{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3377", "width": "2318", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": ",v\\n0\\noo\\nA\\nV ^0\\n.0-\\n-5\\n-T\\n^y^ V\\nX^^^.\\nz\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24\\ns^--\\ns- V\\n-r.\\nj^ ^r^rl.i\\noo\\nc^ ,0-\\n^0^\\n_./--\\nf T t^\\nA\\n.0\\n.0\\nf\\nrf.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2O. O V\\noN\\ns\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^oo^", "height": "3235", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": ".-^iJ^\\n-x\\nni\\n^o\\nrP\\nI fi\\ns r\\nv-\u00c2\u00ab\\n5^\\n-0 -c^\\n^J\\nx^\\ni^M^\\nv^^^ ^\\\\X\\nV 1\\nO,\\no 0^", "height": "3235", "width": "2144", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3235", "width": "2073", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS,\\nChap. Copyright No..\\nShelf.\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "The Coming Democracy", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "The\\nGomin\\nBy Orlando J^^mith\\n^1\\nr/\\nNew York\\nThe Brandur Company\\n220 Broadway", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEiVE._\u00c2\u00bb.\\nLibrary of GtRgett^\\nUfflati of tki\\nAPR 1 7 1900\\nbt\u00c2\u00ab(fliUr of Copyrlg|f4i\\nCopyright, 1900, by\\nORLANDO J. SMITH\\nftgGOND OOP ^t\\n9tof", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "Contents.\\nPAGE\\n11\\nI. A Record of Official Corruption Un-\\nEQUALED In Any Other Land or\\nTime\\nII. The Assumption That Our People\\nHave Degenerated Cannot Yet\\nBe Granted\\nIII. The Principle of Democracy Can Be\\nSound, and Its Machinery Un-\\nsound\\nIV. The Denials of Freedom In Our Or-\\nganic Law In Forbidding Change\\nthe Fathers Forbade Progress 14\\nV. The Minority Can Defeat the Ma-\\njority, AND the Government Can\\nDefy the People 18\\nVI. The Cumbrous, Complicated and Irre-\\nsponsive Nature of Our Govern\\nMENT\\nVII. Power Must Abide Somewhere\u00e2\u0080\u0094 De-\\nnied to the People, and Restrict-\\ned In Congress, It Has Been Ab-\\nsorbed BY the President 26\\nVIII. In England the Constitution Is the\\nWill of the People\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Govern-\\nment Responds Promptly to the\\nPeople 30\\nIX. Our Government Is a Train Behind\\nTime, a Clock Which Seldom\\n23", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPAOB\\nStrikes the Hour, a Ship Which\\nDisobeys Its Captain 34\\nX. The Natural Crops of an Irresponsive\\nAND UnPROGRESSIVE REPUBLIC ARE\\nPatronage, Privilege and Corrup-\\ntion 37\\nXI. Our Armies of Spoils, as Zealous, Aspir-\\ning AND Invincible as the Legions\\nUnder Napoleon at Friedland 39\\nXII. Unity, Simplicity and Responsibility\\nNo Human Organization Has Ever\\nProspered Under a Double-Headed\\nManagement 43\\nXIII. The Free Man s Ballot One Vote for\\nOne Cause and for One Candi-\\ndate 48\\nXIV. The Voter Makes His Own Nomination\\nBossism Is Abolished and Politi-\\ncal Machines Are Broken 55\\nXV. Treachery Is That Offense Which\\nRanks a Little Lower In the\\nMinds or Men Than Any Other\\nCrime 60\\nXVI. In Answer to the Charge That the\\nPeople Are Unpatriotic, Untrust-\\nworthy OR Corrupt 64\\nXVII. Honest Systems Produce Honest Re-\\nsults, Right Systems Right Re-\\nsults, AND Wrong Systems Wrong\\nResults 69\\nXVIII. The Defiance op the Will of the Peo-\\nple Produces the Revolutionist\\nAND the Anarchist 72\\nXIX. The Nation Which Confides Its Gov-\\nernment to Four Antagonistic", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nPowers Is Not a Democracy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It Is\\nAN Anarchy 76\\nXX. Government on a Businesslike Basis\\nThe Election an Appeal to the\\nReason and Conscience of the\\nVoter 81\\nXXI. Corruption and Misgovernment In\\nWashington Are Due Largely to\\nTHE Pressure op Selfish Local\\nInterests 87\\nXXII. The System of Setting Up One Man to\\nRun Against Another for Office\\nThe Imperial Power of the Saloon 91\\nXXIII. The Needs of Democracy Will Pro-\\nduce In Freedom Sincere and Pow-\\nerful Men to Serve the People 95\\nXXIV. Once |In Forty or Fifty Years a Free\\nPeople Must Arouse Themselves,\\nOR the Moral Man Would Die 99~\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nXXV. The Trusts Are Built on the Rock op\\nEconomy The Power of Combined\\nWealth Is Yet In Its Infancy 103\\nXXVI. All of the Industries Fitted by Their\\nNature for Combination Will Be\\nForced Into the Trusts 108\\nXXVII. The Inevitable Evolution op All\\nTrusts Into One Trust, or One\\nFederation of Trusts Ill\\nXXVIII. The Great Corporation Is Forever at\\nthe Zenith of Its Powers, Serene\\nIn Imperial Strength and Immortal\\nLife 116\\nXXIX. The Issue of Combined Wealth Presses\\nUpon and Menaces Us The Line\\nOP Classes 122", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\n-y\\nXXX. The People Are Stronger Than the\\nTrusts The Weak Must Forever\\nGive Way to the Strong 127\\nXXXI. In Answer to Those Who Distrust an\\nExpansion of the Freedom and\\nPowers of the People 132\\nXXXII. The Coming Age of Honesty and Jus-\\ntice Those Who Serve the Public\\nWill Serve Faithfully .136\\nXXXIII. Before the End of the Twentieth\\nCentury a City In America Will\\nHave a Population op Twenty\\nMillions 139\\nXXXIV. The City of the Future On the Face\\nOF This Planet There Is Room for\\nAll .143\\nXXXV. Public Enterprise Will Rebuild Old\\nCities and Construct New Ones\\nFOR the People 148\\nXXXVI. The People Will Not Seek Refuge\\nFrom Old Forms of Oppression In\\nNew Forms of Despotism 151\\nXXXVII. Extortion and Monopoly Will Cease\\nMan Will Get What He Earns\\nNo More and No Less 155\\nXXXVIII. We Shall No Longer Transmit Care\\nAND Fear to Our Unborn Chil-\\ndren Peace, Freedom and Inde-\\npendence .158", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "The Coming Democracy\\nI.\\nA RECORD OF OFFICIAL CORRUPTION UN-\\nEQUALED IN ANY OTHER LAND OR TIME.\\nWE hear much in these times, and in\\nthis Eepublic, of the failures of\\nDemocracy. In fact, there are\\nsome manifestations here of a reaction against\\nDemocracy.\\nMany of our people have lost faith in the\\naspirations and ideals cherished universally in\\nthe youth of the Eepublic a very large num-\\nber look upon universal suffrage as a failure\\nand even those most passionately devoted to\\nthe principles of Democracy are greatly dis-\\nsatisfied with the condition and results of pop-\\nular government in these later days.\\nThe reasons for these changes in public senti-\\nment, and for the great anxiety concerning the\\nfuture of free government, are apparent in the\\nfact that public business is transacted with much\\nless efficiency, economy and integrity than is pri-", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "6 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nvate business, and that corruption or profligacy\\nis manifest in nearly all branches of the public\\nservice.\\nThe management of our cities is usually\\nwasteful and unintelligent, frequently corrupt,\\nand sometimes criminal. Public franchises of\\ngreat value have been granted for inadequate\\nconsiderations, and sometimes mthout compen-\\nsation. Public officials have been convicted of\\nbribery and of other forms of corruption, and\\nsystems have been disclosed by which large\\nnumbers have participated in the profits of the\\nmeanest forms of vice.\\nIn the state governments the influence of the\\nlobby, in antagonism to the interests of the\\npeople, is always felt, and is frequently domi-\\nnant. The king of the lobby is sometimes the\\nmost important man in the state. He holds a\\nposition of profit and dignity he rules the legis-\\nlature and controls the governor, and even the\\ncourts have been known to obey his will.\\nThe history of the national government for\\nmore than thirty years has been in the main a\\nrecord of the granting of special privileges, im-\\nmunities and subsidies to the strong, and against\\nthe interests of the mass of the people of land\\ngrants and money grants to great corporations\\nof special taxes for the benefit of favored in-\\nterests; of special deposits of the public funds", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 7\\nin privileged banks, and of secret arrange-\\nments by which financial syndicates have made\\nunfair profits in placing the issues of govern-\\nment bonds.\\nIt is a record of favoritism, profligacy and\\ncorruption which has been unequaled in any\\nother land or time.", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "II.\\nTHE ASSUMPTION THAT OUR PEOPLE HAVE\\nDEGENERATED CANNOT YET BE GRANTED.\\nT has been frequently suggested, in expla-\\nnation of these remarkable developments,\\nthat the American people have degener-\\nated, and are suffering from the decay of patri-\\notism and public spirit. This theory is seri-\\nously entertained by many men of intelligence.\\nIt is a philosophical principle, they assert,\\nthat a government is as good or as bad as the\\npeople who make or tolerate it. A corrupt\\nstate, a plutocracy, a despotism, can exist only\\nby the consent of the people.\\nOur government is corrupt in all its parts.\\nThe people could change it if they would. That\\nthey do not change it is evidence that they are\\nsatisfied with it. The source of the decay of\\nthe state is in the degeneracy of the people\\nwho tolerate it.\\nThis theory should not be lightly accepted,\\nnor lightly denied. Races and nations do reach\\ninevitably a point where progress ceases and\\ndecadence begins. It is not impossible that", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 9\\nwe are approaching that period in our affairs,\\nthough there are many reasons for doubting\\nthis conclusion.\\nThe degeneracy of a people is probably never\\nrevealed in one phase only of their activities.\\nIt has not been claimed that our people are suf-\\nfering from decay in any quality save in public\\nspirit. In all other respects the American peo-\\nple rank at this time as being active, enterpris-\\ning, daring, quick-witted and aspiring in a\\nmarked degree.\\nISTor is it likely that the decline of patriotism\\nand public spirit would become manifest among\\nus in a brief period. It is now only thirty-five\\nyears since the close of our civil war. In the\\nlife of a race, this interval is a short one.\\nIt may be doubted that men have shown in\\nany contest more of the spirit of sacrifice, or\\ngreater endurance, tenacity and patriotism,\\nthan the American people displayed during\\nthat conflict. It is not possible that the chil-\\ndren of the men of 1861-5 have in so short a\\ntime become degenerate in public spirit.\\nNeither is it true literally that a government\\nis always exactly as good or as bad as the peo-\\nple who make or tolerate it. It cannot be\\nasserted that the jpeojple make a government\\nunless the state be in itself a true Democracy\\na government which responds promptly and", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "10 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\ncompletely in all of its parts to the will of the\\npeople.\\nIn a state so organized the government would\\nreflect the good and evil, the strength and\\nweakness, of its people.\\nCivilization has not yet developed that per-\\nfect form of Democracy. Control of the state\\nby the people is still hampered by constitu-\\ntional barriers, and by the survival of many\\nforms of despotism and privilege. It is true\\nthat the right of revolution always exists, but\\nthis right is rarely exercised save under gross\\nand long- continued provocation.\\nIt must be admitted, on the other hand, that\\nour spoils system is nearly as old as our gov-\\nernment, and that it has grown and strength-\\nened under our toleration. It is possible also\\nthat the strife for wealth, in which we have\\nbeen engaged so fiercely in these later times,\\nhas dulled somewhat the public conscience.\\nUpon the whole, however, it would appear\\nthat our people have not borne misgovernment,\\nin its more flagrant forms, long enough to in-\\ndicate a serious decline in public spirit. We\\nare a patient people. Our endurance has not\\nyet been stretched to its full limit.", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "III.\\nTHE PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRACY CAN BE SOUND,\\nAND ITS MACHINERY UNSOUND.\\nIF, however, the present debased condition\\nof public affairs is the fruitage of Democ-\\nracy, the result of trusting the people too\\nfar in the control of the state, then it will be\\nimpossible to claim that Democracy has been\\na complete success, or to deny that in many\\nimportant respects it has been a failure.\\nBefore this conclusion can be granted, we\\nmust give full consideration to the fact that\\nour system is not the only possible form of\\nDemocracy.\\nAs there are good and bad steam engines,\\nreapers and automobiles, good and bad methods\\nof farming, good and bad systems of charity,\\ncodes of justice and forms of religion, so there\\nmay be good and bad systems of Democratic\\ngovernment.\\nAs religion may be perverted, so Democracy\\nmay be perverted. A Democratic government\\ncan assume many varying forms, some of which\\nwill be good and some bad.", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "12 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\nA chain is as strong only as its weakest link.\\nA great machine may be a failure through a\\ndefect in its most insignificant part. The weak\\nlink does not prove that the chain cannot be\\nmade strong; nor the defect in the machine\\nthat it must be a failure.\\nThe principle of Democracy is one thing, and\\nthe machinery by which Democracy can be put\\ninto practical use is another thing. The princi-\\nple may be sound, and the machinery unsound.\\nThings are not always true to their names.\\nA government may be called Democratic, and\\nyet not be really Democratic.\\nWe are sixteen millions of voters. One mil-\\nlion, perhaps, are interested, through spoils or\\nprivilege, or the expectancy of such favors, in\\nbad government. The other fifteen millions\\nare interested in good government.\\nThe disinterested voters almost universally\\ndenounce hotly the evil tendencies and develop-\\nments in public affairs. Even those intrenched\\nin political favor rarely defend more than their\\nown special form of privilege. The attitude of\\nthe disinterested people is not that of content\\nor of approbation; it is the attitude of indig-\\nnation against oppression, and of rage because\\nof their own helplessness. For helpless they\\nare, or seem to be.\\nSubtle systems of oppression have been de-", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 13\\nveloped wMck defy the people. Apparently\\nthese systems are growing stronger, and the\\npeople weaker.\\nA Democracy is a state which is ruled by a\\nmajority of its own people. A state in which\\nfifteen millions of disinterested voters are ruled\\nby one million of mercenary voters is appar-\\nently not a real Democracy; something must\\nbe wrong with its machinery some link must\\nbe defective, some wires crossed, or some wheel\\nmisplaced.\\nLet us now go down to the foundations of\\nour system of Democratic government to ascer-\\ntain if there be not some flaw or defect in its\\nconstruction.", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "lY.\\nTHE DENIALS OF FREEDOM IN OUR ORGANIC\\nLAW-IN FORBIDDING CHANGE THE FATHERS\\nFORBADE PROGRESS.\\nOUR form of government was devised\\nby the most courageous group of re-\\nformers and patriots of whom we\\nhave any record the great figures of our revo-\\nlutionary and constructive period from 1T76 to\\n1789.\\nThey had disestablished the church, abolished\\nthe throne and the last vestige of hereditary\\nprivilege, and asserted the equal rights of all\\nmen in tones and terms which will kindle the\\nhearts of free men forever.\\nThe fathers of our Republic reformed or\\nabolished everything that in their view called\\nfor change. They broke up the established\\norder from its foundations and built a new\\nstructure. Having finished their work, they\\nincorporated in the organic law provisions\\nwhich have made change difiicult and almost\\nimpossible.\\nThe fetters which they placed in the organic", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 15\\nlaw are called the checks and balances of the\\nconstitution the two houses of congress, the\\none representing the people, the other the\\nstates; the veto of the executive; a president\\nwith more power during his term of office than\\nany constitutional monarch, and a supreme\\ncourt holding for life. These are the conserva-\\ntive influences in the constitution intended to\\nprevent change without due consideration.\\nBut progress is change, and in forbidding\\nchange the fathers forbade progress. In pro-\\nviding against the possibility of mistakes they\\nfixed in our political system the greatest possi-\\nble error the inability to correct a mistake.\\nThey feared reaction that the people might\\neven go back to king-rule. They did not see\\nthat in forbidding the people to go backward\\nthey restricted them from going forward.\\nThey lived in a simple age. They had no\\nconception of the possibilities of steam, of the\\nmodern corporation, of the combinations of\\ngreat capital, or of our later methods of politi-\\ncal organization. When the constitution was\\nratified the largest city in America contained\\nonly 33,131 persons.\\nWhy should we not have the right to make\\nmistakes Are we not educated by our errors\\nEven the fathers stumbled. Their constitution\\nguaranteed the African slave trade against in-", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "16 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nterference prior to the year 1808. It sanctioned\\nchattel slavery, and commanded the return of\\nfugitive slaves from free states. It left in\\ndoubt the question whether the federal com-\\npact formed an indissoluble union or a partner-\\nship of states which could be dissolved at the\\nwill of any of the partners.\\nNever perhaps have a people paid a heavier\\npenalty in money and blood for an error than\\nthe American people paid in our civil war,\\nwhich came inevitably to right these mistakes\\nin the constitution.\\nThe errors in the constitution are due to sim-\\nple and natural causes. The constitution was\\na compromise between rival states, and com-\\npromises usually deviate from justice.\\nThe small states were jealous of the larger\\nones hence they demanded, and were granted,\\nequal representation in the senate. The slave\\nstates were afraid of the free states; hence the\\nprovisions concerning the return of fugitive\\nslaves and the inviolability of the slave trade.\\nMany of the states were doubtful of the success\\nof the compact hence the failure to deny the\\nright of secession, or to affirm that the Union\\ncould not be dissolved.\\nThe electoral college was in theory a plan by\\nwhich a number of high-minded and disinter-\\nested men, chosen by the people, should meet", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. IT\\nand elect the president. In practice it is a plan\\nby which a number of men, nominated by party\\nconventions in the different states, are chosen to\\nexecute the will of a national party convention,\\nexpressed many months before the election.\\nThe fathers did the best that they could un-\\nder great difficulties. They did not look upon\\ntheir work as a finality. They provided, as\\nthey believed, ample means of changing the\\nconstitution. E o man can see far into the\\nfuture. They assumed that those who were to\\ncome after them would be as quick to detect a\\nwrong, and as prompt in overturning it, as\\nthey had been.\\nThey could not have imagined that they and\\ntheir work would become in time the objects\\nof almost superstitious reverence, or that the\\nminds of great lawyers, judges, publicists and\\nstatesmen would be confused for more than a\\nhundred years between questions of right, jus-\\ntice and reason on the one hand, and questions\\nof constitutionality on the other hand.\\n2", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "Y.\\nTHE MINORITY CAN DEFEAT THE MAJORITY,\\nAND THE GOVERNMENT CAN DEFY THE\\nPEOPLE.\\nTHE errors in establishing slavery and in\\nfailing to define the meaning of the\\nFederal Union have been righted. But\\nother errors, some perhaps as serious and men-\\nacing, remain in the constitution, and are yet\\nto be righted.\\nThe constitution provides that each state\\nshall have two representatives in the United\\nStates senate. Under the working of this rule\\none voter in ITevada has the same representa-\\ntion in the senate as have one hundred and\\nthirty- three voters in ISlew York.\\nThe complicated electoral college system has\\nmore than once defeated the will of the people.\\nGeneral Jackson, in 1824, received 50,551 more\\nvotes than Mr. John Quincy Adams, who be-\\ncame president. Mr. Tilden, in 1876, received\\n250,935 more votes than Mr. Hayes, who was\\ninaugurated. Mr. Cleveland, in 1888, received\\n98,017 more votes than Mr. Harrison, who was", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACT. 19\\nelected. If Mr. Bryan, in 1896, had received\\n30,000 more votes in certain close states, he\\nwould have defeated Mr. McKinley, who had\\na plurality of more than 600,000 of the popular\\nvote.\\nThe house of representatives is the feature of\\nour national government which responds the\\nmost perfectly to the will of the people, and is\\ntherefore the most Democratic. It is fresh\\nfrom the people, being chosen once in two years,\\nand its representation is based upon population.\\nIt has doubtless never happened that the\\nparty with the largest vote in the country has\\nfailed to secure thereby the largest vote in the\\nhouse. It brings always the latest mandate\\nfrom the people. The other branches of the\\ngovernment, when in harmony with the peo-\\nple, must also be in accord with the house.\\nDuring the past twenty -five years that is,\\nfrom the 4th day of March, 1875, to the 4th\\nday of March, 1900 both the president and\\nthe senate have been in political accord with\\nthe house for seven years only, and one or both\\nhave been at issue with the house for eighteen\\nyears.\\nIn other words, in only seven years in the\\nlast quarter of a century has the government\\nof the United States responded to the wiD. of\\nthe people.", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nMore than this. During the last twenty-five\\nyears the Democratic party has had a majority\\nin the house for sixteen years, and the Repub-\\nlican party for nine years. During only two\\nof the sixteen years in which the Democratic\\nparty had control of the house, did it also have\\ncontrol of the senate and the presidency.\\nThe country was Democratic for sixteen\\nyears out of twenty-five, and yet the Demo-\\ncrats secured control of the national govern-\\nment for only two years out of sixteen, one-\\neighth of the time.\\nAnd this is not all. During the two years\\nout of sixteen in which, under the constitution,\\nthe party in the majority was able to control\\nthe legislative and executive branches of the\\ngovernment, one of the chief measures adopted\\nby the Democratic party, the income tax law,\\nwas overthrown by a decision of the supreme\\ncourt, a body wholly independent of the\\npeople.\\nWe have discovered upon a very brief inves-\\ntigation that, under our constitution, the people\\nof Nevada have a representation in the senate\\nmore than one hundred times greater in pro-\\nportion to population than the people of New\\nYork that the minority may defeat the ma-\\njority in a presidential election, and that the\\ngovernment as a whole has been in harmony", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACT. 21\\nwith the people in only seven years of the last\\nquarter of a century.\\nThese facts dispel the illusion that ours is a\\nreal Democracy, sl government of the people,\\nby the people and for the people. It is a gov-\\nernment which, as a rule, denies and defies the\\npeople; it is a defective and perverted Democ-\\nracy.", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "YI.\\nTHE CUMBROUS, COMPLICATED AND IRRESPON-\\nSIVE NATURE OF OUR GOVERNMENT.\\nTHE constitution worked satisfactorily in\\nthe beginning. The two houses of con-\\ngress were small in membership, and\\nhence the better able to transact business; the\\npopulation of the country was not great, the\\npublic patronage was insignificant, and the con-\\nstitution was too young to be an object of rev-\\nerence to statesmen and to the people nor had\\nit become, through the increase of states and\\nthe growth of great permanent parties, difficult\\nto change.\\nThe constitution went into effect in 1789.\\nTen important amendments were added in 1791,\\none was ratified in 1798 and another in 1804.\\nFrom 1804 to the present time there has been\\nno change in the constitution, save the amend-\\nments resulting from our civil war.\\nThe constitution established a Republic upon\\nthe model of the English constitutional mon-\\narchy.\\nOur president may be called an elective king,", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 23\\nchosen for four years. He may be impeached\\nwith great difficulty, and only for treason or\\nother crime. What could be done if the presi-\\ndent should become a physical wreck, or men-\\ntally deranged, is an unsolved problem.\\nHe fills the vacancies in the supreme court,\\nthe members of which hold office for life, and\\nsit in judgment even upon the acts of congress.\\nHe is the commander-in-chief of the army and\\nnavy. He conducts all negotiations with for-\\neign powers.\\nHe cannot declare war, but his powers are so\\nbroad that he can conduct affairs to the point\\nwhere war cannot be avoided. He appoints\\ndirectly, or through his subordinates, nearly\\nall of the officers and employes of the national\\ngovernment. He may veto an act of congress.\\nHe is the chief executive, the head of the\\nnation, and conducts all of its business and\\nsupervises all of its vast interests, subject only\\nto the constitution and the laws of congress.\\nThe senate was modeled upon the English\\nhouse of lords. The members of the senate\\nhold office for six years. It was designed as a\\nconservative force to check hasty legislation.\\nThe house of representatives was modeled\\nupon the English commons.\\nA law of congress must be the joint act of\\nboth houses, with the approval of the presi-", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "24 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\ndent, or it must receive the vote of two-tMrds\\nof both houses, in case of the veto of the\\npresident.\\nEven the joint act of the legislative and ex-\\necutive branches of the government may be\\nnullified by the supreme court. From its de-\\ncision there is no appeal.\\nAs the legislative and executive branches of\\nthe government are seldom in full accord, meas-\\nures of public policy upon which the people are\\nseriously divided rarely come to a settle-\\nment.\\nThe cumbrous nature of our government is\\nwell illustrated by the silver issue. Silver was\\ndemonetized in 1873, either secretly and cor-\\nruptly, accidentally, or by honest intention and\\ndesign. Each theory has its supporters.\\nWe have nothing to do here with the merits\\nof the controversy. It is plain, however, that\\nthe issue could not have lasted for twenty-seven\\nyears if our government had been efficient and\\nresponsive.\\nIn a government free to act, the issue could\\nhave been made clear, and would have been\\nsettled, in the beginning of the controversy.\\nIf silver had been demonetized secretly and\\ncorruptly, the secrecy could have been exposed\\nand the corruption punished; if accidentally,\\nthe error could have been rectified, and if de-", "height": "3272", "width": "2075", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCKACY. 25\\nliberately and of design, the action could have\\nbeen vindicated and confirmed.\\nAll of the recriminations and misunderstand-\\nings, and the injury to business and property,\\nresulting from the prolonged agitation of the\\nsilver question, can be attributed to the checks\\nand balances of the constitution.", "height": "3267", "width": "2010", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "YII.\\nPOWER MUST ABIDE SOMEWHERE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DENIED TO\\nTHE PEOPLE, AND RESTRICTED IN CONGRESS,\\nIT HAS BEEN ABSORBED BY THE PRESIDENT.\\nTHE inability of congress to act, or to\\ncarry out the will of the voters, has\\ndiscredited that body with the people,\\nmany of whom look upon its sittings as an inflic-\\ntion, and its discussions as useless. It must be\\nadmitted that the powerlessness of congress has\\nhad an unfavorable effect upon the moral tone\\nof that body. Measures have been advanced\\nwithout serious purpose, knowing that they\\nwould lead to nothing.\\nCongress cannot advance in power and in-\\nfluence when power and influence are denied\\nto that body.\\nThe presidency, on the other hand, in its in-\\nception a place of vast influence and dignity,\\ngrowing constantly in independence and power,\\nhas appealed more to the admiration and re-\\nspect of the people.\\nWe have grown up to the point where the\\nadministration is looked upon, in a large de-", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 27\\ngree, as the government, and congress as a\\nbody to be tolerated when it is in harmony\\nwith, or subservient to, the president, and to\\nbe denounced as a contentions and obstructive\\nforce when it is at issue with him.\\nThe theory has even been advanced of late\\nthat criticism of the president is not only in\\nbad taste, but that it is unpatriotic, disloyal,\\nand may even be treasonable.\\nIn recent years a president spoke of the fact\\nthat he should soon have congress on his\\nhands, as if congress were an annoying or a\\ntroublesome body. The remark was resented\\nat the time by the members of congress and by\\nmany of the people.\\nMore recently, however, since the outbreak\\nof the war with Spain, the majority in con-\\ngress, with the support of many members of\\nthe party in opposition to the president, have\\nshown great eagerness to confer extraordinary\\npowers upon the president, and to leave inter-\\nests and questions of great importance to his\\ndiscretion. In the last two years, congress has\\nmade important advances in the line of abdi-\\ncating its powers to the president.\\nFor our good the fathers made change in the\\ngovernment difficult. They feared a reaction\\nin favor of monarchy. But monarchy is a fact,\\nand not a name. Monarchy is government by", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "28 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\none man the placing of too much power in the\\nhands of one man.\\nThe chief of a state may call himself Pro-\\ntector, Friend of the People or President, and\\nyet be really a monarch.\\nDespotism usually assumes the cloak of be-\\nnevolence. Bigots have burned the few to save\\nthe souls of the many. The despot is almost\\ninvariably, in his own mind, the chosen instru-\\nment of God.\\nPower must abide somewhere. If it be de-\\nnied to the people, then it must be exercised\\nby those in office who are, for the time at least,\\nbeyond the reach of the people.\\nThe constitution confers upon the president\\nextraordinary and arbitrary powers, which cus-\\ntom and usage have strengthened.\\nThe power denied to the people by the consti-\\ntution, or conferred upon their representatives\\nin congress under restrictions which nullify it\\nin the main, has been gradually absorbed by\\nthe president.\\nThe slow, clumsy and obstructive methods\\nof two large legislative bodies, frequently out\\nof harmony with each other, have often forced\\nupon the president responsibility which he\\nwould doubtless have avoided.\\nHis action in each case of this nature has be-\\ncome a precedent for his successors, and upon", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCKACT. 29\\nthese precedents has been built the present\\nmighty fabric of the presidential prerogative.\\nThe presidency has been described as the\\ngreatest office on earth. It probably is the\\nmost powerful place in the world. The presi-\\ndent is the head of his party, as well as the\\nhead of the state. He has the disposal of two\\nhundred thousand places, many of them being\\nof much profit and honor.\\nThis vast patronage gives to the president\\nmore power than is granted to any king, kaiser\\nor czar. Through it he is generally able to\\nhold in subjection the members of his own\\nparty in congress, and to coerce the legislative\\nbranches of the government into compliance\\nwith his will.\\nThe fathers built a structure which they in-\\ntended to guard and protect our freedom. But\\nthe plan involved a denial of our freedom.\\nFreedom ceases to be freedom when guards\\nand limitations and checks and balances are\\nset about it.\\nThe structure of the fathers, designed to pre-\\nvent a reaction in favor of monarchy, has re-\\nestablished the one-man power which they\\naimed most earnestly to destroy forever.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "YIIL\\nIN ENGLAND THE CONSTITUTION IS THE WILL\\nOF THE PEOPLE THE GOVERNMENT RE-\\nSPONDS PROMPTLY TO THE PEOPLE.\\nTHE governmental growth of the two\\ngreat English-speaking nations has been\\nin ahnost exactly opposite directions\\nthroughout the century now closing.\\nIn England the constitution is unwritten it\\nis the will of the people. Every act of parlia-\\nment which conforms with the principles of\\nEnglish jurisprudence becomes a part of the\\nconstitution.\\nJS o political institution in England is in-\\ntrenched behind the constitution. The ques-\\ntion of constitutionality is never raised there.\\nThe constitution being simply the will of the\\npeople, the mandate of the majority is always\\nconstitutional.\\nIn England the government which is the\\nministry, made up of the ablest men of the\\nparty in power for the time when it finds\\nitself in conflict with the commons, or has rea-\\nson to suspect that it may not be in accord with", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACT. 31\\nthe people, dissolves parliament and makes an\\nappeal to the people, an issue which is decided\\nwithin a few weeks.\\nThe will of the people is the chronometer\\nby which the public policy of England is regu-\\nlated.\\nIf the appeal results in the vindication of the\\nministry, it remains in power; it has secured a\\nnew lease of life, a new grant of authority\\nfrom the source of all political power.\\nIf the election results in the defeat of the\\nministry, that body at once resigns, and the\\nqueen sends for the leader of the now trium-\\nphant opposition and requests him to form a\\nnew ministry and assume control of the gov-\\nernment.\\nThe history of England for a hundred years\\nis a record of almost unceasing progress, of one\\nreform measure following another the aboli-\\ntion of slavery, the repeal of the corn laws,\\nthe franchise bill, the disestablishment of the\\nchurch in Ireland, the removal of the political\\ndisabilities of the Jews, the enfranchisement of\\nthe Catholics, and the broadening and exten-\\nsion of the suffrage.\\nAncient abuses which, under a less respon-\\nsive government, would yield only to violence,\\nare melting away.\\nIn England the prerogatives of the throne", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "82 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nhave been persistently infringed upon and re-\\nduced until it has been shorn of almost the last\\nvestige of real political power. In America\\nthe presidency has grown and strengthened\\nuntil the president may almost say, as did the\\nGrand Monarque, I am the state.\\nIn England majorities are effective; here\\nthey are frequently powerless.\\nThe history of England for the century is a\\nstory of the curtailment or of the abolition of\\nprivilege; the recent history of America is a\\nrecord of the growth of privilege.\\nThe English government, as it has drawn\\nnear to the people, has become less corrupt;\\nour government, as it has diverged from the\\npeople, has become more corrupt.\\nIn England the system of government, which\\nresponds promptly to the will of the people, is\\nfree and natural. Progress under it is normal\\nand gradual on the lines of evolution. Here\\nprogress, restrained and hindered hj the checks\\nand balances, long baffled and delayed by cir-\\ncumlocution, is unnatural, and its failure invites\\ndiscontent and anarchy.\\nIndeed we have made but one progressive\\nmovement of great importance in a hundred\\nyears the abolition of slaver} and that came\\nthrough civil war.\\nAmerica has the forms, but is lacking in the", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACT. 33\\nfact, of Democracy. England has the forms\\nof monarchy and the essential fact of Democ-\\nracy that the voice of the people can be ex-\\npressed quickly and effectively whenever an\\nissue of importance is reached, and that their\\nwill is supreme and final.\\nWe have been considering here the England\\nat home; the England which recognizes the\\ndignity, freedom and sovereignty of its own\\npeople Democratic England, and not that Im-\\nperial England which, as these words are writ-\\nten, is engaged in an effort to subjugate a brave\\npeople in South Africa, devoted equally with\\nthe English to freedom and independence.\\n3", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "IX.\\nOUR GOVERNMENT IS A TRAIN BEHIND TIME,\\nA CLOCK WHICn SELDOM STRIKES THE HOUR,\\nA SHIP WHICH DISOBEYS ITS CAPTAIN.\\nTHE checks and balances bar the people\\nfrom the present control of the govern-\\nment. We are under the rule mainly\\nof the dead.\\nWe are shorn of power to meet the issues and\\nemergencies of our own time. Our government\\nis based on the theory, practically, that the\\nmen of the past only are able to govern wisely\\nthe people of the present.\\nOur government is a train usually behind\\ntime, a clock which seldom strikes the hour, a\\nship which rarely yields obedience to its captain.\\nThe fathers gave us freedom without the\\nability to use it. We may swim, but we must\\nnot go near the water; we may walk, but we\\nmust not use our legs.\\nInactivity begets vice, decay and death. The\\nchecks and balances which forbid activity in\\npublic affairs on the line of public policy pro-\\nduce the boodler and the spoilsman.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 35\\nOur government is rotten from the lack of\\nwholesome use, and because the moral and\\nmental activities of the people have little influ-\\nence upon it.\\nThis composite race of ours is not defective\\nin energy, ingenuity, zeal or sagacity. As a\\nrule, our people do not fail in their under-\\ntakings.\\nWe have failed in public affairs because the\\nchecks and balances forbid the use of our facul-\\nties. Could we expect to produce great painters\\nor inventors if our laws or systems should prac-\\ntically forbid improvement in art or invention\\nIt is unsafe in a Republic to place barriers in\\nthe way of the execution of the people s will.\\nIt is unwise to give to the senate, the president\\nand the supreme court the power to baffle the\\npeople.\\nThe checks and balances are a source of ac-\\ntual danger, as well as of corruption and decay.\\nAn imchangeable government invites revolt.\\nWe may have another issue over an electoral\\ncount, such as that of 1877, or a question of\\nthe magnitude of slavery may grow out of the\\novershadowing combinations of capital which\\nnow darken our horizon. What assurances\\nhave we that our slow-moving, irresponsive\\ngovernment would be equal to such an emer-\\ngency?", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "36 THE COMING DEMOCEACT.\\nA free government should not be built in\\nfear and distrust of the people. There is no\\nconservatism more wholesome than that of free\\nand enlightened men.\\nA free state should respond to the living, not\\nto the dead. The living should carry the re-\\nsponsibility of their own time; the people of\\nthe present should rule in the present, and the\\npeople of the future should rule in the future.\\nThe fathers are dead. They are worthy of\\nall the credit and honor we have bestowed, or\\nshall yet bestow, upon them. But we should\\nhonor them poorly by setting up the claim of\\ninfallibility for them or for their work, or by\\ntolerating for their sakes the outrages and\\nwrongs which are the fruitage of their errors.\\nPatriotism did not die with the fathers, nor\\ndid integrity and wisdom go with them to their\\nhonored graves.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "X.\\nTHE NATURAL CROPS OF AN IRRESPONSIVE\\nAND UNPROGRESSIVE REPUBLIC ARE PATRON-\\nAGE, PRIVILEGE AND CORRUPTION.\\nE may now imderstand why ours is\\nthe only country in the world in\\nwhich political parties are main-\\ntained principally for spoils, and become per-\\nmanent organizations for the distribution of\\npatronage.\\nThe fixed and unchangeable nature of the\\ngovernment leads to the formation of fixed and\\nunchangeable parties.\\nThe complexities of the government make\\naction on the line of public policies and meas-\\nures difiicult and almost impracticable.\\nAs a field which will rarely produce grain or\\ngrass, or other useful things, is in time aban-\\ndoned to weeds and thistles, so our government,\\nwhich rarely responds to the will of the people,\\nwhich becomes effective and progressive after\\nlong intervals only, and then usually by acci-\\ndent or violence, has been abandoned mainly\\nto its natural crops.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "38 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nThe natural crops of an irresponsive and un-\\nprogressive Kepublic are patronage, privilege\\nand corruption. These are the weeds and this-\\ntles, the snakes and vampires, the things harm-\\nful, hideous and venomous, which grow in the\\nbarren uplands and stagnant swamps of the\\nspurious Democracy which defies the people.\\nIt is natural that the state which claims to\\nbe a Democracy, and yet is not a true Democ-\\nracy, should become more corrupt than the\\nstate which makes no pretense of consulting\\nthe will of the people. For the latter is more\\nsincere and honest than the former; it does not\\npretend to grant rights which are really with-\\nheld.\\nMoreover, there must be fixed and unchang-\\ning responsibility back of a despotism, which\\ndoes not abide with the ruling powers in a de-\\nfective Democracy.\\nA despot is the defender of his own privileges\\nand of the privileges of his class but it is not\\nto his interest to have his rule discredited by\\nthe debauchery of the public service. An inert\\nDemocracy, on the other hand, becomes the\\nprey of countless schemers who seek private\\nadvantage.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "XI.\\nOUR ARMIES OF SPOILS, AS ZEALOUS, ASPIR-\\nING AND INVINCIBLE AS THE LEGIONS UNDER\\nNAPOLEON AT FRIEDLAND.\\nTHE political party, as it exists to-day in\\nthe United States, is a remarkable\\ngrowth. The people are ruled by par-\\nties, and parties are permanent organizations\\nruled by men who make a business of politics.\\nThe organization of these interested men who\\nrule a party in its various branches is called\\nthe machine because of the perfection of its\\nmechanism.\\nGiven 200,000 men in federal offices, at least\\n200,000 more in state, city, county and other\\nlocal offices, and at least 600,000 more who are\\nliving in the expectancy of office, and we may\\ncomprehend the power of the machine.\\nAn active, well-disciplined army of 400,000\\nto 500,000 men makes up the Kepublican ma-\\nchine, and about the same number composes\\nthe Democratic machine. Every man in these\\narmies is inspired by present earnings or the\\nhope of future rewards or promotions. These", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "40 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nrewards are dazzling to the imagination of the\\nparty workers.\\nThe private in the ranks looks forward to\\nadvancement, and if he be competent and am-\\nbitious he can see before him a brilliant career\\nof profit, distinction and glory committee\\nwork, a small chairmanship, a small office, rec-\\nognition by a city or state leader, a seat in the\\nlegislature or the board of aldermen, elevation\\nto a city or state office, maybe to congress, a\\ngovernorship, a senatorship, an embassadorship,\\na cabinet place, even the presidency itself.\\nNapoleon in his zenith at Friedland did not\\nhave a more zealous, loyal and aspiring army\\nto support him than has each of our political\\nparties in its corps of eager placemen and aspir-\\nants to place.\\nThe machine maintains the management of\\nits party through its control of the primaries\\nand nominating conventions. Captains of pre-\\ncincts, colonels of counties, generals of cities\\nand states, field marshals of the nation, lead\\ntheir well-disciplined hosts to the conflict.\\nHe who would fi gure in public affairs must\\nwork with one organization or the other, accept\\nits tests and submit to its discipline. A revolt\\nfrom party is rarely forgiven, and only after\\na long period of penance.\\nTheoretically there is no reason why the", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCKACY. 41\\ntariff question should enter into a municipal\\ncontest in Indiana, or the silver issue into the\\nlocal elections of Philadelphia or Chicago. It\\nis plain that local issues should enter into local\\nelections, state issues into state elections and\\nnational issues into national elections.\\nWe do not inquire about the political princi-\\nples of the officers of a bank before opening an\\naccount there nor do we probe into the politi-\\ncal views of employes and tradesmen before\\nhiring or dealing with them nor do we care\\nwhether a physician is of our party before en-\\ngaging him.\\nPassengers on a train do not care whether\\nthe man on the engine is a protectionist or\\na free-trader, a Republican, a Democrat or a\\nSocialist. All they care to know is that he is\\na competent engineer.\\nWe intrust our money, our health and our\\nlives constantly to men who differ with us in\\nparty faith, but the business affairs of our\\ncounty or city we will not confide to those\\nwho disagree with us in politics.\\nThis distinction between the conduct of our\\npublic and private interests is not made of free\\nchoice by the voter who has no interest in ma-\\nchine politics. He finds that generally only\\ntwo local tickets are presented to his choice,\\none by the Eepubiican and the other by the", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "42 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nDemocratic machine. Each of these tickets is\\nmade up by the local political organization,\\nwhich controls the primaries and all of the\\nother machinery of politics.\\nSometimes reform movements are organized,\\nand in rare cases they are successful, but they\\nare always short-lived, yielding to the superior\\nskill, determination and discipline of the ma-\\nchine organizations, as an undisciplined mob\\nmust always yield to well-organized and ex-\\nperienced troops.\\nThe mass of voters outside of the machines\\nare as powerless against the political organiza-\\ntions as are the men in civil life in Germany\\nagainst the imperial army of the kaiser.\\nThe evils of our form of Democracy, which\\nresponds so slowly and imperfectly to the will\\nof the people, which defies the people more fre-\\nquently than it yields to them, may be traced\\nin the profligacy and corruption existing in all\\nthe branches of our Republic, national, state\\nand local in the organization of invincible and\\npermanent political parties devoted to the dis-\\ntribution of honors, perquisites, privileges and\\npatronage, and in the helplessness of the people\\nunder the most exasperating, subtle and for-\\nmidable systems of oppression.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "XII.\\nUNITY, SIMPLICITY AND RESPONSIBILITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094NO\\nHUMAN ORGANIZATION HAS EVER PROSPERED\\nUNDER A DOUBLE-HEADED MANAGEMENT.\\nFOU the present we shall confine our com-\\nments npon the problem of governmen-\\ntal reform to the cities, using for pur-\\nposes of illustration the city of New York, the\\nlargest municipality in the country.\\nThe fatal complexities in the national gov-\\nernment have been copied in the municipal\\ngovernments. A city is ruled by two, three\\nor four conflicting heads or powers.\\nMany pages would be required even to epit-\\nomize the extraordinary complexities of the\\npresent government of the city of ]New York.\\nThere are 260,000 words in its charter. Power\\nis diffused among the mayor, the heads of de-\\npartments more or less independent, a munic-\\nipal legislature with two houses, the borough\\ngovernments and various commissions.\\nThe real problem of municipal government\\nis nothing more than a question of business on\\na large scale.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "44 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nIs it difficult or impossible to handle business\\non a large scale efficiently and honestly\\nThe answer must be that the larger the pri-\\nvate business enterprise, the more complete is\\nits division of labor, the more perfect its ma-\\nchinery in its minor details as well as in its\\nimportant parts, and the more satisfactory its\\nresults.\\nLet us now seek information in the school of\\nexperience. Our ways of handling the public\\nbusiness are more than a hundred years old,\\nwhile the methods of handling private business\\nare up to date. The old ways have failed the\\nnew ways are successful. We must investigate\\nthe new methods.\\nWe shall discover that the new methods are\\nall practicall}^ included in one simple machine\\nthe corporation.\\nThe corporation is the most successful form\\nof organization that has yet been devised for\\nthe management of large and permanent busi-\\nness enterprises. It has been misused, as all\\nhuman institutions and combinations have been\\nand will be. Sometimes it has become the in-\\nstrument of monopoly and oppression, which\\nis an evidence of its strength as well as of its\\nevil tendencies. It makes no pretensions to\\nphilanthropy, or to public spirit. It has no\\nmotive save profit.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 45\\nAs a pule, the corporation works with the\\nutmost efficiency, economy and faithfulness in\\nthe interest of its stockholders. In some cases\\nthe shareholders in the majority have oppressed\\nor wronged those in the minority. This rarely\\nhappens, however, in corporations of substance,\\nand it is rendered difficult by a system of pro-\\nportional representation which safeguards the\\ninterests of the minority, and which is growing\\nin favor and increasing in use.\\nThe corporation is built upon the theory that\\nthere is but one interest to be considered the\\ninterest of the stockholders. Experience has\\ndetermined that this interest is best served by\\nplacing the management of the corporation in\\nthe hands of a small board of directors, consist-\\ning rarely of more than fifteen persons, and\\nmore frequently of three, ^yg or seven, elected\\nannually by the shareholders.\\nThis board adopts, alters or amends the by-\\nlaws of the corporation and elects its officers, who\\nare also, in the more progressive corporations,\\nremovable at the will of the directors. The board\\nis the supreme official force in the corporation.\\nThe stockholders delegate all of their powers,\\nit will be observed, to one board. If two\\nboards were authorized, they would frequently\\nbe in conflict, and the efficiency of the corpora-\\ntion be impaired.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "4:6 THE COMma DEMOCRACY.\\nA second governing board in a corporation\\nwould be as useless as a second captain of a\\nship, or a second commander of an army.\\nA double-headed management is unfitted for\\na corporation, ship, army, city or state, and\\nfor every form of human organization.\\nEven in a partnership one of the partners\\nmust lead. Each family must have a head if\\nthe man be incapable, the woman must com-\\nmand.\\nPower, to be effective, must rest in one man,\\nor one body of men.\\nIf the interests of a corporation were con-\\ntrolled by two boards, an executive elected for\\nfour years, and a supreme council holding for\\nlife, it would of necessity become an ineificient,\\na helpless, and perhaps also a corrupt, organi-\\nzation. It is true that this is the form of gov-\\nernment in our Eepublic, and imitated in our\\nstates and cities, but it has been in no case\\nsuccessful.\\nThe one board in the corporation is composed\\nof a small number of men, for the reason that\\na body consisting of a large number of men can-\\nnot transact business promptly or thoroughly.\\nThe one small board is elected annually that\\nits members may be in touch with, and closely\\nresponsible to, the stockholders.\\nThe perfection of the corporation as a busi-", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 47\\nness macliine is due to its unity, simplicity and\\nresponsibility.\\nOne board rules. It is large enough to rep-\\nresent varying interests and to secure diversity\\nof opinion and counsel, but it is not so large as\\nto be cumbrous.\\nThe one small board is as free as any repre-\\nsentative body can be, and yet it is held to a\\nclose accountability to its shareholders through\\nthe annual election.\\nIn its more perfect organization, this board\\nis representative of the minority as weU as of\\nthe majority interests among stockholders, each\\ninterest having representation in proportion to\\nits holdings of shares.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "XIII.\\nTHE FREE MAN S BALLOT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ONE VOTE FOR ONE\\nCAUSE AND FOR ONE CANDIDATE.\\nN considering the question of reforming the\\ngovernment of the city of New York, we\\ncannot ignore the experience of the cor-\\nporation, the only machine that has ever yet\\nhandled business on a large scale with almost\\nperfect success.\\nWe shall doubtless discover that the main\\npoints in the machinery of a sound govern-\\nment, as in the machinery of a successful\\nbusiness enterprise, are unity, simplicity and\\nresponsibility.\\nLet us now inquire whether the simple ma-\\nchinery of the business corporation may not fit\\nthe needs of municipal government.\\nWe may assume for the time that each voter\\nbears the same relation to the city of I^ew York\\nthat the holder of one share of stock bears to\\na private corporation.\\nMention has been made herein of the fact that\\nproportional representation has been growing\\nin favor with the more progressive corporations.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 49\\nProportional representation provides, in a\\ncorporation with live directors, that one-fifth\\nof the shares may elect one director, two-fifths\\ntwo directors, and so on. In a corporation\\nwith fifteen directors, one-fifteenth of the shares\\nmay elect one director, and five-fifteenths of\\nthe shares five directors.\\nA very short and simple charter from the\\nlegislature of the state of E ew York would\\nconfer upon the voters of the city of ISTew York\\nthe right to manage and control their munici-\\npal affairs in accordance with their desires and\\ninterests.\\nThe machinery of city government so granted,\\nif it were based upon the experience of the most\\nsuccessful corporations, would provide that the\\ncity should be ruled by a small board of trus-\\ntees, say fifteen in number, elected once a year,\\nunder a scientific system of proportional repre-\\nsentation.\\nThis board would be authorized to enact all\\nlaws, rules and regulations needful for the gov-\\nernment of the city, to elect its chief executive\\nand other officers, to define their duties, and\\nto remove them at its will.\\nThe board of fifteen trustees should be elected\\nfrom the whole city from the city at large\\nas we sometimes say and not from districts.\\nThere are various forms of ballots under dif-\\n4", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "50 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nferent sj^stems of proportional representation,\\nbut it happens fortunately that the simplest is\\nthe most effective. Its simplicity is so perfect,\\nand its effectiveness so remarkable, as will be\\nshown later, that it may well be designated the\\nFree Man s Ballot.\\nThis is a copy of the Free Man s Ballot, for\\nthe Republican party, as it may be voted in\\nany election in the city of I^ew York, under\\nthe new charter, placing the government of\\nthe city in the hands of a board of fifteen\\ntrustees\\nREPUBLICAN TICKET.\\nFor Trustee, City of IS ew York,\\nOjfficial Instructions.\\nThe voter must WRITE in the preceding blank space\\nthe ONE name of his choice.\\nHe is free to vote for any citizen of New York City.\\nIf he fails to write a name, liis vote will count for his\\nparty or cause only.\\nIf he cannot write, or if he be disabled, he may bring a\\nfriend who will be permitted to write the name for him\\nat the polls.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 51\\nOther tickets will be headed with the names\\nof other parties, causes or measures as Demo-\\ncratic Ticket, *^Good Government Ticket,\\nPolice Eeform Ticket and Anti-Kamapo\\nTicket. An ofllcial party emblem, or picture,\\nmay be used also, if desired.\\nWith the Free Man s Ballot the voter ex-\\npresses first his choice of the party, cause or\\nmeasure for which his vote shall be counted,\\nand second his choice of candidates for the\\noffice of trustee.\\nWe may now consider the practical working\\nof the new system.\\nLet us assume that there are 600,000 voters\\nin the city of JSTew York. As there are fifteen\\ntrustees to be elected, a party, cause or organi-\\nzation for the promotion of a principle or meas-\\nure, will elect one trustee if it have the support\\nof 40,000 voters one-fifteenth of the whole\\nnumber two trustees if it have 80,000 voters,\\nand so on.\\nThe election officers, upon the closing of the\\npolls, will count first the heads of the ballots,\\nto determine how many votes have been cast\\nfor each party or cause. Let us assume that\\nthis count results, in the whole city, as fol-\\nlows", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "52 THE COMING DEMOCKACY.\\nDemocratic (Tammany Hall) 239, 000\\nIndependent Democratic 43, 000\\nEepublican 147,000\\nGood Government 74,000\\nPolice Reform 53, 000\\nAnti-Ramapo 35,000\\nScattering 9,000\\nTotal 600, 000\\nSince 40,000 votes are required as the full\\nquota to elect one trustee, it now appears that\\nthe Tammany Hall Democrats have elected five\\ntrustees, with 39,000 votes in excess.\\nThe Independent Democrats have elected one\\ntrustee, with 3,000 votes in excess.\\nThe Republicans have elected three trustees,\\nwith 2Y,000 votes in excess.\\nThe Good Government party has elected one\\ntrustee, with 34,000 votes in excess.\\nThe Police Reformers have elected one trus-\\ntee, with 13,000 votes in excess.\\nThe Anti-Ramapo party has elected no trus-\\ntee, but it has a surplus vote of 35,000.\\nThe scattering have wasted 9,000 votes.\\nEleven trustees have now been chosen on full\\nquotas. Four more must be distributed where\\nthey rightly belong.\\nIt is evident that these should go in equity\\nto the four parties having the largest surplus\\nvote one to the Tammany HaK Democrats,", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 53\\nwith 39,000 votes in excess, one to the Anti-\\nEamapo party, with 35,000 surplus votes, one\\nto the Good Government party, with 84,000\\nvotes in excess, and one to the Eepublicans,\\nwith 27,000 votes in excess.\\nThe board of trustees will now stand as fol-\\nlows:\\nTaminany Hall 6\\nIndependent Democratic 1\\nRepublican 4\\nGood Government 2\\nPolice Reform 1\\nAnti-Ramapo 1\\nTotal 15\\nEach party, or cause, is now represented in\\nthe board of trustees in nearly exact proportion\\nto its voting strength.\\nThis vote having determined that six men on\\nthe Tammany Hall ticket have been elected,\\nthe completion of the count of the Tammany\\nHall ballots will determine the six names\\nthereon that have received the highest votes,\\nand these will therefore be chosen trustees, as\\nwill the one man having the highest vote on\\nthe Independent Democratic ticket, the four\\nmen having the highest votes on the Eepub-\\nlican ticket, and so on.\\nIt will be the duty of the election officials to", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "54 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\ncertify the vote cast for all of the candidates,\\nchosen and unchosen, on all of the ballots, as a\\nmatter of publicity, and for another important\\nreason\\nIf any candidate chosen should fail to qual-\\nify as a trustee, or should resign, die or become\\ndisqualified during his term of ofBce, he should\\nbe succeeded by the candidate on the same\\nticket who received the highest vote given on\\nthat ticket to a candidate who was unchosen.\\nThis would provide a just means of succession\\nin the case of a vacancy, without the expense\\nor trouble of holding a special election.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "XIY.\\nTHE VOTER MAKES HIS OWN NOMINATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBOSSISM IS ABOLISHED AND POLITICAL MA-\\nCHINES ARE BROKEN.\\nTHE man who enters into the isolation of\\nthe election booth to prepare the Free\\nMan s Ballot is as free as the law can\\nmake him from every form of dictation, co-\\nercion and intimidation.\\nHe is to express his choice in two forms,\\nwhich embrace the whole of a voter s will\\nfirst, in declaring the party, cause or measures\\nwhich he approves and, second, in naming the\\nman of his choice to execute his will.\\nHe can choose in freedom a ballot headed by\\nthe name of the party or cause of his choice,\\nand his own mind must furnish the name of\\nhis candidate.\\nNo caucus^ prhnary or convention can control\\nhim who votes roith the Free Man s Ballot. He\\nnames his own man j he m^akes his own nom-\\nination.\\nHeelers, bosses and the manipulators of the\\nparty machines can plead, advise and urge, but", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "5G THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nthey can no longer dictate. Their vocation is\\ngone, their scepters are broken, their power\\nhas departed, and they must soon\\nFold their tents, like the Arabs,\\nAnd as silently steal away.\\nThe legal complications in which they were\\nintrenched, the spurious and rotten forms of\\nDemocracy which produced them, have been\\nswept away. No power shall henceforth, in\\nthe city of New York, prevent the free expres-\\nsion of the people s will, or the complete re-\\nsponsibility of those who are chosen to exe-\\ncute it.\\nParty organizations and conventions we shall\\nstill have, but since the power of naming can-\\ndidates has ceased to exist, the conventions\\nmust confine themselves to the legitimate work\\nof formulating principles and measures, and\\nthe organizations must work chiefly for the\\nadvancement of these ideas and policies.\\nWe can conceive that the organization of a\\nparty will, under the new order, respectfully\\nrecommend to its voters a long list of the\\nstrongest and most popular men in its rauks as\\nbeing worthy of consideration for the impor-\\ntaut office of trustee of the city of New York.\\nInstead of attempting to dictate nominations,\\nthe new party leaders will probably search the", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 57\\ncity for able and sincere men whose names will\\ngive prestige to their cause, and we may be\\nsure that no man with a following of much con-\\nsequence will be overlooked, since the voter is\\nfree to go outside of the list for his candidate.\\nA party or cause will now be judged first,\\nby its declaration of principles and policies;\\nand, second, by the character of the men com-\\nmended, not nominated, for office.\\nIt can no longer be said, as of old, that the\\nplatform is good, but the men are bad, or that\\nthe men are good, but the principles are bad.\\nThe men are of the same kind as the measures,\\nand the measures match the men.\\nThe office will now literally seek the man,\\nand not the man the office. The men named\\nin advance as available will be in no sense nom-\\ninees, nor even, in a literal sense, candidates.\\nThey will be named because of the presumption\\nthat the use of their names will strengthen the\\ncause for which each one will stand.\\nTo be named under such circumstances will\\nbe a public honor, to be defeated with other\\ngood men will be no discredit, to be elected\\nwill be a distinction.\\nSlander, detraction and personal animosities\\nwill disappear in the main in political cam-\\npaigns, since there will be no nominees or pro-\\nnounced candidates to become the targets of", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "58 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\nenvy or malice. The strife will no longer be\\nover the question whether this man or that\\nman shall triumph, but whether this measure\\nor that policy shall prevail.\\nWe will no longer be wild clans following a\\nchieftain, but sober men pondering over the\\npublic good. Partisan feuds and meanness will\\ndisappear, and politics will become a noble\\nstrife between rival measures for the common\\nwelfare.\\nParties will be constantly advancing and\\nforming anew as issues move and change, in\\nresponse to altered conditions, to the lessons of\\nexperience, and to the increased intelligence\\nand higher public spirit of the people. Men\\nwill no longer helong to parties; parties will\\nbelong to men.\\nThe people will be profoundly interested con-\\nstantly in the questions: What is practicable?\\nWhat is reasonable What is just and fair\\nWe will begin to understand that this city is\\nour city, that its beauty, order, wholesomeness\\nis our glory, and its uncleanness is our shame.\\nA man to be chosen trustee must have a very\\nconsiderable following at the lowest, perhaps,\\nten to twenty thousand votes. It will seldom\\nhappen that an insignificant or incompetent\\nman can secure such a vote in competition with\\nthe best men in the city.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCSACY. 59\\nThe most popular man in a cause will receive\\nthe largest vote on his party ticket, the second\\nin popularity will receive the second vote, and\\nso on. Every election will determine definitely\\nthe leadership of the different political bodies\\nin the city. The people will name their leaders,\\nreaffirm them, or change them, in freedom.\\nThe leader of the party in the majority will\\nprobably be chosen as mayor of the city by the\\nboard of trustees. The leaders of the parties\\nin the minority will also occupy places of honor\\nand responsibility.\\nEach leader will strive to retain and to in-\\ncrease the esteem and the good will of his fol-\\nlowers, and it is unlikely that he will succeed,\\nunder the free conditions which will prevail, if\\nhe be not sincere, honest, strong and able.\\nThe people will find out whose actions are\\nequal to his promises, who is alert in emergen-\\ncies, who can be trusted. In freedom, they\\nwill not tolerate false or incompetent leader-\\nship. We shall have a new and better order of\\nmen in public life.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "XY.\\nTHEACHERY IS THAT OFFENSE WHICH RANKS A\\nLITTLE LOWER IN THE MINDS OF MEN THAN\\nANY OTHER CRIME.\\nT THY should we assume that the men\\nelected as trustees through the\\nFree Man s Ballot will be inspired\\nby higher motives than those who are chosen\\nfor representative positions under present sj^ s-\\ntems? Is it not in the nature of things that\\nmen will abuse, or turn to their own advan-\\ntage, the power that may be given to them?\\nWe should bear in mind that under present\\nsystems the men chosen to office are under\\nno mandate to represent the whole people, or\\nto advance measures only. They are chosen to\\nrepresent their party, and party has grown to\\nmean a machine to gather patronage and spoils.\\nCandidates are named by the machine; they\\nare expected to serve the machine, and they are\\nseldom faithless to this trust.\\nMore than five thousand men have filled the\\noffice of presidential elector in the United\\nStates, all of whom were free to cast their", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 61\\nvotes as they pleased. If an elector chosen on\\nthe Democratic ticket should vote for a Kepub-\\nlican candidate, he would violate no law; he\\ncould even claim with truth that it was the\\nintention of the f ramers of the constitution to\\ngive perfect freedom of choice to the presiden-\\ntial electors.\\nEach of the electors has been under a moral\\nobligation, however, to vote for the candidate\\nof his party, l^ot one of the five thousand\\never violated this obligation.\\nIt may be said also of the thousands who\\nhave been sent to congress, of more than a\\nhundred thousand who have served in the state\\nlegislatures and filled other representative posi-\\ntions, and of the millions who have been elected\\nto other offices, that rarely has one been treach-\\nerous to the party that chose him.\\nThose who were instructed by their party to\\nsupport certain measures have obeyed their in-\\nstructions, those who were chosen to represent\\nmoneyed interests have been true to those in-\\nterests, and those who have been named by a\\nboss have been faithful to the boss.\\nFaithlessness and treachery are qualities ab-\\nhorrent to all sorts and conditions of men. Even\\ncriminals are usually faithful to their accom-\\nplices. Many a burglar has served a long term\\nin prison, and murderers have gone to the scaf-", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "62 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\nfold, rather than purchase freedom, or even life\\nitself, through the betrayal of a comrade.\\nTreachery is that offense which ranks a lit-\\ntle lower in the minds of men than any other\\ncrime.\\nVVe may now assume that men elected to\\noffice, under the new order, in which they are\\nchosen as the representatives of a cause, will\\nbe faithful to their trust.\\nThe honor which prevails among politicians\\nand spoilsmen, and which is not lacking even\\namong criminals, will surely be found in the\\nhigher grade of men who will come to the front.\\nHarmony will be established which was lack-\\ning under the old systems. Men of character\\nwho hold public office under present conditions\\nsuffer much humiliation in the conflict between\\ntwo inclinations the one to be faithful to the\\nparty which has elevated them to office, and\\nthe other to serve singly the public interest.\\nThere will be no such conflict in the minds\\nof men chosen under the new order. It wiU\\nbe apparent, after we have adopted honest sys-\\ntems, that practically all men will desire hon-\\nest government, and the representative who\\nshould, under such circumstances, betray his\\nconstituency, and also violate the principles\\nof common honesty, would be a man of ex-\\nceptional baseness.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 63\\nIt is now apparent that we have lost faith in\\nDemocracy without reason, and also that we\\nhave lost faith unnecessarily in human nature.\\nAs we go deeper into the matter we discover\\nthat even the politicians, against whom we rail\\nand complain, have been less faithless than we\\nhad supposed, and that they are really the vic-\\ntims of the evil systems which have corrupted\\nthem.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "XYI.\\nIN ANSWER TO THE CHARGE THAT THE PEO-\\nPLE ARE UNPATRIOTIC, UNTRUSTWORTHY\\nOR CORRUPT.\\nA=\\nH, says the Doubter, you are an\\noptimist, and don t know mankind.\\nYou think that men are honest and\\nintelligent, and that your little ballot trick will\\ntransform the rotten politics of New York, turn\\nvice into virtue and ignorance into intelligence.\\nI tell you the government of New York is cor-\\nrupt because the people are corrupt, it is igno-\\nrant because the people are ignorant, and it is\\ndishonest because the people are dishonest.\\nIf you can devise a scheme that will make\\nthe people honest and intelligent, then you can\\nhave honest and intelligent government, but no\\nchange in the way of voting can bring about\\nsuch a result.\\nThis interruption will justify us in halting to\\ninquire whether men are really so bad as some\\nmen would have us believe. The habit of\\nspeaking with contempt of the people has\\ngrown among us in a marked manner in these", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 65\\nlater times. The term people usually means,\\nin this connection, the wage-earners who have\\nsaved little or nothing, all who live from hand\\nto mouth, the poor people, the rabble.\\nThe one who deplores most the benighted\\nand immoral condition of his fellow men, is\\nusually in comfortable circumstances. From a\\nplace of ease and security, where temptation\\ndoes not assail him, he looks down with some\\ncensoriousness upon his less fortunate brethren.\\nOne fact is plain the poor people have not\\ncorrupted the city or the state. Some of them\\nhave been corrupted, but these have not been\\nthe source of corruption, and their share in the\\nplunder has been very small. At the most\\nthey have been only insignificant and silent\\npartners in the schemes of public dishonesty.\\nAnd those of the poor who have been corrupted\\nare but a small part of the whole body.\\nHis country is more, as a rule, to the poor\\nman than to the rich man. Few poor men\\nhave ever voluntarily expatriated themselves;\\nit is not the poor who have lost faith in their\\ncountry. The rich man has many interests,\\nmany things in which he can take pride; the\\npoor man has little of which he is very proud\\nsave his country. He believes, however hard\\nhis luck has been, that he is a joint owner in\\nthe best and greatest country in the world.\\n5", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "QQ THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nHe is intensely patriotic. He loves his coun-\\ntry with a passionate devotion. Its flag thrills\\nhim its national airs quicken his blood. He\\nbelieves that, if the sacrifice need be, he could\\neven die for his country.\\nIndeed, within the last forty years, four hun-\\ndred thousand Americans, and nearly all poor\\nmen, have laid their lives, the last full meas-\\nure of their devotion, upon the altar of their\\ncountry. If our country were in peril, a mil-\\nlion poor men would volunteer in a week to\\nface death in its defense.\\nWe are trusting to the honesty and intelli-\\ngence of the poor and ignorant every day of\\nour lives in the trains, on the streets, in\\nall the minute ramifications of work and\\ntrade, in places of pleasure, even in our\\nsleep.\\nIf we are on the point of suffocation from\\nfire, a poor man, a stranger to us, risks his life\\nto save ours. It is his trade.\\nWho are the engineers, the firemen, the\\nwatchmen, the lonely sentinels, the life-savers\\non dangerous coasts, the alert men all over the\\nworld, who are always on a strain to help and\\nsave us, and who so often give their lives for\\nthe sake of duty and honor\\nThey are poor men, and often they are very\\nignorant men to whom Fate has denied favor", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 67\\nand opportunity, but whose souls are as white\\nand clean as the soul of any king.\\nThe greatest and most generous philanthro-\\npists are found among the very poor, who give\\nall they have in surplus, and reduce their bread\\nand meat, to help those who are poorer still.\\nGo, ye proud givers, whose bounty is trumpeted\\nto the ends of the earth, and learn what philan-\\nthropy really is from the poor and humble, who\\npay in sacrifice for the privilege of helpful-\\nness\\nWe shall not find the best examples of hero-\\nism and valor on the red fields where men slay\\nand are slain, but down rather among the poor,\\nwhere men and women fight with stout hearts\\nevery day and hour of their forlorn lives against\\nthe black hosts of Humiliation and Want and\\nDisease and Uncertainty and Despair.\\nIt is poverty and want and privation that\\nbring out the kindly, generous, brave and fra-\\nternal qualities in man; and it is riches and\\npower and ambition that blight these noblest\\nfruits of human life.\\nAnd who are we who can look with such\\nscorn upon the poor and the ignorant There\\nis not a man among us whose antecedents do\\nnot run back in the dim past to a naked sav-\\nage, and not one in a hundred whose family\\nhistory may not be summed up, as Lincoln", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "68 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\nsaid with proud humility of his own, in the\\nshort and simple annals of the poor.\\nKnow, ye proud and haughty ones, that a\\nchild of your blood shall one day be in rags and\\ntatters, scorned as you scorn these; and that\\nthe children of these humble souls shall rise to\\nhigh places, for the great and noble may come,\\nand usually do come, from the loins of the\\npoor!", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "XYII.\\nHONEST SYSTEMS PRODUCE HONEST RESULTS,\\nRIGHT SYSTEMS RIGHT RESULTS, AND WRONG\\nSYSTEMS WRONG RESULTS.\\nTHERE are more rich men in the city of\\n]^ew York than in any other city of\\nthe world. Most of them have made\\ntheir own fortunes. They are men of practical\\nminds, of good courage for a fight, and very\\nresourceful in securing their aims. They are\\nfamiliar vi^ith large undertakings, and are un-\\naccustomed to failure.\\nThese men are, as a rule, scornful of the cor-\\nruption and profligacy in the present govern-\\nment of the city of l^ew York. Some of them\\nhave been outraged and wronged by it. They\\ngrumble and complain against it; they de-\\nnounce it they desire to see it reformed.\\nNow, if the system of government in the city\\nis one that admits of reform, if the rottenness\\nbe not seated in the system itself, and hence\\nineradicable save by reforming the system, why\\ndo not these powerful men join and produce a\\ngood government based on the old system", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "70 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nTheir resources are unlimited they can com-\\nmand the press and the orators; every pulpit\\nwill support them business interests will rally\\naround them, and the important educational\\nand social influences will follow them. If the\\ncity can be redeemed, why do not they assume\\nthe responsibility in the case, and cease placing\\nit upon the poor and the ignorant\\nThey fail to do this because it is impossible.\\nITeither money, nor intelligence, nor unselfish\\ninterests, nor patriotism, can reform the gov-\\nernment of the city of New York, or of any\\nother government equally cumbrous and com-\\nplicated.\\nThe fault is not in the indifference, nor in\\nthe dishonesty, of the people; it lies in the\\ncomplexities which are at war with all sound\\nmethods of business organization.\\nNo one prefers bad government, save its\\nbeneficiaries.\\nAll sane men are naturally honest, and prefer\\nright ways to wrong ways. The man of feeble\\nhonesty is swerved by a slight interest, while\\nthe man of sturdy honesty is unmoved by a\\ngreat interest.\\nA liar will tell the truth unless it be to his\\ninterest to lie. A million times and more has\\na stranger paused on a country road, or amid\\nthe throngs of a great city, and asked to be", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 71\\ndirected on the right course. He has applied\\nto all kinds of men, women and children; to\\nall colors and races; to beggars, tramps, liars,\\nthieves, marauders and murderers, and never\\nonce has he been deceived unless it was to the\\ninterest of his informant to deceive him.\\nAn honest man cannot turn a clean furrow\\nwith a dull plow. A rascal can turn a clean\\nfurrow with a sharp plow.\\nA bad implement cannot produce a good re-\\nsult, even in the hands of a good man. A good\\nimplement produces a good result in the hands\\nof either a good or a bad man.\\nSo also honest systems produce honest re-\\nsults, right systems right results, and wrong\\nsystems wrong results.\\nThe right system of government for the city\\nof ]^ew York will be as a sharp plow that turns\\na clean furrow, as a good implement that does\\ngood work. It will be an honest system bring-\\ning honest results.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "XYIII.\\nTHE DEFIANCE OP THE WILL OF THE PEOPLE\\nPRODUCES THE REVOLUTIONIST AND THE\\nANARCHIST.\\nTHE board of trustees chosen through the\\nFree Man s Ballot will have the task of\\norganizing the city of New York, in\\nall of its departments and machinery, upon a\\nbusinesslike basis. This will be a heavy, but\\nby no means an impossible, undertaking.\\nThe board will succeed if it be given freedom\\nto act, to correct promptly its own errors, and\\nto apply the lessons of experience.\\nIt will fail in so far as it is hampered and\\nbaffled by limitations of its own power in\\nmunicipal affairs through legislative and con-\\nstitutional prohibitions and complications.\\nThere is one right way, and there are many\\nwrong ways, of doing everything. The right\\nway can be found only in freedom.\\nSo long as the legislature in Albany shall\\ncontinue to usurp the power of determiniug\\nwhat policies and methods are best for the city\\nof New York, the government of the city will\\nbe defective.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE COMINa DEMOCRACY. 73\\nThe people of the city should be the untram-\\nmeled guardians of their own interests. It by\\nno means follows that the policies which would\\nbe best for ISTew York would also be best for\\nBuffalo, or that both of these cities, if set free,\\nwould follow exactly parallel lines of develop-\\nment.\\nThe American theory of local self-govern-\\nment that the people of the village shall con-\\ntrol the affairs of the village, the people of the\\ncounty the affairs of the county, the people of\\nthe city the affairs of the city, and the people\\nof the state the affairs of the state is sound,\\nbusinesslike and Democratic.\\nThe board of trustees, chosen under the im-\\nproved system of voting, will doubtless find in\\nthe great and successful private business enter-\\nprises its best examples for imitation in the\\nreformation of the city.\\nTheir experiences will demonstrate how much\\nauthority may safely be given to the executive\\ndepartment, what standards of fitness and ca-\\npacity should be applied to employes, by what\\nmethods advancement may be given justly to\\nthe meritorious and security to the competent,\\nand how partisan tests and personal favorit-\\nism may be eliminated from the public serv-\\nice.\\nA thousand lessons are to be learned, but", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "74 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\nthere is no lesson that patience and common\\nsense cannot master.\\nThere will be the conflict of opposing theories\\nand policies. It is in the nature of men to\\ndivide into two great bodies, the progressive\\nand the non-progressive. The advance of the\\nprogressives are the radicals who lead some-\\ntimes in the right and at other times in the\\nwrong direction.\\nThe great body of the progressives move\\nsteadily on the line of least resistance, making\\nan improvement here and lopping off an abuse\\nthere. They seldom move rapidly, but their\\ncourse is forward, and their record is the his-\\ntory of a nation.\\nThe body of the non-progressives does not\\nmove, but is moved. It yields slowly to pres-\\nsure. Its weight tests the value of progressive\\nmeasures. The rear-guard of the conservatives\\nare the enemies of progress, the men who doubt\\nall things new. They are as rocks in running\\nwater.\\nThese phases of public sentiment will be re-\\nflected in the political organizations of the city\\nwhich has been set free. The names of na-\\ntional parties will probably disappear in city\\npolitics, or take on a new and local meaning,\\nsince national questions will have little bearing\\non city issues.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 75\\nSmall and hopeless parties, which have here-\\ntofore expressed the discontent of the people\\nunder a political system which made them help-\\nless, will doubtless cease to exist in municipal\\ncontests.\\nThe political contests in the city will be seri-\\nous battles over measures of progress, in which\\nfew voters will be disposed to fire a sliot in the\\nair by voting with a hopeless minority.\\nThe apprehension that the people, if set free,\\nwill take up with impracticable and incendiary\\nideas, is baseless. It is the suppression of the\\npeople, the defiance of the will of the people,\\nthat produces the revolutionist and the an-\\narchist.\\nThe mass of men are conservative. If given\\nfreedom, they will move slowly and cautiously;\\nbut the denial of freedom maddens them.\\nThe dangers of anarchy are infinitely greater\\nin the state that denies than in the one that\\nyields to the people.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "XIX.\\nTHE NATION WHICH CONFIDES ITS GOVERNMENT\\nTO FOUR ANTAGONISTIC POWERS IS NOT A\\nDEMOCRACY\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IT IS AN ANARCHY.\\nTHE form of corporate organization that\\nis best adapted to the needs of private\\nbusiness enterprises of importance is the\\nsame in Nqw York, in Illinois, in California,\\nand indeed throughout the civilized world and\\nexperience has shown that this organization is\\nfitted to the needs of the largest and most com-\\nplicated undertakings as well as to small and\\nsimple ones.\\nSo we may assume that the form of organi-\\nzation best suited to the transaction of the pub-\\nlic business would be the same, in its main\\nfeatures, in all parts of our country, and in all\\nof the divisions of our government alike in\\nthe village, the township, the county, the city,\\nthe state and the nation.\\nThe governing board might be named the\\nboard of trustees, directors, managers, alder-\\nmen, councilmen, commissioners, representa-\\ntives, congressmen, senators or governors, and", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 77\\nit miglit consist of three, five, seven, fifteen,\\ntwenty-five, or even of a greater number of\\nmembers. A small board would meet the re-\\nquirements of a village, and a larger board of\\na city, or of a state.\\nThe question will arise whether a very large\\nboard, or congress, would be required for the\\nmanagement of the business of the general\\ngovernment.\\nThe suggestion will doubtless be made that\\nthe affairs of the nation are too vast and im-\\nportant to be intrusted to a small number of\\nmen. It should be borne in mind, however,\\nthat the executive efficiency of a body of men\\ndoes not increase with numbers.\\nA large body is forced, almost invariably, to\\nabdicate its main powers to a smaller central\\nforce, or executive committee, chosen from\\nits own number, or to one man, as our national\\nhouse of representatives, being overgrown and\\nunwieldy, has been compelled to confer extraor-\\ndinary authority upon its speaker, and as the\\nnational government has abdicated its powers,\\nin a large degree, in favor of the president.\\nThe business of the state cannot be transacted\\nby the whole people in mass. We must author-\\nize others to act for us. If we delegate our\\npowers to a body composed of a very large\\nnumber of persons, then the large body, being", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "78 THE COMING DEMOCEACT.\\nunwieldy, must re-delegate our powers to a\\nsmaller body.\\nThere should be no re-delegation of our gen-\\neral powers they should be confided to a body\\nthat can act, that is within itself competent and\\neffective.\\nIf we delegate our powers to three different\\nbodies and one man to a house, a senate, a\\nsupreme court and a president we may know\\nthat the four will be always inharmonious, and\\noften in conflict, and that the public business\\nwiR suffer in consequence.\\nLet the reader assume for the moment that\\nhe is the possessor of property of great value\\nand of interests of much complexity, and that\\nhe is compelled to be absent from the country\\nfor a long period. He must authorize another,\\nor others, to act for him. What arrangement\\nof his affairs would he make\\nWould he authorize one firm of lawyers to\\nact for two years, and another firm of older\\nlawyers to act for a longer period, and yet an-\\nother firm of very old lawyers to act perma-\\nnently, and one more lawyer to act for four\\nyears? And would he endeavor to give al-\\nmost equal powers to each of his four repre-\\nsentatives, so that there could be little or no\\nprogress if all were not in accord\\nHaving created this form of entanglement,", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 79\\nand having placed his interests beyond his con-\\ntrol, would he expect to find his property in\\ngood condition upon his return\\nThe reader will doubtless answer that the\\nman who should think seriously of relinquish-\\ning the control of his own affairs in favor of\\nfour conflicting agencies would be a proper\\nsubject for a commission in lunacy.\\nLet us assert again that our governmental\\naffairs are purely business affairs the business\\naffairs of the whole people and that they never\\nwill be handled correctly save upon those nat-\\nural Knes which have proved to be successful\\nin private business.\\nTo set up four independent and conflicting\\nagencies to manage the public business is as\\nirrational as it would be to set up four firms of\\nlawyers to manage one s private business.\\nTo place the public business beyond the con-\\ntrol of the people for four, six, ten or twenty\\nyears is as unwise as it would be to surrender\\nthe control of one s private affairs for a like\\nperiod.\\nMoreover, a divided responsibility can easily\\nbe shirked. The president can lay blame upon\\ncongress, the house upon the senate, the senate\\nupon the house, and both houses upon the presi-\\ndent, and these three united may place the\\nresponsibility upon the supreme court.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "80 THE COMINa DEMOCEACY,\\nEach of these four powers may toss the\\nresponsibility back and forth, elude it, hide\\nit and escape from it.\\nThe nation which confides its government to\\nfour inharmonious and antagonistic powers is\\nnot a Democracy. It is an Anarchy.\\nOur people need not live in fear of the An-\\narchy that may come, for Anarchy exists, and\\nhas long existed. It is enthroned in the con-\\nstitution.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "XX.\\nGOVERNMENT ON A BUSINESSLIKE BASIS-THE\\nELECTION AN APPEAL TO THE REASON AND\\nCONSCIENCE OF THE VOTER.\\nOPPOSITION may be anticipated to an-\\nnual elections. The theory that the\\nelections, under the present order,\\nhave been too frequent has many supporters,\\nwhile the proposition to lengthen the presiden-\\ntial term to six years, making the incumbent\\nineligible to re-election, has been received with\\nsome favor.\\nBoth of these suggestions are undemocratic,\\nand are born in that distrust of the people\\nwhich has been growing rapidly in these later\\ntimes.\\nIt has indeed become the fashion, among\\nthose who are sometimes called the better\\nclasses, to deplore elections in general as a\\nmenace to business, and as an evil which should\\nbe made infrequent or even abolished.\\nTo lengthen the term of the presidency would\\nincrease the powers of that office, which are\\nnow too great, and would make it still more\\n6", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "82 THE COMINO DEMOCRACY.\\nindependent of the people, and hence more\\nmonarchical.\\nTo make the president ineligible to re-elec-\\ntion would involve the assumption that the\\npeople are incompetent to pass upon his merits,\\nand that he would be a better president if he\\nknew that the people could never declare at the\\npolls a judgment upon his administration.\\nThe principle underlying these theories is\\nnot the principle of Democracy, which trusts\\nin the people it is the principle of absolutism,\\nof autocracy, which distrusts the people.\\nThe plan to lengthen the term of the presi-\\ndency, and to make that office more independ-\\nent of the people, would be a long stride in the\\ndirection of monarchy, toward which we have\\nbeen of late drifting.\\nThose who are opposed to frequent elections\\nare generally in good circumstances, and many\\nof them are interested in corporations. Odd\\nas it may appear, none of them is opposed to\\nannual elections in corporations, and it is not\\nlikely that one could be found who would favor\\nthe lengthening of the term of the presidency\\nof a corporation in which he is a shareholder\\nto six years, and rendering its occupant ineligi-\\nble to re-election.\\nAs a stockholder, one of these would say,\\nI desire to pass judgment frequently upon the", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 83\\nofficials who represent me. If their adminis-\\ntration merits my approval, I want to give\\nthem a vote of confidence if it meets with my\\ndisapproval, I should certainly be permitted to\\nvote to turn them out.\\nThe officers of our corporation should know\\nthat it is their duty to serve the stockholders.\\nIf elections were held infrequently, the officials\\nwould grow too independent and careless of\\nthe interests of the shareholders. They might\\ndo great injury to the corporation, while the\\nstockholders would have no means of redress.\\nAs for the suggestion that the president of\\nour corporation should be elected for a term of\\nsix years, and be ineligible to re-election, it is\\ntoo unreasonable for serious discussion. He\\nmight be incompetent, or dishonest, or other-\\nwise unfit, through every day of the six years.\\nThink for a moment of the condition of a cor-\\nporation in such a hole as that\\nIn our corporation we are guided by com-\\nmon sense. We elect a board of directors once\\na year. That isn t much trouble. JS o more\\ntime is consumed in voting than in going to\\nchurch on a Sunday.\\nIf the directors have done well, we re-elect\\nthem; if they have done poorly, or if we desire\\na change of policy, we choose new men. The\\ndirectors elect the president, or manager. They", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "84: THE COMINa DEMOCRACY.\\ntry to get the best man in the country for that\\noffice. They elect him for one year, but they\\nreserve the right to dismiss him at any time if\\nhe does not suit. He usually does suit, for the\\ndirectors are very particular in their choice.\\nThey cannot afford to make a mistake.\\nTo make our chief executive officer ineligi-\\nble to re-election would be unwise and unjust.\\nIf he is fitted for the place, we couldn t afford\\nto turn him out, and it would be unfair to him\\nto be dismissed. Such a suggestion could only\\nbe made by a man who has no comprehension\\nof what business really is.\\nThe corporation which would deny to its\\nstockholders the right to confirm or set aside\\nits officials through frequent elections, or ham-\\nper its board of directors in the full control of\\nits business, would inevitably go to destruc-\\ntion.\\nThe stockholder s statement is sound. Iso\\nexception can be taken to it. We should not,\\nhowever, ignore the fact that this Republic is\\na corporation also, in which each voter holds\\none share of stock, and that it is to the inter-\\nest of these public shareholders that the affairs\\nof the nation should be run upon business\\nprinciples.\\nIf given the power to act, through the Free\\nMan s Ballot, they would elect a competent", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 85\\nboard, or congress, to represent them; they\\nwould desire that their congress should elect\\nthe most capable man in the country to be\\nchief executive, and they would insist that he\\nshould be kept in office so long as he continued\\nto be efficient and in harmony with the major-\\nity, and that he should be removed upon the\\ntermination of his usefulness.\\nIt would be important also that these public\\nstockholders should express their will in annual\\nelections, and that their representatives should\\nrender an account of their stewardship once\\na year.\\nThe time consumed in voting at the public\\nballot box is no longer than is required at the\\npolls of the private corporation.\\nAnd it is probable that, having once estab-\\nlished free, natural and businesslike conditions\\nin our relations to public affairs, the great ex-\\ncitement and violent recriminations, the maneu-\\nvering and parading and rallying, as if we were\\ndivided into hostile armies fighting for su-\\npremacy, will disappear in political campaigns.\\nThere are many reasons for believing that,\\nin the new and better order, appeals will be\\nmade to the reason and conscience, rather than\\nto the passions and prejudices, of men.\\nThe voter s responsibility will be greatly in-\\nqrestsed. He will vote directly for and against", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "86 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nmeasures. He will comprehend the shame of\\nnot understanding measures. He will seek\\nreasons for his choice.\\nThe question of candidates being left to the\\nfree choice of each voter at the ballot box, the\\nissue in each contest will be joined upon princi-\\nples and policies. The campaign will be a com-\\nprehensive discussion of measures. Its trend\\nwill be to the education and enlightenment of\\nthe people, rather than to their degradation.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "XXI.\\nCORRUPTION AND MISGOVERNMENT IN WASH-\\nINGTON ARE DUE LARGELY TO THE PRES-\\nSURE OF SELFISH LOCAL INTERESTS.\\nUNDER the Free Man s Ballot there would\\nbe no close states or districts to in-\\nduce the expenditure of vast sums of\\nmoney, or to invite bribery, corruption and\\nintimidation. The congress would be chosen\\nfrom the whole country, as we have shown\\nthat the board of trustees in ISTew York would\\nbe chosen from the whole city. No state, dis-\\ntrict or community would be more doubtful,\\nin the old sense, than another.\\nThe proposal to dispense with state and dis-\\ntrict representation in Washington will arouse\\nopposition. We cherish old customs and sys-\\ntems, even if they be useless or wrong.\\nA member of congress, under our present\\nsystem, is compelled to give more attention to\\nthe peculiar interests of his own constituents\\nthan to the interests of the whole people. The\\npeculiar interests of one constituency, so far as\\nlegislation is concerned, are usually in conflict\\nwith the interests of the whole people.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "88 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\nSpecial interests are almost invariably dis-\\nhonest interests.\\nThe public interest requires that public build-\\nings should be located where they are really\\nneeded, and that expenditures for this purpose\\nshould be fair and reasonable. Local interest\\nwould secure a granite postoffice in every village.\\nThe public interest demands that river and\\nharbor improvements should be made in the\\ninterest of the whole country, and upon the\\nplans of broad-minded and disinterested engi-\\nneers and experts. Local interest has fre-\\nquently secured appropriations for useless pur-\\nposes. The aggregate of these expenditures is\\nlarge.\\nTaxes for the protection of infant industries,\\nif they be justifiable, should be so levied as to\\nconfer the most benefit and to impose the least\\ninjury upon the whole people. Local interest\\nis greedy for taxes which will give it an unfair\\nadvantage.\\nThe early settlers in the timbered regions had\\nwhat they called ^^logrollings. The task of\\nrolling logs was too heavy for one man, so he\\ninvited his neighbors to help him, thereby in-\\ncurring an obligation to help them under sim-\\nilar circumstances. If he had invited twenty\\nmen, he was in honor bound to give one day s\\nwork to each of the twenty.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "THE COMINa DEMOCEACT. 89\\nThe pressure of local interests has forced our\\ncongressmen to organize a similar system, which\\nthey have also named logrolling. One mem-\\nber with a local bill goes to a hundred or more\\nmembers and promises that he will vote for\\ntheir bills if they will vote for his. This obli-\\ngation often forces him to vote for bad and\\ncorrupt bills.\\nA large part of the misgovernment in Wash-\\nington is due to the pressure of mean and selfish\\nlocal interests.\\nLocal representation should for this reason\\nalone, if for no other, be abolished. We should\\nseek only that which is for the common good,\\nrather than an advantage for our locality at the\\nexpense of the whole people.\\nIt will be claimed that the people require\\nlocal representatives in Washington to secure\\ninformation from the departments, to attend\\nto pension claims, land claims, and so forth.\\nOur lawmakers should not bring the pressure\\nof their positions to bear on the departments,\\nnor should they ask favors of public officials.\\nHe who accepts favors must pay for them.\\nWe should be done with the system by which\\nthe statesmen who formulate the laws and pol-\\nicies of the nation are forced to be in Washing-\\nton the errand boys of their constituents.\\nLocal representation is much more imperfect", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "90 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nthan it appears to be. It takes an average of\\n20,121 Democratic votes to elect a member of\\nthe lower house in the present congress from\\nthe South, while an average of 98,922 Repub-\\nlican votes is required to elect a member of the\\nhouse from the same section.\\nOn the other hand, the Republican senators\\nfrom the North represent an average of 106,093\\nvotes, while the Democratic senators from the\\nIsTorth represent an average of 2,185,050 votes.\\nThese inequalities run through the whole sys-\\ntem of local representation. The Republicans\\nof twelve states, and the Democrats of fifteen\\nstates, have not a single representative in either\\nhouse of the present congress. The minority\\nin these twenty-seven states are not only with-\\nout representation in congress, but are actually\\nmisrepresented there.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "XXII.\\nTHE SYSTEM OF SETTING UP ONE MAN TO\\nRUN AGAINST ANOTHER FOR OFFICE THE\\nIMPERIAL POWER OF THE SALOON.\\nTHE privilege of voting for a long list of\\ncandidates for office sometimes for\\ntwenty or thirty men on one ticket is\\nprized by many voters. But no man should\\ndeceive himself with the thought that he is\\nreally voting for the men of his choice. He\\nvotes for his party s choice, and only in rare\\ncases has he had any influence in making the\\nnominations. He is compelled to accept the\\njudgment of his party leaders.\\nAn able and honest private citizen would\\ndecline, if the privilege were offered to him, to\\nname off-hand a list of twenty men to fill as\\nmany important offices. He would realize that\\nhe should know all about the men, and under-\\nstand fully the nature of the offices, before\\nundertaking such a task.\\nW e must delegate the power to fill the ex-\\necutive and clerical offices. At present we\\ndelegate this power to the politicians who\\nmake the nominations.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "92 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nWith, the Free Man s Ballot we would dele-\\ngate the power to competent boards to men\\nwith the ability to understand the public needs,\\nand the fitness of a man for a place, and who\\nwould be directly responsible to the people for\\ntheir public acts.\\nThe Free Man s Ballot emancipates the voter\\nand simplifies his task. He is now to name for\\nhimself in a village election the one man whom\\nhe prefers to represent him in the village gov-\\nernment. And so in other elections he names\\nthe man of his choice to represent him in the\\ngovernment of his county, city, state or nation.\\nThe present system of setting up one man to\\nrun against another for office will be found,\\nupon investigation, to be a bad system.\\nAt present men are usually nominated for\\nlocal offices because they are, in the language\\nof politics, good mixers. A good mixer\\nis one who can be all things to all men a\\ndrinker among drinkers, a scoffer among scof-\\nfers and a psalm-singer among psalm-singers.\\nHe is the friend of the farmer, he is devoted to\\nthe interests of the workingman, the saloon-\\nkeeper can depend upon him, and he is deeply\\ninterested in all popular forms of religion.\\nThe good mixer has exceptional talents,\\nbut they are not of a nature which indicates\\nthat he is well qualified to be a treasurer, or", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 93\\nsheriff, or alderman, or judge, or mayor, or\\nmember of the legislature, or of congress. The\\nmen best fitted for these places would probably\\nbe poor mixers.\\nThe word politician does not always con-\\nfer honor upon him to whom it is applied. It\\nis frequently a term of reproach.\\nWhy should the world politician, mean-\\ning a man who is engaged in public affairs, or\\nwho aspires to office, be a term of reproach if\\nour political systems are correct and honest\\nThe word politician is a word without\\nhonor because, under our present systems, the\\nman who aspires to office must coax and flatter\\nand fawn upon the people.\\nHe is in a race against one other man. He\\nmust get more votes than his opponent, or at\\nleast maintain his party vote. And hence he\\nbecomes everybody s friend, and haunts the\\nsaloons in his quest for votes, and consorts with\\nthe professional vote-getters, who are often\\nof the most disreputable element in the com-\\nmunity.\\nThe drinking saloon is at present the most\\npowerful institution in the politics of the coun-\\ntry. It controls the government of our cities.\\nIt is frequently in the majority in a city s\\nboard of aldermen. It holds the balance of\\npower in nearly all of the states. It caa", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "94 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\nchange the complexion of congress, and it can,\\nby using all of its strength in support of one\\nof the great parties, elect the candidate of its\\nchoice to the presidency.\\nIn comparatively few districts in the United\\nStates does either of the two important politi-\\ncal parties dare to nominate for ofl ce a man\\nwho is objectionable to the saloon.\\nThe extraordinary power of the saloon in\\npolitics is due to the strife between candidates.\\nIt is intrenched in the system which forces can-\\ndidates to be or to pose as drinking men, and\\nto implore the aid of the saloon. It will cease\\nto exist with the other forms of rottenness per-\\ntaining to machine politics, when the Free\\nMan s BaUot has rendered the machine power-\\nless.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "XXIII.\\nTHE NEEDS OP DEMOCRACY WILL PRODUCE IN\\nFREEDOM SINCERE AND POWERFUL MEN TO\\nSERVE THE PEOPLE.\\n]Sr the congress chosen through the Free\\nMan s Ballot each party or cause would\\nbe represented in proportion to its voting\\nstrength. If the congress should consist of\\ntwenty-five members, and if the majority party\\nshould poll f ourteen-twenty-fif ths of the whole\\nvote, it would have fourteen members of con-\\ngress, while the minority party, assuming that\\nthere was but one, would have the remaining\\neleven members. The fourteen men having\\nthe highest votes on the majority ticket, and\\nthe eleven with the highest votes on the mi-\\nnority ticket, would be elected.\\nUnder these conditions distinguished men\\nonly could be chosen for congress. We may\\nimagine that the people of the East would vote,\\nas a rule, for the most prominent men repre-\\nsenting their cause in that section, and the\\nvoters of the South, the Southwest, the Pa-\\ncific Coast, and of the different divisions of the", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "96 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nMiddle West, would vote for their strongest\\nmen.\\nThe result would be that the more important\\nsections would be represented by their best\\nmen. Each would be the free choice of a very\\nlarge number probably in no case of less than\\nthree hundred thousand voters.\\nWe may confidently assume that the congress\\nso chosen would rank in dignity, integrity and\\nforcefulness with any other assemblage the\\nworld has known.\\nThe supply of men is ample for all emergen-\\ncies. A war produces great soldiers and gen-\\nerals, an inventive period develops the ingen-\\nious, and a commercial age produces men of\\nbusiness capacity. So also other times and\\nneeds produce painters and poets and dream-\\ners of noble dreams, and orators whose words\\nthrill for a thousand years, and thinkers and\\nmartyrs and saviors.\\nAnd so will the needs of Democracy when\\nwe shall have established a real Democracy\\nproduce sincere and powerful men who will use\\nnobly the trust that is confided to them.\\nAt least we should be done with false pre-\\ntenses. We should admit that our vast system\\nof complex government, which persistently de-\\nfeats the will of the people, is not a Democracy,", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE COMINa DEMOCRACY. 97\\nand that we have no right to judge Democracy\\nby its counterfeit presentation. And we should\\ngo further and declare that, before condemning\\nDemocracy, we will establish a real Democracy\\nand give it a fair trial.\\nUnder our evil forms of Democracy, we shall\\ngo from bad to worse. Our cities shall become\\nmore depraved, our politics more corrupt, our\\nhouses of congress more feeble, our presidency\\nmore kinglike, and our national government\\nmore than ever the prey of shameless private\\ninterests.\\nThere can be no reform under our present\\nsystem of Democracy, for the system is itself\\nrotten. We have been trying to build reforms\\nupon foundations of mud and quicksand, and\\nwe have failed.\\nLet us go down to the rock. Let us set men\\nfree, and then trust them. Let us open to\\nmankind the control of the state, and give to\\nthem freedom to act, to construct, to advance,\\nto err even, having also the ability to correct\\nan error. Let us be done with this creeping,\\ncowardly distrust of ourselves. Why should\\nwe, the people, be afraid of the people?\\nEven if we admit a distinction of classes,\\nwhy should the superior class be afraid of the\\ncommon people The common people ask noth-\\ning of the state save that it shall be honest and\\n7", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "98 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\njust. They ask for no subsidies, bounties, privi-\\nleges, special taxes or exemptions. They have\\nlittle hope even of small offices.\\nIn freedom they will act in accordance with\\ntheir own interests, but these interests run\\ncounter to the interest of no honest man.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "XXIY.\\nONCE IN FORTY OR FIFTY YEARS A FREE PEO-\\nPLE MUST AROUSE THEMSELVES, OR THE\\nMORAL MAN WOULD DIE.\\nLET US give way for a moment to the\\nspokesman of Organized Politics:\\nIt is well to talk about what ought\\nto be and might be, but you should understand\\nthat the task of changing the constitution is\\nnot an easy one.\\n*^The constitution of the United States can\\nbe amended only by a vote of two-thirds of\\nboth houses of congress, or by a convention\\ncalled on the application of the legislatures of\\ntwo-thirds of the states; in either case the\\namendments so formulated would become valid\\nonly after being ratified by the legislatures of,\\nor conventions in, three-fourths of the states.\\nYour so-called reform can only be brought\\nabout through the cordial support of the poli-\\nticians whom it would supplant.\\nThat support can never be secured. They\\nwill not vote themselves out of office and out\\nof influence. The politicians will stand by the", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "100 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\nconstitution. It suits them and without their\\nconsent it will not be changed. We have pros-\\npered under it for more than a hundred years,\\nand it will probably last for two or three cen-\\nturies more, at least.\\nIf the politicians prove, in the final test, to\\nbe stronger than the people, then it is true that\\nthe constitution cannot be changed.\\nThat issue is yet to be decided, and the fact\\nshould not be ignored that the disinterested are\\noverwhelmingly in the majority. A great\\nmajority can change the constitution.\\nThe claim that matters ought not to be, and\\ncannot be, changed is always loudest just be-\\nfore they are changed. Thrones and other in-\\nstitutions of privilege are eulogized most, and\\nseem to be strongest, the day before they fall.\\nThat which is vehemently declared to be im-\\npossible nearly always happens.\\nThe cause of right and justice is never hope-\\nless. When things grow bad enough, reform\\ncomes, not because we will it and desire it, but\\nbecause it must come because the forces of\\nevil have grown strong enough to invite their\\nown destruction.\\nOn the second day of December, 1859, a\\ncountry boy in the West happened to be in a\\nthrong of people who were discussing an event\\nof tragic interest, for it was the day that John", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "THE COMINa DEMOCEACY. 101\\nBrown was hanged. The boy heard the com-\\nments of a great number, and his heart was\\nsick, for he thought that John Brown deserved\\nsome sympathy, at least in the ^North, and he\\nheard no voice that did not speak bitterly of\\nthe grim old man who had died for other men\\nthat day.\\nSixteen months later the Korth rose almost\\nas one man, singing,\\nJohn Brown s body lies a-mouldering in the grave\\nHis soul is marching on.\\nThe boy heard these lines sung a thousand\\ntimes afterward by marching columns, in\\ncamps and trenches and prison pens, from the\\nthroats of great masses of men with faces illu-\\nmined by a wonderful light, in hours of triumph\\nand times of disaster, and once as he marched\\nwith a division of soldiers past the spot in Yir-\\nginia where John Brown was hanged.\\nIt seemed as if the soul of John Brown had\\nentered into the soul of the army. The boy\\nwondered, and he has never ceased wondering\\nfor he and the writer of these words are one\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094at the mighty change.\\nWhen bad grows to be wholly bad, and evil\\nto be rotten, then a change comes quickly.\\nOnce in forty or fifty years a free people\\nmust arouse themselves, must have a moral", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "102 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nawakening, a moral renovation, or the moral\\nman would die.\\nThe constitution will be changed when the\\npeople are aroused. They have wrongs enough\\nto awaken them. There are ample signs of day-\\nbreak. The last laggard will soon be awake.\\nAnd when the people are aroused, the placemen\\nwho would baffle them, the interests that would\\nstay them, will be as the dry grass before the\\nprairie fire.\\nKeform will come; the evil features in the\\nconstitution wiU die. Only two questions\\nWill reform be bloodless and Will it be thor-\\nough need reaUy disturb us.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "xxy.\\nTHE TRUSTS ARE BUILT ON THE ROCK OF ECON-\\nOMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094THE POWER OF COMBINED WEALTH IS\\nYET IN ITS INFANCY.\\nNEW and startling economic conditions\\npress upon us. The power of private\\nwealth, which has been great in all\\nstages of civilization, has now become the chief\\nfactor in human affairs. It dictates in large\\nmeasure the internal and foreign policies of\\nnations.\\nOur own country has obeyed for a third of a\\ncentury almost every mandate of private capi-\\ntal, while England is now waging as the civ-\\nilized world, apart from the Imperialistic party\\nin England, sincerely believes a cruel and an\\nunnecessary war in South Africa, in the inter-\\nest of a few rich mining corporations.\\nIt is evident also that private capital is only\\nnow beginning to learn the more important\\nlessons in the art of organization. The power\\nof combined wealth is yet in its infancy. The\\nmind cannot grasp the full meaning of what its\\nforce will be in its maturity.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "104 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nThe ways of l^ature seem upon the surface\\nto be cruel. Why should Power and Strength\\nbe the pets of Nature Why should she lay\\ntribute upon the weak for the benefit of the\\nstrong, rather than upon the strong for the\\nbenefit of the weak\\nOn the other hand, if Nature should patron-\\nize the weak and discourage the strong, would\\nwe not in time begin to breed weakness, and\\nbecome a race of paupers, dependent wholly\\nupon the benevolence of Nature\\nPerhaps it is the purpose of Nature if we\\nmay attribute purpose to anything so infinite\\nand absolute as Nature to produce real men,\\nstrong, upright and brave men. Perhaps she\\ngives power to the few that she may rouse the\\nspirit and elevate the thought and courage of\\nthe many. It would be a poor world in which\\nthere were no trials, difficulties or obstacles to\\novercome.\\nWe may also hope, and even believe, that\\nNature has presented no evil that has no rem-\\nedy, no difficulty that cannot be surmounted.\\nIf this be so, it is plain that we should spend\\nno time in whining over things that are wrong,\\nbut that we should go to work to set them\\nright.\\nHowsoever these things may be, the increas-\\ning volume and power of private capital have", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 105\\nbeen developed and are moving forward upon\\nnatural lines. Human greed is a motive in the\\nmovement, but greed would be in this case\\npowerless if it were not in harmony with\\nnatural conditions.\\nThe trusts and other combinations of capital\\nare successful in the main because of the econ-\\nomies produced by organization and consolida-\\ntion. The system that saves money and labor\\nwill always defeat the system that is wasteful\\nof either. E ature abhors waste.\\nThe first man with a hoe Avas able to do the\\nwork of ten men who used their fingers. The\\nhoe was a temporary curse to the nine men\\nwhom it supplanted, but it became a blessing\\nto the race of men.\\nIt is a fact that nearly all reforms and im-\\nprovements do more harm than good at the\\nstart. Pulling a tooth is more painful for\\nthe time than was its previous aching. Our\\nemancipated slaves were more wretched in\\nfreedom at the beginning than they had been\\nin bondage.\\nIt is so ordered by l^ature, and doubtless\\nweU ordered, that for all things man must pay\\na price, and for good things a great price.\\nEven freedom has its responsibilities and pen-\\nalties.\\nLabor-saving machinery has come at a cruel", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "106 THE COMING DEMOCRACT.\\ncost. It has ruined and crushed the hopes and\\nhearts of many, but in the end it is a blessing\\nto mankind in general. For its victims there\\nis no consolation save in religion, or in the\\nthought that they are the martyrs of human\\nprogress.\\nIn a better stage of civilization, such as we\\nmay conceive to be possible in the future, there\\nmay be an acknowledgment that such unfortu-\\nnates are the creditors of society as legitimately\\nas those who hold the bonds of the nation.\\nThe trusts also are labor-saving machines.\\nThey are built on the rock of economy. A\\ntrust combines five, twenty or fifty concerns,\\nand reduces expenses by discharging superflu-\\nous employes, and by closing poorly equipped\\nor badly located houses or mills.\\nIt uses the best machinery, methods and\\nprocesses. It usually improves its product\\nwhile increasing its earnings.\\nTwo or three small houses may refuse to go\\ninto the trust. They would be independent;\\nthey prefer the old ways. Soon they feel the\\npinch of hard competition. The trust can un-\\ndersell them; perhaps it can furnish a better\\nproduct. It has a more complete organization;\\nit covers more strategic points; it has more\\nmoney it is in alliance with other great inter-\\nests; it can control experts and inventors; it", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 107\\nmay secure better rates from the railroads, or\\neven favors from the government.\\nThe small houses that refused to yield must\\nyield. They will be fortunate if they can still\\nmake good terms.\\nSometimes an important house refuses to go\\ninto a trust. This usually delays the combina-\\ntion for the time. Some of the earlier trusts\\nmade imperfect combinations, leaving large\\nhouses outside. The results were unsatisfac-\\ntory. The cost of fighting the strong houses\\nneutralized the gains of consolidation, l^ow\\ncapital will not back the trust that does not\\nmonopolize all of the more important concerns\\nin one branch of industry.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "XXVI.\\nALL OF THE INDUSTRIES FITTED BY THEIR\\nNATURE FOR COMBINATION WILL BE FORCED\\nINTO THE TRUSTS.\\nArOECE stronger even than greed is driv-\\ning a vast number of industries into\\ncombination. This force is competi-\\ntion. Free and unrestricted competition pre-\\nvents extortion, reduces profit to moderate\\nproportions, and sometimes destroys it wholly.\\nFree competition is often destructive to large\\nconcerns. If two important railroads, reach-\\ning the same points, were to bid against each\\nother for ail traffic, both would be ruined. The\\nlargest enterprises are impelled by the fear\\nof loss, quite as much as by the hope of gain,\\nto guard against the destructive influences of\\ncompetition.\\nA bare subsistence is not profit. A fair re-\\nturn for labor, ability, thought or genius is not\\nprofit. Profit is defined as acquisition with-\\nout expenditure. Undue profit may be called\\nextortion, which is secured rarely, save through\\nsome form of combination or monopoly.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 109\\nSince competition is the deadly enemy of ex-\\ntortion, it is evident that I^ature abhors all ex-\\ntortion as well as all waste. Here is a gleam of\\nlight. Perhaps Nature s ways are not such\\nbad ways, after all. True, the monopolists\\nhave profits of vast magnitude. But they are\\nof this generation, and a generation is a brief\\ntime in the life of a race.\\nThe very large industries, such as the rail-\\nroads, can usually agree upon rates or a division\\nof business. Not so, however, with the manu-\\nfacturing and commercial houses. With these\\ncompetition grows fierce, and, in accordance\\nwith its nature, consumes profit. Practically\\nall of them will be forced in time to choose\\nbetween bankruptcy and combination.\\nNearly all of the important commercial,\\nmanufacturing and transportation industries\\nof the country are well fitted by their nature\\nfor combination.\\nWe may confidently assume that all of these\\nindustries, which are not otherwise protected\\nby monopoly, will inevitably be driven by the\\nforce of competition, or by the advantages of\\neconomy, into the trusts.\\nThe trusts will manufacture all goods of im-\\nportance, transport them to the markets and\\nsell them to the public. The small retail houses\\nin the larger towns and cities will in the main", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "110 THE COMING DEMOCEACT.\\ndisappear. Their functions will be absorbed\\nby the great stores, and the agencies of other\\ntrusts.\\nDrummers and solicitors will be discharged,\\nbrokers and other middlemen will be dispensed\\nwith, and the business of the wholesale houses\\nreduced to the trade of the small towns and\\ncountry communities, and it is a question\\nwhether this trade will escape from the trusts.\\nThe product of the farmer will be accepted\\nby a trust at the railroad station, handled by\\ntrusts in all its stages, and delivered by a trust\\nto the consumer. The farmer will get what\\nthe trust chooses to pay him.\\nThe consumer will pay for the farmer s prod-\\nuct what the traffic will bear. All of the peo-\\nple will be in the employ of, or under tribute to,\\nthe trusts.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "XXYII.\\nTHE INEVITABLE EVOLUTION OF ALL TRUSTS\\nINTO ONE TRUST, OR ONE FEDERATION OF\\nTRUSTS.\\nE are assuming that the trusts will pro-\\nceed without interference upon their\\nnatural lines of evolution. There\\nwill be interferences, but let us trace further\\ntheir natural course, if unobstructed.\\nIn time there will be one trust larger and\\nstronger than any other. Without doubt this\\nwill be the transportation trust. But for the\\nfear of adverse legislation, the railroads of the\\ncountry would have been consolidated before\\nthis time. The economies and other advan-\\ntages of this consolidation would be many.\\nThe leading railroad interests are already in\\nthe hands of a few men.\\nSo we may assume that, after the status of\\nthe trusts has been fully established in the\\ncourts, and the futility of all anti-trust legisla-\\ntion has been demonstrated, the great railroad\\ntrust will enter the field, overshadowing the\\nother trusts, with one exception to be named", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "112 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nlater, as the Eockies overshadow their foot-\\nhills.\\nIt is in the nature of a trust to gather unto\\nitself other industries that are akin to its own\\nactivities. An oil combination reaches out for\\nthe concerns that deal in light, heat and lubri-\\ncation for gas, electricity and steam and the\\npossession of these makes the parent concern\\nakin to power and traction, and other things\\nanalogous. And so the circle widens.\\nThe railroad trust will naturally look about\\nfor its kindred. It will take in the steamship\\nlines, inland and outland. Being already the\\nowner of the most important coal mines, it will\\nsee the necessity of controlling the whole coal\\nindustry. This will be easy. It Avill only be\\nnecessary to raise the price of transporting coal\\nto a rate which destroys the miner s profit.\\nHe will then desire to sell his mine, and there\\nwill be only one buyer.\\nThe same process will force the owners of\\nmines of iron, lead, zinc, copper, silver and\\ngold, and also of quarries of all grades of stone,\\nto capitulate.\\nThe railroad trust is closely related to iron.\\nThe great iron manufacturing trusts must give\\nway to the railroad trust. They have had\\ntheir little day of profit and glory, but they\\nmust now yield to a greater power, even as", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 113\\nin other days the smaller industries yielded\\nto them.\\nIron is akin to all machinery, manufacturing\\nand building, and the proud trusts built upon\\nthese industries must bow their necks to the\\nrailroad trust.\\nI^early all forms of commerce and industry\\nwill be powerless in conflict with the transpor-\\ntation trust.\\nOne combination only, the great banking\\ntrust, could even dare to offer the gage of bat-\\ntle to the railroad trust. The banking trust\\nwill be made up of the great financial institu-\\ntions of the country, the small enterprises of\\nthis nature having been absorbed or reduced to\\na state of feebleness and dependency. It will\\npreside over the kingdom of money, an interest\\nmore closely allied even than transportation\\nwith aU of the business affairs of the peo-\\nple.\\nThere can, however, be no battle royal, or\\nconflict of any serious nature, between the rail-\\nroad trust and the banking trust, for the same\\nmen and interests will of necessity dominate\\nboth. They will be as the two hands of one\\nbody, obeying the will of the richest and most\\npowerful group of men that the world has ever\\nknown. They may be two trusts in name, but\\nthey will be one trust in fact. These two in-", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "114 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nseparable powers may be named the Federation\\nof Trusts.\\nWhether the Federation of Trusts will choose\\nto crush the smaller trusts, or whether it will\\noffer fair terms for absorption, presents grounds\\nfor conjecture.\\nThe crushing power of the Federation will\\nbe irresistible. There is not much generosity\\nin business. Men do not usually pay more\\nthan they have to pay. Yet vast power is\\nsometimes gracious, and on the surface gen-\\nerous.\\nNapoleon patronized and protected some of\\nthe powers that submitted to him. The first\\nkaiser of United Germany placated, with empty\\ntitles and substantial estates, the kings and\\nprinces whom he had supplanted. But E apo-\\nleon and Wilhelm were less powerful and less\\nabsolute than our Federation of Trusts will be.\\nSufficient be it for us to know that, as many\\nof the small enterprises of this day must, for\\nthe sake of efficiency, order and economy, give\\nway to larger concerns, so these must yield in\\ntime to still larger ones, and this process will\\nbe continued until all the business enterprises\\nof the country that are fitted by their nature\\nfor combination shall be joined in one federa-\\ntion.\\nThe enterprises that are fitted by nature for", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 115\\ncombinatioii are those which can be operated\\nmore economically and efficiently on a large\\nthan on a small scale. Up to this time no limit\\nhas been found to the efficiency and economy\\nof operations on a large scale.\\nThe concern which does a business of ten\\nmillions a year is more efficient and economical\\nthan the one which does a business of a mil-\\nlion a year, while the one which does a busi-\\nness of a hundred millions is still more capable,\\nand yet it will be outdone by the one with a\\nbusiness of a thousand millious.\\nThere would seem to be no limit to the ad-\\nvantages of combination save in its uttermost\\nexpansion in the practical absorption into one\\nof all industries adapted to the large scale of\\noperations.\\nLegal obstacles and adverse public sentiment\\naside, this process will probably reach its cul-\\nmination in a comparatively short term of\\nyears.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "XXYIII.\\nTHE GREAT CORPORATION IS FOREVER AT THE\\nZENITH OF ITS POWERS, SERENE IN IMPE-\\nRIAL STRENGTH AND IMMORTAL LIFE.\\nBUT legal obstacles and adverse public sen-\\ntiment must be reckoned Avith. Our\\ncomplex and imperfect forms of govern-\\nment, state and national, are to be subjected to\\na strain such as they have not known before.\\nPanaceas are to be presented which will\\nchange the laws of l!^ature. Politicians are to\\nwrite platforms denouncing the evils of the\\ngreat aggregations of capital, while they hold\\nin their pockets the retaining fees of the trusts.\\nConstitutional amendments are to be proposed\\nwith the expectation that they will be rejected.\\nPromises are to be made by both political\\nparties to be broken, and laws are to be\\nenacted which the lawmakers know will be\\nineffective.\\nThe trusts are to engage nearly all of the\\ngreat lawyers in the different states to soothe\\nand pacify legislators, to tie knots and dig holes\\nand pitfalls and weave complications in statutes,", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCKACY. 117\\nand to confuse judges with time-worn prece-\\ndents and moldy authorities.\\nThe money of the trusts is to flow like water\\nin all of the capitals of the country, and a wave\\nof prosperity is to encompass those who do the\\ncorrupt work of the industrial combinations.\\nGreat constitutional questions are again to\\nbe considered and argued, and reconsidered and\\nreargued, in all of the states and in Washing-\\nton. Decisions are to be made and reversed,\\nand to be reaffirmed and reversed again. The\\njudges are to be of as many minds as the people.\\nThe great court in Washington is to sit in\\nsolemn judgment to determine finally the mean-\\ning of the constitution of the United States in\\nregard to trusts; and, as the authors of the\\nconstitution were all dead before the first trust\\nwas thought of, we can conceive that the judges\\nwill arrive at a clear conclusion with some\\ndifficulty.\\nThe legislation and judicial rulings in one\\nstate will be in conflict with the laws and de-\\ncisions in other states. This jumble in laws\\nand conflict in authorities will give comfort\\nto the magnates of the trusts.\\nSome state will doubtless prohibit the busi-\\nness of the trusts within its borders. It will\\ndiscover that the product of one or more of the\\ntrusts is vital to its people. It will be com-", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "118 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\npelled to recede from its position, and the trusts\\nwill score a point.\\nThe final victory may seem to be in doubt\\nfor a long time. An advantage wiU be gained\\nhere and lost there, but the result will be at no\\ntime in doubt. The power of combined cap-\\nital will of necessity be stronger than the peo-\\nple, acting under a complicated and an irre-\\nsponsive system of government.\\nIt is doubtful that a government could be\\ndevised which would be more perfectly fitted\\nto the needs of organized capital than our own.\\nThe important moneyed interests act through\\nthe corporation. The corporation is long-lived.\\nIt dies not it is of the immortals. It is never\\nin a hurry. We mortals must hurry, for to-\\nmorrow we die.\\nThe great corporation is patient, serene in\\nimperial strength and immortal life. Men may\\nworry for it, but the corporation never worries.\\nMen may wear themselves out in its service;\\nother men can be had to fill their places.\\nNqw blood flows constantly into the arteries\\nof the corporation; it is perpetually at the\\nzenith of its powers. It can act as swiftly as\\nthe lightning, or it can wait for many years.\\nOur slow, cumbrous, torpid government is\\nthe helpless prey of the alert powers which\\nrepresent financial interests. Let us interpret,", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "THE COMINa DEMOCRACY, 119\\nif we can, the thoughts of the great Moneyed\\nInterest, in connection with the trust problem:\\nLet us see. Public sentiment is against us;\\nit is always against us. Some of our people\\nthink that we are to have more trouble this\\ntime than ever before. Yery likely.\\nOur fighting power is good. In fact, we\\nhaven t yet begun to fight. The little affrays\\nwe ve had up to this time have been only skir-\\nmishes. When we call out our big guns and\\nreserves, then there ll be real fighting.\\nWe shall be on hand in every presidential\\ncontest. A president cannot be elected who\\nwill go back on us completely.\\nWe shall concentrate our forces in the\\nclose states. We must keep a sharp eye on\\nthe senate from this time on. We must have\\nmen there who can be relied on. No senatorial\\ncontest shall be neglected. The senators hold\\nfor six years. By paying particular attention\\nto the senatorial elections, we can control that\\nbody for a long time.\\nThen there is the supreme court. We must\\nUse our influence to get conservative and safe\\nmen appointed to fill vacancies.\\nThe constitution is a wonderful document.\\nHow human wisdom could have devised any-\\nthing so perfect passes my comprehension. It\\nprotects great interests thoroughly. It gives the", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "120 THE COMING DEMOCKACY.\\npeople time to cool off and get tired when they\\nare in the wrong. Why, they have voted\\nagainst us about two-thirds of the time for the\\nlast thirty years, but they haven t disturbed us\\nin the least.\\nThere were famous demagogues back there\\nin the seventies, who threatened us. They re\\nall dead now, or senile. But we re still hearty,\\nthank you! We re fully five times as big and\\nstrong as we were then, and are growing every\\nday. We re not vv^orrying. The constitution\\ngives us plenty of time. And the courts give\\nus more time.\\nThere s another great principle that the\\nsupreme court shall define the meaning of the\\nlaws and the constitution. What a check that\\nis upon hasty and improper legislation\\nThe constitution couldn t possibly be ex-\\nplicit on every point, so it authorized a court,\\nwhose members hold office for life, to decide\\nwhat the constitution could, would or should\\nhave meant. Popular clamor has no effect on\\nthis court. Its decisions stand, unless they are\\nreversed by the court itself. They become as\\nmuch a part of the constitution as the original\\ninstrument.\\nIf you want to know what the constitution\\nreally is, you ll not get much information out\\nof the original copy, with the formal amend-", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 121\\nments. You ll have to go through the four-\\nteen thousand (or maybe it s fourteen hundred)\\nvolumes of the decisions of the supreme court.\\nWhen you ve got all of these rulings clearly\\nfixed in your mind, then you ll begin to under-\\nstand the constitution.\\nWe have usually found the courts, and espe-\\ncially the big courts, fair and conservative. If\\nwe doubt them, then our lawyers can tangle\\nthings up so as to prevent a decision for from\\nthree to fifteen years. We have frequently\\ndelayed matters long enough to let a bad judge\\ndie.\\nIt amuses me to see the people assemble in\\ngreat conventions, and solemnly impeach us,\\nand declare that whereas and wherefore, and\\ntherefore be it resolved that they are going to\\nreduce our powers and impair our influence.\\nAnd I suppose they d do it if it weren t for the\\nsurpassing wisdom and foresight of the men\\nwho made the constitution. As it is, we ex-\\npect to be alive and prosperous long after the\\nlast one of these grumblers and anarchists has\\ndied of old age.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "XXIX.\\nTHE ISSUE OF COMBINED WEALTH PRESSES UPON\\nAND MENACES US\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE LINE OF CLASSES.\\nI ^HE trusts are developing in harmony with\\nI the laws of J^ature which work in favor\\nof economy and of business operations\\non a large scale. It is not likely, therefore,\\nthat human wisdom could devise a law that\\nwould change the irresistible tendency of busi-\\nness toward the larger scale of operations, and\\nserve at the same time the permanent interests\\nof the people.\\nStatute law may retard, but it cannot de-\\nstroy, the operation of natural law. We can\\ndam a river, but in time it will overflow our\\nobstruction.\\nThree facts are now plain\\n1. The securing of effective legislation to re-\\npress the formation and development of the\\ntrusts, and of other dangerous aggregations of\\ncapital, is practically hopeless under our slow\\nand complicated systems of government.\\n2. Even if such legislation should be secured,\\nit would be of doubtful value, since the natural", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 123\\nlaw works in favor of business operations on\\na large scale.\\n3. If the trusts are permitted to develop in\\nfreedom, the unification of the great moneyed\\ninterests of the country into one organization\\nor federation of capital, of a magnitude here-\\ntofore undreamed of, will folloAV. It will\\ndominate our public affairs, and establish a far-\\nreaching and consuming system of oppression\\nintolerable to a free people.\\nMankind are prone to overestimate the his-\\ntoric importance of the ordinary events and\\nissues of their own time and country. The\\nnear object is larger to our senses than the far\\none. The hill that bounds our village seems\\ntaller to us than the Hockies or the Alps.\\nOn the other hand, the iniportance of a really\\ngreat issue is usually underestimated. Our op-\\ntimism leads us to believe that it is not really\\nso remarkable or so threatening as it appears\\nto be.\\nDoubtless no man in France could have an-\\nticipated the full magnitude of the Terror,\\nwhile the suggestion of the possibility of civil\\nwar in the United States over the question of\\nslavery was lightly considered prior to the\\nsummer of 1860, and even after the conflict\\nhad begun there were wise men who were", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "124: THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nsure that it would not last more than ninety\\ndays.\\nCrises of great importance in the affairs of a\\nnation do not come frequently, yet there is no\\nabsolute exemption from them. The serious-\\nness of our own impending issues may be over-\\nestimated by most of us, or it may be under-\\nestimated.\\nCertain it is that there are unusual forebod-\\nings of evil in the minds of the people. And\\nthere have been some signs of a coming con-\\nflict. Blood has been shed iu warfare between\\norganized labor and organized capital.\\nThe line between classes grows sharper and\\nclearer, and each class distrusts and fears the\\nother. The two prominent political parties\\nare gradually becoming adjusted in the I^orth\\nto the line of classes the one representing the\\ncontented, the well-to-do and the rich, while\\nthe other stands for the discontented and the\\npoor.\\nThe capitalistic interests have had reasons to\\nbe well satisfied with the government up to the\\npresent time. It has served them well.\\nYet it is plain that, when the line of classes\\nhas adjusted itself more completely to the line\\nof political parties and there is no reason to\\ndoubt that this will ultimately be accomplished\\nthe well-to-do and the rich will be in a hope-", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY, 125\\nless minority, for the discontented greatly out-\\nnumber the contented.\\nOur government is slow and irresponsive,\\nbut it will yield in time to overwhelming and\\nlong-repeated majorities. If it should go com-\\npletely into the hands of the discontented, as\\nit almost certainly will go in time, then they\\nmight intrench themselves behind the checks\\nand balances of the constitution, and defy the\\npopular will, if it should turn against them, for\\na long period.\\nThen they might deride the evils of hasty\\nand improper legislation, and applaud the sys-\\ntem which enables a political party once com-\\npletely in power to perpetuate its rule long\\nafter it has been repudiated by the people.\\nThe strengthening of the line of classes is\\nperhaps the most menacing feature of our po-\\nlitical life. It threatens to assume the propor-\\ntions of a bitter and prolonged feud, in which\\none class will seek to triumph over and humili-\\nate the other, the questions of right and wrong\\nbeing kept mainly in the background.\\nThe overwhelming majority of men of all\\nclasses want nothing but justice. They differ\\nin their views of methods, but what they\\nbelieve to be right they maintain.\\nThe menace of a conflict between classes can\\nbe avoided only by the reformation and recon-", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "126 THE COMING DEMOCEACT.\\nstruction of our defective systems of govern-\\nment, and by the application of natural reme-\\ndies to the evils of the industrial aggregations\\nwhich have grown up in harmony with natural\\nlaw.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "XXX.\\nTHE PEOPLE ARE STRONGER THAN THE TRUSTS\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094THE WEAK MUST FOREVER GIVE WAY TO\\nTHE STRONG.\\nUT what could an honest and efficient\\ngovernment do we are asked.\\nYou say that the trusts are develop-\\ning on natural lines; that business operations\\non a large scale are more economical and per-\\nfect than operations on a small scale, and you\\neven justify the trust people by saying that\\nsome of them are forced into the combinations\\nto save their profits, which would otherwise\\ndisappear.\\nIf these things are true, what should the\\nmost perfect government that could be devised\\ndo, except to legalize the trusts, justify them,\\nand then let them alone And if they should\\ndevelop, upon natural lines, in the further evo-\\nlution of business operations on a large scale,\\ninto one trust, or one federation of trusts,\\nshould not this also be legalized and justified\\nby the government\\nAn honest and efficient government should", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "128 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nnot legalize an organization in private hands of\\nthe proportions which the trusts will inevitably\\nassume, because in doing so it would establish\\nwithin the state a private interest which would\\nbecome more powerful than the state, and\\nwhich would enable the few who own it to\\noppress the many who have no interest in\\nit.\\nA just government should deal justly with\\nthe combinations of capital and with the peo-\\nple. It should say to the Federation of Trusts:\\nYou have developed upon natural economic\\nlines. You have demonstrated the great util-\\nity of business operations on a large scale,\\nwhich will be in the end a blessing to the\\npeople. You have developed great enter-\\nprises and great power. It will be evident\\nin time that, regardless of your motives, you\\nhave rendered a service to mankind.\\nBut the power which you possess is too\\ngreat to remain in private hands. You have\\ndiscovered a principle in N^ature by which you\\ncould make the people your slaves. This you\\nshall not do.\\nYou have demonstrated the power of com-\\nbined capital. But there is a combination of\\ncapital stronger than yours. It is the com-\\nbination of the capital of all the people, as\\nrepresented in their government.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 129\\nYour enterprises sliall become the property\\nof the people, to be run by them in their inter-\\nest, and in your interest, for you also are of the\\npeople.\\nYour evolution, which has been in harmony\\nwith natural law, has not reached its comple-\\ntion in you. Back in your infancy you said to\\nthe very weak Give way to me, for I am the\\nstronger I^ature loves the strong and despises\\nthe weak. Give way to me And they gave\\nway. You said again and again to your weaker\\nmembers, and to the people: Give way to me,\\nye feeble ones I am the chosen of N ature. I\\nalone am in harmony with E ature, for I am\\nmighty and powerful. Give way give way\\nAnd they gave way.\\nYou have grown to vast proportions. You\\nstride the earth. Alexander and Caesar and\\nISTapoleon dreamed of no such conquests as you\\nhave made. You have grown insolent and\\narrogant, for insolence and arrogance grow\\nout of unbridled power.\\nBut Nature s cycle is incomplete in you.\\nThe People, who are stronger than you, say to\\nyou: Give way, for you are weak. You\\nthought that you were strong, but you are\\nweak. We are stronger than any other earthly\\nforce. You thought that you could defeat and\\nenslave us. You are very feeble, and you have", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "130 THE COMING DEMOCEACY,\\ndreamed foolish dreams. Give way to the\\nstronger; give way to the People\\nThe people will pay for your property.\\nThey will deal more justly with 3^ou than you\\nhave sometimes dealt with them. The people\\nare so rich, now that they begin to understand\\ntheir resources and powers, that they will make\\nno reprisals on you, nor will they haggle with\\nyou.\\nAssume no longer that you are the favorite\\nof IS^ature, who has no favorites. J^ature raises\\nup the strong to try them. She produces in-\\nequalities in human affairs to arouse the cour-\\nage, the resourcefulness and the manhood of\\nthe people. Those who think not, feel not,\\ncare not, go on to the destruction that they\\nhave earned.\\nBut these people here are not yet ripe for\\ndestruction. They have in their veins the\\nblood of the picked free men of the earth of\\nthe strong, the aspiring and the daring, who\\nleft the Old World to improve their conditions,\\nand who founded a free nation based upon the\\nimmortal truth of the equality of human rights.\\nYou cannot deceive them; you cannot enslave\\nthem.\\nThey are the descendants of those who\\ngave their blood freely to establish, and again\\nto maintain, this Republic. Did you think in", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 131\\nyour folly that they could be undone by the\\ngrowth of commerce, by the tricks of the count-\\ning-house, by the shrewd games of barter and\\ntrade\\nYou have been as a child playing with fire.\\nKnow that the authors of schemes against the\\nwell-being of the people, such as you have been\\nhatching, are sometimes consumed in violence.\\nBe thankful that the people have grown wiser\\nand cooler. Go forth now in j^our shriveled\\npride, and rejoice that they have not dealt\\nmore harshly with you!", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "XXXI.\\nIN ANSWER TO THOSE WHO DISTRUST AN EX-\\nPANSION OF THE FREEDOM AND POWERS OF\\nTHE PEOPLE.\\nTHAT any form of government, however\\nperfect, could handle efficiently and\\nhonestly a large business enterprise,\\nsuch as the railroad system of the country,\\nwill be disputed.\\nIt can be said in answer that many of the\\nstates of Europe do own and operate success-\\nfully the railroads within their borders.\\nUnder public ownership the transportation\\nbusiness would be simplified in important par-\\nticulars. The problems of competition, includ-\\ning agreements and pools with rival lines, which\\nare now a heavy burden upon the strongest\\nrailroad men in the country, who are compelled\\nto give their main attention to the pacification\\nof the discontented or to the crushing of the\\nweak, would disappear.\\nAnd so also the legal broils in which so many\\nrailroads are engaged would cease to exist, as\\nwould the lobbies to promote or defeat legisla-", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 133\\ntion, and the elaborate organizations to prune\\nand avoid taxes.\\nThe business enterprises which are now con-\\nducted by the nation, or by local communities,\\nin the interest of the people, are by no means\\nwholly failures. It is a significant fact that\\nour government in its different branches has\\nsucceeded better in the management of under-\\ntakings which might have been left to private\\nenterprise than in its purely public func-\\ntions.\\nThe postoffice is fairly well conducted, and\\nin view of the fact that it is managed largely\\nas a political machine, is remarkably success-\\nful. The fire departments of the cities are\\nusually handled with the utmost efficiency,\\nwhile the failures and scandals in the public\\nschool system of the country are few, in pro-\\nportion to its magnitude.\\nIf these things can be under governments\\nwhich are usually inefficient and corrupt, we\\nmay hope for far better results under govern-\\nments which will be capable and honest.\\nMoreover, we have at present many very im-\\nportant enterprises, of the nature of savings\\nbanks corporations without stockholders or\\nowners that are managed usually with much\\nefficiency and fidelity by boards of trustees, in\\nthe interest of the depositors or other bene-", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "134: THE COMING DEMOCRACY..\\nficiaries. These are really public business en-\\nterprises.\\nThe thoughtless might say that the intricate\\nbusiness of banking could not be managed by\\nand for the public. Yet the savings banks are\\nrun in the public interest and under public con-\\ntrol. In nearly all of the states, the officials of\\nthe savings banks have no proprietary interest\\nin these institutions. These officers handle\\nwith fidelity over two thousand million dollars\\nof the people s money.\\nTliere are more than five million depositors\\nin the savings banks of the United States, each\\none of whom is a witness that business enter-\\nprises of magnitude can be run successfully\\nunder public management, and purely for the\\nbenefit of the people.\\nJSTone of the human material required for the\\nperfect organization of business the engineers,\\ninventors, adepts and men of executive ability\\nand commanding force would be lacking under\\npublic ownership.\\nThese are the men who really manage the\\ngreat business enterprises now under private\\ncontrol, and to whose superior skill and ability\\nthe greatest corporations in the country con-\\nstantly defer.\\nThese resourceful men, under present condi-\\ntions, are frequently compelled to divide their", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACT. 135\\nhonors with the sons and other kinsmen of the\\nowners, as Yon Moltke was forced, in the\\nFranco- German war, to share his honors with\\nthe scions of the royal house of Prussia.\\nUnder public ownership of the public utili-\\nties, these men of great genius for practical\\nbusiness, who are now little known outside of\\ntheir own circles, will become well known to\\nthe people; they will be famous, and the names\\nof some of them may even be immortal.\\nThe forces of competition will still be at work\\nin the public enterprises the competition of\\nmen in the public service who desire to im-\\nprove their fortunes, to excel, to win an honor-\\nable position, to stand well with their fellows.\\nThe spirit of emulation which leads men to\\nhazard their lives for the sake of honorable\\nmention, of promotion or of duty, in the mili-\\ntary branch of the public service, will not be\\nlacking, under free and natural conditions, in\\nits civil divisions.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "XXXII.\\nTHE COMING AGE OF HONESTY AND JUSTICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTHOSE WHO SERVE THE PUBLIC WILL SERVE\\nFAITHFULLY.\\nTHE resourcefulness, shrewdness and self-\\nseeking of large masses of private cap-\\nital will alone be lacking in public\\nenterprises. Let us not underestimate the\\npower of human interest, of human selfishness.\\nHave we, however, any sound reason for\\nassuming that the interest of the whole people,\\neach one having a small holding, will be less\\neffective than the interest of a small number\\nwith great holdings\\nIt will be said that the small number have\\ngreater powers of concentration than the large\\nnumber, as a hundred men can move more\\nquickly and co-operate more effectively than\\na million. But the few must act, in this case,\\nthrough the machinery of the corporation, and\\nthe people must adopt the same mechan-\\nism.\\nThe private capitalists must delegate their\\npowers to a small board; the congress of the", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACY. 137\\nnation must also authorize a small board to\\nmanage the public industries. We have no\\nreason to assume that this board, representing\\nthe whole people, will not be as sw^ift, resource-\\nful, alert and forceful as the board chosen by\\nthe capitalists.\\nHuman interest, human selfishness and all\\nother motives, good and bad, which work for\\nsuccess, including human ambition and hope\\nand pride and unselfishness and love, will be\\nactively enlisted in the public enterprises. The\\nheart of each man, woman and child will swell\\nwith satisfaction and pride in the joint owner-\\nship of great wealth, and in the joint control\\nof vast power.\\nThis line of rails, each one will say, this\\nnoble bridge, this imposing building, all of\\nthese vast and perfect industries, are mine as\\nmuch as they are any one s. A million serv-\\nants wait upon me. They may be found in\\nevery nook and corner of the land, and even\\nof the whole world, seeking to provide for my\\nwants and pleasures. A thousand palaces are\\nmine. My carriages await me wherever I go;\\nmy ships sail for me from every port.\\nDo I desire that my servants shall be dull,\\nor negligent, or treacherous, or dishonest By\\nno means. I will tolerate none of these, for\\nthis is the age of honesty and justice, when", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "138 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nmen must earn what they get, and they who\\nserve must serve faithfully.\\nI am so rich and powerful that I envy no\\nman, and yet no man envies me, for my breth-\\nren also are rich and powerful. They serve\\nme no more than I serve them. The poorest\\namong us is rich and strong, and those of\\ngreater fitness and capacity are still richer and\\nstronger in accordance with their merits. For\\njustice has solved all things. Ah, the world is\\nsweet and fair since justice has come\\n5)", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "XXXIII.\\nBEFORE THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CEN-\\nTURY A CITY IN AMERICA WILL HAVE A\\nPOPULATION OF TWENTY MILLIONS. L^ tJ\\nTHE future historian who shall write the\\nstory of these times will doubtless dis-\\ncover the most important phase of our\\nAmerican civilization in the enormous growth\\nof private wealth, and in the corresponding\\nexpansion of private business enterprise.\\nWe may also anticipate that, as he passes on\\nto a later period, he will discover that the\\nsplendors of private wealth were but as a faint\\nprophecy of the greater splendors of our public\\nwealth, and that the achievements of private\\nbusiness enterprise were even small compared\\nwith the achievements of public business enter-\\nprise.\\nI^owhere perhaps will public enterprise have\\na fairer field of development than in the city\\nof the future, the city of civilization.\\nLet us return to the city of New York, to\\nconsider its possibilities. Here, as in all other\\ntowns and cities, we find a grave problem in", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "14:0 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nthe private ownership of the urban land, which\\nhas grown to be enormously valuable through\\nthe growth of population.\\nThe people in mass, through their aggrega-\\ntion, have produced the excessive value of the\\nland.\\nThe private ownership of land has always\\nbeen recognized by us. The title to a large\\npart of the land goes back to the government\\nitself, which sold the public domain to individ-\\nuals. Titles have passed in innumerable cases,\\nthe unearned increment has been secured\\nby persons now dead, and by others who have\\nsold their holdings, and are no longer land-\\nholders.\\nOnly in rare cases have the present owners\\nsecured exorbitant unearned increment;\\nmany are even holding land which is worth\\nless than it cost them.\\nIt is plain, under the circumstances, that the\\nconfiscation of the land, through taxation or\\notherwise, would be an act of injustice. But\\nit is evident also that the system by which\\nvalues earned by the public are appropriated\\nby individuals should be placed, as Lincoln said\\nof slavery in 1858, ^^in the course of ultimate\\nextinction.\\nThe cities have not yet reached their full\\ngrowth; they have only begun to grow. Be-", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "THE COMINa DEMOCKACT. 141\\nfore tlie end of the twentieth century there\\nwill be a city in America with a population of\\ntwenty millions, and many other cities of enor-\\nmous size. There are tracts of land now of\\nlittle value upon which great masses of people\\nwill yet live, and which will be much increased\\nin value thereby.\\nIt would be difficult to find on Manhattan\\nisland at the present time an acre of land\\nwithin eight miles of the Battery that could be\\nbought for less than $100,000. The average\\nvalue is more than double that figure. There\\nare large areas that are worth $500,000 an\\nacre, and there are tracts of no small propor-\\ntions that are worth $1,000,000 an acre, and\\nthere are still other plots that are worth from\\n$2,000,000 to $3,000,000 an acre.\\nThese values are unnatural and artificial, the\\nresult of a great congestion of population and\\nbusiness, which adequate systems of transpor-\\ntation will relieve. They will shrivel in time,\\nand under the power of public enterprise, to\\nmore natural proportions.\\nThe development of our great cities is ob-\\nstructed at present by state legislation, the\\ninterests back of the state being usually out of\\nharmony with, and sometimes hostile to, the\\ninterests of the city.\\nThe metropolis must in time be set free from", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "14:2 THE COMING DEMOCEACT.\\nall external interferences with its local affairs.\\nThis emancipation can be accomplished com-\\npletely through the formation of a metropolitan\\nstate which will include the region within say\\nfifty miles of the heart of the present city of\\nNew York, embracing portions of the states of\\nNew Jersey and Connecticut a district large\\nenough to include within its boundaries the\\nwhole of the possible future growth of the city.\\nThe boundaries of the city may be the same\\nas the boundaries of the state, or a number of\\nseparate towns and cities may be organized,\\ntheir varying interests being harmonized\\nthrough the government of the metropolitan\\nstate. We shall assume for the present, and\\nfor the sake of clearness only, that the state\\nand the city will be one.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "XXXIY.\\nTHE CITY OF THE FUTURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ON THE FACE OF\\nTHIS PLANET THERE IS ROOM FOR ALL.\\nTHE city should build, from time to time,\\nsuch systems of swift transit as are re-\\nquired to open homes and opportunities\\nfor its increasing population. These lines will\\nreach out into tlie regions of cheap land.\\nThe city should condemn and purchase the\\ncheap land contiguous to each line as it is built\\nor opened, paying the price it was worth be-\\nfore the public enterprise shall have enhanced\\nit. This will be just and fair. The owners\\nwill get what their land is worth. The whole\\npeople will get the increased value which the\\nwhole people have produced, and the full bene-\\nfits of the public enterprise.\\nThe land so acquired will be laid out upon\\nscientific principles for the use of the people.\\nThe most expert landscape architects and civil\\nand sanitary engineers will be employed to pro-\\nduce plans as nearly perfect as human thought,\\nlearning and experience can devise.\\nCertain streets will be yielded to business.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "144 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nwith reasonable restrictions. Districts adapted\\nto manufacturing will be assigned to that use,\\nample facilities being furnished for power and\\ntransportation. The streets designed for sepa-\\nrate residences will be protected for that pur-\\npose. Other streets will be given to apart-\\nments, to clubs and to co-operative homes.\\nThe people will be supplied Avith water,\\nelectric currents, telephones, light and heat,\\nthrough the public service, at cost, or at a fig-\\nure little above cost. The advantages of pri-\\nvate co-operation and public combination will\\nbe fully utilized.\\nDrudgery will be reduced to meager propor-\\ntions. The mother in the household will be\\nreleased from exhausting toil and from many\\npetty cares. Waste will be extinguished, and\\nperhaps menial service will disappear, those\\nwho have been servants ascending to a better\\nplane in life.\\nThe new district will be planned upon the\\nlines of econom}^, utility, beauty and whole-\\nsomeness. It will supply the maximum of\\ncomfort with the minimum of labor. Its\\ndeath rate will be as low as science can re-\\nduce it.\\nThe title to the land will remain forever in\\nthe public. The occupant will pay a reason-\\nable ground-rent for a plot. lie Avill own and", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCKACY. 145\\nconstruct his own building, which he may sell,\\nsubject to the ground-rent, as leaseholds are\\nnow sold. The expense of owning a home\\nwill be the cost of a house. The number of\\nhome-owners will be greatly increased.\\nThe revenue from the land will in time pay\\nfor the land, for its improvement, and for the\\nsystem of rapid transit to it; and at a later\\ntime it will yield a large and permanent income\\nto the city. Other districts will be developed\\nin the same way. The superior advantages oC\\nthe suburbs will draw the people out of the old\\ncity. Its tenements will be forsaken; its fire-\\ntraps and its slums will be abandoned.\\nThe city, through its control of the public\\nutilities, and through co-operation with the\\nnational government, which will now be the\\nowner and master of the great industries of\\ngeneral importance, will be able to regulate\\nthe location of the more important business\\nplants, each industry being given that place\\nwhich will be best fitted for its uses, its em-\\nployes having homes in the same neighborhood,\\nthat there may be no waste of time and money\\nin traveling to and from work.\\nThe center of this vast field of activity will\\npossibly drift in time from Manhattan island.\\nBarring two natural obstacles, the Palisades\\nand the great Hackensack swamp, the land to", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "146 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\nthe westward, in New Jersey, will be the\\nbroader field for development.\\nThat part of the United States lying to the\\neast of the Hudson river including the pres-\\nent city of ISTew York, a part of the state of\\nJS ew York and all of Kew England contains\\nonly one-eighth of the population of the United\\nStates.\\nIt is reasonable, therefore, to suppose that\\nthe future growth of the metropolis of the\\nAtlantic seaboard, if unobstructed, will be\\nmainly to the west of the Hudson, drawn\\nthither by the advantages of closer communi-\\ncation with the larger part of the coun-\\ntry.\\nThe city will fill and drain the Hackensack\\nswamp, which is now the breeding ground of\\nmalaria and mosquitoes, making that region\\nsanitary and wholesome. It will develop the\\nPalisades, locating on its lofty plateau, doubt-\\nless, the noblest park in the world.\\nThe district within fifty miles of the heart of\\nthe present city of New York contains, exclu-\\nsive of the surface of the ocean, bays and rivers,\\nmore than three million acres. If one-third of\\nthis area be given to parks, streets and busi-\\nness purposes, there are left two million acres\\nfor homes, an average allowance of half an\\nacre a plot eight times the size of the present", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 14T\\nstandard city lot in ISew York\u00e2\u0080\u0094 to 4,000,000\\nfamilies, or 20,000,000 people.\\nIt is evident that there is no insurmountable\\nreason, even here in this center of dense popu-\\nlation, for abnormal land values, or for the\\ncrowding of the people. On the face of this\\nplanet there is room for all.\\nThrough its income from the public utilities\\nwhich it will own, and the land which it will\\ndevelop, the city will in time become self-sup-\\nporting. Taxes will be abolished. Later its\\nenormous earnings will force a reduction on\\nthe charges it will make for public services.\\nPerhaps travel on its lines of transit will be-\\ncome free.\\nIt will found gymnasiums, baths, schools,\\nart galleries and libraries for the people. It\\nwiU condemn the land in the old city, which\\nhas fallen to a more natural value, and open it\\nfor the palaces of business, education and pleas-\\nure. It will become in time the owner, by\\npurchase, of all the land within its limits.\\nThe city will be clean, wholesome and beauti-\\nful. Its architecture will be noble and inspir-\\ning. It will be a fit abiding place for the men\\nand women of the Twentieth Century.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "XXXY.\\nPUBLIC ENTERPRISE WILL REBUILD OLD CITIES\\nAND CONSTRUCT NEW ONES FOR THE\\nPEOPLE.\\nNEW YOEK is so cut into by bays and\\nbroad streams that its growth outward\\nhas been difficult. Other cities will\\nfind the transit problem, and hence the land\\nquestion, less complicated.\\nChicago has vast tracts of cheap land near\\nher Avhich could be made accessible by compre-\\nhensive systems of transportation. Much of\\nthis adjacent land is better adapted for homes\\nand places of business than the present site of\\nthe city, which is, in the main, flat and\\nwet.\\nIndeed the older parts of cities, being located\\nusually upon rivers and harbors, and frequently\\nupon swampy ground, are not noted for whole-\\nsomeness. In some cases these districts were\\nbadly planned in the beginning, or they grew\\nup without a ])lan, the streets being narroAV\\nand crooked, the buildings old, inconvenient,\\ncombustible and insanitary. The fire that", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 149\\nsweeps over such a district is usually regarded\\nas a public advantage.\\nEven in the new western cities which were\\nwell planned in the beginning, and in which\\nthe buildings are comparatively modern in\\ndesign, there are few fireproof structures.\\nApparently we are approaching a period in\\nthe growth of our cities similar to that reached\\nby the early settler when he found that he had\\noutgrown his log-cabin days, and, impelled by\\nthe spirit of progress, faced the problem of\\nbuilding a better home. Sometimes he aban-\\ndoned the old site, which was located frequently\\non low ground, near a spring, moving to a\\nmore elevated and wholesome spot.\\nSo our cities should be rebuilt. The present\\nsites will, in some cases, be forsaken, and pub-\\nlic enterprise will plan and build new cities\\nbetter fitted than the old for civilized people.\\nThe old city, for the advantages of transpor-\\ntation, was located on the water. The systems\\nof transportation having changed, we now have\\nimportant cities remote from navigable waters,\\neven on arid plains and in the mountains. The\\ninterior cities of the future will be near the cen-\\ntral points in population, the sources of produc-\\ntion, and the seats of mechanical power.\\nPublic enterprise will plan and build a perfect\\nmodern city in the neighborhood of Niagara", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "150 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nFalls, which will utilize fully the vast power of\\nthat cataract. The city of Buffalo, if set free,\\nwill accomplish this task. There are many\\nsites fit for great cities in the West and South\\nthat are now practically uninhabited.\\nThat which, in our commercial development,\\nhas heretofore been left largely to chance and\\naccident will become subject to order and de-\\nsign.\\nThe seats of the various industries will be\\ncarefully planned, due consideration being given\\nto their relations to raw materials, to transpor-\\ntation and markets.\\nTheir plants will be as nearly perfect as\\nhuman intelligence can make them. Their\\nproducts will be turned out with the maximum\\nof economy. They will be honest products,\\ntrue to their names and brands, there being no\\nmotive for dishonesty.\\nWe will produce more cheaply than ever\\nbefore, and with ever-increasing economy.\\nCheapness, which has sometimes been harm-\\nful, will become wholly beneficial, for extor-\\ntion will have disappeared.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "XXXYI.\\nTHE PEOPLE WILL NOT SEEK REFUGE FPtOM OLD\\nFORMS OF OPPRESSION IN NEW FORMS OF\\nDESPOTISM.\\nA GAIN we are interrupted\\nAre you not now advancing on the\\nline of the Socialists, who would have\\nthe state absorb all industries, and become the\\nemployer of all of the people, assigning each\\nman to the task for which, in its judgment, he\\nwould be best fitted\\nThose who are called Socialists hold many\\nvarying views. Our inquirer has stated cor-\\nrectly the policy favored by the extreme sec-\\ntion. This plan of action would abolish human\\nfreedom.\\nThe system that would organize society into\\na great industrial army, each member being\\nassigned to his place by a superior power,\\nwould be a system of despotism, and a very\\ndeplorable system of despotism, notwithstand-\\ning the benevolent intentions of those who\\npropose it.\\nThe people will not seek refuge from old", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "152 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nforms of oppression in new forms of despotism.\\nThey will seek immunity from all systems\\nwhich limit man s freedom to move, aspire or\\nact as he pleases, so long as he infringes upon\\nthe rights of no other man.\\nWhen the Coming Democracy shall have\\narrived, our people will be more free, rather\\nthan less free, than they now are. Each man\\nwill choose in freedom his vocation. He may\\nwork in the public service or in the field of\\nprivate enterprise. He may toil for himself\\nor for another. He will be the more free in\\nhaving better opportunities, and in the ability\\nto secure the full results of his own labor.\\nThe state should acquire for the public bene-\\nfit only those industries and things which are\\nclearly monopolizable in their nature, and nota-\\nbly the urban and suburban land, and the prop-\\nerty of the great trusts. The industries open\\nto free competition should be in no sense in-\\nterfered with by the state. They should be\\nencouraged and maintained.\\nFree competition, as has already been shown,\\nprevents extortion. Under free competition\\nmen get only what they earn. It is a power-\\nful stimulus to industry, enterprise, invention\\nand all forms of progress. It is a regulator of\\ninconceivable value in human affairs.\\nIt is the policy of the trusts to wage an", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCEACT. 153\\naggressive warfare upon free competition, and\\nto subjugate industries which, under free and\\nnatural conditions, would respond to the influ-\\nence of competition.\\nThe state should pursue the opposite policy.\\nIt should restore to freedom all industries that\\nare in their nature competitive.\\nMany industries now moving hopelessly to-\\nward absorption by monopoly may be saved\\nfrom this fate. We may conceive that another\\nstep in the evolution of the great store may\\nrestore it to the influence of competition. A\\ncity may build immense market-houses. One\\nmay be for the book market, another for the\\nshoe market, another for the hat market, and\\nothers for millinery, clothing, furniture, and\\nso forth.\\nSpaces in the book market would be leased\\nto dealers who would display and sell their\\ngoods in free competition with each other. In\\nsuch case the advantages of the great empo-\\nrium, of the large scale in business, could be\\nmaintained without destroying the small in-\\ndustries, and by bringing the latter under the\\ncloser influence of competition. And what\\nwould be practicable in the book industry\\nwould be practicable in other industries.\\nIt is possible also that many small manufac-\\nturing industries, now likely to be monopo-", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "154 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nlized, could be saved by the construction of\\nlarge and convenient power houses, in which\\neach could rent a space fitted for its needs.\\nThe decentralization of industries should be\\nencouraged by the state whenever such a move-\\nment is in harmony with natural law.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "XXXYII.\\nEXTORTION AND MONOPOLY WILL CEASE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MAN\\nWILL GET WHAT HE EARNS NO MORE AND\\nNO LESS.\\nU]!^DEE the Coming Democracy public\\nand private enterprise will work to-\\ngether harmoniously, profit being\\nwholly eliminated in the one, and deprived of\\nthe possibility of extortion in the other, ^o\\nunfair tribute will be exacted between the pro-\\nducer and the consumer.\\nThe old systems by which exchange levies\\nmany forms of extortion and unnecessary\\ncharges, in handling goods, will disappear.\\nCommerce will become free; exchanges will be\\nfor full and perfect value received.\\nThe product of the farmer s acre will ex-\\nchange for its complete equivalent in the fruits\\nof other men s toil, while all other forms of\\nhuman industry will exchange for their equiva-\\nlents.\\nEquity in exchange will stimulate man s en-\\ndeavor to the highest.\\nCheapness will be the result of improved", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "156 THE COMING DEMOCEACY.\\nmethods, and not of the oppression of labor.\\nBack of all honest systems of production and\\nexchange there is but one thing that is\\nlabor.\\nIn the final analysis of commerce, man has\\nnothing to sell but labor, and he can buy noth-\\ning but labor. Potatoes and paintings, bread\\nand boolis, are only labor prepared for the\\nmarket.\\nUnder the better systems there will be no\\nimpediment to the free exchange of labor, the\\nonly commodity that man can really buy or\\nsell. In this free market there will be no\\nincentive to ^^bull labor or to ^^bear\\nlabor.\\nThe relative value of labor will be deter-\\nmined, as of old, by its quality. Intelligent\\nlabor will be worth more than ignorant labor.\\nThe labor of one who can paint a great picture,\\nor manage a large industry, will be worth\\nmuch more than the labor of him who can\\nonly lift or pull or dig.\\nAll of the advantages of machinery, of im-\\nproved methods, of the large scale in business,\\nof economy in exchange, will go, as they shoukl\\ngo in fairness, to labor to the whole people,\\nfor all of us who are not drones are laborers.\\nEach man will get what he fairly earns he is\\nentitled to no more, he should receive no less.", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCKACY. 157\\nOvergrown fortunes will disappear with the\\nsystems of extortion and monopoly which have\\nproduced them. Poverty will also disappear,\\nsave as the result of indolence, or of physical\\nor mental misfortune.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "XXXVIII.\\nWE SHALL NO LONGER TRANSMIT CARE AND\\nFEAR TO OUR UNBORN CHILDREN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PEACE,\\nFREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE.\\nTHE standard of comfort will be greatly\\nadvanced among the plain people, as\\nthe earning power of their labor in-\\ncreases. They will live no longer in vile tene-\\nments and hovels. They will aspire to better\\nthings.\\nThe man now called poor will acquire a com-\\nfortable home, with a bath, and good beds,\\nand tidy furniture, and even a piano for these\\nthings will be marvelously cheap. He and his\\nfolks will be well-clothed. Rags and tatters\\nwill go to the junkshops. His hours of labor\\nwill no longer be exhausting. His spine will\\nnot be curved by toil at forty. He may stand\\nas straight as any other man, and he need fear\\nno man.\\nTravel will be very cheap when the public\\nrailways and steamship lines are run at cost.\\nIt has been estimated that the actual cost of\\ntransporting passengers from Isew York to", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY. 159\\nChicago, when the railroads are unified under\\npublic control, need not be more than two\\ndollars for each passenger.\\nThose who are now poor will be able to see\\nsomething of the great world of which before\\nthey have only heard. Even the common peo-\\nple shall have their vacations. They shall visit\\ntheir kindred, even in far places, and grasp the\\nhands of the old friends from whom they have\\nbeen long separated.\\nThe men and women of the wide prairies\\nand plains shall journey to the East to see the\\nbeauties and wonders of its cities, to breathe\\nthe sweet air of its mountains, to behold the\\nmajesty of the sea. They shall go on even to\\nEurope, to see old things with new eyes, to\\nrevel in the verdure of England, and in the\\nquaintness of the Old World life.\\nThe plain people of the East shall travel to\\nthe great West to know and understand the\\nlarger and stronger part of the nation, to won-\\nder at its fertility, and to marvel over its great\\ncities, some of which have grown up within\\nthe memory of men now living. They shall\\nbe lifted to high elevations in the Eockies, and\\ndescend to the valleys of our western coast,\\nwhere they shall behold fruits and forests\\nwhich transcend the growths of any other\\nland.", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "160 THE COMING DEMOCRACY.\\nAnd all shall be refreshed and broadened by\\nnew sights, new experiences and new thoughts.\\nPrivate wealth shall be less ostentations, but\\nthe public wealth wiU be substantial, useful\\nand imposing. Even now, under the old con-\\nditions, there is no man in ]S ew York rich\\nenough to own a park equal to the public\\nparks, a library equal to the public libraries,\\nor an art gallery equal to the public collections\\nof art.\\nIn the better future we shall realize the folly\\nof being the slaves of the useless things we own\\nof useless books, useless furniture, useless\\nbric-a-brac, useless rooms, useless horses, use-\\nless houses and useless lands. These useless\\nthings require useless servants, and the useless\\nservants require more useless help to wait on\\nthem. The rich are the victims of their own\\naccumulation of things.\\nThe best people of the future will live sim-\\nply, and live well. They will refuse to be the\\nslaves of things. Ostentation and elaborate\\nadornment will be the hallmarks of the vulgar.\\nBut some of the manifestations of the public\\nwealth will be unpressive and even magnifi-\\ncent.\\nThe public parks, arches, fountains, road-\\nways and buildings will be the realizations of\\nthe dreams of the greatest engineers, architects", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCKACY. 161\\nand artists of the world. The public service\\nwill be elaborate and farreaching. The public\\nwealth will be the wealth of all and of each of\\nthe people, and its utilities will be the servants\\nof all and of each. And in this state of affairs\\nno reasonable man will mourn the absence of\\nenormous private fortunes.\\nBusiness having become honest and just, we\\nshall now have small practice in lying and in\\ndeception.\\nThe dread of poverty, the fear of want, the\\nanxieties connected with the problem of living\\nin comfort, or of living at all, which beset us\\nin youth and follow us to the grave, shall pass\\naway.\\nWe shall no longer transmit care and fear\\nto our unborn children. We shall taste of the\\njoys of real peace, of real freedom and of real\\nindependence.\\nOur children shall grow taller and stronger.\\nTheir lungs shall have more power, their voices\\nmore resonance, their eyes more light. We\\nshall begin to grow a noble race.\\nWe shall mount to higher and better planes.\\nWe shall aspire to be foremost in maintaining\\npeace, and in all of the arts, courtesies and\\nequities of civilization. We shall excel Eome\\nin her days of triumph, and Britain in the\\nmaximum of her glory. We shall expand", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "162 THE COMING DEMOCRACY,\\nthrough setting free and employing the ener-\\ngies of our whole people. We shall build an\\nempire more powerful and magnificent than a\\nconqueror has ever dreamed of the first King-\\ndom of Honesty, the first Empire of Justice I", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "THE COMING DEMOCRACY\\nBy ORLANDO J. SMITH\\nWill be mailed postpaid, bound in paper, for\\n50 cents in cloth for One Dollar.\\nThe Branduk Company\\n330 Broadway, New York", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "A SHORT VIEW\\nOF GREAT QUESTIONS\\n*^If a Man Die, Shall He Live Again 9^* Creation and\\nAnnihilation Are Unknown to Science.\\nBy ORLANDO J. SMITH.\\nA permanent contribution to literature.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 JbTin Clark Rvdjpath.\\nDull indeed must be the spirit which will not receive an im-\\npulse toward better things from this book.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Springfield (Mass.) News.\\nNo one can rise from the perusal of this book without enlarged\\nmental and eternal vision.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Albany Press.\\nThe argument is sane, frank and elea,r.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pittsburg Leader.\\nA small book containing a great amount of wisdom beauti-\\nfully expressed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ^ibany Times-Union.\\nThe author s theories are well written, and his argument has\\nno touch of the pedagogue or of the modern man of mystery.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Denver Republican.\\nA book for thinkers to read.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Iowa State Register.\\nIt bears a message that is altogether wholesome\u00e2\u0080\u0094 at times\\nstartling.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ^tZania Saturday Review.\\nNo other work is now recalled wherein such tremendous\\nthemes are handled with so much fearless compactness of state-\\nment.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C/iicofifo Chronicle.\\nA vast amount of food for thought.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Savannah. News.\\nI have read and studied hundreds of volumes on the various\\nbeliefs of man, finding occasionally scattering crumbs of spiritual\\ncomfort. It remains for A Short View of Great Questions to\\nfully, reasonably and satisfactorily settle my mind on the subject.\\nI require no better Bible.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dr. L. M. Taylor, Washington, D. C.\\nIt Is crowded with much evidence of sincere thought.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Kansas City Journal.\\nA remarkable book.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bt/#alo Eocpress.\\nMuch of it is really eloquent. There are many sentences in It\\nthat would be good to copy and pin upon the wall where the eye\\ncould rest upon them frequently.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EZi^a Archard Conner,", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "It bears the impress of a strong personality, a vigorous, virile\\nmanhood which forces us to admire the writer and wish that we\\npossessed a larger percentage of his type. His style is crisp and\\ndirect, simple in extreme, without flourish or lavish adornments.\\nHe is too earnest to he rhetorical.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Chicago Reform Advocate (Hebrew).\\nThe best appeal to the higher reason for the immortality of the\\nsoul.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 F. A. Mitchel.\\nNo enlightened person could read this work without feeling\\nimpelled towards goodness and repelled from evil.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Herald of the Oolden Age, Ilf racombe, England.\\nA book with a sermon, or several sermons, on every page.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00942716 Metaphysical Magazine.\\nThough philosophical, the book is not cold and dry. It is a\\nprofound study, gracefully reported in plain English. It is a\\nbook that will comfort any one to read. By logic that cannot be\\ngainsaid, it adds to the hope of all who think.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Kansas City Times.\\nThe writer is a deep thinker.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Detroit Journal.\\nIt shows what common sense can do with the idea of the im-\\nmortality of the soul.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Howa/rd Fielding.\\nThe book is full of ideas that shake Materialism.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Troy Standard.\\nMajor Smith has given us the results of a manifestly deep and\\nsincere consideration of the greatest problems that can occupy\\nthe human mind.-Beview of Reviews.\\nHis meaning is not buried under mystical phrases, nor tangled\\nin a maze of tortuous reasoning.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Grand Rapids Press.\\nThe author s arguments are marked by ability and keen\\nlogic\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Baitimore Herald.\\nIts opening chapter grapples the reader s soul as with hooks\\nof steel, and its succeeding pages hold him spellbound to the\\nend.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Revillo Item.\\nA little volume ti eating grave queries in a clever and brilliant\\nmanner.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chicago News.\\nMailed postpaid, bound in paper, for 25 cents;\\nin doth for 50 cents,\\nTHE BRANDUR COMPANY\\n320 Broadway, New York", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "JU n\\nA# li MV", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "s\\nv S V\\nN ^N^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^o.\\n^v-\\nV\\nft fci 1\\nI\\nA^\\n..n:-\\nN -,V\\n^t\\n1 V\\n^0\\nY\\n~f .\\\\f%P-\\no.-C\\nc-\\niv\\nv*", "height": "3256", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "vV\\n(f\\ns :]0^% .:^S^f^\\\\\\nxP\\n4\\nc,^^^ f.. ;.\\\\.v^j\u00c2\u00b0 p,\\nX A ^:5^\\n.5^ r.-", "height": "3262", "width": "2070", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "UBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n-y T^y- sU ^f\\n^ii^a^ i^/ v^- I\\nA^-^ i^ i ,i *rT A.^,", "height": "3403", "width": "2244", "jp2-path": "comingdemocracy00smit_0192.jp2"}}