{"1": {"fulltext": "A COMPARATIVE STUDY\\nGOVERNMENT of m mm STATES\\nSTATE OF WYOMING.", "height": "2892", "width": "2237", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "THE LARAMIE BINDERY,\\nH. W. CRASS.\\nBlank Books Made to Order,\\nMagazines and Art Works\\nBound in Any Style.\\nLARAMIE, WYOMINQ.\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChap.. Copyright No.\\nShelf___ iS_.\u00c2\u00a3 4\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "2815", "width": "2215", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2815", "width": "2215", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "A COMPARATIVE STUDY\\nGOVERNMENT of the UNITED STATES\\nAND OF THE\\nSTATE OF\\ny\\nFRANK H. H. ROBERTS.\\nPrincipal of the Xormal Department of the University of Wyoming,\\nLaramie, Wyoming,\\nWITH AX INTRODUCTION BY\\nGRACE RAYMOND HEBARD, Ph. D.\\nTrustee of the University of Wyoming.\\nAround I see\\nThe powers that be\\nI stand by Empire s primal springs.\\nAnd princes meet\\nIn every street\\nAnd heir the tread of uncrowned kings.\\nUliHtier.\\nThe Wyoming Education.^l Publishing Comp.^nv,\\nLaramie, WyoMrxG.\\nMDCCCC.\\nV", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "XWO COPi ES H k.\\\\^ ti V tCD,\\nLibrary of Cftngrttl%\\nOffice of tht\\nAPR 17 1900\\nRegist\u00c2\u00abr of Copyrlghift\\n7i b\\n56772\\nCopyright 1900\\nBY\\nFrank H. H. Roberts.\\nPrinted by\\nChaplin, Spafford and Mathison.\\nLaramie, Wyo.\\nSECOND COPY,", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Preface.\\nIn the summer of 1899, Doctor Grace Raymond Hebard began a\\nwork on the Constitution of Wyoming, but in the fall she was com-\\npelled by sickness to give up the undertaking. A great deal of ma-\\nterial had been gathered and many notes had been made before the\\nwork was dropped.\\nGrateful acknowledgment is made to Miss Hebard, who kindly\\nturned over to the author all her notes and material, and who has\\nbeen especially heljDful in suggestions, in reading and correcting man-\\nuscript and proof.\\nIn many places the words of the Constitution and the laws have\\nbeen quoted without use of quotation marks, but in all quotations\\nfrom books, due credit has been given.\\nThis book is sent out with the hope that it will be heljtfu] to the\\nteachers and interesting to the citizens of Wyoming.\\nFRANK H. H. ROBERTS.\\nT^niversity of Wyoming, April 1, 1900.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Introduction.\\nThe Constitution of the United States of America is much the most im-\\nportant political instrument of modern times. Maine.\\nThe American Constitution is the most wonderful work ever struck off at a\\ngiven time by the brain and purpose of man. Gladstone.\\nThe idea of a constitution did not originate in the minds of the\\nmembers of the Constitutional Convention v^^hich met in Philadelphia\\nin 1787. England had a constitution, though unwritten, when the\\nframers of our constitution presented to the people of the United\\nStates for ratification our present form of government. But to\\nAmerica must we give credit for the first written constitution ever\\npresented to a people for consideration and adoption. Most of the\\ncivilized nations of to-day have written constitutions, thus following\\nin the steps of the Ignited States. In the construction of our na-\\ntional constitution we must not claim too much originality. The\\ncrisis at hand was too great and the possibility of a failure from a\\ntotally untried experiment too disastrous to put precedent aside, and\\nIience the constitution was a matter of selection, not of originality,\\nOf choosing not inventing. We patterned after the country from\\nwhicli we were determined to alienate ourselves. We selected what\\nwe felt were the best tried forms of government from England s un\\nwritten constitution, and we also copied forms then in existence in\\nAmerica. Having a single executive, a President, at the head of\\natfairs was not an original idea, for the State of Connecticut had her\\nOovernor, and the veto and impeachment powers were already in the\\nconstitutions of some of the states. The idea of two houses for legisla-\\ntion was not new, for there was the English Parliament, with its\\nHouse of Lords and House of Commons. This form, as finally\\nadopted in the convention, was in the nature of a compromise be-", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 5\\ntween those who insisted that Congress should be composed en-\\ntirely of Senators, thus having the states equally represented, and\\nthose who demanded that CongresiS should contain only a House\\nof Kepresentatives, the states being thus represented proportion-\\nately according to the population. This dual form of government, a\\nCongress with an Upper and Lower House, has a parallel now id\\nthe leading nations of the world; England as above stated with the\\nHouses of Lords and Commons, France with a National Assembly-\\nhaving a Senate and Chamber of Deputies, and the Legislature of\\nGermany with its Federal Council (Bundesrath) and Diet (Reichstag).\\nThe Supreme Court of the United States is a creation of the\\nmakers of the Constitution. It may be called the one creative fea-\\nture. The very provisions of the Constitution itself make this court\\npossible. Maine says, The functions which the judges of this court\\nhave to discharge under the proyisions of the Constitution arise pri-\\nmarily from its very nature. Decisions are handed down from this\\ncourt when there have been actual cases in controversy as to the\\ndetermination of some question of constitutionality. The necessary\\nflexibility of the Constitution gives rise to these questions of consti-\\ntutionality. Thus by our own Constitution does the court test all of\\nour legislation. In England no judge can pronounce the acts of\\nParliament unconstitutional. The judges of the higher courts advise\\nwith the Houses, having influence, but no actual power or authority.\\nAll acts of Parliament are constitutional in fact and in law. Writ-\\nten constituent law is by its very nature a law higher than any\\nstatute the legislature acting under it can enact, and by that law as\\nby an invariable standard, must the courts rest all acts of legisla-\\ntion, (Woodrow Wilson.) Thus it is seen that the supreme law of\\nthis land is our Constitution. Ignorance of the law excuses no one,^\\nand if the Constitution is the law, then ignorance of the Constitution\\nexcuses no one. An article which takes but twenty-three minutes to\\nread, as does our Constitution, which is written in simple, unstilted", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "Q INTRODUCTION.\\nlanguage, which is clothed in words of unhidden meaning, which is\\nof i)aramount importance to every citizen of these United States,\\nought to be familiar to and understod by every youth in our land.\\nThe supreme law of the United States is the. supreme law of the\\nState of ^A\\\\voming, for Wyoming is an inseparable part of the Fed-\\neral Union (See Section 37, Article I of the Constitution of Wyo-\\nming.) A knowledge of the (Constitution of the United States is an\\nindis])ensable requirement to an accurate understanding of any state\\nconstitution. No portion of any state constitution inconsistent with\\nthe national constitution is valid. All state constitutions are to a\\nlarge extent necessarily patterned after the national constitution.\\nThe i)ai-allels between the forms of national and state government are\\nmarked. The branches of government are similar. The executive,\\nlegislative and judicial departments have like functions and author-\\nity. As in the nation so in the state. A written constitution deter-\\nmines and defines the scope of all departments of government and all\\ngoverned.\\nThe rights granted the citizens of the state of Wyoming (Article\\nVI, Section 1) make it imperative that ALL of the youth of this state,\\nwho are embryo citizens, familiarize themselves with our state con-\\nstitution. The rights granted men and woinen carry with them a\\nduty and an obligation. To exercise intelligently this right of citi-\\nzenship ii5iplies a corresponding duty from everyone who enjoys this\\nequality of all civil, political and religious rights and privileges.\\nTo so familiarize oneself with the contents and purposes of our Con-\\nstitution is an obligation which goes hand in hand with the right of\\ncitizenship. To be able to help formulate wise legislation is the\\nhighest prerogative granted an American citizen. This is the basis\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of our republic. It was this more than any one other fact that made\\nour National Constitution and separation from England possible.\\nTo have a voice in our government, then, becomes a sacred duty.\\nGood government depends upon good citizenship. The strength of a", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 7\\nConstitution depends upon the virtue and intelligence of the people,\\nand no government can be greater than the people to be governed.\\nGood citizenship depends upon a thorough knowledge of the needs\\nof the governed, of the remedies for existing evils, and upon the en-\\nforcement of rights as presented in national, state and municipal con-\\nstitutions. It is the purpose of this book to assist in this higher citi-\\nzenship by clearly pointing out the essentials in both our national\\nand state constitutions and by explaining those portions which seem\\nto be of vital importance to the future citizen of the United States\\nand the State of Wyoming.\\nGRACE RAYMOND HEBARD.\\nT^niversity of Wyoming,\\nLaramie.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8 DEFINITIONS AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENT.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nDEFINITIONS AND FORMS OP GOVERNMENT.\\nGOVERNMENT. Tlie government of a state or country is the\\norganization that is invested with supreme power. Its functions are\\nto make, interpret and execute the laws. All governmental acts\\nmay be classed under three heads ^legislative, executive, and ju-\\ndicial. There is a distinction between the government and the people\\nwhich, in many countries, is readily observed, but in our own many\\nwriters and public speakers have failed to see this difference. The\\npeople can amend the constitution or change the form of the govern-\\nment at will they are the real sovereigns who delegate the right to\\nrule to their creature, the government.\\nGrovernment is either civil or military. The earlier governments\\nwere military, the ruler enforcing his rule by force of arms. As the\\ncitizens of a country gain power, the government loses some of\\nits military character. When the military is put into complete sub-\\nordination to the part of the government that represents *the people,\\nthe government becomes civil, or government by the people.\\nSCIENCE OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The science of civil gov-\\nernment is the orderly statement of the principles of constitutional\\ngovernment, and the workings of its institutions.\\nINSTITUTIONS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The institutions of a country are its laws and\\ncustoms.\\nKINDS OF GOVERNMENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Governments have been divided\\ninto three classes, monarchies, republics and democracies.\\nA Monarchy is a government in which the supreme power is\\nvested in one person, whose will is law, who is the chief executive\\nofficer, and the highest judge of the land. Russia, China and Turkey\\nare real monarchies. The rulers of many of the ancient monarchies\\nhave been deprived of much of their power and the countries they\\nrule are called limited monarchies. England was a true monarchy in", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0DEFINITIONS AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENT.\\nthe tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries, but in 1215 the monarch\\nwas compelled to surrender part of his power and at different periods\\nother rights were wrested, from him until to-day England is a demo-\\ncratic monarchy.\\nA Repuhlic is a government in which the chief executive is\\nchosen by electors, who are composed, in some states, of all the\\npeople, and, in others, of a selected few, and who does not get his right\\nto rule by birth. In America the chief executive has been called Presi-\\ndent, Grovernor, etc., while in European republics he has been called\\nPresident, Doge, Gonfalonier and even King. In Florence the term\\nof office was two months and in Sparta, which was an aristocratic re-\\npublic, the two elected kings served for life.\\nA Democracy is usually defined as a government by the people,\\nor one in which the people perform all the functions of government*\\nIf this definition is true, no democracy ever existed or ever will; it\\nis a principle, rather than a kind, of government. In the early his-\\ntory of governments, petty states were governed by chiefs or kings\\nwho were supposed to rule by divine right, but when democratic\\nprinciples began to prevail this idea was displaced by the doctrine\\nthat the most powerful and influential should rule, but in the com-\\nplete triumph of democracy it is held that rulers obtain their right\\nto govern by the suffrage of the people. In the present democracies,\\nthe people make the laws but leave their execution to some selected\\nofficer. This is true of the New England town meeting, where all\\nthe citizens of a township meet to discuss and vote upon questions\\nof taxation, schools, roads, the care of the poor, and any other subject\\nof local interest, but they leave the execution of their sovereign will\\nto officers elected by them at this meeting. In any democratic coun-\\ntry, slavery cannot exist, imprisonment for debt and the restriction\\nof suffrage for any reason other than crime is impossible. Since\\nAthens, in her boasted age of democracy, had 20,000 voters and 400,-\\n000 slaves, she was only an aristocracy, governed by Pericles, king", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10 DEFINITIONS AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENT.\\nby coiiimou consent, altliougli not holding the title. Wyoming is\\nmore democratic than many states of the T nion in that she has ex-\\ntended the right of suffrage to the women. A government in which\\nall the people choose representatives to carry out their will as ex-\\npressed in their platforms is a representative democracy.\\nOLIGAEOHY. An oligarchy is a government in which the eli-\\ngibility to office is restricted to a few, who may be the best or the\\nworst citizens. When the best rule the state, the government is\\ncalled an Aristocracy. In ordinary language an aristocracy is a coun-\\ntry ruled by the rich without regard to other qualifications, histori-\\ncally such a government is called a timocracy.\\nFEDERAL GOVERNMENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A federal government is based\\nupon states as units. It deals entirely with the state. When it wants\\nmoney it asks the states for it. TTie United States under the Articles\\nof Confederation was a federal government. Congress could levy\\ntaxes but could not collect them,, could vote to raise an army, but\\ncould not enlist a man.\\nNATIONAL GOVERNMENT. A National Government is based\\nu])0u the people and state lines are obliterated.\\nMr. Madison, the Father of the Constitution, wrote: The con-\\nstitution is, in strictness, neither a national nor a. federal constitu-\\ntion, but a composition of both. In its foundation it is federal, not\\nnational in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the gov-\\nernment aie drawn it is partly federal and partly national; in the\\noperation of these powers it is national, not federal; in the extent of\\nthem, again, it is federal, not national and finally in the authorita\\nfive mode of introducing amendments it is neither wholly federal nor\\nwholly national.\\nEMPIRE. An empire is a government including subordinate\\ngovernments within its territory. The German Empire is composed", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "DEFINITIONS AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENT. H\\nof kingdoms, principalities, and republics. Washington and Jeffer-\\nson called tlie Ignited States an empire.\\nREFERENDUM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The referendum is the right of the people to\\ndecide on certain la^s or measures which have been passed by the\\nlegislative body. Century Dictionary.\\nWhen the legislative branch of the govx^rnment of South Dakota\\nor of Switzerland passes a law it does not go into effect until a certain\\nnumber of days have passed. If, in this time, five per cent of the vot-\\ners of South Dakota or 30,000 of the voters of Switzerland petition\\nthe government that the law be submitted to the peoY)le for their\\nconsideration, it must be submitted, and if a majority Vote in favor of\\nthe law it is then in full force. If a majority do not vote for it, then\\nit is null and void. The cantons of Switzerland vary in their prac-\\ntice, some requiring every law to be submitted to the people, others\\ngiving the legislature power to decide that a law must go into effect\\nat once.\\nINITIATIVE. This is the right to [)ropose legislation. In the\\nIgnited States any one may pro]\u00c2\u00abose a measure for legislative enact-\\nment, but there is no constitutional requirement forcing the legisla\\ntive body to consider it, excejft in South Dakota, where if five per\\ncent of the voters petition the legislature to pass a certain law, it is\\nrequired by the State Constitution to grant their demand by enacting\\nthe law and submitting it to the people for approval or rejection by a\\nmajority vote. In Switzerland, 50,000 voters must petition for a law\\nbefore the Federal ouncil is required to enact it. But in the Canton\\nof Zurich one person may propose a measure and the legislature must\\nvote upon it. If one-third favor it, then it is submitted to the people\\nfor their consideration and vote.\\nSO^^EREIGNTY MANDATE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This is one of the new ideas in\\ngovernment. If the Supreme Court declares a law unconstitutional,\\nthe sovereignty mandate would allow the people to petition that the", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 DEFINITIONS AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENT.\\nquestion be submitted to them, and if a majority voted for the meas-\\nure, it would then be constitutional.\\nAMBASSADORS. An Ambassador is the chief representative\\nof one government at the capital of another government. They are\\nthe chief diplomatic agents of a country. When the Ambassador is\\nsent to negotiate some special treaty, he is called Ambassador Extra-\\nordinary.\\nMINISTERS RESIDENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The duty of the Minister Resident is\\nthe same as that of an Ambassador. The difference consists in the im-\\nportance of the countries to which they are sent. Corresponding to\\nthe Ambassador Extraordinary is the Minister Plenipotentiary.\\nCONSUL. The Consul is a comniercial agent who looks after the\\ninterests of merchants and seamen in foreign countries.\\nTHE CONGRESSES OF THE UNITED STATES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The meetings\\nof delegates from the several colonies or states were called congresses,\\nbecause the delegates met as ambassadors to negotiate treaties for\\ntheir respective governments and not to exercise legislative power.\\nAll questions agreed upon by the congresses must be ratified by the\\ncolonies or states, by formal action of the legislatures or by common\\nconsent. Roswell G. Horr is authority for the statement that, when\\nthe Continental Congress issued the continental currency, every state,\\nby solemn declaration of its legislature, made the currency a legal\\ntender.\\nThe early sessions of the Continental Congress provided for com-\\nmon defense, hence its right to act was not questioned and its laws\\nwere quietly obeyed by the people, but when Congress began to work\\nunder the Articles of Confederation and there was no immediate dan-\\nger from the English, its laws were totally ignored.\\nTHE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFED-\\nERATION. This Constitution was proposed by the Continental Con-", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "DEFINITIONS AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENT. 13\\ngress in 1776, but was not ratified by all the states before 1781. The\\ngovernment consisted of a congress which had executive, legislative\\nand judicial rights, but had no power to enforce any of its acts. Each\\nstate was entitled to not fewer than two nor more than seven mem-\\nbers, and it had one vote on all questions.\\nA writer of the time wrote: The United States in Congress\\nhave exclusive power for the following purposes, without being able\\nto execute one of them:\\n1. They make and conclude treaties, but can only recommend,\\nthe observance of them.\\n2. They may appoint ambassadors, but cannot defray even the\\nexpenses of their tables.\\n3. They can borrow money in their own name on the faith of\\nthe Union, but cannot pay a dollar.\\n4. They may coin money, but cannot buy an ounce of bullion.\\n5. They can make war, and determine what number of troops\\nare necessary, but cannot raise a single soldier.\\n6. In short, they may declare everything and do nothing.\\nThe most remarkable facts in the history of the United States\\nare the development of political doctrines and the growth of constitu-\\ntional government. When the Constitution was adopted the great\\nbody of public men believed in aristocratic government and thor-\\noughly distrusted the people. Under the leadership of Madison, Ran-\\ndolph and Roger Sherman, an oligarchic republic was formed and\\nmaintained by Hamilton and the Federalists, until the great revolu-\\ntion of 1800 ushered into the presidenc}^ a man who believed in the\\npeople.\\nThe character first given to our government has entirely disap-\\npeared and even now it is rapidly losing the semblance of a republic\\nand becoming a representative democracy. Again, its early form\\nrecognized the federal! stic element of government, but as a result of\\nJackson s administration, of the Civil War, and President Cleve-", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14\\nTHE CONSTITUTIONS.\\nland s autlioritative method of settling the Chicago strike, the gov-\\nernment has been given such an impetus toward nationalism that we\\nare no longer in danger from the doctrine of state s rights. Other\\nevidences of this tendency are found in political leaders insisting\\nthat the government control the liquor traffic and trusts and own the\\nrailroads, etc.; church people believing that marriage and divorce\\nJaws should be enacted by Congress; and lawyers arguing that the\\npenal code should be uniform throughout the Union. May we not be\\nin danger of too great a centralization of power?\\nCHAPTER II.\\nTHE CONSTITUTIONS.\\nTHE PREAMBLE AND DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.\\nCONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES.\\nAdopted by the Constitutional Con-\\nvention which met at Philadelphia\\nMay 14, 1787, but for the want of a\\nquorum, did not organize until the 25th\\nof the same month. Of the sixty-five\\ndelegates chosen, fifty-five attended\\nthe convention, thirty-nine of whom\\nsigned the Constitution on the day of\\nadjournment, September 17, 1787.\\nGeorge Washington was President;\\nand William Jackson, Secretary.\\nThis Constitution was ratified by\\nconventions of states and not by the\\npeople.\\nCONSTITUTION OF THE STATE\\nOF WYOMING.\\nThe Constitutional Convention met\\nat Cheyenne, September 2, 1889, and\\nfinished its labors September 30th, by\\nunanimously adopting the Constitution\\nwhich is the fundamental law of the\\nstate. Forty-six of the forty-nine\\nmembers signed the Constitution.\\nMelville C. Brown was chosen Presi\\ndent and John K. Jeffrey, Secretary.\\nThe Constitution was ratified by the\\npeople, at a general election, Novem-\\nber 9, 1889, by the following vote:\\nFor the Constitution 6,272\\nOpposed 1,923", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTIONS.\\n15\\nPREAMBLE.\\nWe, the people of the United States,\\nin order to form a more perfect union,\\nestablish justice, insure domestic tran-\\nquillity, provide for the common de-\\nfence, promote the general welfare,\\nand secure the blessings of liberty to\\nourselves and our posterity, do ordain\\nand establish this Constitution of the\\nUnited States of America.\\nWhile the preamble begins with\\nWe, the people, the Constitution\\nwas really the work of the states. It is\\nnow admitted that if the Constitution\\nhad been submitted to the people for\\nratification it would have been over-\\nwhelmingly defeated. The imperfect\\nunion under the Articles of Confedera-\\ntion led to a desire for a more per-\\nfect union. Only state courts had ex-\\nisted and the citizens of one state\\nwere often unable to secure justice in\\nthe courts of another state, hence to\\nestablish justice, it was necessary to\\nestablish a system of courts. The\\nstates had been on the verge of war\\nwith each other and rebellion had ex-\\nisted in many of them; a government\\nthat could insure domestic tranquil-\\nlity was necessary. The old form had\\nproven itself inadequate to provide\\nfor the common defence. The mem-\\nbers of the convention well understood\\nthe danger that beset the country.\\nEngland and France each hoped to\\ngain possession of a portion of the\\ncountry, if not all, through the bick-\\nerings and quarrelings of the states.\\nIf the blessings of liberty that had\\nPREAMBLE.\\nWe, the people of the State of Wyo-\\nming, grateful to God for our civil,\\npolitical and religious liberties, and de-\\nsiring to secure them to ourselves and\\nperpetuate them to our posterity, do\\nordain and establish this constitution.\\nThe preamble of a constitution de-\\nclares the purpose of the people in\\nerecting a new government. The only\\nright of self government that existed\\nunder the territorial form was dele-\\ngated to the people of Wyoming by the\\nUnited States government and could\\nhave been withdrawn at any time Con-\\ngress saw fit. Recognizing the fact\\nthat their liberties had been given them\\nby the general government, yet feeling,\\nin common with the people of the\\nwhole country, that their liberties\\nwere secure only when in their own\\nhands, the people erected a govern-\\nment and the United States gave up\\nall right to control local affairs when\\nWyoming was admitted as a state.\\nIn 1803, under the leadership of Jef-\\nferson, the Republican party enunci-\\nated the doctrine that the Constitution\\nwas made for the states and the gov-\\nernment of the territories was left to\\nCongress. (U. S. Constitution, Art. IV.\\nSec. 3.)\\nThe Ohio, Mississippi, *and Indiana\\nterritories were ruled by a Governor\\nand Judges appointed by the President.\\nThe Governor and Judges had all pow-\\ner. The Governor was the executive\\nofficer, the Judges the judicial officers,\\nbut the two departments acting to-", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "1^ THE CONSTITUTIONS.\\nbeen secured at such sacrifice of life gether formed the third and passed all\\nand property were to be maintained, it laws for the government of the terri-\\nmust be by a government that would tories. The same doctrine is held to-\\nbe respected by other governments. day by many members of Congress.\\nDECLARATION OF RIGHTS.\\nIn 1668, when William and Mary came to the English throne.\\nParliament issued a Declaration of Rights which the new sovereigns\\naccepted. This famous state paper has been the model for similar\\nones in American constitutions. While in its original form the Con-\\nstitution of the United States contains no such declaration, in 1791\\nten amendments intended to remedy this defect were declared a part of\\nthe Constitution. The necessity of a distinct declaration of rights in\\nthe Constitution of a republican form of government is not so obvi-\\nous as under a monarchy. Guarantees against hereditary monarchs\\nmay be needed, but the people hardly need such guarantees against\\nthemselves. When* this custom was established, the people had not\\nyet realized that the government was but their servant and could be\\nchanged or abolished as soon as it failed to do its duty within the\\nlimits that they had prescribed. But the framers of the Constitution\\nof Wyoming had fully caught the democratic spirit, as evidenced by\\nthe following declaration:\\nSection 1. All power is inherent in the people, and all free governments\\nare founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace, safety and hap-\\npiness; for the advancement of these ends they have at all times an inalien-\\nable and indefeasible right to alter, reform or abolish the government in such\\nmanner as yiey may think proper.\\nArt. I. Congress shall make no law Sec. 18. The free exercise and en-\\nrespecting an establishment of religion, joyment of religious profession and\\nor prohibiting the free exercise there- worship without discrimination or\\nof; or abridging the freedom of speech, preference shall be forever guaranteed\\nor of the press; or the right of the in this state, and no person shall be", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTIONS.\\n17\\npeople peaceably to assemble and to\\npetition the government for a redress\\nof grievances.\\nrendered incompetent to hold any of-\\nfice of trust or profit, or to serve as a\\nwitness or juror, because of his opin-\\nion on any matter of religious belief\\nwhatever; but the liberty of con-\\nscience hereby secured shall not be so\\nconstrued as to excuse acts of licen-\\ntiousness or justify practices inconsist-\\nent with the peace or safety of the\\nstate.\\nSec. 20. Every person may freely\\nspeak, write and publish on all sub-\\njects, being responsible for the abuse\\nof that right; and in all trials for li-\\nbel, both civil and criminal, the truth,\\nwhen published with good intent and\\nfor justifiable ends, shall be a suffi-\\ncient defense, the jury having the right\\nto determine the facts and the law,\\nunder direction of the court.\\nSec. 21. The right of petition, and\\nof the people peaceably to assemble to\\nconsult for the common good, and to\\nmake known their opinions, shall nev-\\ner be denied or abridged.\\nThe question is often asked wby the states adopt provisions that\\nare identical with those found in the amendments to th(^ National\\nConstitution. The courts have held that the amendments impose re-\\nstrictions upon Congress only, hence it is necessary that each state\\nre-enacts these clauses if it wishes to limit the power of its govern-\\nment. Judge Cooiley says: The courts of the T^nion and the states,\\nin administering the common law. find it necessary to take notice\\nthat the prevailing religion of the country is Christian. Congress\\nhas never attempted to violate the first clause. Article I, but the sec-\\nond and third have been notoriously broken. The Sedition law is an\\nexample of the violation of the second. Under this law one man was\\n-(2)", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18 THE CONSTITUTIONS.\\nfined |400 and given six months imprisonment for saying that Ad-\\nams administration was wholly in the infancy of political mistakes.\\nBy the notorious gag rule of the. House, the right of petition was\\ndenied to the opponents of slavery for several years. There was no\\npower to punish the House for violating the Constitution, but public\\nsentiment became so strong that it was finally heeded and the rule\\nrepealed.\\nArt. II. A well regulated militia be- Sec. 24. The right of citizens to\\ning necessary to the security of a free bear arms in defense of themselves\\nstate, the right of the people to keep and of the state shall not be denied.\\nand bear arms shall not be infringed. Sec. 25. The military shall ever be\\nArt. III. No soldier shall, in time of in strict subordination to the civil\\npeace, be quartered in any house, power. No soldier in time of peace\\nwithout the consent of the owner; nor shall be quartered in any house with-\\nin time of war but in a manner to be out consent of the owner, nor in time\\nprescribed by law. of war except in the manner prescribed\\nby law.\\nThe oppression of the British government was so grievous that\\nthe fear of the use of tyrannical power is still in the people and they\\ninsist on safe-guarding themselves even against a government of their\\nown making. The attempts of the mother country to prohibit the\\ncolonial militia and the passage of the Mutiny Act are responsible\\nfor these provisions. The right to bear arms is given to the people\\nas a whole and not to the individual, and the arms must be such as\\nare suitable for the general defense of the community against inva-\\nsion or oppression; and the secret carrying of those suited merely to\\ndeadly individual encounters may be prohibited.\\nThe first sentence of Section 25, Constitution of Wyoming, puts\\nthe Legislature in absolute control of all questions of war, of arm-\\ning and equipping the militia, and leaves the Governor, the com-\\nmander-in-chief, to carry out its directions.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTIONS.\\n19\\nArt. IV. The right of the people to\\nbe secure in their persons, houses, pa-\\npers, and effects, against unreason-\\nable searches and seizures, shall not\\nbe violated; and no warrants shall is-\\nsue but upon probable cause, supported\\nby oath or affirmation, and particu-\\nlarly describing the place to be search-\\ned, and the persons or things to be\\nseized.\\nSec. 4. The right of the people to be\\nsecure in their persons, houses, pa-\\npers and effects against unreasonable\\nsearches and seizures shall not be vio-\\nlated, and no warrant shall issue but\\nupon probable cause, supported by affi-\\ndavit, particularly describing the place\\nto be searched or the person or thing\\nto be seized.\\nIn law, search warrants are divided into two classes, general and\\nspecial. The former is issued without the name of the place to be\\nsearched or the thing to be seized. This enables an ofificious officer to\\nharass any one he pleases and to commit robbery in the name of the\\nlaw. Just before the revolution, Great Britain, clearly contrary to\\nthe law. issued general warrants, called wr-its of assistance, which\\nwere used to intimidate the people. The effect has been that this\\nsafeguard is in every state, as well as the national, Oonstitution.\\nArt. V. No person shall be held to\\nanswer for a capital or otherwise in-\\nfamous crime, unless on a present-\\nment or indictment of a grand jury,\\nexcept in cases arising in the land or\\nnaval forces, or in the militia, when\\nin actual service, in time of war or\\npublic danger, nor shall any person be\\nsubject for the same offence to be\\ntwice put in jeopardy of life or limb;\\nnor shall be compelled, in any crim-\\ninal case, to be a witness against him-\\nself; nor be deprived of life, liberty,\\nor property, without due process of\\nlaw; nor shall private property be\\ntaken for public use, without just\\ncompensation.\\nSec. 13. Until otherwise provided by\\nlaw, no person shall, for a felony, be-\\nproceeded against criminally, other-\\nwise than by indictment, except in^\\ncases arising in the land or naval\\nfoi ces, or in the militia when in actual^\\nservice in time of war or public dan-\\nger.\\nSec. 11. No person shall be com-\\npelled to testify against himself in any\\ncriminal case, nor shall any person be\\ntwice put in jeopardy for the same of-\\nfense. If the jury disagree, or if the\\njudgment be arrested after a verdict,\\nor if the iudempnt tte reversed for er-\\nror in law, the accused shall not be\\ndeemed to have been in jeopardy.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 THE CONSTITUTIONS.\\nSec. 6. No person shall be deprived\\nof life, liberty or property without due\\nprocess of law.\\nSec. 33. Private property shall not\\nbe taken or damaged for public or pri-\\nvate use without just compensation.\\nSec. 32. Private property shall not\\nbe taken for private use unless by con-\\nsent of the owner, except for private\\nways of necessity, and for reservoirs,\\ndrains, flumes, or ditches on or across\\nthe lands of others for agricultural,\\nmining, milling, domestic or sanitary\\npurposes, nor in any case without due\\ncompensation.\\nCapital crime is one that is punishable with death. An indict-\\nment is a written charge of crime presented by a prosecuting attor-\\nney, to the grand jury. Section 11 tells when a person is not twice\\nput in jeopardy of life or limb. If a person is tried for a crime and\\nacquitted by the petit jury and again put on trial for the same of-\\nfense, then he has been twice put in jeopardy. Sections 32 and 33\\nrefer to the right of eminent domain, which is the right to take pri-\\nvate property for the public welfare.\\nArt. VI. In all criminal prosecu- Sec. 10. In all criminal prosecutions\\ntions the accused shall enjoy the right the accused shall have the right to de-\\nto a speedy and public trial, by an im- fend in person and by counsel, to de-\\npartial jury of the state and district mand the nature and cause of the ac-\\nwherein the crime shall have been cusation, to have a copy thereof, to be\\ncommitted, which district shall have confronted with the witnesses against\\nbeen previously ascertained by law, and him, to have compulsory process\\nto be informed of the nature and cause served for obtaining witnesses, and to\\nof the accusation; to be confronted a speedy trial by an impartial jury of\\nwith the witnesses against him; to the county or district in which the of-\\nhave compulsory process for obtaining fense is alleged to have been commit-\\nwitnesses in his favor; and to have ted.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTIONS.\\n21\\nthe assistance of counsel for his de-\\nfence.\\nArt. VII. In suits at common law,\\nwhere the value in controversy shall\\nexceed twenty dollars, the right of\\ntrial by a jury shall be preserved; and\\nno fact tried by a jury shall be other-\\nwise re-examined, in any court of the\\nUnited States, than according to the\\nrules of the common law.\\nSec. 9. The right of trial by jury\\nshall remain Inviolate in criminal\\ncases, but a jury in civil cases in all\\ncourts, or in criminal cases in courts\\nnot of record, may consist of less than\\ntwelve men, as may be prescribed by\\nlaw. Hereafter a grand jury may con-\\nsist of twelve men, any nine of whom\\nconcurring may find an indictment,\\nbut the legislature may change, regu-\\nlate or abolish the grand jury system.\\nThe Common Lair is a body of law growing; out of the customs of\\nthe courts and it dates back so far into the history of England that\\nthe mind of man runneth not to the contrary. The Common Law\\nholds where no statute has been passed to the conti ary. There are\\ntwo juries, the grand and the petit. The grand jury usually consists\\nof fifteen (read Section 9) persons, any twelve of whom may find an\\nindictment to be a true bill. They sit in secret session and look into\\nall charges of crime committed in their district, and, if they are sat-\\nisfied that there is sufficient evidence against the accused to justify\\na formal trial, they return the indictment to the court. The petit jury\\ntries both criminal and civil cases in open court and renders a decis-\\nion after both sides have been heard. It usually consists of twelve\\nmen, all of whom must agree to the verdict.\\nArt. VIII. Excessive bail shall not\\nbe required, nor excessive fines im-\\nposed, nor cruel and unusual punish-\\nments inflicted.\\nSec. 14. All persons shall be baila-\\nble by sufficient sureties, except for\\ncapital offenses when the proof is evi-\\ndent or the presumption great. Ex-\\ncessive bail Shall not be required, nor\\nexcessive fines imposed, nor shall\\ncruel or unusual punishment be in-\\nflicted.\\nThat reasonable bail shall be accepted is an admonition ad-\\ndressed to the judgment and conscience of the court or magistrate", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 THE CONSTITUTIONS.\\nempowered to fix the amount; it is impossible that a definite rule\\nshall be established by law for particular cases. Judge Cooley.\\nArt. IX. The enumeration in the Sec. 36. The enumeration in this\\nConstitution of certain rights shall Constitution of certain rights shall not\\nnot be construed to deny or disparage be constructed to deny, impair, or dis-\\nothers retained by the people. parage others, retained by the people.\\nArt. X. The powers not delegated\\nto the United States by the constitu-\\ntion, nor prohibited by it to the states,\\nare reserved to the states respectively,\\nor to the people.\\nThe government of the United States can exercise only those pow-\\ners which are delegated to it by the Constitution, while the state gov-\\nernments may exercise any power not denied to them by the national\\nand state Constitutions. The chief distinction between the leading\\npolitical parties has been the question whether the national govern-\\nment is limited to the expressed declarations of the Constitution or\\nmay e xercise implied powers. That is, the Republican, Democratlc-\\nEepublican, and the Democratic parties have generally been in favor\\nof a strict construction of the Constitution, while the Federalists,\\nNational Republicans, Whigs, and Republicans have held, usually,\\nthat the powers implied by the Constitution may be exercised.\\nSec. 7. Absolute, arbitrary power over the lives, liberty and property of\\nfreemen exists nowhere in a republic, not even in the largest majority.\\nIt is so frequently stated, the right to rule lies in the majority,\\nthat many of the majority hold that the minority has no rights. The\\nmembers of the state convention evidently realized this great danger\\nto democratic government s and enunciated the political doctrine that\\nmust save us from the worst kind of tyranny.\\nIn speaking of the state governments, De Tocqueville, in his\\nDemocracy in America, says: If ever the free institutions of\\nAmerica are destroyed, that event may be attributed to the unlimited", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE CONSTITUTIONS. 23\\nauthority of the majority, which may at some time urge the minori-\\nties to desperation and oblige them to have recourse to physical force.\\nAnarchy will then be the result, but it will have been brought about\\nby despotism.\\nHamilton, the apostle of centralized government, wrote in the\\nFederalist: In a society, under the fornis\u00c2\u00ab of which the stronger\\nfaction can readily unite and oppress the weaker, anarchy may as\\ntruly be said to reign as in a state of nature, where the weaker indi-\\nvidual is not secured against the violence of the stronger. Jefferson\\nwrote to Madison: The tyranny of the legislature is really the\\ndanger most to be feared, and will continue to be so for many years\\nto come.\\nArt. I, Sec. 9. 3. No bill of attainder, Sec. 35. No ex-post facto law, nor*\\nor ex post facto law, shall be passed. any law impairing the obligation of\\ncontracts, shall ever be made.\\nThe national as well as the state Constitution prohibits the state\\nfrom passing laws impairing the obligation of contracts, but no re-\\nstriction is put upon Congress. Neither Congress nor the Legisla-\\nture can pass an ex post facto law. An ex post facto law is a statute\\nthat affects crimes that were committed before the law was passed or\\nthat makes criminal, acts that were lawful when performed. A bill\\nof attainder is a legislative act inflicting punishment upon a person\\nwithout a trial in court before a jury.\\nArt I, Sec. 9. 2. The privilege of the Sec. 17. The privilege of the yfrit of\\nwrit of habeas corpus shall not be sus- habeas corpus shall not be suspended,\\npended, unless when, in cases of re- unless when, in case of rebellion or in-\\nbellion or invasion, the public safety vasion, the public safety may require\\nnaay require it. it.\\nHabeas corpus is a Latin phrase meaning you may have the\\nbody. It is a writ that commands a person having another under ar-\\nrest to bring him into court and give the cause of his arrest. If the\\njudge is not satisfied that the prisoner is legally held, he releases him.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nThis prevents the arrest and detention of persons without good and\\nsufficient reasons.\\nThe two Constitutions agree that the privilege of the writ of\\nhabeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebel-\\nlion or invasion, the public safety may require it. The question is,\\nwhich branch of the government has the right to suspend the privilege\\nof the writ? During the Civil War, the executive assumed the right,\\nbut later Congress passed a law legalizing the suspension, thus indi-\\ncating that it believed that the right belonged to the legislative\\nbranch.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nTHE NATION. THE STATE.\\nThe law-enacting power of the na- Legislative powei is vested in the\\ntion is vested in the President and State Legislature and the Governor.\\nCongress. When a bill has passed Where the Legislature which is com-\\nboth houses of Congress, it is sent to posed of the Senate and the House f\\nthe President, who, if he approve of Representatives pass a bill it must go\\nit, will sign and thereby make it a to the Governor for his consideration,\\nlaw. If he disapprove of it, it is re- If he approve of the bill he signs it\\nturned to Congress, which may;, by a and then it is a law. But if he vetoes\\ntwo-thirds vote, pass the bill over the the bill it is then returned to the Legis-\\nPresident s veto. lature, which may enact it into law by\\nThe President and the Senate, in a two-thirds vote of each House,\\nthe treaty-making power, enact laws\\nwithout the consent of the House.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n25\\nEXECUTIVE DUTY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Senate is\\ngiven the power to approve or reject\\nthe appointments of the President.\\nThe appointment of the officers of\\nCongress has been held to be a legis-\\nlative act.\\nThe House has the sole power of\\nimpeachment. To impeach is to form-\\nally accuse one in liigh office. Im-\\npeachment corresponds to indictment\\nin the courts. This is purely an exec-\\nutive act. The court cannot try a\\nperson for crime until he is brought\\nbefore it by an executive officer.\\nTERMS, SALARY AND QUALIFI-\\nCATIONS. A Senator serves six years\\nand a Representative two years. Each\\nreceives $5,000 annually. A person,\\nto be eligible to the office of Repre-\\nsentative, must have attained the age\\nof 25 years, and have been a citizen of\\nthe nation for seven years, and an\\ninhabitant of the state from which\\nhe is chosen; but to be eligible to the\\noffice of Senator, a person must be at\\nleast 30 years of age, and have been\\nnine years a citizen of the nation and\\nan inhabitant of the state by which\\nhe is elected.\\nAPPORTIONMENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Each state has\\ntwo Senators and a Representative\\nfor each 173,901 persons. Bach state\\nwhose population is less than the num-\\nber required for a Representative, is\\nentitled to one member of the House.\\nThere are ninety Senators, and 375\\nRepresentatives at present.\\nEXECUTIVE DUTY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tne Senate\\nmust confirm or reject the appoint-\\nments of the Governor. This right\\ngives the Senators great influence with\\nthe executives.\\nThe House has sole power of im-\\npeachment. All state officers may be\\nimpeached for wrong official acts.\\nA person under indictment or im-\\npeachment is innocent before the law\\nuntil he is declared guilty by judicial\\naction. The Constitution gives the\\nLegislature power to pardon or com-\\nmute sentences in cases of conviction\\nfor treason.\\nTERMS, SALARY AND QUALIFI-\\nCATIONS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Senator is elected for a\\nterm of four years and a Representa-\\ntive for two years. Each member re-\\nceives five dollars per day for each day\\nhe is present in Legislative meetings.\\nAny voter may be elected a Represen-\\ntative, or if he has attained the age of\\ntwenty-five years, a Senator, provided\\nthat he has been a resident of the dis-\\ntrict from which he is chosen for one\\nyear next preceding his election.\\nAPPORTIONMENT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Each county is\\na district for the election of Senators\\nand Representatives. Senators and\\nRepresentatives are apportioned to the\\ndistrict according to population. The\\nLegislature is composed of nineteen\\nSenators and thirty-eight representa-\\ntives.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nVACANCY IN THE SENATE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWhen a vacancy occurs by death,\\nresignation, or impeachment, the Leg-\\nislature of the state in whose repre-\\nsentation the vacancy occurs, if in\\nsession, proceeds at once to elect a\\nSenator to fill the unexpired term. But\\nif the Legislature is not in session, the\\nGovernor appoints a Senator to serve\\nuntil the Legislature meets and elects\\na person to fill the remainder of the\\nunexpired term.\\nVACANCY IN THE HOUSE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWhen a vacancy occurs in the repre-\\nsentation of any state the Governor\\ncalls a special election of the district\\nin which the vacancy exists, to elect\\na Representative to fill the unexpired\\nterm.\\nTIME OF MEETING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Congress\\nmeets on the first Monday in Decem-\\nber of each year, and adjourns on\\nMarch 4 of odd years, and at its own\\npleasure in even years.\\nCounty. Senators. Reps.\\nAlbany 2 5\\nBig Horn 1 i\\nCarbon 2 4\\nConverse 1 3\\nCrook 1 2\\nFremont 1 2\\nJohnson 1 2\\nLaramie .3 7\\nNatrona 1 l\\nSheridan 1 3\\nSweetwater 2 3\\nUinta 2 4\\nWeston 1 1\\nVACANCY. When a vacancy occurs\\nin either House, it is filled by a special\\nelection. A person elected to fill a va-\\ncancy in either Congress or the Legis-\\nlature, serves for the unexpired term\\nonly.\\nTIME OF MEETING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Legisla-\\nture meets on the first Tuesday in Jan-\\nuary of odd years.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n27\\nQUORUM. A majority of the mem-\\nbers of each. House shall constitute a\\nquorum, and a majority of a quorum\\nmay pass a bill.\\nVICE PRESIDENT OF UNITED\\nSTATES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Vice President is a\\nlegislative officer with very little\\npower. He presides over the Senate\\nand casts the deciding vote in case of\\na tie. Dignity is added to his office\\nby the fact that he is first in the line\\nof succession to the Presidency. Sal-\\nary, $8,000.\\nSPEAKER OF THE HOUSE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In\\npower, excepting the President, the\\nSpeaker of the House of Representa-\\ntives is the most important officer in\\nthe nation. By his appointment of\\ncommittees he controls the whole\\ntrend of legislation.\\nSalary, $8,000 annually.\\nJUDICIAL DUTIES. The Senate,\\nsitting as a court, tries all cases of\\nimpeachment, and, if two-thirds of the\\nmembers vote to sustain the impeach-\\nment, the person upon trial is re-\\nmoved from office and may be dis-\\nqualified from holding any position of\\nhonor or trust in the United States.\\nArticles of impeachment are a\\nformal accusation of a person in high\\noffice, corresponding to indictment in\\nthe courts.\\nQUORUM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A majority of each\\nHouse constitutes a quorum for doing\\nbusiness. A bill must receive the votes\\nof a majority of the members before\\nit passes either House.\\nPRESIDENT OF THE SENATE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe President of the Senate is a mem-\\nber of that body and may vote upon\\nany question considered by the Senate,\\nbut has no deciding vote in case of\\na tie.\\nThis is an office of much dignity and\\ninfluence. Salary $8 per day.\\nSPEAKER OF THE HOUSE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nchief officer of the House is the Speak-\\ner. He appoints the committees and\\notherwise directs the course of legis-\\nlation.\\nSalary $8 per day.\\nIn the State the Speaker and Presi-\\ndent of the Senate are co-ordinate in\\npower.\\nIn the nation the Speaker has im-\\nmeasureably more power than the Vice\\nPresident.\\nJUDICIAL DUTIES. The Senate\\nhas jurisdiction of all cases of impeach-\\nment. The House has the sole power\\nof impeachment, but a majority of the\\nmembers must concur therein. At\\nthe trial of the person impeached the\\nSenators are under oath to do justice\\nand two-thirds of the members must\\nconcur in a verdict or the accused\\nstands acquitted.\\nWhen the Governor is on trial, the\\nChief Justice of the state presides.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "26\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nVACANCY IN THE SENATE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWhen a vacancy occurs by death,\\nI esignation, or impeachment, the Leg-\\nislature of the state in whose repre-\\nsentation the vacancy occurs, if in\\nsession, proceeds at once to elect a\\nSenator to fill the unexpired term. But\\nif the Legislature is not in session, the\\nGovernor appoints a Senator to serve\\nuntil the Legislature meets and elects\\na person to fill the remainder of the\\nunexpired term.\\nVACANCY IN THE HOUSE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWhen a vacancy occurs in the repre-\\nsentation of any state the Governor\\ncalls a special election of the district\\nin which the vacancy exists, to elect\\na Representative to fill the unexpired\\nterm.\\nTIME OP MEETING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Congress\\nmeets on the first Monday in Decem-\\nber of each year, and adjourns on\\nMarch 4 of odd years, and at its own\\npleasure in even years.\\nCounty. Senators. Reps.\\nAlbany 2 5\\nBig Horn 1 1\\nCarbon 2 4\\nConverse 1 3\\nCrook 1 2\\nFremont 1 2\\nJohnson 1 2\\nLaramie 3 7\\nNatrona 1 l\\nSheridan 1 3\\nSweetwater 2 3\\nUinta 2 4\\nWeston 1 1\\nVACANCY. When a vacancy occurs\\nin either House, it is filled by a special\\nelection. A person elected to fill a va-\\ncancy in either Congress or the Legis-\\nlature, serves for the unexpired term\\nonly.\\nTIME OF MEETING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Legisla-\\nture meets on the first Tuesday in Jan-\\nuary of odd years.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n27\\nQUORUM. A majority of the mem-\\nbers of each House shall constitute a\\nquorum, and a majority of a quorum\\nmay pass a bill.\\nVICE PRESIDENT OP UNITED\\nSTATES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Vice President is a\\nlegislative officer with very little\\npower. He presides over the Senate\\nand casts the deciding vote in case of\\na tie. Dignity is added to his office\\nby the fact that he is first in the line\\nof succession to the Presidency. Sal-\\nary, $8,000.\\nSPEAKER OF THE HOUSE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In\\npower, excepting the President, the\\nSpeaker of the House of Representa-\\ntives is the most important officer in\\nthe nation. By his appointment of\\ncommittees he controls the whole\\ntrend of legislation.\\nSalary, $8,000 annually.\\nJUDICIAL DUTIES. The Senate,\\nsitting as a court, tries all cases of\\nimpeachment, and, if two-thirds of the\\nmembers vote to sustain the impeach-\\nment, the person upon trial is re-\\nmoved from office and may be dis-\\nqualified from holding any position of\\nhonor or trust in the United States.\\nArticles of impeachment are a\\nformal accusation of a person in high\\noffice, corresponding to indictment in\\nthe courts.\\nQUORUM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A majority of each\\nHouse constitutes a quorum for doing\\nbusiness. A bill must receive the votes\\nof a majority of the members before\\nit passes either House.\\nPRESIDENT OF THE SENATE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe President of the Senate is a mem-\\nber of that body and may vote upon\\nany question considered by the Senate,\\nbut has no deciding vote in case of\\na tie.\\nThis is an office of much dignity and\\ninfluence. Salary $8 per day.\\nSPEAKER OF THE HOUSE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nchief officer of the House is the Speak-\\ner. He appoints the committees and\\notherwise directs the course of legis-\\nlation.\\nSalary $8 per day.\\nIn the State the Speaker and Presi-\\ndent of the Senate are co-ordinate in\\npower.\\nIn the nation the Speaker has im-\\nmeasureably more power than the Vice\\nPresident.\\nJUDICIAL DUTIES. The Senate\\nhas jurisdiction of all cases of impeach-\\nment. The House has the sole power\\nof impeachment, but a majority of the\\nmembers must concur therein. At\\nthe trial of the person impeached the\\nSenators are under oath to do justice\\nand two-thirds of the members must\\nconcur in a verdict or the accused\\nstands acquitted.\\nWhen the Governor is on trial, the\\nChief Justice of the state presides.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nr\\nSpeaker, who represents the majority, appoints the members of each\\ncommittee, a majority of whom are in sympathy with his own politi-\\ncal opinions, then when a bill is introduced it is referred by him to\\nthe proper committee. If it meet the approval of the committee it\\nis repprted to the house, and because it has been approved by the\\ncommittee the members of the majority party usually vote for it\\nwithout the close study that would be necessary if there were no\\ncommittees. Occasionally a bill is defeated after it is approved by\\nthe committee, but not often. Bills take the same course in the\\nSenate as in the House. The Vice President does not appoint the\\ncommittees, but they are appointed by a committee elected by the\\nSenate. The committees are a great saving of tijne and insure a\\nthorough study of the bills presented for consideration.\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nTHE EXEC^ TIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nNATION. STATE.\\nThe chief executive power Is vested The chief executive power is vested\\nin the President. in the Governor.\\nQUALIFICATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A person must QUALIFICATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To be eligible to\\nbe 35 years of age, a natural born cit- the office of Governor, one must be a\\nizen, and must have resided in the citizen of the United States, an elec-\\nUnited States fourteen years, to be tor of the state and must have been a\\neligible to the office of President. resident of the state for the five years\\nnext preceding his election.\\nELECTION.- On the first Tuesday PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS OF\\nafter the first Monday in November THE STATE OP WYOMING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 At pres-\\nof every fourth year, Presidential ent the people of Wyoming elect three", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n31\\nelectors are chosen in all the states,\\neach state choosing as many electors\\nas it has Senators and Representatives\\nin Congress.\\nOn the second Monday of the fol-\\nlowing January, the Electoral Col-\\nlege is held; that is, the electors of\\neach state meet at their respective cap-\\nitals and cast their votes for Presi-\\ndent and Vice-President. Three rec-\\nords of the vote cast are made; one\\nis deposited with the clerk of the near-\\nest United States District Court; the\\nother two are sealed and sent to the\\nVice President one by mail, the other\\nby messenger who retains them until\\nthe second Wednesday in February,\\nwhen they are opened in the presence\\nof both Houses of Congress and*\\ncounted and the result declared.\\nelectors who meet at the office of the\\nSecretary of State, in Cheyenne. If\\nthere is a vacancy in the office of Elec-\\ntor the remaining Electors may fill the\\nvacancy, but if they fail to do so, the\\nGovernor fills the vacancy by appoint-\\nment.\\nThe proposition to elect the Presi-\\ndent by a direct vote is not likely to\\ngain favor in the small states. Com-\\npare the power of Wyoming with New\\nYork. Wyoming has three Electors\\nand New York thirty-six or only twelve\\ntimes the voting power of this state.\\nUnder an election by the people New\\nYork would exert an hundred times\\nthe power of Wyoming.\\nIn 1893 Wyoming for the first time\\nparticipated in the election of the\\nPresident of the United States.\\nTERM OF OFFICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The President\\nis inaugurated on the fourth of March\\nnext succeeding his election, and serves\\nfour years, but his term ends on March\\nthe fourth, whether his successor has\\nbeen chosen or not. Salary, $50,000 a\\nyear.\\nTERM OF OFFICE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Governor\\nholds office four years from the first\\nMonday in January next succeeding\\nhis election and until his successor is\\nduly elected and qualified.\\nSalary, $2,500.\\nEXECUTIVE DUTIES AND POW-\\nERS. He is Commander-in-Chief of\\nthe army and navy and of the state\\nmilitia when it is in the service of the\\nUnited States. He appoints his cabi-\\nnet, the diplomatic corps, the judges\\nof the federal courts, and many other\\nexecutive officers. He has power to\\ngrant reprieves and pardons for any of-\\nfense against the United States before\\nEXECUTIVE DUTIES AND POW-\\nERS. He is Commander-in-Chief of\\nthe militia when it is not in the service\\nof the National Government. He ap-\\npoints by and with the consent of the\\nSenate the State officers of the Execu-\\ntive department with the exception of\\nSecretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer,\\nand Superintendent of Public Instruc-\\ntion. He has power to remit fines and", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32\\nTHE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nor after conviction, except In cases of\\nimpeachment.\\nLEGISLATIVE POWERS AND DU-\\nTIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 When a bill has passed both\\nhouses of Congress it is sent to the\\nPresident for his consideration. If ne\\napprove of the measure he signs the\\nbill, which then becomes a law. But\\nif he does not favor the bill he vetoes\\nit; that is, he returns it without his\\nsignature to the house in which it\\noriginated, together with his objec-\\ntions. Or if he retains the bill more\\nthan ten days it becomes a law without\\nhis signature. But if Congress should\\nadjourn before the ten days have ex-\\npired and the President does not sign\\nthe bill it fails to become a law. This\\nis called a pocket veto.\\nIn treaty making the President\\nthrough the Secretary of State formu-\\nlates a treaty, which, when ratified by\\ntwo-thirds of the Senate, becomes a\\nlaw of the land.\\nJUDICIAL DUTY AND POWER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWhen a court-martial has tried an of-\\nfender against the military or naval\\nlaw, it is the President s duty to re-\\nview and approve or disapprove the\\nfindings of the court. This is purely a\\njudicial act. After approval he may\\nuse executive clemency and pardon the\\noffender or commute the sentence.\\nORDER OF SUCCESSION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 If both\\nthe President and Vice President\\nand forfeitures, to grant reprieves\\nand pardons after conviction for all of-\\nfenses except treason, but must make\\nA, detailed report of each case of clem-\\nency to the Legislature.\\nLEGISLATIVE POWER AND DU-\\nTIES. Every bill that has passed both\\nHouses of the Legislature must be pre-\\nsented to the Governor, who may sign\\nit or may return it unsigned with his\\nobjections to the same, to the House in\\nwhich it originated. If, while the Leg-\\nislature is in session, the Governor re-\\ntains a bill more than three days, it\\nbecomes a law without his signature.\\nIf the Legislature adjourns before the\\nthree days have expired, the Governor\\nmust veto the bill and file his objec-\\ntions with the Secretary of State with-\\nin fifteen days of such adjournment, or\\nthe bill becomes a law.\\nJUDICIAL DUTY AND POWER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWhen a member of the militia violates\\nthe military laws of the state he is tried\\nby a court-martial, and the Governor\\nmust approve or disapprove the find-\\nings of the court. As in the case of the\\nPresident, he may use his executive\\npower after he has exercised his ju-\\ndicial power.\\nORDER OF SUCCESSION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In case\\nof the death, impeachment, resignation", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n33\\nshould die or become unable to act as\\nPresident, then the cjffice would devolve\\non the cabinet in the order named be-\\nlow, excepting the Secretary of Agri-\\nculture. If the Secretary of State did\\nnot possess the necessary qualifications\\nthen the office would pass to the. Secre-\\ntary of Treasury, and so on.\\nSECRETARY OF STATE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The orig-\\ninal copies of treaties, laws, all foreign\\ncorrespondence, and the great seal of\\nthe nation are in his custody. Thom-\\nas Jefferson was the first becretary of\\nState. Each member of the cabinet re-\\nceives $8,000 annually.\\nSECRETARY OF TREASURY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHe prescribes forms of keeping public\\naccounts and has general supervision\\nof the finances of the government. H?\\nissues warrants on the Treasurer for\\nmoney appropriated by Congress,\\nThere are in this department six Au-\\nditors who audit the accounts against\\nthe government, and a Register who is\\nthe book-keeper of the government, and\\ntwo Comptrollers who examine the\\nwork of the Auditors.\\n13\\nor the absence from the state, of the\\nGovernor, the following officers would\\nsucceed to the office of Governor in the\\norder named: The Secretary of State,\\nthe President of the Senate, the Speak-\\ner of the House of Representatives, the\\nState Auditor and the State Treasurer.\\nIn order that any one of these may\\nsucceed to the office, he must possess\\nall the qualifications required of the\\nGovernor.\\nThe Secretary of State, the Auditor,\\nthe Treasurer, and the Superintendent\\nof Public Instruction are elected and\\nhold office for four years from the first\\nMonday in January next following\\ntheir election. All other state execu-\\ntive officers are appointed.\\nSECRETARY OF STATE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He must\\nlive and have his office in Cheyenne.\\nHe has custody of the laws of the Ter-\\nritory and State of Wyoming, and has\\ncharge of the great seal of the state.\\nHe must give bond in the sum of $15,-\\n000 and receives a salary of $2,000.\\nAmos W. Barber was the first Secre-\\ntary of State.\\nAUDITOR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He audits and settles all\\naccounts against the state, except\\nclaims that are required to be audited\\nby some other officer, draws all war-\\nrants upon the Treasurer, and keeps\\nall accounts between the State and\\nTreasurer.\\nBond, $15,000; salary, $2,000.\\nTREASURER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He has charge of all\\nmoney belonging to the state not ex-\\npressly required to be kept by some", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34\\nTHE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\nSECRETARY OF WAR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He has\\ncharge of the affairs of the army un-\\nder direction of the President.\\nHe superintends the purchase and\\ndistribution of supplies and military-\\nstores.\\nATTORNEY GENERAL.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It is his\\nduty to give legal advice to the Pres-\\nident and the heads of departments.\\nother officer. He must not pay out\\nmoney without the order of the Audi-\\ntar.\\nADJUTANT GENERAL. He has\\ncharge of the militia under the direc-\\ntion of the Governor. He has the rank\\nof Brigadier General and issues all or-\\nders from the Commander-in-Chief.\\nHis salary is $500 per year in peace, and\\nin case of riot or insurrection, the same\\nas a Brigadier General of the regular\\narmy.\\nATTORNEY GENERAL.- He is the\\nlegal adviser of all state officers and\\nprosecuting attorneys of the several\\ncounties. He represents the state in\\ncriminal cases before the supreme\\ncourt. He holds office four years and\\nreceives $2,000 annually.\\nBefore his appointment he must have\\npracticed four year in the courts of the\\nstate.\\nPOSTMASTER GENERAL.- He has\\ngeneral supervision of the mail.\\nDr. Franklin was appointed to this\\noffice in 1775 by the Continental Con-\\ngress.\\nSECRETARY OF THE NAVY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nUnder the direction of the President,\\nthe Secretary of Navy has charge of\\nall naval affairs.\\nSECRETARY OF INTERIOR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This\\ndepartment issues patents, takes the\\ncensus and looks after public lands\\nand interior affairs.\\nSUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC\\nINSTRUCTION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Superintendent\\nis the head of the public school system.\\nHe receives and files all reports of", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 35\\nThe Commissioner of Eflucation is school officers and distributes the state\\nan officer of this department. He gath- schood fund to the several counties ac-\\ners statistics concerning the progress cording to the number of children of\\nof education and publishes reports that school age in each. Salary, $2,000 an-\\nare helpful to teachers. nually.\\nSECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. STATE VETERINARIAN. The\\nThis officer s duty is stated in the Veterinarian investigates all cases of\\nlaw as follows: To diffuse among the infectious diseases among uomestic an-\\npeople useful information on subjects imals of the state and has power to\\nconnected with Agriculture. quarantine and even slaughter affected\\nanimals. Salary $1200, term two years.\\nSTATE EXAMINER. Probably no officer has more important duties than\\nthe State Examiner. The law requires him to have special qualifications as\\nan accountant. He has supervision of the books of all officers of the state in-\\nstitutions and municipal corporations and counties, and must make an examina-\\ntion of the financial accounts of such officers at least twice a year. He is\\nalso required to investigate the financial standing of all bondsmen for county,\\nmunicipal and state officers. He visits and examines all banks and other mon-\\neyed corporations created by state law. He holds office for four years and re-\\nceives $1,800 annually.\\nSTATE ENGINEER. He supervises all matters of irrigation in the state.\\nHe serves for six years and receives an annual salary of $2,500.\\nGEOLOGIST AND MINING ENGINEER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This officer reports on the condi-\\ntion of mines. He holds office for six years.\\nSTATE INSPECTOR OF COAL MINES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This officer visits the coal mines\\nof the state at least once in three months and sees that the laws of the state\\nare obeyed. Term of office two years. Salary $2,000 and necessary traveling\\nexpenses.\\nSTATE BOARD OF CHARITIES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Governor, the Secretary of State,\\nthe State Treasurer, the State Auditor and Superintendent of Public Instruc-\\ntion compose the State Board of Charities and Reform. This Board has charge\\nof all charitable, penal and reformatory institutions belonging to the state, and\\nall county jails. The Superintendent of Public Instruction is Secretary to the\\nBoard.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\nBOARD OF LAND COMMISSIONERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This Board is composed of the\\nGovernor, the Secretary of State and Superintendent of Public Instruction. It\\nhas charge of the public lands of the state.\\nSTATE BOARD OF SCHOOL EXAMINERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Superintendent of Public\\nInstruction appoints the Board to examine teachers for profesaonal certificates\\nand to prepare examination papers for the County Superintendents.\\nProfessor C. B. Ridgaway and Superintendent F. W. Lee of Laramie, and\\nSuperintendent J. O. Churchill of Cheyenne compose the Board, at present\\nCHAPTER V.\\nJUDICIAL DEPAKTMENT.\\nNATION.\\nJudicial power is vested in the Sen-\\nate, acting as a high court to try cases\\nof impeachment, in the supreme court\\nand inferior courts formed by Con-\\ngress, and in courts-martial.\\nSENATE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 When the Senate is sit-\\nting as a court the members are on\\noath to do justice. One President and\\nseveral Judges have been impeached,\\nbut the Senate failed to sustain the\\nImpeachment of the President.\\nSTATE.\\nThe Senate sitting as a court of im-\\npeachment, the Supreme court, the Dis-\\ntrict courts and Justices of the Peace,\\nand Police courts established by town\\ncouncils under authority granted by\\nthe Legislature, exercise judicial pow-\\ner.\\nSENATE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Senate has never had\\noccasion to exerc se the judicial power\\ngranted it, nor can it until the House\\nimpeaches an offlcer.\\nJURISDICTION. Jurisdiction is the ri^ht or jiower of a court\\nto hear causes and execute justice. The jurisdiction of a court is the\\nliniitation jnit ujion it by the Constitution or statutes, and extends to", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\n87\\npersons, places, and canses. Jurisdiction is of two kinds appellate\\nand original. The court in which a cause must originate is said to\\nhave original jurisdiction. The court that may review a cause de-\\ncided b3 a lower court has appellate jurisdiction. When an appeal\\ncannot be taken from the decision of the court, it is said to have\\nfinal jurisdiction. lien two courts have jurisdiction over the same\\ncauses, they are said to have concurrent jurisdiction. Either the\\nstatute or Constitution specifies what is the extent and kind of juris-\\ndiction that the different courts mav exercise.\\nSUPREME COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The supreme\\ncourt is composed of a Chief Justice\\nand eight associate Justices, appointed\\nby the President, to serve during good\\nbehavior. The Chief Justice receives\\n$10,500 and the associate justices |10,-\\n000.\\nJURISDICTION. The supreme\\ncourt has original jurisdiction of all\\ncases that affect Ambassadors and oth-\\ner foreign representatives and of cases\\nto which a state is a party.\\nIt has appellate jurisdiction in all\\ncases involving the jurisdiction of the\\ncourt, infamous crimes, the construc-\\ntion of the national Constitution, the\\nconstitutionality of a law of Congress\\nor of a state, and the meaning of a\\ntreaty.\\nCHIEF JUSTICES OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES. John Jay served 5 years,\\nJohn Rutledge served 3 months, Oli-\\nver Ellsworth served 3 years, John\\nMarshall served 35 years, Roger B.\\nTaney served 28 years Salmon P.\\nSUPREME COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Three Justices\\nelected by the people shall constitute\\nthe Supreme court.\\nThe term of office is eight years and\\nsalary $3,000. The Justice whose term\\nfirst expires is Chief Justice, provided\\nthat he has been elected for the full\\nterm of eight years.\\nJURISDICTION:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Supreme court\\nhas original jurisdiction of all cases\\nof quo-warranto and mandamus as to\\nall state officers, and in habeas corpus.\\nA Quo-warranto is a writ from the\\ncourt requiring an officer to show by\\nwhat authority he holds office, or re-\\nquiring a corporation to show by what\\nright it exercises certain powers. Man-\\ndamus is a writ commanding an in-\\nferior court or other officer or corpora-\\ntion to perform cetain acts.\\nThe appellate jurisdiction of the\\ncourt extends to all questions of which\\nthe District court has jurisdiction. The\\nSupreme court exercises executive pow-\\ner iiiappointing a clerk of the Supreme\\ncourt, a court reporter and bailiff.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\nChase served 9 years, Morrison R.\\nWaiie served 13 years, Melville W. Ful-\\nler, the present Chief Justice, has serv-\\ned since 1888.\\nCIRCUIT COURTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United\\nStates is divided into nine circuits and\\ntwo Judges appointed for each circuit;\\none additional Judge is appointed in\\neach district except the first and\\nfourth.\\nThe supreme court allots one of the\\nSupreme Justices to each circuit; in\\nreference to his circuit duties he is\\ncalled Circuit Justice, while the other\\nmembers of the court are called Cir-\\ncuit Judges. A District Judge may act\\nas a Circuit Judge. Court may be held\\nby any one of these Judges, or by any\\ntwo of them.\\nThese courts have original jurisdic-\\ntion in civil cases where the amount\\nunder dispute is more than $2,000,\\nand many other cases; and has ex-\\nclusive jurisdiction in cases where a\\ncapital crime has been committed.\\nThis court has no appellate jurisdic-\\ntion.\\nA special court called the CIRCUIT\\nCOURT OF APPEALS has been pro-\\nvided to hear appeals from the Dis-\\ntrict and^ Circuit courts. They may\\nreview many of the decisions of these\\ncourts and in many cases their de-\\ncisions are final, as in patent, revenue\\nand criminal cases. Each court has\\nthree judges, any two of whom con-\\nstitute a quorum. The Circuit Jus-\\ntice, the Circuit Judges and the Dis-\\nNo person shall be eligible to the of-\\nfice of Supreme Judge unless he be a\\nlawyer, shall have practiced at least\\nnine years, including whatever time he\\nmay have served as a Judge of an in-\\nferior court. He must be at least thir-\\nty years of age, a citizen of the United\\nStates and must have been a resident\\nof this state for at least three years.\\nDISTRICT COURTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The state is\\ndivided into four districts and one\\nJudge is elected in each district.\\nThe Judges serve six years and re-\\nceive a salary of $3,000.\\nThe District court has original jur-\\nisdiction in all cases at law and in equi-\\nty and in all criminal cases and in all\\nmatters of probate and insolvency.\\nIt has appellate jurisdiction in all\\ncases arising in justices and po.ice\\ncourts. The District Judge has power\\nto appoint a court commissioner, who\\nexercises some judicial powers in the\\nabsence of the Judge, especially in\\nmatters of probate. The District court\\nhas concurrent jurisdiction with the\\nSupreme court in cases of habeas cor-\\npus.\\nThe Districts are as follows: Dis-\\ntrict number one is composed of Lara-\\nmie and Converse counties; District\\nnumber two, Albany, Natrona and Fre-\\nmont; District number three, Carbon,\\nSweetwater and Uinta; District num-\\nber four, Johnson, Sheridan, Crook,\\nWeston and Big Horn.\\nThe District Judge is requirea to be\\nat least twenty-eight years of age, a", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\n39\\ntrict Judge of any circuit are com-\\npetent to sit in this court. But the\\nDistrict Judge can sit only in the ab-\\nsence or one or more of the other\\njudges. The salary of a circuit judge\\nis $6,000.\\nDISTRICT COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United\\nStates is divided into seventy-five dis-\\ntricts, but only seventy-three District\\nJudges have been appointed. This\\ncourt has original jurisdiction over\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0civil cases where the amount involved\\nis less than $2,000, and over many of\\nthe crimes committed under the law\\nof the nation. Salary of District\\nJudge is $5,000.\\nCOURT OF CLAIMS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ^This court\\nwas created to try certain claims\\nagainst the United States. When this\\ncourt finds the government owes a\\ncertain claim, congress must appro-\\npriate the amount of the claim before\\nit can be paid.\\nThe executive officers of the differ-\\nent courts are the marshal, the clerk,\\nand the court reporters. The marshal\\nserves the writs and subpoenas and\\nbrings criminals into court; he is ap-\\npointed by the President.\\nThe Clerk, who is appointed by the\\ncourt, keeps a record of all cases\\nbrought before the court, and the dis-\\nposition made of the same. The court\\nreporter is appointed by the court. It\\nis his duty to report and publish the\\ndecisions of the court.\\nlawyer, a citizen of the United States,\\nand a resident of the state at least two\\nyears next preceding his election.\\nJUSTICE COURTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 These courts\\nhave concurrent jurdiction with the\\nDistrict court in all civil cases where\\nthe amount in controversy does not ex-\\nceed $200, and in all breaches of the\\nlaw less than felony where the penalty\\ndoes not exceed $100 fine and six\\nmonths imprisonment in the county\\njail.\\nA felony is an offense that may be\\npunished by death or imprisonment in\\nthe penitentiary; all other offenses\\nare misdemeanors.\\nOne Justice of the Peace in any\\nmunicipal corporation must be desig-\\nnated as Police Justice.\\nCheyenne may designate two.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40 COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL OFFICERS.\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nCOUNTY AND MUNICIPAL OFFICERS.\\nCLASSIFICATION OF COUNTIES.\\nCoimties are divided into four classes, according to the assessed\\nvaluation of property. All counties having an assessed valuation of\\nover 15,000,000 are counties of the first class. Laramie county is the\\nonly one in the first class. Counties whose assessed valuation is be-\\ntween 12,500,000 and |5,000,000 belong to the second class. Albany,\\nCarbon, Sweetwater and Uinta counties are in the second class. All\\ncounties having a valuation of more than |1,440,000 and less than\\n12,500,000 belong to the third class. Crook and Sheridan counties are\\nin the third class. When the valuation of a county is less than |1,-\\n440,000 it is in the fourth class. The counties ,of the fourth class are\\nBig Horn, Johnson, Fremont, Natrona and Weston.\\nAs the valuation changes, the classification must also change.\\nCLERK. Tiie County Clerk acts as the clerk of the Board of Commission-\\ners. He issues and keeps a record of all licenses. He issues warrants on the\\nCounty Treasurer, but such warrants must be signed by the Chairman of the\\nBoard of Commissioners and countersigned by the Treasurer. Deeds and mort-\\ngages are recorded in his office. The salary of the clerk is as follows: In coun-\\nties of the first and second classes, $1,800, and in counties of the third and fourth\\nclasses, $1,200. In counties of the second, third and fourth classes the County\\nClerk must perform the duty of the Clerk of the District Court. He serves two\\nyears.\\nCLERK OF THE COURT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This clerk keeps a record of all cases commenced\\nin the District Court, issues all writs and summons, and records all judgments.\\nSalary, $1,200. When the County Clerk acts as ex-officio clerk of the court he\\nreceives no extra compensation.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL OFFICERS. 41\\nCOMMISSIONERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Commissioners are the law-making body of the\\ncounty. In levying taxes and appropriating money, they exercise legislative\\npower. In auditing bills, they exercise executive power. The Board of Com-\\nmissioners is composed of three men, two of whom are elected at each general\\nelection, one for two years and one for four years; in counties of the fourth\\nclass, when the people have decided by vote to elect two commissioners, one\\nevery two years, the Clerk becomes ex-officio member of the Board. The Com-\\nmissioners lay out and build roads, erect public buildings, and have general con-\\ntrol of the interests of the county. Salary, $200 with $5.00 for each day actually\\nemployed, and traveling expenses.\\nSURVEYOR. The Surveyor makes all surveys for the county and is re-\\nquired to keep in his office a plat and record of all official surveys made by him.\\nHe is elected for two years and receives eight dollars per day while employed\\nby the county. He may also act for private individuals.\\nSUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Superintendent must make report\\nof the condition of the schools in his respective county to the Superintendent of\\nPublic Instruction. He distributes the school funds to the various districts in\\nhis county He may change boundaries of districts. He examines teachers and\\nholds the teachers institute. Term of office, two years. Salaries in counties of\\nthe first class, $600; of the second class, $500; of the third class, $400; of the\\nfourth class, $300.\\nSHERIFF. It is the Sheriff s duty to preserve the peace, to serve and exe-\\ncute all processes, writs, precepts and orders issued by any court of record in\\nhis county. He holds office for two years and receives in addition to certain\\nfees the following salary: In counties of the first class, $1,800; of the second\\nclass, $1,500; of the third, $1,500; of the fourth, $1,200. The Sheriff also obeys\\norders from the court of the Justice of the Peace.\\nCOUNTY AND PROSECUTING ATTORNEY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It is this officer s duty to ap-\\npear for the county or state in cases tried in the district court when his county\\nor state is a party to the case. He is the legal adviser of all county officers.\\nHe is elected for two years and receives the followimg salary: In counties of\\nfirst class, $1,500; of the second class, $1,200; of the third class, $800; of the\\nfourth class.\\nTREASURER. The Treasurer has charge of the county funds, which he\\npays out on the order of the County Commissioners, as certified by the Clerk.\\nHe collects the taxes and keeps account of all receipts and expenditures. Treas-", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL OFFICERS.\\nurers receive the following salaries: In counties of the first class, $1,800; of\\nthe second class, $1,500; of the third and fourth classes, $1,000. Term of office,\\ntwo years. Treasurers can hold office for only two consecutive terms.\\nASSESSOR. The Assessor makes a list of all taxable property at its full\\nmarket value, unless a limit has been put upon the valuation by the State\\nBoard of Equalization, and takes a census of his county, and reports to the\\nCounty Commissioners. He is elected for two years and his salary depends upon\\nthe assessed valuation of taxable property in his county.\\nCORONER. When the sheriff becomes a prisoner in the jail of his own\\ncounty the Coroner has charge of the jail. When the Sheriff is a party to a\\ncase, the Coroner performs all the duties of the Sheriff pertaining to this par-\\nticular case. When a person dies by violence, or when cause of death is not\\nknown, the Coroner holds an inquest and inquires into the manner and cause of\\ndeath. He must summon a jury of three persons to assist him. He serves two\\nyears and receives five dollars a day and mileage for every day employed\\nas Coroner, and when he acts instead of the Sheriff, he receives the same fees\\nas the Sheriff.\\nJUSTICE OF THE PEACE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The County Commissioners determine the\\nnumber of Justices to be elected in their respective counties. In precincts hav-\\ning more than fifteen hundred inhabitants the Justice receives a stated salary\\nthat varies with the population, but all other Justices receive fees for the per-\\nformance of fheir official duties.\\nCONSTABLE. The Constable holds the same relation to the Justice s\\nCourt that the Sheriff holds to the District Court.\\nThe foregoing county officers are elected in even years to serve for two\\nyears. A vacancy in a county office is filled by appointment by the Commis-\\nsioners, and the person so appointed serves for the remainder of the unexpired\\nterm.\\nOFFICERS OF TOWNS AND CITIES.\\nAll legislative power of the state is vested in the state govern-\\nment. Frequently the needs of a certain part of the state become\\nso various and complex because of its increasing business and popula-\\ntion that the legislature incorporates it as a city or town; that is.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL OFFICERS. 43\\ngives it government with power to legislate upon questions of local\\nimportance, and power to execute the laws. This government can\\nexercise delegated power only, and the state may change or abolish it\\naltogether.\\nSeveral cities have charters which were granted by the territorial\\nlegislature, and the state legislature has passed several general laws\\nfor the government of cities and towns; hence there is some con-\\nfusion in the laws. A prominent member of the legislature says\\nthat when enacting the new laws the legislators were not aware that\\nsome of these old laws existed, and that they will be repealed at the\\nnext session of the legislature.\\nIn most cities and towns the Major and Council are the only\\nelective officers. The other officers are appointed by the Mayor with\\nthe consent of the Council.\\nMAYOR. ^The Mayor is the chief executive oilicer of the city or town. He\\npresides at the meetings of the Town Council and has a vote in case of a tie.\\nHe has the power to remit fines or commute sentences, and to fill all vacancies\\nin city offices.\\nCOUNCIL. The Council is the legislative branch of municipal government\\nIt has power to levy taxes and appropriate money for the improvement of\\nstreets and for other purposes that pertain to the general welfare.\\nCLERK. The Clerk has custody of all laws and ordinances and acts as\\nsecretary to the Council. He issues all warrants on the Treasurer.\\nMARSHAL. ^The Marshal has control of the police and makes arrests for\\ndisturbances of the peace. He is the chief officer to execute orders of the police\\njustice.\\nTREASURER. The Treasurer has charge of all moneys belonging to the\\nincorporation. He collects the taxes due the city.\\nSCHOOLS.\\nDISTEIC^T MEETING.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The District Meeting is the most demo\\nciatic institution in Wyoming. This is a limited form of the town", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.\\nmeeting of New England. All electors of the district may attend\\nthe district meeting and take part in the discussions and vote upon\\nall questions submitted for decision. This meeting levies the srchool\\ntaxes and decides the purposes for which the money shall be appio-\\npriated. At this meeting members of the District Board of School\\nTrustees are chosen.\\nBOARD OF TRUSTEES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Board chosen at the District Meetirs has\\nexecutive power to carry out the decision of the electors as expressed at the\\nDistrict Meeting, to elect teachers, to make contracts and perform any ether\\nduty required of them by the District Meeting.\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nMISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.\\nSUFFRAGE.\\nThe crowning fact,\\nThe kingliest act\\nOf freedom is the free man s vote. Whittier.\\nThose persons that vote for the members of the House of Rejire-\\nsentatives of the State Legislatures are electors for the election of\\nnational officers. The only restriction jiut upon the state is found in\\nthe fifteenth amendment to tlie National Constitution, which for-\\nbids the restriction of suffrage on account of race, color, or previous\\ncondition of servitude. In general every person that can read the\\nConstitution, that is twenty-one years of age and a citizen of the\\nUnited States, that has been a resident of the state for one year and\\nof a county sixty days has the right of suffrage. The only persons", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 4,5\\ndenied the ri\u00c2\u00ab;lit are idiots, insane persons, and persons convicted of\\ncriiiie. who have not been restored to citizenship.\\nELECTION.\\nThe national government leaves the control of the election of\\n])residential electors and representatives to the state in which the\\nelection is held. In this state the election for state and national of\\nfleers is held on the first Tuesday after the first Mondav in November\\nin even years. Before an elector may exercise his right of sulTrage.\\nhe must appear before the registry agent and have his name enrolled\\nas a qualified elector of the district in which he lives. If he wagers\\non the election he forfeits his right to vote. All officers elected at a\\ngeneral election take their oflflce on tlie first Monday in January next\\nfollowing.\\nThe Australian ballot is used in Wyoming, as well as in a major-\\nity of the other states of the Union. This ballot contains all the\\nparty tickets. The party having the largest vote at the last preceding\\nelection in a given county has its ticket first on the ballot, the other\\nparty tickets follows in the same relative order. When an elector\\nenters the voting place he is given a ballot wiiich he must mark in\\nsecret and hand to one of the judges of the election, who deposits it\\nin the ballot box. This ballot gets its name from a similar ballot\\nused in Australia. Its special features are its secrecy, its having the\\ntickets of all parties on the one ballot, and the voter s designation of\\nhis choice of party or candidate by a cross.\\nWe liold these truths to be self-evi- Sec. 2. In their inherent right to\\ndent, that all men are created equal, life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness,\\nthat they are endowed by their Creator all members of the human race are\\nwith certain unalienable rights, that equal,\\namong these are Life, Liberty and the\\nPursuit of Happiness. Declaration of\\nIndependence.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.\\nWhen the Declaration of Independence was written, the word\\nmen did not include the neg:ro. According to this quotation no man\\ncould sell his liberty and voluntarily become a slave.\\nWATER RIGHTS.\\nThe water of all natural streams, springs, lakes or other collections of\\nstill water, within the boundaries of the state, are hereby declared to be the\\nproperty of the state.\\nThe legislature shall by law divide the state into four (4) water divisions,\\nand provide for the appointment of superintendents thereof.\\nThe above sections of the Constitution are considered to be\\namong the most important provisions. They prevent corporations\\nfrom obtaining control of natural streams and charging exorbitant\\nrates for water. The Board of Control, consisting of four Superin-\\ntendents of Water Divisions, and the State Engineer, who is ex-officio\\nPresident of the Board, has control of these streams so far as relates\\nto water for irrigating purposes.\\nCORPORATIONS.\\nThe Legislature is empowered to i)rovide for the organization of\\ncorporations by general law. The State reserves the right to with-\\ndraw privileges granted to corporations and to change the laws gov-\\nerning the same when the general welfare demands. A corporation\\ncan engage in one kind of business only.\\nTHE UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING.\\nThe University of Wyoming, located at Laramie, was founded by\\nact of the Legislature of the Territory of Wyoming in 1886. The Uni-\\nversity was formally opened in the fall of 1887. By the Constitution\\nthe University was adopted by the state. The University comprises", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 4J\\nseven different schools and colleges and offers students the choice of\\nten courses. Elmer E. Smiley, D. D., is the President.\\nEDUCATION.\\nThe Constitution provides for a permanent school fund and its\\ninvestment, and also provides that all fines and penalties under gene-\\nral laws shall belong to the school fund of the county in which the\\nline was assessed and shall be used for current expenses.\\nSo much has been said about the meaning of Section 12 of Article\\nVII, that it was deemed wise to get an authoritative statement from\\nmembers of the convention, as to their intention in adopting the fol-\\nlowing sections:\\nSec. 12. No sectarian instruction, disGualifications or tests shall be im-\\nparted, exacted, applied or in any manner tolerated in the schools of any grade\\nor character controlled by the state, nor shall attendance be required at any re-\\nligious service therein, nor shall any sectarian tenets or doctrines be taught\\nor favored in any public school or institution that may be established under\\nthis Constitution.\\nSec. 18. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and wor-\\nship without discrimination or preference shall be forever guaranteed in this\\nstate, and no person shall be rendered incompetent to hold any office of trust\\nor profit, or to serve as a witness or juror, because of his opinion on any matter\\nof religious belief whatever; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall\\nnot be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness or justify practices in-\\nconsistent with the peace or safety of the state.\\nOPINION OP JUDGE BROWN.\\nIn construing the foregoing sections of our Constitution, it is be-\\nlieved wise to present them together. In considering these provisions\\nwe may well remember that the prevailing religion in our state and\\nthe United States is the Christian religion. The preamble of our\\nConstitution expressly acknowledges our obligation to God for our\\ncivil and religious liberties. These sections, then, are not in our Con-\\nstitution for the purpose of suppressing or in any manner retarding", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48\\nMISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.\\ntlie cause of Christiau religion. The aim and objeet was to establish\\nreligious freedom and equality, and to prohibit legislation that would\\ngive controlling ])ower to any sect. Remembering, then, that these\\nsections are not a restraint ujjon religious belief or worship, but to\\nplace all sects and shades of belief upon an equal footing, let us con-\\nsider the meaning more especially of the latter section as applied to\\npublic schools.\\nJudge Cooley, in discussing these matters in a general way, says:\\n*iS o man in religious matters is to be subjected to the censorship of\\nthe State or of any public authority, and the State is not to inquire\\ninto or take notice of religious belief when the citizen performs his\\nduty to the state and to his fellows. There is not religious liberty\\nwhere any one sect is favored by the State and given an advantage by\\nlaw over other sects.\\nSpeaking upon the same general subject, but referring more par-\\nticularly to the Constitution of the United States, Judge Storey said\\nIt was under a solemn consciousness of the dangers from ecclesi-\\nastical ambition, the bigotry of spiritual pride and the intolerance of\\nsects exemplified in our domestic as well as in foreign annals, that it\\nwas deemed advisable to exclude from the national government all\\npower to act upon the subject. The situation, too, of the different\\nstates equally proclaimed the policy as well as the necessity of such\\nan exclusion. In some of the states Episcopalians constitute the pre-\\ndominant sect, others Presbyterians, in others Congregationalists. in\\nothers Quakers; in others again there was a close numerical rivalry\\namong contending sects. It was impossible that there should not\\narise perpetual strife and perpetual jealousy on the subject of eccle-\\nsiastical ascendency if the national government were left free to\\ncreate a religious establishment. The only security was in extir-\\npating the power.\\nThe Christian religion as accepted by Constitutions in our coun-\\ntry furnishes the great moral fiber among our people and guarantees", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 4-9\\nthe good order of societ,y. While the Christian religion receives the\\nendorsement and support of the mass of the American people, sec-\\ntarianism is to most of them abhorrent. So when we saj in our Con-\\nstitution, no sectarian instruction, qualifications, or tests shall be im-\\nparted, exacted, applied, or in any manner tolerated in the schools\\nof our state, we are not striking at the Christian religion, but we seek\\nto make sectarian control absolutely impossible; and when we say\\nthat sectarian tenets or doctrines shall not be taught or favored in\\nany public school, we mean to place the whole question just where\\nour fathers did. We meant respect for religion but intolerance for\\nsectarianism.\\nMeans for the support of our public school system is contributed\\nin like proportion by all the people of the state, no matter what their\\nreligious beliefs and peculiarities. Entirely just, then, this section ot\\nour Constitution that prohibits the use of the public funds, gener-\\nously contributed alike by all, from being used to aid any particular\\nsect or denomination; but it will be observed that this section con-\\ntains one other peculiar provision, which reads as follows: Nor\\nshall attendance be required upon religious service therein. Thus it\\nis manifest that your Constitution makers intended that there should\\ne some religious service in the schools of your state, but that no\\npupil should be required or compelled to attend or take part in these\\nreligious services. The parents of children can require their attend-\\nance at these religious services, or they can direct their children not\\nto attend such services.\\nIt is believed that the great mass of the people of our State de-\\nsire some religious training in the schools of the State, The Consti\\ntution makers therefore believed it wise, in the interest of good mor-\\nals and the good order of societ.y, to promote religious exercises in\\nour schools that would be acceptable to the great mass of our people,\\nbut leaving it optional with the parents to restrict their children in\\n-(4)", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.\\nattendance if they choose. This is believed to be the fair ineaninj^ and\\nconstruction to be given to the latter section.\\nTo what extent, then, may there be religious instruction? There\\ncan he no sectarian instruction that means partisanship. Is relig-\\nious instruction possible without the element of sect being injected?\\nIt is believed that the warp and woof of the teachings of our Savior\\nmay be interwoven into our educational system, and the moral liber\\nof the pupil strengthened, and sectarianism avoided. In the Sermon\\non the Mount and the Lord s Prayer surely can be found no sectarian-\\nism. Using these as a guide, it is believed that the highest moral les-\\nsons may be taught in our schools from the Bible not only without\\nviolating the Constitution, but in obedience to its injunctions.\\nM. C. BROWN,\\nPresident of the Convention that Prepared the Constitution.\\nOther members of the convention that were consulted agree in\\nthis statement by Judge Brown.\\nTreason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against\\nthem or adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. U. S. Con-\\nstitution.\\nTreason against the state shall consist only in levying war against it, or in\\nadhering to its enemies, or in giving them aid and comfort. Constitution of\\nWyoming.\\nIn the Constitution of the United States treason against the state\\nwas recognized as possible, and it was provided that A person\\ncharged in any state with treason fleeing to another state, shall\\nbe delivered up to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.\\nIt is now held that treason against the state is impossible, since any\\none guilty of treason against a state by the same act would be guilty\\nof treason against the nation, and that the federal courts would have\\njurisdiction of the case. No one has ever been convicted of treason in\\nthe United States.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 51\\nALIENS RIGHTS. The constitution jiives resident aliens tlie\\nright to hold property on the same conditions that govern tlie rights\\nof citizens, but nothing is said in the constitution or laws about non-\\nresident aliens.\\nf\\nRIGHT OF EMINENT DOMAIN.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The doctrine that was held\\nduring the Feudal age was that the government owned all the land\\nand the individual could not sell his real estate, but the rulei- might\\ntake it for his own use or might give it to someone else. As the peo-\\nple gained rights they began to limit the power of the government\\nover real estate. By the constitution of Wyoming, real property can\\nbe taken for public purposes or for private uses of necessity and for\\nreservoirs, drains, flumes, or- ditches, but in either case the owner\\nmust receive due compensation for his property.\\nCOMMON CARRIERS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The constitution declares that all cor-\\nporations engaged in the transportation of persons, property, mineral\\noils, and mineral products, are common carriers. A common carrier\\nmust carry the property of all citizens without discrimination.\\nAMENDMENTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 By a two-thirds AMENDMENTS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A proposition to\\nvote of each house, Congress may pro- amend the Constitution may be made\\npose amendments to the Constitution. in either branch of the Legislature.\\nOr if the legislatures of two-thirds of If the same shall be agreed to by two-\\nthe several states request it, Congress thirds of all the members of each\\nmust call a constitutional convention House, it shall be submitted to the peo-\\nto propose amendments. Before any pie at the next general election. If the\\namendment may become a part of the majority of the electors vote for the\\nConstitution, it must be ratified by proposed amendment, it becomes a part\\nthree-fourths of the states. of the Constitution. When two-thirds\\nThe Constitution further provides of the members of each House vote to\\nthat no amendment shall deprive a call a constitutional convention, they\\nstate of equal representation in the must submit the measure to the people\\nSenate without its consent. for their consideration, and a majori-\\nty of the electors must vote for the\\nbill before a constitutional convention\\ncan be held. This follows the princi-\\nple o f the referendum.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52 POWERS OP CONGRESS.\\nThere are many provisions of the Constitution that were neces-\\nsary when the State government was first erected, but now they are\\nobsolete. If a new Constitution should be made, most of them would\\nbe omitted. Therefore they have been omitted from this book.\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nPOWERS OF CONGRESS.\\nAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the\\nUnited States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.\\nArticle I, Section 1, Constitution of United States.\\nThe Constitutional Convention provided for the legislative\\nbranch before discussing the executive branch of the government.\\nAfter having made the above declaration, the Convention gave the\\nPresident legislative power. Congress really consists of three bodies,\\nthe Senate, the House of Representatives and the President. The\\nthree are not co-ordinate in power, since the Senate and the House\\nmay pass a bill over the President s veto. Again, the President and\\nSenate have legislative power; the Constitution gives to them the\\npower to make treaties, which the Constitution declares to be a part\\nof the supreme law of the land. The House has the exclusive right to\\noriginate revenue bills. The Constitution specifies the subjects con\\ncerning which Congress might legislate.\\nl-uder the head Congress shall have power, there are eighteen\\nclauses specifying to what subjects the legislative power extends.\\n1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts\\nand provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States;\\nbut all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United\\n;States", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "POWERS OF CONGRESS. 53\\nMoney is absolutely necessary to the etfective existence of any\\ngovernment. Mr. Fiske says, that organization which levies and col-\\nlects taxes is the government. The absence of the power to collect\\ntaxes was the weak part in the government under the Articles of\\nConfederation. Of the four words, taxes, duties, imposts, and excises,\\nthe first is the most general; taxes are divided into two classes, direct\\nand indirect. The supreme court has decided that direct taxes are\\nof two kinds only: (a) those on real property, and (b) capitation or\\npoll tax. All other taxes are indirect. Duties are the taxes levied\\non imported goods; and excises are taxes levied on goods manufac-\\ntured at home; in the United States, internal revenue is generally\\nused instead of excise.\\nThe tax is levied by the consent of many; the impost is imposed\\nby the will of one. Any tax levied by Congress upon the inhabitants\\nof a territory or colony is an impost, since it is levied by the will of a\\ngovernment in which the territory has no voice.\\n2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States:\\nIn time of peace, the expenditures of the government ought not\\nto exceed its income. Nor should its income be greatly in excess of\\nits necessary expenditures, for the accumulation of a surplus in the\\ntreasury often leads to extravagance and sometimes to fraud. But\\nin case of war the power to borrow money is necessary. Jefferson\\nwanted the Constitution amended so that Congress could not borrow\\nmoney.\\nThe government has two ways of borrowing, first by issuing\\nbonds which it sells to anyone who will buy, and by issuing a paper\\ncurrency which it compels its creditors to accept.\\n3. To regulate commerce witli foreign nations, and among the several\\nstates, and with the Indian tribes:\\nThe experience of the states, when each state regulated its own\\ncommerce, had led to the Constitutional Convention. Each would", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54 POWERS OF CONGRESS.\\ndiscriminate against all the others in matters of tariff. No wiser\\nclause is found in the Constitution. The free commercial intercourse\\nbetween the states has been the cause of the material prosperity of\\nour country.\\n4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the\\nsubject of bankruptcies throughout the United States.\\nNaturalization is the act whereby a foreigner is made a citizen.\\nCitizenship is not defined either by constitution or statute of the\\nstate or nation. Attorney General Bates has given the following\\ndefinition: A citizen is a member of the body politic, bound to alle-\\ngiance on the one side, and entitled to protection on the other. Citi-.\\nzens are of two classes, native-born or naturalized. The children of\\ncitizens of the United States are citizens of this country whether\\nborn at home or in some foreign land. The children of naturalized\\npersons become citizens by the same act of naturalization, provided\\nthey are not yet twenty-one and are residing in the United States.\\nOnly white people and persons of African descent or nativity can be-\\ncome citizens of the United States.\\nTo become a citizen of the United States the foreigner must de-\\nclare upon oath his purpose to become a citizen of the United States\\nand to renounce all allegiance to any foreign prince or state. Two\\nyears after this declaration, provided he has been a resident of the na-\\ntion live years and of the state one year, he nia}^ apply for admission\\nto citizenship, but he must renounce all allegiance to his prince or\\nstate. The President and Senate have negotiated treaties with sev-\\neral foreign countries for the protection of naturalized citizens and\\ntheir property, but if oue returns to his former country, a two years\\nresidence is held to be a renunciation of his naturalization.\\nBankruptcy is the legal discharge from debt. While it frees a\\nperson from his financial obligations and enables him to begin busi-\\nness again, it does not release him from his moral obligations. Bank-\\nrupt laws are not very popular and are only passed in cases of panics", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "POWERS OF CONGRESS. 55\\naud ai-e soon repealed. Only four bankrupt laws have been passed\\nby Congress. These four laws have covered a period of eighteen years.\\nThe law which went into efiect in 1898 has not yet been repealed.\\n5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix\\nthe standard of weights and measures:\\nA uniform system of money has increased commerce between\\nthe states. In Article I, Section 10, the states are forbidden to make\\nanything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, or\\nto coin money. In 1792 an act carrying out the provisions of this\\nclause was passed. On the suggestion of Jefferson the decimal no-\\ntation was adopted and the dollar became the unit. All coins less\\nthan one dollar in value are called subsidiary.\\nWhile Congress is given the power to fix the standar Js of weights\\nand measures, the same power is not denied to the state, hence there\\nis lack of uniformity. Wyoming has adopted the standards as fixed\\nby the general government.\\n6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and coin\\nof the United States:\\nThe penalty for making or passing counterfeit coin, bank-notes,\\ngreenbacks, bonds, etc., is a fine not exceeding |5,000 and imprison-\\nment not exceeding fifteen years.\\n7. To establish post offices and post roads:\\nThe importance of a postal service was recognized as early as\\n1775, when the Continental Congress established a postal depart-\\nment and appointed Benjamin Franklin Postmaster General of the\\nUnited Colonies. The Articles of Confederation gave Congress real\\npower over postal affairs.\\nAll postmasters receiving a salary of |1,000 or over are appointed\\nby the President and confirmed by the Senate. All others are ap-\\npointed in the Postmaster General s department, and receive the", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56 POWERS OF CONGRESS.\\nrents from boxes,and a percentage on the sale of stamps and other\\nofifice receipts.\\n8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for\\nlimited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective\\nwritings and discoveries.\\nCopyrights are granted to authors; and patents, to inventors.\\nBooks, pictures, charts, etc., whatever their character, can be copy-\\nrighted. The copyright gives an author exclusive right to publish hii\\nproduction for twenty-eight years. At the expiration of this period^\\nthe copyright may be renewed for fourteen years longer.\\nAny invention may be patented for a period of seventeen years,\\nand the period may be extended seven years by the Commissioner of\\npatents, provided the patentee has failed to receive a suitable re-\\nturn for his time, ingenuity and expense.\\n9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court:\\nCongress has established the Circuit and District Courts, the\\nCourt of Claims, and the Circuit Court of Appeals. These courts\\nhave been discussed in the chapter on the judiciary.\\nThe court-martial was established to try offenders against mili-\\ntary law and belongs to military rather than to the civil government.\\n10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high\\nseas, and offences against the law of nations:\\nPiracy is robbery on the high seas. Felony on the high seas has\\nnever been defined by Congress.\\n11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules\\nconcerning captures on land and water:\\nOne of the interesting facts brought out by the Spanish-American\\nwar is, that the President may veto a declaration of war. Of course\\nthe resolution declaring war may be passed over the President s veto,\\nbut a war declare.d in such a manner would not be carried on very\\nefifectively, when the commander-in-chief was opposed to it.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "POWERS OF CONGRESS. 57\\nMarque is the boiiiidaiy of a country. Letters of marque and\\nreprisal are commissions held by citizens of one country to cross the\\nboundary of another and seize persons and property. The word re-\\nprisal suggests that the letters are granted against a country that has\\ndone some injury to the government granting the same. But acts\\ncoming under this clause are repugnant to American principles, and\\nour nation h^ taken advaaced grounds on privateering. The orders\\nof the President in the last war are indicative of American feeling\\nupon the question. They are as follows:\\nIn the event of hostilities between the United States and Spain,\\nit will be the policy of this government not to resort to privateering.\\nThe government will adhere to the following rules:\\nFirst, neutral flag covers enemies goods, with the exception of\\ncontraband of war;\\nSecond, neutral goods not contraband of war are not liable to\\nconfiscation under enemies flag;\\nThird, blockades, in order to be binding, must be effective.\\n12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that\\nuse shall be for a longer term than two years:\\nWithout the power to raise and support an army the power to\\ndeclare war would be useless. That the army may be effective in\\ntime of war, a small standing army in time of peace is necessary.\\nFrom 1866 to the late war the standing army numbered 25,000 men,\\nbut the war in the Philippines has made an increase in the number\\nnecessary. Under the advice of Hamilton, a military training school\\nwas established at West: Point.\\n13. To provide and maintain a navy:\\nThe navy has always been the pride of the American people and\\nit has been much easier to build up a large and effective navy than\\nto increase the standing army. When George Bancroft was Secre-", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "o8 POWERS OF CONGRESS.\\ntary of the Navy he induced Congress to establish the Naval Academy\\nat Annapolis.\\n14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and\\nnaval forces:\\nThis clause put the army and navy under the control of civil au-\\nthorities, and lessens the dangers of a standing army. The Consti-\\ntution of W^^oming makes the same provis ion in the following words:\\nThe military shall ever be in strict subordination to the civil power.\\n15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the\\nUnion, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:\\nSince it has been the policy of the nation to have a small stand-\\ning army, it was necessary to provide for some speedy method of re-\\ncruiting the arm} with trained men, when an emergency demanded\\nimmediate action. In the war with Spain the greater part of the vol-\\nunteer portion of the army was recruited from the militia of the states.\\nIn the war of 1812, some of the states claimed that the militia could\\nnot be called into the service of the United States until their section\\nof the country was invaded, but in 1898 not a state made such a claim.\\n16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and\\nfor governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the\\nUnited States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the offi-\\ncers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline pre-\\nscribed by Congress:\\nA law passed in 1795 gave the President power to call out the\\nmilitia at his own discretion. While in actual service, the militia are\\npaid the same as the regular troops and are subject to the same\\nrules. Every able-bodied -male citizen of the United^States betwei u\\nthe ages of 18 and 45 may be required to do military duty as a member\\nof the militia.\\n17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such dis-\\ntrict (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states,", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "POWERS OF CONGRESS. 59\\nand the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United\\nStates; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent\\nof the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of\\nforts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings:\\n(\\\\)ngress exercises absolute authority over the District of Co-\\nlumbia. The residents have no right to vote nor any voice in the\\ngovernment of, the district; the I lesident is the chief executive and\\nCongress is the only legislative body, yet Washington is one of the\\nbest ruled cities in the veorld.\\n18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying\\ninto execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Con-\\nstitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or\\nofficer thereof.\\nThis clause is the most important of the eighteen clauses and has\\ncaused more discussion than all the rest of the Constitution. This\\nclause has made political parties possible. Two words of the above\\nclause have caused all the discussion. One class of statesmen ar-\\ngued that a law must be absolutely necessai-i/ to be constitutional,\\nwhile another class held that a law which is proper is constitutional.\\nJefferson and Madison were strong advocates of the doctrine that\\nthe government could do just what the constitution said it might do,\\nand nothing else. The constitution gave Congress power to establish\\npost-roads, but it did not say anything about building roads, there-\\nfore with a strict construction of the constitution Congress could es-\\ntablish a post-road over the Allegheny mountains but could not pay a\\nman for blazing a way through the forest; again, it could estab-\\nlish a post-road oyer the Rocky Mountains, but could not aid in the\\nbuilding of the Union Pacific. Men who have held this belief have\\nbeen called strict constructionists.\\nHamilton w^as the author of the doctrine of implied powers. He\\nheld that the power to establish a post-road carried with it the power\\nto build the road. Those who have agreed with him have been called\\nloose constructionists.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "gQ HISTORY OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.\\nThese tests have been applied to every clause in this section of\\nthe constitution. But the party in power has always conducted the\\ngovernment on loose-construction principles, while the party out of\\npower has stood for strict-construction principles, no matter what\\nhad been its previous belief.\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nA HISTORY OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION AND\\nEVENTS LEADING UP TO IT.\\nThe history of the making of the Union begins in 1754 and con-\\ntinues until there was a real ITnited States in 1898, when North and\\nSouth stood shoulder to shoulder under one flag fighting a common\\nfoe. It took this country more than a century and a half to attain\\nnational self conscionsness, to establish an imperishable republic.\\nBenjamin Franklin, editor of the Pennsylvania Gazette, began\\nearly to make vigorous appeals to the colonies to unite, but not until\\n1754, when France threatened the safety of the country, was there\\nany effort made to form a union. Delegates from seven colonies met\\nat Albany, New York, and adopted a plan of union which was pro-\\nposed by Franklin. It was rejected both by colonial assemblies and\\nby the King, each thinking that it gave too much power to the other.\\nYet Franklin did not despair. He knew that in the union of the colo-\\nnies lay the power to compel England to respect our rights, while\\nmen of England were dreading American union as the keystone of\\nindependence.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 61\\nIn 1765 a congress composed of delegates from nine states met in\\nNew York and asserted the right of self government in these words\\nThat the people of these colonies. .from their local circumstances\\ncannot be represented in the House of Commons and no taxes can\\nbe constitutionally imposed on them except by their respective legis-\\nlatures. In 1774 the first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia.\\nFifty-five delegates were .present from twelve colonies, Georgia not\\nbeing represented. They adopted a Declaration of Colonial Rights\\nthat stated pointedly the differences between the colonies and the\\nmother country. But this congress went one step further. They en-\\ntered into an agreement not to import British goods nor to export\\nany of the products of the colonies to Great Britain until their wrongs\\nshould be redressed. This was the first definite step towards union.\\nIt was in session from September 5 to October 26. John Adams called\\nit The memorable League of the Continent in 1774 which first ex-\\npressed the sovereign will of a free nation in America.\\nThe second Continental Congress, which met May 10, 1775, was\\ncomposed of representatives from all the colonies. This second con-\\ngress remained, in name at least, in perpetual session until it was\\nsucceeded by the Congress of the Confederation, nearly six years\\nlater (March, 1781). This was a revolutionary body exercising pow-\\ners that had never been delegated to it, but were demanded by the\\npublic exigenc}^ Dr. Von Holtz has said: Until the adoption of\\nthe Articles of Confederation by all the states, Congress continued a\\nrevolutionary body, which was recognized by all the colonies de jure\\nand de facto (by law and in fact) the national government, and as\\nsuch came into contact with foreign powers, and entered into engage-\\nments, the binding force of which on the whole people has never\\nbeen called in question.\\nIn June, 1776, two committees were appointed one to draft a\\ndeclaration of independence, and the other to outline a scheme of\\ngovernment. The last committee reported in four days, and the first", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "(52 HISTORY OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.\\nconstitution for the whole country was adopted by Congress and sub-\\nmitted to the states for ratification. But not until 1781 was it ratified\\nby the thirteenth state, Maryland being the last, she having refused\\nto ratify until the states owning the large territory in the northwest\\nshould cede it to the national government, an act for which the state\\nof Maryland deserves much credit.\\nThis constitution has been called the Articles of Confedeiation be-\\ncause it founded a confederacy and not a national government. This\\nattempt at constitutional government is noted more for what it failed\\nin doing than in what it succeeded. Congress was the only govern-\\nmental body; it was really limited to advisory power, it had some\\njudicial power affecting matters in which states were involved, and\\nin some cases it could execute its laws; for instance, it could buy pro-\\nvisions for the army if it had money or credit. It could levy but could\\nnot collect taxes. It could vote an army but could not enlist men.\\nIt could negotiate treaties but could not enforce them. It could not\\ndeal with the individual, but beg the state to meet its humble peti-\\ntions for men and money.\\nThis being the state of affairs, when peace was declared in 1783,\\nthe country lost respect for the government its glory was depart-\\ned, and its days of labor done. Fourth and fifth rate men were\\nelected members; sometimes states actually neglected to elect their\\ndelegates and many failed to attend. It took three months to get a\\nquorum to ratify the treaty of peace, and it was with the greatest\\ndifficulty that delegates enough could be brought together in 1788\\nto set the government created by the constitution in motion. There\\nwere not enough present to formally adjourn when the end came and\\nthe old government fell to pieces and the country had no central gov-\\nernment from October, 1788, to April, 1789.\\nBeing more than a century from this early period, it seems to\\nus that all must have been harmony and good will among the states.\\nBut the opposite was too plainly true. The states were on the ])oint", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. ^3\\nof civil war many times during the years 1783 to 1787. The condition\\nwas such that King George believed that the people would get into\\nsuch a snarl that the states, one by one, would beg on their knees to\\nbe taken back into the empire. Congress had no control over com-\\nmerce, the state was absolute in its own domain. New York, not\\ncontent in levying a tariff upon foreign goods, laid a heavy duty on\\nConnecticut fire wood and New Jersey butter, cheese and eggs.\\nGreat and just was the wrath of the farmers and the lumber-\\nmen. New Jersey retaliated by levying |18()0 tax on a few square\\nfeet of ground leased to New York for a light house. In Connecti-\\ncut, the merchants agreed, under a penalty of |250 for the first of-\\nfense, not to send any goods into the hated state for twelve months.\\nBut for the good work of the federal convention another five years\\nwould scarcely have elapsed before shots would have been fired and\\nseeds of perennial hatred have been sown on the shores that look to-\\nward Manhattan Island.\\nPeople from Connecticut had settled in the beautiful Wyoming\\nValley. Pennsylvania claimed this region and its claim had been\\nallowed by a federal court as provided by the Articles of Confedera-\\ntion. Connecticut accepted the award as gracefully as possible. In\\nthe spring of 1784 a sudden thaw brought disaster to the Yankee\\nsettlers, the houses and barns were swept away, their stock drowned\\nand the fruit trees destroyed. Greater suffering had not been known\\nin this fair state of the Quakers. President Dickenson urged the\\nlegislature, which was in session, to send prompt relief to the stricken\\nvalley. But the hearts of the members were as of flint, and their\\ntalk was incredibly wicked. Not a penny would they give to help the\\naccursed Yankees. It served them right. If they had stayed in Con-\\nnecticut they would have kept out of harm s way. ....The legisla-\\nture sent a force of militia to the valley, who stole everything they\\ncould, treated men with violence and the women with insults, until\\nthe inhabitants were forced to strike back. Their leader, Patterson,", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "^j. HISTORY OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.\\nattacked the settlement, turned five hundred people out of doors\\nand burned their homes the old, the infirm, the weak and the tender\\nwomen were driven into the forest at the point of the bayonet and\\ntold, to leave for Connecticut as quickly as possible. Many became\\nfood for wolves; their sutfering is indescribable. Actual warfare\\nexisted. Pennsylvania and all New England were saved from civil\\nwar by a peculiar arrangement in the Pennsylvania constitution.\\nAs the legislature consisted of but one body, a body of censors met\\nevery seven j^ears to revise and even abrogate the action of the legis-\\nlature. The time for the meeting of the censors was at hand, and\\nthey unsparingly condemned the acts of the legislature, and sympa-\\nthy was awakened for the suiferers and war was averted.\\nThese troubles were happening on every hand anarchy, riot and\\nrebellion was the condition of every state. No wonder that men\\nturned to their leaders in their demand for a stronger central gov-\\nernment. With the hate that each state held for the other, with th-\\nlove of the people for their own, it is the wonder of the ages that a\\nnew government was ever erected.\\nThis Republic is, and forever shall remain, a free and independ-\\nent state. The act whereby the charter of Connecticut became it.-^\\nconstitution in 177\\nThe people of this commonwealth have the sole and exclusive\\nright of governing themselves as a free, sovereign and independent\\nstate. Constitution of Massachusetts, 1780.\\nThat the style of this country hereafter be the state of South\\nCarolina. Constitution of South Carolina, 1778.\\nWashington and Jefferson repeatedly spoke of Virginia as their\\ncountry.\\nThe quotations above show the feeling of the people of the states.\\nThis prejudice must be overcome and the states must be brought to\\nthe point where they are willing to surrender a part of their power\\nbefore a new government can be erected.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 65\\nIt is generally agreed that common commercial interests led to\\nthe Constitutional Convention in 1785. ^laryland and Virginia ap-\\npointed commissioners who met at Alexandria to form .a treaty of\\ncommerce concerning navigation of waters held in common. If it\\nwas wise to have common laws on commerce, it was concluded that\\na uniform sj^stem of currency was desirable. It was but a step to\\nbelieve that what was desirable for Maryland and Virginia would\\nbe advantageous to the whole country. In 1786 Virginia ap] ointed\\neight commissioners to meet with similar commissioners of other\\nstates to consider how far uniformity in their commercial regula-\\ntions might be necessary to the common interest and perfect har-\\nmony. Twelve commissioners representing five states met at An-\\nnapolis in September, 1787. The important action of this convention\\nwas a recommendation to congress to call a convention to revise the\\nArticles of Confederation. Through the influence of Hamilton and\\nBowdoin, Congress voted the call for a convention to meet in Philadel-\\nphia for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of\\nConfederation.\\nOn May 14, 1787, this convention met and began the most im-\\nportant legislative events in the world s history. Shortly after the\\nconvention had organized it was decided that the Articles could not\\nbe amended then, according to the theory that was generally held and\\ntheir instructions, there was nothing left to do but go home and re-\\nport their inability to do anything. But here began the assumption\\nof power that was revolutionary, under the leadership of Washing-\\nton, Madison and Randolph. After bitter discussion (the convention\\nwas on the })oint of breaking up several times) it was decided to make\\nan entirely new constitution and submit it to the states for approval.\\nThe next question discussed was the nature of the government\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nwhether it should be national or federal, whether it should be based\\nupon the people as units or upon states. The large states were in\\nfavor of a national form, while the small favored the federal. Aft r\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094(5/", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "QQ HISTORY OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.\\nserious and dangerous discussion, Roger Sherman, the shoe-maker,\\nproposed a compromise, that the Senate should be federal, each state\\nhaving equal power; the thought that the two senators would ever\\nvote against each other and thus, according to the federal view, lose\\nthe state s vote, never entered their minds; and that the House of\\nRepresentatives should be national, the representation to be based on\\npopulation or wealth.\\nWhen the convention had decided that representation should be\\nbased on population, there was a division between the North and\\nSouth over the question of slavery, the North insisting the slave was\\na chattel the same as the horse, while the South insisted that the\\nslave was a person and should be represented. Madison proposed the\\ncompromise whereby five slaves counted as three white men, giving\\nthe South undue representation. Were the North and South consist-\\nent? They had traded platforms. Earlier than this, there was a\\nproposition made that the Congress of the Confederation should pro-\\nportion taxes according to population. Then the North insisted that\\nthe slaves should be counted as population, while the South held they\\nwere property. We shall see where the South forgets its new stand\\nand holds that the slave is a thing, a matter of commerce, before the\\nconvention adjourns.\\nWhen the convention took up the question of the control of com-\\nmerce by congress, the New England states contended for control by\\nmajority vote; while the southerners, fearing the abolition of the\\nslave trade, and unfair treatment by the commercial states, insisted\\nthat a two-thirds vote should be required to pass a law on commerce.\\nThe three southern states joined with New England and by their com-\\nbined vote only a majority vote is necessary to pass a tariff law, while\\nthe slave trade was protected until 1808.\\nOther compromises were made. The most strikin]^ was an un-\\ndoubted compromise between state sovereignty and nationalism,\\nwhich is understood rather than expressed.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 67\\nThe purpose of the convention was to establish an aristocratic or\\noligarchic republic and not a democracy. Elbridge Gerry, the father\\nof the gerr3 mander, said: The evils we experience flow from an\\nexcess of democracy. George Mason, We have been too demo-\\ncratic. Madison, in speaking of the time when a few would own the\\nland, said: The rights of property will not be secure in their (the\\npeople s) hands or they will become the tool of ambition and opu-\\nlence.\\nWe have come to love our constitution and are so satisfied with\\nit that it is almost impossible to have it amended, but hai^ this always\\nbeen so? Let us read the testimony of John Adams: But these\\n(patriots of the revolution and the substantial citizens of seaboard\\ntowns) could never have succeeded in effecting the establishment of\\nthe constitution had they not received active and steady co-opera-\\ntion of all that was left in America of attachment to the mother\\ncountry, as well as of the money interest. Oallender said: The\\nconstitution was crammed down the gullet of America.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "(58 HISTORY OF WYOMING.\\nCHAPTER X.\\nI A BRIEF HISTORY OF WYOMING.\\nTHE EQUALITY STATE.\\nDelightful Wyoming! beneath thy skies\\nThe happy shepherd swains have naught to do\\nBut feed their flocks on green declivities,\\nOr skim perchance thy lake with light canoe.\\nAnd scarce had Wyoming of war or crime\\nHeard, but in transatlantic story rung.\\nFor here the exile met from every clime\\nAnd spoke in friendship every distant tongue.\\nIn 1809, Thomas Campbell, a Scottish bard of great descriptive\\npower, wrote Gertrude of Wyoming, and thus made immortal the\\nname of a little valley twenty-one miles long and three miles wide,\\nin Luzerne county, Pennsylvania. The poem was very popular in the\\nsixties, and when a name was wanted for a new territory, Wyoming\\nwas readily suggested to the poetically inclined statesman.\\nThe first use of Wyoming in connection with this part of the\\nUnited States, on record, is given in this quotation from a speech by\\nMr. Ashley, a member of the House: When the territory of Mon-\\ntana was organized, as chairman of the committee, I blocked out the\\npresent territory and gave it the name of Wyoming and attached it\\nto the Territory of Dakota. Montana was erected into a territory\\nin 1864. On January 5, 1865, Mr. Ashley introduced a bill to estab-\\nlish the Territory of Wyoming. C. G. Coutant says that Leigh R.\\nFreeman, an editor, did more to make the name popular than any\\nother man.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF WYOMING. 69\\nWj Oming is derived from the Indian word Maughwauwama, and\\nmeans The Broad Plains. The territory which was given this\\nname was carved out of the three territories, Idaho, I tah and Da-\\nkota.\\nThe early history of Wyoming is still uncertain, but there are\\nmany circumstances that point to a Spanish occupancv in the sev-\\nenteenth century. While there is no positive proof that the Span-\\niards ever dwelt in the valleys or on the mountains of Wyoming, yet\\nthe foundations of houses, old ruins, worn tools and the workraali-\\nship of stone implements point to the presence of a white race. 0. G.\\nCoutant, in his excellent History of Wyoming, says: The whole\\nWind River, Big Horn and Yellowstone districts are full of these\\nrelics and a close examination of them will convince any ordinary\\nman that they have been in the ground for two or three hundred\\nyears.\\nThe first Americans that entered this state were trappers. They\\nbraved the rigors of climate and the dangers of Indian warfare that\\nthey might enrich themselves and their employers. In 180G, John\\nColter and his companions trapped along the Yellowstone and other\\ntributaries of the Missouri. In 1811, sixty persons under the lead-\\nership of W. P. Hunt of New Jersey traversed the state on their way\\nto the Pacific ocean. From this time to 1834 roving bands of white\\nmen frequented the parts of this country that were noted for fur-\\nbearing animals, without any effort to form a permanent settlement.\\nThe first settlement was made at Fort Laramie in 1834. The\\nfort was first named Fort William, but a trapper by the name of\\nLaramie having lost his life on the head w^aters of the stream that\\nbears his name, the name of the fort was changed to Fort Laramie\\n(Laramie may be written LaRamie) by its builder, Mr. Campbell of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^St. Louis. This fort was established by trappers and used by them\\nuntil 1849, when it was sold to the United States.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70 HISTORY OF WYOMING.\\nTlie second settlement was made at Fort Bridger, in Finta coun-\\nty, in 1842.\\nThe first white women in Wyoming were Mrs. Marcus Whitman\\nand Mrs. H. H. Sjvaulding, wlio crossed the state in 1836.\\nThe first era of Wyoming history closed when the scarcity of fur-\\nbearing animals made trapping unprofitable. The second era opened\\nwith the discoverj^ of precious metals. Gold was first discovered in\\n1842 in the Sweetwater district, but not until 1855 was any effort\\nmade to mine the precious metal.\\nThe third era is noted for the building of the ITnion Pacific rail\\nroad. This railroad entered the state in 1867, and as it M^as pushed\\nforward by its builders, cifies and towns si)rang up as if by magic.\\nWith the good and law-abiding citizen, came the law-breaker. Wyo-\\nming being a part of Dakota, and its settled portion being hundreds\\nof miles from the territorial government, the better citizens were com-\\npelled to take the execution of the laws into their own hands, and\\nvigilance committees were formed. Through their efforts a degree\\nof order was maintained.\\nDuring these three eras the Indians gave a great deal of trouble\\nand much blood was shed.\\nThe conditions produced hy the building of the Union Pacific\\ndemanded a swifter and surer method of executing the laws. The\\nlarge increase in the permanent population made local government\\npossible and absolutely necessary. The settlers, realizing these facts,\\npetitioned congress to give them a government of their own.\\nThis territory had been a part of the territory of Idaho, but when\\nMontana was made a territory, it was transferred to Dakota. Even\\nthe Dakota legislature asked that a new territory be carved out of\\nher possessions.\\nOn February 13, 1868, a bill was introduced into the National\\nSenate, 4)roviding for a territorial government for Wyoming. On\\nMarch 3, the bill was reported to the senate with \u00e2\u0096\u00a0several amend-", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OP WYOMING. 7]\\nments, the first of which provided for a change of the name from\\nWyoming to Lincoln, The debate and suggestions that followed are\\namusing. Several senators wanted an Indian name, and Cheyenne\\nand Shoshones were proposed and finally voted down. The bill passed\\nthe senate and was sent to the house, where it was discussed and\\npassed late in July. The President approved the bill July 25, 1868.\\nOn the day that the bill became a law, President Johnson sent\\nto the senate the following nominations: A. S, Paddock of Nebraska\\nto be Governor of Wyoming; Jacob W. Caldwell to be Register of\\nLands at Cheyenne; Omar F. Roberts of Indiana to be Secretary.\\nBut the Senate refused to confirm the nominations. In January,\\n1869, the President sent to the senate a full list of officers for the new\\nTerritory, but the Senate again failed to confirm the nominations.\\nSoon after the inauguration of President Grant, April 7, 1869, a new\\nlist of nominations was sent to the Senate, where it was promptly\\nconfirmed.\\nThe organization of the new government for the territory was\\ncompleted May 19, 1869. The first election held in the territory was\\nheld September 2, 1869. A delegate to congress and members of the\\nfirst territorial legislature were elected. The total vote cast was\\n5,226.\\nThe territory was well governed and prospered. New interests\\nwere created. Stock raising, farming, mining and manufacturing\\noffered attractive opportunities for making money. The population\\nof the territory increased so rapidly that statehood was soon thought\\nof. In 1889, Governor Warren, upon request of the commissioners\\nof a majority of the counties, called an election to be held on the\\nsecond Monday of July, 1889, to select delegates to attend a Constitu-\\ntional Convention to be held in Cheyenne, beginning on the first Mon-\\nday in September following! The people responded to the call and\\nchose forty-six delegates who met in convention and adopted a con-\\nstitution that was ratified by the people on the fifth of November fol-", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72 HISTORY OF WYOMING.\\nlowing. All this was done without permission of the general govern-\\nment. Congress recognized the action taken, and admitted Wyoming\\nas a state July 10, 1890.\\nWyoming was in reality a state from November 5, 1889, the day\\nwhen the constitution was ratified. The one that douhts this state-\\nment should study the brief history of the State of Franklin. In\\n1785 the inhabitants of western North Carolina adopted a constitu-\\ntion, set up a state government, elected a governor and a legislature\\nand performed all the powers of statehood. But in. the next year the\\nauthorities of North Carolina succe *ded in overthrowing the new gov-\\nernment. Influenced by this trouble. North Carolina ceded to the\\nUnited States all her territory west of the mountains and now com-\\nprised in the state of Tennessee. About 1795 the people again erected\\na state government, but this time they called it Tennessee. They\\nelected senators and state officers, but the state was not recognized\\nuntil June 1, 1796.\\nAs a further proof that Wyoming was a state for nearly a year\\nbefore she was admitted to the union, although she did not exercise\\nstate powers, the following quotation is taken from the law that\\nadmitted Wyoming to the Union: Be it enacted, etc.. That the State\\nof Wyoming is hereby declared to be a state of the United States of\\nAmerica, and is hereby declared admitted into the Union and on\\nequal footing with the original states in all respects whatever; and\\nthat the constitution which the people of Wyoming have formed for\\nthemselves be, and the same is hereby, accepted, ratified, and con-\\nfirmed.\\nAs soon as the state was admitted, preparations were made for\\nthe establishment of a state government. F. E. Warren, Governor of\\nthe Territory, called an election for the eleventh of September, 1890.\\nOn the eleventh of August the Democratic and Republican parties\\nheld state conventions in Cheyenne and nominated candidates for all", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF WYOMING. 73\\nstate officers provided for in the constitution. The counties held\\nconventions to nominate candidates for county officers.\\nOn September 11th the election was held. F. E. Warren and\\nGeorge W. Baxter were the candidates for Governor. F. E. Warren\\nwas elected (iovernor and was inaugurated October 11, 1890. Gover-\\nnor Warren called a meeting of the Legislature, which was to convene\\nNovember 12, 1890. The new government went into effect October\\n11th, but some of the state officers did not qualify until later. The\\nlegislature met on the appointed day and organized for the work of\\nthe session. Judge Joseph M. Carey and Governor Francis E. Warren\\nwere elected Ignited States Senators,\\nThe state has conducted its affairs in such a manner that it has\\nbeen an honor to the Great Commonwealth of States.\\nWith her mineral wealth, with her farming and grazing interests,\\nwith her men and women of sterling character, Wyoming promises\\nto be the great state of the mountains.\\nWOMAN SUFFRAGE.\\nWyoming has the distinction of being the first political commu-\\nnity to confer the right of suffrage upon the woman. The law that\\norganized the territory of Wyoming conferred the right of suffrage\\non men only. Mrs. Esther Morris, the first woman justice of the peace\\nin the world, interested W. H. Bright, the President of the upper\\nbranch of the first Territorial Legislature, and Governor John A.\\nCampbell, in woman s suffrage. lender the combined leadership of\\nthese distinguished persons, the first legislature of the territory ex-\\ntended to woman the right to vote. The measure had no political\\nsignificance and has resulted in none of the evils prophesied. As\\na result, men and women have equal property rights. The surviving\\nhusband or wife of an intestate receives one-half of the property of\\nthe deceased, and the children the other half. The second legislature\\nrepealed the law granting universal suffrage, but the governor vetoed", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 HISTORY OF WYOMING.\\nthe measure, and the question was not discussed again until the con-\\nstitutional convention met in 1889. In the convention a motion to\\nsubmit the question of woman suffrage as a separate proposition was\\nvoted down by a decided majority. Judging from the discussions of\\nthe convention, there was only one man present who was opposed to\\nuniversal suffrage.\\nLaramie has the distinction of having the first women jurors in\\nthe history of courts. In 1870 five women served on the grand jury\\nand five on the petit jury. Chief Justice Howe complimented the\\nservices of the jury. Women were called to serve on other juries,\\nbut when Justice Howe left the bench the practice was discontinued.\\nHISTORY OF THE LAND LYING WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES\\nOF THE STATE.\\nThe territorial relations of W^^oming are interesting. No portion\\nof the United States has had more changes in its relation to govern-\\nment. In 1763 the greater part of the state was ceded to Spain by\\nFrance, in the Louisiana cession. In 1800, Spain agreed to retrocede\\nLouisiana to France on condition that Napoleon would establish the\\nKingdom of Etruria and place the Spanish King s son-in-law upon\\nthe throne. In 1803, although France had no right to sell, Louisiana\\nwas bought from her for |15,000,000, to be paid in fifteen years, with\\ninterest.\\nShortly after the purchase, Louisiana was divided into the Ter-\\nritory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana, and Congress pro-\\nvided a government for the Territory of Orleans. The President ap-\\npointed the Governor, the Secretary, and the Legislative Council of\\nthirteen, without the advice or consent of the Senate, The Governor\\nprepared a bill and presented it to the Council, who could approve or\\nreject it, but could not amend or even debate its features. McMaster\\nsays that Madison and Jefferson are believed to have framed the bill.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF WYOMING. 75\\nJefferson signed it on the theory that the constitution was for the\\nstates only. This form of government lasted one year.\\nIn 1819 the United States ceded Texas to Spain, and thereby\\nceded a part of Albany and Sweetwater counties and the greater part\\nof Carbon county to Spain. In 1821, Mexico, of which Texas was a\\npart, threw off the yoke of Spanish tyranny and established the Mex-\\nican Republic. In 1836, Texas established a republic and was re-\\nannexed to the United States in 1845. In 1850 these parts of counties\\nof Wyoming were again ceded to the United States by Texas and\\nagain became a part of the national domain. The greater part of\\nWyoming remained a part of the United States territory from the\\nLouisiana cession until W^yoming was admitted as a state.\\nThe southern part of Uinta and Sweetwater counties was added\\nto the United States by the Mexican cession of 1848, and a portion of\\nUinta, Sweetwater and Fremont counties belongs to the Oregon ter-\\nritory which the United States claimed on account of discovery in\\n1792, exploration in 18U5, and settlement at Astoria in 1811.\\nWyoming still kept up the game of shuttle-cock and battledoor\\nafter it became a possession of the United States. A map of 1855\\nshows it to have been divided am^ong the territories of Nebraska,\\nOregon, and Utah. Then in 18G1 it is a part of Nebraska, Utah, Da-\\nkota and Washington territories. A year later it was a part of the\\nterritory of Idaho, and then in 1864 it was transferred to Dakota.\\nThe Territory of Wyoming was finally carved out of Dakota, Utah and\\nIdaho.\\nTart of the territory comprised within the boundaries of Wyo-\\nming has changed owners eight times, and has been ruled over by\\nseven different territorial governments. It has been under the rule\\nof kings, emperor, the presidents of three different republics, and gov-\\nernors.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "76 QUESTIONS.\\nQuestions.\\nThese questions are intended to point out the chief line of\\nthought of writers and speakers of the present day, and to lead teach-\\ners to think and to read. Other books will need to be consulted for\\nthe full answers to these questions.\\nGOVERNMENT.\\n1. What is the government?\\n2. What act of the people establishes it?\\n3. Are the people a part of the government? Prove vour an\\nswer.\\n4. Name four kinds of government and Refine each.\\n5. What is a federal government? A national government?\\nWhich is the United States? Which is Wyoming?\\n6. Was Wj oming a state b^ore its admission to the Union?\\n7. What are the powers that a government may exercise?\\nDECLARATION OF RIGHTS.\\n1. Look up Magna Charta, Declaration of Rights, and Bill\\nof Rights.\\n2. Has the Constitution of the United States a Bill of Rights?\\n3. What events in history led to the fourth amendment to the\\nUnited States Constitution, and Section 4. Article I, of the Wyoming\\nConstitution?\\n4. Compare the different sections of the Declaration of Rights\\nin the Wyoming Constitution, with the first ten amendments to the\\nConstitution of the Ignited States, and study the history of the abuse", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS. 77\\nof power by the English government that led to their incorporation\\ninto the fundamental law of the nation, and of the states, v\\n5. Define indictment. Name the capital otfenses designated by\\nlaw.\\nWhat branch of the government is most likely to violate the\\nConstitution? Has the first amendment to the Constitution of the\\nI nited States ever been violated? How and by whom?\\n7. What is meant by attainted of treason\\n8. Has the United States or state government the control of\\nmonopolies and trusts?\\n9. What is an ex post facto law\\n10. Name some of the powers retained by the people and not\\ndelegated to the government.\\n11. Did Section 37 fix a new relation or simply state a fact?\\n12, Can you commit treason against the state? See Section 26.\\nLEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n1. Name the qualifications and salary of a Senator. Of a Rep-\\nresentative. What is the term of oflice of each?\\n2. On what day are they elected? How is a vacancy filled?\\n3. Make a list of the officers of each house.\\n4. ^Vliat constitutes a quorum? How many votes are required\\nto carry a measure?\\n0. Why should members be privileged from arrest during their\\nattendance at the sessions of their respective houses?\\n(3. What is meant by impeachment? Who may be impeached?\\n7. What is the purpose of Section 22?\\n8. How many Senators and Representatives does your county\\nhave?\\n9. What executive power does the Senate possess? What ju\\ndicial?\\n10. Does the house possess any power other than legislative?", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "78 QUESTIONS.\\n11. How can the legislature be punished for failing to do its\\nduty, or doing something forbidden by the Constitution?\\n12. In how many instances has the legislature failed to carry\\nout the requirements of the Constitution?\\n13. Can the legislative branch be punished for violating the\\nConstitution?\\nEXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.\\n1. State term, salary, and qualifications of Governor.\\n2. What legislative power has the governor? Does he have any\\njudicial power?\\n3. How is a vacancy in the office filled?\\n4. Name the other executive officers and give the duty of each.\\n5. Name the Grovernors of the State.\\n6. How can the Governor be punished for failing or refusing to\\ndo his duty?\\nJUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.\\n1. In what bodies is the judicial power vested?\\n2. Define appellate jurisdiction, and original jurisdiction.\\n3. What is the term and salary of a member of the Supreme\\nCourt?\\n4. What determines who shall be Chief Justice?\\n5. Name the duties of the District Judge. What is his salary?\\n6. How many districts in the state?\\n7. What are the powers of the Justices of the Peace?\\nSUFFRAGE.\\n1. What are the advantages of universal suffrage?\\n2. Under what conditions is an elector privileged from arrest?\\n3. What are the qualifications of an elector?", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS. 79\\nEDUCATION.\\n1. How is money obtained for the support of the schools?\\n2. Who has charge of the unsold lands given the state for school\\npurposes?\\n3. What are the provisions for higher education?\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\n1. How may the seat of government be changed?\\n2. Who owns the water of the State?\\n3. What determines the better right to the use of water?\\n4. Who are prohibited from working in the mines?\\n5. Can a trust do business in the State?\\n6. What is meant by right of eminent domain?\\n7. What are common carriers?\\n8. Could the State determine its own boundaries?\\n9. How are the counties classified?\\n10. What property may be exempted from taxation?\\n11. What are the limitations on taxation?\\nGovernors of Wyoming.\\nJOHN A CAMPBELL. FRANCIS E. WARREN.\\nJOHN M. THAYER. GEORGE W. BAXTER.\\nJOHN W. HOYT. THOMAS MOONLIGHT.\\nWILLIAM HALE. FRANCIS E. WARREN.\\nSINCE STATEHOOD.\\nFRANCIS E. WARREN. JOHN E. OSBORNE.\\nAMOS W. BARBER. WILLIAM A. RICHARDS.\\n(Acting Governor.) DeFOREST RICHARDS.", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "Elective Officers of the State.\\nCONGRESSIONAL.\\nFrancis E. Warren Senator\\nClarence D. Clark Senator\\nFrank W. Mondell Representative\\nEXE(JUTIVE.\\nDeForest Richards Governor\\nFenimore Chatterton S cretary of State\\nGeorge E. Abbott Treasurer\\nLeRoy Grant Auditor\\nThomas T. Tynan Suyjerintendent of Public Instruction\\nJUDICIAL.\\nSUPREME COURT.\\nCharles N. Potter Chief Justice\\nSamuel T. Corn Justice\\nJesse Knight Justice\\nDISTRICT JUDGES.\\nRichard H. Scott First District\\nCharles W. Bramel Second District\\nDavid H. Craig Third District\\nJoseph L. Stotts Fourth District", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n01 1 795 627 t", "height": "2815", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "comparativestudy00robe_0088.jp2"}}