g, pressure-\\ngauge; /i, bell-glass covering the platinum crucible in which\\nthe coal is burnt is a support of earthenware suspended", "height": "4344", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "38\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nfrom the bell-glass by metal springs, and intended to insulate\\nthe crucible and prevent too quick cooling; is a glass jar\\ncontaining 2000 grams (4.4 lbs.) of water, forming the calori-\\nmetric bath. Water cannot enter the bell h while the cock j\\nFig. II. W. Thompson Calorimeter.\\nis closed, and it is opened only when the pressure in the\\ngas-holder is sufficient ?2 is a glass jar filled with water and\\nsurrounding the calorimetric jar, and is the agitator.\\nOne gram of fuel is put into the crucible, and on this is\\nplaced a small cotton wick impregnated with bichromate of\\npotash. This is lighted at the instant of putting into the jar,\\nand its combustion aided by the oxygen kindles the fuel.\\nThis is an imperfect apparatus, and will give in most cases\\nonly unsatisfactory results. Still it is in rather common use\\nin the shops of England, where it serves principally as a com-\\nparative measure, the errors being considered constant.\\nBARRUS S CALORIMETER.\\nThe Barrus calorimeter is a modification of the one just\\nmentioned. While it requires considerable care in using to\\nget correct results, yet it is one of the simplest and most in-\\nexpensive.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "BARRUS S CALORIMETER.\\n39\\nAs described by Mr. Barrus, it consists of a glass beaker\\n(Fig. 12) 5 inches in diameter and ii inches high, which\\nP^\\ncan be obtained of most dealers in\\nchemical apparatus. The combus-\\ntion-chamber is of special form, and\\nconsists of a glass bell having a\\nnotched rib around the lower edge\\nand a head just above the top, with\\na tube projecting a considerable dis-\\ntance above the upper end. The\\nbell is 2J- inches inside diameter, 5|-\\ninches high, and the tube above is J\\ninch inside diameter and extends\\nbeyond the bell a distance of 9\\ninches. The base consists of a cir-\\ncular plate of brass 4 inches in diam-\\neter, with three clips fastened on\\nthe upper side for holding down\\nthe combustion-chamber. The base\\nis perforated, and the under side\\nhas three pieces of cork attached,\\nwhich serve as feet. To the centre\\nof the upper side of the plate is attached a cup for holding\\nthe platinum crucible in which the coal is burned. To the\\nupper end of the bell, beneath the head, a hood is attached\\nmade of wire gauze, which sefves to intercept the rising\\nbubbles of gas and retard their escape from the water. The\\ntop of the tube is fitted with a cork, and through this is\\ninserted a small glass tube which carries the oxygen to the\\nlower part of the combustion- chamber. This tube is movable\\nup and down, and to some extent sideways, so as to direct\\nthe current of oxygen to any part of the crucible and to\\nadjust it to a proper distance from the burning coal.\\nThe method of working it can be easily seen from the\\ndescription and cut. In burning very smoky coals he mixes\\nFig. 12. Barrus Calorim-\\neter,", "height": "4344", "width": "2604", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "40\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nthem with a proportion of non-smoking coal of known calo-\\nrific value, and when anthracite or coke is burnt he mixes it\\nwith a small portion of bituminous coal. In Mr. Barrus s\\nhands very satisfactory results have been obtained.\\nHARTLEY AND JUNKER S CALORIMETER.\\nHartley s calorimeter is an apparatus of constant pressure\\niind continued combustion. The gas measured by a meter is\\nburnt in a Bunsen burner surrounded by a cylindrical copper\\nFig. 13. Junker Calorimeter.\\nvessel filled with water, which is constantly renewed. The\\nflow of liquid is such as to avoid much heating and time suf-\\nficient is used to increase the temperature so as to have a good\\nthermometric observation. The volume or weight of the water\\nis determined at such intervals and the thermometric readings\\ntaken often enough to obtain an average.", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "JUNKER S CALORIMETER\\nHugo Junker s modification of the apparatus rendered it\\nmore exact. It has been used for some time in Germany\\nand in the United States. It is composed (Fig. 13) of a\\ngas-meter a^ preceded by a very sensitive regulator b. On\\nleaving the meter the gas. passes to a Bunsen burner c. The\\nproducts of combustion give up their heat to a calorimetric\\ntube d^ through which regularly flows a stream of water. The\\ntemperature of the gases is regulated by means of a thermom-\\neter e. In order to keep the flow of water as regular as pos-\\nsible, it flows from the supply-tube g into a small reservoir\\nkept at a constant level governed by the tube h. The water\\npasses through i to the calorimeter and escapes at k, run-,\\nning into the glass in which it is measured or weighed. The\\ngraduated tube is to catch the condensed water from the\\ninterior of the calorimeter. The thermometer in shows the\\nheat of the escaping water, and n that of the water enter-\\ning the calorimeter.\\nTo calculate the calories generated during the combustion\\nproceed as follows\\nMeasure the quantity of water which runs through it in\\none minute, take the temperature of the two thermometers,\\nand note the flow of gas. The heat of combustion per cubic\\nmetre of burnt gas is obtained by multiplying the volume of\\nwater flowing per minute by the difference of the two temper-\\natures and dividing the product by the gas volume burnt per\\nminute.\\nThus\\nVolume of water flowing per minute 902.3 cc.\\ngas burnt per minute. 2500.0 cc.\\nTemperature at inlet 13. 1\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\noutlet 27.5 C.\\n902.3 X [2-]^^ 13.1^ 1\\nQ z= ^196 calories.", "height": "4344", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "42 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThe gas tested has a value of 5 196 calories per cubic metre.\\nSince the calorie is 3.968 times the B. T. U., and the\\ncubic metre is 35.316 times the cubic foot, multiplying\\n1 1 3.968\\nthe calories per cubic metre by =:0. Ii2^c; will give\\n35.316\\nB. T. U. s per cubic foot.\\nMultiplying, then,\\n5196 X 0.1 1235 583.8 B. T. U. s per cubic foot.\\nThe above example considered the volume of the .water.\\nIt is sometimes advisable to consider the weight instead. The\\nfollowing example illustrates this:\\nWeight of water used during the test. 2000 grams.\\nVolume of gas burnt 7-23 litres.\\nTemperature at inlet i4-4\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\noutlet 36.5\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\nThen\\n2QQO X (36.5 14-4) 1 K-\\nQ 6102 calories per cubic metre,\\n7.23\\nand\\n6102 X 0.1 1235 r= 685.6 B. T. U. per cubic foot.\\nTwo causes of error may occur. It is not certain that the\\ncombustion of the gas in the burner is regular; indications by\\ngas-meters are not always very sure, the start being capricious.\\nBut these do not have much weight in its use for industrial\\npurposes, for which it is chiefly designed. The results are\\nvery near those obtained by other methods. Stohmann, whose\\ncompetence in such matters is universally recognized, says\\nthey give good results.\\nBueb-Dessau, to prove the calorimeter, burnt hydrogen\\nprepared by electrical decomposition, and obtained after cor-\\nrections for thermometer and barometer 34150 calories per", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "LEWIS THOMPSON S CALORIMETER.\\n43\\nIcilogram a difference of 350 calories from the usual number,\\n34500, or only 9 thousandths.\\nProf. Jacobus has determined that there is a constant error\\ndue to neglect of latent heat of moisture in products of com-\\nbustion of \u00e2\u0080\u00942 per cent in the determinations with this appa-\\nratus; otherwise it is very satisfactory.\\nLEWIS THOMPSON S CALORIMETER.\\nLewis Thompson s calorimeter has been used in England\\nfor some time. It gives only approximate results, but as the\\nerrors are of the same kind in each case, the results are com-\\nparable, and it has been found serviceable in industrial works\\nwhere quick and comparative observations are required.\\nThe apparatus (Fig. 14) is composed of a glass calorimeter-\\nbath H containing water, a copper cylinder E in which the\\nFig. 14. L. Thompson Calorimeter.\\nFig. 15. Calorimeter\\nIN Action.\\nmixture of coal and potassa chlorate is placed, and surmounted\\nby the nitrate of lead fuse F. Enclosing this cylinder is a bell\\nD, having a tube C carrying a stop-cock. The cock is closed\\nbefore putting it in position in the water. iT is a cleaner for\\nthe tube C, and y is a thermometer.", "height": "4344", "width": "2600", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "44 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThe fuze is lighted, and the whole quickly put in the jar of\\nwater. The mixture of combustible and potassium chlorate\\nsoon ignites and burns, all the gases generated being forced\\nout at the bottom of the bell through the perforations, and\\nbubble up through the liquid. After the combustion is finished\\nthe temperature is taken and the heat-units calculated.\\nFrom 8 to lo parts of oxidizing mixture is recommended\\nfor one of coal; but if the coal is very rich this must be\\nincreased to 1 1 parts, calculated on the crude coal. With\\npure coal, cinders out, the extreme limits are 1 1 and 14 parts.\\nIt would probably increase the accuracy of the method, if\\nthe same quantity of oxidizing mixture was employed, what-\\never the kind of coal used, and to mix with it inert substances,\\nas silica or ground porcelain, in quantity varying with the\\nrichness of the coal.\\nScheurer-Kestner tested this apparatus very carefully,\\nusing a great variety of fuels whose heats had been previously\\nascertained by means of Favre and Silbermann s calorimeter.\\nHe found some 15 per cent deficit in the figures, and after\\ncorrecting by this amount the results varied only a few per\\ncent from those actually obtained. In thirty different kinds\\nof coal tested the average was 1.8 per cent too low.\\nThe use of this calorimeter requires some skill. Its imper-\\nfect insulation requires prompt reading and rapid combustion.\\nCare must be taken to work at temperatures very close to\\nthat of the room, as the calorimetric bath is not protected.\\nThe proportions of the mixture used vary, not only with each\\nkind of coal, but for each sample, on account of the propor-\\ntions of cinders. Fat coals require more oxidizer than lean\\ncoals, as it is evident an increase in quantity of cinders should\\nrequire a decrease in oxidizer. But in changing the propor-\\ntions of oxidizer a certain difference in elevation of tempera-\\nture is necessarily produced by the heat of solution of the\\nsalts left after the combustion. These various causes render\\nits working rather delicate, and always uncertain.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nCALORIMETERS WITH CONSTANT VOLUME.\\nThe results obtained with a calorimeter of constant volume-\\nare not exactly the same as those obtained with one of con-\\nstant pressure but for solid or liquid substances the difference\\nis too small to consider, since the volume, as well as that of\\nthe water produced, is inconsiderable in relation to the volume\\nof gas employed. As regards the correction for contraction\\nand expansion of the gases, they also are inconsiderable.\\nIn his Traite de Me canique Berthelot has shown that\\nthe heat generated by a reaction between gases at constant\\npressure is equal to the heat of combination at constant\\nvolume at any temperature whatever, increased by the pre-\\nceding product counting from absolute zero and he gives the\\nfollowing formula for passing from one system to the other\\nQTp QT, o.5424(A^- N o.oo2(.Y N )t,\\nQTp being the heat generated by the reaction at constant\\npressure, and at the temperature T counting from ordinary\\nzero; QT^, the heat generated by the reaction at same tem-\\nperature and constant volume N, the number of units of\\nmolecular volume occupied by the components, these being\\ntaken according to usage equal to 22.32 litres under normal\\npressure at 0\u00c2\u00b0 N\\\\ the corresponding number of units of\\nmolecular volume occupied by the product of the reaction.\\nAs example, take the combustion of carbonic oxide at 15\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThen we have\\nCO O CC generates at constant volume 68 calories.*\\nThese numbers refer to molecular weights.\\n45", "height": "4260", "width": "2608", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "46 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nTo pass from this to the heat given off under constant\\npressure, observe that CO occupies a unit of volume and O a\\nhalf unit. Then\\nN li-\\nCO, occupies a unit of volume and\\nN I.\\nHence N-N ^^.j\\nAt o\u00c2\u00b0 there would be, then, for the difference between the\\nheat of combustion at constant pressure and that at constant\\nvolume,\\n0.542 X +0.271 calories.\\nAt 15\u00c2\u00b0 add to this 0.015, which increases the cor-\\nrection then to 0.286. The heat of combustion of carbonic\\noxide at constant pressure and 15\u00c2\u00b0 is then 68.29 calories.\\nWith a solid or liquid, this volume in relation to those\\nof the gases formed may be practically neglected, the same\\nas with the water; all reduce then to the contraction and\\nexpansion of the gases. Thus, for naphthalin, this correc-\\ntion does not exceed 8.8 in 9692 calories leSs than o. i per\\ncent.\\nIn case of solids or liquids with unknown molecular\\nweight, as with fuels generally, this difference m^y still be\\napproximately calculated, as it is sufficient to know the volume\\nof oxygen used in the combustion and that of the gases pro-\\nduced.\\nThe first calorimeter of constant volume in date is that of\\nThomas Andrews, who in 1848 published results obtained\\nwith a closed calorimeter. The calorimeter was not applicable\\nto solids or liquids the combustion of the gases was con-\\nducted as in a eudiometer, but he did not take all the\\nprecautions necessary to be certain of complete combustion.", "height": "4376", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "ANDREWS CALORIMETER. 4/\\n^Nevertheless, the results obtained for certain gases are\\nremarkable, considering the elementary character of his\\napparatus and working. The combustion of solids, on the\\ncontrary, gave worthless results.\\nThe calorimetric bomb of Berthelot and Vielle seems able\\nto replace advantageously all the other calorimeters as much\\niDy its convenience as by its certainty of results.\\nSince Berthelot and Vielle s original form was published\\nmany minor changes have been made in the bomb. All the\\nmodern workers seem to prefer some modification of this form,\\nm preference to any of the other and older kinds. There are\\nso many points of superiority possessed by the bomb in ease\\nand rapidity of working, accuracy, convenience, etc., which\\nJhave caused it to be universally used.\\nANDREWS CALORIMETER.\\nIn 1848 Andrews published his labors on the heat of\\ncombustion of bodies, and notably on that disengaged by\\ncombustion of different gases. He used a cal-\\norimeter of constant volume, in which the com-\\nbustion-chamber was a copper cylinder (Fig.\\n16) weighing 170 grams (6 ounces), of 380 r\\ncubic centimetres (about 23^ cubic inches) ca-\\npacity, and capable of resisting the pressure\\nexerted by the combustion of the same vol- Fig. 16.\\ne r /r- TT -^i ANDREWS* CaLO-\\nume of olefiant gas (C2H,) with oxygen. rimeter.\\nAt the upper part, the cylinder had a small conical tube\\nclosed by means of a perfect-fitting stopper b. A silver wire\\na was fixed in this stopper, and to this was soldered a very\\nfine platinum wire for igniting the gases by a galvanic\\ncurrent. The mixture of gases was prepared as for eudio-\\nmetric analysis.\\nThe combustion-chamber was entirely submerged in a\\nglass cylinder filled with water, of which the temperature is", "height": "4344", "width": "2600", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "4^ CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\nregulated so as to compensate approximately for the probable\\nuse, and thus avoid corrections for influence of external air.\\nThis cylinder was put into another, also of glass. A rotary\\nmotion imparted to the cylinder aided circulation in the\\nliquid during combustion, which usually lasted thirty-five\\nseconds.\\nAndrews also applied his calorimeter to combustion of\\nsolids, but judging from the low results he did not have per-\\nfect combustion. The results obtained with some of the\\ngases, on the contrary, are quite reliable, notwithstanding the\\nimperfections of the apparatus.\\nCALORIMETRIC BOMB OF BERTHELOT AND VIELLE.\\nOf all the calorimeters known to-day, the calorimetric\\nbomb of Berthelot is that which offers the most advantages,\\nas much from its ease of operation as from the precision of\\nits results. Only one operator is needed the combustion is\\nperfect the gaseous products need not be analyzed to deter-\\nmine the combustible substance no weight save that of the\\nsubstance used is needed and it is as applicable to solids and\\nliquids as to gases.\\nTrue, its use requires oxygen under high pressure but\\nthis pressure (25 atmospheres) may be readily obtained with a\\ncompression-pump, which is easily procured and at the\\npresent time oxygen may be bought sufficiently compressed\\nfor the purpose. Berthelot states that as much as 5 or even\\n10 per cent of nitrogen is allowable, but that the latter limit\\nmust not be exceeded.\\nMahler used compressed oxygen, and obtained good\\nresults with that bought in the Paris market. This gas is\\nfurnished in steel tubes and under 120 atmospheres pressure.\\nThe cylinders contain sufficient gas to make a large number\\nof experiments before the pressure falls too low, i.e., below\\n25 atmospheres.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "BER THEL OT S CA LORIME TER.\\n49\\nFig. I J shows the bomb adjusted ready to place in the\\ncalorimeter. Full details of the construction\\nwill be found in Berthelot and Vielle s treatise,\\nSur la force des metiers explosives^ vol. i, p.\\n245-\\nFig. 2 1 shows the arrangement adopted\\nby Berthelot to burn solids. The cylinder\\n(Fig. 1 8) is lined with platinum, and con-\\nstructed so as to resist a pressure of 200 to\\n300 atmospheres. It is furnished with a\\ntight-fitting head (Fig. 17) fastened ex-\\nteriorly by a piece of steel (Fig. 19), clamped\\non the external face of the bomb by a screw-\\nclamp (Fig. 20), which does not form a part of the apparatus\\nas immersed.\\nThe sealing of the bomb results from the adherence of\\nthe margin of the head BB (Fig. 21), and the interior of\\nthe cylinder, and also between the platinum of the head and\\nthe platinum of the cylinder. Berthelot makes the joint\\nFig. 17.\\nFig. 19\\nFig. 20.\\ntight with a smearing of vaseline around the opening, being\\ncareful not to have a trace on the inside. If no bubbles\\nescape on putting it into the calorimetric bath, the joints are\\ntight.\\nThe cover is pierced at the centre with a small hole, in\\nwhich is fitted a tube formed of a hollow screw acting as a\\ncock, and itself provided at the upper end with a circular\\nlieaa. The electric ignition is produced by a platinum wire", "height": "4344", "width": "2592", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "50\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nFig. 21.\\nfitting in an opening of the removable conical cover E. This\\nis prepared (Fig. 2i) in advance, and is covered with a layer\\nof gum lac applied in a strong alcoholic solution. When the\\nfirst coat is dry, a second one is put on and\\ndried in a stove. Berthelot says that the\\ncombination of these two coatings, one elas-\\ntic and soft, the other hard and brittle,\\nresists very well the enormous pressure on\\nthe cone. This cone, lightly greased, is put\\ninto the conical opening in the bomb cover,\\nand screwed up tight by means of a nut. It\\nis well to protect the base of the cone by a\\nfilm of mica.\\nAn electric current passed through E\\n(Fig. 2t) reddens the spiral of very thin\\niron wire placed between the platinum\\nwires and one of the supports 55 of the cap-\\nsule cc containing the substance in. This iron wire soon\\nburns and kindles the combustible.\\nFig. 22 gives a general and complete internal view.\\nThe iron spiral is formed of an iron wire millimetre\\n(0.004 inch) thick, rolled up on a spindle. The wire may be\\nweighed, or by using the same length of wire always have the\\nsame weight.\\nThe spiral is attached on one side to the cone, and on the\\nother side by means of a platinum wire to the platinum sup-\\nporting the fuel, taking care that the iron has no straight por-\\ntions. The support of the capsule or platinum-foil is then\\nfixed in the cover, by aid of the screw, arranging it so that\\nthe spiral is directly over the combustible used. The cover\\nis put on, turning it gently to make the contact more perfect.\\nThe nut is tightened and the wire carefully screwed up,\\nalways using wooden tongs to prevent injuring the bomb.\\nThe form of the bomb is such as permits filling the calo-\\nrimeter with the smallest possible quantity of water a neces-", "height": "4344", "width": "2704", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "BER THEL OT S LAL ORIME TER,\\n5\\nsary condition that the temperature, and consequently the\\nprecision, attain a high degree. For solids and also for coal\\nBerthelot uses bombs containing 400 to 600 cubic centimetres\\n(24 to 37 cubic inches), placed in a calorimeter of 2000 grams\\n(4.4 lbs.) of water.\\nTo determine the heat of combustion of coal, for instance.\\n|h[i) iiii l |H i iii l^nlMiif?iiiliMi(\u00c2\u00bb.iliMifniiliiiili liiliiiiliiiiliiiinililii((lfiili,riif\\nFig. 22. Berthelot Bomb.\\nit must be previously reduced to powder in order to have a\\nsample whose cinder is known. As all kinds of coal do not\\nburn completely in this state, they are formed into pastilles,\\nwhich are weighed and burnt. They are put on a platinum\\ngrating or foil, placed on the support 56 (Fig. 21), over\\n*We obtain very resisting pastilles or briquettes from fat coals by\\nsimple compression in a pastille or suppository mould such as used by\\ndruggists. With lean coals, or anthracite, the pastilles are too friable and\\nburn incompletely. This is easily remedied by mixing with a small\\nquantity of silicate of soda solution. Several of them should be made at\\na time, the cinders of some being determined to obtain a mean and the\\nothers burnt in the bomb. They may contain about i gram of pure coal.", "height": "4344", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "52 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nwhich and in contact with it is the iron spiral. At the\\ninstant of Hghting a sHght noise is made, and soon the ther-\\nmometer begins to rise, showing that the combustion is pro-\\nceeding.\\nCompressed oxygen may be introduced either by a pump\\ndrawing the gas from a holder or by using a compressed-gas\\ncylinder. In both cases the gas is used without drying, if\\nthe combustible contains hydrogen in quantity enough to\\nsaturate the gases formed with water produced by its combus-\\ntion. But if, on the contrary, the combustible has little or\\nno hydrogen, like wood-charcoal for instance, it is not im-\\nmaterial whether the oxygen be dry or not. In this case it\\nis well to use the oxygen moist, or to put a little water in the\\nbomb on the internal walls. By this means a correction for\\nheat of vaporization of water formed by the combustion is\\nobviated.\\nOxygen compressed to 120 atmospheres is nearly dry.\\nBerthelot observes: **The oxygen is, in short, actually or\\nnearly dry, and if it contains aqueous vapor the tension is\\nreduced to one fourth or one fifth on account of the change\\nin volume of the gas during its passage through the bomb. It\\nmay be nearly nullified by the cold produced at the instant of\\nfilling the bomb. This admitted, we shall have to account in\\nmost combustions for the evaporation of the water produced\\nin the bomb; and this is from 2 to 3.5 calories in a bomb of\\n-J litre (about 0.6 pint), or 5 to 6 calories in a bomb of 600 to\\n700 cubic centimetres (37 to 43 cubic inches). These are\\nrather small quantities, it is true but while they can be\\nneglected in industrial tests, they cannot in rigorously\\nscientific investigations. This correction may, however, be\\nneutralized by putting into the bomb 4 or 5 cc. of water,\\nwhich should be considered in the calculations.\\nWhen oxygen not previously compressed is used and\\nforced in by a pump, Berthelot recommends passing the gas\\nthrough a large red-hot copper tube filled with oxide of the", "height": "4344", "width": "2712", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "BERTHELOT S CALORIMETER. 53\\nsame metal, so as to burn any oil which may have been taken\\nfrom the pump.\\nOperatio7i. At the laboratory of the College of France\\nthe successive operations are as follows\\n1. Light the fire to heat the oxygen red-hot;\\n2. While the gas-holder is filling with oxygen, the fuel is\\ndried\\n3. Weigh the fuel;\\n4. Place the fuel in the bomb;\\n5. Grease the cover slightly; tighten with the screw;\\n6. Begin to compress the oxygen by forcing the air out\\nwith a few strokes of the piston pump slowly to prevent\\nheating the pump\\n7. Close the stop-cock of the pump break the connection\\nwith the bomb, extinguish the fire, and replace the bomb on\\nits support so as to carry it to the calorimeter room\\n8. Pour the water into the calorimetric bath.\\nThe apparatus is allowed to come to equilibrium, and the\\nreadings of the thermometer taken for five minutes. The\\niron coil is then heated by the electric current from a small\\nbichromate battery. It takes fire and kindles the combustible,\\nwhich generally burns without smoke or producing any car-\\nbonic oxide, as Berthelot has shown.*\\nThe water condensed from the combustion contains small\\nquantities of nitric acid, showing imperfectly purified gas. This\\nmay be determined by titration, if accurate results are sought,\\nand calculated 0.227 calories per gram of HNOj. The cor-\\nrection will be very small. A correction for the iron used\\nmay be made at the rate of 1.65 calories per gram, this being\\nthe heat of formation of the magnetic oxide.\\nWith very fat coals it sometimes happens after a combustion that the\\nplatinum shows a black or brown mark, indicating a slight deposit of black\\nor tar which has escaped combustion. Occasionally, also, a trace of tar is\\nfound at the bottom of the bomb. These may be prevented by using a\\ngrating or perforated plate instead of the foil. This detail must be attended\\n10 with a new coax.", "height": "4344", "width": "2620", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "54 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nWith substances containing nitrogen and sulphur, such as\\ncoal, the corrections are more complicated, as a larger quantity\\nof nitric acid is formed and the sulphur forms sulphuric acid.\\nIf exactness is sought, it will not be sufficient to make a volu-\\nmetric test the sulphuric acid must be determined separately.\\nGenerally, however, this estimation may be dispensed with, if\\nfor technical purposes only. When, on the contrary, ab-\\nsolutely correct figures are desired, both acids must be con-\\nsidered. In the calculation the nitric acid is reckoned as\\n0.227 calorie per gram and the sulphuric acid as 1.44 calories\\nper gram.\\nBut these two corrections are really unimportant even\\nwith coal, as it contains usually only about i per cent of\\nnitrogen or sulphur. One per cent of nitrogen represents 4J\\nper cent of HNO3, or 10 calories; one per cent of sulphur\\nrepresents 3 per cent of H^SO^ or 43 calories, both quite\\nsmall compared with 7000 to 8000 calories.\\nBelow will be found the details of a complete combustion\\ntaken from Berthelot s work.\\nHEAT OF COMBUSTION OF CARBON.\\nThe wood charcoal, purified by chlorine at red heat to\\nremove all traces of hydrogen (Favre and Silbermann s\\nmethod), is dried at 120\u00c2\u00b0 to 140\u00c2\u00b0 C. (248 to 284\u00c2\u00b0 F.), then\\nweighed in a closed tube after cooling in a sulphuric acid\\ndesiccator.\\n0.437 gram carbon; cinders, 0.0028 gram (0.66 per cent);\\nreal carbon, 0.4342 gram.\\nPreliminary Period.\\no minute. 17.360\u00c2\u00b0\\n1st 17-360\\n2d 17.360\\n3d minute 17.360\u00c2\u00b0\\n4th 17.360", "height": "4344", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "BERT HELOT S CALORIMETER. 5S\\nCombustion.\\n5th minute 18.500\\n6th 18.782\\n7th minute 18.820\\n8th 18.818\\n9th minute 18.810\\nloth 18.802\\nnth 18.795\\nSubsequent Period.\\nI2th minute 18.785\\n13th 18.775\\n14th 18.768\\nInitial cooling per minute,\\nAt^ 0.00\u00c2\u00b0.\\nFinal cooling per minute,\\nA^n 0.008\u00c2\u00b0.\\nCorrection for cooling,\\nAt 0.056\u00c2\u00b0.\\n-Variation of temperature, uncorrected,\\n18.818\u00c2\u00b0 17.360\u00c2\u00b0 1.438\u00c2\u00b0.\\nValue of corrected temperature,\\n1.438\u00c2\u00b0 0.056\u00c2\u00b0= 1.484\u00c2\u00b0.\\nValue in water of the calorimeter (including oxygen),\\nm 2398.4.\\nWeight of acid formed\\nHNO3 5 cc. of normal KHO 0.0173 gram.", "height": "4336", "width": "2588", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "5^ CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nTotal heat observed, q^ 3.5562 calories.\\nHeat of iron coil, 22.4\\n0.173 HNo., 3.9 r\\nReal heat due to the carbon, 3.5299\\n3. 5299\\nor for one gram, 8.I2q6 calories,\\n0.4342\\nor per kilogram, 8129.6 calories,\\nor 1487 1. o B. T. U. per pound.", "height": "4324", "width": "2704", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nTHE CALORIMETRIC BOMB ADAPTED TO\\nINDUSTRIAL USE BY MAHLER.\\nThe calorimetric bomb of Berthelot costs considerably\\nmore than can be paid by an industrial laboratory, owing to\\nits large amount of platinum. Mahler replaced the interior\\nplatinum of the bomb by an enamel deposited on the steel.\\nThe description given by him in his paper before the Socie ti\\nd Encouragement de Paris, in June, 1892, is as follows:\\nThe apparatus is shown in Fig. 23. It consists essen-\\ntially of a steel shell, B, capable of resisting 50 atmospheres\\nFig. 23.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mahler Calorimeter.\\nand 22 per cent elongation. This quality was carefully chosen,\\nnot only on account of the pressure it must stand, but also as\\nit aids the enameling. The metal is very pure, containing but\\n57", "height": "4344", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "53 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nlittle phosphorus or sulphur. Tensile strength tests are the\\nbest criterion of quality.\\nIt has a capacity of 654 cc. (40 cubic inches) at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. It\\nis gauged with a balance showing 3-0^0. The total weight\\nis about 4 kilograms (8.8 lbs.) with the accessories. The\\nmetal of the walls is 8 millimetres (about 0.3 inch).\\nThe capacity is greater than Berthelot s, and has the ad-\\nvantage of insuring perfect combustion of carbon in all cases,\\ndue to a certain excess of oxygen, even when the purity of\\nthis gas as bought is not quite satisfactory. Besides, it is\\ndesigned to study all industrial gases, even those containing-\\na large percentage of inert gas hence it must be able to use\\na sufificiently large quantity to generate the required tempera-\\nture. The contraction at the top aids in enameling.\\nThe shell is nickeled on the outside, while internally it\\nhas a coating of white enamel, resisting corrosion and oxidiz-\\ning action of the combustion. f It does not, however, offer\\nresistance to the heat, being very thin, and it weighs only\\nabout 20 grams (308 grains).\\nIt is closed by an iron stopper made tight by a lead washer\\n(P, Fig. 33) and clamped down. This carries a conical-seated\\nstop-cock, R, of fine nickel a metal almost unoxidizable.\\nAn electrode well insulated and reaching the interior by a plat-\\ninum wire runs through the stopper.\\nFig. 24 shows most of the details.\\nAnother platinum wire, also fixed on the cover, supports\\nthe platinum disk or foil on which the fuel is placed.\\nThe calorimeter, the non-conducting material, the support\\nfor the shell in the water, and the agitator differ in numerous\\ndetails from those of Berthelot, and are much cheaper.\\nSlight modifications have been made in the dimensions of the metal of\\nthe bombs made lately by Golaz.\\nf Prof. W. O. Atwater finds that the enamel chips off in time, and that\\nafter about 300 combustions it requires re-enameling. Hempel for coal\\ndeterminations uses one without any inside enamel.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "MA HLER S CAL GRIME TER.\\n59\\nThe calorimeter is of thin brass, and is quite large on ac-\\ncount of the size of the combustion-chamber. It contains\\n2200 grams (4.85 lbs.) of water, thus eliminating the causes of\\nerror due to the loss of a few drops by evaporation.* The\\nagitator of Berthelot is supplanted by a very simple and gentle\\ncinematic combination called a drill\\nmovement, and which can be worked\\nwithout fatigue. The source of elec-\\ntricity is a Trouve bichromate pile [P,\\nFig. 23) of 10 volts and 2 amperes.\\nThe oxygen used is that furnished by\\nthe Compag7iie Conti7tentale d Oxygene.\\nThis company supplies oxygen free from\\nCO2, but containing from 5 to 10 per\\ncent of nitrogen. This means of supply\\nsimplifies the manipulation it also ob-\\nviates the introduction of grease, as\\nhappens with oxygen compressed by a\\npump in the laboratory. f\\nThe cylinders vary in size, and con-\\ntain gas at a pressure of 120 atmospheres.\\nThe average content is about 1200 litres\\n(about 40 cubic feet) compressed. They\\nhave a uniform top, and hence the copper pipe connecting the\\nbomb with the manometer and the cylinder, once adjusted,\\nwill fit all of them.\\nThe method of working is very simple.\\nWeigh I gram of the substance to be tested in the cap-\\nsule. Fasten a small weighed iron wire (English gauge 26 or\\n30) to the electrode and to the support of the capsule. Put\\nthe end in the bomb and fasten in the cover, which should be\\nheld in a vise. Put the conical stop-cock in connection with\\nthe oxygen cylinder, and open it carefully so as to allow suffi-\\nFig. 24.\\nThe evaporation never exceeds a gram per hour,\\nf This gas is also compressedby pumps at the works.", "height": "4344", "width": "2624", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "60 CALORIFIC POWER OF FVELS.\\ncient oxygen to pass in for the required pressure. Close the\\ncock of the oxygen cyhnder, carefully close the conical cock,\\nand break the connection between the bomb and the oxygeni\\ncylinder. The substance, especially if coal, must not be toO\\nfine, and the oxygen must flow in very slowly to avoid blow-\\ning any of it from the capsule.\\nThe bomb thus prepared is placed in the calorimeter, and\\nthe thermometer and agitator adjusted. Pour in the previously\\nweighed water, agitate a few minutes to restore equilibrium of\\ntemperature, and commence the observations.\\nThe experimenter notes the temperature minute by minute\\nfor four or five minutes, and determines the rate of the ther-\\nmometer before the combustion. Then he joins the elec-\\ntrodes, and the combustion begins immediately, almost instan-\\ntaneously; but the transmission of heat to the calorimeter\\ntakes some time.\\nThe temperature is taken one-half minute after kindling,\\nthen at the end of the minute, then at each minute to the\\ntime when the thermometer begins to lower regularly. This\\nis the maximum. The observations are continued for a few\\nminutes more to ascertain the rate of fall of temperature.\\nWe now have all the elements needed for the calculation,\\nand particularly for the single correction necessary to make\\nunder the circumstances. This is the correction for loss of\\nheat before reaching the maximum temperature, which is\\nquite small considering the short time and the large mass in-\\nvolved.\\nIt is not necessary to use the corrections of Regnault and\\nPfaundler with this apparatus. Newton s law of cooling gives\\nsufficiently accurate results, even in rigorous investigations.\\nSpecial experiments made to determine the rate of cooling of\\nthe water in the calorimeter, when the apparatus was set up as\\nusual, showed that the correction may be regarded as follow-\\ning a simple law, but between comparatively large limits,", "height": "4344", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "MAHLER S CALORIMETER. 6r\\neven under a variation of several hundred grams in amount of\\nwater used.\\nThe law* is\\n1. The decrease in temperature observed after the maxi-\\nmum represents the loss of heat of the calorimeter before the\\nmaximum and for a certain minute, with the condition that\\nthe mean temperature of this minute does not differ more than\\none degree from the maximum.\\n2. If the temperature considered differs more than one\\ndegree but less than two degrees from the maximum, the\\nnumber representing the rate of decrease dimminished by\\n0.005^ will be the correction.\\nThe two preceding remarks suffice in all cases with Mah-\\nler s apparatus. The variation of heat in the first half-minute\\nafter kindling may also be corrected by the same law.\\nThe agitator must be worked continually during the ex-\\nperiment, being careful of the thermometer.\\nWhen through, the conical valve is opened and then the\\nbomb. Wash the inside with a little distilled water to collect\\nthe acids formed. The proportion of acids carried away by\\nthe escaping oxygen at the opening may be neglected. De-\\ntermine the acids volumetrically.\\nWhen experimenting with substances low in hydrogen and\\nincapable of furnishing sufficient water to form nitric acid, it\\nis advisable to put a little water in the bomb, or hyponitric\\nacid would be formed.\\nAll the data being obtained, we proceed to the calculation\\nof the calorific power Q.\\nLet A be the observed difference of temperature\\na, the correction for cooling;\\nP, the weight of water in the calorimeter;\\nP\\\\ the equivalent in water of the bomb and acces-\\nsories;\\nIt is evident that the rule must be modified for apparatus notablydif-\\nferent from that used bv Mahler.", "height": "4344", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "62 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\np, the weight of the nitric acid, HNO3;\\nthe weight of the iron\\n0.23 calorie, the heat of formation of I gram of nitric acid\\nand 1.6 calories, the heat of combustion of I gram of iron.\\nWe then have\\ne (j+^)(p+/ )-(o.23/+ 1.6/).\\nIn testing coal in this manner the small amount of sul-\\nphuric acid formed will be reckoned as nitric acid without\\nserious error, as it will be very small. The heat of the reac-\\ntion is 1.44 calories per gram of H^SO^ formed.\\nThe above details apply to liquids as wejl as solids. Heavy\\nliquids, such as the heavy oils, tars, etc., are weighed directly\\ninto the capsule; but light, easily vaporized liquids must be\\nplaced in pointed glass, bulbs. These are put into the capsule,\\nand just before closing the bomb are broken to allow access\\nof the oxygen to the liquid. An almost perfect combustion\\nis obtained in operating with a great variety of materials,\\nnothing but cinders remaining.\\nTo determine the calorific power of gases the exact con-\\ntent of the bomb must be known. Fill it first with gas.\\nThen work the air-pump to reduce the pressure to several\\nmillimetres of mercury, and then fill the bomb again with gas,\\nunder atmospheric pressure and at the laboratory temperature.\\nThe bomb may then be considered full of pure gas.\\nThe method of working with gases is the same as with\\nsolids or liquids. The operator must not forget the need of\\npreventing too great dilution with oxygen, as then the mix-\\nture will cease to be combustible. With illuminating gas 5\\natmospheres of oxygen is sufificient, and with producer gas\\nonly one-half atmosphere, as shown by the mercury gauge, is\\nneeded.\\nThe gases to be burnt are kept in gas-holders over water\\nsaturated with gas, or over salt water, according to circum-", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "MAHLER S CALORIMETER. O3\\nstances, and are saturated with aqueous vapor when they enter\\nthe bomb. From the calorific capacity of the different parts\\nwe obtain that of the whole, the glass and enamel being\\nomitted.\\nSoft steel 3945 grams. 3945 X 0.1097 432.76\\nBrass 545 545x0.093 50.68\\nMercury, plati-\\nnum, and lead 72 ^2 X 0.03 2.16\\nSum 485.60 grams.\\nThe coefficient 0.1097 is the one adopted by the College\\nof France, from Berthelot and Vielle s experiments, for a steel\\nof similar quality. We have given above (page 14) the\\ncalculations relative to the valuation in water. By direct\\nmethod of mixing water of different temperatures Mahler\\nfound the equivalent to be 470 and 484, and assumed the\\nmean 481.\\nBy the method of burning a body of known composition\\nand heat of combustion he obtained with naphthalin 9688\\ncalories within of that given by Berthelot (9692).\\nThe equivalent in water may also be obtained by burning i\\ngram of known composition and heat of combustion naph-\\nthalin for instance.* We may also, after Berthelot, burn a sub-\\nstance of fixed composition at two trials with different weights\\nof water in the calorimeter. Two equations are thus formed,\\nfrom which the heat of combustion of the body used is elimi-\\nnated, and the heat sought obtained.\\nIn using naphthalin care must be taken to weigh it only\\nafter being gently fused in the capsule. It is so light that if\\nnot agglomerated some would be blown away by the oxygen.\\nIn practice the tests are made rapidly. The water equivalent\\nonce determined may be verified by combustion of cane-\\n*This practical method has the advantage of automatically eliminating\\ncauses of error.", "height": "4336", "width": "2624", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "64 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\nsugar (C,,H,,0,j), for which Berthelot and Vielle found 3961.7\\ncalories. (Use 2 grams for a combustion.)\\nExamples of Calculations.\\nMahler gives several types of calculations from his notes,\\nso as to show the different circumstances which may occur.\\nA. Colza Oil. Elementary analysis showed\\nCarbon 77.182 per cent.\\nHydrogen 11.711\\nOxygen and nitrogen 11. 107\\n00.000\\nWeight taken, i gram. Calorimeter contained 2200 grams\\nwater. Equivalent in water of bomb, etc., 481 grams.\\nPressure of oxygen, 25 atmospheres.\\nThe apparatus prepared as above was allowed to rest a\\nfew minutes to gain equilibrium of temperature. Then com-\\nmenced noting the temperatures.\\nPreliminary Period.\\nmmute 10.23\\n1 10.23\\n2 minutes 10.24\\nRate of variation.\\n3 mmutes 10.24\\n4 10.25\\n5 10.25\\n10.25 10.23 o\\na^ 0.004\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe electrodes are connected and the combustion begins.\\nCombustion Period.\\n5| minutes 10. 80\\n6 12.90\\n7 minutes.. 13.79\\n8 13.84 maximum.*\\nProf. Jacobus recommends plotting the temperatures and using, not\\nthe maximum, but the one at the instant the curve of cooling becomes a\\nstraight line. The difference is slight, but important in some cases.", "height": "4340", "width": "2720", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "MAHLER S CALORIMETER. 65\\nPeriod after Maximum.\\n9 minutes 13.82\u00c2\u00b0\\n10 13,81\\n11 13.80\\n12 minutes 13-79\u00c2\u00b0\\n13 13-78\\nRate of variation after maximum is\\n13.84 13.78\\na, 0.012\u00c2\u00b0.\\n5\\nThe thermometer observations now stopped.\\nThe gross variation in temperature was\\n13.84- 10.25 3-59\u00c2\u00b0-\\nThe corrections are As follows\\nThe system lost during the minutes (7, 8) and (6, 7) a\\nquantity of heat corresponding to 2a^.\\n2a^ 0.012 X 2 0.024\u00c2\u00b0.\\nIn the half-minute {si, 6) it lost\\ni{at 0.005) 0.0035\u00c2\u00b0.\\nBut during the half-minute (5, si) it gained\\n0.004 o\\n2^0 0.002\\nConsequently, the loss for the minutes (5, 6) is\\n0.0035 0.002 0.0015\u00c2\u00b0.", "height": "4260", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "66\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nSo that the system had lost, before reaching the maximum\\ntemperature,\\n0.024 0.0015 0.0255,\\nwhich must be added to the 3.59\u00c2\u00b0 already found, making the\\nvariation in temperature 3.615\u00c2\u00b0, neglecting the 4th decimal.\\nThe quantity of heat observed, then, is\\nQ (2200 481)3.615 2681 X 3.615 9.6918 calories.\\nFrom this number must be subtracted\\n1. The heat of formation of the o. 13\\ngram of HNO3 0.13 X 0.23 0.0299\\n2. The heat of combustion of 0.025\\ngram of iron wire 0.025 X 1.6 0.04\\nTotal subtraction 0.0699\\nThe final result is, then,\\n9.6918 0.0699 9-6219 calories,\\nor for I kilogram 9621.9 calories, equivalent to 173 19.4 B.T.U.\\nTECHNICAL EXAMINATION OF COAL.\\nThe coal taken was a sample of Nixon s coal from South\\nWales.\\nPreliminary Period.\\nminutes, degrees.\\no 15.20\\n15.20\\n15.20\\n15-20\\nCo O\\nCombustion.\\nminutes. degrees.\\n3^ 16.60\\n4 17.92\\n5 18.32\\n6 18.34\\nmaximum\\noxygen pressure 25\\natmospheres\\nAfter Combustion.\\nminutes.\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\nII\\ndegrees.\\n18 32\\n18.30\\n18.30\\n18.30\\n18.26\\n18.34-18.26\\nat =r 0,016", "height": "4340", "width": "2724", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "MAHLER S CALORIMETER. 67\\nDifference of gross temperature 3. 140\u00c2\u00b0\\nCorrection (4, 5) (5, 6) 0.016 X 2 0.032\\n(4, 3i) 0.005\\n(3. 3i 0.000\\nCorrected difference of temperature 3-177\u00c2\u00b0\\nor 3.18\u00c2\u00b0.\\nCalories.\\nHeat disengaged 3.18\u00c2\u00b0. 3.18 X 2.681 8.5256\\nIron wire. 0.025. 0.025 X i-^ =0.04\\nNitric acid 0.15. 0.15 X 0.23 =0.0345\\n0.0745\\nFor one gram 8.45 1 1\\nor 845 1. 1 for I kilogram, equivalent to 152 12 B. T. U.\\nEXAMINATION OF A GAS.\\nIlluminating gas was examined under the following con-\\nditions:*\\nBarometric pressure 761 mm. (29.6 inches).\\nTension of aqueous vapor 8 (0.314 inch).\\nTemperature of laboratory 18.5\u00c2\u00b0 C. (65.3\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nVolume of bomb 654 fee. (39.9 cubic inches).\\ndry at 0\u00c2\u00b0 and 760 mm.\\n606 cc. (37 cubic inches).\\nThe capsule was left in its usual place in the bomb to pre-\\nvent specks of iron oxide from dropping on the enamel and\\ninjuring it.\\nSee Kroeker s calorimeter on page 73.\\nf Exactly 653.9 cubic centimetres.", "height": "4320", "width": "2624", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "68\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nPreliminary\\nPeriod.\\nminutes, degrees\\n.80\\nl8.8o\\n18.80\\n18.80\\n18.80\\n\u00c2\u00abo 0.00\\nCombustion.\\nminutes, degrees.\\n4i 19-50\\n5 20.00\\n6 20.08\\n7 20.81\\nmaximum\\nAfter Combustion.\\ndegrees.\\n20.07\\n20.06\\n20.06\\n20.055\\n20.05\\n20.08 20.05\\nat 0.006\\nRemarks.\\nPressure of oxygen\\n5 atmospheres\\ngrams.\\nNitric acid. 0.06\\nIron wire 0.025\\nGross difference of temperature, A 1.28\u00c2\u00b0\\nCorrection as usual, a o 015\\nDifference, A a 1.295\u00c2\u00b0\\nCalories. Calories.\\nQuantity of heat observed, 1.295\u00c2\u00b0 1.295X2.681= 3-47i89\\nHeat of HNO3 formation 0.06 X 0.23 =0.0138\\nHeat of iron-wire combustion 0.025X1.6 =0.04\\n0.0538\\nHeat of combustion of 606 cc. at o and 760 mm 3.41809\\nor per cubic metre at 760 mm. 5640, or 633.6 B. T. U. per cubic foot.\\nCOMBUSTION USING AN AUXILIARY SUBSTANCE.\\nSometimes an unconsumed residue is left while determin-\\ning the heat of combustion of some difificultly burning sub-\\nstances, diamond or graphite for instance. In this case a\\ncombustible auxiliary is used to obtain complete burning of\\nthe sample. The most convenient to use is naphthalin (CioHg),\\nthe heat of combustion of which is exactly known, 9692 cal-\\nories.\\nTake petroleum coke, which is nearly allied to graphite.\\nIt is mixed with a little naphthalin which has been previously\\nmelted at a low heat and then cooled. After cooling the\\nweight of the naphthalin is taken.\\nThe coke analyzed as follows:\\nCarbon 97.855 per cent.\\nHydrogen 0.489\\nOxygen 1.196\\nNitrogen 0.260\\nAsh 0.200\\n100.000", "height": "4320", "width": "2764", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "MAHLER S CALORIMETER.\\nThe data obtained are as follows:\\n69\\nPreliminary\\nPeriod.\\ntninutes. degrees.\\n22.05\\n1 22.05\\n5 22.04\\n^?o 0.002\\nCombustion.\\nlinutes. degrees\\n5\\n6\\n22.60\\n24.20\\n25.02\\n25-13\\n25-14\\nmaximum\\nAfter\\nCombustion.\\nlinutes. degrfees.\\n10 25.12\\n14 25.05\\n0.015\\nRemarks.\\ngrams.\\nNapthalin 0.034\\nIron wire 0.025\\nNitric acid 0.080\\nWater of calorimeter. 2200.\\nEquivalent in water. 481.\\nDifference of temperature 25.14 22.04 3- 100\\nCorrection for minutes (9, 8), (8, 7), (7, 6). 0.015 X 3 0.045\\nminute (5^, 6) 0.005\\n(5. 5i)---- =ro.ooi\\nCorrected temperature difference 3-i5i\\nThen,\\nTotal heat developed 3.15 3.15 X 2.681\\nFrom this subtract\\nHeat due to naphthalin 0.034 X 9692 0.3295\\n0.025X1-6 =0.04\\n0.08 X 0.23 0.0184\\niron wire.\\nHNO,\\nHeat developed by the combustion of the coke,\\nor 8057.2 per kilogram, or 14503 B. T. U.\\n8.4451\\n0.3879\\ni.0572\\nWhen the combustible tested contains hydrogen, it must\\nbe remembered that, while the gas in the bomb is dry at the\\nbeginning, it is saturated at the close of the experiment. In\\nreality, the latent heat of vaporization of the small quantity\\nof water necessary to be added is inconsiderable. The mean\\nof several tests was 5 in 8500 calories observed, or only\\n__!__. Still, when we test gases, which cause less marked\\ndifference in temperature than solids or liquids, we must allow\\nfor this heat of vaporization to be exact.\\nIt may be asked if any allowance will be made for the\\nlieat of the electric current at the moment of kindling. The", "height": "4344", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "70 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nheat developed by a current with intensity and electro-\\nmotive force E is\\nC= 1,\\n4.17\\nbeing reckoned in seconds. If t was appreciable, this should\\nbe considered at least in exact determinations. But, actually,\\nt is very small the contact is hardly established before the\\niron is burnt and the contact broken.*\\nMahler cites two successive tests made on the same coal\\nwith his bomb and with the bomb of the College of France^\\nas furnishing proof of the accuracy of his method.\\nThe following results were obtained\\nScheurer-Kestner\\nat the Mahler.\\nCollege of France.\\nCoal (pure) from Bascoup, Belgium 8828 8813\\nThe calculations may be rendered simpler and the obser-\\nvation more rapid, still being exact enough for industrial uses.\\nTake the equation\\n0. (J p (0.23/ 1.6/), (I)\\narranging the terms in order of the corrections\\ne, A{P+ P) a(P+P) (0,23/ 1.6/). (2)\\nIt is clear that the calculation of the calorimetric operation\\nIn exact researches this heat can be easily determined if wished. It\\nwill be sufficient to measure the electromotive force in volts. Then put\\nan amperemeter in the line which connects the bomb and kindle the com-\\nbustible as usual. The displacement of the needle shows the intensity of\\nthe current under the conditions of the test, and also the time during which\\nEI\\nthe current was closed. The formula will give the quantity of heat\\nsought.", "height": "4344", "width": "2736", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "ATWATER S CA L OR I ME TER. 7 1\\nreduces to the determination of a maximum and to one multi-\\nplication if we have\\n^(P+P 0.23/+ 1.6/ (3)\\nNow from the tests made we readily see that whatever\\nvalue a may take, it increases with the quantity of heat gen-\\nerated in the bomb; it is a Httle greater when the external air\\nis warmer than when it is cooler a fact which may be attrib-\\nuted to the influence of evaporation on the cooling of the\\nbath.^\\nOn the other hand, the nitric acid appears to increase with\\nthe quantity of heat generated, and tends to offset the cor-\\nrection from a. In short, p is, within certain limits, at the\\ncontrol of the observer, same as P We consider it then\\npossible to arrange once for all so as to have the expression\\n(3) sufficiently close for industrial purposes.\\nThis can be done with Mahler s apparatus. Thus for oil\\nof colza the multiplication A{P P gave 9625 calories,\\nwhich is within of the final number obtained after all\\ncorrections with the Nixon s coal we found t :at A{P-\\\\- P\\n8418 calories, which differed from the correct number;\\nwith coal-gas the product 2681 X 1-28 3432 calories, while\\nthe corrected result was 3418, or difference.\\natwater s calorimeter.\\nProf. Atwater has considerably modified the bomb, so\\nthat it seems to have some advantages for easy working.\\nFig. 25 gives a sectional view of it in the calorimeter. The\\nsteel used is the same as that used in the Hotchkiss guns,\\nThe rapidity of cooling in the apparatus employed by Mahler was,\\naccording to experiments, between 15\u00c2\u00b0 and 20\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\no.oos{T- To),\\nTo being the temperature at which cooling ceases.", "height": "4340", "width": "2672", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "72\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nand having an unusually high tenacity, seems admirably fitted\\nfor the purpose, A represents the bomb, C the screw-cap,\\nB the cover, which is placed on the bomb cylinder and held\\ndown by the screw-cap. The cover is provided with a neck\\ninto which fits a cylindrical screw E^ holding another screw H.\\nOn the side of the neck is an aperture 6 between the lower\\nend of D and the shoulder. In Z^ is a washer of lead, on\\nwhich the lower edge of E fits. By opening or closing the\\nscrew F the narrow passage from z is opened or closed. The\\nopening is used for admitting oxygen at a high pressure\\nthrough a narrow passage to charge the bomb. In B is an\\naperture through which passes the platinum wire H, which is\\nseparated from the metal of the cover\\nby insulating material. Hard vulcan-\\nized rubber serves very well for this\\npurpose. Fastened to the lower side\\nof the cover is another platinum rod,\\nbetween Avhich and H an electrical con-\\nnection is made with a very fine iron\\nwire. A screw-ring holds the small\\nplatinum capsule, in which the sub-\\nstance to be burned is placed. At KK\\nare ball-bearings of hard steel to avoid\\nfriction in screwing the cap down.\\nThe large cylinders N and O are\\nmade of indurated fibre, and covered\\nwith plates of vulcanized rubber. A\\nstirrer serves for equalizing the temper-\\nature of the different portions of water\\nafter the combustion is completed.\\nThe thermometer used is by Fuest\\nof Berlin, graduated to yio degree, and can be read with a\\nmagnifying-glass to yoVo degree.\\nProf. W. O. Atwater, in Bulletin No. 21, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,\\n1895, pages 124 and 126.\\nFig. 25. Atwater Bomb.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "KROEKER S CALORIMETER.\\n73\\nThe apparatus has been used with success in making the\\nvery numerous determinations made by Atwater on the heats\\nof combustion of food-products and other allied organic sub-\\nstances.\\nkroeker s calorimeter.\\nKroeker has recently modified the bomb, making two in-\\nlet channels instead of one. By this means he has a current\\nof oxygen gas passing in at one opening and waste gases\\npassing out at the other. It can thus be used for the same\\npurpose that a Junker calorimeter is used, and it is claimed\\nwith just as satisfactory results.\\nThe cylinder (Fig. 26) is bored out of a piece of Martin\\nsteel, and has a closely-fitting screw-plug for cover, the depth\\nof the screw joint being 25 mm. The walls\\nof the cylinder are 10 mm. thick; external\\ndiameter, 72 mm. internal diameter, 52\\nmm. height, 120 mm. contents, 200 cc.\\nIt has four small legs on the under side,\\nwhich support it and keep it entirely sur-\\nrounded by the water of the bath. The\\nentire inside surface is enameled, or prefer-\\nably platinized. The fuel, in the form of\\ncompressed cylinders weighing one gram,\\nis put into the carrier, ignited as usual,\\nand the combustion gases collected and\\nexamined.\\nHe also has a method of heating the\\ncalorimeter bomb in an oil-bath so as to\\nexpel all the water of combustion and hy- p-^^^ 26.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kroeker\\ndration. He thus obtains data for cor- Calorimeter.\\nrections due to the usual method of determining the water,\\ni.e., considering the water as condensed.", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "74\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nHEMPEL S CALORIMETER.\\nHempel s calorimeter is used to a considerable extent in\\nGermany and introduces some new features.\\nIt consists (Fig. 26^) of an iron tube into which a bottom\\nabout 15 mm. thick and a top about 30 mm. thick are screwed\\nand fastened with hard solder. The chamber capacity is 2 50 cc.\\n^g^Jhlg\\nDud G\\njl\\n1\\nFig. 26a. Fig. 26^.\\nHempel Calorimeter.\\nand will resist a pressure of 25 atmospheres. It is closed by a\\nhead-piece (Fig. 26U). This has a screw- valve a, an insulated\\nwire d^ and a perforated cup e supported by the platinum\\nwires yy The depression g contains mercury and serves for\\nbattery contact. The wire d has a conical enlargement and\\nis wedged into the opening in the head-piece, i is a lead\\nwasher around the valve-rod a.\\nThe coal is crushed to powder and then formed into small\\ncylinders by means of a screw-press. This is put in the cup", "height": "4344", "width": "2736", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "WALTHER-HEMPEL BOMB,\\n74^\\nand ignited by the wires//. The oxygen is supplied under\\na pressure, usually about 1 5 atmospheres.\\nThe apparatus can be made ready in an hour, and the test\\ngenerally lasts fifteen minutes.\\nWALTHER-HEMPEL BOMB.\\nThis consists of a small cylinder of 33 cc. capacity (Fig. 2^)^\\niDOred out of white cast iron and enameled inside. The walls\\nare 2 millimetres thick, and it is strong enough to resist eight\\ntimes the pressure generally used. The cover\\nis fastened on by means of a screw-clamp,\\nand through it passes the slanting opening a,\\nhaving the electric wire-carrier insulated by\\na caoutchouc sheath. To the wire at the end\\nof this sheath is attached a platinum wire for\\nkindling the combustible. On the opposite\\nside of the cover is the oxygen tube d. The\\nplatinum wire c is attached to the under side\\nof the cover, and supports the combustible-\\ncarrier and its little fire-clay cylinder e.\\nThe fuel is made into small cylinders by\\ncompression, put into the fire-clay cylinder,\\nand ignited by the electric spark. The\\nproducts of combustion are collected and\\nweighed or measured the water partly in tlie\\nbomb and partly by means of a calcium chlo-\\nride tube the nitric and sulphuric acids are\\ndetermined by titration with yi-g- normal alkali,\\nand afterwards separated if deemed necessary,\\nto be capable of use the same as a large one.\\nFig. 27.\\nWalther-\\nHempel Bomd\\nIt is claimed\\nA full descrip-\\ntion of it is given in the Berliner Bericht for January, 1897.", "height": "4340", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "74^ CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nWITZ S CALORIMETER.\\nAim^ Witz has modified the calorimetric bomb so as to\\npermit its use for gases. The eudiometric calorimeter, as he\\ncalls it (Fig. 2 jb), consists of a steel cylinder A, 3.54 inches\\nhigh, 2.34 inches inside diameter, and 0.08 inch thick, contain-\\ning 15.55 cubic inches. It has two covers, C, C\\\\ fastened to the\\ncylinder, hermetically sealing it by means of an oiled paper\\ngasket. The upper one carries the spark-exciter e. The other\\ncover has a valve D, opening into a chamber about i inch\\ndiameter. By means of the internal curved surface of this\\ncover the cylinder can be completely emptied of gas and filled\\nwith mercury.\\nTo use the bomb it is filled with mercury and the mixture\\nof air and combustible gas introduced by means of a conical\\nglass gas-holder. The gas escaping from this forces out its\\nbulk of mercury, and after the proper readings it is placed in a\\ncalorimeter vessel containing about a litre of water and the gas\\nexploded.\\nProfessor Witz has obtained very good results, and has\\nused it in many hundred determinations.\\nICE-CALORIMETERS.\\nConsiderable interest is attached to the ice-calorimeten\\nIt was the first kind used, and although its use in heat deter-\\nminations has been displaced by the more recent forms, yet\\nthere seems to be a tendency on the part of some physicists\\nto return to it. This is especially the case with Schulla\\nand Wartha and von Than some years ago, and Louguinine\\nat the present time.\\nIts determinations are based on the difference of volume\\nbetween ice and ice-water, i gram of ice has a volume of\\n1.09082 cc. (Bunsen), while i gram of water at the same tem-\\nperature has a volume of i. 00012 cc. By the melting of ice\\nusing 79.4 gram-calories, a reduction of 0.0907 cc. in vol-", "height": "4344", "width": "2748", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "ICE CALORIMETERS.\\n74c\\nume occurs. Hence I calorie is equivalent to a reduction\\nof ^1^ cc.\\nThe first use of the ice-calorimeter was by Vilke, a\\nSwedish physicist. Following him came Lavoisier and La\\nPlace, who, at the end of the last century, carried on their\\nclassic researches on heat. Hermann, in 1834, improved their\\napparatus, and based his determinations on the change in\\nvolume of the ice and water instead of on the weight of the\\nmelted ice.\\nFig. 27a. Hermann\\nIce-calorimeter.\\nFig. 27^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Witz\\nCalorimeter.\\nHERMANNS CALORIMETER.\\nHermann s apparatus (Fig. 2 jd) consisted of a glass cylin-\\nder A^ having a brass screw at the top. On this was fastened\\na brass cover, sealing it hermetically. This cover carried a\\nthin brass tube, B^ running into the cylinder. A graduated\\nglass tube C also passed into the cylinder, the divisions being\\ncalibrated. By means of the plunger in tube D the water-", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "7Ad\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nlevel of A is adjusted at the commencement of the test. The\\nwhole apparatus is enclosed in a protected box to prevent\\nradiation.\\nWhen used, the cylinders A and B contain ice and water;\\nE, containing the thermometer, is filled with the substance to\\nbe tested. The proper temperature is given E, and it is\\nquickly put into place and allowed to cool to zero.\\nBy the action of the heat of E part of the ice is melted,\\nthereby changing the volume of the contents of A and the\\nlevel of the water in C.\\nherschel s calorimeter.\\nHerschel devised a calorimeter in 1847 to use in his work\\non specific heat. It depended on the expansion of the mix-\\nture of ice and water.\\nbunsen s calorimeter.\\nThis was an improvement of those of his predecessors. It\\nconsisted of a glass-tube, a (Fig. 27^), fused into a cylindrical\\nbulb, b, to which is attached an open bent\\ntube, c. At the upper end of this tube is\\nattached a rim top of iron, d. The inner\\ntube from to yw and the containing bulb\\nfrom to A are filled with air-free water.\\nThe lower part of the apparatus is filled to\\nthe iron rim with mercury containing no air.\\nThe water in tube a is frozen and the whole\\napparatus placed in a box of snow. A gradu-\\n/j ated glass tube s is passed through a cork into c.\\nTo use this calorimeter, the substance to\\nbe tested is heated and dropped into a^ the\\nopen end being immediately closed. The\\nchange in volume was transmitted and meas-\\nured by the mercury. The tube a weighed\\n40 to 50 grams, and about 0.35 gram was melted, causing the\\nmercury to move some 400 divisions.\\nFig. 27^. BuNSEN\\nIce-calorimeter.", "height": "4344", "width": "2768", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "SCHULLA AND WARTHA CALORIMETER.\\n74^\\nSCHULLA AND WARTHA CALORIMETER.\\nThis was described in 1877 i^ Wiedemann s Annalen.\\nThey placed the calorimeter (Fig. 2jd) in a metal vessel y,\\ncontaining distilled water and having from 2 to 3 cm. of ice\\nFig. 27^. ScHULLA and Wartha Ice-calorimeter.\\non the sides and bottom. On putting the calorimeter into\\nthis vessel the surface of the water was covered with ice\\nspicules which soon melted in the distilled water. The\\nwhole was hermetically sealed with a metal cover having two\\nopenings for the calorimeter-tube and the tube leading to\\nthe measuring-apparatus. The whole was then enclosed\\nin a wooden box, so that it was surrounded by a thick\\nlayer of ice. They weighed the mercury instead of measur-\\ning it.\\nIn determining the heat of combustion of hydrogen they\\nxised purified electrolytic gas and burnt it in a special burner.\\nThe results were very satisfactory.", "height": "4332", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "7Af\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nVon than S CALORIMETER.\\nVon Than made an improvement based on the fact\\nthat the melting-point of ice sinks under pressure. The\\npoint determined when the ice is under pressure from a\\ncolumn of mercury is too low, and a correction must be\\nmade.\\nHis apparatus (Fig. 2 je) was 19.67 inches high, the inner\\nFig 27.?. Von Than s Ice-calorimeter.\\nvessel, 2, having a capacity of IJ.42 cubic inches, and was\\nclosed with a caoutchouc-lined brass ring. This was fastened\\nto another vessel called the thermostat, which was simpl}^\\na Bunsen calorimeter filled with a 2^ solution of common\\nsalt. This is contained in a wooden box filled with ice,\\nhaving a stop-cock at the bottom to draw off the melted\\nwater. By this means the apparatus was always ready\\nfor use.", "height": "4344", "width": "2752", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "D IE TERICI S CAL OR! ME TER.\\n7Ag\\nWith this calorimeter the pressure can be changed so that\\nonly melting due to actual heat is possible. In order to\\ndo this the side tube of the thermostat is connected by\\na rubber tube to a vessel, which can be raised or lowered\\nand the pressure measured.\\nIn determining the heat of combustion of hydrogen he\\nworked under constant volume. His burner was made of a\\nglass tube and nearly filled the inner chamber, a. The\\nproducts of combustion passed out through phosphoric\\nanhydride. By weighing this he determined the quantity\\nof water generated. His results were 0.04^ of the correct\\namount.\\nDIETERICl S CALORIMETER.\\nDieterici s calorimeter (Fig. 27 f) was quite large. The\\ninner vessel was nearly 8 inches long. The tube, S, through\\nFig. 27/. Dieterici s Ice-calorimeter.\\nwhich the mercury flowed has a ground joint with a mer-\\ncury seal. K is a wooden box in two parts, filled with\\nice, containing a porcelain vessel, P, filled with distillel", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "74^^ CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nwater, which is frozen on the walls. In this is placed\\nthe calorimeter, suspended on a fulcrum by means of the\\ntube 5.\\nHe preferred a glass or porcelain vessel to a metal one, as\\nundergoing no change from oxidation.", "height": "4256", "width": "2756", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nSOLID FUELS.\\nCOAL.\\nAmong the first careful tests ever made, to determine the\\nheat value of different kinds of coal, are those made in 1843\\n1844 by Prof. W. R. Johnson for the U. S. Navy. He\\nanalyzed and tested all the kinds obtained from the United\\nStates and England, which were then in use by the navy.\\nAt the time they were made the calorimetric determinations\\nwere not considered as of the importance they are now,\\nand his tests were limited to determining the evaporative\\npower of the coals. Mr. W. Kent reviewed them in the\\nEngineering and Mining Journal, 1892, and showed that up to\\nthe time of the experiments nothing comparable with them\\nhad been attempted, and that in many respects they compare\\nfavorably with work done to-day.\\nIn 1857 Morin and Tresca made numerous determina-\\ntions of the calorific power of coal and wood, and in 1853\\nthey published a work on Fuels and their Calorific Power,*\\nin which they make many recommendations for more accurate\\nwork. They wrote It would be extremely important if\\nexperiments with the calorimeter could be made on most of\\nthe fuels, by methods similar to those used by Favre and Sil-\\nbermann.\\nIn 1868 such experiments were made by Scheurer-Kest-\\nner, and continued by him later with the aid of Meunier-\\nDollfus. They based their calculations on pure coal, i.e., with\\nmoisture and ash deducted. This method, which has been\\n75", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "76 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nfollowed by many others, seems very logical, as it facilitates\\ncomparison of different fuels by reducing them to the same\\nbasis. Enormous errors due to comparison of values not\\ncomparable are thus obviated. Coal having 5 per cent im-\\npurity has been compared with coal having only i per cent,\\nno account being made for the difference, and of course very\\nerroneous and misleading deductions obtained.\\nIt is a simple task for the engineer or the workman even, to\\ndetermine approximately the proportions of moisture and ash\\nas given on the grate. Knowing these proportions and the\\nheat of combustion of the pure coal, they can render a state-\\nment of the practical working. If, on the contrary, the ex-\\nperimenter is limited in such way that he neglects the com-\\nposition of the coal, it is impossible to make a conjecture as\\nto its intrinsic or comparative value; still less can he judge of\\nit as a steam generator.\\nIn 1879 Bunte made some experiments at Munich, using a\\nspecial apparatus devised by him for the occasion, which\\nwas part calorimeter and part boiler. The tests were pub-\\nlished in Dingler s PolytecJiniscJies Joiiriial. Some of the\\nresults are included in the tables of this book.\\nSince then numerous tests have be.^n made on nearlyall\\nthe known coals. A collection of all available ones from\\nwhich the desired data could be obtained will be found far-\\nther on.\\nThe question as to the actual evaporative effect of each\\ncoal can be settled only by actual tests made on the boiler\\nintended for use, as the same coal will give slightly different\\nresults with different kinds of boilers also, and in a more\\nmarked degree, with different methods of firing and handling.\\nThe results in the tables cannot be taken, then, as absolute\\nfor all boilers under all circumstances, but they can be\\ndepended on for comparison of the different fuels with the\\nsame boiler and under proper conditions.\\nThe manner in which a coal acts under heat in a closed", "height": "4344", "width": "2760", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "SOLID FUELS.\\n77\\nAressel is a most important indication, taken in connection\\nwith its elementary composition. Gruner gave his opinion\\nthat the real value of a coal could be deterniined better from\\nits proximate than from the ultimate composition. Speaking\\nof the Loire coal, he says\\nThe proximate analysis, which consists in distilling coal\\nin a retort and incinerating the residue, allows direct valu-\\nation of the agglomerating power as well as the nature and\\nproportion of the ash. Further, it is easy to show, especially\\nivith the aid of the work of Scheurer-Kestner and Meunier-\\nDoUfus, that the calorific power varies with the proportion of\\nfixed carbon left by distillation. This is true at least for all\\ncoal properly so called, but not always true for anthracite\\nand lignite.\\nGruner formed the following table based on the quantity\\nand nature of the coke furnished and the calorific power. He\\nheld, from the results of S.-K. and M.-D., that if the heat\\nA^alue of a coal increases with the proportion of fixed carbon\\nClasses or Types\\nof Coal\\nproperly so called.\\nDry coals with\\nlong flame, f\\n2. Fat coals with 1\\nlong flame (gas V\\ncoals),\\n3. Fat coals, prop-]\\nerly so called I\\nblacksmith f\\ncoals), J\\n-4. Fat coals with j\\nshort flamey\\n(coking coals),\\n5. Lean coals or\\nanthracite,\\nPer Cent\\nCoke to\\nPure Coal\\n55 to 66\\n60 to 68\\n68 to 74\\n74 to 82\\n82 to 90\\nPer Cent\\nof\\nVolatile\\nMatter\\nin\\nPure Coal.\\n45 to 40\\n40 to 32\\n32 to 36\\n18 to\\nNature and\\nAppearance\\nof Coke.\\nPowdery or\\n-I slightly V\\ncoked.\\nf Completely 1\\nI agglomer-\\nated, often-\\nI er caked,\\nl.but porous. J\\nCaked and\\n-I more or less V\\npuffy.\\nj Coked, I\\ncompact.\\nr Slightly 1\\ncoked, I\\nI oftener j\\npowdery. J\\nCalorificPower,\\nActual.\\nCalories.\\n8000 to 8500\\n8500 to 8800\\n8800 to 9300\\n9300 to 9600\\n9200 to 9500\\nIndustrial\\nCalorificPower.\\nWater at 0\u00c2\u00b0\\nVaporized at\\n112\u00c2\u00b0 per Kilo of\\nPure Coal\\nBurnt,\\nin Kilograms.\\n6.7 to 7.5\\n7.6 to 8.3\\n8.4 to 9.2\\n9.2 to 10\\n9.0 to 9.5\\nAnnales des Mines, 1878, vol. iv.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "y^ CALORII lC POWER Of FUELS.\\nor coke formed, this increase is produced gradually by cutting-\\noff the lean coals and dividing the fat coals into three classes\\ngas, forge, and coking.\\nBearing on the advisability of having proximate analyses,\\nas well as ultimate analyses of coal, is the question recently\\nbrought up by Mr. Kent, regarding the ratio of hydrogen and\\ncarbon in coal. In discussing the results of Lord and Haas\\ndeterminations of Ohio and Pennsylvania coals, he thought he\\nhad discovered the ratio, that the fixed carbon is nearly equal\\nto the total carbon minus five times the available hydrogen in\\nbituminous coals, and minus three times the hydrogen in\\nsemi-bituminous ones. He gave a table showing results\\nwhich support the hypothesis.\\nLIGNITE.\\nFrom an industrial standpoint lignite is of considerable\\nimportance. It occurs in most countries, and is used in a\\ngreat many for domestic and manufacturing purposes.\\nAs a fuel it is inferior to coal, being less distantly\\nremoved from woody fibre, and hence contains more hydro-\\ngen and, usually, considerable water. Most of the latter,\\nhowever, dries out on exposure to the air. In some cases\\nas much as 40 or 50 per cent of water is found in the\\nfreshly mined lignite, of which at times 20 per cent remains\\nwhen air-dried. This greatly affects its value as fuel still\\nit is used in many of the Western States, and also in\\nEurope. In some European localities, when thoroughly\\ndried and compressed into blocks, especially in Italy and\\nAustria, it is used as fuel for producing gas and for evapo-\\nrating, with good results. In Austria it is burnt without\\nany preparation, except drying in the air for heating salt-\\npans.\\nThe amount of ash varies exceedingly, being in some\\ncases as low as 0.9 per cent, and in others as high as 58 per", "height": "4344", "width": "2768", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "SOLID FUELS. 79\\ncent. It even varies in the same locality and in the same\\nbed. In burning lignite there is considerable loss in the waste\\ngases on account of the large quantity of air introduced, and\\nalso from the moisture carried off from the fuel,\\nBrix published the following results with dried lignite\\nWater Evap- Per cent\\norated. Ash.\\nLignite of Aussig, Bohemia 5.8 pounds 15.0\\nPerleberg, 5.6 6.0\\nGoldfuchs n. Frankfort... 5.5 9.1\\nRauen 5.4 6.3\\nBunte used two kinds of lignite in boiler-tests, and gives,\\nthe following results\\nNeusattel. Chodan.\\nCalories in steam 42.8 49.2\\ngases 19.6 21.0\\naqueous vapor 9.2 8.7\\nash 9.0 6.1\\nunaccounted for 19.4 15.0\\nThe grate used was a step grate (Treppen-Rost).\\nThe lignite used on the railways in Italy contained 15\\nper cent of water, and gave a yield of heat equal to one half\\nits weight of coal.\\nAnalogous to the lignites are certain shales or fossils\\ncarrying bitumen. They are sometimes termed boghead\\ncamiel, biUuninotis schist, etc. They are distilled in some\\nlocalities for oil, but are not much used as fuel.\\nBunte determined the heat of combustion of a sample\\nfrom Australia, and analyzed one from Scotland.\\nCarbon.\\nBoghead shale, Australia. 83.17\\nScotch Boghead 81.54\\nydrogen.\\nO N.\\nCalories.\\n10.04\\n6.79\\n9134\\nI 1.62\\n6.84", "height": "4340", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "^O CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nScotch Boghead generally contains i8 to 24 per cent of\\nash. From its analysis as above, its heat of combustion\\nshould be near that of the other one given.\\nPEAT.\\nPeat is formed by the agglomeration of vegetable debris,\\nand retains a large amount of water, which will not separate\\nwithout heat. Its composition varies but little from that of\\nwood, the principal difference being less oxygen and more\\ncarbon.\\nThe composition may be represented by\\nCarbon 60\\nHydrogen 6\\nOxygen and nitrogen 34\\n100\\nThe heat of combustion is lower than that of coal or\\nlignite, as might be expected. The quantity of hydrogen\\nexceeds that necessary to form water with the oxygen.\\nIt is usually dried before using, and when dry becomes\\nquite porous. It carries, however, in this state some 10 to\\n15 per cent of water, which can be expelled only by artificial\\nmeans. Large quantities of it are converted into charcoal in\\nspecial kilns, and, where the large amount of ash is no objec-\\ntion, it makes a good fuel. It cannot be used for metallurgical,\\npurposes on account of its friability. From 30 to 40 per\\ncent of its weight is left in the charcoal as carbon, but at the\\nsame time the ash increases to 15 to 25 per cent, and even\\nmore. This consists principally of phosphates and sulphates,\\nwith very little carbonates hence it is not as apt to clinker\\nas other fuel ashes.\\nBrix obtained with peat an evaporative power of 5. 11\\npounds of water. The peat used was from Flatow, and\\ncontained 10.7 percent of ash. Another, from Buchfeld-Neu-\\nlangen, contained 1.2 per cent of ash, and gave 5.12 pounds", "height": "4340", "width": "2796", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "SOLID FUELS. 51\\nevaporated. Noury, using a special grate, obtained from the\\nAlsace peats 4 to 5 pounds evaporation (ashes deducted).\\nBunte analyzed the gases produced by the combustion of\\npeat on the hearth of a salt-pan, and found, carbonic acid 13,\\noxygen 6.4, nitrogen 80.6.\\nKarsten says that 2\\\\ pounds of peat are equal to one of\\ncoal. In some experiments made at St. Petersburg a fircf\\ngrate of 32 square feet and 696 square feet of boiler heating\\nsurface was used. The peat was compact, hand-moulded into\\n4-inch balls, and dried till moisture did not exceed 14 per cent.\\n4.26 pounds of coal were evaporated for i of peat.\\nCrookes and Rohrig, in their Metallurgy, say: One\\npound of dry turf will evaporate 6 pounds of water. Now in\\nI pound of turf, as usually found, there are f pound of dry\\nturf and pound of water. The f pound can evaporate 4J.\\npounds of water; but out of this it must first evaporate the\\npound of water contained in its mass, and hence the water\\nboiled away by such turf reduces to 4^ pounds. The yield\\nis here reduced 30 per cent, a proportion which makes all the\\ndifference between a good fuel and one almost unfit for use.\\nWhen turf is dried in the air under cover it still retains of\\nits weight of water, which reduces its calorific power 12 per\\ncent; i pound of such turf evaporates 5^ pounds of water.\\nCOKE.\\nCoke usually met with is from three sources from gasr\\ncoal, and made in gas-retorts; from gas or ordinary bituminous\\ncoal, and made in special ovens; from petroleum, and made\\nby carrying the distillation of the residuum to a red heat.\\nCoke from gas-works is usually softer and more porous\\nthan the other kinds, burns more readily, but does not give\\nas intense a heat. It has been used considerably for domestic\\nheating, and in factories where a high heat is not needed\\nbut where a smokeless fuel is desirable. The oven coke is\\nusually in large columnar masses of a close texture and quite", "height": "4344", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "82\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nhard. It has a dead gray-black color and is not susceptible\\nof polish. It is principally used in furnaces requiring a\\nblast, although limited quantities of it have been used in\\ndomestic heating, for which purpose it must be broken up\\nmuch finer than its usual size. Petroleum coke is generally\\nin large irregular lumps, perforated with cavities of greater or\\nless size, the interior of which is usually quite smooth and\\nshining. Its color is blacker than that of gas or oven coke,\\nand its hardness intermediate. It is used principally for mak-\\ning electric carbons, although considerable quantities are used\\nfor fuel.\\nWith the exception of gas-coke very little use is made of\\nthis fuel for steaming, the fire being too intense locally, and\\nhence very apt to burn out the boiler directly over it. In all\\ncases plenty of air is needed to keep up the combustion, which\\nis also a drawback for steaming purposes. For metallurgical\\nfurnaces it is different. Here it is almost the ideal fuel, giv-\\ning an intense reducing heat at just the part of the furnace\\nwhere most needed. It has been used in iron furnaces for\\nyears, and is still the favorite fuel. It is superior to anthracite,\\nas it has no tendency to splinter and crack with the heat, and\\nbears its burden very well. Of course this does not apply to\\nordinary gas-coke, which crushes easily.\\nCoke is essentially carbon, and the mineral portions of the\\ncoal from which it is made. It contains small quantities of\\nhydrogen and nitrogen, as may be seen from the tables. The\\npercentage of these, however, is very low, so that the cal-\\nculated and observed heat-units are usually within the limits\\nof error, as is shown in the following table\\nName.\\nC.\\nH.\\nN.\\nLoss.\\nCalories\\nobserved.\\nCalories\\ncalculated.\\nAuthority.\\nSaarbruck\\nPetroleum coke\\nGraphite\\n98.04\\n98.05\\n98.98\\n0.73\\n0.50\\n0.02\\n0.25\\n1.23\\n1.20\\n8200\\n8057\\n7901\\n8229\\n8151\\n8054\\nBunte\\nMahler\\nBerthelot", "height": "4344", "width": "2764", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "SOLID FUELS.\\n83\\nWOOD CHARCOAL.\\nWood charcoal always contains quantities of hydrocarbons\\nwhich have resisted the action of heat. That called forest\\ncharcoal, made by burning in heaps, is the most charged with\\nthem that obtained from distillation of wood in retorts con-\\ntains less.\\nThe heat of combustion is very variable. According to\\nBerthier* commercial wood charcoal contains 10 per cent of\\nvolatile matters and 2 per cent of ash (carbon 80 to 90, hy-\\ndrogen 1.5-4).\\nPure wood charcoal was first tested calorimetrically by\\nFavre and Silbermann, and since then by several experi-\\nmenters. To obtain it pure it was calcined strongly and\\ntreated with chlorine to remove all traces of hydrogen. In\\nthis state wood-charcoal produces under constant pressure\\n8080 calories, F. S., or 8100 S.-K. M.-D. with con-\\nstant volume Berthelot and Petit obtained 8137 calories.\\nSeveral years ago Berthier pointed out that half-burnt\\ncharcoal, charbon roux or Rothkohle, was superior in combus^\\ntible content to that perfectly burnt. Sauvage has confirmed\\nthis, and gives the following results\\n100 lbs. of wood y\\ncharred for S\\n3 hours.\\n4 hours.\\n5 hours.\\n5^ hours.\\n6| hours.\\nMound\\nCharcoal.\\nWeighed\\n65.4 lbs.\\n53-0 lbs.\\n47-0 lbs.\\n41.5 lbs.\\n39.1 lbs.\\n17.2 lbs.\\nloocu. ft. measured\\n86 cu. ft.\\n76 CU. ft.\\n58 cu. ft.\\n55 cu. ft.\\n52 CU. ft.\\n33 cu. ft.\\nand\\nI cubic foot wood contained of combustible matter 908 parts.\\nI 3 hours heating 883\\nJ 4 904\\nI 5 1133\\nI 51. 1091\\nI 61 1136\\nI charcoal 1069\\nTraite des essais par la voie seche. vol. i, p. 286.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "84 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\nSo that the amount of combustible matter does not increase\\nafter 5 hours heating, and a continuance of the heat diminishes\\nit.\\nThe principal use of charcoal is in iron furnaces, where it\\nhas been used for years, and produces the highest grades of\\niron, being free from sulphur and phosphorus. A small\\namount is used in private dwellings and hotels for heating\\nand cooking. For boiler heating it has been used only\\nexperimentally.\\nScheurer-Kestner and Meunier-Dollfus experimented with\\nit in boiler-heating and found very little combustible gas in\\nthe products. Beech charcoal was used, and an evaporative\\neffect of 7.62 pounds of water was obtained. The waste\\ngases contained\\nCarbonic acid 1 1 16 per cent.\\nCarbonic oxide O- 37\\nOxygen 8.72\\nNitrogen 79-75\\n100.00\\nBrix, using wood and peat charcoal, obtained the follow-\\ning results:\\nWood charcoal 7.55 pounds evaporated.\\nPeat charcoal 6.85\\nSchwackhofer burnt charcoal from hard and soft wood in\\nhis calorimeter and obtained (constant volume) 7140 calories\\nfor the soft charcoal and 7071 calories for the hard. The\\ncharcoal in both cases was the ordinary unpurified charcoal as\\nsold.\\nWOOD.\\nWood consists of a compact tissue more or less hard,\\nformed of cellulose and a so-called incrusting substance.", "height": "4316", "width": "2792", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "SOLID FUELS. 8$\\nWood contains, besides, small quantities of mineral matter and\\n.hygroscopic water varying from 15 to 30 per cent, according\\nto dryness. Air-dried, it contains about 15 per cent of water\u00c2\u00bb\\nwhich it gives up easily on exposure to a heat of 100\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\nThe composition of wood may be represented by the\\nfollowing:\\nCarbon. Hydrogen. Oxygen. Ash. Water.\\nWood dried at 100\u00c2\u00b0.... 49.5 6.0 43.5 i.o 0.0\\nin the air.... 29.6 4.8 34.8 0.8 29.0\\nRegarding wood from its ultimate composition, we may\\nconsider it as a hydrate of carbon, that is, as carbon united to\\nwater, the proportion of hydrogen and oxygen being nearly\\nthe same as in water. But regarded from its proximate com-\\nposition, it is entirely different. What has been said of soft\\ncoal can be repeated for wood that, those having a similar\\nultimate composition behave differently in distillation in a\\nclosed retort and produce very different proportions of carbon\\n(as charcoal) hydrocarbons, liquid or gaseous acid products^\\nresin, and tar. It was supposed that the heat of combustion\\ndiffered also, and this has been verified by experiments.\\nBerthelot and Vielle determined the heat of combustion of\\ncellulose, and found 680 calories for the molecular weight of\\nwood, or about 4200 calories per kilogram.\\nHard wood gives less heat than soft wood. According to\\nGottlieb s experiments, pine-wood has a heat value of 5000\\ncalories, while oak gave only 4620 calories. Mahler s exper-\\niments confirm a difference in favor of pine, but in less pro-\\njportion.\\nTwo determinations made by Mahler are (cinders and water\\ndeducted)\\nFir. Oak.\\nCarbon... 51.08 50.43\\nHydrogen.... 6.12 5.88\\nOxygen with trace of nitrogen. 42.90 43-69\\n100.00 100.00\\nHeat of combustion 4828 4689", "height": "4316", "width": "2628", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": ".B6\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\nGottlieb obtained the following numbers, using a calo-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0fimeter of constant pressure, in which he burnt 2 grams of\\nwood in the space of two or three minutes. The composition\\nof the gas produced was not determined he was satisfied\\nthat he had perfect combustion, and his figures do not appear\\nvery far from the truth. For cellulose he obtained 4155\\ncalories.\\nName.\\nOak..\\nAsh..\\nElm..\\nBeech\\nBirch.\\nFir...\\nPine.\\nc.\\nH.\\nN.\\n0.\\nAsh.\\nCalories.\\n50.16\\n6.02\\n0.09\\n43-36\\n0-37\\n4620\\n49.18\\n6.27\\n0.07\\n43-91\\n0-57\\n4711\\n48.99\\n6.20\\n0.06\\n44-25\\n0.50\\n4728\\n49.06\\n6. II\\n0.09\\n44-17\\n0.57\\n4774\\n48.88\\n6.06\\nO.IO\\n44-67\\n0.29\\n4771\\n50.36\\n5.92\\n0.05\\n43-39\\n0.28\\n5035\\n50.31\\n6.20\\n0.04\\n43-08\\n0.37\\n5085\\n8316\\n8480\\n8510\\n8591\\n8586\\n9063\\n9153\\nGottlieb s results are 69 calories less than Mahler s for oak\\nand 207 more for fir.\\nIn burning wood for steaming the fire is easily controlled\\ncombustion is more complete; the products of combustion\\ncontain only very small quantities of unburnt ^ases; and the\\nashes are generally free from carbon. The countries using\\nwood for this purpose are growing less in number yearly, on\\naccount of improvement in transportation and the discovery\\nof new coal seams petroleum oils for fuel have also become\\nmore common, especially in Russia, the United States, and\\nCanada.\\nMorin and Tresca, in their tests, found that one pound\\nof wood was equivalent to 0.368 pound of coal. Scheurer-\\nKestner s experiments in 1871 show results more favorable\\nfor wood. The wood used was Vosges fir, which had been\\npiled under cover for half a year. A cubic foot weighed\\n19.76 lbs. It was burnt in the same boiler used in his\\nprevious experiments, with the result that i pound of wood\\nevaporated 4.4 pounds of water. The ratio was 0.490, or\\nnearly one half that of Ronchamp coal.", "height": "4344", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "SOLID FUELS.\\n8;\\nBrix made a number of experiments in using wood for\\nheating, and found that dry pine gave the best results 5\\npounds per pound of fuel. Elm gave 4.6 pounds; birch,\\n4.6; oak, 4.56; ash, 4.63; and beech, 4.47.\\nWood should be dry as possible, as otherwise it has to\\nfurnish heat to vaporize, not only the water formed from its\\nhydrogen, but also that already existing as moisture. We\\nhave seen that this loss with coal is considerable, it is still\\ngreater with wood. Suppose the wood to be ordinary air-dried,\\ncontaining 20 per cent of water. If this wood, when per-\\nfectly dry, could evaporate 5 pounds of water, it now has\\nonly of that power, or power to evaporate 4 pounds; but it\\nalready carries of its weight of water, which must be vapor-\\nized. Hence the available power is 4 pounds less pound\\n3| pounds, or jo per cent of its dry value. Hence the\\neconomy of using only dried, and even artificially dried, wood.\\nRELATIVE VALUE OF VARIOUS WOODS.\\nWood.\\nHickory, shell bark,\\nOak, chestnut\\nwhite\\nAsh, white\\nDogwood\\nOak, black\\nred\\nBeech, white\\nWalnut, black\\nMaple, hard (sugar)\\nCedar, red\\nMagnolia\\nMaple, soft\\nPine, yellow\\nSycamore\\nButternut\\nPine, New Jersey.\\npitch\\nwhite\\nPoplar, Lombardy..\\nChestnut\\nPoplar, yellow\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\n11\\npecific\\nGravity of\\nCharcoal.\\nounds of\\nCharcoal\\nin a\\nBushel.\\nm\\nfU\\n0-.\\n(75\\nCl,\\n1. 000\\n4469\\n26.22\\n0.625\\n32.89\\nO.8S5\\n3955\\n22.75\\n0.481\\n25. 3^\\n0.885\\n3821\\n21.62\\n0.401\\n21.10\\n0.772\\n3450\\n25.74\\n0.447\\n28.78\\n0.815\\n3643\\n21.00\\n0.550\\n29.94\\n0.728\\n3254\\n23.80\\n0.387\\n20.36\\n0.728\\n3254\\n22.43\\n0.400\\n21.05\\n0.724\\n3236\\n19.62\\n0.518\\n27.26\\n0.681\\n3044\\n22.56\\n0.418\\n22.00\\n0.644\\n2878\\n21.43\\n0.431\\n22.68\\n0.565\\n2525\\n24.72\\n0.238\\n12.52\\n0.605\\n2704\\n21.59\\n0.406\\n21.36\\n0.597\\n2668\\n20.04\\n0.370\\n19.47\\n0.551\\n2463\\n23.73\\n0.333\\n17-52\\n0.535\\n2391\\n23.60\\n0.274\\n19.68\\n0.567\\n2534\\n20.79\\n0.237\\n12.47\\n0.478\\n2137\\n24.88\\n0.385\\n20.26\\n0.426\\n1904\\n26.76\\n0.298\\n15. 68\\n0.418\\n1868\\n24.35\\n0.293\\n15.42\\n0.397\\n1774\\n25.00\\n0.245\\n12.85\\n0.552\\n2333\\n25.29\\n0.379\\n19.74\\n0.563\\n2516\\n21.81\\n0.383\\n20.15\\nJJt3\\nI. 00\\n0.86\\n0.81\\n0.77\\n0.75\\n0.71\\n0.69\\n0.65\\n65\\n60\\n56\\n56\\n54\\n54\\n52\\n51\\n48\\n43\\n42\\n40\\n52\\n0.52", "height": "4344", "width": "2640", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nLIQUID FUELS.\\nPETROLEUM\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SHALE OILS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GAS OIL.\\nOf the many oils capable of use as fuel, only those of min-\\neral origin are used, the others being too costly and possess^\\ning no advantage.\\nThe mineral oils comprehend the liquid hydrocarbons\\nextracted from bituminous schist or coal and its congeners by^\\ndistillation, as well as the oils which exist already formed in\\nthe earth, and called by the special name oi petroleum.\\nWhile the former are seldom employed in heating, petro-\\nleum has become an important fuel in the countries which\\nproduce it. Its special qualities, light weight, and low price\\nper calorie compared with other fuels insure a great future.\\nThe knowledge of its heat of combustion has become, then, of\\nconsiderable interest.\\nIts ultimate percentage composition varies within rather\\nclose limits, yet it is of a very complex proximate composi-\\ntion. The industry of refining crude petroleum extracts from\\nit some 50 per cent of refined oil for use in lamps, and hav- j\\ning a density of 45\u00c2\u00b0 to 46\u00c2\u00b0 Beaume, boiling-point 170\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n(328\u00c2\u00b0 F.); 10 per cent of naphtha with a lower density and\\nboiling-point; and 20 per cent of paraffin oil of a higher den-\\nsity and boiling-point.\\nCrude petroleum contains a large number of hydrocarbons.\\nof the general formula C^R2n+2, and running from CH^ to\\nCijHg^, with many isometric modifications. The industrial\\ntreatment modifies it profoundly. Hydrocarbons containing\\n88", "height": "4344", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "LIQUID FUELS. 89\\n95 per cent of carbon have been found in the products of\\ndistillation.^\\nThe vast quantities of petroleum possessed by the United\\nStates, Russia, and other countries, and its enormous heat\\nvalue, early attracted the attention of engineers. Since then\\nit has been found in greater or less quantities in every quarter\\nof the globe, and is now being produced and used by the\\nthousand tons.\\nProbably the largest quantity and the most prolific wells\\nare in Russia, on or near the Caspian Sea. Only a small\\nportion of the territory has yet been opened, but the yield\\namounts to several million barrels annually, and some of the\\nwells have produced several thousand barrels daily.\\nThe amount produced in the United States is greater than\\nthat of any other country, as the demand for the oil has\\nforced the producers to constantly increase their facilities,\\nand in addition the oil is of a quality better suited to manu-\\nfacture of the various grades.\\nCanada, Roumania, Burmah, Australia, Peru, India, Java,\\nand other localities have produced smaller quantities. New\\nand large fields are being discovered now, and probably we\\nhave hardly yet entered on its field of use for heating pur-\\nposes.\\nAmong the first to use liquid fuel, and the first to bring\\nits use to a state of perfection, must be mentioned the Rus-\\nsians. The large quantity of oil produced at such fabulously\\nlow prices, and the high price of coal, led them early to its use\\nunder boilers, both stationary and movable. For years they\\nhave used it exclusively in their locomotives and in many\\nmarine engines. At first the crude oil was used, but after-\\nwards astatki, or residuum from the first distillation. Special\\nburners were invented in large numbers, and now its use is a\\nsettled fact and increasing.\\nWurtz, Dictionnaire de Chimie, Supplement.", "height": "4344", "width": "2604", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "90\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nIn other countries the same great incentive did not exist,\\nand the development was slower. In the United States the\\nlarge demand for illuminating and lubricating oils consumed\\nalmost the entire output; and it must be remembered that\\nAmerican oil is more easily manufactured into such products\\nthan the Russian article.\\nIn England the large accumulation of shale oil conse-\\nquent on the discovery of the yield of paraffin in American\\noil, induced them to use some as fuel. But this state of\\naffairs is now over and the shale oil is used but little for\\nheating.\\nOf all the fuels possible, liquid fuels offer the superior ad-\\nvantages of high calorific power and small bulk. By actual\\ntest 1 60 gallons of oil has done as much work in water evap-\\noration as 3 tons of coal.\\nThe composition of petroleum may be deduced from the\\nfollowing analyses\\nComposition and Value of Petroleum.\\nRussian crude light.\\nheavy\\nrefuse\\nPennsylvania crude\\nWest Virginia crude.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Canada crude\\nOhio crude\\nGalicia crude\\nJava crude\\nc\\nomposition\\nCarbon.\\nHydro-\\ngen.\\nOxygen.\\n86.3\\n13.6\\nO.I\\n86.5\\n12.3\\nI.I\\n87.1\\nII. 7\\n1.2\\n84.9\\n13-7\\n1.4\\n86.6\\n12.9\\n0.5\\n84-3\\n13-4\\n2.3\\n80.2\\n17. 1\\n2.7\\n85.3\\n12.6\\n2.1\\n87.1\\n12.0\\n0.9\\nHeating\\nPower,\\nB. T. U.\\n22,628\\n19,440\\n19,260\\n19,224\\n21,240\\n20,410\\n21,600\\n18,416\\n19.496\\nIt will be seen that, pound for pound, its value as a fuel\\nshould be greater than that of coal, and actual test shows\\n:such to be the case.\\nSome experiments made at the Hecla Engineering Works,\\nPreston, England, and lasting two days, used a marine boiler.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "LIQUID FUELS. 9 1\\nfc\\nThe first day natural draft was used, the second a Kortin\\nblower. The oil was blast-furnace oil from Sheffield, and\\ncontained\\nPer cent.\\nCarbon 83.54\\nHydrogen lO- 59\\nOxygen S-94\\nSulphur 0.09\\n100.16\\nBy Thompson s calorimeter its value was 16080 B. T. U.\\nEquivalent to water at 2 12 \u00c2\u00b0F 16.66 pounds.\\nThe results were: First day, 14.97 lbs. second day, 14.2\\nlbs., a yield of 89.87 and 85.25 per cent of the theoret-\\nical.\\nA series of tests made at South Lambeth with a Cornisb.\\nboiler showed 20.8 lbs. evaporation; average of several days,,\\n19.5 lbs. The same boiler with the best Aberdeen eoall\\nyielded 6.5 lbs., an advantage of 3 to i in favor of the\\noil.\\nMr. Urquhart, in reporting his tests with locomotives irt\\n1884, says\\nThe former (astatki) has a theoretical evaporative power of\\n16.2 lbs. of water per pound of fuel, and the latter (anthracite)\\nof 12.2 lbs. at an effective pressure of 8 atmospheres, or 12a\\nlbs. per square inch hence petroleum has, weight for weighty\\n33 per cent higher evaporative value than anthracite. Now,,\\nin locomotive practice, a mean evaporation of from 7 to\\nlbs. of water per pound of anthracite is about what is gener^\\nally obtained, thus giving about 60 per cent of efficiency,,\\nwhile 40 per cent of heating power is unavoidably lost. But\\nwith petroleum an evaporation of 12.25 lbs. is practically ob-\\n12.25\\ntained, giving 75 per cent efficiency. Thus, in the\\nfirst place, petroleum is theoretically 33 per cent superior", "height": "4344", "width": "2592", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "9^ a CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\nto anthracite in evaporative power; and, secondly, its useful\\neffect is 15 per cent greater, being 75 per cent instead of 60\\nper cent while, thirdly, weight for weight, the practical\\nevaporative value of petroleum must be reckoned as at least\\n12.25 7-5Q 12.25-7.00\\nfrom 3= 61 per cent to j-^ 75 per\\ncent higher than that of anthracite.\\nAdd to the above advantages the fact that no ashes are\\nproduced, no coal to be handled, no smoke, no dust, none of\\nthe usual unpleasant accompaniments of ordinary coal-burn-\\ning practice, and an idea can be had of the benefits not to be\\nmeasured by actual percentages, etc.\\nThe first calorimetric experiments were published by\\nSte. -Claire Deville in 1868 or 1869, using a large calorimeter\\nespecially constructed for the work. Mahler used the bomb.\\nThe liquids were burnt in the bomb under nearly the same\\nconditions as solids, when they had no appreciable vapor\\ntension. When they had considerable vapor tension (light\\noils, for instance) Berthelot enclosed them in a closed vessel,\\nthe bottom being platinum and the top formed by a pellicle\\nof gun-cotton. Others have made determinations by nearly\\nthe same methods, and a list of those available will be found\\non pages 251, 252, and 253.\\nFor burning liquid fuel the best burner is that which\\natomizes or sprays the fuel. By thus forming a fine mist\\nan approximation to the theoretical fuel, gas, is obtained.\\nSeveral methods are in use for this purpose. By some the\\noils are vaporized by heat but this is applicable only to light\\noils, which are not much used. The favorite method is by\\nhaving the burner so constructed that the oil is forced out in\\na spray and at the same time mixed with the air necessary for\\nits combustion. By this means a solid sheet of flame is pro-\\nduced, and may be made of any length desired in some cases\\nlengths of 100 feet have been reached.\\nWhen using the fuel oil commonly used in the United", "height": "4344", "width": "2776", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "LIQUID FUELS. Ql^\\nStates air sprayers are sufficient, as this oil is a distilled\\nproduct and contains none of the very heavy solid portions\\nof the crude oil. In Russia and in Canada, however, the\\ncase is different, as in these countries the fuel oil is the\\nresiduum from the distillation and contains all the heavy and\\nnone of the light oils. In this case steam is used as an atom-\\nizing agent, and it acts in virtue of its heat as well as its force.\\nThe various methods depending on the distillation and\\ndecomposition at high temperatures are not considered here,\\nas the products formed are gases and will be considered as\\nbelonging to Chapter IX.\\nIn actual practice results have been and are being ob-\\ntained which agree with and at times exceed the predicted ones.\\nMany tests have been published showing an efficiency of 85\\nto 90 per cent of the theoretical evaporative power, and an\\nevaporation of from 19 to 25 lbs. per pound of fuel has\\nbeen frequently obtained. Carefully conducted tests have\\nreached figures much in excess of these. Admiral Selwyn in\\n1884, at London, wdth a Cornish boiler having a fire-brick\\ncombustion-chamber built inside the flue, obtained at different\\ntimes an evaporation of 46, 29, 24, 33, 23, 29, 33, 37, 29, 35,\\nand 46 lbs. of water per pound of fuel.\\nThe products of combustion in the following table show-\\nhow complete the combustion was and how small an excess\\nof air was needed.\\nCO, 14.19 18.08\\nCO 5.20 0.34\\n0.78 0.34\\nHydrocarbons. 1.30 None.\\nH Not determined. None.\\nN 78.53 81.24\\nTo have the best results, the burner must be so regulated\\nas to have a flame bordering on, but not quite, smoky. Thus", "height": "4344", "width": "2572", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "gic\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\nsufficient and not too much air is obtained. The quantity of\\nsteam needed to atomize the oil at Moscow is 4 per cent of\\nthe water evaporated.\\nSince then numerous similar results have been reached.\\nActual tests made on locomotives of the Grazi and Tsar^\\nitzin line, in Russia, show for one year:\\nEight-wheeled Engines with Coal.\\nNo. of Cars to Train.\\nDistance Run by\\nLocomotives.\\nCoal burnt per Mile.\\nCost.\\n37-51\\n511,995 m.\\n81.43 lbs.\\n22.6 C.\\nWith Petroleum Residuum.\\nNo. of Cars to Train.\\nDistance Run by\\nLocomotives.\\nOil Burnt per Mile.\\nCost.\\n38.08\\n868,712 m.\\n45.83 lbs.\\n13.0 C.\\nNo. of Cars to Train.\\nDistance Run uy\\nLocomotives.\\nCoal Burnt per Mile.\\nCost.\\n26.32\\n1,341,681 m.\\n57.25 lbs.\\n15.6 c.\\nWith Petroleum Residuum.\\nNo. of Cars to Train.\\n^t^oc-omo^iTes Oil Burnt per Mile.\\nCost.\\n25.45\\n1,487,333 m.\\n32.23 lbs.\\n9.0 c.\\nBesides use for heating boilers, liquid fuel has been used\\nwith good results in puddling-furnaces, glass-works, smelting-\\nfurnaces, brick-making, lime-burning, and in almost every\\nplace where coal would be used. In some cases where fine\\nadjustment of temperatures has been needed it has been a\\nstrong competitor to gas itself.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "LIQUID FUELS. ^id\\nMany of the results obtained are far above the theoreti-\\ncal quantities based on the usual calorific values of carbon,\\nhydrogen, etc. To explain this it must be remembered that\\nthe value usually given to carbon is its value as a solid^\\nwhereas when we vaporize oils we approach or actually reach\\nthe gaseous state, and should therefore have greater values.\\nThe calorific value of carbon solid is 8137 calories (charcoal)\\nand of carbon vapor 11,328 calories (see page 73), showing aa\\nincrease of 39 per cent in carbon value. With a sample of oil\\ncontaining 86. 6C, 12. 9H, 0.5O, the two values would be\\n11,475 and 14,759 calories (20,655 and 26,566 B. T. U.).\\nAgain, we do not know the actual state of combination\\nexisting among the atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.\\nThat they do not exist as in the combinations obtained by\\ndistillation is known, and many unavailing attempts have\\nbeen made to solve the problem. The presence of steam in\\nsome of the burners complicates the question still further, as\\nthere is no doubt but that a rearrangement of some of the\\natoms occurs and new compounds are formed.\\nThat this is the case is easily shown by the difference in.\\nthe quantity of gas produced by the decomposition of oil\\nwith and without steam. In the former case only 150 to 200\\ncubic feet are produced from a gallon, while in the latter as\\nhigh as 1000 cubic feet or more.\\nOils other than mineral may be, and at exceptional times\\nare, used. Their calorific power is high, as may be seen from\\nTable i. Their use, however, is so infrequent that special\\nmention of this is not necessary here.", "height": "4344", "width": "2592", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nGASEOUS FUELS.\\nThe heat of combustion of gaseous combustibles has been\\ndetermined for a great many compounds, definite and pure.\\nThat of the industrial gases has been determined by different\\noperators and in different ways, with more or less happy\\nresults. Its determination is often one of the greatest com-\\nmercial interest, since it is used in domestic heating as well\\nas in industrial appliances, where it is necessary to obtain\\ndefinite, regular working. It serves also to furnish motive\\npower to gas-engines, in which the heat of combustion is not\\nwithout importance. Finally, it is well to know the heat\\nproduced in air or water-gas apparatus, if we wish to reach\\nthe best condition for their production and use.\\nFor heating steam-boilers gas has given good results and\\na very high evaporative effect. It is easily regulated, and\\nthus any required heat can be produced by simply turning a\\nvalve. No smoke is generated, no soot or deposit of any\\nkind produced in the flues, and no ashes to take out of the\\nash-pit. The fireplace needs repairing but seldom, and\\nthe boiler is heated evenly and regularly, there being no\\ndanger of burning out in strongly heated spots, as no such\\nspots exist.\\nIn metallurgical furnaces, gas possesses a decided advan-\\ntage in its long, clean, easily managed, intense flame, and this\\nadvantage has been long recognized. A flame of 25 feet or\\nmore in length is easily produced, and it is practically uniform\\nfor its whole extent. Part of the heat usually lost up the\\nchimney can be utilized to heat the air-supply, and no more is\\nsupplied than just enough for perfect combustion.\\nUsing gas as fuel enables the metallurgist to use poor\\n92", "height": "4344", "width": "2748", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "GASEOUS FUELS. 93\\ngrades of coal, and all variations in quality may be eliminated,\\na uniform product being had by storing the gas in a holder, or\\nby making proper arrangement of different generators so that\\nan average will be obtained. In several cases where hand-fed\\ncoal fires have been tried against fires burning gas from the\\nsame coal, better results have been obtained, due to the possi-\\nbility of more closely adjusted regulation. The tests made\\nat Brieg may be cited. Here each boiler had 141.25 square\\nfeet of heating-surface and steam-pressure 6 to 7 atmospheres.\\nNo. I boiler was hand-fired No. 2 was gas-fired. The\\nevaporation in pounds per pound of fuel was\\nNo. 1 8.34 8.74 8.28 4.02 2.569 2.764\\nNo. 2 9.86 9.73 10.07 5-44- 3.251 3.158\\nIncrease... 18^ 12^ 20^ 35^ 25^ 14^\\nHEAT OF COMBUSTION OF GASES FROM ANALYSIS.\\nWhen the chemical composition of a gas is known exactly,\\nits heat of combustion can be correctly calculated but \\\\x\\\\\\nabsence of a correct analysis, the calorimeter must be used.\\nKnowing the proximate composition of a combustible\\ngas, that is, the proportion of chemically defined components\\nas well as their heats of combustion, it is sufficient to add the\\nnumbers obtained for each constituent gas. Take, for\\nexample, the analysis of illuminating gas of Manchester as\\ngiven by Bunsen:\\nHydrogen 45-58\\nMarsh gas (CHJ 34.90\\nCarbonic oxide...., 6.64\\nEthylene (C,H,)r 4.08\\nButylene (C,H3) 2.38 i\\nSulphydric acid 0.29\\nNitrogen 2.46\\nCarbonic acid 3.67\\n100.00", "height": "4344", "width": "2600", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "94 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThe calculation is as follows:\\nComponents,\\nNo.of Litres per\\nCubic Metre.\\nWeigfhtper Cubic\\nMetre at 0\u00c2\u00b0 and\\n70\u00c2\u00b0 mm.\\nGrams.\\nHeat of\\nCombustion per\\nCubic Metre.\\nCalculated\\nCalories.\\nHvHrocpn\\n455.8\\n369\\n40.8\\n23.8\\n66.4\\n2.9\\ncubic metre.\\n89.61\\n715.58\\n1251.94\\n2503.88\\n1251.50\\n2551.99\\n3066\\n9340\\n14980\\n29042\\n3057\\n1 1400\\n1395\\n3169\\n611\\n690\\n201\\n33\\n6099\\nMarsh gas, CH4\\ndefiant gas, C2H4\\nButylene, C4H8\\nCartDonic oxide\\nSulphydric acid, H2S...\\nTotal calories per\\nCity of Manchester gas, as analyzed by Bunsen, gives,\\nthen, with complete combustion, 6099 calories per cubic\\nmetre (685 B. T. U. per cubic foot).\\nIf, however, only the actual ultimate composition of the\\ngas is known or the total percentage of carbon, hydrogen,\\noxygen and nitrogen, then the calculated result will differ from\\nthe experimental one. This is because the heat units of the\\nelements added together do not make those of the compound,\\nas the heat of combination of the different constituent gases\\nis not allowed for. If this factor is known, then it can be\\nused as a correction and the correct heat determined.\\nThis heat of combination of the elements to form the\\ncomponent gases will be seen in comparing the calculated and\\nthe actual heat of combustion of the following gases\\nGases.\\nMarsh gas.\\ndefiant gas.\\nAcetylene.\\nBenzene\\nFormulae.\\nCarbon.\\nHydro-\\ngen.\\nCalculated\\nHeat.\\nActual\\nHe^t.\\nCH4\\nC2H4\\nC2H2\\nCeHe\\n75.\\n85.7\\n92.3\\n92.3\\n25.\\n14.3\\n7-7\\n7.7\\n14685\\nI1859\\nIOTI4\\nIOII4\\n13343\\n12182\\n12142\\n12410\\nDiffer-\\nence.\\n1342\\n323\\n202S\\n2296\\nIt will also be seen, that although two gases may have the\\nsame percentage composition of the elements, yet the heat of\\ncombustion may be different owing to the action of the various\\nphysical forces at work in molecular condensation, etc.", "height": "4344", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "GASEOUS FUELS. 9$\\nCOAL GAS.\\nThe heat of combustion of illuminating gas obtained froni\\nthe distillation of coal in closed retorts is very variable. It\\ndepends not only on the nature of the fuel, but also on the\\nrapidity of the distillation and the heat by which it is accom\\nplished. The heat of combustion varies from 5200 to 630(i\\ncalories per cubic metre. It cannot be represented by any-\\naverage number.\\nAccording to Witz, at the same gas-works and with th6\\nsame fuel, yields may occur from 4719 to 5425 calories.\\nAccording to Bueb-Dessau, the illuminating gas of the same\\ncity during the same day will sometimes vary 20 per cent.\\nDr. Birchmore reports the same result from his examinations\\nof the gas of Brooklyn, N. Y.\\nWe are not certain that the composition assigned to coal\\ngas by analysis corresponds always to the gas as obtained by\\ndistillation in Europe, especially, a portion of the heavy\\nhydrocarbons is taken out for sale separately, and the deficiency\\nsupplied by cheaper oils.\\nFrom several experiments which he made, Bueb-Dessau^\\nthought that the heat of combustion of illuminating gas was\\ndirectly proportional to the candle power; but in addition to\\nthis being opposed to the theory of heat, the experiments of\\nAguitton show the contrary. He concluded from his deter-\\nminations that each illuminating gas of different candle power\\nhas a definite heat of combustion which corresponds to the\\nintensity of the light. His experiments were carried on with\\nmore than a hundred samples, rich and poor, the former kind\\nfrom cannel coal, the latter from the end of the run carried to\\nan extreme. He represents by the following formula the\\nBueb-Dessau cites the following among others:\\nCandle-power. Heat-value.\\nGas of Dessau 14- 4400 calories\\nGas of Bremen 21.9 5977\\nGas from cannel coal 26.0 6559", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "96 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nrelation between candle power and heat of combustion of a\\ngas:\\nc iy^ 352.6 2280,\\nin which c represents the heat of combustion and i the candle\\npower. The formula seems to be applicable only between\\nlimits at which it has been verified from 5 to 15 candles.\\nAguitton s determinations were made with the calorimetric\\nbomb.\\nThe following table gives a rhum^ of his observations\\nHeat of Combustion\\nCandle Power. p^^\\n5 4043\\n6 4395\\n7 4748\\n8 5101\\n9 5453\\n10 5 806\\nII 6158\\n12 65 II\\n13 6864\\n14 72 16\\n15 7569\\n7c5q 4043\\n352.6, coefficient adopted.\\nThe three samples of illuminating gas, analyzed and burnt\\nin the bomb by Mahler and given in the table below, call for\\nthe following observations: Gas from Niddrie cannel coal, the\\nmost calorific per cubic metre is the least calorific per kilo-\\ngram, because the density is greater than that of the other\\ntwo. The richest in hydrogen by volume (Lavillette) is the\\npoorest in calorific power per cubic metre, while the poorest\\nin hydrogen by weight is the richest in calories per cubic\\nmetre. These are due to the low density of hydrogen, which\\nI", "height": "4292", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "GASEOUS FUELS.\\n97\\nis less calorific by volume than the other hydrocarbons occur-\\nring in illuminating gas.\\nAnalysis by Weight.\\nHeat of Combustion\\n-a\\nv\\ns\\n1)\\nName.\\nc\\n2^\\n:^3\\ni\\nu\\nbe\\n3\\nc\\nbfi\\nc\\nc\\nFc^\\n-e-a\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\n.s\\nc3\u00c2\u00a7\\nM\\na.\\nn u\\ni^\\nQ\\nu\\nE\\nU\\nu\\nA,\\nOh\\nNiddrle cannel.\\n0.6367\\n43-33\\n13-50\\n16.84\\n9.26\\n14.96\\n6365\\n7735\\nCommentry coal.\\n4046\\n43-74\\n21.46\\n24.96\\n7.08\\n5-75\\n5834\\n1 1 TOO\\nLavillette gas.\\n0.4033\\n42.25\\n21.34\\n21.23\\n6.83\\n8.33\\n5602\\n10764\\nA cubic metre of hydrogen develops 3091 calories in\\nburning; a cubic metre of marsh gas develops 10038 calories;\\na cubic metre of olefiant gas, 15250 calories.\\nGAS OF GASOGENES.\\nThe gasogenes, instead of transforming the fuel into car-\\nbonic acid and water in a single combustion, produce this\\nchange in two distinct burnings, the first being to make a\\ncombustible gas and the second to burn this gas with air.\\nIn the first furnace, the coal, for example, is burnt in such\\na manner by feeding with an insufficient supply of air that a\\ngaseous mixture is produced, containing principally carbonic\\noxide, besides nitrogen from the air. As the combustion has\\nbeen well or poorly managed, it contains a less or greater\\nquantity of carbonic acid, the production of which is avoided\\nas much as possible. This is done by giving to the fuel only\\njust enough air to form carbonic oxide, and not enough to\\nform carbonic acid, even partially, and by making the bed of\\nfuel quite deep.\\nThe heat produced by this combustion is not used, and\\nconsequently an important part of the calories of the coal is\\nlost. Gasogene gas is then lower in calories, and inferior to\\ncoal gas, as commonly made by distillation.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "9o CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nOne kilogram of carbon burnt to carbonic oxide disen-\\ngages 2489 calories, while i kilogram of carbon burnt to car-\\nbonic acid generates 8137 calories. There is lost, then, in\\nburning carbon to carbonic oxide in a gasogene about 30 per\\ncent of the available calories.\\nAt first eight this method of working seems irrational, but\\nfor obtaining high temperatures there are practical advantages,\\nwhose importance far exceeds the loss of heat in the gaso-\\ngene. It permits much more elevated temperatures, and the\\nrecovery of a large portion of the heat, which in direct sys-\\ntems of heating in high temperature furnaces passes to the\\nchimney as complete loss. There is actually an economy in\\nthe ordinary metallurgical methods even with this loss.\\nBy means of gasogenes, we produce three kinds of gaseous\\nfuel the gas called producer or air gas, formed by the incom-\\nplete combustion of the fuel, with production of a mixed gas\\ncontaining carbonic oxide and hydrogen compounds the gas\\ncalled water gas, from the decomposition of water by carbon at a\\nhigh temperature, with production of carbonic oxide, hydrogen,\\nand hydrogen compounds; and the gas called mixed gas,\\nfrom the mixture of the two preceding ones by a process\\nwhich combines the production of the two gases in the same\\nfurnace.\\nPRODUCER OR AIR GAS.\\nWe have said that air gas results from incomplete com-\\nbustion, and that its formation causes a loss of one third of\\nthe calories resulting from the complete combustion of the\\nfuel. These gases contain, naturally, the nitrogen of the air\\nused, to which must be added that of the air necessary to\\nchange the carbonic oxide and the hydrogen to carbonic acid\\nand water.\\nThe heat of combustion and the composition determined\\nby different experimenters varies considerably, showing that\\nthey did not always work with average samples.", "height": "4344", "width": "2720", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "GASEOUS FUELS. 99\\nThe proportion of nitrogen in these gases reaches $6 to\\n60 per cent; that of carbonic oxide, 21 to 32 percent; that of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of hydrogen, from traces to 17 per cent. The theoretical\\ncalculation for the combustion of carbon in air to a gas con-\\ntaining only carbonic oxide and nitrogen gives for the first\\n34.7 and for the second 65.3 per cent.\\nBy adopting for the composition of air the round numbers\\n79 and 21, and for the weight of oxygen 1.430 grams per\\nlitre, for carbon the atomic weight of 12, and for oxygen 16,\\n12 16 1000 grams 1333 grams.\\nA kilogram of carbon needs, then, i^ kilograms of oxygen.\\nA litre of oxygen weighing 1.430 grams, 1333 grams would\\noccupy 932 litres. These 932 Htres will give with carbon a\\ndouble volume, or 1864 litres carbonic oxide. Multiplying\\n932 litres by the coefficient 4.77 (see Table XIV), we obtain\\nthe volume of the air corresponding, or 4445 litres. The\\nJ gases of combustion will be composed then of these 4445\\nlitres of air and the 932 litres of increase in volume, or 5377\\nlitres for i kilogram of carbon. The 4445 litres of air will\\ncontain (at 79 per cent) 3513 litres of nitrogen, or 65.3 per\\ncent.\\nThe calculation is more complicated when we have fuel\\ncontaining hydrogen, as one portion of the oxygen disappears\\nby its combination with the hydrogen to form water. Take\\nfor example, a coal containing 90 per cent of carbon, 5 per\\ncent of hydrogen, and 5 per cent of oxygen. Suppose i\\nkilogram of this coal, under theoretical conditions, burnt in a\\ngasogene, i.e., with perfect transformation of the carbon into\\ncarbonic oxide and no residues. This coal contains 900\\ngrams carbon, 50 grams hydrogen, 50 grams oxygen. 900\\nOne pound of carbon requires 1.333 lbs. of oxygen; i cubic foot of\\noxygen weighs 0.08926 lb. 1.333 lbs. measure 14.93 cu. ft. These would\\ngive 29.86of CO. 14.93 X 4-77 71.216, and 71.216 -f 14.93 86.146, volume\\nof gases of combustion. These contain 56.26 cu. ft. of nitrogen.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "100 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\ngrams carbon produce 2100 grams carbonic oxide, requiring\\n1200 grams oxygen. i2po grams oxygen occupy 839 litres.\\n50 grams hydrogen produce 450 grams water, and require\\n400 grams oxygen. These 400 grams oxygen occupy 279\\nlitres. But the coal itself contains 50 grams oxygen, occupy-\\ning 35 litres.\\nWe have, then, 839 279 35 1083 htres of oxygen\\nrequired, and to calculate the amount of air needed multiply\\nby 4.77. This gives 5163 litres of air needed for the incom-\\nplete combustion of i kilogram of carbon. These 5163 litres\\ncontain 4080 litres of nitrogen.\\nTo obtain the total volume of gases produced by the\\nincomplete combustion, we may add to the volume of the air\\nintroduced the volume due to the formation of carbonic oxide,\\nand this is equal to the volume of the oxygen used, or 839\\nlitres. We have, then, 5163 839 6002 litres. But a\\nquantity of oxygen has disappeared corresponding to the\\nformation of the water, or 279 35 244 litres (35 litres\\nexists in the coal as above), and 6002 244 =5758 litres of\\ngas produced by the incomplete combustion of i kilogram of\\ncoal.\\nNow, then, 5163 litres of air contain 4079 litres of nitro-\\ngen, which would form or 70.8 per cent of the total\\n5758\\ngas. All these numbers are at 0\u00c2\u00b0 and 760 mm. pressure.*\\nGenerally gasogenes contain less nitrogen, different causes\\nproducing diminution, among which are the use of a lower\\n*One pound of coal would be 6300 grains carbon, 350 grains oxygen^\\nand 350 grains hydrogen; 0.90 lb. carbon produces 2.1 lbs. carbonic oxide^\\nand needs 1.2 lbs. oxygen; 1.2 lbs. oxygen occupies 13.44 cu. ft.; 0.050 lb.\\nhydrogen produces 0.450 lb. water, and needs 0.400 lb. oxygen, or 4.48 cu.\\nft. The 0.05 lb. of oxygen in the coal occupies 0.56 cu. ft. Then 13.444-\\n4.48 0.56 17.36 of oxygen required 17.36 X 4-77 82.81 cu. ft. of air,\\ncontaining 65.41 cu. ft. nitrogen. Total gases, 82.81 13-44 3-92 92.33,\\ntotal volume of gas, and\\n65 41\\n70.8 per cent.\\n92.33", "height": "4344", "width": "2720", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "GASEOUS FUELS. lOI\\nhydrogen coal than we have taken, and the decomposition of\\nthe fuel in the body of the furnace with a certain quantity of\\naqueous vapor formed during the combustion, or from the\\nmoisture in the air supplied.\\nMahler determined the heat of combustion of a sample of\\ngas from the Follembray glass-house, and found its composi\\ntion per volume, using coal from Bethune, to be:\\nMarsh gas 2\\nHydrogen 12\\nCarbonic oxide 21\\nCarbonic acid 5\\nNitrogen 60\\n100\\nThe heat of combustion calculated from its composition is::\\nMarsh gas 0.02 X 10038 200.8\\nHydrogen 0.12 X 3091= 370.9\\nCO 0.2 1 X 3043 639.0\\n1210.^\\nWith the bomb he found 12 12 calories.\\nWATER GAS AND MIXED GAS.\\nWater gas is produced when water is decomposed at high\\ntemperatures by fuels containing but little hydrogen, such\\nas anthracite, charcoal, or coke. Mixed with hydrocarbon\\nvapors, added to enrich it, or which may have been decom-\\nposed with the aqueous vapor, it serves for the illumination\\nof a great number of cities, principally in America. But this\\nis not its only use, as it is used for heating, and also for gas-\\nengines. Mixed with producer gas, it has become a powerful\\nmeans of heating, especially where high temperatures are\\nwanted.\\nWater gas contains but little nitrogen this is its main\\ndistinction from producer gas, and that which gives it a\\nspecial value from an economical heating point of view.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "I02 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nWe have previously stated (page 97) that during the\\ncombustion of carbon in a gasogene, there occurs a genera-\\ntion of nearly one third of the total heat were the fuel com-\\npletely burnt. Besides this, the combustion produces a gas\\ncontaining about one third its weight of combustible gas and\\ntwo thirds inert gas (nitrogen), which is mixed with it.\\nThese are important causes of two sources of loss in\\ncalories. In an air-gasogene one third of the calories is lost,\\nsince the gaseous products give up most of their sensible heat\\nbefore being used. The 66 per cent of inert gas carries off\\nan enormous quantity of heat to the chimney, and thence to\\nthe open air. It was with the idea of regaining or stopping\\nthese losses, or at least a large portion of them, that water\\ngas originated.\\nAqueous vapor and carbon, when submitted to a high\\ntemperature, produce carbonic oxide and hydrogen. Theo-\\nretically these are free from nitrogen but there is always\\npresent a small percentage for various causes. In the air\\ngasogene 12 kilograms of carbon and 16 kilograms of oxy-\\ngen (atomic weights) unite to form 28 kilograms of carbonic\\noxide. On the other hand, 12 kilograms of carbon and 18\\nkilograms of water form 28 kilograms of carbonic oxide and\\n2 kilograms of hydrogen. Then i kilogram of carbon fur-\\nnishes 2.5 kilograms of gas composed of carbonic oxide and\\nhydrogen.\\nOne kilogram of hydrogen has a caloric energy of 29042\\ncalories.* These calories represent also the quantity of heat\\nnecessary to decompose the water; in the case of the water\\ngas gasogene they are formed by the carbon burnt. The 12\\nkilograms of carbon will have to furnish, then, the calories\\nnecessary to decompose 18 kilograms of water; that is,\\n2 X 29042 58084 calories.\\nWater being considered as vapor.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "GASEOUS FUELS. 10$\\nBut 12 kilograms of carbon, in burning, generate only\\n12 X 2473 29676 calories.\\nTo decompose the water, then, there is a shortage of\\nforce of\\n58084 29676 28408 calories\\nfor 2 kilograms of hydrogen, or 14204 calories for i kilo-\\ngram. The heat must be furnished by an external source.\\nIn other terms, to gasify i kilogram of carbon there must be\\nsupplied\\n14204 -f- 6 2367 calories.\\nAs may be easily seen, this operation absorbs much heat,\\nand the combustion of the water gas can give only the calo-\\nries used at first in forming it. The heat necessary for the\\ndecomposition of the water is actually taken from that of the\\npreparatory period of the air gasogene, which makes a loss of\\none third of the total calories. In burning the water gas\\nmade under these conditions we utilize a part of the heat\\nwhich would have been lost by the air gasogene only.\\nThe decomposition of water by carbon is not as simple as\\nwould appear from the equation\\nH,0 C CO H,.\\nThe lower portion of the fuel of the gasogene undergoes\\nordinary combustion on account of air being present; while\\nin the upper portion the reaction takes place between the\\ngaseous products formed in the lower portion and the heated\\ncarbon. The carbonic acid is then in contact with the heated\\ncarbon and is reduced to carbonic oxide:\\nC CO, 2CO.", "height": "4344", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "I04 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThuS; the reaction with the water would be\\n5H,0 3C 2CO, CO loH\\ncarbonic acid being reduced to carbonic oxide in the final\\nreaction, as in the case with the air gasogene.\\nNine kilograms of aqueous vapor and 6 kilograms of\\ncarbon produce i kilogram of hydrogen and 14 kilograms of\\ncarbonic oxide, that is, a mixed gas is produced containing\\nabout one half its volume of each gas.\\nOne cubic metre of hydrogen weighs 85.5 grams; one of\\ncarbonic oxide, 11 94 grams. Then the volumes occupied by\\neach gas would be 11.69 hydrogen and 11. 13 for car-\\nbojiic oxide, or 51.23 per cent of hydrogen and 48.77 per\\ncent of carbonic oxide.\\nFrom the foregoing account, it will be seen that the inter-\\nmittent flow is a cause of great loss of caloric in the working\\nof the water gasogene but when a gas is wanted solely for\\nheating at high temperatures, it may be obtained by a mixed\\nsystem working continuously. The gasogene is filled with\\na mixture of air and steam, the air being employed in\\nthe proper proportion to keep up the heat necessary, or, in\\nother words, to furnish by the combustion of part of the\\ncarbon, the number of calories necessary to the gasifica-\\ntion of the other part.\\nWe have seen (page 103) that to gasify i kilogram of\\ncarbon 2367 calories were needed. To maintain the heat\\nthis quantity must be produced by the action of the air.\\nMixed gases are poorer than water gas, as they contain more\\nnitrogen and carbonic oxide and less hydrogen. Theo-\\nretically, we should attain the result of furnishing the heat to\\nthe gasogene necessary to maintain the temperature by sup-\\nplying the steam sufficiently superheated a gas very poor in\\nnitrogen would then be made. But the superheating of\\nsteam causes new losses of heat.", "height": "4376", "width": "2752", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "GASEOUS FUELS.\\n105\\nNATURAL GAS.\\nNatural gas has been known for thousands of years in\\nAsia, on the Caspian Sea, where it has long been a feature in\\nreligious services, but it is only recently that it has become\\nof any use to man and played any part in the fuel world.\\nThe natural gas output in the United States has attracted\\nconsiderable attention since 1875, ^.nd especially since 1880.\\nThis gas always accompanies petroleum, although petroleum\\ndoes not always accompany the gas. The wells are situated\\nin various portions of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio,\\nIndiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Colorado, Cal-\\nifornia, and on the Canadian side also in numerous locations.\\nNatural gas is not of a constant or uniform composition,\\nA^arying very much according to the locality from which it is\\ntaken. The individual constituent gases vary between wide\\nhmits, hydrogen at some places being almost wanting, while\\nat others it is as high as 35 or 40 per cent. Marsh gas is in\\nevery case the principal constituent, but this runs down as\\nlow as 40 per cent in some analyses. Nitrogen is some-\\ntimes absent, and when present in large amounts, it is suppos-\\nable that the gas analyzed was contaminated with atmospheric\\nair.\\nThe Ohio and Indiana fields yield gas of nearer a uniform\\ncomposition than any of the others. The following table is\\ntypical\\nHydrogen\\nMarsh gas\\ndefiant gas\\nOxygen\\nCarbonic oxide\\nCarbonic acid\\nNitrogen\\nHydrogen sulphide\\nOhio.\\nFostoria\\n1.89\\n92.84\\n0.20\\n0.35\\n0.55\\n0,20\\n3-82\\n0.15\\nFindlay.\\n1.64\\n93-35\\n0.35\\n0.39\\n0.41\\n0.25\\n3-41\\n0.20\\nSt.Mary s\\n1.94\\n93.85\\n0.20\\n0.35\\n0.44\\n0.23\\n2.98\\n0.21\\nIndiana.\\nMuncie.\\n2.35\\n92.67\\n0.25\\n0.35\\n0.45\\n0.25\\n3-53\\n0.15\\n1.86\\n93-07\\n0.47\\n0.42\\n0.73\\n0.26\\n3.02\\n0.15\\nKokomo.\\n1.42\\n94.16\\n0.30\\n0.30\\n0.55\\n0.29\\n2.80\\n0.18", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "io6\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nIn addition to difference in composition in different local-\\nities, the composition of the gas varies cons derably from\\ntime to time in each well. This is shown by the following\\nanalyses made at different times within a period of three\\nmonths from a well at Pittsburgh, Pa.\\nHydrogen\\nMarsh gas.\\nOlefiant gas.\\nIlluminants\\nOxygen\\nCarbonic oxide\\nCarbonic acid.\\nNitrogen\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n9.64\\n14-45\\n20.02\\n26.T6\\n29.03\\n57.85\\n75.16\\n72.18\\n65-25\\n60.70\\n0.80\\n0.60\\n0.70\\no.So\\n0.98\\n5.20\\n4.80\\n3.60\\n5-50\\n7-92\\n2.10\\n1.20\\n1. 10\\n0.80\\n0.78\\n1. 00\\n0.30\\n1. 00\\n0.80\\n0.58\\n0.00\\n0.30\\n0.80\\n60\\n0.00\\n23.41\\n2.89\\n0.00\\n00\\n0.00\\n35. q2\\n49-58\\n0.60\\n12 30\\n0.80\\n0.40\\n0.40\\n0.00\\nThe quantity of gas used daily in the town of Findlay,\\nOhio, in 1890, was estimated by Professor Orton to be, for\\nGlass-furnaces looooooo cubic feet.\\nIron mills lOOOOOOO\\nOther factories 6000000\\nDomestic use 4000000\\nTotal per day 30000000\\nIn Indiana, large wells have been opened and used as in\\nOhio. In Pennsylvania, several of the large rolling-mills and\\nglass-houses near Pittsburg were formerly supplied with mill-\\nions of feet per day but the supply, used so lavishly, became\\nexhausted. In Canada, at Fort Erie and Windsor are wells,\\nthe gas from which is piped across the river to Buffalo and\\nDetroit respectively. All through the oil regions gas wells\\nare to be found more or less, accompanying every well sunk.\\nFrom the composition of the gas, it will readily be seen\\nthat it is a valuable source of heat, the calorific power reach-\\ning loooo calories or 1 100 B. T. U. per cubic foot. It is used\\nfor domestic purposes, steam, glass making, iron mills, brick\\nburning, and numerous other ways, and until recently used\\nwastefuUy in all.", "height": "4344", "width": "2744", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "GASEOUS FUELS, IO7\\nAs compared with coal, 57.25 pounds of coal or 63 pounds\\nof coke are about equal to 1000 cubic feet of the gas. The\\nactual equivalent in steaming or furnace work varies with the\\nfurnace, and proj^ably with the people using it. Equivalent\\nvalues of 14000 to 25000 cubic feet per ton of coal are\\nreported, and hardly any two users will give the same yield.\\nIt seems to be especially adapted to glass making, giving a\\nlong, clean, ashless, smokeless flame, and hundreds of glass-\\npots were set up in the neighborhood of the wells, especially\\nin Ohio. Each pot consumes from 58000 to 61000 cubic feet\\nper 24 hours in window-glass works and from 31000 to 49000\\ncubic feet in flint-glass works, the difference being of\\ncourse due to difference in burners and men, the gas being\\nthe same.\\nIn all cases where this gas is used the chief claim made, in\\naddition to those of gases generally, has been cheapness, and\\nit has been sold without any regard to its actual value. A\\ncomparison of its value with that of other gases is given by\\nMcMillin in the Report of the Ohio Geological Survey, vol.\\nVI, page 544, as follows:\\n1000 feet natural gas will evaporate 893 pounds of water.\\ni i\\ncoal\\ni\\n591\\na\\nwater\\ntt\\n262\\nit\\ni\\nproducer gas**\\nIt\\nOIL GAS.\\n115\\nThere are several processes for producing gas from oiU\\nusually petroleum or its derivatives. Some of them decom-\\npose the oil by means of heat alone, while others use steam,\\nor steam and air together. The most successful pure oil\\nprocess is the Pintsch this is used extensively in the large\\ncities of Europe and America to obtain a gas for illuminating\\ncars on railways. The gas is made by allowing the oil to fall\\ndrop by drop on a strongly heated surface. Complete decom-", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "I08 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nposition occurs, and a gas of high candle-power is formed.\\nThis is collected, and after compression supplied to the con-\\nsumers. It loses some 20 per cent of the illuminating power\\nduring compression. As a source of heat, its use is, so far,\\nvery limited. An analysis and heat test will be found in the\\ntables.\\nThe Archer gas process is somewhat similar to the Pintsch,\\nbut the products of decomposition are generated at a com-\\nparatively low temperature, and then superheated subse-\\nquently so as to make the gas permanent. This gas is used\\nfor metallurgical purposes, but its use for heating boilers is\\nvery limited.\\nThe other gases made with steam or steam and air have\\nbeen advertised or pushed as fuel gases for several years.\\nMany plants have been established and failed. A few of the\\nmost prominent are mentioned in the tables.\\nOTHER GASES.\\nGas has been obtained from destructive distillation of\\nwood, rosin, fats, and other materials. They were used prin-\\ncipally for illumination, and seldom if ever for heat. They\\nare now made only in very exceptional cases.\\nI", "height": "4316", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF COAL BURNT UNDER\\nA STEAM-BOILER.\\nFUEL USED AND WATER EVAPORATED.\\nDISTRIBUTION OF THE HEAT PRODUCED.\\nExperiments in heating steam-boilers have to deter-\\nmine\\n1. How much water is vaporized by a given quantity of\\ncoal, so as to compare it with other coals or fuels\\n2. The evaporative power of the steam-boiler used;\\n3. A comparison of the various styles of grates or meth-\\nods of heating applied to steam-boilers.\\nIn this book we will consider only the first case, the\\nothers being outside of its scope.\\nThe knowledge of the heat of combustion of coal and\\nother fuels is closely connected with experiments in heating\\nsteam-boilers. It is not enough to know the proportion of\\nwater which the apparatus or the fuel tested will vaporize\\nwe must also determine the number of calories lost. We\\nmust know, besides, the composition of the coal and its heat\\nof combustion, to determine the proportion of calories used to\\nthat possible with perfect combustion.\\nThe first work in this direction worth mentioning was\\nprobably that done by Peclet in 1833, but his results were\\nvery crude, and are of no account now. The next were those\\nmade by Prof. Johnson, in 1842 and 1843, for the U. S.\\nNavy Department, to determine the steaming powers of the\\nlog", "height": "4344", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "no CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\ncoals then in use. He analyzed and tested some thirty-five\\ndifferent coals, domestic and foreign. The tests were made\\nwith a specially built boiler, and careful and copious notes\\nwere taken all through. The chimney gases were analyzed,\\nand an attempt made to determine their quantity. In 1891\\nMr. W. Kent* reviewed his work, and found that, with correc-\\ntions for the constants employed by Johnson, the tests were\\ncomparable with those made at the present time. The\\nfigures given in the tables as Johnson s are with Kent s\\ncorrections.\\nThe first experiments based on the knowledge of the\\ncomposition and heat of combustion of coal were published\\nin 1868 and 1869 in the Bulletin de la Socidt^ Industrielle\\nde MulJwuse. Scheurer-Kestner remarks in the first part of\\nthis work, which he prosecuted later on with assistance of\\nMeunier-Dollfus (/c f. cit. p. i):\\n**It is necessary to analyze the great difference found\\nbetween the theoretical heat of combustion (at that time\\nno actual determinations had been made) and the practical\\nyield.\\nSeveral elements of the calculation aid in making this\\nshortage. The principal ones are\\nThe heat of combustion of the coal;\\nThe composition of the coal;\\nThe composition of the cinders as drawn from the\\nash-pit\\nThe quantity of water vaporized and the temperature\\nof the steam produced\\nThe volume of gases introduced under the grate, and\\ntheir temperature when they leave the boiler to pass into the\\nchimney\\n**The composition of the gaseous products of combus-\\ntion\\nEngineering and Mining Journal, Oct. 1891.", "height": "4344", "width": "2724", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "WEIGHT OF FUEL. 1 1 1\\nThe temperature of the cinders at the time of dumping;\\nThe loss of caloric by radiation from the setting of the\\nboiler.\\nWe must refer to mineral and organic as well as gas\\nanalysis to obtain the necessary elements for the distribution\\nof the caloric produced by the combustion of the coal on a\\nsteam-boiler grate.\\nTo avoid referring to them, we will consider the composi-\\ntion and heat of combustion of coal as known. (See tables.)\\nWEIGHT OF FUEL.\\nThe coal used in the test should be kept under cover\\naway from moisture and heat, so that the hygroscopic water\\nit contains shall vary as little as possible from the time of\\ntaking the sample. Weigh the coal in the gross, and then\\nweigh portions of about lOO kilograms (220 lbs.) on a scale\\nsensible to y^Vo\\nWhere practicable, a box open at the top and holding\\n500 pounds of coal should be provided for each 25 square\\nfeet grate area, and in proportion for larger grates. It\\nshould be placed on the scales, and conveniently located for\\nshoveling into the fire.\\nThe exact time of weighing should be noted and the\\nexact weight set down. The weight should be taken at the\\ninstant of closing the fire-door. The box should be com-\\npletely emptied each time. The difference of weight at each\\nfiring will give the several quantities fired the differences of\\ntime will give the intervals between firing; and the differ-\\nence of time between successive charges will serve as a check\\non the record of the test. A chart or diagram should be\\nmade showing the regularity of the working, and it is well to\\nkeep the records in tabular form weights in one column, time\\nin another.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "112 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nSAMPLING THE COAL.\\nIn all experiments for determining heat of combustion of\\nfuels, the sampling must be done with the utmost care, espe-\\ncially if the laboratory and working test are to be made at\\nthe same time. Samples accurately representing the coal of\\nthe working test must be kept in the laboratory, and when\\ncoal is tested which contains foreign matter and considerable\\nmoisture, too much care cannot be taken to prevent errors.\\nThe official method of the American Society of Mechanical\\nEngineers is given in the Appendix, and answers the purpose\\nvery well. If very large quantities are to be sampled, remove\\na portion from each cart-load and then re-sample these as per\\ndirections above mentioned.\\nIt is not always necessary to resort to these -methods.\\nWhen the coal comes from the same pit and level, experience\\nhas shown that a piece which seems to agree with the general\\ncharacter is usually sufficient. Care must be taken to avoid\\nsamples having too much hanging-wall or bed-rock. For\\ntwenty years the pure coal of Ronchamp taken from the\\nsame pit has given the same calorimetric test, when it con-\\ntained from lo to 20 per cent of ash. Lord and Haas*\\nshowed that the same was true of many American mines,\\nespecially in Ohio and Pennsylvania. This being true, we\\ncould consider that in sampling we did not sample the coal,\\nbut the impurities; and that a sample showing the average\\nimpurities would give all that was needed, as we would know\\nwhat the coal was.\\nCare must be taken with regard to the moisture, and any\\ncoal showing much external moisture must be examined as\\nnear as possible to the original condition. For example, a\\ncoal containing lo per cent of moisture in the pile may, after\\nsampling, crushing, and resampling, lose all but 4 or 5 per\\ncent. If the moisture was determined in this coal while in as\\nTrans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Feb. 1897.", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "ANALYSIS OF COAL. 113\\nlarge pieces as possible, this moisture would all be accounted\\nfor.\\nIn spite of all precautions, samples do not always agree in\\nmineral content with the mass. The difference seems to be due\\nnot only to the unequal distribution of the foreign mineral\\nmatter throughout the coal, but principally to the difference\\nin specific gravity between the coal and this mineral, so that\\nthe purer the coal the more satisfactory the sampling.\\nSometimes a coal is rich in foreign matter, and is contained\\nin a tube open at one end. From this samples may be drawn\\nshowing differences of several per cents as for example, 12.49\\nand 16.74 per cent obtained in two successive cases. The\\nfollowing experiment shows how this happens and how to\\nprevent it 30 grams of coal, finely pulverized, and contain-\\ning 20 per cent of mineral, was put into a glass tube, which\\nwas closed with a cork and placed vertically, giving it slight\\ntaps to settle it down. In a short time most of the foreign\\nmaterial was at the bottom of the tube, the upper portion\\nbeing nearly free. To avoid such an error the sample must\\nbe drawn only after thorough mixing, and without any shaking\\nor jarring of the tube. It is well to use pastilles made up\\nimmediately after thorough mixing. A sample containing\\nonly 13 to 14 per cent of foreign matter has given from a\\ntube, 12.20, 12.81, 13.12, 13.50, 14.42 per cent.\\nANALYSIS OF THE COAL.\\nNo attempt will be made to treat the methods of ana-\\nlyzing coal still, as this usually accompanies a calorimetric\\ndetermination, some hints may be useful. Scheurer-Kestner\\nusually burns the coal in tubes of white glass placed on an\\niron gutter. The same tube may thus serve several times if\\nasbestos cloth be placed between the tube and the iron and\\nthe cooling be properly regulated. His tubes are 70 to 75\\ncentimetres (27 to 29 inches) long and 15 to 20 millimetres", "height": "4344", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "114 CALORinC POWER OF FUELS,\\n(0.6 to 0.8 inch) inside diameter. They are filled with copper\\noxide in small pieces, except at the front end, which has a\\nsmall piece of metallic copper, and at the back, where the\\nplatinum boat containing the coal is placed. Usually half a\\ngram is used for a test, the coal having been previously dried\\nat 100\u00c2\u00b0 to 105\u00c2\u00b0 C. (212\u00c2\u00b0 to 221\u00c2\u00b0 F.).\\nBefore putting in the sample the tube is heated to redness\\nand thoroughly dried by means of a current of dry oxygen.\\nThe combustion is carried on so as to allow time enough for\\nall the gas to be absorbed by the potash, during the first half\\nof the time the bubbles passing through very slowly. There\\nis no risk then of unburnt gases passing off. An iron or a\\nplatinum tube may be used in place of the glass one, but glass\\nallows inspection at all times.\\nAn analysis should show the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,\\nnitrogen, sulphur, ash, and moisture, and they should be so\\ngiven that the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur,\\nand ash should equal lOO per cent, the moisture being\\ndetermined separately, or if preferred all but ash and moisture\\nmay foot up lOO, and those two be given separately. This\\nlatter method is the one which is followed by many of the\\nEuropean engineers, and will be found so in the tables given\\nat the end of this book. If possible the approximate analysis\\nshould also be given.\\nIn determining the moisture too much care cannot be\\ntaken to expel all of it. With many coals, and especially our\\nWestern ones, the ordinary heating to 110\u00c2\u00b0 C. is not suffi-\\ncient, Kent, Carpenter, Hale, and others have investigated\\nthis question, and find that a much higher temperature is\\nneeded, and must be employed. In some cases as high as\\n140\u00c2\u00b0 to 150\u00c2\u00b0 C. may be used with safety, and such tempera-\\ntures are recommended by Carpenter, no appreciable amount\\nof volatile matter being driven off.", "height": "4344", "width": "2736", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "DURATION OF THE TEST.\\n115\\nANALYSIS OF THE CINDERS.\\nThe cinders and ashes produced by the combustion of the\\ncoal are collected so as to weigh and sample them. After\\ndrying and determining the water the sample is put into a\\nglass tube as with coal. As the quantity of hydrogen is\\nusually very small, it need not be determined, and the\\ncalcination for the carbon can be performed in the open air.\\nThe following table contains the results of the tests made\\nby Scheurer-Kestner and Meunier-Dollfus on steam-boiler\\ncinders\\nCarbon.\\nHydrogen\\nAsh\\nf\\n2\\n3\\n9.20\\n0.37\\n89-95\\n12.65\\n0.29\\n86.50\\n6.73\\n0.21\\n92.64\\n99-52\\n99-44\\n99-58\\n8.92\\n0.27\\n91.42\\n99.61\\nThe proportion of carbon in cinders may be as low as 7\\nper cent, but is usually higher, and 10 to 12 per cent may be\\ncalled good practice.\\nDURATION OF THE TEST.\\nA test should continue at least a whole day on account of\\ncertain irregularities and causes of error which are constant.\\nThe level of the water should be the same at the end of the\\ntest as at the beginning, since a slight difference in level\\nmeans considerable water.\\nThe condition of the combustion at the time of stopping\\ncannot always be ascertained, and this produces a cause of\\nuncertainty. Another cause is from the temperature of the\\nwater in the boiler, and especially in the economizer. On\\nshort runs these sources of error cause very faulty results.", "height": "4344", "width": "2648", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "Il6 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nTHE WATER EVAPORATED.\\nThe feed-water is preferably held in a gauged reservoir, or\\nelse weighed, meters not being certain unless checked fre-\\nquently. Use only cold water or water whose temperature\\nwill vary but little during the test, so as to avoid corrections\\nof temperature and expansion. The temperature usually\\nvaries so little that no account of this variation need be taken.\\nPump to the boiler with as much regularity as possible, and\\nkeep accurate record.\\nTo have the same level at the end as at the beginning,\\nkeep up the initial pressure and feed very carefully. The\\nmean temperature of the feed-water is referred to o\u00c2\u00b0 C, con-\\nsidering that the specific heat is constant. Otherwise we may\\nuse Regnault s formula,\\nQ t 0.00002/ 0.0000003/\\nBut when the temperature of the water varies no more than\\n10 degrees, no appreciable error will be made by calling\\nequal to the temperature.\\nTEMPERATURE OF THE STEAM.\\nWe may measure the temperature of the steam directly by^\\na thermometer in the boiler, or indirectly by observing the\\npressure. Both methods should be used.\\nTo take the temperature directly, the thermometer is\\nplaced in an iron tube closed at one end and reaching to the\\nmiddle of the boiler. The tube should be filled with parafifin\\nor some analogous substance. The temperature of the\\nsteam or the water may be taken as desired by changing the\\nposition of the thermometer in the tube. See Figure 39.\\nVertical maximum and minimum thermometers are very use-\\nful, preventing too hasty observations.", "height": "4344", "width": "2740", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "MOISTURE IN THE STEAM. H/\\nTo measure the temperature by pressure an air-thermom-\\neter is used. A registering manometer aids the work consid-\\nerably, as observations should be taken regularly at frequent\\nand equal intervals. The temperature is calculated by means\\nof tables of vapor-tension.*\\nMOISTURE IN THE STEAM.\\nThe percentage of moisture should be ascertained by\\nmeans of a throttling or a separating calorimeter, directions\\nfor the use of which will be furnished by the makers. They\\nshould easily and completely separate the water in a manner\\nconvenient for measuring, or better, for weighing. It is ad-\\nvisable to use two or three at the same time, thus serving as\\nchecks for each other.\\nThe throttling steam-calorimeter was first described by\\nProfessor Peabody in the Trans actions, vol. X. page 327,\\nand its modifications by Mr. Barrus, vol. XI. page 790; vol.\\nXVII. page 617; and by Professor Carpenter, vol. Xll. page\\n840 also the separating-calorimeter designed by Professor\\nCarpenter, vol. XVII. page 608. These instruments are used\\nto determine the moisture existing in a small sample of steam\\ntaken from the steam-pipe, and give results, when properly\\nhandled, which may be accepted as accurate within 0.5 per\\ncent (this percentage being computed on the total quantity of\\nthe steam) for the sample taken. The possible error of 0.5\\nper cent is the aggregate of the probable error of careful ob-\\nservation, and of the errors due to inaccuracy of the pressure-\\ngauges and thermometers; to radiation; and, in the case of\\nthe throttling-calorimeter, to the possible inaccuracy of the\\nfigure 0.48 for the specific heat of superheated steam, which\\nFor full details regarding setting up an open-air manometer, see paper\\nby Scheurer-Kestner and Meunier-Dollfus in the Bulletin de la Societe in-\\ndustrielle de Mulhouse, 1869, page 241; also Trans. A. S. M. E., vol. vi.\\npages 281 and 282.\\nf Transactions A. S. M. E.", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "IIo CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nis used in computing the results. It is, however, by no means\\ncertain that the sample represents the average quality of the\\nsteam in the pipe from which the sample is taken. The prac-\\ntical impossibility of obtaining an accurate sample, especially\\nwhen the percentage of moisture exceeds two or three per\\ncent, is shown in the two papers by Professor Jacobus in\\nTransactions, vol. XVI. pages 448, 10 17.\\nIn trials of the ordinary forms of horizontal shell and of\\nwater-tube boilers, in which there is a large disengaging sur-\\nface, when the water-level is carried at least 10 inches below\\nthe level of the steam outlet, and when the water is not of a\\ncharacter to cause foaming, and when in the case of water-\\ntube boilers the steam outlet is placed in the rear of the mid*\\ndie of the length of the water-drum, the maximum quantity\\nof moisture in the steam rarely, if ever, exceeds two per* cent;\\nand in such cases a sample taken with the precautions speci-\\nfied in article xill. of the Code may be considered to be an\\naccurate average sample of the steam furnished by the boiler,\\nand its percentage of moisture as determined by the throttling\\nor separating calorimeter may be considered as accurate within\\none half of one per cent. For scientific research, and in all\\ncases in which there is reason to suspect that the moisture\\nmay exceed two per cent, a steam-separator should be placea\\nin the steam-pipe, as near to the steam outlet of the boiler as\\nconvenient, well covered with felting, all the steam made by\\nthe boiler passing through it, and all the moisture caught by\\nit carefully weighed after being cooled. A convenient method\\nof obtaining the weight of the drip from the separator is to\\ndischarge it through a trap into a barrel of cold water stand-\\ning on a platform scale. A throttling or a separating calo-\\nrimeter should be placed in the steam-pipe, just beyond the\\nsteam-separator, for the purpose of determining, by the\\nsampling method, the small percentage of moisture which\\nmay still be in the steam after passing through the separator.\\n*Transactions A. S. M. E.", "height": "4344", "width": "2744", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "QUALITY OF STEAM. I I9\\nThe formula for calculating the percentage of moisture\\nwhen the throttling-calorimeter is used is the following:\\nH- h- k{T-t)\\nw 100 X\\nL\\nin which w percentage of moisture in the steam, 77= total\\nheat and L latent heat per pound of steam at the pressure in\\nthe steam-pipe, h total heat per pound of steam at the pres\\nsure in the discharge side of the calorimeter, k specific heat\\nof superheated steam, 7 temperature of the throttled and\\nsuperheated steam in the calorimeter, and temperature\\ndue to the pressure in the discharge side of the calorimeter,\\n212\u00c2\u00b0 Fahr. at atmospheric pressure. Taking 0.48 and\\n212, the formula reduces to\\nH\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1146.6 0.48(7\u00e2\u0080\u0094 212)*\\nW 100 X 7\\nCORRECTIONS FOR QUALITY OF STEAM. f\\nGiven the percentage of moisture or number of degrees of\\nsuperheating, it is desirable to develop formulae showing what\\nwe have termed the factor of correction for quality of steam,\\nor the factor by which the apparent evaporation, determined\\nby a boiler-test, is to be multiplied to obtain the evaporation\\ncorrected for quality of steam. It has been customary to call\\nthe proportional weight of steam in a mixture of steam and\\nwater the quality of the steam, and it is not desirable to\\nchange this designation. The same term applies when the\\nsteam is superheated by employing the equivalent evapora-\\ntion, or that obtained by adding to the actual evaporation the\\nWilliam Kent in the Report of the Committee on Boiler-tests, A. S.\\nM. E.. i8g7.\\nf C. E. Emery in the Report of Committee on Boiler-tests, A. S. M. E.,\\n1897.", "height": "4344", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "I20 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\nproportional weight of water which the thermal value of the\\nsuperheating would evaporate into dry steam from and at the\\ntemperature due to the pressure. The factor of correction\\nfor quality of steam in a boiler-test differs from the quality\\nitself, from the fact that the temperature of the feed-water\\nis lower than that of the steam.\\nLet\\nQ zzz quality of moist steam as described above\\nQ^ the quality of superheated steam as described above\\nP the proportion of moisture in the steam\\nJ^ the number of degrees of superheating;\\nF= the factor of correction for the quality of the steam\\nwhen the steam is moist\\n/^i the factor of correction for the quality of the steam\\nwhen the steam is superheated\\nH =z the total heat of the steam due to the steam-pressure;\\nL the latent heat of the steam due to the steam-pressure\\nT the temperature of the steam due to the steam-pressure\\n7 =z the total heat in the water at the temperature due to\\nthe steam-pressure;^^\\ny =z the temperature of the feed- water;\\ny, the total heat in the feed-water due to the temperature.*\\nTherefore, for moist sceam,\\nQ=i-P, (I)\\nP= 1 Q (2)\\nQ P=i (3)\\nSee also equation (6).\\nMost tables of the properties of steam and of water are based on the\\ntotal heat of steam and water above 32 degrees Fahr. For such tables the\\ntotal heat in the water at a given temperature is equal approximately to\\nthe corresponding temperature minus 32 degrees. Exact values should,\\nhowever, be taken from the tables.", "height": "4344", "width": "2712", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "QUALITY OF STEAM. 121\\nWith both the condensing and throttling calorimeters the\\nAvater and steam are withdrawn from the boiler at the temper-\\nature of the steam, and with a separator the water can only be\\naccurately measured when underpressure, so that the difference\\nl)etween the steam and the moisture in the steam, as they leave\\nthe boiler, is simply that the former has received the latent\\nheat due to the pressure, and the latter has not. There is,\\nhowever, imparted to the water in the boiler not only the\\nlatent heat in the portion evaporated, but the sensible heat\\ndue to raising the temperature of all the water from that of\\nthe feed -water to that of the steam due to the pressure.\\nIn equation (3) the proporti6nal part Q receives from the\\nboiler both the sensible and the latent heat, or the total heat\\nabove the temperature of the feed Q(^H J^ thermal units,\\nand the part Pthe difference in sensible heat betw^een the tem-\\nperatures of the steam and of the feed-water P[T^ J^\\nthermal units. If all the water were evaporated, each pound\\nwould receive the total heat in the steam above the tempera-\\nture of the feed, ov H J^. The factor of correction for\\nthe quality of the steam, when there is no superheating, is\\ntherefore\\nP- //_/. -Q ^Kh^j} (4)\\nThe superheating of the steam requires 0.48 of a thermal\\nunit for each degree the temperature of the steam is raised,\\n^o for k degrees of superheating there will be 0.48/^ thermal\\n-anits per pound weight of steam, and the factor of correc-\\ntion for the quality of the steam with superheating.\\n0.48^ o.4ik\\nw^j, H:rr- (5)\\nSee also equation (7).", "height": "4344", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "122 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nWith the throtthng-calorimeter the percentage of moisture\\nP, or number of degrees of superheating, are determined as\\nexplained before.\\nSince the invention of the throttling-calorimeter the use\\nof the original condensing, or so-ealled barrel, calorimeter is\\nno longer warranted. Accurate results should, however, be\\nobtained by condensing all the steam generated in the boiler,\\nand this plan has been followed in certain cases. It has,\\ntherefore, been thought desirable to add other formulae ap-\\nplicable to condensing-calorimeters. The following additional\\nnotation is required\\nW =i the original weight of the water in calorimeter, or\\nweight of circulating water for a surface condenser.\\nw the weight of water added to the calorimeter by blow-\\ning steam into the water, or of water of condensation with\\na surface condenser.\\ntotal heat of water corresponding to initial tempera-\\nture of water in calorimeter.\\n/j total heat of water corresponding to final temperature\\nin calorimeter.\\nEvidently, then\\nW{t^ the total thermal units withdrawn from the\\nboiler and imparted to the water in calorimeter.\\nW\\nit the thermal units per pound of water with-\\nw\\ndrawn from the boiler and imparted to the water in calorim-\\neter, from which should be deducted T, to obtain the\\nnumber of thermal units per pound of water withdrawn from\\nthe boiler at the pressure due to the temperature T.\\nSince only the latent heat L is imparted to the portion of\\nthe water evaporated, the quality Q, or proportional quantity\\nevaporated, may be obtained by dividing the total thermal\\nunits per pound of water abstracted at the pressure due to the\\ntemperature T by the latent heat L. Hence, as given in", "height": "4344", "width": "2712", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "QUALITY OF SUPERHEATED STEAM. 12$\\nAppendix XVII., 1885 Code, with some differences in nota-\\ntion,\\naanda 2[^(^.-0-(r, -A)]. (6)\\nThe value Q applies when the second term is less than\\nunity. P may be derived therefrom by substitution in equa-\\ntion (2) and F from equation (4).\\nQ^ applies when the second term of the above equation is\\ngreater than unity, which shows that the steam is superheated,\\nand, as in this case, the heating value of the superheat has\\nalready been measured by heating the water of the calorim-\\neter; the proportional thermal value of the same, in terms\\nof the latent heat Z, is represented directly by Q^ i, and\\nwe have as the factor of correction for the quality of the steam\\nwith superheating,\\nSee also equation (5).\\nWhen the quality is greater than i, or equals Q^ the num-\\nber of degrees of superheating,\\n^^i[^ ~^-oSi3L{Q.-i)- (8)\\nTHE QUALITY OF SUPERHEATED STEAM.\\nThe quality of the superheated steam is determined from\\nthe number of degrees of superheating by using the following\\nformula\\n_ Z o.48(r-^)\\nL\\nG. H. Barrus in Report of Committee on Boiler-tests, A. S. M. E.,\\n1897.", "height": "4344", "width": "2624", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "124 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nin which L is the latent heat in British thermal units in one\\npound of steam of the observed pressure T the observed\\ntemperature, and the normal temperature due to the pres-\\nsure. This normal temperature should be determined by ob-\\ntaining a reading of the thermometer when the fires are in a\\ndead condition and the superheat has disappeared. This tem-\\nperature being observed when the pressure as shown by the\\ngauge is the average of the readings taken during the trial,\\nobservations being made by the same instrument, errors of\\ngauge or thermometer are practically eliminated.\\nDETERMINATION OF THE MOISTURE IN STEAM FLOWING\\nTHROUGH A HORIZONTAL PIPE.*\\nIn some cases it is impossible to place the sampling\\nnozzle in a vertical steam-pipe rising from the boiler as\\nrecommended in Article XIV. of the Rules for Steam-\\nboiler Trials. t When this is the case and it is possible\\nto connect to a horizontal steam-pipe the arrangement of\\nthrottling calorimeters shown in Fig. 2 jg gives satisfactory\\nresults.\\nThe calorimeter A is attached to the separator G^ which\\nis in turn attached to the under side of the steam-pipe by the\\nnipple D, The nipple D is made flush with the bottom of the\\npipe. The calorimeter B is attached to a nozzle having no\\nside holes, which passes through the stuffing-box E. This\\nnozzle is adjustable so that the steam can be drawn from any\\nheight in the pipe. When in its lowest position it is flush\\nwith the bottom of the pipe. The calorimeter C is attached\\nto the perforated nipple F, The calorimeters are placed at\\nsome distance from an elbow or bend, so that if there is\\nmoisture in the steam it tends to run along the bottom of the\\nBy Prof. D. S. Jacobus. f See page i86.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "DETERMINATION OF THE MOISTURE IN STEAM. 124a\\npipe. This moisture will flow into the nipple I) and collect\\nin the separator G. Nearly all the moisture may sometimes\\nP\u00c2\u00a7^\\nbe drawn out in this way, and if the calorimeters B and C in-\\ndicate dry steam, the weight of moisture collected in G rep-\\nresents the entire moisture in the steam. The three calorim-\\neters are all covered in the same way to diminish radiation,\\nand the normal reading of the thermometers and y used in\\nthe calorimeters B and C can ordinarily be obtained by plac-", "height": "4344", "width": "2620", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "I24 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\ning them in the calorimeter A. The perforated nipple F\\nserves to show that there is no moisture distributed through\\nthe steam, and in the case of a sudden belch of moisture it\\nwill indicate the same. Barrus calorimeters were used in our\\ntests, and the calorimeter A, combined with the separator Gy\\nforms in reality a Barrus Universal Calorimeter. With a\\nproperly constructed separator, the steam passing through the\\ncalorimeter A will be practically dry with as high as sixty\\npounds of moisture drawn from the separator per hour, and,\\nuntil this limit is exceeded, the normal readings of the ther-\\nmometers used in the calorimeters B and C may be obtained\\nby placing them in the calorimeter A^ as has already been\\nstated.\\nIn some cases the calorimeter C is omitted and the\\namount of moisture is determined by means of the separator,\\nwith the adjustable nozzle at E and the separator and calo-\\nrimeter A.\\nThe percentage of priming P iox the steam passing through\\nthe calorimeters B and C is given by the formula\\nP ^(i\\\\^- 2),\\nwhere P the percentage of priming;\\nN the normal reading, in degrees Fahrenheit, ob-\\ntained placing the thermometers in A\\nT the reading when placed in either B ox C\\nL the latent heat at the pressure of the steam in\\nthe steam main in British thermal units per\\npound.\\nIt is best to employ the normal reading in calcula-\\nting the moisture corresponding to the readings of a throt-", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "DETERMINATION OF THE MOISTURE IN STEAM, I24C\\ntling calorimeter. The radiation of the calorimeter must\\nalso be determined by a separate experiment, and allowed\\nfor. When the normal reading is taken all errors of\\nradiation and corrections for the thermometers are elimi-\\nnated.\\nThe normal reading should be obtained either by connect-\\ning the calorimeter to a vertical nipple, with no side holes,\\nwhich projects upward in a horizontal steam-pipe, in which\\nthe steam is in a quiescent state, or it should be obtained by\\nconnecting the calorimeter to a separator, which is known\\nto remove all the moisture. The normal reading should\\nnot be determined when the calorimeter is attached to a\\nhorizontal nipple with side holes, placed in a vertical\\npipe, because should this be done the readings may be low\\non account of moisture, which may fall through the steam\\nand cling to the nozzle, and, finally, be drawn into the\\ncalorimeter.\\nThe results given by a throttling calorimeter cannot be\\nrelied on within one-fifth of one per cent, because experi-\\nments have shown that the quality of the dead steam\\nused in obtaining the normal readings may vary by this\\namount. As the quality of the dead steam may not\\nbe that of the steam used by Regnault in his experiments,\\nthere may be a still greater error. When the formula\\ngiven on page 119 is used the probable error is not eli-\\nminated, for a study of Regnault s experiments shows\\nthat the value used in the formula for the specific heat\\nof superheated steam may be slightly in error for the con-\\nditions involved in a throttling calorimeter. Experiments\\nhave shown that the two methods of computing the\\nmoisture agree within one-fifth of one per cent when the\\nproper corrections are made for radiation, and when the\\nTransactions American Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol. xvi. p.\\n466.", "height": "4344", "width": "2624", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "124^ CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\ntemperatures are reduced to the equivalents by an air\\nthermometer.^ These experiments were made at the\\nsingle pressure of 80 lbs. per square inch above the atmos-\\nphere, and it has not been shown that the two methods\\nagree within this amount at all pressures, but as there should\\nbe no discrepancy provided the specific heat factor remains\\nconstant for the conditions involved, it is probable that the\\ntwo methods agree very nearly with each other at all\\npressures.!\\nWhat is needed are tests to compare the quality of\\n**dead steam with the quality of the steam used in\\nRegnault s experiments, and until this is done throttling-\\ncalorimeter results cannot be relied upon within one-fifth\\nof one per cent, and may be in greater error than this\\namount.\\nCOMBINED CALORIMETER AND SEPARATOR.;}:\\nThe form of steam-calorimeter termed the 1895 pat-\\ntern or universal steam-calorimeter is a modification of\\nthe one described in the Transactions Am. Soc. Mech.\\nEng., vol. XI. page 790. It is illustrated in the accompany-\\ning cut, which is reprinted from vol. XVII. page 618, of the\\nsame Transactions. It consists of a throttling calorimeter\\nand separator combined, the latter being attached to the\\noutlet where the steam of atmospheric pressure is escap-\\ning. If the moisture is too great to be determined by the\\nTransactions American Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol. xvi. p.\\n460.\\nf It must not be inferred from this that the specific heat of steam is the\\nsame at all pressures. On the contrary. Jacobus s experiments show that\\nthis is not the case.\\n:f By George H. Barrus.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "COMBINED CALORIMETER AND SEPARATOR.\\nI24e\\nreadings of the two thermometers, the separator catches\\nthe balance, and the total quantity of moisture is made\\nieOw\\nFig. 27 Combined Calorimeter and Separator.\\nup in part of that shown by the thermometers, and in part\\nof that collected from the separator. The percentage of\\nmoisture shown by the thermometers is obtained by refer-\\nring the indication of the lower thermometer to the normal\\nreading of that thermometer with dry steam, and dividing\\nthe fall of temperature by the constant of the instrument\\nfor one per cent of moisture. The normal reading is\\ndetermined by observing the indications when steam in the\\nmain pipe is in a quiescent state, and the constant is a\\nquantity varying from 2i degrees at 80 pounds pressure to\\n20 degrees at 200 pounds pressure. The percentage of", "height": "4344", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "124/ CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nmoisture, if any, discharged from the separator, is found by\\ndividing its quantity corrected for radiation by the total\\nquantity of steam and water passing through the instru-\\nment in the same time, as ascertained by experiment, and\\nmultiplying the result by lOO.", "height": "4268", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL\\nAIR SUPI?.LIED AND GASEOUS PRODUCTS OF COM-\\nBUSTION.\\nVOLUME OF AIR NECESSARY TO COMBUSTION.\\nFour elements are to be considered in calculating the\\ntheoretical volume of air for combustion: carbon, hydrogen,\\noxygen, sulphur. The last is sometimes wanting in coal, but\\nnot usually.\\nCarbon. The atomic weights of carbon and oxygen are\\nas 12 and i6, and 2 atoms of oxygen are needed to form car-\\nbonic acid with i atom of carbon. Then\\n12 32 I 2.666.\\nI kilogram of oxygen occupies 0.699 cubic metre (Table IV);\\nI kilogram of carbon needs\\n0.699 X 2.666 1.863 cubic metres of oxygen.\\nHydrogen. The atomic weights of hydrogen and oxygen\\nbeing respectively i and 16, and water being formed of 2\\natoms of hydrogen and i of oxygen, we have\\n2 16 I 8;\\nand as i kilogram of oxygen occupies 0.699 cubic metre, i\\nIcilogram of hydrogen requires\\n8 X 0.699 5-592 cubic metres of oxygen.\\n125", "height": "4344", "width": "2640", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "126 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nSulphur. The atomic weights of sulphur and oxygen\\nbeing as 32 to 16, and sulphurous acid containing I atom of\\nsulphur and 2 atoms of oxygen, we have\\n32 32 I I.\\nI kilogram of oxygen occupies 0.699 cubic metre; I kilo\\ngram of sulphur needs, then, to form sulphurous acid\\nI X 0.699 0-699 cubic metre of oxygen.\\nAs most fuels have some oxygen in their composition, we\\nmust deduct this at the rate of 0.699 cubic metre per kilo-\\ngram.\\nThen multiplying these results by 4.77 (Table XIV) we\\nobtain the number of cubic metres of air required.\\nA simifar method of calculation will give\\nFor one pound of carbon 29.86 cubic feet of oxygen*\\nhydrogen 89.60\\nsulphur 11.20\\nAs an example, take a coal containing 90^ C, 5^ H, 3-5/^\\nO, o.iio N, and 0.5^ S.\\nC 0.900 X 1.863 1.677 cubic metres.\\nH 0.040X5.592=0.224\\nS 0.005 X 0.699 0.003\\nTotal oxygen i .904\\nO .0.035 X 0.699 0.024\\n1.880\\n1.880 X 4.77 8.967 cubic metres of air per kilogram of\\ncoal; or 143.98 cubic feet of air to the pound of coal.\\nThis result of course is only approximate, as complete\\ncombustion is not attained with coal and solid fuels. With\\nliquid fuels, and especially gases, however, the combustion is\\nusually complete.", "height": "4344", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "VOLUME CF WASTE CASES BY ANALYSIS. 12/\\nTables V and VI gives the coefficients to be employed in\\nthe calculations.\\nTable XIII gives the theoretical quantity of air required\\nfor the combustion of various fuels; the actual quantity\\nused depends on the conditions of firing, fuel, etc, and is\\nseldom less than twice the amount shown in the table, except\\nperhaps with gases.\\nVOLUME OF WASTE GASES BY ANALYSIS.\\nFor a long time efforts have been made to determine the\\nquantity of air used by comparison of the analyses of the\\nwaste gases with those of the fuel used. Many analyses\\nhave been published, but the results showed so little regu-\\nlarity, and were so contradictory even, that it was impossible\\nto form any conclusion further than that waste gases from\\ncoal may contain at the same time both combustible gas and\\nan excess of air.\\nPeclet, in 1827, published the first analyses, made with\\nsamples collected from a boiler-stack by means of an inverted\\nflask containing water. Ebelmen, in 1844, published a\\nmemoir on the composition of gases from industrial furnaces.\\nHe analyzed the gases from a metallurgical furnace, the gas\\nbeing collected by an aspirator. In 1847 Combes made a\\nreport on methods of burning or preventing smoke, giving\\nanalyses by Debette. In these the first attempts were made\\nto obtain average samples, they being drawn at certain deter-\\nmined stages of the heat and the fuel.\\nIn 1862 Commines de Marcilly published analyses of\\ngases from locomotives, as well as from stationary boilers,\\nbut the author said the time of collection lasted only a few\\nseconds. In 1866 Cailletet showed that, to obtain correct\\nresults, the gas should not be collected till somewhat cooled\\notherwise, on account of dissociation, a larger proportion of\\ncombustible gas is found than when cooler.\\nBut, on account of the defective methods of sampling", "height": "4344", "width": "2624", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "128 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nused, no conclusion other than that stated above can be\\ndrawn from these analyses, and no possible idea can be\\ndeduced as to the actual composition of the gases as a whole.\\nWhen we try to use laboratory methods of control in practi-\\ncal workings, the first necessity is to obtain correct samples\\nfor analysis, that is, average samples. In this respect all the\\nabove -quoted authors are deficient. The tests made by\\nScheurer-Kestner, published in 1868, were the first to con-\\nform to this requirement. His samples were drawn by a\\nsystem analogous in principle to that described for sampling\\ncoal.\\nIt is not always necessary to resort to such a complicated\\noperation in case of a permanent gas; samples taken from\\nthe general current by means of an ordinary aspirator or an\\noil-aspirator (page 132) will usually do if drawn at a sufficient\\ndistance from the fire. If the gases have passed through a\\nlong flue, especially one with several bends, they are suffi-\\nciently mixed, and may be considered as a homogeneous gas.\\nWe must remember, however, that as we recede from the\\nfire the infiltration of air, if not prevented, becomes greater.\\nIn careful experiments, the method to be described of frac-\\ntionating a large volume is preferable.\\nGAS SAMPLER.\\nIn principle the apparatus consists of a falling-water\\naspirator, and a second mercury aspirator drawing a small\\nfraction of the gases from the current of the first in a con-\\nstant regular manner and keeping it in a mercury gas-holder,\\nA (Fig. 28), which is a strong glass flask of 3 litres capacity,\\nholding about 40 kilograms (88 lbs.) of mercury. The\\ngas-holder is connected by the tube a with the tube c for\\nsampling the gas, the flask A and its accessories acting as\\na Mariotte flask. It is closed at the top by a stopper\\nhollowed out conically below and having holes for two\\ntubes, a and b. This hollowing is to permit filling without", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "GAS SAM FLEE.\\n129\\nany air-bubbles. The tubes a and b have glass stop-cocks,\\nbut the one in a may be omitted. The manometric tube c\\nshows the pressure. Tube d, like c, passes through a rubber\\nstopper, closing the horizontal tubulature of the gas-holder.\\ni/t\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0MM\\nFig. 28. Gas Sampler.\\nfl\\nFig. 29. Sampler Tube.\\nThis tube can be rotated in the stopper to the position shown,\\nor to one 180\u00c2\u00b0 from such position. The flask is graduated on\\nthe side into millimetres. Tube a fits the hole of the stopper\\ntightly, and can be moved up or down as desired to suit the\\nquantity of gas in the flask. All joints are covered with\\nparaffin, tube a being greased to facilitate movement.\\nFig. 29 shows the gas sampling tube. It consists of a\\nplatinum cylinder, rs, 10 millimetres (0.4 inch) diameter and\\n700 millimetres (27.5 inches) long, having a longitudinal slot\\nof several centimetres length. The end r is closed with a", "height": "4312", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "130 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nplatinum cap; the end s is soldered to a copper tube, j/, pass-\\ning into a Liebig condenser having two tubes, oo\\\\ for the\\nwater. In most cases the platinum tube may be replaced\\nwithout trouble by one of copper, or even iron, the platinum\\nbeing necessary only when the gases are drawn at a tempera-\\nperature high enough to cause oxidation of the other metals.\\nWith iron, or copper a portion of the oxygen is removed in\\nthe passage through the tube.\\nThe tube ry is open at/, and has a side tube Ji. Aspira-\\ntion is carried on through the opening in the platinum tube.\\nA movable rod, ik, carrying a platinum scraper is attached\\nto one end of the tube, and moves in the slot to clean it, as\\noccasion requires, from soot, etc. The disk/) serves to hold the\\ncement used in fastening it to the stack or chimney, and pre-\\nvents ingress of external air. The rod mn passes through a\\ncaoutchouc bearing fastened between the disks/ and q.\\nFig. 28 represents a front view of the apparatus. Fig. 30\\nrepresents a side view in elevation. The tube ry is intro-\\nduced through an opening made for the purpose in the\\nmasonry, the pait rs being exposed inside. The end y, is\\nconnected with a lead pipe, v, by a rubber tube this pipe is\\nsoldered to another one, yz. On opening the cock j, water\\nflows from a reservoir and empties at z. Suction in yrs\\nshould amount to several millimetres of mercury, and is regu-\\nlated by the cocks j/ and x controlling the water-flow, and also\\nby the length oi yz. The gas drawn in by yux may be meas-\\nured by collecting it at z, and should amount to 4 or 5 litres\\n(25 to 30 cubic inches) per minute.\\nThe gas-holder is supported by a piece of sheet iron with\\nupturned edges forming a shelf. Any mercury spattered\\nover or spilled is thus easily collected. The mercury tank is\\nsupported from the w^all of the chimney in such position as to\\nfacilitate refilling the flask through a siphon. The tubes dd\\nserve to feed the condenser.\\nWhile the current is passing through yr a small quantity", "height": "4344", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "GAS SAMPLER.\\n131\\nIS drawn out by the tube and this should be so regulated\\nby the cock d that only from to is collected.\\nWhenever the level of the mercury lowers, it shows a\\n7t\\nFig. 30. Gas Sampler.\\nclogging in the slot, and it should be cleaned by moving the\\nrod. This always indicates when cleaning is necessary, and\\nit sometimes keeps clean for hours.\\nWhen a sufficient sample has been obtained turn up the\\ntube dj and then the gas-holder can be carried away.\\nThe method recommended by the American Society of\\nMechanical Engineers is to have a box or block of gal-\\nvanized sheet iron equal in thickness to one course of brick,\\nand secure in it a series of J-inch gas-pipes, all alike at the\\nends and of equal lengths, in such manner that the open ends\\nmay be evenly distributed over the area of the flue A (Fig.\\n32), and their other open ends enclosed in the receiver B.", "height": "4344", "width": "2636", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "132\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nA simpler arrangement than Scheurer-Kestner s is the\\none recommended by Col. David P. Jones in his paper\\nbefore the American Society of Naval Engineers, vol. X.\\npage 135.\\nThe sampler is a large, wide-necked glass bottle (Fig. 30^),\\nclosed with a cork having two glass tubes,\\none just entering the bottle, the other\\nreaching nearly to the bottom. One of\\nthese tubes is connected with an iron pipe\\nleading to the flue and extending well into\\nit. The other tube is connected with any\\nkind of an aspirator which works steadily.\\nA water-jet exhaust, an engine-driven ex-\\nhaust, or any similar kind will do. If not\\nconvenient to use an exhaust, the bottle\\nmay be filled with mercury and by mak-\\ning a siphon with the rubber tube attached\\nto the long glass tube, the bottle can be\\ngradually emptied of mercury and the\\ngases to be sampled drawn in. If mer-\\ncury cannot be had, water will do, but\\nthe result will not be as reliable since the\\nwater may dissolve some of the constitu-\\nents of the gas.\\nThe size of the bottle may be\\nadapted to the quantity of gas aspirated, and by means\\nof proper stop- or pinch-cocks adjusted to work slow\\nor fast.\\nUsed in conjunction with the arrangement figured on page\\n134 this apparatus forms a very simple and satisfactory\\nsampler. One great advantage in favor of this arrangement\\nis the fact that it is easily made, all the portions of it being;\\nfound in nearly every shop.\\nFig. 30a. Jones Gas\\nSampler.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "GAS SAMPLER.\\n13^\\nFig. 31. Oil Aspirator.\\nIf the flue-gases be drawn off from the receiver B hy\\nfour tubes, CC, into a mixing-box,\\nD, beneath, a good mixture can be\\nobtained. Two such samplers, one\\nabove the other, a foot apart, in the\\nsame flue will furnish samples of\\ngases which show the same compo-\\nsition by analysis.\\nThe oil gas holder (Fig. 31) con-\\nsists of a bottle tubulated at the\\nbottom and connected with the sup-\\nply of gas at the upper opening. It\\nmay contain some 10 litres (600\\ncubic inches), and is filled with\\nwater having on it a layer of lO\\ncentimetres (4 inches) of oil. The\\nwater running out from the tubu-\\nlature at the bottom draws the gas\\nin at the top. The stopper at the top has two openings,\\nthrough one of which passes a funnel-tube, through which\\nwater may be poured to expel the gas when portions of it\\nare needed. The gas then passes out by the same tube\\nthrough which it was drawn into the bottle.\\nWith all kinds of aspirators or gas holders especial care\\nmust be taken to prevent entrance of air into the flue after\\nleaving the fire, since the correct analysis will show not only\\nthe quantity of unburnt gases, but also the excess of air, and\\nany mixture of outside air will vitiate the result and cause\\nfaulty deductions as to the working of the fire; and conse-\\nquently the waste calories.\\nTo prevent this, all joints in the masonry must be exam-\\nined and repaired if necessary. In case of dampers, which\\nmust be used, the bearings can be made in stufling-boxes, as.\\nrecommended by Burnet. Generally, the gas can be sampled\\nbefore it arrives at a damper, as the course of the boiler-flue", "height": "4344", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "1 34\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nis usually sufficient to cause a thorough mixing of the gases.\\nIn case there are several dampers, the first one may be dis-\\npensed with for the time being.\\nWhen the gases are taken quite near the fire, they must be\\ndrawn very slowly in order to gradually cool them down and\\n^vx^-^\\nFig. 32,\\navoid dissociation. In this case a stoneware tube may be\\nused for suction. If this precaution is neglected the gases\\ncollected may be entirely different from those passing off at\\nthe chimney. Metal tubes are inadmissible, since they\\nabstract oxygen, and hence cause a change in composition.\\nANALYSIS OF THE GASES.\\nThe collected gases contain nitrogen, oxygen, carbonic\\nacid, carbonic oxide, hydrocarbons, and occasionally free\\nhydrogen. To determine all these a eudiometric method", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "GAS SAMPLER.\\n135\\nmust be used but usually only the oxygen, carbonic oxide,\\nand carbonic acid are required. In normal combustion with\\nsufficient air the quantity of hydrocarbons is very trifling, and\\nneed not be considered. This occurs usually with a supply\\nof 15 cubic metres of air per kilogram (240 cubic feet per\\npound) of coal, and should produce a waste gas containing 10\\nto 14 per cent of carbonic acid, in which case the unburnt\\nhydrocarbons amount to less than i per cent.\\nThe Orsat apparatus or its modifications may be used to\\ndetermine the oxygen, carbonic acid, and carbonic oxide. By\\nusing Winckler s modification the hydrocarbons may be deter-\\nmined. For exact analyses of the gases the Hempel apparatus\\nmay be used. For general work, however, the Orsat appa-\\nratus or the Orsat-Muencke is the best and most easily\\ntransported and handled. Directions for using this apparatus\\nneed not be given here, as they can be found in all works on\\ngas analysis, or can be had of the dealers.\\nThe following table gives analyses made by Scheurer-\\nKestner of waste gases from Ronchamp coal. The gases for\\nexamination were collected by means of the apparatus described\\nabove (pp. 128 seq.) and shows the average for a whole\\ndav s run.\\nPercentage Composition of the Gases.\\na\\na\\nx:\\nU\\no\\nbo\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\\n1\\nC\\nX\\n4J\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\n5\\n1\\nU\\nHydrocarbons.\\nc\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\\nX\\nc\\nV\\n[1.\\n6.60\\n10.47\\n13-32\\n17.61\\n20.94\\n26.18\\n42. 84\\n53-78\\n80.38\\n80.60\\n80.66\\n81.52\\n80.23\\n80.34\\n79.76\\n79-86\\n14.87\\n14.16\\n14.63\\n13-34\\n13-43\\n12.89\\n10.87\\n8..3\\n1. 41\\n2.18\\n2.80\\n3-77\\n4.42\\n5-53\\n8.99\\n11-35\\n0.84\\n0.97\\n0.86\\n0.86\\n0.24\\n0.24\\n0.24\\n0.24\\n0.98\\n0.49\\n0.46\\n0.32\\n0.28\\n0.19\\n0.04\\n1-35\\nI. II\\n0.56\\n0.91\\n1. 41\\n0.96\\n0.19\\n0.52\\nLbs.\\n8.19\\n9.625\\n9-625\\n8.19\\n8.19\\n4.71\\n18.94\\n3-41\\nLbs.\\n15-4\\n30.8\\n15.4\\n15-4\\n30.8\\n15-4\\n15-4\\n13-2\\n4\\n3\\n2\\n10", "height": "4344", "width": "2636", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "136\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThe following table gives some analyses by Bunte of gas\\nsamples from coal burnt in his experimental apparatus at\\nMunich\\nMm. and\\nMax.\\nCO,\\nCO\\nH\\nN\\nof Air.\\nCoal from the Ruhr\\n10.26\\n0.53\\n1-94\\n0.48\\n1.22\\nO.OI\\n10.00\\n79-20\\n78.64\\n79-30\\n79.28\\n80.14\\nDo.\\n16.45\\n13.40\\n11-45\\n8.15\\n1-45\\n0.30\\n0.78\\nO.OI\\n1.52\\n6.52\\n7.27\\n11.60\\nDo.\\nDo.\\nDo. (grate more open).\\nO.IO\\nDo. Do.\\n6.12\\n0.89\\nO.IO\\n14.21\\n78.68\\nCoal from Saarbruck: Koenig..\\nS Min.\\nMax.\\n15-12\\n1.09\\n1.02\\n2.64\\n80.13\\n7.07\\n0.18\\n0.00\\n12.57\\n80.25\\nTr^mosna: Bohemia\\nj Min.\\nMax.\\n13-78\\n4.69\\n0.16\\n1. 10\\n80.27\\n7-94\\n0.03\\n0.09\\n11.03\\n80.91\\nHausham: Bavaria.\\nMin.\\nMax.\\n10.48\\n0.07\\n0.19\\n9.28\\n79.98\\n5.71\\n0.14\\n0.08\\n14.86\\n79.21\\nMiesbach: Bavaria.\\nMin.\\nMax.\\n11.46\\n0.07\\n0.07\\n8.66\\n79-74\\n5 42\\n0.03\\n0.02\\nI5-00\\n79-53\\nBohemia\\nMin.\\nMax.\\n17.48\\n12.20\\nI. 21\\n0.06\\n0.30\\n3-13\\n7-87\\n78.12\\nthe Ruhr General\\nj Min.\\nMax.\\n16.45\\n1.94\\n1-45\\n1.52\\n78.64\\nErbstolln\\n3 95\\n0.06\\n0.00\\n16.41\\n79-58\\nthe Ruhr Gelsen-\\nJ Min.\\n1 Max.\\nj Min.\\n1 Max.\\nj Min.\\nMax.\\n10.46\\nO.I I\\nO.II\\n8.58\\n80.74\\nkirchen\\n5.44\\n10.73\\n0. 12\\n0. 10\\n14.15\\n7.36\\n80.19\\n81.46\\nSaarbruck Saint-\\n0.15\\n0.30\\nInsfbert.\\n7.48\\n13-30\\n0.07\\n0.61\\n0. lO\\nII. 91\\n4-13\\n80.44\\n81.63\\nSaarbruck Mittel-\\n0.33\\nbexbach\\n8.44\\n0.19\\n0.16\\n10.58\\n80.6s\\nSaarbruck Heinitz\\nj Min.\\nMax.\\n14.62\\n6.49\\n2 07\\n0.07\\n1. 00\\n0.06\\n2.07\\n12.70\\n80.24\\n80.68\\nSaarbruck: mixed..\\nj Min.\\nMax.\\n10.22\\n0.22\\n0.07\\n8-57\\n80.92\\n8.21\\n0.04\\n0.02\\n10.64\\n81.09\\nBohemia\\nj Min.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0j Max.\\n15-50\\n8.48\\n0.74\\n0.08\\n0.33\\n0.07\\n1.67\\n9.69\\n81.66\\n81.68\\nj Min.\\nMax.\\n9.61\\n7.00\\n0.16\\nO.II\\n0.08\\n0.05\\n9-47\\n12.70\\n80.68\\n80.14\\nSaxony\\nj Min.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0j Max.\\n13-S0\\n7.60\\n0.33\\n0.16\\n0.30\\n0.09\\n4-36\\n11.53\\n81.21\\n80.62\\nSilesia\\nj Min.\\nj Max.\\nII. 4\\n8.07\\n15\\nO.IO\\n0.04\\n0.09\\n7.45\\n10.73\\n81.22\\n81.01\\nBavaria Peissen-\\nj Min.\\nMax.\\nj Min.\\nMax.\\n13.96\\n1.46\\n0.79\\n2-93\\n80.86\\nberfif\\n7-85\\n14.91\\n6.36\\n0.07\\n1.04\\n0.16\\n0.13\\n0.60\\n0.23\\n10.57\\n2.92\\n13.15\\n81.38\\n80.53\\n80.10\\ns\\nLignite from Bohemia\\nCoke from Saarbruck\\nj Min.\\n]Max.\\n14.87\\n8.01\\n0.13\\n0.03\\n0.09\\n0.00\\n4.16\\n10.87\\n80.75\\n81.09\\nThe data in the above table show that when air to the\\namount of 15 cubic metres and over per kilogram (200 cubic", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "CALCULATIOy OF THE VOLUME FROM A.N A LYSIS. 13/\\nfeet per pound) is used, corresponding to a maximum of 14\\nper cent of carbonic acid in the waste gases, the loss in hydro-\\ngen is very small. With 12 per cent of carbonic acid the\\nhydrogen loss amounts to only a few thousandths.\\nCALCULATION OF THE VOLUME FROM ANALYSIS.\\nTo calculate this volume, determine the weight of carbon\\nin a unit of volume, and knowing the weight of carbon fur-\\nnished by the coal, determine the volume corresponding to\\nthe unit of weight. The unit of volume for the gas is the\\ncubic metre, and the unit of weight, the kilogram.\\nCarbon exists in the waste gases as carbonic acid, carbonic\\noxide, and hydrocarbons; when we do not know the compo-\\nsition of the hydrocarbons, we consider the carbon and hydro-\\ngen as free, and that the carbon is in the state of vapor.\\nTo determine the weight of carbon contained in these\\ndifferent gases, reduce their volumes to kilograms, and by\\nmeans of their molecular (or equivalent) weights and that of\\ncarbon make the calculation.\\nI litre of CO2 at 0\u00c2\u00b0 and 760 mm. weighs 1.966 grams.\\nI CO 1. 251\\nI C vapor 1.072\\nMolecular weight of carbon 12\\nCO, 44\\nCO 28\\nThe weight of a volume v of carbonic acid is z/ X 1.966,\\nand as 44 of carbonic acid contain 12 of carbon, then the\\nweight of carbon would be as 44 12 or as 1 1 3. Then\\nV X 1.966 X 3\\n0.536Z;.", "height": "4344", "width": "2608", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "138 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThe weight of carbonic oxide of volume v is 1.2512^ and\\nas 28 of carbonic oxide contains 12 of carbon, the ratio be-\\ncomes 28: 12 7:3. We then have\\n0.5362^.\\n7\\nThe weight of a volume of carbon vapor is v X 1.072.\\nTo calculate the weight of carbon in a cubic metre of gas.\\nmultiply the added volumes of CO, and CO by the coefficient\\n0.536. Multiply the volume of carbon vapor by 1.072, and\\nadd this product to that obtained above. The sum is the\\nweight of carbon per cubic metre,\\nC 0.536(2^ v) 1.0722/\\nIf the gas contains, per cubic metre, 60 litres of carbonic\\nacid, 10 of carbonic oxide, and i of carbon vapor, we will\\nhave\\nc 0.536(60 10) 1.072 X I 38.592 grams carbon.\\nFrom the ratio of carbon of the coal consumed and that in\\nthe gas the volume of combustion gases is deduced.\\nTo calculate this, subtract the carbon of the cinders from\\nthat of the original coal. If the coal contains 81 per cent\\ncarbon and leaves 6 percent of cinders containing 10 percent\\nof carbon, then the amount of carbon burnt will be\\n81 (o.io X 6.0) 81 0.6 80.4.\\nWe then have\\n38.592 1000 804: 20.830 litres.\\nA kilogram of coal produces, then, 20.83 cubic metres of gas\\nat 0\u00c2\u00b0 and 760 mm.\\nThe general formula is\\nC-c\\nV\\n{v v )o.^-^6 1.0722;", "height": "4328", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "CALCULATION OF THE VOLUME FROM ANALYSIS, 1 39\\nin which\\ny volume of waste gases at o\u00c2\u00b0 and 760 mm. in cubic metres;\\n7^ z= CO3 in litres per cubic metre of gases;\\n**CO\\n2^ carbon vapor per cubic metre of gases\\n(7 weight of carbon in grams, contained in i kilogram of\\ncoal;\\nc weight of carbon in grams, contained in cinders from i\\nkilogram of coal.\\nNote. The above calculation in English units would be as follows:\\nWeight of I cubic foot of carbonic acid o. 12274 lb.\\nI oxide 0.07811\\n\u00c2\u00abt J .i carbon vapor 0.06693\\nV X 0.12274 X 3\\n0.03352/.\\nv X 0.0781 1 X 3\\n0.0335Z/\\n7\\n0.066932/ weight of carbon in vapor.\\nC 0.0335(2/ -f- 0-066932/\\n1000 cubic feet of gases having 60 cubic feet of COa 10 cubic feet of CO\\nand I cubic foot of C vapor would give\\nC 0.0335(60 -f 10) 0.06693 X I 2.412 lbs. carbon.\\nI pound of coal has 80.4 per cent carbon; then\\n2.412 1000 =0.804 333i cubic feet of gases produced from i lb. of coaL\\nThe general formula is\\nv\\n00335(2/ -f- 2/ 0.066932/\\nin which\\nF volume in cubic feet of gases produced;\\nV of CO2 in cubic feet per 1000 cubic feet;\\nv CO\\nv carbon vapor in cubic feet per 1000 cubic feet;\\nC weight of carbon in coal in thousandths of a pound;\\nc cinders per pound of coal in thousandths.", "height": "4344", "width": "2612", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "340 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nCALCULATION OF VOLUME OF AIR SUPPLIED.\\nThe volume of combustion-gases just determined is less\\nthan that of the air supplied. Oxygen in forming carbonic\\nacid produces a volume equal to itself; hence there is no\\nchange.\\nC O, CO,\\n2 vols. 2 vols.\\nOxygen in forming carbonic oxide produces twice the\\nvolume.\\nC O CO\\nI vol. 2 vols.\\nHence there is an increase in volume.\\nCarbon vapor and hydrogen as free gases or as hydro-\\ncarbons increase the volume but slightly. In forming sul-\\nphurous acid with sulphur there is no change of volume.\\nS 0, SO,\\n2 vols. 2 vols.\\nAnother slight cause of increase is setting free the nitrogen\\nof the coal but this is inappreciable. i per cent of nitrogen\\nforms only o. i per cent of the entire volume of gases formed.\\nIt might be said that, excepting the oxygen changing to\\nwater and disappearing by condensation, all the modifications\\nof gaseous volume may be neglected, the increase being more\\nthan compensated by the loss due to oxygen. This elimina-\\ntion of oxygen must be allowed for, however.\\nA coal containing 4 per cent of hj^drogen requires eight\\ntimes such weight to form water, or 40 grams of hydrogen\\nneed 320 grams of oxygen. i litre of oxygen weighs 1.430\\ngrams, then 320 grams measure 223.7 litres (7.9 cubic\\nfeet). (Or i lb. of such coal would need 3.6 cubic feet of\\noxygen.)\\nThese 223 litres, must be added to the volume of the\\nwaste gases produced by the coal to obtain the original", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "CALCULATION OF VOLUME OF AIR SUPPLIED. I4I\\nvolume of air introduced. A coal containing 5 per cent of\\nhydrogen would use 279 litres.\\nThe volume of oxygen needed for various percentages of\\nhydrogen is as follows\\nPer kilo of coal. Per lb. of coal.\\n\\\\(fo hydrogen uses of oxygen 55.9 litres, 0.9 cubic feet.\\n2 112 1.8\\n3 168 2, J\\n4 c, i( a 223 3.6\\n5 279 4.5\\nCalling H the per cent of hydrogen, the formula given\\nabove becomes\\n{v v )o.s63+ 1.071^/^^ 55.9 H,\\nor\\nC-c\\ny 7 i TTH Z2 77 O.Q H.\\no.0335(z/+z/) o.o6693^\\nTo make this applicable to normal air saturated with\\nmoisture at 0\u00c2\u00b0 C. and 760 mm. (32\u00c2\u00b0 F. and 29.922 inches)\\ncontaining 0.4 per cent of CO^, we must divide by 99.12,\\nthe composition of air being:\\nNitrogen 78-35\\nOxygen 20. 77\\nWater 0.84\\n0.88\\nCarbonic acid 0.04\\n100.00\\nAnd 100 0.88 99. 12. The formula then becomes\\nC-c\\n\\\\v\\nor\\n4- 2/O0.567 \\\\,Q%Q(iv 5 5-9 H,\\n0.0337(2/ v o.o6752z/", "height": "4344", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "14- CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nCALCULATION OF WEIGHT OF WASTE GASES FROM\\nANALYSIS.*\\nTwo methods of calculating from the analysis by volume\\nof the dry chimney gases the number of pounds of dry chim-\\nney gases per pound of carbon, or the weight of air supplied\\nper pound of carbon, have been given by different writers.\\nThese may be expressed in the shape of formulae as follows:\\n/AX -p A A AT iiCO,+ 80 7(0+N)\\n(A) Pounds dry gas per pound C\\ny^ P P 3(CO,+ CO)\\n(B) Pounds air per pound C 5.8\\nFormula A may be derived from the method of computa-\\ntion given in Mr. R. S. Hale s paper on Flue Gas Anal-\\nyses, Transactions A. S. M. E., vol. XVIII. p. 901, and\\nformula B from the method given in Peabody and Miller s\\nTreatise on Steam-boilers. Both are based on the principle\\nthat the density, relatively to hydrogen, of an elementary gas\\n(O and N) is proportional to its atomic weight, and that of a\\ncompound gas (CO and CO^) to one half its molecular weight.\\nBoth formulae are very nearly accurate when pure carbon is\\nthe fuel burned but formula B is inaccurate when the fuel\\ncontains hydrogen, for the reason that that portion of the\\noxygen of the air-supply which is required to burn the\\nhydrogen is contained in the chimney gas as H^O, and does\\nnot appear in the analysis of the dry gas.\\nThe following calculations of a supposed case of combus-\\ntion of hydrogenous fuel illustrates the accuracy of formula A\\nand the inaccuracy of formula B Assume that the coal has\\nthe following analysis C, 66.50; H, 4. 55; O, 8.40; N, i.oo;\\nwater, 10.00; ash and sulphur, 9.55; total, 100. Assume\\nWilliam Kent in Report of Committee on Boiler-tests, A. S. M. E.,\\n1897.", "height": "4344", "width": "2692", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "CALCULATION OF WEIGHT OF WASTE GASES. 1 43\\nalso that one tenth of the C is burned to CO, and nine tenths\\nto CO^; that the air supply is 20 per cent in excess of that\\nrequired for this combustion that the air contains one per\\ncent by weight of moisture and that the S in the coal may\\nbe considered as part of the ash. We then have the follow-\\ning synthesis of results of the combustion of 100 pounds of\\ncoal:\\nCO^ CO HoO\\nO from N Total\\nAir. O X II. Air.\\n59.85 lbs. C to CO2 X 2f 159-60 534-31 693.91 219.45\\n6.65 C to CO X li 8.87 29.70 38.57 15.52\\n3,50 H to H2O X 8 28.00 93.74 121.74 31-50\\n196.47 657.75 854.22\\n1.05 H to H2O\\n8.40 H to H2O\\n9-45\\n10.00 Water 10.00\\n1. 00 N 1. 00\\n9.55 Ash and S\\n100.00\\nExcess of air 20 per cent. 39-29 131.55 170.\\n1025.06\\nMoisture in air I per cent 10.25\\nTotal wt. of gases, 1125.67 39.29 790.30 219.45 15.52 61.20\\nTotal dry gases, 1064.56\\nO N CO2 CO\\nTotal dry gases, by weight, 3.69 74.24 20.61 1.546\\nTotal dry gases, by volume, 3.508 80.656 14.252 1.584....*\\nTotal gases 1125.76 -fash and S 9.55 1135.31 total products.\\nTotal air 1025.06 moisture in air 10.25 coal 100 1135.31.\\nDry gas per pound coal 10.6456; per pound carbon 10.6456 h- 665 16.008,\\nDry air per pound coal 10.2506; per pound carbon 10.2506 665 15.414.\\nComputation of the weight of dry gas and of air per pound C:\\nFormula A\\n_.. 14.252X11 3.508X8 82.240X7 o\\nDry gas per pound C 16.008 pounds.\\n3(14.252 1.584)\\nFormula B\\n2(14.252 3.508) 1.584\\nAir per pound C 5.8 13.589 pounds.\\nI4.252 I.584 O O i\\nThe error in the last result is 15.414 13.589 1.825 pounds.", "height": "4344", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "144 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS,\\nProf. Jacobus recommends the use of the formula\\n7N\\nPounds of air per pound C ^,^x 0.77\\n3(CO, C0)\\nand in the case given above, where the actual quantity used\\nwas 15.414 per cent, his calculated one is 15.434 per cent,\\npractically the same, and as near as errors of analysis would\\nallow a calculated result.\\nVOLUME OF WASTE GASES.\\nThe fan-wheel anemometer is an instrument to measure\\nthe force or rapidity of a current of gas. It consists of a\\nfan-wheel rotated by the moving gas, and which transmits\\nsuch motion to an index showing the number of revolutions.\\nBurnat used this apparatus to measure the quantity of air\\npassing in under the grate of steam-boilers.\\nThe coefficient to be used in calculating the flow is differ-\\nent for each machine, and must be determined by actual\\nexperiment. Burnat s formula,\\nV o. 120 o. 130;?,\\nmeans that the velocity is found by multiplying the number\\nof revolutions per second by 0.130 and adding 0.120 to the\\nproduct.\\nTo obtain satisfactory results with the anemometer, it\\nmust be placed in the axis of a perfect cylinder at the depth\\nof a metre, as the indications vary with the position in the\\nflue. The formula needs correction for temperature, but the\\ncorrection of the apparatus much exceeds this. Burnat com-\\npared his results with those obtained from a formula depend-\\ning on the depression if under the grate (see page 147), and\\nfound differences of not more than 5 per cent.", "height": "4332", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "FLE T CHER S A NEMO ME TER.\\n145\\nFLETCHER S ANEMOMETER.\\nFletcher s anemometer (Fig. 35) is used in England to\\nascertain the speed of flow in chimneys and flues. In its\\nsimplified form it is quite serviceable. It is based on the\\nmovement of a column of ether in a U-tube.\\nThe ends of the glass tubes a, b are placed in the flue a\\nlittle less than one sixth of its diameter. The straight end a\\nshould be parallel to the direction of the current, the end b\\nbeing at right angles to this. Hunter proposed bending\\nboth ends in opposite directions, to obviate the error caused\\nif the tubes were not so placed. These tubes communicate\\nwith the ether tube cd. The draught across the tubes causes\\nthe ether to rise in a b}^ aspiration and to fall in b by pres-\\nsure. The difference of level is read, and then the tubes are\\nturned around 180\u00c2\u00b0, so as to reverse their positions, and the\\ndifference of level read again. The sum of the two differ-\\nences is called the anemometer reading, and by means of\\ntables the velocity of the current is ascertained.\\nThe same trouble is common to all anemometer methods.\\nThe flue feeding the fire receives only the air passing in", "height": "4344", "width": "2608", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "146\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nunder the grate. Whatever passes in by the doors or\\nthrough cracks escapes accounting. On account\\nof this it is certain that the calculations based on\\nanemometer readings are lower than the actual\\nair supply.\\nsegur s differential gauge.\\nThis gauge (Fig. 34) consists of a U-tubeof\\ni-inch glass, surmounted by two chambers of 2\\\\\\ninches diameter. Two non-miscible liquids of\\ndifferent colors, usually alcohol and paraffin oil,\\nare put into the two arms, one occupying the\\nportion AB, the other the portion BCD, The\\nmovement of the line of demarcation is pro-\\nportional to the difference in area of the chambers\\nand the tube adjoining. A movement of 2\\ninches in the column represents J-inch difference\\npressure or draft.\\nHIRN S METHOD.\\nThe apparatus used by Burnat as a check on his own\\ncalculations was devised by Hirn, and is based on the formula\\nof the rate of flow of compressed gases from a reservoir,\\nfriction being neglected. The coefficient of reduction used\\nis 0.9, the one given by Dubuisson in his treatise on hydraulics.\\nThe main difficulty consists in measuring the difTerence of\\npressure of the atmosphere in the ash pit and that outside,\\nfor the depression in the flues in some cases does not exceed\\na few millimetres of water. Hirn s apparatus removes this\\ndifficulty.\\nBurnat describes it as follows\\nWhen making a test the doors of the ash pit are removed\\nand replaced by a piece of sheet iron, A (Fig. 37), which com-\\npletely shuts out all access of air except through the opening\\nin the middle, to which is fitted the pipe CD^ 13.8 inches", "height": "4344", "width": "2704", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "HIRM S METHOD.\\n147\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2diameter and 59 inches long. A tube leads from the front\\nto the apparatus E, devised by Hirn, placed on a table or\\nagainst the boiler-wall. This apparatus consists of a little\\n-gas holder whose upper surface is just one decimeter (3.9\\nFig. 35.\\ninches) on a side. Inside this and above the water level the\\ntube A opens. The bell dips into a vessel of water and is\\nsuspended from a balance arm.\\nThe balance being in equilibrium when the atmospheric\\npressure acts on both sides of the bell, if the interior is con-\\nnected with the ash-pit the weight needed to restore equili-\\nbrium will give a measure of the difference in pressure. The\\nweight of half a gram {j .J grains) represents one-twentieth\\nmillimetre (0.002 inch) of water.\\nThe formula adopted by Hirn is\\nyr c- X 0.76(1 0.0037/)\\nF 5 X O.9A 2g-^ r\\n^Y 0.0013^\\nin which\\nJ7=: volume of air introduced under the grate in cubic\\nmetres\\nsection in square metre of pipe-opening leading air to\\nthe ash-pit\\n0.9 coefficient of reduction;", "height": "4340", "width": "2552", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "147^\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nh difference of pressure expressed in height of water;\\nB barometric pressure in the room\\ntemperature of the room\\nacceleration of gravity 9.8088 metres.\\nKENT S GAUGE.\\nThe accompanying sketch represents a very sensitive and\\naccurate draft-gauge recently constructed by Mr. William\\nKent. A light cylindrical tin can y^, 5 inches diameter and 6\\nFig. 35\u00c2\u00ab. Kent s Gauge.\\ninches high, is inverted and suspended inside of a can B, 6\\ninches diameter, 6 inches high, by means of a long helical\\nspring. A ^-inch tube is placed inside of the larger can, with", "height": "4320", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "KENT S GAUGE. I47\\none end just below the level of the upper edge, while the\\nother end passes through a hole cut in the side of the can,\\nclose to the bottom. The can is filled with water to within\\nabout half an inch of the top, and the inner can is suspended\\nby the spring so that its lower edge dips into the water.\\nThe small tube being open at both ends, the air enclosed\\nin the can A is at atmospheric pressure, and the spring is ex-\\ntended by the weight of the can. The end of the tube which\\nprojects from the bottom of the can being now connected by\\nmeans of a rubber tube with a tube leading into the flue, or\\nother chamber, whose draft or suction is to be measured,\\nair is drawn out of the can A until the pressure of the remain-\\ning air is the same as that of the flue. The external atmos-\\nphere pressing on the top of the can A causes it to sink deeper\\nin the water, extending the spring until its increased tension\\njust balances the difference of the opposing vertical pressures\\nof the air inside and outside of the can. The product of this\\ndifference in pressure, expressed as a decimal fraction of a\\npound per square inch, multiplied by the internal area of the\\ncan in square inches, equals the tension of the spring (above\\nthat due to the weight of the can) in pounds or fraction of a\\npound. The extension of a helical spring being proportional\\nto the force applied, the distance travelled downward by the\\ncan A measures the force of suction, that is, the draft. The\\nmovement of the can may conveniently be measured by hav-\\ning a celluloid scale graduated to fiftieths of an inch fastened\\nto the side of the can A^ the can carrying an index.\\nTo reduce the readings of the scale to their equivalents in\\ninches of water column, as read on the ordinary U-tube\\ngauge, we have the following formula\\nLet\\nP force in pounds required to stretch the string i inch;\\nR elongation of the spring in inches;", "height": "4344", "width": "2604", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "147^ CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nA area of the inner can in square inches;\\nd= difference in pressure or force of the draft in pounds\\nper square inch;\\ndifference in pressure in inches of water 2y.yid.\\nAD\\nEP= Ad= o.osCiAD\\n27.71\\n2y.yi\u00c2\u00a3P\\nE\\nA\\no.02 6iAD\\nP\\nThe last equation shows that for a constant force of draft\\nthe elongation of the spring of the movement of the can may\\nbe increased by increasing the area of the can or by decreas-\\ning the strength of the spring.\\nApplying the above formulae, the movement of the can\\ncorresponding to a draft of i inch of water column, the\\ncan A having a diameter of 5 inches 19.63 inches area,\\nand the spring of such a strength that o. i pound elongates\\nit I inch. Here P\u00e2\u0080\u0094q.\\\\\\\\ A 19.63 D\\n0.0361 X 19-63\\n7.0Q mches.\\n0.1\\nThat is, the instrument multiplies the readings of the U\\ntube 7.09 times. The precision of the instrument is, how-\\never, far greater than this figure would indicate for in the\\nU tube it is exceedingly difficult to read with precision the\\ndifference in height of the two menisci, while with this ap-\\nparatus readings in the scale may easily be made to inch,", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "DA S YME TER. 1 47^\\nwhich, with the multiplication of 7, is equivalent to 3^ of an\\ninch of water column. The instrument may also be cali-\\nbrated by directly comparing its readings with those of an\\nordinary U-tube gauge.\\nVOLUME BY AUTOMATIC APPARATUS.\\nDASYMETER.\\nSiegert and Durr devised an apparatus called the\\nDasymeter, which has been introduced in several large works\\nin Europe, where it gives satisfaction.\\nIt consists of a balance enclosed in a cast-iron box with\\na glass side (Fig. 36). At one end of the beam is a very\\nFig. 36. Dasymeter.\\nlight glass balloon holding 2 to 3 litres, sealed by fusion.\\nThe other end carries a weight balancing the balloon. This\\nweight is formed of a U-tube, containing mercury, and is\\nopen at one end; the other end is expanded into a bulb con-\\ntaining air, which is submitted to the variations of pressure\\nand temperature through the mercury. If the pressure of\\nthe air increases or diminishes, the mercury rises or falls, and\\nincreases or diminishes the weight on the lever. Suppose an\\nOesterreichische Zeitschrift flir B.- und H.-Wesen, xvi. p. 291.", "height": "4344", "width": "2640", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "148 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nincrease of pressure and a lowering of temperature which\\nwould diminish the density of the air one half. A corres-\\nponding quantity of mercury passes into the arm of the tube,\\nand the original compensating weight is diminished by that\\namount. A graduated index shows the variations of weight,\\nand hence the variations of density in the gases. An inge-\\nnious arrangement allows regulation by rotating the U-tube\\non the axis pn. The tube is turned slowly around till\\nadjusted, thus changing the length of the lever-arm.\\nA difference of I per cent of carbonic acid causes a differ-\\nence in weight of 20 milligrams. One litre of air at 0\u00c2\u00b0 and\\n760 millimetres weighs 1294 milligrams; i litre of carbonic\\nacid weighs 1967 milligrams the difference is 673 milligrams.\\nIf the gas contains i per cent of CO,, each litre increases 6.73\\nmilligrams in weight; and as the balloon contains 3 litres, it\\nsupports an external pressure of more than 3 X 6.73 20.19\\nmilligrams (0.3 11 grains).\\nTo prevent action of sulphurous acid the bearings are\\nmade of sapphire, onyx, bloodstone, etc., and metallic parts of\\nphosphor-bronze.\\nTo set up the dasymeter, connect pipe c with the boiler-\\nflue before the damper; the tube pleads to the chimney. By\\nthis means a current of gas passes through the box, and shows\\nat any time the percentage of carbonic acid. Siegert gives\\nthe following results obtained with it, and the corresponding\\nresults by analysis\\nj Dasymeter, 13.0, 13.0, 12.0, 6.25, 2.2, 16.3, 7.5, 12.5\\nI Analysis, 13.0, 12.7, 12.2, 6.00, 2.0, 16.0, 8.0, 13.0\\nECONOMETER.\\nH. Arndt has invented what he calls the Econometer\\n(Fig. 37), which is on a similar principle.* It consists of a\\ntight cast-iron shell, NN, containing a gas-balance. A pipe,\\nZeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure, xxxvii. p. 801.", "height": "4344", "width": "2732", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "ECONOMETER.\\n149\\nv\\\\ 0.4 inch in diameter leads to the inside of the flue before the\\ndamper; a second pipe, v communicates with the interior of\\nthe same flue beyond the damper. In the interior, the tube i\\nis connected to the upright pipe which leads the gas to bell\\ne and the tube i to the tubulure g, i and i are of rubber.\\nFig. 37. EcONOMETER.\\nThe balance is very sensitive, the beam carrying at one\\nend the gas-holder e open below and containing about 30\\ncubic inches, and at the other end a second holder of similar\\nsize and weight as the first. Attached to the bottom of this\\none is a pan to hold the balancing weights.\\nThe tube y conducts the gas to the balloon e which, open\\nbelow, is freely movable in the cylinder g^ by which it pro-\\nduces suction in the tube i\\nCarbonic acid being heavier than common air (1.96 to\\n1.29) as well as the other associated gases, it follows that the\\ndensity of the gases passing through the tubes depends on the\\ncarbonic acid content. The scale is divided so that each\\ndivision shows one per cent of CO^ in the gases.", "height": "4344", "width": "2576", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "ISO\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nGAS-COMPOSIMETER.\\nThe gas-composimeter of Uehling is an apparatus for\\nautomatically and continuously determining the quantity of\\ncarbonic acid contained in waste gases.\\nIt is based on the laws governing the flow of gas through\\nsmall apertures.\\nFig. 38.\\nIf two such apertures, A and B (Fig. 38), form respectively\\nthe inlet and outlet openings of chamber C, and a uniform\\nsuction is maintained in the chamber C by the aspirator D,\\nthe action will be as follows\\nGas will be drawn through the aperture B into the cham-\\nber C creating suction in chamber C, which in turn causes\\ngas to flow through the aperture A. The velocity with\\nwhich the gas enters through A depends on the suction in the\\nchamber C, and the velocity at which it flows out through B\\ndepends upon the excess of the suction in chamber C over\\nthat existing in chamber C, that is, the effective suction in C\\nAs the suction in C increases, the effective suction must\\ndecrease, and hence the velocity of the gas entering at A\\nincreases, while the velocity of the gas passing out through B\\ndecreases, until the same quantity of gas enters at A as passes", "height": "4308", "width": "2704", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "TEMPERATURE OF THE WASTE GASES. 15I\\nout at B% As soon as this occurs no further change of suc-\\ntion takes place in the chamber C, providing the gas entering\\nat A and passing out at B be maintained at the same tem-\\nperature.\\nIf from the constant stream of gas, while flowing through\\nchamber C, one of its constituents is continuously removed by\\nabsorption, a reduction of volume will take place in chamber\\nC and cause an increase in suction, and consequently a de-\\ncrease in the effective suction in C Hence the velocity of\\nthe gas through A will increase, and the velocity through B\\nwill decrease, until the same quantity of gas enters at A as\\nis absorbed by the reagent, plus that which passes out at\\naperture B.\\nThus every change in the volume of the constituents we\\nare absorbing from the gas causes a corresponding change of\\nsuction in the chamber C.\\nThe apparatus is connected with a regulator, a manom-\\neter, and automatic recording register.\\nTEMPERATURE OF THE WASTE GASES.\\nAs in analyzing coal, cinders, and gases we must have\\naverage samples, so in treating of waste gases we need average\\ntemperatures. It is not enough to take the temperature\\noccasionally with the thermometer; it varies too much from\\ntime to time, even if the readings are taken frequently. We\\nmust have some method of obtaining the average temperature\\nof the gas current, and this can be accomplished by means of\\na heat reservoir introduced into the flue.\\nFor this purpose one was devised by Scheurer-Kestner of\\na type which has been repeatedly copied and modified. It\\nconsists of an iron tube, bb (Fig. 39), placed in the flue so\\nthat the upper end, covered with an insulating material, is let\\ninto the wall to about one half its thickness, the remainder\\nhanging free in the flue^. This tube is filled with paraffin,", "height": "4344", "width": "2636", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "152\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nand in this is inserted the thermometer. The large mass of\\nthe paraffin is acted on by the mean temperature, but is unin-\\nfluenced by any slight momentary changes which may occur.\\nA self-registering thermometer is very advantageous, but\\nreadings at intervals of half an hour are sufficient ordinarily.\\nOf course the opening around the tube should be packed so\\nas to prevent all possible ingress of cold external air.\\n1\\nI\\nFig. 39. Flue Thermometer.\\nOccasionally mercury is used instead of paraffin. This\\nrenders the average of the heat more exactly, perhaps, but\\nhas the disadvantage of being much heavier and much more\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2expensive. There are also many difficulties in handling it\\nwhich do not obtain with paraffin. The paraffin should be\\nwell refined, and have a high melting-point.\\nTHE PNEUMATIC PYROMETER.\\nUehling s pneumatic pyrometer is based on a principle\\nanalogous to that of the gas-composimeter, and is now in use\\nin many places, automatically measuring the temperatures of\\nchimneys and furnaces for all temperatures up to 3000\u00c2\u00b0 F.,\\nand registering the same on cards. The apparatus has been\\ntested at the Stevens Institute of Technology, and the\\nindications pronounced reliable. It cannot be safely used", "height": "4376", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "THE PNEUMATIC PYROMETER. 1 53\\ncontinuously for temperatures above 2500\u00c2\u00b0, but at that tem-\\nperature and lower it works well and satisfactorily for months\\nwithout requiring any readjustment. The automatic register\\nis very sensitive, and can be easily adjusted for a new range of\\ntemperatures at any time.\\nAn explanation of the principle of its working is given in\\nthe inventor s own words:\\nThe Pneumatic Pyrometer is based on the laws govern-\\ning the flow of air through small apertures.\\nIf two such apertures A and B (Fig. 38) respectively\\nform the inlet and outlet openings of a chamber C, and a uni-\\nform suction is created in the chamber C by the aspirator D^\\nthe action will be as follows\\nAir will be drawn through the aperture B into the\\nchamber C\\\\ creating suction in chamber C^ which in turn\\ncauses air from the atmosphere to flow in through the aper-\\nture A. The velocity with which the air enters through A\\ndepends on the suction in the chamber C, and the velocity\\nat which it flows out through B depends upon the excess of\\nsuction in C over that existing in the chamber C, that is, the\\neffective suction in C As the suction in C increases, the\\neffective suction must decrease, and hence the velocity at\\nwhich air flows in through the aperture A increases, and the\\nvelocity at which air flows out through the aperture B de-\\ncreases, until the same quantity of air enters at A as passes\\nout at B. As soon as this occurs no further change of suc-\\ntion can take place in the chamber C.\\nAir is very materially expanded by heat. Therefore\\nthe higher the temperature of the air the greater the volume,\\nand the smaller will be the quantity of air drawn through a\\ngiven aperture by the same suction. Now if the air as it\\npasses through the aperture A is heated, but again cooled to\\na lower fixed temperature before it passes through the aper-\\nture B, less air will enter through the aperture A than is\\nirawn out through the aperture B. Hence the suction in C", "height": "4344", "width": "2556", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "154 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nmust increase and the effective suction in C must decrease,\\nand in consequence the velocity of the air thiough A will\\nincrease and the velocity of the air through B will decrease,\\nuntil the same quantity of air again flows through both aper-\\ntures. Thus every change of temperature in the air entering\\nthrough the aperture A will cause a corresponding change of\\nsuction in the chamber C. If two manometer-tubes/ and\\nFig. 38, communicate respectively with the chambers C and\\nC\\\\ the column in tube q will indicate the constant suction in\\nC and the column in tube/ will indicate the suction in the\\nchamber C, which suction is a true measure of the tempera-\\nture of the air entering through the aperture A.\\nDETERMINATION OF THE CARBON IN SMOKE.\\nSoot or black forms from quick cooling of the hydro-\\ncarbons, temporarily dissociated by high temperatures. Fuels\\nhaving no hydrogen as hydrocarbons, never produce smoke;\\npure charcoal, coke, or graphite never smokes. Soft coal, on\\nthe contrary, produces more as the air-supply grows less.\\nSainte-Claire Deville proved that a compound gas when\\nheated sufficiently separates into its elements; a sudden cool-\\ning now will give a simple mixture instead of the original\\ncombination. A slow cooling, however, reproduces the\\noriginal gas. Berthelot proved, on the other hand, that new\\ncompounds are formed on heating the hydrocarbons to high\\ntemperatures, a part of the carbon being deposited as soot.\\nThese two phenomena undoubtedly go on together in smoke\\nproduction.^\\nIf a metal tube be put in the gas current over a grate at\\na short distance from the fire, the hottest gases will be col-\\n*Bunte gives some analyses of smoke-black:\\nC H\\nI 97.2 2.8\\n2 97-3 2.7\\n3 98.5 1.5", "height": "4344", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "DETERMINATION OF THE CARBON IN SMOKE. 155\\nlected. Pass a stream of cold water through a pipe in this\\ngas-current and a large quantity of black will be deposited.\\nOn stopping the water flow and inclining the tube a little\\nthe carbon disappears gradually, and when the temperature\\nof the tube attains that of the gas, no black will be deposited.\\nCool it again, and more black forms immediately.\\nCombustion gases meet with surfaces relatively cold in\\nthe boiler sides or flues, or even in colder currents of gas or\\nair passing in through the grate. This produces a quick cool-\\ning, and consequent formation of black.\\nExperiments made at Mulhouse in 1859 by Burnat\\nshowed an advantage gained in steaming by producing smoke,\\nrather than introducing too great excess of air. The experi-\\nments showed that the loss in carbon was quite small, and\\nthese results have been confirmed by others since. E. R.\\nTatlock of Glasgow finds 60 per cent combustible matter in\\nsoot, and obtained 51.46 grains per cubic foot of furnace\\ngases.\\nTo determine the amount of carbon in smoke, Scheurer-\\nKestner used a glass organic analysis apparatus, the tube\\nhaving in the middle loosely packed asbestos for about 8\\ninches, which was kept in place by platinum spirals. One\\nend was drawn out to connect with the absorption apparatus,\\nand the other end placed in the flue. After igniting and\\ncooling the asbestos the small end is connected with an\\naspirator and the gas drawn slowly through. The carbon is\\nall stopped by the asbestos, which becomes black for a short\\ndistance. When sufficiently collected, dry the tube at 100\u00c2\u00b0\\nC, heat to redness, and pass a stream of oxygen through it,\\ncollecting the carbonic acid formed.\\nAs an example Scheurer-Kestner gives the following:\\nWaste gases, reduced to 0\u00c2\u00b0 and 760 rtlm. 86 litres.\\nTime of sampling i hour.", "height": "4344", "width": "2604", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "156 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nComposition of gas:\\nCO, 8.5 per cent.\\nExcess of air 53-4\\nNitrogen and residue 38.1\\nCO3 from the combustion 0.070 gram.\\nEquivalent to carbon 0.019\\nBy the analysis of the gases and that of the coal the\\nquantity of air consumed was calculated. Knowing the\\nvolume of air used for the coal, its composition, and the pro-\\nportion of carbon as black in the gases, the loss due to such\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0formation was calculated.\\nBunte publishes the following determinations of black:\\nWaste Gases per\\nPound of Coal.\\nBhack.\\nKind of Coal.\\nPer Cubic Foot\\nof Gas.\\nPer Cent Calories\\nof Heat of\\nCombustion.\\njj^uhr\\ncubic feet.\\n135\\n143\\n169\\n184\\n189\\n205\\n163\\n217\\n233\\n278\\n293\\n129\\n155\\ngrains.\\n15.43\\n7.41\\n0.72\\n6.74\\n1. 19\\n2.03\\n20.49\\n6.79\\n5.71\\n6.48\\n3- 70\\n1.08\\n6.64\\nJ T\\n6\\n0.07\\nIt\\n0.8\\n0.7\\nI\\n6\\nl\\\\Tif\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00ab;liPirhi\\nI\\n8\\nUnder the most unfavorable conditions for feeding the\\nair, the loss due to formation of black does not exceed 2 per\\ncent, even with smoky coal. Ronchamp coal gave the fol-\\nlowing results\\nFeeding 240 cubic feet of air per pound of coal gave a\\ngas containing 8.5 per cent of carbonic acid, excess of air 53\\nper cent, and loss of carbon as black 0.485 per cent.", "height": "4344", "width": "2720", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "DETERMINATION OF THE CARBON IN SMOKE. 1 57\\nFeeding 112 cubic feet of air per pound of coal gave a\\ngas containing 14.8 per cent carbonic acid, 6. J per cent excess\\nof air, and 0.96 per cent of black.\\nSaarbruck coal supplied with 155 cubic feet of air per\\npound gave a gas having 12.8 per cent of carbonic acid, 28.5\\nper cent excess of air, and 2.03 per cent of black.\\nThese show that in addition to being a sign of diminution\\nin combustible gases, smoke cannot cause a notable saving\\nin fuel if such saving is accompanied by increased waste\\ngases. The sensible heat of a larger volume compensates\\neasily for the advantages resulting from the more perfect\\ncombustion of the carbon.\\nSeveral methods have been devised for approximating to\\nthe actual quantity of carbon contained in smoke. One is\\nbased on the amount of soot deposited on a given surface\\nplaced in the chimney. The soot deposits on the upper sur-\\nface away from the direct current. After being exposed for\\na few hours the deposit is brushed off and weighed. Another\\nmethod is by using smoked glasses of different degrees of\\nopacity and ascertaining what depth of color is necessary to\\nmake the smoke invisible. An improvement on this method\\nis now being worked out by one of our manufacturers of\\noptical goods, by means of which the glasses are held in a\\ntube and so arranged as to gradually produce the effect, and\\nin such way that it can be measured.\\nAnother method is that devised by Ringelmann, by means\\nof which the blackness of the smoke is compared with a set of\\nruled lines, so scaled in width of line and space as to produce\\nsix different gradations from smokeless through gray and\\ngray-black to dead black. He recommends the preparation\\nof cards 8 inches square, and have them suspended 50 feet\\nfrom the observer, at which distance the individual lines\\nbecome indistinct, and only a general tint is observable. The\\nintensity of the smoke is then compared with the cards and re-\\ncorded as agreeing with card No. I, 2, or whatever it may be.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "158\\nCALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThe cards are shown in Fig. 40, reduced in size, the actual\\nlines and spaces being as follows:\\n1\\n44,\\nIX\\nI I I\\nTiT\\nTfT\\nTTT\\na\\nH\\n_\\nFig. 40. RiNGELMANN Smoke Scale.\\nCard o, all white.\\nCard I, black lines I mm. thick, 10 mm. apart between\\ncentres, leaving spaces 9 mm. square.\\nCard 2, lines 2.3 mm. thick; spaces j .J mm. sq.\\nCard 3, lines 3.7 mm. thick; spaces 6.3 mm. sq.\\nCard 4, lines 5,5 mm. thick; spaces 4.5 mm. sq.\\nCard 5, all black.", "height": "4344", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "DETERMINATION OF THE CARBON IN SMOKE. 158^\\nIn 1895 Cohen and Russell made some experiments to de-\\ntermine the extent of pollution of the air by smoke from\\nJiouse fires burning coal. The coal used was from Yorkshire,\\nDurham, and Wigan. The quantity of soot formed was de-\\ntermined by aspirating through a brass tube inch diameter\\nconnected with a glass tube of same diameter and having a\\nplug of cotton wool in one end. This plug was dried over\\nsulphuric acid and the weight of the soot obtained,\\nsuits are given in the following table.\\nThe\\nre-\\nNo.\\nVolume of\\nChimney-\\ngases.\\nWeight\\nof Soot.\\nPer cent\\nof Soot\\nin Gases.\\nPer cent\\nof Soot to\\nCarbon\\nBurnt.\\nName of Coal.\\nI\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\nII\\n12\\nlitres\\n218.0\\n282.5\\n249-5\\n231.0\\n164.5\\n182.5\\nI75-0\\n278.5\\n240.0\\n230.5\\n262.0\\n230\\ngrams\\n0.0155\\n0.0267\\n0.0174\\n0.0228\\n0.0292\\n0.0219\\n0.0247\\n0.0278\\n0.0243\\n0.0227\\n0.0282\\n0.0232\\n0.2844\\n0.0073\\n0.0094\\n0.0070\\n0.0099\\n0.0177\\n0.0120\\nO.OI4I\\nO.OIOO\\nO.OIOT\\n0.0098\\n0.0108\\nO.OIOI\\n6.9\\n10.2\\n8.0\\n5.8\\n9-3\\n6.0\\n7.7\\n5.1\\n5.6\\n4.8\\n7-1\\n5-1\\n1\\nSilkstone Hards, Yorkshire.\\n1\\n1\\nJ\\nHaigh Moor Best, Yorkshire.\\nHarvey Seam, Durham.\\nHutton Seam,\\nBest Deep Yard, Lancashire.\\nBest Arley,\\n2744.0\\n0.0103\\n6.5\\nIt would seem that more reliable data could have been\\nobtained had the carbon been collected on an asbestos plug\\nand then burnt, the carbonic acid being collected. As origi-\\nnally performed the result of the test cannot be called carbon,\\nas it manifestly contained considerable ashes, etc., which had\\nbeen carried up the chimney. By burning off the soot in a\\ncombustion tube, the actual content in carbon could have\\nbeen obtained.\\nA colorimetric method has been devised by P. Fritzsche\\nwhich is carried out as follows He takes a glass tube 6\\ninches long and f inch diameter, in which he places a loose", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "1 5 8 CAL ORIFIC PO PVEK OF FUEL S.\\ncellulose plug of about 2 grams weight. This tube is con-\\nnected by means of a short rubber tube to another tube of\\nthe same diameter long enough to reach into the flue or\\nchimney, passing through a hole made for the purpose in the\\nwall. The other end of the short tube is connected with an\\naspirator, and a measured quantity of smoke is drawn through\\nit slowly.\\nThe tubes are then disconnected, the blackened portion\\nof the cellulose transferred to a wide-mouthed, stoppered\\nbottle holding 300 cubic centimetres. It is then agitated\\nwith 200 cc. of water till of uniform appearance. A portion\\nof this mixture is then put into a round-bottomed test-tube\\nhaving a diameter of about two inches and the color com-\\npared with a scale of colors previously prepared.", "height": "4260", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nCALCULATION OF THE HEAT UNITS.\\nHEAT OF THE AQUEOUS VAPOR.\\nThe quantity of heat contained in a kilogram or pound of\\nsteam at any temperature is\\nQ 606.5 0.305^ calories,\\nor Q 1091.7 o.305(^ 32) B. T. U.,\\nallowing the specific heat of water to be constant. The\\nnumber of heat units is considered the same as the tem-\\nperature.\\nSo that, allowing the average temperature of aqueous\\nvapor to be 150\u00c2\u00b0 C, each kilogram at 0\u00c2\u00b0 has absorbed a quan-\\ntity of heat equal to\\n606.5 0-305 X 150 652.25 calories\\nor one pound has absorbed 1 174 B. T. U.\\nThere is a correction to this, since we do not wish the\\nunits existing in the steam, but only those added to it from\\nthe fuel. We must then deduct that already existing in the\\nwater at its entrance to the boiler. If the feed-water be 20\\n(68\u00c2\u00b0 F.) the formula becomes\\n652.25 20 632.25 calories,\\nor 1 174 (68 32) 1 138 B. T. U.\\n159", "height": "4332", "width": "2672", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "l6o CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS\\nHEAT OF WASTE GASES.\\nThe heat carried to the chimney by the waste gases is\\nfrom several sources\\n1. Sensible heat shown by the temperature.\\n2. Heat of vaporization of the hygroscopic water and the\\nwater formed from the hydrogen of the coal.\\n3. Heat retained by the combustible gases or their heat of\\ncombustion.\\n4. Heat represented by soot or black of the smoke.\\nI. SENSIBLE HEAT OF THE TEMPERATURE.\\nThe calculation of the water equivalent of the heat carried\\nto the chimney as sensible heat requires the volume, tem-\\nperature, composition, and specific heat of the constituents.\\nThe specific heats of the usual constituents of waste gases\\nare shown in Table VHI. The specific heats are supposed to\\nbe under constant pressure, so as to avoid useless calculations.\\nThe hydrocarbons or hydrogen will be omitted for the same\\nreason. Calling v^ v v v the volumes in cubic metres\\nof the gases nitrogen, carbonic acid, carbonic oxide, and oxy-\\ngen, we find their respective weights, by multiplying these\\nvolumes by the weight per cubic metre,\\n\\\\.2^6v i.g66v 1.2512^ 1.43027\\nN coT CO o\\nMultiplying these by the specific weights we obtain the value\\nin water,\\nC 1.2562; X 0.244+ i.g66v X 0.217+ 1.2512/ X 0.245\\n1.4307 X 0.217.\\nThe equivalent in water c multiplied by the temperature\\non leaving the boiler gives calories,\\nC cx T.", "height": "4324", "width": "2704", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "CALCULATION OF THE HEAT UNITS. l6l\\nA correction of the same kind as that appHed to the tem-\\nperature of the feed-water must be appHed. We do not\\nwish the total calories, only those taken up from the coal.\\nFrom the observed temperature T we must deduct the\\noriginal temperature before entering the fire. So that\\nQ^c^{T-f).\\nThe general formula then becomes\\nC [(1.2562^)0.244 (i.9662; )o.2i7 A^{\\\\.2^\\\\v )o.2\\\\l\\nN CO, CO\\n(i.4307/ )o.2i7] {T-t).\\nO\\nAs an example, suppose the following composition\\nNitrogen 81.25 _ j Air in excess 23.04 (4.84 X 4.761)\\nOxygen 4.84 Nitrogen 63. 05 (81.25 4.84 23.04)\\nCarbonic acid. 13.08 13.08\\nCarbonic oxide. 0.83 0.83\\nand that the temperature {T t) is 130\u00c2\u00b0. Then\\nNitrogen 1.256 X .8125 X 0.244 0.249\\nCarbonic acid 1.966 X 1308 X 0.2 17 0.055\\nCarbonic oxide. 1.25 i X .0083 X 0.245 0.002\\nOxygen 1. 430 X .0484 X 0.2 17 O.015\\n1. 0000 0.321\\nThe value in water for i cubic metre is 0.321 kilogram,\\nwhich at 130\u00c2\u00b0 give\\no. 32 I X 1 30 41 7 calories.\\nIf the volume of the gases was 8.938 cubic metres per\\nkilogram of coal, the calories carried to the chimney would be\\n8.938 X 41.7\\n00\\n372 calories. (669.6 B. T. U.)", "height": "4344", "width": "2644", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "1 62 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThe same result can be reached more quickly by taking\\nthe ratio of the specific heats to the volume (Table VIII).\\nN 8125X0.306 0.249\\nCO^ 1308 X 0.426 0.055\\nCO 0083 X o. 306 0.002\\n0484 X 0.310 0.015\\n1. 0000 0.321\\n0.321 X 130 X 8.938 372 calories.\\nThis may be still further simplified in practical work with\\nthe combustion under normal conditions. Base the calcula-\\ntion on the proportion of carbonic acid, using 0.306 as coeffi-\\ncient for the remaining gases. Then\\nC (0.426^;+ o.3o67?)(r-/)\\nV CO^ o. 1308 X 0.426 0.055\\nR N, CO, and 0.8692 X 0.306 0.266\\n0.321\\nBy means of the coefficients in Table IX we can still\\nfurther shorten the calculation. By this table we get directly\\n0.321 X 130 X 8.938 372 calories.\\nThe loss of heat due to temperature of the waste gases\\nvaries according to the condition of the boiler, its surface for\\nradiation, the grate surface, and the air supply. With the\\nmost advantageous cases, and moderate combustion, the gas\\ntemperature at the exit does not exceed 150\u00c2\u00b0 (302^ F.), and\\nthe loss, 5 or 6 per cent of the total heat of combustion.\\nIt may reach 10 per cent, and in some cases even more.\\n2. HEAT OF THE HYGROSCOPIC AND COMBUSTION WATER.\\nDuring combustion, coal furnishes a quantity of aqueous\\nvapor from its hygroscopic water and its hydrogen; the latter", "height": "4328", "width": "2692", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "CALCULATION OF THE HEAT UNITS. 163\\nis determined by multiplying the weight of hydrogen by 9.\\nThis is added to the hygroscopic water, and the formula\\n(606.5 0.305/)\\napplied t being the temperature of the vapor in the gases\\n(equal to that of the gases), and f being that of the external\\nair. Besides this, however, we must consider the specific\\nheat of the aqueous vapor, 0.475. Each kilogram still\\nabsorbs 0.475 multiplied by the number of degrees of tem-\\nperature above 100\u00c2\u00b0, and the formula becomes\\n^[(606.5 0.305/) t o.475(/ 100)],\\nX being the quantity of water, in kilograms, furnished by the\\ncoal.\\nSuppose a coal contains 15 grams per kilogram of hygro-\\nscopic water and 45 grams of hydrogen, as follows:\\nHygroscopic water 15\\nCarbon 735\\nHydrogen 45\\nNitrogen and oxygen 50\\nAsh 160\\n1000\\nHydrogen 45 produces 9 X 45 4^5 grams, to which\\nadd the 15 grams of hygroscopic water, 405 15 420\\ngrams. The heat necessary to vaporize this, increased by\\nthat corresponding to the temperature of the gases passing up\\nthe chimney, represents the heat lost.\\nIf the flue temperature is 145\u00c2\u00b0 and the external air\\n17.5\u00c2\u00b0 f we have\\no.42o[(6o6.5 0.305 X 145) 17.5+0.475(145 100)]\\n274.9(494.8 B T. U.).", "height": "4344", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "J 64 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nIf the heat of combustion of the coal is 7000 calories, them\\nthe loss is\\n274.9\\n3.Q2 per cent.\\n7000\\nThe loss due to these causes in an average coal (4-5 per\\ncent hydrogen and i to 2 per cent moisture) is usually from 2\\nto 4 per cent.\\n3. CALORIES OF THE COMBUSTIBLE GASES.\\nCarbonic oxide is always present in variable quantities,,\\noften hydrocarbons and sometimes hydrogen. This refers to\\nordinary fuel and the usual methods of burning. The quan-\\ntity of unburnt gases depends on the kind of fireplace used\\nand the system of charging. Thick charges of fuel always\\nincrease the volume of unburnt gases; the smallest amount\\nbeing obtained from small, equivalent charges, fed frequently\\nand using 30 to 50 per cent more air than the theoretical\\nquantity.\\nTo determine this loss w^e may commence with the volume\\nor the weight corresponding to i kilogram of coal burnt.\\nThe calculation is given on pages 137 and 138. No account\\nneed be made of the temperature, the calculation of loss due\\nthis having been made on page 161 for all gases, and there-\\nfore for these gases.\\nThe calorific coefficients of the unburnt gases, referred to\\na cubic metre at 0\u00c2\u00b0 and 760 mm. pressure, are\\nHeat of Combustion.\\nWeight per cub. m.\\nin Kilograms. J^er Kilo. Per Cubic Metre.\\nHydrogen 0.089 34500 3091\\nCarbonic oxide 1.25 i 2435 3043\\nMethane (CHJ 0.715 13343 10038\\nCarbon vapor. 1.073 11328 12 143", "height": "4328", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "CALCULATION OF THE HEAT UNITS. 1 65\\nThe weight and heat of combustion of carbon vapor are\\ngiven, as most of the time we do not know the molecular\\ncondensation of the hydrocarbons; usually the ultimate com-\\nposition is all that is known. Hence the hydrogen and car-\\nbon must be given their heat values as though free. Fortu-\\nnately they occur in only small percentages, and the error\\nintroduced by so doing is small.\\nSuppose a gas to analyze\\nCarbonic oxide i.O\\nCarbonic acid 13.0\\nMethane i .0\\nOxygen 6.0\\nNitrogen 79-0\\n100. o\\nAssuming that the air has been fed at the rate of 10 cubic\\nmetres per kilogram (160.5 cubic feet per pound), and that\\nthe coal has a heat value of 8000 calories (14400 B. T. U.),\\nwe will have, for 10 cubic metres,\\nCarbonic oxide o. i cubic metres.\\nCarbonic acid. 1.3\\nMethane o. i\\nOxygen 0.6\\nNitrogen 7.9\\n10. o\\nThen\\nCH,, o. I cub. m. 0.715 0.0715 kilogram;\\nCO, O.I 1. 251 =0.1251\\nand 0.0715 X 13343 933-7 calories;\\n0.1251 X 2435 305.0\\nTotal 1238.7", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "l66 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThe loss, then, is 1238.7 in 8000, or 15.48 per cent.\\nIf instead of knowing the proportion of the hydrocarbons\\nwe know only that of carbon and hydrogen, the heat values\\ncalculate separately. Then, instead of methane o. i, there\\nwould be carbon 0.05, and hydrogen 0.2. Then the cal-\\nculation would be\\n0.2 X 0.089 0.0178 0.0178x34500= 614. 1\\n0.05x1.073=0.0536; 0.0536 X 8137= 436.1\\n0..1 X 1.251 0.1251 0.1251 X 2435= 305.0\\n1355.2 calories\\nThe difference, 1355.2 1238.7 116.5 calories, or 0.9\\nper cent of the calories lost, or 15.48 X .009 0.138 per cent\\nof the total calories of the coal, which is small compared with\\nother sources of error.\\nBy employing Table VII we may dispense with reducing\\nthe volumes to weights, thus\\nHydrogen 0.2m X 3091 618\\nCarbon vapor 0.05 X 8722 436\\nCarbonic oxide o. i X 3043 304\\n135;\\nThe preceding is an exaggerated case as usually, with\\nordinary working, the loss is from 2 to 7 per cent, rarely-\\nexceeding the latter. Either method of calculation may be\\nused, then, without risk of causing an error of importance.\\n4. CALORIES DUE TO THE SOOT.\\nThe soot in smoke consists of carbon with a trace of\\nhydrogen. It can be calculated as all carbon without appre-\\nciable error and with the coef^cient 8137. Knowing the\\nvolume of gases produced by i kilogram and its content in\\nblack (page 154), calculate the number of calories. Under", "height": "4296", "width": "2712", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "CALCULATION OF THE HEAT UNITS.\\n167\\nthe most favorable conditions for smoke production the loss\\ndoes not exceed i per cent, and is generally less than one\\nhalf that amount.\\nDISTRIBUTION OF CALORIES-LOSS.\\nThe difference between heat units accounted for and\\nthose possible is considered as resulting from radiation by\\nsurfaces not available for producing steam. The following is\\ntaken from Scheurer- Kestner s results with a three -tube\\nsteam boiler followed by a reheater. The first column gives\\nresults obtained with Ronchamp coal in 1868, the second\\nresults with Nixon s Navigation Co. s coal in 1881.\\nRonchamp.\\nCalories in the steam 58 to\\nwaste gases 3.8 to\\nunburnt gases 2.4 to\\nsmoke o. 3 to\\naqueous vapor. 2.0 to\\nnot accounted for 19.4 to 24\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a27\\n.7\\n.75\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a27\\n.7\\nNixon.\\n74.5^\\n5.42\\ntraces\\nnone\\n2.81\\n17.27\\nOn September 20, 1895, Engi7ieeri7ig published the results\\nof some experiments made by Bryan Donkin with Nixon s\\ncoal on twenty different types of boilers. The following\\ntable contains some of them\\nCalories.\\nIn the steam\\nIn the waste gases\\nIn the combustible gases..\\nNot accounted for\\nXII.\\n78.5\\nVIII.\\n78.3\\nVI.\\n74-4\\nVII.\\n71.8\\nII.\\nXI.\\nIII.\\n67.6\\nIV.\\nXX.\\n70.4\\n69.8\\n66.2\\n65.8\\n6.5\\n14.0\\n13.8\\n13-3\\n13.6\\n18.0\\n16.2\\n22.5\\n18.0\\n0.0\\n1-7\\n2.4\\n0.8\\n0.0\\n1.2\\n1.2\\n0.0\\n1.6\\nI5-0\\n5.8\\n9-3\\n14.0\\nII. 9\\n10.9\\n9.6\\nII.\\n14.4\\n63.8\\n9.4\\n12.7\\n13-9\\nThe calories in the steam varied from 63.8 to 78.5 per cent.\\nwaste gases 6.5 to 22.5\\ncombustible gases 0.0 to 12.7\\nnot accounted for 5.8 to 15.0\\nFor the method of properly tabulating the heat balance,\\nsee section XXI of the Steam Boiler Code on page 193.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "l68 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nFLAME AND FLAME TEMPERATURES.\\nWhenever the temperature is sufficiently high to raise a.\\nportion of the carbon, hydrogen, or other gaseous com-\\nbustible to incandescence, flame is produced. The tempera-\\nture at which this phenomenon occurs varies with the sub-\\nstance burnt. Usually it requires a red heat or higher, but\\nin some cases a much lower temperature suffices: bor-methyl\\nB(CH3)3 is an example, the flame temperature of which is not\\nhigh enough to scorch the finger placed in it. It is not neces-\\nsary that the flame should have solid particles in it, as flame\\nis produced by hydrogen burning under pressure in oxygen\\nneither is incandescence alone sufficient, as the fire of pure\\ncarbon, magnesium, or iron glows but does not flame.\\nFlame is hollow, the combustion occurring on the surface,\\nand this may be easily demonstrated, by drawing off some of\\nthe interior unconsumed gases with a tube and burning them.\\nBunsen s researches led to the conclusion that the tem-\\nperature of burning carbonic oxide rapidly rose to 3000\u00c2\u00b0 C,\\nand remained stationary till one third of it was consumed\\nthe temperature then fell to 2500\u00c2\u00b0 C, at which more burnt;\\nand finally fell to about 1200\u00c2\u00b0 C, which temperature was\\nmaintained till all the remainder was consumed. Actually\\nthe last temperature is soon reached in practice. Berthelot\\nconfirms this, but is in doubt whether the loss of temperature\\nis due to dissociation or to change in specific heat. Some\\nhold that part of this loss of heat is caused by its absorption,\\ndue to the production of incandescence and its accompanying\\nflame phenomena. A gas raised to incandescence gradually\\nmanifests each increment of heat till that point is reached,\\nand beyond this no increase is noticed, all such further\\nincrease being consumed by the flame production.\\nThe rate of propagation of flame varies with the pressure\\nand with the material burning. The most rapid rate with\\ncoal gas is when it is mixed with 5 parts of air; with marsk", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "FLAME TEMPERA TUBES. itg\\ngas, 8i parts of air. It will be noticed that the proportion of\\noxygen is sensibly less than that required for perfect com-\\nbustion.\\nThe luminosity depends on the compression of the gases\\nor the air. Hydrogen burning in oxygen at ordinary pressure\\ngives a flame hardly visible at all with a pressure of 20 atmos-\\npheres it becomes quite luminous. Arsenic in burning pro-\\nduces quite a luminous flame at ordinary air pressure; but\\nhardly any in rarefied air. The same is true of carbonic\\noxide and other gases. The luminosity seems to be in direct\\nproportion to the pressure.\\nLuminosity seems to be greater with those substances\\nwhich on burning produce dense vapors. Hydrogen and\\nchlorine produce a vapor twice as heavy as water and the\\nluminosity is much stronger than with the oxygen-hydrogen\\nflame. Carbon and sulphur also produce heavy vapors and\\nmuch light. Phosphorus burning in oxygen produces the\\ndense heavy phosphoric anhydride and this is accompanied\\nwith an almost blinding light.\\nThe length of the flame ordinarily depends on the quantity\\nof hydrogen, and consequently the hydrocarbons contained\\nin, or generated from, the body consumed. With fuels con-\\ntaining high hydrocarbon percentages, flame of almost any\\ndesired length can be produced. This is especially the case\\nwith gases.\\nThe theoretical temperature of combustion, and hence of\\nthe flame, may be calculated by dividing the heat units pro-\\nduced by the specific heats of the products formed. Of course,\\nthese theoretical temperatures are never reached in practice,\\nbut they serve as aids in determining the value of fuels for\\ncertain purposes.\\nA few typical examples of these calculations will be given.\\nI. Hydrogen. Hydrogen burnt in oxygen produces\\n29000 heat units (water considered as vapor); the specific\\nheat of the aqueous vapor produced is 0.475. The hydroren", "height": "4344", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "I^O CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nuses 8 times its weight of oxygen and generates 9 times the\\nquantity of water.\\nThen\\n9^^^ 6727\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n9 X 0.479\\nBunsen and Sainte-Claire Deville showed that the highest\\ntemperature actually obtained is 2500\u00c2\u00b0 C, which may be in-\\ncreased to 2850\u00c2\u00b0 C. by a pressure of 10 atmospheres.\\nThe presence of nitrogen modifies the result materially.\\nThe quantity of oxygen required, obtained from air, would\\nintroduce 26.78 parts of nitrogen, the specific heat of which\\nis 0.244. The equation would then be\\n?T =--2674 C.\\n9X0.479 26.78X0.244\\nBunsen s maximum temperature actually reached was\\n1800\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n2. Carboji. Carbon burnt to carbonic oxide consumes\\n1.33 parts of oxygen, forms 2.33 parts of carbonic oxide, and\\nif burnt in air, introduces 4.46 parts of nitrogen. The specific\\nheat of carbonic oxide is 0.245 ^^d of nitrogen 0.244, ^s\\nbefore. The heat units generated are 2435.\\nFor combustion in oxygen the equation would be\\n4^5 -4265\u00c2\u00b0C.\\n2.33 X 0.245\\nIn air it would be\\n2435\\n1462\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n2.33 X 0.245+4.46 X 0.244\\nThe latter temperature is about the same as that actually\\nobserved, and shows that but little dissociation occurs.\\nOwing to the non-volatility of carbon no flame is produced,\\nonly an incandescence. The flame we ordinarily see on in-\\ncandescent carbon is from the burning of carbonic oxide.\\nCarbon burnt to carbon dioxide can be treated similarly; also\\ncarbonic oxide burnt to carbon dioxide.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "FLAME TEMPERATURES. 1 71\\n3. Marsh Gas. This gas requires 4 times its weight of\\noxygen, and produces 2.25 parts of aqueous vapor and 2.75\\nparts of carbonic acid. If air is used, 13.39 parts of nitrogea\\nare introduced. The heat of combustion is 13343 calories.\\nThe equations are, then,\\n^^M3 ;97io c,\\n2.25 X 0.479-1-2.75 X 0.217\\nfor oxygen and\\n-i3343 ,245\u00c2\u00b0 C,\\n2.25 X 0.479 2.75 X 0.217 13.39 X 0.244\\nfor combustion in air.\\ndefiant gas, acetylene, etc., can be calculated similarly.\\nWith a mixed gas, i.e., one containing several gases, account\\nmust be taken of each one separately. Producer gas will be\\ngiven as an example.\\n4. Producer Gas. The producer gas taken will be assumed\\nto have the following composition by volume:\\nCarbonic oxide 21.0 per cent.\\nHydrogen 11.5\\nMarsh gas 2.0\\nCarbonic acid 6.0\\nNitrogen 59.5\\n100. o\\nFirst obtain the weight of the constituents. (See the tables.)\\n0.21 X 1. 2515 0.2628\\no. 1 1 5 X 0.0896 0.0103\\n0.02 X 0.7155 =0.0143\\n0.06 X 1.9666=0.1360\\n0.595 X 1. 2561 =0.7474\\nCO2 H2O N\\n0.413 0.502\\nCO 0.2628 produces\\nH 0.0103\\nCH, 0.0143\\nCO, 0.1360\\nN 0.7474\\n0.093 0.276\\n0.039 0.032 0.192\\n0.136\\n0.747\\n0.588 0.125 1. 717", "height": "4344", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "172 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\nThen as the heat of combustion is j .66 by volume of\\n874.6 by weight, we have for combustion in oxygen,\\n0.125 X 0.479 0.588 X 0.217+0.747 X 0.244\\nand for combustion in air,\\n0.125 X 0.479 0.588 X 0.217+ 1. 717 X 0.244\\n5. Petroleum Oil. The oil may be assumed to contain\\nCarbon 85 per cent.\\nHydrogen 15\\n100\\nC 0.85 produces 3-ii7 CO, and 7.588 N\\nH 0.15 1.35 H,0 4.017\\n1.35 H,0 1. 117 CO, 11.605 N\\nThe heat of combustion may be assumed at 1 0000 calories.\\nThen for combustion in oxygen,\\n1 0000\\n7558\u00c2\u00b0C.,\\n1.35 X 0.479+ 3-II7 X 0.217\\nand for combustion in air,\\n1 0000\\n1.35 X 0.479 +3. 1 17 X 0.217+ 11.605 X 0.244\\n2400*^ C.\\nOther oils or solid fuels may be calculated according to\\nthis model.\\nAt the end of the volume are given a few of those fuels\\nmost commonly used with the theoretical oxygen and air\\nflame temperatures.", "height": "4320", "width": "2720", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "CARBON VAPOR. 173\\nWEIGHT AND HEAT UNITS OF CARBON VAPOR.\\nTwo volumes of carbonic oxide are produced from i volume\\nof oxygen, and hence from i volume of carbon. i cubic\\n.metre of carbonic oxide weighs 125 1 grams. i cubic metre\\nof oxygen weighs 1430 grams, i cubic metre of carbonic\\noxide contains, then, one-half a cubic metre of oxygen weigh-\\nii^g 715 grams, and one-half a cubic metre of carbon vapor\\nweighing 536 grams. Hence I cubic metre of carbon vapor\\nweighs 2 X 536 1072 grams, and I kilogram measures\\nJ 1072 0.9328 cubic metre.\\nOr\\nI cubic foot of carbonic oxide weighs 546.78 grains.\\nI oxygen weighs 624.85\\nOne cubic foot CO then contains cubic foot of O and\\ncubic foot of C.\\n546.78 312.425 234.355,\\nand\\n2 X 234.355 468.71 grains,\\nweight of I cubic foot of carbon vapor.\\nOne pound of carbon vapor measures 14.93 cubic feet.\\nIf we wish the heat-units of carbon in vapor without the\\nlieat of vaporization, multiply the weight of a cubic metre by\\nthe heat of combustion of solid carbon. If from wood charcoal^\\n8137 X 1.072 8722(15699.6 B. T. U.).\\nIf from diamond,\\n7859 X 1.072 8424(14963.2 B.T. U.).\\nIf carbon vapor with its heat of vaporization be wanted,\\ntake the heat of combustion of carbonic oxide which contains\\ncarbon as vapor and compare it with the heat of combustion of\\ncarbon, uniting with the same quantity of oxygen to form", "height": "4340", "width": "2656", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "174 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\ncarbonic oxide. In doing so it is supposed that carbon in\\ncombining with two atoms of oxygen generates the same\\nquantity of heat with one as with the other, only in the first\\ncase part of the heat is used in vaporizing the carbon. This\\nheat is found by subtracting the heat of combustion of the\\nspHd carbon from that of the carbon supposed gaseous in\\ncarbonic oxide.\\nOne kilogram of carbon unites with 1.333 kilograms of\\noxygen to form 2.333 kilograms of carbonic oxide. With\\ndiamond there is generated 2405 calories. The 2.333 kilograms\\nof carbonic oxide in becoming carbonic acid generates 2.333 X\\n2435 5680 calories. Then i kilogram of carbon in passing\\nfrom carbonic oxide to carbonic acid generates 5680 calories.\\nWe have seen, on the other hand, that i kilogram of diamond\\ncarbon generates 2405 calories in becoming carbonic oxide.\\nThe difference, then, 5680 2405 3275(5895 B. T. U.) cal-\\nories, represents the heat of vaporization of diamond carbon.\\nWith wood charcoal it becomes 5680 2489 3191(5743.8\\nB. T. U.).\\nThe heat of combustion will be then 7859 3275 1 1 134\\ncalories (20041 B. T. U.) for diamond, and 8137 3 191\\n1 1328 calories (20390 B. T. U.) for wood charcoal.\\nEVAPORATIVE POWER OF FUEL.\\nThe evaporative power of a fuel represents the number of\\npounds of water at 212\u00c2\u00b0 F. that can be evaporated or con-\\nverted into steam by one pound of the fuel. Water at that\\ntemperature is sufificiently heated to vaporize, but needs an\\naddition of force equivalent to that required for the vaporiza-\\ntion. This quantity varies for the pressure of the barometer\\nand the temperature of the water, but for the purposes of cal-\\nculation is considered to be taken at 30 inches of mercury and\\n212\u00c2\u00b0 F. Experiment has shown the equivalent to be 965.7\\nheatunits (B. T. U.).", "height": "4344", "width": "2700", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "EVAPORATIVE POWER. I/S\\nTo find the theoretical evaporating power of a fuel, then,\\ndivide the number of thermal units it generates on combus-\\ntion by 965.7. For instance, the heat of combustion of a\\nsample of Illinois coal was determined by Prof. Carpenter to\\nbe 13200. Its evaporative power would be\\n13200\\n^g^= 13.67 pounds.\\nThis means that under the proper conditions one pound\\nof the coal in question would evaporate 13.67 pounds already\\nheated to 212\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nBut this amount of duty is rarely realized. The boiler\\nmay not be well built, the setting may be faulty, and there\\nare numerous other chemical or mechanical conditions which\\nmodify the yield. With these no rule can be established\\neach individual case must be allowed for specially. With\\nashes and moisture, chemical constituents of the coal, the\\ncase is different. A percentage allowance for these will usually\\nsuf^ce.\\nFor instance, in the above coal there was 5.12 per cent of\\nwater and 15.2 per cent of ash. Then\\n100 (15.2 -f- 5.12) X 13.67 12.23 pounds.\\nIf deemed necessary, a further correction can be made for\\nthe water of the coal, which would reduce the evaporation by\\nits own amount. This correction would become\\n12.23 0-05 12.18 pounds\\nas the quantity which should be evaporated with the coal as\\nanalyzed.\\nThe quantity of ash produces an effect on the evaporative\\npower aside from its proportional reduction in combustible.\\nThis is due to the fact that where a large percentage of ash\\noccurs, the particles of carbon of the fuel are not burnt com-", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "J 76 CALORIFIC POWER OF FUELS.\\npletely, owing to being enclosed in the ash and consequently-\\nshut off from access of air. This is especially the case with\\nthose ashes which are easily fuzed by the heat of the fire.\\nAshes containing carbonates are much more easily fuzed than\\nthose containing phosphates or sulphates. On this account a\\nchemical analysis of the ash is at times quite desirable.\\nSome difference in evaporation is noticed in using the dif-\\nferent sizes of coal, more particularly with the fine sizes.\\nWith the proper arrangements for burning fires a good yield\\nis obtained, but with the ordinary grates the yield is much\\nlower.", "height": "4292", "width": "2692", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nREPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE REVISION OF THE\\nSOCIETY CODE OF 1885, RELATIVE TO A STANDARD\\nMETHOD OF CONDUCTING STEAM-BOILER TRIALS.\\nPresented to the New York meeting of the American Society of Mechani\\ncal Engineers, December 1899, forming a part of the Transac-\\ntions, Volume XXI.\\nTo THE American Society of Mechanical Engineers.\\nGentlemen The undersigned Committee, to which was\\nsubmitted the revision of the Society Code of 1885, relative\\nto a standard method of conducting steam-boiler trials, re-\\nports as follows\\nThe Committee of 1885 presented a full statement of the\\nprinciples which governed it in the preparation of the Code of\\nRules at that time recommended. These principles covered\\nthe ground in an admirable manner, so far as the practice of\\nboiler testing had been perfected, and we are in unanimous\\naccord with the sentiments which the report of that Com-\\nmittee expressed. During the interval of thirteen years\\nwhich has passed, methods and instruments have in some\\nmeasure changed. Improvements have been made in the in-\\nstruments for determining the moisture in steam. The\\nthrottling and separating forms of calorimeters have displaced\\nthe barrel and other types of steam calorimeters referred to in\\nthe previous report. Attention has been devoted to the de-\\ntermination of the calofffic value of coal, and a number of\\ncoal calorimeters have been brought out and successfully\\nused for this purpose. It has come to be a practice with\\nmany experts to include in the table of results of boiler\\ntests the percentage of efficiency, or proportion of the\\n177", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "178 APPENDIX.\\ncalorific value of the coal which is utilized by the boiler^\\nSpecifications and contracts are in some cases drawn up, provid-\\ning for certain percentages of efficiency instead of a specified.\\nevaporation. The analysis of flue gases is receiving more at-\\ntention than formerly, not only in our educational institutions,\\nbut also in the regular practice of engineers who make a spe-\\ncialty of boiler testing.\\nYour Committee submits a revised Code, termed the Code\\nof 1899. The changes are mainly in the line of amendments\\nsuch as the experience of the last thirteen years has shown to\\nbe desirable. The amendments relate to the use of improved\\nsteam calorimeters, to sampling coal and determining its moist-\\nure, to calorific tests and analysis of coal, to analysis of flue\\ngases, to smoke observations, to determinations of efficiency,\\nand to methods of working out the heat balance.\\nThe tabular form of presenting the results of the test is some-\\nwhat changed and enlarged, and alterations in the text of the\\nCode are made wherever needed. At the same time a second or\\nshort form of report is added, for use in commercial tests or\\nin cases where it is necessary to give only the principal data\\nand results.\\nIt is beyond the province of the Committee to recommend in-\\nstruments of particular makers for obtaining the quality of the\\nsteam, the calorific value of the fuel, or any other data relating\\nto the trial but following the practice of the former Commit-\\ntee, individual members have submitted their views (with the\\napproval of the full membership) in an Appendix to the 1899\\nCode, signed by their initials. In this appendix are included\\nsome of the articles from the appendix to the former Code,\\nwhich are thought to be of especial value.\\nIn the matter of instruments for determining the calorific\\nvalue of fuel, it seems desirable that the Committee should\\nmake a recommendation which is as specific as present knowl-\\nedge and circumstances will warrant. It is agreed that some\\nform of calorimeter in which the coal is burned in an atmo-\\nsphere of oxygen gas is to be preferred, and it is generally held\\nthat the most perfect apparatus thus far brought out is the\\nBomb Calorimeter, originally designed by Berthelot and modi-\\nfied by Mahler and Hempel. Several of these instruments are\\nin use in this country, principally in the laboratories of engineer-\\ning schools but the apparatus is complicated and expensive^", "height": "4344", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX, 179\\nand it is not probable that many engineers will have the instru-,\\nment as a part of their equipment for testing boilers. It is\\nrecommended, therefore, that samples of the coal used in test-\\ning boilers be sent for determinations of their heating value to\\na testing laboratory provided with one of these instruments,\\nor with some instrument which shall be proven to be equally\\ngood. (Article XYII., Code.)\\nThe Committee approves the conclusions of the 1885 Code to\\nthe effect that the standard unit of evaporation should be\\none pound of water at 212 degrees Fahr. evaporated into dry\\nsteam of the same temperature. This unit is equivalent to 965.7\\n[British thermal units.\\nThe Committee recommends that, as far as possible, the\\ncapacity of a boiler be expressed in terms of the number of\\npounds of water evaporated per hour from and at 212 degrees.\\nIt does not seem expedient, however, to abandon the widely\\nrecognized measure of capacity of stationa ry or land boilers\\nexpressed in terms of boiler horse-power.\\nThe unit of commercial boiler horse-power adopted by the\\nCommittee of 1885 was the same as that used in the reports of\\nthe boiler tests made at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876. The\\nCommittee of 1885 reported in favor of this standard in lan-\\nguage of which the following is an extract\\nYour Committee, after due consideration, has determined to\\naccept the Centennial standard, and to recommend that in all\\nstandard trials the commercial horse-power be taken as an evapo-\\nration of 30 pounds of water per hour from a feed-water tem-\\nperature of 100 degrees Fahr. into steam at 70 pounds gauge\\npressure, which shall be considered to be equal to 34J units of\\nevaporation that is, to 34^ pounds of water evaporated from a\\nfeed-water temperature of 212 degrees Fahr. into steam at the\\nsame temperature. This standard is equal to 33,305 thermal\\nunits per hour.\\nThe present Committee accepts the same standard, but re-\\nverses the order of two clauses in the statement, and slightly\\nmodifies them to read as follows\\nThe unit of commercial horse-power developed by a boiler\\nshall be taken as 34J units of evaporation per hour that is, 34^\\npounds of water evaporated per hour from a feed-water tem-\\nperature of 212 degrees Fahr. into dry steam of the same tem-\\nperature. This standard is equivalent to 33,317 British thermal", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "l80 APPENDIX.\\nunits per hour. It is also practically equivalent to an evapora-\\ntion of 30 pounds of water from a feed- water temperature of 100\\ndegrees Fahr. into steam at 70 pounds gauge pressure.\\nThe Committee also indorses the statement of the Committee\\nof 1885 concerning the commercial rating of boilers, changing\\nsomewhat its wording, so as to read as follows\\nA boiler rated at any stated capacity should develop that\\ncapacity when using the best coal ordinarily sold in the market\\nwhere the boiler is located, when fired by an ordinary fireman,,\\nwithout forcing the fires, while exhibiting good economy and,\\nfurther, the boiler should develop at least one-third more than\\nthe stated capacity when using the same fuel and operated by\\nthe same fireman, the full draft being employed and the fires\\nbeing crowded the available draft at the damper, unless other\u00c2\u00ab\\nwise understood, being not less than inch water column.\\nRespectfully submitted,\\nChas. E. Emery,!\\nWm. Kent,\\nGeo. H. Barrus,\\nChas. T. Porter,\\nRobert H. Thurston,\\nRobert W. Hunt,\\nF. W. Dean,\\nJ. S. Coon,\\nWm. B. Potter,\\nAccording to the tables in Porter s Treatise on tlie Richards Steam Engine\\nIndicator, an evaporation of 30 pounds of water from 100 degrees Fahr. into\\nsteam at 70 pounds pressure is equal to an evaporation of 34.488 pounds from\\nand at 212 degrees and an evaporation of 34^ pounds from and at 212 degrees^\\nFahr. is equal to 30.010 pounds from 100 degrees Fahr. into steam at 70 pounda\\npressure.\\nThe unit of evaporation being equivalent to 965.7 thermal units, the com-\\nmercial horse-power 34.5 x 965.7 33,317 thermal units.\\nf The motion for the appointment of this Committee was made by Mr.\\nBarrus in connection with the discussion of Mr. Dean s paper. No. DCL., on\\nThe Efficiency of Boilers, etc. The President of the Society designated Mr.\\nKent, the chairman of the Committee of 1884, to call the first meeting of the new\\nCommittee. At that meeting, on motion of Mr. Kent, Dr. Emery was selected\\nas chairman, and he conducted the preliminary correspondence. Tlie draft of\\nreport in the form originally printed and presented for criticism at the Annual\\nMeeting in December, 1897, was prepared by a sub-committee consisting of\\nMessrs. Emery, Porter, Barrus, and Kent. Much of the work of revision of this\\npreliminary draft was done by Dr. Emery a few weeks before his death in June,\\n1898, and the final revision, bringing the report to its present form, was done by\\nMessrs. Barrus and Kent.\\nCommittee.", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. i8e\\nEXILES FOE CONDUCTING BOILEE TEIALS.\\nCODE OF 1899.\\nI. Determine at the outset the specific object of the proposed!\\ntrial, whether it be to ascertain the capacity of the boiler, its\\nefficiency as a steam generator, its efficiency and its defects under\\nusual working conditions, the economy of some particular kind\\nof fuel, or the effect of changes of design, proportion, or opera-\\ntion and prepare for the trial accordingly.\\nII. Examine the boiler, both outside and inside ascertain the\\ndimensions of grates, heating surfaces, and all important parts\\nand make a full record, describing the same, and illustrating\\nspecial features by sketches. The area of heating surface is to\\nbe computed from the surfaces of shells, tubes, furnaces, and fire-\\nboxes in contact with the fire or hot gases. The outside diam-\\neter of water-tubes and the inside diameter of fire-tubes are\\nto be used in the computation. All surfaces below the mean\\nwater level which haye water on one side and products of com-\\nbustion on the other are to be considered as water-heating-\\nsurface, and all surfaces above the mean water level which\\nhave steam on one side and products of combustion on the\\nother are to be considered as superheating surface.\\nIII. JSfotice the general condition of the boiler and its equipment,\\nand record such facts in relation thereto as bear upon the objects\\nin view.\\nIf the object of the trial is to ascertain the maximum economy\\nor capacity of the boiler as a steam generator, the boiler and all\\nits appurtenances should be put in first-class condition. Glean\\nthe heating surface inside and outside, remove clinkers from\\nthe grates and from the sides of the furnace. Eemove all dust,\\nsoot, and ashes from the chambers, smoke connections, and\\nflues. Close air leaks in the masonry and poorly fitted clean-\\ning doors. See that the damper will open wide and close tight.\\nTest for air leaks by firing a few shovels of smoky fuel and im-\\nmediately closing the damper, observing the escape of smoke\\nthrough the crevices, or by passing the flame of a candle over\\ncracks in the brickwork.\\nIV. Determine the character of the coal to be used. For tests.\\nof the efficiency or capacity of the boiler for comparison with\\nother boilers the coal should, if possible, be of some kind which\\nis commercially regarded as a standard. For New England.", "height": "4344", "width": "2656", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "1 82 APPENDIX.\\nand tliat portion of the country east of the Allegheny Moun-\\ntains, good anthracite egg coal, containing not over 10 per cent,\\nof ash, and semi-bituminous Clearfield (Pa.), Cumberland (^Md.),\\nand Pocahontas (Va.) coals are thus regarded. West of the\\nAllegheny Mountains, Pocahontas (Ya.) and New Eiver (W. Va.)\\nsemi-bituminous, and Youghiogheny or Pittsburg bituminous\\ncoals are recognized as standards.* There is no special grade\\nof coal mined in the Western States which is widely recognized\\nas of superior quality or considered as a standard coal for\\nboiler testing. Big Muddy lump, an Illinois coal mined in\\nJackson County, 111., is suggested as being of sufficiently high\\ngrade to answer these requirements in districts where it is more\\nconveniently obtainable than the other coals mentioned above.\\nFor tests made to determine the performance of a boiler with\\na particular kind of coal, such as may be specified in a contract\\nfor the sale of a boiler, the coal used should not be higher in\\nash and in moisture than that specified, since increase in ash\\nand moisture above a stated amount is apt to cause a falling off\\nof both capacity and economy in greater proportion than the\\nproportion of such increase.\\nY. Edahlisli the correctness of all apparatus used in the test for\\nweighing and measuring. These are\\n1. Scales for weighing coal, ashes, and water.\\n2. Tanks, or water meters for measuring water. Water me-\\nters, as a rule, should only be used as a check on other measure-\\nments. For accurate work, the water should be weighed or\\nmeasured in a tank.\\n3. Thermometers and pyrometers for taking temperatures of\\nair, steam, feed-water, waste gases, etc.\\n4. Pressure gauges, draught gauges, etc.\\nThe kind and location of the various pieces of testing appara-\\ntus must be left to the judgment of the person conducting the\\ntest always keeping in mind the main object, i.e., to obtain\\nauthentic data.\\nYL See that the boiler is thoroughly heated before the trial to\\nits usual working temperature. If the boiler is new and of a\\nform provided with a brick setting, it should be in regular use\\nThese coals are selected because they are about the only coals which possess\\nthe essentials of excellence of quality, adaptability to various kinds of furnaces,\\n4jrates, boilers, and methods of firing, and wide distribution and general accessi-\\nbility iu the markets.", "height": "4344", "width": "2692", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 183\\n^t least a week before the trial, so as to dry and heat the walls.\\nJf it has been laid off and become cold, it should be worked\\nl)efore the trial until the walls are well heated.\\nVII. The holler and connections should be proved to be free from\\nleaks before beginning a test, and all water connections, includ-\\ning blow and extra feed pipes, should be disconnected, stopped\\nwith blank flanges, or bled through special openings beyond the\\nvalves, except the particular pipe through which water is to be\\nfed to the boiler during the trial. During the test the blow-off\\nand feed pipes should remain exposed to view.\\nIf an injector is used, it should receive steam directly through\\n:a felted pipe from the boiler being tested.^\\nIf the water is metered after it passes the injector, its tem-\\nperature should be taken at the point where it leaves the injector.\\nIf the quantity is determined before it goes to the injector the\\ntemperature should be determined on the suction side of the\\ninjector, and if no change of temperature occurs other than that\\ndae to the injector, the temperature thus determined is properly\\nthat of the feed-water. When the temperature changes between\\nthe injector and the boiler, as by the use of a heater or by radi-\\nation, the temperature at which the water enters and leaves the\\ninjector and that at which it enters the boiler should all be\\ntaken. In that case the weight to be used is that of the water\\nleaving the injector, computed from the heat units if not\\ndirectly measured, and the temperature, that of the water\\nentering the boiler.\\nLet w weight of water entering the injector.\\nX steam\\nA, heat units per pound of water entering injector.\\nh, steam\\nA3 water leaving\\nThen, w -h x weight of water leaving injector.\\nw\\nK K\\nIn feeding a boiler undergoing test with an injector taking steam from another\\nboiler, or from the main steam pipe from several boilers, the evaporative results\\nmay be modified by a difference in the quality of the steaip from such source\\ncompared with that supplied by the boiler being tested, and in some cases the\\nconnection to the injector may act as a drip for the main steam pipe. If it is\\nknown that the steam from the main pipe is of the same pressure and quality as\\nthat furnished by the boiler undergoing the test, the steam may be taken from,\\nsuch main pipe.", "height": "4344", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "1 84 APPENDIX,\\nSee that the steam main is so arranged that water of con-\\ndensation cannot run back into the boiler.\\nyill. Duration of the Test. For tests made to ascertain either\\nthe maximum economy or the maximum capacity of a boiler, irre-\\nspective of the particular class of service for which it is regularly\\nused, the duration should be at least 10 hours of continuous run-\\nning. If the rate of combustion exceeds 25 pounds of coal per\\nsquare foot of grate surface per hour, it may be stopped when a to-\\ntal of 250 pounds of coal has been burned per square foot of grate.\\nIn cases where the service requires continuous running for\\nthe whole 24 hours of the day, with shifts of firemen a number\\nof times during that period, it is well to continue the test for at\\nleast 24 hours.\\nWhen it is desired to ascertain the performance under the\\nworking conditions of practical running, whether the boiler be\\nregularly in use 24 hours a day or only a certain number of\\nhours out of each 24, the fires being banked the balance of the\\ntime, the duration should not be less than 24 hours.\\nIX. Starting and Stopping a Test. The conditions of the boiler\\nand furnace in all respects should be, as nearly as possible, the\\nsame at the end as at the beginning of the test. The steam\\npressure should be the same the water level the same the fire\\nupon the grates should be the sarae in quantity and condition\\nand the walls, flues, etc, should be of the same temperature.\\nTwo methods of obtaining the desired equality of conditions of\\nthe fire may be used, viz. those which were called in the Code\\nof 1885 the standard method and the alternate method,\\nthe latter being employed where it is inconvenient to make\\nuse of the standard method.*\\nX. Standard Method of Starting and Stopping a Test. Steam\\nbeing raised to the working pressure, remove rapidly all\\nthe fire from the grate, close the damper, clean the ash pic,\\nand as quickly as possible start a new fire with weighed\\nwood and coal, noting the time and the water level f while\\nThe Committee conclades that it is best to retain the designations stand-\\nard and alternate, since they have become widely known and established in\\nthe minds of engineers and in the reprints of the Code of 1885. Many engineers\\nprefer the alternate to the standard method on account of its being less\\nliable to error due to cooling of the boiler at the beginning and end of a test.\\nf The gauge-glass should not be blown out within an hour before the water\\nlevel is taken at the beginning and end of a test, otherwise an error in the read-\\ning of the water level may be caused by a change in the temperature and density^\\nof the water in the pipe leading from the bottom of the glass into the boiler.", "height": "4344", "width": "2716", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 185\\nthe water is in a quiescent state, just before lighting the\\nfire.\\nAt the end of the test remove the whole fire, which has\\nbeen burned low, clean the grates and ash pit, and note the\\nwater level when the water is in a quiescent state, and\\nrecord the time of hauling the fire. The water level should\\nbe as nearly as possible the same as at the beginning of the\\ntest. If it is not the same, a correction should be made by-\\ncomputation, and not by operating the pump after the test is\\ncompleted.\\nXI. Alternate Method of Starting and Stopping a Test. The\\nboiler being thoroughly heated by a preliminary run, the fires\\nare to be burned low and well cleaned. Note the amount of\\ncoal left on the grate as nearly as it can be estimated note the\\npressure of steam and the water level. Note the time, and\\nrecord it as the starting time. Fresh coal which has been\\nweighed should now be fired. The ash pits should be thor-\\noughly cleaned at once after starting. Before the end of the\\ntest the fires should be burned low, just as before the start, and\\nthe fires cleaned in such a manner as to leave a bed of coal on\\nthe grates of the same depth, and in the same condition, as at\\nthe start. When this stage is reached, note the time and record\\nit as the stopping time. The water level and steam pressures\\nshould previously be brought as nearly as possible to the same\\npoint as at the start. If the water level is not the same as at\\nthe start, a correction should be made by computation, and not\\nby operating the pump after the test is completed.\\nXII. Uniformity of Conditions. In all trials made to ascertain\\nmaximum economy or capacity, the conditions should be main-\\ntained uniformly constant. Arrangements should be made to\\ndispose of the steam so that the rate of evaporation may be\\nkept the same from beginning to end. This may be accom-\\nplished in a single boiler by carrying the steam through a\\nwaste steam pipe, the discharge from which can be regulated as\\ndesired. In a battery of boilers, in which only one is tested,\\nthe draft may be regulated on the remaining boilers, leaving the\\ntest boiler to work under a constant rate of production.\\nUniformity of conditions should prevail as to the pressure of\\nsteam, the height of water, the rate of evaporation, the thickness\\nof fire, the times of firing and quantity of coal fired at one time,\\nand as to the intervals between the times of cleaning the fires.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "1 86 APPENDIX.\\nThe method of firing to be carried on in such tests should be\\ndictated by the expert or person in responsible charge of the\\ntest, and the method adopted should be adhered to by the fire-\\nman throughout the test.\\nXIII. Keeping the Records. Take note of every event con-\\nnected with the progress of the trial, however unimportant it\\nmay appear. Record the time of every occurrence and the\\ntime of taking every weight and every observation.\\nThe coal should be weighed and delivered to the fireman in\\nequal proportions, each sufficient for not more than one hour s\\nrun, and a fresh portion should not be delivered until the pre-\\nvious one has all been fired. The time required to consume\\neach portion should be noted, the time being recorded at the\\ninstant of firing the last of each portion. It is desirable that at\\nthe same time the amount of water fed into the boiler should be\\naccurately noted and recorded, including the height of the\\nwater in the boiler, and the average pressure of steam and tem-\\nperature of feed during the time. By thus recording the\\namount of water evaporated by successive portions of coal, the\\ntest may be divided into several periods if desired, and the de-\\ngree of uniformity of combustion, evaporation, and economy\\nanalyzed for each period. In addition to these records of the\\ncoal and the feed water, half hourly observations should be made\\nof the temperature of the feed water, of the flue gases, of the\\nexternal air in the boiler-room, of the temperature of the fur-\\nnace when a furnace pyrometer is used, also of the pressure of\\nsteam, and of the readings of the instruments for determining\\nthe moisture in the steam. A log should be kept on properly\\nprepared blanks containing columns for record of the various\\nobservations.\\nWhen the standard method of starting and stopping the\\ntest is used, the hourly rate of combustion and of evaporation\\nand the horse-power should be computed from the records taken\\nduring the time when the fires are in active condition. This\\ntime is somewhat less than the actual time which elapses be-\\ntween the beginning and end of the run. The loss of time due\\nto kindling the fire at the beginning and burning it out at the\\nend makes this course necessary.\\nXIV. Quality of Steam. The percentage of moisture in the\\nsteam should be determined by the use of either a throttling or", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 187\\na separating steam calorimeter. The sampling nozzle should\\nbe placed in the vertical steam pipe rising from the boiler. It\\nshould be made of J-inch pipe, and should extend across the\\ndiameter of the steam pipe to within half an inch of the oppo-\\nsite side, being closed at the end and perforated with not less\\nthan twenty J-inch holes equally distributed along and around\\nits cylindrical surface, but none of these holes should be nearer\\nthan inch to the inner side of the steam pipe. The calorim-\\neter and the pipe leading to it should be well covered with\\nfelting. Whenever the indications of the throttling or separat-\\ning calorimeter show that the percentage of moisture is irregu-\\nlar, or occasionally in excess of three per cent., the results should\\nbe checked by a steam separator placed in the steam pipe as\\nclose to the boiler as convenient, with a calorimeter in the steam\\npipe just beyond the outlet from the separator. The drip from\\nthe separator should be caught and weighed, and the percent-\\nage of moisture computed therefrom added to that shown by\\nthe calorimeter.\\nSuperheating should be determined by means of a thermome-\\nter placed in a mercury well inserted in the steam pipe. The\\ndegree of superheating should be taken as the difference be-\\ntween the reading of the thermometer for superheated steam\\nand the readings of the same thermometer for saturated steam\\nat the same pressure as determined by a special experiment,\\nand not by reference to steam tables.\\nFor calculations relating to quality of steam and corrections\\nfor quality of steam, see pages 119 and 123.\\nXy. Sampling the Coal and Determining its Moisture,- ^As\\neach barrow load or fresh portion of coal is taken from the coal\\npile, a representative shovelful is selected from it and placed in.\\na barrel or box in a cool place and kept until the end of the\\ntrial. The samples are then mixed and broken into pieces not\\nexceeding one inch in diameter, and reduced by the process of\\nrepeated quartering and crushing until a final sample weighing\\nabout ^ye pounds is obtained, and the size of the larger pieces\\nare such that they will pass through a sieve with J-inch meshes.\\nFrom this sample two one-quart, air-tight glass preserving jars,\\nor other air-tight vessels which will prevent the escape of moist-\\nure from the sample, are to be promptly filled, and these sam-\\nples are to be kept for subsequent determinations of moisture\\nand of heating value and for chemical analyses. During the", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "155 APPENDIX.\\nprocess of quartering, when the sample has been reduced to\\nabout 100 pounds, a quarter to a half of it may be taken for an\\napproximate determination of moisture. This may be made by\\nplacing it in a shallow iron pan, not over three inches deep,\\ncarefully weighing it, and setting the pan in the hottest place\\nthat can be found on the brickwork of the boiler setting or flues,\\nkeeping it there for at least 12 hours, and then weighing it.\\nThe determination of moisture thus made is believed to be ap-\\nproximately accurate for anthracite and semi-bituminous coals,\\nand also for Pittsburg or Youghiogheny coal but it cannot be\\nrelied upon for coals mined west of Pittsburg, or for other coals\\ncontaining inherent moisture. For these latter coals it is impor-\\ntant that a more accurate method be adopted. The method\\nrecommended by the Committee for all accurate tests, whatever\\nthe character of the coal, is described as follows\\nTake one of the samples contained in the glass jars, and\\nsubject it to a thorough air-drying, by spreading it in a thin layer\\nand exposing it for several hours to the atmosphere of a warm\\nroom, weighing it before and after, thereby determining the quan-\\ntity of surface moisture it contains. Then crush the whole of it by\\nrunning it through an ordinary coffee mill adjusted so as to pro-\\nduce somewhat coarse grains (less than x ^-inch), thoroughly mix\\nthe crushed sample, select from it a portion of from 10 to 50\\ngrams, weigh it in a balance which will easily show a variation\\nas small as 1 part in 1,000, and dry it in an air or sand bath at\\na temperature between 240 and 280 degrees ahr. for one hour.\\nWeigh it and record the loss, then heat and weigh it again\\nrepeatedly, at intervals of an hour or less, until the minimum\\nweight has been reached and the weight begins to increase by\\noxidation of a portion of the coal. The difference between the\\noriginal and the minimum weight is taken as the moisture in the\\nair-dried coal. This moisture test should preferably be made\\non duplicate samples, and the results should agree within 0.3\\nto 0.4 of one per cent., the mean of the two determinations being\\ntaken as the correct result. The sum of the percentage of\\nmoisture thus found and the percentage of surface moisture\\npreviously determined is the total moisture.\\nXYI. Treatment of Ashes and Refuse. The ashes and refuse\\nare to be weighed in a dry state. If it is found desirable to\\nshow the principal characteristics of the ash, a sample should\\nbe subjected to a proximate analysis and the actual amount", "height": "4344", "width": "2736", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 189\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of incombustible material determined. For elaborate trials a\\ncomplete analysis of the ash and refuse should be made.\\nXVII. CaloriJiG Tests and Analysis of Coal. The quality of the\\niuel should be determined either by heat test or by analysis, or\\nby both.\\nThe rational method of determining the total heat of combus-\\ntion is to burn the sample of coal in an atmosphere of oxygen\\ngas, the coal to be sampled as directed in Article XY. of this\\ncode.\\nThe chemical analysis of the coal should be made only by an\\nexpert chemist. The total heat of combustion computed from\\nthe results of the ultimate analysis may be obtained by the\\nuse of Dulong s formula (with constants modified by recent\\ndeterminations), viz. 14,600 62,000 U^-^) 4000 .S\\nin which (7, II, 0, and S refer to the proportions of carbon, hy-\\ndrogen, oxygen, and sulphur respectively, as determined by the\\nultimate analysis.*\\nIt is desirable that a proximate analysis should be made,\\nthereby determining the relative proportions of volatile matter\\nand fixed carbon. These proportions furnish an indication of\\nthe leading characteristics of the fuel, and serve to fix the\\nj1.iss to which it belongs. As an additional indication of the\\ncharacteristics of the fuel, the specific gravity should be deter-\\nmined.\\nXYIII. Analysis of Flue Gase The analysis of the flue gases\\nis an especially valuable method of determining the relative\\nvalue of different methods of firing, or of different kinds of fur-\\nnaces. In making these analyses great care should be taken to\\nprocure average samples since the composition is apt to vary\\nat different points of the flue (pp. 128 and 129). The com-\\nposition is also apt to vary from minute to minute, and for this\\nreason the drawings of gas should last a considerable period of\\ntime. Where complete determinations are desired, the analyses\\nshould be intrusted to an expert chemist. For approximate\\ndeterminations the Orsat t or the Hempel apparatus may be\\nused by the engineer.\\n*Favre and Silberraan give 14,544 B.T.IT. per pound carbon Berthelot 14,647\\nB.T.U, Favre and Sllberman give 62,032 B.T.U. per pound hydrogen Tliomsen\\n\u00c2\u00ab1,816B.T.U.\\nf See R. S. Hale s paper on Flue Gas Analysis, Trans. A. S. M. E., vol.\\n3:viii., p. 901.\\n:j:See Hempel s Methods of Gas Analysis (Dennis Translation).", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "IQO APPENDIX.\\nFor tlie continuous indication of the amount of carbonic aci(T\\npresent in the flue gases, an instrument may be employed which,\\nshows the w^eight of the sample of gas passing through it.\\nXIX. Smoke Observations. It is desirable to have a uni-\\nform system of determining and recording the quantity of smoke\\nproduced where bituminous coal is used. The system com-\\nmonly employed is to express the degree of smokiness by means\\nof percentages dependent upon the judgment of the observer.\\nThe Committee does not place much value upon a percentage\\nmethod, because it depends so largely upon the personal ele-\\nment, but if this method is used, it is desirable that, so far as\\npossible, a definition be given in explicit terms as to the basis\\nand method employed in arriving at the percentage. The actual\\nmeasurement of a sample of soot and smoke by some form of\\nmeter is to be preferred.\\nXX. Miscellaneous. In tests for purposes of scientific re-\\nsearch, in which the determination of all the variables entering\\ninto the test is desired, certain observations should be made\\nwhich are in general unnecessary for ordinary tests. These are\\nthe measurement of the air supply, the determination of its\\ncontained moisture, the determination of the amount of heat\\nlost by radiation, of the amount of infiltration of air through\\nthe setting, and (by condensation of all the steam made by tlie\\nboiler) of the total heat imparted to the water.\\nAs these determinations are rarely undertaken, it is noi\\ndeemed advisable to give directions for making them.\\nXXI. Calculations of Efficiency. Two methods of defining and\\ncalculating the efficiency of a boiler are recommended. They are\\n-f +1, -u -i _ Heat absorbed per lb. combustible\\nCalorific value of 1 lb. combustible\\nr n 1 -1 1 i Heat absorbed per lb. coal\\n2. Efficiency of the boiler and grate ,^p., r^ W-pr y\\nCalormc value oi 1 lb. coal\\nThe first of these is sometimes called the efficiency based on\\ncombustible, and the second the efficiency based on coal. The\\nfirst is recommended as a standard of comparison for all tests,\\nand this is the one which is understood to be referred to when\\nthe word efficiency alone is used without qualification. The\\nsecond, however, should be included in a report of a test, to-\\ngether with the first, whenever the object of the test is to deter-\\nmine the efficiency of the boiler and furnace together with the", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\ni9t\\ngrate (or mechanical stoker), or to compare different furnaces^,\\ngrates, fuels, or methods of firing.\\nThe heat absorbed per pound of combustible (or per pound\\ncoal) is to be calculated by multiplying the equivalent evapora-\\ntion from and at 212 degrees per pound combustible (or coal) by\\n965.7.\\nXXII. The Heat Balance. An approximate heat balance, or\\nstatement of the distribution of the heating value of the coal\\namong the several items of heat utilized and heat lost may be\\nincluded in the report of a test when analyses of the fuel and of\\nthe chimney gases have been made. It should be reported in\\nthe following form\\nHeat Balance, or Distribution of the Heating Value of the Combustible.\\nTotal Heat Value of 1 lb. of Combastible B. T. U.\\nHeat absorbed by the boiler evaporation from and at 212\\ndegrees per pound of combustible x 965.7.\\nLoss due to moisture in coal percent, of moisture referred\\nto combustible -f- 100 x [(212 966 0.48 (r-\\n212)] temperature of air in the boiler-room, T\\nthat of the flue gases).\\nLoss due to moisture formed by the burning of hydrogen\\nper cent, of hydrogen to combustible -r- 100 x 9 x\\n(212 4- 966 0.48 {T 212)].\\nLoss due to heat carried away in the dry chimney gases\\nweightof gasper pound of combustible x 0.24 x {T t).\\nCO\\n5.f Loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon\\n3.\\n4.\\nper cent, C in combustible\\n100\\nCO2 CO\\nx 10,150.\\nLoss due to unconsumed hydrogen and hydrocarbons, to\\nheating the moisture in the air, to radiation, and unac-\\ncounted for. (Some of these iosses may be separately\\nitemized if data are obtaiued from which they may be\\ncalculated.)\\nTotals\\nB. T. U. Per CenL\\n100.00\\n*The weight of gas per pound of carbon burned maj be calculated from the gas analyses as\\nfollows\\nDry gas per pound carbon 11 ^^i 8 O 7 (CO N)^ which CDs, CO, O, and N are the-\\no (OOg CC})\\npercentages by volume of the several gases. As the sampling and analyses of the gases in the\\npresent state of the art are liable to considerable errors, the ret^ult of this calculation is usually\\nonly an approximate one. The heat balance itself is also only approximate for this reason, as well\\nas for the fact that it is not possible to determine accurately the percentage of unburned hydrogen\\nor hydrocarbons in the flue gases.\\nThe weight of dry gas per pound of combustible is found by multiplying the dry gas per pound\\nof carbon by the percentage of carbon in the combustible, and dividing by 100.\\ntC02 and CO are respectively the percentage by volume of carbonic acid and carbonic oxide in\\nthe flue gases. The quantity 10,1.50 No. heat imits generated by burning to carbonic acid one-\\npound of carbon contained in carbonic oxide.\\nXXIIT. Report of the Trial. The data and results sliould be\\nreported in the manner given in either one of the two following;", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "192 APPENDIX,\\ntables, omitting lines where the tests have not been made as\\nelaborately as provided for in such tables. Additional lines may-\\nbe added for data relating to the specific object of the test. The\\n\u00c2\u00abxtra lines should be classified under the headings provided in\\nthe tables, and numbered as per preceding line, with sub letters\\na, etc. The Short Form of Keport, Table No. 2, is recom-\\nmended for commercial tests and as a convenient form of\\nabridging the longer form for publication when saving of space\\nis desirable. For elaborate trials, it is recommended that the\\nfull log of the trial be shown graphically, by means of a chart.\\nTABLE NO. 1.\\nData and Results of Evaporative Test,\\nArranged in accordance witli the Complete Form advised by the Boiler Test\\nCommittee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Code of 1899.\\nMade by. of boiler at to\\ndetermine\\nPrincipal conditions governing the trial\\nKind of fuel\\nKind of furnace\\nState of the weather.\\nMethod of starting and stopping the test standard or alternate, Art. X\\nand XI. Code).\\n1. Date of trial\\n2. Duration of trial hours.\\nDimensions and Proportions.\\n(A complete description of the boiler, and drawings of the same if of unusual\\ntype, should be given on an annexed sheet. (See Appendix X.)\\n3. Gi^ate surface width length area sq. ft.\\n4. Height of furnace ins.\\n5. Approximate width of air spaces in grate in.\\n6. Proportion of air space to whole grate surface per .cent.\\n7. Water-heating surface sq. ft,\\n8. Superheating surface\\n9. Ratio of water-heating surface to grate surface to 1.\\n10. Ratio of minimum draft area to grate surface 1 to\\nThe items printed in italics correspond to the items in the Short Form of Code.", "height": "4308", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 193\\nAverage Pressures.\\n11. Steam pressure hy gauge lbs. per sq.in.\\n12. Force of draft between damper and boiler ins. of water,\\n13. Force of draft in furnace\\n14. Force of draft or blast in ashpit\\nAverage Temperatures.\\n15. Of external air deg.\\n16. Of fireroom\\n17. Of steam\\n18. Of feed water entering heater\\n19. Of feed water entering economizer\\n20. Of feed water entering boiler\\n21. Of escaping gases from boiler\\n22. Of escaping gases from economizer\\nFuel,\\n23. Size and condition\\n24. Weight of wood used in lighting fire lbs.\\n25. Weight of coal as fired\\n26. Percentage of moisture in coal f per cent.\\n27. Total weight of dry coal consumed lbs.\\n28. Total ash and refuse\\n29. Quality of ash and refuse\\n30. Total combustible consumed lbs.\\n31. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal per cent.\\nProximate Analysis of Coat.\\nOf Coal. Of Combustible.\\n32. Fixed carbon per cent. per cent.\\n33. Volatile matter\\n34. Moisture\\n35. Ash\\n100 per cent. 100 per cent.\\n36. Sulphur, separately determined\\nIncluding equivalent of wood used in lighting the fire, not including unburnt coal withdrawn\\nfrom furnace at times of cleaning and at end of test. One pound of wood is taken to be equal to\\n0.4 pound of coal, or, in case greater accuracy is desired, as having a heat value equivalent to the\\nevaporation of 6 pounds of water from and at 212 degrees per pound. (6 x 965.7 5,794 B. T. U.)\\nThe term as fired means in its actual condition, including moisture.\\nt This is the total moisture in the coal aa found by drying it artificially, as described in Art.\\nXV. of Code.\\n2", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "104 APPENDIX.\\nUltimate Analysis of Dry Coal.\\n(Art. XVII., Code.)\\nOf Coal. Of Combustible.\\n37. Carbon (C) per cent. per cent.\\n38. Hydrogen {H)\\n39. Oxygen (0)\\n40. Nitrogen {N)\\n41. Sulphur {8)\\n42. Ash\\n43. Moisture in sample of coal as received,\\n100 per cent. 100 per cent.\\nAnalysis of Ash and Refuse.\\n44. Carbon per cent,\\n45. Earthy matter\\nFuel per Hour.\\n46. Dry coal consumed per hour Ibs^\\n47. Combustible consumed per hour\\n48. Dry coal per square foot of grate surf ace per hour\\n49. Combustible per square foot of water-heating surface per hour.\\nCalorific Value of Fuel.\\n(Art. XVII., Code.)\\n50. Calorific oalue by oxygen calorimeter, per lb. of dry coal B.T.U.\\n51. Calorific value by oxygen calorimeter, per lb. of combustible\\n52. Calorific value by analysis, per lb. of dry coal\\n53. Calorific value by analysis, per lb. of combustible\\nIt\\nity of Steam.\\n54. Percentage of moisture in steam per cent.\\n55. Number of degrees of superheating deg.\\n56. Quality of steam (dry steam unity). (For exact determina-\\ntion of the factor of correction for quality of steam see Ap-\\npendix XVIIl.)\\nWater.\\n57. Total weight of water fed to boiler lbs.\\n58. Equivalent water fed to boiler from and at 212 degrees\\n59. Water actually evaporated, corrected for quality of steam\\nSee formula for calorific value under Article XVTI. of Code, also pag:e 7.\\nt Corrected for inequality of water level and of steam pressure at beginning and end of test.", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 195\\n60. Factor of evaporation lbs.\\n^1. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 213\\ndegrees. (Item 59 x Item 60.)\\nWater per Hour.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a262. Water evaporated per hour, corrected for quality of steam\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a063. Equi oale at evaporation per hour from and at 212 degrees];\\n*64. Equi oalent evaporation per hour from and at 312 degrees per\\nsquare foot of water-heating surface f\\nHorse-Power.\\n65. Horse-power developed. (34|- lbs. of water evaporated per hour\\ninto dry steam from and at 212 degrees, equals one horse-\\npower) I H. P.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a066. Builders rated horse-power\\n67. Percentage of builders rated horse-power developed per cent.\\nEconomic Results.\\n68. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per pound\\nof coal as fired. {Item 58 Item 25. lbs.\\n69. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees per pound of\\ncoal as fired. {Item 61 Item 25.)\\n70. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees per pound of dry\\ncoal, t {Bern 61 Item 27.)\\n71. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees per pound of\\ncombustible, f {Item 61 -f- Item 30.)\\n(If the equivalent evaporation, Items 69, 70, and 71, is not cor-\\nrected for the quality of steam, the fact should be stated).\\nEfficiency.\\n(Art. XXL, Code.)\\n73. Efficiency of the boiler y heat absorbed by the boiler per lb. of com-\\nbustible divided by the heat value of one lb. of combustible per cent,\\n73. Efficiency of boiler, including the grate; heat absorbed by the\\nboiler, per lb. of dry coal, divided by the heat value of one lb. of\\ndry coal\\nFactor of evnporation w^i in which H and h are respectively the total heat in steam of\\nthe average observed pressure, and in \u00e2\u0096\u00a0water of the average observed temperature of the feed.\\nt The symbol U. E. meaning Units of Evaporation, may be conveniently substituted for\\nthe expression Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 213 degrees, its defini-\\ntion being given in a foot-note.\\nX Held to be the equivalent of 30 Iba. of water per hour evaporated from 100 degrees Pahr. into\\ndry steam at 70 lbs. g auge pressure. (See Introduction to Code.)\\nIn all cases where the word combustible is used, it means the coal without moisture and ash,\\nbut including all other constituents. It is the same as what is called in Europe coal dry and free\\nfrom ash.", "height": "4344", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "196 APPENDIX.\\nCost of Evaporation.\\n74. Cost of coal per ton of Ihs. delivered in holier room\\n75. Cost of fuel for evaporating 1,000 lbs. of water under observed\\nconditions\\n76. Cost of fuel used for evaporating 1,000 lbs. of water from and at\\n212 degrees\\nSmoke Observations.\\n77. Percentage of smoke as observed per cent\\n78. Weight of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter ounces\\n79. Volame of soot per hour obtained from smoke meter cub. in.\\nMethods of Firing.\\n80. Kind of firing (spreading, alternate, or coking)\\n81. Average thickness of fire\\n83. Average intervals between firings for each furnace during time\\nwhen fires are in normal condition\\n83. Average interval between times of levelling or breaking up\\nAnalyses of the Dry Oases.\\n84. Carbon dioxide (CO2) per cent,\\n85. Oxygen (0)\\n86. Carbon monoxide {CO)\\n87. Hydrogen and hydrocarbons\\n88. Nitrogen (by difference) {N)\\n100 per cent.\\nTABLE NO. 2.\\nData and Results op Evaporative Test,\\nArranged in accordance with the Short Form advised by the Boiler Test Com-\\nmittee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Code of 1899.\\nMade by on boiler, at to\\ndetermine\\nKind of fuel\\nKind of furnace\\nIMetliod of starting and stopping the test standard or alternate, Art. X.\\nand XL, Code)\\nGrate surface sq. ft\u00c2\u00bb\\nWater-heating surface\\nSuperheating surface\\nTotal Quantities.\\n1. Date of trial\\n2. Du ration of trial hours.\\n3. Weight of coal as fired lbs.\\n4. Percentage of moisture in coal per cent.\\n5. Total weight of dry coal consumed lbs.\\n6. Total ash and refuse\\n7. Percentage of ash and refuse in dry coal per cent.\\nSee foot-notes of Complete Form.", "height": "4316", "width": "2728", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX. 197\\n8. Total weight of water fed to tae boiler lbs.\\n9. VN ater actually evaporated, corrected, for moisture or super-\\nheat in steam\\n10. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 213\\ndegrees\\nHourly Quantities.\\n11. Dry coal consumed per hour lbs.\\n12. Dry coal per square foot of grate surface per hour\\n13. Water evaporated per hour corrected for quality of steam.\\n14. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212 degrees\\n15. Equivalent evaporation per hour from and at 212 degrees per\\nsquare foot of water-heating surface\\nAverage Pressures, Temperatures, etc.\\n16. Steam pressure by gauge lbs. per sq. in.\\n17. Temperature of feed water entering boiler deg.\\n18. Temperature of escaping gases from boiler\\n19. Force of draft between damper and boiler ins. of water.\\n20. Percentage of moisture in steam, or number of degrees of\\nsuperheating per cent, ordeg.\\nHorse-Power.\\n21. Horse-power developed (Item 14 -f- 34^) H. P.\\n22. Builders rated horse-power\\n23. Percentage of builders rated horse-power developed per cent.\\nEconomic Results.\\n24. Water apparently evaporated under actual conditions per\\npound of coal as fired. (Item 8 -r- Item 3) lbs.\\n25. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees per pound of\\ncoal as fired.* (Item 9 -7- Item 3)\\n26. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees per pound of\\ndry coal.* (Item 9 -r- Item 5)\\n27. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 degrees per pound of\\ncombustible.* [Item 9 -f- (Item 5 Item 6)]\\n(If Items 25, 26, and 27 are not corrected for quality of steam,\\nthe fact should be stated.)\\nEfficiency.\\n28. Calorific value of the dry coal per pound B. T. U.\\n29. Calorific value of the combustible per pound\\n30. Efficiency of boiler (based on combustible) per cent.\\n31. Efficiency of boiler, including grate (based on dry coal)\\nCost of Exa/poration.\\n32. Cost of coal per ton of lbs. delivered in boiler-room\\n33. Cost of coal required for evaporating 1,000 pounds of water\\nfrom and at 212 degrees\\nSee foot-notes of Complete Form.", "height": "4344", "width": "2652", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "198\\nTABLE I.\\nTABLE I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF SUBSTANCES.\\nCalories.\\nCrystallized carbon toCOa.. 7859\\nto CO... 2405\\nAmorphous carbon to CO3.. 8137\\nto CO... 2489\\nGraphite to CO3 7901\\nPetroleum coke to COa 8017\\nGas coke to CO3 8047\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Carbon vapor to CO2 11328\\nCoal (pure and dry) 7800 to 9000\\nLignite (pure and dry) 6000 to 7000\\nBeech charcoal 7140\\nSoft charcoal 7071\\nCellulose 4200\\nSoft resinous wood 5050\\nHard wood^ 4750\\nPeat 5940\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Cane sugar 3961\\nAsphalt 9532\\nPitch 8400\\nNaphthalin 9690\\nParaffin 1 1 000\\nTallow 9500\\nSulphur 2500\\nPetroleum 9600 to 1 1000\\nSchist-oil 9000 to loooo\\nHeavy coal gas oil 8900\\nCotton oil. 9500\\nRape oil 9489\\nOlive oil 9473\\nSperm oil loooo\\nHydrogen 3450O\\nCarbonic oxide 2435\\nMarsh gas 13343\\ndefiant gas 12182\\nAcetylene 12142\\nCarbon vapor (diamond). 11134\\nCoal gas 4440 to 7370\\nPetroleum gas 10800\\nAir producer gas 773 to 1370\\nWater gas 2350 to 3032\\nMixed gas 1015 to 1548\\nB. T. U.\\nI4146\\n4329\\n14647\\n4480\\n14222\\n14503\\n14485\\n20390\\n14040 to 16200\\n10800 to 12600\\n12852\\n12723\\n7560\\n9090\\n8550\\n10692\\n7130\\n17159\\n15120\\n16842\\n19800 r\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1 7 100\\n4500\\n17280 to 19800\\n16200 to 18000\\n16020\\n1 7 100\\n17080\\n1 705 1\\n18000\\n62100\\n4383\\n24017\\n21898\\n21856\\n20041\\n7990 to 12266\\n19440\\n1391 to 2466\\n4230 to 5458\\n1827 to 2786\\nBerthelot\\nMahler\\nF. S.\\nCalculated.\\nPage 174.\\nVarious\\nSchvvackhofer\\nBerthelot\\nGottlieb\\nBainbridge\\nBerthelot\\nSlosson Colburn\\nAnon.\\nBerthelot\\nMahler\\nStohmann\\nBerthelot\\nVarious\\nSteClaire Deville\\nAnon.\\nStohmann\\nGibson\\nBerthelot\\nVarious\\nAnon.\\nVarious", "height": "4340", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "TABLE II. I99\\nTABLE II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THERMOMETER REDUCTION TABLES.\\nA. Centigrade to Fahrenheit.\\nc.\\nF.\\nc.\\nF.\\nC.\\nF.\\nC.\\nF.\\nI\\n1.8\\n10\\n18\\n100\\n180\\n1000\\n1800\\n2\\n3.6\\n20\\n36\\n200\\n360\\n2000\\n3600\\n3\\n5-4\\n30\\n54\\n300\\n540\\n3000\\n5400\\n4\\n7.2\\n40\\n72\\n400\\n720\\n4000\\n7200\\n5\\n9.0\\n50\\ngo\\n500\\ngoo\\n5000\\ngooo\\n6\\n10.8\\n60\\n108\\n600\\n1080\\n6000\\n10800\\n12.6\\n70\\n126\\n700\\n1260\\n7000\\n12600\\n8\\n14.4\\n80\\n144\\n800\\n1440\\n8000\\n14400\\n9\\n16.2\\ngo\\n162\\ngoo\\n1620\\ngooo\\n16200\\nB. Fahrenheit to Centigrade.\\nF. C. F. C. F. C. F.\\nI\\nf\\n10\\n5f\\n100\\n55f\\n1000\\n5551\\n2\\n4\\n20\\nHi\\n200\\niii^\\n2000\\niiii^\\n3\\nIf\\n30\\ni6f\\n300\\ni66f\\n3000\\ni666f\\n4\\n2f\\n40\\n22|\\n400\\n222f\\n4000\\n2222f\\n5\\n2|\\n50\\n27i\\n500\\n277I\\n5000\\n2777I\\n6\\n3f\\n60\\n33f\\n600\\n333f\\n6000\\n33331\\n7\\n3f\\n70\\n38f\\n700\\n388f\\n7000\\n3888f\\n8\\n4f\\n80\\n44|\\n800\\n444f\\n8000\\n44441\\n9\\n5^\\ngo\\n50\\ngoo\\n500\\ngooo\\n5000\\nHaving given Centigrade degrees, obtain from Table A tJie\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0corresponding equivalents, and to their sum add 32\u00c2\u00b0.\\nExample Find Fahrenheit degrees corresponding to\\n416\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\n720+ 18 10.8 +32 780.8.\\nHaving given Fahrenheit degrees, subtract 32\u00c2\u00b0 and find the\\nvalue in Table B corresponding to the remaiyider.\\nExample Find Centigrade degrees corresponding to\\ni6\u00c2\u00b0F.\\n-16-32= -48, -48\u00c2\u00b0F. :z.-(22| 4i)=-26|.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "200\\nTABLES III, IV:\\nTABLE III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THEORETICAL FLAME TEMPERATURES.\\nCtoCO\\nC to COa\\nCO to CO,\\nHydrogen\\nMarsh gas, CH4.\\ndefiant gas, C2H4\\nAcetylene, C2H2.\\nBenzin, CeHe.\\nProducer gas\\nCoal gas\\nPetroleum\\nNaphthalin\\nWood\\nLignite (dry)\\nCoal (bituminous).\\nSulphur to H2SO4.\\nIn Oxygen.\\nIn Air.\\nCentigrade.\\nFahrenheit.\\nCentigrade.\\nFahrenheit^\\n4265\u00c2\u00b0\\n7677\\n1462\u00c2\u00b0\\n2639\u00c2\u00b0\\n1 0000\\n18000\\n2718\\n4892\\n7010\\n12618\\n3000\\n5400\\n6727\\n12108\\n2674\\n4813\\n7971\\n14348\\n2245\\n4036\\n9659\\n17286\\n3000\\n5400\\n1 1 300\\n20340\\n3400\\n6120\\n9350\\n16830\\n2790\\n5022\\n2500\\n4500\\n1200\\n2160\\n5400\\n9720\\n2700\\n4860\\n7558\\n13604\\n2400\\n4320\\n9444\\n17000\\n2730\\n4914\\n5800\\n10440\\n2280\\n4104\\n3000\\n5400\\n1200\\n2160\\n3800\\n6840\\n1500\\n2700\\n2300\\n4140\\n1060\\n1908\\nTABLE IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WEIGHT AND VOLUME OF GASES.\\nName.\\nAir\\nNitrogen\\nOxygen\\nHydrogen\\nCarbonic acid.\\nCarbonic oxide.\\nCarbon vapor.\\nAqueous vapor.\\nSulphurous acid.\\nEthylene, C2H4.\\nMethane, CH4\\nAcetylene, CaHg\\nBenzine, CeHs.\\nEthane, CaHa\\nWeight.\\nVolume.\\nPer Cubic\\nPer Cubic\\nPer Kilogram\\nPer Pound\\nMetre in\\nFoot in\\nin Cubic\\nin\\nKilograms.\\nPounds.\\nMetres.\\nCubic Feet.\\nI. 29318\\n0.08073\\n0.773\\n12.385\\n1.25616\\n0.07845\\n0.796\\n12.763\\n1.4298\\n0.08926\\n0.699\\n11.203\\n0.08961\\n0.00559\\nII. 160\\n178.83\\n1.9666\\n0.12344\\n0.508\\n8.147\\n1. 2515\\n0.07817\\n0.800\\nI 2 80O\\n1.0727\\n0.06696\\n0.932\\n14.930^\\n0.8047\\n0.05022\\n1.242\\n19.912\\n2 8605\\n0.1787\\n0.349\\n5.596\\nI. 2519\\n0.07814\\n0.799\\n12.797\\n0.7155\\n04466\\n1-397\\n22.391\\nI. 1900\\n0.07428\\n0.840\\n13-456\\n3.3333\\n0.208\\n0.303\\n4.808\\nI. 3415\\n0.08565\\n0.746\\n11.950", "height": "4344", "width": "2744", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "TABLE V.\\n201\\n6\\n5\\na\\nvo\\n\\\\o\\nm\\ni5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sionpojj\\nT T\\nT\\n00\\nXT, C\\nN\\nr 1\\nV\\na\\no- oc\\n8\\no\\n\\\\c\\n(N\\nOv\\n\u00c2\u00b0_ 4)\\nu\\nCO\\nVC\\noc\\nlo\\n\u00c2\u00b05\\n3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jiv\\nO I- O- 00\\nT\\nn\\nd Z\\noc\\nvo\\nll\\nen\\n3\\ns. g, s\\n8\\ns\\na\\no\\nVC\\nVC\\nov r^\\no\\nC7V\\n^a\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s:iDnpoj(i\\noc\\noc\\nU\\nbo\\nC\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24-\\ncn\\no\\no\\nX\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00a7a\\no\\nc\\nn o~. o\\n00\\nlo o\\n0\\\\ lO\\nU2\\nCQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\nOS m m\\n1:\\nC\\nC\\nlO\\nw\\nT vo VC\\n8\\no\\nvo\\ns\\n3\\nc!\\nOC\\no\\n00\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aiqnsnq\\nro ro o t^\\n0\\\\ 3^ t^ M\\no\\no\\\\\\no\\n-U103 siioasHf)\\nc\\nc\\nc\\nj:\\nd\\nJ,\\nc O\\n^o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjonpojj\\nIs\\nC\\nc\\nCI\\n\u00c2\u00b0A\\n8^\\nli\\nO o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxo\\no C\\nc\\nC\\no\\no\\nO\\no\\nC\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0I-\\nX\\nU\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23iqnsnquio3\\ng U U U E\\n1-\\n(N\\nu\\nu\\nt^ Tj-\\nN\\nfi\\nO 0^ O CO 00\\no\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SJDTipOJd;\\n1/1 t^ t-\\nro\\nCJv\\nN vo r^ J^\\n00\\no\\nm\\na\\nrt\\n1- 1- -4-\\nN\\nm\\nu\\nc\\nn\\no o S; 00 \u00c2\u00b0o\\nOv\\no\\nbjCU\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2JIV\\nS t r\\nT\\nov\\n^3\\nw J\\n1 N\\nC^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.j-\\nVJ\\n3\\n3\\ni2\\n\u00c2\u00abj-2\\na\\no vo t^ o\\n8\\nn\\na\\nO\\nc\\n4J\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjonpojd\\n_ vo r\\nq\\nX\\nO\\n03\\n5\\nn M\\nI Ov\\nlO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\nt^ m w\\no o t^ o\\nvo ro lO o\\n00\\n5 t\\n1 00\\nm\\n-1- 00 00\\n^VO\\n00 vo\\nc\\n1-1\\nro\\n00 fl\\n1\\n1\\n1\\nII\\nII 11\\nII II\\n5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S5onpojj\\no 8 o 9,\\noo\\nc9,\\nu\\nu X\\n00\\nN\\no\\\\\\n3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2naSiixo\\nN VC\\nft r-\\nVC\\nvo\\n1!\\nII\\n5:i\\nO\\nO\\no\\n00\\nN\\ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23iqilsnquio3\\nvo\\n00\\nCfl\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i\\nffi\\n!q\\ns\\nCT\\nu\\nu\\na\\n3\\nJ*\\niT\\nA\\nc\\nc\\nijfl\\nc\\nf?\\ns\\nc\\nc\\no\\ns\\no\\nX\\nX\\nO\\n.a\\nU\\nct\\n1-\\nc\\nL\\nC-\\nC-\\nK\\nS\\nw", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "202\\nTABLE VI.\\nT3\\n1 XT) tn Tt M M\\nM\\nn\\nn Tfo w vo o^\\nen\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jonpoja Ji ri- r^ f^\\nr^\\nu\\n0-\\ntl\\n(jt, COOO C -5 M en\\na-\\nCO\\nu\\nM iri w\\nt-(\\nS.\\nIT) w -i- -1- O\\nen\\no\\nif\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Jiv\\nw r^ r^ M in\\n9J\\n-t\\nroii\\n(jP- en vo CO en\\noo\\nD\\n3\\nM rt N\\no o o -h en\\nO\\nflj 3\\ne\\n.r oo CO r-- o^ N\\n4;^\\no\\nu\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jDnpoj,!\\nX) u\\nw c O N CO r-^\\n(jPh m c^ m r^ vO\\nu-i\\nO\\no o\\nO\\n.;j w vo en o t^ M\\nt\\nU\\nu\\nffi\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2usSXxo\\nX3 *j QO o en CO\\nen\\nc\\nC4 -H CO n-\\nod\\n6\\nen\\nO\\nc^ fr\\\\ (J^ t l-l\\n~ON\\nU^\\n3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2saiqtisnq\\n.::f *j cs o- r^ o\\nr^\\n-mo\\n3 snoasEQ\\nLI -t t C CO (N\\n.^t, M H. r^\\nc5\\nPi\\nC/5\\nC/)\\n=^0-0\\ncO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jDnpojd\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03 OOO -O\\n8\u00c2\u00a3\\nm\\nC\\nC^ a 01 M CJ\\nN N\\nO 1\\nS\\n3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\n3 N M W M ^t\\nen\\nZ\\nP\\nO\\nU\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2giqiisnqmoj\\n5 uugx t\\n3:\\nCJ\\nQ\\nr-. rf -r N\\nen\\nV) O Oco CO O^\\nO\\nj3 U-) t^ Tt rx en\\no\\n-^^-S\\nVh\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2siDnpojj\\nci O en i-; od\\nvn\\nw en M\\nM\\ng\\n-t- r^ -t- -t 04\\nen\\nW -u\\n3\\n\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00b05\\nc\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jjv\\nI/, o oco CO o\\nO\\nO JJ\\nj3 ir i^ r^ en\\nO^\\nCLi--\\nZI\\nM U-) d Tt r^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2I-\\nX\\nO\\n3\\nM cn M\\nI-\\nt^ en w O O\\noo\\na\\no\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2siDnpojj\\no en r- o O\\nj3 o en lo o O\\nM\\nt\\nb\\n.^c3\\nu\\nen oi M d^ vn\\no\\nw\\nX\\no\\nr^ en HH o O\\nCO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\nvo en r^ O O\\n01\\njD O en IT) O O\\ncc\\ncj M o CO\\nen\\nf CO rtcc \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^o\\noo o\\nc\\nc^ M rf cnoo en\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjDnpoJd\\nQ\\no o o 2 o\\n01 01\\nZ\\nrt en\\nuuun:uD:\\noo\\nOl\\n11\\n1^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\ne^ vo o o II\\nen M W M II\\nII\\nO\\nO\\nCO\\no\\n01\\nW\\nM\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23iq\\niisnqui03\\nC4 (N CO (N 0\\nM M C^ M\\nCO\\n01\\nJc\\n1\\ni\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2d nJ\\n-1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J;\\n1\\nJ 3J (U\\noT\\n1\\ni\\nG C o C\\nc3 03 g3 .1^\\nC\\nUUK 2\\nW", "height": "4324", "width": "2716", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "TABLE VII.\\n203\\nw\\ns\\nD\\nJ\\nQ\\nH\\nK\\nX!\\nW\\na\\nM\\nc\\nc/^\\nW\\nM\\nC/5\\nc^\\nM\\n-o\\nPh\\nc\\nC3\\nptH\\nH\\nen\\nrn\\nd\\nPQ\\nd\\nso\\nU\\nT3\\nfe\\nC\\n\u00c2\u00ab3\\nH\\nW\\n1\\nCO Tt a coo CO\\na c^ vo\\nrt- CO\\naj C\\nc\\nU-)\\nu-\\nr-\\nrv 3\\nt-i\\nM\\nm Tt\\nr-s\\nC f^\\nCO 00\\nO^-rt\\n\u00c2\u00abj 3\\nto in\\nU-)\\nCO CO\\nPh\\nw\\nM\\nM\\n0 r^\\n01\\nu-\\n(M\\n(N\\nC^\\nC^ M\\n\u00c2\u00b0a\\nCV 3 O\\n4, 3\\nPh O\\nOh\\nUS\\nfC) U-) M M O O\\nvO CO O CJO C) C\\n\\\\0 u-1 O^ C^ M CO\\nW CO CO Ti- 10\\nCO r^ M o r^\\nO^ M M CO CO\\no f^ Tt coo\\nt^coTj-ci p oo HI wo\\n^t t^ M M M O rf Tj-O\\nCOOO I^CT C^ C iCOCO\\nO r^O CO 00 CO M O\\nO M m O^ CO CTnOO O\\nmOooqocoOcoOco\\nMco o O i-ivo comco\\nO coo m O TT CO rf\\nO O Tj-C^O ^O OM\\nO CO M N O c^ vn TtOO\\nO \u00e2\u0080\u00a2*-i-0O H- 1-OCOCOM\\ntOCOK- M ^O ^H.CO\\n3\\n2 o\\nl\\no\\nu\\nPh hU kC Ph Dh O\\no o o o o o\\nTt w c^ CO M M C::,\\nUUUUUU\\nD:En:En:\\n^E^O\\nu\\nuu\\nuuuu\\n-a\\na\\no\\nTO ,-s\\nc c\\nc OJ o\\n03 N\\nfrt\\no t: t: 5 rt rt rt\\np:2 :w wpQuuu", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "204\\nTABLE VIII,\\n5-5 ii\\n6 6\\no\\no\\nXT)\\no\\nl-\\nCO\\nm\\nc\\nto\\nai o\\n^1^ O \\\\o\\n_22 o t^\\nbco- 6\\nrn\u00c2\u00bboO \u00c2\u00bb-i MulOO O\\nOOioO vnu-)i-tco coo O\\nrrwN 0^ NWr^O Tt-cooo\\nffi.Sf\\nulS\\nO.\\n3-?\\nw be\\nII II II\\ni\\nd\\nO\\nu\\nX\\nX\\nE\\no\\nd\\no\\nu\\nU\\nu\\nCO\\nX\\nCO\\n-t\\no\\nc^\\no^\\nM\\nu-\\no\\nin\\nCO\\nu^\\noo\\n1^\\n-1-\\nCO\\nO\\nCO\\nO\\nO\\n0^\\no\\nM\\no\\no\\no\\nON\\nCO\\nO D\\nS5:\\nu\\nII II II\\nX X\\nd o.\\nC\\nz u u o\\nU3 o 1^ 2\\n73 a.\\nE O c/5", "height": "4288", "width": "2736", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "TABLES IX, X, XI.\\n205\\nTABLE IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TABLE OF SPECIFIC HEAT OF GASEOUS PROD-\\nUCTS OF COMBUSTION REFERRED TO THE PROPORTION\\nOF CARBONIC ACID.\\nProportion of Specific\\nProportion of Specific\\nCarbonic Acid. Heat.\\nCarbonic\\nAcid. Heat.\\n5 per cent 0.312\\nII\\nper\\ncent 0.319\\n6 0.314\\n12\\n0.320\\n7 0.315\\n13\\ni\\n0.321\\n8 0.316\\n14\\nI\\n0.322\\n9 0.317\\n15\\n0.323\\n10 0.318\\nLE X.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HEAT OF VAPORIZATION OF WATER AT 0\\n230\u00c2\u00b0 C\\nTemperature.\\nHeat of\\nCentigrade. Fahrenheit.\\nVaporization.\\n32\\n606.5\\n100\\n212\\n537.0\\n230\\n456\\n676,6\\nLatent heat of vaporization, 966 (Regnault).\\nTABLE XL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER (REGNAULT).\\nTemperature. Specific Heat.\\n0\u00c2\u00b0 1. 0000\\n10 1.0005\\n20 1. 0012\\n30 1.0020\\n40 1.0030\\n50 1.0042\\n60 1.0056\\n70. 1.0072\\n80. 1.0098\\n90 1. 01 09\\n100 I. 0130\\nTemperature. Specific Heat.\\n110\u00c2\u00b0 I-OI53\\n120 1. 0177\\n130 1.0204\\n140 1.0232\\n150 1.0262\\n160 1.0294\\n170 1.0328\\n180 1.0364\\n190 1. 0401\\n200 1.0440", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "io6\\nTABLES XII, XIIi:\\nTABLE XII.\\n-VOLUME OF OXYGEN TO FORM WATER WITH THE\\nHYDROGEN OF COAL.\\nPer Cent of Hydrogen.\\nOxygen in Litres per\\nKilogram of Coal.\\nI 55-9\\n2 112\\n3 i68\\n4 223\\n5 279\\n6... 335\\n7 391\\n8 446\\n9. 502\\nOxygen in Cubic Feet\\nper Pound of Coal.\\n.896\\n1.792\\n2.699\\n3.585\\n4.481\\n5-397\\n6.283\\n7.170\\n8.096\\nTABLE XIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 QUANTITY OF AIR REQUIRED FOR PERFECT\\nCOMBUSTION OF FUELS.\\nFuel.\\nComposition.\\nAir per\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nCarbon.\\nHydrogen.\\nOxygen.\\nNitrogen.\\nKilogram.\\nPound.\\nCoke\\n98.0\\n95.4\\n87.0\\n85.0\\n84.0\\n77.0\\n90.0\\n71.0\\n58.0\\n50.0\\n85.0\\n68.7\\n58.0\\n34.0\\n1 .0\\n0.5\\n2.2\\n5.0\\n50\\n6.0\\n50\\n2.0\\n5.0\\n6.0\\n6.0\\n14.0\\n22.5\\n23.7\\n5-9\\n5.0\\ncu. metres\\n10.09\\n9.01\\n8.93\\n8.68\\n8.79\\n7.67\\n8.53\\n7.02\\n5-75\\n4.57\\n10.76\\n14.20\\n14.51\\n3.16\\n.72\\ncu. feet\\n162 06\\nCoal, anthracite\\nbituminous\\ncoking\\ncannel\\n1.8\\n4.0\\n6.0\\n8.0\\n15.0\\n0.5\\n144.60\\n143.40\\n139.41\\n141.07\\n123.15\\n133.90\\n112.43\\n92.36\\n73.36\\n172.86\\n227.93-\\n233.06\\n50.70\\n11.56\\nsmithy\\n19.0\\n30.0\\n42.0\\nI.O\\nI.O\\n1.4\\n43.0\\n21.0\\nPeat dry.\\nWood, dry\\nPetroleum\\nNatural gas\\nCoal gas\\nI.O\\n6.2\\n3.8\\n3.4\\n69.0\\nWater gas\\nProducer gas", "height": "4276", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "TABLES XIV, XV. 20/\\nTABLE XIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RELATION BY WEIGHT AND VOLUME OF THE\\nCOMPONENTS OF AIR.\\nAir contains by volume\\nNitrogen 78.35\\nOxygen 20.77\\nAqueous vapor o. 84\\nCarbonic acid 0.04\\n100.00\\nDeducting the carbonic acid and aqueous vapor, we have\\nNitrogen.. .By volume: 79.04 By weight 76.83\\nOxygen 20.96 23.17\\n100.00 100.00\\nRatio of nitrogen to oxygen\\nBy volume, 3-77I- By weight, 3.32.\\nRatio of air to oxygen\\nA I Y A t-\\nBy volume, 4-77I- By weight, 4-3I5-\\nRatio of air to nitrogen\\nAir A.ir\\nBy volume, 1.265. By weight, 1.302.\\nTABLE XV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IGNITION POINT OF GASES (Mayer and Miinch).*\\nMarsh gas, CH, 667 C.\\nEthane, C^H^ 616\\nPropane, C3H 547\\nAcetylene, C.H, 580\\nPropylene, C^H^ 504\\nBerichte der deutschen Chemische Gesellschaft xxvi, 2421.", "height": "4344", "width": "2592", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "208 TABLE XVI.\\nTABLE XVI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER.\\nDegrees\\nRowland\\nBartoli\\nCenti-\\nRegnault.i\\nRowland. 2\\n(corrected)\\nand\\nLudin.5\\nGriffiths.*\\ngrade.\\nPernet.3\\nStracciati. i\\nO\\n1. 00000\\n1.0080\\n1.0075\\nI\\n1.00004\\n1.0072\\n1.0068\\n2\\n1.00008\\n1.0065\\n1. 0061\\n3\\n1. 00013\\n1.0059\\n1.0054\\n4\\n1. 00017\\n1.0052\\n1.0048\\n5\\n1.00022\\n1.0056\\n1.0054\\n1.0046\\n1 0042\\n6\\n1.00027\\n1.0049\\n1.0047\\n1.0040\\n1.0036\\n7\\n1.00032\\n1.0044\\n1.0040\\n1.0034\\n1. 0031\\n8\\n1.00038\\n1.0037\\n1.0033\\n1.0028\\n1.0026\\n9\\n1.00043\\n1.0033\\n1.0026\\n1.0023\\n1. 0021\\nTO\\n1.00049\\n1.0026\\n1.0019\\n1. 0018\\nI. 0017\\n1.002070\\nII\\n1.00055\\nI. 0021\\n1. 0014\\ni.oof3\\n1. 0013\\n1. 001636\\n12\\nI. 0006 I\\n1. 0016\\n1. 0012\\n1.0009\\n1.0009\\nI. 001242\\n13\\n1.00067\\n1. 0012\\n1.0009\\n1.0005\\n1.0006\\n1.000828\\nT4\\n1.00074\\n1.0007\\n1.0005\\n1.0002\\n1.0003\\n1. 000414\\n15\\n1.00080\\n1. 0000\\n1. 0000\\nI. 0000\\n1. 0000\\n1. 000000\\ni6\\n1.00087\\n0.9995\\n0.9995\\n0.9998\\n0.9998\\n0.999716\\n17\\n1.00094\\n0.9991\\n0.9993\\n0.9997\\n0.9996\\n0.999432\\ni8\\nI.OOIOI\\n0.9986\\n0.9988\\n0.9996\\n0.9994\\n0.999248\\n^9\\nI. 00109\\n0.9981\\n0.9984\\n0.9995\\n0.9992\\n0.998864\\n20\\nI.OOI16\\n0.9977\\n0.9979\\n0.9994\\n0.9991\\n0.998880\\n21\\n1. 00123\\n0.9972\\n0.9977\\n0.9993\\n0.9991\\n22\\n1. 00132\\n0.9970\\n09974\\n0.9993\\n0.9990\\n23\\nI. 00140\\n0.9967\\n0.9974\\n0.9994\\n0.9990\\n24\\n1. 00148\\n0.9965\\n0.9972\\n0.9995\\n0.9989\\n25\\nI. 00156\\n0.9963\\n0.9972\\n0.9997\\n0.9989\\n26\\n1. 00165\\n0.9960\\n0.9969\\n0.9998\\n0.9989\\n27\\n1. 00174\\n0.9958\\n0.9967\\n1. 0000\\n0.9989\\n28\\n1. 00183\\n0.9958\\n0.9967\\n1.0002\\n0.9990\\n29\\n1. 00192\\n0.9956\\n0.9967\\n1.0005\\n0.9990\\n30\\n1. 00201\\n0.9958\\nO.99D9\\n1.0008\\n0.9990\\n31\\n1. 00210\\n0.9958\\n0.9972\\nI.OOII\\n0.9991\\n32\\n1.00220\\n0.9958\\n0.9974\\n1. 0014\\n0.9992\\n33\\n1.00230\\n0.9960\\n0.9977\\n1. 0017\\n0.9993\\n34\\n1.00240\\n0.9960\\n0.9979\\n0.9995\\n35\\n1.00250\\n0.9963\\n0.9981\\n0.9997\\n36\\n1. 0026 1\\n0.9963\\n0.9981\\n0.9999\\nC I 0.00004^ -f- 0.000009Z\\n2 American Journal of Science and Arts, 1879.\\n3 Ueber die Aenderung der specifischen Warme des Wassers mit Aenderung der Tempera-\\ntur. Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschergesellschaft in Zlirich, Jahrg. XLI (1896).\\nSulla Variabilita del Calore Specific\u00c2\u00a9 dell Acqua. Estratto dal Nuovo Cimento, Set. 3\\nVol. XXII.\\n5 Inaugural-Dissertation, Zurich, 1895.\\nPhilosophical Magazine, Nov. 1895.", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "FUEL TABLES.\\nThese tables contain all the available information covering\\nthe data required which have been published to date. They\\ncontain analyses of the fuels, and the heat units as determined\\nby the authors, whose names are given. In some cases it has\\nbeen necessary to recalculate the results as published by the\\nexperimenters to conform with the standard adopted. This\\napplies especially to the coals and solid fuels, the data for\\nwhich are given based on pure dry coal, i.e., on the combus-\\ntible present. If the actual test of the sample as given is\\ndesired, it will be easy to make the necessary deductions.\\nSome of the cokes and some of the natural gases have been\\ncalculated, the calculated results being within the limits of\\nexperimental error in these cases.\\n209", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "2IO\\nFUEL TABLES.\\no\\n^1\\nCI o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3;^AV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojji^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpiiH\\nO r^M inino COM Tt\\noo tn fOvO w Tf rf \\\\o N\\nN oo Tj- O un Tj- (N ino\\nrOvOOooooOtotnoo co\\nr .x^coi^cooor^r^t^r^ r^\\nO O lo 1 CO 1^ M\\nO vntoo vnOoooooo O\\nO CO TfvO M M r^ M o O\\nO O N u- c^ c co oo O\\nto f^\\\\OVO\u00c2\u00bbr)U^TtM O U^\\nC^ Oco 0 co O^ un O N O\\nvoce M vO Tf\\nr^ Tf lo\\nCO CO O u-\\nTj- lO\\nIT) xr^ IT) \u00c2\u00bbn rl-\\nT^ T^ o Oco\\nen o wo M\\nO O coco en\\nen en o en M\\nii\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0X? 4J\\ns\\ny\\nPQ E\\n\u00c2\u00a71\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00baJ i:=.ii\\n;2 o\\nt-J M\\nc/:5\\nr^\\nw oo\\n-too\\nen\\nTt en\\n-t en\\no\\noo \\\\0\\nr^o\\nTt en\\nrj- en\\nl-H 1-1\\nc^\\nVO 1^\\nI-- r^\\nen\\nrf r^\\nO^ r^\\nM vn\\nin\\noo\\nCO r^oo r^\\nO\\nO Tt-\\nN\\nO M\\nM M\\nCO\\nx^ O\\ni^ o\\nx^\\nc^ c^\\nt c\\nGO\\no c^\\noco\\no\\nO M\\nO M\\noo\\nCO o\\nr^O\\nM\\nvn eno en\\nen\\nw en\\nen\\nU-)\\n11 00 r- o\\nrt (S en O\\noo\\nOco o o\\noo\\nu- -f -f O\\nHH -to O\\no\\nC^ O en O\\nM MM\\nr-^\\nO Tt en o\\nC) oo r^ Tj-\\noo u-)0 O\\nr% r^ r^ r^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2u r3 =5", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n2IT\\nh4\\nO\\nu\\no\\nCarpenter\\nCarpenter\\nMcConney\\nForsyth\\nMcConney\\nForsyth\\nMcConney\\nForsyth\\nMcConney\\nForsyth\\nMcConney\\nForsyth\\nCarpenter\\n4) O\\nO O O u- O\\nr^oo CO r^ o m\\nCO vo to in\\nOO r^O i^Ooo civo c\u00c2\u00bb) coc^ ino oo o O\\nOoo C4 looo rl- Tl-t^ooO -^Om t^c^ o\\nClOO -^O M 0 -)M COCO- ^COOt^OM\\ncoc^ cococococococo +cococow cocoes\\nu\\nOO O O CO OO M\\nO vo O CO r^ M\\n00 r^oo i^ t-\u00c2\u00bboo\\ncoOiDco Or^r^M M oo N vnO incoi-i\\nCO utO (N oo C^ O COC^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0N^^-lX^ r^vO O^ c\\nCOM Ttc^ coc^ r^co-fO^T ^r^O r^M O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\nO up M M ON\\n6^ \\\\r,c6 M rt r^\\n\\\\n COM tnco O \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^Mco\\nc^i^Or^Ooo Ooooo N OO ^O u- oo co\\nu- 6 rA :3-ci dod d 6o d c r \u00c2\u00abd u-)o cj\\nl-HMl-ll-IC^I-l MM MM dCOMM\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J\\n3JBAY\\ntJ-m hi ^xDcoi-i MCOO Tfcao a^ CO rt\\nlAo rj- d coco cO ^u-ic^O w M CO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojji^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSiixQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2inqdins\\nuaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpAH\\nrt\\no\\nO\\nxn\\nOv ON\\nM\\nO\\nd\\nn\\nM\\noo\\nin\\nC^\\nH\\nO^ O^co oo\\nON\\na\\nz^\\nHH\\nC^ VO r^co\\noo\\no\\nO\\nO\\nt^O\\nO^oo\\nCO i-\\nCO\\nCO\\nCO\\nCO\\n0)\\nxn\\nM\\nO\\nM\\nM\\nCO\\ntJ- Tt- N O\\nCO\\nE\\nvn\\nin\\n\u00c2\u00bbn\\nin\\nin\\nC!\\nt/2 g O\\n2\\no u O\\n;:i -M w\\nS-H 8\\n.S Oh", "height": "4344", "width": "2600", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "212\\nFUEL TABLES,\\nJ5 (U (U\\n^U- iflU----\\n(U (U (U ^r\\nc c c i* 5i\\n^u ^u ^u e^^B^^\\nO rt\\n00000-1-000\\nOOOOOf^voOO\\nr-\u00c2\u00bb O c^ M\\nCO -t t\u00c2\u00ab^ r^\\nsi\\nOO -tcoc^co --i-O^r^M cncn-^oo Oc^O\\nr^oo CT^CO -I O wr^co cnvo tn co m r^ r-^o -i- w o fn\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^cnc^ci c\u00c2\u00ab-icncotncnc ^c*^c -)cnc ^mcnc*^t -5 1-1-rf-t\\nCO O ^c^ \u00c2\u00bbH oooo r^oo c^ r^i^N tj-O moo Oco O \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^rONO cooo\\nvO O ~^0 \u00c2\u00bbr i-H ino cni-i O ir Oc i 1-TtM O Oco vnri-c ^u-)0 fOoo\\nM r^ r^ c N en M cno I- u-i en Tf rtvo o o O CO r^ o^co o co tnco\\nCO r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r .t^r .t^f^r .r^r^co r^-r^r^r^r^f^t^i^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0qsv\\n\\\\r, tnoo N\\nO M in T^O cnoo N a^ O en O^\\n6co c wo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2JSJB^V\\nCO CO od r^oo r~ r^o r^ en c \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^O n r^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2u3J\u00c2\u00a7oj;ix\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\nuaJSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpXH\\nt^ m O I- i-oo en o M N \u00c2\u00abo T^vO\\nOmt^iou^ ^O^OC) Nin^tN O^O O NxoN \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^co M o^t^^^\\n3.H\\nc\\nC3 -O^\\nbio c\\nc t.", "height": "4312", "width": "2700", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n215\\nc o\\no o\\nvn M o HI O 00 mi-tNO^MMNi^ Tf u- oo Tfoo in co c m\\nxDOoo Tj-oi-^-^H-i ir 0 i-i i^u-^O O cnr^W OmcnM O i^\\nr-\u00c2\u00bb \u00c2\u00bbri \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^00 00 c^ O i- c^ 00 O Tl O C^ O c ^\\\\0 in M U-) c o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\nd c o 00\\nc ^0 inioci O O N \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^00 or^M T}-a^cnOOoo\\nCO N 06 M o ^o M T^ d^o IT) en tJ- r^o c^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J31BA\\\\.\\nr^ M C vO en W O cno r^ O O en ^too tnc^oovO m cno^^cn\\ntAo vAm xnd^d^M fi d^od d^od \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^i--\u00c2\u00abd t-^ d^cncJ \u00c2\u00abnd^r-~-d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2anqdins\\nOmint-i tn ^^o OcnMco \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^oo cnr^\\nOMcnodcn ^iHd^O ^-NMNdMMd\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2usSoJii^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aaSoipi^H\\n00 O ^C^a^cno ^c^oo T^o^T^M (n ^mcn-^O OC\\nOf^r^oo NO vnocnoo on m tt^oo o^oo moo o O\\n1) lU\\nOJ W3 OJ 3 P I I\\nC h d\\nN J?\\nfl) r! V Jr", "height": "4344", "width": "2624", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "214\\nFUEL TABLES.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2JajBAv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoJiijf^\\nuaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0jnqd;ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoap^H\\n5_) TO\\no o\\no\\nS-T^\\n3 b/3\\nbJD\\n3\\nIT) h- r^ en c\\n(X) in w r^oo\\nCO CJ O^ O N\\nc -t- en en\\nCO o^o vO t^vo en o^ o\\nooooOior^wiDp-i o\\nor^cnMcntHr-fcn u-)\\nen M r^ u-\\n1-1 vO O vn\\ncs O r-. O^\\nrt en Tt en\\nO Tf i^ c^ en m\\nr^ M M eno en\\nO r^ o t^ r^ o\\noo i^ r^ r^ t^ t^\\nO O MOO r .enir)\\nM 1-1 enmco t^r^co\\nvo r^- o r^vo vO O o\\nO O C-1\\nO^co O m\\nCO o es r^\\nt-^ r--oo r^\\nM O moo\\nO r- IT) M\\nen O O O O\\nM \\\\0 u^ O^ Oi\\n-j\\nCO en en in\\nM vo r^ i^ O L^\\nO m O I- en\\nin in lo IT) lo\\nNMOMOM ^in\\nT \u00c2\u00ab^g OO r^ M CO\\nin en M r^ C co r^ o^\\nenNenc^M(NMC\\nU\\n3\\nc3 a;\\no u\\n1^ rt\\ni1 ^=y\\nu a,\\ni3 H\\nC/)\\nm\\n1\\nW\\nO m r^\\nr^ en o\\nCO O O\\n(N en (N\\nC) C en\\nen en in\\nO en N\\nin m\\nOh\\ns\\n3\\no\\nb/)^\\nc c\\ng u\\n1 S15\\nPh\\nA", "height": "4324", "width": "2704", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "COAL,\\n215\\nD\\n3\\n0\\n88\\nXT, Tt\\nc\\nra\\nM M\\n-D\\ntn\\nsi\\n15\\nto\\n00 00\\nU\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\nr^ t-N\\nU31BAV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J\\niqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2U9\\nSoj;!|S[\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2agSAxQ\\ninq\\ndins\\nu\\naSc\\nu\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaS\\nDjpAH\\nrt\\nh\\nc\\nvO 10\\nr^ u~,\\n(T) CO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nTf 0^\\nIT)\\nc\\nc\\nt\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0P|\\nd^\\nu o\\nfa\\nC u\\nTS\\n1\\no\\n\u00c2\u00a3.2m^ w\\nIT)\\nt^O\\nQO\\nt^\\nC^\\nc^\\nr^o 00\\ncn\\nin\\no)\\nen\\nen\\nM\\nr^\\nen\\nM\\nM\\nin\\nM\\nM\\nM\\nM\\nM\\nM\\nM\\ncn\\nr^\\nin\\nN\\nM\\n^J-\\nUTO\\nM\\nvO\\nM\\ncn\\nIN\\nvO\\nr^oo\\n00\\nM\\nl-(\\nZ\\nin\\nin\\nin\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a20\\nin\\nen\\njl\\nFor\\n00\\nrt N en\\n0^00 r\\nM 00 r-s\\nin\\n-rf ^0\\nino vO\\nen\\nen rf en\\ni-- M\\nM\\n00 r^o\\nin\\nr^ en r^\\nm c\\n00 IN c en\\ne^l\\ninoo\\nt^co x-^o\\n0000\\nino\\nOoo\\nin M\\nen r^\\nt^\\nen\\nin M\\nl-H M\\nM\\nen en\\nen\\n--t- o\\nin\\nr-^\\nN\\nin\\n00 en Tt- Tt\\nOh\\nCI,\\nc7)\\nOn\\nm\\n00\\n00\\nen\\nen\\n00\\nen\\nM M\\nvo r^\\nin\\nt-^\\nM\\nen\\n00 00\\nen W\\nQO 00\\nM\\nin\\n04 C^ C^\\nen w M\\nrt o^\\n-too t~^ o\\nen en en M\\nQ^\\nM N c^ en\\nTt TtOO\\nvO C^ N w\\nM in CO\\nHH (N\\n^r Tf Tt Tt\\nSi\\n0\\nCAl t\u00c2\u00ab i-l O\\nrt rt d o;\\nwwwo\\nb/j\\nCO\\no\\n!U O\\no I o g\\nbJO^ G d ^5 d\\no u\\nfqffi^St^OOOP^", "height": "4344", "width": "2552", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "2l6\\nFUEL TABLES.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J9JBAV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoiii^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2usSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\nuaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpAH\\nen\\nVh\\n;ij\\nW JD\\nH\\nTl-\\nrt s\\nCQ\\nM\\nu\\nS o\\nrnu\\nOS\\nu\\nCO\\nc^\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsy\\nM\\n6^\\nc3 O\\nUh-1\\nSh4\\nO C COvC CO M O (N -^O O COQO QO Tj-\\nO r^O^O Tco O r^M mw o r^oo o^l-^\\nM Tfo CO M ri o^i-i a^c -)OOco mso Ooo\\nCO M cnr^o c -)r^cnN r^c -)0-l- N O O O\\nCO M IT) r^ M vo r ^o o^ioc -5C^covo cocn\\nCO O i-i ci CO O f^co r^i^r^cnc -h m con\\nr-\u00c2\u00bbcocoQO i^r^r^x-^i^i^r^oococooococo\\nM 0 co coOO r^cnwu-)ir OOr^C\\ninri-oo inoo locoo \\\\r, O -^(N Om moo\\nTl-Q^M OVilOOOCO\\nO^Ot^OooOOOr^\\nM M M\\nCO N u^ c \\\\r\\\\ o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^OO vO t^\\nc^ 6 M vo o vd\\nO COM M \u00e2\u0096\u00a0ri-Moo win\\nOvd- i-WNCO\u00c2\u00abNM M\\nM IT) IT) r^ CO CO\\nCO CO M M M M\\nVO U-) O CO OO q CO Tj-\\nMM C^C^MCOCOCO\\nCO i^ r^ O\\nI^ t^ O t vO O\\nTl- rt rj- Tf r:f Tj-\\nRR?^^ S S\\nM CO M N CO\\nrx i^ i^ r r^ r\\nO^CO to CO O lO rj-co\\nTt r^ O M o q CO M M\\ncoc ^cocococococococo\\nM o o o o c c^\\nCO r^o o CO f^ M\\nTtO O tr)0 CO r^\\nCO CO CO CO CO CO CO\\nM COO cococo O TfioOmi^r^ococo co\\naNOci -^dod^cocfr^^dNdNdc^\\n;3 b/j u\\npqUH\\nc o\\no a-\\no", "height": "4336", "width": "2704", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "CO A.\\n217\\nu O aj\\n*j o\\nG G\\nu r oj\\n}~i r^ i-i\\nfl CO C\\nu a u\\nQh J- cx.-\\nPP U PQ U K U\\nOt^OOOMOMOOCT^OOO\\nM u^r^O c^-iioomocoin\\nM vO 00 CO 00 vo c ^oo M vO\\nvn M\\n\u00c2\u00bbr Tt- OMO\\nr^ i-c M r^ w vn\\nTl- Tj- CO xo\\ng\\nCO r^ cno Ou^toO OC^r- cnOoo\\nCO vo cnvc vo M *o r^ \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^00 o u-\\nrococo r^t^r^oo r^i^t^r^r^t^r^\\nCO C \\\\0 CO N CO\\ncoco CO Tfoo\\nM 00 CO 00 vO -to\\n00 r^ r^ r 1^ 00 00\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsy\\nM CSl CO M C^\\nTtM0 ^OOO0mvi-)00\\nr^co CO M CO r^\\na^ CO r^ c^ 00\\nma^OOOWi-iMf- iocnTf\\n^c r^ 01 Tj-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2iaiBAv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqd[ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojii^si\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ugSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0jnqdins\\na,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoapAH\\nM in O\\no q\\nM T}- N CO o^ o^ r^o\\n(N 00 O M vO Tl- rj-o O\\nvo o IT) c^ o t~~ r-\u00c2\u00ab\\\\c o\\nC/2\\n13 *f o\\nQ\\n13 JJg\\nc3 j^\\nO t3_g\\ny3 oj\\no\\nim g\\nI cS o\\n,0\\n^1\\no", "height": "4344", "width": "2584", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "2l8\\nFUEL TABLES.\\nC rt C G si\\nO O U _\\nU -d (J cu-\\no^ 9\\nc\\no _\\no _\\no -2: c c\\nC C ctf\\nE o\\nsi\\nOwOOOOr^TfOOc -)OoDOOr^ooooOOOO^O- OC Oi-\u00c2\u00ab\\nOvOOOOO cn-1-Oooo -iOOO^OooOOaoi-HQOvOcomOc i\\nu^ ^-i-u^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2:tu^ ^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^-^rfTt rj-O -T Tt- -1- l-O un t f -f Tf en u-)vO\\ninOMCoO ^O \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^vO N CI r^ r-^ xnvo r-^ c ^co r-^co o in rt m to\\nmNMO^Ortc ^cnc H^t ^cj -(Ciot-ic^ coco oc^^c^nmnhhcoo^\\noo oo oo r^co oooooocooocoooooco ooo oo oo r^oo oo oo co co oo r^oo oo\\ncocooo l^T^fmO C ooco moo tTvOoo OvO Oior^oco \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^O \u00c2\u00bbnN tJ-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aaiT^A^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\nuaSoji;^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\njnqdjng\\nuaSAxQ\\nr r^ t^ r^ t^\\nO O vO t^ t^\\nuaSojpXH\\nU-) in in in\\nO^ O ^t\\nin rr vn in\\n_ -rj\\n2\\no o\\n:z;;zi\\nH C\\nC (u u .ir\\no\\no\\no -5\\nSi 3 o\\nGuhK\\nu\\ng -5 -S i ii\\no U O C HJ 3\\n;z; ;z; o Ph f^ H\\n6 6\\nL) o\\nI", "height": "4344", "width": "2712", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n219\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J35B^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2U3j\u00c2\u00a7Oj;i^NI\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqding\\nuaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpXH\\nc\\na\\nI-\\nO c\u00c2\u00ab O\\nc o\\n0) en\\nG, C\\nm\\nen\\nen\\nCO\\nir^ Tl- r-\\nen tt H\\nen o c\\n000\\nCO\\n0^\\nP-H\\nM\\nvO\\nTf\\nM O\\nen\\nrto-^O 00 O S OOoo r^ KoOO\\nO O en Tf C^ O o \u00c2\u00ab^cni:^OjJ ^u-\\nir invO uicn ^l-O r S^^ enenoo ^co 0\\nO O T M t^ 00 I \u00c2\u00ab^TtM c 0 looO en\\noooc^OMu-)OJ 00 r^ r^\\ninior^r^inu-iooco r^r^C7 ioS; ooco\\nr^ 6\\n_\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\nh\\n03\\nn\\nen\\nw\\ntc\\nvO\\n00\\nen\\nr^\\nN\\nen\\no\\ng W3 OJ\\n\u00c2\u00a70\\nO\\nrt OJ S .1:^ C\\nu o i o\\nuuuuw w w\\nOnra\\nC\\n;^s p:", "height": "4344", "width": "2604", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "220\\nFUEL TABLES.\\nO (U\\nC to\\n(u o\\n3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\nuaiB^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2anqding\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0uaSojii^\\nuaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqd[ns\\nuaSAxQ\\nu9SoapAH\\nccoOQO OOu-1, t-.tnc^p-H c ^0\\ncnoo c^ a a o r^ r-^ r-\u00c2\u00bbvo O\\nen -f- r^ U-) inoo I 00 N O c M o\\nCO CO oo CO CO r^^ cjo co co c\u00c2\u00ab co\\nlOvO T^vO O Tf\\ni^ vO o r^o\\no o o o\\nCO r^co CO\\nfl C\\nC/3 H\\nvn-tu-iM w Oco a^c ~)M m\\nO 01 O u- -foo O^ 1-1 O O N\\n1-1 O CO cno O O O ^oo\\nt^ r^ r^ r^ r~^ o r-* r^ r^ r^ r^\\nOOioOOOOO\\nO oo O u- u-1 O C4\\nO O vo\\nr- (N CO\\naNvna\\\\i-i tn tvoo\\n^f coco\\nt^O) (N O \u00c2\u00bbr)inir)\\\\ri\\ncnoo r^ M -to p^ CO\\nIT) O N\\nO CO Tt\\nr^co o -1- 1- CO M i-H\\nCO M t^\\ntn a^ -f w o CO vo\\nvo r^ o O oo M N\\nM O\\nO en 1-1 O O -1\\no o\\n^O coo u^xr u-)iriu-)u^co\\ncoo O Ococo OPIO r^\\ncAu-lCO-fd M M M c^iAco\\nod oo CO r^oo CO CO CO CO CO oo\\nCO ir)co u-)r^ir \\\\nu- inO co\\nCOU-)COOOPlQOvOu-)MTl-\\nCO c ID 6 oo -i- r^ pj vn\\ncococococococococococo\\n\\\\n XT, XT, \\\\r, CO o O O O uiO\\nr-- r^ (N r^ 0 0 o co r^ m co\\nCO M Tt-OO M ci irir^rfcOCO\\nrJ-u-^ TcOu-irrT^Tj- ^u^-^\\nCoj^SoS:. 3csrt\\n;pq WW W fflUU\\nCO OO C/2 O o", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n221\\no\\nU\\nca-::::::::^::::::::::::::::^::-::^::::----\\nc\\no\\nin\\nO O c^ oo vnoo Tf-OOcoOOcnM t^oo r^oo O O t^oo O w O\\nHH c^ (N o irio r^c ~)0 lOM t ^M Ocoooo c^o mo O cnM \\\\r^\\\\o\\nO c^ r-^ (T^oo ^i- CO M cq en coo McouiMOc^Nio^fM T^co o\\nO i-H t-H r-.u-irot^coO inr^oc C^O \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^^riino inr^vnior^co m O\\nCO o^oo O^ M o ir^ Oco O^co oo M o CO i-oo ui m ooo loo\\nqsv\\nO M lOr^T+rj-t^TtOO O CO ^CO ^Tj-^NO -^OO COi-c c^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J31B;VV\\ncotj-com ^r^cO ^iocO ^m\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^r^t^r^tno u- tj-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2anqd[ns\\nM M O O O\\n(NM O ^OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aaSojji^\\nusSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqd[ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpi^H\\nT^\\\\ncoiou-)0 coo u-)u- co xncOinOco O O O Ooooo uiOcoO\\n(V, O r^O M O O CO M r-^o oo \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^m Tj-OH-vr)u- uni-iO O\u00c2\u00bbj^co\\n^n^^O r^d c) r-^r^o ococJ d m rfu-id cood r^ ^o^ci m c^ n\\nO O cO ^i^Oco N unir)cou- co O O N vnQ O irioooo inO coi-i\\n\\\\oCT 0 coc O Mvno O M MOcoo Or^t-i com 0 ^O^ ^t^u-\\nrt r^ CO CO tJ-c\u00c2\u00bb CO CO \\\\ri\\\\d d r^ lA loo r^ to coo too lA m\\ncocococococococococo ^cococococococococococococococo\\nvn^DlnOOOl/^OOOvnO ^u^OOu-)OOu^OOOOlOvo\\nr^r^t^COO O t^O^COu^O nI-i-hOO -^m O C^ C^ \\\\J~ yO t-^vncooo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^lAr^ ^od ^covnM cou-)u-)ir r^ooo cotJ- ^oo iri \\\\n^ \\\\0 O\\nH-^\\no\\nU\\nG\\nD O\\nc .S\\nrt o u\\no\\na G o p^ .i: iu\\na.\\no", "height": "4344", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "222\\nFUEL TABLES,\\n(=1\\nrt\\nc\\n1\\n5\\n3\\nVH\\n6\\nvO O\\nen C\\ni23\\nh\\n8:?\\nc\\nCQ\\nw\\n2-2\\nu o\\nffiU\\n1\\noo\\nU-) O\\nCJ\\nr^ O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\ntrioo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2j3aHA\\\\\\nO c^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnq\\ndjns\\nM U-\\n6 6\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaS\\nOJ^ N\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2U3i\\ngXxo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2U3x\\n?o\\nJP^H\\nct!\\nO\\nd\\nH\\nid\\nO Tf\\no\\nQO ri\\nc3\\nvO Tf\\nN\\ncnO\\ny\\nO rl-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S\\nb\\nvn Tf\\nc\\ncJ\\nrt\\nr\\nL^\\nu\\nE\\nSongwe R\\nm z\\nc\\nP!\\nc\\n(S\\n3\\nM\\nin\\nCO O\\nr\\ni-i\\nino\\nO t-O CXD\\n5\\nvO\\ni-i\\nO\\nI-I\\nVO\\nM\\nM\\no\\nin\\nO\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^CO 00\\nCO\\nCO\\nin\\nin\\nOvO\\nino\\nc^\\nr^ u- co\\nO\\nr Tj- 1^ N\\nin\\nCO r-^ CO\\na^oo\\nM\\no\\no\\nr~\u00c2\u00bb N\\n\\\\Ci\\nI\\nc^\\no\\nO\\no\\nc\\nN\\no\\n^r\\no\\no\\nQO\\nCO M\\n1 t^\\no\\nM\\no\\no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00baJ\\nU-)\\no\\nin\\no\\nCO\\no\\nO\\nto\\nH\\n-i-\\nin\\nN\\n(/J\\nc^\\nC^\\nw\\nD\\nCO\\nI-I\\n^OO\\n-r\\nO\\no\\nCO\\nin\\nin\\no\\no\\n4? O\\nc\\ni!\\nu\\no\\ncuo\\nf\\nc 3\\n2 2\\n:0\\nS 3\\nNN\\ni^\\nXX\\n3\\nS\\nC c 3 3\\nrd\\ncs ea u\\nC/3\\nW\u00c2\u00ab\\noo M o O\\nO rt\\no CI cocor^mm\\nm CO m o O vn\\nr^ CO O^ M I-. o-ac n\\nN M O o\\nm o\\nM inoo CI HH O CO -t\\nT}- m Tj- Tj- CI m\\nc^coc N CON coc\\nM M M HI\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2H t-l\\nCO rrcot^ri inmrrmc*-,\\nW O O OO\\nr^Ti-r-i-ooooo inM o\\nO-Tcor-Ococoinw r^cj O 0-\\\\\\nt^oo OO t-.o oo\\nr^ r^ r-.vO r-. t^ r^vo\\nin in m r^ CO\\ni-H O O O N\\nTj- CS CO M\\nO coint-i c^ cococo,\\nCO O COvO vO\\nMMMNCOCONN\\nM 1-1 I-I M\\n\u00c2\u00bbn o^ O r^\\nN N\\nC4\\n\u00c2\u00bbn r^ m m\\nin n-\\nr\u00c2\u00ab.\\no o o o\\no o\\n00\\nr^ r^ rtoo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-I CO o N Ooo\\nC^ CO CO M\\nCO C4\\nt^ rf W N\\nO O O O\\no o\\n1-4 I-I IH t-\u00c2\u00ab\\nM o CO O\\nw coc mrt-Ttd m 6^\\nin Ti- -i- M\\nO o\\nt-it^ininc^piiHW\\nCO M M W\\nw N\\nin Tj-vO r^\\nM I-I -l I-I\\nd w\\nO C O QO\\nO c^\\nto O O^oo CO rl- M\\nvO vO r^o\\ncooo\\nccMOOi^mrj-o^\\nTf t3- la-\\nm Tt\\nco-TTrTTj-cocO\\nr^ in O f^\\nPJ r^ O\\ncooo rj- -1- N 11 in in\\nM in\\n00 o^i o^i-( cococo\\nw W to W\\nC N\\no6 6 CO r- c^ o\\n00 OO oo OO\\nr-.co\\nt^i r^o ininino\\nin N\\nn I^ vO\\no o\\nCO CO CO\\nCO O O\\noo O r^\\nO r^\\nTl- rt in\\nw\\n3\\nro\\n,2.2\\nS\\n3\\n-J^ bfl\\nI-S.S\\nO\\nmg Albrecht\\nlerer-Larisch\\nAustria\\ns\\nrchen, Hung\\ns, Hungary\\nHungary (av\\no, Istria\\n1\\nErzher\\nKarwii\\nRossitz\\nPilsen\\nWiloze\\nFunfki\\nSzabolc\\nVasos,\\nCarpan\\n0^\\n2\\ni", "height": "4292", "width": "2632", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n22J\\nflj 1 r -U I u I -t- O\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00bai^ O S :2\\n^\u00c2\u00a3^30. T3 t o\\nO u\\nt-a\\n6\\nloOOO tOOO\\nen r^o CO u^\\na in\\nvn\\nr-\\nCO ir -i- W\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a00 00 C 00\\nrf CO CO CO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0qsv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J35BAV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jntjdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoj^ix\\nM M a M\\nS ^^2^;^\\n00 CM^\\nCO N N\\nin in\\n00 M CO M xn\\nMM n- c^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaS.ixQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\nuaJSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aa^ojpi^H\\n5\\nc^coO r^r^Oiococ^ M\\nC^M C0ir) ^0 000 M\\ninri- ^r^vO inr^in\\nM Tj- r^o -^oo t^vo\\nr^TfM cooo Noco Tj-co\\nCOCOCO N^COCOCOm\\nl_,Mt^l-lO\u00c2\u00bb- 0 -l\\n01 cocon-Tj-r^coco\\nr^invo M 00 coo O\\n01 rx r^ CO -rfco 00 in\\nTt C r^o\\nC^O CO CO r^ t~^ in r^\\nCO w coo\\nTt CO coco Tj- CO in in ino\\n-^ooo N a^coM CO\\nvO COCO ^l-M COCOCO\\nc3\\nro- O\\nO 7^\\n|q\\ns\u00c2\u00a71\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n 5 C i^ -K S\\n:2 I =2 g g I\\no a\\nTf rj- (S (X)\\nCO in in\\nin 01 OS CO t^\\nCO -Tj- CO w\\nin cnco\\nCO CO 01\\nCO 01 01 Ti- Tj-\\nOMMOoiinoicoi-ir^\\n01 O ^0coi^oioor~ -i\\ninooo cornoi Q O^O^O\\n^r\u00c2\u00bb0 \u00e2\u0096\u00a0rfco O^ \\\\rt O^ O^\\nMvo t^ 1-r^oo \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Tj-inr\\nOOOOOJOOOOO\\nin in\\nCO Tf 01\\n8\\n8\\n8\\n8\\nin\\nCO M\\n2:2.\\nCO\\no^ 01\\nCO\\nin r^ Tf M\\nt CO Tt\\nin\\nrt-co\\nw r^ rj- in\\nCO m M 01 M\\nM\\n01\\nc o\\nin in\\nt^\\nrt st-\\no\\nc/:U\\nfcJO\\nC3\\n3 3 r\\ng Ph", "height": "4344", "width": "2576", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "224\\nFUEL TABLES.\\n1^\\nWcAJ\\no w\\nII\\nO O O O M o\\nO oo O i-i CO O\\nto tJ- U-) M IT) N\\nIT) inO iri ino\\nOmO tOOO -I-\\nCO O-^w cnc -)N M\\nCO O O O rfoo N\\nTj- M Tj- o cn O M\\nO u-)oo vO =t O\\nU-) vn in m in u-j lo\\no o o o o o\\nO O O o\\nin vo c^ O O\\nCO CO Oco CO O^\\nOtOOOOOO\\nWO O cninO inm\\noocoo ^inin^ ^l-\\ncococooooocoooco\\nO O O O O O O\\nO in O a c -)0\\ncoo CO r^vo in en\\nCO oo CO CO CO CO oo\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0qsv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3JBM\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2u3Soj;i|sj\\nCJ\\nO r- M\\nrt Oin O -1- en\\n00 o O CO oo r^\\nO O O Oco r^vO\\nO\\no o\\nO O O O O O\\nO O O O O O O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdps\\nuaSAxQ\\nvO CO\\ncno\\n:?o\\n1^\\nin\\nCO M CO in O\\nCO in f- r^ vn M\\nO r^ -t a in Ttoo\\nr^co O i-i r^co \\\\0\\nw\\nu\\nO en\\nt-1 M\\nt\\nM\\nen\\nM M\\noo o in in a M CO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\nDi\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoipi^H\\nO O\\n(N r^\\ntJ-OO O 00 m O\\nO m r^ O en M\\nin en r^ enoo m r~\u00c2\u00bb\\nen O w O rl- r^\\nen Tt\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ri-\\no Tt en envo\\nO en en in en\\nrt\\nrt N\\nin o\\nin\\nO\\nO\\nM\\nCO O o CO Tt i-\u00c2\u00ab\\nO O Tf M M r^\\nin O O in r in in\\nO N oo i^ c^ r^ in\\nc\\ne2\\noo OCO CO\\nOco\\no\\nM -1- O en r-- en\\nOCO oco CO o\\n1-0 O H- c M r-.\\nCO oo o Ooo oo CO\\nO O\\nen CO\\no\\nO M r^ in o o\\nO en r^ inoo w r^\\nm O in i-H o O O\\na!\\n^vO\\nr^ M\\nen\\ni^ (N en O eni^\\nin o en cno m\\ni\\noo N\\n(N M\\ni-\\nc^ c^ i-t M en\\nO r^ M o o i-oo\\nen w eno m r-- ^^t\\nfc\\n00 oo\\nr^co\\nO\\noo oo CO CO 00 CO\\noo O CO CO inO\\nvO r-^ r^ t^ r^ r^oo\\n1-1 h-l CO C/2\\no\\n2.1\\nC\\npi\\nb^\\nmuuQ", "height": "4276", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n225\\nCO 1\\n2-\\nC3 I\\ns\\nS\\nn3\\nC3\\nand\\nW W\\nc/5\\nCO CO\\no _1\\nIfl J^\\nII\\nsi\\nM 00 O C\\nIT) O c O\\nU-) Tt T M\\nto IT) in ir\\n^OOOC^OOOOwOOO^OOO\\nCO i- 01 O r^o 00 c^ en o) O cnao m o m\\ni-i OO^vDM u- xr)0 O 000 C^O^O Noo\\nO O Tl- O\\n\\\\0 u- t-\\n00 (X 00 00\\noOvoOOOOOOOOO OOOOOvO\\nOOOO^OOOmiooO vooo O O 00\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^c NOc^\u00c2\u00bb-ia^ coco o r^oo 00 000 r^\\nCO CO o O O O^oo 00000000000000000000\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3?HAV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2usiJ\u00c2\u00a7oa;i v[\\nM ON Tl- CT\\nrt t^ vO\\n6 d M d\\n0^\\nM d\\nM\\n00 en ir\\nCO\\n1^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqd[ns\\nuaSoajifsl\\nt^ vT) \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tf coo 00 O m r^oo r tn\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2usSXxo\\nCO COO\\n000 Tf r^\\nOoOt-iO ^Ocoi-ir^MOinOC^ON\\nOMTj-MMOMr^NOOwinTj-o\\n00\\nCO CO \u00c2\u00bbn CO\\ninm sf ^coxn ^inininvnrl-Ttin\\nrt\\n00 u- o in\\nM in c^\\nCO x t~^ 00 00 N coo 0^ coco\\nM r-~coinO N c* O Tfcoo\\nM r^\\n000 00 Qn\\nin inoo MOO r^-rtoc^r^ r^co 0^\\ncor^oo O^CT^O^r^oooooooocooocooo\\n00\\n00\\no\\n00 CO\\n00 r-- coco \u00c2\u00bbn CO\\nino 00 CO r^ Ooo in\\nM\\nCO T\\nooOO ^O^M r^Minoo\\nHI MM |-IMMMI-(\\ni\\nTt in CO\\nCO c^\\n^Mcot^in inr^ inoo\\nCO\\n00\\nr^ N\\nQo r^ 00\\na TfCO 00 M Tj- M M 00\\n00 r^co oo Ttt-^ t^t- .r^t- t^\\nCO\\n.s\\na\\nU\\no a .ti fl\\ncj oj o Js u\\nL?? C IJ S S\\nc3C/}(y^ S\\no\\nO\\no", "height": "4344", "width": "2560", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "226\\nFUEL TABLES.\\nGERMANY.\\nPublished in this form by\\nName.\\nA. Ruhrcoal.\\n1. Altenessen\\n2. Bonifacius\\n3. Concordia\\n4. Consolidation\\n5. Dahlhausen-Tiefbau\\n6. Dannenbaum\\n7. Dannenbaum...\\n8. Ewald\\n9. Friedrich Ernestine\\n10. Frohliche Morgfensonne.\\n11. General\\n12. Graf Beust\\n13. Hansa\\n14. Holland\\n15. Horde\\n16. Hugo\\n17. Lothringen\\n18. Mont-Cenis\\n19. Pluto\\n20. Recklinghausen\\n21. Mathias Stinnes\\n22. Shamrock II\\n23. Shamrock\\n24. Unser Fritz\\n25. Viktoria Mathias\\n26. Grube Vollmond\\n27. Westende\\n28. Wilhelmine Viktoria\\n29. Zollverein\\nB. Saar Coal\\nT. Camphausen Level III\\n2. Dudweiler\\n3. Frankenholz\\n4. Friedrichsthal\\n5. Heinitz I\\n6. von der Heidt\\n7. Itzenplitz\\n8. Itzenplitz\\n9. Konig 1\\n10. Kohlwald\\n11. Kreuzgraben, Level I\\n12. Louisenlhal\\n13. Maybach, Level II\\n14. Puttlingen\\n15. Reden.\\n16. St. Ingbert Gas-coal\\n17. Heating-coal..\\nComposition of Air-dry Coal.\\n80.35\\n78.26\\n77-77\\n76.20\\n77.29\\n69.07\\n79.15\\n72.96\\n76.69\\n73.48\\n80.43\\n70-33\\n7Q.67\\n68.67\\n72\\n81.49\\n81.26\\n1 Dulong formula for calculating heat-units (Verbandsformel)", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "COAL,\\n227\\nContinued.\\nrequest of Professor H. Bunte.\\nComposition\\nof Pure\\nCoal.\\nc*\\ni\\nCalories of\\nFuel.\\nCalories of\\nCombustible.\\n-a\\nu\\nc\\n1\\nC G\\nre (u\\nSo\\nc\\nJ3\\nre\\nU\\ni\\nbh\\nV\\nS\\nbi\\na\\nw\\n1) ir\\n1\\n4J\\n73\\na\\ni\\nc\\n3\\n15\\na\\n3\\n(J\\nE\\nen\\nu\\nQ\\nu\\nQ\\n6\\na\\n86. ig\\n5-24\\n7-37\\n1.20\\n7310\\n73.34\\n8271\\n829S\\nX\\n86\\n23\\n4-59\\n7-33\\n1.85\\n82.27\\n75.67\\n16.64\\n7467\\n7537\\n8097\\n8172\\n2\\n86\\n03\\n27\\n5 14\\n5-17\\n7-95\\n6.53\\n0.88\\n8008\\n8078\\n7827\\n8194\\n8371\\n8265\\n8370\\n3\\n4\\n87\\n1.03\\nl^-^l\\n70.04\\n23.71\\n7828\\n90\\n79\\n4.42\\n3-41\\n1.38\\n84.78\\n77-52\\n14.16\\n7829\\n7816\\n8546\\n8532\\n5\\n8q\\n65\\n4.62\\n4.62\\ni.ii\\n77.12\\n73-97\\n21.04\\n8026\\nS080\\n8459\\n8516\\n6\\n88\\n85\\n4.83\\n5-24\\nr.o8\\n7926\\n8434\\n7\\n8-,\\n5-38\\n5.28\\n10.86\\n0.66\\n7549\\n7731\\n7523\\n7736\\n7928\\n8278\\n7899\\n8283\\n8\\n9\\n.5\\n86\\n19\\n7-33\\n1.20\\n70.08\\n65.12\\n28 38\\n91\\n40\\n4.51\\n1.28\\n85.18\\n83.55\\n14.12\\n8438\\n8441\\n8644\\n8646\\n10\\n86\\n31\\n5-07\\n6.97\\n1.65\\n70.54\\n66.92\\n28.04\\n7824\\n7840\\n8248\\n8265\\nII\\n82\\n24\\n5-13\\n10 95\\n1.68\\n74.43\\n71.14\\n24.98\\n7488\\n7486\\n7794\\n7792\\n12\\n84\\n08\\n5-53\\n10\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a239\\n68.30\\n64.96\\n29.62\\n7650\\n8101\\n13\\n88\\n55\\n5-07\\n5-31\\n1.07\\n78.82\\n73.96\\n20.19\\n7973\\n7900\\n8475\\n8398\\n14\\n89\\n62\\n81\\n4.12\\n5-55\\n4-59\\n1.67\\n86.16\\n65.70\\n76.32\\n61.36\\n13.04\\n32.65\\n7435\\n7820\\n7482\\n8326\\n8225\\n8379\\n15\\n84\\n9\\n64\\n16\\n87\\n52\\n4.82\\n6.58\\n1.08\\n76.28\\n72.19\\n22.23\\n7804\\n7840\\n8275\\n8313\\n17\\n83\\n14\\n5-40\\n9-33\\n2.13\\n7^-83\\n53.96\\n25.67\\n6368\\n6424\\n8016\\n8086\\n18\\n84\\n60\\n5.28\\n9.70\\n0.42\\n7688\\n7662\\n8043\\n8016\\n19\\n86\\n33\\n5-43\\n6.72\\n1.52\\n71.38\\nhe. go\\n27. 18\\n7859\\n7S71\\n8363\\n8376\\n20\\n89\\n05\\n4.90\\n4.38\\n1.67\\n78.73\\n71.70\\n19.99\\n7800\\n7842\\n85 \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\n8560\\n21\\n89\\n55\\n5-21\\n3-95\\n1.29\\n78.46\\n71.53\\n20.44\\n7953\\n7978\\n865s\\n8682\\n22\\n88\\n22\\n5 -04\\n^5-39\\n1-3^\\n78.36\\n74.13\\n20.59\\n7992\\n8015\\n8444\\n8468\\n23\\n85\\n62\\n5-55\\n8\\n83\\n65.90\\n61.78\\n32.22\\n7780\\n8288\\n24\\n84\\n31\\n5 01\\n9-05\\n1.63\\n73.74\\n70.46\\n25.28\\n7620\\n7637\\n7965\\n7983\\n25\\n87\\n39\\n5-23\\n5-96\\n1.42\\n77-56\\n69.7s\\n21.52\\n7674\\n7679\\n8415\\n8420\\n26\\n89\\n43\\n44\\n5 23\\n3.66\\n1.68\\n903\\n80.27\\n67.40\\n72.43\\n62.67\\n18.5s\\n30.75\\n7881\\n7700\\n7907\\n8670\\n8254\\n8699\\n27\\n85\\n5\\nS3\\n28\\n82\\n5-32\\n11.03\\n1.48\\n6825\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a06899\\n7837\\n7922\\n29\\n8=; r,A\\n5-52\\n5-50\\n8.33\\n9.22\\n0.91\\n1.05\\n7749\\n7527\\n7518\\n7538\\n8224\\n8110\\n7983\\n8122\\nI\\n84\\n25\\n65.49\\n59-72\\n33.19\\n2\\n82\\n25\\n5-48\\n11.36\\n0.91\\n62.70\\n59.55\\n35- 00\\n7420\\n7509\\n8286\\n7957\\n3\\n83\\n21\\n5-45\\n10.13\\n1. 21\\n60.83\\n54.43\\n37.14\\n7296\\n7343\\n7862\\n8032\\n4\\n84\\n45\\n5-43\\n9-33\\n0.79\\n66.40\\n59.92\\n31.60\\n7397\\n8095\\n5\\n80\\n95\\n4-93\\n12.81\\nI-3I\\n61.70\\n50.93\\n34-40\\n6424\\n6478\\n7556\\n7619\\n6\\n86\\n23\\n5-H\\n7.10\\n1-53\\n74.40\\n68.11\\n23.68\\n7567\\n7571\\n8256\\n8260\\n7\\n79\\n97\\n5.86\\n12.62\\n1-55\\n59-37\\n54.28\\n.36.95\\n7051\\n7019\\n7753\\n7718\\n8\\n83\\n32\\n5.65\\n8.75\\n2.28\\n61.07\\n54.32\\n37-72\\n7473\\n7571\\n8127\\n8233\\n9\\n81\\n37\\n5-57\\n12.03\\n1.03\\n60.21\\n54-56\\n35-74\\n7016\\n6989\\n7796\\n7766\\n10\\n85\\n80\\n46\\n43\\n80\\n5.56\\n5-34\\n5-54\\n5-39\\n8.46\\n13.03\\n8.92\\n12-73\\n0.52\\n1 .20\\n7750\\n6635\\n7678\\n6492\\n7622\\n6663\\n7763\\n6533\\n8245\\n7619\\n8183\\n7680\\n8109\\n7652\\n8273\\n7720\\n_\\n84\\n80\\n0.74\\n0.94\\n13\\nH\\n94\\n64.95\\n53-72\\n30.12\\n80\\n79\\n5.60\\n12.51\\nI TO\\n62.30\\n56.08\\n34-25\\n6974\\n6971\\n7744\\n7740\\n15\\n85\\n38\\n5-23\\n8.7t\\n0,68\\n68.46\\n65.63\\n29.81\\n7752\\n7798\\n8133\\n8181\\n.6\\n85.75\\n5.59\\n7.66\\n1.00\\n68.50\\n64-51\\n30.26\\n7872\\n7847\\n8314\\n8287\\n17\\n8100C 29ooo( H 4- 2500S 600W", "height": "4340", "width": "2656", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "228\\nFUEL TABLES.\\nGERMANY\\nC. Upper Silesia Coal.\\nGrube Deutschland\\n(joitesberger Viktoria, (run of mine).\\nGuidogrube\\nGrube Konigin Louise\\nMathildengrube\\nPaulusgrube\\nSchacht Vereinigt Feld\\nD. Saxon Coal.\\nKaisergrube Gersdorf b. Oelsnitz\\nVereinigt Feld Bokwa-Hohndorf\\nZwickau-Oberhchndorf Wilhelmschacht.\\nE. Upper Bavaria Molasses Coal.\\nHaushamer Large Coal\\nMiesbacher Coal\\nPenzberger (run of mine)\\nF. Saxon Brown Coal.\\nAlfred near Calbe a. S\\nBach near Ziebingen\\nMeuselwitzer Revier Fortschritt\\nGnadenhutie b. Klein-Muhlingen\\nGreppen\\nLuizkendorf\\nMarie Louise\\nG. Peat and Lignite.\\nPeat, Pschorrschwaige\\nCompressed Peat, Hofmark-Steinfels\\nLignite, Jbsefszeche in Schwanenkirchen.\\nPeat, Ostrach\\nH. Coal Briquettes.\\nDahlhausen Tief bau\\nHaniel Co\\nHugo Stinnes, Strassburg\\nStachelhaus Buchloh\\nJ. Brown-coal Briquettes.\\nStetnpel Furst Bismarck\\nWurfel-Brikett C* Use, Bergb.-Act.-Ges. in\\nGross-Raschen-Senftenberg\\nWurfel-Brikett S* Rechenberg Cie.,\\nGrube Mariengliick\\nStempel Rositz\\nGewerkschaft Schwarzenfeld\\nStempel Siegfried\\nZeche Waldau\\nK. Gas-coke.\\nConsolidation (Ruhr)\\nRhein, Elbe und Alma (Ruhr)..\\nEwald (Ruhr)\\nBonifacius (Ruhr)\\nCamphausen (Saar)\\nHeinitz (Saar)\\nKonigin Louise (Upper Silesia).\\nComposition of Air-d\\nry Coal.\\nc\\nc\\nA\\nt.\\nc ^r\\no\\n^r P\\nX5\\nu\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a20\\nX\\nm\\n1\\nS:\\n6\\n71.90\\n4.56\\n17-37\\n1-15\\n1-.58\\n3-44\\n94.98\\n81.12\\n4.24\\n4-93\\n1.23\\ni.bs\\n6.83\\n91-52\\n77-79\\n4.85\\n10.07\\n0.57\\n1.67\\n5-05\\n93.28\\n70.60\\n4.30\\n8-77\\n1-57\\n2.28\\n12.48\\n85.24\\n7\u00c2\u00ab.3i\\n4-70\\n9.87\\n0.75\\n2.05\\n4-32\\n93.63\\n73-96\\n4.40\\n15.1b\\n1.41\\n1-95\\n3.12\\n94-93\\n70.17\\n5-17\\n9-39\\n1.26\\n8.14\\n5-87\\n85 -99\\n71-45\\n4-76\\n10.06\\n1.30\\n8.91\\n3-52\\n87.57\\n74-63\\n4-97\\n9.60\\ni.bo\\n3-50\\n5-50\\n91 .00\\n75-95\\n5-35\\n11.17\\n0.63\\n3.68\\n3.22\\n93.10\\n58.01\\n4.42\\n12.02\\n4-B7\\n7-37\\n13-31\\n79.32\\n51.9-^\\n3-75\\n13-44\\n5-31\\n17.12\\n8.4b\\n74.42\\n47-78\\n3.83\\n10.92\\n5-24\\n10.18\\n22.05\\n67.77\\n41.41\\n3.29\\n9.84\\n2. 12\\n36.26\\n7.08\\n56.66\\n35-93\\n2.56\\n13.20\\n0.99\\n45-33\\n1-99\\n52.68\\n44-47\\n3-67\\n14.69\\n1.72\\n27.13\\n8.32\\n64.55\\n^7-16\\n3-39\\n9.62\\n1.66\\n38.68\\n9-49\\n51.83\\n43-37\\n3-25\\n17-54\\n1.93\\n22.85\\n11.06\\n66.09\\n31.12\\n2.79\\n9-42\\n3.87\\n47-45\\n5-35\\n47.20\\n45.40\\n3-73\\n10.72\\n3-59\\n29.27\\n7.29\\n63-44\\n38.76\\n3.66\\n21.27\\n0.26\\n29.14\\n6.91\\n63-95\\n49.31\\n4-4\u00c2\u00ab\\n24.07\\n0-39\\n16.47\\n5.28\\n78.25\\n28.80\\n2.54\\n9-55\\n2.87\\n40.35\\n15.89\\n43.76\\n45-93\\n4.70\\n29.18\\n0.61\\n14.06\\n5-52\\n80.42\\n83.24\\n4-05\\n3-13\\n1.26\\n1.06\\n,.6\\n91.68\\n81.96\\n4-15\\n3.14\\n0.88\\n1.77\\n8.10\\n90.13\\n80.85\\n4-45\\n4.82\\n1.19\\n1.76\\n6-93\\n91-31\\n82.69\\n4.10\\n3-6o\\n1.36\\n2.10\\n6.15\\n91.75\\n54-35\\n4.66\\n15.21\\n2.28\\n15-77\\n7-73\\n76.50\\n55-91\\n4.07\\n19.14\\n0.78\\n14.77\\n5.33\\n79.90\\n51-74\\n4.24\\n18.57\\n1.00\\n18.95\\n5.50\\n75.55\\n51.73\\n4-32\\n16.37\\n1.50\\n19.40\\n6.68\\n73.92\\n48.20\\n4.20\\n15-84\\n2.98\\n10.26\\n18.52\\n71.22\\n53-66\\n4-58\\n15-59\\n2.58\\n13.65\\n9.94\\n76.41\\n50.97\\n4.20\\n15-25\\n2.52\\n16.57\\n10.49\\n72.94\\n8s. 18\\n0.70\\n4.04\\n0.87\\n1.79\\n7.42\\n90.79\\n85.30\\n0.81\\n4.80\\n0.88\\n1-71\\n6.50\\n91.79\\n80.68\\n0.90\\n3-74\\n1. 17\\n2-33\\nII. 18\\n86.49\\n82.03\\n1.07\\n3.61\\n1.02\\n1-53\\n10.74\\n87.73\\n82.91\\n1. 00\\n2.60\\n1.43\\n1.79\\n1C.27\\n87.94\\n88.08\\n0.78\\n2.8s\\n0.81\\n0.96\\n6.S2\\n92.52\\n86.35\\n0.54\\n2.01\\n0.96\\n3-73\\n6.41\\n89.86\\nDulong formula for calculating heat-units (Verbandsformel):", "height": "4332", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n229\\nCo7ttinued.\\n1\\nu\\nCalories of\\nCalories of\\nComposition\\nof Pure Coal. 1\\nc\\nV\\nFu\\nel.\\nCombustible.\\nc\\nc\\na!\\nc\\n1\\nc g,\\n3\\nU\\nJJ\\nbi\\nu\\ns\\n1)\\n2\\n-a\\n^.i\\n0.\\n1\\nc\\nC u\\nC 4J\\n2. t;\\na\\nc4\\n5S^\\n5\\n3\\nQ\\n3\\nu\\n3\\n7 ;.70\\n4.80\\n18.29\\n1. 21\\n65.73\\n62.29\\n32.69\\n6536\\n6881\\n6891\\n7254\\nI\\n88.64\\n4.63\\n5-39\\n1.34\\n81.46\\n74-63\\n16.89\\n7643\\n7646\\n8362\\n8365\\n2\\n83. 2g\\n82.83\\n5.20\\n5-04\\n0.61\\n7346\\n6671\\n7429\\n6662\\n7895\\n7847\\n7983\\n7837\\n3\\n4\\n10.29\\n1.84\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0;r.;8\\n58.70\\n26.54\\n83.64\\n5.02\\n10.54\\n0.80\\n67.82\\n63-50\\n30.13\\n7355\\n7414\\n7868\\n7931\\n5\\n77.91\\n4.64\\n15.97\\n1.48\\n64.19\\n61.07\\n33.86\\n6739\\n6804\\n7112\\n7180\\n6\\n81.60\\n6.01\\n10.92\\n1.47\\n60.50\\n54-63\\n31-36\\n6825\\n6801\\n7994\\n7966\\n7\\n81.59\\n5-44\\n11.49\\n1.48\\n59-75\\n56.23\\n31-34\\n6782\\n6750\\n7805\\n7769\\nI\\n82.00\\n81.58\\n73-14\\n5.46\\n5.74\\n5-57\\n10.55\\no!68\\n7162\\n7292\\n5623\\n7169\\n7299\\n5623\\n7893\\n7856\\n7144\\n7901\\n7864\\n7144\\n3\\nI\\n15.15\\n6.14\\n56.50\\n43-19\\n36.13\\n69.77\\n5-04\\n18.06\\n7.13\\n45-35\\n36.89\\n37-53\\n4836\\n4851\\n6512\\n6532\\n2\\n70.50\\n5-65\\n16.12\\n7-73\\n55.13\\n33.08\\n34-69\\n4655\\n4710\\n6959\\n7040\\n3\\n73.08\\n5-81\\n17.37\\n3-74\\n30-35\\n23.27\\n33.39\\n3787\\n3741\\n7068\\n6987\\nI\\n68.20\\n4.86\\n25.06\\n1.88\\n26.44\\n24.45\\n28\\n23\\n2927\\n2913\\n6072\\n6046\\n2\\n68.89\\n5-69\\n22.76\\n2.66\\n35-59\\n27.27\\n37\\n28\\n4014\\n4059\\n6471\\n6541\\n3\\n71.70\\n6.54\\n18.56\\n3.20\\n28. 30\\n18.81\\n33\\n02\\n3454\\n3426\\n7112\\n7058\\n4\\n65.62\\n4.92\\n26.54\\n2.92\\n38.51\\n27.45\\n38\\n64\\n3722\\n3870\\n5854\\n6063\\n5\\n65-93\\n5-91\\n10.96\\n8.20\\n24.98\\n19.63\\n27\\n57\\n2800\\n2818\\n6536\\n6574\\n6\\n71-57\\n5.88\\n16.89\\n5.66\\n34.90\\n27.61\\n35-83\\n4285\\n4319\\n7032\\n7085\\n7\\n60.61\\n5-72\\n33.26\\n0.41\\n29.60\\n22.69\\n41.26\\n3261\\n3283\\n5383\\n5407\\nI\\n63.02\\n5-73\\n30.76\\n0.49\\n31.25\\n25-97\\n52.28\\n4331\\n4364\\n5661\\n5704\\n2\\n65.81\\n5. 81\\n21.82\\n6.56\\n34-00\\n18.11\\n25.65\\n2552\\n2578\\n6385\\n6421\\n3\\n57-11\\n5.84\\n36.29\\n0.76\\n33-16\\n27.64\\n52.78\\n3956\\n3993\\n5024\\n5070\\n4\\n90.79\\n4.43\\n3.41\\n1.38\\n84.78\\n77-52\\n14.16\\n7829\\n7816\\n8546\\n8532\\nI\\n90.94\\n4.60\\n3.48\\n0.98\\n85.60\\n77.50\\n12.63\\n7734\\n7804\\n8593\\n8671\\n2\\n88.55\\n4.87\\n5-28\\n1.30\\n76.35\\n69.42\\n21.89\\n7685\\n7616\\n8429\\n8353\\n3\\n90.13\\n4.47\\n3-92\\n1.48\\n83.92\\n77-77\\n13.98\\n7778\\n7822\\n8491\\n8:39\\n4\\n71-05\\n6.09\\n19.88\\n2.g8\\n39-87\\n32.14\\n44.36\\n5165\\n509S\\n6S76\\n6787\\nI\\n70.00\\n5-09\\n23-95\\n0.98\\n40.17\\n34.84\\n45.06\\n4947\\n4899\\n6303\\n6243\\n2\\n68.49\\n5.61\\n24.58\\n1.32\\n38.92\\n33.42\\n42.13\\n4659\\n4583\\n6318\\n6217\\n3\\n69.98\\n67.68\\n5-84\\n5.90\\n22.15\\n22.24\\n2.03\\n4.18\\n4770\\n4561\\n4788\\n4523\\n6610\\n6634\\n6438\\n4\\n5\\n49.40\\n30.88\\n40.34\\n6491\\n70.23\\n5-99\\n20.40\\n3.38\\n40.78\\n30.84\\n45-57\\n5092\\n5188\\n6784\\n6910\\n6\\n69.88\\n5.76\\n20. gi\\n3-45\\n40.09\\n29.60\\n43-34\\n4756\\n4725\\n6659\\n6616\\n7\\n93.82\\n0.77\\n4-45\\n0.96\\n98.00\\n90.58\\n0.21\\n6967\\n7057\\n7686\\n7785\\nI\\n92.93\\n0.83\\n5.23\\n0.96\\n96.25\\n89\\n75\\n2.04\\n6982\\n7071\\n7617\\n7716\\n2\\n93.28\\n1,04\\n4.32\\n1.36\\n95.16\\n93\\n98\\n2-51\\n6675\\n6716\\n7734\\n7781\\n3\\n93.50\\n1.22\\n4.12\\n1.16\\n95-30\\n84\\n56\\n3.17\\n6841\\n6851\\n7S08\\n7819\\n4\\n94.28\\n1. 14\\n2.96\\n1.62\\n95.41\\n85\\n14\\n2.80\\n6935\\n6936\\n7899\\n7900\\n5\\n95.20\\n0.84\\n3.08\\n0.88\\n98.30\\n91\\n78\\n0.74\\n7271\\n7268\\n7S65\\n7862\\ni5\\n96.09\\n0.60\\n2.23\\n1.08\\n94-34\\n87.93\\n1-93\\n7080\\n7111\\n7903\\n7938\\n7\\n8100C 29000^ H o 2500S 600W", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "230\\nC en\\nEU\\nFC/\u00c2\u00a3L TABLES.\\n3\\nNO r^ o en IT)\\nO O vO r^ r^oo O\\nt -f t M C4 M\\nO N r^ cnoo CO 00 N o oo rfoo o\\nCO Mvo o M Nu-)0 r^vo o N\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-imC^OO 1-u^ONhhOc ^Oin\\nTt-i-rtcococ ^cnc^ cncn^j ^r, xn\\na^ ^O\\nCO -I M O _ _\\nr^oo CO c/j r^o\\ncoOOioOcJOooMNco t^co r^\\nr^ -i- N mo oo O r^o oo o n r^ rt-\\ncoco C P N -)-\u00c2\u00abr M cnci c^ Tj-r-^t\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J35T2M\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoj^ijsi\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpAH\\nd\\nd\\nd\\nd\\nd\\nd\\nd\\nd\\nd\\nd\\nd\\nd\\nd\\n^QO\\nr^\\no^\\no^\\nr^\\nu-)CO\\ncoo\\nc^\\no\\nu-^O O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-1- M\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tt CO c^\\nrt to M\\nN\\nM\\nCl\\nO\\no\\no\\no\\nO\\nO\\no\\no\\nO\\no\\no\\no\\nr^\\nO O CO\\nn\\ncoo\\nr^\\n0)\\no\\no\\nCO\\nXT,\\ni/)\\nN\\nrf W\\nen\\nM\\nCO lo\\no^ o^\\nCO\\nt^\\nr^\\nin\\nM\\nM\\no\\nM\\no\\nJ^\\nCO\\nidO O O CO Tl CO\\nCO ino CO tt CO O\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a04 XT) IT) tA -4 CO\\nlO ^rfrJ-r^TfT^Tt- ^Tj-rtTf-^\\nO\\nIs\\n-5 ^S\\nf^ =q M E? ii\\nS\\nS N tfl\\n^C/2\\nu\\ns\\ni b aJ Sf^ b2.\\no W 7! U -I- C O tut) \u00c2\u00bb-r o\\nI", "height": "4320", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n231\\n1\\nX!\\n:0\\n1\\nBunte\\nS.-K. andM.-P.\\nBunte\\nS.-K. andM.-D.\\nSchwackhofer\\nc/5w\\nC JJ\\n5 CO\\nsi\\n00\\nM\\ncnoo i-icnrtooo O O OvOO wco \u00c2\u00abr o fcoc^cnx/ o^N cn^t\\nr-.r^ir)QO M incoM O c^ ooocoo cncno--, r- MO woo\\nU\\nl-H\\ncnOMnOoo l-vnvo tni^voTj-r-,inr^o r-\u00c2\u00ab0\\nMOOMr)0^ 0 OiO -t-Tj-NMOMOooOoocoxr)COt-HOC cn\\ncoco t^r^cococo t^cocooocooooocooo r^co r^r^r^oocooo r^co\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3;bm\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2anq\\ndps\\nd\\ncncnlr O^M^^c\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*or^c^O\\nwr^TfM om cncno ^0 N\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aaSoj^i^\\nCO\\n6\\nCO \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0oo U-) m coco mOOOOC^coO moo co ci\\nO^ M xnco \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^N loino i-i^N Cl N cncoc ^c ^coO\\nd^o6d^ ^M !tcdTj-MN(Nc^odddddcddM\\n1-- en\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n3j\\n\u00c2\u00a7Axo\\nq\\nr^(N r .mcnM u-)0^o c^ dvd\\n1-1 OMT) C 0O VOCO N a^ M\\nCO d M c^* d M od 4 CO\\nM M M M H-l M l-(\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojp^H\\n00\\nen\\n^O MOO iDMoo TfO eoiooo r^OvOvO O too O moo r .coco O\\n\u00c2\u00bbr m ID en M t- o cno r^ OO t^O d invo i^ -^-O m cq c^ cnoo\\nH\\neg\\n00 Ti-M oi^coM Tioo r^M r- avooo cocoo c^ 00 O co\\n00mC^mC^rj-c0-*00rH0u^0^v0 ^MOMC^M ^a^C4O r^\\nrt-^md codo d cococoMod M cncoM copJ c M c^-^ ^corA\\ncoooooooooco r^oOQOcooooo r^oooooooooooo t^oooooooooooo\\naNr^o^\u00c2\u00bbnr- ritn\\n00 d d c o d d\\nM C^ C^ M M C^ d\\nE\\nr-^inTftnOOT r^\\nmi-HOOMcnO 00\\nM ei c -)vd M 06 en\\nvOiovooOvOm CO\\nc\\n.c\\nc\\na\\nE\\n;2\\nc\\n.2\\n1\\nm\\n*i\\nc\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\nc\\nc\\nc\\n1\\nc\\nc\\n1\\n3\\na;\\n1\\ng-i\\nl3\\n=3\\nil=J", "height": "4328", "width": "2616", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "232\\nFUEL TABLES.\\no J\\nt3\\ni2-2\\nH\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05 t^\\nm\\n^i\\ni/i\\nrtS\\n(U\\nEU\\n3\\nr^O M \u00c2\u00bbrii-i Oco cnO OO c^t^ -tvO u-) o O^ 10 en c -ioo MOO-1-Oc^c^m\\nrj- r^ \u00e2\u0080\u00a2rj- c i c^ a^co vn a^ o^ O t*^ coco r^ N o i-^ r^ 000 u- m o en cno 1-\\n00 M \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^M -i-M r^oo vocnooo or^o^cnu-iinu-io I OO vn^^coo ow c^\\n-1-iHcxD -^qnO h ocnii^-f l-co o vo in (-1 10 01 o^co r^ m t~^ vn r-^ ^o t\\n0 -i(Ni-icnO NOoo 00 c^ OcnM O m o -^mvc r^O csxnoo^o^N ii\\nCO -^O 00 ^M CM O 0 -i ci 040 tno tnmioco rt-t^vo m-for^c^ 0^0\u00c2\u00bb\\noocooo r^oococoooco j^cocooo r^coc\u00c2\u00bb i^i--i^i^r^r^t-Nr^r^r^i-^oo r^t^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\ni- .oo r^N o r^N Tf-1-OM o tnw ir r- r^in icncnr^r-\u00c2\u00bb ntnM m o m rt\\ncn(Ncnr~^cnu^^^ i-r~^ooo^l-lI-^a^0^^cnOc^ ^^cnr^Ocn ^r^Mooo^^ u^,\\nr^rj-cnr^u-joico Mccoao O i-^o3 -^-co iri^j-cnoo \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^voo C^d^o rj-inr^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J31BAV\\n(-iMi-iioTi-NtncncnNcsNN ^NOju^ooooMf^vOooo^Mc^cnrj-cn\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqding\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoJiijsi\\nuaSAxQ\\nu-)0 en O 000 r^ r^ O O O O^oo w r^ o -i ci -too OOOOOOcoOOO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpXH\\nTtin ^-j-Tt-ir rfTfvnTtio^r}-rt ^TfTrrl-Tj-rl-TT 1- ^-Tf\\nu o\\nr-J mvO On\\nC/2\\no\\no o\\no o\\nu\\nu\\nQ\\ns\\nti c: S^ t\u00c2\u00bb JJ\\ns 2 rt E S t3\\nr^", "height": "4344", "width": "2708", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n233\\nO 1J\\nSi\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2iisv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J33B^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojjt^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0uaSojpXH\\nO r^co 1-1 o O c^ i-i u^\\nO ci 00 O 04 -i O O\\nMOCcnc^MMON\\nO r^ O cno M O\\nCO 04 04 M r} O -^O\\nXOCOM 1-1 Tt l-CfjCO\\ncooooooDooQOcoco\\nir O -I CO \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^00 IT) ir\\nu^r- MNOooi-HM\\nCO CO 00 00 CO r^oo CO\\nen 04 Tf CO rt- en\\nvO en ^vo 04\\n04 cn 04 IT) ut -rt-\\nO o vo vo r-\u00c2\u00ab 04\\nM d M 6 6 M\\nO cn M o u- oo vo\\no cn cn cn o^ o\\nU-) M M M M d O\\nI 04 O\\nJ MM\\ncn ^u-iin-^-^\\n1\\ncn\\n06\\nCO 1^00 04 00 cn i-^\\nt--0 O^ M l- N\\nM d^ a^ r- 04 cncd\\nO^vO r^ r^co CO CO\\n2 cno T}-o 00 0^\\nrr f^ M T Tf\\n04 04 006 irivd\\nr^ t^o r^ r^ t-^\\nrt\\n1\\nd^\\n04\\ni^r^OOOOO)cn\\n000000 r^co\\nd^M m 04 C tAM 04\\ncn i- Tt cn 04 M\\nTf cn cn M\\nM 04 U-) M cn\\nir 04 00 d 04 u- o6\\ncn 04 cn cn 04 04\\n00\\ncn\\nMr^O 04 cno^ioTf\\nOoocnMOioO\\n04 lAo) cn r^od -4 r^\\nCO U-1U-) 10 inooooo\\nM too 00 Tj-\\nt^ cn tto 04 t^ m\\nt-^ t-^O vri d r^ lA t}-\\nOOQO lOO lOlDOO\\n1^-^040 1000 Zl\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^co xnco 04 00 rj\\ncnco r^ \u00e2\u0080\u00a2rfoo r^oo\\ncn\\nU\\n(U OJ CO\\nfc ^-B\\nS; S^ ?n\\n!iJ a;\\n1/3 C/3\\nrs li C b\\n-2 o\\nfc\\n-Q Ti T;\\ni^ PS K^ b* -if\\n-S V- c\\nu cS\\nS S cj2 CXbJO\\nO OJ U r^\\ndn p^ fL, H H P\\nCO M\\n\\\\r o\\ncnoo\\n\u00c2\u00a7-S\\nII", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "234\\nFUEL TABLES.\\nC T3\\n03 O w 2i\\no ii u e g\\ns-\\nt:)\\n05 j3\\ne-\\nCO\\nC CO\\n^i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2c\\nS O\\nX^\\no\\ni/i O Tf o o\\nCOvO vO CO IT)\\nCO a^oo CO Qo\\nPI M CO M O\\ni-i c^ O oo\\nc^ QO IT) i-i r\u00c2\u00ab.\\nCO O CO HH rf\\nCO C^ QO ino T\\nm CO COCO vnco M\\ntn r^ t^ CO -T in\\nO O O^ c^ hi\\nto m N CO CO\\nin O O M C^\\nCO N r-. 1-1 O\\n0 f^ r^ r^vO\\ncoo\\ne^ CO\\nr^ O CO i-H o\\n\\\\0 O CI c^ CO\\nm -t O O O\\nCO w O \u00c2\u00bbn O O w\\nO O 1 M c^i CO O\\nCO O -1- CO O CO T\\nin in ino O O O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\nHH CO J- W P4\\n^00 Oco O toco\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2j3;t3A\\\\.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\nTi- CO to to\\no o o o o o o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojji^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2U3S;{xO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpiiH\\no\\nU\\nO O oo in in\\nCO in c^ r^ r^\\nrt w -4- ci CO\\nin in in in in\\ncoo\\nt-- O\\nin in\\nto O\\nCO CO\\nO -T r^\\nr- O\\nO N in O N CO m\\nO CO O O CO in w\\nino\\no o\\nO O\\nino r^\\nO 1-1 i-i CO rj-\\nc\\no\\nu\\na;\\nII\\nin O C^ in m\\nin r^ w M\\nmoo in r^o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0T -1- TT rj- Tj-\\nr-oo\\nin CO\\nr^ O\\no r-.\\nO O CO\\nO W O\\nO CO in O CO N m\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2I- CO\\n-t CO\\nin c C\\nrt CO M\\nO CO CO O ino in\\nN C^ C^ CO C^ a\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0s\\nCO -r rt O^ O\\nN CO \u00c2\u00bbn r^\\nto r^ O^ o^ i-i\\nm r;!- in\\nco C\\nin in\\noo in\\nT}- CO\\nXT, O^ y\\nO in O\\nCO O O inco C\\nO -^co O CO inO\\nin in\\nin\\nin CO in 1- O in\\n\\\\r, -rt \\\\r\\\\ ino in\\nE\\n2 o\\no\\np::\\nIs 5\\nCC (D C\\n03 b: w cd -r J\\nr o O hn i_:\\nT3\\nrt 55\\n3 C\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22:2\\nCQ\\n-i\u00e2\u0080\u0094 v\\\\j rt gJ (U o", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n235\\no\\no\\nu\\nH\\nIfl\\nu o\\nr-^vnr^M (Nr^CT^cnoou-iooior^ooooMi^iriooOoOMf^r-^\\nNmNM (NMNO -iNi-iNNMMi-ii-iOOONi- OC^N\\n^IN c ^vr)MMr^Oir *u-)u- OC^Ocoi-iOOO- ^00\\nl-QOM oou-)Mu-)mO ^cocot-iooi-iNC^O~ OaoOini- c\u00c2\u00bb\\nt^ r^ in U-) ooo M \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^oo Mooo OO or-O n -tO en i-t o w co\\nO r^ m T)-\\n000 00 rf (N O O^CO C^ TT M CO O r^ rj- ^^co tn 04 O w-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ja^l^AV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n0000\\n00000\\n0000000\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aaSoa^i^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaJSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2u33ojpXH\\nCJ t^ IT)\\nOcoo r^O M r^oco m O cniotnooo r-^M inr^cA\\nI-\u00c2\u00bbiovO lOI^vO vnoo t^O u^LOtnr^f^iDvO ir in r\\n00 r^coo N cor^oooo cnOoo Ooo winu-iTituno^m\\nO vrivooo r^O ^M r^oo cnco inoo tr^Lnc^ 1-1 o\\ns\\ncj -^cnvj-M cnrtcnco(N cn^rj-Tj-M ci-^co ^tj-w\\ncoioo O 00 100 o: t-t M ti-)0 C\u00c2\u00bbntoci u-)c Or-^\\no o r^ vi- c? coc\u00c2\u00bb 00 ocn-j-Mvcoo cnci \u00c2\u00bbo r^vo o\\nT3 tn cfl\\no\\n1)\\nU^\\noJ\\nO OJ\\n53 T.^\\n.\u00c2\u00a78\\ne\\n03 TJ\\n3 C IJ\\nTO Co n. _ __\\n5 \u00c2\u00a7.5\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00ba:i^QmcQ\\nO O J3 e C a, O _\\nJD\\nrt\\nOS\\nOj\\nra\\nx:\\nmui", "height": "4344", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "236\\nFUEL TABLES.\\nO jU\\nc en\\nII o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\nrt c \u00c2\u00abi\\n4; :!i U S g\\nCL P O\\nNaMaMMMI-cl-iC^I-l\\na e^ M r^ r-\u00c2\u00ab Tt-\\nO O^ O O O r-N\\nf^O CO o -t\\n00 000 O\\nr^ O O O\\nr^ in N\\n00 O i-i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21 -1- OM^\\nu\\nC30 W CO\\nr^oo\\nr^vO\\n-TO\\nN\\n10\\nr^ ir)\\n-I-O\\nCO\\nt-\\nr^ u-)c/3\\nN\\ni-l\\n-1-vO\\nCO\\n0^ -t-\\n-1-\\ncoo\\nto\\nCO -t\\nr^O CO\\nr-- -t\\nM\\nl-\\n00\\n-t\\nCO\\n-r coo 00\\nM\\nCO\\nmoo\\nc3\\n000\\n000\\n000\\n\\\\r%KO\\nvn\\nir^\\nm\\n\\\\rt IT)\\nin\\nin\\nvn \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tt\\n-tco CO O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jaiBAV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n00000000000\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojiijsi\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoap^H\\nS\\ness\\no o\\no o\\nt: CI\\no c^\\nc^ OS\\n5^-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0s\u00c2\u00a7\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25^\\no\\no^^ cu\\n6 a\\n03 rt\\ns s\\nCO M\\nrt o o o\\no o\\nOS\\nE i\\nu\\na:\\no", "height": "4328", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n23?\\nI\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i\\na\\nc3\\n1\\nS -S 2\\nh^ c\\n3\\n03 tfi\\nCO\\nv\\n00\\nr-o ooc^Tj-r^w\\nM 00 r^ (N GO\\ni-H M I-, c^ -r\\nH\\nvn\\nCT^xn r^ ^c^Or-^i-\\nu;^\\nM\\nCO w 00 QO C^\\ncsi r- x^o\\nm\\nM HI\\nMM M\\nl^f^\\nX,\\nu\\nTl-O\\nrj-xn incof^OOO\\neno inoo m en m\\nN w\\n^oc\\nOTfcor^c^co OMncMnMi-iO\\nC M\\nxnoc\\nO^OM-1-Qor^ coincnvOcoOO\\nu^O\\nu- vr\\n5 in M vo -^O\\nin en in rj- en\\nc en\\nl-H M\\n000 COOO M\\n00 MO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\nM N\\n6 c\\nN 00\\nM 0^0 inoo\\nen d d M\\n00\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^0 M cn cn f^\\nCO Tj- M in M\\nC4\\nM\\nMO HI en en M\\nen M en en (N\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J35BAY\\nc^ c\\nOCC\\nM Tt f^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqd[ns\\nCO Tt\\n6 d\\n6 1-\\n00 00 N N\\nM N en ri- 01 H\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0uaSoajiM\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpAH\\n1\\nrtCO\\nvO Mco^coc u-) 0000 -^ao N 00\\nN \u00e2\u0096\u00a04-\\nM 00 TfOO \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tj- M M U-1 r\\nc^ M 00 00 c\\nM eno m\\no^r^\\nu\\nvn\\ninvO in r^ Tf mo 10 vno u-j in m 10\\nu\\nIs\\nN\\ntJ-O 00 r^o t^oo in MMvOC^Ocfcca\\nu\\nu\\nt^ XT)\\ni~^M inM inr^GOTf. u\\ncor^ oooOOcoo c\\nTOO eno rf\\n0^ en C 01\\nc rt\\n^tco Tt(NxnTi-co^ lnTl-cor^ ^Tj- t\\nM 10\\ninoo ci-^rj-O^ cacNOWcovOoo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\n1!\\nCO\\nN XT,\\nino cnoo ^coinr^\\nen 00 ci OM~^ (^00 I~\\nX^ in M M inoo\\nM MO T-t- rl- in\\nfc\\n^in cOMcncic^co Tt^vl-cNcnMNcn\\n^S\\nr\\nC/5\\n2\\nX3\\no;\\nC\\nC4\\nU\\nS\\nP9\\n0^\\ni\\nQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r\\nJ.\\nc/-\\ns\\nP^ r;\\nc/) :2; :zi :z; :z; J^\\nZ\\nrf\\n03\\nH c3\\niz;\\nv\\nT^yAVl\\nuo\\n:r\\nc\\nC\\na\\n0.\\nPC\\nCT\\nJ L", "height": "4332", "width": "2640", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "238\\nFUEL TABLES.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3JB^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoajijsI\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\nuaSojpXfj\\nO u\\n\u00c2\u00ab5^\\nh\\nC M\\nCQ\\n^i\\nU1\\n:^a\\nC\\no\\nKU\\nU\\nO^OOcoo Moo O r^c ^N\\noor^r .M coo O r^o n m\\nJ rt rt :tj\\nUPQU\\nCO o O x^ en o U-) d\\nmoo M \\\\c O o o o\\nCN o cnvc CO l?i o\\nI\\nO M c^ 00 OO M o U-) C7\\\\\\nOMO -f tOOO -f ^c^\\nC O- OO\\nOO -O CO\\nrfcou-io cor^a^c oo\\nCO CO C^ M M CO ci t~-\u00c2\u00aboo\\ncocO ^OOOOOO\\n-iO O O^Ooo u-)Ooo O\\n\\\\nu- voT:fu-) ^TTTj-rl-\\no\\nQ\\nH\\nO\\no\\nO M\\nw\\nu\\n-3\\nC/l\\no\\no\\nw\\nz\\nw q O ir o\\nvd N vd o d\\noo\\nCO\\npi\\nCO\\nin\\nd\\nU-) O CO O\\nc^ N \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^o o6\\nCO o r--oo r^\\nCO\\n^1\\nCJDp3\\nf (L\\nn (11\\ncj re\\nO _\\na.-d\\ng\\naj re\\nC r-\\ni\\nC C M\\ncfl O\\no ex,\\nO cj O", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n239\\nz z\\nCO en CO rfCO O\\nNioOvOOOO\u00c2\u00bbn\\n0 NOt-icoOvor^\\ncovnvo M N Moooo\\nQO O O w\\nO O t Tj-\\niT) n o r^\\nxn -5^ Tt\\n0000\\nO O O CT\\nO inoo M\\n00 00 x^oo\\nCO r^vo lo-fc: f--^f^M i-i(X)\\nO^ O 00 O M fi CO U-) i^ f-,\\nM r^fJO ^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^w c -iT3--rcj\\n00 U-) O CO O f^ m rfoo u- M\\ncoMoocna\\\\ooi-Hoa\\ncovoo r^oo r^inh-i c voco\\nr^r^coco ininsD O^ocxjo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jajHAV\\nO O 00 vC O o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqd|ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoj^i^\\n.uaSiixQ\\n0000\\nN O i-i tH o o\\n1 a^ u-)0 r-.\\nM N 6 I\\nvO\u00c2\u00bbncoi-iOcn ii-i I\\nMMMMM cncnj\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aaSoapXH\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^uivninvD ^m\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^vnrt inu-juo-rj-m i-Oinccrj-\\nvn o CT^ O vnvC en\\n5)0\\n1 r^\\n/Sop,\\n0--\\na,-\\nen\\ntfl\\nW\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0In r^\\n00 G\\nO O\\nC5j o tn\\n;3 erf\\n_. rt rt cJ 2\\n3 (u o u C\\nb\u00c2\u00a3.-\\ntuO\\nS ^c^;^pt:^r H:: N", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "240\\nFUEL TABLES;\\nin\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqd[ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2u3Soa;i j\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ug^ojpAH\\ni-i IT) h-i M in O^oo in\\n(N C^ (N TtO OOO Oil OM inM\\nin hi vo C^ r^ OO (N O t-i o OO C4 en\\ninin^inTi--t t 1-co-t^-1--r-1--1-\\nOTfO -^OcnMin\\nOlco in-i--rm*1-h- in\\nCO r^r^r^r~r-^or--r--\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsy\\nto O W CO M O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3;bAV\\nc^ 1-1 in M O oo\\nHH rj- CO T O O\\nM o O O O O N\\nCO CO r-^ 00\\nO O O CO i-\\na!\\nCO in in\\ninO O\\nO in t^\\nO\\nC CO\\no o o\\nCO 1-^ in t u- t\\nO^ O^ O** 00 f f~^\\n_4J\\n1\\nto\\nO r-\\nM O\\n(U\\nbiO-^\\nr (u s_ a, 3\\nI C3 en y\\nOr^ 2 5j jj^\\nX\\noiOciOON CJi^coooOTror^\\no -f -^w coi-H or^coco 04 M c7 o\\ncocococoooooco t^r^r^i^occo r .r\\nr^OMO -iNcoOcoc^ooi-iMr^O\\nvO i-i tninr .vO ininco or^oo i^inoo\\nin M r^ Oco CO r^i-\u00c2\u00bbr-\u00c2\u00abo^ocot^ ooo\\nci ,ci\\n-35\\no\\ninoo O\\nen\\no\\nO\\nin\\nn\\nn\\nr^\\n8\\n04 O\\n04\\nr^\\nO r- c^\\nw\\ncoo\\nO CO\\no\\nOOO\\na\\nO CO\\nN\\nN\\n04\\nN\\nCO 04\\nin\\nin\\noo oo\\nr^\\nr^\\nM\\nCO\\nin\\n-t\\n04\\nCO O 04\\nO\\nr^\\nO in O\\noj\\ni^\\nr^\\nO\\nHI\\nO oo\\nr^oo\\no\\nO in\\nO i^ r-^\\nM\\nO\\nr^ Ti-\\nM\\nrj- coo\\nCO M\\nre o\\n-h\\nt\\n-t \\\\n\\nin\\nn\\n04\\noo\\n\u00c2\u00abn in\\nin\\nin\\nin\\nO oo O\\nC^ M hI\\nT\\no\\nW\\nO CO O\\nM M M\\nTl- 04 rfoo 04 O O O\\nM m in Oco HH 04 O\\ni^ 04 o r^co o r^\\nCO O O coo O O\\nin ^inTt i-tninin\\nin in in rt m r:)- rf\\nOcooo4 0r-^0i^\\nCO CO M o u-)^ ut^\\nO i^ CO t^ r^ CO\\nCO M coco h-l M CO\\n04 MO coin-Tj-M O\\noo r^ r^ 1^ r-^co oo\\nCO ir r^ CO r^ r^ M\\nr^ t^ i^co i^ r f i\\nO CO in -1 04 n i/^) in\\nTtcooico 04 mrtrn\\nincc M hi r^ CO CO\\n04 r^co o 04 CO r^\\nr-- coco coo coco oi\\n04 COCOCOCOCO04 CO\\nino CO o O r^\\nCO CO CO 04 rt CO CO\\nOOOOi-ooiC^\\nM r^ Tj- r^ CO \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^co m\\nO M in O i^ m", "height": "4256", "width": "2716", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "COAL,\\n241\\nO _4J\\nU5 S^\\nXI\\nu o\\nOOOWvOO fOOO Tt rtoo\\nU-) TtOO U- I-^ f^ l-H T^ u-\\ncoM-rfMMWMe^oOcni-ii-\\n10 cnvo o r^ M 00 vr M\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0qsv\\nTtiriTd-r^Ti-cOT:frf ^u- ^c\\ncoooO^t^MCJcoin\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3lB^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0jnqdtns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoj^i^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aaSojpAfj\\nN coo O en coco o t^oo\\nCI N o r^QO\\nC/3\\n5 O\\nO\\nr- ID w i_) Kr,^ U2 aji_LJ,_L ro\\n_1 AO U ^Q W Ph S S U\\nC rr-\\nU .5 U cj aj\\nO I- O\\nC C3 IC (L) 3 (U\\nU rt .V TOW\\nC r\\n.U c/: c^", "height": "4344", "width": "2620", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "242\\nFUEL TABLES.\\nO 4i\\n-.\u00e2\u0080\u00a22\\n5\\nT^e\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n\\no\\nffiU\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0qsv\\nM31BAi\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\niia^Sojiifj\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSiixQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpXH\\nvo\u00c2\u00abDOl-lcnc^MC^^^Qor~^\\nrocncMcnr}-cii-HHHMO\u00c2\u00bbc\\nmo O invC O^O \u00c2\u00bbr)C\u00c2\u00bb O\\nr^ i-i^c^r^O cnr^N coco\\ncnoo MOcoOf^^Ncic^cnvn\\nu-)co OOOc^inOOO -iO\\nC co O O t^ O O w (N\\nc^ i-r^6c5dd(N- i-advdcn\\nC oo CO oo o^ O^vo vO O o r^oo\\n_2\\nin\\ns u H s cJ5 f-^ cJ^ U", "height": "4340", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "COAL.\\n243\\nc tn\\no o\\no\\nC^\\nvn-st-O^N N OOO\\nin\\nIT) N\\nr^\\nin\\nvo vC r-. u- o\\na M\\nr^oo\\n00 M\\nc r^ Tt en en iH\\nvO\\nM M\\nM cno N 00 c^ moo\\nt^ N\\nCO\\nCO CO\\nCO in en rl- rj- CO M\\nM M M M M M 1-4\\nM\\nN N\\ninir r^cncnri-M o^\\nM M M IH W M M\\nw c^\\nin cvi\\nOoO ^MincncoOmiHWOinvOinNMOOOO\\nincnrfm-Tl-inrfinN inr^o M en invo O M r^ i\\no cn\u00e2\u0080\u00a2T}-t^lnG^c^N r^ ^r^oo ^inM cnr^cno^ ^f\\nr^r^t-^oo r~\u00c2\u00bbr^t^r^vOvOvoocoQooo t -r^oovo m\\nO vo in t^\\nr-oo t^ in\\nO r^ en HI\\nt^O 00 t^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\nMC^N ^enwinMcn^MOO ^MOoovOO enen\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0aaiBTVi\\nO^ ^M cnc OinoNco\\nTtencniHCjavo 00 t^oo o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2anqd[ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojiijsi\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpXH\\nO Tj- o^vo M c om cnM r^in ^i-o\\nd ind HH r dod i~^cni-- O^ O c^od ino cni-\\ncncncnN cnenc^ cncnw cncnw n cncncncn-^en\\nOO^OC^H-wi-HOHHMcnO r-^00 inO^MO^Ocn MinO^-i\\nc^ONi\u00e2\u0080\u0094MOCT OcnMTtooOcnoot^invoooinin h-i-ic^o\\nenC ^^dvd^~\u00e2\u0080\u00a26ln\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^d^. c odNO( inowo6N dcJOO\\nto ^inuiininrj- ^encncnoo mininin*^ inino m\\nO\\ncs o\\no w 1^\\n2 o\\n-tjn cd\\n..S CCi\\n^E^^\\nw\\nPi\\no\\nI---\\no", "height": "4344", "width": "2660", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "244\\nin\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2t;\\nW\\nH\\nu\\nHH\\n:z:\\nDi\\no\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\nh-^\\no u\\n(U o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0qsv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jaiB^v\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoJii^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\nuaJgAxQ\\nuaSoipAH\\nFUEL TABLES.\\nO On r-\\nO VO O f^\\n8n2\\nO O ro t^ i\\nVO ON OnvO\\nI O NO VD u^oo ro ro rx ro t^ t^vo\\nfl NO N lOOO lONNO ON-^t^-^O\\nn-. Tf\u00c2\u00ab roN ncN HI onO 000 O O\\nIt- U-) m On t^ 1\\nr^NO NO lO i/^NO\\n00 NO Onoo lo\\n_ _ .N T\u00c2\u00bb ro o NO On tNi I\\nNO NO NO r^No r^ t^NO r-NO c^no no\\nNO ro On Tj ro OnnO On\\n-I- On r^\\nmoo 00\\n~,VO NO\\n00 r^NO t- t f~-oo\\ntoi^QNOOo ro- a--*i-~- -!}-no\\n66 ^666666666\\n-t \\\\r, O \u00e2\u0096\u00a0u-i \\\\ri u-i O O lo-^i\\nNO )-ior--- \u00c2\u00ab-ONiONNO rom(\\nin N r^ Tj- Onoo o t^ O no O\\nNO m N M rooo NO r\u00c2\u00bb N oo n\\nNO mONtNi rr, -t- t-~. -t N)N\\nO W NO\\n\\\\0 \\\\r, inoo 0 On On\\nrONO M On OnOO 00\\n(TN N IT) lo N moo o\\nHiNwHiNNNMN\\nlONO\\nT^ in t~ 1\\nmmin- On\u00c2\u00ab r .Tr-*ir)ONmir)mo\\n00 On J-nO N O -^OO ro M C4 m\\nONO A\\nu^ t^\\nTMo -a- ui -0-00 lo -^no ui i*- -a- -a-\\nU-, m\\nN oo m m t^ -tea oo t^ m oo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2H i^ONN o\\\\ioONvoror .t-^N MNO\\n(N ON\\nN M tx N N O NO N o\\\\o met t^o-\u00c2\u00ab\\ntv t^No 00 tv t^ r~ t^No tx t~ a- I- 1/1\\nnSnS\\n11 t-^oo o\\nt^NO\\nD-\\n_ tn\\no\\nO u\\no\\nwpau\\n^4^\\ndi\\n_ 3\\no\\no S c.\\nrt t,\\n3 4^ 2\\n9 o\\no\\nO\\nu a! !5 1-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0H^-Su2,\\n3 S N. _::\\nrt O-\\nrt.^aa 3\\n^rt-.\\nC a!\\nii -C O 3 X O C rt O\\ntu m b^; Oh oc cQ tL, Di S hJ?Q\\niH o o\\n3 ty:-o\\n_ v. w\\n^35^\\nJ ni ai", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "PEAT,\\n245\\nbo\\n^3\\nm\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n-x a\\n00 o\\n\u00c2\u00bbr 00\\nO O O M\\nO O CO O O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sauoi B^\\nCO\\nin\\nCO\\nrf\\nr-^\\n0^\\nin\\nin\\nTj-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23^03\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aaiBM\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\nN O\\no^ o\\nd 4\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpXH\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0uoqj-B3\\ng\\nJ\\nS\\n1\\n1\\nM", "height": "4328", "width": "2652", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "246\\nFUEL TABLES.\\nC/3 Ah\\n5 On\\no\\nnxa\\nin IT) in\\nCO CO CO\\nCO O\\nin O\\nO 00\\n00 CO\\nc) en\\nO\\nW O 00\\nW O vO\\nen CO o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0I O O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S3IJOI^3\\nin CO\\nCO O)\\nO 00\\nin Tt\\nO in o^ O\\n00 en 00 CO\\nO O CO O O\\nr^ O O m\\ni^ a Tt u- r-^\\nin O in in vo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3JBAV\\no\\nO M\\n6 o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\nin m\\nd 6\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojji^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSjixQ\\nuaSojp^H\\nI-^\\nM\\n(N\\n(N)\\nCO\\nen\\nc^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00ba-I\\nC4\\nO\\nM\\nin\\nvO\\nvO\\nvC\\nin\\nin\\nin\\nCO\\nCO\\nvO\\nM\\nl^\\nCO\\nCO\\nen\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2H\\nen\\nen\\nin\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0aoqjB3\\nc\\np:\\ns.\\nc\\na;\\ns\\nbJ3\\nB e\\n03 p\\nO rt\\nC\\n3", "height": "4332", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "OVEN COKES.\\n247\\nxn\\nW\\nu\\n(z]\\nw\\n,5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25 t*\\no\\nu\\nO 4\\nC en\\njeU\\nM N r^ ^vo M Tj-(N cnMoo Mvo Tto CO O CO t}-vo en\\niDmc^N cnr^i-H o O cnMvo i-O c^o o r^ 10 voo r\\nOM cn(Noo om r^c tncoo^cnc^co rr-^cni^ocni-i\\nooOOOOooOOOOr^ooOOO-Oa^OOOOO\\nt^cococo t^r-\u00c2\u00bbi^ooco t^r^t^ooco r^oo r-^r^co t^cooo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsy\\n00 N o t^ N CO\\nN CO r^ M\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3}B7V\\\\.\\n000000\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\nO O O O N\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojji^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ugSXxo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2usSojpXH\\nO M o o o o\\nf^o^\\nc3\\no\\no\\nbjo\\nC cj J3 o 1^\\no O U o o\\nuupqumuu\\nSPh\\nGS 4-1\\nQ Q W Ph f\u00c2\u00a3;\\nTJ Ph (U\\nO) O\\nPQ S", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "248\\nFUEL TABLES.\\n-2 Si 5 c\\no\\n13 o CI, o\\n(U\\nQ\\no u\\ntn\u00c2\u00a3t\\nO) o\\niri O I^ C4\\nCO M r^oo\\nO CO\\nO^ in r^ O r^\\n-r N M o\\nr^ u-1 t-i\\nO 01\\nr^ en o c^ o\\n-r i- in\\nen i- -i- w\\nrt CO N O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2l-T ^Tj-Tt t ^T\\nmt-iinOooOMi-iOO Ooo O N\\n01 M M o^oo Ocnl-lOO -^^-l0^r^^o\\nooooooooooooc a^oo\\nCO CO CO CO r-*oo oococooocooo r^r-^r^.\\nqsv\\nvO xor^i^mO \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^vno coidn\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aai^Av\\nu^\\nr^\\nN\\nvO\\nTi-\\nvO\\no\\no\\ntnoo\\n^r N\\nN\\n^Tt^T^r^\\nM\\no\\nt\\no o\\ntn o\\no\\nN\\ncn\\no\\no\\no\\nf\\nc^\\nCO\\nCO\\noo\\nr-.\\nr^\\no\\no\\no\\nO\\ny\\nN\\nN\\nQO\\nXT)\\nen -i-\\nr^\\ncn\\nf\\nN\\n\\\\n\\nc5\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojiifj\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\nooooooooooo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aaSojpXH\\nw\\nvnco en N\\nC M\\nN N\\nCO en\\nTf cJ en\\no o\\nO O O\\n-)-co\\nO m\\nen r-^\\ni- N en\\no o^\\nOCO On\\nir vO N t^O O G^ O O\\nM d 6 6 6 6 6 6 6\\nCO u-)co CO en en N mco O en O m o m\\nO m envO m ^too m vr, i N o e^ c^ m\\nMC^e^MciMpic^c^TJ- eno r^ r^ 6\\nOG^o^O^O^O^O^O^^cS o^co CO CO QO\\n00 o\\nN\\nc3 C^ r^ cs\\n5^^ 6\\nCO pq\\nrfl O\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0pi\\n\u00c2\u00a3\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a01\\nC (J)\\nG G 2 O", "height": "4324", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "OVEJSr COKES,\\n249\\nxn\\nW\\nt^\\no\\nu\\no\\no j;\\nC tn\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsy\\nJSl^M\\njnqd[ns\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoJiT^i\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0uaSiixo\\nnaSojpXfj\\np\\nM\\n00\\nvO\\nQ\\nCO\\nM\\nTj-\\nN\\nN\\nCO\\nH\\n\u00c2\u00bbr\\nW\\nN\\ncn\\nTt\\nT^\\nTl-\\nTf\\nTt\\n-t\\nTl-\\nTf\\nM\\nm\\nM\\nc^\\nM\\nON\\nM\\nIH\\nc\\nu\\n)H\\nU-)\\nM\\nN\\nM\\nCO\\nC\\n00\\nQ\\n00\\nr-^\\nr-^\\nX^\\nt^\\nCO\\nCO\\noo\\n00\\nU\\npq\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25", "height": "4344", "width": "2652", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "250\\nFUEL TABLES,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qsv\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J3JBAV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jnqdins\\nC/3\\no\\npUB\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0uaSojpAH\\ni-OOccOOc -cTfOc\u00c2\u00bbr-\u00c2\u00bb mc\\n-t Tj- Tt rf Tl-\\nvO Ooo iicoi-hOOC^wcoO idO\\noo r^ r^ i^ r^co O^oo O co O c^ ON\\nN C i-Tj-cnc -)M N M C ^N\\no o o o o\\nN O N N c N O\\no a\\nIT) l-l\\nN d d o M\\n.2 g\\nc/)\\ncS\\nC/J\\no\\nSi\\ns,\\nkJ\\nCi.\\na,\\nD\\nP\\n(U\\no\\n::3\\nCj\\nO-l.\\n-^-^.tiT^o-g^g og\\nC/2 Qi\\n-2\\n5fi3l", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "OILS\\n251\\no\\n1 |i\\no i o\\na. c J\\n00 p^ f4\\nMayer\\nStillman Jacobus\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^OOOooOc^^ inO Tj-co O en t^ ir O\\nN O en M M o^ -Ti-oo vo r^ c^ CO o c^o en o i^ O c\\nen O M f^ ^r% CO OO^M mo irirt enco r^ u- a\\noo cxD t^ Ooo r-H G^ o o^ G^ Oco o-^ o^ o c^oo co o C\\nDOOOOOOOOtn\\n^r^M eno enM oo\\nDMO T^ln^^r^MO O\\n3MOOOOOMMO\\n-IWMCSIMMC^MNM\\nCfl\\no\\n5\\nO en en N 0\\\\\\\\- en vno ^O N r^enencnr-^O eno m en OO r^ O oo O t^\\nco(NOr^Ot^ TtcoocoOwcoi-iT^-:j-cncoOOcxDenoONC4 0^\\nt-i c^ oo cnr^oo O OO w oqo co r^ rt ^too o oo en ^o u- r^ o w\\nOOOOOOOmmmOOOOOOOOOmmmh-imOmmc^m\\nc\\nbe\\no\\n2\\nd M\\nG\\nX\\nO\\n*ao N en O N Ti-\\nM o en N ei M M\\nIS\\no\\niNONTi-t soencnw r^\\nenM\u00c2\u00abnMNMO-*en d\\n1\\nenMoor^Mi^MNM or^O\\noo O ^tor^r^oo a\\n^N cnenenM enM r-^cn\\nenTfTj-enen-^en-^u^encncn\\nc\\nu\\nui en O o ci c^ voo O o en\\nOO c^ enmiHOOM en\\nNO tnrt-TM^4-0 6 en\\nQooooooooooooooooooo\\nen rt e^ rj- Tf eno lo O en -^oo\\nejooooooooooooooooooooooo\\no\\na\\nto\\nM en\\nw o\\no\\nennoor^ ocoo I oO t^OOoo\\nr^Tfc^oooo ooNO l *^0 en en\\noooocooooo ooOO O ooooooo oo\\nddddd 6 6 6 2,0 6 6 6 6 6\\nOQO\\nO\\n6,\\n.2\\no\\na\\nHeavy petroleum, W. Virginia.\\nLight petroleum,\\nPennsylvania.\\nHeavy petroleum,\\nOhio\\nAmerican oil sold in Paris\\nheavy,\\nrefined,\\nnaphtha,\\ncrude,\\nHeavy Pennsylvania oil\\nW. Virginia oil\\nShoshone Reservation, Wyoming\\nSalt Creek, Natrona Co.,\\nOil Mt., Natrona Co.,\\nNewcastle, Weston Co.,\\nLittle Popo, Agie,\\nLander\\nOil Creek. Pa\\n8.1\\nCO O\\nA\\nu\\n1\\nc\\na\\n1\\nPennsylvania crude\\nCalifornia, Hayward Company.\\nLima. Ohio\\nG", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "252\\nFUEL TABLES.\\n1\\ni\u00c2\u00b12\\n1\\n2 g\\no\\n9\\nIf\\nO u-ivo MOOr^OOOcoOOOr-^OioOcooOOcoi-H\\ntj\\nM r^ cnco i-ii-ii-ias(NOvOO^ OO c T^ M a -tvo O O i-i\\nC^ Tto \u00c2\u00bb^0 -J-ir)ir)00 c^^r^rfTM c^m cno -1 m c^ m vO\\nH\\noo r^cococooo Oco Om oo^C or^cooooo (n OC O^mco\\nm\\nOcoOoov/^MfncooOOOOMcncn mOOOOOO\\nu\\nc^OM ^Oc ^-l-c^r^OvOMDOcn o^co r^ vn o O O o I-\\nC\\nMt~^0 -^O c^co cno r^f^ -tco cou- i-( Mvococ^t^r^c^\\n_o\\nooooooooi-ii-ioi-iooa^o ocjo -iOi-io\\nrt\\nM MMI-HI-Hh-(l-(l-(MI-i MM l- Mt-iWcHMMM\\nU\\nr r\\ni-l\\n3\\nJ3\\na\\ns\\nC/3\\nC\\n4J\\ntn\\nbx)\\nM\\no\\nd\\ng\\nc\\nhe\\nCnu-) OU-)MMCSu-)\\no\\nwTi- o\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^dMM^\\nZ\\no\\nCO tnt^M u-)MainM HO^ ^oo\\ni-I 6\u00c2\u00bbj^ci c^oMMdindpiN\\nc\\n-a\\nrtco O en M vO C vO u-jt^qocnqqwrf Oen t^ c\\ntntHd^enNwaMciMcJer, p5M-j-Md con m to\\nc\\no\\no\\nJ3\\nO oo MNcoOO ^iHir) co-O M o O w cOvO m t^\\nc3\\nTtou^oNinr^-i-r^r^ dO Or^-cAunr^ OO r^ ^j-\\noococooooocococooococooooocoooooco oooo oo oo\\nO M 01 M M in -+O0 l-O CO u- Tj-oo oo oo oo\\noo i-i o^ r^oo ccoj ooioc) oo oococown\\nr^ Ooo oococo ooo ooo^o^ O ooo^OO^O^\\nC/5\\nd d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d\\n1\\nS\\nc\\nc\u00c2\u00ab\\nS\\ns\\n1.\\n1\\nPi;\\no\\nO\\n1\\n4.\\no\\na\\np.\\nc\\na.\\na\\n)C/2C\\n17\\nK\\nPC\\nC\\n1\\n|i\\nII\\nUPc:\\n5\\nc:\\nPP\\nc\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nC\\nc\\nc\\nc:\\nE\\nK\\nX.\\nA\\nc\\nb\\n.c\\n1\\nc\\nc\\nP-\\nU 1.\\n;5\\nP^\\npq\\nrt", "height": "4328", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "OILS,\\n253\\nlU\\nOJ\\nI\\nd\\n0) 5j u\\nQ Q a\\ns\\n3\\n13 ca :S\\noqSc^ %ih m\\nD\\nNOOr^-OioOOe^^c^vOOOOOO^O\\ncoMoot^C^OOioOM \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^00 O^ 10 Ooo M\\nh\\nM Ovo cnmt^c ^o M M Or^O OO cno\\nr^co i^inr^r^vo o^oovoo 1^0 i^r^oo\\nCQ\\nui\\n^c\u00c2\u00ab^ 0 c^o cnc\u00c2\u00bb w cnco cnc\u00c2\u00bb oc-O\\nir^co vTi c^ CO M MO \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^co c (N r-^ ^00 m\\nO^cnOOooO Omo ONC -irfTf ^O\\n0 O^CO 0^ 000 M OOO OOO^O^C^O\\nrt\\nIH M M M M\\nu\\n3\\nr-N,\\nJ3\\n00\\n3\\n5\\nen\\n6\\nG\\n(U\\nbfl\\nw.\\n1\\nV\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S\\nC\\nbe\\ns\\nu-\\ni\\n1\\nM\\nA\\nf\\nc Tt Tt i-i r^\\n00 06 rf 6 6^\\nM\\nw\\nD^\\n_c\\nt-r.\\ntuc\\n-a\\nu^oo 00 vo r^ u- U-)\\nkM\\nM M M t^ 4 d d\\na:\\nd\\nen r^ r On 00\\nd c^ CO c4 U-) tJ- CO\\nCO r^oo CO QO 00 00\\nv.*\\no^\\nC/3\\nd w\\nc^ w\\n-1\\nG C\\na;H\\nt\u00c2\u00ab oj\\n/lU\\nm\\nt: bJD\\nc\\nt\\nAl\\nSt3\\n_o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^:s\\n^S^\\nj^i i^-.l^\\ni\\n0.\\na.\\na\\nt\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21\\nf:\\nc\\nc:\\nE\\n1\\n11\\noc\\nOzokerite oil\\nHeavy pine oil (bli\\nBlast furnace oil,C\\nH\\nt^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0u\\ns\\n0)\\na,\\nC/2\\nu\\nJohnson\\nBunte\\nMahler\\nSlosson\\nrt M C^ CO\\nCO CO C^ U- IT)\\nM M\\nCO rj- N I^\\nto CO\\nrt M o^ m CO\\nCO O^QO Q^O\\nc^\\nN CO\\nc\\n3\\n3\\nC/2\\n8\\nCO\\n2\\nd\\nCO\\nc\\n4vd\\nC\\nCO d d^\\n5\\n00 x^o\\nM CO\\nr^ co\\\\d\\nr^co r^\\n00\\nc\\na\\nc\\n3 cJ c", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "254\\nFUEL tables:\\nca\\nc\\nc\\nUl\\no\\nSlocum\\nR. Young\\nH, Wurtz\\nE. McMillin\\nE. M. Jour\\nS. P. Sadtler\\nF. C. Phillips\\nS. A. Ford\\nS, P. Sadtler\\nMorrell\\nRogers\\nAnon\\nJ3d -fiMa\\nMO-TC^Oi-ia)OOOoooOu- MOc ^co 0 r^oo n w n-\\nOOOOOOC7^i- 000 -icoOir OOooaDOOC 0000\\nJ9d S3U01B3\\nTfi-Hco i^oooo OO O cno ^M M M Moovoco o oo^ ct oo o\\nOco M r^ rj- O m inco lo c^ o^ en i^oo cnvo on ir c^ c ^mior~^f\\nON o o CJNCO OOO OnQ^OOoo Oniocnqn i~^cc co oo oo C^ O^ O^oo\\nvr, CO O vo\\n1-1 h-i CJ i-i\\n6 d d d\\nuaSojii^\\nc N en CO -1-\\nen CO en\\nCO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\nN o o o o o\\nG O C^ O iH\\nin t u- -1-\\nO O O O u\\no o o o o\\nOOOOCONcn\\nO lOOO L\\nvO en m o\\nd d d u\\no en en o o vo\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2siuBuiuinui\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*H*D auaiAma\\nO O O OO o\\no o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^H3 aunqpi^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpXH\\nON en Ti- ON o\\no\\no c\\nsi.i\\nC O C3\\n:3 2 L c\\nC D\\nOf5\\n5. a\\n3 CJ c\u00c2\u00ab a\\nijr .ti oj cd\\n^fL,PL,u m\\n-Si\\nex o H\\not", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "NATURAL GAS {FIRE DAMP).\\n2SS\\n12;\\nw\\nJ3d xi ia\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J!V\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoa^tjs^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ppV 0!uoq.iB3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2siuEUioinni\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2auBqiaj^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0uaSoapXH\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2JO -ds\\n=3^\\n;3\\nhS\\nr3\\ng\\no\\no\\nS-H\\nH-^ S-S\\n2 ra 2J\\nrt JH ra\\nc\\nrfl ^rC r\\nii ^2 ra\\nOP4H\\nf^P^OPU\\nr^coooo OMvo o^o^vO vr)r .i-i qnco m mcnr^o \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^O O\\nO^oo O^ O 0^ G^oo oo 0^c\u00c2\u00bb O^ O^ (y moo r^ vn in vo O O c^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^Oiom ^N M i-i u-)0 N^O O r^O M o O^cnoo i^r^r-^\\nO^ r^ O O^ O^oo CO oo OCX) oo O^co MOOvOrnvn u-5C 0 -i\\nr .vo o o r^\\no^oooo ooo\\nO O O w O O l^vO\\nM O M N c 00 rj-o\\n.1\\no\\nI:\\nK\\nrd\\no s-\\nci in: u\\nit^lS^ ra\\ni\\ngpq\\n(U o\\nd\\no g ra\\nto\\nra 3", "height": "4344", "width": "2672", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "J2s6\\nFUEL TABLES,\\nml\\nI S ^_ o Q\\nw G 5 u\\nHUH\\nJ3d S9UOIB3\\nCO O M C^ M OO r^ tn M vn M M O\\n\\\\0 -O r^cno iDinoOOvOOOO\\nr^ uo M r^ c CO\\nvr^Oi^c^^ Oco \u00c2\u00a301\u00e2\u0080\u0094 o^ \\\\rt O^ O ino\\nr-\u00c2\u00bb^Mco cncno O^mcnc^ c ^vo m c\\ni^ I- Oco r^ r^O coi-hOOO\\nm O O CO \u00c2\u00bbr\\nCO too M vo a*\\nM M vO CO ir CO\\nvO \\\\r \\\\C O vO O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aa^B^\\nu\\ns\\nw\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoaj!^\\nlo OQO vn o\\nM CO \u00c2\u00abN M od\\nM\\nO O m w\\nc^ M CO r^ CO CO r^\\n4-o6 d CO covd CO\\nh4\\no\\nw\\nO in r^ i-( M\\nM ino o\\nd CO 4 e^ in M\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSXxQ\\nCO M Tt lO\\nd w d d\\nCO\\nd M d d d d\\no CO r^\\nCO MM\\nd d d\\nt/i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2apixQ\\nD!UoqjE3\\no oo\\nCO O O O M HH\\nu- CO r^o covo o\\nO O -too\\nrf- CO i^ r^ in vo r^\\nd 40* 4 4 CO in\\nin o t r^ in\\n4 d^ 4 4 4 4\\n.-J\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ppv\\noiuoqjH3\\nO O\\nvO CO CO \u00c2\u00abr O\\nci M d d c5\\nM O\\nM M\\nO O -I- c\\nN r^ O CO Tt M w\\nd M t-H d c^ CO\\nMl CO o o o\\nw CO CO d M\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2siUBuioiniii\\nM O CO O CO\\nlo in Tt \u00e2\u0096\u00a04- d\\nTj- CO\\nO u-\\nac r^ r^ c\u00c2\u00bb M O\\nfj M d sd in\\nO ino CO M\\nr^ r^ t^ r^ m c\\n4 CO 4 CO 4 4\\nO m M r^\\ninoo N M\\nC^ in in U-)\\n\u00c2\u00bbH3\\n3u-Bq;3j\\\\[\\n1^00 m O CO 1-1 CO\\nCO M vd d od vd\\nCO Si- CO M CO CO\\nO O r .vO\\nCO coo w N in i^\\nod r^co* d^ in\\nM CO CO CO CO CO CO\\nO e in o m\\nd^ ci coco d o\\nCO N CO t CO\\nuaSoipiH\\nC M O N\\nd d o6 o r^\\nvn Tt u-i\\nCO d\\nin in\\nO O Om\\nCO in ^co O m\\n4 d^ r- in 4 ino\\nCO CO t\\nCO o M r^ O\\nM Oco o *i^ M\\nd i/i d^ hJ 4 3\\nrj- CO in rr m\\no\\nO CIS\\nO\\n.2 S\\na s\\n1.\\n1^\\nt/3 fc-H\\nu\\nt:i o)\\no\\no\\nC C 5 l^\\n.h o o C n\\npq U M K U", "height": "4344", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "CO A I. GAS.\\n257\\nZ Z Z Z Z Z c/2\\n-^7^\\nUH\\ncfl a 2 us\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aooji3tqn3\\na9d -n-x e\\nJ3d S3tiO^-B3\\np9H3jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0uaSojii^\\nO Tj-r^tnM co ^c^ O iri 00 N o en M o o t^ too i^\\n00 o t^O woo cnM ocni-i Ti-N c^ o lof^r^ cnoo m o o o 00\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aaSAxQ\\nM O M N M\\nd d d d d\\n0000000000\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2apixQ\\nDiuoqjB^\\n10 00 o r^\\niriN u-)cncor-\u00c2\u00abTj-vO cncncou-^o \u00e2\u0080\u00a2*enir ^Ti-vO O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ppV\\nDiaoqjBQ\\nOOOOOOOw\\nO CO o o o o\\nO O c^ O O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjuBuioinni\\ncocoes O \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^cor-i ^r^r^^ ^Nvo \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^cocomvno \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^00 cn^o u^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2usSoip^H\\n000 cno^ooo \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^coOvO r^Ocou-io O coioO coooo cocoo woo\\nin^cncOTtTf^ ^cn ^io ^ininTtvrj^rtco^in rtcoM\\na\\no\\ndo\\nc\\nG\\nw\\n13 ^3\\nWOOE\\no\\nU\\nU\\no c\\nPu O\\no\\nG\\nW\\n1)\\no 1-1\\ncu c a; H\\ntA! Xi Zj _i-| -G -i\\nb/3\\nc/~ C\\nc\\n_o\\n1)\\n4i3\\nT\\n*J J3\\nn\\nHH\\nK\\nCO o:\\no", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "258\\nFUEL TABLES.\\nJ3d S9UOIB3\\no\\nH\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSoJiifsj\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\nsjuBuiuinm\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23nBq53i^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpXH\\nG\\nL\\nc\\nO rt\\n(/5\\nCO t\u00c2\u00ab c o .i2 9\\no t 5\\nj^^ p:i W W Ci^* ffi\\no\\nc\\nvOi-i ^rt--fMMu-)cnO -ic ^OO^coOr^ -i O\\nooo H^OMOc^c^-coTrcnoo^a coooo o\\nCO CO vO IN CO Tt COvC (NOCOCOCONC^COCOCOCO\\nCO a^c^ r-^Tt ^l-w Ooo -tc^ OO -to^HH r^\\ncOu-)COvr i-i CO-^O OO ^C^ NOO O rrco\\nr^oo O t^ O OO O O covo r^o co co oo i-i\\nir) N COCOCOtncvlvO COCOCOM M C^ C C4 CO\\nO CO n\\nc^ o o o\\nTtoo r-^ o CO r^vo i^\\ncj O\\nd d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n- CO\\nCO d\\no O Tl- Tt o\\nOTtu-iM c^ coo c^\\nd\\n-t c o o o\\nCO CO\\nM O M M CN\\nM T d CO q6\\nM O O O ^T)\\nC CO CO CO u^\\noo O x Tf\\nbjoo\\nC fa\\nO\\nca\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^3 .rs\\nS I\\no\\nS^\\no\\nG\\nG\\n9- S\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21^\\nCO\\nG G\\no o\\ncJ\\nDh u i-^\\nO O ctJ\\nc\\nG\\nO\\no\\no o", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "AIR AND WATER GAS,\\n259\\nO\\nH vr,\\n1\\n3J 00\\nC 00\\nSS 1\\n2 S j^\\nDr. Greene\\nF. L. Slocum\\nF. B. Wheeler\\nW. A. Noyes\\nF. L. Slocum\\nH. W. Wurtz\\nE. E. Moore\\nW. A. Noyes\\nJenkins Schi\\nShepard, Bruck\\nSmith\\n1\\nShepard, B\\nSchim\\nF. B. Wh(\\nE. E. Tayl\\nCO r^\\ncnvnM r^Ocn inMMooTi-o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2joOjI 3iqn3\\nCO vo en c^\\nOOen vo ino^r^Mi-i cnoo 000\\nJ3d -n-x-a\\nr^ i^ t^ cTi\\nM t^ en r^ cno en en t^vo en\\nen en 00 c\\n(X) \\\\n rf OMOOOmN eno O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J313PM 3iqn3\\n00 r^o\\n10 o^o \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^00 r^O r^f^T)-0 t^\\njad S3U01B3\\n0^ M 00\\nTtMO w MT^oooa^r^cnMt^M\\nvo r i vo en\\nMOW r^ voc^jvoc^NOvOvOMcn\\nffi\\n8 8\\n8\\nc4 N M\\nc^ 00\\n00 en\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2u3Soj;i i\\nN 00\\nM ij- M c o M \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^oo n en\\nuS \\\\r en cJ\\nj-d en eneni-id^Ttrtcnu-)d\\noc\\nC\\nvO in\\nr^\\nin r^\\nuaSi^xQ\\nd do\\nr^ \u00e2\u0096\u00a0rr Mcnenwi^o^ inen\\nd d Mddddd ww\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a02\\n^oo\\n8\\nW Tl- un\\nMooiT) ci wMOOoom 00\\na\\nen r^ TJ-\\ncq 10 M d C od d d in M* vd en tJ-\\nN N M \u00e2\u0096\u00a0r)-\\n^N- t en woiMn-cnMNMMw\\n1\\nN in\\n1\\nN\\n000 rj- OwOMOOr^cxJint^\\nu\\nci M en\\nen d enod inMC^MNMoor^\\nS\\nm in\\nvO\\nQs 0i- 0 Nin ^inin\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjUBUiranni\\n00 en\\nen 4- Tmm Ttindwin\\nffi\\nQO\\nq\\nU\\nN cxj\\nM\\ntn\\nM rj-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23UBqi3p\\\\i\\n00 00 w\\nMQO 00 c^ OOoo ^o^^NOen\\nr^ d d\\nci d enc ^TJ-\u00c2\u00ab:}-eni- odinr^\\nM a M\\nM M N ^en www\\nin\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpXH\\n00 en\\ninen t^ ^ooOoor^t-^MininO\\nr^ M d\\ndv N c^ d O ci en d d d*\\nen en en m\\nTfMin en tn WTj-incnenen\\n.1\\nN.J\\nCity\\nanch\\na, Pa\\nEx\\nOil-water)\\nlue Gas)\\nExposition, N\\nLouisville, Ky\\ngenerator gas).\\nriched)\\nIt.Vernon,N.Y\\nonkers, N. Y.\\nd.(coal water\\nBoston, Mass\\nHoboken,N. J\\n)ledo, Ohio.\\nc\\n.2\\ny City,\\nIsland\\nng Br\\ndelphii\\nS5 w\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^H-l .p4\\nposition,\\nowe process\\new York G\\nY. City, 18\\nose-Hasting\\n(from soft c\\nose-Hasting\\nrong process\\nerre Haute,\\n^ilkinson pr\\nall process.\\ns\\na] oj\\nrt\\nh-1 H^ h4\\nC^ ai b^^ X\\n1", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "26o\\nFUEL TABLES,\\nO\\nt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I\\n53 -w\\nc ^t ^cnO O oc -1-c^ r^coo com n m w o c^ cninir)inM\\nuaSojpXH\\npa^jajnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2u3Soj;i^\\nuaSAxQ\\nMOOt^r^O*^ M\\nO O w O N o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2apixo\\noiuoqjB^\\nO 00 N\\nO^ coo od\\nN M M HH\\nO\\nN -4 4 C^ CO\\nN C^ N 01\\nO -i- O u-)co\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^vO r^ r^oo o OO in\\nuotor .i- u-)^ cJvd d^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ppV oiuoqjB^\\nO O M O ^O\\nq\\n00\\nrj- in 4\\nrf^-U-)!-! u-jcod nN C^vd\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sjUHuiuiniii\\no o o\\nN d\\n6\\nO\\nq\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2soaiAma\\no\\n4\\nc\\nd\\nO vn O c O\\ni^ O I- M 00 u- 0 oo\\nTfcoc^ M cot^44-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2auBqiaH\\nCO\\nM\\nd\\nusSojpAH\\nr~ r^oo 00\\nQVOO\\nM Oo\\no\\nd\\nIT)\\noo O W CO\\nvd o6 od u-\\ncoco O r^ O O\\ncoOoocooo O M O O\\nMoD\\\\dd^d^dd^^Md\\no\\nT3\\nc\\n1\\n-2\\natile\\nngla\\nCOh\\nn W\\nN\\nc\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21\\nS O H -Q\\n3\\no S-i\\nU 3 N 3 M\\nSt. G\\n(after\\nat Ca\\nMirlv\\no\\nOJ rt\\n1 S\\nH\\nV. V.\\nc\\n_^\\nG 05 O J^.o;\\npq Q u^m", "height": "4316", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "AIR AND WATER GAS.\\n26 r\\ns\\nI\\nOh\\nw\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25oOjI 3Tqn3\\nJ3d Xl X e\\njad S3UOIB3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSojpXH\\np3313jnqdins\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0naSoiii^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uaSAxQ\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2spixQ\\noiuoqj-BO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ppv oinoqjB3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SlUBUIOinTJl\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2auaiiiqia\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0auBqiapi\\nnaSojpXH\\nCO M o Tj-ino^co vDM N e^ f^O \u00c2\u00bbo idtj-co O ^Oco w -i-oo\\nMMMI-IMI-I Ml- MlHXDMMI-il-IMI-l MMC^\\nM vo O N M 100 M vO O^ Oco ir 0 ioOMOOOl^i-(t- u-\\nO cn^f^O^t-c (N \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Tt- lOO O Oco 00 CO C^ O VI N cno O\\nN M a^ O^ O M 00 0^00 O ^N cocne^cni-iMioMirjir)\\nMM M M MMUIMMMMMM MC^W\\nM ^r^O N O^Moo vn^^\\nen\\ncnco CO u^\\nin\\nrj- cn\\nCO M 00\\nTt M\\nN in M \u00e2\u0080\u00a2^co CO\\n00 r^\\nN N N N M M\\nin\\nM\\nN a^ en r^ M\\nM C^ CO M M\\nCO\\n00\\nr^oo st- Tt M CO m c^\\n(NMCOCONCOPJC^\\nM Ot^ C in\\n1^ N\\nM X-^ rt CO\\nIT) N\\nin M\\nin\\nM COCO 00 CO Tt d\\nCO coco Of^COvO\\nCO f^ M c\\nTf (N t^ a^\\nvO CO\\n6 6 6 6\\nc\u00c2\u00bb O^ CO t^ m\\nC^ ci ej N ci\\nCO C4\\nd d d 6 d N M\\na-^\\neg\\nU\\nTs^\\no 1;: o o -uj\\nO rt O O cj\\ni\u00c2\u00bb cd IJ O (L)\\ns\\no\\ns\\nc\\no\\n6\\no\\nc\\nU O", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4268", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nAGITATOR, BERTHELOT S, 27\\nAguitton s exp ments on coal gas, 95\\nAir, analysis (table), 207\\nnecessary for combustion, 125;\\n(table 206),\\nnecessary for combustion\\n(table), 201, 202\\nused in combustion, 140\\nAlexejew s calorimeter, 28\\nExample, 29\\nAmerican Society of Mechanical\\nEngineers, boiler-test re-\\nport. 177\\nAnalysis, Cinders, 115\\nCoal, 113\\nshould show what, 114\\nCoke, 82\\nGases, 134\\nLignite, 78\\nManchester gas, 93\\nPeat, 80\\nProximate, 77\\nWaste gases (table), 135, 136\\nWood, 84\\nAndrews calorimeter, 47\\nAnemometer, Fan-wheel, 144\\nFletcher s, 145\\nApparatus for steam-boiler testing\\nshould be correct, 182\\nInstallation of, 13\\nHirn s, 146\\nOrsat-Muencke, 135\\nAqueous vapor, Heat of, 159\\nAsh, Analysis of, 115\\nLignite, 78\\nPeat, 80\\nTreatment of, 188\\nAspirator, Oil, 133\\nAtomic calorie, 2\\nAtwater s calorimeter, 71\\nBARRUS S CALORIMETER, 38\\nBerthelot s agitator, 27\\nbomb, 48\\nBituminous schist, 79\\nBoghead coal, 79\\nBoiler-testing. See Steam-boiler\\nTesting.\\nBomb. See Calorimeter.\\nBriquettes, how made, 51\\nBritish thermal units, 2\\nto change to\\ncalories, 3\\nBrix s experiments with charcoal, 84\\nBueb-Dessau s experiments on coal\\ngas, 95\\nBunsen s researches on flame, 168\\nBunte s experiments on coal, 76\\ngas-coke determinations, 9\\nexperiments on waste gases, 136\\nBurnat s smoke tests, 155\\nCALCULATION\\nAir necessary for combustion, 125\\nAir supplied, 140\\nCalories of the boiler test, 159\\nCalories of carbon, 54\\nCarpenter s calorimeter, 34\\nCarbon, 54\\nCoal, 66\\nCoke, 68\\nColza oil, 64\\nFavre and Silbermann s calorim-\\neter, 26\\nFlame temperature, 169\\nGases, 67, 94\\nHeat units of boiler trial, 159\\nHeat units by lead test, 10\\nHeat units from chemical com-\\nposition, 7\\nJunker s calorimeter, 41\\nMahler s calorimeter, 61\\nabridged, 70\\nRegnault and Pfaundler s, 18\\nVapor of carbon, 173\\nVolume of waste gases, 144\\nWater value of calorimeters, 14\\n63\\n263", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "264\\nINDEX.\\nCalculation; Weight of waste gases,\\n142\\nCalories, atomic or molecular, 2\\nKilo-, 3\\nPound-, 2\\nTo change to B. T. U., 3. See\\nHeat Units\\nCalorific power, 2\\nRatio of, to fixed carbon, 78\\nCalorimeter, Alexejew, 28\\nAnalytical, 74a\\nAndrews, 47\\nAtwarer, 71\\nBarrus, 38\\nBerthelot, 48\\ncorrections, 53\\nexamples, 54\\noperation, 53\\nBunsen s, 74^\\nCarpenter s, 31\\ncalculation, 34\\nConstant pressure, 20\\nConstant volume, 45\\nConstant pressure and volume,\\nratio of, 45\\nCorrection for F. and S., 16\\nBerthelot, 53\\ncooling, 18, 60\\nJunker s, 42\\nRegnault and Pfaundler s, 18\\nCost of, 27\\nDieterici s, 74^\\nDulong, 20\\nEvaluation in water. See Calo-\\nrimeter, Water value\\nFavre and Silbermann, 21\\nCalculation, 26\\nin complete combustion with,\\n23, 25\\nFischer, 29*^\\nHartley, 40\\nHempel, 74\\nHerrmann, j\\\\b\\nHerschel s, 74^:\\nIce, 74fl!\\nJunker, 40\\ncalculation, 41\\nerrors, 42\\nKroeker, 73\\nMahler, 57\\nand Berthelot compared, 70\\ncalculation, 61\\nabridged, 70\\nenamel chips off, 58 (foot-note)\\nexamples, 64\\nfor gases, 62\\noperation, 59\\nCalorimeter, Protection for, 13\\nRumford, 20\\nSchwackhofer, 35\\nwaste gases, 37\\nSchulla and Wurtha, 74 f\\nThompson, L., 43\\nThompson, W., 37\\nThomsen, 30\\nThrottling, 117\\nvon Than s, 7411^\\nWalther-Hempel, ]i\\\\a.\\nWater value\\nBerthelot s calorimeter, 14\\nby combustion, 14\\nby mixing, 15\\nFavre and Silbermann s cal-\\norimeter, 14\\nFischer s calorimeter, 30\\nLord and Haas calorimeter, 14\\nMahler s calorimeter, 14, 63\\nWitz, 74a\\nCalorimeter and separator, 124^;\\nCalorimeters, 12\\nCalorimetric eudiometer, 47\\nCandle power and heat of combus-\\ntion compared, 96\\nCannel coal, 79\\nCarbon, calculation of calories, 54\\ncalories by various authors, 12\\nin cinders, T15\\nsmoke, 154\\nanalysis of, 154, 190\\noxygen necessary for, 125\\nvapor, weight, and calories, 173\\nCarpenter s calorimeter, 31\\nCarbonic acid. Automatic determi-\\nnation of, 147, 148, 150\\nin producer gases. See Gas\\nProducer\\nin waste gases, 81, 84, 91, 135,\\n138, 155\\nproper proportion in waste\\ngases, 136\\nCarbonic oxide. Flame temperature\\nof, 170\\nin producer gas, 99\\nin waste gases, 84, 91, loi, 134,\\n138 (table 136), 164\\nCellulose, calories of, 85\\nCharbon roux, 83\\nCharcoal, peat, 80\\nwood, 83\\nBrix s tests, 84\\nhalf-burnt, 83\\nSauvage s tests, 83\\nScheurer-K. s results, 84\\nWaste gases of, 84", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n265\\nCinder, Analysis of, 115\\nCoal, Actual evaporation of, 76\\nAir necessary, 126\\nsupplied, 139\\nAnalysis, 113; (tables), 209-243\\nshould show what, 114\\nBunte s experiments, 76\\nCalories of, 66\\nDifference in samples of, 113\\nGruner s table, 77\\nHeat of combustion (table), 198,\\n209\\nJohnson s tests, 75\\nMoisture in, 112, 114, 187\\nMorin and Tresca s tests, 75\\nPure, 75\\nRatio of calories and fixed car-\\nbon, 77\\nRatio of hyd gen and carbon, 78\\nSampling, 112, 187\\nSize for combustion, 24\\nUniformity in same bed, 112\\nWeight of, III\\nCoal gas. See Gas, Coal.\\nCoke, calories of, 68\\ncomposition of, 82\\nheat of combustion (table), 247\\nkinds of, 81\\nuse of, 82\\nColza oil, calories of, 64\\nCombustion. Air necessary, 125\\nAir supplied, 140\\nHeat of. See Heat of Combus-\\ntion\\nincomplete in F. and S. calorim-\\neter, 23\\nConstant pressure, 20, 45\\nvolume, 45\\nrelation of, to\\nconstant pressure, 45\\nCooling, Newton s law, 60\\nRegnault-Pfaundler s law, 18\\nCorrections for Berthelot calorim-\\neter, 53\\nCooling, 18, 60\\nJunker calorimeter, 42\\nDASYMETER, 147\\nDifferential gauge, Segur s, 146\\nDissociation, Effect of, upon tem-\\nperature, 168\\nDulong s calorimeter, 20\\nDulong s formula, 7\\nAgreement of, with test, 9\\nMahler s limit to, 10 (foot-note)\\nheat unit, 21\\nECONOMETER, 148\\nEfficiency of steam-boilers, 190\\nElectric igniter. Heat of, 70\\nEvaluation in water. See Water\\nValue\\nEvaporative effect of coal, 76\\nFactor for, 174\\npower of fuel, 174\\ncharcoal, 84\\ngas, 93\\nlignite, 79\\npeat, 80\\nwood, 86\\nEvaporative power petroleum, 91a\\nof natural gas, 107\\nunit, 179\\nExamples, Alexejew s calorimeter,\\n29\\nBerthelot s calorimeter.\\nCarpenter s\\nFavre and S.\\nMahler s\\n54\\n34\\n26\\n64\\nFAN-WHEEL ANEMOMETER, 144\\nFavre and S. s calorimeter, 21\\nFischer s calorimeter, 29/^\\nFlame, 168\\nBunsen s researches, 168\\nlength, 169\\nnot due to incandescence, 168\\nnot due to solid particles, 168\\nPropagation of, 168\\ntemperature. Calculation of, 169\\nLoss due to dissociation, 16S\\nacetylene, 170\\nbor-methyl, 168\\ncarbon and carbonic oxide, 170\\nhydrogen, 169\\nmarsh and olefiant gases, 171\\noils. 172\\npetroleum, 172\\nproducer and other gases, 171\\nsolid fuels, 172\\ntable, 200\\nFletcher s anemometer, 145\\nFlue-gas. See Waste Gases\\nFormula, Balling s, 8\\nBurnat s, 144\\nDulong s, 7\\nGerman Engineers 8\\nHirn s, 147\\nJacobus s, 144\\nMahler s, 9\\nQuality of steam, 119\\nRegnault, for vaporization, 4\\nRegnault and Pfaundler s, 18\\nSchwackhofer s. 8", "height": "4344", "width": "2692", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "266\\nINDEX.\\nFormula, Superheated steam, 123\\nThrottling calorimeter, 122\\nVaporization of water, 4\\nWaste gases, weight, 142, 144\\nWelter s, 10\\nFuel, Air required for, 125 table,\\n206\\nAir supplied to, 140\\nCalorific power under steam-\\nboiler, 109\\nEvaporative power, 174\\nGaseous, 92\\nWeight of, III\\nFuels, I\\nDivision of, I\\nTables, 209\\nGAS, COAL\\nAguitton s experiments, 95\\nBueb-Dessau s experiments, 95\\nHeat of combustion (table), 254\\nMahler s experiments, 96\\nVariation in, 95\\nGas-composimeter, 150\\nGas, gasogene; heat theory, 97\\nLoss of calories, 98\\nValue, 97\\nVarieties, 98\\nGas-holder, Oil, 133\\nGas, Natural. See Natural Gas\\nGag, Producer; Heat theory of, 99\\nHeat of combustion (table), 260\\nMahler s experiments, 101\\nGas-sampler, A. S. M. E., 131\\nJones s, 132\\nScheurer-Kestner s, 128\\nGas, water. See Water Gas\\nGaseous fuels, 92\\nGases, Analysis, 134\\nas fuel, 92\\nCalculation of calories, 67\\nComparative value, 107\\nHeat of combustion (tables), 254\\nHeat of combustion from analy-\\nsis, 93\\nHeat units, 164; table, 203\\nexample, 105\\nIgnition point (table), 207\\nWeight and volume (table), 200\\nSpecific heat (table), 204\\nGases, waste. See Waste Gases\\nSpecific heat of (table), 205\\nGottlieb s wood tests, 86\\nGruener s coal table, 77\\nHEAT\\nbalance in boiler trials, 191\\nHeat, Loss of, in producer gas, 104\\nof aqueous vapor, 159\\ncombination, 94\\ncombustible gases, 164\\ncombustion, 3\\nand candle power, 96\\nCalculated vs. det mined, 9\\nCause of disagreement, 10\\nDetermination of, 3, 4\\nFrom chem. composition, 7\\nLitharge or lead test, 10\\nMethods of determining, 7\\nof carbon, 12, 54\\ncarbon vapor, 173\\ncoal, 66\\ncoke, 68\\ncolza oil, 64\\nconstant pressure, 20\\nconstant pressure and volume,\\n45\\nelectric igniter, 70\\nfuels (tables), 209\\ngas, 67\\ngases, calculation, 68, 93\\ngases, difference in, 94\\ngases, modified by condensa-\\ntion, 94\\ngases (table), 203, 254 et seq.\\nhydrogen, 97\\nhygroscopic water, 162\\nmarsh gas, 97\\nnatural gas, 106; table, 254\\noils (table), 251\\ndefiant gas, 97\\npetroleum, 90\\nsensible of the temperature, 160\\nsoot, 166\\nvaporization of water, 4; table,\\n205\\nvariable subst. (table), 198\\nwater of combustion, 162\\nSpecific; gases (table), 204\\nwaste gases (table), 205\\nwater (table), 205, 208\\nHeat units, Dulong s, 21\\nfrom chemical composition, 7\\nlead reduction test, 10\\nRatio of, to fixed carbon, 77\\nof steam-boiler tests, Cal tion, 159\\nof steam-boiler tests. Distribu-\\ntion, 167\\nHeat value, 2\\nof fuels (tables), 209\\nHeating by charcoal, 84\\ncoke, 82\\ngas, 92\\nlignite, 78", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n267\\nHeating by oil, 8g, go\\npeat^ 80\\nwood, 84\\nHirn s waste-gas apparatus, 146\\nformula, 147\\nHorse power, Commercial, 179\\nHydrocarbons, Unconsumed, 25\\nHydrogen, Calories of, 4\\nin cinders, 115\\nOxygen necessary for, 125\\nICE CALORIMETERS, 74rz\\nIgniter, electric, Heat of, 70\\nIgnition point of gases (table), 207\\nIncandescence not flame, 168\\nIndiana natural gas analyses, 105\\nInstallation of apparatus, 13\\nJACOBUS S FORMULA, 144\\nJohnson s coal tests, 75\\nJunker s calorimeter, 40\\nKENT ON WASTE GASES, 142\\nKent pressure gauge, I47\u00c2\u00ab\\nKent s ratio of hydrogen and carbon\\nin coal, 78\\nrevision of Johnson s tests, 75\\nKilo-calorie, 3\\nKroeker calorimeter and correction\\nfor water, 73\\nLEAD OR LITHARGE TEST, 10\\nis unreliable, 11\\nLignite, 78\\nHeat of combustion (table), 231\\nLord and Haas on Ohio and Penn-\\nsylvania coal, 9\\nLuminosity, 168\\ndepends on pressure, 169\\nnot due to solid particles, 168\\nMAHLER S CALORIMETER, 57\\ndeterminations of gas, loi\\nexperiments on coal gas, 96\\nformula, g\\nManchester gas. Analysis of, 93\\nMixed gas, loi\\nMoisture in coal, 112, 114\\nMoisture in steam, 119, 124, 186\\nMolecular calorie, 2\\nMorin and Tresca on coal, 75\\nMorin and Tresca s wood tests, 86\\nt\\nNAPHTHALIN. CALORIES OF, 46\\nNatural gas and analysis of, 105\\nCalories of, 106; (table), 254\\nValue of, 106\\nNatural gas, Variation in, 105\\nNitrogen, ratio of, to oxygen\\n(table), 207\\nNixon s coal calories of, deter-\\nmined, 66\\nOHIO NATURAL GAS, 105\\nOil-aspirator or gas-holder, 132\\nOils, Heat of combustion (table), 251\\nOrsat-Muencke apparatus, 135\\nOven cokes, Heat of combustion\\n(table), 247\\nOxygen, Compressed, is dry, 52\\nin cylinders, 59\\nnecessary for combustion, 125\\n(table),\\n201, 202\\nRatio of, to nitrogen in air\\n(table), 207\\nrequired to form water with coal,\\n140; (table), 206\\nTo prepare, 24\\nPASTILLES, HOW MADE, 51\\nPeat, 80\\nCalories of (table), 245\\nPetroleum, 88\\nCalories of (table), 251\\nCalorific power of, go, 251\\nEfficiency with, c^ib\\nheating tests, 90\\nlocomotive practice, gir\\nSteam used in atomizing, 91\\nsuperior to coal, 91\\nWaste gases from, (^ib\\nWhy high heat yield, 91^\\nPittsburg natural gas, 105\\nPneumatic pyrometer, 152\\nPound-calorie, 2\\nPressure gauges\\nAnemometer, 144, 145\\nHirn s, 146\\nKent s, 147a\\nSegur s, 146\\nProducer gas, 98. See Gas, Producer\\nProducts of combustion of\\nAlexejew s calorimeter, 28\\ncharcoal, 84\\nFavre and Silbermann s calorim-\\neter, 26\\noil, 91\\nSchwackhofer s calorimeter. 37.\\nSee Waste Gases\\nPyrometer, Pneumatic, 152\\nREGNAULT S FORMULA, 4\\nRegnault and Pfaundler s law, i3", "height": "4344", "width": "2724", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "j68\\nINDEX.\\nRingelmann s smoke scale, 158\\nRonchamp coal, Smoke of, 156\\nWaste gases of, 135\\nRothkohle, 83\\nRumford s calorimeter, 20\\nSAMPLER, GAS, 128, 131, 132\\nSauvage s exp ments on charcoal, 83\\nScheurer-Kestner s experiments on\\ncharcoal, 84\\ngas sampler, 128\\nsmoke analysis, 155\\nand Meunier-Dollfus on coal, 75\\nSchist, Bituminous, 79\\nSchwackhofer s calorimeter, 35\\nSegur s differential gauge, 146\\nSensitiveness of thermometers, 6\\nShale oil, 88\\nSmoke, Bunte s observations, 157\\nBurnat s experiments, 155\\nCarbon in, 154\\nCohen and Russell s experiments,\\nI58\u00c2\u00ab\\nFritzsche s method, 158a\\nRingelmann s scale, 158\\nScheurer-Kestner s analysis, 155\\nTatlock s tests, 155\\nSoda-lime for absorbing moisture, 23\\nSoot, Heat units of, 166\\nSpecific heat. See Heat, Specific\\nof water not consid-\\nered, 3\\nSteam, Moisture in, 117, 119, 186\\nMoisture in flowing, 124\\nQuality of, 119, 186\\nSuperheated, 123\\nTemperature of, 116\\nused in atomizing petroleum, 91^\\nSteam-boilers, petroleum-fired, 91\\nLignite-fired, 79\\nSteam-boiler testing\\napparatus to be correct, 182\\nAshes and residues, 188\\nAnalysis of cinders, 115\\ncoal, 113\\nwaste gases, 134,\\n189\\nBoiler and chimney to be\\nheated, 182\\nCalculation of air necessary, 125\\nsupplied, 140\\nheat units, 159\\nwaste gases, 137,\\n142, 147\\nCarbon in smoke, 154\\nCoal used, 181\\nCorrections of apparatus, 182 1\\nSteam-boiler testing, determine\\nwhat, 109\\nDistribution of calories, 167,\\n191\\nDistribution of heat, 109\\nDuration of test, 115\\nEarly tests, 109\\nEfficiency, 190\\nExamination of boiler, etc., 181\\nHeat balance, 191\\nHeat tests and coal anal., 189\\nJohnson s tests, 109\\nKeeping records, 185\\nMoisture in steam, 117, 186\\nMoisture in flowing steam, 124\\nNeed of knowledge of calories\\nin, 109\\nPreliminaries of, 180\\nQuality of steam, 119, 186\\nReport of A. S. M. E. com-\\nmittee, 177\\nReport of trial, 192\\nshort form, 196\\nSampling the coal, 112\\nScheurer-Kestner s tests, no\\nStarting and stopping, 184\\nTemperature of steam, 116\\nTemperature of waste gases, 15 1\\nVolume of air necessary, 125\\nsupplied, 140\\nwaste gases, 127\\nWaste gas samples and analy-\\nsis, 134, 189\\nWater evaporated, 116\\nWeight of fuel, in\\nwaste gases, 142\\nWhat is necessary, no\\nSulphur, oxygen necessary for, 126\\nTABLE; AIR COMPONENTS, 207\\nAir for combustion, 201, 202\\nfor perfect combustion, 206\\nAsh analyses, 115\\nCandle power and heat of com-\\nbustion, 96\\nCoal (Gruner s), 77\\nCoke analyses, 82\\nDistribution of calories, 167\\nFlame temperatures, 200\\nFuels, 209\\nHeat balance, 191\\nHeat of combustion, 198\\nof cokes\\nfuels,\\ngases,\\nlignites, 23\\noils, 251\\n247\\n209\\n202, 254", "height": "4344", "width": "2656", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n269\\nTable; Heat of combustion of peat,\\n245\\nwood, 86, 246\\nvapor n of water, 205\\nIgnition point of gases, 207\\nNatural gas, 105, 106, 254\\nOxygen for combustion, 201, 202\\nOxygen to form water, 206\\nRegnault and Pfaundler s law, 18\\nRonchamp coal waste gases, 135\\nSmoke analyses, 157\\nSpecific heat of gases, 204\\nwaste gases, 205\\nwater, 205, 208\\nThermometer reduction, igg\\nWaste gas analyses, 135, 136\\nWater value calculation, 15\\nWeight and volume of gases, 200\\nWoJd, 86\\nTatlock s smoke tests, 155\\nTemperature, Heat of sensible, 160\\nof waste gases, 151\\nThermal units, 2\\nThermometer, 4\\nCorrection, mercury column, 6\\nFavre and Silbermann s, 6\\nMetastatic, 6\\nreduction table, 199\\nSensibility of, 6\\nThomsen s calorimeter, 30\\nThompson s, L., calorimeter, 43\\nThompson s, W., 37\\nThrottling calorimeter, 117\\nUNIT OF EVAPORATION, 179\\nUnits of heat, 3\\nVAPORIZATION OF WATER, 4\\nVaporization of water (table), 205\\nVariation in coal gas, 95\\nnatural gas, 105\\nWASTE GAS ANALYSIS, 189\\nWaste gases, automatic apparatus\\nfor, 147^\\nBunte s results, 136\\nfrom charcoal, 84\\npetroleum, 91\\nRonchamp coal, 135\\nHeat of, 160\\nHirn s apparatus, 146\\nformula, 147\\nSchwackhofer s calorimeter, 37\\n(table), 135, 136\\nTemperature of, 151\\nVolume of, 127, 144\\nWater evaporated, 116\\nHeat of combination, 162\\nHeat of vapo rization of, 4;\\ntable, 205\\nHygroscopic, heat of, 162\\nin lignite, 78\\nin peat, 80\\nKroeker s correction for, 73\\nSpecific heat (table), 208\\nSpecific heat of, not considered,\\n3\\n-value of cal meters, 14, 15, 30, 63\\nWater gas, 101\\nHeat of combustion of (table),\\n258 seq.\\nTheory, 102\\nLoss of heat, 104\\nWeight of carbon vapor, 173\\nfuel, III\\nwaste gases, 142\\nWitz calorimeter, 47\\nWood, condition for burning, 87\\nGottlieb s tests, 86\\nCalories (table). 86, 246\\nHydrate of carbon, 84\\nMorin and Tresca s tests, 86\\nWood charcoal. See Charcoal Wood", "height": "4344", "width": "2704", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4312", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "SHORT-TITLE CATALOGUE\\nOP THE\\nPUBLICATIONS\\nOF\\nJOHN WILEY SONS,\\nNew York.\\nLondon: CHAPMA]^ HALL, Limited.\\nARRANGED UNDER SUBJECTS.\\nDescriptive circulars sent on application.\\nBooks marked with an asterisk are sold at net prices only.\\nAll books are bound in cloth unless otherwise stated.\\nAGRICULTURE,\\nCattle Feeding\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dairy Practice Diseases of Animals\\nGardening, Etc.\\nArmsby s Manual of Cattle Feeding, 12mo, $1 75\\nDowning s Fruit and Fruit Trees 8vo, 5 00\\nGrotenfelt s The Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Woll.)\\n12mo, 2 00\\nKemp s Landscape Gardening. 12mo, 2 50\\nMayuard s Landscape Gardening 12mo, 1 50\\nSteel s Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog 8vo, 3 50\\nTreatise on the Diseases of the Ox 8vo, 6 00\\nStockbridge s Rocks and Soils. .Svo, 2 50\\nWoll s Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen 12mo, 1 50\\nARCHITECTURE.\\nBuilding Carpentry\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stairs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ventilation Lat7, Etc.\\nBerg s Buildings and Structures of American Railroads 4to, 7 50\\nBirkmire s American Theatres\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Planning and Construction. Svo, 3 00\\nArchitectural Iron and Steel Svo, 3 50\\nCompound Riveted Girders Svo, 2 00\\nSkeleton Construction in Buildings Svo, 3 00\\n1", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "Biikmiie s Planning and Construction of High Office Buildings.\\n8vo,\\nBrlggs Modern Am. School Building 8vo,\\nCarpenter s Heating and Ventilating of Buildings 8vo,\\nFreitag s Architectural Engineering 8vo,\\nThe Fireproofiug of Steel Buildings 8vo,\\nGerhard s Sanitary House Inspection 16mo,\\nTheatre Fires and Panics 12mo,\\nHatfield s American House Carpenter 8vo,\\nHolly s Carpenter and Joiner 18mo,\\nXidder s Architect and Builder s Pocket-book. 16mo, morocco,\\nMerrill s Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo,\\nMonckton s Stair Building Wood, Iron, and Stone 4to,\\nWait s Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo,\\nSheep,\\nWorcester s Small Hospitals Establishment and Maintenance,\\nincluding Atkinson s Suggestions for Hospital Archi-\\ntecture 12mo,\\nWorld s Columbian Exposition of 1893 Large 4to,\\nARMY, NAVY, Etc.\\nMilitary Engineering Ordnance Law, Etc.\\n*Bruff s Ordnance and Gunnery 8vo,\\nChase s Screw Propellers 8vo,\\nCronkhite s Gunnery for Non-com. Officers 32mo, morocco,\\nDavis s Treatise on Military Law 8vo,\\nSheep,\\nElements of Law 8vo,\\nDe Brack s Cavalry Outpost Duties. (Carr.). .32mo, morocco,\\nDietz s Soldier s First Aid 16mo, morocco,\\nDredge s Modern French Artillery Large 4to, half morocco,\\nRecord of the Transportation Exhibits Building,\\nWorld s Columbian Exposition of 1893.. 4to, half morocco,\\nDurand s Resistance and Propulsion of Ships 8vo,\\nDyer s Light Artillery 12mo,\\nHoff s Naval Tactics 8vo,\\n^Ingalls s Ballistic Tables .8vo,\\n2\\n13 50\\n4 00\\n3 00\\n2 50\\n2 50\\n1 00\\n1 50\\n5 00\\n75\\n4 00\\n5 00\\n4 00\\n6 00\\n6 50\\n1 25\\n2 50\\n6 00\\n3 00\\n2 00\\n7 00\\n7 50\\n2 50\\n2 00\\n1 25\\n15 00\\n10 00\\n5 00\\n3 00\\n1 50\\n1 50", "height": "4344", "width": "2664", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "$4 00\\n7 50\\n2 00\\n4 00\\n5 00\\n1 50\\n10\\n2 50\\n4 00\\n1 50\\n2 00\\n2 50\\n1 50\\n2 00\\n1 00\\nJngalls s Handbook of Problems iu Direct Fire 8vo,\\nMahau s Permanent Fortifications. (Mercur.).8vo, half morocco,\\nMercur s Attack of Fortified Places 12mo,\\nElements of the Art of War 8vo,\\nMetcalfe s Ordnance and Gunnery 12mo, willi Atlas,\\nMurray s A Manual for Courts-Martial 16mo, morocco,\\nInfantry Drill Regulations adapted to the Springfield\\nRifle, Caliber .45 32mo, paper,\\nPhelps s Practical Marine Surveying 8vo,\\nPowell s Army Ofiicer s Examiner 12mo,\\nSharpe s Subsisting Armies 32mo, morocco,\\nWheeler s Siege Operations 8vo,\\nWinthrop s Abridgment of Military Law 12mo,\\nWoodhull s Kotes on Military Hygiene 16mo,\\nYouug s Simple Elements of Navigation 16mo, morocco,\\nfirst edition\\nASSAYING.\\nSmelting Ore Dressing\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Alloys, Etc.\\nFletcher s Quaiit. Assaying with the Blowpipe.. 16mo, morocco, 1 50\\nFurman s Practical Assaying 8vo, 3 00\\nKunhardt s Ore Dressing 8vo, 1 50\\nO Driscoll s Treatment of Gold Ores. 8vo, 2 00\\nRicketts and Miller s Notes on Assaying .8vo, 3 00\\nThurston s Alloys, Brasses, and Bronzes 8vo, 2 50\\nWilson s Cyanide Processes 12mo, 1 50\\nThe Chlorination Process 12mo, 1 50\\nASTRONOMY.\\nPractical, Theoretical, and Descriptive.\\nCraig s Azimuth 4to, 3 50\\nDoolittle s Practical Astronomy 8vo, 4 00\\nGore s Elements of Geodesy Svo, 2 50\\nHay ford s Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo. 3 00\\nMichie and Harlow s Practical Astronomy Svo, 3 00\\nWhite s Theoretical and Descriptive Astronomy. 12mo, 2 00", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "BOTANY.\\nGardening for Ladies, Etc.\\nBaldwin s Orcliids of New England Small 8vo, $1 50\\nThome s Structural Botany 16mo, 2 25\\nWestermaier s General Botany. (Schneider.) 8vo, 2 OO\\nBRIDGES, ROOFS, Etc.\\nCantilever Draw Highway Suspension.\\n{See also Engineering, p. 8.)\\nBoiler s Highway Bridges 8vo,\\nThe Thames River Bridge 4to, paper,\\nBurr s Stresses in Bridges. 8vo,\\nCrehore s Mechanics of the Girder 8vo,\\nDredge s Thames Bridges 7 parts, per part,\\nDu Bois s Stresses in Framed Structures Small 4to,\\nFoster s Wooden Trestle Bridges 4to,\\nGreene s Arches in Wood, etc 8vo,\\nBridge Trusses 8vo,\\nRoof Trusses 8vo,\\nHowe s Treatise on Arches h .8vo,\\nJohnson s Modern Framed Structures Small 4to,\\nMerriman Jacoby s Text-book of Roofs and Bridges.\\nPart I. Stresses 8vo,\\nMerriman Jacoby s Text-book of Roofs and Bridges.\\nPart n.. Graphic Statics Svo,\\nMerriman Jacoby s Text-book of Roofs and Bridges.\\nPart III., Bridge Design Svo,\\nMerriman Jacoby s Text-book of Roofs and Bridges.\\nPart IV., Continuous, Draw, Cantilever, Suspension, and\\nArched Bridges .Svo,\\nMorison s The Memphis Bridge Oblong 4to,\\nWaddell s Iron Highway Bridges 8vo,\\nDe Poutibus (a Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers).\\n16mo, morocco,\\nWood s Construction of Bridges and Roofs Svo,\\nWright s Designing of Draw Spans. Parts I. and II.. Svo, each\\nComplete Svo,\\n4\\n2 OO\\n5 00\\n3 50\\n5 00\\n1 25\\n10 00\\n5 00\\n2 50\\n2 50\\n1 25\\n4 00\\n10 00\\n2 50\\n2 50\\n2 50\\n2 50\\n10 00\\n4 00\\n3 00\\n2 00\\n2 50\\n3 oO", "height": "4344", "width": "2700", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "CHEMISTRY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BIOLOGY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PHARMACY.\\nQualitative Quantitati^te Okganic Inorganic, Etc.\\nAdriance s Laboratory Calculations 12mo,\\nAllen s Tables for Iron Analysis Svo,\\nAusten s Notes for Chemical Students 12mo,\\nEolton s Student s Guide in Quantitative Analysis Svo,\\nBoltwood s Elementary Electro Chemistry {In the press.)\\nClassen s Analysis by Electrolysis. (Herrick and Boltwood.).8vo,\\nCohn s Indicators and Test-papers 12mo\\nCrafts s Qualitative Analysis. (SchaefCer, 12mo,\\nDavenport s Statistical Methods with Special Reference to Bio-\\nlogical Variations 12mo, morocco,\\nDrechsel s Chemical Eeactions. (Merrill.) 12mo,\\nEresenius s Quantitative Chemical Analysis. (Allen.) Svo,\\nQualitative (Johnson,). ..Svo,\\n(Wells.) Trans.\\n16th German Edition Svo,\\nPuertes s Water and Public Health 12mo,\\nGill s Gas and Fuel Analysis 12mo,\\nHammarsten s Physiological Chemistry. (Maudel.) Svo,\\nHelm s Principles of Mathematical Chemistry. (Morgan). 12mo,\\nLadd s Quantitative Chemical Analysis 12mo,\\nLandauer s Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) Svo,\\nLob s Electrolysis and Electrosyn thesis of Organic Compounds.\\n(Lorenz.) 12mo,\\nMf ndel s Bio-chemical Laboratory 12mo,\\nMason s Water-supply Svo,\\nExamination of Water 12mo,\\nMeyer s Radicles in Carbon Compounds. (Tingle. 12mo,\\nMiller s Chemical Physics Svo,\\nMixter s Elementary Text-book of Chemistry 12m o,\\nMorgan s The Theory of Solutions and its Results 12mo,\\nElements of Physical Chemistry 12mo,\\nNichols s Water-supply (Chemical and Sanitary) Svo,\\nO Brine s Laboratory Guide to Chemical Analy3is Svo,\\nPerkins s Qualitative Analysis 12mo,\\nPinner s Organic Chemistry. (Austen.) 12mo,\\n.5\\n|1 25\\n3 00\\n1 50\\n1 50\\n3 00\\n2 00\\n1 50\\n1 25\\n1 25\\n6 00\\n3 00\\n5 00\\n1 50\\n1 25\\n4 00\\n1 50\\n1 00\\n3 00\\n1 00\\n1 50\\n5 00\\n1 25\\n1 00\\n2 00\\n1 50\\n1 00\\n2 00\\n2 50\\n2 00\\n1 00\\n1 50", "height": "4344", "width": "2696", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "Poole s Culoiilic Power of Fuels 8vo, $3 00\\nRicketts and Russell s Notes on Inorganic Chemistry (Non-\\nmetallic) Oblong 8vo, morocco, 75\\nRuddiman s Incompatibilities in Prescriptions 8vo, 3 00\\nSchimpf s Volumetric Analysis 12mo, 2 50\\nSpencer s Sugar Manufacturer s Handbook 16nio, morocco, 2 00\\nHandbook for Chemists of Beet Sugar Houses.\\n16mo, morocco, 3 00\\nStockbridge s Rocks and Soils 8vo, 2 50\\nTillman s Descriptive General Chemistry 8vo, 3 00\\nVan Deventer s Physical Chemistry for Beginners. (Boltwood.)\\n12mo, 1 50\\nWells s Inorganic Qualitative Analysis 12mo, 1 50\\nLaboratory Guide in Qualitative Chemical Analysis.\\n8vo, 1 50\\nWhipple s Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo, 3 50\\nWiechmann s Chemical Lecture Notes ..12mo, 3 00\\nSugar Analysis Small 8vo, 2 50\\nWulling s Inorganic Phar. and Med. Chemistry 12mo, 2 00\\nDRAWING.\\nElementary Geometrical\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mechanical Topographical.\\nHill s Shades and Shadows and Perspective 8vo, 2 00\\nMacCord s Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 3 00\\nKinematics 8vo, 5 00\\nMechanical Drawing 8vo, 400\\nMahan s Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 2 vols., 8vo, 3 50\\nReed s Topographical Drawing. (H. A.) 4to, 5 00\\nReid s A Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo. 2 00\\nMechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design.\\n8vo. {In the press.\\nSmith s Topographical Drawing. (Macmillan.) 8vo, 2 50\\nWarren s Descriptive Geometry 2 vols., 8vo, 3 50\\nDrafting Instruments 12mo, 1 25\\nFree-hand Drawing 12mo, 1 00\\nLinear Perspective 12mo, 1 00\\nMachine Construction, 2 vols., 8vo, 7 50\\n6", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "Wiinen s Plane Problems 12mo, $1 25\\nPrimary Geometry 12mo, 75\\nProblems and Theorems. 8vo, 2 50\\nProjection Drawing 12mo, 150\\nWarren s Shades and Shadows 8vo, 3 00\\nStereotomy Stone-cutting ...8vo, 2 50\\nAYhelpley s Letter Engraving 12mo, 2 00\\nELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM.\\niLLriii^sfATioN Batteries Physics Railways.\\nAnthony and Brackett s Text-book of Physics. (Magie.) Small\\nSvo, 3 00\\nAnthony s Theory of Electrical Measurements 12mo, 1 00\\nBarker s Deep-sea Soundings Svo, 2 00\\nBenjamin s Voltaic Cell Svo, 3 00\\nHistory of Electricity Svo, 3 00\\nClassen s Analysis by Electrolysis. (^Herrick and Boltwood.) Svo, 3 00\\nCrehore and Squier s Experiments with a New Polarizing Photo-\\nChronograph Svo, 3 00\\nDawson s Electric Railways and Tramways. Small, 4to, half\\nmorocco,\\nDredge s Electric Illuminations. .2 vols., 4to, half morocco,\\nVol. II 4to,\\nGilbert s De magnete. (Mottelay.) Svo,\\nHolman s Precision of Measurements. Svo,\\nTelescope-mirror-scale Method .Large Svo,\\nLob s Electrolysis and Electrosyn thesis of Organic Compounds,\\n(Lorenz. 12mo,\\n*Michie s Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light Svo,\\nMorgan s The Theory of Solutions and its Results 12mo,\\nXiaudet s Electric Batteries. (Fishback.) 12mo,\\nPratt and Alden s Street-railway Road-beds Svo,\\nReagan s Steam and Electric Locomotives 12mo,\\nThurston s Stationary Steam Engines for Electric Lighting Pur-\\nposes Svo,\\n*Tillman s Heat Svo,\\n12 50\\n25 00\\n7 50\\n2 50\\n2 00\\n75\\n1 00\\n4 00\\n1 00\\n2 50\\n2 00\\n2 00\\n2 50\\n1 50", "height": "4344", "width": "2700", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "ENGINEERING.\\nCivil Mechanical Sanitary, Etc.\\n{See also Bridges, p. 4 Hydraulics, p. 9 Materials of En-\\ngineering, p. 10 Mechanics and Machinery, p. 12 Steam\\nEngines and Boilers, p. 14.)\\nBaker s Masonry Construction 8vo,\\nSurveying Instruments 12mo,\\nBlack s U.. S. Public Works Oblong 4to,\\nBrooks s Street-railway Location 16mo, morocco,\\nButts s Civil Engineers Field Book 16mo, morocco,\\nByrne s Highway Construction 8vo,\\nInspection of Materials and Workmanship 16nio,\\nCarpenter s Experimental Engineering 8vo,\\nChurch s Mechanics of Engineering Solids and Fluids Svo,\\nNotes and Examples in Mechanics Svo,\\nCrandall s Earthwork Tables Svo,\\nTlie Transition Curve 16mo, morocco,\\nDredge s Penn. Railroad Construction, etc. Large 4to,\\nhalf morocco,\\nDrinker s Tunnelling 4to, half morocco,\\nEissler s Explosives Nitroglycerine and Dynamite Svo,\\nFolwell s Sewerage Svo,\\nFowler s Coffer-dam Process for Piers Svo.\\nGerhard s Sanitary House Inspection 12mo,\\nGodwin s Railroad Engineer s Field-book 16mo, morocco,\\nGore s Elements of Geodesy Svo,\\nHoward s Transition Curve Field-book 16mo, morocco,\\nHowe s Retaining Walls (New Edition.) .12mo,\\nHudson s Excavation Tables. Vol. II Svo,\\nButton s Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants Svo,\\nHeat and Heat Engines Svo,\\nJohnson s Materials of Construction Large Svo,\\nTheory and Practice\u00c2\u00bbof Surveying Small Svo,\\nKent s Mechanical Engineer s PockH-book 16mo, morocco,\\nKiersted s Sewage Disposal 12mo,\\nMahan s Civil Engineering. (Wood.) Svo,\\nMerriman and Brook s Handbook for Surveyors. .16mo, mor.,\\nMerriman s Precise Surveying and Geodesy Svo,\\nRetaining Walls and Masonry Dams Svo,\\nSanitary Engineering Svo, 2 00\\nNagle s Manual for Railroad Engineers 16mo, morocco, 3 00\\nOgden s Sewer Design 12mo, 2 00\\nRation s Civil Engineering Svo, half morocco, 7 50\\n.8\\n$5 00\\n3 00\\n5 00\\n1 50\\n2 50\\n5 00\\n3 00\\n6 00\\nG 00\\n2 00\\n1 50\\n1 50\\n20 00\\n25 00\\n4 00\\n3 00\\n2 50\\n1 00\\n2 50\\n2 50\\n1 50\\n1 25\\n1 00\\n5 00\\n5 00\\n6 00\\n4 00\\n5 00\\n1 25\\n5 00\\n2 00\\n2 50\\n2 00", "height": "4376", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "Patton s Foundations 8vo, $5 00\\nPratt and Alden s Street-railway Road-beds 8vo,\\nPocktvell s Roads and Pavements in France 12mo,\\nSearles s Field Engineering 16mo, morocco,\\nRailroad Spiral IGmo, morocco,\\nSiebert and Biggin s Modern Stone Cutting and Masonry. .8vo,\\nSmart s Engineering Laboratory Practice 12mo,\\nSmith s Wire Manufacture and Uses Small 4to,\\nSpalding s Roads and Pavements 12mo,\\nHydraulic Cement 12mo,\\nTaylor s Prismoidal Formulas and Earthwork 8vo,\\nThurston s Materials of Construction, 8vo,\\nTrautwiue s Civil Engineer s Pocket-book. .16mo, morocco,\\nCross-section Sheet,\\nExcavations and Embankments Svo,\\nLaying Out Curves 12mo, morocco,\\nWaddell s De Ponlibus (A Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers).\\n16mo, morocco.\\nWait s Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo,\\nSheep,\\nLaw of Field Operation in Engineering, etc 8vo.\\nWarren s Stereotomy Stone-cutting Svo,\\nWebb s Engineering Instruments. New Edition. 16mo, morocco,\\nWegmann s Construction of Masonry Dams 4to,\\nWellington s Location of Railways ..Small 8vo,\\nWheeler s Civil Engineering Svo,\\nWolff s Windmill as a Prime Mover Svo,\\nHYDRAULICS.\\nWater-wheels Windmills\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Service Pipe Drainage, Etc.\\n{See also Engineering, p. 8.)\\nBazin s Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein.\\n(Trautwine.) Svo, 2 00\\nBovey s Treatise on Hydraulics. Svo, 4 00,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Coffin s Graphical Solution of Hydraulic Problems 12mo, 2 50\\nFerrel s Treatise on the Winds, Cyclones, and Tornadoes. .Svo, 4 00\\nFol well s Water Supply Engineering Svo, 4 00\\nFuertes s Water and Public Health 12mo, 1 50\\n^Ganguillet Kutter s Flow of Water. (Hering Trautwine.)\\nSvo, 4 00\\nHazen s Filtration of Public Water Supply Svo, 3 00\\nHerschel s 115 Experiments Svo, 2 00\\n9\\n2 00\\n1 25\\n3 00\\n1 50\\n1 50\\n2 50\\n3 00\\n2 00\\n2 00\\n1 50\\n5 00\\n5 00\\n25\\n2 00\\n2 50\\n3 00\\n6 00\\n6 50\\n2 50\\n1 25\\n5 GO\\n5 00\\n4 00\\n3 00", "height": "4344", "width": "2688", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "$1 25^\\n5 OO\\n1 25\\n4 OO-\\n2 50\\n10 00\\n5 OO\\n3 50\\n4 OO\\n2 OO\\n3 OO\\n2 5(V\\nKiersted s Sewage Disposal 12mo,\\nMason s Water Suppl}^ 8vo,\\nExamination of Water 12mo,\\nMerrimau s Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo,\\nKichols s Water Supply (Chemical and Sanitary) 8vo,\\nWegmann s Water Supply of the City of New York 4to,\\nWeisbach s Hydraulics. (Du Bois.) Svo,\\nWhipple s Microscopy of Drinking Water Svo,\\nWilson s Irrigation Engineering Svo,\\nHydraulic and Placer Mining 12mo,\\nWolff s Windmill as a Prime Mover Svo,\\nWood s Theory of Turbines Svo,\\nMANUFACTURES.\\nBoilers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Explosives\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Iron Steel\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sugar Woollens, Etc.\\nAllen s Tables for Iron Analysis Svo, 3 OO\\nBeaumont s Woollen and Worsted Manufacture 12mo, 1 50\\nBolland s Encyclopaedia of Founding Terms 12mo, 3 00-\\nThe Iron Founder 12mo, 2 50\\nSupplement 12mo, 2 50-\\nBouvier s Handbook on Oil Painting 12mo, 2 00\\nEissler s Explosives, Nitroglycerine and Dynamite Svo, 4 00\\nFord s Boiler Making for Boiler Makers ISmo, 1 00\\nMetcalfe s Cost of- Manufactures Svo, 5 OO\\nMetcalf s Steel\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Manual for Steel Users 12mo, 2 OO\\n*Reisig s Guide to Piece Dyeing Svo, 25 OO\\nSpencer s Sugar Manufacturer s Handbook 16mo, morocco, 2 OO\\nHandbook for Chemists of Beet Sugar Houses.\\n16mo, morocco, 3 OO\\nThurston s Manual of Steam Boilers Svo, 5 OO\\nWalke s Lectures on Explosives Svo, 4 OO\\nWest s American Foundry Practice 12mo, 2 50\\nMoulder s Text-book 12mo, 2 50\\nWiechmann s Sugar Analysis Small Svo, 2 50\\nWoodbury s Fire Protection of Mills Svo, 2 50\\nMATERIALS OF ENGINEERING.\\nStrength\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elasticity\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Resistance, Etc.\\n{See a^s(? Engineering, p. 8.)\\nBaker s Masonry Construction .Svo, 5 OO\\nBeardslee and Kent s Strength of Wrought Iron Svo, 1 50\\nBovey s Strength of Materials Svo, 7 50\\nBurr s Elasticity and Resistance of Materials Svo, 5 OO\\n10", "height": "4344", "width": "2676", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "Byrne s Highway Construction 8vo, $5 OO\\nChurch s Mechanics of Engineering\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Solids and Fluids 8vo, 6 00\\nDu Bois s Stresses in Framed Structures Small 4to, 10 00\\nJohnson s Materials of Construction 8vo, 6 00\\nLanza s Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50\\nMartens s Testing Materials. (Henning.) 2 vols., Svo, 7 50\\nMerrill s Stones for Building and Decoration Svo, 5 00\\nMerriman s Mechanics of Materials Svo, 4 00\\nStrength of Materials 12nio, 100\\nPatton s Treatise on Foundations Svo, o 00\\nRockwell s Roads and Pavements in France 12mo, 1 25\\nSpalding s Roads and Pavements 12mo, 2 00\\nThurston s Materials of Construction Svo, 5 00\\nMaterials of Engineering 3 vols., Svo, 8 00\\nVol. I., Non-metallic 8vo, 2 00\\nVol. II., Iron and Steel Svo, 3 50\\nVol. III., Alloys, Brasses, and Bronzes Svo, 2 50\\nWood s Resistance of Materials Svo, 2 00\\nMATHEMATICS.\\nCalculus\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Geometry Trigonometry, Etc.\\nBaker s Elliptic Functions Svo,\\nBarnard s Pyramid Problem Svo,\\n*Bass s Differential Calculus 12mo,\\nBriggs s Plane Analytical Geometry 12mo,\\nChapman s Theory of Equations 12mo,\\nCompton s Logarithmic Computations 12mo,\\nDavis s Introduction to the Logic of Algebra Svo,\\nHalsted s Elements of Geometry t..8vo,\\nSynthetic Geometry Svo,\\nJohnson s Curve Tracing 12mo,\\nDifferential Equations Ordinary and Partial,\\nSmall Svo,\\nIntegral Calculus 12mo,\\nUnabridged. Small Svo.\\n(In, the press.)\\nLeast Squares 12mo, 150\\n^Ludlow s Logarithmic and Other Tables. (Bass,) Svo, 2 00\\nTrigonometry with Tables. (Bass.) Svo, 3 00\\n*Mahan s Descriptive Geometry (Stone Cutting) Svo, 1 50\\nMerriman and Woodward s Higher Mathematics Svo, 5 OO\\nMerriman s Method of Least Squares Svo, 2 00\\nRice and Johnson s Differential and Integral Calculus,\\n2 vols, in 1, small Svo, 2 50i\\n11\\n50\\n4 00\\n00\\n50\\n50\\n50\\n75\\n50\\n00\\n3\\n50\\n1\\n50", "height": "4344", "width": "2712", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "Rice and Johuson s Differential Calculus Small 8vo, $3 00\\nAbridgQient of Differential Calculus.\\nSmall 8vo, 1 50\\nTotteu s Metrology 8vo, 2 50\\nWarren s Descriptive Geometry 2 vols., Svo, 3 50\\nDrafting Instruments 12mo, 1 25\\nFree-hand Drawing 12mo, 100\\nLinear Perspective 12mo, 1 00\\nPrimary Geometry 12mo, 75\\nPlane Problems 12mo, 1 25\\nProblems and Theorems Svo, 2 50\\nProjection Drawing 12mo, 150\\nWood s Co-ordinate Geometry Svo, 2 00\\nTrigonometry 12mo, 100\\nWoolf s Descriptive Geometry Large Svo, 3 00\\nMECHANICS-MACHINERY.\\nText-books and Practical Works.\\n{See also Engineering, p. 8.)\\nBaldwin s Steam Heating for Buildings 12mo,\\nBarr s Kinematics of Machinery 8vo,\\nBenjamin s Wrinkles and Recipes 12mo,\\nXDhordal s Letters to Mechanics 12mo,\\nChurch s Mechanics of Engineering Svo,\\nNotes and Examples in Mechanics Svo,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Crehore s Mechanics of the Girder Svo,\\nCromwell s Belts and Pulleys .12mo,\\nToothed Gearing 12mo,\\nCompton s First Lessons in Metal Working 12mo,\\nCompton and De Groodt s Speed Lathe 12rao,\\nDana s Elementary Mechanics 12mo,\\nDingey s Machinery Pattern Making 12mo,\\nDredge s Trans. Exhibits Building, World Exposition.\\nLarge 4to, half morocco,\\nDu Bois s Mechanics. Vol. I., Kinematics Svo,\\nVol. IL, Statics Svo,\\nVol. III., Kinetics 8vo,\\nFitzgerald s Boston Machinist ISmo,\\nFlather s Dynamometers 12mo,\\nRope Driving 12mo,\\nHall s Car Lubrication 12mo,\\nHolly s Saw Filing ISmo,\\nJohnson s Theoretical Mechanics. An Elementary Treatise.\\n{In the press.)\\nJones s Machine Design. Part I., Kinematics Svo, 1 50\\n12\\n2 50\\n2 50\\n2 00\\n2 00\\n6 00\\n2 00\\n5 00\\n1 50\\n1 50\\n1 50\\n1 50\\n1 50\\n2 00\\n[0 00\\n3 50\\n4 00\\n3 50\\n1 00\\n2 00\\n2 00\\n1 00\\n75", "height": "4344", "width": "2684", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "Jones s Machine Design. Part II., Strength and Proportion of\\nMachine Parts 8vo, |3 00\\nLanza s Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50\\nMacCord s Kinematics 8vo, 5 OO\\nMerriman s Mechanics of Materials Svo, 4 OO\\nMetcalfe s Cost of Manufactures Svo, 5 OO\\n*Michie s Analytical Mechanics Svo, 4 00\\nRichards s Compressed Air 12mo, 1 50\\nRobinson s Principles of Mechanism Svo, 3 00\\nSmith s Press-working of Metals Svo, H OO\\nThurston s Friction and Lost Work Svo, 3 00\\nThe Animal as a Machine 12mo, 1 00\\nWarren s Machine Construction 2 vols., Svo, 7 50\\nWeisbach s Hydraulics and Hydraulic Motors. (Du Bois.).,Svo, 5 00\\nMechanics of Engineering. Yol. III., Part I.,\\nSec. L (Klein.) Svo, 5 OO\\nWeisbach s Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. III., Part I.,\\nSec. IL (Klein.) Svo, 5 OO\\nWeisbach s Steam Engines. (Du Bois.). Svo, 5 OO\\nWood s Analytical Mechanics Svo, 8 00\\nElementary Mechanics 12mo, 1 25\\nSupplement and Key 12mo, 1 25\\nMETALLURGY.\\nIbon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gold\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Silver Alloys, Etc.\\nAllen s Tables for Iron Analysis Svo,\\nEgleston s Gold and Mercury Large Svo,\\nMetallurgy of Silver Large Svo,\\nKerl s Metallurgy Copper and Iron Svo,\\nSteel, Fuel, etc Svo,\\nKunhardt s Ore Dressing in Europe Svo,\\nMetcalf s Steel A Manual for Steel Users 12mo,\\nO Driscoll s Treatment of Gold Ores Svo,\\nThurston s Iron and Steel Svo,\\nAlloys Svo\\nWilson s Cyanide Processes 12mo,\\nMINERALOGY AND MINING.\\nMine Accidents Ventilation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ore Dressing, Etc.\\nBarringer s Minerals of Commercial Value Oblong morocco, 2 50\\nBeard s Ventilation of Mines 12mo, 2 50\\nBoyd s Resources of South Western Virginia Svo, 3 00\\nMap of South Western Virginia Pocket-book form, 2 00\\nBrush and Penfield s Determinative Mineralogy. New Ed. Svo, 4 00\\n13\\n3 00\\n7 50\\n7 50\\n15 00\\n15 00\\n1 50\\n2 00\\n2 00\\n3 50\\n2 50\\n1 50", "height": "4344", "width": "2700", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "Chester s Catalogue of Miuerals 8vo,\\nPaper,\\nDictionary of the Names of Miuerals 8vo,\\nDaua s American Localities of Minerals Large 8vo,\\nDescriptive Mineralogy. (E.S.) Large 8v6. half morocco,\\nFirst Appendix to System of Mineralogy. .Large 8vo,\\nMineralogy and Petrography. (J. D.) 12mo,\\nMinerals and How to Study Them. (E. S.) 12mo,\\nText-book of Mineralogy. (E. S.).. .New Edition. 8vo,\\nDrinker s Tunnelling, Explosives, Compounds, aud Rock Drills.\\n4to, half morocco,\\nEgleston s Catalogue of I\\\\Iiuerals and Synonyms 8vo,\\nEissler s Explosives Nitroglycerine and Dynamite 8vo,\\nHussak s Rock-forming Minerals. (Smith.) 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(Du Bois.) 8vo, 5 00\\n.Sinclair s Locomotive Runniug 12mo, 2 00\\n^Snow s Steam-boiler Practice 8vo, 3 00\\nThurston s Boiler Explosions 12mo, 1 50\\nEngine and Boiler Trials 8vo, 5 00\\nManual of the Steam Engine. Part L, Structure\\nand Theory, Bvo, 6 00\\nManual of the Steam Engine. Part IL, Design,\\nConstruction, and Operation Bvo, 6 00\\n2 parts, 10 00\\nThurston s Philosophy of the Steam Engine 12mo, 75\\nReflection on the Motive Power of Heat. (Carnot.)\\n12mo, 1 50\\nStationary Steam Engines 8vo, 2 50\\nSteam-boiler Construction and Operation Bvo, 5 00\\n:Sp;mgler s Valve Gears Bvo, 2 50\\nWeisbuch s Steam Engine. (Du Bois.) Bvo, 5 00\\nIVhitham s Constructive Steam Engineering Bvo, 6 00\\nSteam-engine Design Bvo, 5 00\\nWilson s Steam Boilers. (Flather.) 12mo, 2 50\\nIVood s Thermodynamics, Heat Motors, etc Bvo, 4 00\\nTABLES, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES.\\nFor Actuaries, Chemists, Engineers, Mechanics\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Metric\\nTables, Etc.\\nAdriance s Laboratory Calculations 12mo, 1 25\\nAllen s Tables for Iron Analysis Bvo, 3 00\\nBixby s Graphical Computing Tables Sheet, 25\\nCompton s Logarithms 12mo, 1 50\\n-Crandall s Railway and Earthwork Tables 8vo, 1 50\\nEgleston s Weights and Measures IBmo, 75\\nFisher s Table of Cubic Yards Cardboard, 25\\nHudson s Excavation Tables. Yol. H 8vo, 1 00\\nJohnson s Stadia and Earthwork Tables Bvo, 1 25\\nLudlow s Logarithmic and Other Tables. (Bass.) 12mo, 2 00\\nTotten s Metrology Bvo, 2 50\\nVENTILATION.\\nSteam Heating House Inspection Mine Ventilation.\\nBaldwin s Steam Heating 12mo, 2 50\\nBeard s Ventilation of Mines 12mo, 2 50\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Carpenter s Heating and Ventilating of Buildings .Bvo, 3 00\\nOerhard s Sanitar}^ House Inspection 12mo, 1 00\\nWilson s Mine Ventilation 12mo, 1 25\\n15", "height": "4344", "width": "2720", "jp2-path": "calorificpowerof00pool_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.\\nAlcott s Gems, Sentiment, Language Gilt edges, $5 00\\nDavis s Elements of Law 8vo, 2 OO\\nEmmou s Geological Guide-book of the Rocky Mountains, .8vo, 1 50\\nFerrel s Treatise on the Winds 8vo, 4 OO\\nHaines s Addresses Delivered before the Am. Ry. Assn. ..12mo, 2 50\\nMott s The Fallacy of the Present Theory of Sound. .Sq. 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