{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2760", "width": "1988", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nGV2^\\nChap. Copyright No...\\nShelf._T_iB\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.\\nu\\nrsA", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2669", "width": "1837", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "HOME GEOGKAPHY\\nAND THE EARTH AS A WHOLE", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "i^^;/^ so", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES\\nFIRST BOOK\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nAND THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\ny BY\\nRALPH S. TARR, B.S., F.G.S.A.\\nPROFESSOR OF DYNAMIC GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY\\nAT CORNELL UNIVERSITY\\nAND\\nFRANK M. McMURRY, Ph.D.\\nPROFESSOR OP THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING AT TEACHERS\\nCOLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY\\nWITH MANY COLORED MAPS AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS\\nCHIEFLY PHOTOGRAPHS OF ACTUAL SCENES\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\nLONDON: MACMILLAN CO., Ltd.\\n1900\\nAll rights reserved", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "wo COPIES \u00e2\u0080\u009et:cEIVHO.\\nLibrary of CffnypBtii\\nOffice of th,\\nAPR 7 1900\\nK \u00c2\u00bbffr\u00c2\u00abt\u00c2\u00abr of Copyrlgfcfn\\nOPYKIGHT, 1900,\\nBy the MAOMILLAN COMPANY.\\nSbWJNU COPY,\\nWorinooO Tj^xtii\\nJ. S. Gushing Co. Berwick Smith\\nNorwood Mass. U.S.A.", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PEEFACE\\nThis is the first of a series of three volumes the sec-\\nond deals with North America the third, with Europe\\nand the other continents. Since Part I of the present\\nvolume is a radical innovation, it- perhaps needs an\\nexplanatory foreword.\\nNecessity of Home Geography. The final basis for\\nall study of geograj^hy is actual experience. Yet text-\\nbooks on that subject rarely treat Home Geography at\\nall, and those that do, devote but few pages to it. This\\nsubject should, we think, receive far more careful attention.\\nNecessity of Other Basal Notions. Home experi-\\nence alone, however, cannot offer a complete basis for- the\\nlater study of geography, because no one locality presents\\nall the features required. From this it happens that the\\nbest books have contained some definitions and illustra-\\ntions, as of mountain, river, valley, harbor, and factory,\\nand have planned to build the later text with the ideas\\nthese gave as a foundation. Such conceptions are cer-\\ntainly necessary in the early part of geography but mere\\ndefinitions fail to produce vivid, accurate pictures. The\\naverage pupil who has pursued geography for a year, has\\nlittle notion of the great importance of soil, of what a\\nmountain or a river really is, of the value of good trade\\nroutes, and why a vessel cannot find a harbor wherever\\ny", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "vi PREFACE\\nit will cast anchor along the coast. Yet such ideas are\\nthe proper basis for the study of geography in the higher\\ngrades. The fact that they are so often wanting is proof\\nthat our geography still lacks foundation.\\nHow THESE Needs ake met. The first 110 pages of\\nthis volume attempt to supply this foundation by treating\\nfirst, such common things as soil, hills, valleys, industries,\\nclimate, and government, which are part of every child s\\nenvironment and secondly, other features, as mountains,\\nrivers, lakes, and the ocean, which, though absent from\\nmany localities, are still necessary as a preparation for\\nlater study. Definitions, however, are not relied upon\\nfor giving the child this extra knowledge, but detailed\\ndescriptions and discussions instead. This by no means\\ninvolves neglect of the child s own environment from the\\ntime the unfamiliar matter is introduced, for through-\\nout the three volumes home experiences are frequently\\nused. We believe that our plan gives a fuller guarantee\\nof fitness for advanced study than has heretofore been\\nfurnished.\\nRelationship to Mankind. According to the defi-\\nnition of geography, which treats of the relation be-\\ntween man and the earth, a hill or a lake is worthy\\nof mention only because it bears a relation to us, the\\nmen upon the earth considered by itself it is not a part\\nof geography. Therefore each chapter which takes up\\none of the above subjects, either closes with the bearing\\nof the given topic upon mankind, or it deals with the\\nhuman relationship throughout.\\nEarth as a Whole. The most difficult portion of\\nour task has been that which presents the Earth as a\\nWhole. That a bird s-eye view should be given at an", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PBEFACE Vll\\nearly period in the child s instruction is not questioned\\nbut it is not easy, in limited space, to support the prin-\\ncipal facts with sufficient detail to produce vivid and\\ninteresting pictures. The authors have found that some\\ntopics commonly included in the early study, such, for\\ninstance, as latitude and longitude, should be omitted.\\nThey have also found that many other minor subjects\\nusually presented are comparatively irrelevant to the\\ngeographical knowledge necessary to a pupil. By setting\\nthese aside for the time, space has been secured for a\\nphysiographic basis, and for a fairly close sequence in\\ntracihg the effects of physical conditions upon plants and\\nanimals, and also upon mankind. Throughout each chap-\\nter much care has been taken to present a closely related\\nchain of thought, and at the same time to keep the leading\\nfacts in their proper foreground.\\nSuggestions for Furthek Home Study. A study\\nof books alone can never furnish an adequate knowl-\\nedge of geography. Therefore it has been thought ex-\\npedient to add numerous suggestions at the end of each\\nsection, in order to remind both teacher and pupil of\\nsuitable excursions, experiments, etc., and to show at the\\nsame time the breadth of the subject. In this way physi-\\ncal activity the love of exercise may be employed\\nin the service of the study, and a habit of investigating\\nthe home environment encouraged.\\nFrequent Reviews. Believing in the value of fre-\\nquent reviews, the authors have suggested review material\\nin frequent comparisons and contrasts, and in introduc-\\ning new topics through others that have already been pre-\\nsented. This method has been used throughout this book,\\nand more extensively still in the volumes that follow.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Viii PREFACE\\nMaps. The succeeding volumes in tlie series are of\\ntlie same size as the present one. Our reasons for this\\nmarked innovation are that the old form is both unneces-\\nsary and unwieldy. The main excuse for the size of the\\ncommon geography is the supposed need of large maps, a\\nneed which should be supplied by atlas and wall maps.\\nThis supposed requirement has led to the introduction of\\nso many names, entirely unnecessary to pupils, that the\\npurpose of a school book has generally been sacrificed to\\nthat of a cheap atlas. Why should a map, intended for\\nschool children, contain such Servian names as Valievo,\\nKragouydvatz, Ushitze, and Kruchevatz, four neighboring\\nwords upon an overcrowded map in one of the much-used\\ngeographies? Such piling up of names, which carry no\\nmeaning to the pupil and are distinguished by no idea,\\nmerely distract attention from the important names and\\nfeatures. Aside from that, the old form of geography is\\ndistinctly objectionable because of its size, which makes\\nit difficult to handle and to carry. When open, it occu-\\npies nearly the entire surface of the desk and, being so\\nunwieldy, it is the most easily damaged of all the school\\nbooks in use.\\nThe most pertinent inquiry in regard to the maps of\\na text-book of geography should refer not to their size,\\nbut to their quality. In respect to the excellence of maps\\nwe challenge comparison. We believe that our maps are\\nthe best thus far printed in an American geography.\\nWhile thoroughly artistic, they cause the essential fea-\\ntures to stand out with surprising distinctness. Contrary\\nto the usual custom, the political maps include the prin-\\ncipal physical features, so that any place is always seen\\nin connection with its physiographic surroundings. The", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE IX\\ncolors have been so selected as to secure harmony, and at\\nthe same time to show the boundaries clearly. Unimpor-\\ntant names are excluded, even where space might have\\npermitted their introduction and, to an unusual degree,\\nthe size of print is proportionate to the importance of\\nplaces, so that the names of leading divisions, cities, etc.,\\ncan be distinguished at a glance.\\nIllustrations. The illustrations have been selected\\nwith great care to illustrate specific points and for the\\nsake of accuracy, photographs have in most cases been\\nemployed. They are not inserted merely for the purpose\\nof entertainment, but in every case bear a direct relation-\\nship to the text. They are not intended as mere pictures,\\nbut as illustrations; and being numbered and referred to\\nfrequently, they pay for their space by contributing mate-\\nrially to the book s fund of instruction.\\nAcknowledgments. The photographs have been ob-\\ntained from many sources the globe drawings were made\\nby Mr. Murray of the Matthews-Northrup Co. and the\\nother drawings were mostly prepared by Mr. C. W. Fur-\\nlong, instructor in Cornell University. The maps have\\nbeen prepared by the Matthews-Northrup Co. of Buffalo,\\nwho have obtained an enviable reputation as map engravers\\nfor the Century Atlas.\\nThe authors of this book are responsible for any short-\\ncomings that it may prove to have. They have had the\\nbenefit of much criticism of the best sort. Space does\\nnot permit them to refer to each one who has kindly\\nextended aid; yet mention should be made of the ex-\\nceedingly valuable criticisms and suggestions of Mr.\\nPhilip Emerson of the Cobbet School, Lynn, Mass.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS\\nPART I. HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nPAGE\\nSection I. The Soil 1\\nSection II. Hills 10\\nSection III. Mountains 17\\nSection IV. Valleys 28\\nSection V. Rivers 39\\nSection VI. Ponds and Lakes 53\\nSection VII. The Ocean 62\\nSection VIII. The Air 71\\nSection IX. Industry and Commerce 81\\nSection X, Government .92\\nSection XI. Maps 102\\nReferences to Books, etc 108\\nPART II. THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nSection I. Form and Size of the Earth Ill\\nIts Form, 111. Size of the Earth, 113.\\nSection II. Daily Motion of the Earth and its Results 115\\nThe Axis and Poles, 115. The Equator, 116. Gravity\\n116. Sunrise and Sunset, 117. Day and Night, 117.\\nSection III. The Zones 120\\nBoundaries of the Zones, 120. Torrid Zone, 121. Tem-\\nperate Zones, 121. Frigid Zones, 122. Hemispheres, 123.\\nSection IV. Heat within the Earth and its Effects 124\\nHeat in Mines, 124. Melted Rock, 125. The Earth s\\nCrust, 125. Cause of Mountains, 125. Cause of Conti-\\nxi", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "XU TABLE OF CONTENTS\\nPAGE\\nNENTS AND OCEAN BaSINS, 126. ChANGE IN THE LeVEL OP\\nTHE Land, 126.\\nSection V. The Continents and Oceans 128\\nLand and Water, 128. The Continents, 128. North Amer-\\nica, 129. South America, 129. Eurasia, 131. Africa,\\n132. Australia, 132. The Oceans, 133. The Arctic\\nAND Antarctic, 133. The Atlantic, 133. The Pacific,\\n133. The Indian, 134. The Ocean Bottom, 134. Moun-\\ntains IN the Oceans, 135. Coral Islands, 135.\\nSection VI. Maps 137\\nSection VII. North America 138\\nPhysical Geography, 138. Political Divisions, 139.\\nSection VIII. The United States 141\\nSection IX. New England 142\\nNames, 142. Seaports, 142. Fishing, 143. Farming, 143.\\nQuarrying, 144. Lumbering, 144. Manufacturing, 146.\\nCommerce, 147.\\nSection X. Middle Atlantic States 149\\nThe Coast Line, 149. The Seaports, 149. Reasons for the\\nGreat Size of New York City, 149. Cities Near by, 149.\\nWater Koute to the Interior, 150. Lumbering, 151.\\nFarming, 151. Salt, 152. Manufacturing, 152. Com-\\nmerce, 153. Reasons why Philadelphia has become a\\nGreat City, 153. Cities Near by, 153. Farming, 153.\\nIron, 154. Coal, 154. Oil and Gas, 155. Commerce, 156.\\nOther Cities, 156. Baltimore, 156. Washington, 1-56.\\nVirginia and West Virginia, 157.\\nSection XI. Southern States 159\\nBelief, 159. Coal and Iron, 160. Cotton, 160. Ranch-\\ning, 161. Sugar and Rice, 162. Fruits, 162. Lumber-\\ning, 162. Manufacturing, 163. New Orleans, 163.\\nOther Seaports, 165. Oklahoma and Indian Territory,\\n165. Climate, 166.\\nSection XII. Central States 167\\nRaw Products, 167. The Manufacturing and Trade Cen-\\ntres, 170. Review and Comparisons, 175.\\nSection XIII. Western States 176\\nReasons why there are so Few People, 176. Wonderful", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS Xlil\\nPAGE\\nScENEKT, 178. Mining, 179. Ranching, 181. The Desert,\\n182. Irrigation, 182. Fruit Raising, 183. Industries\\nALONG the Pacific Coast, 184. The Cities of the Pacific\\nCoast, 185.\\nSection XIV. Alaska 188\\nSection XV. Canada and Other Countries North of the\\nUnited States 190\\nCanada and Ne-wfoundland, 1 90. Industries, 190. Cities,\\n192. The Far North, 192. Islands North of North\\nAmerica, 193.\\nSection XVI. Countries South op the United States 195\\nMexico and Central America, 195. The West Indies and\\nBermuda, 197.\\nSection XVII. South America 199\\nRelief, 199. Climate, 200. History, 200. Brazil, 201.\\nVenezuela and Guiana, 202. La Plata Countries, 203.\\nAndean Countries, 204.\\nSection XVIII. Europe .207\\nThe British Isles, 207. Norse Countries, 211. Russia,\\n212. Germany, 214. Holland, 216. Belgium, 217.\\nFrance, 217. Spain and Portugal, 219. Italy, 220.\\nSwitzerland, 222. Austria-Hungary, 223. Greece, 224.\\nTurkey, 225.\\nSection XIX. Asia .230\\nPhysical Geography, 230. Southwestern Asia, 231. Sibe-\\nria, 234. The Chinese Empire and Korea, 235. Japan,\\n237. India and Indo-China, 238.\\nSection XX. Africa 242\\nThe Dark Continent, 242. Northern Africa, 243. Cen-\\ntral Africa, 246. South Africa, 246.\\nSection XXI. Australia, the East Indies, Philippines, and\\nOther Islands of the Pacific 249\\nAustralia, 249. The East Indies, 252. The Philippine\\nIslands, 253. Islands of the Pacific, 254.\\nBooks of Reference 256\\nAppendix Tables of Area, Population, etc 262", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "LIST OF MAPS\\nPIGtrRE\\n91. To ILLUSTRATE THE MEANING OF MaPS\\n119. The Hemispheres\\n120. Mercator Map of the World\\n121. Relief Map op North America\\n123. North America\\n124. United States\\n125. New England\\n132. Middle Atlantic States\\n140. Southern States\\n148. Central States\\n157. Western States\\n177. South America\\n183. Europe\\n203. Asia\\n214. Africa\\n221. Australia, East Indies, Philippine Islands, and\\nof the Pacific\\nFACING PAGE\\n107\\n137\\n137\\nOn page\\n138\\n140\\n141\\n142\\n149\\n159\\n167\\n176\\n199\\n207\\n230\\n242\\nIslands\\n249\\nXV", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "Paet I\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\noJ\u00c2\u00ab c\\nI. THE SOIL\\nYou have often played in the dirt. Did you ever stop\\nto think what it is made of? It was not alwaj ^s what it\\nnow is. You know that the wood in your desk was not\\nalways a part of the desk it used to be part of a tree,\\nand has a long storj?- to tell about itself before it was\\nbrought to your school. So all the dirt or soil that\\nyou have ever seen has a long story to tell about how\\nit became what it is now. Let us see what that story\\nis.\\nWhen mud dries upon your hands and you rub them\\ntogether, you can notice an unpleasant, gritty feeling.\\nThis is caused by the scraping together of hard bits of\\nsomething in the soil. If you rub some of this dirt\\nagainst a smooth piece of glass, you can often hear it\\nscratch the glass. This shows that these little bits must\\nbe very hard, for if they were not, they could not scratch\\nanything so hard as glass. They must be even harder\\nthan a pin, for you cannot scratch glass with a pin.\\nIt will help you to find out what these bits are if you\\nexamine some sand. The grains in it are tiny bits of\\nrock, large enough to be clearly seen. When they are\\nB 1", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "2 HOME GEOGBAPHT\\nrubbed against glass, they scratch it, because they are\\nhard and sharp.\\nSand is made of rock that has been broken up into\\nvery fine pieces. Soil is also made of rock, but the\\npieces are finer still. The soil that you have seen, such\\nas that in the schoolyard, or by the side of the walk, was\\nonce rock.\\nSoil has been made from rock.\\nSince soil is found almost everywhere, you may wonder\\nhow so much rock has been changed to it. The answer is\\nnot hard to find. Did you ever pound a brick up into\\nbits until you made brick-dust? You can change a stone\\nto dust in the same way. Break one into small bits and\\nsee how much it resembles dirt.\\nSometimes one sees men drilling holes into stone the tiny pieces\\nthat are broken off collect in and round the hole, and look much like\\ndirt. When a grindstone is used to sharpen tools, small pieces of the\\nstone are ground off, and if water is j^oured upon it, this dust makes\\nthe water muddy, just as soil would.\\nMuch rock has been changed to dirt by the rubbing of\\npieces of stone against one another. In this way tiny\\nbits have been worn off, as chalk is worn away when\\nrubbed against the blackboard, or slate pencils against the\\nslate. Perhaps some of the dirt that you have seen has\\nbeen made in this manner. Later you will learn about\\nthe glaciers which have caused much of this rubbing.\\nThe grinding of rochs together has made much soil.\\nBut this is not the only way in which rock has been\\nchanged into soil. Much of it has decayed and fallen to\\npieces as wood does. You know that, after a long time,\\nstumps of trees, and the boards in sidewalks, grow so", "height": "2629", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE SOIL\\nFig. 1.\\nA decaying stump of a tree.\\nsoft that they fall to pieces. Perhaps you have called\\nit rotting, but this meaus the same as decaying. The\\npicture (Fig. 1) shows such a\\nstump.\\nOther things even harder\\nthan wood decay in much the\\nsame way, although perhaps\\nmore slowly. Hard nails, at\\nfirst bright and shiny, decay\\nuntil they become a soft, yel-\\nlow rust. Iron pipes and tin\\npails rust until holes appear in\\nthem and they leak.\\nYou may not have thought that stones also decay, but\\nthey do. The headstones\\nin old graveyards are\\noften so crumbled that\\nthe letters can scarcely be\\nread, and sometimes the\\nstones have even fallen\\napart. The decay of rock\\nmay also be seen in old\\nstone buildings, boulders,\\nand rock cliffs. Have you\\never noticed this\\nSoil has been formed,\\nalso, by the decay of\\nFig. 2.\\nThere are several things\\nthat help to cause this decay.\\nAll rocks have cracks in them\\n(Fig. 2). Usually some of these are so large that they can be plainly\\nseen but there are many others so tiny that they cannot be seen\\nw^rr.\\nA rocky cliff containing many cracks.\\nPoint to some of them.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "HOME GEOGBAPHY\\nwithout a magnifying glass. When it rains, the water steals into\\nthem, and by. eating and rotting the rock, very slowly changes it to\\na powder.\\nThe water may also freeze in these cracks and piy the stone apart.\\nIf you have seen iron water pipes, or water pitchers, burst in cold\\nweather,- you know how this is done. Some of the pieces of rock\\npried oif in this way are very small, others quite large (Fig. 3).\\nPlants help the\\nwater in this\\nwork. In search\\nof food they push\\ntheir hair like\\nroots into the\\ncracks, and there\\nremain until they\\ngrow so large\\nthat they also pry\\noff pieces.\\nThe earth-\\nworms that you\\nmay often see\\nafter a heavy rain\\nalso help in crum-\\nbling the rock.\\nIn order to get\\nfood, they take soil into their bodies and grind the coarse bits together\\nuntil they become very fine.\\nWater stealing into tJie cracks causes roch to decay\\nand crumble. Plants and earthiuorrns also help to breah\\nit up.\\nRock changes to soil most rapidly near the surface\\nfor the rain, roots of plants, and earthworms can reach\\nit more easily there than elsewhere. So the deeper into\\nthe earth one goes, the less the rock is changed (Fig, 4);\\nand, no matter where you live, if you should dig deep\\nenough, you would come to solid rock.\\nFig. 3.\\nPieces of rock broken from a cliff by the weather. Can\\nyou also see the cracks in the rock of the cliff?\\nFind some broken pieces in Fig. 2.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE SOIL\\nFig. 4.\\nA section, as if the earth were sliced through, like a loaf of bread, so that the\\npart below the surface is seen. Tell what you see in this picture. Notice\\nthe roots of the tree on the left side.\\nFig. 5 shows soil about one and one-half feet deep.\\nSometimes there is much more than this, and men may\\nFig. 5.\\nA picture showing solid rock beneath the soil. Notice the cracks in the rock.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "6 HOME GEOGBAPHT\\neven dig deep wells without finding rock but in many\\nplaces there are only a few inches of soil, or, sometimes,\\nnot even enough to hide the rock.\\nOne reason for such differences in the depth of soil is that some\\nrocks decay more easily than others. Another reason is that in some\\nplaces the rain washes the bits away as fast as the rocks crumble.\\nThis may leave the rock quite bare in one place and make the soil\\nvery deep in another.\\nThere is solid rock heneath all soil.\\nHow different it would be if no rock had ever changed\\ninto soil There could then be no grass, flowers, or trees\\naround your home, because they grow by means of the\\nfood that they get from the soil.\\nWithout grass there could be no cattle, horses, or sheep\\nin fact, few animals such as are found upon the land could\\nlive for what would they eat What, then, could you\\nyourself find to eat There would be no vegetables, no\\nbread, butter, and milk, and no meat. You see that, if\\nthere were no soil, few people could live so that the\\ndirt under our feet is a very valuable substance.\\nWithout soil, few plants, anUnals, or people could live\\non the land.\\nSoil is needed by plants because it holds water. They\\nbecome thirsty as well as you. Where the dirt is only\\na few inches deep, it may dry out on hot summer days,\\nand then the plants die but where it is deep, the roots\\nmay reach down several feet till they find damp earth.\\nIt is surprising how long the roots of some small plants are\\n(Fig. 6). For example, the clover in the picture is less than a foot\\nhigh, but its roots are longer than you are tall. They reach so deep\\ndown that even in dry weather the clover is green while other plants,\\nwith shorter roots, are withered and dry. Some trees push their root?", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE SOIL\\ndown a greater distance still. Can you find out how long the roots\\nof any weeds are\\nThe soil holds food, as well as water, for plants. In it\\nis found something which plants need, and which they\\ntake up through their roots it\\nis a part of the soil itself, and\\nis called plant food. Each\\nblade of grass and each limb\\nof a tree contains some of it\\nand when a piece of wood is\\nburned, some of this food is left\\nbehind in the ashes.\\nEvery person even has a quan-\\ntity of it in his body your\\nbones and teeth are partly made\\nof it. But you did not take it\\ndirectly from the soil the plants\\ntook it for you, and you received\\nit from them in flour and other\\nfoods that you have eaten.\\nSoil furnishes luater and food\\nto plants.\\nAll plants do not need the\\nsame kind of food any more\\nthan all animals do. Horses\\neat hay and grain, while dogs\\neat meat so some plants need\\none kind of food, others another. These different kinds\\nof plant food are found in the different kinds of soil, of\\nwhich there are very many.\\nFor example, some soils are fine, while others are coarse, because\\ngome rocks have crumbled to finer bits than others. Then, too, there\\nFig. 6.\\nSome of the roots of the clover\\nthat the boy is picking have\\nreached out into the air\\nthrough the side of the bank.\\nThey were seeking water.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "8 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nare many kirids of rock, such as granite, marble, and sandstone and\\nwhen they decay they make different kinds of soil.\\nIn some places great numbers of plants have grown up and died.\\nDuring their growth they took substances from the air, as well as\\nfrom the soil, and when they died and decayed they returned some\\nof these to the soil. These plant remains have become mingled with\\nthe soil, making it dark and sometimes almost black. In some places\\nthis dark-colored layer may be several feet deep, as in forests, or in\\nswamjDs, where plants have been growing and decaying for hundreds\\nof years. This is an excellent soil for farming, because it produces\\nlarge crops.\\nThere are many different hinds of soil.\\nSoil that lias mucli plant food in it is said to be rich or\\nfertile if it has little, it is said to be poor or sterile. The\\nplants are taking away some of this food; they are really\\nrobbing the soil. But when weeds and trees fall and\\ndecay on the spot where they grew, they pay back what\\nthey took awa}^ In fact, some of this food is returned to\\nthe earth every autumn when the leaves fall from the trees.\\nBut if plants are carried away from the spot where\\nthey grew, there is danger lest fertile land shall be robbed\\nof so much plant food that it will become sterile. Now\\nthis often happens; for farmers send away their wheat to\\nmake flour, and haul their corn, hay, and oats to market.\\nSome farmers have done this for so many years that they\\nare no longer able to support their families on their land,\\nbut have been obliged to move away to find other farms\\nwhere the soil has not been robbed of its plant food.\\nThe wise farmer takes cai e to put some plant food back upon the\\nsoil to pay for what he has taken, so that he may continue to raise\\ngood crops. That Avhich he puts back upon the soil is called a\\nfertilizer, because it keeps the soil fertile. People in the city often\\nuse a fertilizer to feed the grass of their lawns and keep it green.\\nFertile soil may he rohhed of its food and hecortve sterile.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "THE SOIL 9\\nReview Questions. (1) Of what is the soil made? (2) How can\\nyou show that the little bits in it are hard like rock (3) What hap-\\npens when rocks are rubbed together? (4) If you have ever seen\\nrocks that were decaying and crumbling, tell about it. (5) How\\ndoes water enter rocks? (6) What happens when water freezes in the\\ncracks? (7) What else helps to crumble the rocks and soil? (8) What\\nis beneath the soil? (9) Make a drawing, like Figure 4, showing the\\nrock beneath the soil. (10) Tell about the depth of the soil. (11) Why\\nis there no soil in some places\\n(12) Why is the soil worth studying? (1.3) Name two things that\\nplants take from it. (14) Of what advantage is a deep soil? (15) Do\\nall plants want the same kind of food? (16) What causes the different\\nkinds of soil? (17) What has made some soils so black? (18) What\\nis fertile soil? (19) Sterile soil? (20) How are some soils robbed of\\ntheir plant food? (21) What is used to make them fertile once more?\\n(22) Tell what you see in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.\\nSuGGESTIOlSrS FOK StUDY AT HOME AND OUT OF DoORS.\\nHere are things, some of which, at least, you will be able to\\nsee or do for yourselves (1) Find a place where men are dig-\\nging a ditch or cellar, to see how the dirt looks below the surface.\\n(2) Find a boulder, cliff, old stone wall, or an old headstone in a grave-\\nyard, and see if the stone is crumbling. (3) Break some pebbles\\nopen to see whether or not they are decayed on the outside and\\nfresh within. (4) Change a stone to dust. (5) Collect several dif-\\nferent kinds of soil. (6) Plant beans in each kind, at the same time,\\nand see in which one they grow best. (7) See what the effect would\\nbe if no water were given to some of them. (8) Find out what trees\\nand vegetables grow best near your home. (9) What do the farmers\\npi efer to raise? (10) Go to a hot-house to find out what kind of\\nsoil is used there, and what is done to keep it fertile. (11) Visit a\\ngardener or a farmer to find out how he cultivates the soil. (12) How\\nmany articles can you name, as crockery, for example, that are made\\nof soil or clay? (13) Write a short story about the soil.\\nFor Eeferences, see page 108.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "II. HILLS\\nThe soil tliat lias been formed from rock has not been\\nleft smooth and level like a floor. The surface of the\\nland, is usually uneven or rolling and even those places\\nwhich at first sight appear level, are really sloping\\n(Fig. 7). Beside such- gentle slopes, there are many\\nFig. 7.\\nA very level plain but since a stream is flowing through it, there must he\\nslope.\\nothers steep enough to allow coasting in winter, and\\nothers still that are much too steep for this purpose. In\\nother words, Mlh^ some gently sloping, some steep, are\\nfound almost everywhere upon the surface of the earth\\n(Fig. 8).\\nThese hills have not always been here. Even the ones\\nyou may have seen and climbed have been slowly made.\\nLet us see what has caused them.\\nWhen it rains slightly, the water soaks into the ground\\nand disappears; but when there is a heavy rain, all of the\\nIQ", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HILLS\\n11\\nwater cannot sink into the soil as rapidly as it falls. Some\\nthen begins to flow away. One little stream, perhaps\\nhardly an inch wide, begins at one point another joins\\nit quickly several of them unite, and soon a good sized\\nFig. 8.\\nA picture in a hilly country. The surface of the lake is level hut the hills,\\nsome steep, others gently sloping, are very Irregular.\\nbrook or creek is formed. Have you not noticed this\\nflowing water in the school yard, in the roads, and on the\\nsides of hills\\nBut did the water flow off without taking something\\nwith it Was it not muddy This means that soil had\\nbecome mixed with the water and was being borne away.\\nEvery heavy rain bears along much soil, cutting out little\\nchannels, washing out roads, and perhaps even destroying\\nthe beds of railways, so that trains must stop running for\\na time.\\nDuring such a rain little channels, or valleys^ and tiny\\nhills and ridges are carved in the soil (Fig. 9). No\\ndoubt you have seen these formed very many times. If\\nnot, you can easily make them by pouring water from a\\nsprinkler upon a pile of loose dirt.\\nThere are many heavy rains every year, and in a life-\\ntime their number is very large. During many hundreds\\nof years, then, the water could wash away an enormous", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "12\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\namount of soil and rock which the large streams and\\nrivers would carry away to the sea. By this means deep\\nvalleys have been formed, with hills between them, much\\nas the tiny channels in the school yard are cut in the dirt\\nby the rain water.\\nThen, also, some rocks are not so hard as others, and\\nthe softer ones, as they break up, are naturally carried\\naway faster than those that are harder. This leaves high\\nground where the rocks are hardest.\\nBgn\\nWK^^%\\n^^^^^W0Sb\\\\ ^liH,\\ny\\nHH\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^k\\n^^^^^^^m\\n9^\\n^^E\\n^^3|k^3^^^^SS!^^\\nn\\n^^X\\nw^^^\\n^^^^^^^^^i\\n1\\n^m\\nM\\n^8\\n^^^^^^^^s\\nk^^^\\n-JSL\\nHlUI^ISiiiSiS^\\nFig. 9.\\nLittle bills and valleys cut in the soil by heavy rains. Point to some of them.\\nWhat a change water must have made in the appear-\\nance of the surface of the earth No doubt, in the\\nvery beginning there were hills and valleys but every\\nyear, for thousands of years, these have been slowly\\nchanging, so that they are now very different from what\\nthey were long ago. And after many more years they\\nwill be very different from what they now are, for they\\nare even noAV changing.\\nMost hills have heen carved out hy running water.\\nIn every neighborhood there ai-e hills, although they may not be\\nvery high. The picture shows one with a somewhat gentle slope", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HILLS\\n13\\n(Fig. 10). If a person were to walk up this hill, going from its base\\nto the top, or summit, he would walk more than a mile but this, of\\ncourse, does not mean that the hill is a mile high.\\nFor example, in\\nFigure 11 you see a\\nboard ten feet long,\\nwith one end resting\\non the ground and\\nthe other on a fence\\nfour feet above the\\nground. If a person\\nstarts at the lower\\nend and walks to the\\nupper end, he travels\\nten feet; but he is\\nthen only four feet\\nabove the ground.\\nThe height of a hill is much less than the length of\\nits slope.\\nPerhaps you liave liearcl that it is colder on the summit,\\nor crest, of a higli hill than at its base. If one takes a\\nthermometer with him when going to the top of the\\nFig. 10.\\nTo show the difference between the slope of a hill\\nand its height.\\nFig. 11.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "14\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nWashington Monument (Fig, 85), which is 550 feet high,\\nhe finds that it is about two degrees colder at the top\\nthan at the base. One might not notice any difference\\nin climbing low hills, but it can be easily noticed on high\\nones and if your home is near one, you can prove this.\\nPeople who live where there are high hills often observe\\nthat it snows upon them while it rains upon the lower\\nground at their base (Fig. 12). Explain why this is so.\\nIt is colder at the crest of a hill than at its base.\\nFig. 12.\\nDo yoTi see any reason for thinking that it is colder near the summit of this\\nhigh mountain than at its base This is Mount Chimborazo in South\\nAmerica, where it is very hot in the lowlands.\\nMany people prefer to build their houses upon hills,\\npartly because the air is cooler and fresher in summer\\nbut another and more important reason is, that it is more\\nhealthful to live on this high ground. Where the land\\nis low, the slope is often so gentle that the water cannot\\nflow off readily, so it stands, sometimes making wet places\\ncalled swamps (Fig. 33). Houses in such places often\\nhave cellars and foundation walls that are damp, and the\\npeople who live in them are in danger of fever, and of\\nother kinds of sickness caused by this dampness.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "HILLS\\n15\\nBut the water usually runs quickly away from a hill,\\nso that even after a heavy rain the ground soon becomes\\ndry. In large cities, where land is very expensive, people\\nbuild almost anywhere but in these cities there are so\\nmany drain pipes, or sewers^ to carry off the water, that\\neven the low places are quite dry.\\nFig. 13.\\nA castle built upon the brow of a high hill. Describe the view from there.\\nIn times past some men were in the habit of building great\\ncastles, with thick walls, on the crests of hills (Fig. 13). From\\nthese they could look out over the country for a long distance and\\nspy approaching enemies in time to prepare for them. Then, too,\\nthe steep sides of the hills were difficult for the enemy to climb, so\\nthat the people living in castles on hilltops were quite safe.\\nSome of the Pueblo Indians built their towns upon the tops of\\nsteep hills in order to be safe from the more savage Indians who\\nattacked them. For much the same reason the Puritans, many years\\nago, were in the habit of building their churches upon the hilltops.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "16 HOME GEOGBAPHY\\nHills at present are little needed for siich a purpose but there\\nis another reason why people like to live upon them. From their\\ntops they can look out over the fields for long distances and enjoy the\\nbeautiful views. Have you yourself ever enjoyed such a view?\\nPeople like to build their hozvses upon hills, because\\nit is healthful there and the views are beautiful.\\nIIp:view Questions. (1) Is there much land that is really level?\\n(2) What do you understand by rolling land? (3) Were the hills\\nthat you know always there (4) Have you seen water carrying away\\nsoil? If so, tell about it. (5) Explain how hills have been made.\\n(6) What is the base of a hill? (7) The summit (8) Tell what\\nyou learn from Figure 10. (9) From Figure 11. (10) Make a draw-\\ning somewhat like Fig. 11. (11) On what part of a hill is it coolest?\\n(12) How could you prove it? (13) Why does it often snow on hills\\nwhile it rains on lower land near by\\n(14) What is a swamp? (15) Why should not houses be built on\\nswampy ground? (16) Why are hills liable to be dry? (17) Why\\nis the lowland in cities usually so dry? (18) Why have castles often\\nbeen built on hills? (19) Why did the earlier settlers place their\\nchurches on hills? (20) What other reasons can people have for\\nwishing to look far out over the country\\nSuggestions for Study at Home and out of Doors.\\n(1) Find some ground about your home that seems nearly level.\\nIs it really level? (2) Where is the longest slope in your neighbor-\\nhood The steepest one (3) Watch the water carrying off soil\\nafter a rain. Where does the soil go (4) Write a story about it.\\n(5) Hunt for a washout after a heavy rain. (6) Where is your\\nhighest hill? (7) In what season of the year is it especially pleasant\\nto live on a hill Why?\\n(8) Can you find any houses built on low, wet soil? (9) Are\\ntheir cellars ever very damp (10) Ask some doctor why one should\\nnot live in such places. (11) Find some pictures of castles, showing\\ntheir location. (12) Is your schoolhouse upon a hill? (13) Name any\\nhouses in your neighborhood that stand on a hill. (14) Where is\\nyour most beautiful view (15) Do your friends agree with you that\\nit is the most beautiful one\\nFor References, see page 108.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "III. MOUNTAINS\\nYou may never yet have seen mountains, but you\\nhave certainly seen something that looks much like them.\\nOften, on a summer evening, the sun sets behind great\\nbanks of clouds that reach far up into the sky. Some of\\nthem have rough, steep sides, and great, rugged peaks,\\nFig. 14.\\nA scene among the White Mountains of New Hampshireo\\nwhile others have more gentle slopes, and rounder tops.\\nOftentimes there are many of them together, and they are\\nso real that it seems as if one might climb their sides if\\nhe could only reach them.\\nThis is very much the way snow-covered mountains\\nappear in the distance in fact, the resemblance is so\\nclose that, when one is at a distance from mountains, he\\nmust often look carefully to note whether he is looking at\\nreal mountains, or only at clouds in the sky.\\nThe mountains in Fig. 14 are much like hills, except\\nthat they are larger. Hills are seldom more than a few\\nc 17", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "18\\nHOME GEOGBAPHY\\nhundred feet high, while these mountains rise two or three\\nthousand feet in height. Some mountains are so low, and\\ntheir slopes so\\ngentle, that one\\nis able to climb to\\ntheir tops with-\\nout much trou-\\nble. Such moun-\\ntains are often\\ncalled hills. But\\nmany others are\\neven two or three\\nmiles in height.\\nTheir peaks rise\\nfar above the\\nclouds and are\\noften wholly hid-\\nden by them, as\\nin Figure 15.\\nUsually where\\nthere is one\\nmountain peak there are others near by (Fig. 16). They\\noften extend a long distance, perhaps hundreds of miles,\\nFig. 15.\\nA mountain peak in Switzerland, with snow on its\\nsides and base, and a small cloud hiding the very\\nsummit.\\nFig. 16.\\nA number of lofty mountain peaks near together.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "MOUNTAINS\\n19\\nforming what is called a mountain chain, or a mountain\\nrange.\\nSuch great ranges have not been carved out by running water,\\nas hills have been. In fact, real mountains are found only where\\nparts of the land have been slowly raised or lowered until some\\nportions are much higher than the surrounding country (Fig. 17).\\nAmong these moun-\\ntains, as elsewhere,\\nrunning water has\\nof course cut out\\nmany valleys.\\nYou can imitate\\nmountain folding by\\ncrumpling a num-\\nber of sheets of pa-\\nper. The reason for\\nthis folding of the\\nrock layers will be\\nfound stated on\\npage 125.\\nMountains are masses of rock that have heen -pushed\\nabove the level of the surrounding country\\nMen often climb to the tops of mountains. It might\\nseem that this would not take a very long time, nor be\\nvery difficult but to go to the crest of even a low moun-\\ntain is often quite a task. Upon a level road one can\\neasily walk a mile in less than half an hour. But it might\\nrequire a whole day of steady climbing to reach the sum-\\nmit of a mountain only one mile high.\\nIt would be a long journey even if one could go in a\\nstraight line to the top. It has already been stated (page\\n13) that to climb a hill two or three hundred feet high\\nit is necessary to walk a longer distance than this. The\\nsame is true of mountains.\\nFig. 17.\\nThis is a drawing of a mountain range sliced through\\nso as to show the layers of rock that have been\\npushed upward.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "20\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nMost mountains are so steep that one would grow\\nvery tired climbing directly up their slopes so a much\\nlonger, zigzag path is usually followed. Then, too, there\\nare often steep cliffs^ ov precipices^ that could not be climbed\\n(Fig. 18), and one must travel round these to find a place\\nwhere the slope is gentle. This makes the path still\\nlonger, so that to\\nclimb a moun-\\ntain one mile\\nhigh it might\\nbe necessary to\\nwalk ten miles,\\nor even more.\\nIf the air is\\ncolder at the\\ncrest of a hill\\nthan at its base,\\none might expect\\nthat it would be\\nvery much colder\\non the top of a\\nhigh mountain,\\nand this is true\\n(Fig. 12, p. 14).\\nIn fact, it grows\\nso much colder\\nnear the summit\\nof the higher mountains that it never rains there, but snows\\ninstead; and it may even be so cold that trees cannot\\ngrow there (Fig. 20, p. 23).\\nIt is a long distance to the top of a high mountain,\\nand the air is cold there.\\nFig. 18.\\nA mountain precii^ice in the Yosemite Park among\\nthe Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. No\\none could possibly climb the face of this steep\\nrock cliff.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "MOUNTAINS\\n21\\nrf*^^f^S _-\\nMany people cross the ocean to visit the Alps Mountains in Switzer-\\nland but while they enjoy climbing about on the sides, and looking\\nat the beautiful views, very few ever reach the summit of the higher\\npeaks. Mont Blanc is one of the best known of these, and is nearly\\nthree miles in height. (The picture. Fig. 20, show^s views of Mont\\nBlanc.)\\nIt is very difficult, and even sonaewiiat dangerous, to climb to the\\nsummit of this mountain. When a person Avishes to do so, he must\\nemploy guides to help him over the difficult places.\\nThe I ound trip usually takes two nights and tliree days; as there\\nis no place to obtain food high up on the mountain side, it is neces-\\nsary to carry it. Overcoats and blankets are also necessary for even\\nthough the journey be made in the hottest summer weather, it will be\\nbitterly cold upon the mountain top.\\nSuppose that we are making such a journej^ We start early in\\nthe morning so as to have a long day. Each of us carries a few-\\nlight articles, but\\nthe guides and por-\\nter carry most, for\\nthey are strong and\\nused to climbing.\\nAt first we walk\\nalong a pleasant\\npath in a beavitiful\\nwood. A house is\\noccasionally passed\\n(Fig. 20, G), and\\nperhaps a green field.\\nBut soon there are\\nno more houses and\\nfields, and the trees\\nbecome smaller and\\nsmaller, until the\\nline is reached above which it is so cold that no trees can grow^\\nThis is called the tree line or timher line (Fig. 19).\\nFrom this point on, no plants larger than bushes are seen, and after\\na while even these disappear. Meanwhile the soil and the grass have\\nbecome more scarce, while here and there banks of snow are found in\\nFig. 19.\\nA picture of the timber line on tlie snowy slopes of\\na mountain in Colorado.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "22 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nthe shady hollows. Soon we have climbed to the snow line. This is\\nthe line above which snow is found all the year round. Now, no\\nmatter in what direction we look, x ock aiid snow are everywhere to\\nbe seen, the latter often being hundreds of feet deep (Fig. 20, F).\\nWhat a beautiful view before us It repays us for all the hard\\nwork. We look down upon the woods through which we have just\\npassed; then, over beyond them, to the deep valleys, with the green\\nfields, pretty houses and villages far below us and, beyond these,\\nto the other steep mountains upon the opposite side of the valley.\\nThe guide takes his place in front of ns, and often tells us to\\nstop while he goes ahead to examine the way. It may be that the\\nsnow has bridged over and hidden a deep and narrow chasm, so that\\nif one were to step upon this snow he might fall through.\\nSometimes the guides lift one of us over a dangerous place and, when\\nit is steep or slippery, fasten all the members of the party together\\nwith ropes (Fig. 20, E), so that if one falls, the others may hold him.\\nAs we advance higher and higher, it is often necessary to take a\\nnarrow path on the steep side of the mountain. On the right you\\ncan look hundreds of feet almost directly downward; on the left are\\ngreat stones and masses of snow almost directly overhead.\\nThe snow sometimes falls, forming snow slides or avalanches,\\nwhich are very dangerous. They come tearing down the sides of\\nthe mountains with a terrible roar, burying whole villages beneath\\nthem. You have seen the same thing, on a much smaller scale, when\\nsnow has slid from the roofs of houses on warm winter days.\\nAfter one night spent in a little house about half way up the\\nmountain side, and after much hard work on the next day, we\\nreach the summit (Fig. 20, A). Here, in spite of our wraps, we are\\nall shivering; for upon high mountain summits there are fierce winds\\nwhich seem to go through even the thickest cloth.\\nOn this barren mountain top there are no birds, no trees, no grass\\nnothing but snow and rock; but if it is a clear day, and there are\\nno clouds clinging to the mountain sides below, we may be able to\\nlook down into the beautiful green valleys, only a few miles away.\\nThere the birds are singing, flowers are blossoming, and men, working\\nin the fields, are complaining of the heat.\\nIt is a difficult anci dangerous journey to the top of\\na high mountain.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "Fig. 20.\\nSeven photographs taken on a journey to the summit of Mont Blauc. See if\\nyou can find in these pictures any of the scenes described.\\n23", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "24\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nIt is by no means so difficult to reach the summits\\nof all mountains. Many of them (Fig. 14, p. 17) are\\nso low that there\\nis no snow upon\\nthem in summer,\\nand trees live and\\nthrive even at the\\ntop. Roads may\\nhave been made\\nto the summit,\\nso that one may\\ndrive up instead\\nof walking.\\nAmong some of\\nA hotel at the base of a lofty mountain at Banf\\non the Canadian Pacific Railway, in British Co-\\nlumbia, Canada.\\nthese mountains\\nhotels are built\\n(Figs. 21 and 24),\\nto which people go in summer to escape the hot weather.\\nThere they may walk through the woods, and climb to\\nmany inter-\\nesting places,\\nwhere fine\\nviews are to\\nbe had.\\nMountains\\nare imjjor-\\ntant sum-\\nmer resorts.\\nPerhaps\\nyou already\\nknow that\\nthe rocks in-\\nFiG. 22.\\nHere men are digging gold ore deep in the mountain side.\\nThe ore is hoisted to the surface and crushed to bits\\nin these buildings, so that the particles of gold can be\\nseparated from the rock.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "MOUNTAINS\\n25\\nFig. 23.\\nThis man is deep down in the earth in an iron mine. He is preparing to load\\nthe car with ore which other miners have been digging in a tunnel just\\nabove, on the right-hand side.\\nside the mountains sometimes contain gold and silver (Fig.\\n22). Iron, lead, and other metals are also found there.\\nWhen they are dug out from the rocks they are ores, which\\ndo not look much like these metals as we know them. But\\nthe metal in the rings, watches, and silver dollars that you\\nhave seen, and even the iron parts of your school desk, may\\nhave come from the rocks of some mountain (Fig. 23).\\nThe trees in the mountain forests are also valuable. The most\\ncommon kinds are evergreens, such as the pine, hemlock, and spruce,\\nwhich are green even through the winter, and which can live on the\\ncold mountain sides as far up as the timber line.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "26\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nThe land upon a mountain side is usually too steep and rocky for\\nfarms. But even where farms are not possible, trees often grow\\nfinely, covering the mountain for miles and miles with dense forests.\\nThis is fortunate, for the trees may be cut down and sawed into\\nlumber, from which all sorts of wooden articles are made. Possibly\\nthe very seat in which you are sitting was once a part of a tree that\\ngrew on the side of a mountain.\\nMountains are of further use because of the abundance of water\\nthat they supply. We have already seen that there is much ice and\\nFig. 24.\\nThe forest on the sides of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. The large\\nbuildings are the hotels of a summer resort.\\nsnow upon some of them in fact, there is so much upon the higher\\nones that it can never all melt away, no matter how hot the summer\\nmay be.\\nDuring hot weather many streams dry up but at such times the\\nice and snow of the mountains only melt the faster, so that the streams\\nwhich flow forth from these mountains are even more swollen than\\nusual. This water may run along for many miles until it finally\\nreaches towns and cities where people need it to drink. Do you know\\nof any city that gets its drinking water from such a river\\nMountains furnish metals, lumher, and ivater.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "MOUNTAINS 27\\nReview Questions. (1) AVhat can you say about the height\\nof mountains? (2) How have they been made? (3) What is a\\nmountain chain or range? (4) How long might it take to climb a\\nmountain a mile high? (5) Why so long? (6) What can you tell\\nabout the cold at the summit? (7) How do the trees change in\\nappearance as one mounts higher and higher?\\n(8) What would you need for a journey up Mont Blanc?\\n(9) Desci ibe the first part of the jou.rney. (10) What is the timber\\nline? (11) What is the snow line? (12) What are avalanches?\\n(13) Describe the view from the top of the mountain.\\n(14) Mention some reasons why mountains are favorite summer\\nresorts. (15) What kinds of mines are found in mountains (16) Why\\nis it fortunate that trees grow so well on mountain sides (17) What\\nis done with them (18) Tell what you can about the streams that\\nflow from mountains.\\nSuggestions. (1) Watch for clouds that resemble mountains.\\nMake a drawing of them. (2) Find pictures of mountains; note the\\ntimber line, the snow line, and other points of interest. (3) Repre-\\nsent a mountain in sand. Show the tree line the snow line steep and\\ngentle slopes. (4) Represent a mountain range in sand. (5) In\\nwhat direction are the nearest mountains? What are they called?\\nHow far away are they Find out an interesting fact about them.\\n(6) Ask some one who has climbed a mountain to tell you about\\nit. (7) Would you care to climb one yourself Why? (8) Write a\\nstory relating the adventures you would expect in mountain climbing.\\nDescribe some of the views you would expect to find. (9) Why do\\nfew people live high up on the mountain sides?\\n(10) Examine a piece of ore (in some museum) and find out how\\nthe metal is taken from the rock. (11) Start a collection for the\\nschool by bringing some ores. (12) Hunt for pictures of woods on\\nmountain sides. You will find several in this book. (13) Find some\\npictures which show gorges cut in the mountains by running water.\\n(14) Find out some facts about glaciers.\\nFor References, see page 108.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "IV. VALLEYS\\nWe have seen how water is always washing away soil,\\nmaking hills and changing their appearance. Wherever\\nhills are found\\nthere are al-\\nways low places\\nor hollows, and\\nthese are called\\nvalleys.\\nSome very\\nsmall valleys\\nyou have al-\\nready seen in\\nFigure 9. They\\nare only a few\\ninches wide,\\nand the tiny\\nhills or ridges between them are only a few inches high.\\nEvery stream of w^ater, whether great or small, when\\nflowing over soft earth, is carrying some of it away and\\nforming valleys. Even when flowing over hard rock, the\\nwater is doing the same thing, but more slowly. It grinds\\nthe rock away by dragging pebbles and grains of sand over\\nit, thus scouring it out. This work of the water is never\\nfinished, for every rain is slightly changing the valleys.\\nAre there any valleys in your neighborhood? Do you\\nlive in one If you have travelled on the railway, you\\nhave certainly seen many of them. Figs. 11, 14, and 25\\n28\\nFig. 25.\\nA beautiful stream in a wooded valley.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "VALLEYS\\n29\\nshow valleys. Can you find others in the book In Fig-\\nure 25 is shown a small stream with the land on either\\nside gently sloping toward it.\\nSince there are very few places without slopes and\\nhills of some kind, there must be few places without\\nvalleys. Although some of these are narrow, others are\\nso wide that one cannot see across them.\\nWherever two downward slopes come together, a valley is formed,\\nwhether the slopes be long or short. In those that you can find,\\nnotice the difference in the slopes. If in one of the valleys there is\\na stream, notice the direction in which it flows. Why does the water\\nflow at all Which way is doton the iicdley Point up the valley.\\nYou see, of course, that valleys have not only width, but length.\\nMany of them are only a^ew inches long, and you can certainly find\\nsome of these. Perhaps your\\nhome is in a valley that is\\nmany miles in length. Find\\nout if this is true.\\nMost valleys have heen\\ncut out of the land hy\\nrunning water.\\nIn the picture (Fig.\\n26) you see several val-\\nleys. Rain falls into each\\nof these, some of it sink-\\ning into the soil and some\\nrunning off down the\\nslopes. Into which valley will the water flow that falls\\non the top of the ridge\\nFig. m.\\nThe dotted lines show the divides be-\\ntween the valleys. Trace them. What\\nelse do you see in the picture\\nWhen it rains upon the roof of a house (Fig. 27), the\\nwater is divided along the highest part, some flowing\\ndoAvn one side, some down the other. The same thing\\nhappens when water falls on the land. Because the water", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "30\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nparts, or divides, at the highest place between two valleys,\\nthis place is called a divide or water-parting^ or sometimes a\\nwatershed. The\\ndotted lines in\\nthe picture\\n(Fig. 26) show\\nsome divides.\\nHow irregular\\nthe lines are\\nA divide some-\\ntimes stands out\\nsharply, as on\\nthe roof of a\\nhouse but in\\nmany places it\\nis difficult to\\nfind, for the\\nland there ma}^\\nappear to be\\nJ\\nr\\ni\\n3|B^B^^^^58ig8BH\\nm\\niS\\n^l^^M\\n.-..v^*^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0p.\\nFig. 27.\\nA house roof, to show that the water is divided along\\nthe highest part.\\nfiat. Can you point out such a place in Figure 26\\nIf you wish to know how wide one of these valleys is, where\\nwould you begin to meas-\\nure AVould it not be from\\nthe divide on one side to the\\ndivide directly across on the\\nother side? Of course it\\nwould, for the divides form\\nthe boundaries of the valley\\n(Fig. 28).\\nA divide or water-\\nshed is the highest\\nground separating two\\nvalleys.\\nFig. 28.\\nThe line A-B shows the width of this val-\\nley. Observe that the valley is much\\nwider than the stream.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "VALLEYS 31\\nWhile the valleys that one usually sees are both narrow\\nand. short, there are some so long and wide that one could\\nnot travel their whole length or width, even if he were to\\nspend all day and all night upon a fast train (Fig. 29).\\nIn our own country there is such a one, called the Missis-\\nsippi Valley, which is over three thousand miles long and\\nmany hundred miles wide.\\nFig. 29.\\nPicture of a river winding through a hroad and very long valley.\\nWhen valleys are so large as this, their slopes must be\\nvery gentle. On that account many people who live in\\nthe Mississippi Valley scarcely know that they are in a\\nvalley. The river flows through the lowest part, and the\\nhomes of these people may be so far away that they have\\nnever seen it. All about, them the land appears so level\\nthat it does not seem to form a part of a slope. It is", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "32\\nHOME GEOGBAPHY\\ntherefore called a plain. But wlien rain falls there, it\\nimmediately flows toward the river, thus proving that\\nthe plain is a part of the great Mississippi Valley slopes.\\nSuch an immense valley was not cut out by running\\nwater. You have learned that hills are made in that way,\\nbut that mountains are formed by the rising of great masses\\nof rock. Some of the great valleys, like the Mississippi,\\nhave also been made by changes in the level of the land.\\nBut even the vallej^s that have been formed in this way\\nhave generally been greatly changed by the water that\\nhas run through them.\\nSome great valleys have heen formed hy the rising or\\nsinking of the land.\\nFig. 30.\\nA valley sliced through to illustrate how valleys may be formed hy the fold-\\ning of the rock layers.\\nPeople generally choose the valleys for their homes.\\nEven among high mountains, where it is impossible to live\\non the steep and cold sides, they often dwell in the bottom\\nof the valleys. Here they are surrounded by lofty peaks\\nwhich appear to shut them in almost entirely (Fig. 31).\\nHills are often too cool, or else have too shallow a soil\\nfor farming. The rains have washed the dirt down the\\nsteep slopes into the lower part of the valleys, making a\\ndeep and fertile soil there. In the valleys, therefore, the", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "VALLEYS\\n33\\nFig. 31.\\nA city near some miues in a valley among the Rocky Mountains.\\nbest farms are found, with their great fields of corn, oats,\\nwheat, and grass. Here, also, cattle and horses are raised,\\n(Fig. 32), many large cities have sprung up, and railways\\nhave been built.\\nFig. 32.\\nA herd of cattle grazing on the clover that is growing in the deep, rich soil\\nin a valley bottom.\\nD", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "34\\nHOME GEOGBAPHT\\nMost of the land is really made up of slopes, and we\\nare living upon them. It may not seem that your home\\nis upon one, but it probably is. Your house may even be\\nupon a hill-top, and yet you may be living in a broad\\nvalley.\\nMosi people live in some part of a valley.\\nFig. 33.\\nA ditch dug to drain a swamp.\\nThe soil is all the more valuable because of the slopes\\nof valleys. Were it not for them the water, after a heavy\\nrain, would stand in a thin sheet upon the ground. But\\nwhere there are slopes down which the water can freely\\nrun, it quickly flows off and does not drown the crops or\\nmake the region unhealthful for man and animals.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "VALLEYS 35\\nThe great importance of this matter is shown when farmers buy-\\nland. One of the first things that they inquire about is drainage,\\nthat is tlie slopes, which allow the water to run off quickly.\\nIf the water does not freely flow away, they even dig ditches in\\norder to carry it off (Fig. 33). Sometimes these ditches are left open,\\nas in the picture but, more often, tiles are placed in the bottom,\\nforming a kind of pipe, and then the earth is thrown back again.\\nThe water finds its way into the pipes, through small openings that\\nare left for this purpose, and flows away. Good drainage is so im-\\nportant that men are often willing to incur great expense in order to\\nsecure it.\\nIn some places the land is so nearly level that the\\nstanding water produces swamps. There are thousands\\nof swamps in this country, and great sums of money are\\nspent in digging ditches to drain them. This makes the\\nswamp dry and since the soil in such places is very fer-\\ntile, a great deal of land that was once of little value is\\nnoAV changed to rich farms.\\nT7ze slopes of valleys are valuable for drainage.\\nValleys have had a great influence upon the roads of a\\ncountry. For instance, in going across mountains men\\ngenerally follow a valley, going higher and higher until\\nthey come to what is called a mountain pass (Fig. 34),\\nwhich is nothing more than a valley between mountain\\npeaks. After crossing this, they go down another valley\\non the other side of the mountain.\\nRailroads also cross mountains through the valleys and\\nover the lower passes they wind in and out, often mak-\\ning sharp curves in order to avoid cutting directly through\\nthe rock.\\nEven in hilly regions it is usually easier to get from\\none place to another by travelling in the valleys. In the", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "36\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nlower parts, near the streams, the land is most nearly level\\nbut as soon as one attempts to go directly across the coun-\\ntry, the roads become rough and hilly.\\nOn that account, when white men first came to this\\ncountry, and settled among the hills and mountains, they\\nbuilt their roads in the valleys, often quite near the\\nstreams. Men do the same thing still.\\nFig. 34.\\nA mountain pass among the lofty Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Point to it.\\nWhere the country is more level, as upon a jplain, it is\\nnot so difficult to travel directly forward but even in\\nsuch places both the wagon roads and the railways are\\noften built round a small hill rather than over it.\\nThe location of zvagon roads and railways depends\\non the valleys\\nWe have seen that hills and mountains afford many beautiful views.\\nBut it is not necessary to go to the mountains to see fine views.\\nYou may see them in almost any valley or plain. Even a field of", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "VALLEYS\\n37\\nFig. 35.\\nA beautiful New England roadway in Northfield,\\nMassachusetts.\\ngreen grass, such as\\nmay be seen in city\\nparks, and in the\\ncountry, is beautiful.\\nThis is particularly\\ntrue in the early\\nspring, after the long,\\ncold winter.\\nThose who live in\\nsmall towns or cities\\nmay find streets\\nwhere the trees have\\ngrown so tall that\\nthey droop and meet\\noverhead (Fig. 35).\\nAs one looks down\\nsuch a street, he can\\nscarcely help exclaiming, What a magnificent archway\\nIn the country, also, there are many beautiful sights, such as the\\nvariously colored fields, the waving grain, the graceful trees, and the\\nshady roads.\\nThe views\\nchange from\\ntime to time.\\nThey are not\\nthe same at\\nnoon as in the\\nlate afternoon\\nw hen the sun\\nis casting long\\nshadows. In\\nthe spring the\\nplants are fresh\\nand bright\\nin the autumn\\nthey are pi et-\\ntily colored\\nin the winter\\nFig. 36.\\nA scene in Boston Common after a heavy fall of damp\\nsnow.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "38 HOME GEOGRAPMT\\nthe damp snow clings to the trees, bushes, fences, and houses until\\neverytliing is robed in white (Fig. 36). Again, the rain freezes to\\nthe trees, and when the sun appears, everything sparkles in the bright\\nlight as if it were covered with a thousand jewels.\\nIt is not necessary, then, to travel far in order to find beautiful\\nviews they are to be found everywhere, not only among the moun-\\ntains, but on the hills, in the valleys, in the country and in the city.\\nThe Jiills, mountains, and valleys are very heaxttiful.\\nReview Questions. (1) What makes the little valleys (2) Tell\\nwhy they must change from year to year. (3) Describe some of those\\nthat you have crossed on the railway. (4) How many slopes are\\nnecessary to make a valley? (5) What is a divide? (6) Tell how\\nlarge some of the largest valleys may be. (7) How have these very\\nlarge valleys been formed (8) What is a plain\\n(9) In what parts of mountains do most people live? Why?\\n(10) What is meant by drainage? (11) How do farmers sometimes\\nprovide drainage? (12) What is a swamp? (13) Why do roads\\nand railways among the mountains follow the valleys? (14) What\\nis a mountain pass (15) Where is the most level land usually\\nfound? (16) What fields or yards near you are beautiful (17) Are\\nthere any walks or drives that you greatly enjoy? (18) How do the\\nviews change from time to time\\nSuggestions. (1) Find a tiny valley and watch to see if it is\\nchanged in any way by a heavy rain. (2) Find a still larger valley\\nin your neighborhood. (3) Find the divide on each side of it.\\n(4) Show that streets and roads are so made that they have a water-\\nshed. (5) Make some valleys in clay or sand and show the divides.\\n(6) Where is the largest valley in your neighborhood (7) Is your\\nhome in one of the very large valleys, or in a small one (8) Show\\nby a drawing like Figure 30 how the largest valleys have been made.\\n(9) Can you show it in any other way? (10) Why should swamp\\nland that has been drained raise uncommonly good crops? (11) Do\\nyou know of any roads or railways that follow valleys and wind about\\nthe hills? Tell about them. (12) Find some beautiful views in\\nyour neighborhood. (13) Make a collection of pictures of valleys.\\n(14) Write a story telling how valleys have been formed.\\nFor References, see page 109.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "V. RIVERS\\nEvery heavy rain causes the water to collect, here and\\nthere, and flow down the slopes. At first only tiny rills\\nare formed but these unite to form the little streams\\nand brooks.\\nIn some places a brook is narrow and deep, in others\\nbroad and shallow here it floAvs swiftly, and there slowly.\\nPlace a chip or a boat\\nin such a brook, and it\\nfloats quietly in some\\nplaces, and then, com-\\ning to a rapid it is\\nwhirled along swiftly\\nand perhaps upset\\n(Fig. 37). Or it may\\nfloat to a waterfall,\\nwhere the water tum-\\nbles down from the\\ntop of a ledge, and\\nthen it is surely over-\\nturned (Fig. 38).\\nThere are large riv-\\ners in the world much\\nFig. 37.\\nA noisy brook in the Adirondacks of New\\nYork, tumbling over its rocky bed.\\nlike these little brooks, the main difference being in their\\nsize. But even such rivers are generally small at their\\nbeginning or source. Some of the largest have their sources\\nfar up in the mountains, where they are so small that a\\nperson can easily step across them,\\n39", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "40\\nHOME GEOGBAPHY\\nThe water of these rivers\\nmay come from the melting\\nsnows and, as it dashes along,\\nbeating itself into foam by\\nstriking against the rocks, it\\nis joined by other streams like\\nitself. Often the water must\\nrush round or leaj) over large\\nboulders which lie in its path;\\nand often it falls directly\\ndownward for many feet with\\na great roar (Fig. 76).\\nGreat T-ivers at their source\\nare usually no larger than\\na hrooh.\\nThe water of a mountain\\nstream seems to be quite help-\\nless, with the great, hard\\nrocks all about it but it\\nnever gives up its struggle\\nwith them. Rocky Oiiffs may\\nreach far up into the sky on\\neither side, and the slopes may\\nbe so steep that loose pieces\\nof stone often fall into the\\nwater. But the torrent dashes\\nthese against one another, and\\ngrinds them against its rocky\\nbed, until they are worn into\\npebbles. These pebbles are borne down stream and are\\nslowly ground up into grains of sand and bits of clay.\\nCopyrighted, 18S9, by S. R. Stoddard.\\nFig. 38.\\nA mountain torrent leaping oA^-er\\nthe ledges in rapids and water-\\nfalls. Point to one of the\\nfalls. Find others in the other\\npictures of the book.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "BIVEES\\n41\\nIf we sliould travel down sucli a stream, starting near\\nits source among the wild mountains, we should find it\\nconstantly changing. In the first place, it gradually grows\\nlarger, because other streams, called branches or tributaries,\\nenter it (Fig. 39). The banks become lower and the\\nriver grows broader and deeper. In places there may still\\nbe rapids and falls, but the country on either side is not\\nFig. 39.\\nTwo streams, the Allegheny and Monongahela, uniting at the great city of\\nPittsburg in Pennsylvania.\\nSO steep and rocky as it was among tlie mountains. Now,\\nhouses, farms, and men are seen, and horses and cattle are\\ngrazing in the fields near the banks (Fig. 40).\\nAt first, the slope of the stream bed was so great that\\nthe river hurried along faster than you could run. Now\\nthe water no longer flows rapid] 7 enough to drag boulders\\nor even pebbles; but it can st d carry the sand and mud\\nbrought by the rain from the soil of the hillsides.\\nIt has now been many days since this water left the", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "42\\nHOME GEOGBAPHT\\nFig. 40.\\nThe Connecticut River in Massachusetts, flowing through a splendid farming\\ncountry.\\nmountains. The river has become so wide that a long\\nbridge is needed to cross it (Fig. 41), and so deep that\\none cannot touch its bed even with a long pole.\\nAt last, per-\\nhaps weeks after\\nit started, the\\nwater approaches\\nthe ocean and\\nnow the down-\\nward slope of the\\nriver bed is so\\ngentle that the\\ncurrent cannot\\nFig. 41. drag even grains\\nThe long bridge across the Mississippi River at St. 01 Sancl DUt it\\nLouis. Notice how small the horses appear near still carries fine\\nthe river. This will show how very large the\\nbridge is, bits of rock-mud", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "BIVEBS\\n43\\nwith it. These bits may be so tiny that if you were to\\nplace some of the muddy water in a glass, it would take\\nhours for all of them to settle and leave the water clear.\\nWhen the river enters the quiet waters of the ocean, even\\nthis mud, or sediment, settles.\\nWe have followed the river from the source to the\\nmouth where it empties its waters into the great ocean.\\nAt first it was a little stream, but by the addition of water\\nfrom many tributaries, it has grown larger and larger,\\nuntil at its mouth it may be more than a mile in width.\\nA great river is hroad and deep at its mouth, and\\nits current is very sloiu hztt it carries sediment even\\nto the ocean.\\nWe have been describing a large river that had its source in the\\nmountains but others are much smaller, and many do not start in\\nthe mountains. Some empty their water into other rivers, being\\ntributaries, and others enter lakes rather than the sea. They may\\nalso have low,\\nsoft batiks in-\\nstead of high,\\nrocky ones, and\\nthere may be no\\nrapids and falls.\\nBut no matter\\nwhere their\\nsources and\\nmouths may be,\\nor what other dif-\\nerences may ex-\\nist, they are, in Fig. 42.\\nmany ways, much A pebbly brook bed which is filled with water when\\nlike this river. t:sAtv falls or the snow melts, but is often dry in\\nsummer.\\nWhere does so much water come from? Taken up\\nfrom the ocean, it falls from the sky in the form of rain", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "44 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nor snow. But we all know that small streams dry up\\nand disappear soon after a rain. Even large brooks may\\nbecome quite dry in summer (Fig. 42). Why, then, do\\nnot great rivers also dry up\\nOne reason is that many rivers have a constant supply\\nat their source. That this is true of a stream starting in\\na high mountain is clear, because we have seen (p. 26)\\nthat the snow in such places never entirely melts away.\\nIt is also true of streams that have their sources in lakes\\nand swamps.\\nThen, again, not all of the rain-water flows off, but some\\nsinks down into the ground. There is a great deal of\\nwater in the ground, and it is this which men find when\\nthey dig Avells. This underground water trickles through\\nthe soil, and through crevices in the rocks, often bubbling\\nforth as a spring, weeks after it has fallen as rain some=\\nMdiere else. Most large rivers are supplied with water\\nfrom hundreds and even thousands of such springs.\\nIt is to be remembered, too, that a great river, with its many trib-\\nutaries, flows through a very large tract of country, so that when it is\\nnot raining in one part, the rain may be falling in another. Thus,\\nwhile one tributary carries little water, heavy rain may keep others\\nfull, and this flows into the main stream, preventing it from drying\\nup.\\nIf a heavy rain falls, or if the snow melts rapidly, so\\nmuch water may flow into a river that it rises and over-\\nflows its banks (Fig. 43). Those who live near such\\nstreams are in danger of being drowned by the floods, and\\nin some places men have built banks of earth, called levees,\\nto keep the water from overflowing the towns and farms.\\nThe supply of river water comes from rain or melting\\nsnow, from lakes and swamps, and from underground.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "BIVERS\\n45\\nEvery one has seen muddy water flowing in gutters, or in rills on\\nthe hillsides. Great quantities of soil are washed away in this man-\\nner, as has been shown (p. 11). But what becomes of it all?\\nIf you have seen a sidewalk or a field flooded with water, you per-\\nhaps remember that when the flood disappeared, a thin layer of fine\\nmud was left. This mud was carried along by the current until it\\nreached a place where the water stood almost still, then it slowly set-\\ntled. The same thing will happen if some muddy water is allowed to\\nstand in a glass for a time. Try it.\\nIn much the same way, when there is a river flood (Fig. 43), the\\nwater spreads out on either side of the river in a great, thin sheet, flow-\\nFiG. 43.\\nPhotograph of a river flood on the Ohio, which has forced the people to move\\nout of their homes. Tell what you see in this picture.\\ning slowly along and depositing a thin layer of mud. Each flood adds\\na layer, making the land higher, until, after many years, it is lifted con-\\nsiderably above the usual level of the river. Such land is generally\\na level plain and since it is made by river floods, it is called a flood-\\nplain.\\nMany pieces of land have been made in this manner, and you have\\nperhaps seen some of them. Near the banks of streams the valley is\\noften flat, and the hillsides that bound the bottom of the valley begin\\nto rise at a considerable distance from the water (Fig. 44). This level\\nland is usually a flood-plain. Near small streams such plains are genei", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "46\\nHOME GEOGBAPRY\\nally narrow but in the Mississippi and Nile valleys the flood-plains are\\nmany miles in width. Farmers like this soil because it is very fertile.\\nSome of the sediment carried hy rivers forms flood-\\nplains.\\nFig. 44.\\nA small flood-plain between steeply sloping valley sides.\\nMuch of the sediment is carried on until it reaches a\\nlake or the ocean. Here, opposite the river mouth, the\\nwater is generally quiet, so that the mud sinks to the\\nbottom. At first only\\nenough sediment is\\ncollected to form low,\\nswampy land but\\nthis is gradually lifted\\nhigher and higher, by\\nlayers of mud from\\neach flood, until it\\nbecomes high enough\\nto make dry land.\\nThese plains at the\\nThis picture shows a river delta. What else p\\ndo you see in the picture mouths of rivers form\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009el\\n^m^\\n^M\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00c2\u00abi i\\n$i^^^^^^-\\nl\\n=s v.\\n^/:^aaijvw; _\\nF l a n\\nX\\nii", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "rivehs\\n47\\nwhat are called deltas (Fig. 45). Many streams liave\\nsuch wide deltas that one cannot see across them, most of\\nthe sediment having come from fields, hills, and moun-\\ntains, perhaps hundreds of miles away. The surface of\\nthe delta is a plain, because it cannot be built any higher\\nthan the floods themselves have reached.\\nFrom year to year more sediment is brought down, and\\nthe land is built further and further into the water, so\\nthat deltas are constantly\\ngrowing. The slope of the\\nriver bed is usually so gentle\\nthat all of the water cannot\\nflow out in a single channel.\\nFor this reason it enters the sea\\nthrough several arms, cutting\\nthe delta into several parts.\\nSome of the sediment car-\\nried by rivers iuilds deltas\\nat their j)%ouths.\\nA river entering the sea may re-\\nceive water brought by hundreds of\\ntributaries. Thus the rain that falls\\nin places even hvmdreds of miles\\napart may at last be brought together\\nin a single main stream. Such a\\nmain stream with all of its tributa-\\nries is called a river system (Fig. 46).\\nFor instance, we speak of the Missis-\\nsippi River system, meaning the Mis-\\nsissippi and its many tributaries.\\nAll the country which is drained by a single main stream is called\\na river basin. Thus all the land drained by the Mississippi River is\\nincluded in the Mississippi basin.\\nOne should not think of this as a true basin. A real basin, as a\\nFig. 46.\\nPicture of a river system and\\nriver basin. Point to some\\nof the tributaries to their\\nsource; to the mouth; to the\\ndelta.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "48 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nwash basin, has a rim extending all around it. The rim of a river\\nbasin is the divide but there is no divide, or rim, near the mouth of\\na river, since the water runs out into the sea. If it were a true basin,\\nwith a rim all around it, the water would collect and form a lake.\\nAll the land whose ivaters are drained hy a single\\nriver is called a river hasin, and all these streains\\ntogether forin a river system.\\nSome ways have already been suggested in whicli rivers\\nare of much use. They build flood-plains and deltas, thus\\nmaking some of the most fertile land in the world. Rivers\\nalso furnish water to plants, animals, and man.\\nOn page 6 it was shown that plants sometimes wither during hot\\nweather, because the soil is dry. But near rivers the soil is usually\\nkept so moist that plants grow well even in dry weather.\\nThere are some places in the world where there is not enough rain\\nfor crops to grow. The people in such regions sometimes lead the\\nwater out of the rivers into ditches, through which it flows for long\\ndistances. Then it is spread out over the thirsty soil, so that plants\\ncan thrive. This is called irrigation, and in some places no crops can\\nbe raised without it.\\nMany animals and people depend on rivers for all the water they\\nuse. Even whole cities obtain their drinking water solely from rivers.\\nStreams not only bring water where it is needed, but\\nthey also carry it away when it is not wanted. A river\\nis really a great ditch for draining the land, so that when-\\never the snow melts rapidly, or a heavy rain falls, the\\nrivers quickly remove the water. They also carry off the\\nfilthy water, or sewage, of many towns and cities.\\ndivers supply zuater where needed, and remove it\\nwhen not wanted.\\nThe water of rivers is also used for turning wheels to\\nhelp make many articles, such as cloth and flour.\\nYou have perhaps noticed how windmills work (Fig.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "B I VERS\\n49\\n68). The wind blows the large wheel round and round,\\nand it is so connected with other wheels that it can pump\\nwater, or turn a saw for sawing wood, or grind corn.\\nLikewise steam is used to turn the wheels of a railway\\nengine, so that it drags the heavy cars along.\\nRiver water is made to do work in much the same man-\\nner. Where there is a swift current, or where there are\\nFig. 47.\\nA picture of an old mill and old-fashioned wheel. Much smaller wheels are\\nnow used, and they are usually kept out of sight.\\nfalls, as the Niagara Falls (Fig. 135), it is often easy to\\nrun some of the water oft to one side through a ditch or\\npipe. The water, racing rapidly along, strikes a wheel\\n(Fig. 47) and makes it whirl round. This wheel, being\\nconnected with others, causes them to turn also, much as\\none wheel in a clock causes others to revolve.\\nThus machinery is set in motion by which logs are\\nsawed into lumber, grain is ground into flour, cotton is\\nmade into cloth, and many other kinds of work are done.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "50 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nThe water that furnishes the power to turn the wheels\\nis called the water-power, and the buildings in which such\\nmanufacturing is carried on are called factories or mills.\\nIn many places the river water does not flow fast enough\\nto strike a wheel with much force water-power is found\\nmainly in rivers with swift currents, and especially near\\nrapids and falls. Here mills have been built, and then\\ngreat cities have often sprung up (Fig. 75, p. 85).\\nRivers also supply water-power for manufacturing.\\nThere is still another way in which rivers are extremely\\nvaluable. It has always been difficult to find a conven-\\nient means for carrying goods from one place to another.\\nIn some places there are no roads and even where there\\nare, they are often hilly, rough, and muddy.\\nYet most of the articles that we use every day, like sugar,\\nflour, oil, meat, coal, lumber, and clothing, have been car-\\nried long distances, sometimes thousands of miles. Even\\nif the roads were excellent, it would take a great deal\\nof time, and cost much money, to bring these things in\\nwagons. To carry them by railway takes less time, but is\\nexpensive.\\nA broad, deep river is really one of the finest roads in\\nthe world. To be sure, no wagons or cars can be drawn\\nover it, but boats move there with ease. A river boat\\ncan carry as much as scores of wagons or cars (Fig. 48),\\nand many may be going and coming at the same time, so\\nthat a large river is equal to several railroads it costs\\nlittle, too, to keep it in repair.\\nFor these reasons carrying goods by boat upon rivers,\\nor river navigation, is a very important business. Indeed,\\nit is so important that in many places broad ditches, called", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "RIVERS\\n51\\ncanals, have been cut in tlie soil and rock in order to carry\\ngoods by boat.\\nBefore the railways were built, which is no longer\\nago than when your grandfathers were boys, boats were\\nused for carrying all sorts of articles from place to place.\\nEven to-day, when there are so many good wagon roads\\nand railways, it is cheaper to carry crops and other prod-\\nucts on boats than in cars, and this is often done.\\nFig. 48.\\nA ^^e\u00e2\u0096\u00a0w across the broad Mississippi at New Orleans. The other bank is seen\\ndimly in the distance. A loaded river boat is just coming in, and others\\nare tied up to the levee.\\nWe see, then, why many people have preferred to build\\ntheir homes near rivers. A farmer prefers to live near a\\ngood wagon road, or near the railway station, so that he\\nmay easily send his crops away and, for the same reason,\\npeople have always liked to live near a river, which is a\\ngood road or waterway. It is partly on this account that\\nmany of the large cities of the world stand on the banks\\nof large rivers. Do you know of any such cities\\nRivers are also of value for navigation.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "52 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nReview Questions. (1) Describe a streapi that you have seen.\\n(2) What are rapids and falls (3) Describe a small stream in\\nthe mountains. (4) AVhat does it do with the rocks in its way?\\n(5) What are tributaries (6) Does the current grow more or less\\nswift as one goes further down stream (7) How does the country\\nchange in appearance (8) What becomes of the pebbles Why\\n(9) What is meant by the source of a river? By its mouth?\\n(10) Where do rivers obtain their water? (11) What is a spring?\\n(12) What effect has a heavy rain upon a stream (13) Why do\\nnot large rivers dry up in summer? (14) Why does not sediment\\nsink where the current is swift? (15) What is a flood-plain? Why\\nis it level? (16) Explain how a delta is made. (17) What is a\\nriver basin? (18) A river system? (19) Why do plants grow well\\non the banks of a river (20) What is irrigation (21) How are\\nrivers useful for drainage? (22) What is water-power? (23) In\\nwhat ways -is a river a fine road (24) Give some of the reasons\\nwhy many cities have sprung up near great rivers.\\nSuggestions. (1) After a heavy rain, follow a small stream\\nfrom its source to its mouth. (2) Throw a chip into the water, and\\nfollow it as far as you can. (3) Why are the rocks in river beds\\nusually so smooth and round? (4) If there is a brook or river near\\nyou, examine its banks. Is it a tributary of another stream?\\n(5) How deep and how wide is it (6) Trace a brook to its source,\\nif possible. Find several tributaries. (7) What large river is nearest\\nyour home? What are its largest tributaries? (8) What is meant\\nby up a river By down a river By right bank? By left\\nbaiik? By river channel? By river bed? (9) Find a spring.\\nWhy is its water cool? (10) Watch a well that is being dug,\\nto see if underground water is found. (11) Find a flood-plain\\nalong the side of a stream. (12) Find a delta. (13) Do you\\nknow of a city that gets its water from a river? (14) Make a\\nsmall water-wheel, and arrange for a stream of water to turn it round.\\n(15) Visit a mill that is run by water-power. (16) Find out more\\nabout canals. (17) Make a collection of pictures of rivers, and\\nnotice as many things as you can about them. (18) Find some\\npoems describing brooks and rivers. (19) Write a story of a journey\\nfrom the source to the mouth of a river.\\nFor References, see page 109.", "height": "2635", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "VI. PONDS AND LAKES\\nFig. 49.\\nA dam of dirt, built in order to form\\na pond or reservoir.\\nRivers supply towns and cities with water, and also\\nturn the wheels of factories but some streams become\\nso low in summer that they lack water for these pur-\\nposes. To prevent this diffi-\\nculty men often build dams\\nof wood, earth, or stone across\\nthe rivers, and in this way\\ncollect sufficient water to\\nmake ponds (Fig. 49) When\\nthe rivers are high, these\\nponds are filled, and enough\\nwater gathers to last through\\nthe dry season.\\nProbably you have seen such a pond as this. Or you\\nyourself may have made small ponds by building dams\\nof mud or leaves across brooks and gutters (Fig. 50).\\nLakes may be made in a similar manner, for they are like ponds,\\nonly larger. Sometimes they are several hundred miles in length,\\nand perhaps one hundred miles in width. Some of the largest in the\\nworld, the Great Lakes in the northern ^United States, were made by\\ndams formed ages ago across parts of the great St. Lawrence River\\nsystem.\\nMost ponds and lakes have been made in much the\\nsame way. That is, the water has gathered behind dams\\nacross streams.\\n53", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "54\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nBut in most cases these dams have not been built by men. Beavers\\nhave made a few of them. There used to be a great many of these\\nlittle animals in this country, and some are still left. Since they pre-\\nfer quiet, shallow ponds in which to live, they gnaw down trees and\\nbuild dams with the logs then they build their homes in the water\\nthus collected.\\nIn other places, where the sides of a valley are steep, great masses\\nof rock and earth have sometimes fallen, in the form of avalanches,\\nand blocked or dammed the streams.\\nFig. 50.\\nA boy building a dam to form a pond in the gutter.\\nAlso it was stated (p. 19) that the earth has been warped or bent\\nupward in some places, forming low ridges, or even lofty mountain\\nranges. In this way the ground has sometimes slowly risen across\\nriver valleys, making high dams in such cases large lakes have been\\nformed.\\nThere are many other ways in which dams have been built, espe-\\ncially by means of glaciers, which you will study, about later.\\nMost ponds and lakes have heen forined hy dams\\nacross valleys.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "POJSTDS AND LAKES 55\\nSince a lake is generally a part of a stream, it is evident\\nthat water must flow into it. The river that flows into\\na lake is called the inlet, and that which flows out is\\ncalled the outlet. There are also many streams entering\\nfrom the sides. Each of these brings sediment, which set-\\ntles in the lake, slowly filling it. At first deltas are built\\nopposite to the stream mouths then, in time, the whole\\nlake is filled and changed to a swamp. Many a swamp is\\nreally the last stage in the life of a lake.\\nThe surface of a lake appears to be level but one part\\nis really slightly higher than the other, otherwise the\\nwater would not flow out of it. The higher part of the\\nlake, near the inlet, is called the head of the lake, the lower\\npart, near the outlet, the foot of the lake. It is correct,\\nthen, to speak of going up or down a lake, just as we\\nspeak of going up or down a river.\\nSome lakes have no outlets, because there is so little water that\\nthe basin cannot fill up and overflow. This has a very peculiar effect\\nupon the water, for in time it becomes salt. Probably you have heard\\nof the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake of Utah. These are salt lakes\\nof this kind, and no one would drink their water, even if he were\\ndying of thirst.\\nBut why do such lakes become salt There is some salt in all water,\\neven in that which we drink, although so little that we do not notice it.\\nWhen water flows into a lake, the salt is carried with it. If there is\\nno outlet, the salt can go no further but each day some of the water\\nis changed to vapor and carried away in the air. As the bits of salt\\ncannot go off in this way, they remain, and increase in number, until,\\nin time, the water becomes so salt that we have a salt lake.\\nMost lakes have inlets and outlets; hut some, having\\nno outlets, become salt.\\nThe land at the margin of a river is called the bank,\\nbut that along the margin of a lake is called the shore.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "56\\nHOME GEOGBAPHY\\nFiGt. 51.\\nA sandy beach on a lake shore.\\nSometimes the lake shore is low and wet, being over-\\ngrown with swamp plants. Again, it is pleasant to walk\\nupon, being made of sand and pebbles brought there by\\nthe waves. This kind of shore is called a beach (Fig. 51).\\nFig. 52.\\nA view on Moosehead Lake in Maine, Learn what each of the names means.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "PONDS AND LAKES 51\\nMany lake shores are regular, but many more are irreg-\\nular. In some places points of land, called headlands, ex-\\ntend into the water (Fig. 52). If small, these are called\\npoints or capes; if large, peninsulas. A narrow neck\\nof land joining two larger pieces is an isthmus. Bodies of\\nland entirely surrounded by water are known as islands.\\nThe water that is partly shut in between two headlands\\nis called a bat/. When a bay has deep water, and is so\\nnearly surrounded by land that vessels can enter it and\\nbe protected from the wind and waves, it is called a\\nharbor. A narrow strip of water connecting two larger\\nbodies of water is known as a strait.\\nFig. 53.\\nHow many of the features just mentioned can you find in this picture? Find\\nsome also on Fig. 60.\\nWhen the water gathers behind a dam to form a lake, it enters\\nmany valleys, lorming bays and harbors, with capes, and j)erhaps\\nislands between. This is the chief reason for the irregular shores\\nof many lakes. If you will make a little valley in clay, with two or\\nthree tributaries entering, then put a dam across it and fill it with\\nwater, you will see just how this is done.\\nThe shores of lakes are often irregular, producing\\nbodies of land and water of many shapes.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "58\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nPonds and lakes are useful in many of the same ways\\nas rivers. They help to keep the ground moist they\\nfurnish water to cities, and they supply water to turn the\\nwheels of factories. Beside this, many valuable fish are\\ncaught in lakes, and much ice is cut from their surface.\\nAgain, like rivers, lakes are important waterways.\\nUpon large lakes, like the Great Lakes, hundreds of ves-\\nsels are going and coming, carrying men, grain, coal, lum-\\nber, and countless other things. On this account many\\npeople have sattled on the shores of large lakes and, as a\\nresult, many towns and cities have been built there. Do\\nyou know of any\\nThe shores of lakes are often very beautiful, and many persons go\\nto them in summer to hunt, fish, and canoe. There are hotels there,\\ntoo (Fig. 52), and some lakes are important summer resorts.\\nLakes supply drinking water, waterpower, fish, and\\nice. They are also useful for navigation and for summer\\nresorts.\\nHow are vessels loaded with goods And again, how\\ncan these cargoes be unloaded? Wagons may be driven\\nbeside a railway car, and be filled or emptied speedily.\\nBut a large\\nboat sinks\\ndown many\\nfeet into the\\nwater (Fig.\\n54), so that if\\nit came near\\nthe shore, it\\nmight strike\\nFig. 54. the bottom and\\nA picture to show how deep a vessel sinks in the water. be wrecked.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "PONDS AND LAKES\\n59\\nFig. 55.\\nA small harbor on an island on the coast of\\nCalifornia.\\nFortunately, here and there along the lake shore, there\\nare small bays with deep water. The opening is large\\nenough for\\nvessels to en-\\nter easily, but\\nsmall enough\\nto keep out the\\nfierce waves.\\nHere we have\\na fine harbor\\n(Fig. 55).\\nF r o m the\\nshores of the\\nharbor men\\nbuild piers of wood or stone, called wharves. These reach\\ninto the deeper water, where ships may be fastened or\\nmoored to them. Wagons can be driven on to the wharves,\\nso that this forms a convenient and safe place for loading\\nand unloading vessels. Such a harbor often determines\\nthe location of a city.\\nLarge cities are sometimes found on parts of a lake shore where there\\nare no such natural harbors. In that case harbors have to be made,\\neven though it is expensive to do so. Walls of rock, or of posts driven\\ndeep into the. ground, are built in such a way as nearly to inclose a\\nbody of water, very much as capes inclose the water of a natural harbor.\\nSuch a wall is called a breakwater (Fig. 56), because it breaks tlie\\nforce of the waves, and prevents them from entering the space behind.\\nWhen a harbor is not deep enough for vessels to enter, it is neces-\\nsary to dig out the dirt and rock from the bottom. This is quite\\noften done in the inlet and outlet streams at the ends of a lake.\\nHarbors are places where vessels ftiid safety from\\nstorms and where cargoes are loaded and unloaded\\nwith ease.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "60\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nFig. 56.\\nA breakwater built in a place where the coast has no natural harbor.\\nEeview Questions. (1) Why are dams built in rivers (2) Ex-\\nplain how ponds are made. (3) How do lakes differ from ponds?\\n(4) How are lakes made (5) Tell what you can about beaver\\ndams. (6) In what other ways may lake dams be made (7) What\\nis the inlet of a lake The outlet The head The foot (8) How\\ndoes it happen that some lakes have no outlet? (9) What about\\n.the water then? Why?\\n(10) What is meant by shoi e? By beach? (11) What do you\\nunderstand by a regular lake shore? (12) Make a drawing of a\\ncape; peniusula; isthmus; island; bay; strait. (13) Tell in words\\nwhat each of these is. (14) What is the cause of these iiTegularities\\n(15) Mention a few uses of ponds and lakes. (16) What is a harbor?\\n(17) Why must the water be deep? (18) How can a harbor protect\\nships from storms (19) What is a whai f (20) How are harbors\\noften made? (21) What is a breakwater?\\nSuggestions. (1) Build a dam in some small stream and note\\nhow rapidly the water collects. (2) Find out more about beavers.\\n(3) Look for a pond or lake and examine the dam that caused it.\\n(4) See if there are both an inlet and an outlet. (5) Walk up the", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "PONDS AND LAKES 61\\nlake walk down the lake. (6) Examine the shore and notice the\\ndifferent forms of land and water. (7) Find a small harbor. Would\\nevery bay make a good harbor? (8) Make a small, irregular hollow\\nin clay and fill it with water to form capes, harbors, and islands.\\n(9) Find some of these in the pictures and maps of this book.\\n(10) How do men get ice from a lake (11) In what ways do men\\ncatch fish? What kinds of fish have you seen caught? (12) Find\\npictures of good harbors. Look for the wharves and the breakwater.\\n(13) Build a breakwater to form a little harbor in a small stream or\\npond. (14) Find just how many feet some of our largest ships sink\\ninto the water.\\n(15) Walk toward the nearest large lake. What are some of its\\ntributaries Where is the inlet stream The outlet What are\\ntheir names? (16) Name some cities that are on lake harbors.\\n(17) Write a story telling what you would expect to see along a\\nlake shore.\\nFor Eeferences, see page 109.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "VII. THE OCEAN\\nThe great rivers, starting as tiny brooks, grow into\\nlarger and still larger streams, until, after days and per-\\nhaps weeks, they mingle their waters in the ocean. No\\ndoubt much of the rain falling in your neighborhood\\nfinally reaches the sea in this way and if you could float\\nalong upon it in a light boat, in time you too would reach\\nFig. 57.\\nA view of the great ocean. Notice the sailing vessel in the distance on the\\nright-hand side.\\nthe ocean. How large is this body of water, and what\\nare some other interesting facts about it\\nWe can see across most lakes, and can sail across even\\nthe largest in a day or two but the ocean is far larger.\\nOne could sail upon it in a straight line for weeks with-\\nout coming to any land (Fig. 57). It is so great that it\\nsurrounds all the land on which people live, and no matter\\nin which direction you might travel, if you went far\\nenough you would come to it.\\n62", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE OCEAN 63\\nIf you were to start out to reach the ocean, the journey\\nmight last many days. It might be necessary to go up\\nhills and across valleys, to pass around lakes, and possibly\\nover great ranges of mountains. You would be surprised\\nto find how much land there is, and how many farms,\\nvillages, towns, and cities there are.\\nBut there is far more water than land. In fact, the\\nwater covers about three-fourths of the earth s surface and\\nthe land only one-fourth. If one were to travel entirely\\naround the earth, he would probably spend much more\\nthan one-half of his time upon the ocean.\\nThe ocean is so immense that the great rivers in all parts of the\\nearth pour their water into it. Their mouths may be thousands of\\nmiles apart, yet the sea stretches far enough to reach them all.\\nThe water of the ocean is too salt to drink but river water is\\nfresh. Since there are many thousands of rivers entering the sea,\\nwould you not expect that their water would make the ocean less salt?\\nIt does do so near the mouths of great rivers but soon it becomes\\nmixed and swallowed up in the salt water. This is another way of\\nshowing the size of the ocean, for all the ..river water that enters it is\\nnot enough to make it fresh.\\nThe salt ivater of the ocean surrounds all the land.\\nDifferent parts of tlie ocean have different names. For\\ninstance, the Atlantic Ocean is the part lying between the\\nUnited States and the land called Europe, where the\\nEnglish, German, and other peoples live. We buy many\\narticles from these countries, such as woollen cloth, knives,\\noranges, and olives; and they likewise purchase other\\narticles from us, such as wheat, cotton, and meat. The\\nway to reach these people is to cross the Atlantic Ocean.\\nThe fastest steamers need five or six days for the voyage.\\nIn all parts of the earth, the ocean is a great highway. It is so\\nlarge that thousands of ships are travelling upon it in all directions,", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "64\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\ncarrying people, cattle, grain, fruit, iron, different kinds of machines,\\nand many other things. Although there are so many ships, the ocean\\nis so large that one ship may sail for days without seeing another.\\nOcean navigation is therefore a great business, and many\\nthousands of men are engaged in it. Most of the ships\\nused are larger than the vessels upon lakes, and they sink\\ndeejDer into the water (Fig. 58). Very large ones, when\\nloaded, reach down about thirty feet below the surface.\\nFig. 58.\\nA large ocean steamer, one that sails between the United States and Europe.\\nSee how small the men appear.\\nOf course the ships meet with storms upon the ocean, as upon lakes.\\nIn fact, the ocean waves are at times so high that they sweep over and\\nalmost cover up the largest vessels (Fig. 59).\\nThe coast of the ocean resembles the lake shore in hav-\\ning capes, peninsulas, islands, isthmuses, straits, and ba^^s\\n(Fig. 60). We have learned (pp. 19 and 32) that the\\nland in places has been raised or lowered. When it is\\nlowered near the seacoast, the water enters the valleys", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE OCEAN\\n65\\nand partly drowns the land, as it does in lakes (p. 57).\\nThis of course makes an irregular coast.\\nFig. 59.\\nOcean waves during a storm.\\nNaturally, on such an irregular coast there are harbors\\nwhich large vessels enter, and in which they are safe from\\nstorms. For example. New York harbor is so broad and\\ndeep that hundreds of ships (Fig. 61) are found in it at\\nall times, either loading or unloading their cargoes, or\\nwaiting for storms to pass.\\nFig. 60.\\nA picture of Castine harbor on the irregular coast of Maine. Here the land\\nhas been lowered so that the salt water of the ocean has entered the val-\\nleys, covering their bottoms, but leaving the hill-tops as islands, capes, etc.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "66\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nGoods are brought to New York, not only from Europe, but also\\nfrom China and Australia, and in fact, from all parts of the world. It\\nis quite possible that the tea and coffee which are used on your\\ntable, and the bananas and oranges which you have eaten, were\\nbrought over the ocean and unloaded in this harbor. If not, they\\nwere unloaded in some other fine harbor, such as Boston, San Fran-\\ncisco, or Philadelphia.\\nSince the ocean easily connects sncli harbors with all\\nparts of the world, it is natural that great cities should\\nFig. 61.\\nA view among the ships along the wharves of New York Harbor. The great\\nBrooklyn Bridge is seen behind the masts.\\nspring up where the best ocean harbors are found. It is\\npartly on this account that New York, Philadelphia, Bos-\\nton, and San Francisco have become such large cities.\\nVessels come toward these seaports from all parts of the world\\nbut it is often difficult to tell just where to enter the harbors, espe-\\ncially at night. Ships are in danger of going out of the way, and of\\nrunning upon rocks, or reefs, in the shallow water near the coast\\n(Fig. 62). On that account, tall lighthouses are built on many", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE OCEAN\\nm\\nFig. 62.\\nA vessel wrecked by running aground upon a shallow reef.\\nislands and capes, so that captains may know by their lights which\\nway to go in order to enter the harbors (Fig. 63).\\nThe ocean is a great zuateriuay, connecting different\\nparts of the luorld.\\nNot only are goods carried on vessels, but many men go out in\\nthem, often out of sight of land, in order to catch the fish which\\nlive in such great numbers in the sea. Instead of hooks and lines,\\nlong nets are often used, and in them so many fish are caught that\\nFig. G3.\\nA lighthouse on a rocky point. A bright light is placed at the top of the\\ntower so that it may be seen far away.", "height": "2647", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "68 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nthe vessel is loaded down with them. No doubt some of the mackerel\\nthat you have eaten have been caught in this way. Picture 67, p. 73,\\nshows a vessel that is used to catch ocean fish.\\nIn summer the ocean shore is cooler than the land far\\naway from the sea. This is because the air is cooled as\\nit passes over the water. Many people therefore go to\\nthe seashore to avoid the hot weather, just as others go\\nto the mountains. Here they spend day after day climb-\\ning about over the rocks or walking upon the clean,\\nFig. 64.\\nOld Orchard Beach on the New England coast. Notice the large number of\\nsummer visitors strolling over the cool, hard beach, or bathing in the\\nshallow water.\\nsandy beach, breathing the fresh air, enjoying the beauti-\\nful scenery, and bathing in the cool salt water (Fig. 64).\\nOn this account many houses, and even towns, have been built at\\nthose places along the seashore where people wish to spend their vaca-\\ntions. There are large hotels to accommodate the visitors; and in\\nthe summer these places are crowded; but very few people remain at\\nthe summer resorts during the winter.\\nThere is another way in which the ocean is even more\\nuseful to man. It is the sea-water which supplies us", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE OCEAN\\n69\\nwith moisture, so that there can be rain. If it were not\\nfor the great ocean, very little rain would fall. So every\\none is deeply indebted to the ocean, even though he may\\nlive thousands of miles from it. Soon you will learn\\n(p. 74) how its water reaches us in the form of rain.\\nThe seashore is a popular summer resort; the ocean\\nwater supplies food and inakes rain possible.\\nKivers, lakes, and the ocean present many beautiful views. You\\nmay have observed that in cities, where people plan for fine parks,\\nthey arrange, if possi-\\nble, to have a lake or\\nstream as part of the\\nscenery. A body of\\nwater, even if but a\\nbrook, greatly im-\\nproves a view.\\nA brook is a beau-\\ntiful object (Fig. 65).\\nHow pleasant to see\\nits green banks, to\\nlisten to its rippling\\nwaters, and to watch\\nits tiny rapids, whirl-\\npools, and falls, as it\\ntravels onward to the\\nocean\\nElvers are not less attractive like the brooks, their rushing waters\\nseem to tell a story, and one loves to linger by them, to listen and to\\nlook. At times, when swollen by floods, they are wild and savage\\nagain they are quiet, peaceful, and beautiful. They wind in and\\nout among the steep and wooded hills now they flow along noise-\\nlessly, then they rush over rapids and falls with a roar here their\\nbanks are low and green, there they are high, steep, and rocky.\\nThe lakes and the ocean are sparkling sheets of silvery water, often\\ndotted here and ther-e with white sails. Sometimes the color is green,\\nagain it is blue; and when the clouds hang over it, it is dark and\\nFig. 65.\\nA quaint New England bridge across a beautiful\\nbrook.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "70 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\ngloomy. There ai e beautiful sunrises and sunsets to watcli and\\none can see the storms come and go, with the waves dashing into\\nthe whitest of foam. In fact, the water, the sky, and the coast are\\nalways changing in appearance, so that the lake shore and the sea-\\nshore are among the most attractive of places.\\nThe land and the water together furnish many heau-\\ntiful views.\\nReview Questions. (1) What place does the water of brooks\\nand rivers finally reach (2) How m uch of the earth s surface is water\\n(3) What other facts show that the ocean is very large (4) Tell\\nabout ocean navigation. (5) What is the cause for iri egular ocean\\nshores (6) Tell what you can about New York harbor. (7) Why\\nare large cities found on the fine ocean harbors (8) Of what use\\nare lighthouses? (9) Name some foods obtained from the ocean.\\n(10) Why do many people go to the seashore in summer?\\n(11) Do you know of any park or meadow with a stream or lake\\nin it? If so, describe it. (12) Did you ever enjoy watching the\\nwater? Where was it? (13) How does the surface of a lake or\\nocean change at different times?\\nSuggestions. (1) In what direction would you go to reach the\\nocean? How far is it? (2) Find pictures of large harbors with\\nships in them. (3) Name several seaport cities. (4) Have some one\\ntell you about a journey across the ocean. (5) Name as many arti-\\ncles as you can that come from over the ocean. (6) How does the\\ncaptain of a vessel know in what direction he is going, after losing-\\nsight of land? (7) How are ships made to move through the water?\\n(8) What use is made of whales? (9) Find out how fish are caught.\\n(10) Ask some one who has visited a summer resort on the seashore\\nto tell you about it. (11) Is there any brook or river that you enjoy\\nvisiting? Where is it most beautiful? (12) Tell about some of the\\nstorms on the ocean described in Robinson Crusoe. (13) Do you\\nknow of any views that are made more beautiful by the presence\\nof water? If so, where are they? Describe them. (14) Collect,\\nfrom magazines, pictures of beautiful views with water them.\\n(15) Write a story, telling what you would expect to see in crossing\\nthe ocean. (16) Make a drawing of a ship.\\nFor Refekences, see page 109,", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "VIII. THE AIR\\nSince air cannot be seen, people often forget tliat it\\nreally is something but a fire will not burn without it,\\nand plants, animals, and men must have it to breathe. In\\nfact, drowning means nothing more than sinking under\\nwater, where there is not enough air to breathe.\\nThis is proof that the air is really something, even\\nthough it cannot be seen and you can prove the same\\nthing in other ways. For instance, if you stand with\\nyour face to a breeze, you feel the air moving. Some-\\ntimes this movement of the air, which we call wind, is so\\nrapid that it blows down trees and houses.\\nHere is an experiment to prove that the air is something and that\\nit fills space.\\nFind an empty bottle without a cork and sink it in water with the\\nopen end up. Notice the gurgling noise as the bubbles of air rise to\\nthe surface, while the bottle slowly fills. Where does this air come\\nfrom? And why does not the bottle fill more quickly? You see that\\nalthough we called the bottle empty, it was really filled with air which\\ncould not be seen. The water could not enter the bottle until it pushed\\nthe air out, because the bottle could not be filled with two substances\\nat the same time. So, as the air was leaving, the water was entering.\\nIf the bottle is turned bottom upward, and pushed perfectly straight\\ninto water, the air will be given no chance to slip out, and then the\\nbottle cannot be filled with water.\\nAir is something real and occupies space.\\nThere is air all around the earth, and it extends many\\nmiles above us. This air, often called the atmosphere, is\\n71", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "72\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nusually in motion, now in one direction, now in another,\\nand it often moves fast enough to cause a breeze, or wind.\\nEven when the wind is not blowing near the ground, it may be\\ndoing so far above, where the clouds are. Yon can see that this is\\nso, if you watch the clouds as they are driven along by the winds.\\nLet us see what causes the air to move. Heat has\\nmuch to do with it. If you watch smoke in a room where\\nthere is a lighted\\nlamp, you will see\\nthat it moves toward\\nthe lamp, and then\\nrises above it (Fig.\\n66). Hot air also\\nrises above a stove,\\nor above a furnace\\nthrough the regis-\\nters; and during the\\nwinter, when there\\nis a hot fire, the air\\nnear the ceiling of\\na room is much\\nwarmer than that\\nnear the floor.\\nThe reason for all this is, that when air is warmed, it\\nis expanded and made lighter. Light objects, such as\\nwood, will rise and float in water. So, also, when air is\\nwarmed and made light near a lamp, the cooler, heavy air\\nall around flows toward the lamp and the warm air is\\nforced to rise. It is, in fact, pushed up by the current of\\nheavy, cool air.\\nNow we can understand the cause of winds. The at-\\nFiG. 66.\\nTbe smoke of a cigar rising from the table above\\nthe lighted lamp.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE AIR\\n73\\nmosphere in one place, perhaps to the north of you, is\\ncolder than that where you are. This cold air, being denser\\nand heavier than the warm air, begins to push it away,\\nand thus moves toward you, forming a cold north wind.\\nPeople on the sea or lake shore often have such winds in summer,\\nwhen, during a hot day, the air over the land becomes heated, while\\nthat over the water remains cool. The cool air then commences to\\nmove landward, and a cool sea breeze begins to blow.\\nWhenever the air is heavy in one place, and light in\\nanother, winds will blow toward the place where it is\\nlight. Since this lightness of the air is usually caused by\\nheat, we say that\\nMost ivinds are caused hy differences in the tempera-\\nture of the air.\\nWinds are useful in many ways\\nvessels through\\nthe water, and\\nthey turn wind-\\nmills (Fig. 68),\\nwhich are often\\nused to pump\\nwater from wells.\\nBut what is most\\nimportant, they\\ncarry water all\\nover the earth.\\nAt all times\\nthere is enough\\nwater in the at-\\nmosphere to fill\\nmany large lakes.\\nThey drive sailing\\nFig. 67.\\nA sailing vessel driven through the water by the\\nwind. This is a fishing schooner going out of the\\nharbor of Gloucester, Massachusetts, after a load\\nof fish.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "74\\nHOME GEOGEAPHY\\nYou know tliat there must be some water in the air, for\\nwet clothes hung out on a line become dry as the water\\npasses off into the air.\\nSome of the water in the atmosphere enters\\nit after every rainstorm, when the muddy\\nroads and wet fields are drying but most of\\nit comes from rivers, lakes, and the ocean.\\nWe have already learned (p. 63) that the\\nocean covers about three-fourths of the sur-\\nface of the earth. The air is taking water\\nfrom all parts of it, so that each minute\\nenough water to fill thousands and thousands\\nof barrels is leaving the ocean and fioating\\naway in the atmosphere.\\nAnother reason why we know that there must be much\\nwater in the air, is that much comes out of it in the form\\nof rain, snow, hail, dew, and frost.\\nThe air takes up water from one place and holds it, per-\\nhaps for many days, during which time the winds may\\nhave carried it hundreds of miles it may then be allowed\\nto fall. Thus it is by the help of the wind that rocks are\\nwet and caused to change to soil, plants are made to grow,\\nrivers are furnished with water, and animals and people\\nare given water to drink.\\nPersons living where there is plenty of rain perhaps do\\nnot realize how important it is but there are some parts\\nof the earth where the air is so dry that very little rain\\ncan fall from it. In these places, called deserts (Fig. 69),\\nonly a few kinds of plants and animals can live, while men\\ngenerally avoid them.\\nThe air takes water from the ocean^ o^nd tfi.e winds\\ncarry it about.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE A IB 75\\nWliat causes water to rise into the air And wliy can\\nwe not see it there If you watch a boiling kettle, you\\nwill see that steam rises from it. In a short time all\\nthe water will be boiled out of the kettle, passing into the\\nair, where you can no longer see it.\\nThe water in the kettle was a liquid, which could be seen;\\nbut heat has changed it to a gas, which, like air, is colorless\\nand cannot be seen. Then, too, it is so light that it floats\\nFiG. 69.\\nCamels crossing the desert. Notice how harreu it is.\\nround in the air. This water gas is called water vapor, and\\nthe change from liquid water to vapor is called evaporation.\\nIt is not necessary to boil water to make it evaporate\\nfor all over the earth, where there is water, vapor is rising\\nfrom it into the air. You can prove this for yourself by\\nplacing a pan of water on a table and leaving it for some\\ndays, and then noticing how much of it has evaporated.\\nIt is in this way that the great amount of water, which\\nevery moment is rising from the ocean, is able to pass\\ninto the atmosphere.\\nWcuber vapor is obtained hy evaporation,", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "76\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nWhen it falls from the sky as rain, the water vapor has\\nchanged back to liquid water. What causes it to do\\nthis?\\nHave you ever noticed a glass or pitcher of ice water\\nsweat on a hot summer day (Fig. 70)? The water\\nthat collects on the glass has not leaked through, for there\\nare no holes in the glass. What has really happened is\\nthat the air near the dish has\\nbeen cooled so that the vapor has\\ncollected in drops on the cold sur-\\nface of the glass. Drops would\\ngather there just the same, even if\\nno water were in the glass, pro-\\nvided the surface remained just as\\ncold.\\nOn wash day, when a great\\ndeal of water vapor rises from the\\nboiler, the windows are often cov-\\nered with drops of water, because\\nthe vapor has been changed back\\nto liquid, or condensed, on the cold\\nwindow pane. Your own breath\\ncontains vapor, and you can change\\nit to water by breathing on a cold\\nwindow pane. So you see that if\\nair loaded with vapor is cooled, some of the vapor gas is\\nchanged back to water.\\nThere are several ways in which air may be cooled.\\nYou know that mountains are colder than the lower\\nlands (p. 20) so that winds blowing over them are often\\nchilled, and their vapor condensed. It is evident from\\nthis that mountains are an important help in causing rain.\\nFig. 70.\\nLittle drops of water con-\\ndensed from the vapor of\\nthe air on the outside of\\na glass of cold water.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE AIR\\n77\\nVapor may also be condensed when a cold wind blows\\nagainst a warm one. Again, during summer the sun may\\nshine down so hot that the air near the earth becomes\\nwarm. This makes it so light that it often rises high into\\nthe sky, where the air is so cold that the vapor condenses\\ninto rain. The summer thunder showers, which often\\ncome on hot afternoons, are caused in this way.\\nVapor is condensed by the cooling of the aii\\\\\\nFig. 71.\\nClouds formed upon the mountain sides because the air has been chilled.\\nThere are several different forms of condensed vapor.\\nWhen you breathe into the air on a cold, frosty morning,\\nyour breath forms a little fog or cloud. The cold air has\\nmade the vapor change to tiny particles of water, so small\\nthat you cannot see a single one, though many of them\\ntogether make a thin mist. You have no doubt seen fogs\\nin valleys, on lakes, or over the ocean. These are always\\nmade of tiny drops of water condensed from vapor in\\nthe air.\\nMost clouds are also made of tiny fog and mist parti-\\ncles. These, too, are caused by the cooling of the air,", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "78\\nBOME GEOGBAPHY\\nFig. 72.\\nA summer cloud, often called a thun-\\nder head, formed by the rising of\\nwarm air to such a height that the\\nvapor is condensed.\\nsometimes when it moves against mountain slopes (Fig.\\n71), sometimes when cold winds blow against warm ones,\\nand sometimes when warm air rises high in the heavens\\nand becomes cool (Fig.\\n72).\\nAnother form of con-\\ndensed vapor is the rain-\\ndrop which falls from\\nthe clouds. These drops\\nbegin as tiny mist or\\nfog particles, and then,\\nbecoming larger and\\nlarger, grow so heavy\\nthat they can no longer\\nfloat, but must fall to the\\nground.\\nWe have seen that water may be either a liquid or a\\ngas. There is still another form, the solid, which is pro-\\nduced when vapor con-\\ndenses in a temperature\\nbelow 32\u00c2\u00b0, or the freezing\\npoint. Then snow or hail\\nis formed instead of rain\\n(Fig. 73).\\nAt night, drops of water\\noften collect on the cold\\nground, on grass and\\nleaves, somewhat as it does\\non an ice pitcher or the\\nwindow pane. This is deiv, which gathers because the\\nground cools quickly after the sun sets, so that the warm,\\nvapor-laden air is chilled until the vapor is condensed.\\nFig. 73.\\nPhotographs of snowflakes. Some-\\ntime, when light, feathery snow is\\nfalling, notice what beautiful forms\\nit takes.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE AIR\\n79\\nIf the temperature is below the freezing-point, frost is\\nformed instead.\\nYou will notice that raindrops, fog particles, and snow-\\nflakes form in the air, while dew gathers on grass and the\\ndrops of water on window panes. Really, the raindrops\\nand fog particles also gather on solid substances for\\nthere are many tiny, solid particles of dust floating in the\\nair, which you can often see dancing in a beam of sun-\\nlight, and it is around these that the rain, fog, and snow\\nform.\\nIt is condensed vapor that forms fog, mist, rain,\\nsnow, hail, dew, and frost.\\nUsually winds from certain directions, as from the\\nocean, are liable to bring rain, while others indicate fair\\nweather. By keeping a daily record of the direction of\\nthe wind, and of the kind of weather it brings, you will\\nbe able to find out for yourself which of your winds\\ncause fair weather and which rainy. You might also\\nlook at the thermometer at the same time and note the\\ntemperature. By these means you can learn something\\nabout the weather around your home. A record of this\\nkind, which would be called a weather record^ might be\\nkept somewhat as follows\\nDate and Time of Day.\\nDirection op Wind.\\nKind of Weathek.\\nTemp.\\nAug. 17, 1899, 8 A.M.\\nAug. 17, 1899, 8 P.M.\\nAug. 18, 1899, 8 A.M.\\nSoutheast.\\nCalm.\\nWest.\\nCloudy.\\nGentle Rain.\\nClear.\\n70\u00c2\u00b0\\n72\u00c2\u00b0\\n68\u00c2\u00b0\\n1 If it is practicable, the teacher should at this point introduce an ele-\\nmentary study of weather maps and have the pupils read them each day.", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "80 HOMU GEOGRAPHY\\nReview Questions. (1) Of what use is air (2) How cau you\\npi ove tliat air is something? (3) Describe the experiments with\\nthe bottle. (4) AVhat do they prove? (5) What are winds?\\n(6) Prove that there are winds high above the ground. (7) AVhy\\ndoes the air rise over a lighted lamp (8) What causes winds (9) In\\nwhat ways are winds useful? (10) How can you prove that there\\nis water in the air? (11) Where does most of it come from?\\n(12) What do the winds do with this water? (13) Of what service\\nis the rain (14) AVhat becomes of water as it boils (15) What is\\nwater vapor (16) What is evaporation\\n(17) What happens to vapor when cooled? (18) Tell some\\nways in which you can see condensed vapor. (19) In what ways can\\nthe vapor in the air be condensed (20) Why can you see your\\nbreath on cold mornings (21) How are clouds formed? (22) How\\ncold must it be to form snow? (23) How is dew caused? Frost?\\n(24) Of what importance are the dust particles in the air? (25) Tell\\nhow you would keep a weather record.\\nSuggestions. (1) Why are stoves made so as to let in air for the\\nfire (2) What becomes of the air after it enters (3) How does\\nair reach the wick of a lamp (4) Try a common drinking glass,\\ninstead of a bottle, to show that air takes up space. (5) Heat some\\nmuddy water and watch its movement. (6) Why does smoke go up,\\nand not down, the chimney? (7) Show how a hot stove causes a\\nmovement, or circulation, of the air in a room. (8) Find out how\\nyour schoolhouse is ventilated. (9) How many examples can you\\ngive of evaporation of water (10) Cool a piece of glass or iron and\\nnotice the vapor condense upon it, when the air is muggy or when\\nsteam is passing into the air. (11) Why do clouds frequently sur-\\nround mountain tops (12) See how early in the evening the dew\\nbegins to collect upon the ground. (13) What causes fogs to dis-\\nappear? (14) Which winds usually bring rain to you? (15) How\\nfar have they probably carried the vapor? How long would it take\\nthem to do this, if they travelled at the rate of eight miles per hour\\n(16) Write a story, giving the history of a raindrop.\\nFor References, see page 109.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "IX. INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE\\nEvery man is expected to engage in some kind of\\nwork, or industry, in order to earn a living. For instance,\\nfarmers raise stock and grain, while gardeners produce\\nvegetables and fruit. Tlie crops they raise vary with\\nthe locality.\\nSome men, instead of working in the soil, are engaged\\nin manufacturing such articles as shoes, cloth, and ma-\\nterials used in building and furnishing houses. Are\\nthere any of these men in your vicinity If so, what do\\nthey make You can at least find a blacksmith shop, or\\na tin shop, or a house that is being built. Notice how\\nmany different materials are used by the workmen.\\nStorekeepers do neither of these two kinds of work.\\nWhat, then, do they do Notice how many articles the\\ngrocer keeps in his store, also the dry-goods merchant,\\nand others whose stores you visit. Where do they get\\nthem all\\nAt the present time it is eas}^, where most of us live, to\\nbuy almost anything, and to find men who can do almost\\nany kind of work. We are so accustomed to all this\\nthat we are apt to forget that it has not always been so.\\nNot many hundred years ago there were no stores or\\nhouses in this country and each family, as it settled\\nhere, was obliged to find its own food, make its own\\nclothing, and build its own house.\\nG 81", "height": "2647", "width": "1824", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "82\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nLet us study more fully how people lived in those days,\\nand how changes have gradually been made until the\\npresent manner of living was reached.\\nThe first persons who left Europe, and crossed the\\nAtlantic Ocean to live in this country, naturally settled\\nalong the coast, because that was the first place reached.\\nBut soon men began to pusK into the wilderness\\nfurther west. Often several families settled together,\\nmiles away from other people. Sometimes a single\\nfamily would go off alone, and make a home ten or\\ntwelve miles from the nearest neighbor. Most of the\\nUnited States was first settled by these scattered pioneer\\nfamilies.\\nOf course when a man started out he took some articles\\nwith him, as a gun, with powder and bullets, some cloth-\\ning, and some blankets but upon arriving at his new\\nhome he was obliged,\\nlike Robinson Crusoe,\\nto rely upon himself.\\nIn 1816, when Abraham\\nLincoln was seven years of\\nage, his father moved to\\nIndiana. He had to cut\\ndown trees in order to make\\nroom for a house, which he\\nbuilt of logs with mud be-\\ntween the cracks (Fig. 74).\\nIt had no floor except the\\nearth, and only one room. Abraham slept in the loft, climbing up\\neach night by pegs fastened in the logs. The beds were some posts\\ndriven into the ground with cross-pieces the chairs were three-legged\\nstools, and the table was a part of a log supported upon four legs.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^Vhen a young boy, Abraham wore trousers of deerskin, and when\\nhe was not barefooted he probably used moccasins for shoes.\\nFig. 74.\\nA log house, siich as the pioneers used to\\nbuild in the forests.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "INDUSTRY AND COMMEBCE 83\\nHis father raised enough corn for corn bread their tea was often\\nmade from roots in the forest, and meat was obtained by shooting\\nwild game. Abraham was very fond of books but at night he read\\nby the light of burning wood, for he had no candle or lamp. He\\nwrote with ink made from brier-root, and with a pen made from the\\nquill of a large feather. Almost everything that the family used was\\nraised or made by the father and mother, so that they had to do\\nmany kinds of work.\\nOther pioneers lived in mucli the same manner. Usu-\\nally they raised their grain and wheat for bread. They\\nkept sheep and made the wool into yarn, blankets, and\\ncloth. If a boy needed a new suit of clothes, his mother\\nwould make the^ cloth, cut it, and sew it. They were\\nobliged to do nearly everything for themselves.\\nAs a rule, each man raised more of some things than\\nhis own family could use, as wheat, wool, or hogs but\\nthere were others that he had to buy, as powder, sugar,\\nsalt, pepper, and coffee.\\nIt was the custom, therefore, to drive two or three times\\na year to the nearest large town, perhaps a hundred miles\\naway, taking the products of the farm and exchanging\\nthem for necessary articles.\\nThese trips had to be few, for the roads were often\\nrough, muddy, and dangerous. It might require two\\nweeks or more to haul a load of grain to town and bring\\nback the coffee and other materials the family wanted.\\nIn parts of the world, where there are few settlers, people\\nare still living in this manner.\\nBut one family did not usually live long alone, for soon\\nothers came and settled near them. Perhaps several built\\ntheir houses near together, forming a little village.\\nNow that there Avere more people, the kind of work", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "84 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nthat each did began to change. Perhaps one of them\\nbuilt a saw-mill, and sawed lumber for the others when\\nthey needed it. Another spent part of his time at car-\\npentry work for his neighbors. A third built a grist-mill,\\nand occasionally ground grain into flour. A fourth made\\nshoes, or clothes, a part of his time, or he doctored the\\nsick, or preached, or taught school.\\nPerhaps the blacksmith spent all of his time in his shop, shoeing\\nhorses, making ploughs, etc., while the storekeeper did nothing but\\nbuy and sell goods. He went to the city and bought the supplies that\\nhe thought his neighbors would need, such as matches, boots, shovels,\\ncalico, and drugs, and these he kept in his store for sale.\\nIt was not then necessary for the farmer to go to the\\ndistant town, because he could usually find what he wanted\\nat the store and if he raised more potatoes than he needed,\\nhe could take them to the storekeeper and get coifee in\\nreturn. Or he would receive money for them, and with\\nthis pay the blacksmith who had shod his horses, or the\\ndoctor, or teacher. In many of the less settled parts of\\nthe country this is the way people are still living.\\nEach year more people took up land, until most of it\\nwas carefully cultivated, and towns and cities grew up\\n(Fig. 75). Then they began to live in the way that is\\nnow so common. That is, each man now confines himself\\nto one or a very few kinds of work, and depends upon other\\nmen for the other things that he needs. Those who live\\nin the country are chiefly farmers, and raise the food that\\nwe eat. Others work in mines, digging coal, iron, lead,\\ncopper, silver, or gold out of the ground.\\nMany, instead of raising crops or working in mines, are\\nemployed in mills and factories. One saws logs into\\nlumber, or makes doors another manufactures cloth.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "INDUSTBY AND COMMERCE\\n85\\nanother needles, another shoes. Others follow the indus-\\ntry of tailoring, tanning hides for leather, making clocks,\\netc.\\nStill others are engaged in a third kind of work. They\\ndo nothing but buy and sell such articles, and among these\\nare all the merchants\\nthat we\\nsee m\\nthe\\nstores.\\nUnder these conditions\\nthe work that one man\\ndoes is not only of one\\nkind, but it may be of a\\nvery narrow kind. For\\nexample, a man may do\\nnothing but drive a team.\\nOr he may make shingles,\\nor drive nails, or tie tip\\nsacks of flour, or put in\\nthe heads of barrels. How\\ndifferent this is from the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0work of the pioneers\\nAs a rule, each\\ntown or city is spe-\\ncially interested in\\none or a few kinds of\\nbusiness. For exam-\\nple, a town surrounded by extensive woods is liable to\\nhave an important lumbering industry. Another, in the\\nmidst of mountains, may make mining its especial work\\nor another, near great wheat-fields, may have immense flour\\nmills.\\nThus each town, like each man, is apt to be interested\\nin the production of few things what they raise or man-\\nFiG. 75.\\nThe city of Rochester, in New York, has grown\\nup near these beautiful falls on the Gen-\\nesee River. Some of the factories that use\\nthe water iDOwer are seen in the picture.", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "86\\nHOME GEOGBAPHY\\nufacture is sent away in all directions, and the other arti-\\ncles, that the people in the town want, are brought to them\\nfrom the many places in which they are produced. Find\\nout what is made in your own town, and some of the\\nsubstances that are brought to it.\\nWhen people are so dependent upon others for most of\\nthe materials that they use, it is clear that roadways be-\\ncome of great importance. For if the best wheat for flour\\nis raised in Dakota, if the best shoes and cloth are made\\nin New England, and if the thousand other things that\\nwe must have are produced in a thousand other places,\\nwhat good will they do us if they cannot be brought to us\\nThe pioneers had no roads at first. When Lincoln s\\nfather moved to Indiana, he settled fifteen miles north of\\nthe Ohio River.\\nThere was no\\nroad from his\\nplace, and one\\nof the hardest\\npieces of work he\\never did was to\\ncut one through\\nthe dense for-\\nests.\\nOne of the\\nearly customs\\nwas to follow a\\ntrail, or narrow path, and, instead of using a wagon, to\\ncarry goods strapped upon one s own back, or else upon\\nhorses or mules. A number of horses carrying packs\\nformed ?i pack train (Fig. 76). Pack trains are still com-\\nmon in some places.\\n1\\nIk\\nt/ -UKM^m\\nl^h^ ^^^ffil\\nK*\\nm\\n^M\\n^1\\n1\\nK\\nia\\nL\u00c2\u00a3=iAas.-cfc-i aji*!S^\\nFig. Tfi.\\nA pack train, on a mountain road, carrying supplies\\nto a mine on the mountain side.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "INDUSTRY AND COMMEECE\\n87\\nLater, when roads were more common, they were often\\nrough and muddy and as there were few bridges, streams\\noften had to be waded ov forded.\\nA great deal of labor has been spent in making good\\nroads. Not only must trees be cut down and stumps and\\nstones be re-\\nmoved, but\\nsteep places\\nmust often be\\nlevelled.\\nBridges are al-\\nso necessary,\\nand much work\\nmust be done\\nto keep the\\nroads in re-\\npair. In some\\nplaces where\\nthere is much\\ntravel, as in eastern Massachusetts, great sums of money\\nare spent in making excellent roads.\\nThere is so much carting in cities that their streets\\nmust be paved. Bricks are often used or stones larger\\nthan bricks are laid down side by side and in many\\ncities, asphalt pavements are common. What kind of\\nstreets have you seen, and how were they built\\nWe have already (p. 50) considered the importance\\nof rivers as roadways. When Abraham Lincoln was a\\nyoung man, it was the custom to carry goods from his\\nsection of the country down the Ohio and Mississippi\\nrivers, all the way to New Orleans. These rivers were,\\nin fact, the only good roadways to that great city. The\\nFig. 77.\\nA long freight train, on the Northern Pacific Railway,\\ncrossing the Rocky Mountains. There is another\\nengine in the middle of the train and a third on the\\nrear end.", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "88 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\ngoods were shipped upon fiat-boats, and Lincoln himself\\nmade two such journeys.\\nBut railways are, in many respects, the best roads.\\nEven with the finest of wagon roads, people and goods\\ncannot usually be carried more than twenty to forty miles\\nin a day. Boats are somewhat faster but railway trains\\ntravel from four hundred to a thousand miles per day,\\nand they take both passengers and freight much more\\ncheaply than they can be carried in wagons.\\n1\\n1\\n|B\\nP\\nBHH\\ni\u00c2\u00bbiijj[\\n1\\ni\\ni\\n1\\n1\\n^^s\\nI\\nHill J\\nFig. 78.\\nA view in a freight depot at St. Paul, Minnesota.\\nAs we ourselves travel on passenger trains, we are in-\\nclined to think that the chief business of railways is to\\ncarry people but this is not generally the case. Their\\nmain business is to carry freight, such as grain, cattle,\\ngroceries, and machinery and by doing this they have\\nhad a great influence upon the development of the\\ncountry.\\nFor example, a few years ago it would have done little\\ngood to raise sheep, wheat, and fruit in the far west, be-\\ncause they could not be sent to the great cities to be sold\\nbut as soon as railways were built, these industries, and", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE\\n89\\nmany others, have become\\nof great importance.\\nThere is therefore much\\nmore buying, selling, and\\ncarrying that is, much\\nmore commerce than be-\\nfore the railways were\\nbuilt.\\nLetters, newspapers,\\nand express packages are\\nnow carried very rapidly\\non the trains. Formerly they were sent in stage coaches\\nor on horseback but now many passenger trains have\\none or two cars used for these purposes alone.\\nFig. 79.\\nA freight yard with many freight cars.\\nFig. 80.\\nA view in New York harbor showing the vessels coming and going.\\nIt is clear that good roadways, Avhether made of soil,\\nwater, or iron, are a great help to trade. In fact, without\\nthem there could be very little commerce. The wagon", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "90 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nroads in the country and city are of great value in carry-\\ning goods for short distances as, for instance, to the river\\nwharf or the railway station. Then boats and trains are\\nused to carry them further.\\nNot only is there commerce on the land, but, as we have\\nalready seen (p. 63), thousands of vessels are engaged in\\ncarrying freight on the ocean. They are constantly pass-\\ning up and down the coast of the United States, going\\nfrom one city to another (Fig. 80) with loads of cloth,\\niron, grain, lumber, and hundreds of other articles.\\nVessels are also going and coming at all times between\\nthe United States and foreign countries, bringing materials\\nwhich we need and taking back some of our products.\\nThis is known us foreign commerce.\\nReview Questions. (1) What do merchants do? (2) Who are\\npioneers? (3) Describe the house in which Abraham Lincohi lived\\nwhen a boy. (4) Mention some of the different kinds of work that\\nhis father and mother had to do. (5) Tell about the trips to the\\nnearest large town.\\n(6) How did the work of each man change when the people began\\nto live in villages (7) Give some examples. (8) What would you\\nexpect to see in a general store (9) Make a list of articles that\\nare manufactured. (10) Name several industries. (11) How has\\nthe work of each man changed as great numbers of them have settled\\ntogether? (12) In what ways have men become dependent upon one\\nanother Give examples.\\n(13) Show that roads are of great importance. (14) What kind\\nof roads did the early pioneers have? (15) How did they cross the\\nstreams (16) Why must streets in cities be paved (17) In what\\nrespects are railways better than other roads (18) Tell how rail-\\nways have helped to develop our country. (19) What is meant by\\ncommerce? (20) By foreign commerce?\\nSuggestions. (1) Make a list of the crops grown in your neigh-\\nborhood. How is the work done (2) Do the same for manufactured", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE 91\\narticles. (3) Have you read the life of Daniel Boone, the pioneer?\\n(i) What were some of the things Robinson Crusoe had to do for him-\\nself? (5) Write a story describing an early pioneer s journey to the\\nnearest large town. (6) Read more about the boyhood of Abraham\\nLincoln.\\n(7) Visit a general store in the country. (8) Visit a factory, a\\nblacksmith shop, or a mill. Describe the visit. (9) Make a list of\\narticles that you use which were probably brought from a distance on\\nthe railroad or on water. (10) Find out where some of them came\\nfrom. (11) What is meant by a ford The last syllable in the name\\nof a great many towns is ford, as Hartford, Stamford, and Rockford\\nwhat does that suggest to you? (12) Visit a street where pavement\\nis being laid. (13) Have improvements been made in any river near\\nyou?\\n(14) What freight goods have you seen carried on the nearest rail-\\nway? (15) Visit a freight house to see what is inside. (16) Find\\nout where the boxes, etc., come from. (17) Count the number of\\nfreight cars and of passenger cars that run over the railway during\\none day. (18) Name as many substances as you can that come from\\nover the ocean. (19) Write a story giving the history of the mate-\\nrial of your dress or coat. Of your shoes. (20) Find out some facts\\nabout bananas as, for instance, where they are grown and how they\\nare brought to you. Do the same for coffee, tea, sugar, and other\\narticles of food.\\nFor References, see page 110.", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "X. GOVERNMENT\\nEvery boy and girl has heard men talk about voting^\\nand has noticed how interested they often become as\\nelection time approaches.\\nBut do you know what voting is for Do you know\\nwhy the clay for voting is called election day Find out\\nwhat you can about voting and election.\\nLaws and officers are frequently mentioned when men\\nare talking about election. Can you name some laws\\nand do you know any officers You have certainly seen\\na policeman what does he do You have heard of\\njudges, and of the President can you state anything\\nabout them Can you mention any other officers\\nIn our study of commerce we saw that it required a\\nlong time to reach our present way of living and carrying\\non trade. So it is with our government. At present we\\nhave many laws and officers, while long ago there were\\nvery few of each. Let us see why this is so.\\nThe farmer manages his farm nearly as he pleases. He\\nputs up fences, sells his grain, or feeds it to stock, as seems\\nto him best and when repairs are needed, he looks after\\nthem himself. The miller builds a large or small mill,\\nuses old or new machinery, grinds much or little corn, and\\nmakes repairs, as he chooses. In each case, one man owns\\nand uses the property.\\nBut there are some things that no one man owns and\\nthat all wish to use. This is true, for instance, of roads.\\n92", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "GOVBnNM:ENT 93\\nAll people drive or walk over them, yet they belong to no\\none person. Who, then, should build roads in the first\\nplace, and who should make necessary repairs on them\\nThis was one of the first questions that the pioneers of\\nNew England had to answer. The best way they saw of\\ndoing it, was for those who used the roads in a small\\nsection to meet together and decide, or vote^ as to what\\nshould be done. That is, they made rules or laws about\\nthe roads; then they elected men who should make it a\\npart of their business to see that the roads were built, and\\nthat repairs were made, according to these laws. Such\\nmen were known as officers.\\nSchools also are not owned by one person, and yet many wish to\\nuse them. Large yards, good buildings, and good teachers are all de-\\nsirable but who should provide for them The pioneers of New\\nEngland settled this matter also by voting and by electing officers to see\\nthat the schools were properly managed.\\nMany other important matters were attended to in much the same\\nmanner. For example, there are usually some persons in every com-\\nmunity who are liable to take things that do not belong to them, or\\nwho are noisy and quarrelsome. The pioneers passed laws in regard\\nto such offenders and elected officers, called constables, to arrest them\\nwhen necessary.\\nThus far we have been considering only matters which\\ncould be settled by a small group of people living near\\ntogether in a village or small town (Fig. 81). But there\\nare some matters that cannot be settled in this manner,\\nbecause other people, living far away, are also interested\\nin them.\\nFor example, the managers of a railway company may\\ncharge too much for passengers and freight. In such\\ncases laws may need to be passed, compelling them to\\ncharge reasonable rates. But as these railways are scores.", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "94\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nor even hundreds, of miles long, tlie people of a single\\ntown could do very little witli them. In that case it\\nwould be necessary for those living perhaps hundreds of\\nmiles apart to unite in some way in order to make laws.\\nAgain, it is important that there be buildings in which blind people\\nmay be properly cared for, in which the deaf and dumb may be edu-\\ncated, and insane people confined. There must also be strong prisons\\nwhere criminals may be sent. But in any one town there are not\\nmany such persons, and it would prove very expensive to take proper\\nFig. 81.\\nA small New England town, nestled in a valley among the hills, fields, and\\nforests. Tell what you see in this picture.\\ncare of only a few. This is another reason why a number of people\\nshould unite to make laws on some matters.\\nWe have seen why there must be a town government,\\nand now we see why there niust also be a state government\\nfor a state is nothing more than a large section of country\\nin which all the people unite to make and enforce laws.\\nAll the men of a state cannot assemble at one point,\\nfrom a distance of one or two hundred miles, in order to\\nattend to such matters. Even if they could make the\\njourney at the time appointed, there would be so many of", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "GOVERNMENT\\n95\\nthem that they could not hear one another speak, and\\nlittle business could be carried on.\\nFor these reasons it is necessary for one man to be\\nelected to rept^esent many others. Where there are a\\ngreat number of people, he may represent many thou-\\nsands.\\nSuppose, for instance, that there are a million people living in a\\nstate and that one man is elected to represent every ten thousand\\nthere will then be one hundred such men chosen, and it will be their\\nduty to meet together to make laws for the whole million.\\nSuch men, being chosen to represent the others, are\\noften called representatives; and because they legislate\\n(which means make\\nlaws they are to-\\ngether called the legis-\\nlature.\\nIn order to meet to-\\ngether, these men must\\nassemble in a certain\\nplace, and that place is\\ncalled the capital (cap-\\nital means head city) of\\nthe state. This is a city,\\noften near the centre of\\nthe state, in which there is a fine building, called the state\\ncapital (Fig. 82), where the representatives hold their\\nmeetings.\\nWe saw that in the town the people not only made\\nlaws, but elected men to see that they were enforced. Such\\nmen are necessary for the state also. The leading officer,\\ncliosen to enforce or execute the laws, is the governor,\\nsometimes called the chief executive.\\nFig. 82.\\nThe state capitol of Indiana at Indian-\\napolis.", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "96\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nIn large cities (Fig. 83) there are so many people that they must\\nalso be governed by representatives, as the people of the whole state\\nare governed. The men who make the laws are often called alder-\\nmen and councillors, and the\\nhighest officer, elected to\\nexecute the laws, is known\\nas the mayor. The building\\nin which these representa-\\ntives meet, and in which\\nthe mayor has his office, is\\nthe City Hall. While a city\\nis governed by its own offi-\\ncers in some matters, it is\\nstill a part of a state, and\\nelects representatives to the\\nstate legislature.\\nIn our country there\\nare many states, and\\nthere are some matters\\nthat no one state can\\ndecide alone, because\\nall the others are equal-\\nly interested in them.\\nFor instance, it would\\nbe a great hindrance\\nto travel and trade if\\neach state made its own\\nmoney for then each\\none might have a dif-\\nferent kind, with coins\\nof different names and weights. Every time a traveller\\npassed from the state of New York to Pennsylvania, or\\nMassachusetts, he might be obliged to take the time and\\ntrouble to exchange his money for a new kind.\\nFm. 83.\\nA crowded street in the great city of New\\nYork. Notice the high buildings and busy-\\nstreets. Many officers are needed in such\\na city. Indeed, there are more police-\\nmen in New York City than there are\\nmen, women, and children in some towns.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "GOVERNMENT\\n97\\nAgain, in case of war it would be impossible to make much prog-\\nress if each state acted independently. Perhaps you can give some\\nof the reasons why. Mail is another matter that concerns aU the\\nstates, and there are still others besides. Can you mention some\\nSo it is evident that we need a Uiiited States Govern-\\nment, as well as state, city, and town governments. The\\nreason for calling it the United States Government is also\\nplain for the states have really united in order to have\\none central government for some of their most important\\naffairs.\\nIf the people of a single state cannot meet in a body\\nto make laws, certainly those of the entire United States\\ncannot do so. Representatives are\\nelected and sent, from all the states\\nof the Union, to one place where\\nthey consider the affairs of the\\nwhole nation. The place where\\nthey meet is the city of Washing-\\nton, and it is on that account the\\ncapital of the United States. Here\\nis a magnificent capitol building\\n(Fig. 85) in which the meetings\\nare held and there are many other\\ngreat government buildings be-\\nsides. (See Fig. 85.)\\nThe representatives from all the\\nforty-five states of the Union form\\nwhat is known as Congress. This corresponds to the legis-\\nlature of the states, the congressmen making laws for the\\nnation, as the legislators do for the state. The members\\nof Congress are called senators and rejjresentatives. The\\nexecutive officer of the United States, corresponding to\\nFig. 84.\\nA picture of George Wash-\\nington, after whom the\\ncapital is named. Find out\\nwhat you can about him.", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "98 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nthe mayor of a city and the governor of a state, is called\\nthe President. He lives in Washington, and his residence\\nis called the Executive Mansion, or the White House,\\nsince it is painted white (Fig. 85).\\nBesides these officers who are elected by the people,\\nthere are a great many others appointed by the President\\nto carry on the government work. Many live in Wash-\\nington, but some, as postmasters, live in other places.\\nWe have seen how the people in small towns arrange\\nfor their home government, and how, uniting with those\\nin other towns, they elect some men to represent them at\\nthe state capital and others to represent them at the\\nnational capital. These representatives are elected by\\nmeans of votes that are cast for them.\\nBecause the people make their own laws, our govern-\\nment is called a democracy/. The first part of this word\\nmeans people, and the last part government, so that\\nthe whole word means government by the people. Be-\\ncause the people do not make all the laws themselves, but\\nallow their representatives to make them, it is often called\\na representative government or a republic.\\nIt is often said that our form of government makes us\\nfree and equal. People are by no means so free and equal\\nin all countries. Under some governments, in Europe\\nand Asia, the people have very little to say about the laws\\nthat shall govern them. Nor do the laws protect them\\nall equally, for the high officers say freely what they think,\\nwhile others do not dare to do this. They must obey\\ntheir rulers blindly, just as little children are expected to\\nobey their parents.\\nSuch a government cannot be called a democracy or a\\nrepublic; it is indeed a despotism, ov an absolute monarcJiy.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "^4 -1-\\n7.^\\n|2i\\nM=il", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "100 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nThis means that the ruler is a despot, or a monarch, hav-\\ning complete or absolute power to do what he chooses.\\nFor instance, he puts men to death without any trial, a\\nthing that the laws of our country do not allow. China\\nand Turkey are examples of this kind of government.\\nThere are other nations in which the peoj)le have more\\nfreedom than this, but not so much as we have. They\\nare allowed freedom to do some things which they wish,\\nwhile in other matters they are compelled to obey, with-\\nout even asking any questions. Spain has a govern-\\nment of this kind. Since the people have some rights by\\nwhich the monarch s power is checked or limited, this\\ngovernment is called a limited monarchy. Some limited\\nmonarchies, however, like England, allow a very con-\\nsiderable freedom.\\nReview Questions. (1) Name a few things that no one person\\nowns and that all wish to use. (2) How did the pioneers arrange\\nfor roads? (3) Why was a constable necessary? (4) What are\\nlaws (5) Why must a great many towns and villages unite in order\\nto make laws? (6) Name some of the objects for which they must\\nunite. (7) What is a state? (8) How are laws made in states?\\n(9) Why are the men that are elected called representatives?\\n(10) What is a legislature? (11) Where does it meet? In what\\nbuilding? (12) Where does the governor live? (13) Why must\\nlarge cities also be governed by representatives (14) Name some\\nof the city officers. Where do they meet?\\n(15) Why should not each state make its own money? (16) Why\\nare these states called the United States? (17) Where do the repre-\\nsentatives of the United States meet? In what building? (IS) What\\nis Congress? (19) What is the White House? (20) What does the\\nword democracy mean (21) Why is this government called a repub-\\nlic (22) How are people in many other countries less free and equal\\nthan we are? (23) What is a despotism? An absolute monarchy?\\nGive examples. (24) What is a limited monarchy? Give an example.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "GOVERNMENT 101\\nSuggestions. (1) What persons repair the roads or streets where\\nyou live (2) How are they chosen (3) What officers look after\\nthe schools (4) How is your constable or policeman uniformed\\n(5) Attend a trial to see how it is conducted. (6) What are taxes?\\n(7) In what state do you live? (8) What is the name of your state\\ncapital (9) How far is it from your home, and in what du ection\\n(10) Who is the governor of your state? (11) If you live in a city,\\nwho is the mayor? Where is the City Hall? (12) Ask some friend\\nwho has travelled in foreign countries if he had much trouble with\\nthe different kinds of money. (13) What does U. S. stand for?\\n(14) In what direction is the city of Washington from you, and how\\nfar is it (15) Who is living in the White House now (16) Where\\nare the nearest polls for voting (17) Have some one show you how\\nhe votes. (18) What is meant by the statement that a majority\\nrules\\nFor References, see page 110.", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "XI. MAPS\\nFig. 86.\\nPicture of a schoolroom which is 32 feet long\\nand 32 feet wide.\\nWe often wish, to represent a country upon a map so as\\nto tell, at a glance, its shape, and where the mountains,\\nrivers, and cities are\\nlocated. Such a draw-\\ning can be made of any\\nplace, no matter how\\nlarge or small it is.\\nSuppose we desired\\nto draw only a school-\\nroom (Fig. 86), which\\nis perhaps 32 feet long\\nand 32 feet wide. It\\nwould not be easy to\\nfind a piece of paper\\nso large as that, and it would not be necessary to do so.\\nA small piece would do, because 1 inch upon it could be\\nallowed to represent several feet in the room.\\nIn this case let an inch stand for 16 feet. Since the room is 32\\nfeet on each side, and there are two 16s in 32, the drawing will be\\njust two inches long and two wide. To place the desks and aisles\\nproperly, we will need to use a ruler divided into sixteenths, for one\\nfoot in the room represents y^ of an inch on the ruler.\\nThe ends and sides are marked (Fig. 87) north, east, south, and\\nwest. The teacher s desk is 3^ feet in front of the north wall. There\\nis a row of desks about 4 feet from the west wall. The desks are\\njust 2 feet long, with eight in a row 1^ feet apart. There are seven\\nrows and the aisles between them are each li feet wide. Here is a\\n102", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "MAPS\\n103\\nmap of the schooh oom\\n(Fig. 87). Measure\\neach part to see if it has\\nbeen drawn correctly,\\nusing a foot rule that\\nshows the sixteenths\\nof inches. How large is\\nthe desk The piano\\nWhen a person\\ndraws in this way,\\nletting a certain\\ndistance on the\\npaper represent a\\nmuch greater ons,\\nhe is said to use a\\nscale^ or to make a\\nmap according to a\\nscale. In the school-\\nroom just described (Fig. 87), the scale is 1 inch to 16 feet.\\nIn the next drawing, that of the school yard (Fig. 88),\\nthe scale must be much larger, because the yard is so\\n-C\\nL^ LU LZI LU LZI LZI\\nl:^ CJ LH ^1 [ZD\\nCZl\\n^2 L3 en n^ \\\\zj cj\\nCJ ^1 [ZJ LJ\\nCZI EU CJ CZI\\nCJ ^1\\n1 1\\nSOUTH\\n1 1 1 1 1 1\\n1 1\\n1\\n2\\ni e\\n8 10\\n12 1-1\\n10\\nECALE OF FEET:\\n1 INCH.\\n16 FEET\\nOR\\nXjOF AN\\nINCH\\n1 FOOT\\nFig. 87.\\nA map of the schoolroom shown in Figure 86.\\nFig. 88.\\nPicture of a school yard. Figure 89 shows a map of this.", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "104\\nHOME GEOGRAPHY\\nmuch larger than the room. Here one inch represents\\n140 feet. According to that scale, find out how large\\nthe yard and the school building are (Fig. 89). Find\\nhow far the trees are from each other, from the nearest\\nfence, and from the building.\\nCan you not make a map of your own schoolroom? What scale\\nwill you use? Put in your own desk, but omit the others, if you\\nwish.\\nYou might also draw a map of your school yard. If you prefer to\\ndo so, find its size by stepping or pacing it off, making each of your\\nsteps about two\\nfeet long. Meas-\\nure the building\\nin the same way.\\nAfter having fin-\\nished these two\\nmaps, draw a\\nthird one, includ-\\ning in it not only\\nthe school yard,\\nbut also a few\\nof the neighbor-\\ning streets and\\nhouses. The scale\\nfor this might per-\\nhaps be 1 inch for\\nevery 500 steps.\\nAll maps are drawn to a scale in this way, whether they represent\\na school yard, a state, the United States, or even something still larger.\\nOpposite page 140 you will find a map of North America. On what\\nscale is it drawn Look at some other maps to find out the scale.\\nMaps are used a great deal to show the direction of one\\nplace from another. But a person must first understand\\nwhat is meant by north, south, east, and west. Probably\\nyou already know that.\\nr^\\nSckiialJfmn\\nSlept\\nrra\\n35\\n70\\n105 140\\nScale in feet 1 inch equals in 140 feet.\\nFig. 89.\\nA map of the school yard shown in the picture, Fig.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "MAPS\\n105\\nOne of the easiest ways to find the direction is by a\\ncompass (Fig. 90). This is simply a piece of steel, called\\na needle, that swings about easily and always points to\\nthe north. It is magnetized, like the horseshoe magnets\\nthat you have seen, and it points north-\\nward, because something draws it in that\\ndirection but no one knows certainly\\nwhat this something is.\\nWhen the stars are shining, one can\\ntell which direction is north by the help\\nof the Great Dipper. The two stars on\\nthe edge of the Dipper point toward the\\nNorth Star. It is so bright that it can\\nbe easily picked out, and it is always to\\nthe north of us.\\nOne can also find direction by the help\\nof the sun for, as you know, it rises in\\nthe east and sets in the west. Accord-\\ningly, when one faces the rising sun, his\\nright side is to the south aiid his left to\\nthe north. Which direction is on his right and left when\\nhe faces the west The south The north\\nNortheast means half way between north and east. Southeast\\nmeans half way between south and east. What, then, do northwest\\nand southwest mean\\nPoint north, east, west, south, southwest, northeast, northwest.\\nWalk a few feet in each direction. What direction is your desk\\nfrom that of your teacher From the desks of your friends From\\nthe door? What direction is your home from the schoolhouse From\\nother houses In what directions do some of the streets extend\\nFig. 90.\\ncompass. The\\nletter N means\\nnorth. What do\\nthe other letters\\nstand for Notice\\nthat the needle\\nis pointing north\\nand south.\\nNow let US tell directions on the map. Lay your draw-\\ning of the schoolroom upon your desk, so that the line", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "106 HOME GEOGRAPHY\\nrepresenting the north side of the room is toward the\\nnorth. Also place yourself so that you are facing di-\\nrectly north as you look at the map. If your desk faces\\nthe wrong way for this, turn round, or put your map\\nupon the floor. Now, north on the map is also north in\\nthe room, and the other directions on the map correspond\\nwith those in the room. In which direction, on the map,\\nis the door from your desk? From the teacher s desk?\\nPlace your map of the school yard in the same position\\nand give the directions.\\nYou see that the north side of this map is the side fur-\\nthest from you; the east side is on your right, the south\\nnext to you, and the west is on your left. When a map\\nis lying before us, we usually look at it from this position.\\nBut it is not always convenient to have a map lying\\ndown, especially in the schoolroom, where it must be hung\\nup so that the whole class may see it.\\nLet us hang up one of these maps and take particular\\npains to put it upon the north wall. Which direction on\\nthe map is north now? It is evident that north must be\\nwp, while east is on the right, south is doivn, and west is on\\nthe left. It could not be otherwise. These are always the\\ndirections on a map when it is hanging, and you should\\ndrill yourself so that you will never forget it.\\nGive the directions of objects from one another while the map is\\nhanging up. Put up the map of the school yard, and any others that\\nyou have, and tell the directions from one place to another.^\\n1 After the children are quite at home in using the map when it is\\nhung on the north wall, hang it on other sides of the room and have them\\ngive the directions. This is easy work if properly graded but the fact\\nthat many children studying geography are confused in regard to direc-\\ntions on the map suggests that caution be exercised.", "height": "2641", "width": "1813", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "Fig. 91.\\nTo show what maps mean. The left-hand figures show the country as if you were\\nlooking down upon it; the right-hand figures represent the same country on\\nmaps. Tell wliat you see in each of these.", "height": "2720", "width": "1856", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "MAPS 107\\nIt is clear now what a map is. It is a drawing telling\\nsomething about a country, just as a letter may be some\\nwriting telling something about a friend. When you\\nread such a letter, you think about your friend, how he\\nlooks, what he has been doing, etc. So when you look at\\na map, you should think about the country, how it looks,\\nhow far apart the places are, etc.\\nThere is more than one kind of map. On page 138 there\\nis a picture of North America. It shows how that conti-\\nnent might appear if you looked down upon it from some\\npoint far above. A picture like this, showing the moun-\\ntains and valleys, is called a relief map. That is, it gives\\nyou some idea of the relief or height of the land.^\\nThe maps that you have been drawing do not show this.\\nThey are flat maps, representing the country as if it were\\na flat surface. Opposite page 140 you will find a flat\\nmap of North America. Compare it with the relief map\\non page 138 to see the difference.\\nIn Figure 91 you will see the way in which flat maps are\\nmade to represent the land and water. No attempt is\\nmade on the flat maps to show just what the country\\nlooks like, that is, to represent its relief. They represent\\nthe position and direction of towns, rivers, lakes, etc., just\\nas if the country were perfectly flat.\\nFor Keferences, see page 110.\\n1 If it seems desirable, the teacher may introduce the study of contour\\nmaps at this point. The children could draw a contour map of their own\\nneighborhood, and then possibly make a relief map from it by cutting out\\npieces of pasteboard that correspond to the spaces between the lines.\\nRelifif maps may also be constructed by modelling in sand.", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "REFERENCES TO DESCRIPTIONS, IN PROSE AND POETRY,\\nOF TOPICS TREATED IN HOME GEOGRAPHY. FOR\\nTEACHER AND PUPIL\\nMcM. means The Macmillan Co., New York; Ginn, Ginn Co., Boston,\\nMass. A. B. C, The American Book Co., New York S. B. C, Silver, Burdett\\nCo., New York; Heath, D. C. Heath Co., Boston, Mass.\\nSection I. The Soil. King, The Soil (McM., $0.75); Tarr,\\nElementary Geology, Chapters VI, XI, and pp. 4:75-487 (McM.,\\n11.40); Shaler, First Book in Geology, pp. 24r-29 (Heath, $0.60).\\nAlso other geologies. Nature Study Quarterly, No. 2, October, 1899\\n(Cornell University, College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N.Y. Free on\\napplication) Kingsley, Madam How and Lady Why, Chapter IV,\\nThe Transformation of a Grain of Soil (McM., $1.00) Wilson,\\nNature Study in Elementary Schools. Teacher s Manual, p. 177\\n(McM., $0.90) Frye, Brooks and Brook Basins, section on How\\nSoil is made and carried (Ginn, $0.58); Strong, All the Year\\nRound, Part II, sections 7 and 8 (Ginn, $0.30).\\nSection II. Hills. Whittier, Among the Hills (poem); Whit-\\ntier, The Hilltop (poem) Hutchinson, The Story of the Hills\\n(McM., $1.50).\\nSection III. Mountains. Lubbock, The Beauties of Nature,\\nChapters V and VI (the former on forests) (McM., $1.50) Jordan,\\nScience Sketches, section on The Ascent of the Matterhorn\\n(A. C. McClurg Co., Chicago, $1.50) Whymper, Chamonix and\\nMont Blanc (Scribner, New York, $1.20); Whymper, Travels\\namongst the Great Andes (Scribner, New York, $2.50); Tarr, Ele-\\nmentary Geology, Chapter XVII (McM., $1.40) Tarr, Elementary\\nPhysical Geography, Chapter XIX (McM., $1.40); Shaler, First\\nBook in Geology, Chapter V (Heath, $0.60) Kingsley, Madam How\\nand Lady Why, Chapter V, The Ice Plough (McM., $1.00).\\n108", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "BEFERENCES 109\\nSections IV and V. Valleys and Rivers. Tarr, Elementary\\nGeology, Chapters Vl-X Elementary Physical Geography, Chap-\\nters XV and XVI (each, McM., $1.40); Shaler, First Book in\\nGeology, Chapter VI (Heath, $0.60) Payne, Geographical ISTature\\nStudies, sections on Valleys, Plants of the Valleys, and Animals\\nof the Valleys (A. B. C, 10.25); Kingsley, Madam How and Lady\\nWhy, Chapter J, The Glen (McM., |i.OO); Frye, Brooks and\\nBrook Basins (Ginn, $0.58); Lubbock, The Beauties of Nature,\\nChapters VII and VIII (McM., $1.50). Poems The Brook, Ten-\\nnyson The River, Samuel G. Goodrich The Mad River, Long-\\nfellow The Falls of Ladore, Southey The Brook and the Wave,\\nLongfellow; A Water Song, E. G. W. Rowe The Endless Story,\\nA. K. Eggieston The Impatient River, E. G. W. Rowe the last\\nthree in Payne, Geographical Nature Studies (A. B. C, $0.25).\\nSection VI. Ponds and Lakes. Shaler, First Book in Geology,\\npp. 125-129 (Heath, $0.60) Tarr, Elementary Geology, pp. 188-193,\\nand Elementary Physical Geography, pp. 298-304 (each, McM.,\\n$1.40) Lubbock, The Beauties of Nature, Chapter VIII (McM.,\\n$1.50) Payne, Geographical Nature Studies, section on Pools,\\nPonds, and Lakes (A. B. C, $0.2.5) The Lakeside, poem, by\\nWhittier.\\nSection VII. The Ocean. Shaler, Sea and Land (Scribner, New\\nYork, $2.50); Tarr, First Book of Physical Geography, Part III\\n(McM., $1.10) Lubbock, The Beauties of Nature, Chapter IX\\n(McM., $1.50); Andrews, Stories Mother Nature Told Her Chil-\\ndren, section on Sea Life (Ginn, $0.50) Holland, The Sea\\nVoyage, in Arthur Bonnicastle Dickens, David Copperfield,\\nChapter V; Robinson Crusoe, Chapter III; Taylor, The Waves,\\nWind and Sea, in Nature Pictures by American Poets (McM.,\\n$1.25) Coleridge, The Ancient Mariner.\\nSection VIII. The Air. Tarr, First Book of Physical Geog-\\nraphy, Part II (McM., $1.10); A Summer Shower, Cornell\\nNature Study Bulletin, No. 1, June, 1899 (free on application to\\nCornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.) Murche, Science Reader, Book\\nIII, sections on Air, Vapor in the Air, Vapor What becomes\\nof It? What the Atmosphere Is, Ice, Hail, and Snow (McM.,\\n$0.40); Frye, Brooks and Brook Basins, sections on Forms of\\nWater and The Atmosphere in Motion (Ginn, $0.58) Strong,", "height": "2659", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "110 SOME GEOGRAPHY\\nAll the Year Round, Part IT, sections 33-39 (Ginn, $0.30) Andrews,\\nStories Mother JSTature Told Her Children, section on The Frost\\nGiants (Ginn, $0.50); Payne, Geographical JSTature Studies,\\nmany excellent stories and poems (A. B. C, $0.25); Nature Pic-\\ntures by American Poets Summer Shower, Dickinson Rain,\\nDe Land; Song of the Snowflakes, Cheney; Cloudland, Cheney\\n(McM., 11.25) Wilson, Nature Study in Elementary Schools, Sec-\\nond Reader, the following poems The Rain Shower, The Wind\\nSong, The Bag of Winds, The Sunbeams, Snowflakes, Signs\\nof Rain, The Rainbow (McM., $0.35); Lovejoy, Nature in\\nVerse, the following jDoems Merry Rain, The Clouds, The\\nDew, The Fog, The Rain, The Snow, The Frost, Jack\\nFrost, Little Snowflakes (S. B. C, $0.60) Shelley, The Cloud\\nWhittier, The Frost Spirit Bryant, The Hurricane W^hittier,\\nSnowbound Irving, The Thunderstorm (prose).\\nSection IX. Industry and Commerce. Payne, Geographical Nature\\nStudies, sections on Occupations, Trade or Commerce, Trans-\\nportation by Land, Transportation by Water (A. B. C, $0.25)\\nAndrews, The Stories Mother Nature Told Her Children, section on\\nThe Carrying Trade (Ginn, $0.50) Whittier, Songs of Labor.\\nSection X. The Government. Brooks, Century Book for Young\\nAmericans (Century Co., New York, $1.50); Brooks, The Story of\\nthe United States (The Lothrop Publishing Co., Boston, $1.50) Wil-\\nson, Nature Study in Elementary Schools, Second Reader, section on\\nBoyhood of Lincoln (McM., $0.35) Payne, Geographical Nature\\nStudies, section on Government (A. B. C, $0.25).\\nSection XI. Maps. Excellent outline maps of states and conti-\\nnents, costing IJ to 2 cents each, can be purchased from D. C. Heath\\nCo., Boston, Rand, McNally, Co., Chicago, and other publishers.\\nMaltby, Map Modeling (E. L. Kellogg Co., New Yoi-k, $1.00)\\nKellogg, Geography by ]\\\\Iap Drawing (same publishers, $0.30)\\nRedway, The Reproduction of Geographical Forms ($0.30) and\\nTeacher s Manual of Geography ($0.65) (both by Heath) Frye,\\nThe Child and Nature (Ginn, $0.80); Frye, Sand and Clay\\nModeling (Butler, Sheldon Co., New York, $0.10); Frye, Teacher s\\nManual of JNIethods in Geography (Ginn, $0.50) Kellogg, How to\\nTeach Clay Modeling (E. L. Kellogg Co., New York, $0.25); King,\\nThe Picturesque Geographical Readers, First Book, Lesson XUI\\n(Lee Shepard, Boston, $0.50).", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "Part II\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\no \u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abc\\nI. FORM AND SIZE OF THE EARTH i\\nIts Form. Hundreds of years ago, before America\\nwas discovered, men thought the earth was flat. They\\ntravelled so little that they had no idea of its form or of\\nits size.\\nA few men who had studied the matter believed that\\nthe earth was a round ball, and that if one travelled\\nstraight on in any direction, he would in time return to\\nthe place from which he started. You can understand\\nthis by pushing your finger around on the outside of an\\norange, until it comes back to the starting-point.\\nChristopher Columbus believed this, and went to Spain, hoping to\\nobtain money to secure ships for a long voyage to prove it.\\nMen were at that time in the habit of going to a land, called India,\\nfor spices, silks, and jewels. To reach India from Spain they travelled\\nthousands of miles eastward; but Columbus said that if the earth\\nwere round, like a ball, India might be reached by going loestward\\nacross the ocean, and the distance would be much less. He therefore\\nasked the king of Spain for ships and men to make such a journey.\\nThe king refused the request, because the idea seemed ridiculous;\\nbut the queen came to his aid, and, at last, on August 3, 1492, he\\n1 The use of a globe in this study is very important. Small globes\\nmay be obtained from dealers in school supplies at a very slight cost.\\nIll", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "112\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nsailed westward on a voyage from which many thought he would\\nnever return but, after a journey of several weeks, land was reached\\non October 12th.\\nThinking he had reached India, he called the natives Indians but\\ninstead of that he had discovered Cuba and other islands near the\\ncoast of North America a continent and large ocean still lay between\\nhim and India. These newly discovered lands became known as the\\nNew World, to distinguish them from the Old World, where all white\\nmen then lived.\\n..^^m%\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i^fc;-.-*. -iiS^i;\\n-.\u00c2\u00abr;r-,.-*^ **c^_ -,_ -_ _ ^^^^Ji\\nFig. 92.\\nColumbus landing in America and taking possession of it in the name of the\\nking of Spain.\\nAfter Columbus returned in safety, other men dared to\\nexplore the New World. One of them, named Magellan,\\nstarted to sail round the earth and though he was killed\\nwhen he had reached the Philippine islands, his ships\\nwent on and completed the journey. Since then many\\npeople have made the voyage in various directions, and\\nthe earth has been studied so carefully that every one\\nnow knows it is round.\\nThe great, round earth is also called the ^lohe or sphere.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "FORM AND SIZE OF THE EARTH\\n113\\nNORTH POLS\\nThe reason that it does not seem round to us, is that we\\nsee so little of it at a time.\\nIf you see very little of an orange, it will not look round either.\\nTo prove this, place upon an orange a piece of paper with a small hole in\\nit, so that none of the surface is seen\\nexcepting that which shows through\\nthe hole. This part does not appear\\nround, but flat.\\nIf we could get far enough\\naway from the earth to see a\\nlarge part of it at once, as we\\nare when looking at an orange,\\nor at the moon, we would easily\\nbe able to observe its roundness\\n(Fig. 93).\\nSize of the Earth. Our\\nsphere is so large that even the\\nhighest mountains, when compared to the whole earth,\\nare no larger than a speck of dust\\nwhen compared to an apple. Lofty\\nmountains are rarely more than three\\nor four miles high but the diameter\\nof the earth, or the distance from one\\nside to the other, through the centre\\nof the earth, is nearly eight thousand\\nmiles.\\nThe circumference of the earth, or the dis-\\ntance around the outside of it, is about twenty-\\nfive thousand miles. This is a little more than\\nthree times the diameter, and you will find\\nthat the circumference of any sphere is always\\na little more than three times its diameter.\\nProve this with an orange.\\nSOUTH POLK\\nFig. 93.\\nThe sphere.\\nFig. 94.\\nFigure of the earth\\ncut in two, to show\\nthe diameter, the\\nline passing through\\nthe centre (c).", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "114 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nKeview Questions. (1) What did people formerly know about\\nthe shape of the earth? (2) What is its form? (3) Tell the story\\nof Columbus. (4) Why did he call the savages Indians? (5) Why\\nwas the land he discovered called the New World? (6) Tell about\\nMagellan s voyage. (7) Explain why the earth does not appear to\\nus to be a sphere. (8) What is the diameter of the earth? The cir-\\ncumference (9) The latter is how many times the former\\nSuggestions. (1) Read something about the life of Columbus.\\n(2) Read about Magellan. (3) Find the names of some other early\\nexplorers and read about then}. (4) Trace Columbus s journey on a\\nglobe to see where he actually went. Find India in order to See\\nwhere he thought he had gone, and notice how one can go to India\\nby travelling eastward as well as westward. (5). Make a sphere in\\nclay. Measure its diameter with a needle. (6) How many proofs\\ncan you find that the earth is round? Find out how we know that\\nit is like a ball and not like a cylinder. (7) Write a story about\\nColumbus. (8) Trace on a globe the route followed by our soldiers\\nwho went to the Philippines. Of Admiral Dewey when he returned\\nby way of the Mediterranean. How many days are required for such\\na journey? (9) Obtain a telescope or an opera glass and look through\\nit at the moon.\\nFor References, see page 257.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "11. DAILY MOTION OF THE EARTH, AND ITS\\nRESULTS\\nThe Axis and Poles. The earth seems to us to be\\nmotionless, while the sun appears to move round it each\\nday, rising in the east and setting in\\nthe west. But in reality neither of\\nthese things happens.\\nInstead of being without motion,\\nthe earth is whirling round with\\ntremendous speed. You have per-\\nhaps watched a wheel spin about\\nupon a rod or pin, and have noticed\\nthat the outside goes rapidly, while\\nthe part near the pin moves much\\nmore slowly. It is the same with\\nthe earth; and just as we speak of\\nthe wheel turning upon a pin, so we\\nspeak of the earth turning upon its\\naxis.\\nBut the axis of a wheel is something real, while the axis\\nof the earth is merely a line that we think of as reaching\\nthrough the earth s centre and extending to the surface\\nin both directions.\\nThe two ends of this axis are called the poles of the earth,\\none end being the north pole, the other the soiitJi pole.\\nAllowing an apple to represent the earth, a knitting needle or a\\nstick pushed through its centre would represent its axis, and the two\\n115\\nFig. 95.\\nA drawing of the earth\\ncut through to show\\nthe axis and poles.", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "116\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nNorth Pole\\nends on the surface, the two poles. You can then spin the apple,\\nvery much as the earth spins (Fig. 97).\\nIf you were to go directly north from the place where you live, you\\nwould in time come to the north pole or, if far enough south, to the\\nsouth pole. Many men have tried to cross the icy seas (Fig. 100) that\\nsurround the north pole. If one ever reaches that point, he will not\\nfind a pole but the north star, toward which the axis points, will be\\nalmost directly overhead.\\nThe Equator. Midway between these poles, we think\\nof another line drawn around the earth on the outside.\\nThis is called the equator, be-\\ncause all parts of it are equally\\ndistant from each of the poles.\\nOn page 113 the distance\\naround the earth was given\\nwhat, then, is the length of the\\nequator\\nAs the earth spins on its axis, all\\npoints on the surface must go with\\nit, as every part of the skin of an\\napple turns with it. Since the earth\\nmakes one complete turn each day, a\\nman at the equator travels twenty-\\nfive thousand miles every twenty-four\\nhours. What a whii ling motion that\\nis! It is at the rate of over one thousand miles an hour, while the\\nfastest trains run little more than sixty miles an hour.\\nWhy do not places considerably north or south of the equator move\\nas rapidly as those at the equator\\nFig. 96.\\nThat half of the sphere contain-\\ning the New World, to show\\nthe position of the poles and\\nthe equator.\\nGravity. What, then, is to hinder our flying away\\nfrom the earth, just as, when a stone is whirled about on\\na string, it flies away the moment the string breaks And\\nwhy is not all the water hurled from the ocean?", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "DAILY MOTION OF THE EARTH 117\\nThe reason is that the earth draws everything toward\\nit. If you push a book from your desk, it falls to the\\nfloor; and when you spring into the air, you quickly\\nreturn to the ground. All objects are drawn doivnward,\\nbecause the earth is pulling upon them. It attracts them\\nmuch as a horseshoe magnet attracts pieces of iron.\\nThe force with which the earth draws all objects toward\\nit is called gravity and it is because of gravity that the\\nwater, trees, houses, and we ourselves, do not fly off when\\nthe earth is turning at such a tremendous speed.\\nSunrise and Sunset. The sun seem% to rise in the east\\nand set in the west. This could not be the case if the\\nearth did not turn or rotate toward the east for all\\nheavenly bodies must first appear in the direction toward\\nwhich the earth turns. This eastward rotation of the\\nearth, therefore, explains why the sun seems to rise and\\nset as it does.\\nHundreds of years ago people thought that the sun actually rose,\\nand, after moving across the heavens, set m the west. We still use\\nthe words sunrise and sunset which they used, although we\\nknow that the sun appears to rise only because the earth rotates.\\nDay and Night. It is this rotation that causes day\\nand night. A lamp can light only one-half of a ball at\\na time, as you know. So the sun can light only half of\\nthe great earth ball at one time. That being the case, if\\nour globe stood perfectly still, there would always be day\\non the half next to the sun, and night on the other half.\\nBut since the earth rotates, the place where it is day\\nis constantly changing and while -the sun is setting for\\npeople far to the east of us, it is rising for those far to\\nthe west. When it is noon where you live, it is midnight\\non the other side of the earth. Thus each place has its", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "118 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nperiod of daylight and darkness and as the earth makes\\none complete rotation every twenty-four hours, the day\\nand night together must last just that length of time.\\nFig. 97.\\nAn apple lighted by a candle on one side, to illustrate the cause of day\\nand night.\\nReview Questions. (1) What motion has the earth (2) What\\nis the axis of the earth (3) The north pole The south pole\\n(4) Represent the axis and poles by using an apple. (5) Walk toward\\nthe north pole. Toward the south pole. (6) What is the equator?\\n(7) How long does it require for the earth to turn completely around\\nonce? (8) What rate of travel is that, for a point upon the equator?\\n(9) Why are we not thrown away from the earth? (10) Give sev-\\neral examples showing what is meant by gravity. (11) In what\\ndirection is the earth rotating (12) How does that explain sunrise\\nand sunset? (13) What causes night? (14) What would be the\\nresult if the earth did not rotate? (15) When it is noon here, what\\ntime is it on the other side of the earth? (16) How long must the\\nday and night together last Why", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "DAILY MOTION OF THE EARTH 119\\nSuggestions. (1 Point out the axis of a wheel of a top of a\\nrotating ball of a spinning globe. (2) Mark the two poles on an\\napple or ball, and then draw a line for the equator. (3) Mould a\\nsphere in clay, and show the poles and the equator. Cut it in half,\\nand mark a line for the axis. (4) Find exactly how many miles a\\npoint on the equator moves each hour. (5) Use a horseshoe magnet\\nto attract pieces of iron. (6) Use a globe, or apple, and a lamp to show\\nwhy the sun appears to rise and set, and why it is day on one side\\nwhile it is night on the other. (7) Watch the stars in the east some\\nnight, to see which way they appear to move. (8) Why do not the\\nclouds appear to move westward also (9) Is the sun always shin-\\ning during the day Why, then, do we not always see it (10) Who\\nwas Atlas? Who was Aurora? (11) Find out what the ancients\\nsupposed became of the sun each night. (12) When it is noon here,\\nwhat time is it one-fourth of the distance around the earth to the\\neast? To the west?\\nFor References, see page 258.", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "III. THE ZONES\\n,NO\u00c2\u00a3TH.POLB\\nSOUTH POLB.\\nFig. 98.\\nBoundaries of the Zones. The sun s rays feel warmer\\nat noon than in the early evening because the sun is more\\nnearly overhead at noon, and\\nthe rays then reach us nearly\\nvertically.\\nFor the same reason the sun\\nseems hotter in summer than in\\nwinter, and in some parts of\\nthe earth than in others.\\nThe hottest part of the earth\\nis near the equator, for in that\\nregion the sun at midday is di-\\nrectly over the heads of the\\npeople. That is the case, for a\\npart of the year, as far north as\\nthe line on the map (Fig. 98)\\nmarked tropic of Cancer^ and as\\nfar south as the one marked\\ntropic of Capricorn. Point to them on Figures 119 and\\n120. These lines are more than three thousand miles\\napart, a distance greater than that across the United States\\nfrom Boston to San Francisco and over that vast area\\nthe heat is intense, or torrid. Those who live there wear\\nonly the very lightest clothing, and the savages have\\nalmost none (Fig. 99).\\nBut further north and south the heat becomes less and\\n120\\nA map of the zones. The colors\\nsuggest sharp differences be-\\ntween the zones on the two\\nsides of the boundaries but\\nyou should remember that the\\nchanges are very gradual.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "TEE ZONES\\n121\\nless intense, because the rays of the sun, even at noon,\\napproach the earth at a greater slant. There is a region,\\nthen, on each side of this broad hot belt, where it is neither\\nvery hot nor very cold, but tempei ate.\\nFinally, near the poles, the rays are very slanting, as\\nthey are in our early morning or late afternoon. There\\nit is so cold, or frigid^ that the ground never thaws out,\\nthe ice never entirely disappears, and very little vegeta-\\ntion can grow.\\nTorrid Zone. Thus one part of the earth has a hot\\nclimate. There the noonday sun is always so directly\\nover the heads of the\\ninhabitants that they\\nnever have winter.\\nThis hot region ex-\\ntends entirely around\\nthe earth, like a great\\nbelt, and the equator\\nis in the middle of\\nit. This is called the\\ntropical belt, or the\\ntropical or torrid zone,\\nand sometimes the\\nequatorial belt. Why\\nthe latter name\\nTemperate Zones.\\nOn the north and\\nsouth sides of this\\nare the two temperate\\nzones. People living\\nin the north temperate zone find the sun to the south of\\nthem at noon, even in summer and their shadows always\\nFig. 99.\\nPhilippine savages hunting; their home is in\\nthe torrid zone, and they need almost no\\nclothing.", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "122\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nfall toward the north. But in the south temperate zone the\\nmidday sun is always in the north. Which way must the\\nshadows fall in that zone\\nNotice the position of the sun at midday where you live, and also\\nthe direction and length of your shadow at that time. In which of\\nthe temperate zones do you live\\nFig. 100.\\nCape York Eskimos, Greenland, in their summer dress, standing by their\\nsleds on the ice-covered sea.\\nFrigid Zones. North of the north temperate zone, and\\nsouth of the south temperate, are the frigid zones, where\\nthe sun is never high in the heavens, but even at midday\\nis near the horizon. There the shadows are very long, as\\nthey are with us in the late afternoon. In consequence,\\nwhile at the equator there is never any winter, near the\\npoles there is never any real summer weather.\\nThe nortbei n of these zones is called the north frigid", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "THE ZONES 123\\nzone (Fig. 100) the southern, the south frigid zone. They\\nare also known as the polar zones, since they surround the\\npoles.\\nIt is so cold that no one has ever been able to reach either of the\\npoles. These are surrounded by miles and miles of snow and ice, and\\nvessels hundreds of miles away from them ai-e in danger of being\\ncrushed by ice, or held by it so that they cannot move.\\nHemispheres. The half of our sphere north of the equator is\\ncalled the northern hemisplieve (or half sphere), the southern half, the\\nsouthern hemisphere. The earth is also divided into halves by a circle\\nrunning north and south through both poles, the western half, con-\\ntaining the New AVorld, being called the loestern hemisphere, and the\\neastern half, containing the Old World, the eastern hemisphere.\\nReview Questions. (1) What is the cause for the great heat in\\nthe torrid zone (2) What are its boundaries (3) What other zones\\nare there What are their boundaries (4) In which direction does\\nthe midday sun lie in each zone (5) In which direction do the\\nshadows then fall? (6) Why should the heat grow less, the farther\\none travels from the equator? (7) Why has no one ever been able to\\nreach either pole (S) Which part of the earth has no cold weather\\n(9) Which part has no hot weather? (10) Point out the zones in\\nFigure 98. (11) Represent them in a drawing of your own.\\n(12) Name the hemispheres and tell where each is.\\nSuggestions. (1) Find out more about the reason why the sun s\\nrays are hotter when the sun is overhead than when it is low in the\\nheavens. (2) Write a story telling about the changes in clothing\\nyou would need to make in passing from the north to the south pole.\\n(3) In which direction would you look to see the sun at noon on such\\na journev (I) How might the changes in heat affect the growth of\\ntrees and other plants (5) How would the direction of your shadow\\nchange? Its length? (6) If there were no watches or clocks, how\\ncould you tell the time of day from the sun? (7) Find out about\\nsome of the men who have tried to reach the north pole. (8) In\\nwhich zone should you prefer to live? Why? (9) Explain how some\\nplaces in the temperate zone are warmer than some in the torrid\\nzone, For references, see p. 258.", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "IV. HEAT WITHIN THE EARTH, AND ITS\\nEFFECTS\\nHeat in Mines. While much is known about the sur-\\nface of the earth, very little is certain about its interior.\\nThe reason for this is that people cannot go far down\\nbelow the surface in order to see what is there.\\nFig. 101.\\nMelted rock, from a volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, flowing over the face\\nof a precipice into the water.\\nIn some places there are mines reaching fully a mile\\nbelow the surface. This may seem a great depth but\\nwhen it is remembered that it would be necessary to go four\\nthousand times as far to reach the center, it is plain that\\nthis is really a short distance. A mile below the surface\\nof the earth is not so much as the thickness of the skin of\\nan apple, compared with the thickness of the apple itself.\\n124", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "HEAT WITHIN THE EARTH\\n125\\nIn all of these mines, and in many deep wells, men find\\nsolid rock, usually covered at the surface with soil but\\nno one has ever gone beyond this rock.\\nIt is interesting to note that the farther miners have\\ndug down into the earth, the warmer they have found it.\\nThe thermometer rises about one degree for every fifty or\\nsixty feet, and some mines, as they have been deepened,\\nhave become so hot that men could no longer work in them.\\nMelted Rock. This has led to the belief that, if it were possible\\nto go still deeper, the earth would be found to gpow hotter and\\nhotter, until, several miles below the surface, it might be hot enough\\nto melt rocks.\\nAnother fact leading to the same belief is that, in some regions,\\nmelted rock, called lava, actually flows out of the earth, and then\\ncools to form solid rock (Fig. 101). In some places so much lava has\\nflowed forth at different times, and collected about the opening called\\nthe crater, that a mountain\\npeak has been built. Such\\npeaks are called volcanoes\\n(Fig. 102), and some of them\\nare many thousand feet high.\\nThe Earth s Crust.\\nFrom a study of the\\nearth it seems certain\\nthat, although the out-\\nside is now cold, it was\\nonce hot, and that the\\nmass within is still hot.\\nIt may be compared to a biscuit that is still hot inside, al-\\nthough its crust has become cool. In fact, this cold out-\\nside part of the earth is generally called the earth s crust.\\nCause of Mountains. It was stated on page 19 that\\nsome parts of the earth have been raised to form mountain\\nFig. 102.\\nVesuvius, in Italy, sending out lava, ashes,\\nand steam during an eruption some\\nyears ago.", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "126 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nranges, while others have been lowered to form valleys.\\nWe are now ready to explain how this has happened.\\nYou have, perhaps, seen a blacksmith put a tire upon a\\nwheel. He heats the tire so hot that it expands, and it is\\nthen easily placed over the wheel. But when the iron\\ncools it shrinks, so that the tire then fits the wheel tightly.\\nThe hot interior of the earth is under-\\ngoing a similar change, since every year\\nit is slowly growing cooler, and, there-\\nfore, shrinking or contracting. This al-\\nlows the cool crust to settle but, being\\ntoo large, it wrinkles, or puckers, causing\\nthe rocks to bend and break, and form-\\ning great mountain ranges and valleys.\\nFig. 103.\\napple wri\\nthrough drying.\\nOne sees something of the same kind in an\\napple that has become dry and wrinkled (Fig.\\n^1, u J 103). It has dried because some of the water\\nbeneath the tough skin has gone into the air as\\nvapor thus the inside has been made smaller. The skin of the apple,\\nlike the crust of the earth, has then settled down and become wrinkled.\\nCause of Continents and Ocean Basins. The mountains\\nand valleys are not the largest wrinkles on the earth s\\nsurface. As the crust has settled, some portions have\\nbeen lowered several miles further than others, and in\\nthese great depressions the waters have collected, forming\\nthe oceans^ which in places are four or five miles deep.\\nThose great portions of earth s crust which rise above\\nthe ocean are called continents and the highest mountain\\npeak upon them is fully eleven miles above the deepest\\npart of the ocean.\\nChange in the Level of the Land. The contracting of the earth\\nJias caused many changes, and is still causing them. Some parts of", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "HEAT WITHIN THE EARTH\\n127\\nthe laud have risen out of the ocean, and other parts have sunk\\nbeneath it. Perhaps the place where you live, even though it be\\namong the mountains, was once below\\nthe ocean. This can be proved, in\\nsome places, by finding certain shells,\\ncalled fossils, in the ocks.\\nAges ago these shells were parts of\\nanimals living in the ocean but on\\nthe death of their owners they became\\nburied in the mud and lay there for\\ncenturies until the layers of mud be-\\ncame slowly hardened into rock. This\\nwas later lifted above the water, and\\nthen frost, rain, and rivers wore the\\nupper layers away, bringing the fossils\\nto light.\\nWe have already seen (page 2) how rock is changing to soil and\\nbeing washed from the land into the ocean. We now learn that this\\nsettles upon the ocean bottom, hardens into rock, and then, perhaps,\\nis lifted into the air. These changes are very slow, but they are going\\non all the time. Places once inhabited by men are now beneath the\\nsea, and others where they now live have risen above it.\\nFig. 104.\\nA rock containing many fossil\\nshells.\\nEeview Questions. (1) What is known about the tempera-\\nture of the earth below the surface? (2) What does that suggest?\\n(3) What other proof of this conclusion is there? (4) What is a\\nvolcano? (5) What is the crust of the earth? (6) What happens as\\nthe interior cools? (7) Compare this with the drying of an apple.\\n(8) How have the ocean basins and continents been formed? (9) What\\ndo fossils in the rocks prove\\nSuggestions. (1 Collect pictures of volcanoes. Of earthquakes.\\nRead about some volcanic eruption. (2) Make a drawing of a vol-\\ncano. (3) Dry an apple and notice the change. (4) Not all rocks\\ncontain fossils but examine those in your section to find if they do.\\n(5) If you live near a beach, notice how shells are covered by the\\nsands. (6) If a mine were a mile deep, what would be the tempera-\\nture at the bottom, if the average temperature at the surface is 45\u00c2\u00b0.\\nFoK References, see page 258.", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "Fig. 105.\\nLand (on left-hand side) and water (on right-hand side) hemispheres.\\nHemisphere means half sphere that is, half of the earth.\\nV. THE CONTINENTS AND OCEANS\\nLand and Water. The greater part of the land is found\\nin the northern hemisphere, the greater part of the water\\nin the southern. (Figs. 106 and 112.)\\nIt is possible to divide the earth\\ninto halves, in one of which the\\nland hemisphere nearly all the land\\nis situated, while in the other the\\ntoater hemisphere there is very little\\nland. From Fig. 105 you see that\\nmuch more than half the earth s sur-\\nface is water.\\nFig. 106.\\nThe northern hemisphere, show-\\ning the land about the north\\npole, Eurasia in the eastern\\nhemisphere, and America in\\nthe western.\\nThe Continents\\nIn Figure 106, or, better, on\\na globe, notice that two great\\nmasses of land extend from the\\nnorth polar zone. One of these\\n128", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "THE CONTINENTS AND OCEANS 129\\nlies in the western hemisphere, and is the land on which\\nwe live the other is in the eastern hemisphere.\\nNorth America. The western land, which is better\\nshown in Fig. 107, is broad near the north pole, and tapers\\ndown nearly to a point iust\\nJ. J North Pole\\nnorth of the equator, having\\nthe form of a triangle. What\\nis the name of this part ^K s\\nShow where New York, Washing-\\nton, and Chicago should be on this\\nmap. (See the map, Fig. 120.) Point\\nalso to your home. Find some rivers,\\nmountains, peninsulas, gulfs, and other\\nforms of land and water.\\nSouth America. South of\\nNorth America, and connected\\nwith it by a long neck of land, ^he half of the sphere containing\\nJo the New World,\\nthe Isthmus of Panama, lies the\\ncontinent of South America. The two continents together\\nare called the two Americas, forming the New World\\nwhich Columbus discovered (p. 111). Notice how much\\nalike they are in shape draw triangles to show this.\\nThrough what zones does North America extend? (See Fig. 98,\\np. 120.) South America? Point to the places where there is snow all\\nthe time to the part where there is never any snow. Where must\\nthe Eskimo girl, Agoonack, one of the Seven Little Sisters, have\\nlived Read about the Eskimos on p. 192.\\nTell how the climate would change if you were to travel from the\\nnorthern end of North America to the southern end of South America.\\nWhat changes would you expect to find in the plants? In the cloth-\\ning of people? Write a story about such a journey.\\nOn the next page are pictures of some of the wild animals of South\\nAmerica (Fig. 108). What wild animals live in North America?\\nCollect pictures of them. Have you ever seen any of them\\nK", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "MONKEY\\nCONDOR\\nFig. 108.\\nSome of the animals of South America.", "height": "2684", "width": "1855", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "THE GONTiNENTS AND OCEANS\\n131\\nFig. 109.\\nA hemisphere showing a part of\\nEurasia and Alrica.\\nEurasia. East of us, across\\nthe Atlantic Ocean, is the Old\\nWorld (Figs. 109 and 113).\\nMore land is found there than in\\nthe New World, and the largest\\nmass of it is called Eurasia.\\nThe northern part of Eurasia\\nis in the North Frigid zone, on\\nthe opposite side of the north pole\\nfrom North America (Fig. 106),\\nand extends a great distance east\\nand west. Find for yourself\\nhow far south it reaches, and through what zones it passes.\\nLong ago, before Columbus made his voyage to the New\\nWorld, all the\\ncivilized people\\nlived in Europe.,\\nthe western part\\nof that great\\ncontinent.\\nThe homes of\\n.Jeannette and Lou-\\nise, two of the Seven\\nLittle Sisters, were\\nin that country. If\\nyou have read the\\nstory, can you not\\ntell some things\\nabout each of them\\nFig. 110.\\nThe home of Jeannette, among the Swiss mountains.\\nFind other pictures of these mountains on pages 18\\nand 23.\\nThe eastern\\npart of the con-\\ntinent is called\\nAsia.", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "132 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nRead in the Seven Little Sisters about Gemila, the child of the\\ndesert, and of Pen-se, the Chinese girl, whose homes were in Asia.\\nEurope is usually considered one continent and Asia an-\\nother, although, as you can see from the maps, especially\\nFig. 105, they are not so clearly separated as the other\\ncontinents are. For this reason Europe and Asia are\\noften called one continent, Eurasia, the name being made\\nup of Eur, from Europe, and Asia.\\nPoint toward this continent. Walk toward it. Which is probably\\nits warn^est part?\\nFig. 111.\\nThe tiger, one of the wild animals of Africa and Asia.\\nAfrica. South of Europe is the continent of Africa.\\nHere lived the little dark girl, Manenko, one of the Seven Sisters,\\nand this is the place the negroes came from.\\nIn what zones does Africa lie How does it compare\\nwith South America in temperature In shape In what\\ndirection would you start in order to go directly to Africa\\nAustralia. South of Asia are many large islands called\\nthe East India Islands (Fig. 119). Find the zone in which\\nthey lie. Southeast of these is a large island known as the\\ncontinent of Australia (Fig. 119). In what zones is it?", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "THE CONTINENTS AND OCEANS\\n133\\nThe Oceans\\nThe Arctic and Antarctic. There seems to be a\\ndeal of land but, as we have learned (p. 63),\\nfourths of the earth is covered by ocean water,\\nwater around the north pole (Fig. 106) is called the\\nOcean. Find it on a globe.\\nThere are many islands in this\\nocean, and the water between thein is\\ncovered with ice. The climate is so\\ncold that there are very few people,\\nand no crops of any kind can be raised.\\nHere the Eskimos live, hunting the\\npolar bear, seal, and walrus to obtain\\nmeat for food, fur for clothing, and\\noil for fuel and light (see p. 192).\\nFig. 112.\\ngreat\\nthree-\\nThe\\nArctic\\nThe southern hemisphere, show-\\ning the water surrounding the\\nsouth pole. Notice that the\\nAntarctic is not separated by\\nlaud from the other oceans.\\nJJOKTII POLE\\nMuch less is known about\\nthe Antarctic Ocean (Fig. 112),\\nwhich surrounds the south pole,\\nand on which there is also a\\ngreat deal of .floating ice.\\nThe Atlantic. Extending from the Arctic to the An-\\ntarctic is the Atlantic Ocean., hav-\\ning the Old World on the east\\nand the New World on the west.\\nThis is the water that we cross\\nin going to Europe, and many of\\nthe things we eat and wear are\\nbrought across it. Can you name\\nsome of them Find what con-\\ntinents the Atlantic bathes.\\nFig ^TS. T^e Pacific. The water west\\nThe Atlantic Ocean. of North America is called the", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "134\\nTRE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nNORTH I OT.E\\nSOUTH I OLE\\nFig. 114.\\nThe eastern part of the Pacific\\nOcean.\\nNOBTH POLE\\nPacific Ocean, which is the larg-\\nest of all oceans, covering more\\nthan one-third of the earth s\\nsurface. What continents does\\nit bathe Walk toward it.\\nThe Indian. There is still an-\\nother great body of water called\\nthe Indian Ocean (Fig. 109). It\\nlies south of India in Asia, and\\nbetween Africa on one side and\\nAustralia and the East Indies on\\nthe other.\\nThe Ocean Bottom. The\\ndepth of the ocean water varies\\nconsiderably on the average it\\nis a little over two miles, bat in\\nsome places it is more than four\\nmiles deep. In this immense\\nbody of water are millions of\\nanimals, some of them, as the\\nwhale, shark, codfisli, and seal,\\nbeing of use to man.\\nThe bed of the ocean is\\nmainly a great plain, where it\\nis as dark as our darkest night, because the sunlight\\ncannot pass\\nthrough so\\nmuch water.\\nIn conse-\\nquence, the\\nFig. 116. fish living\\nOne of the deep-sea fish. there have\\nSOUTH I Ol.E\\nFig. 115.\\nA part of the globe. What con-\\ntinents and oceans are shown", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "THE CONTINENTS A,NI OCEANS\\n135\\nlittle use for eyes, and some that have been brought to the\\nsurface have none.\\nThe mud which covers the bottom is in many places\\nmade up of the shells of tiny animals, many of them even\\nsmaller than a pinhead. Some of the chalk used in\\nschools was just such mud before it was raised to form\\nrock layers on the dry land.\\nMountains in the Oceans. While most of the bottom\\nof the sea is a plain, some parts are not so level. Here\\nand there are mountain peaks, and chains of islands,\\nextending above the sea far away from the continents.\\nMany of these are portions of mountain chains rising\\n^bove the water, having been\\nlifted to such a height by\\nthe wrinkling of the earth s\\ncrust through contraction but\\nmany, like the Hawaiian Is-\\nlands, are volcanoes which have\\nbeen built up by lava flowing\\nfrom the interior of the earth\\n(see pp. 124 and 125).\\nCoral Islands. In the open\\nocean there is another inter-\\nesting kind of island known as the coral island (Fig. 118).\\nSome very tiny creatures, called coral polyps, build hard,\\nlimy coral, such as you have no doubt seen. Where the\\nocean water is warm, as in the torrid zone, these little\\nanimals live in immense numbers. Millions of them may\\nbe found around a single island, and every one is busy\\nbuilding its tiny skeleton of lime.\\nEach polyp resembles a fully blossomed flower and\\nthey vary greatly in color, being white, pink, purple, red,\\nFig. 117.\\nA piece of coral, with the polyps\\nprojecting from the hard coral\\nlike a bunch of flowers.", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "136\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nFm. 118.\\nA ring-like coral island,\\ncalled an atoll, in the\\nopen ocean.\\nyellow, brown, and many other col-\\nors. It is a truly beautiful sight to\\nsee them spread out in the water,\\nlooking like a flower garden in the\\nsea (Fig. 117).\\nWhen these coral animals die,\\nthe hard coral part remains. Then\\nother polyps build upon these skele-\\ntons, and this is continued until\\nthe surface of the water is reached\\nand coral islands are formed.\\nReview Questions. (1) Name the five continents, counting\\nEurasia as one. (2) Write their names. (3) Walk toward each of\\nthem. (4) Tell what you can about each. (5) Where is the Arctic\\nOcean? The Antarctic? (6) Tell something about the people and\\nanimals of the Arctic region. (7) What oceans touch North Amer-\\nica (8) Name five oceans. Which is the largest (9) How deep\\nis the ocean water? (10) Name some of the animals that live in it.\\n(11) What are the conditions on the ocean bottom? (12) In what\\nways are islands in the open ocean formed? (13) Explain how coral\\nislands are made.\\nSuggestions. (1) Make an outline drawhig of each of the con-\\ntinents. (2) Of each of the oceans. (3) Collect pictures of the\\nanimals, people, and scenery of the different continents. Many such\\npictures are printed in the magazines. (4) Write a story about one\\nof the pictures. (5) Write a story about something that you have\\nlearned concerning one of the continents. (6) Obtain pieces of coral\\nfor the school collection. (7) Study the maps, Figs. 119 and 120, to\\nlearn more about the continents and oceans.\\nFor References, see page 2.58.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "North Pole", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "r r,\\n^ass^- \u00c2\u00bbg", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "VI. MAPS\\nThe maps that have been thus far used are all hemi-\\nspheres, and represent the earth as it would appear if\\nwe looked down upon it from above. Such maps are\\nespecially desirable because they call attention to the\\nroundness of the earth but they are so difficult to make\\nthat it is customary to represent the earth on flat maps\\ninstead.\\nIn Figure 119 you can see the difference between the\\ntwo. While the lower ones show the roundness of the\\nearth, the upper two represent it as quite flat. Although\\nthey are unlike, the latter show the position of the land\\nand the water quite as plainly as the former. Since this\\nis true, and since it is much easier to make the flat maps,\\nthese will be the ones chiefly used hereafter in this book.\\nBut in studying flat maps one should always remember\\nto think of the earth as round, and not as a flat surface.^\\nExamine Figure 120 also.^\\n1 The teacher should see that this is done by frequent use of a globe.\\nIt is advisable to have one large globe and several small ones, so that each\\npupil may have one for frequent use.\\n2 These maps (Figs. 119 and 120) should be carefully studied, the\\npupil following map questions given by the teacher to cover form, loca-\\ntion, etc. of continents, oceans, and important places.\\n137", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "Fig. 121.\\nRelief map of North America.\\nVII. NORTH AMERICA\\nPhysical Geography. Here is a relief map of the con-\\ntinent on which we live. What great highland do you\\nfind in the west? In the east? In what direction does\\neach extend One is much broader and higher than the\\nother; which is it? Where is the lowest land between\\n138", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "NORTH AMERICA 139\\nthese two highlands Trace the Mississippi River. Name\\nsome of its largest tributaries. (You will find these\\nnames on the map, Fig. 123.) Find the Rio Grande River\\nin the south the St. Law^rence River in the northeast\\nthe Mackenzie and the Yukon in the northwest.\\nWhat two great rivers flow westward from the Rocky-\\nMountains to the Pacific Ocean Notice the slope east of\\nthe Appalachian Mountains. Is it longer or shorter than\\nthat west of the Rockies What, then, are the main\\nslopes in North America?\\nUpon which of these slopes do you live? Point as\\nnearly as you can to the place where your home is. Show\\nwhere your nearest large river should be, even if it is not\\nrepresented on this map.\\nFind New York and San Francisco on Figm-e 123. If you were to\\ngo westward from the former to the latter, you would travel over\\nmany hills, valleys, and mountains. Some of the slopes would be\\nF E\\nB\\na\\nB A\\nfrfvi -ifeiltv^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0t^\\n^__..\\nra^lM\\ns\u00c2\u00a3^\\nFig. 122.\\nSection across United States, from east to west, to show mountains, plains,\\nand principal slopes.\\nshort and gentle others would be very long, and sometimes gentle,\\nsometimes steep. Here is a drawing showing the chief slopes you\\nwould cross in making that journey. Point on the map to the slopes\\nA^B, C, Z), and F, of the drawing. Draw a section like this.\\nPolitical Divisions. You will remember that Spain\\nwas the nation that helped Columbus make his discovery\\nof America. The Spaniards afterward settled in the\\nsouthern part of the continent, and iutroduced the Span-", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "140 THE EAETH AS A WHOLE\\nish language there. That is still the chief language\\nspoken in Mexico, in the southern part of North America.\\nMexico used to belong to Spain, but became independent\\nmany years ago.\\nAfter Columbus had proved that there was land to the\\nwest of Spain, other nations sent explorers and made\\nsettlements. Among these were the English, who settled\\nchiefly along the Atlantic coast, and finally came to own\\nthe greater part of the continent north of Mexico.\\nIn time the English who lived in the central portion of\\neastern North America, waged war against England, and\\nchose George Washington as their leader. On the 4th of\\nJuly, 1776, they declared their independence of England,\\nand finally won it completely. This part became known\\nas the United States but the region to the north, which\\nEngland was able to keep, and which she still possesses, is\\ncalled Canada. Find each of these countries on the map\\n(Fig. 123). Point toward Canada and Mexico. Walk\\ntoward each.\\nBesides these three large nations, several smaller ones\\noccupy that part of the continent, south of Mexico, which\\nis called Central America.\\nOf course there must be some place where one country ends and\\nanother begins. Such a place is called a boundary, and the boundary-\\nlines between the different nations are shown on this map by heavy\\nlines. Point them out.\\nIn some parts you see that a natural boundary has been chosen,\\nsuch as a river or a chain of lakes; but it is often only a straight line,\\ncutting across rivers, lakes and mountains. Exainine the boundary\\nof the United States to determine how much of it is natural.\\nWhere the boundary is only a straight line, it is marked by a row\\nof posts or stone pillars a few rods apart, and if you were to cross\\nfrom one country to another you could easily see them.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2695", "width": "1817", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2647", "width": "1879", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "VIII. THE UNITED STATES\\nMap Questions. (1) What waters border the United States?\\n(2) What countries? (3) What is the greatest distance across the\\nUnited States, east and west (Notice the scale of miles on the map).\\nNorth and south? (4) Where are the main divides? (5) Do you see\\nany part that has very few streams What does that suggest to you\\n(6) Find New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Baltimore, Washington,\\nChicago, New Orleans, St. Louis, Denver, and San Francisco, and tell\\nwhere each is.\\nWhen our war for independence began there were thir-\\nteen large settlements, called colonies, which at the close\\nof the war became known as states. Our flag still has its\\nthirteen red and white stripes to remind us of them.\\nThere were at first only thirteen stars in the blue field of the flag;\\nbut one has been added for each new state until now there are many\\nmore. Count the stars on a flag to see how many states there are.\\nFor a long time after the war for independence, the in-\\nterior and western parts of what is now the United States\\nformed an unknown wilderness belonging to other nations,\\nand inhabited chiefly by Indians. The United States has\\nobtained part of this land by war, and part of it by pur-\\nchase, so tliat the country is now several times as large as\\nit was at first. Many large states have been added but\\nthere are still some parts, called territories, which have\\nnot yet been made into states.\\nIn order that they may be more easily studied, the\\nstates are usually divided into groups. Let us take first\\nthe northeastern group called the New England States;\\nand afterwards, others.\\n141", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "IX. NEW ENGLAND\\nMap Questions. (1) Name the six states included in New Eng-\\nland. (2) Which is largest? (3) Which smallest? (4) Which has\\nno seacoast (5) What mountains are found in these states What\\nrivers? (6) Remembering what was said on pp. 66 and 90, where\\nwould you expect to find the largest cities (7) What is the capital\\nof each state (8) Point to Cambridge in Massachusetts, where Long-\\nfellow lived. (9) To Boston. Walk toward Boston. (10) In what\\ndirection would one sail from there to reach England? (See Fig. 119.)\\nFig. 126.\\nA view of Boston, the largest city in New England, showing its harbor and\\nsome of the ships in it.\\nNames. The settlers who came to this part of North\\nAmerica called it New England. Several names on the\\nmap also commence with New^ as New Hampshire and\\nNew Haven. Find others. What reason can you give\\nfor their using that word so often\\nSeaports. If you examine the map you will notice that\\nthe coast is very irregular, with many small bays, promon-\\n142", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "72 Longitude\\nTest 70 frou", "height": "2653", "width": "1805", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "i\\nI", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND\\n143\\ntories, and fine harbors. Draw the coast line showing\\nsome of these.\\nThe excellent harbors have determined the places where\\ngreat cities should grow up. The largest of all is Boston,\\nand two others are Portland and Providence. Point\\nthem out. What direc-\\ntion is each from the\\nothers, and in what\\nstate is each\\nFishing. Some of the\\ntowns are located on the\\ncoast because the men who\\nlive in them are fishermen,\\nand must have their homes\\nnear the water. In the early\\ndays, cod, mackerel, and\\nhalibut were easily caught\\nnear the shore but now it\\nis often necessary to sail far\\nfrom land, the men being\\ngone perhaps for weeks be-\\nfore filling their vessels\\n(Fig. 67, p. 73) with fish.\\nPortland, Boston, and Gloucester are important fish markets,\\nthe latter being the largest fishing port in the country. Fish are sent from\\nthere to all parts of the United States, and even to foreign countries.\\nFarming. A fine harbor by itself cannot make a great\\ncity. As you remember (p. 59), this is important simply\\nbecause it renders the loading and unloading of vessels\\nboth easy and safe. But unless there were many people\\nsupplying and needing materials, there would be little\\nneed of using these harbors.\\n1 Whenever a city, river, etc., is mentioned in the text, the pupils\\nshould be required to locate it on the map, giving state and position.\\nFig. 127.\\nFishermen hoisting halibut from a fishiug\\nvessel at Gloucester. Notice that these\\nfish are as large as a man.", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "144\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nTiGt US see, then, if there are many people living farther\\ninland and what they do.\\nOne might expect that there would be much farming\\nthere but there are so many hills and mountains, and the\\nsoil is often so thin and stony, that the farms are usually\\nsmall, supplying only vegetables, milk, butter, and other\\nproducts to be used in the cities near by. Some of them,\\nfar from the cities, have been abandoned because the land\\nis so hilly and the soil so poor.\\nFig. 128.\\nLumbermen engaged in floating logs down-stream from the forest.\\nQuarrying. But while the rocky hills and mountains hinder farm-\\ning, they often furnish excellent granite, which is used for buildings\\nand street pavements. White marble, used in monuments, is also\\nfound among the mountains near Rutland, Vermont and slate, for\\nroofs of houses, and for writing slates, is obtained both in Vermont\\nand Maine.\\nLumbering. Since many of the hills and mountains\\nare still covered with forests, much lumber is obtained\\nfrom them, especially from the mountainous part of north-\\nern Maine. As you can see from the map (Fig. 125),", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "Hew ENGLAND\\n145\\nthere are very few towns in this section, most of the\\ncountry being wooded.\\nDuring spring freshets, when the winter snows are melt-\\ning, the logs are floated down-stream, often to a place where\\nocean steamers\\ncan reach them.\\nHere they are\\nsawed into lum-\\nber and loaded\\nupon vessels to\\nbe carried in all\\ndirections. Ban-\\ngor, on the Pe-\\nnobscot River,\\nhas become a\\nlarge city, chief-\\nly because of its\\nlumber industry. Other towns on the Kennebec and the\\nAndroscoggin rivers have grown in the same way.\\nFig. 129.\\nFig. 130.\\nLumber ships loading boards from the great piles that can be seen on the\\nwharf. Here are also many logs ready to go to the saw-mill to be made\\ninto boards.", "height": "2665", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "146\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nManufacturing. But we have not yet come to the most\\nhuportant occupation of the New England people. The\\nshort rivers, having their sources in the uplands, flow with\\nswift course to the sea, and are often interrupted by rapids\\nand falls. In one way this is a disadvantage, because\\nvessels cannot go far up-stream but in another way it is\\na great advantage. Can you see how\\nOn page 50 you learned that streams with swift cur-\\nrents and waterfalls furnish the best water-power. Where\\nsuch power is abundant, wheels can be turned and great\\nfactories be run. This makes it clear why the chief in-\\nFiG. 131.\\nGreat cotton-mills on the Merrimac River at Manchester, New Hampshire.\\ndustry of New England is manufacturing. In fact, the\\nNew England states are among the most important manu-\\nfacturing states in the Union.\\nThe principal rivers that furnish water-power are the\\nMerrimac, Connecticut, and the three in Maine already\\nmentioned (p. 145). Find each of these, and trace its\\ncourse from source to mouth. Make a drawing to rep-\\nresent each one, and locate upon it some of the large\\ncities.\\nThere is so much manufacturing in New England, by\\nthe use of water-power and steam, that shiploads of cotton", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "ITEW ENGLAND 147\\nare sent there to be made into cloth at such cities as Man-\\nchester (Fig. 131), Lowell, New Bedford, and Fall\\nRiver. Great quantities of wool are brought to be made\\ninto woollen goods at Lawrence and Providence, which\\nalso manufacture cotton goods and thousands of hides of\\ncattle and other animals to be made into boots, shoes, gloves,\\nand leather of all kinds at Lynn and other cities. Iron\\nand other metals are also brought to be made into knives,\\nneedles, watches, firearms, machines, and hundreds of\\nother articles at Worcester, Bridgeport, Springfield,\\nNew Haven, and Hartford. In Boston itself there is\\nalso a vast amount of manufacturing of different kinds.\\nFind each of these cities; tell in what state it is and upon what\\nrivei-, if the name is given on the map. Most of the other cities\\nmarked on the map are also engaged in some kind of manufacturing.\\nPerhaps the shoes or some of the clothing that you wear were made\\nin one of these places.\\nCommerce. Some of the manufactured articles are\\nshipped to all parts of the United States, and even to\\nother countries. It is to a considerable extent this im-\\nmense amount of manufacturing that furnishes employ-\\nment to the people along the coast, and has caused the\\nlarge cities to grow about the best harbors.\\nNot only do the persons living in the interior produce\\ngreat quantities of goods to be shipped away, but they\\nrequire others to be shipped in. Much of their food and\\nalso the cotton, wool, and hides must be brought to them.\\nThe amount of shipping is therefore very great, and this\\nis one of the chief reasons why Boston, Portland, and\\nProvidence have become large cities. To the first two\\ngoods are sent by rail from the far West to be shipped\\nabroad.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "148 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nReview Questions. (1) Why is it an advantage to New Eng-\\nland that its coast is so irregular? (2) Mention some of the larger\\nseaports. (3) Name the principal fishing port in the country. (4) Tell\\nwhat you can about the farming. (5) What kinds of stone are found,\\nand for what are they used Where are they found (6) Describe\\nthe lumbering. Which state produces most lumber? (7) Explain\\nhow the lumber trade has determined the location of Bangor. On\\nwhat river is it situated? (8) Why cannot vessels go far up the New\\nEngland rivers (9) How are the rivers useful for manufacturing\\nName several that furnish water-power. (10) What goods are manu-\\nfactured there? In what cities? (11) What articles must be shipped\\nto this section? Why? (12) Tell how such commerce affects the\\nsize of the coast cities.\\nSuggestions. (1) What stories of New England do you know?\\n(2) Read about the Puritans. (3) Go into a fish store to see a cod-\\nfish, mackerel, halibut, etc. (4) Examine some granite so that you\\nwill know it the next time you see it. (5) Find a monument made\\nof white marble. (6) Find a house whose roof is covered with slate.\\n(7) Start a collection for the school by bringing specimens of use-\\nful stones. (8) Try to find out more about lumbering in Maine.\\nHunt for pictures illustrating this work. (9) Start a school collec-\\ntion of pictures from magazines, etc. (10) How many articles can\\nyou mention that are made of wood? (11) Get some friend to take\\nyou through some kind of a factory, and tell the class what you saw.\\n(12) Draw a sketch-map of New England, locating the rivers, capital\\ncities, and principal towns.\\nFor References, see page 259.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "wich Vi\\nMIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "X. MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\nMap Questions. (1) Which of the Middle Atlantic States bor-\\nder on the Atlantic Ocean? (2) Which does not? (3) Which is\\nsmallest? (4) How does Pennsylvania compare in size with New\\nEngland? (You will find the scale on each map.) (5) Name the\\nchief rivers and tell where they are. (6) Which state extends far-\\nthest east? Which farthest west (7) What natural boundaries do\\nyou find between them? (8) What are the names of the mountain\\nranges? (9) Which state has no mountains?\\nThe Coast-line. Observe that, as in New England,\\nthe coast-line of the Middle Atlantic states is very irregu-\\nlar. At three places the sinking of the land has caused\\nthe ocean water to reach far into the land, forming Chesa-\\npeake, Delaware, and New York bays. Find each also\\ndraw the coast-line to show these bays.\\nThe Seaports. The largest cities in New England\\nwere found along the coast on bays similar to these, though\\nsmaller. The same is true here. New York on the first\\nnamed bay, is the largest city in the United States and\\nnext to the largest in the world. Southwest of it is Phil-\\nadelphia on the Delaware, just as far up the river as\\nlarge ocean vessels can go. Farther south, near the head\\nof Chesapeake Bay, is a third great city, named Balti-\\nmore, in the state of Maryland.\\nReasons eor the Great Size of New York City\\nCities near by. Near New York harbor we find not only\\nNew York, but Jersey City, Newark, and Brooklyn,\\n149", "height": "2677", "width": "1805", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "150\\nTSE EABTE AS A WHOLE\\nwhich has lately become a part of Greater New York.\\nOther cities like Paterson are not far away. That is,\\nnot only one, but several great cities haA^e grown up here\\nvery near together. Let us see why more people should\\nhave crowded together here than in any other part of the\\nNew World.\\nOne reason is that from New York harbor, where hun-\\ndreds of vessels may enter at one time, goods can be\\nshipped over the At-\\nlantic Ocean to vari-\\nous parts of the world.\\nWater-route to the\\nInterior. A second\\nreason is that goods\\nmay also be shipped\\nwestward by water.\\nLooking at the map,\\nyou see that New\\nYork Bay is at the\\nmouth of the Hudson\\nRiver. The sinking of the land has caused the ocean\\nwater to enter this river, and thereby to make it so broad\\nand deep that large vessels can ascend it as far as Albany.\\nA few miles from Albany the Mohawk River enters the\\nHudson from the west, having its source far over toward\\nSyracuse.\\nLong ago people saw that if they could construct a\\nwater-way from the Hudson River to Buffalo, they\\ncould go by water all the way from New York to Buffalo\\nand then, since the Great Lakes are connected with one\\nanother, they could go all the way to the western end of\\nLake Superior. Use the scale of the map (Fig. 124)\\nJM// -^^0\\\\- -\u00e2\u0080\u00a2If\\nFig. 133.\\nThe broad Hudson River at Poughkeepsie,\\nwhere a railway bridge crosses it.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n151\\nto find how many miles that is. Through what lakes\\nwould the route lead\\nThe scheme was finally carried out by building the JErie\\nCanal from Buffalo, on Lake Erie, to the Mohawk Valley,\\nthen down that valley to Albany. (See map. Fig. 132.)\\nAs the Western country became settled, more and more\\ngoods were shipped to and from New York. When rail-\\nways began to be built many of them also led there. In\\nthis way New York has become a great city, and the chief\\nshipping-point for a large part of the United States. Let\\nus see what some\\nof the goods are\\nthat are sent to\\nNew York.\\nLumbering.\\nOn the map\\n(Fig. 132) you\\nwill find the Ad-\\nirondack Moun-\\ntains north of\\nthe M o h a w k\\nand the Catskill\\nMountains south\\nof it. Among\\nthese there are still forests, as in Maine, so that lumbering\\nis an important industry there.\\nFarming. These mountains do not cover all of the\\nstate most of it is more level, and has a rich soil upon it.\\nFarming is therefore much more important than in New\\nEngland. Besides butter and cheese, considerable hay\\nand grain are produced, and an abundance of fruit, such\\nas apples, pears, peaches, plums, and grapes.\\nFig. 134.\\nIn a salt mine, a thousand feet beneath the surface,\\nin central New York. The walls and sides of these\\ntunnels are glistening white salt.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "152\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nSalt. An extensive bed of salt is found deep down\\nin the earth, in the central part of the state. Salt is taken\\nfrom it in many places, and it was the important salt in-\\ndustry that determined the location, and much of the\\nearly growth, of Syracuse.\\nManufacturing. Again, in this state, as in New Eng-\\nland, there are many streams with waterfalls. Manufac-\\nturing has therefore become extensive.\\nFig. 135.\\nNiagara Falls, the greatest cataract in the world (160 feet high)\\nIn Rochester, at the falls of the Genesee River (Fig. 75, p. 85),\\nare many flour inills. The cities on the IMohawk are also engaged in\\nmanufacturing. What are their names? In Buffalo, the second\\ncity in size in New York State, much use is made of power from the\\nNiagara Falls, twenty miles away. Troy, near Albany, makes\\nshirts, collars, and cuffs. These cities, as you see, are situated along\\nthe water-route already mentioned. Why What others do you find\\nalong this route\\nIn New York City itself there is avast amount of manufacturing,\\nsteam being used for power. In fact, in many places, even where\\nthere is water-power, factories now often use steam but when the\\nmanufacturing began, people could not use steam because they did\\nnot know how, and the first manufacturing towns were built where\\nthere was water-power.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "MUDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 153\\nCommerce. So mach manufacturing, together with\\nthe farming and other industries of the state, helps to\\nexplain the great amount of commerce. People are con-\\ntinually sending goods to New York and receiving others\\nfrom there. It should be remembered, too, that cities\\nhundreds of miles farther west, in the neighborhood of\\nthe Great Lakes, are connected with New York by water\\nand rail, and are engaged in trade with it.\\nFrom this it is plain whj the largest city in America is\\nsituated where it is, and why other cities have grown up\\nabout New York harbor.\\nReasons why Philadelphia has become a Great\\nCity\\nCities near by. Philadelphia, like New York, has\\nother important cities near by. Directly across the Dela-\\nware is Camden in New Jersey and to the northeast,\\nalso in New Jersey, is Teenton, where a clay is found\\nthat is made into dishes and earthenware. To the south-\\nwest is Wilmington in Delaware, where many ships and\\nrailway cars are built.\\nFarming. The soil and climate in this neighborhood\\nare well adapted to fruit-growing, especially peaches, pears,\\napples, grapes, and berries. On this account there are\\nmany factories for canning fruit in some of these cities.\\nTo the northwest of Philadelphia are the Appalachian\\nMountains. Note the direction in which they extend\\nacross the state. The valleys among the mountains, and\\nthe plateaus and lowlands east and west of them, are fer-\\ntile enough for good farming, especially wheat raising,\\nsheep raising, and dairying but lumbering is still carried\\non among the mountains.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "154\\nHOME GEOGBAPHY\\nFig. 136.\\nThe forest-covered slopes of the Appalachian Mountains in Pennsylvania, at\\nMauch Chunk.\\nIron. Several substances found beneath the soil in\\nPennsylvania are its most important products.\\nIn the first place, a great amount of iron ore is found\\nthere. When dug out of the ground this often resembles\\nreddish earth, and it never looks exactly like iron but\\nby melting the ore, iron is obtained from it, and is then\\nshipped to many places to be made into stoves, engines,\\nguns, ships, knives, and a thousand other things. Pitts-\\nburg and Allegheny are noted for such manufacturing\\nalso Reading and Habeisbueg, the capital, as well as\\nPhiladelphia and its neighboring cities. See how long a\\nlist you can make of articles made of iron and steel.\\nCoal. It requires an immense amount of fuel to pro-\\nduce the heat necessary to obtain iron from the ore and\\nto make it into the many articles mentioned. Fortunately\\ngreat quantities of coal are also found in this state, soft", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n155\\nIn a Pennsylvania coal mine, where the walls are black instead of white as in\\nthe salt mine (Fig. 134)\\ncoal being mined in the western part near Pittsburg\\nand Allegheny, and hard or anthracite coal in the east-\\nern part near ScRANTON and Wilkes Barre.\\nMuch coal is needed for stoves and furnaces in houses, and also\\nfor producing steam for factories. There is, therefore, a great\\ndemand for it, and\\nevery year it is\\nshipped by thou-\\nsands of carloads\\nto New York, Phil-\\nadelphia, and else-\\nwhere, often to be\\nloaded upon ships\\nto be sent to Boston\\nand many other\\ncities.\\nOil and Gas.\\nGas, much like that\\nused in lighting Fig. 138.\\nFRIKCIPAL COAL FIELDS\\nOF THE\\nUKITED STATES.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "156 THE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nhouses, and iietroleum, the oil from which kerosene is made, are also\\nfound beneath the soil in the western part of Pennsylvania. There is\\nso much gas in some places that it is burned as a fuel in manufac-\\nturing glass and other articles, as at Pittsburg and elsewhere.\\nCommerce. The products of Pennsylvania, New Jersey,\\nand Delaware, principally fruit, grain, lumber, iron, coal,\\ngas, and oil, together Avith the manufacture of iron goods,\\nhave helped to make Philadelphia a great city. As in\\nthe case of New York, many of these substances are sent\\nto Philadelphia to be manufactured and, like New York,\\nPhiladelphia is one of the great manufacturing cities of\\nthe country. Many other materials are sent there to be\\nshipped away by water and many shiploads of goods, for\\npeople living in other cities farther west, are unloaded at\\nPhiladelphia.\\nOther Cities\\nBaltimore. Baltimore has grown in much the same\\nway. Its harbor is excellent, and both coal and iron can\\neasily reach it from Pennsylvania. Like Philadelphia,\\nBoston, and New York, it has an important commerce and\\nmuch manufacturing.\\nOysters abound in the shallow waters of Chesapeake Bay, and are\\nshipped from Norfolk, Annapolis, and Baltimore.\\nWashington. Another large city in this section is\\nWashington, on the Potomac River in the District of\\nColumbia. Although large vessels are able to reach it,\\nit owes its importance not to commerce, but to the fact\\nthat it is the National Capital^ where there are many great\\ngovernment buildings (Fig. ^5, p. 99), and thousands of\\nmen and women employed in the service of the govern-\\nment. Can you describe some of their work? (See\\npp. 97 and 98 in Part I.)", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n157\\nVirginia and West Virginia. Richmond, on the James\\nRiver, is the capital and most important city of Virginia,\\nthe state in which Washington and Jefferson lived. The\\nwestern part of the state is mountainous, as is the eastern\\npart of West Virginia, the mountains furnishing lumber and\\niron. Also in West Virginia, as in Pennsylvania, there is a\\ngreat amount of coal, oil, and gas. This leads to extensive\\nmanufacturing, especially at Wheeling on the Ohio River.\\n4S\\nA\\nB%\\n|ro\\nHMI\\n_|\\njilHili[\u00c2\u00bb, f-\\nH|\\n^s\\nrf^\\n-^*r^\\nWSmSSSS\\nrr ^.:.ni\\nFig. 139.\\nA picture of Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, with the National Capitol\\nbuilding standing at the farther end.\\nFarming is^the chief work in Virginia. The climate is\\nso mild that tobacco can be raised much more profitably\\nthan in the states farther north. The tobacco plant, which\\nwhite men found the Indians smoking, has a large leaf\\nthat is picked and dried, and then made into cigars and\\nother forms in which tobacco is used. Factories are\\nneeded for such work, and they represent one of the main\\nindustries of Richmond, which is a great tobacco market,\\nas Gloucester is a great fish market.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "158 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nReview Questions. (1) Name the chief seaports. Walk tow-\\nai d each as you name it. (2) Wliat reasons can you give for the\\ngreat size of New York City (3) Make a drawing of the Hudson\\nand Mohawk rivers. (4) AVhat cities do you find on the Erie Canal\\n(5) What can you say about the farming in New York State?\\n(6) Where is the salt found? (7) What about manufacturing in\\nNew York (S) What are the chief farm products near Philadelphia\\nand Wilmington? (9) Why is iron manufacture so important in\\nPennsylvania? (10) Tell why Philadelphia has become a great city.\\n(11) Where are Pittsburg, Allegheny, Scranton, and Wilkes Barre?\\n(12) For what is Baltimore noted? (13) Washington? (14) For\\nwhat industry is Richmond noted? (15) Where are Richmond and\\nWheeling? (16) In which state is each of the cities mentioned?\\nSuggestions. (1) Make a list of all the cities named. (2) Are\\nany of them not located either upon the seashore, on rivers, or lakes?\\n(3) Which is farther north, Buffalo or Boston (see Fig. 124, oppo-\\nsite p. 141.) (4) Find what some of the chief difficulties are in build-\\ning canals. (.5) Examine some iron ore and add it to the school\\ncollection. (6) Visit a factory where iron goods are manufactured.\\n(7) Why does Buffalo promise to be a growing city (8) Why have\\nPittsburg and Allegheny a good location? (9) Give two reasons why\\nWilmington is a good place for shipbuilding. (10) Collect some\\npieces of anthracite or hard, and bituminous or soft, coal, and com-\\npare them. (11) Read the story of Rip Van Winkle. The mountains\\ndescribed are the Catskills. (12) Draw an outline map of these\\nstates and include the capitals. (13) Draw each of the states from\\nmemory. (14) Find out some facts about Washington, its build-\\nings, the people who live there, and what they do. (15) On the map\\n(Fig. 124, opposite p. 141) the word Delaware is not spelled out be-\\ncause there is not room, but Del. is put in its place. All the states\\nhave abbreviations like this, which we use in writing letters. Find\\nout the abbreviation for each state in this group and in New England.\\nAlso for the other states as you study about them.\\nFor References, see page 259.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2739", "width": "1898", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "XL SOUTHERN STATES\\nMap Questions. (1) Where are the mountains in this group of\\nstates? (2) Where are the plains (see map,- Fig. 140.) (3) Notice\\nthe direction in which the land slopes. (4) Name the gulf on the\\nsouth side. (5) How is Texas separated from Mexico (6) What\\nlarge peninsula do you find on this map (7) Which is the largest\\nstate (8) How does it seem to compare with South Carolina in size?\\nWith Pennsylvania (9) About how many miles is it by sea from New\\nOrleans to Boston (see map, Fig. 124, opposite p. 141.) (10) Notice\\nhow near these states are to the Tropic of Cancer (see map, Fig. 123,\\nopposite p. 140). What does that tell you about their climate?\\nRelief. The Appalachian Mountains extend into Ala-\\nbama, passing across several of the Southern states.\\nName them. There are also some low mountains in west-\\nern Arkansas and Missouri, and a portion of the Rocky\\nMountains in western Texas.\\nBut this part of the country is mainly a great region of\\nplains. Near the mountains, the plains are quite high\\nabove the sea but near the coast there is a strip of low,\\nlevel land known as the coastal plains.\\nOther low land is found along the Mississippi River,\\nwhere there are broad flood-plains protected from tlie river\\nfloods by banks, called levees. Notice especially the Mis-\\nsissippi delta, and explain how it happens that the land\\nprojects so far into the gulf (see pp. 46 and 47).\\nWe observe, then, that in this group of states are some\\nmountains between these and the coast are high plains\\nor plateaus then along the coast are low plains. Let us\\nsee what these three sections produce.\\n159", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "160\\nTHE EAitTR As A WHOLE\\ny\\n^X\\nw\\n^^i\\nV\\n^8\\nIMI\\n-o~^\\nCoal and Iron. Coal and iron are found among the Ap-\\npalachian Mountains here, as in Pennsylvania. You would\\nexpect from this\\nto find manufac-\\nturing centres\\nnear the moun-\\ntains and Bir-\\nmingham, At-\\nlanta, Chat-\\ntanooga, and\\nKnoxville\\nare engaged in\\nmanufacture.\\nFind each and\\ntell what state\\nit is in.\\nCotton. On the plains the soil is usually fertile, the\\nclimate is warm, and there is plenty of rain everywhere\\nexcepting in western Texas and Oklahoma. For these\\nreasons farming is\\nthe chief occupa-\\ntion. The south-\\nern farms are\\ncommonly called\\nplantations, and\\nthe principal crop\\non the higher\\nplains, away from\\nthe coast, is cot-\\nton.\\nFig. 141.\\nNegro children on a cotton plantation. The white spots\\nare cotton bolls.\\nFig. 142.\\nA small cotton-field and a negro home. The cot-\\nton bolls look like white flowers.\\nThe cotton plant grows to a height of two to four feet. It has a\\nwhite blossom, and after the flower is gone a small pod grows. This", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES\\n161\\npod enlarges until it ripens and bursts into a white ball, called the\\ncotton boll, which looks somewhat like a milkweed pod after it has\\nburst open.\\nThe cotton bolls are picked in the autumn, usually by men, women,\\nand children, and then placed in a machine called the cotton gin; this\\nremoves the cotton seed, and also separates or combs out the threads\\nof cotton. The cotton is then packed in bales, like hay, and shipped\\naway to be made into thread, cotton cloth, and other goods. Name\\nmore of them. Name some of the cities in New England where this\\nmanufacturing is carried on (see p. 147).\\nCorn and wheat are also grown upon these higher plains,\\nand tobacco, especially in the northern part of this section.\\nFig. 143.\\nGreat bunches of cattle feeding on the ranches of the arid plains of the west.\\nRanching. The drier plains of western Texas are\\ncovered with grass, which furnishes food for herds of\\nhorses, cattle, and sheep. The work of raising these\\nanimals is, therefore, one of the most important industries\\nof this state. The section of land over which a man s\\ncattle roam is not called a farm or plantation, but a cattle\\nranch, and the business is known as ranching.\\nSince a few men can look after several thousand horses, cattle, or\\nsheep, few people are needed to carry on ranching. On that account\\nthere are not many towns in the western part of Texas, as you can see\\non the map. Many cattle are sent eastward from Dallas by rail to\\nbe used as food.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "162\\nTHl: EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nFig. 144.\\nNegro women cutting sugar-cane in Louisiana.\\nSugar and\\nRice. On the\\nlow, swampy\\nplains near the\\ncoast and along\\nthe lower Missis-\\nsippi Riyer, rice\\nand sugar-cane\\nare raised. Rice\\nseeds grow on a\\ngrasslike plant in\\nwet soil. Sugar-cane looks much like corn but the juice\\nof the stalk is so\\nsweet that it can be\\nmade into sugar and\\nmolasses.\\nFruits. Besides the\\ncrops mentioned, the low\\nplain of Florida produces\\nfruits. It is so far south\\nthat its climate is warm\\nenough for oranges, lem-\\nons, and pineapples prob-\\nably your grocery store\\nhas such fruits from that\\nstate.\\nLumbering. Some of\\nthese plains, both the high\\nand the low ones, are still\\nwooded. It is from them\\nthat the hard or Georgia\\npine, so often used in\\nfloors, is obtained. There are forests also in the mountains, so that\\nthere is an abundance of timber in this region. Which Northern\\nFig. 145.\\nA pineapple field in Florida.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES 163\\nstate already studied has a large amount of timber In what section\\nwould you expect the climate to prevent the growth of forests?\\nManufacturing. Knowing what is produced in the\\nSouthern states, we might expect that there would be a\\ngreat deal of manufacturing. There are coal, iron ore,\\ncorn, wheat, sugar-cane, cattle, sheep, cotton, and lumber,\\nfrom each of which useful articles can be made. Tell what\\nthey are. There is also water-power in some places.\\nBut it requires much skill to handle machinery, and\\nuntil recently most of the labor in the South was done by\\nnegro slaves who had little education. Therefore, before\\nthe war which freed the slaves, there was almost no manu-\\nfacturing in the South. Now the negroes are learning to\\nwork with machinery, and many white men from the North\\nhave carried manufacturing to these Southern states, so\\nthat the cities near the coal and iron section have grown\\nto be manufacturing centres. Name them once more.\\nThere are also numerous lumber mills and the sap of the pine tree\\nis manufactured into turpentine and rosin. In some places tobacco\\nis made into cigars, sugar-cane into molasses, the hides of cattle into\\nleather, cotton into cloth, and cotton seed into cotton-seed oil. The\\nnumber of these factories is increasing every year.\\nBut even now many of the products of the mines and\\nthe soil, called raw products, are shipped away to be manu-\\nfactured into useful articles in other places, as New Eng-\\nland. Then, after the articles are finished, some of them\\nare brought back for use in the South.\\nNew Orleans. Since farming is the main occupation,\\nmany of the people must live some distance apart upon\\ntheir plantations. We need not expect, then, to find\\nmany large cities in these states. The principal ones will\\nbe those that have grown up at the best shipping points,", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "164\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nthat is on the ocean harbors, on the rivers, or on some of\\nthe great railways.\\nThe greatest city in this entire section is New Orleans,\\nin Louisiana, on the Mississippi River about one hundred\\nmiles from its mouth. It is about the size of Pittsburg.\\nFig. 146.\\nLoading and unloading goods on the levee at New Orleans. Notice the mules,\\none of the most conamon draft animals of the South.\\nLike New York it can be reached not only by railway,\\nbut also by vessels from across the Atlantic Ocean, and by\\nothers from distant inland cities. Ocean ships are able to\\npass up the river from the Gulf; and river boats can reach it\\nfrom cities far up the Mississippi and its tributaries. Find\\nsome of these cities, such as Pittsburg and St. Louis (Fig.\\n124). Measure the distance from New Orleans to Pittsburg.\\nThese facts help to explain why New Orleans is a great cotton-\\nshipping port. Quantities of cotton-seed oil, sugar, molasses, and rice\\nare also sent from there. Manufactured goods, as cloth and shoes,\\nand foods, as meat and corn, are brought to this centre, and there\\ndistributed in all directions. Further up the river are Vicksburg\\nand Memphis, which are important river ports.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES\\n1G5\\nOther Seaports. Not many large cities are found on\\nthe Gulf coast. One reason is that the entrances to the\\nharbors are often blocked by sand-bars. Also, since there\\nare so few people and cities inland, there is no reason for\\nhaving many great cities on the coast.\\nThe largest seaport west of New Orleans is Galveston,\\nwhich is somewhat larger than Lynn, Mass. What goods\\nare probably shipped from this harbor Remember the\\nlow coastal plains and the high dry plains to the west.\\nAlong the coast east of New Orleans are Mobile, a great cotton\\nport, Tampa, and Pensacola, a lumber port. AVhy lumber? On\\nthe Atlantic coast are Jacksonville, the chief shipping port for\\nFlorida oranges. Savannah, Charleston, and Wilmington. Find\\neach of these and tell what state it is in.\\nFig. 147.\\nSome of the Indians who live in Indian Territory.\\nOklahoma and Indian Territory.\\nof Texas, now called Indian Terr\\nunder the one name of Indian Terr\\nernment as a home for some of the\\nIndians were collected in the part\\nOklahoma was opened up to white\\nthousands of white men are living\\nA few years ago the section north\\nitory and Oklahoma, were known\\nitory, a place set aside by our gov-\\ntribes of Indians. But later, these\\nnoiv called Indian Territory; then\\npeople for settlement. Now many\\nin the territory of Oklahoma.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "166 THE EAETH AS A WHOLE\\nClimate. The climate of the Southern states is so mild that many\\nNorthern people go South in winter to escape the cold. In the South-\\nern part it rarely snows, and flowers are in blossom in midwinter.\\nDo you know why the song-birds of the North go there in winter\\nReview Questions. (1) In which Southern and Northern states\\nare the Appalachian Mountains found? (2) Tell what you can\\nabout the Southern plains. (3) Near what cities are coal and iron ore\\nmined (4) Name and describe the chief crop on the higher plains.\\n(5) What is done with the cotton after it is picked? (6) What is\\nthe occupation of the people in western Texas Why Why so few\\ntowns there (7) What two products are raised on the warm coastal\\nplains and flood-plains Describe each. (8) What fruits are raised\\nin Florida? Why raised there? (9) What about the lumber indus-\\ntry? (10) Why should one expect to find much manufacturing there?\\n(11) What kinds are there? (12) Why not more? (13) Why are\\nthere so few large cities? (14) Which is the largest of all? Why?\\n(15) What goods reach this port? Why? (16) Name and locate\\nthe principal seaports. (17) Make a list of the Southern cities studied,\\nand locate each. (18) Tell the direction of each from New Orleans.\\n(19) Tell something about Indian Territory and Oklahoma.\\nSuggestions. (1) Draw the coast-line of these states. Add the\\nrivers, the state boundaries, and principal cities. Put in the capitals.\\n(2) Represent the group in sand, showing the mountains and plains.\\n(3) Examine some cotton. Make a collection of articles made\\nfrom cotton and add them to the school collection. (4) Inquire of\\nyour groceryman where his oranges and other fruits were grown.\\n(5) Examine some rice. (6) You can plant and grow not only\\nwheat, but rice, cotton, sugar-cane, and other plants in the schoolroom,\\nespecially if you can induce some one who has a hothouse to allow\\nyou to start them there. (7) Why is not New Orleans as large as\\nNew York? (8) How are the people of New England and those of\\nthe Southern states dependent upon each other in the work that they\\ndo? (9) Beginning with the New England states, name those thus\\nfar studied that have mountains in them. (10) Name and locate\\nthe chief cities in all these states. (11) Draw the entire Eastern\\ncoast-line, and put in the larger cities and rivers.\\nFob References, see page 259.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "105\u00c2\u00b0\\n101\\nC4 Turtle Mi s\\nr^o^ Si evils r.\\nLake :c?^\\n.Aberdeen\\nHuron\\ns^\\nso\u00c2\u00ab^* St. Joseph C\\nA iT^-V^ ^^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2rence jKansas City\\n4 o^-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 f Sedaha\\n1 Nevada\\nI ^Pitt\\\\burg,.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2--M\u00c2\u00a3f isCitjU Parsons la /C, I C\\nT;; I Y Joplm \u00e2\u0080\u00a2biJriE\\nOzarklMtsT", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "f^ast StVLouis\\nNew Albany^\\nEvan8vllle/^)^I Ouis\\\\Mlei,exlngtofl^\\nHendefto ii I -ir vsW\\nJOreew ^_\\n,p aducali\\\\. Bowling Gxeeii \\\\r^{^^ ^~y~~-^ __-/-i", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "XII. CENTRAL STATES\\nMap Questions. (1) Name the states in this group. (2) Which\\nones border on the Great Lakes How can goods be shipped from\\nthem by water to New York? (3) Name the Great Lakes. Which\\nis highest above the level of the ocean Which is lowest (4) Into\\nwhat do they empty? (see Fig. 123.) (5) What are the chief rivers\\nin this group? (6) Into what do their waters empty? (see Fig. 124,\\nopposite p. 141.) (7) Which states drain mainly into the Missouri\\nKiver? (8) Into the Mississippi (9) Into the Ohio? (10) Which\\none into the Great Lakes? (11) Find Chicago. Can you think of\\nany reason why it should be a great city the greatest in this sec-\\ntion? (12) In which of these states did Abraham Lincoln live\\nRaw Products. This group of states has five cities\\nlarger than New Orleans, two that are almost as large,\\nand several others that are not very much smaller. These\\nfacts tell us that there are many more people here than in\\nthe Southern states,\\nand that the indus-\\ntries must be far\\nmore extensive. Let\\nus see what they are.\\nThe entire sec-\\ntion, as you see, is\\nmainly a great plain,\\nwhose soil is favor-\\nable to farming.\\nIn the western part of Kansas, Nebraska, and the two\\nDakotas this plain is dry, like the western part of Texas.\\n167\\nFig. 149.\\nA bunch of cattle on a farm in western Kansas.", "height": "2665", "width": "1780", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "168\\nTHE EAETH AS A WHOLE\\nThe reason for this is that the winds from the Pacific\\nOcean lose their moisture as they pass eastward over tiie\\nmountains, while those from the Gulf of Mexico and At-\\nlantic rarely reach so far as this region. On that account\\nthe men of this section, as in western Texas, are princi-\\npally engaged in raising cattle (Fig. 156), sheep, and horses.\\nThe eastern part of the two Dakotas and Minnesota have\\nmore rain and since the soil and climate are favorable,\\nit is a great wheat region, the best in the entire country.\\nFig. 150.\\nHarvesting wheat on one of the great wheat fields of the Red River Valley of\\nNorth Dakota.\\nIn Kentucky, as in Virginia, tobacco is one of the most\\nimportant products but in the Central states perhaps\\nthe most valuable farm crop is corn. A great deal of\\nthat grain is raised in every one of these states, although\\nIowa and Illinois produce the largest amounts. In many\\nlocalities so much is raised that the cornfields extend as\\nfar as the eye can reach.\\nIn all of these states there is much stock, each farmer usually\\nkeeping a few horses, cattle, sheep, or hogs. Each state, likewise,\\nproduces wheat and other kinds of grain, as well as wool, hay, fruit,\\nvegetables, and other crops. Ohio is especially noted for its sheep\\nand wheat.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES\\n169\\nUnderneath the soil in several of the states, especially\\nin Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana, coal is mined. Look on\\nFig. 151.\\nIron mining in the famous Mesabi district of Minnesota, wliere they sliovel\\nout car-loads of the ore with great steam shovels, as gravel is often\\nshovelled.\\nthe map (p. 155) to see in what states coal occurs. In\\nOhio and Indiana, petroleum and natural gas are found.\\nOn the north-\\nwestern shore of\\nLake Superior,\\nin Minnesota,\\nand also on the\\nsouthern side, in\\nWisconsin and\\nMichigan, iron\\nore is mined, as\\nin Pennsylvania\\nand Alabama.\\nIn fact, that re- Fig. 152.\\nffion Droduces Make a list of the wheat producing states.\\nmore iron ore than any other in the world. A great\\nquantity of copper is also mined in Michigan.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "170\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nThe northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michi-\\ngan also have large forests, so that many kinds of lumber\\nare secured from them.\\nNow we know the principal raw products of the soil\\nand mines of this region. We find cattle and sheep in the\\ndry western section, wheat in the northwest and in Ohio,\\ncopper and iron ore along the shores of Lake Superior,\\nlumber in the north,\\ntobacco in the south,\\ncorn in the centre,\\nand*a vast amount of\\ncoal in several of the\\nstates. Many of the\\npeople of these states\\nare engaged in ob-\\ntaining these raw\\nproducts.\\nThe Manufacturing\\nand Trade Centres.\\nFrom this it is easy\\nto see the reason for\\nso many people and\\ngreat cities in this\\nregion. The statement was made at the beginning of this\\nsection that five cities here were larger than New Orleans,\\nand several others about as large. Where should they be\\nlocated Heretofore we have found the great cities where\\ngoods can be shipped by water accordingly we would\\nexpect to find them either on the shores of the Great\\nLakes or along the Mississippi River and its tributaries.\\nLet us study about some of these cities, starting first\\nwith Chicago. It is next to New York in size, and is\\nm\\nv,^\\nlr4lS\\ni3i n ..ijis\\nr a\u00c2\u00bbi\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0mm\\ngi^gpiS^-l\\nM\\nk\\nijj^j\u00c2\u00b1; -^1\\nH\\nIBIS\\n,-l\\n1-^\\n^H\\nnJKiS^^^lia^^^^BwP\\n1\\nK^^|!S!pli^^^^ ^(SBte\\nn\\nFig. 153.\\nMarket Street iu the great city of Chicago.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES\\n171\\nsituated on the southwestern end of Lake Michigan in\\nIllinois. It has water connections with New York City,\\nas you know, and also with the cities along the St. Law-\\nrence River for there is a canal leading from Lake Erie\\nto Lake Ontario in order to avoid the Niagara Falls.\\nAside from that, since Lake Michigan extends so far south, the\\nrailways from the Dakotas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, northern Iowa, and\\nIllinois must swing around this southern end in going east and south-\\neast. This makes that point a great railway centre.\\nFig. 1.54.\\nCattle in the Chicago stock-yards.\\nMilwaukee, farther north on the lake shore, is much\\nsmaller than Chicago, but it is one of the two cities nearly\\nas large as New Orleans.\\nWhat, now, are likely to be the industries of these two\\ncities and the others along the Great Lakes. Quantities\\nof the raw products named are sent to Chicago. It is the\\ngreatest meat-market in the world and cattle and sheep\\nfrom the Western plains, and hogs from all over the Central\\nstates, are shipped to the Chicago stock-yards (Fig. 154),", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "172\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nwhere tliousands of men are employed in preparing tliem\\nfor food. The business of packing, canning, and shipping\\nthe meat requires a great number of Avorkmen, and the\\ntanning of the hides to make leather, which is done in\\nMilwaukee, also keeps many men busy.\\nSome of the wheat of the Dakotas and Minnesota is\\nsent to Chicago and Milwaukee to be ground into flour\\nfor bread, the latter city being specially noted for its\\nflour-mills. But there are also great flour-mills nearer\\nthe wheat fields. In southeastern Minnesota are falls in\\nFig. 155.\\nSt. Anthony Falls, in the Mississippi, around which Minneapolis has grown.\\nThese falls furnish power for a number of great flour-mills.\\nthe Mississippi River (Fig. 155) which furnish excellent\\nwater-power, so that flour-mills have been built there and\\nthe city of Minneapolis has grown up about them.\\nOnly a few miles away, at the head of navigation on the Missis-\\nsippi, is St. Paul, which owes its growth partly to the fact that it is\\na centre for the sale of machinery, clothing, and other articles needed\\nby the farmers who raise the wheat. Name some of the articles they\\nneed to buy.\\nWhile much flour is made in the West, a great deal of the wheat\\nis sent to Duluth, on the western end of Lake Superior, and there\\nshipped over the Great Lakes, whence it goes to New York and even\\nto Europe. Why should Duluth be selected?", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES 173\\nChicago has no water-power for manufacturing, but it\\nis the nearest lake port to the Illinois coal-fields, and draws\\nupon them for fuel to produce steam for factories. Thus\\nit is made a great centre for the manufacture of iron goods\\nand furniture, receiving both iron ore and lumber in lake\\nvessels. But the other lake ports share in this work, espe-\\ncially the great cities of Cleveland, Detroit, and To-\\nledo, which are within easy reach of the raw products.\\nAnother important product that reaches Chicago is corn. There\\nit is ground into corn-meal or made into hominy, starch, and other\\nsubstances. So much corn and wheat are carried there that Chicago\\nis a great grain as well as meat market.\\nLocate the principal cities along the Great Lakes. Named in order\\nof size they are Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Toledo, and\\nDuluth. In what state is each of these? Also find Saginaw and\\nGrand Rapids, two important lumber manufacturing cities.\\nWe said that the other great cities should be looked for\\nupon the water ways formed by the Mississippi River and\\nits largest tributaries. The greatest of these tributaries\\nis the Missouri River, and a very large city, St. Louis, is\\nsituated near where it enters the Mississippi.\\nSt. Louis is connected with the country far to the\\nnorthwest by the Missouri River with Minneapolis by\\nthe Mississippi with Pittsburg by the Ohio and on the\\nsouth with Memphis, New Orleans, and the ocean. Natu-\\nrally, as people settled here, railways were built, until,\\nlike Chicago, it has become one of the great railway\\ncentres in the country. Like Chicago, also, it draws to\\nitself all the products that have been named.\\nAlthough a great many cattle and sheep reach St. Louis and Chi-\\ncago, making them important meat-markets, many of these animals\\nare slaughtered near the plains on which they are raised, and that", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "174\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nfact explains the importance of Omaha and Kansas City. Both\\nthese noted meat-markets are on the Missom i River. Horses and wool\\nare also shipped\\nfrom these cities.\\nMuch wheat and\\ncorn are brought\\nto St. Louis, mak-\\ning it an impor-\\ntant grain-market.\\nA great deal of to-\\nbacco also goes to\\nSt. Louis but since\\nKentucky is the\\nchief tobacco rais-\\ning state in the\\nMississippi Valley,\\nits leading city,\\nLouisville, is the great tobacco market of that section, as Richmond\\nis for Virginia. Jt is also an important manufacturing centre.\\nFig. 156.\\nThe manufacture of clotliing is an important industry\\nin Cincinnati on the Ohio River, and much machinery\\nis made there from iron ore sent from Pennsylvania and\\nWest Virginia. Why from these states rather than from\\nLake Superior\\nOne of the largest cities in these Central states, Indian-\\napolis, the capital and largest city in Indiana, is located\\naway from the great waterways. But it is in a rich farm-\\ning country, and as railways enter it from all directions,\\nit has become the chief trade centre of that state. Colum-\\nbus, the capital of Ohio, is another great trade centre.\\nLocate the principal cities on the large rivers and tell\\nfor what they are important. Ranked in order of size they\\nare, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Louisville, Minneapolis, Kansas\\nCity, St. Paul, and Omaha. In which state is each of these", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATE S 175\\nReview and Comparisons. We have seen that the farm products\\nand manufactures of the Central states are quite different from those\\nof the Southern states. Make a list of these for each of the groups\\nand compare them. Compare them in the same way with those of\\nNew England. With those of the Middle Atlantic states. Explain,\\nas well as you can, the causes for these differences.\\nMake a list of the six largest cities in each of these four groups of\\nstates. When in doubt as to whether one city is larger than another,\\nlook np the population in the tables on page 265. Add together the\\npopulations of each group of cities and compare the results.\\nReview Questions. (1) Describe the surface of the Central\\nstates. (2) What four states are dry in the western part? AVhy?\\n(3) Coinpare the products of these with those of western Texas.\\n(4) Where is our greatest wheat region (5) Where in this group of\\nstates are copper and iron ore mined? (6) Where is lumber found?\\n(7) Tobacco? (8) Corn? (9) Coal? (10) For what products is\\nOhio noted? (11) Give some reasons why Chicago has become so\\ngreat a city. (12) Also St. Louis. (13) Name and locate the chief\\ncities along the Great Lakes, giving the main industries of each.\\n(14) Do the same with the cities along the great rivers. (15) What\\nwas said about Lidianapolis and Columbus?\\nSuggestions. (1) Draw the Mississippi River with its two main\\ntributaries. Add to the drawing the Great Lakes and the Atlantic\\nand Gulf coasts. Make a cross where each of the large cities is\\nlocated, and write its name. (2) Locate your own home on this map\\nand notice its direction and distance from some of the large cities.\\n(8) Add some wheat and corn to the school collection. (4) Grow some\\nof each in the school. (5) Tell from what animals wool, beef, pork,\\nmutton, lard, and leather come. (6) Find out about the buffalo and\\nIndians that used to live on the plains. (7) Read about the early\\nFrench explorers. About the pioneers who first settled these plains.\\n(8) According to the scale of the map (Fig. 124) how does Kansas com-\\npare in size with Connecticut? (9) With the whole of New England?\\n(10) Estimate the entire length of the Mississippi River according to\\nthe scale on Figure 124. (11) Draw a map of the Central states\\nsimilar to that of New England, and put in the capitals.\\nFor References, see page 259.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "XIII. WESTERN STATES\\nMap Questions. (1) In what directions do the mountains ex-\\ntend? (2) Xame the principal ranges. (3) Which are the chief\\nrivers (4) Make a drawing of them. (5) In what sections do\\nthere seem to be few rivers (6) What does tliat suggest about rain-\\nfall? (7) Some rivers empty into lakes that have no outlet. What\\ndoes that suggest (see p. 55) (8) How far is it across the United\\nStates from the northern to the southern boundary? (9) Measure\\nthe length of California. Compare its size with Pennsylvania with\\nTexas with Massachusetts. (10) Compare the coast-line with that\\nof New England. What does that suggest about harbors and cities?\\n(11) Where are Denver and San Francisco?\\nReasons why there are so Few People. This group of\\nstates is much larger than either of the other four, form-\\ning about one-third of the entire United States. But\\nthey are thinly settled, having only about one-fourth as\\nmany people as the Southern states alone. Two divi-\\nsions, Arizona and New Mexico, are still territories, like\\nOklahoma, because they have so few inhabitants.\\nOne reason they have so few people is that most of the\\nearly settlers came from Europe, and naturally located in\\nthe Eastern and Southern states. It was only after these\\nparts were fairly well occupied that many people moved\\nfarther westward.\\nAnother important reason is the mountainous condition\\nof the country. Much of this section is a vast, dry pla-\\nteau, usually more than a mile above the level of the sea.\\nExtending across the plateau from north to south are\\n176", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "QJil Vf^ ^^i 0(7\\n_.:2J Jm:u u j Una, \u00e2\u0080\u009eu\\nA H O I\\nt; ff s, fi?, Si.rings I\\nI ,I uraugo 1_?-.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 7-\\n115 LuuguuJe West 110^ from Greeuffich 105 -n- c\u00c2\u00b0", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "WESTERN STATES\\n177\\nseveral great mountain ranges. The mountains along the\\njPacific coast are called the Coast Ranges^ those in eastern\\nCalifornia the Sierra Nevada, and those farther north, in\\nOregon and Washington, the Cascade Ranges. Far east\\nof these long chains are others called the Rocky Mountains.\\nAll of these mountains together are known as the Western\\nCordilleras.\\nThe Cordilleras are far higher and steeper than the Appa-\\nlachians in the East, and they are very rocky, so that farm-\\nFiG. 158.\\nA geyser in eruption in the Yellowstone National Park.\\ning is impossible on much of the land. Indeed, in many\\nparts they are so rough that it is difficult to travel among\\nthem this is indicated by the name Rocky Mountains.\\nStill another reason why there are so few people is that,\\neven where the soil is fertile, the climate is usually too\\ndry for farming, because the winds that reach it do not\\ncarry much vapor.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "178\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nFig. 159.\\nA view in the great Colorado Canyon, where the Colorado River tlows in a\\ndeep gorge cut in the plateau, to a depth of over a mile.\\nWonderful Scenery. Some of the places in this section\\nare among the most interesting in the world. For exam-\\nple, in northwestern Wyoming are hundreds of springs\\nwhere the water is so hot that it boils. At some points\\nboiling water and steam occasionally shoot upward with a\\nroar, from holes in the ground, and rise frequently to a\\nheight of one or two hundred feet. These are called\\ngeysers (Fig. 158), and there are scores of them in this\\nregion.\\nHere, too, is the Yellowstone River, whose waters tum-\\nble 308 feet in a single fall, which is nearly twice as high\\nas the Niagara Falls in New York. In the deep gorge\\nthat the river has cut below the falls, the rocky banks are", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "WESTERN STATES\\n179\\nin places fully one-fourth of a- mile high and beautifully\\ncolored. Our nation has set aside this wonderful region\\nas a park, naming it the Yellowstone National Park; and\\neach year hundreds of people travel there to see it.\\nThere are many other interesting places to visit in this\\nwestern country but none are more wonderful than the\\nColorado Canyon (Fig. 159), an immense river valley cut\\nin the rocks of the plateau^ in places to a depth of over a\\nmile. Trace its course on the map.\\nMining. Although so rocky and so arid, there are\\nsome very important industries in the Western states\\nand in order to find out what they are, let us first study\\nthe mountains. You remember that iron ore and coal are\\nfound in the Appalachians do you remember in what\\nstates Some coal and iron ore are also mined in the\\nCordilleras but even more valuable minerals than these\\nare found in the mountain rocks.\\nIn 1818 gold Avas discovered in\\nCalifornia. Bits of this heavy metal\\nlay in some of the stream beds, and\\ncould be obtained by carefully wash-\\ning the lighter dirt away (Fig. 160).\\nNews of the discovery quickly\\nspread throughout the Avorld, and\\nmen hastened to the gold fields by\\nthousands. Ever since then Cali-\\nfornia has been one of the leading\\nstates in the production of gold.\\nThere were no railways then in\\nthe West, so that some men from the East crossed the\\nplains and mountains in wagons, in which they were in\\ndanger of being attacked by savage Indians others made\\nFig. 160.\\nMiners washing, or pan-\\nning, gravel to see if\\nthere is any gold in it.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "180\\nTRE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nV\u00c2\u00ab Oran,, ^f^ Superior,\\nIrun District,\\nthe long journey in vessels. What route must they have\\ntaken? The best harbor on the Pacific coast was San\\nFrancisco Bay, where a small Spanish town had existed\\nfor years. Soon people crowded in so rapidly that the\\ntown of San Fkancisco became a great city and the chief\\ntrade centre in the West.\\nThe metal was also found under the soil in the midst of\\nsolid rock. Rock with gold in it is called gold ore, and\\nmust be crushed into fine bits before the gold can be\\ncollected. This\\nrequires much\\nmachinery, and\\nis one of the im-\\nportant parts of\\nmining (Fig.\\n22, p. 24). A\\ngreat deal of\\nthis kind of ore\\nis now mined in\\nCalifornia.\\nGold is also\\nfound in Colo-\\nrado, and many men have been attracted to that state, as\\nformerly to California. Indeed more gold now comes from\\nColorado than from California. Denver, the largest city\\nin Colorado, and Pueblo, owe their growth partly to the\\ngold mines near them. Find these cities on the map.\\nSilver is another precious metal mined in the West, and\\nColorado produces more of it than any other state. With-\\nout doubt some of the gold and silver that you have seen\\ncame from the mountain rocks of California or Colorado.\\nFor what purposes are these metals used\\nCoppc]\\nCHIEF\\nIron, Gold, Silver and\\nCopper Districts\\nOF THE\\nIKITED STATES.\\nIron S^Goldi: Silver\\nFig. 161.\\nIn wliat states is each found", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "WESTERN STATES\\n181\\nLarge quantities of both metals are also mined in the\\nother states and territories of this section, especially in\\nthe Black Hills of South Dakota, in Montana, Nevada,\\nand Utah.\\nMuch copper is mined in the West, especially at Butte,\\nMontana, where the greatest copper mines in the Avorld\\nare located, and\\nin the territory of\\nArizona. Lead is\\na fourth impor-\\ntant metal ob-\\ntained from these\\nWestern states.\\nCities have\\ngrown up near\\nsome of these\\nmines but there\\nare many mines in the mountains far away from the cities.\\nIn some parts of the country travellers may see, from the\\ncar windows, scores of little tunnels dug into the sides of\\nthe mountains, by men who were hunting for ore. It\\nis a hard, lonely life, and many find little ore but one\\noccasionally makes a discovery that brings him a fortune.\\nRanching. The mountains, therefore, are chiefly val-\\nuable for their ores; but the high plains and plateaus also\\nhave some worth. There is little rain upon them but,\\nas in the western part of the two Dakotas, Nebraska, Kan-\\nsas, and Texas, there is often grass enough for raising\\ncattle, sheep, and horses. The animals raised are finally\\nshipped eastward to furnish meat, leather, and wool. In\\nthese states the cowboys live, spending most of their\\ndays upon their horses.\\nFig. 162.\\nThese piles of dirt and rock are the waste dumped\\naside by miners as they have dug into the earth\\nfor ore.", "height": "2665", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "182\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nThe Desert. In\\nsome parts of this\\ndry, or arid, region\\nthere is so little rain\\nthat it is a true des-\\nert. One can travel\\nfor scores of miles\\nand see scarcely any\\nvegetation except-\\ning cactus, a little\\ngrass, and such\\nplants as grow in\\narid regions. There\\nare no trees; there\\nis no water in fact,\\nthere is little but\\nsand and rock to be\\nseen No wonder\\nthat many a family,\\nwith their horses or oxen, died of thirst and hunger in\\nattempting to cross this desert waste in search of Cali-\\nfornia gold fifty years ago.\\nIrrigation. However, by irrigation (see p. 48) parts\\nof these deserts are changed into gardens. To irrigate\\nthe thirsty soil, which is usually fertile, men dig ditches\\nand lead the water from streams that are fed by the rain\\nand melting snow of the high mountains.\\nThe Mormons of Utali, a people who were driven out\\nof the Eastern states many years ago, and who settled in\\nthat barren region, have changed the desert to a garden\\nby means of irrigation. They have also built the beauti-\\nful Salt Lake City near Salt Lake and not far away\\nFig. 163.\\nA western cowboy.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "WESTERN STATES\\n183\\nfrom this is Ogden a busy railway centre, where there\\nare not so many Mormons. Find these places on the\\nmap.\\nPeople living near the eastern base of the Rocky Moun-\\ntains raise much of their food by the aid of irrigation. Near\\nDenver is a great irrigation ditch leading from the moun-\\ntains and while the land just above the level of the ditch\\nis fit for nothing but grazing, that below it, which can be\\nflooded with the water, produces excellent crops.\\nfci^v: s.^-r/r r\\n^^^^^^aei^.\\nFig. 164.\\nThe desert of Utah, near Great Salt Lake, where there is no fresh water,\\nwhere it rarely rains, and where there is very little A^egetation.\\nIrrigation is grow^ing more common every year, and by\\nthe aid of it people often raise food for stock, as well as for\\nthemselves. They even build great reservoirs to collect\\nthe water for use in the summer (Fig. 49, p. 53); but\\nmost of this barren waste can never make good farm land,\\nbecause there is not enough water.\\nFruit Raising. We have been studying the moun-\\ntains, high plains, and plateaus, finding mining and graz-\\ning to be the chief industries, with farming where the soil\\nis irrigated.", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "184\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nLet us now examine the land nearer the coast. South-\\nern California also has an arid climate where farming\\ncannot be carried on without irrigation. But since the\\nclimate of the region is warm, as in Florida, the fruits that\\ngrow in southern\\ncountries, such as\\noranges, lemons,\\npeaches, olives,\\nand figs, are easily\\nraised.\\nIn the midst of\\nthis beautiful fruit\\ncountry, where the\\nclimate is so fine,\\nis the beautiful\\ncity of Los Ange-\\nAu orauge grove near Los Angeles in SoutJiern Can-\\nforuia, the irrigation ditch being seen between LES, an important\\nthe two rows of orange trees. railway centre, sur-\\nrounded by thriving towns and orange groves (Fig. 165).\\nEveryAvhere in that vicinity the main work is fruit\\nraising by aid of irrigation. Without it a piece of land\\nproduces no crops, while a well-irrigated orchard by its\\nside thrives wonderfully well. Visitors are usually sur-\\nprised to see such a striking difference.\\nIndustries along the Pacific Coast. Farther north,\\ntoward San Francisco and beyond it, the rainfall is heav-\\nier but irrigation is necessary in many places. The most\\ncommon fruits are grapes, plums, peaches, and apricots.\\nConsiderable wheat is also raised, and sheep are numerous.\\nThis is the country of big trees, too, the largest in the\\nworld being found in the vast forests among the moun-\\ntains.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "WESTERN STATES\\n185\\nStill farther north, between Oregon and Washington,\\nyou will find a large river on the map. What is its name\\nHere the moist winds from the ocean cause heavy rainfall,\\nso that irrigation near the coast is unnecessary. On the\\nmountain slopes are extensive forests, and there are large\\nlumber mills, especially in Washington along Puget Sound.\\nFind this sound (Fig. 124).\\nIn this section there are many cattle and sheep ranches,\\nand quantities of wheat are raised. Fruit raising, espe-\\ncially peaches and apples, is also an important industry.\\nSalmon are abundant in the Columbia River, so that the\\nfishing industry is\\nimportant there, as\\nat Gloucester, Mas-\\nsachusetts. What\\nkinds are caught\\nthere? (seep. 143.)\\nThe Cities of the\\nPacific Slope. The\\nlargest city north\\nof San Francisco is\\nPortland, on the\\nColumbia River.\\nLike New Orleans\\nit is about one hun-\\ndred miles above\\nthe mouth of the\\nriver, and can be\\nreached by ocean\\nvessels. The other large cities are Tacoma and Seattle\\non Puget Sound, and Spokane, a manufacturing centre,\\nat the falls in the Spokane River,\\nFig. 1G6.\\nOne of the big trees. Notice that through a\\nbole cut in the trunk a large wagon can be\\ndriven.", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "186 THE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nComparing the Pacific with the Atlantic coast, one sees\\nsome striking differences. The Atlantic coast is low and\\nextremely irregular, having many bays and fine harbors,\\nwith numerous great cities about them. But the Pacific\\ncoast has steep mountains in many places, and, except in\\nthe very north, is regular, having few fine harbors and\\nlarge cities. San Francisco is the most important, being\\nlarger than New Orleans. Los Angeles is twenty-five\\nmiles away from the coast but Portland, Tacoma, and\\nSeattle are all seaports.\\nFrom the four coast cities and from Los Angeles, goods\\nare shipped over the Pacific Ocean to Japan, China, Aus-\\ntralia, and even around South America to the Atlantic\\ncoast. This is an important trade, but it is by no means\\nso extensive as the ocean commerce of the Atlantic coast\\ncities. The fact that we now control the Philippine and\\nHawaiian islands will cause this trade to increase; and\\nwhen the Nicaragua Canal is finished, there will be still\\nmore ocean commerce. Why\\nAt present the greater part of the products of the\\nWestern states, even of the coast cities, instead of being\\nshipped by water, are sent eastward by rail. There are\\nrailway lines connecting each of the large Western cities\\nwith all portions of the Eastern states.\\nReview Questions. (1) Compare the size of this group of states\\nwith that of the other groups. (2) What about the number of people\\nthere? (3) Give three reasons why there are so few. (4) Name\\neach of the mountain ranges, finding each on the map, Fig. 124.\\n(5) Tell what a visitor may see in, the Yellowstone Park. Where is\\nit? (6) Where is San Francisco? What caused its early rapid\\ngrowth? (7) Where is Denver? Give a reason for its importance.\\n(8) What metals are obtained in the West (9) Where is each found?", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "WESTERN STATES 187\\n(10) Tell what you can about each. (11) What is the principal in-\\ndustry on the high plains and plateaus? Why? (12) Why cannot\\nthe whole desert be imgated? (13) What city have the Mormons\\nbuilt? Where is it? (14) Where is Los Angeles? (15) What is\\nraised near there? Why? (16) What is raised in other parts of\\nCalifornia? (17) Name the products of Oregon and Washington.\\n(18) Where is the chief city in Oregon? Why there? (19) What are\\nthe chief cities in Washington? (20) Name the cities on the Pacific\\ncoast having excellent harbors. Name several on the Atlantic.\\n(21) How do the two coasts differ (22) Where are the products of\\nthe Pacific coast sent How\\n(23) Make a list of the principal cities studied in the United\\nStates. (24) In what direction is each from Chicago (25) Make\\na map of the United States, placing on it each of the states with their\\nnames. Put on the map the names of the capitals. (26) Which\\nstates have a sea-coast\\nSuggestions. (1) Write a story describing a journey across the\\nplains and mountains to California in the early days. (2) Make a\\nlist of articles made of gold of silver of copper of lead. Collect\\nsome ores of these for the school. (3) What stories have you read\\nabout the life of cowboys? About the Western Indians? (4) Find\\nout something about the Yosemite Valley. (5) Ask a storekeeper\\nwhat California fruits he keeps. (6) Visit a fish-market to see some\\nsalmon. Find a picture of one in the dictionary. (7) Add together\\nthe population of the five largest cities on the Pacific coast. Compare\\nthat number with the population of the five largest on the Atlantic\\ncoast. You will find a table giving population of cities on page 265.\\n(8) Make a drawing of the Pacific coast, showing the cities. Add\\nthe rivers. (9) Find out what large animals live among the moun-\\ntains. (10) What is the distance from San Francisco to New York?\\n(11) Past what cities must the waters of the Yellowstone River run,\\nin flowing to the Gulf of Mexico? Through what states? (12) Write\\nto some Western railway, as the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe\\noflBice in Chicago, the Northern Pacific office at St. Paul, or the Denver\\nand Rio Grande at Denver, for their illustrated circulars, in which\\nthere are many views of Western scenery.\\nFor References, see page 260.", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "XIV. ALASKA\\nAlaska, which you see on the map (Fig. 123, opposite\\np. 140), although a part of the United States, is a great\\ndistance from us. Our country purchased this cold, bar-\\nren land from Russia. It is so far north that it is partly\\nin the Arctic Zone, and many people thought that our\\ngovernment wasted the 17,200,000 that were paid for it.\\nFig. 1G7.\\nA street in Sitka, Alaska. Although it is summer, notice the snow on the\\nmountains.\\nBut Alaska has proved valuable in several ways. Dur-\\ning the last few years thousands of men have gone there in\\nsearch of gold, just as years ago thousands rushed to Cali-\\nfornia. You have j)robably heard of the famous Klon-\\ndike region where so much gold has been found. The\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2X88", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "ALASKA\\n189\\nKlondike is a stream flowing into the Yukon River just\\neast of the boundary line between Alaska and Canada.\\nFind it. The Klondike region itself is in Canada.\\nMuch gold is also mined on the coast just north of Sitka, the cap-\\nital of Alaska, and in other places as well. But the country is so far\\nnorth that little food can be\\nraised, and mining in many\\nparts is not only difficult\\nbut dangerous.\\nMuch sealskin for cloaks\\nand caps comes from Alaska\\nA few hundred miles south-\\nwest of the mouth of the\\nYukon River are the small\\nPribilof Islands, to which\\nthousands of seals come\\nevery spring to rear their\\nyoung. Seal hunters are\\nallowed by the government\\nto capture some of these for\\ntheir fur, which is warm\\nand beautiful, but very ex-\\npensive because the animals\\nare not abundant.\\nThere are great forests in some parts of Alaska, and the fishing is\\ngood. Not only is Alaska valuable at present, but it will probably be\\neven more valuable in the future.\\nFig. 108.\\nSome of the fur-seal on the Pribilof\\nIslands.\\nEkview Questions. (1) Where is Alaska? (2) In what zones?\\n(3) How did we obtain it (4) What is done there\\nSuggestions. (1) Draw the Yukon River. (2) Measure its\\nlength and compare it with that of the Mississippi. (3) How does\\nthe coast compare with that of California? Of Maine? (4) Read\\nsomething about the fur seal. Examine some fur. (5) Find out\\nsomething about a journey to the Klondike.\\nFou References, see page 260.", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "XV. CANADA AND OTHER COUNTRIES NORTH\\nOF THE UNITED STATES\\nMap Questions. (1) How far are Detroit, Buffalo, and Chicago\\nfrom Canada? (See map opposite p. 167.) (2) What Falls in the\\nriver between Lakes Ontario and Erie (3) What effect have they\\nupon shipping? (4) In what part of Canada would you expect to\\nfind most of the people? Why? (5) What large bay in northeastern\\nCanada? (See map opposite p. 140.) (6) What can you say about\\nthe climate of the country north of this? (7) Which of the Great\\nLakes is entirely within the United States? (8) Into what large\\nriver do the Great Lakes empty\\nCanada and Newfoundland\\nIndustries. Canada is a British colony and New-\\nfoundland and Labrador also belong to England, but are\\nseparate from Canada.\\nMuch of this region is cold and bleak but the south-\\nern part resembles the northern United States in climate\\nand soil, so that the products on the two sides of the\\nboundary may be expected to correspond.\\nFishing was found to be an important industry along\\nthe New England coast (p. 143) so it is, also, in Nova\\nScotia and Newfoundland,\\nMaine in the East and Washington in the West are cov-\\nered with vast forests. Forests extend into Canada, cover-\\ning a large part of it, and in fact they reach northward\\nfor several hundred miles until the climate becomes so\\ncold that trees can no longer grow.\\n190", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "COVNTBIES NORTH OF UNITED STATES\\n191\\nNew York and Ohio are noted for their fruit, dairying,\\nand farming. Ontario, or that part of Canada just north\\nof these states, has the same products.\\nThe best wheat fields in the United States are in Min-\\nnesota and the two Dakotas so Manitoba is the best\\nwheat region in Canada, And since the dry plains of\\nthe Far West also extend into Canada, cattle and sheep\\nraising are important industries on the plains of western\\nCanada, even to the base of the Rocky Mountains.\\nThe western mountains of the United States contain\\nmuch gold, silver, and other metals it is the same with\\nthe mountains of Canada. The Klondike region should\\nbe remembered as a part of Canada, although it was men-\\ntioned in connection with Alaska (see p. 188).\\nSince we know the principal products, let us locate the\\nchief lines of transportation and cities. Canada, like the\\nUnited States,\\nhas a\\nroute\\nocean.\\nwater-\\nto the\\nThis is\\npartly along the\\nGreat Lakes\\nand partly along\\nthe St. Law-\\nFig. 169.\\nrence Kiver, one j^j^g Lachine Rapids on the St. Lawrence, just above\\nof the 2 reat riv- Montreal. There is one place down which a steamer\\ncan come; but no vessel can go up the rapids. Do\\ners 01 tne con- you see how this has helped to determine the loca-\\ntinent; but in tion of Montreal\\nsome places, as at Niagara, it is necessary to pass for short\\ndistances through canals. One of the largest of these is\\nthe Welland Canal, which connects Lakes Erie and On-\\ntario. Point it out on the map opposite p. 167.", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "192\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nCities. The eastern part of Canada is most thickly\\nsettled, like the eastern part of the United States, and for\\nthe same reasons. What are they Along the water-\\nroute just mentioned are some very large cities, as in the\\nUnited States. The\\nlargest is Montre-\\nal, which is nearly\\nas large as New Or-\\nleans. Like that city,\\nMontreal is situated\\non a river at a point\\nwhere ocean vessels\\ncan reach it. Far-\\nther down the St.\\nLawrence is the old\\ncity of Quebec,\\nfounded many years\\nago by the French. Ottawa, the capital, is west of\\nQuebec, on Ottawa River, and Toronto is across Lake\\nOntario from Niagara Falls. Find all these (Fig. 123).\\nAs there is much water-power and coal in eastern Can-\\nada, there is a great deal of manufacturing in the cities,\\nespecially in Montreal and Toronto.\\nThe cities not on this water-route are smaller. Halifax, iia Nova\\nScotia, has an excellent harbor. Winnipeg, the main city in the\\nwheat region of Manitoba, is connected with the Pacific coast at Van-\\ncouver and the Atlantic at St. John by the great Canadian Pacific\\nRailway. From Vancouver and Victoria, as from Seattle, Tacoma,\\nPortland, and San Francisco, goods are shipped to Australia and Asia.\\n2 ke Far North. In the vast forests of northern Canada live\\nfew other people than hunters, trappers, and Indians.\\nAlong the northern coast are found scattered groups of Eskimos,\\nwho get their living almost entirely from the sea. Their food is\\nFig. 170.\\nWaterfall at Ottawa. The city is seen behind\\nthe fall. How has the fall helped to deter-\\nmine the location of Ottawa", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NOETS OF UNITED STATES\\n193\\nobtained from the seal, walrus, polar bear, and reindeer their clothes,\\nsummer tents, and boats are made from the skins of these animals;\\nand their oil for light and heat\\nduring the long winter night\\nalso comes from them. Their\\nwinter houses are snow huts,\\nand long journeys over the ice-\\ncovered seas are made on sledges\\ndrawn by wolf-like dogs.\\nIslands North of\\nNorth America\\nThe islands north of North\\nAmerica ai e desolate lands. In\\nwinter the sea is frozen and\\neven in summer floating ice is\\nusually in sight. Some of the\\nice is that which has frozen on\\nthe surface of the sea during the\\nwinter but rising above this\\nare many great blocks of ice, or\\nicehergs, sometimes two hundred\\nor three hundred feet in height.\\nThey have broken off from the\\nstreams of ice, called glaciers,\\nthat move down from the land and enter the sea. The immense island\\nof Greenland is almost all\\ncovered by such glaciers.\\n!N o land can be seen except-\\ning near the coast, where\\nsome Eskimos live and\\na few Europeans, called\\nDanes, from Denmark.\\nThe island belongs to the\\nFig. 172. Danes, who pui chase skins,\\nAn iceberg from the great Greenland glacier. oil, etc., from the Eskimos.\\no\\nFig. 171.\\nAn Eskimo boy from Baffin Land,\\ndressed in his summer furs.", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "194\\nTBE EABTH A8 A WHOLE\\nReview Questions. (1) Show how the products of Canada\\ncorrespond with those of northern United States. (2) Where is the\\nSt. Lawrence River? Walk in the direction in which it flows.\\n(3) Where does the water come from? (4) Through what waters\\nmust a vessel pass in going from Duluth to the Gulf of St. Lawrence\\nFig. 173.\\nCutting ice from the St. Lawrence River opposite Montreal. What effect\\nshould you think this thick ice would have on the commerce of Montreal\\nand the ocean (5) Name and locate the chief cities along this route.\\n(6) Where is the largest city? Why there? (7) Where is Ottawa?\\nHalifax? (8) Name two cities on the western coast. (9) Tell about\\nthe people living in northern Canada. (10) How are icebergs caused?\\n(11) Make a drawing of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River,\\nputting in the cities.\\nSuggestions. (1) What difficulty do you see in building the\\nWelland Canal How is it overcome (2) What difficulties should\\nyou think the Canadian Pacific Railway would have in running trains\\nupon it in winter? (3) Why is not Hudson Bay an important outlet\\nfor goods by water from Canada? (4) How can you explain the\\nfact that there are no large cities along the great Mackenzie River?\\n(.5) Find out something about Quebec. (6) Write a story about\\nthe Eskimos. (7) Collect pictures of scenes in Canada. (8) Read\\nLongfellow s poem, Evangeline the land of Evangeline is in Nova\\nScotia.\\nFor References, see page 260.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "XVI. COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES\\nMap Questions. (1) What does the map (Fig. 123, opposite\\np. 140) tell you about the highlands and lowlands in Mexico (Notice\\nthe rivers.) (2) Find the cai^ital of Mexico. (3) Why is Central\\nAmerica a fitting name for the region southeast of Mexico (4) Point\\ntoward Cuba. (-5) How far is Havana from Florida? From New\\nOrleans (6) What large islands in the West Indies In what zone\\nare they (7) What large peninsulas are in Mexico\\nMexico and Central America. As Canada is colder than\\nthe United States, so the countries south of us may be ex-\\npected to be warmer.\\nNotice that a large\\npart of Mexico is\\nsouth of the tropic\\nof Cancer and that\\nCentral America is\\nentirely south of it.\\nNear the seacoast\\nof Mexico the land\\nis low and the cli-\\nmate hot but in the\\ninterior are many\\nmountains and broad,\\narid plateaus. They\\nare a continuation of those in our Western states, and are\\nso high that the climate is cool.\\n195\\nFig. 174.\\nPopocatepetl, an extinct volcano, not far from\\nMexico City, and one of the highest moun-\\ntain peaks on the continent. Notice that\\nthe top is white with snow, although in the\\ntorrid zone.", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "196\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nSome of the highest mountain peaks are old volcanoes made of lava\\nthat has poured forth from the earth. These peaks are so high that\\nthey are always covered with snow, in spite of the fact that they are\\nin the torrid zone.\\nWith such a variety of climate we shall of course find a\\nvariety of products. Much of the mountain region is too\\ncold and rocky\\nfor farming\\nbut, as in Col-\\norado, these\\nmountains yield\\nvaluable metals,\\nespecially sil-\\nver.\\nPart of the\\nMexican plateau\\nis dry, like west-\\nern Texas and\\nsome of the\\nother Western\\nstates. Name some of them. Like, these, its value con-\\nsists largely in wild grass, on which great herds of cattle,\\nsheep, and horses feed. Of what use are these animals\\nIn other parts of the plateau there is enough rainfall\\nfor farming but in most places crops can be raised by\\nthe aid of irrigation only.\\nAlong the lowlands of the coast, the rainfall is heavy,\\nand the products are much the same as on the low, damp\\nplains of our own Southern states. What are they (See\\npp. 160 and 162.) Besides these, much coffee is grown on\\nthe slopes between the coastal plain and the high plateau.\\nHave we found that product before in North America\\nFig. 175.\\nA street in a Mexican town.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF UNITED STATES 197\\nThere is very little manufacturing in these countries, for two rea-\\nsons. One is that coal is lacking. Why is that a good reason? The\\nother is that many of the people are too ignorant to manage machinery.\\nThe Spaniards once owned this part of North America, and their\\nlanguage is still spoken there. Most of the people living in Mexico\\nand Central America are either pure Indians, or else Spaniards with\\nIndian blood in their veins, called half-breeds.. Only about one man.\\nin six is a full-blooded Spaniard.\\nMexico is now a republic, like the United States, and\\nits capital is the city of Mexico. The coast on the east\\nis regular, as 3 ou can see, so that there are few harbors.\\nVera Cruz is the chief port, but the harbor is poor.\\nCentral America is made up of several republics, each\\nhaving a capital of its own. Many of the people are very\\nignorant, and there are frequent revolutions when ambi-\\ntious generals try to overthrow the government.\\nAt the present time Central America and the Isthmus of Panama\\nare of interest because canals are being dug there, to save vessels the\\nlong journey around South America. Examine the map (Fig. 120,\\nopposite p. 137) to see how much distance wiU be saved in this way\\nbetween New York and San Francisco. In Central America are dense\\ntropical forests from which hard woods, dyes, rubber, and other valua-\\nble products ai e obtained.\\nThe West Indies and Bermuda. Besides the countries on\\nthe mainland of the continent there are numerous islands,\\nsome of which form an archipelago called the West Indies.\\nThey are really the highest parts of mountain ranges pro-\\njecting above the sea and so arranged as to separate the\\nCaribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico and from the At-\\nlantic Ocean. All of them have a tropical climate.\\nThe largest island is Cuba, where sugar, tobacco, and\\ntropical fruits, such as bananas, are raised. Havana is its\\ncapital and largest seaport. Cuba belonged to Spain until", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "198\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nFig. 176.\\nA field of Easter lilies in the Bermuda Islands,\\nwhere these lilies are raised for export\\nto the United States at Easter.\\nour recent war with Spain, and so did Porto Rico, which\\nnow belongs to the United States.\\nThe other large islands are Jamaica, belonging to England, and\\nHaiti, where there are two\\nnegro republics. The large\\nislands are called the Greater\\nAntilles; and the small is-\\nlands, extending in a chain\\nfrom near Porto Rico to the\\nSouth American coast, are\\ncalled the Lesser Antilles.\\nThese belong to England,\\nFrance, and other European\\nnations.\\nOff the eastern coast of\\nFlorida are the low Bahama\\nIslands; and in the open\\nAtlantic, far to the north-\\neast of these, is a tiny clus-\\nter called the Bermuda Islands. Both belong to England, and are\\nmade of coral sand, as described on page 135.\\nReview Questions. (1) Tell about the climate and relief of\\nMexico. (2) About the industries. (3) About the inhabitants.\\n(4) What cities are there (5) For what is Central America espe-\\ncially important at present (6) Tell what you can about the West\\nIndies. (7) The Bahamas. (8) The Bermudas.\\nSuggestions. (1) What reason can you see for digging the Nica-\\nragua Canal at the place where it is shown on the map? (2) Why\\nare there no large rivers in Mexico? (3) Find out about the Panama\\nCanal. (4) Tell some of the events that happened in Cuba during\\nour war against Spain. (5) Find out what you can about Cuba;\\nabout Porto Rico. (6) In what time of year would it be best for\\npeople to visit these islands? (7) Why can potatoes, onions, and\\nother vegetables be grown in Bermuda so early as to reach us in\\nMarch (8) Ask some one who has been to the Bermuda or Bahama\\nIslands to tell you what he saw there.\\nFor References, see p. 260.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "XVII. SOUTH AMERICA\\nMap Questions. (1) Compare the shape of South America\\nwith that of North America. (2) What great mountain ranges are\\nthere along the western side (3) Which part of South America has\\nno cold winter? (4) Which part has a climate much like that where\\nyou live (5) What is the name of the longest river (6) Where\\ndo you expect to find the most fertile regions (7) Name the coun-\\ntries of South America.\\nRelief. Great mountain chains were found in the\\nwestern part of North America. What are their names\\nThrough what countries\\ndo they extend In\\nSouth America there are\\nalso high mountains on\\nthe western side, called\\nthe Andes. The peaks\\nof the Andes are higher\\nthan those in the United\\nStates, and there are\\nmany active volcanoes\\namong them (Fig. 12).\\nTwo tunnels on a railway line that crosses\\nthe hiffh Andes of Peru.\\nBesides the Andes, the\\nmap shows a highland re-\\ngion in eastern Brazil and a smaller one between the Amazon and\\nOrinoco rivers, forming the divide between them.\\nThe remainder of South America is mainly lowland, drained by\\nthree mighty rivers. What are their names? Where does each rise?\\nIn what direction does each flow Which drains the longest slope\\n199", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "200 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nClimate. The products of the three valleys greatly\\ndepend upon their climate let us, therefore, see how\\nmuch heat and moisture they have.\\nWhere does the equator cross the continent Where\\ndoes the tropic of Capricorn cross it How much of\\nthe continent, then, is in the torrid zone Where is the\\ncoldest part In which zone\\nFrom this we see that much more than half the\\ncontinent must have a warm climate but that the south-\\nern part has a temperate climate more like our own. In\\nwhich months does summer come to this region\\nAs for the moisture in the torrid or tropical part of\\nSouth America the rains are very heavy. The reason\\nfor this is that the air becomes heated and is thus made\\nvery light it is then forced to rise to such a height that\\nthe vapor is condensed, causing heavy showers. (See\\np. 77.)\\nThere is less rainfall in the south temperate zone, and\\nstill less in the narrow strip west of the central part of\\nthe Andes, in Chile and Peru. There the climate is quite\\narid because the principal winds are from the east, so\\nthat the air loses its vapor in passing over the mountains\\nand descends upon the Pacific slope as dry, parching\\nwinds.\\nHistory. Knowing now the chief facts about the\\nrelief and climate, let us look at the countries themselves.\\nAfter the discovery of South America by Columbus the\\nSpaniards settled in many parts, obtaining great quanti-\\nties of gold and silver, especially in the Andes. Nearly\\nall of South America once belonged to Spain, excepting\\nBrazil, which was settled and for a long time owned\\nby the Portuguese. Although these countries are now", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "SOUTH AMERICA\\n201\\nindependent nations, the Spanish language is still spoken\\nthere.\\nBrazil. This is the largest country, being even larger\\nthan the United States without Alaska but it has only\\nabout one-third as many inhabitants. Much of the\\ngreat Amazon valley consists of forest-covered plains,\\ncalled silvas, in which the trees are so close together, and\\nthere is such a mat of vines and underbrush, that it is\\nFig. 179.\\nA path through the dense tropical forest of South America.\\nextremely difficult for one to make his way through.\\nFrom what was just said about the climate, you may be\\nable to give the reason for such rank growth.\\nYou will find pictures of some of the wild forest\\nanimals in Figure 108, page 130. What are their\\nnames\\nOf course this forest is not a good home for men,\\nespecially since much of the land is frequently flooded", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "202 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nin fact, Indians are almost the only people living there.\\nThey make a living by hunting, fishing, and selling rub-\\nber from the rubber tree that grows in the woods.\\nRubber is obtained by cutting a hole in the bark and\\ncatching the milky fluid that flows forth. After being\\nwarmed over a fire to make it more solid, it is sent down the\\nriver in boats to Paea and then shipped to many parts of\\nthe world. Bicycle tires and overshoes are made from it.\\nSee how long a list of other rubber articles you can name.\\nAnother common tree is the cocoa tree, on which grow\\nthe beans from which cocoa and chocolate are made. The\\nrivers are almost the only roadways in this great section,\\nso that it is mainly a great wilderness.\\nMost of the inhabitants of Brazil live in the eastern\\npart along the coast. Some of them are white people,\\nbut many are either Indians or negroes, or of mixed\\nblood, as in Mexico. You will notice several cities on\\nthe coast, of which Rio de Janeieo, the capital, is the\\nlargest, being about twice the size of New Orleans. It\\nhas a splendid harbor.\\nThere must certainly be some important industries in\\nthis region to cause a city to become so large. Besides\\nthe raising of cattle upon the plateau of eastern Brazil,\\nfarming is an important industry there. The principal\\ncrops are the same as those already found in warm coun-\\ntries namely, cotton, sugar, tobacco, and coffee. The\\nlast is most important, and Rio de Janeiro is the chief\\nexport town, which is the reason why some of our coffee\\nis called Rio coffee.\\nVenezuela and Guiana. North of Brazil is Venezuela,\\nwhich includes most of the Orinoco valley. Here are\\nbroad plains, called llanos, which produce excellent grass,", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "SOUTH AMERICA\\n203\\nFig. 180.\\nNative Indian women washing clothes in Vene-\\nzuela. Do you see in the picture any reason\\nfor thinking it is warm there\\nSO that cattle raising is one of the important industries.\\nCoffee and cocoa\\nare also raised.\\nThe capital and\\nlargest city is\\nCaracas, which\\nis located several\\nmiles from the\\ncoast upon land\\nmore than half a\\nmile above the sea.\\nWhat advantage\\ndo you see in such\\na position?\\nJust north of the mouth of the Orinoco River is Trini-\\ndad Island, which belongs to Great Britain. On that\\nisland is a great pitch lake, from Avhich much of the\\nasphalt used in our street pavements is obtained.\\nAH of the countries of South America are republics\\nexcepting Guiana, east of Venezuela, which belongs to\\nthree European nations. What are their names And\\nwhat is the capital of each section of Guiana? The prod-\\nucts of these countries are much the same as those of\\nBrazil and Venezuela.\\nLa Plata Countries. The country south of Brazil,\\ndrained by the Plata River and its tributaries, is one\\nof the most productive parts of South America. Here,\\nat the mouth of the Plata River in Argentina, is Buenos\\nAires, the largest city on the continent. Across the\\nwide river mouth is Montevideo, another large city,\\nin Uruguay. What other small country lies between\\nArgentina and Brazil?", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "204\\nTHE EAETH AS A WHOLE\\nThe plains in this section of the country are called\\npampas; and because of their excellent grass one of the\\nchief industries is ranching. Since most of the country-\\nis in the temperate zone, corn and wheat are important\\nfarm products and in the warm northern part, near the\\ntropics, tobacco and sugar-cane are raised. This is the\\npart of South America that most nearly corresponds in\\nclimate and products to the United States.\\nFig. 181.\\nA scene on the pampas of Argentina.\\nGoods are still carried upon the rivers in Argentina,\\nbut there are also many railways in that country, more, in\\nfact, than in any other part of South America.\\nAndean Countries. The countries in the western part\\nof South America are very mountainous, since each of\\nthem includes a part of the Andean chain. As you might\\nexpect, then, one of the principal industries is mining\\nand immense quantities of gold and silver have been\\nfound there. What are the names of these countries\\nObserve that most of the cities are not upon the coast.\\nThis is partly because they have grown up in the mining", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "SOUTH AMEBIC A 205\\ndistricts among the mountains, and partly because there\\nare so few good harbors. Many of the interior cities have\\nseaports, as Callao in Peru, the seaport of Lima. Find\\nothers.\\nValparaiso, in Chile, is the largest port on the Pacific\\ncoast but Santiago, the capital, situated fifty miles in-\\nland, and about one-half mile above the sea, is more than\\ntwice as large. Notice how long and narrow Chile is\\nwhat reason can you give for that\\nFig. 182.\\nA scene among the lofty, snow-capped mountains of Chile.\\nFarming is possible in the northern part of the western\\ncoast, where the rainfall is heavy but farther south, as\\nin Peru and northern Chile, agriculture is impossible with-\\nout irrigation. In southern Chile, however, the rainfall\\nis moderate, and many people have settled there because\\nthe farming and grazing are excellent.\\nWhich of the Andean countries has no seacoast Is\\nthat any disadvantage One country is called Ecuador,\\nwhich is the Spanish word for equator. Why is that a\\nfitting name Notice that Colombia has seacoast on the\\ntwo oceans and includes the Isthmus of Panama. What", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "206 THE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\ncities do you find on the two sides of the Isthmus They\\nare connected by a railway. Why is this important\\nReview Questions. (1) Describe the highland regions of South\\nAmerica. (2) AVhat three great valleys are there? (3) In what\\nzones are the different parts of the continent (4) Which is the rainiest\\nregion? Wliy? (5) What about the rainfall elsewhere? (6) Com-\\npare Brazil with the United States in size and number of inhabitants,\\n(7) Tell about the silvas and the valuable products obtained from\\nthem. (8) Where are the chief cities in Brazil? Which is the largest?\\n(9) Name the main industries in that section. (10) Where is Vene-\\nzuela. (11) Tell about the industries there. (12) Where is Cara-\\ncas? (13) For what is Trinidad noted? (14) Which is the most\\nproductive part of South America? What are the products?\\n(15) Name and locate the largest city on the continent. (16) Name\\nthe countries along the western side of South America. (17) Why\\nare most of the cities not directly on the coast? (18) Which is the\\nlargest port? (19) What are the products of these countries?\\nSuggestions. (1) Draw the outline of South America. Put in\\nthe drawing the mountains, chief rivers, and cities. Add the country\\nboundaries. (2) Make a sand model of the continent, showing the\\nhighlands and lowlands. (3) What large cities were found in the\\ninterior of North America? How about South America in that\\nrespect? What are the causes for the difference? (4) Brazil is in\\nthe torrid zone, while the United States is in the temperate zone.\\nWhich country has the advantage in temperature Why (5) Write\\na storj^ telling of a journey by land and river from the mouth of tlie\\nOrinoco to the mouth of the Plata. (6) Find some pictures from\\nSouth America and add them to the school collection. (7) Read\\nsomething about coffee raising. Read about Pizarro. About Boli-\\nvar. (8) From the table on page 268 find the five largest cities in\\nSouth America. Add the populations together and compare the result\\nwith the total of the five largest cities in North America (see p.\\n264). (9) The Hartford Tire Comj)any, Hartford, INIass., issues a\\npamphlet with illustrations of rubber making. You could probably\\nobtain one if you wrote for it.\\nFor References, see page 260.", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "XVIII. EUROPE\\nMap Questions. (1) On page 131 it was stated that Eurasia con-\\nsisted of two continents, Europe and Asia. Trace the boundary line\\nbetween them, naming the mountains and waters that form it.\\n(2) One of the seas has no outlet; wliich one is it? What kind of\\nwater would you expect to find in that sea? (3) How does the coast\\nline of Europe compare with that of South America? Of North\\nAmerica? (4) AVould you expect to find many good harbors?\\n(5) Name the largest peninsulas and draw an outline map to show\\nthem. (6) Where are the highest mountains? (7) One of the\\nAlpine peaks is Mt. Blanc. What have you already learned about\\nit? (See p. 21.) (8) Where are the plains? AVhich very large\\ncountry is made up mainly of plains? Find Sicily and Sardinia.\\n(9) In what zones is Europe? (10) How do you think its climate\\nwould compare with that of the United States? (11) With which\\nof these countries have we recently been at war? (12) What other\\ncountries in Europe do you know something about? (13) By what\\nroute would you go from New York to one of them? (See Fig. 120.)\\nEurope is only a little larger than tlie United States\\nwith Alaska, but contains more than five times as many\\ninhabitants, who are separated into a score of nations\\nwith a different language for nearly every one.\\nI. The British Isles. The people in Europe to whom\\nwe are most closely related live on the small group of\\nislands, called the British Isles, which lie just west of\\nthe mainland. This is often called our motlier coun-\\ntry. Can you tell why\\nThere are two islands, Ireland and Great Britain what\\nare the names of the three parts of Great Britain\\n207", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "208\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nOn these islands are fine harbors and many great cities,\\nLondon, in the southern part of England, on the Thames\\nRiver, being the largest city in the world. Let us see\\nwhat the people do.\\nJudging from their position one might expect these islands to be\\ntoo cold for agriculture, for they are farther north than the mouth of\\nthe St. Lawrence\\nRiver; but the cli-\\nmate is no colder\\nthan that of the\\nnorthern United\\nStates. The reason\\nfor this is that the\\nwestern coast of\\nEurope is warmed\\nby a broad cur-\\nrent, or drift, of\\nwarm ocean\\nwater, known as\\nthe Gulf Stream,\\nwhich flows north-\\neast in the Atlan-\\nj^\\nJT^-^^\\nii^\\n[t ;j\\nfcrr \u00c2\u00bbji|iMK\\njbX,jri\\nWm\\n^wffi\\n\\\\la^\\nM\\n^S\\nm\\nB\\ni^\\ni^^i\\njM\\n^B\\nm\\n1\\nB*^ \u00c2\u00a3i 5\\nw^\\nFig. 184.\\nLondon bridge, across the Thames, over which a busy\\nthrong is almost constantly passing.\\ntic Ocean from the warm southern seas. The air over it becomes\\nwarmed and, since the winds of Europe blow chiefly from the west,\\nthey carry this warmth with them and produce a climate much milder\\nthan one would otherwise expect.\\nWales and most of Scotland are too hilly to be well\\nsuited to agriculture but many sheep and cattle are\\nraised. In England there is much more farming, and hay\\nis one of the chief crops, since the damp air and the rain\\ncause the grass to grow well. This is a reason, also, why\\nsheep are raised in great numbers.\\nBut agriculture and stock raising are not the chief oc-\\ncupations. Having much wool, the people long ago", "height": "2641", "width": "1843", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "EUROPE 209\\nlearned to make woollen cloth. In addition to that, they\\npurchased cotton from distant countries, as New Eng-\\nland does to-day from the Southern states, and made cot-\\nton goods. Thus extensive manufacturing industries have\\nbeen developed, which have been made possible because of\\nthe vast beds of coal found there, as in Pennsylvania, Illi-\\nnois, and neighboring states.\\nThe centre for this manufacturing is Makchestee, and\\nthe nearest port is Liverpool, thirty-five miles away.\\nRecently a ship canal, called the Manchester Canal, has\\nbeen built, connecting these two cities. Find them.\\nThe coal has helped to make another great industry\\npossible. Beds of iron ore occur in England, and by\\nthe use of coal it is made into iron and steel, especially\\nat BiemIjStgham, which is the greatest centre for iron\\nmanufacturing in Great Britain. Where else have we\\nfound a city called Birmingham What can you tell\\nabout it\\nThe lowland portion of Scotland, about Edinburgh\\nand Glasgow, is likewise noted for its cotton and wool-\\nlen factories, and for its iron manufacturing. Glasgow\\nis the greatest centre for steel shipbuilding in the world.\\nWhat city in the United States is noted for shipbuild-\\ning\\nGreat numbers of people are employed in all this work,\\nso that enough cloth, knives, needles, engines, and so forth\\nare made to supply many parts of the world.\\nIreland is not so much interested in manufacturing, al-\\nthough linen is an important product, being manufactured\\nespecially at Belfast. It is really to a great extent a\\nfarm for the English, furnishing them butter, eggs, pota-\\ntoes, and also meat. The air is so moist that the grass", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "210\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0I\u00c2\u00abWI\u00c2\u00bb^^I)\\njIJI\\nHuiO^HHI\\nis kept fresh and green, and on that account Ireland is\\noften called the Emerald (or Green) Isle. The two largest\\ncities are naturally\\non the side next to\\nEngland, What are\\ntheir names\\nSo many manu-\\nfactured goods must\\nbe shipped away\\nfrom Great Britain,\\nand so much food\\nimported, that the\\nshipping business is\\nvery important. For\\nthis reason there are\\nThatched cottages in Ireland.\\nin Great Britain, and that nation has more ships upon the\\nsea than any other in the world.\\nHaving so many ships, the British have been led to explore coun-\\ntries in all parts of the v\\\\ oi ]d. Whenever they discovered new lands,\\nthey laid claim to them in the name of their government, and in that\\nway England has come into possession of Canada, Australia, and a\\nlarge part of Africa, and scores of islands besides. These are called\\ncolonies, and the British have more colonies than any other nation in\\nthe world. Indeed, these colonies cover one hundred times as much\\nsurface as the British Isles and have ten times as many inhabitants.\\nLondon, the capital and the central port for vessels,\\nhas an excellent harbor on the Thames River, where hun-\\ndreds of ships can be accommodated at one time.\\nGreat Britain and Ireland, together with their many\\ncolonies, form the British Empire. Its government, un-\\nlike our own, is a monarchy but it is very liberal, and", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "EUROPE 211\\nas in our own country, the people have an important share\\nin the making of laws.\\nII. Norse Countries. Sweden and Norway. These\\ntwo countries together occupy the Scandinavian peninsula,\\nand are about as far north as southern Greenland. Were\\nit not for the Gulf Stream, which flows past Norway, this,\\nlike Greenland, might be a barren, frozen country. As it\\nis, however, many people live there.\\nFig. 186.\\nThe Thames River and Windsor Castle, where the Queen of England resides.\\nAs in Scotland, most of the country is too hilly and\\nrocky for farming, although some grain, cattle, and sheep\\nare raised, especially on the lower land of southern Sweden\\nalong the Baltic. Few people live in the highlands, and\\nabout one fourth of Norway is covered by forests.\\nThe coast is veiy irregular, and many deep, narrow bays, or fjords,\\nreach into the land, making fine harbors. As a result, Norwegians\\nand Swedes are skilful sailors. In the early days these Northmen\\nwere the best sailors in the world, and they came to the American\\nshores long before Columbus discovered America. Fishing for cod\\nand herring is now one of their important industries.", "height": "2659", "width": "1860", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "212\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nThe principal cities are Stockholm and Cheistiania.\\nFind each. They are the capitals of Sweden and Norway,\\nbut the entire peninsula\\nis ruled by one king,\\nthe government being a\\nmonarchy.\\nDenmark, just south\\nof Norway and Sweden,\\nis inhabited by people\\nsimilar to those in Scan-\\ndinavia in fact, these\\nthree are often called\\nFig. 187. t^ ^s Norse nations, or the\\nOne of the deep, narrow fjords of Norway. nations of the Northmen\\nThe Danes, also, have been great sailors, and now have possession\\nof Iceland and the west coast of Greenland. Their country presents\\na very different appeai anco from Norway and Sweden, for the land is\\nlow and level, and farm-\\ning is the occupation of\\nabout one-half the peo-\\nple. Fishing is also an\\nimportant industry.\\nThe government\\nis a monarchy, the\\ncapital and largest\\ncity being CoPEisr-\\nHAGEN, situated on\\nan island.\\nIII. Russia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nRussian Empire not\\nonly includes great plains in Europe, but extends sev-\\neral thousand miles beyond the Ural Mountains to the\\nFig. 188.\\nDanish women selling fish.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "EUROPE 213\\neastern coast of Asia it is nearly as large as the whole of\\nNorth America and contains a greater number of inhab-\\nitants.\\nMost of Russia in Europe is a level country. The northern part,\\nlike northern Norway, is in the frigid zone, and so far away from the\\nGulf Stream that the climate is extremely cold. The plains there,\\ncalled tundras, are too cold for trees, and the frost never leaves the\\nground except at the very surface in summer. Nevertheless, a moss\\nflourishes and supports numbers of reindeer, which are used as draft\\nanimals by the natives.\\nThe southeastern plains, called steppes, are so far from\\nthe ocean that the west winds can bring them little rain.\\nThey are therefore dry like the arid region in our West-\\nern States. But the central and western parts are well\\nsuited to farming, and there most of the people live. As\\nin the northern United States, one of their main crops is\\ngrain, especially wheat and vast numbers of cattle and\\nsheep roam over the broad, grassy steppes.\\nThe rivers are excellent waterways, the largest of all\\nbeing the Volga, the greatest river in Europe. What\\nothers do you find\\nSince the Caspian Sea has no outlet, and the Arctic\\nOcean on the north side is frozen much of the time, the\\nchief ports for foreign commerce must be either on the\\nBaltic or the Black Sea. This explains the location of\\nSt. Petersburg, the capital and largest city, which is\\nabout the size of Philadelphia. Odessa, on the Black\\nSea, contains many flour-mills and is an important port\\nfor the export of wheat. With what two cities northwest\\nof Chicago may it be compared?\\nThe chief railway centre is Moscow in the interior,\\nwhich is nearly twice as large as Boston.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "214\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nThe great mass of the people, called peasants, are not allowed to\\ntake any part in the government, andj unlike most of the Euro-\\npeans, are kept in\\nignorance and sub-\\njection. They are\\nruled by a man\\ncalled the Czar,\\nwho makes and ex-\\necutes laws very\\nmuch as he pleases.\\nThat kind of gov-\\nernment is called\\nan absolute mon-\\narchy, or despot-\\nism, and is very\\ndifferent from the\\nlimited monarchies\\nthus far studied.\\nFig. 189.\\nA family of Russian peasants.\\nIV. Germany. The general slope of the land in Ger-\\nmany is shown by the rivers in what direction do most\\nof them flow? The southern part of the country consists\\nof mountains and highlands, but the northern part is a\\ngreat plain, a continuation of the plains of Russia.\\nAs in Russia, there is much agriculture, one of the\\nchief products being grain. Much of their bread is made\\nfrom a grain called rye, and is so dark that it is called\\nblack bread. Beets are grown in enormous quantities,\\nand sugar is manufactured from them as it is from sugar-\\ncane in Louisiana. Grapes flourish along the upper Rhine\\nRiver, and from these wine is made and more hops for\\nmaking beer are raised in Germany than in any other\\ncountry of the Avorld.\\nBoth coal and iron ore are mined in abundance and many\\narticles are manufactured, such as the famous Krupp guns", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "EUROPE\\n215\\nand many kinds of macliineiy. Germany is noted also for\\nits manufacture of cotton, woollen and linen goods, ranking\\nnext to England as\\na manufacturing\\ncountry of Europe.\\nThe chief seaport\\nis Hamburg on the\\nElbe River, a city al-\\nmost the size of St.\\nLouis. Why should\\nthe chief port be at\\nthis point rather\\nthan farther east on\\nthe Baltic Sea A\\nship canal has re-\\ncently been dug\\na cross the Deninsula\\nsouth of Denmark. What are the advantages from it\\nFig. 191.\\nThe Royal Museum at Berlin.\\nThe schools, universities, and museums of Germany are among the\\nbest that exist, and many Americans go to Germany each year to", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "216\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nstudy music, painting, and other subjects. The largest university is\\niu Berlin; Leipzig also has one, and there are many others. Mu-\\nnich and Dresden are noted for their fine picture gallei ies, and so is\\nBerlin, which also has other large museums. Find these cities.\\nBEELlisr, the capital of Germany, is the largest city.\\nThe government is a limited monarchy, and the present\\nruler is Emperor William II.\\nV. Holland, or the Netherlands (a word that means\\nlowlands)^ is a low, flat country, much of it being lower\\nthan the neighbor-\\ning sea.\\nThe inhabitants\\nhave built embank-\\nments, called dykes, to\\nkeep the sea out, and\\nkave dug canals across\\nthe country to drain\\nit. The water that\\ncollects inside the em-\\nbankments is pumped\\nout by windmills, or\\nby steam, into the\\ncanals, and these ca-\\nnals are the chief\\nroads, being used in\\nsummer by boats and in winter by people on skates or on sleds.\\nThe damp soil furnishes excellent grass, so that cattle raising and\\ndairying are the principal occupations.\\nThe Hollanders, or Dutchmen, living so near the sea, have become\\ngreat sailors and explorers, like the Englishmen. For this reason\\nthey have come into possession of some of the richest islands in the\\nEast Indies, from which are obtained valuable products, such as\\ncoffee, spices, and precious stones. On the map. Figure 221, facing\\npage 250, find the names of some of the Dutch East Indies. Find\\nout about the early Dutch settlements in America. What great city\\ndid they settle V\\nFig. 1 J2.\\nA canal in Holland.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "EUBOPE\\n217\\nThe chief city is Amsterdam, which is about the size\\nof Boston. The government is a monarchy, and the laws\\nare made at The Hague, on the coast.\\nVI. Belgium, like Holland, has some land that is lower\\nthan the sea and protected by dykes but the eastern\\npart is much higher.\\nThe people are crowded\\ntogether more closely than\\nin any other country of Ru-\\nrope. Many live on farms and\\nraise much the same prod-\\nucts as those of Holland and\\nGermany. What are these\\nFlax is an important farm prod-\\nuct. It is a plant about two feet\\nhigh, whose fibre is used in mak-\\ning linen and fine laces. The Bel-\\ngians have long been skilful in\\nsuch work, and it was from them\\nthat the English received some of\\ntheir knowledge about manufac-\\nturing Brussels, the largest city, is famous for its fine laces, linens,\\nand Brussels carpets, the latter being made of wool on a mat of linen.\\nThere is a great amount of coal and iron in this little\\nkingdom, so that the iron industry is extensive, as in\\nGermany.\\nThe government is a monarchy with Brussels for its\\ncapital. Antwerp is the chief seaport.\\nVII. France. The slope of the land in France you see\\nby the course of its rivers. What are their names\\nWhere do they rise and in what direction do they flow?\\nIn the cool northern part the crops are similar to\\nthose of Germany but in the southern portion the\\nFig. 193.\\nA windmill, in Belgium, like those\\nso commou in Holland.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "218\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nclimate is warmer and the crops somewhat different.\\nBesides grapes, which are grown in great quantities in\\nthe region of Boedbaux, and made into wine that is sold\\nin many parts of the world, much silk is also produced.\\nSilk is nianiifactured from cocoons spun by a caterpillar called the\\nsilkworm. Each one of the cocoons is made of a fine thread several\\nthousand yards long, looking somewhat like the thread of a spider s\\nweb.\\nAfter the cocoons have been softened in hot water the threads are\\nunwound and then wound upon spools. They are later made into\\nthread and woven into silk cloth, ribbons, handkerchiefs, and other\\nsilk goods.\\nMuch depends upon the proper care of the silkworm. Their\\nprincipal food is the leaf of the mulberry tree, which is planted in\\ngreat groves in the Rhone Valley, in southei-n France. The leaves\\nare plucked and fed to the worms.\\nLyoist, the centre for the silk industry^ and the great-\\nest silk market in the world, is next to the largest\\ncity in France.\\nParis, the larg-\\nest city in France,\\nis the third in\\nsize in the world,\\nand probably the\\nmost beautiful.\\nLike several cities\\nin Germany, it\\nhas fine picture\\ngalleries and mu-\\nseums, and many foreigners go there to study painting,\\nmusic, and other subjects. It is situated upon the Seine\\nRiver, and its chief port is Hayee, at the mouth of the\\nSeine.\\nFig. 194.\\na view of the great city of Paris.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "EUROPE\\n219\\nFig. 195.\\nThe harbor of Marseille.\\nBordeaux, already mentioned, is an important ship-\\nping port for wine, and Marseille the principal port upon\\nthe Mediter-\\nranean coast.\\nFrom these\\nthree harbors\\nFrance ships\\ngoods to and\\nfrom her sev-\\neral colonies\\nand other coun-\\ntries.\\nThe French\\ngovernment was formerly a monarchy, but is now a re-\\npublic with Paris as its capital.\\nVIII. Spain and Portugal. The Pyrenees Mountains\\nform the boundary between France and Spain, rising like\\na great wall to separate the two countries.\\nYou remember that Magellan was a Portuguese and that\\nit was to Spain that Columbus went for help. These\\nwere once among the most powerful nations in the world,\\nand they once ruled much of North America and most of\\nSouth America. Little by little they have lost their colo-\\nnies in the New World, the last to be taken being Cuba\\nand Porto Rico.\\nLike Mexico, which was settled and for a long time\\nowned by the Spanish, Spain has a dry, mountainous\\nplateau or table-land in the interior, with low land along\\nthe coast.\\nBeing so much like a desert, one would expect few\\npeople to make their homes in the interior and this is\\nthe case, although, strange to say, the greatest city,", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "220\\nTHE EABTR AS A WHOLE\\nFig. 196.\\nA view of a part of Madrid and the great plateau\\non which it is situated.\\nMadrid, is found in the centre of this table-land. Its im-\\nportance is due to the fact that it is the capital of Spain.\\nAs upon our dry\\nWestern plains\\nand plateaus, cat-\\ntle and sheep rais-\\ning are important\\nindustries on this\\nhighland. But\\nthe rocks of this\\nregion contain its\\nchief wealth, for\\nSpain produces\\nmore quicksilver and lead than any other nation, and more\\ncopper and iron than most others.\\nThere is considerable farming in the mountain valleys and on the\\nlow lands along the coast. One of the most valuable crops is grapes\\nyou have doubtless seen Malaga grapes, named from the city of\\nMalaga on the southern coast. Many grapes are made into wine\\nothers are dried to make raisins. Other fruits grown here are olives,\\nlemons, oranges, and figs besides this much cork is obtained from\\nthe bark of the cork oak.\\nBARCELOisrA, on the eastern side, is the chief port of\\nSpain and the principal city of Portugal is Lisbon, the\\ncapital.\\nBoth governments are limited monarchies, like those\\nof most European countries.\\nIX. Italy was once the most powerful country in the\\nworld. Its principal city was Rome, and the Romans\\nruled nearly all the other countries then known. But,\\nlike Spain, it has lost much of its importance.\\nRome is still the capital and the residence of the king", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "EUROPE\\n221\\nalso of tlie\\nPope, who is\\ntheheadof the\\nRoman Cath-\\nolic Church.\\nThe city is es-\\npecially noted\\nfor its many\\nruins of build-\\nings erected\\nhundreds of\\nyears ago.\\nFig. 197.\\nSt. Peter s Cathedral on the left, and the Vatican, the\\nresidence of the Pope, on the right.\\nVenice, at the head of the Adriatic Sea, is another interesting\\ncity. It is built upon many islands joined by hundreds of bridges,\\nand its chief streets, are canals, where boats, called gondolas, are used\\nin place of wagons and carriages.\\nFig. 198.\\nOne of the canals of Venice with a gondola floating upon it.\\nNaples, which is on the coast southeast of Rome, and\\nnear Mt. Vesuvius, is the largest city in Italy. The steam", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "222\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nrising from the crater of Vesuvius is easily seen from the\\ncity (Fig. 102). Volcanic ash from Mt. Vesuvius has en-\\ntirely buried some of the towns near by, such as the ancient\\ncity of Pompeii, from which the ashes have been dug away\\nso as to bring to light the buried buildings and streets.\\nThe best farm land is in the valley of the Po River in the northern\\npart, where wheat, and other grains, and mulberry trees for silk-\\nworms are raised. Milan, like Lyou iii France, is a great centre for\\nsilk.\\nThe climate is mild enough to produce the same fruits that are\\ngrown in Florida and Soutliern California. Name some of them.\\nX. Switzerland.\\nAny one who has\\nheard the story of\\nWilliam Tell, or\\nwho has read about\\nthe St. Bernard\\ndogs kept by the\\nmonks, has some\\nidea of how Swit-\\nzerland looks. Here\\nare the snow-capped\\nAlps, with many\\nFig. 199.\\nThe snow-capped Matterhorn, one of the Alpine\\npeaks.\\nlakes and fertile valleys between them, and views so\\nbeautiful that thousands of people go every year to enjoy\\nthem (p. 21). One of the occupations of the Swiss is to\\nprovide for these visitors in hotels and restaurants.\\nThe green grass in the low lying valleys and on the mountain sides\\nprovides excellent food for cattle and goats, so that butter and cheese\\nare made, as in Holland. Probably you have heard of Swiss and\\nDutch cheese.\\nWood carving is also an important industry. During the long", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "EUROPE 223\\nwinters the -wood grown upon the mountains is carved into toys,\\nclocks, and many other articles. Have you ever seen a Swiss clock?\\nName the countries on each side of Switzerland, and notice that it\\nis surrounded by people who speak German, French, and Italian. In\\nconsequence, instead of having one language of their own, the Swiss\\nhave these three, those living in each part speaking the language of\\nthe foreign country nearest to them.\\nThe Swiss government has long been a republic, like\\nour own, and Berne is the capital. Find the chief cities,\\nZurich and Geneva.\\nFig. 200.\\nA view in Austria.\\nXI. Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary are\\nunited under one monarchy, although they have differ-\\nent customs and languages. Many of the Austrians are\\nclosely related to the Germans but the Hungarians are\\na very different race. The capital and largest city is\\nVienna, the fourth in size in Europe. It is situated on\\nthe Danube River, so that it has water connection with\\nmany other places.\\nBudapest is next to Vienna in importance. Like Minneapolis, it\\nis in the midst of a great wheat region, and is a flour-milling centre.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "224\\nTEE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nThe cultivation of flax leads to another manufacturing industry.\\nWhat is it?\\nWhich parts of Austria-Hungary are mountainous? Much coal\\nand iron are found in the northwestern part near Germany, and\\nPrague is noted for the manufacture of hardware. The chief harbor\\nis on the Adriatic coast what is its name\\nXII. Greece. The country in Europe which has per-\\nhaps had the greatest influence upon the rest of the world\\nis Greece. The Romans received many of their beliefs and\\nFig. 201.\\nThe Acropolis with its ruins on top, and the ruins of the Temple of Jupiter on\\nthe right, hoth in ancient Athens.\\ncustoms from the Greeks; and since many of ours come from\\nthe Romans, we also are greatly in debt to the Greeks.\\nThe centre of this influence was Athens, once the most\\nfamous city in the world. Many years later, at the time\\nof Christ, it was still an important place. Both Athens\\nand Corinth, near by, are mentioned in the Bible.\\nThe country is mountainous, producing raisins and other fruits,\\nand much grass for grazing. But there is little mining and manu-\\nfacturing.\\nAt one time the Greeks were conqiiered by the Turks and very", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "EUROPE\\n225\\ncruelly treated by them but they obtained their independence, and\\ntheir government is now a monarchy with Athens for its capital.\\nXIII. Turkey. The largest city in southeastern Eu-\\nrope is Constantinople, which is about one-half as\\nlarge as Chicago. Notice what an excellent location it\\nhas. It is the capital of Turkey, which, like Russia, is a\\ncountry partly in Europe and partly in Asia.\\nThe Turkish govern-\\nment is the worst in Eu-\\nrope. The ruler, called\\nthe Sultan^ is an absolute\\ndespot, who governs his\\npeople so badly that they\\nare kept extremely igno-\\nrant and poor. In all the\\nother nations of Europe\\nthe Christian religion,\\neither Catholic or Prot-\\nestant, is followed but\\nthe Turks are Moham-\\nmedans, followers of Mohammed, like many other people\\nin Asia and Africa. They are religious fanatics, and dis-\\nlike Christians very much-\\nOne proof that the Turkish government is bad, is the fact that the\\npeople in many parts of the Empire have rebelled against it and\\nfought for their freedom. For example, Roumania, east of Austria,\\nused to belong to Turkey, but it is now an independent kingdom.\\nThe same is true of Bidgaria, Servia, and Montenegro; Greece has\\nalready been mentioned.\\nThe people in all these countries are largely engaged in\\nfarming and herding, the Danube Valley being especially\\nfertile. Grain, wine, and raisins are important products.\\nFig. 202.\\nA mosque, or Mohammedan church, in\\nConstantinople.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "226 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\\nI. The British Isles. Questions. (1) What are the divisions of\\nthe British Isles? Where is each? (2) Why have not the British\\nIsles a colder climate? (3) Tell about the agriculture. (4) What\\nkinds of cloth are manufactured? Where? (5) Where is the iron\\nmanufacturing carried on. (6) Of what value are the coal-beds?\\n(7) Tell about Ireland. (8) Explain how Great Britain has come to\\nhave so many ships. (9) So many colonies. Name some of them,\\nincluding several islands near North America. (10) What is the\\nBritish Empire? Whafkind of government has it? (11) Locate all\\nthe cities mentioned.\\nSuaGESTiONS. (12) Whatbooks have you read whose authors lived\\nin Great Britain (13) Examine pocket-knives and table-knives to see\\nif you can find some made in England. (14) The iron manufactories\\nof England remind you of what states in this country? (15) When\\ndid our country cease to be a colony of Great Britain (16) What\\nare the people from the four divisions of the British Isles called?\\n(17) Make a drawing of the British Isles.\\nII. Norse Countries. Questions. (18) What about the climate\\nof Norway and Sweden (19) Tell about the agriculture the other\\nindustries. (20) What are the Norse nations? (21) What colonies\\nhave the Danes? (22) Name the chief industries of Denmark?\\n(23) What kind of government have these Norse countries? and\\nwhat is the capital of each\\nSuggestions. (24) Find out something about Iceland. (25) In\\nwhat other section that you have studied is fishing important?\\n(26) Find out about the length of days and nights in Norway.\\n(27) Draw a map of the Scandinavian peninsula.\\nIII. Russia. Questions. (28) Tell about the size of Eussia.\\n(29) What parts of Russia in Europe are not fitted for farming?\\nWhy (30) What is the main occupation of the people Name the\\nimportant products. (31) What are the tundras? The steppes?\\n(32) Which is the largest river in Europe (33) Where are the lead-\\ning Russian ports (34) Locate three of the largest cities, and state\\nwhy each is important. (35) Tell about the government.\\nSuggestions. (36) Why would you not expect Russian sailors\\nto be as numerous as the English sailors (37) Name some city of", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "EUROPE 227\\nthe United States which is about as far north as Odessa. (38) How\\ndoes the northern location of St. Petersburg interfere with its com-\\nmerce by sea? (39) What city on the St. Lawrence has the same\\ndifl culty? (40) Show the route a vessel would take in going from\\nOdessa to London. From Odessa to St. Petersburg.\\nIV. Germany. Questions. (41) Where is the highest land in\\nGermany? The great plains? (42) Tell about the chief farm prod-\\nucts. (43) What are the principal manufactures in Germany\\n(44) Where is Hamburg? (45) For what is Berlin noted? Leipzig?\\nMunich Dresden Locate each. (46) Tell about the govern-\\nment.\\nSuggestions. (47) Do you know any songs or stories about the\\nRhine River (48) Make a drawing showing the course of this river.\\n(49) Do you know of any German paintings Of any music written\\nby Germans? (50) Make a collection of German pictures.\\nV. Holland. Questions. (51) Tell about the dykes and canals of\\nHolland. (52) What is the principal industry Why? (53) What\\nimportant colonies has Holland? (54) What are the main cities?\\nSuggestions. (55) Write a story telling what you think might\\nresult if a dyke were to give way. (56) Find a picture of a Dutch\\nwindmill. (57) Tell what you would expect to see in crossing Hol-\\nland on a railway train.\\nVI. Belgium. Questions. (58) What are the farm products of\\nBelgium? (59) Tell what you can about flax. (60) Name and lo-\\ncate the two principal cities. (61) What about coal and iron?\\nSuggestions. (62) Examine a piece of Brussels carpet a piece\\nof lace also.\\nVII. France. Questions. (63) Describe the chief slopes of\\nFrance. (64) What are the products in the northern part? In the\\nsouthern part? (65) Tell about the silk industry. (66) What can\\nyou say about the capital? (67) About each of the other cities?\\n(68) What kind of government has France?\\nSuggestions. (69) Examine a cocoon and a piece of silk. Ob-\\ntain a caterpillar, if possible the silkworm, and raise it in the school\\nto see how the silkworm forms silk and what happens to the\\nworm. (70) AVhy would the value of a cocoon be destroyed if\\nthe chrysalis inside were to break through in order to get out?\\n(71) Can you find any pictures of Paris?", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "228 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nVIII. Spain and Portugal. Questions. (72) Where are the\\nPyrenees Mouia tains? (73) Tell about the former power of these\\ncountries. (74) Describe the relief and climate. (75) What are the\\nindustries on the plateau? (76) What minerals are found there?\\n(77) Where is most of the farming What are the chief products\\n(78) Name and locate the most important coast cities. The two\\ncapitals.\\nSuggestions. (79) Would you expect the rivers to be naviga-\\nble for any considerable distance from the Spanish coast? Why?\\n(80) Make a sand map of Spain, showing the high and low land.\\n(81) Examine some quicksilver. For what is it used? (82) Can\\nyou find out anything about the Moors and the Alhambra in south-\\nern Spain? Perhaps you can find pictures from there. Washington\\nIrving has written some beautiful stories about the Alhambra.\\nIX. Italy. Questions. (83) Where is Rome Venice Na-\\nples? Mt. Vesuvius? Milan? (84) Tell something about each of\\nthese. (85) Where are the mountains (86) Where is the Po Val-\\nley? (87) What is raised in Italy\\nSuggestions. (88) Find pictures of some of the ruins in Rome.\\n(89) Of some of the buildings in Venice. (90) Look on a globe to see in\\nwhich direction Rome is from New York. (91) Draw a map of Italy.\\nX. Switzerland. Questions. (92) What are some of the in-\\ndustries of the Swiss? (93) What languages are spoken? (94) Name\\nthe principal cities. (95) What is the kind of government?\\nSuggestions. (96) Read the story of William Tell. (97) Find\\nother stories about Switzerland. (98) W hat disadvantages do you\\nsee in having so many languages (99) What large rivers rise in\\nSwitzerland (100) Write a story describing a visit to the Alps.\\nYou will get some suggestions from Figure 15, page 18, Figure 110,\\npage 131, and Figure 20, page 23.\\nXI. Austria-Hungary. Questions. (101) Name four leading\\ncities in Austria-Hungary. (102) Tell why each is important.\\nSuggestions. (103) Trace the Danube River from its source to\\nits mouth. (104) How far is Trieste from Venice? (105) Through\\nwhat waters would a vessel pass in sailing from New York to Trieste\\n(106) By using the scale on the map, find out how far Vienna is from\\nMunich. From Leipzig. From Berlin. From Paris. From St.\\nPetersburg. (107) In what direction is it from each of these?", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "EUROPE 229\\nXII. Greece. Questions. (108) What can you say about the\\ninfluence of Greece upon the world (109) Find Athens. (110) Tell\\nabout the climate and products.\\nSuggestions. (HI) Where can you read about Ulysses?\\n(112) Have some one tell you the story of the Trojan War,\\n(113) Find some other stories about the ancient Greeks.\\nXIII. Turkey. Questions. (114) Where is Turkey? What is\\nits capital? (115) Tell about its government. (116) What is the\\nchief occupation of the people? (117) What countries have gained\\ntheir independence from Turkey?\\nSuggestions. (118) What is the boundary line between Tur-\\nkey in Europe and Turkey in Asia? (119) Examine a Turkish rug.\\n(120) What reasons can you give why Russia would like to own\\nConstantinople\\nGENERAL SUGGESTIONS\\n(121) Do you know of any persons who have come from one of\\nthese countries of Europe? If so, ask them to tell you about them.\\nAlso have them speak in their native language. (122) Ask your\\nstorekeeper to show you some goods from Europe. (123) What diffi-\\nculties would you expect to meet if you were to travel through Europe\\nwithout knowing any foreign languages? (124) Bound each of the\\ncountries of Europe. (125) Draw an outline map of Europe, putting\\nin these boundaries and the principal rivers. (126) Make a dot to\\nrepresent Berlin also locate the other large cities. Mark the capitals\\nwith stars. (12f Collect pictures of Europe for the school collection.\\n(128) Cut out scraps, from the magazines and papers, relating to the\\npeople, animals, plants, cities, etc., of different parts of Europe and\\npresent them to the school to be kept for use in the geography class.\\nThey can be arranged by countries and will be very useful.\\nFor References, see page 261.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "XIX. ASIA\\nMap Questions. (1) Through what zones does Asia extend?\\n(2) What climate would you expect to find? (3) Where are the\\nhighest mouirtains and plateaus (4) W^hat rivers have their sources\\nin that region (5) What large inland seas do you find? (6) What\\nthree large peninsulas on the southern side? (7) What three were\\nfound on the south side of Europe? (8) How does Asia compare in\\nsize with Europe? (9) Find Asia on a globe. (10) How could you\\nreach it, if you wished to go there\\nPhysical Geography. Like Europe, the coast of Asia\\nis very irregular, with many peninsulas and islands.\\nDraw an outline map of it, showing these, with the larger\\nbays and seas enclosed by them.\\nNote the direction in which the many mountain ranges\\nextend. The loftiest among them, and in fact the highest\\nin the world, are the Himalaya Mountains (Fig. 204),\\nthe highest peak. Mount Everest, being over, twenty-nine\\nthousand feet, or about five and one-half miles, above the\\nsea. Where is it How does it compare in height with\\nMt. Blanc (See p. 270.)\\nNorth of the Himalayas are lofty plateaus, one of them,\\nthe plateau of Tibet, being about three miles in height.\\nHow does that compare with the Spanish plateau (see\\np. 271) and with our western plateau (see p. 271)\\nIt is so high that the winter climate is very cold and\\nsince the winds from the ocean have lost their moisture\\nin passing over the mountains, these plateaus are also\\n230", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2720", "width": "1872", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "ASIA 231\\ndry. Farther north it is drier still, and we find there\\nthe great desert of Gobi.\\nThese mountains and plateaus form the watershed of the conti-\\nnent. Find thi ee great rivers that flow northward from the watershed\\nthrough the vast plain of Siberia. Name three that flow eastward\\ninto the Pacific Ocean. What others flow southward\\nThe southwestern portion of Asia is mainly a desert\\nbecause the winds blowing over it come from the land\\ninstead of from the sea, and therefore have little vapor.\\nFig. 204.\\nThe snowy range of the lofty Himalayas.\\nFrom what has been said about the climate it is plain that the\\ninhabitants of this continent must be found chiefly in the eastern\\nand southern parts. There they live in vast numbers along the coast\\nand the large rivers; in fact, nearly one-half of all the people in the\\nworld are found in these regions.\\nI. Southwestern Asia. Rome and Athens have been\\nmentioned as cities that have had a great influence upon\\nother countries. But the part of the world which has\\nprobably had the greatest influence of all is that at the\\neastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. Here is the land", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "232\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nthat used to be called Palestine, the home of the Jews\\nand here is still the city of Jbeijsalem (Fig. 205), near\\nwhich Christ was born about 1900 years ago, and in which\\nHe was crucified. The Christian churches and Christmas\\nare in His memory. The home of Christ, where the\\nChristian religion was founded, is now a part of the\\nTurkish empire which extends into Asia.\\nTurkey extends down the western coast of the Arabian peninsula,\\nand includes another famous city called Mecca. The Turks are not\\nChristians but Mohammedans, or followers of Mohammed, who was\\nFig. 205.\\nA picture of a part of Jerusalem.\\nborn at Mecca nearly fourteen hundred years ago. The Moham-\\nmedans believe in God, and their holy book is called the Koran. A\\ngreat many other people in Asia and northern Africa are followers of\\nMohammed.\\nThe western part of Asia, including Turkey, Arabia,\\nand Persia, has a very drj arid climate. This is par-\\nticularly true of Arabia, which is mainly a desert plateau\\nmuch more arid than Spain.\\nIn this desert country agriculture is not a very impor-", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "ASIA\\n233\\ntant industry but dates and coffee are raised there, espe-\\ncially near the rivers and along the coast. You have\\nperhaps heard of Mocha coffee, and if you look on the\\nmap you can find the place from which it gets its name.\\ni^~~^^BPHl^^Efll^KS\\nKbw\\nL^feWli\\n^^^^S|\\n=Sir^\\nif-~\\nBH^^^^i V\\n^4*^-^\\nff^^ j^^\\n1-\\nfw^\\n^^im\\nM\\nw^\\n2j^\\nw^w-jm^\\nV-\\nSki\\nm\\nl#\\nFig. 206.\\nThe home of a group of Persian nomads.\\nAlthough so much of this region is desert, there are places, called\\noases, where water is found. As these ai e usually too small to fur-\\nnish water and grass for large herds during a long time, the Arabs are\\nforced to wander from place to place, having no fixed homes. On\\nthat account they are called nomads or wanderers (Fig. 206). They\\ntake special pride in raising horses, which have become famous through-\\nout the world. They also keep cattle, sheep, goats, and camels.\\nMuch of Persia is also a desert but some parts are\\nwell suited to grazing, and the climate is warm enough\\nfor such fruits as figs and dates. What is the capital?\\nThe ruler of the Persians is a despot called the Shah.\\nThe people of these countries are not civilized enough: to carry on\\nmuch manufacturing, although beautiful carpets, rugs, and shards\\nare made in great numbers, especially in Persia and Turkey. The", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "234\\nTHE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nwork is done by hand, and though it is well done, it requires a great\\ndeal of time, while in our great factories carpets are quickly made by\\nmachinery. Railways are almost unknown, and even carriage roads\\nai e usually lacking. Goods are carried upon camels in groups, called\\ncaravans, and men travel upon the backs of horses and camels.\\nII. Siberia. Siberia belongs to Russia. It is a region\\nof extensive plains and is much larger than the whole of\\nRussia in Europe. Like northern Canada, much of it is\\nso cold that few people can live there, and it has been\\nmade a prison for many Russians who have committed\\ncrime, or who have offended their despotic rulers.\\nA large portion of southwestern Siberia is a desert having numerous\\nlakes without outlets. Would you expect them to be salt or fresh\\nBetween this arid section and the bleak northern plains, or tundras,\\nwhich resemble those of northern Europe, is a region where there\\nare extensive forests, and broad plains suited for grazing and farming.\\nFig. 207.\\nA Siberian three-horse wagon.\\nOne of the chief sources of wealth of Siberia is in the gold mines\\nof the Ural Mountains. Graphite, from which the lead in lead\\npencils is made, is also found there. Many of the prisoners from\\nRussia are compelled to work in these mines.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "ASIA\\n23^\\nThe Russian government has built a great railway all the way\\nfrom St. Petersburg eastward to Port Arthur in China on the\\nPacific coast. How far is that?\\nIII. The Chinese Empire and Korea. Some of the most\\nimportant arts that we have ever learned first came from\\nthe Chinese. For instance, tliey made porcelain dishes\\nlong before Europeans knew how, and on that account\\nFig. 208.\\nHouseboats on the Tientsin River of China.\\nthose dishes are still called chinmvare, even though\\nmanufactured in the United States. They invented\\ngunpowder, and our firecrackers for the Fourth of July\\nused to come from China. They also discovered how to\\nmake silk and paper, and they invented the art of printing.\\nBut while this strange-looking, yellow race was once among the\\nforemost nations of the earth, it is now very much behind. This is\\nexplained partly by the fact that their religion causes them to worship\\ntheir ancestors, so that whatever their fathers did, they must do.\\nSince their fathers had no railways, telegraphs, or telephones, none\\nare wanted now. Owing to their fear of new things, they have\\nneither travelled abroad much nor allowed foreigners to visit them.\\nBut recently many Chinese have come to this country, working\\nas servants, especially on the Pacific coast, and as laundrymen in all", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "236\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nparts of our country. Besides that, they now allow foreigners to\\nlive in some of their coast cities and trade with the people.\\nCANTOisr in the southern part, which is considerably-\\nlarger than Chicago, and Shanghai, a city nearly as\\nlarge as Baltimore, are the principal ports for trade with\\nAmericans. Hongkong is a British port.\\nMuch of the northern and western portions of the Chinese Empire\\nare so high and dry that few persons can live there. Find the names\\nof those parts. But the lower plains near the coast, especially the\\nfertile flood plains and deltas of the great rivers, support a vast\\npopulation, because the soil is fertile, and abundant rainfall is sup-\\nplied by the damp winds from the Pacific. Here live nearly one-\\nfourth of all the inhabitants of the globe, crowded together so closely\\nthat many thousands dwell in boats on the rivers.\\nIn the northern part a great deal of wheat is raised\\nbut farther south rice, millet, tea, and silk are important\\nproducts. China\\nproduces more\\nraw silk than any\\nother country in\\nthe world. What\\nother regions are\\nnoted for these\\nsame products?\\nThe govern-\\nment is an abso-\\nlute monarchy,\\nwith the capital at\\nPeking, which,\\nlike Tientsin, its\\nseaport, is nearly twice as large as Boston. The govern-\\nment is so weak and corrupt that European nations are\\nFig. 209.\\nTemple in Peking", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "ASIA\\n237\\nable to seize and hold parts of the country, so that the\\nonce great empire is in danger of being destroyed and the\\ndifferent parts made subject to various European nations.\\nKorea is also a very unprogressive nation which, until recently,\\nwould not permit foreigners to enter.\\nIV. Japan. The Japanese live upon islands east of Asia,\\nas the British do west of Europe. Their territory is but\\nslightly larger than\\nthe British Isles, and\\nthere are not many\\nmore inhabitants.\\nMany of the islands\\nare small, but there\\nare five large ones, the\\nsouthernmost being\\nFormosa. They are\\nreally the crest of a\\nmountain range ris-\\ning above the sea, and\\nsome of the mountain\\npeaks are volcanoes.\\nFig. 210.\\nA Japanese woman being carried in a travelling\\nchair by two Japanese men.\\nThe Japanese used to be much like their neighbors, the Chinese\\nthat is, they believed in ancestor worship, and wanted nothing to do\\nwith foreigners. But in 1853 an American naval officer, with several\\nwar-ships, entered the harbor of Yokohama and persuaded the Jap-\\nanese to allow us to trade with them.\\nBefore many years had passed the Japanese not only allowed\\nforeigners to enter, but they invited them to come as teachers, and\\neven sent some of their own young men abroad to study. There have\\nbeen many Japanese students in the colleges and universities of the\\nUnited States during the last twenty years.\\nThe result is that Japan is now far in advance of China, and in", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "238\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nfact of all other parts of Asia. Railways, telephones, and newspapers\\nare common, and there are many good schools, while rapid progress\\nhas been made in manufacturing.\\nTliat the Japanese are very skilful in many kinds of\\nhandiwork is suggested by the Japanese fans, parasols,\\nnapkins, dolls, and screens so often seen in this country.\\nWhatever they\\nmake they try to\\nmake beautiful, be-\\ning one of the most\\nartistic races in\\nthe world.\\nJapan, like\\nChina, produces a\\ngreat amount of\\nsilk, rice, and tea.\\nThere is also con-\\nsiderable mining.\\nThe principal\\ncity and capital is\\nToKio, Avhich is\\nas large as Phila-\\nFiG. 211.\\nThe way Japanese babies are carried by the\\nyouLg girls. The baby leaning back is asleep.\\ndelphia, and is the\\nhome of the em-\\nperor, called the\\nMikado. Its seaport is Yokohama, a city as large as\\nRochester.\\nV, India and Indo-China. India, the central one of\\nthe three peninsulas on the southern side of Asia, is the\\ncountry that Columbus thought he had reached when he\\ndiscovered America. Hence the name Indians for the\\nsavages whom he met.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "ASIA\\n239\\nFig. 212.\\nIdols in a cave near Bombay.\\nThe damp winds from the Indian Ocean furnish the plains and\\nmountains of India with so mucli rain that in places the forests form\\na perfect tangle or Jungle\\nof luxuriant vegetation,\\nin which live tigers, ele-\\nphants, and many other\\nwild animals. Have you\\never read Eudyard Kip-\\nling s Jungle Book,\\nwhich tells of this region\\nSeveral very large rivers\\nrise in the Himalayas and\\nflow across the plains.\\nOne is the Indus, from\\nwhich the word India comes, and also the word Hindoos, as the in-\\nhabitants are sometimes called.\\nThe river flowing southeast is the\\nGanges, on which is the capital\\nand largest city, Calcutta. The\\nnext city in size on this eastern\\ncoast is Madras, far to the south,\\nwhile the largest city on the\\nwest side is Bombay, which has\\nthe best harbor of all.\\nNearly all this peninsula, to-\\ngether with the part of Indo-\\nChina called Burmah, belongs to\\nEngland, through whose influ-\\nence roads and railways have\\nbeen built and manufacturing\\ncarried on.\\nOne of the chief rea sons\\nwhy England holds India\\nis for the important crops\\nraised there. Cotton, one\\nof the principal products,\\nFig. 213.\\nA view in the palace grounds at Ban^\\nkok, Siam.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "240 THE EARTB AS A WHOLE\\nis shipped to England to be made into cloth, and then\\nsome of this cloth is shipped back to India and sold.\\nWhere else have we found a similar situation\\nWheat is another great product, and since England\\ncannot raise enough of that food for herself, she secures\\nsome of it from India. Other crops are poppies, from\\nwhich opium is made, silk, rice, tea, coffee, and sugar.\\nThe peninsula east of India, called Indo-China, and the East In-\\ndian Islands south of it, are other places that Columbus wished to\\nreach. Here are found precious stones, peppei-, such spices as nutmeg\\nand cinnamon, and other valuable products, which were carried by\\ncaravans to Europe long before the time of Columbus. Many of\\nthese products are now shipped from Singapoke, an English city on\\nan island at the southern end of the Malay peninsula. The greatest\\ncity in Indo-China is Bangkok, the capital of the kingdom of Siam.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\\nI. Southwestern Asia. Questions. (1) What part of Asia has\\nhad the greatest influence upon the civilized world Tell about it.\\n(2) To what nation does Palestine belong? (3) What other parts\\nof Asia belong to it? (4) Tell about Mecca. (5) Describe Arabia.\\n(6) How do the Arabians live (7) What do you know about Per-\\nsia? (8) How do people travel in those countries\\nSuggestions. (9) Whatismeantby the date 1900? (10) What\\nbuildings in your neighborhood have been erected in the memory of\\nChrist? (11) What stories in the Bible have you read that tell about\\nplaces mentioned in this book or on the map (12) What reasons\\ncan you suggest why the Tm ks have not taken possession of the inte-\\nrior of Arabia, as well as of the coast (13) Does your grocer sell\\nMocha coffee? (14) Examine a Persian or Turkish rug. (15) Learn\\nhow camels are especially fitted to live in desert countries.\\nII. Siberia. Questions. (16) Point toward Siberia. (17) Tell\\nabout the climate. (18) In what occupations are the people engaged?\\n(19) How does Siberia compare in size with Russia", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "ASIA 241\\nSuggestions. (20) What advantage will the railway be to Rus-\\nsia? (21) How does that railway compare ill length with those reach-\\ning across the United States (22) What object do you see in having\\nthe eastern terminus, Port Arthur, so far south\\nIII. Chinese Empire and Korea. Questions. (23) Name some of\\nthe arts that we have learned from the Chinese? (24) What has\\nmade them so backward? (25) What special ports are open to\\nAmerican traders (26) In what part of China do most of the peo-\\nple live? Why there? (27) What are the principal products?\\n(28) What kind of a government has China (29) Tell about Korea.\\nSuggestions. (30) How can you distinguish a Chinaman from\\nother men? (31) How does the number of people in China compare\\nwith the number in the whole of Europe (See the table on p. 262.)\\n(32) Write a story telling some of the differences between life in\\nAmerica and in China. (33) Draw the two chief rivers in China.\\n(34) How might railways in China help to pi event the awful famines\\nthat they have there (35) Find out about Confucius. About the\\nGreat Wall of China.\\nIV. Japan. Questions. (36) Where is Japan (37) In what\\nway have the Japanese been like the Chinese (38) How have they\\ndiffered? (39) Why are they called an artistic race? (40) What\\nare their chief products (41) ISTame and locate the chief cities.\\nSuggestions. (42) Make a collection of Japanese articles, as\\npaper napkins, fans, etc. (43) Examine them to see in what respect\\nthey are artistic. (44) Collect pictures of Japanese houses and people.\\nV. India and Indo-China. Questions. (45) What nation owns\\nIndia? (46) AVhat rivers in northern India (47) Locate. the chief\\ncities. (48) What are the products? (49) What advantages does\\nEngland enjoy in owning India (50) Name the peninsula east of\\nIndia. (51) What comes from there? (52) Find Singapore.\\nSuggestions. (53) How far was Columbus from India when he\\ndiscovered America? (54) What route should he have taken if he\\nhad continued his voyage to India (55) What is the shortest route\\nfrom Bombay to London Through what waters would a vessel pass?\\nVI. Review. (56) Draw an outline map of Asia and put in the\\nboundary lines of the principal countries also the rivers, mountains\\nand cities. (57) Find out about foreign missions to Asia,\\nFor References, see page 261,", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "XX. AFRICA\\nMap Questions. (1) What continent does Africa most resem-\\nble in shape? (2) In what parts are the chief mountain ranges?\\n(3) Find the main slopes on the continent by a study of the rivers.\\n(4) Name and trace the three largest rivers. (5) About how much\\nof Africa lies in the torrid zone (6) How does its coast line com-\\npare with that of Europe as to regularity (7) What influence must\\nthat have upon the harbors\\nThe Dark Continent. Although Africa is so near\\nEurope that they ahiiost join at the Strait of Gibraltar,\\nand although it is one of the oldest continents that history\\ntells about, it is the least known of them all.\\nThere are several reasons for this. In the first place,\\nsouth of the Mediterranean Sea is a broad desert, extend-\\ning entirely across the continent. This, a part of which is\\ncalled the Sahara Desert (Fig. 69), is about a thousand\\nmiles wide, and very difficult to cross.\\nSouth of this desert for more than a thousand miles\\nthe country is covered with a forest where the rainfall\\nis heavy and near the equator the vegetation is so rank\\nthat an almost impenetrable jungle is formed, like the\\nAmazon jungle. It is inhabited by large and fierce\\nanimals, such as the elephant, tiger (Fig. Ill), and lion.\\nThe rivers offer further obstacles to travel. The\\ncontinent is mainly a plateau, varying from one-fourth to\\none and one-half miles in height; and its rivers on\\napproaching the ocean have numerous rapids and falls,\\nso that boats cannot make their way up-stream.\\n242", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2653", "width": "1866", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "AFRICA\\n243\\nFig. 215.\\nThe Great Pyramid and the Sphynx. What animals are those standing on the\\ndesert sands near the Sphynx?\\nNot only are there deserts, unnavigable rivers, and dense\\nforests with fierce animals, but there are hordes of savages\\nbelonging to the black race. It was from Africa that\\nnegroes Avere first brought to our country as slaves, and\\non that account those now here are often called Africans.\\nHere, then, are several reasons why we know so little\\nabout Africa, which, because of this, and because so many\\nblacks live there, is sometimes called the dark conti-\\nnent.\\nNorthern Africa. The African side of the Mediter-\\nranean Sea, being so close to Asia and Europe, has long\\nbeen settled by the white race. Many of the inhabitants", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "244\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nare Arabs, who, being believers in Mohammed, still make\\npilgrimages to Mecca in Arabia, like other followers of\\nthat prophet.\\nThe best-known country in this section is Egypt, and\\nCairo, its capital, is the largest city in Africa, being\\nabout twice the size of New Orleans. Alexandria is\\nthe chief Egyptian port.\\nThis is the country over which the Pharaohs, the kings of Egypt,\\nused to rule and the ruins of the immense pyramids and monu-\\nments that they built thousands of years ago may still be seen.\\nHere, the Bible tells, Moses once lived; and Joseph also. What\\nstories do you remember about them\\nMost of Egypt is a desert country, like Arabia on the one\\nside and the Sahara Desert on the other. The Nile River\\nflows through this desert, and every year the heavy floods,\\nfrom the mountains of Abyssinia and the forest country\\nnear the equator, cause it to rise higher and higher until it\\noverflows its banks. These floods, spreading out over the\\nflood plain and level delta of the Nile, irrigate the land.\\nAs in other rivers, the water carries with it a-n abundance\\nof mud, which settles in a thin layer of rich soil upon the flood\\nplain, making it so\\nfertile that excel-\\nlent crops of cotton,\\nsugar-cane, and\\ngrain can be raised\\nafter the water is\\ngone. By this\\nmeans millions of\\npeople obtain food,\\nFig. 21G. although they live\\nA ship passing through the Suez Canal. in a desert region.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "AFBICA\\n245\\nThe eastern part of Egypt includes the Isthmus of Suez, which con-\\nnects Africa with Asia. Because of this narrow neck of land, ships sail-\\ning from Europe to Asia were compelled to go all the way round Africa\\nbut in 1869 a canal one hundred miles long was completed across the\\nisthmus, so that vessels can now make a short cut. Estimate how many\\nmiles are saved by the Suez Canal in going from London to Calcutta.\\nName the countries west of Egypt along the Mediter-\\nranean coast. What are their capitals Most of them,\\nlike Egypt itself, are controlled by countries of Europe.\\nTheir products are similar to those on the northern side\\nof the Mediterranean. What are some of them\\nFig. 217.\\nA family camped on an oasis in the desert of Morocco.\\nOn the desert of Sahara few people are able to live. Some parts\\nare sandy plains, while others are rocky and hilly, and in places\\neven mountainous. But here and there, as in Arabia, are oases where\\nwater comes from underground, so that grass and date palms are able\\nto grow. Sometimes these oases are so large that villages are built\\nupon them and the cai avans that cross the desert to bring ivory and\\nother products from the soiith, make their stops at these places. Some\\nof these caravans consist of hundreds of camels, so that there is need\\nof much food and water.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "246\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nCentral Africa. Until a few years ago this was a wil-\\nderness that no civilized man had ever visited but now\\nmuch of it has been explored. The natives are mainly\\nsavage blacks and the Arabs, who go there to purchase\\nivory, still carry large numbers of them away as slaves.\\nThe northern part is called the Soudan. Near the\\nborders of the Sahara the country is a desert but this\\ncondition gradually changes until, farther south, the land\\nis covered with a dense tropical forest, for the rains are\\nheavy near the equator. In this region live the lion,\\nrhinoceros, giraffe, and elephant, the latter being killed\\nfor the sake of its ivory tusks. Some of the forest woods\\nare valuable, and since the rubber tree flourishes there, as\\nalong the Amazon, rubber is another product. See p. 200.\\nThe two great rivers of this region are the Niger, north of the\\nequator, and the Kongo, south of it. They are the main roads leading-\\ninland, although their falls\\nand rapids greatly interfere\\nwith travel. Throughout that\\nentire region there are almost\\nno wagon roads, so that goods\\nmust be carried either on the\\nrivers or over paths or trails\\nin pack trains. But this sit-\\nuation is improving as the\\nnations of Europe obtain\\nmore and more control. At\\nthe present time, several Eu-\\nropean countries claim parts\\nof Africa, England haAnng\\nthe largest share, as you will see from the map, and they are intro-\\nducing civilized laws, railways, and other improvements.\\nSouth Africa. Southern Africa is the best developed\\nsection of the continent. It was originally settled by the\\nFig. 218.\\nKaffirs, South African savages, in full dress.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "AFEICA\\n247\\nDutch, thoiigli England has taken possession of a portion\\nof it. Part of it is a high plateau, with a warm temperate\\nr. _tf-\\nFig. 219.\\nA group of ostriches in South Africa.\\nclimate, having many of the same products as our own\\ncountry. Most of the people are engaged in farming and\\nranching, producing grain, wool, and hides. Ostrich\\nfarming is an impor-\\ntant industry in Cape\\nColony, the beautiful\\nfeathers of the male\\nbird being very valua-\\nble.\\nJohannesburg is\\nthe centre of the richest\\ngold-mining region in\\nthe world, and more\\ndiamonds are obtained\\nfrom near KiMBEELEY than from any other part of the\\nglobe. Portions of southern Africa have long been settled\\nFig. 220.\\nA picture of a diamond mine at Kimberley.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "248 THE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nby Europeans and much of it is now owned by England,\\nthe oldest colony being Cape Colony, the capital of which\\nis Cape Town. Consequently many railways and good\\nwagon roads have been built, and many other advances\\nhave been made.\\nReview Questions. (1) Why is so little known about Africa?\\n(2) Why is it called the dark continent (3) Which is the best-\\nknown country in northern Africa (4) Name and locate its two\\nchief cities. (5) Tell about the Nile River. (6) About the Suez\\nCanal. (7) About the Sahara Desert. (8) Where is the Soudan?\\nWhat animals live there? (9) What two great rivers are in Central\\nAfrica? (10) How are goods carried from place to place? (11)\\nWhat influence are the nations of Europe having upon Africa?\\n(12) AVhat climate has southern Africa? What are the occupa-\\ntions of the people?\\nSuggestions. (1) What reasons can you give why Timbuktu\\nshould be an important trade centre (2) The caravans composed\\nof camels travel at the rate of about sixteen miles per day. How\\nlong would it probably take for a caravan to travel from Timbuktu\\nto Tripoli on the Mediterranean coast? (3) One camel can carry\\nabout four hundred pounds. How many tons could a caravan of\\nsix hundred camels carry? (4) What are some of the dangers of a\\njourney across the desert (5) Beginning with the western Sahara,\\ntrace the desert country that extends across Africa and Asia. (6) Why\\nshould the two largest cities in Africa be located at or near the mouth\\nof the Nile River (7) Find some object made of ivory and show\\nit to the class. (8) Examine an ostrich feather and a diamond.\\n(9) Why are there no tributaries to the northern half of the Nile?\\nWhat part of the river, then, probably has most water? (10) Find\\nout about the war between the Boers (those living in the South Afri-\\ncan Republic and Orange Free State) and the British. (11) Draw\\nan outline map of Africa and put in the main rivers and cities.\\nFor References, see page 261.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "XXL AUSTRALIA, THE EAST INDIES, PHILIP-\\nPINES, AND THE OTHER ISLANDS OF THE\\nPACIFIC\\nMap Questions. (1) Find Australia on a globe and show how\\nyou would reach it from New York in a vessel. Through what waters\\nwould you pass? (See Fig. 120.) (2) From San Francisco? From\\nLondon? (3) In what part are most of the mountains? (4) The\\nrivers? (5) The cities? (6) In what zones is Australia? (7) Will\\nthere be any cold winter on this continent (8) Look on a globe to\\nsee what other continents are in the same zones.\\n(9) What are the principal islands of the East Indies Find Ba-\\ntavia. (10) In what direction are the Philippine Islands from Austra-\\nlia? (11) Estimate the distance. (12) Find the Hawaiian Islands.\\nI. Australia. The names of the three eastern divi-\\nsions of Australia Victoria, New South Wales, and\\nQueensland suggest the countr}^ to which this continent\\nbelongs. Which is it As has been done in Canada, the\\nvarious sections of Australia are being joined into one con-\\nfederation similar to our own confederation of states-\\nAustralia is the smallest of the continents, being about\\nthe size of the United States, not including Alaska. It\\nis a low plateau, with the chief mountain range on the\\neastern side. These mountains have much influence on\\nthe climate for, since the prevailing winds are from the\\nsoutheast, as they reach this range, and rise to pass over\\nit, they grow cooler and lose most of their moisture. If\\nthe mountains were on the western side, as the Andes are\\n249", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "250\\nTHE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nin Soutli America, nearly tlie whole country might be well\\nwatered, like the Amazon Valley. As it is, however, the\\neastern coast of Australia has abundant rain, while farther\\nwestward it becomes drier, until, at a distance of one\\nhundred and fifty miles from the coast, farming is almost\\nimpossible.\\nWhat about the country farther west With what part\\nof Afi-ica should it be compared Where must the chief\\nFig. 222.\\nA forest of tree ferns iu Avistralia.\\nrivers be Where might we expect to find salt lakes\\nThe best farm land The principal cities and most of the\\npeople\\nNow examine the map to see if you are right. Where\\nis the large desert? (It is dotted.) What is the name\\nof the main river? There is often so little rain, even on\\nthe lower part of the Murray River Basin, that the river\\ngrows smaller toward its mouth and its chief tributary,\\nthe Darling, dries up almost entirely.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "AUSTRALIA 251\\nWhen the English began to colonize this country, they found it\\ninhabited by a very low class of savages and the plants and animals\\nwere found to be different from those elsewhere. A great part of the\\ninterior was covered with a low bush, called scrub, having hard,\\nprickly leaves and often growing so dense that it was difficult for one\\nto make his way through it. It caused the country to\\nlook desolate indeed.\\nThere were none of the fierce animals common to\\nother countries, the largest being the kangaroo, which is\\nfurnished with a sack or pouch for carrying its young.\\nInstead of running on all fours, it jumps along on its\\nhind legs, using its tail for support.\\nFinding the plants and animals of\\nlittle use, the English began to im-\\nport some. Sheep were taken\\nthere and fonnd to thrive for\\nthe temperature is so mild that\\nthey are not exposed to cold,\\nand some of the plants\\nfurnish excellent\\nfood. Conse-\\nquently, great\\nsheep ranches\\nor sheep runs, as\\nthey are called 223.\\nthere, have been Australian kangaroo,\\nestablished. The best sections for this purpose are Vic-\\ntoria and New South Wales, where wool has become one\\nof the chief exports. Indeed, Australian wool is the best\\nin the world.\\nThe imported cattle have likewise multiplied, so that hides and\\nmeat are produced in abundance. Wheat and corn also flourish, and\\nmany fruits, such as we know, are now plentiful in that region.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "252 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nThe presence of mountains suggests that metals might\\nexist there, which is the case. For many years Australia\\nhas ranked as one of the most important gold-producing\\ncountries of the world.\\nSince these industries have become very extensive,\\nespecially in the rainy southeastern part, we see why\\nseveral great cities have grown up in that section. The\\nlargest is Melboukne, the capital of Victoria, which is\\nnearly as large as Boston. The next is Sydney, the capi-\\ntal of New South Wales, nearly as large and the third\\nis Adelaide, the capital of South Australia.\\nAn island, Tasmania, just south of Australia, is owaed\\nby- the British, and has almost the same industries as Vic-\\ntoria.\\nThe New Zealand Islands are also British, and in the\\nclimate and the customs of the people they resemble\\nAustralia. What is the capital What other city is\\nfound there? Do you remember the geysers for which\\nthe Yellowstone National Park is noted (p. 178) New\\nZealand and Iceland are the only two other parts of the\\nworld where geysers are found.\\nManufacturing is not yet greatly developed, so that\\nquantities of wool, hides, metals, etc., are exported, going\\nmainly to England, since these are colonies of Great Brit-\\nain. Some of the imports that must be received in return\\nyou can probably name.\\nII. The East Indies. Between Australia and Asia are\\na large number of islands, many of them too small to\\nplace upon the map. What are the names of some of the\\nlargest of this group, or archipelago, known as the East\\nIndies The one that you have probably heard about\\nmost often is Java, from which the Java coffee comes.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "AUSTRALIA\\n253\\nAmong the forests of these islands are many different\\nkinds of valuable tropical woods. Sugar, tobacco, pepper,\\nspices, and precious stones are other valuable products.\\nThese islands, like those of the Japanese Empire, are\\nthe crests of mountains in the sea. Among them are\\nmany very active volcanoes, some of them having caused\\nterrible destruction by their frightful eruptions. The\\nislands belong to European countries, and you will find\\nthe names of these countries marked on the map.\\nIII. The Philippine Islands. The principal city on the\\nPhilippine Islands is Manila, on Luzon Island, where\\nAdmiral Dewey de-\\nstroyed the Spanish\\nfleet.\\nNotice (Fig. 203)\\nthat they lie between\\nthe Japanese Islands\\nand the East Indies,\\nboth of which were\\nsaid to be mountain\\nranges in the sea.\\nThe Philippines are\\nalso mountains, form-\\ning a part of the\\nsame chain.\\nThere are valuable\\nkinds of wood in the forests, and many mineral deposits\\nbut these were never much used by the Spaniards. The\\nchief products have been sugar, tobacco, and hemp, which\\nis used in making ropes. Now that the United States is\\nin control of the islands, it is probable that their mineral\\nand other resources will be developed.\\nFig. 224.\\nA native house in Manila. In order to be well\\nabove the damp ground, the people live in\\nthe upper part. Notice the bamboo fence.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "254 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nOn these islands dwell several different races. There\\nare still many savages there, especially in the dense for-\\nests of the interior (Fig. 99). Some of them are called\\nNegritos or little negroes. On the Sulu Islands are\\nMohammedans called Moros. The Tagalogs belong to\\nthe more advanced tribes, Avho have learned the arts of\\ncivilization from the Spaniards.\\nIV. Islands of the Pacific. There are many hundreds\\nof islands in the Pacific Ocean, some of them being tiny\\ncoral islands, others large and mountainous. They are\\nall located where mountain ranges or volcanic peaks rise\\nfrom the great plain of the ocean floor.\\nFind the Fiji Islands. They are also British. What\\nother group of small islands do you see in that region\\nFind the Samoan Islands. One of these belongs to the\\nUnited States. What large island is just north of Aus-\\ntralia In what zone does it lie One part is British,\\none part Dutch, and one part German. All of its prod-\\nucts are tropical, and it is covered with a dense forest\\nand inhabited by fierce savages. Very few Europeans\\nlive there.\\nAmong the islands of the Pacific we must not forget to\\nmention the Hawaiian Islands, for they now form a\\npart of our own country. They are situated in the mid-\\nPacific on the way from San Francisco to Australia, and\\nconsist of a number of islands, the largest being Hawaii.\\nAll of them are volcanic, and on Hawaii are two of the\\nlargest volcanoes in the world (Fig. 101). Being in the\\ntorrid zone, their climate is warm enough for sugar raising,\\nand this is one of the principal industries of the islands.\\nWhere else have we found this industry Honolulu is\\nthe ca^Dital and largest city.\\nI", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "AUSTRALIA 255\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\\nI. Australia. Questioxs. (1) To what country does Australia\\nbelong (2) How does it compare in size with the United States\\n(o) How does the mountain range on the east affect the climate?\\n(-1) Which, then, is the most valuable part of the country? (5) Tell\\nabout the native plaiits and animals. (6) What animals and plants\\nhave been imported (7) What industries have resulted (8) Name\\nthe principal exports. (9) Locate the chief cities.\\nSuggestions. (10) Sketch Australia, putting in the Murray\\nRiver and tlie principal cities. (11) What other places in the world\\nare noted for sheep and cattle raising (12) For gold mining\\n(13) Read about the great trouble the imported rabbits have caused\\nin Australia, (li) Where are the desert countries of the world?\\nMake a sketch map to show them.\\nII. East Indies. Questions. (15) Name several of the larger\\nislands of the East Indies.. (16) What are the products?\\nSuggestions. (17) W^hy were they named the East Indies?\\n(18) Find what spices are used in cooking at your home. (19) Make\\na collection of spices, trying to find where each kind came from.\\n(20) See on the map (Fig. 221) to what European countries each of\\nthe larger islands belongs. (21) Find where the tea and coffee used\\nat your home came from. By what route are they pi obably brought?\\nIII. Philippine Islands. Questions. (22) Where are the Philip-\\npine Islands (23) Name the principal city. (24) W^hat has re-\\ncently made it famous? (25) What are the names of the largest\\nislands? (26) How far is Manila from China? (27) What races\\noccupy these islands?\\nSuggestions. (28) Collect some Manila hemp rope. (29) Find\\nout about the battle of Manila Bay and also about the war with the\\nFilipinos. (30) Collect pictures from the Philippines.\\nIV. Islands of the Pacific. Questions. (31) Find Tasmania\\nNew Zealand; the Fiji Islands. (32) What large island lies north\\nof Australia Tell about it. (33) Tell about the Hawaiian Islands.\\nSuggestions. (34) Find out something about the Fiji Islands.\\n(35) About the Hawaiian Islands. (36) Find out some events that\\nhave happened on the Samoan Islands.\\nFor References, see page 261.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "BOOKS OF REFERENCE 1\\nMcM. means The Macmillan Co., New York; Ginn, Ginn Co., Boston,\\nMass. A. B. C, American Book Co., New York S. B. C, Silver, Burdett\\nCo., New York; Heath, D. C. Heath Co., Boston, Mass.; E. F. C, Educa-\\ntional Publishing Co., Boston, Mass. Scribner, C. Scribner Sons, New\\nYork.\\nMethods, Aids, etc.\\nGeikie, The Teaching of Geography (McM., |0.60) King,\\nMethods and Aids in Geography (Lee Shepard, Boston, $1.20);\\nParker, How to Study Geography (D. Appleton Co., New York,\\n$1.50); Mchols, Topics in Geography (Heath, $0.65); Trotter,\\nLessons in the New Geography (Heath, |1. 00) McMurry, Spe-\\ncial Method in Geography (Public School Publishing Co., Blooming-\\nton, 111., $0.50) McCormick, Suggestions on Teaching Geography\\n(same publisher, $0.50) McMurry, A Course of Study in Geogra-\\nphy (Herbartiaii Society, University of Chicago) Frye, The Child\\nand Nature (Ginn, $0.80) Frye, Teacher s Manual of Methods\\nin Geography (Ginn, $0.50); Redway, Manual of Geography\\n(Heath, $0.65) Morton, Lessons on the Continents (E. L. Kellogg\\nCo., New York, $0.20) McCormick, Practical Work in Geog-\\nraphy (A. Flanagan, Chicago, 111., $0.80).\\nJournal of School Geography (R. E. Dodge, Teachers College,\\nColumbia University, New York City, $1.00 per year) National\\n1 These references are not intended to be exhaustive, but, rather, sug-\\ngestive. Most, if not all, are to first-class sources. The attempt has been\\nto make few references, assuming that the teacher will have others in\\nmind. While there may seem to be many here, a careful examination\\nwill reveal the fact that really few books are referred to. Some of those\\nmentioned at the end of Part I will be found useful for Part II also.\\n256", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "BEFERENCES 257\\nGeographic Magazine (Washington, D. C, ^2.00 includes membersliip\\nto Society) Bulletin, American Bureau of Geography/ (Winona, Minn.,\\nf 1.00 includes membership to Bureau) The Statesman s Year\\nBook, published each year, gives latest statistics, etc. (McM., $3.00)\\nMill, Hints to Teachers and Students on the Choice of Geographical\\nBooks (Longmans, Green Co., New York, $1.25) Ritter, Com-\\nparative Geography (A. B. C, fl.OO) Shaler, Nature and Man in\\nAmerica (Scribner, f 1.50) Guyot, Earth and Man (Scribner,\\n$1.75) Champlin, Cyclopedia of Common Things (H. Holt Co.,\\nNew York, $2.50); Champlin, Cyclopedia of Pei sons and Places\\n(same publisher, $2.50) Murche, Science Readers (McM., 1 and\\nU, $0.25 each. III and IV, $0.40 each, V and VI, |0.50 each) Lange,\\nHandbook of Nature Study (McM., $1.00) Yonge, Little Lucy s\\nWonderful Globe (McM., $0.50); Strong, All the Year Round\\n(Ginn, three volumes, $0.30 each) Carpenter, Geographical Readers\\n(A. B. C, Vol. II, Asia, $0.60 volume on North America, $0.60)\\nGuyot, Geographical Reader (A. B. C, $0.60) Gonner, Commei-\\ncial Geography (McM., $0.75) Tilden, Grammar School (Com-\\nmercial) Geography (T. R. Shewell Co., Boston, $1.25) Chisholm,\\nCommercial Geography (Longmans, Green Co.,New York, $1.00)\\nMill, General Geography (McM., $0.90) Lyde, Man and His INIar-\\nkets (McM., $0.50); Herbertson, Man and His Work (McM.,\\n$0.60) Pratt, American History Stories (E. P. C, four volumes,\\n.$0.36 each) Pratt, Stories of Colonial Children (E. P. C, $0.40)\\nShaler, First Book in Geology (Heath, $0.60) Davis, Physical\\nGeography (Ginn, $1.25) Tarr, Elementary Geology (McM.,\\n$1.40) Tarr, Elementary Physical Geography (McM., $1.40) Tarr,\\nFirst Book of Physical Geography (McM., $1.10). Excellent\\nselections may also be found in many school readers.\\nSection I. Form and Size of the Earth. Andrews, Seven Little\\nSisters, section on The Ball Itself (Ginn, $0.50) Irving, Life\\nand Voyages of Christopher Columbus (G. P. Putnam s Sons, New\\nYork, $1.75) for Columbus, Magellan, etc., see various school\\nhistories. Also, poem on Columbus by Tennyson D Anvers,\\nScience Ladders, Vol. I (E. P. C, $0.40) Gee, Short Studies\\nin Nature Knowledge, section on The Great Globe Itself (McM.,\\n$1.10); Ritter, Comparative Geography, First Part (A. B. C,\\n$1.00).", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "258 THE EABTH AS A WHOLE\\nSection II. Daily Motion of the Earth and its Results. Redway,\\nManual of Geography, Chapter VI (Heath, $0.65); Daybreak\\n(poem), Longfellow.\\nSection III. The Zones. Eggleston, Stories of American Life\\nand Adventure, section on Adventures in Alaska (A. B. C, $0.50)\\nAndrews, Seven Little Sisters, sections on The Little Brown Baby,\\nAgoonack, the Esquimau Sister, and How Agoonack Lives (Ginn,\\n$0.50) Schwatka, The Children of the Cold (E. P. C, $1.25)\\nBallon, Footprints of Travel, Chapters XXIX and XXX (Ginn,\\n$1.00) King, The Picturesque Geographical Readers, First Book,\\nPart 2 (Lee Shepard, Boston, $0.50).\\nSection IV. Heat within the Earth and its Results. Tarr, First\\nBook of Physical Geography, Chapters I (p. 8), XIX, and XX\\n(McM., $1.10) Trotter, Lessons in the New Geogi-aphy, pp. 16-17\\n(Heath, $1.00) Redway, Manual of Geography, Chapter VII\\n(Heath, $0.65) Kingsley, Madam How and Lady Why, section on\\nVolcanoes (McM., $1.00) Gee, Short Studies in Nature Knowl-\\nedge, Chapter XI (McM., $1.10); Kelly, Leaves from Nature s\\nStory Book, Vol. Ill, The Records of the Rocks (E. P. C, $0.40).\\nSection V. The Continents and Oceans. Andrews, Seven Little\\nSisters (Ginn, $0.50); Ballon, Footprints of Travel (Ginn,\\n$1.00) Gee, Short Studies in Nature Knowledge, Chapter IV,\\nThe Sea (McM., $1.10); Kelly, Leaves from Nature s Story\\nBook, Vol. Ill, A Visit to the Bottom of the Ocean (E. P. C,\\n$0.40) Shaler, The Story of Our Continent, Section on Coral\\nReefs (Ginn, $0.75); Tarr, Elementary Geology, p. 251 (McM.,\\n$1.40) D Anvers, Science Ladders, Vol. Ill, Lesson VIII (E. P.\\nC, $0.40). Poems: Shelley, A Vision of the Sea Longfellow,\\nThe Secret of the Sea Longfellow, The Wreck of the Hespe-\\nrus Holmes, The Chambered Nautilus Byron, The Ocean.\\nSection VI. Maps. For References, see bottom of page 110.\\nSection VII. North America. Shaler, The Story of Our Conti-\\nnent (Ginn, $0.75) Lyde, North America (McM., $0.50) King,\\nThe Picturesque Geographical Readers, Second Book (Lee Shep-\\nard, Boston, $0.72).\\nSection VIII. The United States. Brooks, Century Book for\\nYoung Americans (The Century Co., New York, $1.50) Brooks,\\nThe Story of the United States (The Lothrop Publishing Co.,", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "BEFERENCES 259\\nBoston, $1.50) Channing, Students History of the United States\\n(McM., $1.40) Ballou, Footprints of Travel, Chapters I and XXV\\n(Ginn, $1.00) Gannett, The United States, Stanford s Com-\\npendium of Geography (Scribner, |4.50) King, The Picturesque\\nGeographical Readers, Second Book (Lee Shepard, Boston, $0.72)\\nOur Country (poem), Holmes.\\nSection IX. New England. Eggleston, Stories of American Life\\nand Adventure, Stories of Whaling and A Whaling Song (A.\\nB. C, $0.50); Rocheleau, Great American Industries, Book I,\\nGranite, Marble, and Slate Book II, Cotton Manufactur-\\ning and Lumbering (A. Flanagan, Chicago, each $0.50); Chase\\nand Clow, Stories of Industry, Vol. I, Lumbering, Ship Build-\\ning, Marble and Granite, Slate and Brick Vol. 11, Manufac-\\nturing, Fisheries, and Whaling (E. P. C, each $0.40) King,\\nThe Picturesque Geographical Readers, Third and Fourth Books\\n(Lee Shepard, Boston, each $0.56) Wilson, ]!^ature Study in\\nElementary Schools, Second Reader, The Tree, by Bjornsen\\n(McM., $0.35). Poems: Whittier, Mogg Megone Pentiicket\\nThe Bridal of Pennacook The Merrimack The Norsemen\\nLongfellow, The Woods in Winter The Building of the Ship\\nThe River Charles Emerson, Boston.\\nSection X. Middle Atlantic States. Chase and Clow, Stories of\\nIndustry, Vol. I and Vol. II, various stories on Iron, Coal, Mining,\\nManufacturing, Farming, etc. (E. P. C, each $0.40) Rocheleau,\\nGreat American Industries, Book I, sections on Coal Mining,\\nNatural Gas, Petroleum, and Iron (A. Flanagan, Chicago,\\n$0.50) Eggleston, Stories of American Life and Adventure, sec-\\ntion on A Story of Niagara (A. B. C, $0.50) King, The Pictur-\\nesque Geographical Readers, Third and Fourth Books (Lee\\nShepard, Boston, each $0.56).\\nSection XI. The Southern States. Rocheleau, Great American\\nIndustries, Book II, section on Cotton and Sugar (A. Flanagan,\\nChicago, $0.50) King, The Picturesque Geographical Readers,\\nFourth Book (Lee Shepard, Boston, $0.56).\\nSection XII. The Central States. Garland, Boy Life on the\\nPrairie (McM., $1.50) McMurry, Pioneer Stories of the Missis-\\nsippi Valley (Public School Publishing Co., Bloomington, 111., $0.50)\\nRocheleau, Great American Industries, Book II, sections on Grain", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "260 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE\\nRaising, Wheat Raising, and Milling (A. Flanagan, Chicago,\\nf 0.50) King, The Picturesque Geographical Readers, Fourth Book\\n(Lee Shepard, Boston, $0.56). Poems: When the Frost is on\\nthe Punkin, Riley; Knee Deep in June, Riley; The Prairies,\\nBryant The Hunter of the Prairies, Bryant.\\nSection XIII. The Western States. Ballon, Footprints of\\nTravel, Chapter XXV (Ginn, fl.OO); Eggieston, Stories of Ameri-\\ncan Life and Adventure, sections on How Fremont Crossed the\\nMountains, The Finding of Gold in California, Descending the\\nGrand Canon, and several Indian stoi ies (A. B. C, $0.50) Chase and\\nClow, Stories of Industry, Vol. I, several sections on Mines and\\nMining (E. P. C, |0.40) King, The Picturesque Geographical\\nReaders, Fifth Book (Lee Shepard, Boston, $0.56) The Pass of\\nthe Sierra (poem), Whittier; In the Yosemite Valley, Joaquin\\nMiller.\\nSection XIV. Alaska. Ballpu, Footprints of Travel, Chapter\\nXXVI (Ginn, fl.OO) Eggieston, Stories of American Life and Ad-\\nventure, Adventures in Alaska (A. B. C, $0.50).\\nSection XV. Countries North of the United States. Coe, Our\\nAmerican Neighbors, Chapters I-XII (S. B. C, $0.60) Lyde, A\\nGeography of North America (McM., $0.50) Dawson, Canada\\nand Newfoundland, Stanford s Compendium (Scribner, $4.50) An-\\ndrews, Seven Little Sisters, the two sections on Agoonack (Ginn,\\n$0.50); Schwatka, The Children of the Cold (E. P. C, $1.25);\\nGee, Short Studies in Nature Knowledge (McM., $1.10) King,\\nThe Picturesque Geographical Readers, Second Book (Lee Shep-\\nard, Boston, $0.72) An Arctic Vision, Bret Hart Evangeline,\\nLongfellow.\\nSection XVI. Countries South of the United States. Coe, Our\\nAmerican Neighbors, Chapters XIII-XVII (S. B. C, $0.60) Conk-\\nlin, Guide to Mexico (D. Appleton Co., New York, $1.50) Lyde,\\nA Geography of North America (McM., $0.50) Ballon, Foot-\\nprints of Travel, Chapters XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVII, and\\nXXVIII (Ginn, $1.00) King, The Picturesque Geographical\\nReaders, Second Book (Lee Shepard, Boston, $0.72).\\nSection XVII. South America. Ballou, Footprints of Travel,\\nChapters XXIX-XXXI (Ginn, $1.00) Coe, Our American Neigh-\\nbors (S. B. C, $0.60).", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "REFEBENCES 261\\nSection XVIII. Europe. Lyde, A Geography of Europe (McM.,\\n10.50) Ballou, Footprints of Travel, Chapters X-XXII (Giun,\\n11.00) Coe, Northern Europe (S. B. C, $0.60) Pratt, Northern\\nEurope (E. P. C, $0.40) Lyde, A Geography of the British Isles\\n(McM., $0.50) King, The Picturesque Geographical Readers, Sixth\\nBook (Lee Shepard, Boston, $0.60) Pratt, Stories of England\\n(E. P. C, $0.40); Andrews, Seven Little Sisters, The Little\\nMountain Maiden, and Louise (Ginn, $0.50). Poems: Alice\\nCarey, The Leak in the Dike Longfellow, Venice The Bel-\\nfry of Bruges Nuremberg To the River Rhone To the\\nAvon. Joaquin Miller, Sunrise in Venice In a Gondola To\\nFlorence Shelley, Ode to Naples.\\nSection XIX. Asia. Ballou, Footprints of Ti-avel, Chapters\\nIII, VIII, and IX (Ginn, $1.00); Andrews, Seven Little Sisters,\\nThe Story of Pen-se, also Gemila (Ginn, $0.50) Smith, Life\\nin Asia (S. B. C, $0.60); Pratt, Stories of India (E. P. C,\\n$0.40); Pratt, Stories of China (E. P. C, $0.40). Poems by\\nWhittier The Holy Land Palestine The Pipes of Luck-\\nnow.\\nSection XX. Africa. Lyde, A Geography of Africa (McM.,\\n$0.50); Ballou, Footprints of Travel, Chapters IX and X (Ginn,\\n$1.00); Badlam, Views in Africa (S. B. C, $0.72); Andrews,\\nSeven Little Sisters, section on The Little Dark Girl and\\nGemila (Ginn, $0.50).\\nSection XXI. Australia, etc. Ballou, Footprints of Travel,\\nChapters II, IV, V, VI, VII (Ginn, $1.00); Kellogg, Australia and\\nthe Islands of the Sea (S. B. C, $0.68) Pratt, Stories of Aus-\\ntralasia (E. P. C, $0.40). Poem, Western Australia, O Reilly.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nCONTINENTS AND PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES\\nNote. The figures 1897, 1890, etc., refer to the year m which the\\nestimate was made. Most of the figures are obtained from the States-\\nman s Year Book for 1899, or from the Century Atlas.\\nArea in Square Miles\\nPopulation\\nNorth America\\n6,446,000\\n1897\\n94,000,000\\nUnited States (with Alaska)\\n3,602,990\\n1890\\n62,840,835\\nMexico\\n767,005\\n1895\\n12,619,959\\nCanada\\n3,653,946\\n1891\\n4,833,239\\nCentral America\\n175,696\\n1897\\n3,271,426\\nSouth America\\n6,837,000\\n1897\\n40,000,000\\nBrazil\\n3,209,878\\n1892\\n18,000,000\\nArgentina\\n1,778,195\\n1895\\n3,954,911\\nPeru\\n449,000\\n1897\\n3,000.000\\nChile\\n290,829\\n1895\\n2,527,320\\nEurope\\n3,850,000\\n1897\\n374,000,000\\nRussia\\n2,095,616\\n1897\\n106,191,795\\nGerman Empire\\n208,830\\n1895\\n52,279,901\\nAustria-Hungary\\n240,942\\n1890\\n41,359,204\\nFrance\\n204,092\\n1896\\n38,517,975\\nBritish Isles\\n120,979\\n1891\\n38,104,975\\nItaly\\n110,646\\n1898\\n31,667,946\\nSpain\\n197,670\\n1887\\n17,565,632\\nTurkey in Europe\\n62,744\\n1898\\n5,711,000\\nAsia (with islands)\\n17,255,890\\n1897\\n831,000,000\\nChinese Empire\\n4,218,401\\n1897\\n402,680,000\\nIndia\\n1,559,603\\n1891\\n287,123,350\\nJapan\\n147,655\\n1896\\n42,708,264\\nTurkey in Asia\\n650,097-\\n1898\\n16,823,500\\nSiberia\\n4,833,496\\n1897\\n5,727,090\\nAfrica\\n11,508,793\\n1897\\n170,000,000\\nKongo Free State\\n900,000\\n1898\\n14,000,000\\nEgypt\\n400,000\\n1897\\n9.734,405\\nCape Colony\\n276,925\\n1891\\n1,766,040\\nSouth African Republic\\n119,139\\n1898\\n1,094,156\\n262", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\n263\\nArea in Square Miles\\nPopulation\\nAustralia\\n2,946,691\\n1891\\n3,036,570\\nNew South Wales\\n310,700\\n1898\\n1,335,800\\nVictoria\\n87,884\\n1898\\n1,169,434\\nQueensland\\n668,497\\n1897\\n484,700\\nSoutli Australia\\n903,690\\n1897\\n858,224\\nSIZE OF THE EARTH\\nLength of the Earth s Axis at equator (miles)\\nLength of the Equator (miles)\\nThe Earth s Surface (square miles)\\nPacific Ocean (square miles)\\nAtlantic Ocean (square miles)\\nAntarctic Ocean and the great southern sea sur\\nrounding the south pole (square miles)\\nIndian Ocean (square miles)\\nArctic Ocean (square miles)\\nThe sea (square miles)\\n7,926\\n24,902\\n196,940,000\\n55,660,000\\n33,720,000\\n30,605,000\\n16,720,000\\n4,781,000\\n141,486,000\\nAREA AND POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES\\nArea in Square Miles\\nPopulation\\nAlabama\\n52,250\\n1890\\n1,513,017\\nAlaska\\n577,390\\n1890\\n31,795\\nArizona\\n113,020\\n1890\\n59,620\\nArkansas\\n53,850\\n1890\\n1,128,179\\nCalifornia\\n158,360\\n1890\\n1,208,130\\nColorado\\n103,925\\n1890\\n412,198\\nConnecticut\\n4,990\\n1890\\n746,258\\nCuba\\n41,655\\n1894\\n1,631,696\\nDelaware\\n2,050\\n1890\\n168.493\\nDistrict of Columbia\\n70\\n1890\\n230,392\\nFlorida\\n58,680\\n1895\\n464,639\\nGeorgia\\n59,475\\n1890\\n1,837,3.53\\nHawaiian Islands\\n6,640\\n1897\\n102,020\\nIdaho\\n84,800\\n1890\\n84,385\\nIllinois\\n56,650\\n1890\\n3,826,351\\nIndiana\\n36,350\\n1890\\n2,192,404\\nIndian Territory-\\n31,400\\n1890\\n186,490\\nIowa\\n56,025\\n1895\\n2,058.069\\nKansas\\n82,080\\n1895\\n1,334,734\\nKentucky\\n40,400\\n1890\\n1,858,635\\nLouisiana\\n48,720\\n1890\\n1,118,587", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "264\\nAPPENDIX\\nMaine\\nMaryland\\nMassachusetts\\nMichigan\\nMinnesota\\nMississippi\\nMissouri\\nMontana\\nNebraska\\nNevada\\nNew Hampshire\\nNew Jersey\\nNew Mexico\\nNew York\\nNorth Carolina\\nNorth Dakota\\nOhio\\nOklahoma\\nOregon\\nPennsylvania\\nPhilippine Islands\\nPorto Rico\\nRhode Island\\nSouth Carolina\\nSouth Dakota\\nTennessee\\nTexas\\nUtah\\nVermont\\nVirginia\\nWashington\\nWest Virginia\\nWisconsin\\nWyoming\\nArea in Square\\nMiles\\nPopulation\\n33,040\\n1890\\n661,086\\n12,210\\n1890\\n1,042,390\\n8,315\\n1895\\n2,500,183\\n58,915\\n1890\\n2,093.889\\n83,365\\n1895\\n1,574,619\\n46,810\\n1890\\n1,289,600\\n69,415\\n1890\\n2,679,184\\n146,080\\n1890\\n132,159\\n77,510\\n1890\\n1,058,910\\n110,700\\n1890\\n45,761\\n9,305\\n1890\\n376,530\\n7,815\\n1895\\n1,673,196\\n122,580\\n1890\\n153,593\\n49.170\\n1890\\n5,997.853\\n52,250\\n1890\\n1,617,947\\n70,795\\n1890\\n182,719\\n41,060\\n1890\\n3,672,316\\n39,030\\n1890\\n61,834\\n96,030\\n1890\\n313,767\\n45,215\\n1890\\n5,258,014\\n114,326\\n1897\\n7,000,000\\n3,550\\n1887\\n813,937\\n1,250\\n1890\\n345,506\\n80,570\\n1890\\n1,151,149\\n77,650\\n1895\\n330,975\\n42,050\\n1890\\n1,767,518\\n265,780\\n1890\\n2,235,523\\n84,970\\n1890\\n207,905\\n9,565\\n1890\\n382,422\\n42,450\\n1890\\n1,655,980\\n69,180\\n1890\\n349,890\\n24,780\\n1890\\n762,794\\n56,040\\n1890\\n1,686,880\\n97,890\\n1890\\n60,705\\nTWENTY-FIVE LARGEST CITIES OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES\\nNote. The great increase in size of New York is due to the joining\\nof Brooklyn and other cities to it, making Greater New York.\\n1. NewYork, N. Y.\\n2. Chicago, 111.\\nEstimated Population,\\nJan. 1, 1899\\n3,549,558\\n1,950,000\\nPopulation,\\nCensus of 1890\\n1,515,301\\n1,099,850", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\n265\\n3. Philadelphia, Pa.\\n4. St. Louis, Mo.\\n5. Boston, Mass.\\n6. Baltimore, Md.\\n7. Cincinnati, O.\\n8. Cleveland, O.\\nBuffalo, N. y.\\nSan Francisco, Cal.\\nDetroit, Mich.\\nPittsburg, Pa.\\nNew Orleans, La.\\n14. Washington, D. C.\\n15. Milwaukee, Wis.\\nNewark, N. J.\\nLouisville, Ky\\nMinneapolis, Minn.\\n19. Jersey City, N. J.\\n20. Kansas City, Mo.\\n21. Indianapolis, Ind.\\n22. Kochester, N. Y.\\n23. St. Paul, Minn.\\n24. Providence, R. I.\\n25. Denver, Col.\\n9.\\n10.\\n11.\\n12.\\n13.\\n16.\\n17.\\n18.\\nEstimated Population,\\nPopulation,\\nJanuary 1, 1S99 Census of 1890\\n1,350,000 1,046,964\\n623,000\\n451,770\\n530,000\\n448,477\\n500,000\\n434,439\\n405,000\\n296,908\\n400,000\\n261,353\\n400,000\\n255,664\\n350,000\\n298,997\\n350,000\\n205,876\\n31.5,000\\n238,617\\n300,000\\n242,039\\n280,000\\n230,392\\n280,000\\n204,468\\n250,000\\n181,830\\n225,000\\n161,129\\n200,000\\n164,738\\n200,000\\n163,003\\n200,000\\n132,716\\n200,000\\n105,436\\n177,000\\n133,896\\n175,000\\n133,156\\n167,000\\n132,146\\n165,000\\n106,713\\nCITIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND ITS DEPEND-\\nENCIES MENTIONED IN THIS BOOK\\nAlbany, N. Y.\\nAllegheny, Pa.\\nAnnapolis, Md.\\nAtlanta, Ga.\\nBaltimore, Md.\\nBangor, Me.\\nBirmingham, Ala.\\nBoston, Mass.\\nBridgeport, Conn.\\nBuffalo, N.Y.\\nButte, Mont.\\nCambridge, Mass.\\nCamden, N. J.\\nCharleston, S. C.\\nEstimated Population, Mainly\\nPopulation,\\nJanuary 1, 1899\\nCensus of 1890\\n100,000\\n94,923\\n125,000\\n105,287\\n7,604\\n118,000\\n65,533\\n500,000\\n434,439\\n27,000\\n19,103\\n60,000 (1897)\\n26,178\\n530.000\\n448,477\\n75,000\\n48,866\\n400,000\\n255,664\\n50,000\\n10,723\\n89,276\\n70,028\\n65,000\\n58,313\\n65,000\\n54,955", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "266\\nAPPENDIX\\nChattanooga, Tenn\\nChicago, 111.\\nCincinnati, O.\\nCleveland, O.\\nColumbus, O.\\nDaUas, Tex.\\nDenver, Col.\\nDetroit, Mich.\\nDuluth, Minn\\nFall River, Mass.\\nGalveston, Tex.\\nGloucester, Mass.\\nGrand Rapids, Mich\\nHarrisburg, Pa.\\nHartford, Ct.\\nHavana, Cuba\\nHonolulu\\nIndianapolis, Ind.\\nJacksonville, Fla.\\nJersey City, N. J.\\nKansas City, Mo.\\nKnoxville, Tenn.\\nLawrence, Mass.\\nLos Angeles, Cal.\\nLouisville, Ky.\\nLowell, Mass.\\nLynn, Mass.\\nManchester, N. H.\\nManila, Philippines\\nMemphis, Tenn.\\nMilwaukee, Wis.\\nMinneapolis, Minn.\\nMobile, Ala.\\nNewark, N. J.\\nNew Bedford, Mass.\\nNew Haven, Ct.\\nNew Orleans, La.\\nNew York, N. Y.\\nNorfolk, Va.\\nOgden, Utah\\nOmaha, Neb.\\nPaterson, N. J.\\nPensacola, Fla.\\nPhiladelphia, Pa.\\nPittsburg, Pa.\\nEstimated Population,\\nPopulation,\\nJanuary 1, 1899 Census of 1890\\n40,000 29,100\\n1,950,000\\n1,099,850\\n405,000\\n296,908\\n400,000\\n261,353\\n135,000\\n88,1.50\\n50,000\\n38,067\\n165,000\\n106,713\\n350.000\\n205,876\\n60,000\\n33,115\\n103,000\\n74,398\\n71,250\\n29,084\\n29,000\\n24,651\\n100,000\\n60,278\\n60,000\\n39,385\\n75,000\\n53,230\\n200,000 (1894)\\n28,920 (1896)\\n200,000\\n105,436\\n35,000\\n17,201\\n200,000\\n163,003\\n200,000\\n132,716\\n50,000 (1897)\\n22,535\\n58,000\\n44,654\\n115,000\\n50,395\\n225,000\\n161,129\\n87,000\\n77,696\\n67,000\\n55,727\\n60,000\\n44,126\\n154,062 (1887)\\n110,000\\n64,495\\n280,000\\n204,468\\n200,000\\n164,738\\n40,000\\n31,076\\n250,000\\n181,830\\n59,000\\n40,733\\n115,000\\n81,298\\n300,000\\n242,039\\n3,549,558\\n1,515,301\\n65,000\\n34,871\\n14,889\\n160,000\\n140,452\\n97,344 (1895)\\n78,347\\n16,000\\n11,750\\n1,350,000\\n1,046,964\\n315,000\\n238,617", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\n267\\nEstimated Population,\\nPopulation,\\nJanuary 1, 1899\\nCensus of 1890\\nPortland, Me 45,000\\n36,425\\nPortland, Ore.\\n100,000\\n46,385\\nProvidence, R. I.\\n167,000\\n132,146\\nPueblo, Col.\\n28,250\\n(1897)\\n24,558\\nReading, Pa.\\n90,700\\n58,661\\nRichmond, Va.\\n100,000\\n81,388\\nRochester, N. Y.\\n177,000\\n133,896\\nRutland, Vt.\\n11,760\\nSaginaw, Mich.\\n60,000\\n46,322\\nSt. Louis, Mo.\\n623,000\\n451,770\\nSt. Paul, Minn.\\n175,000\\n133,156\\nSalt Lake City, Utah\\n48,076\\n(1895)\\n44,843\\nSan Francisco, Cal.\\n350,000\\n298,997\\nSavannah, Ga.\\n66,000\\n43,189\\nScran ton. Pa.\\n125,000\\n75,215\\nSeattle, Wash.\\n85,000\\n42,837\\nSitka, Alaska\\n1,190\\nSpokane, AVash.\\n45,000\\n19,922\\nSpringfield, Mass.\\n57,676\\n44,179\\nSyracuse, N. Y.\\n130,000\\n88,143\\nTacoma, Wash.\\n52,000\\n36,006\\nTampa, Fla.\\n15,634\\n^1895)\\n5,532\\nToledo, 0.\\n145,000\\n81,434\\nTrenton, N. J.\\n62,518\\n(1895)\\n57,458\\nTroy, N. Y.\\n65,000\\n60,956\\nVicksburg, Miss.\\n20,000\\n13,373\\nWashington, D. C.\\n280,000\\n230,392\\nWheeling, West Va.\\n40,000\\n(1897)\\n34,522\\nWilkes Barre, Pa.\\n57,000\\n37,718\\nWilmington, Del.\\n70,000\\n61,431\\nWilmington, N. C.\\n27,000\\n20,056\\nWorcester, Mass. 105,000\\n84,655\\nTWENTY-FIVE LARGEST CITIES\\nOF THE\\nW^ORLD\\nPopulation\\n1. London, England, 1898\\n4\\nt,504,766\\n2. New York, United States, 1899\\n,549,558\\n3. Paris, France, 1896\\n2\\n,536,834\\n4. Canton, China\\nf;\\n,500,000\\n5. Chicago, United States, 1899\\n1\\n,950,000\\n6. Berlin, Germany, 1895\\n1\\n,677,304\\n7.. Vienna, Austri\\na-Hu\\nngar^\\nY, 1890\\n1\\n,364,548", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "268\\nAPPENDIX\\n8. Philadelphia, United States, 1899\\n9. Tokio, Japan, 1896\\n10. St. Petersburg, Russia, 1897\\n11. Moscow, Russia, 1897\\n12. Tientsin, China, 1898\\n13. Peking, China, 1898\\n14. Constantinople, Turkey, 1885\\n15. Calcutta, India, 1891\\n16. Bombay, India, 1891\\n17. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1898\\n18. Glasgow, Scotland, 1898\\n19. Bangkok, Siam, 1898\\n20. Warsaw, Poland, 1897\\n21. Liverpool, England, 1898\\n22. Hamburg, Germany, 1895\\n23. St. Louis, United States, 1899\\n24. Cairo, Egypt, 1897\\n25. Brussels, Belgium, 1897\\nPopulation\\n1,350,000\\n1,299,941\\n1,267,023\\n988,614\\n950,000\\n900,000\\n873,565\\n861,764\\n821,764\\n753,000\\n724,349\\n700,000\\n638,209\\n633,645\\n625,552\\n623,000\\n670,062\\n551,011\\nOTHER IMPORTANT FOREIGN CITIES\\nAdelaide, South Australia, 1897\\nAlexandria, Egypt, 1897\\nAmsterdam, Netherlands, 1897\\nAntwerp, Belgium, 1897\\nAthens, Greece, 1896\\nBangkok, Siam, 1898\\nBarcelona, Spain, 1887\\nBelfast, Ireland, 1891\\nBerlin, Germany, 1895\\nBerne, Switzei land, 1897\\nBu mingham, England, 1898\\nBombay, India, 1891\\nBordeaux, France, 1896\\nBrussels, Belgium, 1897\\nBudapest, Austria-Hungai-y, 1890\\nBuenos Aires, Argentina, 1898\\nCairo, Egypt, 1897\\nCalcutta, India, 1891\\nCallao, Peru, 1890\\nCanton, China\\nCape Town, Cape Colony, 1891\\nCaracas, Venezuela, 1891\\nPopulation\\n146,125\\n319,766\\n503,285\\n271,284\\n111,486\\n700,000\\n272,481\\n255,950\\n1,677,304\\n49,030\\n510,343\\n821,764\\n256,906\\n551,011\\n505,763\\n753,000\\n570,062\\n861,764\\n35,492\\n2,500,000\\n51,251\\n72,429", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\n269\\nChristiania, Norway, 1897\\nConstantinople, Turkey, 1885\\nCopenhagen, Denmark, 1890\\nDresden, Germany, 1895\\nDublin, Ireland, 1891\\nEdinburgh, Scotland, 1898\\nGeneva, Switzerland, 1897\\nGlasgow, Scotland, 1898\\nHalifax, ISTova Scotia, 1891\\nHamburg, Germany, 1895\\nHavre, France, 1896\\nHongkong, China, 1898\\nJerusalem, Turkey in Asia, 1885\\nJohannesburg, South African Republic, 1896\\nKimbei ley, Cape Colony, 1891\\nLeipzig, Gernjany, 1895\\nLima, Peru, 1891\\nLisbon, Portugal, 1890\\nLiverpool, England, 1898\\nLondon, England, 1898\\nLyon, France, 1896\\nMadras, India, 1891\\nMadrid, Spain, 1887\\nMalaga, Spain, 1887\\nManchester, England, 1898\\nMarseille, France, 1896\\nMecca, Turkey in Asia, 1885\\nMelbourne, Victoria, 1897\\nMexico, Mexico, 1895\\nMilan, Italy, 1897\\nMocha, Turkey in Asia\\nMontevideo, Uruguay, 1897\\nMontreal, Canada, 1891\\nMoscow, Russia, 1897\\nMunich, Germany, 1895\\nNaples, Italy, 1897\\nOdessa, Russia, 1897\\nOttawa, Canada, 1891\\nPara, Brazil, 1892\\nParis, France, 1896\\nPeking, China, 1898\\nPrague, Austria-Hungary, 1890\\nQuebec, Canada, 1891\\nRio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1890\\nRome, Italy, 1897\\nSt. John, New Brunswick, 1891\\nPopulation\\n200,000\\n873,565\\n312,859\\n336,440\\n245,001\\n295,628\\n86,535\\n724,349\\n38,556\\n625,552\\n119,470\\n248,710\\n41,000\\n102,078\\n28.718\\n399,963\\n103,956\\n301,206\\n633,645\\n4,504,766\\n466,028\\n452,518\\n470,283\\n134,016\\n539,079\\n442,239\\n60,000\\n458,610\\n344,377\\n470,558\\n5,000\\n249,251\\n216,650\\n988,614\\n407,307\\n536,073\\n405,041\\n44,154\\n65,000\\n2,536,834\\n900,000\\n184,109\\n63,090\\n522,651\\n487,066\\n39,179", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "270\\nAPPENDIX\\nSt. Petersburg, Russia, 1897\\nSantiago, Chile, 1897\\nShanghai, China, 1897\\nSingapore, Malay Peninsula, 1891\\nStockholm, Sweden, 1897\\nSydney, New South Wales, 1897\\nTeheran, Persia, 1897\\nThe Hague, Netherlands, 1897\\nTientsin, China, 1898\\nTokio, Japan, 1896\\nToronto, Canada, 1891\\nTrieste, Austria-Hungary, 1890\\nValparaiso, Chile, 1897\\nVancouver, Canada, 1891\\nVenice, Italy, 1897\\nVera Cruz, Mexico, 1895\\nVictoria, Canada, 1891\\nVienna, Austria-Hungary, 1890\\nWarsaw, Poland, 1897\\nWinnepeg, Canada, 1891\\nYokohama, Japan, 1896\\nZurich, Switzerland, 1897\\nPopulation\\n1,267,023\\n302,131\\n457,000\\n160,000\\n288,602\\n417,250\\n210,000\\n196,325\\n950,000\\n1,299,941\\n181,220\\n158,344\\n139,038\\n13,685\\n155,899\\n88,993\\n16,841\\n1,364,548\\n638, 209\\n25,642\\n179,502\\n151,994\\nHEIGHT OF A FEW MOUNTAIN PEAKS\\nTeet\\nMt. Everest, Himalaya Mountains, Asia 29,002\\nAconcagua, Andes Mountains, Chile 22,860\\nMt. McKinley, Alaskan Mountains, Alaska 20,464\\nMt. Logan, Coast Ranges, Canada 19,500\\nMt. Elburz, Caucasus Mountains, Russia 18,200\\nOrizaba, Sierra Madre, Mexico 18,314\\nMt. St. Elias, Coast Ranges, Alaska 18,100\\nMt. Blanc, Alps Mountains, France 15,781\\nMt. Whitney, Sierra Nevada Mountains, California 14,898\\nMt. Rainier, Cascade Mountains, Washington 14,526\\nMt. Shasta, Cascade Mountains, California 14,380\\nPikes Peak, Rocky Mountains, Colorado 14,108\\nMauna Loa, Hawaiian Islands 13,675\\nFremont Peak, Rocky Mountains, Wyoming 13,790\\nFujiyama, Japan 12,365\\nMt. Mitchell, Appalachian Mountains, North Carolina 6,711\\nMt. AVashington, White Mountains, New Hampshire 6,293\\nMt. Marcy, Adirondacks, New York 5,344", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\n271\\nSOME OF THE LARGEST RIVERS OF THE WORLD\\nName\\nCountry-\\nLength\\nin miles\\nBasin area\\nOcean\\nMissouri-Mississippi United States\\n4,300\\n1,257,000\\nAtlantic\\nNile\\nAfrica\\n3,400\\n1,273,000\\nAtlantic\\nAmazon\\nSouth America\\n3,300\\n2,500,000\\nAtlantic\\nOb\\nSiberia\\n3,200\\n1,000,000\\nArctic\\nYangtse\\nChina\\n3,200\\n548,000\\nPacific\\nKongo\\nAfrica\\n2,900\\n1,200,000\\nAtlantic\\nLena\\nSiberia\\n2,800\\n950,000\\nArctic\\nHoang-Ho\\nChina\\n2,700\\n570,000\\nPacific\\nNiger\\nAfrica\\n2,600\\n563,300\\nAtlantic\\nPlata\\nSouth America\\n2,580\\n1,200,000\\nAtlantic\\nMackenzie\\nCanada\\n2,000\\n590,000\\nArctic\\nVolga\\nRussia\\n2,400\\n563,300\\nCaspian\\nSt. Lawrence\\nNorth America\\n2,200\\n519,000\\nAtlantic\\nYukon\\nAlaska\\n2,000\\n440,000\\nPacific\\nLidus\\nIndia\\n1,800\\n372,700\\nIndian\\nDanube\\nEurope\\n1,770\\n300,000\\nAtlantic\\nTEN OF 1\\nCHE GREAT LAK\\nES OF THE WORLD\\nName\\nLength Breadth\\nin Miles in Miles\\nArea in Square\\nMiles\\nCountrj\\nCaspian\\n680 270\\n169,000\\nRussia\\nSuperior\\n390 160\\n31,200\\nU. S. an\\nd Canada\\nVictoria Nyanz\\n1 230 220\\n30,000\\nAfrica\\nAral\\n225 185\\n26,900\\nAsiatic Russia\\nHuron\\n250 100\\n17,400\\nU. S. and Canada\\nMichigan\\n335 85\\n20,000\\ntfU. S. and Canada\\nTanganyika\\n420 50\\n12,650\\nAfrica\\nBaikal\\n397 45\\n12,500\\nSiberia\\nErie\\n250 58\\n10,000\\nU. S. and Canada\\nChad (a shallow\\nlake which grows\\nvery large in\\nthe rainy season\\nabout\\nand shrinks ii\\n1 the dry season)\\n10,000\\nAfrica\\nAPPROXIMATE\\nAVERAGE HEIG\\nrHT OF SOME PLATEAUS\\nTibet\\ni eet\\n10-15,000\\nBolivia\\n10-13,000\\nAbyssinia\\n5-\\n7,000\\nMexico\\n5-\\n6,000\\nWestern Unit\\ned States Plateau\\n5-\\n6,000\\nBrazil\\n2,000-\\n2,500", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF PLACES AND PRONOUNCIN VOCABULARY.\\nKEY TO PRONUNCIATION.\\na, as in fat a, as in fate a, as in far a, as in fall e, as\\nin pen e, as in mete e, as in Aer i, as in pin i, as in pine o, as in\\nnot 0, as in 7iote o, as in move u, as in tub u, as in mute u, as in\\npull g, as in get g, as in gem c, as in cat; as in cent.\\nA double dot under a or o (a, p) indicates that its sound is shortened to\\nthat of u in but.\\nItalicized letters are silent. The sign tells upon which syllable the\\naccent is placed. The numbers refer to pages in the book excepting where\\nFig. is before them, when they refer to figures in the book.\\nAb-ys-sin -i-a, 244.\\nA-con-ca -gua (gwa), Fig. 177,\\nA-crop -o-lis, 224.\\nAd -e-latde, 252.\\nAd-i-ron -dacks, 39, 151.\\nAd-ri-at -ic, 221, 224.\\nAf-g/ian-is-tau Fig. 203.\\nAf -ri-ca, 132, 242.\\nAl-a-ba -ma, 159.\\nA-las -ka, isS.\\nAl -ba-ny (ni), 150.\\nAleutian (a-lu -shun), Fig. 203.\\nAl-ex-an -dri-a, 244.\\nAl-ge -ri-a, Fig. 214.\\nAllegheny (al -e-ga-na), 41, 154,\\n155.\\nAlps, 21.\\nAm -a-zon, 199, 201.\\nAm -ster-dam, 217.\\nAmur (a-moor Fig. 203.\\nAndes (an -dez), 199, 204.\\nAn-drps-cog -grin, 145.\\nT 273\\nAn-nap -o-lis, 156.\\nAntarctic (an-tark -tik) 133.\\nAn-til -les (lez), 198.\\nAnt -werp, 217.\\nAp-jja-lach -i-ans, 139, 153, 154,\\n159, 160.\\nA-ra -bi-a, 232.\\nAr -al, Fig. 203.\\nAr -a-rat, Fig. 203.\\nArctic (ark -tik), 133.\\nAr-gen-ti -na (te), 203.\\nAi--i-zo -na, 176.\\nAr -kan-sas (saw), 159.\\nAsia (a -sh?a), 131, 2.30.\\nAt/i-a-bas -ca, Fig. 123.\\nAth -ens (enz), 224.\\nAt-lan -ta, 160.\\nAt-lan -tic, 63, 133.\\nA2\u00c2\u00ab-gus -ta, Fig. 125.\\nAus-tra -li-a, 132, 249.\\nAus -tri-a, 223.\\nA-zores (zorz Fig. 214.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "274\\nINDEX\\nBaf -/in Land, 193.\\nBa-ha -ma, 198.\\nBaikal (bi -kal), Fig. 203.\\nBal -tic, 211, 213.\\nBal -ti-more, 149, 156.\\nBan -gor, 145.\\nBang-kok 240.\\nBar-ce-lo -na, 220.\\nBat -on Rouge (roozh), Fig. 140.\\nBel -fkst, or (fast), 209.\\nBel -gi-um, 217.\\nBen-gal Fig. 203.\\nBe -ring Sea, Fig. 203.\\nBer-lin 216.\\nBer-ma -da, 198.\\nBerne, 223.\\nBir -miug-ham (Ber), Ala., 160.\\nBir -ming-ham (um), Eng., 209.\\nBo-go-ta Fig. 177.\\nBoise (boi -ze). Fig. 157.\\nBo-k/ia -ra, Fig. 203.\\nBo-liv -i-a, Fig. 177.\\nBom-bay 239.\\nBordeaux (bor-do 218, 219.\\nBor -ne-o, Fig. 221.\\nBos -ton, 37, 66, 142, 143, 147.\\nBra/i-ma-pu -tra (poo). Fig. 203.\\nBra-zil 200.\\nBridge -port, 147.\\nBrit -ish Isles, 207.\\nBrook -lyn (lin), 149.\\nBrus -sels, 217.\\nBu -da-pest (Boo), 223.\\nBuenos Aires (bwa -nos i -res),\\n203.\\nBuf -fa-lo, 150, 151, 152.\\nBul-ga -ri-a, 225.\\nBurma (ber -ma), 239.\\nButte (but), 181.\\nCairo (ki -ro), Egypt, 244.\\nCal-cut -\u00c2\u00aba, 239.\\nCal-i-for -ni-a, 179.\\nCal-la -o, 205.\\nCam -bridge, 142.\\nCam -den, 153.\\nCan -a-da, 140, 190.\\nCan -Qer, Tropic, 120,\\nCan-ton 236.\\nCape Town, 248.\\nCape Verde Islands, Fig. 214.\\nCap -ri-corn, Tropic, 120.\\nCa-ra -cas, 203.\\nCar-i6-be -an, 197.\\nCas-cade Range, 177.\\nCas -pi-an, 213.\\nCas-tine (ten), 65.\\nCats -kiUs, 151.\\nCaucasus (ka -ka-sus). Fig. 183.\\nCayenne (ka-yen Fig. 177.\\nCelebes (sel -e-bez), Fig. 221.\\ngen -tral -Amer -i-ca, 140, 197.\\nCeylon (se-lon Fig. 203.\\nChad, Fig. 214.\\nCham-plam (sham). Fig. 132.\\nCharles -ton (charlz), 165.\\nChat-ia-noo -ga, 160.\\nChes -a-peake, 149.\\nCheyenne (shi-en Fig. 157.\\nChi-ca -go (She), 170, 171.\\nChile (Chil -a), 205.\\nChim-bo-ra -zo, 14.\\nChi-na, 100, 235.\\nChris-ti-a -ni-a (ne-a), 212,\\nQin-Qiw-na -ti, 174.\\nCleve -land, 173.\\nCoast Ranges, 177.\\nCo-lom -bi-a (be-a), 205.\\nCol-6-ra -do, 180.\\nCol-o-ra -do Can -yon, 178.\\nCo-lum -bi-a (be-a) District, 156,\\nCo-lum -bi-a (be-a) River, 185.\\nCo-lum -bus, 174.\\nCon-nect -i-cut, 146.\\nCon-stan-ti-no -ple, 225.\\nCo-pen-ha -gen, 212.\\nCor-dil-ler -as, 177.\\nCor -inth, 224.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n275\\nCor -si-ca, Fig. 183.\\nCrete, Fig. 183.\\nCu-ba, 112, 197.\\nDal -Zas, 161.\\nDan -ube, 223, 225.\\nDar -ling River, 250.\\nDead Sea, 55.\\nDel -a-ware, 149.\\nDen -mark, 212.\\nDen -ver, 180.\\nDes Moines (de-moin Fig. 148.\\nDe-troit 173.\\nDnieper (ne -per). Fig. 183.\\nDniester (nes -ter), Fig. 183.\\nDres -den (drez), 216.\\nDub -lin, Fig. 183.\\nDuluth (D6-looth 172.\\nDwina (dwe -na), 183.\\nEast In -di-a Islands, 132, 252.\\nEcuador (ek -wa-dor) 205.\\nEdinburgh (ed -n-bur-o) 209.\\nE -gypt, 244.\\nEl -be, 215.\\nEl-burz (boorz), Fig. 183.\\nEngland (ing -land), 100, 208.\\nE -rie, Lake, 151.\\nEs -ki-mos (moz), 122, 193.\\nEurasia (u-ra -she-a) 131.\\nEurope (u -rop), 131, 207.\\nEv -er-est, Mt., 230.\\nFan River, 147.\\nFiji (fe -je), 254.\\nFlor -l-da, 162.\\nFor-mo -sa, 237.\\nFrance (frans), 217.\\nFu-ji-ya -ma (foo), 270.\\nGal -ves-ton, 165.\\nGanges (gan -jez), 239.\\nGen-e-see 152.\\nGe-ne -va, 223.\\nGeor-gi-a, 162.\\nGer -ma-ny (na), 214.\\nGi-brai -tar, 242.\\nGlas -goto, 209.\\nGloucester (glos -ter), 73, 143, 185.\\nGobi (go -be), 231.\\nGrand Rap -ids, 173.\\nGreat Britain (brit -n), 207.\\nGreat Lakes, 53, 58.\\nGreat Salt Lake, 55, 182, 183.\\nGreece (Gres), 224.\\nGreen -land, 193.\\nGuam (Gwam), Fig. 221.\\nGuiana (ge-a -na), 203.\\nGuth -r^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2e, Fig. 140.\\nHaiti (ha -ti), 198.\\nHal -i-fax, 192.\\nHam -burg (berg), 215.\\nHar is-burg (berg), 154.\\nHart -ford, 147.\\nHa-van -a, 197.\\nHavre (a -vr),218.\\nHav^aii (ha-wa -e), 254.\\nHavraiian (ha-wa -yan) Islands, 124,\\n135, 186, 254.\\nHel -e-na, Fig. 157.\\nHim-a-la -ya, 230.\\nHo-ang-ho Fig. 203.\\nHol -Zand, 216.\\nHong -kong, 236.\\nHo-no-lu -lu (loo -loo),254.\\nHud -son River, 150.\\nHun -ga-ry (ray), 223.\\nHu -ron, Lake, Fig. 148.\\niQe -land, 212.\\nI -da- ho, Fig. 157.\\nIllinois (il-i-noi 168, 169.\\nIloilo (e-lo-e -lo), Fig. 221.\\nIn -di-a, 238.\\nIn -di-an, 134.\\nIn-di-an -a, 169.\\nIn-di-an-ap -o-lis, 95, 174.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "276\\nINDEX\\nIn -(ii-an Ter -ri-to-ry, 165.\\nIn -do Chi -na, 240.\\nIn -dus,. 239.\\nl -o-M?a, 168.\\nIreland (I -er-land) 207.\\nIr-kutsk (kotsk), Fig. 203.\\nIt -a-ly (la), 220.\\nJack -son-vilZe, 165.\\nJamaica (ja-ma -ka), 198.\\nJa-pan 237.\\nJa -va, 252.\\nJersey (jer -zi) City, 149.\\nJe-ru -sa-lem (ro), 232.\\nJohannesburg (yo-lian -es-berg)\\n247.\\nKam-chat -ka, Fig. 203.\\nKan -sas (zas), 167.\\nKan -sas (zas) City, 174.\\nKa-ta/i -din, Fig. 125.\\nKen-ne-bec 145.\\nKen-tuck -y, 168.\\nKim -ber-ley, 247.\\nKlon -dike, 188, 191.\\n^nox -vilZe, 160.\\nKon -go, 246.\\nKo-re -a, 287.\\nLab-ra-dor (door), 190.\\nLachine (La-shen Kapids, 191.\\nLa-drone Fig. 221.\\nLawrence (la -rens), 147.\\nLeipzig (lip -tsig), 216.\\nLe -na, Fig. 203.\\nLi -ma (le) 205.\\nLis -bon (liz), 220.\\nLiv -er-pool, 209.\\nLoire (Iwar), Fig. 183.\\nLon -don (lun), 208, 210.\\nLos An -ge-les, 184, 186.\\nLouisiana (lo-e-zi-an -a), Fig. 140.\\nLouisville (lo -is-vil), 174.\\nLoto -eU, 147.\\nLu-zon (16), 253.\\nLynn (lin), 147.\\nLyon (li -on), 218.\\nMackenzie (ma-ken -zi), 139.\\nMad-a-gas -car, Fig. 214.\\nMa-dei -ra, Fig. 214.\\nMa-dras 239.\\nMa-drid 220.\\nMaine, 144.\\nMal -a-ga, 220.\\nMa-lay Fig. 203.\\nMan -ches-ter, Eng., 209.\\nMan -ches-ter, N.H., 146, 147.\\nMan-chti -ri-a, Fig. 203.\\nMa-nil -a, 253.\\nMan-i-to -ba, 191.\\nMarseille (mar-sal 219.\\nMaryland (mer -i-land), 149.\\nMas-sa-chii -setfs, Fig. 125.\\nMat -ier-horn, 222.\\nMau -na Lo -a, 270.\\nMec -ca, 232.\\nMed -i-ter-ra -ne-an, 231, 242.\\nMe-kong (ma). Fig. 203.\\nMel -bourne (bern), 252.\\nMem -phis (fis), 164.\\nMer -ri-mac, 146.\\nMe-sa -bi, 169.\\nMex -i-co, 140, 195.\\nMex -i-c5 City, 197.\\nMich -i-gan (misb), 169.\\nMich -i-gan (mish), Lake, 171.\\nMi-lan 222.\\nMil-waw -kee, 171.\\nMin-da-na -o (men), Fig. 221.\\nMin-do -ro (men), Fig. 221.\\nMin-we-ap -o-lis, 172.\\nMin-?2e-so -ta, 168, 169.\\nMis-sis-sip -pi, 172.\\nMis-sis-sip -pi Eiver, 31, 42, 46, 51,\\n139, 159.\\nMis-soM-ri, 159, 173.\\nMo-bile (bel), 165.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n277\\nMo -c^a, 233.\\nMo-ham -me-dan, 225, 232.\\nMo -haiok, 150, 151.\\nMon-go -li-a, Eig. 203.\\nMo-non-ga-he -la, 41.\\nMon-ta -na, 181.\\nMont Blanc, 21, 23.\\nMon-te-ne -gro (na), 225.\\nMon-te-vid -e-o, 203.\\nMont-pe -li-er (Iyer), Fig. 125.\\nMont-re-al 192.\\nMoose-head Lake, 56.\\nMo-roc -co, Fig. 214.\\nMo -ros, 254.\\nMos -cow, 213.\\nMu -nic/i, 216.\\nMur -ray Eiver, 250.\\nNan-tuck -et, Fig. 125.\\nNa -ples (plz), 221.\\nNash -viUe, Fig. 140.\\nNe-bras -ka, 167.\\nNe-gri -tos (gre -toz), 254.\\nNeth -er-lands, 216.\\nNe-va -da, 181.\\nNew -ark, 149.\\nNew Bed -ford, 147.\\nNew Cal-e-do -ni-a, Fig. 221.\\nNew Eng -land (ing 93, 142,\\nNew -found-land, 190.\\nNew Guinea (gin -i), Fig. 221.\\nNew Hamp -shire, 142.\\nNew Ha -ven, 142, 147.\\nNew Heb -ri-des (dez), Fig. 221.\\nNew Jersey (jer -zi), 153.\\nNew Mex -i-co, 176.\\nNew Or -le-ans, 61, 87, 163, 164.\\nNew South Wales (Walz), 249.\\nNew York, 65, 66, 89, 96, 149, 152.\\nNew Zea -land, 252.\\nNT-ag -a-ra Falls, 152.\\nNic-a-ra -gua (gwa). Fig. 123.\\nNi -ger, 246.\\nNile, 46, 244.\\nNor -foZk, 156.\\nNorth A-mer -i-ca, 129, 138.\\nNorth Car-o-li -na, Fig. 140.\\nNorth Da-ko -ta, Fig. 143.\\nNorth -fMd, 37.\\nNor -way, 211.\\nNo -va Sco -tia (Sco -sha), 190.\\nOb, Fig. 203.\\nO-des -sa, 213.\\nOg -den, 183.\\nO-hl -o, 45, 168, 169.\\nOk-la-ho -ma, 160, 165.\\nO-lym -pi-a, Fig. 157.\\nO -ma-ha, 174.\\nOn-ta -ri-o, Lake, Figs. 132, 171.\\nOr -e-gon, 185.\\nO-ri-no -co, 199, 202.\\n0-ri-za-ba, 271.\\nOt -\u00c2\u00aba-wa, 192.\\nPa-5if -ic, 133,\\nPa-la^wan Fig. 221.\\nPal -es-tlne, 232.\\nPan-a-ma Canal, 186.\\nPan-a-ma Is\u00c2\u00abA-mus, 129, 197, 205.\\nPanay (Pa-ni Fig. 221.\\nPa-ra 201.\\nPar -a-guay (gwl), 199.\\nPar-a-mar -i-bo, Fig. 177.\\nPar -is, 218.\\nPat-a-go -ni-a, Fig, 177.\\nPat -er-son, 150,\\nPe-king ,236,\\nPenjt-syl-va -ni-a, 149.\\nPe-nob -scot, 145.\\nPen-sa-co -la, 165.\\nPer -sia (sha), 232,\\nPe-ru (ro), 205,\\nPetchora (pech-o -ra) Fig. 188.\\nPhil-a-del -phi-a, QQ, 149, 153, 156.\\nPhil -ip-pine, 121, 186, 253.\\nPhoe -nix, Fig. 157.\\nPierre (pe-ar Fig. 148.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "278\\nINDEX\\nPitts -burg (berg), 41, 154, 155, 156.\\nPla -ta, 203.\\nPo-po-cat-e-pe -tl, 195.\\nPort Ar -thur, 235.\\nPort -land, Me., 143, 147.\\nPort -lancl, Oregon, 185, 186.\\nPor -to Ri -co (re -ko), 198.\\nPor -tu^gal, 219.\\nPp-to -mac, 156.\\nPoughkeepsie (po-kip -si), 150.\\nPragwe, 224.\\nPribilof (pre -be-lof) Islands, 189.\\nProv -i-dence, 143, 147.\\nPueblo (pweb -lo), 15, 180.\\nPQ -get Sound, 185.\\nPyrenees (pir -e-nez) 219.\\nQuebec (kwe-bek 192.\\nQueens -land, 249.\\nQui-to (ke -to), Fig. 177.\\nEainier (ra -ner), Fig. 157.\\nEaleigh (ra -li). Fig. 140,\\nEead -ing, 154.\\nR/iine, 214, 215.\\nEAode Island, Fig. 125.\\nEich -mond, 157.\\nRio de Janeiro (re -o da zha-ne -ro)\\n202.\\nRio Grande (re -o), 139.\\nRoch -es-ter, 85, 152.\\nRock -y Mountains, 33, 36, 139, 177.\\nRome, 220.\\nRou-ma -ni-a, 225.\\nRussia (rush -a), 212.\\nRut -land, 144.\\nSac-ra-men -to, Fig. 157.\\nSag -i-naie, 173.\\nSa-ha -ra, 242.\\nSt. An -tho-ny (ni) Falls, 172.\\nSt. JoAn, 192.\\nSt. Law -ren\u00c2\u00a7e, 53, 139, 192.\\nSt. Louis (16 -is), 42, 173.\\nSt. Paul, 88, 172.\\nSt. Pe -ters-burg (berg), 213.\\nSalt Lake City, 182.\\nSa-niar Fig. 221.\\nSa-mo -a, 254.\\nSan Fran-gis -co, 66, 180, 185, 186.\\nSan -taF^ (fa), Fig. 157.\\nSan-ti-a -go (te), 205.\\nSar-din -i-a, Fig. 183.\\nSa-van -waA, 165.\\nScot -land, 208.\\nScran -ton, 155.\\nSe-at -fle, 185, 186.\\nSeine (san), 218.\\nSeoul (sol). Fig. 203.\\nSer -vi-a, 225.\\nShang-hai (hi), 236.\\nShas -ta, Fig. 124.\\nSi-am 240.\\nSi-be -ri-a, 234.\\nSi-er -ra (se) Mad -re (ra),Fig. 123.\\nSi-er -ra (se) Ne-va -da, 20, 177.\\nSin-ga-pore, 240.\\nSit -ka, 188, 189.\\nSoit-dan 246.\\nSouth A-mer -i-ca, 129, 130, 199.\\nSouth Car-o-li -na, 159.\\nSouth Da-ko ta. Fig. 148.\\nSpain, 100, 219.\\nSpo-kane 185.\\nSpring -fteld, 147.\\nStock -holm, 212.\\nSucre (soo -kra). Fig. 177.\\nSu-ez (so), 245.\\nSulu (so-lo 254.\\nSu-ma -tra (so), Fig. 221.\\nSu-pe -ri-or, Lake (so), 150, 169,\\nSwe -den, 211.\\nSwit -zer-land, 131, 222.\\nSyd -ney, 252.\\nSyr -a-cuse, 150, 152.\\nTa-co -ma, 185, 186.\\nTa^gal -ogs, 254.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n279\\nTal-Za-has -see, Fig. 140.\\nTam -pa, 165.\\nTan-gan-yi -ka (ye), Fig. 214.\\nTas-ma -ni-a (taz), 252,\\nTe-lieran Fig. 203.\\nTen-nes-see Fig. 140,\\nTex -as, 159, 161.\\nTliames (temz) 208.\\nTtie Hague (bag), 217.\\nTib -et, Fig. 203.\\nTientsin (te-en -tsen 236,\\nTi-er -ra del Fue -go (fua), Fig. 177\u00c2\u00bb\\nTim-buk -tu (to) 248.\\nTi-ti-ca -ca (te-te),Fig. 177.\\nTo -ki-o (ke), 238,\\nTo-Ie -do, 173.\\nTo-pe -ka, Fig. 148,\\nTo-ron -to, 192.\\nTren -ton, 153.\\nTrieste (tre-esf), Fig. 183.\\nTrin-i-dad 203.\\nTrip -o-li, Fig. 214.\\nTroy, 152.\\nTu -nis, Fig. 214.\\nTur-kes-tan (Ter), Fig. 203.\\nTurkey (ter -ki), 100, 225.\\nU-ni -ted States, 97, 140, 141.\\nU -ral Mountains, 212, 234.\\nU-ru-guay (o-ro-gwi 203.\\nU -ta/i, 181.\\nVal-pa-rai -so, 205,\\nVan-cou -ver (ko), 192,\\nVen-e-zue -la (zwe), 202.\\nVen -ige, 221.\\nVe -ra Cruz (kroz) 197.\\nVer-mont 144.\\nVe-su -vi-us (so), 125, 221.\\nVicks -burg (berg), 164.\\nVic-to -ri-a, Australia, 249.\\nVic-to -ri-a, Canada, 192.\\nVic-to -ri-a Ny-an -za, Fig. 214.\\nVi-en -na, 223.\\nVir-gin -i-a (ver), 157.\\nVis -tu-la, Fig, 183,\\nVol -ga, 213,\\nWales (walz), 208.\\nWar -saw, Fig. 183,\\nWash -ing-ton (city), 97, 98, 99,\\n156, 157,\\nWash -ing-ton (state), 185,\\nWest Indies (in -diz), 197,\\nWest Vir-gin -i-a (ver), 157..\\nWheel -ing, 157,\\nWhite Mountains, 17,\\nWilkes Barre (wilks -bar-a) 155.\\nWil -ming-ton, Del., 153.\\nWil -ming-ton, N. C, 165,\\nWin jii-peg, 192.\\nWis-con -sin, 169.\\nWorcester (wiis -ter), 147.\\nWy-o -ming (wi), Fig. 157.\\nYang -tse-ki-ang (ke). Fig. 203.\\nYel -?ow-stone, 177.\\nYenisei (yen-e-sa -e) Fig. 203\u00c2\u00bb\\nYo-ko-ha -ma, 238.\\nYo-sem -i-te, 20.\\nYu -kon, 139, 189,\\nYu-ca-tan Fig, 123,\\nZti-rich (zo -rik), 223.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "HRST BOOK OF\\nPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.\\nBy RALPH S. TARR,\\nProfessor of Dynamic Geology and Physical Geography\\nat Cornell University,\\ni2mo. Illustrated. Half leather. $i.io, net.\\nThe style is simple, direct, and the illustrations helpful; the book,\\nindeed, being so attractive that one hopes it will inspire even in the\\npupil who gives it briefest time a longing to know more of the marvels\\nof our world. Providence Journal.\\nAlthough intended for school use, there are few readers who will\\nnot be profoundly interested in the volume, which is profusely illus-\\ntrated. Technical terms are avoided as far as possible, and where they\\nare used they are clearly explained. Boston Tra^iscript.\\nThis book is packed with information needed by every grammar-\\nschool pupil; but what signifies vastly more, the pupil gets this infor-\\nmation in a way that gives thorough discipline in observation, careful\\nreading, discriminating thinking. This book is the best possible proof\\nof the statement that all new science work depends for its value upon\\nbeing rightly taught. This book is an admirable presentation of prac-\\ntical pedagogy. Journal of Education.\\nThe style of Professor Tarr s book is literary, scholarly, and sane\\na pleasing relief from the disjointed paragraphs of some of his con-\\ntemporaries. This book will prove a formidable rival to the best\\nphysical geographies now in the field. Educational Review.\\nNo written description of the book can do justice to it. It will well\\nrepay personal examination. JVew York Education.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\n66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "ECONOMIC GEOLOGY\\nOF THE\\nUNITED STATES,\\nWITH BRIEFER MENTION OF FOREIGN MINERAL PRODUCTS.\\nBy RALPH S. TARR, B.S., P.G.S.A.,\\nAssistant Professor of Geology at Cornell University.\\nSecond Edition. Revised. $3.50.\\nCOMMENTS.\\nI am more than pleased with your new Economic Geology of the United\\nStates. An introduction to this subject, fully abreast of its recent progress, and\\nespecially adapted to American students and readers, has been a desideratum. The\\nbook is admirably suited for class use, and I shall adopt it as the text-book for instruc-\\ntion in Economic Geology in Colorado College. It is essentially accurate, while\\nwritten in a pleasant and popular style, and is one of the few books on practical\\ngeology that the general public is sure to pronounce readable. The large share of\\nattention given to non-metallic resources is an especially valuable feature. Francis\\nW. Cragin, Professor of Geology, Mineralogy, and Paleo7itology at Colorado\\nCollege.\\nI have examined Professor R. S. Tarr s Economic Geology with much\\npleasure. It fills a felt want. It will be found not only very helpful to students and\\nteachers by furnishing the fundamental facts of the science, but it places within easy\\nreach of the business man, the capitalist, and the statesman, fresh, reliable, and com-\\nplete statistics of our national resources. The- numerous tables bringing out in an\\nanalytic way the comparative resources and productiveness of our country and of\\ndifferent states, are a specially convenient and admirable feature. The work is\\ninteresting demonstration of the great public importance of the science of geology.\\nJames E. Todd, State Geologist, South Dakota.\\nIt is one of those books that is valuable for what it omits, and for the concise\\nmethod of presenting its data. The American engineer has now the ability to acquire\\nthe latest knowledge of the theories, locations, and statistics of the leading American\\nore bodies at a glance. Were my course one of text-books, I should certainly use it,\\nand I have already called the attention of my students to its value as a book of\\nreference. Edward H. Williams, Professor of Minting, Engineering, and\\nGeology at Lehigh University.\\nI have taken time for a careful examination of the work; and it gives me\\npleasure to say that it is very satisfactory. Regarded simply as a general treatise\\non Economic Geology, it is a distinct advance on anything that we had before; while\\nin its relations to the Economic deposits of this country it is almost a new creation\\nand certainly supplies a want long and keenly felt by both teachers and general\\nstudents. Its appearance was most timely in my case, and my class in Economic\\nGeology are already using it as a text-book. William O. Crosby, Assistant\\nProfessor of Structural and Economic Geology at the Massachttsetis Institute oj\\nTechnology.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY,\\n66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEVT YORK.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "Elementary Physical Geography*\\nRALPH STOCKMAN TARR, B.S., F.G.S.A.,\\nProfessor of Dynamic Geology and Physical Geography at Cornell University\\nAuthor of Economic Geology of the United States, etc.\\nFifth Edition, Revised. i2mo. Clotti. $1.40 net.\\nThere is an advanced and modernized phase of physical geography, how-\\never, which the majority of the committee prefer to designate physiography,\\nnot because the name is important, but because it emphasizes a special and\\nimportant phase of the subject and of its treatment. The scientific investi-\\ngations of the last decade have made very important additions to the physio-\\ngraphic knowledge and methods of study. These are indeed so radical as\\nto be properly regarded, perhaps, as revolutionary.\\nThe majority of the Conference wish to impress upon the attention of the\\nteachers the fact that there has been developed within the past decade a new\\nand most important phase of the subject, and to urge that they hasten to\\nacquaint themselves with it and bring it into the work of the school-room\\nand of the field. Report of Geography Conference to the Committee of Ten.\\nThe phenomenal rapidity with which Tarr s Elementary Physical Geography\\nhas been introduced into the best high schools of this country is a fact\\nfamiliar to the school public. The reason should, by this time, be equally\\nfamiliar the existence of a field of school work in which, until the appearance\\nof Tarr s book, there was not a single adequate or modern American text-\\nbook. That such a field did exist, is simply shown by the paragraphs reprinted\\nabove. The adoption of the book in such important high schools as those of\\nChicago, and the expressions of approval from representative New England\\nschools, will indicate how well the field has been covered.\\nTarr s High School Geology, uniform with Elementary Physical Geo-\\ngraphy, has attained wide use since its publication in February.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY.\\nNEW YORK. CHICAGO. SAN FRANCISCO.", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "ELEMENTARY GEOLOGY.\\nRALPH STOCKMAN TARR, B.S., F.G.S.A.,\\nProfessor of Dynamic Geology and Physical Geography at Cornell University;\\nAuthor of Economic Geology of the United States, etc.\\n12010. Cloth. 4S6 pp. Price $1.40 net.\\nCOMMENTS OF THE PRESS.\\nWe do not remember to have noted a text-book of geology which\\nseems to so go to the heart of the matter. Phila. Evening Bulletin.\\nThe author s style is clear, direct, and attractive. In short, he has\\ndone his work so well that we do not see how it could have been done\\nbetter. Journal of Pedagogy.\\nIt is far in advance of all geological text-books, whether American\\nor European, and it marks an epoch in scientific instruction.\\nThe American Geologist.\\nThe student is to be envied who can begin the study of this deeply\\ninteresting, fascinating subject with such an attractive help as this\\ntext-book. Wooster Post-Graduate.\\nThe Geology is admirably adapted for its purpose that of a text-\\nbook. Brooklyn Standard Union.\\nSo admirable an exposition of the science as is found in this book\\nmust be welcomed both by instructors and students. The arrange-\\nment of facts is excellent, the presentation of theory intelligent and\\nprogressive, and the style exceedingly attractive. A^. Y. Tribune.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY,\\n66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "1", "height": "2629", "width": "1807", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2653", "width": "1836", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2776", "width": "2015", "jp2-path": "homegeographyear00tarr_0350.jp2"}}