{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4564", "width": "3107", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4478", "width": "2974", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4478", "width": "2974", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "An Open Door to Caesar\\nV^^-C^u^-^ C-* QfoM.\\nJ\\nThe Beginner s Caesar\\nBEING MAINLY THE SIMPLIFIED TEXT OF THE\\nBELLUM HELVETICUM OF THE COMMENTARIES\\nBY\\nHABRISON DICKINSON CANNON\\nPh. B., Cornell University\\nRepetitio mater est studiorum", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEIVED,\\nUferary of c\u00c2\u00a9\u00c2\u00bbgr@*\\nAPR 1 6 1800\\nCopyright, 1900\\nBy Harrison D. Cannon\\nFIRST COPY,\\nPrinted by\\nStilwell Ross\\nDRYDEN, N. Y.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nThis pamphlet is the outcome of a close personal experience, both\\nas pupil and teacher, of the difficulties attendant upon the initiation\\nof classes in the reading of Caesar.\\nThe late report of the Committee of Twelve of the American Philo-\\nlogical Association but verifies a matter of general repute among the\\nprofession in these words Some opposition has been made to the\\nstudy of Caesar as being too difficult for students in the second year of\\nthe course. But to omit Caesar would be a retrograde step in the framing\\nof Latin programs. But despite the fact that they hereby state a\\ntruth of common knowledge, the words exert a new and powerful\\nforce by the prestige of the honorable members of that comimttee.\\nEducational influences which come from such men as constituted that\\nboard are resistless on whatsoever they may be brought to bear.\\nLovers of the classics, and especially of the cause of Caesar for the\\nservice it has so long performed, need have no anxiety. For those\\ninfluences are now being directed full in favor of maintaining, nay in\\nadvancing the classics as essential factors in the education of to-day.\\nAnd statistics witness the success of these efforts for classicism.\\nFigures show that in the last nine years, 1890- 99, the study of Latin\\ni has gained at a rate greater than that of any other secondary-school\\nstudy. As a means of comparison the report shows in Latin an in-\\ncrease of 174 per cent, in German 131, in Greek 94, in Chemistry 65.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "ii PBEFACE\\nIt is encouraging to Mends of classical study to notice that in 1898\\nalmost one-half (49.44 per cent) of all the pupils enrolled in the sec-\\nondary-schools were engaged in the study of Latin.\\nProm this it is clear that the question before us is not what, but\\nhow. Caesar must remain. But how is it to be made easier for\\nbeginners? This pamphlet, embodying an anaylitic method in the\\ninterpretation of the text, is the author s answer to the serious\\nquestion.\\nThe Committee suggests that first year classes read twenty to thirty\\npages of easy Latin toward the close of the year. It has been difficult\\nfor teachers to obtain such matter at once easy and consecutive and\\npertinent to the immediate end in view. The aim of this pamphlet is\\nto supply it. The treatment of the pupil during this transition\\nis important. From now on his attention should be drawn closely to\\nthe systematic study of connected discourse, at first simple and con-\\ncise, but gradually approaching and finally reaching the level of\\nCaesar s own. And in connection with this reading, the pupil is in a\\ncondition to profit by a thorough drill from the text in all the mech-\\nanism of word forms parts, conjugation, declension, comparison-\\nsyntax, translation at sight and hearing and above all, reproduction\\nof the Latin, after the method which has come down to us from that\\nmost renowned teacher of his age, Johann Sturm of Strasburg. The\\nlesson book should be laid aside. It has done its work. With the\\nteacher as a guide the student needs no other print than the book\\nnow before him.\\nAttention need hardly be called to the striking feature of the work.\\nBy a careful method of analysis the reader is lead gradually and\\neasily through the difficulties of Caesar s complex constructions to the\\ntext toto in se of the Commentaries itself.\\nThe author s one purpose is to join the multitude of lovers of classic\\nliterature in their effort to open the way more and more to the foun-\\ntainhead of those forces that are still moulding the very life of the\\nworld.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNER S CAESAR\\n1. THE DIVISIONS OF GAUL\\nCf ALLIA est omnis divisa in partes tres. Quarum partium unam\\npartem incolunt Belgae. Aliam partem incolunt Aquitani\\nTertiam incolunt Galli. Galli lingua^ ipsorum Celtae appellantur.\\nCeltae nostra lingua Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis,\\nlegibus inter se differunt. Garumna flumen Gallos ab Aquitanis2?\\ndividit. Matrona et Sequana flumina 79 Gallos a Belgis dividit.\\nCharacteristics of the Gallic people\\nHorum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu\\natque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt. Ad eos, 25 mercatores\\nminime saepe commeant. Mercatores ea minime saepe important,\\nquae ad effeminandos animos pertinent. Belgae proximi sunt Ger-\\nmanis, 19 qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum (=cum quibus33) con-\\ntinenter bellum gerunt.\\nQua de causa, Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos praecedunt. Hel-\\nvetii reliquos virtute praecedunt, quod cum Germanis contendunt.\\nFere cotidianis proeliis 32 cum Germanis contendunt. Helvetii suis\\nfinibus Germanos prohibent. Helvetii in Germanorum finibus3 9 bel-\\nlum gerunt.\\nBoundaries of each nation\\nUna pars eorum initium capit a fiumine Rhodano. Earn partem\\nGallos26 obtinere?6 dictum est. Continetur Garumna numine, Oceano,\\nfinibus Belgarum. Attingit flumen Rhenum. Attingit etiam ab\\nSequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum. Vergit ad septentriones.\\nBelgae ab extremis finibus Galliae oriuntur. Pertinent ad infer-", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "2 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\nioreni partem fluminis Rheni. Spectant in septentrionem et orient-\\nem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes\\npertinet. Pertinet ad earn partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam??.\\nSpectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.\\nChapter 1 verbatim of Caesar s text\\nGallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt\\nBelgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam, qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nos-\\ntra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus in-\\nter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Bel-\\ngis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt\\nBelgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longis-\\nsime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant, atque ea,\\nquae ad efieminandos animos pertinent, important proximique sunt\\nGermanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum\\ngerunt qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute prae-\\ncedunt, quod fere quotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum\\naut suis finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt.\\nEorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a\\nflumine Rhodano continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus\\nBelgarum attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum\\nvergit ad septemtriones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriunt-\\nur pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni spectant in\\nseptemtriones et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad\\nPyrenaeos montes et earn partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam,\\npertinet spectat inter occasum solis et septemtriones.\\n2. CONSPIRACY OF ORGETORIX\\n^TJPUD Helvetios nobilissimus fuit Orgetorix. Orgetorix fuit longe\\nditissimus. Is conjurationem nobilitatis fecit. Is, regni 4 cupidi-\\ntate 29 inductus, conjurationem fecit. Is, Marco Messala et M. Pisone\\nconsulibus, 4 3 civitati 12 persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis\\nexirent. 49 Dixit perfacile esse, 67 totius Galliae imperio 35 potiri.\\nPerfacile esse, imperio potiri, cum virtute omnibus praestarent. 68", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 3\\nNatural limits to Helvetia\\nHelvetii loci natura undique continentur. Hoc 29 facilius eis per-\\nsuasit ut de suis finibus exirent. Helvetii una ex parted flumine\\nRheno 79 continentur. Rhenus latissimus 7 3 et altissimus est. Is\\nagrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit. Helvetii altera ex parte\\nmonte Jura continentur. Jura, mons altissimus, inter Sequanos et\\nHelvetios est. Helvetii tertia (ex parte) lacu Lemanno et flumine\\nRhodario continentur. Rhodanus provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis\\ndividit. His rebus fiebat ut minus late vagarentur. His rebus\\nfiebat ut minus facile finitimis 1 bellum inferre possent.\\nHelvetii cupidi bellandi 7 erant. Qua ex parte (qua de causa)\\nHelvetii, homines 79 bellandi cupidi, magno dolore afficiebantur. Se\\nangustos fines habere 76 arbitrabantur. Pro multitudine hominum,\\nangustos se fines habere arbitrabantur. Pro gloria belli atque\\nfortitudionis, fines angustos esse arbitrabantur. Fines in longitudi-\\nnem milia passuum CCXL patebant. In latitudinem CLXXX\\npatebant.\\nChapter 2 of Caesar s text\\nApud Helvetios longe nobilissimus et dittissimus fuit Orgetorix.\\nIs, Marco Messala et Marco Pisone consulibus, regni cupiditate in-\\nductus conjurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati persuasit, ut de fini-\\nbus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent perfacile esse, cum virtute om-\\nnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. Id hoc facilius eis\\npersuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetii continentur; una ex\\nparte flumine Rheno, latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium\\na Germanis dividit; altera ex parte, monte Jura altissimo, qui est\\ninter Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia, lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhoda-\\nno, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat,\\nut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre\\npossent; qua de causa homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore afiicie-\\nbantur. Pro multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque\\nfortitudinis, angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudi-", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "4 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\nnern milia passuum ducenta et quadriginta, in latitudinem centum\\net octoginta patebant.\\n3. PREPARATIONS OF THE HELVETIANS\\nT^IS rebus adducti sunt. Auctoritate Orgetorigis 3 permoti sunt.\\nHis rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, constitue-\\nrunt ea comparare, 74 quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent. 50 Constit-\\nuerunt maximum numerum jumentorum coemere. Constituerunt\\nquam? 3 maximum numerum carrorum coemere. Constituerunt quam\\nmaximas sementes facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret.\\nConstituerunt pacem et amicitiam cum proximis civitatibus confirm-\\nare. Ad eas res conficiendas^i biennium satis est. Biennium sibi\\nsatis esse duxerunt. In tertium annum 25 profectionem lege 32 confir-\\nmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur.\\nOrgetorix enlists other chiefs\\nIs sibi 13 legationem ad civitates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet\\nCastico, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet. Casticus, Sequanus, 79\\nfilius Catamantaloedis erat. Pater Castici regnum in Sequanis mul-\\ntos annos obtinuerat. A senatu 30 populi Romani amicus 79 appellatus\\nerat. Regnum in Sequanis pater Castici ante habuerat. Itemque,\\nOrgetorix Dumnorigi, qui plebi 19 acceptus erat, persuasit ut idem\\nconaretur. Orgetorix ei 11 filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Dum-\\nnorix Aeduus frater Divitiaci erat. Dumnorix eo tempore principa-\\ntum in civi-tate obtinebat.\\nHis argument\\nConata perflcere? 6 perfacile est. Illis probat perfacile factu? 5 esse\\nconata perficere. Perfacile esse probat, propterea-quod imperium\\nsuae civitatis 4 obtenturus esse t. 54 Non esse67 dubium quin^o totius\\nGalliae Helvetii plurimum possent. Orgetorix confirmat se regna\\nconciliaturum esse. Se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis 18 regna con-\\nciliaturum esse confirmat. Hac oratione, Casticus et Dumnorix ad-\\nducti sunt. Hac oratione adducti, inter se fidem et jus jurandum\\ndant. Sperant sese totius Galliae potiri posse. Regno occupato,", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 5\\nsese totius Galliae potiri sperant. Per tres potentissimos ac firmissi-\\nmos populos, sese Galliae potiri posse sperant.\\nChapter 3 of Caesar\\nHis rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, constituerunt\\nea, quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent, comparare; jumentorum et car-\\nrorum quam maximum numerum coemere; sementes quam maximas\\nfacere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret; cum proximis eivita-\\ntibus pacem et amicitiam comirmare. Ad eas res conficiendas bien-\\nnium sibi satis esse duxerunt; in tertium annum profectionem lege\\nconfirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi\\nlegationem ad civitates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico\\nCatamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cujus pater regnum in Sequanis mul-\\ntos annos obtinuerat et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat,\\nut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerat;\\nitemque Dumnorigi Aeduo, fratri Divitiaci, qui eo tempore princi-\\npatum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem\\nconaretur, persuadet, eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. Per-\\nfacile factu esseillis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae\\ncivitatis imperium obtenturus esset; non esse dubium, quin totius\\nGalliae plurimum Helve tii possent; se suis copiis suoque exercitu\\nillis regna conciliaturum confirmat. Hac oratione adducti inter se\\nfidem et jusjurandum dant et, regno occupato, per tres potentissi-\\nmos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant.\\nChapter 4 of Caesar\\nEa res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. Moribus suis Orget-\\norigem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt. Damnatum poenam\\nsequi opportebat, ut igni cremaretur. Die constituta causae dictionis\\nOrgetorix ad judicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum milia de-\\ncern, undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum\\nmagnum numerum habebat, eodem conduxit; per eos, ue causam\\ndiceret, se eripuit. Cum civitas ob earn rem incitata armis jus suum\\nexsequi conareter, multitudinemque hominum ex agris magistratus", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "6 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\ncogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii\\narbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit.\\n5. PLANS OF EXODUS MATURE\\nTJIHILO minus, Helvetii id, quod constituerant, facere conantur.\\nPost Orgetorigis mortem, id facere conantur, ut e finibus suis\\nexeant. Ubi jam se ad earn rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida\\nsua omnia incendunt. Oppida sua numero 38 ad 77 duodecim erant.\\nVicos ad quadringentos incendunt. Reliqua privata aedificia incen-\\ndunt. Frumentum omne, praeterquam quod secum portaturi erant,\\ncomburunt. Id comburunt ut, domum 25 reditionis spe sublata, ad\\nomnia pericula subeunda paratiores essent. Quemque cibaria sibi\\ndomo efferre jubent. Quemque molita cibaria trium 2 mensium efferre\\njubent.\\nThey persuade other tribes to go also\\nPersuadent Rauricis et Tulingis et Latovicis, finitimis, ut una cum\\niis proficiscantur. Persuadent iis ut, eodem consilio 35 usi, una secum\\nproficiscantur. Persuadent iis ut, oppidis suis vicisque exustis, una\\nsecum proficiscantur. Boios, receptos ad se, socios 79 sibi 13 adsciscunt.\\nBoii trans Rhenum incoluerant. Boios, qui in agrum Noricum tran-\\nsierant et Noreiam oppugnaverant, sibi adsciscunt.\\nChapter 5 of Caesar\\nPost ejus mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id, quod constituerant, fa-\\ncere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi jam se ad earn rem pa-\\nratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia numero ad duodecim,\\nvicos ad quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt; frumen-\\ntum omne, praeterquam quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt, ut,\\ndomum reditionis spe sublata, paratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda\\nessent; trium mensium molita cibaria sibi quemque domo efferre ju-\\nbent. Persuadent Rauricis et Tulingis et Latovicus, finitimis, uti,\\neodem usi consilio, oppidis suis vicisque exustis, una cum iis proficis-", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 7\\ncantur Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Nori-\\ncum transierant Noreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi\\nadseiscimt.\\n6. WAYS OF EXIT\\nIT* RANT omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent 50\\nunum iter per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem\\nJuram et numen Rhodanum, qua singuli carri ducerentur. Mons,\\nautem, altissimus impendebat ut facile perpauci prohibere possent.\\nAlterum iter per provinciam nostram erat. Id multo 81 facilius atque\\nexpeditius erat, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobro-\\ngum Rhodanus fluit. Is nonnullis locis vado transitur.\\nThey choose the second route\\nHelvetii et Allobroges nuper pacati erant. Extremum oppidum\\nAllobrogum proximumque finibus 19 Helvetiorum 1 est Genava. Ex eo\\noppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Helvetii sese 26 Allobrogibus per-\\nsuasuros esse existimabant. Existimabant sese Allobrogibus persua-\\nsuros, quod Allobroges nondum bono animo 2 in populum Romanum\\nviderentur. Existimabant sese Allobrogibus vel persuasuros vel vi\\ncoacturos, ut per suos fines Helvetios ire paterentur 48 Omnibus re-\\nbus ad profectionem comparatis, Helvetii diem dicunt. Diem dicunt,\\nqua 48 die omnes ad ripam 77 Rhodani conveniant 48 Is dies erat ante\\ndiem quintum Kalendas Apriles. Lucius Piso et Aulus Gabinius\\nconsules erant. Is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr., L. Pisone, A. Gabinio\\nconsulibus 43\\n7. THE NEWS REACHES CAESAR. HIS ACTIVE MEASURES\\n/7AESARI 11 id nuntiatum est. Eos per provinciam nostram iter\\nfacere conari nuntiatum est. Cum id Caesari nuntiatum esset 53\\nmaturat ab urbe proficisci 74 Caesar in Galliam ulteriorem contendit\\net ad Genavam pervenit. Quam 73 maximis potest itineribus contendit.\\nProvinciae toti magnum numerum militum imperat. Quam maxi-\\nmum potest numerum militum imperat. Erat omnino in Gallia ulter-", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "8 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\niore legio una. Pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, jubet rescindi. Ubi 59\\nde ejus adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt.\\nIi nobilissimi civitatis erant. Helvetii legatos mittunt, cujus lega-\\ntionis 5 Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant. Hel-\\nvetii legatos ad Caesarem mittunt, qui 48 dicerent, sibi 15 esse in animo\\niter per provinciam facere. Sibi esse 66 in animo per provinciam sine\\nullo maleficio ire, propterea quod aliud iter haberent 68 nullum. Hel-\\nvetios rogare ut, voluntate 38 Caesaris, id sibi facere liceat.\\nCaesar s reasons for rejecting; his duplicity\\nCaesar id concedendum esse non putabat, quod 60 Lucium Cassium\\nmemoria tenebat. L. Cassius, consul, occisus erat. Exercitus ejus\\nab Helvetiis pulsus et sub jugum missus erat. Caesar, quod memoria\\ntenebat L. Cassium, consulem, occisum, concedendum non putabat.\\nNeque existimabat homines, inimico animo 36 temperatures esse ab\\ninjuria et maleficio. Caesar non existimabat Helvetios, facultate\\nitineris 6 faciundi 6 per provinciam data, temperaturos a maleficio.\\nTamen, legatis respondit se diem ad deliberandum sumpturum esse.\\nTamen, ut spatium intercedere posset, dum 55 milites convenirent,\\nlegatis respondit se diem sumpturum. Legatis respondit si quid\\nvellent 68 ad Idus Apriles reverterentur 70\\nChapter 7 of Caesar\\nCaesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter\\nfacere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci, et, quam maximis potest\\nitineribus, in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit.\\nProvinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum imperat\\n(erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una); pontem, qui erat ad Gena-\\nvam, jubet rescindi. Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores facti\\nsunt, legatos ad eum mittunt, nobilissimos civitatis, cujus legationis\\nNammeius et Verudoctius principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent,\\nsibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere,\\npropterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum rogare, ut ejus voluntate\\nid sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria tenebat Lucium Cassium", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAE 9\\nconsulem occisum, exercitumque ejus ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub\\njugum missum, concedendum non putabat neque homines inimico\\nanimo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos\\nab injuria et maleficio existimabat. Taruen, ut spatium intercedere\\nposset, dum milites, quos imperaverat, convenirent, legatis respondit\\ndiem se ad deliberandum sumpturum si quid vellent, ad Idus Apriles\\nreverterentur.\\n8. CAESAR S FORTIFICATIONS\\nTNTEREA, a lacu Lemanno ad montem Juram, murum fossamque\\nperducit. Ea legione, quam secum habebat, militibusque qui ex\\nprovincia convenerant, murum fossamque perducit. A lacu Lemanno,\\nqui in fiumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Juram, qui fines Sequan-\\norum ab Helvetiis dividit, murum fossamque perducit. Murum\\nfossamque, milia 23 passuum XVIIII in longitudinem, perducit. Mur-\\num fossamque, in altitudinem pedum 2 sedecim, perducit. Eo opere\\nperfecto, praesidia disponit et castella communit, quo 78 facilius Hel-\\nvetios prohibere possit. Caesar castella communit, quo facilius, si\\nse 43 invito transire conarentur, prohibere possit.\\nBeing refused they now try force\\nUbi ea dies, quam constituerat cum legatis, venit, negat se posse\\niter ulli dare.\\nUbi ea dies venit et legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se posse iter per\\nprovinciam dare. Si vim facere conentur 68 se eos prohibiturum esse\\nostendit. Negat se, more 38 et exemplo populi Romani, posse iter ulli\\nper provinciam dare. Helvetii, ea spe dejecti, si perrumpere pos-\\nsent 56 conati sunt. Navibus junctis ratibusque compluribus factis,\\nHelvetii conati sunt si perrumpere possent. Alii vadis 32 Rhodani,\\nqua minima altitudo fluminis erat, nonnunquam interdiu, saepius\\nnoctu, si perrumpere possent, conati sunt. Helvetii, operis munitione\\net militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt.\\nChapter 8 of Caesar s text\\nInterea ea legione, quam secum habebat, militibusque, qui ex pro-\\nvincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in fiumen Rhodanum influit,", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "10 THE BEGINNEWS CAESAB\\nad montem Juram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, milia\\npassuum decern novem inurum, in altitudinem pedum sedecim, fos-\\nsamque perducit. Eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, castella com-\\nmunit, quo facilius, si se invito transire conarentur, prohibere posset.\\nUbi ea dies, quam constituerat cum legatis, venit, et legati ad eum\\nreverterunt, negat, se more et exemplo populi Romani posse iter ulli\\nper provinciam dare, et si vim facere conentur, prohibiturum os-\\ntendit. Helvetii, ea spe dejecti, navibus junctis ratibusque complu-\\nribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo numinis erat,\\nnonnunquam interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent, conati,\\noperis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu\\ndestiterunt.\\n9. ACROSS THE SEQUANIAN COUNTRY\\nTDELINQUEBATUR una via per Sequanos, qua, Sequanis invitis,\\npropter angustias non poterant ire. Cum Helvetii, sua sponte,\\nhis persuadere non possent 51 legatos ad Dumnorigem Aeduum mit-\\ntunt. Legatos ad Dumnorigem mittunt, ut, eo deprecatore, a Sequanis\\nimpetrarent. Dumnorix, gratia 29 et largitione, apud Sequanos pluri-\\nmum poterat. Helvetiis 19 erat amicus quod ex ea civitate filiam\\nOrgetorigis in matrimonium duxerat. Cupidibate regni adductus,\\nnovis rebus 12 studebat. Quam 73 plurimas civitates suo beneficio\\nobstrictas habere volebat. Itaque rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat\\nut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur. Perficit ut inter sese ob-\\nsides dent. Sequani obsides dant ne 48 itinere Helvetios prohibeant.\\nHelvetii, ut sine maleficio et injuria transeant.\\n10. REPORTED DESTINATION OF THE HELVETII\\nfTAESARI 11 renuntiatur, Helvetiis esse in animo per agrum Sequan-\\norum et Aeduorum iter in fines Santonum facere. San tones non\\nlonge a finibus Tolosatium absunt, quae civitas est in provincia.\\nReason for Caesar s opposition\\nSi id fieret 68 Caesar intellegebat cum magno periculo futurum esse ut\\nprovincia homines bellicosos finitimos haberet. Intellegebat magno", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 11\\ncum periculo provinciae futurum esse ut homines bellicosos, populi 1\\nRomani inimicos, locis 39 patentibus maximeque frumentariis finitimos\\nhaberet. Ob eas causas, ei munitioni 13 quam fecerat, Titum Labien-\\num legatum 79 praefecit. Ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit.\\nIbi duas legiones conscribit et tres, quae circum Aquileiam heima-\\nbant, ex hibernis educit. Qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam\\nper Alpes erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit.\\nThe Alpine tribes vainly block his way\\nIbi Centrones et Graioceli et Caturiges, locis superioribus occupatis,\\nexercitum itinere prohibere conantur. His compluribus proeliis\\npulsis, ab Ocelo in fines Vocontiorum die septimo pervenit. Ocelum\\nest citerioris provinciae oppidum extremum. Vocontii sunt ulterioris\\nprovinciae. Inde in fines Allobrogum, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos\\nexercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi.\\n11. INFERIOR GALLIC TRIBES SEEK AID OF CAESAR\\nT^ELVETII jam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias tra-\\nduxerant. In fines Aeduorum pervenerant, eorumque agros\\npopulabantur. Aedui, cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent,\\nlegatos ad Caesarem mittunt. Legatos mittunt rogatum 71 auxilium.\\nLegati dicunt Se 66 ita meritos esse ut agri vastari non debuerint.\\nIta se omni tempore meritos esse ut liberi Aeduorum in servitutem\\nabduci non debuerint. Ita se de populo Romano meritos esse, ut\\npaene in conspectu exercitus nostri oppida eorum expugnari non debu-\\nerint. Eodem tempore Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Aeduorum,\\nCaesarem certiorem faciunt sese vim hostium non facile prohibere.\\nAmbarri dicunt sese, depopulatis agris, non facile ab oppidis vim\\nhostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos\\npossessionesque habebant, fuga 32 se ad Caesarem recipiunt. Demon-\\nstrant sibi, praeter agri 6 solum, nihil esse reliqui 5 Quibus rebus\\nadductus, Caesar non exspectandum esse sibi 16 statuit, dum Helvetii\\nin fines Santonum pervenirent 55 Statuit sibi non exspectandum,\\ndum, omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santones Helvetii\\npervenirent.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "12 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\n12. THE CROSSING OF THE SOANE (ARAR)\\nTHLUMEN est Arar, quod per fines Aeduorum et Sequanorum in\\nRhodanum infiuit. Arar incredibili 34 lenitate ita fluit ut, oculis\\nin utram partem fluat 56 judicari non possit. Id Helvetii, ratibus ac\\nlintribus junctis, transibant. Caesar certior factus est, Helvetios\\ntres 22 partes copiarum id flumen 22 traduxisse. Per exploratores\\nCaesar certior factus est, quartern fere partem citra flumen Ararim\\nreliquam esse. De tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris pro-\\nfectus, ad earn partem pervenit, quae nondum flumen transierat.\\nThe first contact at arms\\nEos impeditos et inopinantes aggressus, magnam partem eorum\\nconcidit. Reliqui sese fugae mandarunt (mandaverunt) atque in\\nproximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appeHabatur Tigurinus nam\\nomnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hie pagus unus\\nL. Cassium consulem interfecerat et ejus exercitum sub jugum\\nmiserat. Cassium, cum domo exisset patrum nostrorum memoria 41\\nTigurini interfecerant.\\nSignificance of the fate of the Tigurini\\nIta, pars civitatis Helvetiae, quae insignem calamitatem populo Ro-\\nmano 13 intulerat, princeps poenas persolvit. Ita sive casu sive con-\\nsilio 38 deorum immortalium, quae pars civitatis Helvetiae insignem\\ncalamitatem populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenas persolvit.\\nQua in re (quare) Caesar non solum publicas sed etiam privatas in-\\njurias ultus est. Privatas injurias ultus est quod Tigurini L. Pisonem\\nlegatum proelio interfecerant. Eodem proelio, quo Cassium, Pisonem\\ninterfecerant. L. Piso legatus avus erat Pisonis, Caesaris 1 soceri 79\\nQua in re Caesar non solum publicas sed etiam privatas injurias ultus\\nest, quod ejus soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini\\neodem proelio, quo Cassium, interfecerant.\\n13. ACROSS THE SOANE\\nT^OC proelio facto, Caesar pontem in Arare faciendum 71 curat. Ita\\nexercitum traducit ut reliquas copias Helvetiorum consequi\\nposset. Helvetii repentino ejus adventu commoti sunt, cum id, quod", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 13\\nipsi diebus 42 XX aegerrime confecerant, Caesarem uno die fecisse in-\\ntellegerent 51 Legatos ad eum mittunt, cujus legationis Divico prin-\\nceps fuit. Is bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat.\\nDivico s speech\\nIs ita cum Caesare egit Si populus Romanus pacem cum Helvetiis\\nfaceret, Helvetios in earn partem ituros esse atque ibi futuros, ubi\\nCaesar eos constituisset atque esse voluisset. Sin Caesar eos bello\\npersequi perseveraret, reminisceretur 70 veteris 8 incommodi populi\\nRomani. Reminisceretur pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod im-\\nproviso unum pagum adortus esset, cum ii, qui flumen transissent,\\nsuis auxilium ferre non possent, ne virtuti populi Romani tribueret.\\nQuod unum pagum adortus esset, ne ob earn rem aut suae magnopere\\nvirtuti tribueret aut Helvetios ipsos despiceret. Se ita a patribus\\ndidicisse, ut virtute contenderent. Se ita a patribus majoribusque\\nsuis didicisse, ut magis virtute contenderent quam dolo aut insidiis 32\\nniterentur. Quare, ne committeret ut is locus, ex calamitate populi\\nRomani nomen caperet. 49 Ne committeret ut is locus, ubi constitis-\\nsent, ex internecione exercitus Romani nomen caperet, aut memor-\\niam proderet.\\n14. CAESAR S REPLY\\nTc^IS Caesar ita respondit Eo 29 sibi minus dubitationis 5 dari, quod\\neas res memoria teneret. Se eas res, quas legati Helvetii com-\\nmemorassent, eo gravius ferre quo 81 minus merito 88 populi Romani\\naccidissent. Si populus Romanus alicujus injuriae 7 sibi 18 conscius\\nfuisset, non fuisse difficile cavere. Sed populum Romanum eo decep-\\ntum esse, quod aliquid a se commissum esse non intellegeret, quare\\ntimeret. Eo deceptum, quod sine causa sibi 16 timendum esse non\\nputaret. Quod si veteris contumeliae 8 oblivisci vellet, num etiam\\nmemoriam recentium injuriarum deponere posse Num etiam re-\\ncentium injuriarum, quod, eo invito, Helvetii iter per provinciam\\nper vim temptassent, quod Aeduos et Ambarros et Allobrogas vexas-\\nsent\u00e2\u0080\u0094 memoriam deponere posse Quod Helvetii sua victoria tarn", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "14 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\ninsolent er gioriarentur, quodque tarn diu se impune injurias tulisse\\nadmirarentur, eodem pertinere. Consuesse enim deos immortales\\nhis, quos ulcisci velint, secundiores res et diuturniorem impunitatem\\nconcedere. Quo 78 gravius homines ex commutatione rerum doleant,\\ndeos immortales his, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, secundiores\\ninterdum res concedere.\\nCaesar s terms of peace\\nCum ea ita sint 52 tamen, sese cum Helvetiis pacem facturum esse.\\nSi obsides ab iis sibi dentur, et si Aeduis 13 de injuriis, satisfaciant,\\nitem si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum Helvetiis pacem esse\\nfacturum. Si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, ut ea, quae polliceantur,\\nHelvetios facturos esse intellegat, Caesarem cum iis pacem esse fac-\\nturum. Si Helvetii Aeduis de injuriis, quas ipsis sociisque eorum in-\\ntulerint, satisfaciant, sese cum iis pacem esse facturum.\\nDivico s retort\\nDivico respondit Helvetios a majoribus suis ita institutos esse, ut\\nobsides accipere, non dare consuerint. Ejus rei 4 populum Romanum\\nesse testem. Hoc responso dato, discessit.\\n15. BOTH ARMIES ADVANCE\\nIDOSTERO die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar. Equi-\\ntatum omnem, ad numerum quattuor milium, praemittit, qui 48\\nvideant, quas in partes hostes iter faciant 56 Equitatum omnem,\\nquern ex omni provincia et Aeduis atque eorum sociis coactum habe-\\nbat, praemittit.\\nCaesar meets a slight reverse\\nQui, novissimum agmen cupidius insecuti, alieno loco cum equitatu\\nHelvetiorum proelium committunt. Pauci de nostris cadunt. Quo\\nproelio sublati sunt Helvetii, quod quingentis equitibus tantam mul-\\ntitudinem equitum propulerant. Helvetii, eo proelio sublati, audacius\\nsubsistere nonnunquam et novissimo agmine proelio nostros lacessere", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAE 15\\ncoeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio continebat ac satis habebat in prae-\\nsentia hostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque prohibere.\\nIta dies 23 circiter quindeeim iter fecerunt, ut inter novissimum agmen\\nhostium et nostrum primum non amplius 31 quinis aut senis milibus\\npassuum interesset.\\n16. LACK OF SUPPLIES\\nTNTERIM cotidie Caesar Aeduos 21 frumentum, quod publice polliciti\\nessent, flagitare 72 Nam, propter frigora, non modo frumenta in\\nagris matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia sup-\\npetebat. Propter frigora, quod Gallia sub septentrionibus, ut ante\\ndictum est, posita est, satis magna copia pabuli non suppetebat. Eo\\nautem frumento 35 quod numine Arare navibus subvexerat, uti minus\\npoterat, propterea quod Helvetii iter ab Arare averterant, a quibus\\ndiscedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere Aedui. Frumentum conferri,\\ncomportari, adesse dicere Aedui.\\nCaesar censures the Aedui\\nUbi se diutius duci intellexit et diem instare, quo die frumentum\\nmilitibus metiri oporteret, principibus eorum convocatis, graviter\\neos accusat. Principum Aeduorum magnam copiam in castris habe-\\nbat, in his Divitiaco et Lisco. Liscus summo magistratui praeerat,\\nquern Aedui vergobretum appellant, qui creatur annuus et vitae ne-\\ncisque in suos potestatem habet. Caesar principes graviter accusat,\\nquod, cum frumentum neque emi neque ex agris sumi posset, tarn\\nnecessario tempore, tarn propinquis hostibus, ab iis non sublevetur. 5\\nMulto etiam gravius queritur, praesertim cum, eorum precibus ad-\\nductus, bellum susceperit. Eos accusat, quod sit destitutus.\\nChapter 16 of Caesar s text\\nInterim quotidie Caesar Aeduos frumentum, quod essent publice\\npolliciti, flagitare nam propter frigora, quod Gallia sub septemtri-\\nonibus, ut ante dictum est, posita est, non modo frumenta in agris\\nmatura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia suppete-", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "16 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\nbat eo autem frumento, quod flumine Arare navibus subvexerat,\\npropterea minus uti poterat, quod iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant,\\na quibus discedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere Aedui conferri,\\ncomportari, adesse dicere. Ubi se diutius duci intellexit et diem in-\\nstare, quo die frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis\\neorum principibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris habebat, in\\nhis Divitiaco et Lisco, qui summo magistratui praeerat (quern Vergo-\\nbretum appellant Aedui, qui creatur annuus, et vitae necisque in\\nsuos habet potestatem), graviter eos accusat, quod, cum neque emi\\nneque ex agris sumi posset, tarn necessario tempore, tarn propinquis\\nhostibus, ab iis non sublevetur praesertim cum magna ex parte\\neorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit, multo etiam gravius,\\nquod sit destitutus, queritur.\\nChapter 17 of Caesar s text\\nTurn demum Liscus oratione Caesaris adductus, quod antea tacue-\\nrat, proponit Esse nonnullos, quorum auctoritas apud plebem piuri-\\nmum valeat, qui privatim plus possint, quam ipsi magistratus. Hos\\nseditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem deterrere, ne fru-\\nmentum conferant, quod debeant. Praestare, si jam principatum\\nGalliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum imperia\\npraeferre, neque dubitare quin, si Helvetios superaverint Ro-\\nmani, una cum reliqua Gallia Aeduis libertatem sint erepturi.\\nAb iisdem nostra consilia, quaeque in castris gerantur, hostibus enun-\\ntiari hos a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam, quod necessario rem\\ncoactus Caesari enuntiarit, intellegere sese, quanto id cum periculo\\nfecerit, et ob earn causam, quam diu potuerit, tacuisse.\\n17. IN DIRECT DISCOURSE FOR PURPOSE OF COMPARISON\\nLiscus own words to Caesar\\nSunt nonnulli quorum auctoritas valeat, qui privatim plus possint 50\\nquam ipsi magistratus. Hi multitudinem deterrent ne frumentum\\nconferant 48 quod debent. Praestat, si jam principatum obtinere non", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 17\\npossunt, Gallorum imperia perferre neque dubitant quin 80 si Helvetios\\nsuperaverint Rornani, libertatem sint erepturi. Ab eisdem vestra\\nconsilia quaeque in castris gerantur hostibus enuntiantur hi a me\\ncoerceri non possunt. Quin etiam, quod necessario coactus tibi enun-\\ntiavi, intellego quanto id cum periculo fecerim, et ob earn causam quam\\ndiu potui tacui.\\n18. THE PRIVATE CONFERENCE WITH LISCUS\\nCaesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Divitiaci fratrem, design-\\nari sentiebat sed, quod pluribus praesentibus eas res jactari nolebat,\\nceleriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet quaerit ex solo ea, quae\\nin conventu dixerat. Dicit liberius atque audacius.\\nThe influence of Dumnorix\\nEadem secreto ab aliis quaerit reperit esse vera Ipsum esse\\nDumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud plebem propter liberali-\\ntatem gratia, cupidum rerum novarum.\\nHis character\\nComplures annos portoria reliquaque omnia Aeduorum vectigalia\\nparvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod, illo licente, contra\\nliceri audeat nemo. His rebus et suam rem familiarem auxisse et\\nfacultates ad largiendum magnas comparasse magnum numerum\\nequitatus suo sumptu semper alere et circum se habere neque solum\\ndomi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter posse, atque hujus\\npotentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus homini illic Eobilissimo ac\\npotentissimo collocasse ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere, sororem\\nex matre et propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates collocasse.\\nHis policy\\nFavere et cupere Helvetiis propter earn affinitatem, odisse etiam\\nsuo nomine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eorum adventu potentia ejus\\ndeminuta, et Divitiacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque\\nhonoris sit restitutus. Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "18 THE BEGINNERS CAESAE\\nper Helvetios regni obtinendi venire imperio populi Romani non\\nmodo de regno, sed etiam de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare.\\nReperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre ad-\\nversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium ejus fugae factum a\\nDumnorige atque ejus equitibus (nam equitatui, quern auxilio Caesari\\nAedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat) eorum fuga reliquum esse\\nequitatum perterritum.\\n19. FACTS AND SUSPICIONS WEIGH AGAINST THE AEDUAN\\nflAGNATE\\nQuibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspiciones certissimae res ac-\\ncederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios transduxisset, quod\\nobsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea omnia, non modo injussu\\nsuo et civitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsis, fecisset, quod a magis-\\ntratu Aeduorum accusaretur, satis esse causae arbitrabatur, quare\\nin eum aut ipse animadverteret, aut civitateum animadvertere\\njuberet.\\nThe opposing force of Divitiacus loyalty\\nHis omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod Divitiaci fratris sum-\\nmum in populum Romanum studium, summam in se voluntatem,\\negregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantiam cognoverat nam ne ejus\\nsupplicio Divitiaci animum offenderet verebatur.\\nCaesar talks with the good brother\\nItaque priusquam quid quam conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vocari\\njubet et, quotidianis interpretibus remotis, per Gaium Valerium\\nProcillum, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui sum-\\nmam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur simul com-\\nmonefacit, quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige\\nsint dicta, et ostendit, quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit.\\nPetit atque hortatur, ut sine ejus offensione animi vel ipse de eo,\\ncausa cognita, statuat vel civitatem statuere jubeat.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 19\\n20. THE PLEA OF DIVITIACUS\\nDivitiacus multis cum lacrimis Caesarem complexus obsecrare\\ncoepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret Scire se ilia esse vera,\\nnee quemquam ex eo plus quam se doloris capere, propterea quod,\\ncum ipse gratia plurimum domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimum\\npropter adolescentiam posset, per se crevisset quibus opibus ac\\nnervis non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem\\nsuam uteretur sese tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi\\ncommoveri. Quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse\\neum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum,\\nnon sua voluntate factum qua ex re futurum, uti totius Galliae\\nanimi a se averterentur.\\nDumnorix is spared but placed under guard\\nHaec cum pluribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar ejus dex-\\ntram prendit consolatus rogat, finem orandi faciat tanti ejus apud\\nse gratiam esse ostendit, ut et rei publicae injuriam et suum dolorem\\nejus voluntati ac precibus condonit. Dumnorigem ad se vocat, fra-\\ntrem adhibet quae in eo reprehendat, ostendit quae ipse intellegat,\\nquae civitas queratur, proponit monet, ut in reliquum tempus omnes\\nsuspiciones vitet praeterita se Divitiaco fratri condonare dicit.\\nDumnorigi custodes ponet, ut, quae agat, quibuscum loquatur, scire\\npossit.\\nCONCLUSION\\nThe residue of Caesar s account of the Helvetian war may be brief-\\nly summarized. After the incident last recorded, he follows the\\nenemy for several days but owing to natural obstructions he cannot\\ngain an advantageous position to check the onward movement. At\\nlength lack of food compels him to turn aside to a city westward.\\nThe Helvetii mistake this movement for signs of weakening or fear.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "20 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\nand in turn become the pursuers, much to Caesar s unexpected ad-\\nvantage. The change precipitates a battle in which he defeats them\\nwith such loss as to preclude further resistance. The remnant of\\nthe once proud and mighty host sadly returned to its mountain home.\\nSupplementary reading on the Bellum Helveticum\\nFroude s Caesar, pp. 214-231.\\nFowler s Julius Caesar, Chap. 8.\\nGuizot s History of France, Vol. I, pp. 47-51.\\nMerivale s History of Rome, Vol. I, pp. 237-262.\\nMommsen s History of Rome, Vol. IV, pp. 289-295.\\nNapoleon s Caesar, Vol. II, Ch. 3.\\nPlutarch s Lives, Caesar.\\nTrollope s Caesar s Commentaries, Chap. 2.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "AN OPEN LETTER\\nTo the Boys and Girls\\nIt is the cherished hope of the author that by this time you have\\nbegun to take a measure of interest and pleasure in your Latin. It is\\nstill, to be sure, no play, but the effort, I trust, has ceased to tax and\\nannoy as at first and just enough labor remains to make it helpful\\nand profitable.\\nBut, with the rough places made smooth and the thick and tangled\\nundergrowth cut quite away to begin with, I feel that you have now\\ngained a vantage-ground whence you have but to look about you to\\nsee that it is but an easy step to your next work the regular reading\\nof the Commentaries. Nay, it is but a resumption and continuation\\nof the course you have been following the few weeks past.\\nMoreover, I seem to believe that you have even now read enough\\nof this military history to form some estimate of the style and merit\\nof Caesar as a writer, and can agree with the consensus of opinion of\\nsavants in all ages and nations which assigns him a place among the\\nImmortals.\\nBut as to Caesar, the man the student of language, the orator, the\\npolitician and statesman, and above all the greatest factor perhaps\\nin the spread of Roman arms and civilization testimony of all this\\nlies yet before you in the writings of his contemporaries and the re-\\nsearches of modern classicists.\\nHear what some of them say of him\\nThe greatest name in history. Merivale.\\nThe foremost man of all the world. Shakespeare.\\n1 Great Julius, whom all the world admires. Milton.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "22 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\nMay you thus be moved to know more of him, and in consequence\\nenter further into classical study until coming under the influence of\\nSallust, Ovid, Cicero and Virgil you may be led happily to the end.\\nSallust portrays vividly the historical background before which the\\naction of the chief theme in Cicero s discourse takes place.\\nOvid is a sweet-voiced singer and a smooth and facile story-teller.\\nCicero is one of the few great orators in human history.\\nAnd of Virgil our own Tennyson has said that he was the\\nWielder of the stateliest verse ever molded by the lips of man.\\nA most notable assemblage is this of the ablest representatives of\\nthat wonderful age, from a close communion with which the world\\nto-day has drawn the highest elements of its civilization. And what\\nit has done for a people or an age has been perforce through the in-\\ndividual.\\nAre they worthy of your study\\nWith best wishes,\\nTHE AUTHOR.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "RULES OF SYNTAX\\nOf cases\\nThe Genitive\\nA. With nouns\\n1. To denote origin, possession and material.\\n2. With accompanying adjective to denote quality, and measure\\n(space, quantity, value).\\n3. Subjective genitive denotes the person who makes or produces\\nsomething or who has a feeling.\\n4. Objective genitive denotes the object of an action or feeling.\\n5. Partitive genitive denotes that of which a part is taken.\\n6. Appositional genitive has force of an appositive. See rule 79.\\nB. With adjectives\\n7. To denote the object of reference. Thus, with adjectives mean-\\ning desire, knowledge, memory, fullness, power, sharing, guilt\\nand their opposites.\\nC. With verbs\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n8. Of remembering, forgetting and reminding.\\n9. Of accusing, convicting and acquitting to denote the charge.\\nThe ablative expresses penalty.\\n10. Of emotion to denote the person toward whom the feeling is\\ndirected. This rule includes pudet, paenitet, miseret, taedet,\\npiget, and misereor and miseresco.\\nThe Dative\\n11. The commonest use is that of the indirect object after both\\ntransitive and intransitive verbs to denote the person to whom\\nsomething is given, said or done.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "24 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\n12. With verbs meaning to favor, help, please, trust and their\\ncontraries also, to believe, persuade, command, obey, serve, re-\\nsist, envy, threaten, pardon and spare.\\n13. With verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob,\\npost, prae, pro, sub and super.\\n14. Verbs which govern the dative can be used in the passive\\nvoice only impersonally, the dative remaining unchanged.\\n15. With esse to denote possession.\\n16. With the gerundive to denote the agent.\\n17. To denote the purpose or end of an action or state.\\n18. Of reference, to denote the person to whom a statement refers,\\nof whom it is true, or to whom it is of interest. This includes\\nthe Ethical dative.\\n19. With adjectives meaning friendly, unfriendly, similar, dis-\\nsimilar, equal, near, related to, suitable, adapted to, etc.\\nThe Accusative\\n20. Many verbs of making, choosing, calling, showing, and the\\nlike, admit two accusatives of the same person or thing.\\n21. Some verbs of asking, demanding, teaching, concealing, etc.,\\nadmit two accusatives one of the person, the other of the thing.\\n22. Transitive compounds of trans take two accusatives, one de-\\npendent upon the verb, the other upon the preposition.\\n23. Duration of time and extent of space.\\n24. In exclamation. Ex., O fallacem spem\\n25. Limit of motion, usually with a preposition. Without a prep-\\nosition as follows\\na. With names of towns, small islands, peninsulas.\\nb. With domum, domos, rus.\\n26. As subject of the infinitive.\\nThe Ablative\\n27. Usually without a preposition to express separation.\\n28. With participles denoting birth to express source.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAB 25\\n29. To express cause.\\n30. With passive voice and a or ab, to denote the personal agent.\\n31. With comparatives without quam to express than.\\n32. To denote means or instrument.\\n33. With cum to denote accompaniment.\\n34. With cum to denote manner. Preposition may be omitted if\\nablative is modified by an adjective.\\n35. With utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor. This ablative\\nis a kind of means.\\n36. With accompanying adjective to denote quality.\\n37. To denote definite price.\\n38. Of specification to denote that in respect to which or in ac-\\ncordance with which anything is done or mentioned.\\n39. Usually with a preposition to denote place where.\\n40. Usually with a preposition to denote from which.\\n41. To denote time at which.\\n42. To denote time within which.\\n43. The ablative absolute, consisting commonly of a noun or pro-\\nnoun and a participle, to define the time or circumstance of an\\naction.\\nDegree of difference, see rule 81.\\nII. Of moods\\n!n independent sentences\\n44. The subjunctive expresses exhortation, concession or command,\\ncalled hortatory.\\n45. The potential subjunctive expresses possibility.\\n46. The optative subjunctive expresses desire.\\n47. The dubitative subjunctive expresses doubt or deliberation.\\nIn dependent clauses\\nSubjunctive\\n48. After relatives and ut or ne to express purpose.\\n49. After relatives and ut or ut non to express result.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "26 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\n50. After relatives to indicate a characteristic of the antecedent.\\n51. After cum to denote cause.\\n52. After cum to denote concession.\\n53. After cum (in the Imperfect or Pluperfect tenses) to denote\\nthe situation or circumstances under which something happens.\\nThis is cum relative time.\\n54. After quod, quia, quoniam, to denote view of another person.\\nA kind of indirect discourse.\\n55. After dum, donee, quoad to express purpose, doubt or futur-\\nity. Otherwise, the indicative is used.\\n56. To exprese an indirect question.\\nSpecial functions of the indicative\\n57. With cum temporal, referring to present or future.\\n58. With cum temporal, referring to past to denote point of time\\nat which something occurs.\\n59. After postquam, ut, ubi, cum primum, simul, simul ac or\\natque.\\n60. After quod, quia, quoniam, quando to express the view of the\\nwriter or speaker.\\nMoods in conditional sentences\\n61. Simple condition, nothing implied as to truth or fulfilment of\\nthe condition both clauses indicative.\\n62. More vivid future, condition regarded as actually about to oc-\\ncur both clauses future indicative.\\n63. Less vivid future, condition not probable both clauses present\\nsubjunctive.\\n64. Present contrary to fact, condition known to be false both\\nclauses imperfect subjunctive.\\n65. Past contrary to fact, both clauses pluperfect subjunctive.\\nIndirect discourse\\n66. This is the expression of another s thoughts without regard\\nfor the original words.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "III.\\nTHE BEGINNEB S CAESAB 27\\n67. The principal verb becomes infinitive with its subject in the\\naccusative.\\n68. Subordinate clauses are regularly subjunctive.\\n69. Real questions become subjunctive.\\n70. The imperative becomes subjunctive.\\nnisceilaneous\\n71. Beside rule 48 we have other constructions to express pur-\\npose\\na. Ad with gerundive.\\nb. Causa or gratia with the gerund.\\nc. Causa with the gerundive.\\nd. Supine in um with accusative object.\\ne. The gerundive after certain verbs, meaning to\\ncare for, give, etc.\\n72. The infinitive is sometimes used in historical narrative instead\\nof the imperfect. Its subject is in the nominative.\\n73. The superlative of eminence denotes a very high degree of a\\nquality without distinct comparison. With quam or vel it denotes\\nthe highest degree.\\n74. The complimentary infinitive denotes another action of the\\nsame subject and completes the meaning of the main verb.\\n75. The latter supine (in -u) is used with adjectives, with force of\\nan ablative of specification.\\n76. The infinitive is commonly used both as subject and object.\\n77. The preposition ad is often used in ideas of place and number\\nto mean about, near.\\n78. With comparatives, quo is regularly used to introduce clauses\\nof purpose.\\n79. An appositive noun is one which explains or defines another\\nnoun denoting the same person or thing. It agrees with its noun\\nin case.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "28 THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\n80. Quin introduces a clause of result after general negatives\\nalso after negative clauses of hindrance, resistance, doubt and\\nsuspension of effort.\\n81. Ablative of degree of difference is used with comparatives and\\nwords denoting comparison to measure or express existing dif-\\nference.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "VOCABULARY\\nThis vocabulary contains all words found in the first twenty chap-\\nter of the Commentaries, excepting proper names.\\na, ab, from, by.\\nabdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, withdraw,\\nbide.\\nabduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, lead\\naway.\\nabsum, -esse, afui, afuturus,to be away\\nfrom.\\nac, atque, and.\\naccedo, -ere, -essi,-essum, to approach,\\nto be added.\\nacceptus, -a, -um, agreeable to.\\naccido, -ere, -cidi, to happen.\\naccipio, -ere, accepi, acceptus, to ac-\\ncept.\\naccuso, I conj. like amo, to blame.\\nad, to, towards, near, about (numerals),\\nat (time).\\nadduco, adducere, -duxi, -ductus, to\\nlead.\\nadhibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitum, to\\nsummon, use.\\nadmiror, admirari, admiratus sum,\\nto wonder at.\\nadorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, to attack,\\nbegin.\\nadscisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitus, to\\nadmit, join.\\nadsum, -esse, -affui, to be present.\\nadulescentia, -ae, f youth.\\nadventus, -us, m, arrival.\\nadversus, -a, -um, opposite, unfavor-\\nable.\\naedificium, -i, n, building.\\nAeduus, -a, -um, of the Aedui plural,\\nthe Aedui.\\naegerrime, with the greatest difficulty.\\nafficio, afficere, affeci, affectum, to\\ntreat, affect.\\namnitas, -tatis, f, relationship.\\nager, agri, m. land.\\naggredior, aggredi, agressus sum, to\\napproach, attack.\\nagmen, agminis, n. line of march see\\nnovus.\\nago, agere, egi, actum, move forward,\\ntreat, speak, render.\\nalienus, -a, -um, of another, strange,\\nunfavorable.\\naliquis, -quae, -quid, someone, any,\\nanything.\\nalius, -a, -ud, another, other, one\\nanother.\\nAllobroges, -um, a powerful people of\\nGaul.\\nalo, alere, alui, alitus, to nourish, fos-\\nter.\\nAlpes, -ium, f the Alps mountains.\\nalter, altera, alterum, the other, th e\\none the other.\\naltitudo, -inis, f height, depth.\\naltus, -a, -um. high, deep.\\namicitia, -ae, f. friendship.\\namicus, -i, m. friend.\\namor, -oris, m. love.\\namplius, more, farther.\\nangustiae, -arum, f. narrow pass, per-\\nplexity.\\nangustus, -a, -um, narrow.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "30\\nTHE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\nanimadverto, -ere, -ti, -sus, to notice,\\nto punish.\\nanimus, -i, m. soul, mind, courage.\\nannus, -i, m. year.\\nannuus, -a, -um, yearly.\\nante, before.\\nantea, adv., formerly.\\nantiquus, -a, -um, old.\\nappeilo, I conj., to call, name.\\napud, among, at the house of.\\narbitror, I conj., to think, believe.\\narma, -orum, n., arms.\\nattingo, attingere, attigi, attactus,\\nto touch, to reach.\\nauctoritas, -tatis, f, authority, influ-\\nence.\\naudacia, -ae, f. daring, effrontery.\\naudacter, boldly.\\naudeo, audere, ausus sum, to dare.\\naugeo, -ere, auxi, auctus, to increase.\\naut aut, either or.\\nautem, but, now, moreover.\\nauxilium, -i, n., help; plural, auxiliary\\ntroops.\\naverto, -ere, averti, aversus, to turn\\naway.\\navus, -i, m. grandfather.\\nbellicosus, -a, -um, warlike.\\nbello, I conj, to carry on war.\\nbellum, -i, n,, war.\\nbeneiicium, -i, n., favor.\\nbiennium, -i, n., two years.\\nbonus, -a, -um, good; cp. melior, sup.,\\noptimus.\\ncado, cadere, cecidi, casus, 3, to fall,\\ndie.\\ncalamitas, -tatis, f., misfortune.\\ncapio, capere, cepi, captus, 3, to take.\\ncarrus, -i, m. and n., cart.\\nCassianus, -a, -um, of Cassius.\\ncastellum, -i, n., fortress.\\ncastra, -orum, n., camp.\\ncasus, -us, m., chance.\\ncausa, -ae, f., cause.\\ncaveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, 2, fro be on\\none s guard.\\nceleriter, quickly.\\ncentum, one hundred.\\ncertus, -a, -um, certain.\\ncertiorem facere, to inform.\\ncibaria, -orum, n., provisions, ground\\ncorn.\\ncirciter, about.\\ncircum, around, near.\\nciterior, -ius, nearer, hither.\\ncitra, this side.\\ncivitas, -tatis, f, state; citizenship.\\ncliens, clientis, c, vassal.\\ncoemo, coemere, coemi, coemptus, 3,\\nto buy.\\ncoepi, coepisse, coeptus, to begin, un-\\ndertake.\\ncoerceo, coercere, coercui, coercitus,\\n2, to check.\\ncognosco, cognoscere, eognovi, cog-\\nnitus, 3, to find out.\\ncogo, cogere, coegi, coactus, 3, to col-\\nlect, force.\\ncolloco, I conj. to station.\\ncolloquor, -i, -locutus sum, to converse.\\ncomburo, comburere, combussi, com-\\nbustus, 3, to burn up.\\ncommemoro, I conj., to mention.\\ncommeo, I conj., with ad, to visit.\\ncommitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus,\\n3, to join.\\ncommone-facio, to remind forcibly.\\ncommoveo, -movere, -movi, motus, 2,\\nto agitate.\\ncommunio, -munire, -munivi, -muni-\\ntus, 4, to fortify strongly.\\ncommutatio, -onis, f, change.\\ncomparo, I conj, to prepare.\\ncomplector, -i, -plexus sum, to em-\\nbrace.\\ncomplures, -a, very many.\\ncomporto, I conj., to collect.\\nconatum, -i, n., trial.\\nconatus, -us, m., attempt.\\nconcedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus, 3, to\\ndepart, grant.\\nconcido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus, (3), kill.\\nconcilio, I conj., to win over.\\nconcilium, -i, n, assembly.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNER S CAESAR\\n31\\nconcursus, -us, m., encounter, attack.\\ncondono, I conj., to pardon.\\nconduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 3,\\nto assemble.\\nconfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, 3, to\\ngather; with se, to retreat.\\ncouficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 3, to\\naccomplish.\\nconfirmo, I conj., to establish; assert.\\nconjuratio, -onis, f, plot.\\nconor, I conj., like passive of amo, to\\ntry.\\neonsanguineus, -a, -um, of same blood;\\nas noun, kinsman.\\nconscisco, -ere, -scivi, -scitus, 3, to de-\\ncree.\\nconscius, -a, -um, aware of.\\nconscribo, -ere, conscripsi, conscrip-\\ntus, 3, to enroll.\\nconsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, 3,\\nto follow, overtake.\\nconsilium, -i, n., plan.\\nconsisto, -ere, -stiti, 3, to stand.\\nconsoior, I conj., to cheer.\\nconspectus, -us, m., sight.\\nconstituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutus,\\n3, to station; to determine.\\nconsuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetus, 3, to\\nbecome accustomed.\\nconsul, -is, m., consul, a chief magis-\\ntrate of Rome.\\nconsumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sumptus, 3,\\nto use up,\\ncontendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus, 3, to\\nhasten; fight.\\ncontinenter, continually.\\ncontineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus, to bound.\\ncontumelia, -ae, f, affront; injury.\\nconvenio, 4, parts like venio, to meet;\\nagree.\\nconventus, -us, m., meeting.\\nconvoco, I, to summon.\\ncopia, -ae, f, supply; plural, troops.\\ncotidianus, -a, -um, daily.\\ncotidie, daily.\\ncremo, I, burn to ashes.\\ncreo, I, to elect.\\ncresco, -ere, -crevi. -cretus, 3, to grow.\\ncultus, -us, m., culture.\\ncum, conjunction, when, since, altho.\\ncum, prep., with.\\ncupide, eagerly.\\ncupiditas, -tatis, f., desire, greed.\\ncupidus, -a, -um, fond.\\ncupio, -ere, cupivi, cupitus, 3, to favor.\\neuro, I, to care for.\\ncustos, custodis, c, guardian.\\nD.\\ndamno, I, to condemn.\\nde, from, concerning.\\ndebeo, debere, debui, debitum, 2, to\\nowe, ought.\\ndecern, ten.\\ndecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, 3, to de-\\nceive.\\ndefendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensus, 3, to\\nrepel, defend.\\ndeicio, -ere, dejeci, dejectus, 3, to\\ncast down.\\ndelibero, I, to consider.\\ndeligo, -ere, -legi, -lectus, 3, to select,\\nlevy.\\ndeminuo, -ere, deminui, deminutus,\\n3, to lessen.\\ndemonstro, I, to show, explain.\\ndemum, at length.\\ndepono, 3, see pono, to put away.\\ndepopulor, I, to destroy.\\ndeprecator, -oris, m., mediator.\\ndesigno, I, to mark out.\\ndesisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitus, 3, to cease.\\ndespero, I, to despair.\\ndespicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus, 3, to\\ndespise.\\ndestituo, 3, see constituo, to desert.\\ndeterreo, -ere, -terrui, -territus, 3, to\\nhinder.\\ndeus, i, m., god.\\ndextra, -ae, f., the right hand, pledge.\\ndico, -ere, dixi, dictus, 3, to speak,\\nmention.\\ndictio, -onis, f., pleading, defense.\\ndies, -ei, c, day; in dies, from day to\\nday.\\ndiffero, differre, distuli, dilatus, 3, to\\ndiffer.\\ndifficilis, -e, difficult.\\ndimitto, 3, see mitto, to dismiss.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "32\\nTHE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\ndiscedo, 3, see cedo, to depart.\\ndisco, -ere, didici, 3, to learn.\\ndispono, 3, see pono, to distribute.\\ndiu, by day; a long time; quam diu,\\nas long as; diutius, longer, too long.\\ndiuturnus, -a, -una, long continued.\\ndives, divitis, rich.\\ndivido, -ere, divisi, divisus, 3, to di-\\nvide.\\ndo, dare, dedi, datus, to give.\\ndoleo, -ere, -ui, -itus, 3, to suffer pain.\\ndolor, -oris, m., pain.\\ndolus, -i, -m., craft, treachery.\\ndomus, -us, double declension, f house,\\nhome.\\ndubitatio, -onis, f., doubt.\\ndubito, I, to hesitate, be in doubt.\\ndubius, -a, -um, doubtful.\\nducenti, -ae, -a, two hundred.\\nduco, -ere, duxi, ductus, to lead; deem.\\ndum, while, until, provided that.\\nduo, dime, duo, two.\\nduodecim, twelve.\\ne, ex, out of, from; ex itinere, on the\\nmarch; una ex parte, on one side.\\neduco, 3, see duco, to lead out.\\neffemino, I, to weaken.\\neffero, -ferre, extuli, elatus, 3, to take\\naway; to report.\\negregius, -a, -um, eminent.\\nenio, -ere, emi, emptus, 3, to buy.\\nenim, for, in fact.\\nenuntio, I, to disclose.\\neo, ire, ivi, itus, to go.\\neodem, to the same place.\\neques, equitis, m., horseman; plural,\\ncavalry.\\nequester, -tris, -tre, equestrian.\\nequitatus, -us, -m., cavalry.\\neripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus, 3, to\\ntake away: save.\\net, and; et et, both and.\\netiam, even also.\\nexemplum, -i, n., example.\\nexeo, see eo, to leave.\\nexercitus, -us, m., army.\\nexistimatio, -onis, f., opinion.\\nexistimo, I, to think.\\nexpeditus, -a, -um, unobstructed: as\\nnoun, light armed soldier.\\nexplorator, -oris, m., scout, spy.\\nexpugno, I, to capture.\\nexsequor, see sequor, to follow out, en-\\nforce.\\nexspecto, I, to wait, await.\\nextra, beyond.\\nextremus, sup. of exter, furthermost.\\nexuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustus, 3, to burn\\nup.\\nF.\\nfacile, cp. facilius, sup., facillime,\\neasily.\\nfacio, -ere, feci, f actus, 3, to make, do.\\nfacultas, -tatis, f., power, opportunity;\\nmeans.\\nfamilia, -ae, f., vassals; household.\\nfamiliaris, -e, private; with res, pri-\\nvate property.\\nfaveo, -ere, favi, fautus, 2, to favor.\\nfere, almost.\\nfero, ferre, tuli, latus, 3, to bear; re-\\nport.\\nfides, -ei, f., confidence, promise.\\nfilia, -ae, f., daughter.\\nfilius, -i, m., son.\\nfinis, -is, m., boundary; in plural, ter-\\nritory.\\nfinitimus, -a, -um, adjoining.\\nfio, fieri, f actus sum, to be done; hap-\\npen.\\nfirmus, -a, -um, strong.\\nflagito, I, to demand.\\nfleo, -ere, flevi, fletus, 2, to weep, la-\\nment.\\nflumen, -inis, n., river.\\nfluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, 3, to flow.\\nf ortis, -e, brave.\\nfortitudo, -inis, f., courage.\\nfortuna, -ae, f., fortune; estate.\\nfossa, -ae, f., trench.\\nf rater, -tris, m., brother.\\nfraternus, -a, -um, brotherly.\\nfrigus, -oris, n., cold weather.\\nfrumentarius, -a, -um, pertaining to\\ngrain; productive; with res, pro-\\nvisions.\\nfrumentum, -i, n., grain, pi., crops.\\nfuga, -ae, f., flight.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\n33\\nQ.\\ngero, -ere, gessi, gestus, 3, to manage;\\nwage (of war).\\ngloria, -ae, f., glory, fame.\\nglorior, I, to boast.\\ngratia, -ae, f., popularity, good will;\\nwith agere, to thank.\\ngravis, -e, heavy, severe; important.\\ngravius, cp. of graviter, more griev-\\nously.\\nH.\\nhabeo, -ere, habui, habitus, 2, to have;\\nregard.\\nhibernus, -a, -urn, winter; plural, win-\\nter quarters.\\nhie, haec, hoc, this, this one; hie\\nille, the one the other.\\nhiemo, I, to pass the winter.\\nHispania, -ae, Spain.\\nhomo, -inis, m., man, mankind.\\nhortor, I, to urge.\\nhostis, -is, c., stranger: foe.\\nhumanitas, -tatis, ni., refinement.\\nibi, there.\\nidem, eadem, idem, the same.\\nIdas, -uum, f., pi., the Ides, time of the\\nfull moon, 15th of March, May, July\\nand October; 13th of other months.\\nignis, -is, m., fire.\\nille, ilia, illud, that, that one, see hie.\\nillic, there.\\nimmortalis, -e, immortal.\\nimpedio, 4, to hinder.\\nimpeditus, -a, -um, hindered.\\nimpendeo, -ere, 2, to overhang.\\nimperium, -i, n., command; supreme\\npower.\\nimpero, I, to levy upon; command.\\nimpetro, I, to obtain one s request.\\nimporto, I, to import.\\nimprobus, -a, -nm, wicked.\\nimprovisus, -a, -um, unforeseen.\\nimproviso, suddenly.\\niinpune, without punishment.\\nimpunitas, -tatis, f., impunity.\\nin, with ace., into, to, among, towards:\\nwithabl.,in, upon, among, at (ideas\\nof rest).\\nincendo, -ere, -cendi, -census, 3, to\\nset fire to; excite.\\nincito, I, to rouse.\\nincolo, -ere, -colui, 3, to inhabit; live.\\nincommodum, -i, n., disaster.\\nincredibilis, -e, astonishing.\\ninde, thence.\\nindicium, -i, n., disclosure.\\ninduco, 3, see duco, to influence.\\ninfero, 3, see fero, to inflict.\\ninferus, cp., inferior, sup., infimus or\\nimus, low.\\ninfluo, 3, see fluo, to flow into.\\ninimicus, -a, -um, unfriendly.\\ninitium, -i, n., beginning.\\ninjuria, -ae, f., wrong.\\ninjussu, without order.\\ninopinans, unawares.\\ninsciens, ignorant.\\ninsequor, seesequor, to pursue; harass.\\ninsidiae, -arum, f., ambush.\\ninsignis, -e, remarkable.\\ninsolenter, arrogantly.\\ninstituo, see constituo, to set in array;\\ninstruct; decide.\\ninstitutum, -i, n., habit, custom.\\ninsto, -are, -stiti, -status, be at hand;\\npress on.\\nintellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectus, 3, to un-\\nderstand.\\ninter, between, among.\\nintercedo, 3, see cedo, to intervene;\\nhappen.\\ninterdiu, by day.\\ninterdum, meanwhile, at times.\\ninter ea, meanwhile.\\ninterficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 3, to\\nkill.\\ninterim, in the meantime; repeated,\\nsometimes.\\ninternecio, -onis, f., annihilation.\\ninterpres, -pretis, c, mediator; inter-\\npreter.\\nintersum, see sum, to be between; be\\npresent.\\ninterest, it is important.\\ninvitus, -a, um, unwilling.\\nipse, ipsa, ipsum, self.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "34\\nTHE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\nis, ea, id, this, this one.\\nita, thus.\\nitaque, and so.\\nitem, just so.\\niter, itineris, n., route; journey.\\njacto, I, to toss; discuss.\\njani, already; at length.\\njubeo, -ere, jussi, jussus, 2, to com-\\nmand.\\njudicium, -i, n., trial; judgment; court.\\njudico, I, to judge.\\njugum, -i, n., yoke; ridge; sub jugum,\\nin token of surrender.\\njumentum, -i, n., beast of burden.\\njungo, -ere, junxi, junctus, 3, to join.\\njus, juris, n., rights; authority.\\njus jurandum, n., oath.\\njustitia, -ae, f., justice.\\nK.\\nKalendae, -arum, f., the Calends, the\\nfirst day of the month.\\nlacesso, -ere, lacessivi, lacessitus, 3,\\nto provoke; attack.\\nlacrima, -ae, f., tear.\\nlacus, -us, m., lake.\\nlargior, largiri, largitus sum, to give\\nlavishly; bribe.\\nlargiter, freely.\\nlargitio, -onis, f., bribery.\\nlate, widely.\\nlatitude, -inis, f., breadth.\\nlatus, -a, -um, wide.\\nlegatio, -onis, f., embassy.\\nlegatus, -i, m., ambassador; lieutenant.\\nlegio, -onis, f., legion, about 3000 men.\\nlenitas, -tatis, f., smoothness.\\nlex, leg-is, f., law.\\nliberalitas, -tatis, f., generosity.\\nlibere, freely.\\nliberi, -orum, m., free members of the\\nhousehold, children.\\nlibertas, -tatis, f., liberty.\\nliceor, licere, licitus, 2, to bid at auc-\\ntion.\\nlicet, licere, licuit, 2, impers., it is\\nlawful; one may.\\nlingua, -ae, f., tongue, language.\\nlinter, lintris, c., skiff.\\nlocus, -i, m. plural, loca, -orum, n.,\\nplace.\\nlonge, far; distant; cp., longius, sup.,\\nlongissime.\\nlongitudo, -inis, f., length.\\nloquor, loqui, locutus sum, to talk.\\nM.\\nmagis, more, rather.\\nmagistratus, -us, m., public officer;\\ngovernment.\\nmagnopere, especially, greatly.\\nmagnus, -a, -um, great; cp. major,\\nsup. maximus.\\nmaleficium, -i, n., doing evil, harm.\\nmando, I, to entrust; enjoin.\\nmater, -tris, f., mother.\\nmatrimonium, -i, n., marriage.\\nmaturo, I, to hasten.\\nmaturus, -a, -um, ripe; early.\\nmaximus, see magnus.\\nmelior, see bonus.\\nmemoria, -ae, f., memory.\\nmensis, -is, m., month.\\nmercator, -oris, m., merchant, trader.\\nmereor, mereri, meritus sum, 2, to\\ndeserve.\\nmeritum, -i, n., favor: merit, desert.\\nmetior, metiri, mensus sum, to meas-\\nure out.\\nmiles, militis, m., soldier.\\nmille, (indec. in sing.) a thousand; plu-\\nral, milia, milium, n., thousands.\\nminime, least, very little; not at all.\\nminimus, see parvus.\\nminor, see parvus.\\nminuo, -ere, minui, minutus, 3, to di-\\nminish.\\nminus, less.\\nmitto, -ere, misi, missus, 3, to send.\\nmodo, only; even, just; recently.\\nmolitus, -a, -um, ground.\\nmoneo, -ere, monui, monitus, 2, to\\nwarn, advise, teach.\\nmons, montis, m., mountain.\\nmorior, mori, mortuus sum, to die.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNER S CAESAR\\n35\\nmors, mortis, f., death.\\nmos, moris, m., custom, manner.\\nmoveo, -ere, movi, motus, 3, to move;\\nbreak.\\nmultitudo, -inis, f., multitude.\\nmultus, -a, -um, cp., plus; sup., pluri-\\nmus; much, many.\\nmunitio, -onis, f., fortifications,\\nmurus, -i, m., wall.\\nN.\\nnam, for.\\nnatura, -ae, f., character; nature.\\nnavis, -is, f., ship.\\nne, that not; lest; not to.\\nne quidem, not even.\\nnecessarius, -a, -um, needful; as noun,\\nkinsman.\\nnego, I, to deny; refuse.\\nnemo, ace. neminein, m., no one.\\nneque, and not, nor; repeated, neither\\nnor.\\nnervus, -i, m., nerve; pi., power.\\nnex, necis, f., death.\\nnihil, nothing; as adv., in no way.\\nnihilo, by no means none.\\nnitor, niti, nisus sum, to rely upon:\\nstrive.\\nnobilis, -e, noted.\\nnobilitas, -tatis, f., celebrity; nobility;\\nthe nobles.\\nnoctu, by night.\\nnolo, nolle, nolui, to be unwilling.\\nnomen, -inis, n., name: renown.\\nnon, not, no.\\nnon-dum, not yet.\\nnon-nullus, -a, -um, some.\\nnon-numquam, sometimes.\\nnoster, nostra, nostrum, our, ours;\\nour men.\\nnovus, -a, um, new; res novae, a\\nchange of government; with agmen,\\nthe rear.\\nnuptum, supine of nubo, to marry.\\nnullus, -a, -um, none; no.\\nnum, interrog. particle, implying a neg.\\nanswer.\\nnumerus, -i, m., number.\\nnuntio, I, to announce.\\nnuper, recently.\\no.\\nob, on account of; quam ob rem,\\nwherefore.\\nobaeratus, -i, m., debtor.\\nobliviscor, -i, oblitus sum, to forget.\\nobsecro, I, to beseech.\\nobses, obsidis, c, hostage.\\nobstringo, -ere, obstrinxi, obstrictus,\\n3, to bind.\\nobtineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus, 2, to pos-\\nsess; obtain.\\noccasus, -us, m., setting.\\noccido, -ere, occidi, occisus, 3, to cut\\ndown; slay.\\noccupo, I, to seize; hold.\\noceanus, -i, m., the open sea, ocean.\\noctoginta, eighty.\\noculus, -i, m., eye.\\nodi, odisse, to hate.\\noffendo, -ere, offendi, offensus, 3, to\\nwound.\\noffensio, -onis, f., offense.\\nomnino, altogether.\\nomnis, -e, all, every.\\noportet, -ere, oportuit, 2, impers., it\\nis necessary; best trans., (I, you, he,\\netc.) must, ought.\\noppidum. -i, n., walled town.\\noppugno, I, to attack, storm.\\nops, opis, f., power; plural, resources.\\noptimus, see bonus,\\nopus, operis, n., work.\\noratio, -onis, f., speech.\\norior, oriri, ortus sum, to begin, rise.\\noro, I, to plead.\\nostendo, -ere, ostendi, ostentus, 3,\\nto show, point out.\\npabulatio, -onis, f., foraging.\\npabulum, -i, n., food.\\npaco, I, to pacify.\\npaene, almost.\\npagus, -i, m., district.\\nparo, I, to prepare.\\npars, partis, f., parti faction; side.\\nparvus, -a, -um; cp., minor, sup., min-\\nimus; small.\\npassus, -us, m., pace (4 feet 1034 inches).", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "36\\nTHE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\npatens, patentis, open.\\npateo, -ere, patui, 2, to lie open; ex-\\ntend.\\npater, patris, m., father.\\npatior, pati, passus suni, to suffer, al-\\nlow.\\npax, pacis, f., peace.\\npello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus, 3, to beat;\\nrepulse.\\nper, through; by means of.\\nperduco, see duco, to conduct; con-\\nstruct.\\nperfacilis, -e, very easy.\\nperfero, see fero, to convey; report;\\nendure.\\nperficio, see conficio, to achieve; per-\\nfect.\\npericulum, -i, n., trial; danger.\\npermoveo, see moveo, to incite, move\\nthoroughly.\\npernicies, -ei, f., destruction.\\nperpauci, -ae, -a, very few.\\nperrumpo, -ere, perrupi, perruptus,\\n3, to break through.\\npersequor, see sequor, to follow up;\\navenge.\\npersevero, I, to persist.\\npersolvo, see solvo, to pay in full.\\npersuadeo, -ere, persuasi, persuasus,\\n2, to persuade.\\nperterreo, 2, to frighten thoroughly.\\npertineo, see contineo, to extend; per-\\ntain.\\npervenio, see venio, to reach, arrive at.\\npes, pedis, m., foot.\\npeto, -ere, petivi, petitus, 3, to seek,\\nask.\\nplebs, plebis, f., populace.\\nplurimum, very much.\\nplurimus, see multus.\\npoena, -ae, f., penalty.\\npolliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum, 2, to\\npromise.\\npono, -ere, posui, positus, 3, to place.\\npons, pontis, m., bridge.\\npopulatio, -onis, f., ravaging.\\npopulor, I, to ravage.\\npopulus, -i., m., the people.\\nporto, I, to carry.\\nportoriuin, -i, n., toll, tariff.\\npossessio, -onis, f., possession.\\npossum, posse, potui, to be able, pow-\\nerful.\\npost, after; behind; afterwards.\\nposterus, cp., posterior, sup. postrem-\\nus; after, next.\\npotens, potentis, powerful.\\npotentia, -ae, f., power.\\npotestas, -tatis, f., ability; authority;\\nright.\\npotior, potiri, potitus sum, become\\nmaster of.\\npraecedo, -ere, -cessi, cessus, 3, to\\nprecede; surpass.\\npraeficio, see conficio, to put in com-\\nmand of.\\npraemitto, see mitto, to send ahead.\\npraesentia, -ae, f., presence; the pres-\\nent moment.\\npraesertim, especially.\\npraesidium, -i, n., guard; stronghold.\\npraesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitus, to excel.\\npraesum, see sum, to be over.\\npraeter, beyond; except.\\npraetereo, see eo, to pass by, omit; as\\nnoun in plural, the past.\\npraeterquam, except.\\nprendo, -ere, prendi, prensus, 3, to\\ngrasp.\\npretium, -i, n., price.\\nprex, precis, f., entreaty.\\nprimus, -a, -um, see prior, first.\\nprinceps, principis, m., chief.\\nprincipatus, -us, m., leadership.\\nprior, prius, sup. primus, former.\\npristinus, -a, -um, primitive.\\nprius, sooner.\\npriusquam, before.\\nprivatim, individually.\\npro, before; in behalf of; in proportion\\nto.\\nprobo, I, to approve; prove; show.\\nprodo, -ere, prodidi, proditus, 3, to\\nbetray; hand down.\\nproelium, -i, n., battle.\\nprofectio, -onis, f., departure.\\nprof ectus, see proficiscor.\\nproficiscor, -i, profectus sum, to de-\\npart.\\nprohibeo, 2, to prevent.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNER S CAESAR\\n37\\npropello, -ere, propuli, propulsus, 3,\\nto urge on; rout.\\npropinquus, -a, -um, near; as noun,\\nrelatives.\\npropono, see pono, to set forth; de-\\nclare.\\npropter, on account of.\\npropter-ea, on this account.\\nproximus, -a, -um, nearest, next; last.\\npublice, officially.\\npulsus, see pello.\\nputo, I, to think; estimate.\\nQ.\\nqua, where.\\nquadraginta, forty.\\nquadringenti, -ae, -a, four hundred.\\nquaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitus,\\n3, to inquire.\\nquam, how, how much; than; as pos-\\nsible.\\nquantus, -a, -um, how great, how\\nmuch; so much.\\nquare, wherefore.\\nquartus, -a, -um, fourth.\\nquattuor, four.\\n-que, and.\\nqueror, queri, questus sum, to com-\\nplain.\\nqui, quae, quod, who, which, what,\\nthat.\\nquidem, indeed; ne quidem, not\\neven.\\nquin, but that; after negatives, but,\\nwhat, that, from.\\nquin etiam, nay even.\\nquindecim, fifteen.\\nquingenti, -ae, -a, five hundred.\\nquini, -ae, -a, five each.\\nquinque, five.\\nquintus, -a, -um, fifth.\\nquis, quae, quid, who etc. any one,\\netc.\\nquisquam, quaequam, quidquam,\\n(quicquam) any one, any thing.\\nquisque, quaeque, quidquae, each,\\nevery one.\\nquod, because.\\nquoque, too.\\nrapina, -ae, f., plunder.\\nratis, -is, f., raft.\\nrecens, -entis, recent.\\nrecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, 3, to re-\\ncover; with se, to retreat.\\nredimo, -ere, redemi, redemptus, 3,\\nto purchase.\\nreditio, -onis, f., return.\\nregnum, -i, n., royal power; kingdom.\\nrelinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictus, 3, to\\nleave; remain.\\nreliquus, -a, -um, left remaining; as\\nnoun, remainder.\\nreminiscor, -i, to remember.\\nremoveo, see moveo, to withdraw.\\nrenuntio, I, to bring back word.\\nrepello, see propello, to repulse.\\nrepentinus, -a, -um, sudden.\\nreperio, -ire, repperi, repertus, to dis-\\ncover.\\nrepreliendo, -ere, -hendi, -hensus, 3,\\nto sieze; blame.\\nrepugno, I, to fight back.\\nres, rei, f., thing, matter, affair; res\\npublica, the state; see novus.\\nrescindo, -ere, rescidi, rescissus, 3,\\nto cut down.\\nrespondeo, -ere, -spondi, -sponsus, 3,\\nto reply.\\nresponsum, -i, n., reply.\\nrestituo, see constituo, to restore.\\nretineo, see obtineo, to restrain; de-\\ntain.\\nrevertor, -i, reversus sum, to return.\\nripa, -ae, f., bank.\\nrogo, I, to ask, request.\\nsaepe, often; with minime, rarely.\\nsatis, enough.\\nsatisfacio, see facio, to satisfy; apol-\\nogize.\\nscelus, sceleris, n., crime.\\nscio, 4, to know.\\nsecreto, apart.\\nsecundus, -a, -um, favorable; second.\\nsed, but.\\nsedecim, sixteen.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "38\\nTHE BEGINNERS CAESAB\\nseditiosus, -a, -um, mutinous.\\nsemen tis, -is, f., planting.\\nsemper, always.\\nsenatus, -us, m., (from senex, old man)\\nthe administrative council of Rome.\\nseni, -ae, -a, six each.\\nsentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, to feel; to\\nimagine.\\nseptentriones, -um, m., stars of the\\nGreat Bear: North.\\nseptentrio, -onis, f., the North.\\nseptimus, seventh.\\nsequor, sequi, secutus sum, to follow.\\nservitus, -tutis, f., slavery.\\nsi, if; whether; quod si, hut if.\\nsilva, -ae, f., forest.\\nsimul, at once, together; simul ac, as\\nsoon as.\\nsin, hut if.\\nsine, without.\\nsinguli, -ae, -a, one at a time.\\nsive, whether, or.\\nsocer, -eri, m., father-in-law.\\nsocius, -i, m., ally.\\nsol, solis, m., the sun.\\nsolum, -i, n., soil; agri solum, the bare\\nground.\\nsolum, only.\\nsolus, -a, -um, alone.\\nsoror, sororis, f., sister.\\nspatium, -i, n., space (of time or dis-\\ntance).\\nspecto, I, to behold; face, lie.\\nspero, I, to hope.\\nspes, spei, f., hope.\\nsponte, voluntarily, of one s own will.\\nstatuo, -ere, statui, statutus, 3, to re-\\nsolve.\\nstudeo, -ere, -ui, 2, to desire.\\nstudium, -i, n., good will.\\nsub, under, at foot of; about.\\nsubeo, see eo, to undergo.\\nsublevo, I, to lift; encourage; assist.\\nsubsisto, -ere, -stiti, 3, to halt.\\nsubvelio, -ere, -vexi, vectus, 3, to con-\\nvey.\\nsummus, -a, -um, highest; chief.\\nsumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus, 3, to\\ntake, inflict.\\nsumptus, -us, m., expense.\\nsuperior, -ius, higher; former.\\nsupero, I, to surpass; conquer; survive.\\nsuppeto, see peto, to be on hand.\\nsupplicium, -i, n., punishment.\\nsuscipio, see recipio, to undertake.\\nsuspicio, -onis, f., suspicion.\\nsuus, -a, -um, possessive pronoun, his,\\netc.\\nT.\\ntaceo, 3, to be silent.\\ntarn, so.\\ntamen, yet.\\ntantus, -a, -um, so much, so great, such.\\ntelum, -i, n., dart, javelin.\\ntemperantia, -ae, f., self control.\\ntempero, I, to refrain; check.\\ntempto I, to try.\\ntempus, -oris, n., time.\\nteneo, tenere, tenui, tentus, 3, to\\nkeep.\\ntertius, -a, -um, third.\\ntestis, -is, c., witness.\\ntimeo, 3, to fear.\\ntollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatus, 3, to lift\\nup, take away.\\ntotus, -a, -um, all.\\ntraduco, see duco, to transfer, to lead\\nacross.\\ntrans, across, beyond.\\ntransduco, see traduco.\\ntranseo, see eo, to cross.\\ntres, tria, three.\\ntribuo, -ere, tribui, tributus, 3, to at-\\ntribute; grant.\\nturn, then; cum turn, both\\nand.\\nu.\\nubi, where, when.\\nulciscor, -i, ultus sum, to avenge,\\npunish.\\nullus, -a, -um, any.\\nulterior, -ius, farther.\\nuna, along with.\\nundique, on all sides.\\nurbs, urbis, f., city.\\nut, that; though; as, how.\\nuter, utra, utrum, which.\\nutor, uti, usus sum, to use.\\nuxor, uxoris, f., wife.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE BEGINNERS CAESAli\\n39\\nvaduni, -i, n., ford,\\nvagor, I, to roam about.\\nvaleo, 2, to have influence; avail.\\nvasto, I, to lay waste.\\nvectigal, -galis, n., taxes.\\nvel, or; repeated, either or.\\nvenio, -ire, veni, ventus, to come,\\nverbum, -i, n., word.\\nvereor, -eri, veritus sum, 2, to rever-\\nence; fear.\\nvergo, -ere, 3, to slope.\\nverus, -a, -uni, true.\\nvetus, -eris, old.\\nvexo, I, to harass.\\nvia, -ae, f., way, road.\\nvicus, -i, m., village.\\nvideo, -ere, vidi, visas, 2, to see; in\\npassive, seem.\\nvigilia, -ae, f., watch (one of the four\\ndivisions of the night.)\\nviginti, twenty.\\nvinculum, -i, n., chain.\\nvirtus, -tutis, f., valor; in plural, vir-\\ntues.\\nvis, vis, force.\\nvitae, -ae, f., life.\\nvito, I, to avoid.\\nvix, hardly with difficulty.\\nvoco, I, to call invoke.\\nvolo, velle, volui, to wish, will.\\nvoluntas, -tatis, f., willingness; con-\\nsent.\\nvolgus or vulgus, -i, n., the masses.\\nTHE END.", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00a3PR 10 190\u00c2\u00a9", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4497", "width": "2884", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4602", "width": "3113", "jp2-path": "beginnerscsar00caes_0056.jp2"}}