{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3440", "width": "2212", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3314", "width": "2055", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE\\nCONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nBY\\nWILLIAM E. SMYTHE\\nILLUSTRATOD\\nHARPER BROTHERS PUBLISHERS\\nNEW YORK AND LONDON\\n1900", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECElVEi3,\\nLibrary of Congrei^\\nOffice of thi\\nMAY 1 5 1900\\nHegliter of CopyrlgktK\\nSECOND COPY, S C 8y\\nB17*-\\nCopyright, 1900. by WitUAM E. Smytue.\\nAU rigkt$ ruened.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "TO\\nMY WIFE", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nPAET FIRST\\ncuAPTEB COLONIAL EXPANSION AT HOME pack\\nI. Greatness by Continental Conquest 3\\nII. The Home Building Instinct op the American\\nPeople 13\\nIII. The Better Half of the United States 19\\nIV. The Blessing of Aridity 30\\nV. The Miracle op Irrigation 41\\nPART SECOND\\nREAL UTOPIAS OF THE ARID WEST\\nI. The Mormon Commonwealth 51\\nII. The Greeley Colony op Colorado 77\\nIII. The Evolution of Southern California 93\\nIV. The Revolution on the Plains 106\\nPART THIRD\\nUNDEVELOPED AMERICA\\nI. The Truth about California 121\\nII. The New Day in Colorado 150\\nIII. The Pleasant Land op Utah 164\\nIV. The Crude Strength op Idaho 174\\nV. Arid Washington and Oregon 185\\nVI. The Potential Greatness op Nevada 194", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nCHAPTER PAGE\\nVII. Wyoming, Law-Giver of the Arid Region 207\\nVIII. The Prosperity of Montana 222\\nIX. The Awakening of New Mexico 228\\nX. The Budding Civilization of Arizona 237\\nPART FOUKTH\\nTHE ARMY OF THE HALF-EMPLOYED\\nI. The Surplus People 247\\nII. Why the People Do Not Go to the Land 253\\nIII. Colonization with Co-operative Capital 260\\nIV. Colony Plans and Institutions 276\\nV. The Administration of Co-operative Settlement 285\\nVI. Adjusting Old Ideals to New Conditions 298\\nVII. LooKENG Forward to the Greater Republic 308\\nAPPENDIX\\nNote as to Methods of Irrigation 311\\nINDEX 321", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "ILLUSTRATIONS\\nA TYPICAL MOUNTAIN STREAM IN THE ARID REGION\\nMOUTH OF ECnO CANYON, UTAH, SHOWING\\nWEBER RIVER Frontispiece\\nCALIFORNIA CONTRAST PICKING FLOWERS AT PASA-\\nDENA, WITH THE SNOW SEVEN FEET DEEP ON\\nMOUNT WILSON Facing p. 94\\nIRRIGATING SEVEN HUNDRED ACRES OF LEMON-TREES\\nAT SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 138\\nARTESIAN WELL AT ZILLAH, WASHINGTON 188\\nFURROW IRRIGATION FOR VEGETABLES AT EXPERI-\\nMENT STATION, WYOMING 214\\nDIVISION BOX AT BOZEMAN, MONTANA, SHOWING\\nMETHOD OF TURNING WATER INTO LATERALS\\nFOR IRRIGATING THE FIELD 224\\nMAPS\\nARID AMERICA Facing p. 24\\nARID AMERICA (THE STRIKING SIMILARITY BETWEEN\\nPALESTINE AND SALT LAKE VALLEY, UTAIl) 54\\nLOCATION OF CO-OPERATIVE INDUSTRIES IN IRELAND 292", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nThe man who removes from a crowded neighbor-\\nhood in New England to a sparsely settled locality\\nin the Far West will be struck with the immensity\\nof the country which awaits settlement and develop-\\nment. He will not be long in discovering that the\\nnew land possesses certain advantages of climate,\\nsoil, and other natural resources over the place\\nwhence he came. If he has the slightest interest in\\nsocial and economic things, he will find himself specu-\\nlating on the anomaly of surplus people in one place\\nand surplus land in another on the stern fact of a\\nregion of landless man and a region of manless land,\\nand both under the same flag. Such was the author s\\nexperience hence this book.\\nThe materials for this sketch have been gathered\\nby ten years of life, work, and study in various parts\\nof the West. During that period the writer s oppor-\\ntunities to observe resources and institutions were\\nunusually favorable, since his work as editor of The\\nIrrigation Age and an officer of the National Irriga-\\ntion Congress took him repeatedly to all the States\\nix", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nand Territories of the arid region and to nearly every\\nvalley or settlement of special interest. These oppor-\\ntunities were utilized to the fullest extent. The his-\\ntory of colonies has more often been learned from\\nthe lips of pioneers than from books or documents.\\nThe causes of successes and failures in settlement,\\nand the merits of various social and industrial plans\\nsuo-o-ested in these pages as best adapted to future\\ncolonization effort, have been discussed at many a\\nwestern fireside with the men and women who are\\ndealing practically with such problems. If this por-\\ntion of the book has any value, it consists in the fact\\nthat on every possible occasion it has been discussed\\nwith the earnest people who are themselves engaged\\nin making homes in western valleys.\\nA list of those who have been helpful to the author\\nin assembling the facts used in these pages would in-\\nclude nearly all the men prominent in the irrigation\\nwork of the western States. It is not unfair, how-\\never, to make especial mention of the author s obliga-\\ntions to Frederick H. Newell, of the United States\\nGeological Survey to Elwood Mead, State Engineer\\nof Wyoming to A. Milton Musser, historian of the\\nMormon Church, and to David Boyd, historian of\\nthe Greeley Colony, Colorado.\\nOf the books which have been most useful in fur-\\nnishing light for the larger aspects of the subject, Mr.\\nDouglas Campbeirs The Puritan in Encjland, Hoi-\\nland, and America, Mr. Theodore Eoosevelt s The\\nWinning of fhp WcrU Mr. Andrew Carnegie s Tri-", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\numphant Democracy^ and M. Edinond Demolius s\\nAnglo-Saxon Superiority are gratefully mentioned.\\nCertain chapters of the book first appeared as\\ncontributions to The Century Magazine^ The Atlan-\\ntic Monthly^ The Forum^ and The North American\\nReview^ and the author is indebted to the courtesy\\nof the editors of those magazines for the right to re-\\nproduce them here.\\nThe acceptance which the author s work on similar\\nlines has found in American periodicals, and the fact\\nof a wider interest evidenced by translations into three\\nforeign languages, is one reason for the publication of\\nthis book. But a better one is the author s convic-\\ntion that the time is ripe for the occupation of the\\ngreat West by the masses of our people, and his\\nearnest hope that this book will be of some value in\\nthrowing light upon their pathway to homes and\\nindependence.\\nWilliam E. Smythe.\\nSTANDisn, California, August, 1899.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION\\nTHE TWENTIETH -CENTURY OPPORTUNITY\\nThe true opportunity of the American people lies\\nnot in the tropical islands of the Pacific and Carib-\\nbean, but in the vast unsettled regions of their own\\ncountry. Their true mission is not to impose their\\ndominion upon distant lands and alien peoples, but to\\nwork out the highest forms of civilization for their\\nown race and nationality.\\nThe advocates of colonial expansion abroad argue\\nthat hitherto we have been engaged in the conquest\\nof this continent, and declare that this work is now\\ndone. But it is not done. There is room for one\\nhundred million people in the States and Territories\\nbetween the Missouri river and the Pacific Ocean. In\\nthat vast region there is a population of but three to\\nthe square mile, while in the Philippine Islands there\\nare sixty, a density of settlement twenty times as\\ngreat.\\nBut the material opportunity is neither the single\\nnor the most urgent claim of Arid America to the\\nxiii", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION\\nnation s attention. It offers the best field in all the\\nworld for the expansion of ideas and the development\\nof institutions. This is no less important to mankind\\nthan the expansion of trade and the development of\\nnatural resources.\\nUnder the policy of continental solidarity and of\\nholding aloof from the political entanglements of\\nEurope and Asia, the American people have grown\\nrich and populous beyond any other nation in history.\\nIf they now choose to abandon the course which led\\nthem to greatness by the shortest and easiest path, it\\nis not because they are compelled by physical limita-\\ntions to seek another field for expansion. Or if they\\nabandon republican for imperialistic ideals it is not\\nbecause the former lacks favorable soil in which to\\nplant and nurture new growths suited to the changed\\nconditions of the times.\\nWe shall see in the following pages how the nation-\\nal prosperity of the past came as the rich reward of\\ndeveloping the material resources of the continent,\\nand how the inspiration for three remarkable eras of\\ncolonization along the Atlantic seaboard, through\\nthe interior from Lakes to Gulf, and in the valley of\\nthe Mississippi sprang not from lust of power or of\\ntrade, but from home -building instincts peculiar to\\nour race and people. We shall then observe what\\nvast resources yet remain to be used, and how the\\nphysical conditions of the vacant half-continent in the\\nWest mark its future civilization as inevitably differ-\\nent, in important respects, from that of the East.\\nxiv", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION\\nIn our study of typical communities which have\\ngrown up among western plains and mountains dur-\\ning the past half -century, we shall see how the pi-\\noneers unconsciously shaped their institutions to suit\\nan environment hitherto unknown to men of English\\nspeech, and how these institutions, with the tenden-\\ncies they set in motion, fortunately conform to new\\neconomic conditions in which machinery and large\\ncapital play so important a part.\\nIn our review of the States and Territories which\\ncompose Undeveloped America, we shall behold their\\nmaterial achievement and the state of their civiliza-\\ntion at the close of the present century, and the wide\\nopportunities which wait upon the future.\\nWe shall then seek to find the relation between the\\ncrowded population and superabundant capital which\\nhave accumulated in the old States, and the sur-\\nplus resources of lands, forests, minerals, and water-\\npower lying unused in the West. We shall consider\\nhow surplus men and money may be brought to sur-\\nplus resources, and applied, under sound business prin-\\nciples, to the making of homes, industries, and insti-\\ntutions in consonance with the traditions of our race\\nand the genius of our people.\\nWhatever may be the nation s ultimate policy in\\nthe Pacific whether to rule or to emancipate the\\nnew impulse now clearly apparent in the intellectual\\nand industrial life of that part of the world will ma-\\nterially assist the settlement of the Far West, and\\nindefinitely widen the market for its products. The\\nXV", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION\\ndevelopment of all the lands around the borders of\\nthe Pacific, the rise of Alaska and the North, the\\nopening of Russia s new highway from Europe across\\nSiberia to Asiatic shores, the building of the Isthmian\\nCanal, with the cheap and ready access it will give to\\nboth the American and European coasts of the Atlan-\\ntic these great events all prophesy the rapid settle-\\nment of western America during the twentieth cen-\\ntury. It lies there now a clean, blank page, awaiting\\nthe makers of history the goodly heritage of our\\npeople.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nIpact $ix6t\\nCOLONIAL EXPANSION AT HOME\\nIn 1850 she [the United States] passed Austria. In 1860 it was\\nher motbedand to whom she held out her hand lovingly as she\\nswept by. lu 1870 she overtook and passed France. In 1880 she\\nhad outstripped the German Empire and now, in 1890, she is left\\nwithout a competitor to contend with except giant Russia. All the\\nothers she has left behind. Another decade, and the sound of the\\nrushing Republic close behind will astonish even Russia, with its\\neighty-six millions in Europe. Yet another decade, and it, too\\nlike all the rest, will fall behind to watch for a time the new nation\\nm advance, until it forges so far forward as to pass beyond her ken,\\nwhen five hundred millions, every one an American, and all boast-\\ning a common citizenship, will dominate the world\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for the world s\\ngood. Andeew Carnegie, Triumj^hunt Democracy.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I\\nGREATNESS BY CONTINENTAL CONQUEST\\nThe economic greatness of the United States is the\\nfruit of a policy of peaceful conquest over the resources\\nof a virgin continent. Without this great item of raw\\nmaterial, the finished product which the world aoknowl-\\nedges in the industrial America of to-day would have\\nbeen impossible.\\nThe true career of the American people as a race of\\nempire-builders dates not from the founding of James-\\ntown, New Amsterdam, and Plymouth, but from the\\nsurrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown and the subsequent\\ninauguration of George Washington as the first President\\nof the United States. The early settlers wore merely\\nEuropean sentinels standing guard over a treasure of\\ncontinental magnitude which tliey neither compre-\\nhended nor appreciated. The tobacco-raisers of Vir-\\nginia, the fur.traders of New York, and the religious\\nenthusiasts of New England had no conception of a\\nnational destiny or mission. They looked backward to\\ntlie civilization whence they had come, rather than for-\\nward to the conquest and subjugation of the mightier\\nempire on whose eastern shores they had set their reluc-\\ntant feet.\\nOnly at the close of the successful war for indepen-\\n3", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ndeuce did the world begin to realize that the American\\nwas to be the master of the new continent for all time,\\nand that his rule must move westward as naturally and\\ninevitably as the sun in its course. Only when the new\\ngovernment, hewn out with the sword and cemented\\nwith the blood of its citizens, had been finally and firmly\\nestablished, did the heterogeneous elements in the\\nsparsely settled original States crystallize into a national\\nspirit and a national character. From that hour the\\nmaterial development of the New World began in earnest.\\nThe people labored as with the vim and courage of him\\nwho works for himself. Men began to dream of an\\nAmerica which should be richer and more populous and\\npowerful than even Europe.\\nThe war was over\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the war was begun England had\\nbeen shaken off by force of arms, and the other Euro-\\npean ties would be loosed by the arts of diplomacy; but\\nit remained to wage war on the forest, the plain, the\\ndesert, and the mountain, and to create a better civil-\\nization than the world had seen. What millions of men\\nand billions of dollars were employed and rewarded in\\nthe process\u00e2\u0080\u0094 what workshops, and railroads, and farming\\ndistricts were created in the wilderness\u00e2\u0080\u0094 what cities,\\nwith swarming thousands of inhabitants, with homes\\nand colleges and hospitals, were erected in the midst of\\nthe primeval silence\u00e2\u0080\u0094 what States were carved from the\\nwoods and prairies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 what unexpected commerce, born\u00c2\u00a9\\nin undreamed-of steamships, was sent to whiten the un-\\nexplored inland seas\\nIt is in the answer to these questions rather than in\\nthe poet s pcTan to democracy that the true explanation\\nof the economic progress of the nation will be found.\\n4", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CONTINENTAL CONQUEST\\nIt is not to be denied that the fact tliat the United\\nStates was heralded throughout the world as a free\\ncountry attracted millions of immigrants, nor that\\npopular government and complete immunity from the\\ndemands of royal tribute left enterprise unhampered to\\na degree hitherto unknown. But a vast commerce can\\nno more find sustenance solely in the written constitu-\\ntion of a country than a starving prospector in the\\nmountains can satisfy his appetite with scenery.\\nIt seems worth while to lay strong emphasis upon this\\npoint, because the somewhat general acceptance of the\\nnotion that America is the product of its institutions,\\nrather than that its institutions are the product of\\nAmerica, has obscured the causes of past prosperity and\\nbelittled the importance of our undeveloped resources.\\nNot until this fact is understood and acknowledged\\nis it possible to comprehend, even vaguely, the incal-\\nculable importance of the undeveloped regions in the\\nwestern half of the United States.\\nAt the close of the Revolution the United States con-\\nsisted of a fringe of settlements mostly confined to the\\nAtlantic coast and the banks of important rivers on the\\neastern slope of the Alleghanies. Nominally, the nation-\\nal domain extended westward to the Mississippi river,\\nbut practically there was no development beyond the\\nthirteen original States. Even there the natural resour-\\nces of the country had scarcely been touched. Boston\\nhad a population of about eighteen thousand. New York\\nof about thirty thousand, Philadelphia of about thirty-\\nfive thousand, Baltimore of about fifteen thousand.\\nRichmond, Charleston, and Savannah, though of some\\nimportance politically, were mere straggling hamlets.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nDetroit, St. Louis, and New Orleans were French out-\\nposts in the wilderness. Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleveland,\\nand Chicago; Omaha, Kansas City, Denver, Salt Lake,\\nand San Francisco these and scores of other cities now\\npopulous and powerful Avere hidden in the womb of\\ntime. Of the country between the Alleghanies and the\\nMississippi far less was known than the world now knows\\nof Africa. The vast domain lying between the Father\\nof Waters and the Pacific Ocean was neither as well ex-\\nplored nor as perfectly comprehended as the Arctic\\nregion is to-day.\\nAVhen the men of the new Republic turned their backs\\non the Old World, in the double sense of politics and in-\\ndustry, and faced the continental opportunity which\\nawaited them, they entered upon the fiercest war of con-\\nquest in all history. And the spoils of that war were to\\nbe in proportion to the magnificence of the task.\\nThe first effort at the subjugation of the wilderness\\nwas directed to the fields and the streams. The forest\\nclearings were extended that agriculture might find room\\nfor expansion. The trees felled in the process were float-\\ned in the rivers to saw-mills driven by the current. The\\nlogs, transformed to lumber, supj^lied the material for\\nmillions of comfortable homes. In the mean time, the\\nnew farms fed the growing population of the towns,\\nwhile a myriad of workshops, improved by inventions of\\nwhich a robust necessity was the prolific mother, con-\\nsumed and manufactured the textile materials from field\\nand pasture.\\nThe step from the crude employments of the frontier\\nto the manifold occupations of a modern industrial life\\nwas easy and natural. Fostered by a generous policy of\\n6", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CONTINENTAL CONQUEST\\nprotection, and blessed by long years of peace, the work\\nof development went on from generation to generation.\\nIn New England the raw material on which the workmen\\nlabored in fashioning a civilization was poorer than else-\\nwhere. And yet it was on that sterile soil, in the midst\\nof those rocks and hills, that industrial pre-eminence was\\nfirst to be achieved. A citizen of Massachusetts once\\nmade the just boast that not one drop of water flows\\nfrom our hills to the sea until its power has been three\\ntimes multiplied by the mill wheels. Every stream was\\nlined with factories, nearly every town had its peculiar\\nindustries and its growing crowds of skilled laborers,\\nsupporting the stores and shops with their trade, and\\nfilling the schools with their children.\\nNot only in New England, which owed its serious en-\\nergy to the example and character of its founders, and\\nits fierce industrial enthusiasm to a system of free labor,\\nbut equally in New York, in New Jersey, in Delaware,\\nin Pennsylvania, and southward to the Floridian penin-\\nsula, the army of labor marched on with irresistible ad-\\nvance. It scaled the crests of the Alleghanies and opened\\nyet greater valleys to the energy of men. It tunnelled\\ninto the earth and brought up the hidden stores of coal\\nand iron ore. It tapped the subterranean reservoirs of\\nnatural gas and oil.\\nWith the rapid growth of a many-sided economic life\\nthe need of improved facilities for internal transportation\\narose and grew yearly more urgent. The natural water-\\ncourses, navigated by rafts and sailing craft, did not long\\nsuffice. The army of labor was set at work in building\\ngreat highways and digging canals. Then came the\\nsteamboat, and, finally, the railroad with its iron horse.\\n7", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nThns it was that the work of taming the wilderness\\nwent on with increasing fervor. Thus it was that thirty-\\ntwo new States were added to the original thirteen.\\nThus it was that the national population was increased\\nfourteen-f old, and that cities rivalling the greatest urban\\ncentres in the Old World, in size and wealth and power,\\nwere developed on the site of the colonial villages of the\\nearly days. Thus it was that the Republic was able to\\nwelcome, and to absorb into its apparently insatiable in-\\ndustrial system, the millions of immigrants who flocked\\nto its shores.\\nDuring these days of rapid material expansion over\\nnew areas. Uncle Sam was the proprietor of the most gigan-\\ntic employment bureau on earth. He had enough work\\nfor his own prodigious family of sons, and for the over-\\nflow of all the families across the sea. He oft ered the\\nhighest wages in the world-wide market. He distribu-\\nted his abounding prosperity through all channels of\\ntrade, all classes of industry, all grades of society. He\\nmade men and communities rich first by employing\\ntheir energies in the conversion of the wilderness into a\\ncivilization, and paying them roundly for the work\\nthen by the rise in values, or unearned increment,\\nwhich comes with population and development finally,\\nby the premium, or interest, upon capital thus acquired.\\nAll this was the logical fruit of a policy of continental\\nconquest bravely undertaken, magnificently achieved.\\nBehold the story of national prosperity in the form of\\na few clear-cut figures, divested of all rhetorical cloth-\\ning In a little more than one hundred years the area of\\nfarms increased from sixty-five thousand square miles to\\nover one million square miles. The number of persons\\n8\\nI", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "CONTINENTAL CONQUEST\\nengaged in the agricnltiiral industry in 1890 was ten\\nmillion seven hundred thousand more than two and a\\nhalf times the entire population in 1790. In acres the\\ntotal amount of land classed as farms by the last census\\nwas nearly six hundred million, of which nearly four\\nhundred million was under actual cultivation, the rest\\nbeing woodlands. The number of individual farms was\\nfour million six hundred and fifty thousand. The annual\\nproduct was worth four billion dollars. In ten years,\\nsays Mr. Andrew Carnegie, in his inspiring book. Tri-\\numphant Democracy *^a territory larger than Britain, and\\nalmost equal in extent to the entire area of France and\\nGermany, was added to the farm area of America.\\nMarvellous as this statement is, it exhibits but one\\nitem in the record of continental conquest which con-\\nferred such phenomenal prosperity upon the American\\npeople in the past. Agriculture is the basis of civiliza-\\ntion, and upon the foundation so quickly and thorough-\\nly laid, the new nation hastened to erect the superstruct-\\nure of a complex industrial life. The existence of an\\nenormous population on the farms furnished a great field\\nfor manufactures. This industry now employs between\\nfour and five million workmen, who annually receive and\\nexpend nearly two billion dollars in wages, and create an\\nannual product worth nearly nine billion dollars.\\nAgriculture and manufactures both finished products\\nwrought by millions of workmen from the raw materials\\nof the new continent combined in demanding the most\\nextensive arrangements for internal tj-ansportation ever\\nprovided on the face of the earth., The total railroad\\nmileage at the last census was one hundred and sixty-\\nthree thousand five hundred miles, which is more tban\\n9", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthat of all European countries combined. Of this vast\\nmileage almost one-half was built between 1880 and\\n1890. When it is remembered that each of these miles\\nstands for about fifty thousand dollars expenditure the\\ncost of construction and equipment and that the work\\nemployed an army of laborers and skilled artisans, who\\nin turn consumed great quantities of agricultural and\\nmanufactured products, it is not difficult to realize that\\nthe railroad development contributed largely to the na-\\ntional prosperity in the past. It was, of course, the di-\\nrect result of the great process of material conquest\\nwhich was going on.\\nTo the same cause was due the employment of\\nnearly three million people in trade and transportation\\nof nearly five million in professional services, of three-\\nquarters of a million in mining. The grand result is\\nseen in the fact that the national population grew from\\nless than four millions in 1790 to more than sixty-two\\nmillions in 1890, while the total wealth mounted to the\\nincomprehensible sum of sixty-five billion dollars.\\nSuch are the stupendous results of the labors of a\\ngreat people p\u00c2\u00abpplied to the resources of a virgin con-\\ntinent. Other people have possessed energy and genius,\\nand two of the European nations have enjoyed the bless-\\nings of self-government. If republican institutions\\nwould alone guarantee such results in the future, it is\\nhardly to be imagined that the sternest monarchy could\\nwithstand the demand for their adoption. But the\\ntranscendent factor in the result was the continental\\nexpanse of marvellous resources awaiting the labor and\\ngenius of man.\\nCan there be any question that the abounding pros-\\n10", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CONTINENTAL CONQUEST\\nperity of the American people during the first century\\nof their national life was due to this luminous fact\\nCan there be any reasonable doubt that if the policy of\\nmaterial conquest over new areas can find another field\\non which to operate, and that if it be entered upon with\\nthe old vigor and faith, it will confer another century of\\nprosperity upon the nation so fortunately endowed", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II\\nTHE HOME-BUILDING IXSTIXCT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE\\nSpeaking in broad terms, there have been three great\\neras of colonization in the United States. All of these\\neras have been well defined, intelligible, and erentfiil.\\nThey peopled successively the Atlantic coast, the rrans-\\nAlleghany region from Lakes to Gulf, and the valley of\\nthe Mississippi. Taken together, they made virtually\\ncomplete the conquest of Eastern America, and in Eastern\\nAmerica over ninety per cent, of the national population\\ndwells to-day.\\nA studv of these historic movements reveals a strikinsr\\nfact. It is a fact which throws a Hood of light on the\\nAmerican character, explaining much that has occurred\\nin the past and furnishing sectire ground upon which\\nto base predictions of much that is to happen in the\\nfuture. The American colonist, from Plymouth in\\nMassachusetts to Plymouth in Idaho, has fixed his eyes\\non one star, which has shone out serene and steady\\nthrough the clouds of religious persecution, of war, and\\nof economic strife. That star stood for home. To build\\na home for himself and his children, to live there at\\npeace with his neighbors and tlie world, to make better\\ninstitutions for average humanity this, when the sub-\\nject is viewed as a whole, is seen to have been the con-\\n1?", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE IIOME-BUILDING INSTINCT\\nsistcnt aim of American colonization from the begin-\\nning.\\nThere are a few exceptions to be noted, bnt they arc\\nnot of sufficient importance to affect the general result.\\nSuch exceptions are the settlement of California, and of\\ncertain localities in the Rocky Mountains, during periods\\nof excitement following the discovery of gold. Another\\ninstance was the settlement of Kansas as a means of\\npreserving the equilibrium between the free and the slave\\nStates. But these are isolated instances, of far more\\nmoment in an historical than in a numerical sense. The\\nsettlers of the United States have been moved by very\\ndifferent instincts and motives than those which im-\\npelled the Romans, the Normans, and Danes to settle at\\ndifferent periods in Britain. The great movements of\\npopulation in the Middle Ages were armed conquests\\nfor spoils, and power, and martial glory. Those, indeed,\\nwere the ruling motives among Europeans and Asiatics\\nuntil comparatively recent times. When these motives\\nceased to operate, they were succeeded by another which\\nwas equally sordid, even if more humaiie. This was tho\\nlust for trade or for sudden riches. Tliis it was which\\nimpelled the settlement of Australasia by tho English,\\nof the Spice Islands by the Dutch, of South America by\\nthe Portuguese, of Cuba by the Spanish, of Africa by all\\nof these and by the French and Germans as well. Thus\\nthe hosts which swarmed out of Europe to make new\\nsettlements all over the earth were principally marshalled\\nunder the flag of avarice. It was far different with the\\nmen who, at various periods during the last three hundred\\nyears, conquered the soil of the United States and ex-\\ntended the frontiers of its civilization.\\nt\\n13", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nThe settlement of the New World was largely inaugu-\\nrated by those who fled from religious persecution. But\\nit cannot be said on that account that their ruling mo-\\ntive was not the desire to enjoy the security of a home.\\nReligious sentiment lies very close to the hearth-stone.\\nUpon its human side, at least, it has nothing in common\\nwith politics. Still less is it related to the struggle for\\ngain. It was because they could not live at peace in\\nEurope, because they could not be certain of life or\\ntenancy in any one place, and therefore could not ac-\\ncumulate a competence for their children, that the relig-\\nious enthusiasts fled over the sea. The Puritan in Mass-\\nachusetts, the Baptist in Rhode Island, the Quaker in\\nPennsylvania, and the Catholic in Maryland, looked less\\npassionately upon their spires and crosses than upon the\\nbabies in their cradles, the vegetables in their gardens,\\nand the smoke which curled from their chimneys.\\nIt is true that there were many fanatics in the sev-\\nenteenth and previous centuries to whom religion was\\ndearer jthan home; but it was not the axes of these\\nfanatics that felled the American forests. Their devoted\\nspirits were freed at the stake, or at the block, or their\\npoor bodies festered in foul prisons. It was the element\\nwhose love of home and kindred was too powerful to\\npermit them to suffer martyrdom, even though their\\nconvictions forbade them to eschew their religious prac-\\ntices, who inaugurated the first era of colonization on\\nthese shores. Theirs are the first footprints in our his-\\ntory, and they lead straight to the home and the fire-\\nside.\\nThe second real era of colonization came with the\\nend of the Revolution. Previous to that event the\\n14", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "THE IIOME-BUILDING INSTINCT\\ntrans-Allegliany country was but vaguely known as a\\nwhole. Daniel Boone had, indeed, built his cabin in the\\nwilds of Kentucky, and adventurous spirits had begun\\nto follow him from Virginia and the Oarolinas. James\\nKobertson and John Sevier, leading the hardy back-\\nwoodsmen of the Scotch Presbyterian faith, had begun\\nthe making of Tennessee. The French Creoles had\\nlived for three generations in the slumberous repose of\\nwidely scattered villages in the Ohio Valley, and had\\ngathered in some numbers at New Orleans. But the\\nhour for the real movement of population to the west-\\nward of the mountains had not struck. When it did\\nstrike, it found the home-building instinct of the Amer-\\nican people instantly and passionately responsive to its\\nsummons. It was the returning veterans from the War\\nof Independence who lent the first great impulse to the\\nnew emigration. Hardened by years of out-door life,\\nthoroughly weaned from the atmosphere of the town and\\nthe shop, finding their places on the farms largely filled\\nby boys who, during their absence, had grown to self-\\nreliance, if not to manhood, these war-worn veterans\\nwere not unwilling to transfer their battle-ground from\\nthe sea-coast to the wilderness, and to fight for homes\\nas ardently as they had struggled for political indepen-\\ndence.\\nDuring the next thirty years the population of Ken-\\ntucky leaped from about seventy thousand to over half a\\nmillion, and that of Tennessee from thirty thousand to\\nover four hundred thousand. Ohio, Indiana and Illi-\\nnois, which had no place in the census of 1790, were\\ncredited, respectively, with nearly six hundred thousand,\\none hundred and forty-seven thousand, and fifty-five\\n15", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthousand, in 1820. The movement went on without\\npause until the outbreak of the great rebellion. It was\\neven more plainly marked with the home-seeking char-\\nacter than the earlier settlement of the seaboard States.\\nWe need not in this instance seek the home-loving in-\\nstinct under the religious motive. The circumstances\\nand the methods of the new army of settlers revealed\\nthe supreme object of their emigration.\\nThe lands along the coast and in the rich valleys of\\ntidal rivers had been well occupied by a people who en-\\njoyed substantial prosperity, not only as the reward of\\ntheir industry, but also as the result of their prio4*ity\\nof settlement. The country had grown. It was plainly\\nupon the verge of a larger and more rapid expansion.\\nThese circumstances enhanced the value of property\\nand laid the foundation of many family fortunes, espe-\\ncially where the colonial hamlets had grown to be towns,\\nand promised to become populous cities. The early-\\ncomers and their descendants were being steadily en-\\nriched by the unearned increment. Those who were\\nthus established had no occasion to move, but their less\\nfortunate neighbors longed for homes of their own, and\\nwere ready to take quick advantage of the opportunity\\nwhich the war and the Ordinance of 1787 had opened\\nfor them in the West. These people were almost uni-\\nversally poor in a worldly sense, but rich in courage and\\nintelligence and full of the spirit of empire-builders.\\nThey were no more a class of greedy speculators than\\nwere the pioneers of New England. They emigrated\\nin order that they might improve their condition. They\\nwere home-seekers pure and simple. Placed completely\\nbeyond the influence of Europe, and acting under a new\\n16", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE IIOME-BUILDING INSTINCT\\nspirit of nationality, the people concerned in our second\\nera of colonization developed a rugged Americanism be-\\nfore unknown. This spirit was typified in the character\\nof Abraham Lincoln, who was one of its products.\\nThe third era of colonization followed the War of tho\\nEebellion, as the second had followed the War of the Revo-\\nlution, and largely for the same reason. The cessation\\nof hostilities and the disbandment of the armies turned\\nback into the paths of peace hundreds of thousands of\\nveterans. They were filled with an over-mastering desire\\nfor homes. They longed for a chance to work for them-\\nselves, as their fathers and forefathers had done. Uncle\\nSam was still proprietor of a vast estate of virgin and\\nfertile soil. The homestead law beckoned to the return-\\ning hosts like the linger of fate. The result was the\\nphenomenal settlement of the Upper Mississippi Valley\\nand the creation of States where the old soldier reigned\\nall but supreme. In a period of twenty years after the\\nwar Nebraska jumped from a population of twenty-eight\\nthousand to nearly half a million Kansas from one\\nhundred thousand to a round million; Iowa from six\\nhnndrod thousand to a million and six hundred thousand;\\nDakota from five thousand to one hundred and forty\\nthousand, while Minnesota also added more than half a\\nmillion to her total.\\nThe movement never paused until it encountered an\\nobstacle beyond the power of the individual settler to\\novercome. This obstacle was aridity the failure of\\nrainfall to meet the demands of agriculture. The im-\\npetus of the movement carried its vanguard across the\\ndanger-line and into the territory where existence could\\nnot be maintained without resource to methods then lit-\\nB 17", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ntie understood, and indeed not fully developed. Upon\\nthis strange boundary of prosperity, which nature had\\nmarked with indelible lines, the hosts engaged in the\\nthird colonization era trembled and hesitated for several\\nyears, then fell back baffled and disappointed.\\nThe first act in the drama of American settlement\\nended in the eastern foothills of the Alleghany moun-\\ntains about 1770 the second, in the neighborhood of\\nthe Mississippi river about 1860 the third, midway\\non the plains of Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas\\nabout 1890. For each of these historic periods we\\nmight find a fit and speaking emblem in its character-\\nistic means of transportation. The emblem of the first\\nwould be the little Ifayflozuer, tossing on the billows of\\nthe Atlantic that of the second, the heavily laden pack-\\nhorse, threading his tortuous way through the tangle of\\nthe untrodden forest; that of the third, the prairie\\nschooner, steering for the setting sun across the trackless\\nsea of the plains.\\nThe wonderful drama of American colonization has re-\\nserved a fourth and crowning act, for which the scenery\\nis arranged and the actors ready.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III\\nTHE BETTER HALF OF THE UNITED STATES\\nThe ninety-seventh meridian divides the United States\\nalmost exactly into halves. East of that line dwell sixty-\\nfour million people. Here are overgrown cities and\\nover-crowded industries. Here is surplus capital, as idle\\nand burdensome as the surplus population. West of that\\nline dwell four or five millions less than the population\\nof Pennsylvania, and scarcely more than that of Greater\\nNew York. And yet the vast territory to the AVest so\\nlittle known, so lightly esteemed, so sparsely peopled\\nis distinctly the better half of the United States.\\nThe West and East are different sections, not merely\\nin name and geographical location, but in physical en-\\ndowments and fundamental elements of economic life,\\ni Nature wrote upon them, in her own indelible charac-\\nI ters, the story of their wide contrasts and the prophecy\\nof their varying civilizations. To the one were given the\\nI advantages of earlier development, but for the other were\\nj reserved the opportunities of a riper time. It was the\\nI destiny of the one to blossom and fruit in an epoch dis-\\ntinguished for the accumulation of wealth, with its vast\\nj possibilities of evil and of good. It was the destiny of\\nI the other to lie fallow until humanity should feel a\\nnobler impulse then to nurse, in the shadow of its ever-\\n19", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AxMERICA\\nlasting mountains and the warmth of its unfailing sun-\\nshine, new dreams of liberty and equality for men.\\nThat this is not the popular conception of the mission\\nof the Far West may be frankly acknowledged. The\\nregion is little known to the great middle classes in\\nAmerican life. It has been demonstrated by actual stat-\\nistics that only three per cent, of our people travel more\\nthan fifty miles from their homes in the course of a year.\\nThose who make extended pleasure tours gravitate not\\nunnaturally to Europe,, drawn by the fascination of\\nquaint foreign scenes and the fame of historic places.\\nBut the comparatively few whose business or fancy has\\ntaken them across the continent fail, as a rule, to grasp\\nthe true significance of the wide empire which stretches\\nfrom the middle of the great plxiins to the shores of the\\nWestern sea.\\nIt is a common human instinct to regard unfamiliar\\nconditions with distrust. The first settlers in Iowa en-\\ngaged in desperate rivalry for possession of the wooded\\nlands, thinking that no soil was fit for agricultural pur-\\nposes unless it furnished the pioneer an opportunity to\\ncut down trees and pull up stumps. Land that won t\\ngrow trees won t grow anything, was the maxim of the\\nknowing ones. Their fathers had cleared the forests on\\nthe slopes of the AUeghanies to make way for the plough\\nand the field, and the new generation could not conceive\\nthat land which bore rich crops of wild grasses and lay\\nplastic and level for the husbandman to begin his labors,\\ncould have any value. A great deal of hard work was\\nwasted before it was discovered that nature had provided\\nnew and superior conditions in the land beyond the\\nMississippi.\\n20", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "BETTER HALF OF THE UNITED STATES\\nSo it generally happens that the casual Western trav-\\neller, looking at the country from car-windows in the in-\\ntervals between his daily paper, brings back more con-\\ntempt than admiration for the economic possibilities of\\nthe country. One must live in the Far West to begin\\nto comprehend it. Xot only so, but he must come with\\neager eyes from an older civilization, and he must study\\nthe beginnings of industrial and social institutions\\nthroughout the region as a whole, to have any adequate\\nappreciation of the real potentialities of that half of the\\nUnited States which has been reserved for the theatre of\\ntwentieth-century developments. To all other observers\\nthe new West is a sealed book.\\nThe West is divided from the East by a boundary-line\\nwhich is not imaginary. It is a plain mark on the face\\nof the earth, and no man made it. It is the place where\\nthe re rion of assured rainfall ends and the arid resrion\\nbegins. There have formerly been some costly doubts\\nabout the precise location of this line, but these have\\nbeen dispelled by experience, and the lesson learned in\\nhardship and impressed by disaster is learned for all\\ntime. The momentous boundary line is that of the\\nninety-seventh meridian, which cleaves in twain the\\nDakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. East\\nof this line there is a rainfall which is accepted as re-\\nliable, though there are alternate disasters of drought\\nand flood, varying in their effects from short crops to\\ntotal failures.\\nEven in humid regions nothing is so uncertain as the\\ntime and amount of the rainfall. In the whole ranfre of\\nmodern industry nothing is so crude, uncalculating, and\\nunscientific as the childlike dependence on the mood of\\n21*", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthe clouds for the moisture essential to the production\\nof the staple necessities of life.\\nThe distinguishing characteristic of the vast region\\nwest of the ninety-seventh meridian is, then, its aridity\\nthe lack of rainfall sufficient to insure the success of\\nagriculture. The new empire includes, in whole or in\\npart, seventeen States ancl Territories. It is a region of\\nmagnificent dimensions. From north to south it meas-\\nures as far as from Montreal to Mobile. From east to\\nwest the distance is greater than from Boston to Omaha.\\nWithin these wide boundaries there are great diversities of\\nclimate and soil, of altitude and other physical conditions.\\nThe arid region was the latest acquisition of national\\nterritory, except Alaska, until the late war with Spain.\\nIt was unknown and undisputed as late as the Revolu-\\ntion. It was the fruit of James Monroe s negotiations\\nwith Napoleon I., resulting in the Louisiana purchase of\\nthe forcible conquest from Mexico of the annexation of\\nTexas, and of the Gadsden purchase in 1853. Unlike\\nthe rich and well-watered lands in the valley and around\\nthe mouth of the Mississippi, the acquisition of the arid\\nregion was not compelled by the irresistible pressure of\\nthe frontiersmen. It came as a perquisite with the pur-\\nchase of Louisiana, and as a concession to manifest des-\\ntiny. Between the day of its acquisition by the United\\nStates and the dawn of its peculiar and enduring civili-\\nzation, the country was destined to pass through three\\ndistinct eras. The first was that of the hunter and\\ntrapper the second, that of the cowboy and the rude\\nminer the third, that of the railroad, the land-boomer,\\nand the speculative farmer, with mining reduced to a\\nstable industry.\\n9.9.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "BETTER HALF OF THE UNITED STATES\\nThe first exploration of the strange new land of the\\nmysterious West owed its initiative to the pnblic spirit\\nof President Jefferson. He had, indeed, but the vaguest\\nconception of the possible utility of the country, and\\nrealized that its development would come long after he\\nshould have passed from the stage of events. But ho\\nwas a patron of science, and felt, moreover, a patriotic\\ncuriosity to learn what sort of a property the nation had\\nacquired. Congress cheerfully authorized the expedition\\nwhich Jefferson proposed. The result was the journey\\nof the famous explorers Lewis and Clark, begun in\\nMay, 1804. Starting from St. Louis, they ascended the\\nMissouri river to its sources, crossed the Rocky Moun-\\ntains in Montana, and followed the Columbia river to its\\noutlet in the Pacific Ocean. When they returned and\\npresented their report, the public obtained its first glim-\\nmering of knowledge concerning the geology, climate,\\nand animal and human life of the Far West. The subject\\nwas then one of remote interest to the nation, which had\\nscarcely acquired its foothold, through actual settlement,\\non the northwestern Territories between the Alleghanies\\nand the Mississippi.\\nThe second notable explorations were those of Zebulon\\nPike, which developed a superficial knowledge of Colo-\\nrado and Mexico. Then came Bonneville, Fremont, and\\ntheir contemporaries and successors, with adventurous\\nsettlers and hardy gold-hunters treading close upon their\\nheek, and effecting little substantial development for\\ndecades. Francis Parkman, fresh from college, roamed\\nthrough the country as far as the Black Hills and old Fort\\nLaramie in 1847-8, and left a lively account of the savage\\nwilderness in The Oregon Trail.\\n23", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nThus gradually, and attended by many misrepresenta-\\ntions and strange misconceptions, which inevitably scat-\\ntered wide the seeds of prejudice, the arid region emerged\\nfrom absolute obscurity and stood partially revealed to\\nmen. It was not, however, until a few pioneer settle-\\nments had demonstrated undreamed-of results, nor until\\nMajor John W. Powell, by utterances as daring as his\\nexplorations, had furnished a scientific basis for a brood\\nof new hopes, that the real character of Arid America\\nbegan to glow, like the belated sun through a morning\\nfog, upon the popular imagination.\\nThe superiority of the western half-continent over its\\neastern counterpart may not be expressed in a word. It\\nis, rather, a matter for patient unfolding through a study\\nof natural conditions over wide areas, and a scrutiny of\\nthe human institutions which are the inevitable product\\nof this environment. Aridity, in the elementary sense,\\nis purely an affair of climate. That it is also the germ of\\nnew industrial and social systems, with far-reaching\\npossibilities in the fields of ethics and politics, will be\\ndemonstrated further on in these pages. But the first\\nitem of importance in the assets of the new West is\\nclimate.\\nWhen an inhabitant of the Atlantic seaboard, or of\\nthe shores of the Great Lakes, or of the lowlands of the\\nSouth, can no longer withstand the penetration of cold,\\ndamp winds, or the malarious breath of swamps, his\\nfamily physician sends him to the arid West. Through-\\nout its length and breadth it is one vast sanitarium.\\nIts pure, sweet air and sunny skies are instinct witii the\\nbreath of life. They put new heart into the drooping\\ninvalid, prolonging his life, and, if he be not too far\\n24", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3262", "width": "2057", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "c E\\nt\\nS\\nO c", "height": "3257", "width": "1983", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "BETTER HALF OF THE UNITED STATES\\ngone at the ontset, restoring the old rigor to the shat-\\ntered bodv. The faces of the permanent sojourners\\nwithin their influence they paint with the brown bad^\\nof health. It is too early as yet to observe the full effect\\nof the climate on the population of the arid West, but\\nsufficient results are apparent to warrant the assertion\\nthat these influences will breed a great race.\\nThe element of aridity not only fosters health, but\\nmoderates and makes more readily bearable the sum-\\nmer s heat and winters cold. It is the damp cold that\\npenetrates to the marrow. It is the humid heat that\\nprostrates. To say that a cold of thirty degrees below-\\nzero at Helena, in Montana, is felt less than ten degrees\\nabove zero in Chicago or Xew York or to say\u00c2\u00b0that\\neighty-five degrees above zero in the East is more dan-\\n1 gerous to the laborer than one hundred and fifteen de-\\ngrees at Indio, in the Colorado desert, is to put a severe\\n:ai on popular credulity. Xevertheless, both state-\\nIj ments are literally true, as who have experienced the\\n[conditions testify.\\nScience corroborates the story. The United States\\nWeather Bureau has perfected in recent years an in-\\nstrument to measure the difference between apparent\\nI and sensible temperature, which is determined bv hu-\\nmidity, or lack of it. The instrument, which consists\\nj of a dry and of a wet thermometer, has been in opera-\\ntion at Yuma, in southwestern Arizona, since ISSS. 3Ir.\\n\\\\i A. Ashenberger, the official observer, reports that the\\nI hottest day in that period was July 20, 1892. On that day\\nIj the dry thermometer registered one hundred and four-\\n1 teen degrees of apparent heat, and the wet thermometer\\nsixty-nine degrees of sensible heat\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a difference of forty-\\n25", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthree degrees. The scientific findings are borne out by\\nthe every -day testimony of individuals. Sun-strokes in\\nthe arid region are practically unknown. The rainless air\\nthat sweeps over the arid lands of western America is\\nnecessarily dry. It neither breeds diseases nor carries\\ntheir germs. It is the very breath of health. The lack\\nof moisture, combined with the configuration, forbids\\nthe presence of tornadoes, and the Weather Bureau has\\nabsolutely no record of such a calamity west of the\\nninety-seventh meridian.\\nThe superior climate of the arid West is due to funda-\\nmental conditions which differ widely from those of east-\\nern America. Viewed from the stand-point of the broader\\nclimatic effects, the eastern half of the United States is\\none wide plain. The moisture-laden winds from lakes\\nand gulf, as from the great ocean itself, meet none but\\ninsignificant barriers. But in the Far West the moun-\\ntains are the supreme factor in the making of the cli-\\nmate. The coast range stands eternal guard along the\\nmargin of the sea, while a little farther inland the Sierra\\nNevada lifts its giant peaks to intercept the clouds which\\nescape the outer barrier and to condense their moisture\\ninto snow. Down the centre of the continent, from\\nCanada to Mexico, the Rocky Mountains tower far into\\nthe sky, repeating upon the eastern edge of the arid\\nregion the process of condensing and storing the winter s\\nrain and holding it against the summer s need. Between\\nthe three great primary ranges scores of shorter ones, or\\nisolated mountain groups, reach their long arms into the\\ndesert. The dryness, purity, and lightness of the at-\\nmosphere are due to this mountain topography, and to\\nthe high average altitude throughout the region. It is,\\n26", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "BETTER HALF OF THE UNITED STATES\\nthen, in the striking character of its climate, springing\\nfrom these fixed and fundamental conditions, that the\\ngreat West scores its first superiority over the well-settled\\nstates east of the Mississippi river.\\nBut the nation s sanitarium is also the nation s treas-\\nure-house. Without the store of precious metals which\\nsleeps in the bosom of the western mountains the Ameri-\\ncan people would be practically dependent on foreign\\nlands for their supply of gold and silver. From this\\npitiable plight the nation was saved by the wise states-\\nmanship and the great good fortune which brought into\\nthe Union the States of Colorado, Utah, and California,\\nof Idaho, Montana, and Nevada, of Washington, Oregon,\\nand Wyoming, and the Territories of New Mexico and\\nArizona. European nations testify their appreciation\\nof such resources by struggling for the possession of\\nSouth Africa, a mineral field scarcely worthy to be\\nmentioned in comparison with that of our own great\\nWest.\\nThe western half-continent is rich not merely in the\\nprecious metals, but in all the raw materials of economic\\ngreatness. Its supreme advantage consists in the ex-\\nI traordinary diversity of its resources. In sketching the\\npeculiarities of the several Western States, further on in\\nthese pages, the facts will be stated with more detail. In\\ndirecting attention to the general superiority of these\\nStates over their sisters of the East, it is sufficient now to\\nsay that they have more water-power than New England\\nmore coal, iron, and oil than Pennsylvania larger and\\nbetter forests than Maine and Michigan and produce\\nbetter wheat and corn than Illinois and Indiana. The\\ntime is rapidly coming when they will produce more and\\n27", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nbetter sugar than Louisiana, and will revolutionize the\\ntanning industry by supplanting oak and hemlock bark\\nwith canaigrc. With beef and mutton, wool and hides,\\nthey already feed and clothe the East. They have finer\\nharbors than Boston and New York, and a sea-coast\\nwhich faces a greater foreign world.\\nThere is no Eastern State that compares with almost\\nany one of these giant commonwealths of the compara-\\ntively unknown AVest in anything save present develop-\\nment, which includes, of course, population, wealth, and\\npolitical influence. So emphatic and unmistakable is the\\nsuperiority with which nature endowed the Far AVest\\nthat it may be said in all seriousness that if the Pilgrim\\nFathers had landed at San Diego rather than at Ply-\\nmouth, that half of the country which now contains over\\nninety per cent, of the total population would be regarded\\nas comparatively worthless. It would have been difficult\\nto settle it to the best advantage. To illustrate imagine\\nthe excitement which would occur if the people of New\\nEngland should awaken some morning to find themselves\\nin possession of the climate and diversified resources of\\nColorado, AVashington, or California Even the sane\\nbrain which rules the land of steady habits would grow\\ndizzy in the presence of such vast possibilities. And yet\\nColorado, AVashington, and California represent but a\\nsmall proportion of the country which rests under the\\nwide arch of our western sky.\\nIn briefly reviewing the salient points of difference be-\\ntween the old section and the new, the feature which\\nconstitutes at once the most characteristic and the most\\nfundamental advantage of the AVest has been left for\\nseparate treatment. Not until this feature has been con-\\n28", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "BETTEU HALF OF THE UNITED STATES\\neidcrcd is it possible to appreciate the striking character\\nof tlie hew civilization which will rule the destinies of\\ntlie western half of the continent, and, very probably,\\nproject new and potent influences into the social and\\npolitical life of the United States as a whole.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV\\nTHE BLESSINQ OE ARIDITY\\nFortunate beyond all other parts of the United States\\nin its climate and in the surpassing wealth of its forests,\\nits quarries and its mines, western America is yet more\\nfavored in another element of its physical foundation.\\nThis is the substantial aridity which prevails throughout\\nits vast proportions.\\nThe anomaly that its foremost blessing should consist\\nin the fact which gave it a wide-spread reputation for\\nworthlessness is interesting, but unimportant. Nature\\nfrequently conceals her raw materials of greatness, alike\\nin men and in countries, until time and opportunity are\\nripe. In the aridity of the West we shall find the true\\nkey to its future institutions. Climate may produce a\\nhealthy race, and mineral resources may enrich it, but\\nthe natural conditions which determine the character of\\nsocial and industrial organization, and mould the habits\\nand customs of men, are the potent influences whicli\\nshape civilization. Hence we shall see that in any just\\nestimate of the relative worth of western resources the\\nfact of aridity must be rated as high above the value\\nof forests and mines as human progress is dearer than\\nmoney, and as the fate of the race is more momentous\\nthan the prosperity of individuals.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE BLESSING OF ARIDITY\\nThe influence of the new environment may readily be\\nillustrated by comparing the conditions which confronted\\nthe early settlers of the New England forests and the Illi-\\nuois prairie, on one hand, and, upon the other, those\\nwhich the settler met in the deserts around Salt Lake.\\nExcept for the temporary need of defence against the\\nIndians, eastern settlers were able to locate their homes\\nwithout reference to neighbors. They cleared the forest\\nor turned the prairie sod, and were ready to begin.\\nThey generally took all the land they could claim under\\nthe law, and held much of it out of use for speculation.\\nThe greed for land resulted in large farms, and this in-\\nvolved social isolation. The individual acted alone and\\nexclusively for his own benefit. The conditions not only\\nfavored, but practically compelled it. Out of this primal\\ngerm of our eastern citizenship grew the plant of indi-\\nvidual enterprise, which is the conspicuous product of\\nthe time. The fruit which it bore was competition, and\\nthis has latterly tended towards monopoly.\\nThe conditions which confronted the settler in the\\ndeserts of Utah were widely different. There he could\\nnot build his home and make his living regardless of his\\nneighbor. Without water to irrigate the rich but arid\\nsoil he could not raise a spear of grass nor an ear of\\ncorn. Water for irrigation could only be obtained by\\nturning the course of a stream and building canals which\\nmust sometimes be cut into the solid walls of the canyon\\nor conducted across chasms in flumes. All this lay be-\\nyond the reach of the individual. Thus it was found\\nthat the association and organization of men were the\\nprice of life and prosperity in the arid West. The alter-\\nnative was starvation. The plant which grew from this\\n31", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nnew seed was associative enterprise, and we shall pres-\\nently see wliat flower it bore in Utah and other States of\\nthe arid region. But it is interesting to first observe\\nthat we have encountered in these underlying conditions\\nof the western half-continent principles that are as old\\nas history and as wide as humanity.\\nThe founders of the wonderful civilization of the\\nNetherlands were compelled to deal with conditions\\nwhich brought into action the same forces as those\\nwhich are working out interesting results in the arid\\nregion of the United States. The Dutch combined and\\norganized their efforts in order to keep the water off\\ntheir lands, as the Westerners combine and organize to\\nbring the water on. Writing of this aspect of his sub-\\nject in that enlightening book, TJie Puritan in Holland,\\nEngland, and America, Mr. Douglass Campbell says\\nThe constant struggle for existence, as in all cases\\nwhen the rewards are great enough to raise men above\\nbiting, sordid penury, strengthens the whole race, men-\\ntally, morally, and physically. Lalor here has never leen\\nselfish and individual. To be effective, it requires organ-\\nizatio7i and direction. Men learn to work in a body and\\nunder leaders. A single man laboring on a dike would\\naccomplish nothing the whole population must turn\\nout and act together.\\nEven more interesting and significant is Mr. Campbell s\\nstatement of the far-reaching influence, upon the whole\\neconomic fabric of the nation, of the co-operative meth-\\nods taught the founders of Holland by the necessities of\\ntheir situation and transmitted to their descendants. He\\nsays\\n?ho habits thus engend\\n32\\nTho habits thus engendered extend in all directions.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE BLESSING OF ARIDITY\\nEverything is done in corporations [co-operations\\nEach trade has its guild, elects its own officers, and\\nmanages its own affairs. The people are a vast civic\\narmy, subdivided into brigades, regiments, and com-\\npanies, all accustomed to discipline, learning the first\\ngreat lesson of life obedience.\\nProfessor E. W. Ililgard, the distinguished director of\\nthe agricultural department of the University of Cali-\\nfornia, has brought this line of reasoning from physical\\ncauses to industrial effects into direct application to our\\nsubject. In a notable contribution to the Popular\\nScience Monthly he says\\nAs irrigation means heavy investments of capital or\\nlabor, hence the co-operation of many and the construc-\\ntion of permanent works: it necessarily implies the cor-\\nrelative existence of a stable social organization, with\\nprotection for property rights, and (in view of tlie\\ncomplexity of the problem of proper and equitable dis-\\ntribution of water) a rather advanced appreciation of\\nthe need and advantages of co-operative organization.\\nIt was in the course of an effort to account for the\\nsingular preference of the founders of the most ancient\\ncivilizations for arid lands, rather than for the forested\\nareas Avhich have been the scenes of later development,\\nthat Professor Ililgard made this expression of the\\nobvious effects of irrigation on industrial polity. A\\nlittle further on we shall sec other interesting results of\\nhis inquiry in this field.\\nThe quality of aridity is thus the most significant\\namong many striking contrasts which mark the western\\nhalf of the United States the field for future settle-\\nment and development as fundamentally different\\nc 33", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nfrom the eastern half. Its relation to agriculture is im-\\nportant and interesting, but its relation to a future civil-\\nization in a broader sense will be momentous. It is,\\nindeed, a fateful crop, trembling with the hopes of hu-\\nmanity, that is beginning to sprout from the arid soil of\\nthe far-western deserts.\\nThe blessing of aridity is again conspicuously illus-\\ntrated in its remarkable effect upon the soil. The land\\nwhich the casual traveller, speaking out of the splendid\\ndepths of his ignorance and prejudice, condemns as\\nworthless^ and fit only to hold the earth together,\\nis in reality rich and durable beyond the most favored\\ndistricts in the humid regions. It is the marvel of every\\neastern farmer who comes in contact with it. Professor\\nHilgard sees in this phenomenal fertility the most rea-\\nsonable explanation of the choice of arid lands by the\\npeople foremost in ancient civilization.\\nIt has puzzled the historian to account for the fact\\nthat the glories of antiquity sprang from the heart of\\nthe desert. The fact itself is, of course, beyond dispute.\\nEgypt, Asia Minor, and Syria, with Palestine, the land\\nof milk and honey Persia, Arabia, and the classic lands\\nof northern India, as w^ell as the countries of the Car-\\nthaginians and the Moors, were arid regions. So also\\nwere the chosen homes of the Incas in South America,\\nand of the Aztecs and Toltecs in Mexico and our own\\nSouthwest, the fame of whose vanished civilizations is\\nreflected in the pages of Prescott and Baldwin. Por\\naught we know to the contrary, these departed nations\\nmay have been perfect types of the co-operative com-\\nmonwealth, and the knack of governing them for the\\nequal benefit of all may be the most precious of the lost\\n34", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "TUE BLESSING OF ARIDITY\\narts. Among the silent witnesses which have survived\\nthe centuries to testify to the engineering skill and\\nthe perfection of social organization of those who were\\nswept into oblivion by nameless calamities, are great\\nirrigation canals, portions of which are even yet so true\\nand substantial as to serve the uses of to-day in con-\\njunction with modern works. There are such instances\\nin Arizona.\\nThe accepted explanation of the choice of the arid\\nland by the ancient races is that they sought security\\nagainst savage enemies, both animal and human, which\\ninfested the forest. The theory is purely sentimental\\nand quite inconsistent with the slight but conclusive\\nevidences of their superior intelligence and courage\\nwhich yet survive. The reasonable explanation of the\\nmystery of ancient civilization is that the arid lands\\nwere chosen because they were infinitely better than the\\nhumid lands, and because they presented conditions\\nmuch better suited to the industrial polity of the people\\nand the age.\\nIn searching for the clue of this mystery Professor\\nHilgard has developed facts which tend to upset other\\naccepted theories. It has long been conceded that cer-\\ntain arid districts are the richest spots on the surface of\\nthe globe. The valley of the Nile, for instance, is a\\nphrase which is everywhere taken as a synonym of ex-\\ntraordinary fertility. The richness and durability of\\nthe Nile lands, which have supported for centuries an\\naverage population of little more than one and one-half\\npersons to each acre of cultivated soil (a density of set-\\ntlement which would give Texas a population of over\\none hundred and sixty millions), has been ascribed to\\n35", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthe fertilizing quality of the annual deposit of river sedi-\\nment. The partisans of irrigation have made much of\\nthis aspect of the matter, asserting that the artificial\\napplication of water is itself a means of fertilization.\\nThey have asserted the claim not only where the source\\nof supply, as in the cases of the Rio Grande and the Rio\\nColorado, is obviously heavily charged with silt held\\nin suspension, but with almost equal ardor in cases\\nwhere the water flows, a stream of limpid crystal, di-\\nrectly from the mountain-side, or gushes impetuously\\nfrom the earth in artesian outpourings.\\nThat the famous river Nile does, indeed, leave a thin\\ndeposit of rich soil upon each subsidence of its annual\\nflood our California scientist does not, of course, deny.\\nHe proves, however, that this layer of new soil is only of\\nthe thickness of common cardboard one-twenty-fifth of\\nan inch and is equal to only about two good two-horse\\nloads per acre. Three times as much stable manure is\\nthe usual dressing for an acre. He truly observes that\\nas the sediment is merely rich soil, thousands of farmers\\ncould readily haul and spread such fertilizer upon their\\nland, and would doubtless do so if they could thereby\\nduplicate the phenomenal fertility of the Nile country.\\nHe clinches his argument by showing that the neighbor-\\ning province of Fayoom, in the Libyan Desert, shares\\nthe perpetual fertility of the Nile district, though irri-\\ngated only with the clear waters of Lake Moeris; that\\nthe regur lands of the Deccan, in south-central In-\\ndia, have been phenomenally productive for thousands\\nof years, and that the loess region of China, drained\\nby tlie headwaters of the Yellow river, have been the\\ngranary of China for ages. Like the famous Egyptian", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE BLESSING OF ARIDITY\\nprovinces, the lands referred to in India and Cliina are\\narid or semi-arid, and, unlike the Nile Valley, they have\\nnot been enriched by ^edimentry deposits or fertilized\\nby irrigation.\\nHence, Professor Ililgard reaches the somewhat sensa-\\ntional conclusion that the extraordinary fertility which,\\nby world-wide acknowledgment, marks the valley of the\\nNile, is a qitality inherent in aridity itself. And he main-\\ntains his contention thus\\nSoils are formed from rocks by the physical and\\nchemical agencies commonly comprehended in the term\\nweathering, which includes botli their pulverization and\\nchemical decomposition by atmospheric action. Both\\nactions, but more especially the chemical one, continue\\nin the soil itself; the last named in an accelerated meas-\\nure, so as to give rise to the farmer s practice of fallow-\\ning that is, leaving the land ex2)osed to the action of\\nthe air in a well-tilled but unplanted condition, with a\\nview to increasing the succeeding year s cro]^ by the ad-\\nditional amount of plant-food rendered available, during\\nthe fallow, from the soil itself.\\nThis weathering process is accompanied by the\\nformation of new compounds out of the minerals origin-\\nally composing the rock. Some of these, such as zeolites\\nand clay, are insoluble in water, and therefore remain in\\nthe soil, forming a reserve of plant-food that may be\\ndrawn upon gradually by plants while another portion,\\ncontaining especially the compounds of the alkalies pot-\\nash and soda are easily soluble in water. AVhere the\\nrainfall is abundant these soluble substances are current-\\nly carried into the country drainage, and through the\\nrivers into the ocean. Among these are potash, lime,\\n37", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nmagnesia, siilplmric and a trifle of phosphoric acids.\\nWhere, on the contrary, the rainfall is insufficient to\\ncarry the soluble com2:)ounds formed in the weathering\\nof the soil-mass into the country drainage, those com-\\npounds must of necessity remain and accumulate in the\\nsoil.\\nAll this is perfectly comprehensible, even to the lay\\nmind. The valuable ingredients of the soil which are\\nsoluble have been washed out of the land in humid re-\\ngions, like our eastern States, by the rains of centuries.\\nOn the other hand, these elements have been accumu-\\nlating in the arid soil of the West during the same cen-\\nturies. They lie there now like an inexhaustible bank\\naccount on which the plant-life of the future may draw\\nat will without danger of protest. The process which\\ncreated this rich soil goes on repeating itself recreating\\nthe soil season after season. The same is true, of course,\\nin the arid and semi-arid regions of Egypt, India, China,\\nand all other localities that enjoy the i-nestimable bless-\\ning of aridity.\\nProfessor Hilgard s conclusions are the result of pa-\\ntient investigation. They are based on more than one\\nthousand analyses of the soils of the arid and the hu-\\nmid regions of the United States of the West and the\\nEast. These analyses demonstrated the following as-\\ntounding fact That the soils of the arid regions lying\\nwest of the one hundredth meridian, when compared\\nwith the soils of the humid region lying east of the\\nMississippi river, contain on the average three times as\\nmuch potash, six times as much magnesia, and fourteen\\ntimes as much lime. This is the scientific explanation\\nof the superior productiveness of the arid regions of the\\n38", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE J3LESS1NG OF AllIDlTi\\nWest, which every intelligent observer has noted and\\nmarvelled to behold.\\nThe people of the Blue Grass Region of Kentucky\\nand of other favored localities have repeated from gen-\\neration to generation tbe boast that a limestone coun-\\ntry is always a rich country. Professor Hilgard has\\ndemonstrated that the average arid soil is equal to the\\nmost phenomenal soil of the East, while the soil of the\\narid West as a whole is beyond comparison with that\\nof the humid East as a whole. He coins the maxim,\\nArid countries are always rich countries when irri-\\ngated, and the phrase does scant justice to the subject.\\nIt only remains to add that Professor Hilgard is recog-\\nnized as the foremost expert on soils in the AYest, and\\none of the first men in his profession in the United\\nStates. ISTo one will question the weight of his views,\\nfor they coincide alike with common-sense and with\\nworld-wide experience through the centuries. It cannot,\\ntherefore, be doubted that the agricultural foundation\\nof the Far West, as it relates to the soil, is incompar-\\nably better than any other part of the continent.\\nWhile science has thus furnished a lucid explanation\\nof the universal fertility of arid lands, it would be un-\\nfair to draw the conclusion that the claims which have\\nbeen made concerning the rare fertilizing qualities of\\ncertain western rivers are entirely unfounded. Nearly\\nall of the rivers in the West carry more or less rich silt,\\ndue to the fact that they flow through treeless regions,\\nwhere the soil is swept into the stream by winds and\\nsudden torrents. Eastern rivers are, as a rule, much\\nclearer, because they flow through forests and cultivated\\nfields. Tlic waters of the Colorado river gather an\\n39", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nenormous quantity of fertilizing matter in tlieir long\\njourney from the mountains of Wyoming to the Gulf of\\nCalifornia. There is no guesswork in this instance.\\nThe scientific men of the University of Arizona, at Tuc-\\nson, have made patient ex23eriments, extending over\\nmany months of time, to determine the actual commer-\\ncial value ofthe fertilizer contained in these waters and\\nprecipitated on the land in the process of irrigation.\\nBasing their computation upon the use of thirty-six\\nacre-inches of this water, they find that the fertilizing\\nmaterial so applied would cost, if purchased in the mar-\\nket, the sum of nine dollars and seven cents j)er acre.\\nAVhere such conditions prevail cultivation can never im-\\npoverish, but actually enriches, the fortunate soil. But\\nwe have yet to mention the chief blessing of aridity.\\nThis is the fact that it compels the use of irrigation,\\nAnd irrigation is a miracle", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V\\nTHE MIRACLE OF IJlIlIGATrO:N\\nThe beauty of Damascus is the tlieme of poets. Speak-\\ning of this ancient capital an anonymous writer remarks\\nthat ^*the cause of its importance as a city in all the ages\\nis easily seen as you approach it from the south. Miles\\nbefore you see the mosques of the modern city the foun-\\ntains of a copious and perennial stream spring from among\\nthe rocks and brushwood at the base of the Anti-Leba-\\nnon, creating a wide area about them, rich with prolific\\nvegetation. He continues\\nThese are the streams of Lebanon, which are poeti-\\ncally spoken of in the Songs of Solomon, and the rivers\\nof Damascus, whicli Naaman, not unnaturally, preferred\\nto all the waters of Israel. This stream, with its many\\nbranches, is the inestimable treasure of Damascus. Wliile\\nthe desert is a fortification round Damascus, the river,\\nwhere the habitations of men must always have been\\ngathered, as along the Nile, is its life.\\nThe city, which is situated in a wilderness of gardens\\nof flowers and fruits, has rushing through its streets the\\nlimpid and refreshing current nearly every dwelling has\\nits fountain, and at night the lights are seen flashing on\\nthe waters that dash along from their mountain home.\\nAs you first view the city from one of the overhanging\\n41", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nridges you are prepared to excuse the Mohammedans for\\ncalling it the earthly paradise. Around, the marble\\nminarets, the glittering domes, and the white buildings,\\nshining with ivory softness, a maze of bloom and fruit-\\nage where olive and pomegranate, orange and apricot,\\nplum and walnut, mingle their varied tints of green is\\npresented to the sight, in striking contrast to the miles\\nof barren desert over which you have just ridden/\\nThis is the miracle of irrigation in the Syrian desert.\\nIt is no more miraculous in that far-eastern country than\\nin our own West. Nor is Damascus more beautiful than\\nDenver, Salt Lake Cit}^ or than any one of a score of\\nmodern towns in California. But because Damascus is\\nancient and historic, and looks down on mankind from\\nthe biblical past, it possesses a degree of interest with\\nwhich it is difficult to invest much better and niore im-\\nportant places of our own country and our own time. It\\nis well, then, to remember that not only the beauty of\\nDamascus, but the glories of the Garden of Eden itself,\\nwere products of irrigation. A river went out of Eden\\nto water the Garden, says the Bible story.\\nNo consideration of the subject can be appreciative\\nwhen it starts with the narrow view that irrigation is\\nmerely an adjunct to agriculture. It is a social and in-\\ndustrial factor, in a much broader sense. It not only\\nmakes it possible for a civilization to rise and flourish in\\nthe midst of desolate wastes; it shapes and colors that\\ncivilization after its own peculiar design. It is not\\nmerely the life-blood of the field, but the source of in-\\nstitutions. These wider and more subtle influences are\\ndifficult to define in abstract terms, but we may trace\\nthem clearly through the history of various commu-\\n42", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE MIRACLE OF IRRIGATION\\nnifcies which have grown up in conformity with these\\nconditions.\\nThe essence of the industrial life which springs from\\nirrigation is its democracy. The first great law which\\nirrigation lays down is this There shall be no monopoly\\nof land. This edict it enforces by the remorseless opera-\\ntion of its own economy. Canals must be built before\\nwater can be conducted upon the land. This entails ex-\\npense, eitlicr of money or of labor. What is expensive\\ncannot be had for naught. AVhere water is the founda-\\ntion of prosperity it becomes a precious thing, to be\\nneitlier cheaply acquired not wantonly wasted. Like a\\ncity s provisions in a siege, it is a thing to be carefully\\nhusbanded, to be fairly distributed according to men s\\nneeds, to be wisely expended by those who receive it.\\nFor these reasons men cannot acquire as much irrigated\\nland, even from the public domain, as they could acquire\\nwhere irrigation was unnecessary. It is not only more\\ndiflicult to acquire in large bodies, but yet more difficult\\nto retain. A large farm under irrigation is a misfortune;\\na great farm, a calamity. Only the small farm pays.\\nBut this small farm blesses its proprietor with industrial\\nindependence and crowns him with social equality. That\\nis democracy.\\nIndustrial independence is, in simplest terms, the guar-\\nantee of subsistence from one s own labors. It is the\\nability to earn a living under conditions which admit of\\nthe smallest possible element of doubt witli the least\\npossible dependence upon others. Irrigation fully satis-\\nfies this definition.\\nThe canal is an insurance policy against loss of crops\\nby drought, while aridity is a substantial guarantee\\n43", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nagainsfc injury by flood. Of all the advantages of irriga-\\ntion, tliis is the most obvious. Scarcely less so, how-\\never, is its compelling power in the matter of produc-\\ntion. Probably there is no spot of land in the United\\nStates where the average crop raised by dependence upon\\nrainfall might not be doubled by intelligent irrigation.\\nThe rich soils of the arid region produce from four to\\nten times as largely with irrigation as the soil of the\\nhumid region without it. As the measure of value is\\nnot area, but productive capacity, twenty acres in the Far\\nWest should equal one hundred acres elsewhere. Such\\nis the actual fact.\\nA little further on we shall see that not merely the\\nquantity of crops, but their quality as well, responds to\\nthe influence of irrigation. We shall see how this art\\nfavors the production of the wide diversity of products\\nrequired for a generous living. Certaint}^, abundance,\\nvariety all this upon an area so small as to be within\\nthe control of a single family through its own labor\\nare the elements which compose industrial independence\\nunder irrigation. The conditions which prevail where\\nirrigation is not necessary large farms, hired labor, a\\nstrong tendency to the single crop are here reversed.\\nIntensive cultivation and diversified production are in-\\nseparably related to irrigation. These constitute a sys-\\ntem of industry the fruit of which is a class of small\\nlanded proprietors resting upon a foundation of eco-\\nnomic independence.\\nThis is the miracle of irrigation on its industrial side.\\nAs a factor in the social life of the civilization it cre-\\nates, irrigation is no less influential and beneficent.\\nCompared with the familiar conditions of country life\\n44", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE MIRACLE OF IRRIGATION\\nwhich we have known in the East and central West, the\\nchange which irrigation brings amounts to a revolution.\\nThe bane of rural life is its loneliness. Even food,\\nshelter, and provision for old age do not furnish protec-\\ntion against social discontent where the conditions deny\\nthe advantages which flow from human association.\\nBetter a servant in the town than a proprietor in the\\ncountry! such has been the verdict of recent genera-\\ntions who have grown up on the farm and left it to seek\\nsatisfaction for their social instincts in the life of the\\ntown. The starvation of the soul is almost as real as\\nthe starvation of the body.\\nIrrigation compels the adoption of tlie small-farm\\nunit. This is the germ of new social possibilities, and\\nwe shall see to what extent they have already been real-\\nized as we proceed. During the first and second eras of\\ncolonization in this country the favorite size for a farm\\nwas about four hundred acres, of which from a fourth\\nto a half was gradually cleared and the rest retained in\\nwoodland. Tlie Mississippi Valley was settled mostly in\\nquarter-sections, containing one hundred and sixty acres\\neach. The j^roductive capacity of land is so largely in-\\ncreased by irrigation, and the amount which one family\\ncan cultivate by its own labor consequently so much re-\\nduced, that the small-farm unit is a practical necessity\\nin the arid region.\\nWhere settlement has been carried out upon the\\nmost enlightened lines irrigated farms range from five\\nto twenty acres upon the average^, rarely exceeding forty\\nacres at the maximum. It is perfectly obvious, of\\ncourse, that a twenty-acre unit means that neighbors\\nwill be eight times as numerous as in a country settled\\n45", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nlip in quarter-sections that where farms are ten acres\\nin size neighbors will be multiplied by sixteen. Tims\\nin its most elementary aspect the society of the arid re-\\ngion differs materially from that of a country of large\\nfarms. Eight or sixteen families upon a quarter-section\\nare much better than no neighbors at all, but irrigation\\ngoes further than this in revolutionizing the social side\\nof rural life.\\nA very-small -farm unit makes it possible for those who\\ntill the soil to live in the town. The farm village, or\\nhome centre, is a well-established feature of life in Arid\\nAmerica, and a feature which is destined to enjoy wide\\nand rapid extension. Each four or five thousand acres\\nof cultivated land will sustain a thrifty and beautiful\\nhamlet, where all the people may live close together\\nand enjoy most of the social and educational advantages\\nwithin the reach of the best eastern town. Their chil-\\ndren will have kindergartens as well as schools, and pub-\\nlic libraries and reading-rooms as well as churches. The\\nfarm village, lighted by electricity, furnished with domes-\\ntic water through pipes, served Avith free postal delivery,\\nand supplied with its own daily newspapers at morning\\nand evening, has already been realized in Arid America.\\nThe great cities of the western valleys will not be cities\\nin the old sense, but a long series of beautiful villages,\\nconnected by lines of electric motors, which will move\\ntheir products and people from place to place. In this\\nscene of intensely cultivated land, rich with its bloom\\nand fruitage, with its spires and roofs, and with its car-\\npets of green and gold stretching away to the mountains,\\nit will be difficult for the beholder to say where the town\\nends and the country begins.\\n46", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE MIRACLE OF IRRIGATION\\nThis is the miracle of irrigation upon its social side.\\nIrrigation is the foundation of truly scientific agricult-\\nure. Tilling the soil by dependence upon rainfall is, by\\ncomparison, like a stage-coach to the railroad, like the\\ntallow dip to the electric light. The perfect conditions\\nfor scientific agriculture would be presented by a place\\nwhere it never rained, but where a system of irrigation\\nfurnished a never-failing water supply which could be\\nadjusted to the varying needs of dilferent plants. It is\\ndifficult for those who have been in the habit of tliinking\\nof irrigation as merely a substitute for rain to grasp the\\ntruth that precisely the contrary is the case. Rain is the\\npoor dependence of those who cannot obtain the advan-\\ntages of irrigation. The western farmer Avho has learned\\nto irrigate thinks it would be quite as illogical for him\\nto leave the watering of his potato-patch to the caprice\\nof the clouds as for the housewife to defer her wash-day\\nuntil she could catch rain-water in her tubs.\\nThe supreme advantage of irrigation consists not more\\nin the fact that it assures moisture regardless of the\\nweather than in the fact that it makes it i)ossible to ap-\\nply that moisture just when and just where it is needed.\\nFor instance, on some cloudless day the strawberry-patch\\nlooks thirsty and cries for water through the unmistak-\\nable language of its leaves. In the Atlantic States it\\nprobably would not rain that day, such is the perversity\\nof nature, but if it did it would rain alike on the just\\nand unjust on the strawberries, which would be bene-\\nfited by it, and on the sugar-beets, which crave only the\\nuninterrupted sunshine that they may pack their tiny\\ncells with saccharine matter. In the arid region there is\\npractically no rain during the growing season. Thus the\\n47", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nscientific farmer sends the water from his canal through\\nthe little furrows which divide the lines of strawherry\\nplants, but permits the water to go singing past his field\\nof beets.\\nPlants and trees require moisture as well as sunshine\\nand soil, and for three reasons first, that the tiny roots\\nmay extract the chemical qualities from the soil; then,\\nthat there may be sap and juice; finally, that there may\\nbe moisture to evaporate or transpire from the leaves.\\nBut while all plant- life requires moisture, all kinds of it\\ndo not require the same amount, nor do they desire to\\nreceive it at the same time and in the same manner.\\nJust as the skilful teacher studies the individualities of\\nfifty different boys, endeavoring to discover how he may\\nmost wisely vary his methods to obtain the best results\\nfrom each, so the scientific farmer studies his fifty differ-\\nent plants or trees and adjusts his artificial rainfall\\nin the way which will produce the highest outcome.\\nWith the aid of colleges, experimental farms, and county\\ninstitutes, wonderful progress has been made along these\\nlines in recent years. This progress will continue until\\nthe agriculture and horticulture practised on the little\\nfarms of Arid America shall match the marvellous re-\\nsults won by research and inventive genius in every other\\nfield of human endeavor.\\nThis is the miracle of irrigation upon its scientific\\nside.*\\nFor full explanation of practical methods of UTigation, see\\nAppendix.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "part SeconD\\nEEAL UTOPIAS OF THE ARID WEST\\nAt every new stage of the history of the Araerlcan settlement,\\nwe are afresh reminded tliat colonies are planted by the uneasy.\\nThe discontent that comes from poverty and financial reverse, that\\nwhich is born of political unrest, and that which has no other cause\\nthan feverish thirst for novelty and hazardous adventure, had each\\na share in impelling Englishmen to emigrate. But in the seven-\\nteenth century religion was the dominant concern\u00e2\u0080\u0094 one might al-\\nmost say the dominant passion of the English race, and it supplied\\nmuch the most efficient motive to colonization. Not only did it\\npropel men to America, but it acted as a distributing force on this\\nside of the sea, producing secondary colonies by expelling from a\\nnew plantation the discontented and the persecuted to mjike fresh\\nbreaks in the wilderness for new settlements. Edwarr Eggle-\\n8T0N, Berji liners of a Nation.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I\\nTHE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\nTo study the hnmau side of things in the arid region\\nof the Far AVest, we must begin with the Mormon Com-\\nmonwealth of Utah. This is true for a number of excel-\\nlent reasons. We find here the earliest development of\\nany consequence. Although irrigation is older than his-\\ntor}^, it was never practised upon any considerable scale\\nby Anglo-Saxons until the Mormon pioneers turned the\\nwaters of City Creek upon the alkaline soil of Salt Lake\\nValley in the summer of 1847.\\nIn Utah, almost alone of the far-western States, settle-\\nment began with home-making pure and simple. Irriga-\\ntion was the primal and single industry until a common-\\nwealth had been established. In California, in Colorado,\\nin Nevada, in Idaho, and in Montana, mining, rather\\nthan agriculture, was the motive which induced the or-\\niginal settlement by Americans, and irrigation grew up\\nonly as an adjunct to the mining camp. In Wyoming,\\nand in a less degree elsewhere, stock-raising was the first\\npursuit and irrigation was used merely to flood the bot-\\ntom land and grow crops of coarse, wild hay for the win-\\nter feeding of cattle. In Washington and Oregon the\\nfirst settlements were made along the humid coast re-\\ngion, and the arid parts of those States were settled, in\\n51", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF AlUD AMERICA\\nsuch measure as they have been settled at all, by the\\noverflow of those original cfirrents of population. But\\nin Utah the motive was home-building, and the pursuit\\nwas agriculture for its own sake.\\nFurthermore, we find in Utah, and nowhere else, an\\nentire and distinct people, who have grown up under one\\nstrong and simple industrial system, and have brought\\nthat system to its logical results. This experience covers\\nhalf a century, and cannot be objected to on the ground\\nthat it is an experiment, tiie results of which remain to\\nbe demonstrated.\\nFinally, partly because of these several reasons and\\npartly because the Mormon fugitives possessed no capital\\nexcept their leader^s brains and their own hard hands,\\nthe economic institutions of Utah are the natural out-\\ngrowth of the conditions of an arid land. Utah is the\\nproduct of its environment. As we study it we shall\\nsee the economic tendencies underlying and shaping the\\nindustrial life of all communities which find their life-\\ncurrent in the irrigation canal and are surrounded by\\nthe rich and varied, but wholly undeveloped, resources\\nof our far-western country. It is for these reasons that\\nthe Mormon Commonv/ealth suggests itself irresistibly\\nas the starting-point of any proper study of our subject.\\nWhat did the pioneers have to start with What have\\nthey accomplished in fifty years How did they do it\\nIn the answers to these questions we may find a flood of\\nlight for the future of the West, but only upon condition\\nthat the answers be sought in a spirit of perfect candor\\nand without prejudice either in favor of or against the\\ninteresting people of the Utah mountains.\\nOn July 24, 1847, the Mormon caravan emerged from\\n52", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\nthe mouth of Emigration Canyon into the valley of the\\nGreat Salt Lake. It was a beautiful picture that greeted\\nthe eyes of the fugitives as they rested here to enjoy the\\nshade of the cottonwoods and listen to the music of the\\nmountain torrent and the birds. Out of the chill air of\\nthe higher altitudes, out of the dark shadows of the\\npicturesque chasm, they had come by a sudden turn\\nface to face with a broad, sunlit valley, which sloped\\ngently away to the shore of an inland sea. On the east,\\nthe Wasatch mountains reared their brown and rifted bar-\\nriers until their summits were lost in a crown of eternal\\nsnows. To the south and west the Oquirrhs marshalled\\ntheir peaks into the waters of the lake. Below them,\\nvalley and lake around them on every side, mountains\\nand more mountains over them, the impalpable sky\\nthis was the vision which burst suddenly upon the tired\\neyes of the pilgrims.\\nWhen they had proceeded a little farther they caught\\nsight of a large fresh lake some miles to the south, emp-\\ntying its surplus waters into an inland sea through a\\nslender river, which shone like a ribbon of silver. The\\ncomparison suggested by these strange conditions might\\nhave occurred to a duller mind than that of Brigham\\nYoung, who felt that he was a Moses leading a new tribe\\nof Israel to a new promised land. The fresh lake was\\nthe sea of Tiberius the salt one, the Dead Sea the\\nriver was, of course, the Jordan. This, then, was the\\nnew Palestine, and here the leader and his followers\\nwould build the new Jerusalem Advancing a few\\nmiles into the valley, and halting near the banks of a\\nroaring brook, Brigham Young struck his staff upon the\\nground and exclaimed, Here we will rear our temple in\\n53", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nholiness to the Lord. It is above this spot that Sculp-\\nftor Dallin s graceful figure of the Angel Moroni now\\nlooks down from a stately pile of Utah granite, reared\\nat a cost of forty years labor and six million dollars.\\nThe pioneers possessed very little cash capital when\\nthey arrived in the valley which was to^be the heart of a\\nfuture commonwealth. This was not a serious misfort-\\nune, since there was little that money would buy in\\nUtah at that time, or anywhere within one thousand\\nmiles east, west, north, or south. They had located at\\nalmost the exact geographical centre of that great arid\\nregion whose modern agricultural era they were destined\\nto inaugurate. Surrounded by extraordinary wealth,\\nthere was but one thing which could pass current as a\\nmedium of exchange in this primeval wilderness. This\\none thing was labor, and the free and unlimited coinage\\nof labor has been the cardinal doctrine in Utah s econom-\\nic faith from the beginning down to the present hour.\\nBesides their willing industry, the Mormons had brought\\nwith them the contents of seventy-two wagons, about\\none hundred horses, less than half as many mules and\\noxen, nineteen cows and a few chicken. It was with this\\ncapital that they began the making of Utah. But at the\\nvery threshold of their life in a new country they were\\nconfronted by something utterly strange to them in the\\nconditions of agriculture.\\nFirst of the Anglo-Saxon race, the Mormons encount-\\nered the problem of aridity, and discovered that its suc-\\ncessful solution was the price of existence. Brigham\\nYoung had lived in Vermont, Ohio, Missouri, and Il-\\nlinois. Neither he nor any of his followers had ever\\nseen a country where the rainfall did not suffice for agri-\\n54", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "MAP SHOWING THE STRIKING SIMILARITY BETWEEN PALESTINE\\nAND SALT LAKE VALLEY, UTAH\\n(Bj- courtesj^ of the Rio Grande Western R. R.)", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\nculture, nor ever read of one save in the Bible. But\\nthey quickly learned that they had staked their whole\\nfuture upon a region which could not produce a spear of\\ntame grass, an ear of corn, nor a kernel of wheat with-\\nout skilful irrigation. Of the art of irrigation they\\nwere utterly ignorant. But the need of beginning a\\nplanting was urgent and pressing, for their slender stock\\nof provisions would not long protect them from starva-\\ntion.\\nIt was this emergency which produced the first irriga-\\ntion canal ever built by white men in the United States.\\nMormons are prone to believe that the suggestion of this\\nwork was a revelation from God to the head of the\\nChurch. Other traditions ascribe it to the advice of\\nfriendly Indians to the example of the Mexicans to\\nthe shrewd intuition with which the leader had met all\\nthe trials encountered in the course of his adventurous\\npilgrimage. Whatever the source of the inspiration, he\\nquickly set his men at work to divert the waters of City\\nCreek through a rude ditch and to prepare the ground\\nfor Utah s first farm. These crystal waters now furnish\\nthe domestic supply for a city of sixty thousand inhabi-\\ntants. The late President Wilford Woodruff, who was\\none of the party assigned to the work of digging the first\\ncanal, related that when the water was turned out upon\\nthe desert the soil was so hard that the point of a plough\\nwould scarcely penetrate it. There was also much white\\nalkali on the surface. It was, therefore, with no absolute\\nconviction of success that the pioneers planted the very\\nlast of their stock of potatoes and awaited the result of\\nthe experiment. The crop prospered in spite of all ob-\\nstacles, and demonstrated that a living could be wrung\\n55", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nfrom the forbidding soil of tlio desert when men should\\nlearn to adapt their industry to the conditions.\\nSuch was the humble be2:inninG:of modern airriculture\\nin Arid America. The success of this desperate expedi-\\nent to preserve the existence of a fugitive people in the\\nvast solitude has made Utah our classic land of irrigation,\\nand given the Mormons their just claim as the pioneer\\nirrigators of the United States. It was not, however,\\nuntil the} survived other hardships, including the devas-\\ntation of their first crops by swarms of crickets, that the\\nhardy settlers were able to celebrate a genuine harvest-\\nliome, and to feel that the ground was at last firm be-\\nneath their feet. Then began that long era of material\\nprosperity which will never cease until the people depart\\nfrom the industrial system established by Brigham\\nYoung.\\nIt is this industrial system which makes the Mormons\\nwell worthy of study at this time. Nothing just like it\\nexists elsev/here upon any considerable scale, yet its\\nleading principles are certainly capable of general appli-\\ncation. Good Mormons regard the system, like all their\\nblessings, as a direct revelation of God. Many others\\nconsider it the intellectual product of a great man s\\nbrain. But when it is studied in connection with Mor-\\nmon colonization, it is plain that the system was born of\\nthe necessities of the place and time that it is the legit-\\nimate product of the peculiar environment of the arid\\nregion. The forces that have made the civilization of\\nUtah will make the civilization of western America. It\\nis in this view of the matter that we shall find our justi-\\nfication for a careful study of the Mormon structure of\\nindustry and society.\\n5G", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\nThe economic life of Utali is fonndcd on the genenil\\nownership of hind. Spejikiiig broadly, all are proprie-\\ntors, none are tenants. Land monopoly was discounte-\\nnanced from the beginning. All were encouraged U^\\ntake so much land as they could apply to a beneficij\\npurpose. None were permitted to secure land merely tc\\nhold it out of use for speculation. The corner-stone oi\\nthe system was industrialism the theory that all should\\nwork for what they were to have, and that all should\\nha\\\\c what tl.oy had worked for. In order to realize\\nthis result, it was necessary that each family should own\\nas much land as it could use to advantage, and no more.\\nThe adoption of this principle was plainly due to the\\npeculiar conditions which the leader saw about him. He\\ninstantly realized that value resided in water rather than\\nin land that there was much more land than water\\nthat water could only be conserved and distributed at\\ngreat expense.\\nIf he had settled in a land of abundant rainfall it is\\nimprobable that he would have set such severe limitations\\nupon the amount of land which individuals should ac-\\nquire. In that case he would, perhaps, have thought it\\nwell for his people to take all the land they could possibly\\nobtain under the law, and thus enjoy large speculative\\npossibilities. But if he had pursued this policy in Utah\\nhe could not have accommodated the thousands whom\\nhe expected to follow him in the early future. lie thus\\nfound it imperatively necessary to restrict the amount of\\nland which each family should acquire, suiting it to their\\nactual needs. He came from a country which had been\\nsettled in farms ranfjjinc^ from two hundred to four hun-\\ndred acres in size. The reduction in the farm unit", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nwhich he now proposed must have seemed nothing less\\nthan startling to his followers. It is plain that in pro-\\nposing such an innovation he not only comprehended the\\nsocial necessities of the situation, but anticipated, with\\nremarkable foresight, the possibilities of intensive agri-\\nculture by means of irrigation.\\nThe first settlement which he planned was, of course,\\nSalt Lake City and its neighborhood. This became the\\nmodel of all future colonies. It was laid out in such a\\nway as to secure an equitable division of land values\\namong all the inhabitants.\\nThe city blocks consist of ten acres each, divided into\\neight lots of one and a quarter acres. These lots were\\nassigned to professional and business men. Next there\\nwas a tier of five-acre lots. These were assigned to me-\\nchanics. Then there were tiers of ten-acre and of twenty-\\nacre lots. These went to farmers, according to the size\\nof their families. Under this arrangement every colon-\\nist was a small landed proprietor, owning a certain\\namount of irrigated soil from which he could readily pro-\\nduce the necessities of life. The division of land values\\nwas remarkably even, for what one man lacked in\\narea of his possessions he gained in location. The small\\nlots were close to the centre of business the large lots\\nmore remote from that centre. As the place grew in\\ncourse of years from an emigrants camp to a populous\\ncity, with paved streets, domestic water, electric lights,\\nand railways, the inevitable rise in values was distributed\\nwith remarkably even hand. Not a single family or indi-\\nvidual failed to share in the great fund of unearned\\nincrement which arose from increasing population and\\ngrowing public improvements.\\n58", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\nThis principle of universal land ownership, and of care-\\nful division according to location and of differing needs\\nof various classes, has been followed throughout the\\nMormon settlements of Utah and surrounding States,\\nand is being duplicated to-day in the latest colonies es-\\ntablished by this people.\\nIt is important to note that the Mormon land system\\nrested on individual proprietorship. There never was\\nany attempt at community ownership. The unit of the\\nState was the family and the home. But the moment\\nwe pass from the sphere of individual labor we encounter\\nanother principle, which was always applied, though not\\nalways by the same methods, to public utilities. This\\nwas the principle of public ownership and control.\\nIf the Mormon leaders had desired to organize their\\nindustrial life in a way to make large private fortunes\\nfor themselves, no single item in the list of Utah s re-\\nsources would have offered a better chance for specula-\\ntion than the water supply. It was perfectly feasible\\nunder the law for private individuals or companies to ap-\\npropriate these waters, construct canals, sell water rights,\\nand collect annual rental. By adopting this method,\\nwhich widely prevails in other western States, they could\\nhave laid every field, orchard, and garden every in-\\ndividual and family under tribute to them and their\\ndescendants forever. Neither in law nor in practice, at\\nthat time, was it any more a moral and economic wrong\\nto appropriate privately and hold against the public the\\nnatural wealth of the streams than it was to do the same\\nwith the natural wealth of the mineral belts on govern-\\nment land.\\nProbably the Mormons owed their escape from the\\n69", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nmisfortune of private irrigation works mostly to the fact\\nthat this feature of their institutions was established when\\nnone of their people possessed sufficient private capital to\\nengage in costly enterprises. They started upon a basis\\nof equality, for they were equally poor. They could buy\\nwater rights only with their labor. Tiiis labor they ap-\\nplied in co-operation, and canal stock was issued to each\\nman in proportion to the amount of work he had con-\\ntributed to its construction. This in turn was deter-\\nmined by the amount of land he owned, the owner of\\ntwenty acres doing just twice as much work as the owner\\nof ten. Here we see the influence of aridity not only\\nfavoring, but compelling, the adoption of the principle\\nof associative enterprise, as mentioned in a previous\\nchapter. But before discussing the wider results of this\\ninfluence in the life of Utah, it is important to observe\\nthe characteristic forms of agriculture which grew out\\nof these new conditions.\\nWe have seen that Brigham Young had made twenty\\nacres the maximum size of farms in the Salt Lake settle-\\nment. He now proceeded to lay down a philosophy very\\ndifferent from that which prevailed on the large farms\\nof the wheat and corn country whence he had come. He\\nurged that each family should realize the nearest possi-\\nble approach to absolute industrial independence within\\nthe boundaries of its own small farm. His sermons in\\nthe tabernacle dealt less in theology than in worldly com-\\nmon-sense. The result is an agricultural system peculiar\\nto Utah.\\nJust as we have the cotton-belt in Texas, the corn-belt\\nin Nebraska, the wheat-belt in Dakota, and the orange-\\ndistrict in California, so in Utah we have the land of the\\n60", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\ndiversified farm. This is the first and one of the most\\nprecious fruits of the industrialism which had been so\\ndeeply rooted in the plan of general land ownership.\\nMuch of the misfortune which the settlers of the Mis-\\nsissippi Valley have endured during the past decade is\\ndue to the fact that their industrial system was founded\\non the speculative instinct. They acquired large farms,\\nbecause they hoped to get rich out of the rise in land.\\nThey engaged in the production of single crops, because\\nthey were gambling on the hope of great prices for these\\nstaples. They mortgaged their homesteads to make\\ncostly improvements, because they had the utmost faith\\nin future big prices for the land and its product. It\\nis very easy to comprehend the virtues of Utah industrial-\\nism when we may make use of a Texas cotton plantation\\nor a Dakota wheat farm for a background. In the one\\ncase we see the little unmortgaged farm, its crops in-\\nsured by irrigation, systematically producing a variety of\\nthings required for the family consumption. A generous\\nliving is within the control of the proprietor of such a\\nhome. In the other case we see the single crop exposed\\nto the mercy of the weather and the markets, its owner\\nemploying many hired hands, and going to the town to\\nbuy with cash nearly all that is necessary to feed his\\nfamily and laborers.\\nThe Utah system was clearly the outgrowth of the\\npeculiar conditions with which the Mormons dealt. They\\nwere so far removed from all centres of production as to\\nmake self-sufficiency an imperative condition of existence.\\nHence they were taught the gospel of industrial inde-\\npendence in its purest and most primitive form. And\\nself-sufficiency is the most striking characteristic of their\\n61", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ncivilization to-day. Wars and panics have swop t tbo\\ncountry since the pioneers built their homes in Salt Lake\\nValley, but they and theirs have not gone hungry for a\\nday or an hour. Nor need they do so while water runs\\ndown hill and mother earth yields her .increase.\\nThe conquest of Utah began with the establishment\\nof agriculture, which is everywhere the foundation of\\ncivilization. Brigham Young realized, as the American\\npeople may well do to-day, that there can be no prosper-\\nity if agriculture languishes. He realized that whatever\\nthe Mormon people might have in the future whatever\\nof factories, stores, and banks, whatever of churches tem-\\nples, and tabernacles must come primarily from the\\nsurplus profits of the soil.\\nAs soon as his people had been supplied with food and\\nshelter, he turned his attention to the development of a\\nbroader industrial life. AVorkshops, stores, and banks\\nwere necessary to furnish facilities for manufacture, dis-\\ntribution, and exchange. All these enterprises were un-\\ndertaken in a co-operative way under the familiar forms\\nof the joint-stock company. Those who were unwilling\\nto engage in them upon these terms generally left the\\nchurch and set up for themselves. At the beginning\\nthere was no capital for such undertakings except the\\ncapital which resided in every man s land and labor no\\nwealth but the commonwealth. As all had started on a\\nbasis of equality, so all were given an equal chance to\\nparticipate in the new industrial, mercantile, and bank-\\ning enterprises of the Territory. When a factory or\\nstore was to be started subscription papers were circu-\\nlated and everybody urged to take some of the stock.\\nPayments were made sometimes in cash, more often in\\n62", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "TilE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\nprodncts, not infrequently in labor. Of one thing there\\nhas never been a scarcity in XJtali this is the chance to\\nwork. And labor has always been exchangeable there\\nfor other commodities, including bank and mercantile\\nstock. Otherwise it would not have been possible to\\nhave secured anything like the wide distribution of these\\nstocks which now prevails.\\nIn the early years the industries were of a crude sort.\\nEverything had to be hauled in ox-teams over a thousand\\nmiles of deserts, plains, and mountains. The people\\nused almost no money in their daily transactions. As a\\nmedium of exchange they had printed slips of paper\\nknown as tithing-house scrip. This answered every\\nI)urpose of exchange money, while the prices of com-\\nmodities were regulated by the standard of values which\\nprevailed elsewhere. But while the local scrip did very\\nwell for all home purposes, it did not enable the people\\nto purchase the supplies of machinery wliich they need-\\ned from abroad. The process of equipping their factories\\nwas, therefore, necessarily slow, but they rapidly devel-\\noped an army of skilled artisans, which was constantly\\naugmented by immigration. But even without assis-\\ntance from the great world which lay so far beyond the\\nborders of their own valleys marvellous progress was\\nachieved in the arts and industries.\\nBrigham Young Avas strenuously opposed to the de-\\nvelopment of the mines by his people, believing that\\nwhat they might gain in wealth from that source would\\nbe much more than offset by the demoralization which\\nwould come to his industrial forces with the rise of the\\nspeculative spirit. Above all other virtues he placed\\nthat of sober industry, earning its bread in the sweat of\\n63", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nmen s faces. That the mines would some day be worked\\nby Gentiles he had no doubt, and he rightly calcu-\\nlated that his own people would enjoy more prosperity\\nby feeding the miners than by working the mines. A\\nfew of the many millions afterwards taken from the\\nmountains around Salt Lake would have facilitated the\\ngrowth and equipment of the Mormon industries im-\\nmensely during the early years. But time and patience\\naccomplished in the end all perhaps more than an\\nabundance of original capital might have done. Kearly\\nall the industries essential to a complex and symmetrical\\nbusiness economy have been established for many years.\\nEvery important settlement has its co-operative store\\nand bank. From the great beet-sugar factory at Lehi\\ndown to the smallest mercantile enterprise in the small-\\nest hamlet, the business is owned by a multitude of stock-\\nholders.\\nThe capital represents the surplus profits of the many.\\nThe system bears no likeness to Socialism. Nothing is\\nowned by virtue of citizenship nor of membership in\\nthe church. No one owns a dollar s worth of stock who\\nhas not earned and paid for it. The system ia nothing\\nbut the joint-stock company with what may be called a\\ngenerous and friendly interpretation. That is to say, it\\nis really desired that everybody shall have an interest,\\nand that all shall share the benefits. It should not be\\nunderstood by any means that all have an equal owner-\\nship in these various enterprises, for the Mormon system\\nhas not resulted in making men equally successful. All\\nhave had an equal chance however, and the weak have\\nbeen watched over and assisted by the strong. In-\\ndeed, this latter is one of the few good results to be\\n64", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\ncredited to the exercise of church authority in secular\\naffairs.\\nIt would be quite impracticable to attempt to fol-\\nlow the history of any considerable number of the many\\nco-operative enterprises of Utah. Neither are figures\\navailable for a satisfactory generalization of results.\\nBut the whole system is typified in the experience of one\\nmonumental enterprise Zion s Co-operative Mercantile\\nInstitution. This great house is in a sense the mother\\nand the model of all the Mormon stores in Utah and its\\nsurrounding States. Mr. Thomas G. AVebber, the suc-\\ncessful superintendent of Z. C. M. I., as it is famil-\\niarly called, describes the history of the enterprise as\\nfollows\\nThe Institution was organized October 16, 1868\\ncommenced business March 1, 18G9 was incorporated\\nfor twenty-five years from October 5, 1870, and the\\ncapital was then 1220,000. It was reincorporated for\\nfifty years September 30, 1895, with a capital stock of\\n$1,077,000.\\nDuring the life of our first incorporation period we\\nhave sold $76,352,680 worth of merchandise, and paid to\\nthe railroad and express companies for freight 16,908,630.\\nWe have paid out in cash dividends $1,990,943.55,\\nand in stock dividends $414,944.77. During the panic\\nin 1873, for prudential reasons, we passed our dividend,\\nand continued to do so until 1877, but during the whole\\nof the period we have been in business, some twenty-\\nseven years, we have paid to our stockholders an average\\ndividend of nine and one-third per cent, for each and\\nevery year, or two hundred and forty-three per cent, in\\nall $1,000 invested in our capital stock on the 1st of\\nE 65", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nMarch, 1869, at the end of September, 1895, when our\\nincorporation ran out, had accumulated to $2,014.30,\\nand in addition to this we have paid upon this $1,000 in\\ncash dividends the sum of $4,218.05.\\nWe have turned out in our manufacturing depart-\\nments boots and shoes to the value of $2,053,294.43, and\\nin our duck clothing and shirt factory upwards of\\n$80,000 worth. Last year (1895) it was an off-year with\\nour manufacturing departments, but we turned out\\n75,400 pairs of boots and shoes, and 15,648 dozen over-\\nalls, shirts, etc.\\nThis is the history of Utah s largest co-operative un-\\ndertaking. It is a history which no friend of co-operative\\neffort will blush to read, for it proves tliat a great busi-\\nness can be as successfully administered in the interest\\nof the many as in the interest of a few. The latest\\nand largest of the Mormon industrial enterprises is the\\nbeet sugar factory, owned by seven hundred stock-\\nholders, which in 1895 produced considerably more than\\n700,000,000 pounds of sugar and paid a cash dividend\\nof ten per cent. Its later dividends are much larger.\\nIt also furnished a profitable market for the products of\\nmany irrigated fields.\\nWhile the most satisfactory results of co-operative en-\\nterprise have been obtained in the last two decades, much\\nwas achieved in the early day. As early as 1850, Avhen\\nSalt Lake Valley had been settled less than three years,\\nthe industrial products amounted to only a little less\\nthan three hundred thousand dollars. Ten years later\\nthey had mounted nearly to the million mark, and in\\n1870 they considerably exceeded two and a quarter mill-\\nions. In 1895 the total was close to six millions. The\\n66", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\ngrowth of these hard-won industries has naturally fos-\\ntered a feeling of intense loyalty to home products.\\nForeign goods are not a badge of honor. The Utah man\\nwears Utah clothes, made in Utah factories, from wool\\nsheared from the back of Utah sheep, with the same\\npride that a New York man wears a London hat and a\\nNew York woman a Paris gown.\\nLet us look now at the broader results of the Mormon\\nlabor in the wilderness. The church historian, Mr. A.\\nMilton Musser, has made a careful estimate of the finan-\\ncial results which may fairly be credited to the irriga-\\ntion industry in Utah. In doing so he communicated\\nwith church leaders throughout the State and compiled\\nthe results of his correspondence with the utmost care.\\nThe statement is given just as he prepared it, without\\nattempt to discuss it in detail. To fully comprehend it\\nhowever, the reader must remember that the Mormons\\nbegan in poverty, having almost nothing to invest ex-\\ncept the labor of their hands and brains, and that all\\nthey have expended in a period of nearly fifty years for all\\nclasses of improvements from the first shanty to the\\nlast turret of the last temple came primarily from the\\nsoil. Here is the balance-sheet of the Mormon people as\\nMr. Musser prepared it\\nCost of establishing the 10,000 farms ($187.50\\nper farm per annum) $75,000,000\\nCost of making irrigation canals and ditches\\n($37.50 per farm per annum) 15,000,000\\nCost of irrigating 10,000 farms and gardens\\n($24.00 each per annum) 9,600,000\\nBuilding factories 5,000,000\\nBuilding temples 8,000,000\\n67", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nBuilding churches and schools $4,000,000\\nCost of missionary work 10,000,000\\nCost of immigrating and sustaining the poor 8,000,000\\nLiving of the farmers ($875 to each family\\nper annum) 350,000,000\\nCost of roads and bridges in mountains and\\nvalleys 4,000,000\\nCost of Indian wars, building forts, stockades,\\nbreaking up settlements, etc 5,000,000\\nCost of feeding and clothing Indians and\\nestablishing Indian missions, farms,\\nschools, etc 2,000,000\\nCost of resisting the invasion of the army of\\n1857, and of the people of Salt Lake\\ncounty and the counties north moving\\nsouth into middle and southern Utah 6,000,000\\nLoss sustained by crickets, locusts, and grass-\\nhoppers 2,500,000\\nUnsuccessful early experiments in making\\niron, sugar, paper, nails, leather, cotton-\\nraising, mining, etc 6,000,000\\nCost of defence against anti-polygamy legisla-\\ntion believed to be unconstitutional 3,000,000\\nHeavy freight rates from the Missouri river\\nand the Pacific coast before the railroads 8,000,000\\nCost of establishing the Overland Mail and\\nExpress Company, purchase of Fort\\nBridger, and establishment of Fort Sup-\\nply, abandoned and afterward absorbed\\nby the army of 1857 2,000,000\\nProtecting overland travel, succoring and\\nfeeding California, Oregon, and other\\nemigrants 1,500,000\\nCost of colonizing Carson and Green River\\ncounties, abandoned because of the\\narmy of 1857 2,000,000\\nCost of establishing colonies on Salmon\\n68", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "THE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\nriver, in Lower California, and the sugar\\nplantation near Honolulu $1,500,000\\nCost of local telegraph aad railroad lines 3,000,000\\nCost of obtaining fuel, and building and\\nfencing materials, from the rugged\\nmountains and canyons many miles away 10,000,000\\nCost of making settlements on the Muddy,\\nCall s Landing, Florence, Sunset, and\\nother localities, afterwards abandoned be-\\ncause of adverse conditions subsequently\\ndeveloped 1,000,000\\nLosses by fire ($20,000 per annum) 800,000\\nTaxes 8,000,000\\nMiscellaneous expenditures 12,000,000\\n$562,900,000\\nLess the personal property brought into Utah\\nby immigrants, such as cattle, wagons,\\ncash, etc 20,000,000\\n^542,900,000\\nIn his note transmittins; these fissures Mr. Musser\\nwrites The inclosed has been submitted to the inspec-\\ntion of Presidents Woodrnff, Cannon, and Smith, and\\nBishops Preston, Burton, and Winder, as well as to others\\nconversant with such matters. All agree that the esti-\\nmates are as fair as they can be given. And he adds,\\nwith a reverence characteristic of his people: While\\nmuch of our prosperity is due to industrious, temperate,\\nand frugal habits of life, yet we never lose sight of the\\noverruling hand of the Almighty in all these results, and\\nto Him be given praise and thanksgiving without stint.\\nIn a private letter accompanying these statistics His-\\ntorian Musser directed attention to the fact that upon\\nthis showing each Mormon farmer enjoyed an average\\n69", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nincome of four hundred and eiglity-two dollars above the\\ncost of living for ouch of the more than forty years which\\nthe statement covers. This is a considerably higher re-\\nturn than the gross amount averaged by wage earners in\\nthe United States.\\nWhile in many particulars this imposing statement of\\nresults may be open to criticism, there can be no doubt\\nthat it was prepared with conscientious care. It is pre-\\nsented here for what it may be worth. To the writer it\\nseems to confirm the impression of a vast material achieve-\\nment which comes to any person upon visiting Utah and\\nlooking about him. For the present purpose the precise\\nstatistical facts are of less consequence than the economic\\nprinciples which have produced what everybody acknowl-\\nedges to be a wonderful result. These principles may be\\nbriefly summarized as follows\\nGENERAL LAND OWNERSHIP, LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT\\nWHICH FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUALS COULD APPLY TO A\\nUSEFUL PURPOSE.\\nSELF-SUFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURE, AIMING AT THE\\nCOMPLETE ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE OF THE PEOPLE, IN-\\nDIVIDUALLY AND COLLECTIVELY.\\nTHE PUBLIC OWNERSHIP OF PUBLIC UTILITIES, SUCH AS\\nAVATER SUPPLY FOR IRRIGATION AND DOMESTIC USES.\\nTHE CO-OPERATIVE, OR ASSOCIATIVE, OWNERSHIP AND\\nADMINISTRATION OF STORES, FACTORIES, AND BANKS,\\nTHROUGH THE MEDIUM OF THE JOINT-STOCK COMPANY.\\nThese are the underlying principles of the Mormon\\ncommonwealth. They are vindicated by the successful\\nexperience of the last half century. Nowhere else do so\\nlarge a percentage of the people own their homes free\\nfrom incumbrance. Nowhere else has labor received so\\n70\\nI", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "TIIK MOltMON COMMONWEALTH\\nfjiir a filiiiro of wIiiiL it lia:-^ ci oMtcMl. INTovvlicrc olso lias tlio\\ncommon prosperity been retired upon lirmer foundations.\\nNowhere else are institutions more firmly buttressed or\\nbetter capable of resisting violent economic revolutions.\\nThe thunder-cloud which passed over the land in IH So,\\nleaving a path of commercial ruin from the Atlantic to\\nthe Pacific;, was [)ow(!rh5Ss to close th(^ door of a single\\nMormon store, factory, or bank. Strong in prosperity,\\nthe co-operative industrial and commercial system stood\\nimmovable in the hour of wide-spr(;ad disaster. The sol-\\nvency of these inrJustries is scarcely more striking than\\nthe solvency of the farmers from whom they draw their\\nstrength. No other Governor, cither in the West or in the\\nEast, is abhi to say what the Honorable 1 Leber M. Wells\\nsaid in assuming the chief magistracy of the new State\\nin January, \\\\HiU We have in Utah, said the young\\n(Governor, ^*lll,81( farnis, and 17,084 of the mare abso-\\nlut(!ly free of incumbrance. A higher percentage in\\nschool attendance and a lower percentage of illiterates\\nthan even in the States of Massachusetts, is another of\\nUtali/s proud records.\\nSo far we have been dealing with facts that arc be-\\nyond dispute. No one can deny that the Mormon indus-\\ntrial and commercial system is correctly described in the\\nforegoing pages, nor that that system has made the peo-\\njlle remarkably prosperous in a^i economic sense. But\\nfor the purposes of this book it is highly essential to\\ndetermine just what weight should be given to the Mor-\\nmon exj;)erience as a guide for future colonization effort\\nin the arid West, and to what degree the Utah system\\nis founded u[)on correct principles of industrial and\\nsocial economy.\\n71", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nThe problem can be summed up in two questions\\nwhich have doubtless already occurred to the reader\\nWas the Utah experience possible without Brigham\\nYoung Was Brigham Young possible without the\\nChurch\\nThe first of these questions may be answered unhesi-\\ntatingly in the negative. Without a Brigham Young\\nthere could have been no such record of achievement in\\nthe deserts of Utah. He was the brains and the soul of\\nthe enterprise. He planned with extraordinary sagacity\\nand wrought with tremendous vigor. Leave out that\\nbrain and soul that sasjacitv and vigor and we can\\nconceive of no emigration from Nauvoo of no success-\\nfnl march over plain and mountain of no triumph over\\nthe almost insuperable difficulties which intervened be-\\ntween the arrival of the people in Salt Lake Valley in\\n1847 and the firmly established community of fifty years\\nlater. But what of that The concession of the indis-\\npensable fact of Brigham Young amounts only to the\\nconcession, equally applicable to all human undertak-\\nings of magnitude, that leadership is absolutely essen-\\ntial.\\nThis brings us to the other and more complicated\\nquestion: Was Brigham Young possible without the\\nChurch First let us see what manner of man he\\nwas.\\nBorn in Vermont, of good native stock, he had the\\ncharacteristics of the place and the race in a pre-eminent\\ndegree. He was shrewd and thrifty, far-seeing and in-\\ntensely practical. He was of coarse fibre, deficient in\\nthe finer feelings, and devoid of all imagination of the\\njioctic kind. Of his innumerable sermons and speeches\\n70,", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "THE xMORMON COMMONWEALTH\\nnothing survives save an occasional homely maxim, such\\nas, Plough deep and plant alfalfa. Like all his sayings\\nand all his works, this marks the mind and method of\\nthe materialist rather than of the idealist. Whatever\\nelse he really thought of polj^gamy, he at least helieved\\nit a capital method of increasing the population of a new\\ncountry, and that happened to bo the particular work\\nupon which his effort and ambition were engaged.\\nA leader of men Most emphatically, but of the grim\\nand masterful sort a Cromwell rather than a Lincoln.\\nWhile no orator, he had strong persuasive powers. These\\nwere supported by splendid enthusiasm and optimism.\\nHe could set men at work with the conviction in their\\nminds that success was certain, failure impossible.\\nThis man was Successful in what he undertook to do.\\nHe did not originate Mormonism. He added nothing\\nto its creed or its literature, though he added much to\\nits power. But finding the Mormons a despised and\\nhunted people, he set himself the task of extricating\\nthem from intolerable surroundings, of leading them a\\nthousand miles across an almost unexplored country,\\nand of founding, in the midst of untried conditions, a\\ncommonwealth where they could rear their homes and\\ntemples and wax great and strong. Who can doubt that\\nif he had undertaken to build a transcontinental rail-\\nroad, like Ames and Huntington to found a pork-pack-\\ning business, like Armour or to lead an army, like Grant,\\nhe would have commanded success Ho had all the\\nelements of a successful man in any of the greater walks\\nof life where pluck and brains, determination and vast\\nambition, are the requisite qualities. If he was a relig-\\nious fanatic, there never was another of his composition.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nPoet or orator he could not have been seer, revelator,\\nand ecclesiastic he was not, save to the superstitious\\nvision of his blind followers but great, resourceful, and\\nof commanding personality he was a captain of industry,\\nan organizer of prosperity; and the Utah of to-day is\\nhis undeniable claim to fame and his imperishable monu-\\nment.\\nSo much for the man. What of the Church It was\\nunquestionably the instrument used in the settlement\\nof Utah. It is being used to-day as an instrument in\\nsettling portions of Canada, Mexico, and other localities.\\nRegarded simply as a Church, it is successful numerically\\nand financially. It is one of the few creeds where secu-\\nlar and religious affairs are brought into the closest as-\\nsociation, and, for this reason, it is generally believed\\nthat church solidarity is the true explanation of the\\neconomic prosperity of the Mormons. This conclusion\\nrests upon the theory that the Church sustains the in-\\ndustrial system. The writer emphatically dissents from\\nthis notion, and confidently asserts that precisely the re-\\nverse is the tru,th that the industrial system sustains\\nthe Church.\\nThe principles upon which the Mormon industrial and\\nsocial structure was reared have been carefully presented\\nin this chapter. These principles have worked success-\\nfully for fifty years. To determine the part which they\\nhad in the actual result, let us ask ourselves this ques-\\ntion Suppose the plans initiated by Brigham Young had\\nfailed to give his followers the security of a home and\\nthe certainty of a living that their co-operative industry\\nhad produced losses rather than profits that their vil-\\nlage system had brought social discontent instead of\\n74", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "THE MORMON COMMONWEALTH\\nsatisfaction what then Is it conceivable that religious\\nfanaticism could have held them together and lent such\\nan impulse to their grov/th that to-day, nearly a quarter\\nof a century after the death of Brigham Young, they\\nshould be growing faster than ever before, maintaining\\nmore missionaries and building more colonies in various\\nl^arts of the world Surely economic fallacy never pro-\\nduced such striking results as these in any other instance\\nknown to history.\\nIt would perhaps be a tenable position to say that in\\nUtah a sound economic systeui, working in conjunction\\nwith religious enthusiasm, produced the result now\\nknown of all men but that would be very nearly equiva-\\nlent to saying that the only way to solve the problem of\\nreclamation and settlement in the arid regions is to turn\\nthe task over to the Mormon Church and to advise all\\nwho crave homes to join that organization. The writer\\nbelieves that the attraction of Mormonism has consisted\\nmostly in what it offered to the home-seeker, and that\\nthe secret of its cohesion is the prosperity that has re-\\nsulted from its industrial system rather than the occult\\npower of its creed.\\nPolygamy has so stirred the Christian world that no\\nman may speak in praise of any of the Mormon institu-\\ntions except at the risk of being misunderstood, or pos-\\nsibly regarded as an apologist for what the nation has\\ncondemned as a crime against womanhood. On the\\nother hand, no candid mind can study the problem which\\nconfronts the American people the problem of opening\\nthe cloor to the masses of our citizenship upon the un-\\nused natural resources of the nation without realizing\\nthat Brigham Young and the State he founded furnish\\n75", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nstronger and clearer light for the future of domestic\\ncolonization than any other experience that can possibly\\nbe discovered. It is in the earnest conviction that it is\\na high public service to show the virtues of the Mormon\\nindustrial system that this chapter is written.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II\\nTHE GEEELEY COLOiq^Y OF COLORADO\\nThe Greeley Colony of Colorado sprang belated from\\nthe seed of Foiirierism sown broadcast in the forties.\\nIn all our social history there is no more interesting page\\nthan that which records the rise, progress, and tem-\\nporary defeat of the doctrine of association. Fraught\\nwith the noblest aspirations, and welcomed and cham-\\npioned by the most brilliant minds, it disappointed, in\\nactual practice, the high hopes of its friends. Frangois\\nMarie Charles Fourier devoted his life to elaborating his\\nscheme of Socialism, and died a few years before the\\nseed of his thought was wafted across the Atlantic to\\ntake sudden root in our soil.\\nThe American impulse of Fourierism arose from the\\nmiseries of the hard winter of 1838. The doctrine had\\nbeen imported by Albert Brisbane, a young gentleman of\\nwealth and leisure who had studied the works of the\\nFrench philosopher in Paris and returned to this country\\nwarm with these new hopes for humanity. Availing\\nhimself of the opportunity offered by the universal dis-\\ncontent, he plunged boldly into the agitation and at-\\ntracted a remarkable degree of attention. Horace\\nGreeley, then in the morning of his fame, espoused the\\nnew cause, at first cautiously, then with characteristic\\n77", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMEKICA\\nenergy and daring. The period of agitation covered the\\nyears between 1840 and 1847. The men of thought soon\\nwon the confidence of the men of action, and a large\\nnumber of associations for the purpose of bringing\\nFonrierism to the practical test were formed in various\\nStates. In May, 1843, Mr. Greeley wrote in the Tribune:\\nThe doctrine of association is spreading throughout\\nthe country with a rapidity which we did not anticipate,\\nand of which we had but little hope. We receive papers\\nfrom nearly all parts of the northern and western States,\\nand some from the South, containing articles upon as-\\nsociation, in which general views and outlines of the\\nsystem are given. Efforts are making in various parts\\nof this State, in Vermont, in Pennsylvania, Indiana, and\\nIllinois, to establish associations, which will probably be\\nsuccessful in the course of the present year.\\nThere was not much difficulty in obtaining recruits for\\nthese undertakings, and the experiment v/as entered\\nupon with great enthusiasm. With a single exception,\\nit ended in failure. The most famous of these colonies\\nwas Brook Farm, at West Eoxbury, nine miles from\\nBoston. Eev. George Eipley was the head of the enter-\\nprise. With him were associated, either as actual col-\\nonists or active sympathizers and supporters, Nathaniel\\nHawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry D. Thoreau,\\nJames Freeman Clarke, William Ellery Channing, Bron-\\nson Alcott, George Bancroft, Charles A. Dana, Margaret\\nFuller, and many others whose names rank high in the\\nannals of American literature. Never before, and never\\nafterwards, was such a galaxy of brains assembled in a\\nsingle colony. Most of them were then in young man-\\nhood, with their fame all before them. But the historian", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE GREELEY COLONY OF COLORADO\\nof the enterprise sadly relates that, at the end of their\\nfirst year they found they had a surplus of philosophers\\nand a dearth of men who could hoe potatoes. And New\\nEngland has been smiling about Brook Farm ever since.\\nThe end of Fourierism in the United States was the joint\\ndebate between Horace Greeley and Henry J. Raymond\\nin their respective newspapers, tlie Tribune and the\\nCourier, of New York.\\nIn the minds of the devoted constituency of the New\\nYork Tribune, the idea of colony-planting as a means of\\nimproving the lot of average humanity had taken deep\\nroot, so that twenty-five years after Fourier s dream had\\nceased to flourish as a social experiment, a colony repre-\\nsenting its hopes, if not its methods, could gain supporters.\\nThe new venture was initiated by Nathan Cook Meeker,\\nwho had succeeded Solon Robinson as agricultural editor\\nof the New York Tribune at the close of the war. In\\n1844 Mr. Meeker had been an active participant in the\\nTrumbull Phalanx at Warren, Ohio. This had expired\\nof ague, poverty, and dissension, after a fitful career of\\nabout three years. If the place had been healthy,^\\nMr. Meeker said afterwards, we should have held out\\nlonger, and the idle and improvident would have got\\nmore out of the industrious and patient but I have no\\nreason to suppose that we should not have finally ex-\\nploded, either in some fight, or at least in disgust.\\nFrom this experience he emerged disappointed and des-\\ntitute, but with valuable lessons for the future and un-\\nshaken faith in the utility of colonization effort. The\\nknowledge thus dearly bought he was destined to apply,\\nmany years later, in a useful career as one of the found-\\ners of a State.\\n79", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nIn the fall of 1SG9 Mr. Meeker had returned from a\\ntrip to the Far West,, the object of which was to describe\\nthe Mormon industrial system in a series of letters to the\\nTribune. Encountering a snow blockade at Cheyenne,\\nwhich compelled him to postpone his visit to Utah, he\\nhad goMd to Colorado instead. It was at the time when\\nthe Kansas Pacific Railroad was pushing across the plains\\nto the budding village of Denver, transforming the wag-\\non-trail into a highway of civilization. Everywhere ^Ir.\\nMeeker beheld the dawn of a new industrial life in the\\nmidst of a wilderness. He was charmed with the climate\\nand scenery, and impressed with the material wealth of\\nthe country s undeveloped resources. The old enthusi-\\nasm for colony-making filled his imagination. AVearied\\nwith a life struggle to remodel old social structures, he\\nlonged to avail himself of this opportunity to build on\\nnew foundations.\\nThese hopes he communicated to his friend, John Rus-\\nsell Young, who agreed to bring the matter to the atten-\\ntion of Horace G-reeley. This he did at a dinner held at\\nDelmonico s in December, ISGO. Mr. Greeley was in-\\nstantly interested, and beckoned Mr. Meeker to join him\\nat the table. I understand you have a notion to start\\na colony to go to Colorado, said the editor. Well,\\nhe continued, I wish you would take hold of it, for I\\nthink it will be a great success, and if I could, I would\\ngo myself. Thus assured of powerful backing, Mr.\\nMeeker at once proceeded to form his plans,\\nj The prospectus of the new colony was drawn up by\\nMr. Meeker, but carefully weighed and revised by Mr.\\nGreeley. A quarter of a century had elapsed since these\\nmen had been engaged the one as active participant,\\n80.-\\nP", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE GREELEY COLONY OF COLORADO\\nthe other as the most conspicuous American champion\\nin the Fourier scheme of association. It is interestins: to\\nobserve just how much of the okl pLan survived in the\\nnew colony prospectus, when the thought of these leaders\\nhad been mellowed and broadened by many more years of\\nlife and experience.\\nIn the Fourier communities the people had lived to-\\ngether under one roof, in the hope of effecting large\\nhousehold economies. There had been common owner-\\nship of land, and an attempt at equal division of labor.\\nThe unit of the community was the whole the only in-\\ndividual, the public.\\nIn forming the plan of the new colony the lessons of\\nexperience were not forgotten. There was but a single\\nsuggestion of the phalanstery,^ or common household\\nof Fourier days, and that was advanced in timid terms.\\n*It seems to me, Mr. Meeker wrote, ^that a laundry\\nand bakery might be established, and the washing and\\nbaking done for all the community but other household\\nwork should be done by the families. It was provided\\nthat the unit of society should be the family, living under\\nits own roof that farms and homes should be owned\\nindependently that individuals should plan their own\\nlabor, and rise or fall by their industry and thrift, or lack\\nof them. The new ideal was that of an organized com-\\nmunity which should give the people the benefit of as-\\nsociation without hampering individual enterprise and\\nability. It furnished a means of settlement essentially\\ndifferent from that under which the Middle West had\\nbeen developed.\\nLand was to be purchased on a large scale with a com-\\nmon fund. This cheapened its cost, and gave the col-\\np 81", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nonists an important measure of control in its sub di-\\nvision and development. The settlement was to be made\\nalmost wholly in a village, the land being divided into\\nblocks of ten acres, and the blocks into eight lots for\\nbuilding purposes. It was proposed to apportion each\\nfamily from forty to eighty, even one hundred and six-\\nty acres, adjoining the village. Northampton, in Mass-\\nachusetts, and several other New England towns and vil-\\nlages, had been settled in this manner. A feature of\\nmuch interest was the proposal to have the residence and\\nbusiness lots sold for the benefit of the colony s treasury,\\nthe capital so obtained to be appropriated for public im-\\nprovements, such as building a church, a town-hall, and\\na school -house, and establishing a public library. This\\nplan marked an important departure in town-making.\\nTown sites, as a rule, especially where the community\\npromises a rapid growth, are treated as opportunities for\\nprivate speculation. The boom comes, and everybody\\nprospers the boom goes, and a few schemers have man-\\naged to acquire nearly all the cash capital. Under the\\nnew plan, as the prospectus pointed out, the increased\\nvalue of real estate will be for the benefit of all the peo-\\nple. They would receive these benefits, too, in the best\\nform, as in the shape of permanent improvements essen-\\ntial to their social and intellectual well-being, and of\\ncapital available for industrial purposes.\\nOther advantages of settling in a village were pre-\\nsented as follows Easy access to schools and public\\nplaces, meetings, lectures, and the like. In planting, in\\nfruit-growing, and improving homes generally, the skill\\nand experience of a few will be common to all, and\\nmuch greater progress can be made than where each lives\\n82", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "THE GREELEY COLONY OF COLORADO\\nisolated. Refined society and all the advantages of an\\nold country will be secured in a few years while, on the\\ncontrary, where settlements are made by old methods\\npeople are obliged to wait twenty, forty, or more years.\\nThis prospectus was published in the New York Trib-\\nune of December 14, 1869, with a hearty editorial indorse-\\nment. Spite of radical departures in the matter of\\nprivate landholding and individual industry, the vital\\nspirit of Fourierism lived and breathed through the cau-\\ntious lines of the announcement. There was still the\\nhigh ideal of social and civic life, of industrial indepen-\\ndence, of a scheme of labor which should give to the la-\\nborer an equitable share of what he produced. There\\nwas still the plan of co-operation in achieving things for\\nthe common benefit. There was still the craving for a\\nsociety composed of sober, temperate, industrious people.\\nThe common household had been discarded for the family\\nhome and hearth-stone, but for the barbarism and isola-\\ntion of life on great farms there had been substituted the\\nassociation of homes in the village centre, with the best\\nsocial and intellectual opportunities. Behind the new\\nplan, as behind the old, stood the patient energy and faith\\nof Meeker and the glorious optimism of Greeley.\\nThe announcement had met with a prompt and en-\\nthusiastic response at the hands of several hundred peo-\\nple, who had organized the Union Colony of Colorado at\\na meeting held at the Cooper Institute in New York,\\nwhere Horace Greeley had presided. A committee had\\nselected twelve thousand acres of railroad and govern-\\nment land in the valley of the Cache la Poudre, twenty\\nmiles northwest of Denver, on the line of railway then\\nbuilding to Cheyenne. The pioneers of the colony were\\n83", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF APtlD AMERICA\\nthus able to begin settlement in the spring of 1870, and\\nto bring to the test of actual experience the social and\\nindustrial plans set forth in the prospectus. A party of\\neastern people, most of whom came from cities, they en-\\ntered cheerfully upon the task of adjusting a high ideal\\nto the untried conditions of a country which had previ-\\nously known only the Indian, the hunter, and the cow-\\nboy. Their experience for the next twenty years has a\\nlarger significance than merely local history, since the\\ncommunity is one of the landmarks in western life.\\nMr. Meeker having refused the use of his own name,\\nthe new town was christened Greeley, and this name\\nwas popularly applied to the colony also, in spite of its\\nincorporated title. The first severe test of the co-\\noperative principle, which had been relied upon for the\\nlarger enterprises, arose in connection with the building\\nof canals. There had been no misconception as to the\\nneed of irrigation, but it was supposed that the works\\ncould be quickly constructed and the new methods of\\nagriculture readily learned. The original estimate of\\ncost was twenty thousand dollars. The actual outlay be-\\nfore the works were completed reached four hundred\\nand twelve thousand, or more than twenty times the es-\\ntimate. For resources to meet this unexpected demand,\\nthe colony had only receipts from the sales of property\\nand the subscriptions and labor of its members. The re-\\nsult was not reached without serious dissensions and\\nsome desertions, but the works were built, and the commu-\\nnity survived with its co-operative principle intact. It is\\nnot to be believed that a private enterprise could have lived\\nthrough a similar experience with the same slender finan-\\ncial resources, for it was the public spirit and pride which\\n84", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "THE GREELEY COLONY OF COLORADO\\nsaved the day at this critical juncture. These increased\\nas difficulties multiplied, and rose with the tide of out-\\nside criticism and abuse. The process welded the people\\ntogether, and made them strong enough to meet success-\\nfully the obstacles which yet remained.\\nHaving provided water for their lands, the settlers pro-\\nceeded to create the irrigation industry of Colorado for\\nnothing worthy of the name existed on the scattered\\nranches of the sparsely settled Territory. The new-\\ncomers brought their intelligence to bear upon the prob-\\nlem of perfecting skilful methods of irrigation and culti-\\nvation, and of discovering the classes of crops best\\nadapted to the soil and climate. This work quickly led\\nthem to realize another disappointment of serious import.\\nThey had dreamed of orchards and vineyards, and of\\nhomes set in the midst of beautiful flowers and delicate\\nshrubbery. Experiment soon taught them that they had\\nbeen deceived about the character of tlie country. The\\nhopes which had been built upon the fruit industry failed\\nutterly, and the colonists were compelled to fall back\\nupon general farming. This involved somewhat larger\\nfarms, and rendered more difficult the realization of their\\nsocial plans. Very likely it saved them from the evils\\nof the single crop which has marred the prosperity of\\nmany agricultural districts. The diversified products of\\nthe soil yielded them a comfortable living. Since there\\nwas no hope of obtaining cash income from fruit, they\\nsought another surplus crop, and found it in the potato,\\nto wliich their soil proved to be peculiarly adapted. They\\nmade an exhaustive study of this culture, and at last pro-\\nduced in the Greeley potato one of the famous crops of\\nthe West. Its superiority readily commands the best place\\n85", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nin the market, and there have been years when the crop\\nhas returned a million dollars to the potato districts of\\nwhich the colony is the centre. The farmers invented a\\npool system which frequently enabled them to control\\nthe output, and so influence prices in their favor.\\nEvents proved that the colonists were gainers by reason\\nof the trials and disapiDointments which attended the\\nestablishment of their industrial life. Though the cost\\nof their canals had so far outrun their expectations, they\\nobtained their water supply much cheaper than did sub-\\nsequent communities who patronized private companies.\\nAt Greeley the cost of a water-right for eighty acres was\\nthree hundred and fifty dollars. This made the user a\\nproportionate owner of the works. ^Vhere canals were\\nIDrivate, settlers paid twelve hundred dollars for precisely\\nthe same amount of water, while the works remained the\\nproperty of a foreign corporation. The difference in the\\nprice of water under the two systems represented a very\\nhandsome dividend for those who had persisted in their\\nallegiance to the co-operative principle. In the same\\nway, the colonists profited from their struggle to realize\\nthe best agricultural methods. They won a reputation\\nfor their products which possessed actual commercial\\nvalue, and they became the teachers of irrigation, furnish-\\ning practical examples to students of the subject and\\ncontributing largely to its literature. These results must\\nbe credited to the fact that the community was organized,\\nand that the people acted with a common impulse.\\nPassing now from the industrial to the civic side of the\\ncolony life, we find that the high public spirit in which\\nthe community was conceived left its marks not less in-\\ndelibly. In the original pros23ectus Mr. Meeker had\\n86", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "THE GREELEY COLONY OF COLORADO\\nplainly stated, The persons with whom I would be will-\\ning to associate must be temperance men and ambitious\\nto establish good society. This was no sounding phrase,\\nfor the founder and his fellow-colonists wrote their prin-\\nciples into the title deeds which transferred farm and\\nvillage property from the company to individuals. These\\nprovided that if intoxicating liquor were ever manufact-\\nured or sold on the land, title should immediately revert\\nto the colony. The provision was enforced with splendid\\nintolerance. Those who were not in accord with its spirit\\nhad not been invited to come, nor were they made com-\\nfortable while they stayed. Their unbending attitude on\\nthis subject gave the men of Greeley the title of *^Puri-\\ntans, which was a unique distinction in the Far West,\\nin that day of cowboys and border rufiians. The prohi-\\nbition chiuse in the deeds was stoutly resisted by a small\\nminority, and went from court to court, until it was\\nfinally vindicated by the supreme tribunal at AVashington.\\nThe Greeley local sentiment has always upheld the princi-\\nple, and insisted that it was responsible for the admitted-\\nly high character of the community. Like several of the\\ncolony s plans, it has been extensively imitated.\\nThe government of the community was vested in exe-\\ncutive officers, but was actually ruled by public opinion.\\nThis found expression in numerous town meetings held\\nin Colony Hall, which was one of the earliest buildings\\nerected. Here all the public affairs were discussed Avitli\\nperfect frankness to the last detail, and no public officer\\nventured to stray far from the conclusions there pro-\\nnounced.\\nNot even the early hardships and disappointments\\nwere permitted to mar the social life of the colony. The\\n87", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\npeople made the most of the opportunities offered by the\\nassociation of homes in the village, and organized a\\nvariety of social and intellectual diversions. At an early\\nperiod an irreverent newspaper writer remarked: The\\ntown of Greeley is a delectable arena, for of the entire\\npopulation three-fourths are members of clubs that are\\neternally in session. Day may sink into night, flowers\\nmay bloom and fade, and the seasons roll round with the\\nyear, but Greeley clubs are unchangeable. In one of\\nthe letters by which Mr. Meeker kept the readers of the\\nXew York Tribune informed of the progress of the com-\\nmunity, he spoke of these overflowing meetings/* and\\nsaid In all our experience we have never seen such in-\\nstitutions so well sustained and if we wanted to show\\nstrangers the best that is to be seen of Greeley we wotild\\nhave them visit the Lyceum.\\nDavid Boyd, who was both a prominent actor in these\\nscenes and the historian of the colony, writes of the same\\nsubject, and throws a suggestive side-light on a notable\\ntrait of western life when he says: In coming to a\\ncountry which offered so many new questions for solution\\nand presented so many new aspects of life, the minds even of\\nthose past their prime experienced a sort of rejuvenation.\\nBeins: nearlv all strangers to one another, each was ambi-\\ntious to begin his new record as well as possible, and so\\nput the best foot foremost. Here is the explanation of\\nmuch of the superior energy which marks the life of new\\ncommunities, and here lies the hope of social progress\\nthrough colonization. The individuality all but obliter-\\nated in the great city springs anew and develops into\\nblossom and fruitage in the fresh soil of colonial life. In-\\nstitutions which would be quite impracticable in old and\\nSS", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE GREELEY COLOXY OF COLORADO\\ncrowded centres get a footing in new coantries, where\\nmen may exert untrammeled energies, and more freely\\nin that atmosphere of social equality which is certain to\\ncharacterize new communities and likely to endure while\\nthey continue small.\\nIn considering the net results of Greeley Colony, it is\\nimjx\u00c2\u00bbrtant to note first that it has been thoroughly suc-\\ncessful. In this respect it presents a striking contrast to\\nthe Foturier experiment, from which it may be said to\\nhave descended. Each man prospered according to his\\nmerit., and what the community undertook to do by\\nmeans of co-operation it accomplished. It cannot be said\\nthat the latter principle was applied extensively. The\\ncapital realized from the sale of property was so largely\\nabsorbed in the construction of canals as to leave little\\nsurplus for other industrial and commercial enterprises.\\nIf one-half of this capital had been available for stores,\\nbanks, and small industries, it is likely that much which\\nwas necessarily left to private initiative would have been\\nundertaken by the colony. In that case we should find\\nbroader lessons in co-operative effort than we do now. It\\nit is also important to note that the community owed its\\nprosperity to its high ideal and uncompromising public\\nspirit. There was here no common religious tie as in the\\nearly Xew England colonies no shadow of persecution\\nsuch as that which bound the Mormon pioneers together\\nin an indissoluble brotherhood. The nearest approach\\nto this influence was the prohibition sentiment, and this\\nformed but a small part of the original plan. These colo-\\nnists were earnest men and women who had srone forth\\nto make homes where they could combine industrial in-\\ndependence with S X^ial equality and intellectual oppor-\\nSt)", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ntunity. They were grimly determined to accomplish\\nwhat they had undertaken. This spirit, and this alone,\\nkept them from going to pieces during the first five years,\\nand laid the foundation for their permanent prosperity.\\nBoth Colorado and the arid West owe much to the ex-\\nample of Greeley. It lent an impulse to the develop-\\nment of their civic character, and made a deep and last-\\ning impression upon their agricultural industry. The\\ninfluence of the community on its immediate surround-\\nings is yet more plainly visible. Its success resulted in\\nlarge irrigation develop/nents and numerous settlements\\nin Colorado, Wyoming, and western Nebraska. A com-\\nmunity without a pauper or a millionaire, Greeley has\\nyet had a surplus both of men and of capital to con-\\ntribute to the making of new districts. The colony of\\nto-day is a well-built town of comfortable homes and\\nsubstantial business blocks, surrounded by well -culti-\\nvated farms connected by a comprehensive canal system,\\nwhich is the property of the land-owners. Although in\\nperiods of general business depression it has felt the\\nheavy hand of hard times, few communities in the world\\npossess a better assurance of a comfortable living in the\\nfuture, while none has better educational and social ad-\\nvantages.\\nHorace Greeley followed the colony s development\\nwith the closest interest, writing frequent letters of ad-\\nvice, and even finding time to pay a hurried visit. His\\nJast letter to Mr. Meeker, written six days before his\\ndeath, was as follows\\nFriend Meeker, I presume you have already drawn on me\\nfor the one thousand dollars to buy land. If you have not, please\\ndo so at once. I have not much money, and probably never shall\\n90", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE GREELEY COLONY OF COLORADO\\nhave, but I believe in Union Colony and you, and consider this a\\ngood investment for my children.\\nTo N. C. Meeker Mr. Greeley^ s death Avas, indeed, ca-\\nlamitous. Depriving him of necessary income from news-\\npaper sources, as well as of financial backing in the col-\\nony operations, it made it necessary for him to seek\\nemployment in the public service, and this was directly\\nresponsible for his death. He was massacred by the\\nIndians while serving as agent on the White River\\nreservation. *His work for the colony had been entirely\\nunselfish, and his name deserves high rank among the\\nfounders of western civilization.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "1\\nCHAPTER III\\nTHE EVOLUTIOJ^ OF SOUTHERN CALIFORKIA\\nThe most valuable lessons in all the romantic history\\nof California may be found in a trivial corner of the\\ngreat commonwealth. Upon a clear day the eye may\\nreadily scan its entire length from the San Timoteo\\nhills to the shining sea. Between its parallel mountain\\nranges the width of the district seems but two or three\\nmiles, though in reality it is from ten to twenty miles.\\nl2:norinc{ the nomenclature of local districts, this is the\\nSan Bernardino Valley. It is upon this narrow terri-\\ntory that to a great degree the fame of California climate\\nand productions rests. Here institutions have been\\ncreated in the last thirty years which are destined to ex-\\nert a powerful influence upon the future of the AVest.\\nWhat Holland was to the life of Europe in the four-\\nteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, southern Cal-\\nifornia is to the life of the Pacific coast at the end of the\\nnineteenth century. The industrial impulse which the\\nmen of the Netherlands caught from their conquest of the\\nsea, the men of the southern valleys caught from their con-\\nquest of the desert. Curbing the ocean and overflowing\\nrivers with their dikes, says one of the closest students of\\nDutch history, they came to love the soil, their own cre-\\nation, and to till it with patient, almost tender care. So\\n92", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\\nthey became the fathers of scientific farming in Europe.\\nThey wrought a marvellous revolution in the methods\\nof cultivating the soil. When Catherine of Aragon\\nwished for a salad she was compelled to send for it\\nacross the Ciiannel by a special messenger. The civ-\\nilization founded upon this wonderful agriculture main-\\ntained its high character through the whole range of\\ntheir economic life. The habits of skilful industry\\nwhich grew from the intensely cultivated soil conferred\\nthe same prosperity when adapted to the workshop and\\nthe store. The thread of co-operation spun from their\\ncommon labor on the dikes ran through the entire in-\\ndustrial fabric of the crowded little nation. The influ-\\nence of neighborly association involved in the conditions\\nof existence on farms of petty size colored and shaped\\ntheir social life. As it was in Holland, so it is in south-\\nern California.\\nThe men of the southern valleys made the small-farm\\nunit supreme. With marvellous patience and intelli-\\ngence they worked out the highest methods of watering\\nand tilling the soil known to the world. Tempering\\ntheir speculative instincts with love of home, they de-\\nveloped towns and surroundings of rare beauty and com-\\nfort, and made them centres of high social and intellect-\\nual life. To compare these conditions with those which\\nprevail in the great wheat- and cattle-ranches of the\\nNorth, where labor is mostly servile, and where beauty\\nhas never laid its hand upon the home or dooryard, is\\nlike comparing Holland to Paraguay. Although the\\nSouth has by no means escaped the evils of the single\\ncrop, it has vindicated irrigation and the small farm, and\\nthe extraordinary social possibilities inherent in both.\\n93", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nThese are the valnahle lessons which may be set against\\nthe failures and disappointments of the last two dec-\\nades.\\nIn the stormy and heroic days of the gold epoch, of the\\nBear Flag, of the American conquest, and of the vigi-\\nlance committees, southern California played a small\\npart. Its past is the dreamy memory of old mission\\ndays, of peaceful shepherds, of great haciendas, of a land\\ndominated by Spanish folk and speech. The land was a\\ndesert of sage-brush and cactus, in which a few scattered\\nmission gardens made charming oases. Along moist\\nriver-bottoms there were sometimes fields and gardens,\\nthough not of the highest type. On the uplands light\\ncrops of wheat and barley were occasionally harvested, if\\nspring rains happened to be fairly generous. But it was,\\napparently, a country which offered nothing to the\\nstranger save climate and scenery. To this barren place\\ncame irrigation and the Anglo-Saxon, bringing a new\\nera in their train.\\nThe evolution of Southern California may be studied\\nin the experience of two rejoresentative colonies. These\\nare Anaheim and Riverside. Both were undertaken by\\ncomparatively poor men, and made important contribu-\\ntions to the permanent prosperity of the district in which\\nthey settled. The success which they achieved and the\\nmethods by which they accomplished it colored and\\nshaped the larger institutions which grew from these\\npioneer plantings. Anaheim owes its historical impor-\\ntance to the fact that it was the mother colony, but it\\ngains added interest as an examjDle of the way in which\\na number of petty capitalists may combine their means\\nin large enterprises. It is useful, too, as showing the\\n94", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\\noutcome of the settlement of city workingmen on agri-\\ncultural lands. Riverside represents a higher degree of\\nsocial conditions, and is especially important and inter-\\nesting as an example of the influence exerted by an en-\\ntirely new element of population upon a country which\\nhad been neither developed nor appreciated by its natives\\nand early settlers. A brief glance at the beginnings of\\nthese two communities is essential to any just compre-\\nhension of the condition and tendencies of the southern\\nCalifornia of to-day.\\nAnaheim was projected forty years ago by a party of\\nGermans in San Francisco. They were all mechanics\\nand small tradesmen, and each was possessed of a modest\\namount of savings. It was proposed that this capital\\nshould be united in a common fund and used for the\\npurchase and improvement of a large tract of land. For\\nthis purpose a colony association was formed, the mem-\\nbers paying one hundred dollars each and agreeing to\\nmake further contributions in monthly instalments. A\\ncommittee was sent out to discover a good location and\\ncontract for its purchase. A body of land near the Santa\\nAna river, twenty-five miles southeast of Los Angeles,\\nwas chosen. A part of the colony was then detailed to\\nbuild an irrigation canal, divide the land into twenty-\\nacre farms, with a central village, and plant the whole\\ntract in orchards and vineyards. In the mean time the\\nmain body of the association remained in San Francisco,\\nearning money and sustaining the work in the field.\\nWhen the colony had thus been completely prepared for\\noccupancy, the settlers came with their families, build-\\ning their houses in the village and assigning the farms\\nto individuals by drawing lots. In order to make this di-\\n95", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nvision equitable, those who obtained the choicest property\\npaid a premium, which was divided among those to whom\\nthe poorer places had fallen. Most of the colonists devoted\\nthemselves exclusively to agriculture, but enough opened\\nsmall shops and worked at their trades as blacksmiths,\\ncarpenters, painters, shoemakers, and tailors, to meet\\nthe needs of the community. AVitli the division of the\\nland the association settled its accounts, and only the ir-\\nrigation canal remained public property. Co-operation\\nhad served an excellent purpose, however, in enabling\\nthe people to obtain their land at first cost, and to have\\nit improved skilfully and economically in advance of\\ntheir coming.\\nBeyond the hope of dwelling beneath their own roofg\\nand working for themselves, the founders of Anaheim\\nhad brought no special ideal to the southern valley.\\nThey were people of common tastes, well content with\\nsimple prosperity and comfort. The community was\\nthoroughly successful. It is also possible to record an\\nalmost uniform story of individual ease of life for the\\nsettlers. While a few became discouraged and sold out\\nto their neighbors, much the greater number remained\\nand became comfortably well off, while a few rose to\\nwealth. They had come to the colony from the employ-\\nments of city life, yet readily adapted themselves to the\\nwork of tilling the soil of their small farms. But the\\ntrue importance of Anaheim was seen in the impulse\\nwhich it gave to a new form of development in southern\\nCalifornia. It had been a region of great ranches,\\nwhere live-stock and grain held almost complete sway.\\nAnaheim pointed the way to the subdivision of large es-\\ntates and the intensive cnltivation of the soil with the\\n96", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\\naid of irrigation. This demonstration was destined to\\nwork a revolution in the character of the people and\\ncountry.\\nThe Riverside Colony, perhaps the most widely cele-\\nbrated of any of these communities, is a better example\\nof the colonial life of California. In a truer sense than\\nAnaheim, it is a product of irrigation, and it illustrates\\nmore fully than the mother colony the social possibili-\\nties inherent in this form of agriculture. Its history\\nreveals a curious struggle between the forces of co-op-\\neration and of private enterprise, in the course of which\\nboth lent much strength to the colony and exerted a\\nmarked influence upon its fortunes. Like most of the\\npioneer settlements. Riverside was the dream of com-\\nparatively poor men who sought, in the fresh o]3portuni-\\nties of a new country, better conditions for themselves\\nand their children. The enterprise originated with\\nJudge North, of Knoxville, Tennessee. Ilis prospectus\\nwas issued from that place in the spring of 1870, and\\nevoked a large response from many different States. In\\nthis prospectus the founder did not undertake to out-\\nline a social organization with any detail.\\n^^Appreciating the advantages of associative settle-\\nment, ran the circular, ^we aim to secure at least one\\nhundred good families who can invest one thousand\\ndollars each in the purchase of land; while at the same\\ntime we invite all good, industrious people to join us who\\ncan, by investing a smaller amount, contribute in any\\ndegree to the general prosperity. The advantage of\\nco-operative over individual settlement was rather for-\\ncibly expressed: ^Experience in the West has demon-\\nstrated that one hundred dollars invested in a colony\\nG 97", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nis worth one thonsand dollars invested in an isolated lo-\\ncality. That the projectors had formed a very decided\\nopinion as to the most favorable location is evident in\\nthe following: *MVe do not expect to buy as much land\\nfor the same money in southern California as we could\\nobtain in parts of Colorado or Wyoming; but we ex-\\npect it to be worth more in proportion to cost than any\\nother land we could purchase within the United States.\\nIt will cost something more to get to California than it\\nwould to reach the States this side of the mountains,\\nbut we are very confident that the superior advantages\\nof soil and climate will comj^ensate us many times over\\nfor this increased expense.\\nHis circular had attracted the attention of a few men\\nof considerable means^ and with these Judge North\\nset out for California to select the site of the under-\\ntaking. With the rare intuition which eastern men\\nhave frequently displayed in going to the West, the new-\\ncomers selected a location which seemed quite preposter-\\nous to the natives of the country. Planning the most\\nideal development which had thus far been attempted,\\nthey deliberately bought lands which had formerly been as-\\nsessed at a valuation of seventy-five cents an acre. These\\nlands then constituted a sheep pasture of inferior sort.\\nThey were similar to the stretch of desert which the\\ntranscontinental traveller sees in passing through Ari-\\nzona. After the winter rains they bore a short-lived\\ncrop of wild flowers, but during most of the year they\\noffered nothing more attractive than sage-brush and\\nmesquite. The Mexican who owned them had not suffi-\\ncient imagination to perceive how the new proprietors\\ncould realize a profit upon the modest sum of two dol-\\n98", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\\n]\u00c2\u00abirs and n, lialf an acre, for wliicli ho gladly sold them.\\nBut Jndgc North and liis friends had two well-defined\\nideas in their brains. One was irrigation; the other,\\noranges. To the natives the first seemed im^oracticable,\\nbecause of the expense and the other ridiculous, be-\\n(jause no one had ever raised oranges there upon a com-\\nmercial scale.\\nThe Santa Ana river rises in the Sierra Madre moun-\\ntains, drawing its volume from a multitude of springs\\nand canyon streams. It flows southwesterly for a dis-\\ntance of seventy miles, Avhere it empties into the ocean.\\nRiverside is about twenty miles from the source of the\\nstream, and lies on the bluffs along its eastern bank.\\nThe conditions did not present such oj^tportunities for\\ntlie cheap and easy diversion of the waters as the Mor-\\nmon pioneers found in Utah. In later years, as the de-\\nmand for irrigation grew constantly larger and more\\ninsistent, it became necessary to resort to the very high-\\nest type of works for the distribution of water, and even\\nthe earliest canal required a casli outlay of fifty thou-\\nsand dollars. Fortunately the capital was available, and\\nthus the work of development went forward without fal-\\ntering. The original canal was completed in the spring\\nof 1S71.\\nThe enterprise had resolved itself into a private stock\\ncompany, owning both the land and the water. The\\nland was now sold to the colonists for twenty-five dollars\\nan acre. This included the right to purchase a certain\\namount of water, for which there was an extra charge in\\nthe form of an annual rental. At the beginning this\\namounted to about one dollar an acre, but it rose with\\nthe demand for water, and the need of costly improve-\\n99\\nL. \u00e2\u0080\u00a2fc.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nments in the system, until it readied an annual charge\\nof ten dollars an acre.\\nIn the experience of Riverside we may see the com-\\nmercial romance of irrigation in its most striking form.\\nThe original sheep pasture, assessed at seventy-five cents\\nan acre, sold readily at twenty-five doHars an acre when\\nirrigation facilities had heen supplied. While this re-\\npresented a handsome profit to the original investors,\\nit was extremely moderate compared with the returns\\nAvhich the second purchasers realized. A few years\\nlater the unimproved lands sold for prices ranging from\\nthree hundred to five hundred dollars per acre. The\\nimproved orange orchards, which had been evolved from\\nthe sheep pasture, were valued, and actually sold, at\\none thousand to two thousand dollars per acre. There\\nhave been years when the best of them earned a profit of\\nfifty per cent, on the higher figure.\\nRiverside was destined to win its chief celebrity as the\\npioneer orange colony. Its founders had based their\\nfaith in the possibilities of this industry on what they\\nhad seen in the gardens of old missions.\\nThey did not hesitate to plant their lands largely with\\ncitrus fruits in the face of many predictions of disaster.\\nThe new culture prospered from the start, but made se-\\nvere demands upon the patience and intelligence of the\\nsettlers. Duriug the same years in which the Greeley\\ncolonists were working out, by means of experiment and\\npainful experience, the solution of agricultural problems\\nfor Colorado, the Riverside colonists were performing\\nprecisely the same service for southern California. The\\nskill and the enterprise which the one people applied to\\npotatoes, the other applied to oranges, with the same\\n100", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\\nhigh results. The Riverside colonists not only exhaust-\\ned their own sources of information on the subject of\\ncitrus culture, but induced the State Department at\\nWashington to make its consuls in semi-tropical coun-\\ntries their agents. In this way they were enabled to learn\\nall that foreign horticulturists knew about the business.\\nThey made constant progress in improving the standard\\nof their fruit, their most marked triumph in this direction\\nbeing the production of the Washington navel, or seedless,\\norange. Tlieir orchards represented all the choicest\\nvarieties, which were cultivated with the highest skill.\\nThe original colony tract of two thousand acres has been\\ngradually extended until it includes ten thousand. The\\nshipment of oranges has risen to over four thousand car\\nloads annually, realizing a million and a half of dollars.\\nThe projector of Riverside had framed his prospectus\\non the lines of co-operative effort. We have seen that\\nthe enterprise speedily became private and speculative in\\ncharacter. This result was mostly due to the necessity\\nof using large capital for the initial development, and to\\nthe fact that the colony included a group of individuals\\nwho possessed considerable means. Possibly the same\\nresult might have occurred in Utah if the Mormon pio-\\nneers had not enjoyed a fortunate equality in the matter\\nof poverty. In Utah there was no capital except labor\\nand brains, and these admitted of no other form of en-\\nterprise than pure co-operation.\\nThe speculative instinct which took possession of River-\\nside and ran a mad race through southern California, ac-\\ncomplished much good, as well as much evil. And in the\\nend the pioneer orange colony returned very closely to\\nthe original ideal of its founder. The principal irriga-\\n101", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ntion system became in time the property of the people,\\nand the water-rights were inseparably associated with the\\nland. The orange-growers also found it necessary to seek\\nrefuge from the rapacity of the commission system in the\\nadoption of co-operation for the sale of their product.\\nHence, in the two most vital features of their industry\\nthe watering of their lands and the handling of their\\ncrops Riverside is fully realizing to-day the hopes in\\nwhich it was originally conceived. On the side of its\\nsocial life it has never departed from its first ideal, and\\nit is in this aspect that it may be studied to the best ad-\\nvantage.\\nThe homes and avenues of this colony, which have\\nbeen evolved from an inferior sheei^ pasture in less than\\na generation, are among the most beautiful in the world.\\nIn considering their widely celebrated charms, it should\\nnever be forgotten that these are the homes and sur-\\nroundings of average people, and that they earn their\\nliving by tilling the soil. Making due allowance for cli-\\nmatic diiferences, there are equally beautiful residence\\ndistricts in the suburbs of great eastern cities but these\\nbelong to people who enjoy a degree of prosperity much\\nabove the average to the small minority who are rich,\\nor at least unusually well-to-do. They are not farmers,\\nbut business or professional men who have risen above\\nthe general level of society. At Riverside, on the other\\nhand, at least ninety per cent, of the total population\\nlive in homes which front on beautiful boulevards, pre-\\nsenting to the passer an almost unbroken view of well-\\nkept lawns, opulent flower-beds, and delicate shrubbery.\\nNewspaper carriers canter through these streets deliver-\\ning the local morning and evening dailies. Though this\\n103", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\\nis a farming population, the homes are so close together\\nthat the people enjoy the convenience of free postal de-\\nliverji They fill their bath-tubs with water piped\\nthrough the streets. They light their homes with elec-\\ntricity. In the centre of the colony they have fine stores,\\nchurches, hotels, and public halls. Their schools are of\\nthe highest standard, and are housed in buildings the\\nbeauty and convenience of which bespeak the good pub-\\nlic taste. A well-patonized institution is the club-house\\nand its reading-room. There is but a single saloon, and\\nit is considered decidedly disreputable to frequent it.\\nThe first result of the early colonies was to give a tre-\\nmendous impetus to the settlement and development\\nof southern California. The fruits of this new impulse\\nare seen in the scores of charming communities which\\nstretch eastward to the margin of the Colorado desert\\nand southward to the border of Mexico. Redlands, On-\\ntario, and Pomona are typical examples. The impres-\\nsive city of Los Angeles, which grows alike in good times\\nand in bad, is another product of the movement which\\ntraces back to the humble beginnings of these pioneer\\nsettlements established by a superior class of eastern\\nemigrants. High land values and costly irrigation works\\nhave naturally resulted. But these are only the super-\\nficial evidences of economic forces which lie deeper, and\\nwhich should be noted as the peculiar product of the\\ncolonial life of southern California.\\nThe germ of Riverside, and of the civilization which\\nit inaugurated in the San Bernardino Valley, is the small\\nfarm made possible by irrigation. This is alone respon-\\nsible for the character of industrial and social institu-\\ntions and of the people who sustain them. Where farms\\n103", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nare very small in Riverside they are from five to ten\\nacres in size they necessarily belong to the many. This\\nmeans a class of small landed proprietors at the base of\\nsociety. The condition is one which forbids the exist-\\nence of a mass of servile labor like that which lives npon\\ntlie cotton plantations of the South, and, to a greater or\\nless extent, npon large farms everywhere, including the\\ngreater part of California itself. On a small farm the\\nproprietary family does most of the work. Hence the\\nmain part of the population in such districts as Riverside\\nis independent and self-employing.\\nThe people of southern California are plainly moving\\nalong the line which leads to public ownership of public\\nutilities and co-operative management of commercial\\naffairs. But with them the movement is an economic\\ngrowth rather than a political agitation. It is the logi-\\ncal outcome of their environment and necessities. A\\ngreat body of producers and proprietors of the soil, they\\nformerly stood between private irrigation systems, sup-\\nplying the life-current of their fields, and private com-\\nmission houses, furnishing the only outlet for their prod-\\nucts. The condition was an intolerable one, since it made\\nthem utterly dependent upon agencies beyond their con-\\ntrol. These instrumentalities the people are rapidly\\ntaking into their own hands, and it is inconceivable that\\nthey can ever again pass into private control. It is prob-\\nable that California has seen almost the last of the at-\\ntempts to establish the policy of private ownership of irri-\\ngation works, the most vital of all public utilities in arid\\nregions. The system of co-operative fruit exchanges is\\ncarried forward by the same impulse. Already it handles\\nmore than half the enormous product. The producers\\n101\\nI", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA\\nhave their own packing-lionses, make cash advances to\\ntheir members, and send their agents to represent them\\nin distant markets.\\nIt is pleasant to note that beautiful homes and liigh\\naverage prosperity have not spoiled the democratic sim-\\nplicity of these comuumities. After the adjournment of\\nthe International Irrigation Congress at Los Angeles in\\n1893, its members enjoyed the hospitalities of many of\\nthe charming colonies in the neighborhood. In his re-\\nmarks at a banquet tendered the party by the people of\\nSanta Ana, Sefior de Ybarrola, the representative of\\nMexico, paid a handsome compliment to the ladies who\\nhad waited upon the table. Afterwards one of the dis-\\ntinguished representatives of France remarked his sur-\\nprise at hearing a public compliment to the servants.\\n^What! exclaimed Sefior de Ybarrola, did you\\nthink they were servants AYhy, those were the leading\\nladies of Santa Ana.\\nDo you mean to tell me, the French delegate de-\\nmanded, in amazement, that the leading ladies of Santa\\nAna put on aprons to serve strangers\\nCertainly, the Mexican replied for in this coun-\\ntry service is a title to respect.\\nThe incident illustrates at once the hospitality and the\\nequality which are characteristic of the social life of\\nsouthern California.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV\\nTHE REVOLUTIONT OlS THE PLAIN S\\nThe semi-arid portion of the Great Plains constitutes\\na distinct division of the irrigation empire. Its history\\nand its problems are peculiarly its own. During the last\\nhalf century it has lived through three stirring and ro-\\nmantic epochs and entered upon a fourth. This last is\\none of absorbing human interest, and will doubtless\\nshape the permanent civilization of the region.\\nWhen Francis Parkman and the Mormon pioneers tra-\\nversed the country, late in tliQ forties, it swarmed with\\nherds of buffalo and tribes of hostile Indians. It was the\\nera of savagery, broken only by the presence of a few\\nfrontier posts, which served as the occasional refuge of\\nadventurers and hunters.\\nAlmost miraculously the buffalo disappeared, and the\\nred men retreated before the white wave which over-\\nflowed the western bank of the Mississippi and began\\ngradually to people the eastern margin of the plains.\\nThen the savagery of the desert suddenly gave way to\\nthe semi-barbarism of an epoch of cattle-kings and cow-\\nboys.\\nJust as the Indian and the trapper had surrendered to\\nthe cowboy and his herds, so the latter in their turn re-\\nceded and largely disappeared before another element\\n106", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION ON THE PLAINS\\nwhich now swiftly arose in the life of the Great Plains.\\nThe third era of American colonization, noted in a pre-\\nvious chapter, was yet at the stage of flood-tide. New\\nrailroads were pushing their iron highways westward\\nacross the prairie. Such entre2)6ts as Chicago, St. Paul,\\nOmaha, and Kansas City were crowded with hopeful im-\\nmigrants whose appetite for government land had been\\nwhetted by the stories of prosperity with which the news-\\npapers teemed. Horace Greeley s famous injunction,\\nGo west, young man, still rang in the ears of am-\\nbitious youth and homeless middle-age. Land agents\\nurged on the multitudes with a zeal born of the com-\\nmissions on which it fed.\\nIn the enthusiasm of the hour no one gave heed to the\\nfew croakers who hinted that there was somewhere a\\nmysterious boundary-line beyond which all efforts at set-\\ntlement must be disastrous. There was a theory that\\nrainfall moved westward with population, and that the\\ncultivation of the land wrought changes in climatic con-\\nditions. Under these circumstances it was not strange\\nthat the home-seeking hosts crossed the unknown boun-\\ndary into the region of scant rainfall, and learned in hard-\\nship and bitterness the lessons which a more cautious and\\nfar-seeing government would have comprehended and\\ntaught to its children.\\nIn the absence of such scientific determination of the\\nconditions of the country, tens of thousands expended all\\ntheir money and the most precious years of their lives\\nin discovering what could not be done in the semi-arid\\nregion. The crushing and pathetic truth that nature\\nhad denied sufficient rainfall for the production of crops\\nin a region where a multitude of people had made their\\n107", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nhomes dawned slowly upon the public mind, and the con-\\nclusion v/as stubbornly resisted.\\nBetween the acknowledgment of this fact and the be-\\nginning of practical efforts looking to the use of irri-\\ngation, there was a brief but exciting intermediate stage\\nin which high hopes were built upon the possibility of\\nprecipitating rain by artificial means. An Australian\\ngenius suddenly appeared with a mysterious prescription\\nwarranted to assemble clouds in a clear sky and compel\\nthem to weep in the shape of copious showers. The end\\nof this undertaking Avas the failure of the experiment\\nand the suicide of the inventor. One of the railways dis-\\ncovered another wizard with another prescription, and\\nhauled his special car over the entire length of its line,\\npromising showers on regular schedule time* Even the\\nAgricultural Department at Washington expended several\\nthousand dollars in experiments in this direction. In\\nthis case, however, there was no mystery about the method\\nadopted. It was the use of powerful explosives to be\\ndischarged at a high elevation. As nobody denied that\\nheavy showers frequently followed great battles, and that\\nit generally rained on the night of the Fourth of July,\\nthere were high hopes for the success of this undertaking,\\nwhich occurred on an elaborate scale in Texas. Secre-\\ntary Rusk described the preparations in detail, and sum-\\nmarized the outcome in the sententious remark The\\nresult was a loud noise! The theory exploded with\\nthe dynamite and disappeared from the minds of men\\nwith the last reverberation on the Texas prairies.\\nThe mysterious line which divides the region of fairly\\nreliable rainfall from the land of sunshine has been dis-\\ncovered at last and generally accepted. This, as stated\\n108", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION ON THE PLAINS\\nbefore, is the ninety-seventh meridian west from Green-\\nwich. It divides the United States almost exactly into\\nhalves,, running through the middle of North Dakota,\\nSouth Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, -lud\\nTexas. The vast territory lying between this meridian\\nand the foothills of the Rockies, bounded on the north\\nby Canada and on the south by Mexico, is the semi -arid\\nregion of the Great Plains. Over all this vast district\\nthe tide of settlement had flowed and ebbed again, as we\\nhave seen. It now awaits the full development of the\\nfourth epoch in its eventful and romantic history. The\\ncharacter and extent of this development is governed by\\nthe nature of the water supply, which differs materially\\nin the several States.\\nThe utility of irrigation on the plains was revealed in\\na curious way. In Finney county, near the western bor-\\nder of Kansas, thousands of acres were planted to wheat\\nin the summer of 1878, and it seemed the sanest of proj-\\nects to build a grist-mill to grind the crop. This was\\nundertaken near the Arkansas river by enterprising\\nmerchants in the neighboring community of Garden\\nCity, but the new institution began and ended with a\\nmill-race. Before the building and machinery were re-\\nquired, the wheat had surrendered to dry air and hot\\nwinds. Not an acre of the crop was harvested. And\\nyet the blighted seed was destined to bear another and\\nfar more fateful crop and the forgotten mill-race on the\\nbanks of the Arkansas to grind a grist that would prove\\nhistoric.\\nA few settlers remained to rake amid the ashes of\\ntheir ruined hopes. Among them was a man who had\\nlearned the methods of irrigation while living in Cali-\\n109", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nforiiia and Colorado. It happened that his land ad-\\njoined the abandoned mill-race, and he readily obtained\\nthe right to turn the water upon a part of his farm.\\nThe result, though not surprising to the practised irri-\\ngator, was a revelation to his thoroughly disheartened\\nneighbors. The soil which produced nothing in the\\nprevious summer responded to the new method of culti-\\nvation with enormous crops of all varieties of products.\\nIn quality they surpassed anything previously grown in\\nthat region. As these facts became known a new hope\\narose, like a star in the night, against the dark back-\\nground of past discouragements. The Garden City\\nexperiment became the Mecca of students of irrigation\\nthroughout the wide region devastated by the drought.\\nThe ruined crop of the previous year and the useless\\nmill-race gave birth to an influence which in fifteen\\nyears has assumed far-reaching proportions.\\nKansas is the mother of irrigation on the plains. When\\nthe people heard of the miracle Avrought by the waters\\nof the abandoned mill-race their optimism instantly fore-\\ntold a better civilization than they had dreamed of.\\nIrrigation began here with canal-building in the valley\\nof the Arkansas river. For a time the work was prose-\\ncuted with remarkable vigor. As early as 1890 over\\nfour hundred miles of large canals had been built, at a\\ncost of nearly three million dollars. But the industry\\ncame suddenly face to face with an unexpected and\\nalmost fatal obstacle.\\nThe Arkansas river rises in the mountains of Colo-\\nrado and waters a broad and fertile valley before cross-\\ning the boundary into Kansas. In the upper State\\nenterprise was busy with the diversion of its waters.\\n110", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION ON THE PLAINS\\nIn tlie absence of any regulation of interstate streams\\nby national authority, the Colorado irrigators claimed,\\nthe right to take the last drop of water for their own\\ncanals. This they proceeded to do during the growing\\nseason, leaving the canals of western Kansas as dry as\\nits prairies. The investment of an English company in\\nextensive works costing more than a million dollars was\\npractically destroyed by this turn of affairs. There were\\nmany similar losses of less magnitude. It was at this\\nstage that the lamented humorist Bill Nye remarked\\nof some of the western rivers that they are a mile wide\\nand an inch thick they have a large circulation, but\\nvery little influence.\\nWhen the Kansas irrigators found themselves deprived\\nof their surface supplies they sought the underflow, and\\nin the process of finding and utilizing it developed an\\nentirely unique and very promising mode of irrigation.\\nThe new experiment was first made at Garden City,\\nwithin sight of the historic mill-race. It was found that\\nin the Arkansas Valley water could be obtained by shal-\\nlow wells ranging in depth from eight to twenty feet.\\nThis is raised by hundreds of wind-mills into hundreds\\nof small reservoirs constructed at the highest point of\\neach farm. The uniform eastward slope of the plains is\\nseven feet to the mile. The indefatigable Kansas wind\\nkeeps the mills in active operation, and the reservoirs\\nare always full of water, which is drawn off as it is re-\\nquired for purposes of irrigation. These small indi-\\nvidual pumping-plants have certain advantages over the\\ncanal systems which prevail elsewhere. The irrigator\\nhas no entangling alliances with companies or co-oper-\\native associations, and is able to manage the water supply\\n111", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nwithout deferring to the convenience of others, or yield-\\ning obedience to rules and regulations essential to the\\norderly administration of systems which supj^ly largo\\nnumbers of consumers. The original cost of such a\\nplant, exclusive of the farmer s own labor in construct-\\ning his reservoirs and ditches, is two hundred dollars,\\nand the plant suffices for ten acres. The farmer thus\\npays twenty dollars per acre (about double the average\\nprice paid to canal systems in this region) for a per-\\npetual guaranty of sufficient rain to produce bounti-\\nful crops but to this cost must be added two dollars per\\nacre as the annual price of maintaining the system.\\nFarming under these conditions is limited to small\\nareas, and intensive methods of cultivation become im-\\nperative. The result has been the evolution of a multi-\\ntude of five-, ten-, and twenty-acre farms, each sur-\\nrounded by its tall fringe of protecting cottonwoods,\\nwhich inclose grounds variously planted to orchard,\\nfield, and garden. Perhaps these methods present a\\ncloser parallel to European agriculture than anything\\nelse found in this country, while the numerous wind-\\nmills suggest comparison with Holland. Nowhere are\\nthere sharper contrasts than that which is presented by\\nthese green and fruitful farms, gleaming like islands of\\nverdure upon the brown bosom of the far-stretching\\nplains, which have been seared by the hot breath of rain-\\nless winds.\\nThe uses of the artificial reservoirs are not limited to\\nirrigation; they are usually stocked with fish, which\\nmultiply with surprising rapidity and enable the farmer\\nto include this item of home produce in his bill of fare\\nevery day in the year. These fish are very tame, and in\\n113", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "THE UEVOLLFTION ON TllK PLAINS\\nsome cases actually trained to respond to the ringin/:^\\nof the dinner-bell, coming in scurrying shoals to fight\\nfor crumbs of bread thrown upon the water. (This fish\\nstory is a true one.) The reservoirs also yield a profit-\\nable crop of ice in the winter. AVhen wo compare the\\nhardships and bitterness of this locality but a few years\\nsince with the comfort and abundance Avhicli the infin-\\nitely sm. iUer farms yield to day, we behold anew the civ-\\nilizing power of irrigation. The Starvation Belt has be-\\ncome a Land of Plenty.\\nThe centre and inspiration of these developments is\\nGarden City, capital of Finney county. What Greeley\\nwas to Colorado and liiverside to southern California,\\nthis little town has been to western Kansas. Perhaps\\nno other small jilace on the plains suffered a more vio-\\nlent attack of ^^boom^ than Garden City in the feverish\\ntimes of the last decade. Certainly none has held with\\nmore tenacity to its confidence in the final outcome of\\nthe country or contributed more to the early vindica-\\ntion of its faith.\\nIt is difficult to estimate the reasonable possibilities\\nof windmill irrigation in Kansas. There are enthusiasts\\nwho insist that the industry will be extended to nearly\\nevery acre, uplands as well as valleys. There are pessi-\\nmists who assert that the amount of land reclaimable by\\nsuch means is relatively very small. Of this subject the\\nconservative hydrographer of the United States Geo-\\nlogical Survey, Mr. Frederick Ilaynes Newell, speaks as\\nfollows\\n*^The existence of the subsurface waters of the river\\nvalleys of western Kansas has long been known. Like\\nevery other natural resource, its importance, at one time\\nn 113", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nlittle recognized, has been seized upon by the so-called\\n^boomers and exaggerated to the extent of creating\\ndistrnst and depreciation. It is, however, one of the\\nmost important of the natural advantages of the State,\\nand one upon which the foundations of prosperity must\\nbe carefully laid. By a thorough employment of the\\nunderground waters, with the best methods, much of\\nthe vacant land of the St. ite will be utilized for agricult-\\nure, and the remainder can become a source of revenue,\\nindirectly at least. Taking the Arkansas Valley as best\\nillustrating these conditions, the general statement may\\nbe made that water can be had everywhere within the\\nvalley at moderate depths, and in quantities such as to\\nbe inexhaustible to ordinary pumping machinery if prop-\\nerly installed.\\nReferring to the very much larger territory lying out-\\nside of the river valleys, the same authority says:\\nIn the 2^ortions of western and central Kansas where\\nwells cannot be obtained at moderate depth, it will prob-\\nably be practicable to store considerable volumes of water\\nby closing the outlets of natural depressions. Favorable\\nlocalities, although somewhat rare, can be found in nearly\\nevery county, and by the proper construction of substan-\\ntial earth-dams considerable volumes of water can be\\nheld for nso upon the lower lands. In one instance at\\nleast water thus stored has been pumped for use upon\\nan orchard, and the success attained in this way should\\ninduce others to try similar devices.^\\nThe drought of 1890 made Nebraska one of the im-\\nportant irrigation States of the West. Canals had been\\nbuilt on the North Platte river near* the Wyoming\\nboundary, several years earlier, but the irrigation indus-\\n114", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION ON THE PLAINS\\ntry had won no general recognition. Thousands of\\nfarmers were persisting in the delusive hope of rainfall\\nfarming, and public sentiment was distinctly opposed to\\nthose who sought to include Nebraska in the arid re-\\ngion.\\nAll this was changed by the events of 1800. In that\\nyear crops were ruined by dry weather and hot winds\\nthroughout a large part of the State, and the people in\\nthe western counties generally acknowledged tliat it was\\nuseless to longer persist in the effort to cultivate the\\nsoil without artificial moisture. Strangely enough, they\\nseemed to draw a new inspiration from their blighted\\nfields. Irrigation conventions were held at many county\\nseats. The study of water resources, of methods and\\nlaws essential to tlicir utilization, became earnest and\\ngene]*al. The popular agitation rapidly crystallized into\\na permanent and organized movement which has gath-\\nered strength with each passing year. Comprehensive\\nlaws were enacted by the legislature and the ofhce of\\nState Engineer created. Meanwhile, large amounts of\\nprivate capital were invested, many canals constructed,\\nand the despised western counties began to rise in pub-\\nlic esteem.\\nIt is now clearly apparent that the very lands which\\nrefused to yield a return for the industry of tlie first set-\\ntlers will sustain the densest population in the future\\nand give the most absolute assurance of permanent pros-\\nperity. Already the time has come when a State irriga-\\ntion fair can be held in western Nebraska and make a\\nstriking exhibition of results, and when a commonwealth\\nwhich ten years ago resented as a libel the intimation\\nthat its rainfall was deficient, can proudly claim to rank\\nlir,", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\namong the greatest of irrigation States. The transforma-\\ntion which has occurred in public opinion is no less\\nstriking than that of the agricultural industry itself.\\nThe State is more fortunate than some of its neighbors\\nin the character and extent of its water supplies. Over\\nits western boundary the North Platte pours a perennial\\nstream of considerable volume, which feeds a number of\\nlarge canals. The surface flow of the South Platte\\nis mostly absorbed in Colorado, but when the two forks\\nare united in Lincoln county they make a river of re-\\nspectable proportions, which flows through the heart of\\ntlie State and furnishes water both from its surface flow\\nand from its gravel bed. The Loup river further increases\\nthe irrigation facilities in the central counties. In the\\nsouthwestern part of the State the Republican and its\\ntributaries supply a number of quite extensive irrigation\\nsystems. Along the northwestern boundary the Niobra-\\nra, a noble stream, is beginning to be utilized.\\nThe conformation of the land in western Nebraska\\nalso offers more favorable oi)portunities for the storage\\nof flood waters than are found in most of the prairie\\nStates. The possibility of irrigation from wells by means\\nof pumps driven by windmills and by steam and gaso-\\nline engines, are also being thoroughly tested, with hope-\\nful results. The experts of the Geological Survey report\\nthat even away from the river valleys, where the depth\\nto water is considerable, small farms can be irrigated by\\nthis means at most points. This conservative authority es-\\ntimates that fully one million and a half of acres can be\\nirrigated in western Nebraska. Local enthusiasts put\\nthe amount very much higher, but even the former fig-\\nure represents a reclaimed area three times greater than\\n116", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION ON THE PLAINS\\nthat on which the wonderful agricultural industry of\\nUtah has been developed.\\nThe Dakotas are comparatively well watered by surface\\nstreams, but they flow in deep channels, and the uniform\\nslope of the land to the eastward is only about one foot\\nto the mile. Under these conditions it is not practicable\\nto divert the flow by gravity canals, though it is some-\\ntimes done with the aid of pumping machinery. But\\nthe Dakotas rejoice in the possession of great artesian\\nbasins and of some of the largest flowing wells in the\\nworld. Many of them are one thousand feet in depth,\\nand some of them furnish the remarkable flow of four\\nthousand gallons per minute. Over sixteen hundred\\nartesian wells were reported in these two States as early\\nas 1891, and the number has constantly increased. The\\nirrigation sentiment has been well organized and has re-\\nsulted in the provision of progressive legislation.\\nTexas was also a severe sufferer from drought through-\\nout the western part of its vast territory. The greater\\nportion of it is well watered by rivers, by large perennial\\nsprings, and by artesian wells second only to those of\\nDakota. Here the people have also responded witli high\\npublic spirit to the appeals of the irrigation champions,\\nand the new era in the industrial life of the State is well\\nunder way.\\nThe actual amount of land that may be reclaimed and\\ncultivated in the semi-arid region furnishes no measure\\nof the value of irrigation to tliis vast district. By en-\\nabling thousands to engage in farming, irrigation has\\nmade it possible to use the surrounding plains as the^\\npasture for great numbers of beef cattle. In many in-\\nstances small herds are owned by the farmers themselves,\\n117", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nbut to a large extent their crops are bought by those\\nwhose sole business is cattle-raising. Thus all the re-\\nsources of the region are brought into use, and a Avonder-\\nful prosperity has followed as the logical result.\\nFrom Canada to Mexico the revolution on the Great\\nPlains is now in full tide. It is the most dramatic page\\nin the history of American irrigation. It has saved an\\nenormous district from lapsing into a condition of semi-\\nbarbarism. It has not only made human life secure, but\\nrevolutionized the industrial and social economy of the\\nlocality.\\nTo a considerable extent it has replaced the quarter-\\nsection with the small farm and the single crop with\\ndiversified cultivation. It has transformed the specu-\\nlative instincts of the people into a spirit of sober in-\\ndustrialism. It has raised the standard of living and\\nimproved the character of homes. It has planted the\\nrose-bush and the pansies where only the sunflower cast\\nits shadows, and it has twined the ivy and the honeysuckle\\nover doors which formerly knew not the touch of beauty.\\nIt has made neighbors and society where once there were\\nloneliness and heart-hunger. It has broken the chains\\nof hopeless mortgages and crowned industry with inde-\\npendence.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "Ipatt ^b(r\\nUNDEVELOPED AMERICA\\nMighty as has been our past, our resources have just been touched\\nupon, and there is wealth beyond the Mississippi which, in the not\\ndistant future, will astonish even the dwellers on the shores of Lake\\nMichigan.\\nFrom the time my eyes first rested on the great uncultivated\\nplains which lie between the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean, my\\nwakening dreams have been filled with visions of the incalculable\\nwealth which the touch of living water will bring to life from those\\nvoiceless deserts. There wealth only can produce wealth, and man,\\nsingly and alone, might as well try to subdue the Himalayas as to\\ncope with these wastes but the hand of united and associated man\\nis already reaching forth to grasp the great results.\\nThe same power which wastes millions on the Mississippi can\\nbe utilized to make the desert blossom with the liomes of men, for\\nwhom and for all of us the now blighted soil will bring forth the\\nfruits of the Garden of Eden. Hon. Thomas B. Reed, in a\\nspeech at Pittsburg, 1894.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I\\nTHE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nCalifornia is widely celebrated, but little known. Its\\nunique climate and productions, and the dramatic inci-\\ndents of its early history, have been deeply impressed\\nupon the poj^ular imagination wherever the name of the\\nRepublic is spoken. These circumstances have given it\\nrank among the most famous of American States yet its\\nproblems and its future are inscrutable enigmas to all\\nwho have not studied the subject at close range, and to\\nmany who have. The anomaly that one of the States\\nmost talked of should be one of the least understood is\\nnot difficult to explain.\\nIn the first place, California is known not by what\\nmillions of people have seen, but by what millions have\\nread. Europe is better known by contact to Americans\\nthan California. A prominent American orator recently\\ndiscovered California, and filled the newspapers with\\nthe interesting and suggestive impressions it had made\\nupon his mind. He had been to Europe twenty times, and\\nto the Pacific coast once, which is once of tener than many\\nother distinguished travellers of the eastern seaboard.\\nStill further, the Anglo-Saxon race is dealing with new\\nconditions in California. Coming from dense forests,\\nfrom a land of heavy rainfall, and from a temperate\\n121", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nclimate where winters are long and stern, it settled in\\ntreeless deserts, in a land of slight and peculiar rainfall,\\nand under a sky that never knows the winter.\\nFinally, California is in its infancy, having recently\\ncelebrated its forty-sixth birthday as an American com-\\nmonwealth. Born in a paroxysm of speculation one of\\nthe wildest the world has seen it has outlived a trying\\nexperience of lesser economic epilepsy, and come to the\\nthreshold of its true career strengthened and purified by\\nthe extraordinary process. In less than half a century\\nseveral far-reaching changes have swept through the in-\\ndustrial and social life of the State, swiftly altering the\\nconditions of labor and of business. Even for those\\nliving in the midst of these events it has been difficult\\nto read their significance and estimate their influence on\\nthe ultimate character of the place and people.\\nWhat wonder, then, that to the outside world Cali-\\nfornia has meantime appeared like a jumble of gold,\\npalms, and oranges, of gilded millionaires and hopeless\\npaupers, of enviable farmers living luxuriously on small\\nsections of paradise, and of servile alien laborers herded\\nin stifling tenements Such are the conflicting aspects\\nof the Golden State to those who view it from afar. What\\nare the facts\\nThe literature of California is prolific. Perhaps no\\nother locality in the United States has been so often writ-\\nten about. In dealing with a place which presents so\\nmany strange and fascinating features it is easy for praise\\nto become extravagance. This is now so well understood\\nthat it is commonly thought that the words Cali-\\nfornian and veracity are seldom synonymous. But\\nthe truth is that visitors from abroad have contributed\\n123", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nratlier more than Calif oruians themselves to the popular\\nimpression of the State and its wonders. It is the fleet-\\ning tourist rather than the permanent resident who be-\\ncomes the more reckless partisan of the charming climate,\\nthe majestic scenery, and the vast resources which, to\\nhis exhilarated imagination, seem certain to burst into\\ntheir full potentiality in the immediate future.\\nWithout doubt, the most influential books ever written\\nabout California were those of Mr. Charles Nordhoff.\\nHis California: for Health, Pleasure, and Residence\\n(1873), and Nortliern California (1874), had a great\\nvogue at the time of their publication, and for many years\\nafter. They are as fresh and readable to-day as when\\nwritten, and it is easy to understand why they should\\nhave exercised so powerful an influence in making public\\nopinion. Mr. Nordhoff should not be confounded with\\nthe superficial enthusiasts who study the country only\\nfrom car-windows and the verandas of luxurious hotels.\\nAddressing his books to travellers and settlers, he evi-\\ndently realized the grave responsibility of the undertak-\\ning, and made a conscientious effort to describe the\\nsituation faithfully and conservatively. To keen observa-\\ntion, and a clear, vivid, descriptive style, he added a\\nshrewd common-sense, which enabled him to divine, with\\nstriking accuracy, several important economic facts\\nwhich the residents themselves overlooked or ignored.\\nHe went thoroughly over and into the country, accepting\\nno facts at second-hand which it was possible for him to\\nverify by personal investigation.\\nNevertheless, he wrote as a tourist-correspondent, and\\nis first among those of that class who have given Cali-\\nfornia the place it holds in the popular imagination.\\n123", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nLooking back now to his studies and the deductions he\\ndrew from them, it is interesting to note how conditions\\nhave changed in twenty-five years, and to what extent\\nhis words of advice require revision before they can be\\noffered to the settler of to-day.\\nWhen Mr. Nordhoff wrote his books cattle and cattle-\\nmen were just beginning sullenly to recede before the\\nrising tide of agriculturists in the great San Joaquin\\nValley. He correctly foretold the first effects of the in-\\ndustrial revolution that would follow, predicting that the\\nrailroad and the public lands, and, later, the old Spanish\\ngrants, would be divided among farmers that the cattle\\nwould be compelled to seek the mountains for free range,\\nand would come into the valleys only to be fattened upon\\nalfalfa and other crops. But he foresaw only the first\\neffects of these changes, and the farmer who should pro-\\nceed upon his advice to-day would certainly fail to j)rosper.\\nMr. Nordhoff championed the cause of the small far-\\nmer against the great landowner, but his idea of a small\\nfarmer is widely different from the present significance of\\nthe term. He saw in the San Joaquin cheap farms for\\nmillions. These were to be acquired, either from the\\nrailroad or the government, in tracts ranging from one\\nhundred and sixty to six hundred and forty acres. This\\nwas what he meant by small farms, and they were\\nsmall, indeed, compared with the great ranches of thou-\\nsands or tens of thousands of acres. But they were\\nstill of quite imperial dimensions compared with the\\nunit of ten, twenty, or thirty acres which is now consid-\\nered amply sufficient for the settler s needs.\\nWhile Mr. Nordhoff recognized the advantage of irri-\\ngation, he did not appreciate its actual importance, nor\\n124", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\ndid ho realize how largely it would increase the cost of\\nland and how seriously it would influence the entire\\neconomic character of the country. He held out the\\nhope of a prosperous living for families of small means\\nwho should settle upon farms of one hundred and sixty\\nacres and upwards in the San Joaquin Valley, and de-\\npend chiefly upon crops that could be grown without\\nirrigation. If ^Hhe millions had accepted this advice\\nin the past, or should do so to-day, nothing but disaster\\ncould result. Except in a few localities, prosperous\\nagriculture in the San Joaquin Valley without irriga-\\ntion is impossible. The character of the country is such\\nthat large and costly canal systems are required to bring\\nany considerable portion of it under water. When these\\nwere built it was no longer possible to acquire cheap\\nland, and the size of the practicable farm unit had been\\nreduced to about one-tenth of the amount Mr. Nord-\\nhofi advised. These developments changed the situa-\\ntion completely.\\nThe enthusiastic author was by no means blind to the\\npossibilities of horticulture, nor did he fail to foresee\\nthat when this had been established it could be success-\\nfully pursued on much smaller areas. But here also his\\nadvice is now quite obsolete, and must be revised before\\nit can again be offered to the public. He left the im-\\npression that oranges could be grown throughout south-\\nern California and the San Joaquin Valley. Later ex-\\nperience has eliminated the dream of orange orchards\\nfrom a vast portion of these localities, but has demon-\\nstrated that the industry is practicable in some places\\nwhere it was formerly supposed to be out of the ques-\\ntion. While tlic orange- tree will grow and generally\\n125", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nbear fruit throughout the lower valleys, the area in\\nwhich it can successfully be cultivated for commercial\\npurposes is rather severely restricted. To grow a few\\norange-trees within the shelter of the house, and to pro-\\nduce sufficient fruit for home purposes, is one thing\\nto grow thousands of acres of oranges fit for the market,\\nand thus develop a genuine citrus district, is entirely\\ndifferent. There is a well-recognized thermal belt in\\nthe foothills of the Sierras, bordering the San Joaquin\\nand Sacramento valleys, but the conditions of the coun-\\ntry as a whole, with reference to this subject, have\\nturned out to be very different from what they were\\nsupposed to be when Mr. Nordhoff wrote his books. In\\nsouthern California his predictions in regard to orange\\nculture have been largely realized, but even there it has\\nbeen discovered that the field is limited.\\nThe author was not unnaturally led into the error\\nof saying that the seasons are a little later in the\\nNorth than in the South. The contrary is the case,\\nstrange as it may seem, for it is the northern fruit dis-\\ntricts which send the earliest products to market. This\\nis true of both deciduous and citrus fruits. In the case\\nof the latter the difference is very striking, as the\\nnorthern oranges are ready for the Thanksgiving mar-\\nket, while comparatively little of the southern crop is\\navailable for Christmas purposes. Both the raisin and\\nthe prune industries were beginning to assume import-\\nance in 1873. Mr. Nordhoff quoted raisins at two dol-\\nlars per box of twenty-five pounds, and added I judge\\nfrom the testimony of different persons that at seven\\ncents per pound raisins will pay the farmer very well.\\nTo-day theyare quite content to obtain three cents. lie\\n126", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nquoted prunes as bringing from twenty to twenty-two\\ncents at wholesale at San Francisco, and even as high as\\nthirty cents for best quality/ Prunes now bring from\\nthree to eight cents, and pay well at four and a half.\\nFigs were then selling at from five to ten cents per pound,\\nand the author thought they would be very profitable.\\nThe result has proved that while figs boar most prolific\\ncrops they arc not profitable, as Californians have not\\nyet been able to cure and pack them successfully. There\\nare exceptions to the rule, but this is true as a general\\nstatement, and the fig is not a profitable article of com-\\nmerce in California. In much the same way tobacco-\\nculture failed and disappointed the liopes which had\\nbeen built upon that industry.\\nThese are instances of many particulars in which even\\nthe most painstaking of works on California require re-\\nvision in the light of experience. So, too, the public\\nopinion which they helped to make must be revised.\\nMr. Nordhoif described California as it looked and as\\nit seemed to promise in 1873. While his methods were\\nconscientious, his tone was one of intense enthusiasm.\\nHis vision extended as far as any one s could do at that\\ntime. The fact is that at that stage of its history Cali-\\nfornia had not begun to develoj) its real and enduring\\neconomic traits as it has done during the past few years.\\nIt had recently emerged from an era of wild speculation.\\nIt stood upon the verge of another, in which railroads\\nand agriculture, rather than gold, were to be the prin-\\ncipal factors. It is from the calm sea-level of these quiet\\ndays that the State may best take its bearings. Thus the\\ntime is ripe for a new study of what in many respects is\\nthe most wonderful of American States.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2127", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nThe great farmer of California is the successor of the\\ngold-hunter. Both were speculators of the thoroughbred\\ntype both looked with contempt upon the matter of\\nmaking a living, and dreamed only of making a fortune.\\nOf homes and institutions they were neither architects\\nnor builders, for they sought only to take the wealth\\nfrom the soil and spend it elsewhere. The miner leaves\\nnothing to commemorate the place where he gathered\\ngold save crumbling hovels and empty tin cans. The\\nfive -thousand -acre wheat -farmer leaves no monument\\nbeyond fields of repulsive stubble and the shanties of\\nhis hoboes. These social forces belong to barbarism\\nrather than to civilization.\\nMr. Nordhoff clearly perceived these things, and not\\nonly urged the importance of smaller farms, but that\\nfarmers should be encouraged to diversify their products\\nand become independent on their own places. But the\\nconditions were yet too favorable for speculation. Wheat\\ncommanded more than one dollar per bushel. Of the\\nnew products, such as raisins, prunes, and oranges, the\\noutput was slight, and the prices consequently high.\\nThe result was inevitable. The owners of large farms\\nsought to buy more land and increase the scale of their\\noperations. The new settlers acquired as much land as\\nthey could, while the growing class of horticulturists plant-\\ned their property exclusively to the few kinds of trees or\\nvines which seemed most profitable at that time. Writing\\nof this subject Mr. T. S. Van Dyke says ^^Tlie general\\nprinciple upon which all farming was done, from the high-\\nest to the lowest, was very nearly this Do nothing your-\\nsell: that you can hire any one else to do, make no machin-\\nery at home, and raise nothing to eat that you can buy.\\n128", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nThe rise of horticulture brought no material change\\nin these conditions. As with^ the miner and wheat-\\nfarmer, so with the fruit-grower the aim was to get rich\\nquickly, and the method speculation. Certain districts\\nwere devoted exclusively to prunes, others to wine grapes,\\nothers to raisins, and yet others to oranges. Fruit-land\\nrose to almost fabulous prices, and was readily bought\\nby those who had been taught to believe that they could\\nre.dize profits ranging from one hundred to one thousand\\ndollars per acre for certain crops. Exceptional instances\\njustified this prediction, and everybody seemed to prefer\\nto found expectations upon these instances rather than\\nupon average returns. It is not difficult to understand\\nwhy a man who counts upon an income of five to ten\\nthousand dollars from ten acres, or double that amount\\nfrom twenty acres, should turn his back upon common\\nthings, and devote his land exclusively to the crops\\nwhich promise such gilded profits.\\nThis was the general policy, and it conferred great\\nprosperity upon some classes, particularly the Chinese\\nand Italian market-gardeners, who raised food for the\\ngentlemen-farmers to eat. There were years, however,\\nwhen the fruit of trees and vines brought very large re-\\nturns. Wherever the policy of single crops is pursued,\\nwhether it be wheat, corn, or cotton, raisins, prunes, or\\noranges, there are occasional years of well-nigh riotous\\nprosperity. But such years are frequently more disas-\\ntrous in their results than sober periods of depressiou.\\nThey feed the flame of speculation and raise false indus-\\ntrial ideals. Under the spell of such times, the people\\ndepart still further from the safe path of self-sufficient\\nagriculture, buying more land to devote to the favorite\\nI 129", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ncrop, expanding their living expenses, and running into\\ndebt. Wiien this spirit becomes the breath of industry\\nno human laws can avert disaster.\\nA true industrial system is like a noble river fed by\\neternal snows: it never floods its banks with an exces-\\nsive flow, and never sinks below its normal stage. It\\nebbs and flows with the regular tides of the great com-\\nmercial ocean to which it is tributary, but alike at high\\nwater and at low, it bears the ships of men upon its tran-\\nquil bosom.\\nAfter a very intimate acquaintance with California\\nhorticulture, and with the army of producers who have\\nengaged in it, Mr. Edward F. Adams, formerly mana-\\nger of the State Fruit Exchange, wrote as follows\\nUnless certain reforms in the trade can be effected,\\nthere is danger that a large portion of the capital will be\\nlost. The mortgage indebtedness is very serious the\\ngeneral depression in values has temporarily wiped out\\nthe equities of the nominal owners and while a partial\\nrecovery is doubtless to be expected in due time, it is\\nnot believed by the best informed that under present\\nconditions of marketing, our orchards and vineyards\\ncan continue to maintain those who occupy them in their\\npresent standard of comfort. We are endeavoring by a\\ngeneral popular movement to remove the evils which op-\\npress us.\\nNotwithstanding such warnings as this, and the sore\\nexperience on which they are based, there are real-estate\\ninterests which still advertise the fabulous profits of\\nCalifornia fruit-culture, and there are many who believe\\nthem and proceed to organize their farms in the old\\nway.\\n130", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nThe evolutionary process of the last twenty years has\\nwrought out some very valuable lessons for the future of\\nCalifornia. It has demonstrated that irrigation is es-\\nsential to the highest standard of civilization. The cen-\\nsus of 1890 revealed the fact that two-thirds of the gain\\nin rural population stood to the credit of eight counties\\nwliere irrigation prevailed. The counties which rely\\nupon rainfall had about reached a stand-still or scored a\\nloss. The people have always been divided on the ques-\\ntion as to whether irrigation is necessary. Those who\\noppose urge that it breeds mahiria and injures the qual-\\nity of the fruit. Those who favor insist that it is essen-\\ntial to the most scientific agriculture, and to the main-\\ntenance of dense population. The last twenty years\\nhave answered the question forever. The answer con-\\nsists of a comparison between the South and the North.\\nThe one was born of the irrigation canal tlie other of\\nthe mining-camp and the wheat-ranch. The one is char-\\nacterized by a high civilization the other by a low one.\\nWith a population estimated by Governor Budd, in\\n1896, at less than one million and a quarter, California\\nhas a territory nearly as large as that of France. It is\\ninferior to France neither in climate, soil, natural re-\\nsources, nor sea-coast, and its capacity for sustaining a\\ndense population is fully as great as that of the Eu-\\nropean republic. The latter supports more than thirty-\\neight millions. If, then, the comparatively few inhabi-\\ntants of the California of to day are not equally\\nprosperous, it is because they have failed to make the\\nbest use of their opportunities. With the same rate of\\nincrease in the next century as in that of the immediate\\npast, the United States will contain in 1996 a total pop-\\n131", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nulation of over five hundred and eighty millions. Noth-\\ning is more certain than that California must receive its\\nfull share of these future millions. It seems hardly less\\ncertain that they will realize there the highest destiny\\nof the race. But how?\\nNotwithstanding the supreme attractions of its rural\\nlife, more than seventy-seven per cent, of California s\\ntotal increase in the last decade covered by the national\\ncensus settled in towns and cities. As a result, the ur-\\nban life of this far, new State is as badly congested as\\nthat of the old communities of the East. But the pos-\\nsibilities of agriculture, of manufacture, and of mining\\nare relatively untouched. Ultimate California remains\\nto be fashioned from these undeveloped materials. The\\ntendencies of future growth are revealed by the teaching\\nof the past, and not less by its failures than by its suc-\\ncesses not less by the fury of old speculations than by\\nthe calm current of these saner times.\\nThe future tides of population in the Golden State\\nmust first spend their energy upon the soil. It is the\\ncreation of a new and ampler civilization that is involved,\\nand agriculture must be its foundation. But if those\\nnow engaged in cultivating the soil can scarcely main-\\ntain themselves, what hope is there for new recruits in\\nthe industry? The question is natural, but the answer\\nis conclusive. There is no hope for them if they engage\\nin speculation, but there is an absolute guaranty of a\\nliving and a competence, to be enjoyed under the most\\nsatisfying and ennobling social conditions, if they work\\nupon sound industrial lines. These lines are clearly dis-\\nclosed by the light of past experience.\\nThree classes of products should enter into the cal-\\n132", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\ndilations of the new settler in California the things he\\nconsumes the things California now imports from east-\\nern States and foreign countries the things which east-\\nern communities consume, but can never hope to pro-\\nduce, and of which California possesses virtually a\\nmonopoly. In the first list is almost everything which\\nwould appear in an elaborate dinner menu, from the\\ncourse of olives to the course of oranges, nuts, and\\nraisins, and excluding only the coffee. This policy of\\nself-sustenance has been ignored to a startling degree in\\nthe mad struggle for riches, but the coming millions of\\nfarmers can be sure of a luxurious living only by stoop-\\ning to collect it from the soil.\\nIn the second list are many of the commonest articles\\nof consumption, which California might readily produce\\nat home, but for which it sends millions of dollars\\nabroad each year. The imports of pork and its products\\nrange as high as eight or ten millions each year. Con-\\ndensed milk is not only a very important article of con-\\nsumption in mining camps and great ranches, but is\\nlargely shipped abroad for the Asiatic trade. It is\\nbrought across the continent from New Jersey. Cali-\\nfornia also sends beyond its borders from twenty to\\ntwenty-five millions annually for the item of sugar, which\\nshould not only be produced in sufficient quantities to\\nsupply consumption, but for export as well. It is a\\ncurious fact that many of the finest fruit preserves sold\\nin San Francisco bear French and Italian labels, and\\nthat the supply of canned sweet corn comes mostly from\\nMaine. Essential oils made from the peelings of citrus\\nfruits are also imported. It is not uncommon to find\\norange marmalade which has been prepared in Rochester,\\n133", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nNew York, the oranges having been shipped eastward,\\nand the manufactured product westward, at the cost of\\ntwo transcontinental freiglits. Imports are by no means\\nconfined to things which require capital and machinery\\nfor their manufacture. Chickens, turkeys, and eggs are\\nlargely brought from outside. A single commission-\\nhouse in San Francisco imports five hundred thousand\\nchickens every year. Thus a good many thousands of\\nthe new settlers can profitably be employed in feeding\\nmuch of the present population of the State, which in-\\ncludes a large proportion of those who are speculating on\\nwheat and fruit, sheep, cattle, and hogs.\\nHaving made perfectly sure of his living, and disposed\\nof his surplus for cash in the home market, the settler\\nstill has left a promising field in the list of things which\\nnine-tenths of the American people consume but cannot\\nproduce. Among these products are oranges, lemons,\\nand limes. F lorida competition in this line has been\\ntemporarily destroyed, if not permanently injured. Mex-\\nico is, perhaps, a rising competitor but there is little\\nreason to fear that California cannot hold its own against\\nall foreign producers. Even more promising is the olive-\\nculture for while the orange is an article of luxury, the\\nolive must ultimately become here as elsewhere an im-\\nportant article of food. Calif ornians are just beginning\\nto pickle the ripe olives. The difference between a green\\nolive and a ripe one is precisely the difference between a\\ngreen and a ripe apple. In Spain the people subsist\\nlargely on olives but not on green ones. All who have\\neaten the ripe fruit which is now being pickled in Cal-\\nifornia will agree that it is conservative to say that\\nwhen the American public become acquainted with this\\n134", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nproduct, its consumption will be enormously increased.\\nThis will be true, because in its new form the olive is as\\nnutritious as it is palatable, and the people will learn to\\ndepend upon it as an article of diet. In the production\\nof deciduous fruits, such as peaches, apricots, cherries,\\nand nectarines, California has much competition, and is\\nto have much more in the future. There are irrigated\\nvalleys throughout the Pacific Northwest, the inter-\\nmountain region, and the now undeveloped Southwest,\\nwhich are beginning to produce marvellous fruits of this\\nkind. The same is true of olives, almonds, and walnuts\\nin a much more restricted way. The California wine in-\\ndustry is promising to-day, and the culture of grapes for\\nthis purpose profitable. Planters who depend for their\\nentire income upon the cultivation of these export crops\\nwill necessarily suffer all the evils of speculative farm-\\ning, but those who have founded their industry upon the\\nplan of self-sufficiency will always have a surplus income\\nfrom this third source, and in years of high prices it will\\nbe large. It is thus that the agricultural basis of Cali-\\nfornia will be indefinitely broadened in order to sustain\\nfuture millions.\\nUpon this foundation manufactures, mining, and an\\nenlarged commerce will rest. The first cannot be long\\ndelayed. California will not permanently endure the\\nenormous waste involved in shipping its wool and hides\\nacross the continent to Eastern mills, tanneries, and\\nworkshops, and in shipping back again the manufactured\\ncloth and shoes. The factories must inevitably grow up\\nnear the raw material and the consumers. Expediency\\nand the economy of nature alike demand it. This im-\\nportant part of California s civilization remains almost\\n135", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nwliolly to be developed. Its growth will open new av-\\nenues for employment and new outlets for the products\\nof the soil.\\nThe mining industry is also in its youth. To use a\\ncommon phrase, but a true one, the surface of the\\nground has only been scratched. Old methods have\\nbeen outlived, and the conditions of the industry are\\nchanging in vital ways but the work of taking gold and\\nsilver, copper, lead, and iron from the foot-hills and\\nmountains of California has only been begun. The day\\nof the individual miner, working with his pan in the\\ngravel bed of the stream, is mostly passed. The conditions\\nof hydraulic mining were materially altered by legisla-\\ntion because of the injury done by polluting the rivers\\nand filling their channels but quartz-mining is in a\\nstate of rapid development, and is destined to assume\\nprodigious proportions. It will add untold millions to\\nthe wealth of the community, increasing the demand for\\nlabor and widening the markets of the farmer.\\nNature has unquestionably provided the foundation of\\na marvellous industrial life in which millions of people\\nwill finally participate. To-day these resources are un-\\ndeveloped. There is but one force that can awaken the\\nsleeping potentialities into a manifold and fruitful life.\\nThat force is human labor. Looking down the years of\\nthe future, it is possible to predict, with the accuracy of\\nmathematics, that human labor will coin from these va-\\ncant valleys and rugged mountain-sides billions upon\\nbillions of money. The wealth to be so created will\\nbuild many beautiful homes, capitalize banks, factories,\\nand railroads, and send great steamships across the Pa-\\ncific to foreign shores. To whom shall these things be-\\n13G", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nlong when labor has made them from tlic materials\\nwhich nature provided Upon the answer to that ques-\\ntion hang the destinies of California.\\nThe seed of the California of the past was in the little\\ngroup of feverish gold-hunters who camped by Sutter s\\nmill in 1849. It bore the gaudy weed of speculation,\\nwith its bitter harvest of misfortune and discontent for\\nthe many, accentuated only by the superfluous riches\\nwhich it gave to the few. The seed of the California of\\nthe future is in the irrigation canals owned and admin-\\nistered by small landed proprietors in the fruit ex-\\nchanges, wliich are supplanting the commission system\\nand securing to the producer the rewards of his labor\\nin the co operative creameries and canning factories\\nwhich, in the face of deficient capital and unfair compe-\\ntition, are slowly fighting their way to the sure ground\\nof abiding prosperity in the multitudinous and uni-\\nformly successful manufacturing and mercantile associ-\\nations which Mormon genius has planted in the valleys\\nof Utah in the banks, insurance companies, and loan\\nand building societies which, all over the Union and all\\nover the world, have vindicated the possibilities of asso-\\nciated man.\\nIt is interesting to consider what portions of California\\nwill receive the bulk of the future population. The\\ntopography of the State is peculiar and readily compre-\\nhended. The coast region presents a frontage of over\\none thousand miles to the sea, and is narrowly hemmed\\nin by mountain ranges which, in many places, come down\\nto the shore itself. But in these mountains there are\\nmany picturesque and fertile valleys wliich have long\\nbeen applied to agricultural purposes. The coast region", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nlias a climate of its own. It is the mildest type of the\\ntemperate zone, closel}^ verging upon the semi-tropical,\\nbut not adapted to the growth of citrus fruits. Here\\nthe rainfall is heavier than elsewhere in California, and\\nproximity to the sea gives rise to frequent fogs. In the\\nsouthern extremity of this region, from Santa Barbara\\nto San Diego, the climate becomes genuinely semi-\\ntropical and fogs are less common. North of San Fran-\\ncisco the leading industries are lumbering, dairying,\\nstock-raising, and general farming, with some mining.\\nIn a few favored valleys fruit-raising on small farms is\\nsuccessfully followed. South of San Franciso the lum-\\nber and mining interests are insignificant, and the coun-\\ntry is mostly devoted to dairy, stock, and general farming.\\nA most notable exception to what has been said of the\\ngeneral condition of the coast region is the Santa Clara\\nValley, which contributes enormously to the exports of\\nthe State. In the beauty of its homes and orchards and\\nthe excellence of its horticultural methods, in the organ-\\nization of its fruit exchanges, and the character of its\\nurban life and civic institutions, the Santa Clara Valley\\nis fully equal to the most ideal localities in California,\\nnot even excepting the famous orange districts near Los\\nAngeles. There are numerous opportunities in counties\\nfarther south, notably in Monterey, San Luis Obispo,\\nand Santa Barbara, to apply the same methods with\\nsimilar results. But while the Santa Clara Valley rep-\\nresents the finest possibilities of the coast region, it\\nalso strikingly illustrates certain failings in the econom-\\nic system of the State which have been dwelt upon in\\nearlier pages. Land is almost exclusively devoted to\\nfruit. Farmers buy their milk, butter, eggs, poultry,\\n138", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nbacon, and fresli meats of others. They themselves pro-\\nduce none of the real necessities of life, but only the\\nluxuries. One reason for this is the lack of irrigation.\\nThey have taught themselves to believe that this is not\\nonly unnecessary, but would actually be injurious to the\\nquality of their fruit. They are learning gradually,\\nhowever, that this idea is erroneous that skilful and\\nproper irrigation is always beneficial, and that artificial\\nmoisture is imperatively necessary to diversified produc-\\ntion hence, to the highest business prosperity and best\\nsocial conditions. When this lesson is learned by the\\ncoast region as a whole a new era will set in, and great\\nnumbers of colonists will come.\\nWhat is popularly known as southern California is a\\nnarrowly restricted district reaching eastward from Los\\nAngeles for about one hundred miles and southward to\\nSan Diego. Like the coast region, its character is fixed,\\nthough on widely different lines. Its population is al-\\nready comparatively dense, and its future growth will be\\nmeasured by the water supply for irrigation. While it\\nwould seem as if the v ^ater resources had been fully\\nutilized, the fact is that large quantities run to waste in\\nseasons of flood, and that the cultivable area can be\\ngradually extended by storage works and more economi-\\ncal methods of irrigation.\\nIt is an impressive fact that the seven counties of the\\nsouth received sixty one per cent, of the increase of\\nrural population between 1880 and 1890. This marvel-\\nlous showing was chiefly due to the superior public spirit\\nof the locality, and to the attractive institutions which\\ngrew out of it. Los Angeles itself is the throbbing\\nheart of a region which, in many respects, has no equal\\n139", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nin the world. The leading characteristics of this locali-\\nty have been referred to in another chapter. But the\\nvery success which attended these methods in the past\\nplace limitations upon the country as a field for future\\nexpansion. Land values have risen high, and the water\\nsupply has become almost as precious as gold. Health-\\nseekers and the leisure class have been attracted in large\\nnumbers, and occupy the field which would otherwise\\nbe open to home-makers of smaller means. A class of\\nwealthy people is a prominent feature of immigration\\nin the southern valley. These opulent settlers plant\\norchards of oranges, lemons, and olives, just as their\\npoorer neighbors do. It is reassuring to reflect, how-\\never, that they can accomplish little more with their\\nabundant capital than humbler settlers may do with\\ntheir united labor. The sun, the sky, the earth, and the\\nwaters will be as kind to one class as to the other.\\nWhile it should not be inferred that none but the very\\nrich can settle in the south, it is perfectly true that this\\ncharming district is not within the field of the largest\\nfuture developments.\\nA district known as Antelope Valley is one of the later\\ndevelopments of southern California. This lies north of\\nthe Sierra Madre mountains, on the southern margin of\\nthe Mojave Desert. Irrigation has here begun to evolve\\norchards, fields, and beautiful homes from conditions\\nwhich, in their virgin state, were peculiarly forbidding.\\nA series of promising colonies, chiefly engaged in almond-\\nculture, have been successfully established. But the\\namount of land that can be reclaimed in this locality is\\nseverely limited by the scanty water supply.\\nWhere, then, is the field to accommodate the hosts\\n140", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nwho will come when the population of California begins\\nto approximate that of France It lies principally in\\nfour great and distinct bodies, which may be named, in\\nthe order of their importance, as follows the Sacra-\\nmento Valle^^ stretching north from the Bay of San\\nFrancisco to the feet of snowy Shasta the San Joaquin\\nValley, reaching south from the great bay to the place\\nwhere the two mountain ranges meet at the pass of\\nTehachapi; the intermountain valleys on the eastern\\nslope of the Sierra, extending over the boundary into\\nNevada; and the Colorado Desert, in the extreme south-\\neastern part of the State, on the borders of Mexico.\\nThe first of these, the valley of the Sacramento, re-\\nceived an addition of only two thousand to its rural pop-\\nulation, out of a total of nearly ninety-seven thousand\\nfor the State, between 1880 and 1890. The fault lay\\nneither with the soil nor the climate, which are equal to\\nthose of any part of California, but with economic con-\\nditions. The country is held in vast estates, principally\\ndevoted to the cultivation of grain, which has been a\\nlosing industry for several years. Where horticulture\\nhas been adopted it has frequently been done upon a\\ngreat scale. The vast orchards and vineyards of Mrs.\\nStanford, of General Bidwell, and of A. T. Hatch are\\nstriking instances of this tendency. When General N.\\nP. Chipman, himself a distinguished resident of the\\nSacramento Valle}^, called attention to the startling rev-\\nelations contained in the census figures, the matter was\\nwidely discussed, but with little result. The public\\nspirit which has given the southern counties their splen-\\ndid place in the life of the Pacific coast is distinctly\\nlacking in the north. The truth is that it cannot be\\n141", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ncnltivated on wheat-fields or in mining-camps. It comes\\nwith irrigation, with the subdivision of the land into\\nthousands of diminutive holdings, with a citizenship\\ncomposed of a multitude of small proprietors.\\nThese conditions are exactly reversed in the northern\\nvalley, with pitiful results. The same forces would\\nmake the same civilization in both localities, for the\\nphysical foundation is practically identical. The south-\\nern valley lies open to the sea, the breezes from which\\nmercifully temper the summer heat. In other respects\\nthe advantages are all on the side of the Sacramento.\\nIt is far greater in area its water supplies are both more\\nabundant and more reliable; its surrounding advantages,\\nnotably in the way of mines and timber, are much supe-\\nrior. Finall}^ it possesses the inestimable blessing of a\\nmighty river, navigable for a distance of two hundred\\nmiles, and capable of being much improved. This is a\\nfactor of the highest import. It furnishes cheap trans-\\nportation by boat, and materially lessens railroad charges.\\nFurthermore, it gives the valley a comprehensive system\\nof drainage from Shasta to the sea. The wonderful min-\\neral riches of this locality will be rapidly developed.\\nThey are by no means confined to gold, but include a\\nvariety of natural riches. What has proven to be one of\\nthe greatest copper-mines in the world has recently been\\nopened in Shasta county, with the aid of British capital-\\nists. It is from the foot-hills on the eastern side of the\\nSacramento Valley that the earliest oranges and lemons\\nseek the market. They command high prices, and are\\nmostly sold on the coast from San Francisco to British\\nColumbia. It is in this imperial valley, and in the foot-\\nhills and mountains which rise above it in splendid pict-\\n142", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nures on each side, that a large proportion of the future\\nmillions will find homes and prosperity.\\nIrrigation is by no means absolutely necessary in the\\nSacramento Valley. If it had been, the story of its set-\\ntlement and industrial progress would be different from\\nwhat it is. No one could then truthfully assert, as now,\\nthat this splendid district contains less population than\\nit had twenty-five years ago. Producing fair crops of\\ngrain and of deciduous fruits without artificial moisture,\\nthe countrj has been given over to large ranches and\\nscattered orchards and wholly deprived of the powerful\\nsocial in5uences which lent such distinction to the civil-\\nization of southern California. While irrigation is not\\nindispensable in the north, it is essential to the best and\\nhighest results, especially in the line of small-farming.\\nThe rainless season usually extends from May until No-\\nvember. Without irrigation there can be no beautiful\\nlawns, successive crops of vegetables and small fruits, or\\ngoodly yields of alfalfa. One acre under reliable irriga-\\ntion is more valuable, for the purpose of small, diversi-\\nfied farming, than ten acres without it. The citrus fruits\\ncannot profitably be cultivated except by irrigation, and\\nthere is no fruit which is not improved, both in quality\\nand quantity, by the proper application of water. This\\nclaim is often stoutly disputed, particularly by those\\nwishing to sell land that cannot be irrigated. But ex-\\nperience has taught that northern California can only\\nhope to equal the southern part of the State by imitating\\nits industrial methods, of which irrigation is the foremost.\\nThe San Joaquin Valley is even larger, and in many\\nrespects resembles its northern sister. Indeed, the con-\\nditions of soil, climate, and productions are so nearly\\n143", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "TUE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nidentical that they need not be rehearsed. Here irriga-\\ntion and the small farm had begun to make themselves\\nfelt, and the single county of Fresno gained more than\\nfive times as much in population in the last census dec-\\nade as the entire Sacramento Valley. Perhaps the earliest\\ntriumph of the new woman in this generation was that of\\nMiss Austin and her three associates all school-teachers\\nof San Francisco who founded the wonderful Fresno\\nraisin industry. Investing their savings in a ranch, and\\nthen boldly venturing upon a culture in which few had\\nfaith, they demonstrated that raisins equal to those of\\nSpain could be produced in the San Joaquin. They were\\nrewarded with handsome profits, and later thousands of\\npeople shared in the benefits of their demonstration.\\nBut speculation and the fallacy of the single crop fol-\\nlowed as natural consequences, bringing hard times,\\nmortgages, and disappointment in their train. In the\\nmean time unskilful irrigation without proper drainage\\nwrought harm in various ways. All of these misfortunes\\nare being overcome, but it is not easy for the great valley\\nto undo the injury which its reputation has suffered in\\nthe last few years. Nevertheless, the country of the San\\nJoaquin contains great possibilities, and will sustain a\\ndense population. Its contiguous mountains are richly\\nendowed with mines and great timber, as well as with\\nthe sublimest scenery. Among its valuable resources are\\nartesian wells of large size, so situated as to be available\\nfor use in irrigation.\\nThe valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin have\\nbeen, and are yet, the grain-fields of the Pacific coast.\\nMany of their residents have bemoaned the fall in the\\nprice of wheat as the greatest of calamities. The truth\\n144", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nis that for California it is tlie first of blessings. The\\nfall in wheat prices has broken the land monopoly which\\nkept labor servile and gave the most fruitful of coun-\\ntries to four-footed beasts rather than to men. Not until\\nnearly all great ranches had been mortgaged to their\\nfull capacity, not until the failure of prices had made\\nthe debts intolerably burdensome and brought their\\nowners face to face with disaster, was it possible to\\nopen the country for its best and highest uses. With\\nthe supremacy of wheat will go the shanty and the\\n^Miobo laborer, to be followed in time by the China-\\nman. In their places will come the home and the man\\nwho works for himself. Civilization will bloom where\\nbarbarism has blighted the land. There are localities\\nwhere the cultivation of grain can be pursued, but the\\nsemi-tropical valleys of California were plainly intended\\nfor better things.\\nIrrigation, drainage, and cheap transportation are close-\\nly related as economic problems in the great interior val-\\nleys. William Hammond Hall, the former State engineer,\\nhas predicted that within fifty years the waters which rise\\nin the mountains and meander through these valleys to\\nthe sea will all be utilized to moisten and fertilize the\\nsoil, and then be turned into canals, serving the double\\npurpose of drainage and transportation. He claims that\\nit is feasible, from an engineering stand-point, to con-\\nstruct such works, and to propel trains of freight-boats\\nby electricity at a speed of six miles an hour. If this\\nshall be done, the gain to the State will be beyond all\\ncalculation, provided the works be owned by the public.\\nIt is by no means an idle dream when considered in con-\\nnection with ultimate California.\\nK 145", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nThe third field for future development is a vast region\\nlying upon the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada. This\\nis so little known to the outside world that it may almost\\nbe named as Undiscovered California. It is reached\\nonly by lines of narrow-gauge railway running northwest\\nand southwest, respectively, from Reno, Nevada. The\\nnortherly district is included in the three great coun-\\nties of Plumas, Lassen, and Modoc. The country is\\ndistinctly arid, lying upon the western flank of the great\\nbasin formed by the Sierra Nevada and Wasatch ranges,\\nwhich inclose portions of California, Idaho, and Utah, and\\nall of Nevada. Here we find the real sage-brush desert\\nfertile, well-watered valleys surrounded by all the wealth\\nof forest, mine, and natural pastures. The climate ap-\\nI)roximates much more nearly to that of New Mexico\\nthan to that commonly associated with the name of Cali-\\nfornia. It is of the milder type of the temperate zone,\\nfavorable to the growth of such hardy fruits as apples,\\npears, peaches, and prunes. Up to this time, however,\\nthe chief products of the country are native and alfalfa\\nhay, cattle, sheep, and horses. The sparse population\\nis, perhaps, as prosperous as any farming community in\\nthe United States. This fact is mostly due to the vast\\nextent of fine grazing lands surrounding irrigated valleys\\nand to the herds of cattle and sheep which find their way\\nto the farmers hay-stacks from the ranges of northern\\nCalifornia, southern Oregon, and western Nevada every\\nautumn and winter.\\nThe most important district in this region is Honey\\nLake Valley, lying eighty miles northwest of Reno. Here\\na new era has set in with water-storage for irrigation,\\nsmall farms, and colonies planned upon the best ideals.\\n146", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\nCheap land, valuable surrounding resources, and a cli-\\nmate similar to that in which our race has flourished\\nbest, would seem to combine in favoring a large and\\nraj)id future growth.\\nThe more southern body east of the Sierras lies chiefly\\nin Inyo county. This is also at the early stage of de-\\nvelopment. The climate is milder, though still temper-\\nate rather than semi-tropical, than in the more northern\\ncounties. There are many beautiful valleys and an\\nabundance of water, timber, and minerals.\\nLack of railroad facilities and remoteness from large\\ncities account for the backwardness of development in\\nthese attractive regions on the eastern slope of the moun-\\ntains. They present to-day the finest field for develoj)-\\nment in California, and one of the finest in the Uni-\\nted States. There can be no question that during the\\nnext century they will become the homes of hundreds of\\nthousands of people and the seat of a manifold industrial\\nlife.\\nThe fourth field open to future conquest is the Colo-\\nrado Desert most famous of waste-places in America. It\\nis popularly regarded as an empire of hopeless sterility,\\nthe silence of which will never be broken by the voices\\nof men. As the transcontinental traveller views it from\\nhis flying train it presents an aspect indeed forbidding.\\nNeither animal life nor human habitation breaks its level\\nmonotony. It stretches from mountain-range to moun-\\ntain-range, a brown waste of dry and barren soil. And\\nyet it only awaits the touch of water and of labor to\\nawaken into opulent life. Only the most superficial view\\nof it is caught from the passing trains, while those who\\nhave penetrated into its heart and across the boundary\\n147", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ninto Mexico compose but a slender list of prospectors,\\nlinnters, surveyors, and curious travellers. But some of\\nthese have made careful studies, and this really wonder-\\nful country is beginning to attract the attention of both\\ncapitalists and settlers, though the former must do their\\nwork before the latter can hope to occupy the land.\\nMuch time will be required to overcome the wide and\\ningrained public prejudice against the Colorado Desert,\\nbut it will finally be reclaimed and sustain tens of thou-\\nsands of prosperous people. It is more like Syria than\\nany other part of the United States, and the daring im-\\nagination may readily conceive that here a new Damas-\\ncus will arise more beautiful than that of old.\\nWith the occuption of the Colorado Desert and of the\\ngreat peninsula which adjoins it, a powerful impulse will\\nbe given to agriculture, mining, and commerce in a vast\\nregion now little peopled. One of the inevitable conse-\\nquences will be the rise of San Diego to the proportions\\nof a large city probably the largest in the southern part\\nof the coast.\\nThe future of California will be very different from its\\npast. It has been the land of large things of large es-\\ntates, of large enterprises, of large fortunes. Under an-\\nother form of government it would have developed a\\nfeudal system, with a landed aristocracy resting on a\\nbasis of servile labor. These were its plain tendencies\\nyears ago, when somebody coined the epigram, Cali-\\nfornia is the rich man s paradise and the poor man s\\nhell. But later developments have shown that what-\\never of paradise the Golden State can offer to the rich, it\\nwill share, upon terms of marvellous equality, with the\\nmiddle classes of American life. Over and above all other\\n148", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "THE TRUTH ABOUT CALIFORNIA\\ncountries, it is destined to be the land of the common\\nl^eople. This is true, because, owing to its peculiar cli-\\nmatic conditions, it requires less land to sustain a family\\nin generous comfort. For the same reason, cheaper cloth-\\ning and shelter, as well as less fuel, suffice, while it is pos-\\nsible to realize more perfectly the ideal of producing what\\nis consumed. Moreover, it is a natural field for the ap-\\nplication of associative industry and the growth of the\\nhighest social conditions. Indeed, the country has dis-\\ntinctly failed as a land of big things, and achieved its\\nbest successes in the opposite direction. Its true and\\nfinal greatness will consist of the aggregate of small\\nthings of small estates, of small enterprises, of small\\nfortunes. Progress towards this end is already well be-\\ngun. It must go on until the last great estate is dis-\\nmembered and the last alien serf is returned to the\\nOrient. Upon the ruins of the old system a better civili-\\nzation will arise. It will be the glory of the common\\npeople, to whose labor and genius it will owe its exist-\\nence. Its outreaching and beneficent influence will bo\\nfelt throughout the world.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II\\nTHE NEW DAY IN COLORADO\\nThe old day in Colorado was the era of frontier bar-\\nbarism. The glitter of Pike s Peak gold drew throngs\\nof adventurous folk who toiled across the plains of Kan-\\nsas and Nebraska in wagon-trains that they might spec-\\nulate in the mysterious possibilities of a new country.\\nThey were not home-builders, but fortune-hunters.\\nWherever they found placer gold rude settlements sprang\\nup.\\nIn the mean time the cattle industry began to contend\\nwith Indians and buffalo for the possession of the grazing\\nlands which sloped away from the Rockies, and the neces-\\nsity of a base of supplies planted the seeds of a few per-\\nmanent towns, such as Denver and Pueblo. These were\\nmere clusters of rude homes and stores which seemed to\\nhold out scant promise of future importance. The In-\\ndians were numerous and troublesome, and the life of\\nthe pioneers was spiced with danger. Though the coun-\\ntry belonged nominally to Kansas, there was but the\\nslightest pretence of civil government. Practically the\\nonly authority was that exercised by organizations of cit-\\nizens, who brought horse-thieves and murderers to speedy\\njustice upon the most convenient tree.\\nIn 1861 Colorado became a Territory, and was then\\n150", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "THE NEW DAY IN COLORADO\\nable to deal more effectively with the Indian, who was\\nthe common enemy and an obstacle to settlement and\\ndevelopment. There was little in these early conditions\\nto encourage the hope that a great and populous State\\ncould be established amid the mountains and plateaus.\\nMines, cattle, and border traffic were not alone sufficient\\nfor the making of civilization. Beyond these crude in-\\ndustries the future was speculative. The country was\\nunexplored, the resources undeveloped, the conditions\\nuntried. The transformation which swiftly followed\\nupon this period of doubt converted the frontier commu-\\nnity into one of the most brilliant and promising of\\nAmerican States.\\nThe dawn of the new day was heralded by the whistle\\nof the locomotive. The dissolution of the Union armies\\nhad turned the faces of many thousand veterans towards\\nthe trans-Missouri region, and of these Colorado re-\\nceived its full share. The wonderful era of railroad-\\nbuilding perhaps the most dramatic page in all our in-\\ndustrial history had just begun. These circumstances\\nconspired to give a new and powerful impulse to the ter-\\nritory at the base of the Eocky Mountains. Large cap-\\nital joined hands with the increasing stream of immi-\\ngrants, and Colorado entered with amazing vigor upon a\\nstage of real and far-reaching development. More im-\\nportant than the finding of gold was the discovery of\\nthe fact that the highest forms of agriculture would\\nflourish with the aid of irrigation. When this had been\\ndemonstrated by the pioneers there was no longer doubt\\nabout the future greatness of the State or the character\\nof its civilization. Denver and a few other settlements\\nbegan to take on the appearance of permanency, and\\n151", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nI\\neven to exhibit the signs of coming refinement and\\npower.\\nThe settlers of G-reeley inaugurated large irrigation\\nenterprises and planted seeds from which the finest civic\\ninstitutions were to grow. General William J. Palmer\\nand his friends, anticipating the commercial value of cli-\\nmate and scenery even b^efore the industrial economy of\\nthe community was established, laid out Colorado Springs,\\nat the foot of Pike s Peak, and began to make Manitou\\nand the Garden of the Gods ready for future thousands\\nof health-seekers and tourists. Pueblo quickly felt the\\nimportance of its position on the banks of the Arkan-\\nsas at the gateway of the mountains, and developed rap-\\nidly in population and business. The daring conception\\nof a railroad to parallel the Rockies and open communi-\\ncation with Mexico, or to scale the giant peaks and\\npenetrate the wilderness which lay beyond, took posses-\\nsion of General Palmer s mind and furnished the hope\\nof further extraordinary developments.\\nThus the decade between 1870 and 1880 saw the rise\\nof Colorado to a place of immense promise and of im-\\nportant achievement, and in 1876 the nation signalized\\nthe centennial of the Declaration of Independence by be-\\nstowing the rich privilege of sovereignty upon the new-\\nborn commonwealth.\\nThe Colorado of to-day contains a population of a\\nlittle less than half a million. It is marvellously fort-\\nunate in its railroad development, having twenty-four\\nseparate lines, which maintain over five thousand miles\\nof track, penetrating nearly every part of the State. Its\\nmines of precious and base metals very largely the\\nformer yield an annual income of nearly fifty millions.\\n152", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "THE NEW DAY IN COLORADO\\nIts two million acres of irrigated land add forty millions\\nmore to the annual industrial product. Although man-\\nufactures are in their infancy, they even now produce\\ngoods to the value of thirty-five millions. Other busi-\\nness transactions, represented by the commercial and\\nprofessional classes, represent considerably more than\\none hundred millions each year. The live-stock indus-\\ntry is difficult to estimate, but adds very largely to the\\nyearly production of wealth.\\nSuch are the results wrought out by the labor of a\\nsingle generation upon the raw resources of a new State.\\nBefore glancing at the people Avho have organized such\\nan economic life in so brief a space of years, and at the\\ninstitutions they have created, it is important to con-\\nsider the material foundation on which they have built.\\nColorado owes something to its scenery, much to its\\nclimate, yet more to its mines. The first of these made\\nit widely known as one of nature s wonderlands. The\\nsecond was a prime factor in attracting population.\\nThe third poured a large and continuous stream of\\nwealth into the hands of the people, and a little further\\non we shall see how loyally this has been used for the\\nbenefit of the State. The grandeur of the scenery and\\nthe charm of the climate are both matters of popular\\nknowledge. Neither is peculiar to Colorado, for both\\nare characteristic of the arid region as a whole. But\\nnowhere else do the ordinary paths of travel lead\\nthrough so grand a scenic region as in Colorado, nor has\\nany other locality been as fortunate in the energy and\\nintelligence bestowed upon the work of making this\\nphase of its attractions widely and favorably known.\\nThe Colorado climate is the product of high altitude\\n153", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nand aridity. Denver is one mile above the level of New\\nYork harbor, and much of the inhabited portion of the\\nState is even higher. The result is a rarefied atmos-\\nphere very exhilarating in its effects and extre\u00c2\u00abiiely\\nfavorable to persons suffering with certain kinds of dis-\\neases. Summer and winter are almost equally de-\\nlightful, though presenting great extremes of heat and\\ncold.\\nOf the mineral wealth it is needless to say more than\\nthat it increases its annual output with regularity, and\\nthat there is every reason to suppose that much the\\ngreater part of it yet remains to be discovered and de-\\nveloped. It will be a permanent resource of the highest\\nutility, since most of it is directly converted into money\\nat the local mints. While the energies of the mining\\nindustry are chiefly centred upon the search for precious\\nmetals, the country is endowed with the greatest variety\\nof mineral riches. These include nearly all the base\\nmetals, such as copper, lead, and iron, as well as coal, oil,\\nprecious and semi -precious stones, granite, marble,\\nonyx, and sandstone. These materials exist in the great-\\nest profusion, but must lie mostly unused until the pop-\\nulation largely increases.\\nIn considering the matter of agricultural development,\\nit must be remembered that Colorado is the crown of\\nthe continent. Its lofty mountain-peaks cut the rain-\\nfall and melting snows in twain, sending one part to the\\nPacific and the other to the Atlantic Ocean. The same\\ninfluence makes a radical division in climate, produc-\\ntions, and the character of agriculture. Irrigation devel-\\nopment naturally began earliest where streams could\\nmost easily be diverted. This was on the high plateau\\n154", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "THE NEW DAY IN COLORADO\\nwhich slopes eastward from the foot-hills and merges into\\nthe Great Plains of Nebraska and Kansas.\\nFor a period of nearly twenty years, beginning in\\n1870, canal construction and the settlement of lands\\nwere actively carried on in this part of the State. The\\nscene of action was principally in the valleys of the\\nCache la Poudre, the Platte, and the Arkansas. Here the\\nfarms are of large size for an irrigated region, though\\nthe present tendency favors a smaller unit. These dis-\\ntricts, prosperous in ordinary times, have not escaped\\nthe evil effects of the general depression in recent years.\\nThe products are diversified and largely disposed of in\\nthe home market. In the upper Arkansas Valley, where\\nthe foot-hills furnish shelter from the high winds pre-\\nvailing at certain seasons, fruit-culture has been notably\\nsuccessful. Prices of unimproved lands on the eastern\\nslope range from twenty to fifty dollars per acre, while\\ncultivated lands are valued at one hundred dollars an\\nacre and upwards, according to the extent of improve-\\nments and location with reference to cities or large\\ntowns. The glimpse we have had in an earlier chapter\\nof the agricultural industry of Greeley Colony may be\\naccepted as true of the entire region east of the moun-\\ntains, for Greeley has been the model to which other\\ndistricts have looked for inspiration. The experimental\\nfarms which surround the agricultural college at Fort\\nCollins undoubtedly represent the highest type of irri-\\ngation results in this part of the State. In the Arkansas\\nValley the altitude is lower and the climate more favor-\\nable for small farming and fruit-culture.\\nThe San Luis Valley is an elevated plateau lying be-\\ntween parallel mountain ranges in the southern and\\n155", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF AKID AMERICA\\ncentral part of the State. Here a vast expenditure lias\\nbeen made for irrigation works, but efforts at settlement\\nhave been almost uniformly disappointing. The expla-\\nnation is found in the altitude, which is from seven thou-\\nsand to eight thousand feet above sea-level. This makes\\nshort seasons and limits the farmer s industry to the\\nhardiest class of crops. There is no month in the year\\nwhen frost is not likely to occur; yet the country makes\\na wonderful yield of grain, of vegetables, and frequently\\nof small fruits. There are instances of great prosperity\\non the j)art of individual settlers, but as a whole the\\nvalley shows a record of failure for those who have at-\\ntempted to make homes there. A striking example to\\nthe contrary is seen in a few thriving communities of\\nMormons. The industrial system which we have already\\nstudied in connection with Utali produces the same good\\nresults in the San Luis Valley. In view of this fact it\\nmust be assumed that the locality will eventually be\\nsettled and sustain thousands of prosperous people.\\nLand and water may be obtained more cheaply here than\\nanywhere else in Colorado, and there is a good market\\nfor the products of the soil. The costly preliminary\\nwork of reclamation has been well done in advance. A\\nlabor colony, founded upon wise plans, backed by suffi-\\ncient capital, and inspired and managed by skilful lead-\\nership, would solve the problem of colonization for the\\nSan Luis Valley, while furnishing work and homes for\\nthose who need them. The Mormon communities are\\npractically of this character in the beginning.\\nThe western slope of Colorado constitutes a region\\nentirely distinct. From a casual glance at the map it\\nwould be inferred that about two-thirds of the State con-\\n156", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "THE NEW DAY IN COLORADO\\nsist exclusively of mountains, iind are therefore unfitted\\nfor settlement. The truth is that there are many beau-\\ntiful valleys of varying size and elevation, and that these\\nare destined to sustain the most interesting and profit-\\nable agricultural districts of Colorado. Unlike the east-\\nern slope, there is here more water than irrigable land\\na condition almost unique in the arid region. The val-\\nleys are so protected by the mountains which inclose\\nthem upon either hand as to have a climate of their own.\\nThis is perceptibly influenced by the warm winds which\\nmake their way from the Gulf of California through the\\ncanyons of the Colorado river. These conditions are\\nextremely favorable for the culture of the most delicate\\nfruit and for the diversification of general crops. The\\nprincipal rivers of the western slope are the Grand, the\\nGreen, and the San Juan. These are fed by the prolific\\nsnows of the higher Rockies, and carry a strong and tur-\\nbulent fiow of water throughout the year. They are not\\nalways readily diverted, however, as their channels have\\nbeen deeply cut through the rocks and soil, and the\\nstream often flows below the level of the tract to be irri-\\ngated. This makes it necessary to elevate the water in\\nmany instances by pumping machinery, which can be\\noperated cheaply by the power of the stream itself, or\\nby the use of coal, which in many cases is found close at\\nhand.\\nThe best example of the possibilities of the western\\nslope is seen in the neighborhood of Grand Junction,\\nwhere two splendid streams the Grand and the Gunni-\\nson join forces and flow westward to their meeting with\\nthe Green river across the Utah boundary. Here the\\nvalley opens out into a broad desert, with foot-hills, or\\n157", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nmesas, marking the rise to the mountain masses which\\nline the horizon on either hand. To the eye of the\\ntraveller who has just come through the awe-inspiring-\\nscenery of the mountains and narrow upper valleys,\\nnothing could be less promising than the brown waste of\\narid soil which he beholds upon approaching Grand\\nJunction. The scene is one of utter desolation, for even\\nsage-brush and mesquite are absent from large portions\\nof the landscape. The roaring river hurrying down the\\nslope seems to mock, with hoarse laughter, the unfruitful\\nsoil, which stretches away from its banks in silence and\\nin sunshine. But if the traveller leaves the train and\\nrides out a few miles upon tlie desert he will quickly in-\\nterpret the mystery of these conditions. Wherever the\\nwater has been married to the soil, prolific fields and\\norchards have sprung from the union such fields and\\norchards as may be rivalled as yet only in semi-tropic\\nCalifornia. The favorite size of farms is from ten to\\ntwenty acres, or only about one-fourth or one-eighth of\\nthe average area of farms on the eastern slope of Col-\\norado.\\nFruit-culture chiefly claims the thought and energy\\nof the people in this locality, and it is very profitable.\\nPeaches are the leading product, and they are wonderful\\nfor flavor, size, and beauty. A local festival is Peach\\nDay/ when people come from all directions to feast\\nupon the free bounty of Grand Junction. Lands are held\\nhigh, ranging from fifty to one hundred and fifty dollars\\nper acre, though they were but recently public property\\nand of no value until irrigation facilities had been pro-\\nvided. The excuse for these high prices is the fact that\\norchards in bearing frequently earn one hundred and fifty\\n158", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "THE NEW DAY IN COLORADO\\ndollars and upwards per acre each year. This is due in\\npart to the marvellous quality of the fruit, and in part\\nto the extensive home markets offered by mining camps\\nin the mountains, and by large towns such as Denver,\\nPueblo, and Colorado Springs. In view of the severe\\nlimitations which nature has placed upon the territory\\nsuited to the highest culture of delicate fruits, and of the\\nsteady growth of the consumers in mountain districts\\nand large towns, there is, perhaps, good reason to hope\\nthat profits will be well sustained for a long time to\\ncome.\\nThese conditions make the western slope choice ground\\nfor settlement. They are by no means limited to the\\nlower valley of the Grand, but exist in the numerous\\nsmaller districts scattered through the mountains in the\\nwestern and southwestern part of the State. On the so-\\ncial side the possibilities of the country have not been\\nmuch developed, as there has been a lack of organized\\neffort in settlement. But the extraordinary fertility of\\nthe soil, the extent of the water sujoply, the proximity of\\nmining camps, and the charm of the climate must some-\\ntime combine to lend a powerful impulse to the highest\\ndevelopment of these favored valleys.\\nThe scenery presents not merely pictures, but pictures\\nthat are painted and tinted and wrought into fantastic\\nshapes. To the ever-changing aspect which the moun-\\ntains, buttes, and mesas gain from light and shadow, from\\nsun and cloud, new and strange beauties are added by the\\nreds, pinks, yellows, and grays of soil and rock. From\\nthe vivid cliffs and bluffs which stand guard upon river\\nbanks to the purple and shadowy peaks which lift their\\npointed heads on the utmost horizon, the scene is one of\\n159", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nsuch beauty and grandeur as may be felt, though not de-\\nscribed.\\nSuch are the materials of Colorado. Let us look now\\nat the people and their civilization.\\nIntense local patriotism is a well-recognized western\\ntrait, but in Colorado it amounts to a religion. We\\nhave seen how the progress of California was impeded\\nby certain elements of its population having no sym-\\npathy with its higher ideals, no pride in its best achieve-\\nments. If there is such an element in Colorado it is\\nunseen and unfelt in the larger life of the State. The\\ncommunity is dominated by a spirit of aggressive enter-\\nprise which recognizes no impossibilities, harbors no\\ndoubts* of the future. This is the explanation of\\nwhat we may fairly call in view of the brief time con-\\nsumed in its evolution from conditions essentially bar-\\nbaric the splendor of Colorado civilization. It is this\\nwhich created Denver, almost the fairest of American\\ncities; which made Colorado Springs the centre of\\nwealth and refinement; which blackened the sky of Pu-\\neblo with the smoke of a young Pittsburg; which\\nplanted Leadville among the clouds which placed a\\nsteam ladder against the dizzy summit of Pike s Peak\\nwhich carried the iron highway of commerce through\\ngorges and mountain passes which turned rivers out\\nof their courses that barren soil might blossom with\\nthe homes of men. This high public spirit is seen in\\nschools, colleges, clubs, public buildings, and improve-\\nments above all, in the homes.\\nIt has been the policy of those who have taken riches\\nfrom the mines to invest them in developing tlie State s\\nresources and in beautifying its cities and towns. In this\\n160", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "THE NEW DAY IN COLOKADO\\nrespect the spirit of Coloradans presents a sharp con-\\ntrast to that of many who grew rich in California, and\\nof most of those who received the enormous wealth coined\\nfrom the resources of Nevada. In the latter instance\\nthe beneficiaries of the mines did not even make their\\nhomes in the land which raised them from poverty to afflu-\\nence. But the men of Colorado have been proud of\\ntheir devotion to the commonwealth which they created,\\nand have striven by every means in their power to keep\\nit moving along the upward path. In the erection of\\nfine public and business buildings and of palatial homes,\\nin the extension of railroads and irrigation canals, in the\\nincrease of banking capital, and, above all, in the pursuit\\nof daring mining operations, their enterprise has been un-\\nequalled by that of any other western community. Fore-\\nmost among those who inaugurated this policy at the\\nrisk of their fortunes was the late H. A. W. Tabor,\\nwhom Denver and Colorado should always hold in grate-\\nful remembrance.\\nBut there is another side to the picture. The tenden-\\ncies of Colorado civilization are not wholly in line with\\nthe best ideals of the arid region. Viewed from this\\nstand-point, its institutions are in a measure disappoint-\\ning. The marvel of Denver s growth and the beauty\\nof its homes and business districts should not blind us\\nto the fact that it is essentially like the great cities of\\nthe East. It is, in a word, another case of progress\\nand poverty. The equality which marked its early life\\nhas diminished in proportion to the growth of the popu-\\nlation and the increase of wealth. The rise of land\\nvalues has made it more diificult for the many to own\\ntheir homes, and has increased the wealth of the land-\\nL 161", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AxMERICA\\nlord class. All the evils which grow from the condi-\\ntions of life in a large city are rife in Denver.\\nThese are not the natural economic tendencies of a\\ncountry founded upon irrigation. They are not such as\\nwe have observed in localities where irrigation has been\\nso nearly the dominant influence as to shape institu-\\ntions. The explanation is found in the influence of\\nmining speculations which, diffused like the atmos-\\nphere, breed a cheerful but demoralizing contagion\\nalso in the early tendency to adopt a comparatively\\nlarge farm unit. These two forces have operated to\\nproduce very different results from those flowing from\\nthe Mormon land policy, which we saw in the Salt Lake\\nValley or from those which grew in consequence of irri-\\ngation in the San Bernardino Valley of California. Large\\nportions of Colorado are admirably adapted to the de-\\nvelopment of the best social conditions of those condi-\\ntions which make for a permanent and growing body of\\nlanded proprietors for the multiplication of little towns\\nrather than a concentration of people in congested cen-\\ntres for the application of the associative principle in\\nconnection with industrial and commercial affairs. It\\nis gratifying to be able to record that the latter cur-\\nrents of thought in Colorado seem to show the effects\\nwhich might be expected to result from its environ-\\nment.\\nMore and more the State asserts its authority in the\\ncontrol of irrigation works and practice. The farm unit\\ngrows smaller, and intensive cultivation finds more fol-\\nlowers. By enormous majorities the people pronounce\\nin favor of party platforms which demand the public\\nownership of public utilities. Equal suffrage and the\\n162", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "THE NEW DAY IN COLORADO\\npresence of women in the legislature mark the progres-\\nsive temper of the body politic. On the whole, there is\\nmuch reason to hope that the social achievement of the\\nnext generation in Colorado will be equal to the material\\nachievement of the last.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER in\\nTHE PLEASANT LAND OF UTAH\\nThe industrial system of the people who compose\\nthree-fourths of the population of Utah has been con-\\nsidered in connection with typical institutions of the\\narid region in earlier pages. It remains to speak of the\\nphysical aspects of the newest of American States.\\nStanding on the summit of Capitol Hill in Salt Lake\\nCity, one may take in the entire range of Utah s re-\\nsources, developed and undeveloped, in a single sweeping\\nglance.\\nAt one s feet lies the mountain metropolis, with the\\nstately temple of native granite supporting the golden\\nfigure of the Angel Moroni on its culminating turret,\\nand beside it the odd-roofed tabernacle, like an enormous\\nturtle basking in the sun. Below, the miles of city\\nstreets stretch southward a huddle of business blocks\\nin the centre a series of garden-homes hidden by leaves\\nand blossoms on either hand. Still farther out the\\ngenerous city lots expand into little farms of ten or\\ntwenty acres, exemplifying the prosperous irrigation in-\\ndustry, which is the corner-stone of the commonwealth.\\nFar down the valley the smelters send up their black\\nsmoke to the sky emblem of the mining industry. At\\nthe lower end and on the sides of the valley lies an ex-\\n164", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "THE PLEASANT LAND OF UTAH\\npause of arid land in its natural desert state, typifying\\nalike the conditions encountered by the pioneers and\\nthe present aspect of a vast proportion of Utah. On\\nthe left, one sees hastening down the canyon the roaring\\ncreek which watered the first crop ever planted in these\\nvalleys; on the right, the glistening expanse of the\\nfamous inland sea. And inclosing all, the mountains\\ntreasure-house of precious metals, of coal, of iron, of\\ntimber, and of the snows and waters which fertilized the\\ndesert and made it blossom with civilization.\\nHere in a single picture is all of Utah town and\\ncountry, farm, workshop, mine, shrines of religion, and\\nplay-grounds of wealth and leisure. If the human eye\\nmight look beyond the brown barriers, which now inter-\\ncept the view, to the very boundaries of the State,\\nit would see nothing more than it sees from Capitol\\nHill, for Utah is a succession of mountains, of desert\\nvalleys, and of crystal streams, and scattered over it all is\\nthe wealth of the mine and the sleeping potentiality\\nhere and there partially awakened of the home, the\\nfield, the orchard, and the workshop. It is a pleasant\\nand a sunny land, unf orgotten by the most casual traveller\\nwho has crossed it and well loved by those who claim it\\nas their home. It is easy to understand the feelings of\\nthe little Utah boy who tired of the World s Fair in a\\nvery few days and begged, with tears in his eyes, to be\\ntaken back. Asked if there were not plenty of interest-\\ning sights in Chicago, he replied, Yes, but I can t see\\nno mountains\\nUtah has a population of about a quarter of a million.\\nThough this is but one-half as many as Colorado, and\\none-fifth as many as California, the new State approaches\\n165", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUES^T OF AUIB AMERICA\\nmore nearly to the ideal of a self-sui^porting community\\nthan either of its neighbors. The bulk of its population\\nhas been trained in the policy of industrial independence\\nfrom the time of its earliest settlement. We have seen\\nhow this was accomplished with little capital except that\\nwhich was taken from the soil. The fortunate results\\nmay now be observed in an industrial life which is re-\\nmarkably diversified for a community so new and remote.\\nVery much the larger portion of the poj^ulation may be\\nseen in a railroad ride of two hours, from Provo through\\nSalt Lake City to Ogden. This ride takes the traveller\\nthrough Utah, Salt Lake, and Weber valleys, which were\\nthe first to be reclaimed, and must always contain the\\ndensest population. The original advantage of this now\\nsplendid district was its abund ant water su2: ply, flowing\\nin numerous streams from high mountains near at hand.\\nTo this advantage later development added the presence\\nof important railroad system sand the proximity of rich\\nmines of precious metals. The grow^th of other portions\\nof the State, which must be large and constant, can only\\nconfirm the supremacy of the communities which have\\ngrown up near the shores of the Great Salt Lake. These\\nare alike tlie commercial, political, and religious centres\\nof Utah, to which all the sources of material wealth must\\nbe tributary.\\nThe natural resources of LTtah, as in the case of all the\\nStates of the mountain region, are wonderfully diverse,\\nthough in the infancy of development. The annual out-\\nput of gold, silver, copper, and lead is now about ten\\nmillion dollars, and is constantly increasing. The min-\\ning industry is thus a large contributor to local wealth,\\nsupplying employment to thousands of laborers, furnish-", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "THE TLEASANT LAND OF UTAH\\ning a home market for the products of the farms, and\\ngiving constant encouragement to the extension of the\\nrailroad system. The work of discovery and develop-\\nment in new districts steadily progresses, and the eco-\\nnomic value of mineral resources must grow with every\\npassing year. Utah is somewhat deficient in forests\\nsuitable for timber, but is abundantly endowed with coal,\\niron, and water-power, which are the raw materials of\\nmanufacture. The development of water-power in con-\\nnection with electricity has begun in earnest and will be\\na factor of high importance in the future. This is ac-\\ncomplished by damming streams which flow through\\nmountain canyons in the immediate neighborhood of\\nlarge towns. This requires the transmission of electric-\\nity for a distance of only a few miles, owing to the fortu-\\nnate natural conditions. The State is also rich in fine\\nbuilding stone, which includes beautiful marble and\\nonyx.\\nThe climate of Utah is that of the milder temperate\\nzone, and during large portions of the year is thoroughly\\ndeliglitful. Ploughing begins earlier than in eastern lo-\\ncalities of similar latitude. The spring days are showery\\nand windy, but the first warm breath of approaching\\nsummer is usually felt by the last of April. From May\\nuntil November there is little rain. The thermometer\\nclimbs high during the summer days, but the heat is not\\noppressive, owing to the dryness of the air. Mountain\\nbreezes, sweeping down through the numerous canyons,\\nmake the nights delightfully cool. In Utah it is the\\ncustom to run irrigation waters through the streets of\\ncities and towns during the summer, and the music of\\nthese numerous babbling streams is a pleasant feature\\n167", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nof the country, and apparently of considerable effect in\\nmitigating the heat. The long autumn, extending fre-\\nquently into December, is the most charming season of\\nthe year. The winter is usually brief, but accompanied\\nby considerable snow even in the valleys and a very\\nheavy precipitation in the surrounding mountains. On\\nstill nights the thermometer sometimes goes well below\\nzero. The extreme southern portion of the State, loc-\\nally known as Dixie, is much milder, indeed verg-\\ning upon the semi-tropical, and permitting the culture\\nof figs, almonds, and English walnuts.\\nThe agricultural industry of Utah presents some odd\\ncontradictions. It is more diversified, and therefore\\nmore completely self-sustaining, than that of any other\\nwestern State. Farms are smaller and less incumbered\\nwith mortgages, and the people may be said to live gen-\\nerally in easier circumstances than the occupants of the\\nsoil in any other part of the United States.\\nOn the other hand, it is not here that wo find the best\\nmethods of irrigation and cultivation, nor of packing and\\nmarketing the crops. The high intelligence and persis-\\ntent effort which placed certain communities in Colorado\\nand California at the head of the list in their respective\\nlines of production are wanting in Utah. The fruit pos-\\nsibilities of the country have been especially neglected\\nuntil recently, so that newly settled portions of Idaho\\nhave easily surpassed Utah localities which had the ad-\\nvantage of more than a generation in time. Of late\\nyears there has been a marked improvement, resulting\\nfrom a State Board of Horticulture, from the influence\\nof the Agricultural College at Logan, and from the in-\\nfusion of a considerable element of new settlers.\\n168", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "THE PLEASANT LAND OF UTAH\\nNot far from half a million acres of irrigated land are\\nin actual cultivation, while nearly twice that number are\\nunder canals now completed or in process of construc-\\ntion. Nearly one hundred thousand acres are cultivated\\nin grain crops without irrigation. These are mostly sit-\\nuated north of the Great Salt Lake, where the rainfall\\nis heaviest. The total amount of cultivated land is,\\nIiowever, only about one per cent, of the area of the\\nState. According to the best local authorities, some-\\ntliing like six times as much land as is now irrigated\\ncan be brought under cultivation by these methods when\\nthe water supply is utilized. Here is a large field for\\nthe growth of population.\\nThe territory available for settlement is well dis-\\ntributed throughout the State. The country immedi-\\nately surrounding the three large towns of Ogden, Salt\\nLake, and Provo is compactly settled, yet better meth-\\nods of utilizing the water supply will enlarge the area of\\ncultivation even in those districts. The beautiful coun-\\ntry lying immediately north of Great Salt Lake, and\\nwatered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the\\nAYest, is still largely open to settlement. Here the fruit\\nindustry is rapidly developing in connection with gen-\\neral farming and stock-raising. In this locality unim-\\nproved lands sell for prices ranging from thirty to fifty\\ndollars per acre, while the annual water rental is two\\ndollars and a half per acre. The construction of new\\nirrigation systems in the large deserts south of the lake,\\nin central Utah, has been actively carried on during the\\npast five years. Here much government land is open to\\nentry, but the settler must purchase Avater-rights from\\ncanal companies. This item of cost should be added to\\n169", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthe price of the land. In this locality nnimproved lands\\nwith water cost from ten to thirty dollars per acre. The\\nraising of grain and hay is j)rofitable because of the de-\\nmand which the stock industry furnishes for these pro-\\nducts, while the culture of peaches, apricots, apples,\\nand prunes seems promising. These fruits have been\\nraised successfully for forty years in the more sheltered\\nvalleys and foot-hills of central Utah, and the later or-\\nchards are being gradually extended farther out upon\\nthe desert.\\nA promising region now almost wholly undeveloped is\\nthe Uinta country, surrounded by the mountains of that\\nname and lying directly east of Salt Lake City. Here a\\ngreat Indian reservation will soon be opened to settle-\\nment, and plans have already been made to reclaim and\\ncolonize the most attractive parts of the district. This\\nwill be done by the Mormon methods, which have been so\\nsuccessfully applied throughout the intermountain re-\\ngion. Settlers will be organized into companies con-\\nstructing their own canals by combined labor and di-\\nviding the farms and village lots under an equitable\\narrangement. Thus the land will cost the government\\nprice of one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, plus a\\ncertain amount of labor in making improvements. The\\nUinta country is rich, not only in agricultural land, but\\nin minerals, timber, building-stone, asphalt, and other\\nuseful resources. It is now remote from railroads, but\\nits settlement and development must inevitably lead to\\nthe construction of the iron highway. The deserts in\\neastern Utah within reach of the Green river, and in\\nsouthern Utah in the neighborhood of the Colorado and\\nVirgin rivers, have but begun to feel the influence of\\n170", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "THE PLEASANT LAND OF UTAH\\nmodern -enterj^rise. The costly works necessary to their\\nreclamation will doubtless come as the pressure of settle-\\nment increases.\\nUtah s pre-eminence in the land of irrigation is due to\\nhistorical considerations rather than to the excellence of\\nits canal systems or to the superiority of its laws and\\ncustoms. In the latter respect it is distinctly disappoiitt-\\ning. The pioneers turned the water from the most con-\\nvenient streams by the crudest devices, and with no\\nthought for any grand and enduring scheme of engineer-\\ning. Canals were often duplicated many times over in a\\nsingle valley, wasting precious water, injuring the soil,\\nand unnecessarily restricting the area of settlement. The\\nevils of the irrigation system hastily constructed by the\\npioneers are now seen and felt yet the early appropri-\\nators of the mountain streams are so tenacious of what\\nthey consider their rights as to render the reform of the\\nlaws, the reconstruction of canals, and the readjustment\\nof irrigation customs to meet the conditions imposed by\\nthe pressure of population, extremely difficult. Efforts\\nto establish a plan of State supervision which would pro-\\nvide for the measuring of water and its just aj^portion-\\nment among irrigators a system which is the first and\\nlast essential of peace and progress in an arid land have\\nbeen repeatedly frustrated by the unreasoning jealousy\\nof the older settlers. This has occurred in spite of the\\nfact that the best local authority asserts that at least\\nseventy per cent, of the water supply is wasted under\\npresent methods.\\nFor fully forty years Utah irrigation was held in the\\nhands of small local companies composed exclusively of\\nthe land-owners. Works were built by the common labor\\n171", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nof the community, and the repairs and improvements\\nmade in the same way. The first important departure\\nfrom this policy came with the construction of the bold\\nand expensive canals of the Bear River Irrigation Com-\\npany, which have reclaimed a large area lying between\\nthe Great Salt Lake and the Idaho boundary. These\\nwoffks also supply domestic water to the city of Ogden\\nand furnish power for electrical purposes. The Bear\\nriver canal is one of the most notable works of en-\\ngineering in the United States, ranking at least second,\\nif not first, among irrigation systems in this respect.\\nNot far from two million dollars of eastern and foreign\\ncapital is invested in the enterprise. The work ex-\\nhibits almost every phase of irrigation engineering,\\nincluding canals cut into solid canyon walls, tun-\\nnelled through mountain sides, as well as iron flumes\\nand notable diverting dams. Other private water sys-\\ntems followed the Bear river development. The most\\nimportant of these are the storage enterprises at\\nMount Nebo and in the neighborhood of Sevier lake.\\nBoth of these utilize the flood waters of the Sevier\\nriver, which is one of the largest streams in the\\nState.\\nNo other community in the West will deal with more\\ninteresting irrigation problems in the future than Utah.\\nThe conflicts between the policies of public and private\\nownership cannot be avoided, since both are represented\\nin systems which lie side by side. In districts where\\nsettlement is furthest advanced and canal systems the\\noldest, the crying necessity for the reconstruction of\\nworks and the application of a rigid public supervision\\nmust soon be answered. Coincident with the settle-\\n172", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "THE PLEASANT LAND OF UTAH\\nment of these questions will be the gradual evolution of\\nbetter agricultural and horticultural methods. The\\nnext decade will inevitably see significant developments\\nin connection with the most important feature of Utah s\\neconomic foundation.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV\\nTHE CRUDE STRENGTH OP IDAHO\\nTwo travellers crossing Idaho on the same day, one by\\nthe Northern Pacific and the other by the Oregon Short\\nLine, would receive quite opposite impressions of the\\ncountry. The one who had traversed its northern end\\nwould think of Idaho as a land of dense forests mir-\\nrored in the surfaces of beautiful lakes, of narrow val-\\nleys presenting but meagre scope for agriculture, of\\nabundant verdure, and of Alpine scenery. These condi-\\ntions suggest nothing except the lumber-camp, the mine,\\nand the stock-range.\\nThe traveller who crossed the southern part of the\\nState, on the other hand, would receive the impression\\nof an arid land, with wide stretches of valley and plain\\ncovered with wild grasses or sage-brush, alternating with\\ncurious formations of rock and lava. This traveller\\nwould understand how a large agricultural population\\nmay be maintained by turning the abundant water of the\\nstreams upon the rich valley soils. Both of these im-\\npressions of the resources of the great inland State of\\nthe Pacific North Avest would be true, but either of them\\ntaken alone, as is often done by travellers, would be\\nquite inadequate. The fact is that Idaho, perhaps even\\nmore than other localities in the Far West, presents a\\n174", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "THE CRUDE STRENGTH OF IDAHO\\nmarvellous diversity of soil, of climate, and of natural\\nendowments. This diversity must necessarily mark its\\nfuture industrial life and be reflected in the social side\\nof its civilization.\\nThe first important item in the material wealth of\\nIdaho is its water supply. Along its eastern boundary\\nnature has piled up towering mountain-ranges, which re-\\nceive an enormous snowfall. These mountains are cov-\\nered with forests, ranking among the most magnificent\\nin the world, which treasure the snow within their som-\\nbre depths until the warm weather gradually sends it\\ndown to streams which reach out through hundreds of\\nmiles of lower valleys. The great river of Idaho is the\\nSnake, which deserves a better name in sj)ite of its tortu-\\nous meanderings. This is the largest tributary of the\\nColumbia, and drains a vast water-shed, beginning in the\\nYellowstone Park of Wyoming and including all of\\nsouthern and much of western Idaho with eastern Ore-\\ngon and Washington. Along its course it receives nu-\\nmerous minor streams which drain interior mountain sys-\\ntems. The Snake is nearly one thousand miles long and\\nso deep that in some places soundings of two hundred\\nand forty feet have failed to find the bottom. While\\nincalculably valuable for irrigation, this is by no means\\nits only utility. It is navigable for one hundred and fifty\\nmiles above its junction with Clarke s Fork in the north-\\nern part of the State, and may sometime furnish a\\nwater route to the Pacific Ocean through the Columbia.\\nIt also has immense possibilities in the way of power,\\nwhich must some day be harnessed to electricity, moving\\npassengers and freight through the valleys, and perhaps\\nfurnishing both light and heat to thousands of homes.\\n175", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nThe most marvellous of these water-powers is furnished\\nby the Great Shoshone Falls, in the south-central por-\\ntion of the State. Here is a waterfall scarcely inferior\\nin power and grandeur to Niagara, and, like the latter,\\ndestined to be an important economic factor in the re-\\ngion within its reach. The abundant water supply is\\nby no means limited to the splendid valleys in the\\nsouthern part of the State. It is found in hundreds\\nof mountain streams throughout the central portion, and,\\nin the narrow district which tapers northward to tlic Brit-\\nish Columbia line, is so marked a feature of the land-\\nscape as to impress the most casual observer. Here\\nClarke s Fork of the Columbia, draining the Bitter Root\\nmountains in western Montana, is a stream of noble\\nproportions. Lakes Pend Oreille and CcBur d Alene\\nare among the most notable of inland waters, both in\\nbeauty and extent. But these northern streams will not\\nbe used extensively for irrigation, as there is consider-\\nable rainfall and comparatively little agricultural land.\\nThey are valuable, however, in connection with mining,\\nlumbering, and water-power.\\nThe forest area of Idaho includes seven million acres,\\nand the principal native trees are fir, spruce of the\\nwhite, red, and black varieties, scrub oak, yellow and\\nwhite pine, mountain mahogany, juniper, tamarack,\\nbirch, Cottonwood, alder, and willow. Some of the\\nlarge forest regions, notably that of the Pend d Oreille\\nin the north, are almost unexplored, and constitute the\\nwildest parts of the continent. Naturally, a country so\\nwell wooded and watered is the home of fish and game\\nof the rarest kinds. The mineral resources are well dis-\\ntributed and diversified to the last degree. The annual\\n176", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "THE CRUDE STRENGTH OF IDAHO\\noutput of precious metals varies from eight to eighteen\\nmillions, though the industry is yet in its infancy.\\nBase metals, precious stones, and building material, in-\\ncluding fine marble, exist in abundance.\\nIdaho lies wholly in the temperate zone, yet its climate\\npresents a great variety of features. In the larger pro-\\nportion of its territory, vv^hich consists of mountains and\\nelevated vallevs, the winter is a season of considerable\\nseverity. Here the thermometer registers far below\\nzero, though the days are rendered comfortable by dry\\natmosphere and abundant sunshine. In these higher al-\\ntitudes, however, production is limited to hardy crops,\\nand runs largely to hay and grain, which finds a market\\nin the mining and lumbering camps and at the hands of\\nstockmen.\\nSouthern and western Idaho are entirely different from\\nthe eastern, central, and northern districts. The alti-\\ntude ranges from two thousand to four thousand feet,\\nand the climate admits of the production of delicate\\nfruits. In much of the Snake River Valley, and still\\nmore notably in the numerous smaller valleys which\\nopen into it, small farming and fruit-growing will as-\\nsume great proportions. Here the densest population\\nwill be maintained and the finest institutions developed.\\nTypical districts of this sort are the valleys of the Boise,\\nof the Payette, and of the Weiser.\\nThe most famous product of these charming districts\\nis the prune. The prunes of southern Idaho were\\nawarded the first prize at the World s Fair in 1893. Ap-\\nples are also a most profitable crop. Twenty-three varie-\\nties of Idaho apples surprised the eastern pomologists at\\nthe Exposition. Professor L. II. Bailey, the horticult-\\nM 177", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nural expert of Cornell University, recorded the fact that\\nthe yellow Newtown pippin *is twice as large as the same\\napple grown in the Hudson River Valley of New York.\\nSuch delicate fruits as apricots, peaches, and nectarines,\\nare successfully grown in the lower valleys of southern\\nIdaho.\\nAVhilc there arc occasional instances of a temperature\\ntwelve degrees below zero, the winter in this part of the\\nState is really short and mild, being influenced by the\\nChinook winds, which make their way from the Pacific\\nover a distance of five hundred miles. Spring opens early\\nand is apt to be windy. The summer temperature is\\nhigh, though the nights are invariably cool. The almost\\ncomplete absence of rain between spring and late autumn\\nmakes the best conditions for irrigation, though it also\\ninvolves dry roads and clouds of dust when the wind is\\nhigh. Of the healthfulness of Idaho it is enough to say\\nthat it shows the smallest percentage of deaths of any\\nState or Territory in the Union. This is not only the\\nofficial record of the population as a whole, but it is the\\nshowing of the army statistics, wliicli furnish a better\\ntest, because the conditions of life in that service are re-\\nmarkably even throughout the country.\\nThe greatest irrigation development has occurred in the\\nupper Snake River Valley in the neighborhood of Idaho\\nFalls. Hero over four hundred thousand acres of land\\nhave been watered at a cost of more than a million dol-\\nlars. Tlie chief crops are grain and alfalfa, the former\\nyielding from sixty to eighty bushels, the latter from\\nseven to ten tons per acre. Land sells for from twenty to\\nfifty dollars per acre with perpetual water-rights. The\\nlarge canals are owned by private companies and rcp-\\n178", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "THE CRUDE STRENGTH OF IDAHO\\nresent eastern capital. Large private canals have also\\nbeen constructed in the lower valleys, the products of\\nwhich have already been referred to. These are in south-\\nwestern Idaho near the border of Oregon. Land is usually\\nmore costly here than in the upper country, owing to the\\nmore favorable climatic conditions and the better oppor-\\ntunities for small-farming. Prices range from forty to\\none hundred dollars per acre as a rule. Farther down\\non the Snake, in what is known as the ^Lewiston Coun-\\ntry, land which has recently been reclaimed from the\\ndesert is held at one hundred dollars per acre. It is ex-\\npected that a choice fruit district will be developed in\\nthis locality, and cherries are put forward as the favorite\\ncrop.\\nWhile the chief agricultural and horticultural districts\\nlie along the Snake river and its important tributaries,\\nthe mountains of central Idaho are full of picturesque,\\nwell-watered valleys. In some of these settlement has\\nbeen made for a generation, and the products are sold in\\nsurrounding mining towns and stock ranches. The IsTcz\\nPerce Indian reservation is also a fertile and promising\\ncountry, though the Indians have been located in sever-\\nalty on some of the most desirable lands which would\\notherwise be open to settlers. A considerable locality in\\nthe northern part of the State, known as the Palouse\\nCountry, is farmed in grain without irrigation. The\\nsame is true of the Cammas Prairie, in one of the central\\ncounties. But Idaho is substantially an arid region,\\nand its characteristic institutions are growing up where\\nirrigation has been supplied. The ultimate develop-\\nment of its diversified resources v/ill give it a many-sided\\neconomic life.\\n179", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nThe Baby State is a title conferred upon Idaho by\\nits World^s Fair Commissioner, Captain James M. Wells,\\nin his official report. While it is not the latest acces-\\nsion to the Union, nor the smallest in population, there\\nis a certain element of just characterization in the\\nname, though it can be but temporary. The impression\\nwhich Idaho makes upon the observer is that of crude,\\nundeveloped strength. Utah is newer to statehood,\\nNevada and Wyoming smaller in population, yet Idaho\\nseems more like a lusty infant than either of these. It\\nis such in the fact that its character is less fixed, and\\nthat, the current of population which is to make its en-\\nduring institutions has but begun to flow in upon the\\nfertile valleys which will dominate its life, because of\\ntheir capacity to sustain dense communities.\\nAlready there have been four periods in the history of\\nIdaho. The first was that of the explorer, when Lewis\\nand Clarke, and later Bonneville, came to look over the\\ncountry and report upon its possibilities. The second\\nwas that of the trapper, when the Hudson Bay Company\\nestablished its supremacy after a brief struggle with\\nAmerican hunters. The third was that of the mission-\\nary, who established the first feeble beginnings of civ-\\nilization, then pushed westward for the historic conquest\\nof Oregon. The fourth was that of the miner, who\\ngained a lasting foothold in the mountains and along\\nthe streams. The fifth era is now in progress, and has\\nbeen, after a fashion, since the early sixties. This is the\\nera of agricultural settlement and of town-building. It\\namounted to little until the railways were built across\\nthe northern and southern extremities of the State, and\\nuntil enterprise was attracted by the possibilities of irriga-\\n180", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "THE CRUDE STRENGTH OF IDAHO\\ntion. It is only in recent years that home-building, in\\nthe better sense of the term, has been seriously begun\\nin Idaho. All that went before was mere adventure,\\nwhether inspired by religious zeal, by lust of gold, or by\\nthe passion for national conquest.\\nThe most notable colony yet made on the irrigated\\nlands of Idaho is that of New Plymouth, in the Payette\\nValley, twelve miles from the town of Payette. This\\ncolony, organized in the spring of 1895 by William E.\\nSmythe and Benjamin P. Shawhan, was intended to\\nrepresent a high social and industrial ideal. The initial\\nwork of enlisting settlers and public interest for the un-\\ndertaking was done at Boston, with the aid of Dr. Ed-\\nward Everett Hale and other prominent men, but most\\nof the actual colonists were from Chicago and the mid-\\ndle West. The pioneers of New Plymouth, who repre-\\nsented a rather unusual quality of settlers, were drawn\\nprincipally from urban business and professional life,\\nyet entered enthusiastically and successfully upon the\\nwork of making homes on sage-brush lands twelve miles\\nfrom a railroad, in a remote and undeveloped part of\\nthe West.\\nThe Plymouth industrial programme aimed at com-\\nplete economic independence of the people by the simple\\nmethod of producing the variety of things consumed, on\\nsmall, diversified farms of having surplus products,\\nprincipally fruit, for sale in home and eastern markets\\nand by combining the capital of the settlers, by incor-\\nporation of a stock company, to own and develop the\\ntown-site, and to erect and operate simple industries re-\\nquired in connection with products of the soil. On the*\\nsocial side the plan aimed to give these farmers the best\\n181", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nadvantages of town life, or at least of neigliborbood as-\\nsociation. This was accomiDlished by assembling the\\nhouses in a central village, laid out, in accordance with\\na beautiful plan, with residences grouped on an out-\\nside circle touching the farms at all points. This plan\\nbrought the settlers close together on acre-lots home-\\nacres thus preventing isolation, and giving them the\\nbenefit of school, church, post-office, store, library, and\\nentertainments.\\nThe Plymouth settlers have been contented and pros-\\nperous from the first, and have had less than the usual\\nshare of early trials and disappointments. They testify\\nthat the social advantages of the colony plan, as com-\\npared with the drawbacks of individual and isolated set-\\ntlement, are alone sufficient to warrant its use.\\nEach of the early sources of Idaho s growth left its\\ndriftwood along the slender stream of the State s devel-\\nopment. The old-timer is an influential element in\\nits citizenship. Later comers, perhaps forgetting the\\ndistance which has been covered since the days of the\\nprimeval wilderness, and, in their impatience for prog-\\nress, belittling the hardy heroism which made it pos-\\nsible, sometimes complain that the ^old-timers are con-\\ntent to live in the memory of the early days while\\ncontributing little, either of enthusiasm or capital, to\\nfurther development. The obvious truth is that differ-\\nent classes of people are required for different classes of\\nwork. If the men who filled the role of pioneers are\\nnot well suited by taste and temperament to solve the\\nproblems involved in the evolution of a complex indus-\\ntrial life, it is doubtless equally true that the element\\nwhich enters enthusiastically and intelligently upon this\\n183", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "THE CRUDE STRENGTH OF IDAHO\\nlater work would not have dealt as succcssfnlly with the\\nharsher conditions of thirty years ago. It is true, how-\\never, that there are two well-defined classes in the citi-\\nzenship of Idaho, and that they represent different ways\\nof thinking. The steady growth of population must\\nsoon give the supremacy to those who are trying to put\\nthe farm in the place of the desert, to develop the best\\nmethods of fruit culture, to bring the irrigation sys-\\ntem under rigid j^ublic supervision, and to establish the\\nhighest standards in political and social life.\\nBoise City, the capital and commercial centre of Idaho,\\nis somewhat smaller than the chief city of any other\\nwestern State. It is a beautiful town, on the river of the\\nsame name, and is the seat of considerable wealth and of\\ngrowing refinement. In the long summer season it is\\nalmost hidden among its trees, for the pioneers planted\\nliberally in this comfortable home-spot which they had\\nprepared for their old age.\\nThe business and public buildings of Boise, as well as\\nmany of its private residences, are examples of the best\\nmodern architecture. The valley above the city has\\nbeen reclaimed by irrigation and is being gradually peo-\\npled by small farmers. It is a fruit district of great\\n])romise, and in time must become one of the most pop-\\nulous and beautiful valleys in the arid region.\\nThe other important towns of the southern part of\\nthe State are Idaho Falls, Pocatello, Mountain Home,\\nCaldwell, Nampa, Payette, and Weiser. Most of these\\nare small, but important in view of the certain develop-\\nment of the rich country which surrounds them. Lewis-\\nton, in the north, lies in the heart of a fine territory, and\\nis the trading point for the Nez Perce Indian reservation.\\n183", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nMoscow is still farther north, and owes its prominence\\nto the presence of tho State university. Besides these\\nthere are scores of important mining towns scattered\\nthroughout the mountains, but mostly away from the\\nrailroads. In town-building, as in tho development of\\nall its other resources, Idaho has barely crossed the\\nthreshold of its vast possibilities.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V\\nARID WASHINGTON AND OREGON\\nTo speak of Washington and Oregon as belonging to\\nthe arid region is to challenge popular belief, which re-\\ngards these as lands of extensive rainfall. Even in the\\nFar West it is customary to speak of Oregonians as\\nWebfeet, on account of the dampness of their cli-\\nmate. The fact is that there is rain enough in Oregon,\\nas there is wealth enough in New York, but that it is\\nnot well distributed.\\nThe annual precipitation along the coast of these\\nStates ranges from sixty to one hundred and twenty\\ninches, and is the heaviest in the United States. In\\nthe Puget Sound region, which is cut off from the coast-\\nline by a range of mountains, the rainfall is less, but\\nstill so heavy as to make the climate distinctly humid.\\nThe bulk of settlement has been in the extreme west,\\nand this fact accounts for the reputation of the country\\nas one of excessive rainfall. Nevertheless, about two-\\nthirds of these great States belong indisputably to the\\narid region, and can only sustain a dense population\\nwith the aid of irrigation. The singular contrast pre-\\nsented by such marked climatic differences is due to the\\nCascade mountains, which form a barrier running north\\nand south, intercepting the moisture from the Pacific\\n185", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nOcean and decreeing that the western third of these\\nStates shall liave too much rain, wliile the eastern two-\\nthirds shall have too little.\\nThe humid coast region is comparatively well settled\\nand in a condition of flourishing development. Port-\\nland, one of the most substantial of American cities, is\\nsustained by the trade of the interior, by manufactures\\nusing the power of the Willamette river, and by a\\ngrowing commerce moved by raih oads and shipping.\\nThe cities of Paget Sound are younger and less firmly\\nestablished. While it is impossible that all of them\\nshall realize their early dreams of greatness, Seattle and\\nTacoma have passed beyond the period of doubt, and\\nare clearly destined to be populous and powerful. The\\nWashington coast is marvellously rich in forests, which\\ncreep down to the very edge of the Sound, and in other\\nforms of natural wealth which will contribute to the up-\\nbuilding of manufactures and commerce. The growth\\nof centres of population between the Cascades and the\\nsea will have an important relation to the prosperity of\\nthe much larger regions east of the mountains.\\nNot all of eastern Washington is worthless for agricult-\\nure without irrigation. Largo areas of rolling land arc\\nfarmed in wheat by dependence upon the rainfall. The\\nBio: Bend and the Palouse countries are notable districts\\nof this kind. The high, rolling, bunch-grass hills on the\\nwestern side of the Columbia are so well adapted for\\ngrazing as to be locally known as the Horse -heaven\\nCountry. Along the northern line, running easterly to\\nIdaho and covering a broad belt of territory, are rich\\nmineral and forest areas. But the future of eastern\\n186", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "ARID WASHINGTON AND OREGON\\nWashington, as a whole, hinges on the irrigation indus-\\ntry. This will be the dependence for the support of a\\ndense population, and will have an important bearing on\\nthe development of other resources.\\nThe most important tracts of arid land lie in the\\ncentral part of the State. Perhaps no other locality in\\nthe arid region of the West is so abundantly watered or\\nso richly favored in natural navigation facilities, though\\nrivers must be improved before they can reach their high-\\nest utility. The Columbia river, the Yakima, the Snake,\\nand the Wenatchee are the principal sources of water\\nsupply, though these have numerous valuable tribu-\\ntaries. The irrigable district is inclosed between the\\nCascade and Bitter Root ranges, and the drainage from\\ntliese high mountains furnishes more water than can ever\\nbe used to advantage.\\nThe most important irrigation development thus far\\naccomplished is in the Yakima Valley. Here there are\\nnearly four hundred miles of canals, some of them very\\nlarge. The towns of North Yakima, Pressor, and Ellens-\\nburg are the chief points in the irrigated portions of the\\nvalley. A number of canals have been constructed along\\nthe Wenatchee river, and a promising development has\\nbeen begun on the plains of the Columbia, near its\\njunction with the Snake, in the neighborhood of Kenne-\\nwick and Pasco. A good beginning has also been made\\non the Walla Walla river near the Oregon boundar}^,\\nand on the Snake river at the point where it flows out\\nof Idaho into the Lewiston country. For long dis-\\ntances both the Columbia and Snake flow through\\ndeep channels, so that their abundant supplies can\\nbe utilized only by pumping. As yet this has not\\n187", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nbeen extensively done, but doubtless will be in tlie\\nfuture.\\nThe soil of arid Washington is generally a light, sandy\\nloam, or volcanic ash. Some portions of the river-bot-\\ntoms have extensive tracts of dark alluvial soil, while in\\nother portions the soil is so sandy as to drift before the\\nwind. While alkali is frequently encountered in small\\nspots, the soil as a whole may be described as free of both\\nalkali and clay. Its depth and texture are such as to in-\\nsure good drainage, which is essential in connection with\\nirrigation. Rich in potash, lime, and phosphoric acid,\\nthe soil should prove enduring, as it has already proven\\nextremely productive.\\nThe climate is mild, though distinctly of the temperate\\nzone. The temperature sometimes goes as high as 108^\\nin summer days, and as low as zero in winter nights yet\\nthe climate is not severe, in spite of these figures. The\\nrainfall varies in different localities. On the sage-brush\\nplains of the Columbia it averages only about six inches,\\nwhich is less than in any other part of the United States\\nexcept the extreme Southwest. The resulting dryness\\nrobs the summer heat and the winter cold of their worst\\neffects. In the warmer part of the region snow falls\\nrarely and seldom remains on the ground more than\\ntwo or three days. Along the Columbia river ploughing\\ncan be done almost continuously, while at the higher\\nelevations it is suspended from the middle of November\\nto the middle of February. Cyclones, tornadoes, and\\nblizzards are entirely unknown, and the frequent thun-\\nder-storms are so gentle as hardly to deserve the name.\\nThere is more or less wind at all seasons of the year.\\nThis is frequently strong enough to raise considerable\\n188", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "ARTESIAN WELT- AT ZILLAH, WASHINGTON", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "ARID WASHINGTON AND OREGON\\ndust during the dry season, and wind and dust constitute\\nthe disagreeable features of an otiierwise delightful cli-\\nmate. There is probably no healthier region, nor one\\nbetter adapted to people suffering with throat and lung\\ntroubles, than arid Washington.\\nThe products comprise everything that grows in the\\ntemperate zone, including the tender fruits, which are\\nhere of great beauty and high flavor. The localities\\nwhere the Yakima, Snake, and Wcnatchee rivers empty\\ninto the Columbia furnish the earliest products, the sea-\\nson being fully a month more advanced than in tho\\nhumid parts of the State. For this reason rare oppor-\\ntunities are offered in the way of market-gardening,\\nwhich is an important consideration, as enabling settlors\\nto obtain an income before their trees come into bearing.\\nThe markets open to the small farmers who settle upon\\nthe irrigated lands of eastern Washington are extremely\\nfortunate. They include the rich and growing mining\\ndistricts of northern Idaho, of Montana, and of British\\nColumbia, as well as home markets in the northern and\\nwestern parts of the State. Nature has rather severely\\nlimited the district which can produce the early fruits,\\nsmall fruits, and vegetables, while these mining regions\\nmust always be large consumers, and can never hope to\\nsupply themselves witli early products. The improve-\\nment oC railroad facilities will enhance these advantages.\\nStrawberries, raspberries, cherries, pears, peaches, prunes,\\nand apples, as well as all vegetables, find ready sale at\\nhigh prices in these markets. The dairy industry is also\\nprofitable.\\nSettlement on the irrigated lands of easterii Washing-\\nton has only begun, and is still far behind canal-build-\\n180", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ning. Lack of industrial organization has hindered tlie\\nprosperity of those who have come, and this in turn lias\\ndiscouraged further settlement. Land prices range from\\nthirty to one hundred dollars per acre, with water-rights.\\nThe smaller and earlier canals were built by co-operative\\nenterprise, but the larger and later ones represent invest-\\nments of eastern and foreign capital. A beginning has\\nbeen made in the construction of public works by means\\nof the formation of irrigation districts under the State\\nlaw.\\nThe most important city in eastern Washington is Spo-\\nkane, which lies near the border of Idaho. This is sus-\\ntained by surrounding districts devoted to wheat-raising,\\nmining, lumbering, and stock industry. The fall in the\\nprice of grain and horses has been a severe blow to the\\nproducers, and marks a transition stage in the life of\\nthe State. It will lead to the extension of irrigation, of\\nsmall farms, of diversified production, and of co-opera-\\ntive industries. There is no more promising field for\\nthe application of the most enlightened methods of colo-\\nnization than that offered by the rich and well-watered\\nvalleys of arid Washington.\\nArid Oregon includes two-thirds of the State, and re-\\nsembles its northern neighbor in many respects. It is\\nless generously endowed with water supplies, and has\\nbeen less fortunate in interesting capital in the construc-\\ntion of large irrigation works. There are, however, one\\nhundred and fifty thousand acres of irrigated land in\\neastern Oregon, and it is estimated that this amount can\\nbe multiplied from ten to twenty times. The country is\\nbut sparsely settled, and has been mostly devoted to\\n190", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "ARID WASHINGTON AND OREGON\\nwlieat and stock. The climate varies with the altitude,\\nand is similar to that of Washington and the lower parts\\nof Idaho. The rainfall is about fifteen inches, which is\\nnot more than half enough for profitable agriculture.\\nThere are no great extremes of either heat or cold.\\nThe products are practically the same as those of\\nAVasliington, except that the earliest vegetables and\\nsmall fruits are more successfully cultivated in the low\\nvalleys of the latter. Small-farming and fruit-culture\\nare successfully pursued wherever irrigation is provided.\\nIndeed, the contrast with the prosperity of those wlio\\noperate large farms in grain is very striking.\\nThe writer recalls an experience in point. On one oc-\\ncasion he rode for hours through miles of farms devoted\\nexclusively to wheat, Avhich was raised at a loss, the\\nproprietors generally going into debt for vegetables,\\npoultry, and even dairy products, at the stores in the\\ncounty seat. Then at Pendleton, on the same day, ho\\ninspected a little patch of irrigated ground only three\\nquarters of an acre in size which furnished a family\\nwith vegetables and small fruits, together with a sur-\\nplus to be disposed of at the store and sold again to the\\ntliriftless farmers who raised only wheat. Here was a\\nsingle cliorry-tree, the product of which sold in the mar-\\nket for exactly the same price as the product of five acres\\nof wheat! Ten or twenty acres of irrigated land in east-\\nern Oregon are more valuable than twenty times as much\\nfarmed in grain and sold at the prices prevailing during\\nthe past few years. The little farm furnishes a certain\\nliving, with a prospect of something more the largo\\nfarm means drudgery, debt, and very often ruin. Tlic;s(i\\neconomic facts having been clearly demonstrated to Oro-\\n191", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ngonians in recent years, irrigation has become an impor-\\ntant interest.\\nThe State Commission, in its report to the National\\nIrrigation Congress of 1894, made a careful estimate of\\nthe water resources of eastern Oregon. It was found\\nthat in the extreme southwestern part of the arid dis-\\ntrict, bordering the Cascade mountains, half a million\\nacres could be watered by using supplies impounded in\\nnatural lakes, the most important of which are Upper\\nand Lower Khxmath, Summer, Albert, Warner, Goose,\\nand Silver lakes. In the southeastern part of the State\\nforty thousand acres are already commanded by sixteen\\nirrigation canals. It was estimated that the irrigable\\narea could be increased as follows In the Snake River\\nValley, two hundred thousand acres; in the Malhuer\\nRiver Valley, two hundred thousand acres in the Wil-\\nlow Creek Valley, one hundred and fifty thousand acres\\nin Bully Creek Valley, fifty thousand acres and in nu-\\nmerous other valleys, fifteen thousand acres. It would\\nbe necessary, however, to make provision for the storage\\nof water to eSect this result.\\nThe Umatilla river in northern Oregon is one of the\\nlarge tributaries of the Columbia. Here irrigation en-\\nterprise has been so active that at times more than the\\ntotal flow of the stream has been appropriated. As yet\\nmost of the projected works have not been built, owing\\nto the difficulty of interesting capital during the hard\\ntimes. The region is fertile and picturesque, well sup-\\nplied with railroad outlets, and certain to be benefited in\\ntime by improvements which will render the Columbia\\nriver navigable to the sea. A large area can be brought\\nunder irrigation, and the district seems likely to be the\\n192", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "ARID WASHINGTON AND OREGON\\nscene of the earliest colonization efforts. Still farther\\nwest is the region watered by the Des Chutes and John\\nDay rivers. Here an area of two hundred miles in ex-\\ntent is susceptible of irrigation. The Hood river flows\\nthrough a country which is not entirely arid, but which\\nwould be much improved by irrigation. The waters of\\nthis stream are likely to be turned upon the land during\\nthe next few years. Indeed, it seems probable that the\\nirrigation industry will be extended to the higher valleys\\non the western slope, since the process has already begun\\nin a small way in the valleys of the Rogue and Willamette.\\nThe irrigation systems already in operation in eastern\\nOregon are generally applied chiefly to bottom and low-\\nlying lands immediately adjacent to the streams. Where\\ncanals are extensive they are used for the production of\\nhay and grain as an adjunct to stock-raising. There are\\na sufficient number of orchards and small farms to de-\\nmonstrate the possibilities in this direction, but for the\\nmost part eastern Oregon is undeveloped. It is within\\nbounds to say that it can readily make homes for a mill-\\nion people when irrigation is applied to the best advan-\\ntage. The first impulse of a new era had begun to be felt\\nin 1890, and rose rapidly until the panic of 1893. This\\nimpulse must again assert itself powerfully, and it seems\\nnot unlikely that this will happen during the next few\\nyears.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI\\nTHE POTENTIAL GREATNESS OF NEVADA\\nNo other State has been so bitterly derided as Nevada.\\nIt has been asserted that the silver mines which made it\\nall it was are exhausted that it has no other mineral\\nwealth that it has no agricultural resources that it has\\nnothing to attract people, and that as a consequence it is\\nflickering out. These statements have found wide\\nacceptance, and as a result newspapers and public men\\nhave seriously discussed propositions to deprive Nevada\\nof its Senators, or to merge it into Utah, or otherwise to\\ndegrade it from its present place of statehood.\\nAll these charges are untrue. Potentially, Nevada is\\none of the greatest States in the Union. It would be\\ndifficult to name one commonwealth east of the Missis-\\nsippi river which surpasses it in physical endowments,\\nand it even ranks well in this respect among the other\\nStates of the Far West, which it resembles in climate,\\nsoil, and variety of resources. It is true that Nevada has\\nlost population since the decline of the great excitement\\non the Comstock lode, but it is not true that this decline\\nis due to the fact that the State has not the raw materials\\nof a rich, populous, and powerful community. The\\nproper prescription for the economic ills of Nevada is not\\ndegradation, but development.\\n194", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "POTENTIAL GREATNESS OF NEVADA\\nThe silver mines which chiefly contribnted to its pros-\\nperity in the past were principally those of the famous\\nComstock lode, which prodnced more than $500,000,000\\nin precious metals of Eureka, $125,000,000 of Austin,\\n$30,000,000 of Lincoln county, $30,000,000 of Esmer-\\nalda county, $20,000,000 of Elko county, $10,000,000.\\nThere were many other camps of lesser moment.\\nNow, it is j)erfectly true that the extraction of such\\nvast amounts wrought material changes in the character\\nof some of these mines, notably of the Comstock. It by\\nno means follows, however, that the deposits of ore have\\nbeen exhausted. The richer ores were utilized at a\\ntime when silver commanded a high price and when\\neconomy in milling was not important. But it may be\\nasserted upon the best authority that even the mines of the\\nComstock, some of which have been worked to a depth of\\nthree thousand feet, possess wellnigh unlimited quanti-\\nties of ore running from $G to $15 per ton, and that un-\\nder more favorable conditions for silver mining the fa-\\nmous lode would perhaps duplicate its peerless record of\\nthe past. It is not likely that fabulous profits will ever\\nagain be realized. It is certainly not to be desired that\\nthe old romance of life in Virginia City, with its hot\\nfever of speculation, its glittering successes, and its tragic\\ndisappointments, should be repeated. But though the\\nbonanza days are of the past, the better days of sober\\nindustrial development are of the future. This state-\\nment applies yet more forcibly to other old camps.\\nWith few exceptions, deep-mining has not been pur-\\nsued. Only the richer ores near the surface have been\\nutilized, and these by expensive processes and at high\\ncost of transportation. Eureka, Austin and Tuscarora,\\n195", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nand the districts in Lincoln and Esmeralda counties\\nall great producers in the past are yet rich in silver ore\\naveraging $8 to $20 per ton. Not only are the old camps\\nfar from exhausted/ but the undeveloped resources in\\nthis direction are far from explored. It is not denied\\nby any one that admittedly great silver camps in Utah,\\nin Colorado, in Idaho, and in Montana, have been com-\\npelled to cease operation partially or completely as a\\nresult of the depression of prices. The same is true of\\nNevada, but she also labors under peculiar disadvantages\\nin the lack of transportation facilities. In the extreme\\nsouthern counties mines have to ship ore to the reduc-\\ntion works at Salt Lake City at a cost of $15 per ton.\\nThere are other localities where the transportation\\ncharge ranges from $20 to $100 per ton, and where great\\nore bodies carrying $30 to $60 per ton in precious\\nmetals lie unworked in consequence. The prostration\\nof the silver industry in Nevada is due to a number of\\ncauses, but the fact that the silver mines which made\\nher all she was have been exhausted is not one of them,\\nsince it exists only in the imagination of those who know\\nnot whereof they speak.\\nThe statement that Nevada Mias no other mineral\\nwealth is equally wide of the truth. The actual extent\\nand value of such resources in any country cannot be\\nknown in advance of thorough development, but the\\namazing variety of Nevada s natural endowments is a\\nfact which no well-informed person ventures to dispute.\\nCalling the roll of the fourteen counties, we may see\\nthat nearly all answer to the truth of this claim.\\nElko, in the extreme northeastern corner of the State,\\nwhere the railroad traveller enters from Utah, yielded\\n196", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "POTENTIAL GREATNESS OF NEVADA\\nplacer-gold to the earliest prospectors of the Great Basin,\\nand has gold ledges of promising extent and value which\\nare now being carefully explored. Humboldt, central\\non the northern boundary, presents as great a variety of\\nresources as any district in the United States. Besides\\nsilver, it possesses gold, copper, lead, tin, iron, anti-\\nmony, nickel, cobalt, bismuth, nitre, sulphur, gypsum,\\nborax, soda, and salt. Coarse gold to the value of sev-\\neral millions has been taken from its placer and gravel\\nmines. Gypsum is shipped to San Francisco for fertil-\\nizer. Near Lovelock, in this count}^ are great hills of\\nfine bessemer iron ore, yielding eighty-six per cent, of iron\\nand twelve per cent, of aluminum, with no trace of im-\\npurities. Eureka county, in the central part of the State,\\nhas many mines in which gold predominates, besides large\\ndeposits of magnetic iron ore, of lead, of granite and\\nother building stones. Lander, adjoining Eureka on\\nthe west, has valuable undeveloped gold deposits and\\nthe richest mines of antimony in the world. Of the\\nwestern counties, Washoe reports recent discoveries of\\ngold, copper, and iron Douglas, quartz and placer-gold\\nLyon, mines which run high in gold, with but little sil-\\nver Churchill, gold, copper, and other minerals; while\\nStorey contains the Comstock. Esmeralda, bordering\\nCalifornia on the extreme southwest, is very rich in\\ngold bearing quartz, and is being actively developed.\\nLincoln and Nye, the two great counties of the south,\\nhave gold, copper, lead, antimony, zinc, quicksilver,\\nfire-clay, chalk, soapstone, borax, and alum. In Lin-\\ncoln there is a deposit of zinc, estimated to be worth\\nseveral millions, which cannot be worked because of lack\\nof transportation facilities. There are hills of salt, the\\n197", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nproduct of which commands locally but $l,per ton, owing\\nto its inaccessibility, though other localities in the State\\npay $20 to $40 per ton for a similar product. White\\nPine county, along the eastern boundary, has extensive\\ngold placers.\\nFinally, there is a large deposit in Elko county of\\nsomething which is said never to have been discovered\\nelsewhere mineral soap, superior in cleansing virtues to\\nany of the manufactured varieties known to the students\\nof modern advertising. As the country was principally\\noccupied by Piute Indians, the deposit remained undis-\\nturbed for nameless centuries. But it was exhibited at\\nthe World s Fair, where, it is feared, it added nothing\\nto Nevada s fame. The thing was so palpably and un-\\nmistakably the perfection of toilet articles that it over-\\ntaxed eastern credulity, and was quietly set down as a\\nlarger piece of mendacity than of soap.\\nIt is further charged tliat Nevada has no agricultural\\nresources. Of all arraignments, this is the most mis-\\ntaken and unjust, yet it is the one which will find readi-\\nest credence by those who know the State only through\\nthe experience of a restless day s travel by railroad across\\nits waste of sage-brush, of sunshine, and of dust. The\\nmore need, then, for its emphatic refutation, for there\\nare millions of Nevada acres which might answer the cry\\nof thousands of homeless men.\\nThe territorial grandeur of the battle-born common-\\nwealth is not a matter of dispute. In the East it would\\nfill a space from central Pennsylvania to Georgia, and\\nfrom Delaware Bay to Ohio. But as Nevada is very arid,\\nhaving but ten inches of rainfall, and but little of that in\\nthe growing season, the extent of the water supply is the\\n198", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "POTENTIAL GREATNESS OF NEVADA\\nmeasure of its caj)acity to support population. Upon\\nthe all imiDortant subject of the water supply of an\\narid and half -explored country authorities seldom agree.\\nThey cannot do so in advance of thorough scientific in-\\nvestigation, especially where the dependence is largely\\nupon flood waters, springs, and artesian wells. But the\\nmost painstaking and systematic inquiry ever made into\\nthis branch of Nevada s resources resulted in the con-\\nclusion that at least six million acres of rich soil could\\nbo irrigated.\\nSuch was the report of a State Commission, appointed\\nunder the auspices of the Irrigation Congress in 1893, of\\nwhich the late Governor John E. Jones was chairman\\nand L. E. Taylor, C. E., secretary. The material for\\nthe report was gathered with the assistance of sub-com-\\nmittees in every county, and the conclusions undoubt-\\nedly represent the best judgment of practical men inti-\\nmately acquainted with the subject in its local details.\\nThe estimate is based on the use of storage reservoirs\\nand the development of springs and artesian basins, as\\nwell as upon the surface supplies more readily to be cal-\\nculated. The commission rej^orted twenty lakes and\\nsixteen rivers of importance. Of the utility of the lat-\\nter, it said that the Carson, Walker, and Truckee, flow-\\ning eastward from the Sierras, would irrigate in Nevada\\none million acres the Humboldt, another million the\\nSalmon, Bruneau, and Owyhee, in the extreme north-\\neast, four hundred thousand the Quinn, which de-\\nscends from its Oregon sources into Nevada, one hun-\\ndred and seventy-five thousand the Virgin, on the ex-\\ntreme southeast, one hundred thousand. Minor rivers\\nand a multitude of flowing springs were counted availa-\\n199", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nble for the reclamation of two million four hundred\\nthousand acres, while the artesian supplies were relied\\nupon to bring the total for the State to at least six\\nmillion acres.\\nThe authors of these conclusions, among the most re-\\nsponsible men in the State, declare them to be well within\\nthe bounds of conservatism. For the present purpose,\\nhowever, the figures may be reduced two-thirds, and\\nstill leave an ample foundation for population in Nevada.\\nTwo States which no one dreams of expelling from the\\nUnion are Colorado and Utah. The splendid agricult-\\nural prosperity of those arid commonwealths is based\\non a cultivated area of only about two million acres.\\nThere is no excuse for assuming that with a reasonable\\ndevelopment of her resources, mineral and manufactur-\\ning as well as agricultural, Nevada could not sustain at\\nleast as many people as do Utah and Colorado in their\\npresent condition of partial development. Neither of\\nthose States has begun to approach the full realization\\nof its possibilities, though even now they maintain a\\ncombined population of about three-quarters of a million.\\nThis figure is a low estimate of Nevada s capacity in\\nthat direction.\\nThe products of the irrigated lands of Nevada are the\\nfruits, vegetables, cereals, and grasses of the temperate\\nzone, and, in the extreme southern portions, the more\\ndelicate fruits of the semi-tropics. Average crops are\\nthirty-five bushels of wheat per acre, sixty bushels of\\nbarley, seventy-five bushels of oats, three hundred bush-\\nels of potatoes, and four to eight tons of alfalfa, which is\\nthe leading forage grass. In the extreme southern coun-\\nties, where the altitude is but four hundred feet above\\n200", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "POTENTIAL GREATNESS OF NEVADA\\nsea-level, and where the warm breath of the Gulf of Cali-\\nfornia is received through the canyons of the Colorado\\nriver, figs, olives, pomegranates, almonds, English wal-\\nnuts, and, in sheltered places, even oranges, may be pro-\\nduced, according to the testimony of old residents. The\\nclimate of Nevada, as the products would indicate, covers\\na wide range. Like all parts of the arid region, it is dis-\\ntinguished by pure, dry air, an extraordinary amount of\\nsunshine, and consequently a very high degree of health-\\nfulness. It is a climate fit to breed a robust and vigor-\\nous race.\\nThese are not the popular impressions of Nevada, but\\nthe traveller who has left his hot and dusty car to breathe\\nthe cool fragrance of the little oasis at Humboldt, to\\nwalk for a few moments within the shade of its trees,\\nand to hear the music of its waters, should not hesitate\\nto accept them as true. The little patch of green which\\na hill-side spring has spoken into being here is a sample\\nof what millions of desert acres will become. Farther\\non the traveller catches a twilight glimpse of the thriv-\\ning farms of Lovelock or of the green Truckee mead-\\nows. But the larger examples of irrigation lie off the\\nbeaten path. Such an instance is the Carson Valley,\\nhidden between the sheltering shoulders of the Sierras.\\nTo appreciate the possibilities of this derided State, the\\ncritic should visit that valley in the perfect Nevada\\nspring-time, and look upon its farms, its homes, and its\\nvillages. There he would behold a memorable picture of\\nthrift, of beauty, and of peace, from the white blossoms\\nin the door-yards to the white summits of the mountains.\\nAnd there he might read the true prophecy of Nevada s\\nfuture.\\n201", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nIf, then, this State is flickering oiit,^^ it is emphati-\\ncally not due to the fact that it has nothing to attract\\npeople/ Resembling Utah and, less closely, Colorado\\nin climate and resources, there are reasons which account\\nfor its poverty of population and backwardness of devel-\\nopment in comparison with those growing States. It is,\\nperhaps, worth while briefly to review them.\\nThe men made rich by the mines of Colorado had the\\ngratitude and patriotism to spend their money where\\nthey made it. Tabor gave Denver its first important im-\\npulse by erecting splendid buildings as monuments to his\\nfaith in the city s future. Hagerman planted the Mid-\\nland Railway on the Continental Divide, and invested\\nmillions in reclaiming arid lands tributary to Colorado\\ncommerce. General Palmer, the railroad pioneer, found-\\ned Colorado Springs, encouraged improvements in every\\ndirection, and built his home in the State which had re-\\nwarded his daring enterprise. Such was the spirit of\\nmost of the successful Coloradans towards the country\\nwhich gave them their opportunities. The wealth taken\\nfrom the mines and railroads of Nevada, on the other\\nliand, contributed nothing to the embellishment of its\\ncities or the conquest of its waste-places. It went to\\nbuild palaces in San Francisco, New York, and London,\\nand to increase the social gayety of Newport and Paris.\\nIt would not be just to infer that the difference in the\\nattitude of the two sets of millionaires was wholly due\\nto their individual characteristics. Circumstances had\\nmuch to do with it, notably the fact that in Nevada the\\nmining industry was mostly concentrated in a single\\ngTeat camp, which enhanced its speculative character,\\nand the fact that the superlative attractions of California\\n202", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "POTENTIAL GREATNESS OF NEVADA\\nlay within a few hours ride of Virginia City. But the\\ndifference, nevertheless, wrought momentous results in\\nthe fortunes of States.\\nThe railroad situation is another important factor in\\nthe backv/ardness of Nevada. Whenever a single rail-\\nroad controls the inlet and outlet of a State, the indus-\\ntrial and commercial destinies of that State are, to a large\\nextent, committed to the keeping of that railroad. Thcpo\\nfacts are further emphasized when it happens tliat the rail-\\nroad runs through agricultural territory and possesses i\\nland grant covering every other section for a distance of\\ntwenty miles on both sides of the track. Development\\nnecessarily hinges on the policy of the railroad, both as\\nto rates and as to the encouragement of enterprise. The\\nonly alternative is to build a competing line, and this h\\nextremely difficult if the construction of the first has\\nnot resulted in the development of the country and the\\ngrowth of its population. Nevada in a flourishing con-\\ndition would invite competition not merely for its own\\nbusiness, but also for the rich spoil of California s traffic.\\nNevada as a stretch of hopeless desert, on the other\\nhand, constitutes a perfect insurance against competi-\\ntion for the larger prize on the farther side of the\\nSierras. It has not been the policy of the Central\\nPacific to make this risk extra-hazardous, or to in-\\ncrease its cost, by developing the territory between Utah\\nand California. It is sometimes charged that the Cen-\\ntral Pacific is distinctly hostile to Nevada. The prob-\\nable truth is that, having the interest of their whole great\\nsystem to consider, the managers arrange their policies\\naccording to the dictates of shrewd business sense, and\\nthat Nevada has merely the ill-fortune to be pinched in\\n203", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthe process. If it would have paid the Central Pacific\\nbetter to develop the State than to let it remain a wil-\\nderness, it would have been developed. Just criticism\\nshould be directed to the system which permits the pri-\\nvate ownership of public highways, and not against indi-\\nviduals, since human nature is everywhere much alike.\\nUtah was developed without the aid either of rail-\\nroads or millionaires, but Utah has had a colonization\\npolicy from the beginning down to the present hour. If\\nBrigham Young had not recalled his colonists from\\nthe valleys of the Carson, the Walker, and the Truckee\\nduring the fifties, no one would now complain of de-\\ncreasing population a sin never charged against the\\nMormons. The difference between the sister States of\\nthe Great Basin is not an affair of raw materials. It is\\nthe difference between the results of speculative mining,\\non one hand, and of the patient develojjment of agricult-\\nural resources by methods of sober industry, on the\\nother.\\nNevada is the victim of circumstances. Rich in the\\npotentialities of material greatness, and therefore strong\\nin the capacity to support a social structure, it presents\\nthe baffling paradox of declining population in a west-\\nern State. If it were located in South Africa, the na-\\ntions of Europe would plot and struggle for possession of\\nits minerals, lands, and waters if in New South Wales,\\nthe colonial government would em23loy the public capi-\\ntal to reclaim its deserts and to enable the surplus popu-\\nlation of Adelaide to make homes upon its soil if in\\nGermany, the Imperial government would charter rent\\nbanks to operate under a commission in joreparing the\\nland for settlement and building humble liouses, to bo\\n204", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "POTENTIAL GREATNESS OF NEVADA\\npurchased by home-seekers on generous terms if in Hol-\\nland, the servants of the little Queen would extend the\\nadmirable colonies which have flourished for seventy-five\\nyears, graduating thousands of needy men from beggary\\nto tenantry, from tenantry to proprietorship. But Ne-\\nvada is in the United States, and the remedy for its mis-\\nfortune is to deprive it of its Senators\\nIf anything is to be done for Nevada the impulse must\\ncome from without. Ninety-five per cent, of her great\\narea is public land and the property of the nation. The\\npresent land laws were made in ignorance of the con-\\nditions imposed by aridity, and are practically unsuited\\nfor any honest and intelligent purpose of home-making.\\nThe citizenship of the State is composed of miners, who\\ncare nothing for agricultural expansion of farmers, who\\nare not anxious to foster competition of stockmen, who\\nwant undisturbed possession of water privileges for their\\nherds and of merchants and professional men who are\\nhelpless to turn the wheel of progress. Congressman\\nNewlands made an elaborate effort to awaken interest in\\nirrigation development a few years ago, offering to back\\nit with his large means, but it came to nothing because of\\npublic indifference and subtle opposition. The same con-\\nditions prevented the strong effort of the late Governor\\nJones a man who had the progress of his State deeply at\\nheart from reforming the water laws and providing an\\nirrigation administrative system. It would not be diffi-\\ncult to suggest palliative policies which would help to\\nturn the tide in the right direction. For instance, cer-\\ntain favored districts might be withdrawn from settlement\\nunder present laws, and granted under special induce-\\nments to organizations like the Salvation Army, or Oom-\\n205", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nmander Booth s Volunteers, who might reclaim and\\ncolonize them in co-operation with philantliroj)ic persons.\\nBut the truth is that Nevada s decadence is due to\\neconomic evils common to the arid region to evils which\\ncall for deeper and broader measures than can be applied\\nto any single locality.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII\\nWYOMING, LAW-GIVER OF THE ARID REGION\\nA siN GLE railroad traverses the lengtli of Wyoming,\\ntaking the traveller through that portion of the State\\npossessing the least attractions in the way of scenery and\\ndevelopment. As a consequence, thousands of people\\nwho have made the transcontinental journey think of\\nthis new commonwealth as a barren wilderness of withered\\ngrass and stunted sage-brush, with an abundance of\\nrugged mountain views along its southern horizon, but\\nwithout visible means of support for population save a few\\ncheerless trading towns and grimy coal-mining camps.\\nThese tourists find the altitude disagreeably high and the\\natmosphere generally chilly, if not cold. They behold no\\ncultivated fields, no homes framed in trees and vines\\nhence do not marvel that the population of this vast\\nState is no larger than that of fourth-class cities in the\\nEast.\\nSpite of this popular prejudice, which may hardly be\\ncomplained of as unreasonable, Wyoming is a very great\\nState in its natural resources, and must some day sustain\\na population as large as that of Ohio and Illinois. If\\nits fij^st railroad had penetrated its central or northern\\ncounties it would even now be as celebrated and as pop-\\nulous as Colorado. Because of its stores of coal and\\n207", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\npetroleum it is frequently called the Pennsylvania of\\nthe West. Its deposits of both base and precious metals\\nare extensive and widely diffused, though the present\\noutput is small, owing to the cost of transportation and\\nthe fact that mining capital and enterprise have been at-\\ntracted elsewhere by the greater fame of other localities.\\nIt is well endowed with forests and blessed with the no-\\nblest scenery, of which the far-famed grandeurs of the\\nYellowstone Park furnish the best example. But its\\ngreatest resources are those of water and of land. It is\\nestimated that not less than ten million acres of fertile\\nland may be reclaimed by irrigation. Distributed rather\\nevenly through different portions of the State, and sur-\\nrounded by the wealth of mine, forest, water-power, and\\nnatural pastures, this irrigable land will furnish the solid\\nfoundation of a great and manifold economic life in fut-\\nure centuries.\\nThe great industry of Wyoming from the time of its\\nfirst settlement has been stock-raising. Its agriculture\\nhas been mostly auxiliary to this. Herds of horses,\\ncattle, and sheep are grazed upon the enormous free\\npasture or range from spring to autumn, and then fed\\nupon the native or alfalfa hay raised in the irrigated\\nvalleys. This industry has been the source of local pros-\\nperity and enlisted great sums of eastern and foreign\\ncapital. It is a pursuit which does not develop the\\nhigher possibilities of the country, either in a material\\nor social way, and so long as its influence strongly domi-\\nnated the life of the community Wyoming did not fur-\\nnish an attractive field for settlers. There was a^time\\nwhen prominent men actually deprecated the growth of\\npopulation, and boldly asserted that brute cattle were\\n208", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "WYOMING, LAW-GIVER OF ARID REGION\\nmore to be welcomed than men, women, and children in\\nthat sparsely settled empire. In the last few years, hoAv-\\never, the tendency of public thought and political action,\\nconsequently of development, has been distinctly away\\nfrom barbarism and towards civilization.\\nWhat is rather grotesquely known as The Rustlers\\nWar of 1892 had much to do with the changed con-\\nditions. Properly speaking, it was not a war, but a raid,\\nwhich ended disastrously so far as its immediate purpose\\nwas concerned. Individuals and companies owning large\\nherds of horses and cattle had suffered repeatedly from\\nthe depredations of thieves or rustlers.^ They had\\noften apprehended the culprits and sought by every\\nmeans in their power to punish them through the courts.\\nBut the cases were tried in counties where public sen-\\ntiment strongly opposed the great cattle-owners. The\\nresult was that no jury could be found to convict. After\\na long and exasperating experience of this kind the\\nlarge stock interests determined to try a heroic remedy.\\nThey fitted out an expedition, consisting mostly of rough\\ncharacters from Texas, and thoroughly armed it, even a\\nGatling gun being included in its equipment. The ex-\\npedition was led by prominent and wealthy citizens and\\naccompanied by a young English lord in search of a new\\nsensation.\\nA considerable number of rustlers, who were settlers\\nliving in lonely places with small bands of cattle or horses,\\nwere marked for removal, or, plainly speaking, for\\nmurder. The expedition set out blithely enough, har-\\nboring no doubts of its complete success and not dream-\\ning that any obstacle could be interposed to its formi-\\ndable array. The first two rustlers encountered were\\no 209", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nfound conveniently at their cabin doors and promptly\\ndespatched, though they died with their guns in their\\nhands and were able to make a feeble response to the\\noverwhelming numbers. But beyond these two assassi-\\nnations the expedition was unsuccessful. The small\\nsettlers throughout the region were in sympathy with the\\nmen marked for death. The news of the invasion\\nspread with incredible swiftness, and before the expedition\\ncould reach the homes of other intended victims the\\nrustlers and their farmer allies, under the aggressive\\nleadership of Jack Flagg a noted character in the neigh-\\nborhood rallied in large numbers. They surrounded\\nthe invaders at a farm-house, and would have exter-\\nminated them to the last man except for the timely ar-\\nrival of a troop of United States cavalry from the nearest\\nfort. After several months of delay, the powerful politi-\\ncal influence of those who had organized the expedition\\nsucceeded in setting its members free without serious\\npunishment.\\nPublic opinion differed much as to the justice of this\\nbold effort to dispose once and for all of the annoying and\\ncostly evil of cattle -thieves. By some it was regarded\\nas the irrepressible conflict between the irrigated farm\\nand the free range. These thought that the real animus\\nof the affair lay not in the just complaint against a few\\nthieves, but in the fixed determination of those who\\nprofited from the unrestricted use of the public lands to\\npresent, at any cost, further settlement by honest farmers.\\nOn the other hand, there were many good citizens, men\\nwho had not hesitated to risk their fortunes in construct-\\ning irrigation works for the very purpose of opening\\ncertain valleys to settlement, who did not hesitate to\\n210", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "WYOMING, LAW-GIVER OF ARID REGION\\ndefend the expedition as the only possible means of end-\\ning an intolerable condition in the State. The writer\\nhas taken pains to gather testimony years after the\\nevents when angry passions had wholly passed away, and\\nfound excellent evidence of the fact that those who were\\nselected for extermination at the hands of the ^invad-\\ners were actually cattle- thieves; that it was clearly\\nimpossible either to end the evil or to stop its growth by\\nappeal to the courts; and that farmers who settled in\\ngood faith were never molested by the large stock in-\\nterests.\\nHowever, the political control of Wyoming speedily\\nchanged hands as the result of this dramatic episode.\\nThe party in power at the time of the event was voted\\ninto retirement, and the party which denounced the\\ninvasion as a savage and unmanly attempt to make\\nwidows and orphans of the wives and children of those\\nwho honestly sought homes in the public domain was\\ninstalled in the Capitol at Cheyenne. The probable\\ntruth of the matter is that wealthy cattlemen had a real\\ngrievance which they could not adjust peacefully with-\\nout years of patient waiting. They felt perfectly jnsti-\\nlied in their consciences in resorting to violence. They\\nbelieved the result would be favorable to the prosperity\\nand good name of the State. This actually proved to be\\nthe case, but in a very different way from what they had\\nanticipated. It drew attention in a startling manner to\\ncertain evils inseparable from the open range and put\\nthese evils on the road to ultimate settlement through\\nCongressional action. It broke the power of what was\\ndoubtless justly known as The Cattle Ring in State\\npolitics. It gave an impulse to better forms of develop-\\n211", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nment and a healthier tone to public thought. Above\\nall, it taught the men of the frontier the great lesson\\nthat this is a government of laws and institutions, and\\nthat nothing is to be gained in the end by resorting to\\nviolence, at least when nothing more precious to human-\\nity than the ownership of dumb brutes is the issue in-\\nvolved.\\nThe irrigation development of Wyoming is distributed\\nover a wide area. As has already been said, it has grown\\nup mostly as an adjunct to the cattle business. The\\nwater supply is very abundant, and admitted of the con-\\nstruction of many cheap canals by settlers, without the\\nassistance of outside capital. Grass, grain, and vege-\\ntables are the principal crops, but the State annually\\nsends from half a million to one million dollars beyond\\nits borders for agricultural products. This is due in\\npart to the fact that the chief farming centres are wide-\\nly separated from the principal towns and not connected\\nwith them by railroads. It is due also to the fact that\\nsmall-farming has not yet been undertaken to any extent,\\nand that farmers produce mostly only what they can feed\\nto cattle or sell to others having cattle to feed.\\nThe most active agricultural region is in the north-\\ncentral portion of the State, in Johnson and Sheridan\\ncounties. It was from this district that the marvellous\\nwheat, barley, and oats were sent to the World s Fair at\\nChicago products which astonished Eastern farmers and\\nwon the highest prizes. Here, as indeed throughout the\\nState, the farmers are highly prosperous. They have\\nnever known the miseries of their drought stricken\\nneighbors so close at hand in Nebraska and Dakota.\\nSelling their product at home, they have not felt the bur-\\n212", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "WYOMING, LAW-GIVER OF ARID REGION\\nden of transportation charges, nor had their prices much\\nreduced by the glut of cereals in the world s market.\\nThe earliest irrigation work of great importance was\\nthat at Wheatland, sixty-five miles north of Cheyenne.\\nThis was undertaken by local capitalists, headed by\\nex -Senator Carey. After surviving many difficulties, it\\nhas at length entered upon a period of real prosperity\\nand created the finest agricultural colony in tlie State.\\nIt is interesting to note that many of its people repre-\\nsent the overflow of the famous Greeley Colony in neigh-\\nboring Colorado. Although less than a generation from\\nits founding, Greeley already has surplus people to send\\nforth for the conquest of waste places a little farther\\noff.\\nThe most notable recent enterprise in Wyoming is that\\nundertaken in the Big Horn Basin by the famous scout\\nWilliam F. Cody, familiarly known as Buffalo Bill.\\nThis energetic and ambitious man, who has twice won\\nfame first as a daring and successful scout, and then\\nas exhibitor to two continents of the life, people, and\\ncustoms of the Wild West is laying broad and deep the\\nfoundations of a stronger claim to remembrance. He\\nconceived the idea of planting civilization in one of the\\nwildest regions which he had first known as hunter and\\nIndian-fighter. The money which the public has poured\\ninto the coffers of his AVild West Show, Cody has used in\\nreclaiming and colonizing two hundred thousand acres\\nin the valley of the Shoshone river in northern Wj^o-\\nming, twenty to sixty miles from the Montana line and\\nimmediately east of Yellowstone Park. The altitude\\nhere is only about four thousand feet, and the climate\\nsuited to the production of diversified crops, including\\n213", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nha,rdy fruits. It is also the finest of cattle countries,\\nand is surrounded by an abundance of mineral and tim-\\nber. Its products find ready sale in the large and grow-\\ning mining-camps of the neighborhood, as well as of Mon-\\ntana. In time the region must acquire a large popula-\\ntion and support a many-sided industrial life. It will\\nbe a very substantial monument to William F. Cody and\\nhis work for the AVest.\\nWyoming possesses a distinction entirely apart from\\nits rich endowment of mineral resources and different\\nfrom that of any of its sister commoiiwealths. It is rec-\\nognized as the law-giver of the arid region. It is the\\nState which has contributed most to working out the\\nlegal institutions on which a great future civilization will\\nrest throughout western America. In this respect its\\nposition of leadership is alike unapproached and un-\\nchallenged.\\nThose who live in the humid portions of the United\\nStates cannot realize the full significance of this fact.\\nIn the arid West water is gold. The struggle for its\\npossession has been marked by dramatic interest and even\\npathos, wholly apart from its economic character. In-\\ndeed, the control of water for irrigation is so inter-\\nwoven with the existence and well-being of society in\\nthe West that it may almost be said to include every\\nhuman interest. Men may own estates of equal size and\\nfertility lying side by side. The one who came earliest\\nclaims the water supply, which may be barely sufficient\\nfor his own land. With this water supply he makes his\\nplace blossom with large and regular crops, and is rich.\\nHis neighbor, with the same kind of soil and climate, is\\ndoomed to perpetual poverty. Water has made all the\\n214", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "r^ M4m", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "WYOMING, LAW-GIVER OF ARID REGION\\ndifference between success and failure between plenty\\nand starvation. Under these conditions it becomes a\\nmatter of the highest possible moment to provide for the\\njust distribution and the economical and proper use of\\nso much water as may be available. In the arid region\\nas a whole there is at least five times as much land as\\nwater for its reclamation. There are certain valleys\\nwhere the water snp2:)ly is more than sufficient for the\\namount of land it can command, but these are rare ex-\\nceptions.\\nIt would be natural to suppose that the first object of\\nwestern statesmanship would have been to provide laws\\nand methods of administration calculated to conserve\\nand protect the water supply, to the end that it might be\\nused for the greatest good of the greatest number. No\\nperfection of laws which a State may confer upon its citi-\\nzens in any other respect can make amends for any in-\\njustice it may inflict, by acts either of commission or\\nomission, in connection with this most precious of all\\nnatural gifts. Of land, minerals, timber, sunshine, and\\nair there is plenty and to spare; of water there is lit-\\ntle enough, even in the early stages of settlement, and its\\nvalue must increase with the gain in population. It is\\ntrue public policy aye, the very measure of the growth\\nand wealth of communities to have the water so granted\\nand so applied that it may serve for the permanent rec-\\nlamation of the utmost acre of land for the building\\nof the utmost home for the sustenance of the utmost\\nfamily.\\nOur statesmanship failed almost entirely to take into\\naccount this most vital concern of western civiliza-\\ntion. It imposed upon the arid region the common laws\\n215", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nof England, framed for a country which needs drainage\\nrather than irrigation, and suffers from too great an\\nabundance of water in the clouds above and the earth\\nbeneath. The result has been the most disheartening\\nstruggle among farmers and settlers which could be im-\\nagined. Lawyers have grown rich upon it, but the pro-\\nducing classes have been impoverished, and the men of\\nenterprise who sought to broaden the foundation for civ-\\nilized society in our western valleys have been discour-\\naged and driven out of business. Stream after stream\\nhas been appropriated over and over again, and, in com-\\npliance with stupid laws, courts have calmly confirmed\\ngrants to water aggregating many times the entire vol-\\nume in the channel. Then they have left the farmers\\nto fight it out among themselves, sometimes with rival\\nattorneys, sometimes with shot-guns. Cases have gone\\nfrom court to court, and the same issues have been tried,\\nretried, and tried again. Litigants defeated upon these\\ntrials have ignored judicial decisions and taken out their\\nneighbors* head-gates and dams in defiance of injunc-\\ntions and decrees. So the battle has gone on from year\\nto year, with victory at last for those who could longest\\nwithstand the drain for legal expenses.\\nThis was the condition in Wyoming when Elwood\\nMead came upon the scene and assumed the duties of\\nTerritorial Engineer. A native of Indiana, he had\\nmoved to Colorado in earliest manhood and was at once\\nattracted by the irrigation possibilities of the country,\\nin which he saw opportunities for usefulness and dis-\\ntinction. He served for a time as a member of the\\nfaculty of the Agricultural College of Colorado, and\\nthere learned the science of irrigation in its relation to\\n216", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "WYOMING, LAW-GIVER OF ARID REGION\\nthe growth of crops. He also became an assistant in\\nthe office of State Engineer, which gave him an insight\\ninto water laws and practice. The moment of his arrival\\nin Wyoming was most fortunate. The Territory was\\nabout to become a State, and its fundamental laws and\\ninstitutions were to be made out of hand. The young\\nengineer had already formed strong convictions as to the\\nlaws which should govern the appropriation and use of\\nthe water supply. These convictions he succeeded in im-\\npressing upon the work of the Constitutional Conven-\\ntion, and, later, upon the acts of the Legislature. He\\nbecame the first State Engineer of Wyoming, and suc-\\nceeding Governors kept him in office, with the strongest\\npublic approval, until the Agricultural Department at\\nWashington called him into its service in order that his\\nabilities and experience might be applied in a wider\\nsphere.\\nMr. Mead insisted that with the birth of the new\\nState every old water-right should be adjudicated upon\\nthe basis of the amount of water actually applied to a\\nbeneficial use. It mattered not how much the appro-\\npriator had originally claimed by posting a notice on the\\nbank of the stream and placing it upon the county rec-\\nords. He may have claimed ten times the amount of\\nwater he put upon his land, and so prevented others from\\nobtaining it to develop new farms. Or he may have put\\nupon his land twice as much water as the crop really\\nrequired. Whether he did this through ignorance or\\nthrough greed was of no consequence, since the result\\nwas equally detrimental to the community in either\\ncase. By means of this vigorous action the evil which\\nhas caused so much suffering and cost so much money\\n217", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nin other western States was cured at a stroke in Wy-\\noming.\\nThe State Engineer then proceeded as rapidly as pos-\\nsible to measure every stream used for irrigation, and to\\nprepare diagrams showing their flow at different seasons\\nof the year. When new appropriations v/ere filed, these\\ndiagrams and records became very useful, as showing\\nthe amount of water unused and therefore available for\\nthe needs of new settlers. Thus there was no danger\\nthat more v/ater would be granted away than flowed in\\nthe stream, which is the ridiculous condition in many\\nother localities. The same rule was applied to the en-\\nlargement of old canals. Such enlargements could not\\nbe made without the consent of State authority, and be-\\nfore this would be given it must be demonstrated that\\nthere was actually a surplus in the stream to fill the en-\\nlarged canal.\\nElsewhere reservoirs, dams, and canals are construct-\\ned without any public supervision. In Wyoming all\\nplans and specifications must first be submitted to the\\nState Engineer, in order that he may judge as to whether\\nthey are in accordance with public policy, by making the\\nbest use of the water supply and by conserving life and\\nproperty.\\nThese wise laws could be of little effect unless en-\\nforced and carried out by an adequate system of adminis-\\ntration. This was also provided under Mr. Mead s influ-\\nence. The State Engineer is the head of the system, and\\nhe has two assistant engineers. The State is divided\\ninto four large divisions, corresponding to natural hydro-\\ngraphic districts, and over each a division superinten-\\ndent is placed in charge. These divisions are then\\n218", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "WYOMING, LAW-GIVER OF ARID REGION\\norganized into several subdivisions, with a, water commis-\\nsioner over each. In Division No. 1 there are fourteen\\nsubdivisions in Division No. 2, six in Division No. 3,\\ntwo; in Division No. 4, three. The water commission-\\ners are vested with police powers, and personally see that\\nthe water is turned into the head-gate of each canal in\\naccordance with its legal claims. There is no oppor-\\ntunity for neighbors to go to law, or even to shoot eacli\\nother. The exact amount of water to which they are en-\\ntitled, upon the basis of beneficial use under economical\\nmetliods, was determined at the beginning, and this\\namount is meted out to them by officials having no in-\\nterest in local contentions.\\nThese laws and this administrative system have not\\nonly given peace and prosperity to the irrigation industry\\nof Wyoming, but are regarded as models the world over.\\nOther States have copied them extensivel}^, and there\\ncan be no question that in the end they will become\\ncommon to the entire arid region. Colorado was also a\\npioneer in this same field, but neither its laws nor its\\nadministrative system are equal to those of Wyoming.\\nThere constant litigation has caused loss and hindered\\ndevelopment, yet, with the exception of Wyoming, no\\nother State has done so much to illustrate the better pos-\\nsibilities of water control than Colorado. Idaho, Nebras-\\nka, South Dakota, Kansas, and Washington have en-\\nacted portions of the Wyoming laws. In all the other\\nStates, with the single exception of California, the ex-\\nample of Wyoming has produced results, and there is\\nhope that even California will learn in time that irriga-\\ntion and litigation are not necessarily synonymous terms.\\nWhen Wyoming, in common with the other arid\\n219", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nStates, received a grant of one million acres, to be re-\\nclaimed under State control, Mr. Mead proceeded at\\nonce to apply his ideas of public supervision to this\\ngrant. Upon his recommendation the legislature pro-\\nvided that these lands should be reclaimed by con-\\nstruction companies upon conditions which furnished\\nthe best security to the capital employed, yet provided\\nat the same time for the sale of lands to actual set-\\ntlers and for their ultimate ownership of the canals.\\nA maximum price was fixed for water rights, which\\nwere made inseparable from the land. Other States\\ncopied the law verbatim from the statute-books of Wy-\\noming.\\nAside from the great work accomplished by Mr. Mead\\nin reforming the irrigation laws and customs of the West,\\nWyoming has made another contribution of large im-\\nportance to the country s progress along this line. Two\\nof her United States Senators, Joseph M. Carey and\\nFrancis E. Warren, have identified themselves conspic-\\nuously with great measures calculated to create homes\\nfor millions. Senator Carey was the author of the Act\\nof 1894, commonly known as the Carey Law, which gave\\none million acres to each of the western States upon con-\\ndition that the land be reclaimed and settled within ten\\nyears. Senator Warren is the leader of the new and grow-\\ning movement which aims at Federal appropriations to be\\nused in the construction of great reservoirs beyond the\\nreach of private enterprise. With signal ability and de-\\nvotion these two Wyoming statesmen have labored for\\nyears to open the arid public domain to settlement to\\nsolve the vexed questions arising from the unrestricted\\nuse of the open range and to provide enlightened legis-\\n220", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "WYOMING, LAVV-GIVEK OF ARID REGION\\nIiitioa for the protection of the forests so important in\\nconnection with irrigation.\\nWyoming s place as the law-giver of the arid region is\\ndue neither to geographical location nor to superior\\nnatural resources. Certainly it is not due to large pop-\\nulation. It owes its commanding position solely to the\\ncharacter and ability of a few public men who happen\\nto have found in this line of work their best opportu-\\nnities for usefulness. As a result of this fortunate cir-\\ncumstance, Wyoming occupies among western States at\\nthe beginning of the twentieth century a relation not\\nunlike that which Massachusetts and Virginia held to\\nthe States of the Atlantic seaboard at the beginning of\\nthe nineteenth century.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII\\nTHE PROSPERITY OF MONTANA\\nMontana is a State of magnificent resources. The\\nfirst white men who ever saw it French explorers in\\nthe middle of the eighteenth century called it The\\nLand of the Shining Mountains. The appellation is\\ntrue as well as poetic, for it is the possession of its snow-\\ncapped ranges, reflecting the light of the brilliant sky,\\nwhich differentiates Montana from the adjoining prairie\\nStates of the Northwest. It is the mountains which hold\\nthe wealth of waters and minerals and make the charac-\\nter of the climate.\\nMontana ranks third in point of area among American\\nStates, and third in the value of its annual mineral out-\\nput. It is yet too early, by many years, to estimate its\\nfinal place in extent of population and agriculture. To-\\nday mining is the first of its industries, stock-raising the\\nsecond, agriculture the third. Mining gave the impulse\\nto its settlement and is the backbone of its prosperity.\\nThe forty millions of dollars annually taken out in cop-\\nper, lead, gold, and silver make it one of the most pros-\\nperous of western communities. The discovery of new\\nmining districts steadily continues, and the flow of wealth\\nfrom this item of the State s resources will endure in-\\ndefinitely. The conditions of the stock industry are", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "THE PROSPERITY OF MONTANA\\nvery similar to those which Ave observed in Wyoming.\\nOf the total population of about two hundred thousand,\\nthe farmers are a small minority. Nevertheless, irriga-\\ntion is recognized as one of the most important interests\\nof the State, and the field open to settlement offers many\\nattractions.\\nThe first ditches in Montana were made for the pur-\\npose of washing gold-bearing gravel along the bars and\\ngulcheso When their usefulness in this direction was\\nexhausted they were turned into irrigation canals by the\\nfarmers who came close upon the heels of the early miners.\\nFor many years development was limited to works of this\\nhumble character. Farmers had their own individual\\nditches, or combined their labor in making canals suffi-\\ncient to water small districts. In this manner most of\\nthe mountain streams capable of easy diversion were util-\\nized. As in AVyoming, irrigation was largely used as\\nonly an adjunct to stock-raising. In recent years le-\\ngitimate agriculture has begun to make rapid progress.\\nLarge capital has been invested in a few comprehensive\\nirrigation systems, notably in the valleys of the Dearborn\\nand the Sun rivers, north of Helena.\\nMontana is divided into three natural drainage areas\\nthose of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers on the east\\nof the main range of the Rockies, and that of the waters\\ntributary to the Columbia on the western slope of the\\nmountains. The eastern slope embraces the fertile val-\\nleys of the Yellowstone, the Gallatin, the Madison, the\\nJefferson, the Beaverhead, the Prickly, and the long val-\\nley of the Missouri, with the Milk-river system in the\\nextreme north, on the border of Canada. Tlie western\\nslope is mountainous and heavily timbered, with com-\\n22a", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nparatively small though fertile valleys. The principal\\nstreams are the Flathead, Clarke s Fork of the Columbia,\\nand the Kootenai. The ultimate extent of irrigable land\\nwithin the boundaries of Montana is purely speculative,\\nestimates ranging from ten to thirty million acres. In\\nthe matter of water supply the State is among the most\\nfortunate in the West, though its full utilization will\\nrequire vast expenditure for the construction of storage-\\nworks and of long canals. Some of the largest rivers,\\nlike the Missouri and the Yellowstone, are enclosed by\\nhigh bluifs, and water can be taken to the elevated\\nplains, comprising the larger areas of valuable land,\\nonly by means of diversions made high up upon the\\nstreams.\\nThe opportunities which Montana offers to settlers\\nhave not been appreciated as they deserve. This is\\ndoubtless due to the severity of the climate, which is\\ngenerally misunderstood. The State is in a high lati-\\ntude, and does, indeed, experience cold winters. But its\\nvalleys are comparatively low, averaging much lower\\nthan those of Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah,\\nand its climate decidedly healthful. The thermometer\\ngoes twenty or thirty degrees below zero in the winter,\\nbut this degree of cold in the dry air of Montana is\\nmuch less disagreeable than ten degrees above zero in\\nany of the cities on the borders of the Great Lakes. On\\nthe other hand, the State enjoys a remarkably even pros-\\nperity, and no other localities offer better certainty of\\nhome markets, where the products of the farm can be\\ndisposed of at good prices.\\nThere are many large and growing towns, and two or\\nthree cities of considerable size. The mining popula-\\n^24", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "M\\nM\\nOD\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I\\no\\no\\nX\\nc\\nN\\no", "height": "3279", "width": "2046", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "THE PROSrp:RITY OF MONTANA\\ntion is destined steadily to increase, while manufactur-\\ning must begin in earnest during the next decade. The\\nwheat, rye, oats, and vegetables produced in the irri-\\ngated valleys are remarkable both in quantity and qual-\\nity. The brewers of Brooklyn, New York, selected the\\nManhattan Valley for important agricultural operations,\\nbecause they found it would grow the finest barley in the\\nworld. Small fruits are prolific and of fine flavor.\\nEven the orchard fruits, especially apples and plums,\\nare produced successfully in the more sheltered valleys.\\nThe exhibits which one sees at county fairs, particu-\\nlarly at those on the western slope in valleys like the\\nBitter Root, make surprising revelations of the fruit\\npossibilities in this northwestern State. But the settler s\\nchief opportunity will be found in supplying the com-\\nmon farm products required by the largo and growing\\npopulation in the cities and towns. Of the present local\\nconsumption, forty per cent, of the flour, ninety per\\ncent, of the pork, bacon, and ham, ninety-two per cent,\\nof the lard, thirty per cent, of the butter, ninety-eight\\nper cent, of the cheese, and forty-three per cent, of the\\neggs are now brought in from elsewhere. When these\\nfacts are considered in connection with the cheap land,\\nabundant water supply, and healthful climate, it is ap-\\nparent that Montana offers great attractions to colonists.\\nThe Gallatin Valley, southeast of Helena on the main\\nline of the Northern Pacific, is the most famous agri-\\ncultural district of Montana. It is well settled, with a\\nclass of thrifty farmers engaged in producing a variety of\\nordinary crops. Bozeman, the county seat, is the home\\nof the State Agricultural College, and this institute has\\ndone much to raise the standard of irrigation and of", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nfarming in the locality, and thus to enhance the valley s\\nprestige. The Missouri Valley, in the neighborhood of\\nGreat Falls, and the Bitter Root Valley about Missoula,\\nare other well-develoiied districts. Crops are generally\\nplanted in April or the first half of May, though some-\\ntimes in March. The spring rains continuing until the\\nmiddle of June, irrigation does not begin until that date.\\nCattle, sheep, and wool are shipped to eastern markets,\\nbut other products are consumed within the State.\\nWhile copper and the precious metals are the chief\\nmineral products of the State, it is rich in load, iron,\\ncoal, building materials, and precious stones. It is esti-\\nmated that an area of not less than fifty thousand square\\nmiles is underlaid with bituminous or lignite coal of good\\nquality. Coke is a growing product. The State is also\\nrich in forests and abundantly supplied with natural\\nwater-power. It has, in a word, all the materials of a\\ndiversified industrial life.\\nThe social and political life of Montana is vigorous\\nand interestino:. Both the climate and the industries\\nare calculated to breed a sturdy and self-reliant people.\\nHelena, the capital, located in what was formerly known\\nas Last Chance Gulch, has long enjoyed the reputation\\nof being the richest city in proportion to its population\\nin the world. Butte is still larger the largest mining\\ncamp in the United States. These two leading towns\\npresent radically dilferent aspects of western life.\\nHelena is the political and social capital, Butte the\\ngrimy centre of industry. Both have enjoyed phenom-\\nenal prosperity, and escaped, to a large degree, the re-\\nlapses which have afflicted other ambitious western\\ncities at various times.\\n226", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "THE PliOSPEUITY OF MONTANA\\nTlio truth is tliat Montana has boon, and is yet, a\\nmarvellously substantial State. It has enjoyed a steady\\nstream of wealth from the mine, the range, and the farm.\\nIts mercantile enterprises have naturally thriven under\\nthese conditions, and labor has been busy and well paid.\\nIt has not been the policy of the people to encourage\\nimmigration on reckless lines merely to increase the\\npopulation. On the contrary, the public sentiment has\\nbeen notably conservative, and has only urged those to\\ncome who could be self-supporting by tilling the soil or\\nestablishing other industries.\\nGreat Falls, located at the most eligible water-power\\nof the Upper Missouri river, has enjoyed a remarkable\\ngrowth of population, and promises to become in time\\none of the great cities of the West. In addition to the\\nwater-power, it has the advantage of being surrounded\\nby the raw materials of manufacture, in the shape of\\ncoal, iron, timber, and the products of the range\u00e2\u0080\u0094 such\\nas wool and hides\u00e2\u0080\u0094 wliile largo agricultural districts are\\ntributary to it. There are many important towns along\\nthe line of tlie Northern Pacific and the Great Northern\\nrailroads. Of these Missoula is a prosperous mercantile\\npoint on the western slope, and Billings is the focus of\\nagriculture in the Yellowstone Valley.\\nViewed as a whole, Montana is a Stato of substantial\\nachievement and of splendid promise.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX\\nTHE AWAKENI]S a OF NEW MEXICO\\nIn tlio sontliwestern Territories modern methods of\\nrcclamatiou are assorting tlieir influence in the midst of\\nhistoric and prehistoric irrigation scenes.\\nIn 1539 Fra} Marcos de Nija, tlie earliest European\\nwho trod the soil of New Mexico, travelled for five days\\nthrough a S alley well watered and in a high state of\\ncultivation, so that three thousand horsemen might have\\nbeen sustained there. Another sixteenth-century visit-\\nor saw corn-fields watered by a small river which flowed\\nnear by, along the banks of which were growing great\\nbeds of roses, similar to those of Castile. Many a tour-\\nist on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad has seen the in-\\ndustrious Pueblo Indians at work in their fields about\\nLaguna. The travellers of three hundred and fifty years\\nago looked upon these same fields, which were irrigated\\nthen precisely as now, and as they probably had been for\\ncenturies before.\\nNew i\\\\Iexico is much less favored in its water supply\\nthan the northern States of the arid region. Many of\\nits streams arc torrential and intermittent in character,\\ncarrying water in floods at some seasons and exhibiting\\ndry channels when moisture is most needed. A large\\nportion of the water supply, when the irrigation indus-\\n228", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "THE AWAKENING OF NEW MEXICO\\ntry shall be fully doveloped,, will bo obtained by storage\\nand from underground sources. This process has al-\\nready begun, but its operations will bo much extended.\\nScattered all over the territory are the petty ditches of\\nthat numerous Mexican and Indian population which\\nlives in serene peace and comfort upon the fruits of its\\nunambitious elYorts at tilling the soil.\\nThe important streams are the San Jnan in the north-\\nwestern corner of the Territory, the liio Grande, which\\nHows through the central portion from Colorado to Mex-\\nico, and the llio Pecos in the southeast. These streams\\nand their tributaries furnisli the basis of the modern ir-\\nrigation industry of New Mexico.\\nThe northwestern part of the Territory is a picta-\\nrcsque and promising region, fortunate alike in mineral\\nand water resources, in the fertility of its soil, and the\\ncharm of its climate. A number of small irrigation\\nsystems have been constructed, but storage Avill be re-\\nquired before the opportunities of the district can be ex-\\ntensively realized. The rivers are the San Juan and its\\ntributaries, the most important of these being the Pino,\\nthe Animas, and the La Plata. AVlicn these are fully\\nutilized, thousands of small farmers will be able to estab-\\nlisli profitable industries, including the culture of finely\\nflavored, delicate fruits. Tliey will find home markets\\nin surrounding mining camps and in supplying feed for\\nsheep and cattle which range upon the public pastures.\\nAlthough this portion of the Territory is now remote\\nfrom the main lines of railroad travel, its sii^torior advan-\\ntages must attract the attention of enterprise aiul im-\\nmigrants in the future and make it one of the most\\nprosperous parts of the future State.\\n239", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nNew Mexico is distiiigiiishecl by large land grants\\ndating from the days of Spanish control. They were\\nnaturally located along the watercourses, in what ap-\\npeared to be the most attractive portions of the field\\nopen for selection. These enormous grants have ma-\\nterially retarded development, for the reason that their\\ntitles were in dispute for many years and their owners\\ngenerally *^land poor.^\\nOne of the most important of these properties is now\\nknown as the Maxwell Land Grant, and constitutes a\\nprincipality in the northeastern part of the Territory,\\nencroaching slightly upon Colorado. Large capital has\\nbeen used in the development of the mineral and agri-\\ncultural resources of this grant. Its principal streams\\nare the Vermejo and the Cimarron. Both have been\\nutilized extensively in connection with systems of reser-\\nvoirs and canals which are notable for some of their\\nengineering features. Large areas have been irrigated\\nand are cultivated in various crops.\\nThe waters of the Rio Grande have been diverted\\nat many points along its course. This river rises in Col-\\norado, where a large portion of its supplies are taken\\nout for use in the San Luis Valley. This interferes with\\nNew Mexico irrigation during the stage of low water in\\nthe summer. When the stream reaches old Mexico it is\\nstill further diminished, v/itli the result of making in-\\nternational complications on the south even more vexa-\\ntious than the interstate troubles which it creates in the\\nnorth. The solution of both difficulties will be reached\\nthrough extensive storage arrangements at favorable\\npoints in the valley, and some wise administrative plan\\nlooking to the equitable distribution of the much-vexed\\n230", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "THE AWAKENING OF NEW MEXICO\\nstream. The building of great reservoirs along the\\nlower course of the Kio G-rande, just north of El Paso,\\nhas long been under consideration and must surely\\nsometime be accomplished, either by private or public\\nenterprise. The soil and climate are exceptionally fa-\\nvorable to the higher forms of the irrigation industry,\\nand its possibilities will be quickly realized when the\\nquestion of storing and distributing the water shall be\\nsettled in the right way. The character of these possi-\\nbilities may already be dimly discerned in the place\\nwhere Texas reaches out a slender finger of prosperity\\nbelow El Paso. Here the Mexicans have made a beauti-\\nful agricultural and horticultural district, and live with\\nan enviable degree of comfort and thrift, though their\\nmethods are crude and ancient.\\nMuch the most notable irrigation development in New\\nMexico is that which has been accomplished since 1890\\nin the Pecos Valley. It is in the southeastern quarter\\nof the Territory, bordering upon the Staked Plains of\\nwestern Texas. No other locality in the arid region has\\nhad the benefit of such daring enterprise and dauntless\\nfaith as have been lavished upon this, originally one of\\nthe most forbidding and unpromising of western valleys.\\nBy sheer force of money it has been translated from a\\nsemi-barbarous stock-range, fit only to support lean cat-\\ntle, to an attractive field for settlement, where thousands\\nof families can make their homes and win a certain livins:\\nfrom the soil.\\nBefore irria:ation was invoked the reirion was a social\\nand. moral desert as well as a waste of arid land. It was\\nthe home of outlaws and the scene of frontier conflict.\\nBilly the Kid was the perfect fruit of the old con-\\n2?A", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nditions, and it was here that the youthful desperado lived,\\nfought, and died. While his kind are not yet wholly\\nextinct in the neighborhood, cattle and cattlemen have\\nfallen back before the advance of irrigation and railroads,\\nof towns with schools and churches, and of planters and\\nliome-biiilders. Civilization has laid its liand on the\\nPecos Valley, and a crop of new institutions has begun to\\nsprout from its soil.\\nThe valley is fortunate beyond any other part of the\\nTerritory in its water supplies. The Pecos river and its\\ntributaries drain a vast watershed and furnish a perennial\\nHow of large dimensions. This has been reinforced by\\nhuge reservoirs, of which one is the second largest irriga-\\ntion reservoir- in the world. Besides these facilities, the\\nvalley is blessed with extraordinary springs of flowing\\nwater, with artesian basins, and with underground supplies\\nthat may be lifted to the surface at comparatively small\\nexpense. With splendid disregard for immediate finan-\\ncial returns, these supplies have been utilized and led\\nover the valley by a thousand miles of canals and ditches.\\nThe same liberal enterprise built a railroad from the\\nTexas and Pacific line northward for a distance of two\\nhundred miles, and later still farther, to a connection\\nwith the Santa Fe system, established towns with mod-\\nern facilities, and acquired large tracts of irrigable land.\\nThese improvements have succeeded one another in rapid\\nsuccession, and cost, in the aggregate, over five million\\ndollars.\\nLying in an altitude varying from three thousand to\\nthree thousand five hundred feet, but in the latitude\\nof the extreme south, the Pecos Valley enjoys a good\\nclimate. Its winters are short and not severe, though\\n233", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "THE AWAKENING OF NEW MEXICO\\nthe mercury fiills below freezing and thin ice is formed\\non still wiiter. The summer days are Lot, as throughout\\nthe Southwest, but the nights are invariably comfortable,\\nowing to the elevation of the country, which is on the\\nhigh plateau of the Rocky Mountain region. Fields can\\nbe cultivated almost continuously and early crops, of\\nvegetables and small fruits are grown. The drawback\\nabout the climate is the wind, which sometimes de-\\nvelops into sand-storms of considerable severity. With\\nthe extension of the cultivated area and the growth of.\\ntrees this disadvantage will be minimized.\\nThe valley is yet so new to cultivation that it is im-\\npossible to determine the limitation of its products. The\\nchemical qualities of the soil have been the subject of\\ncareful study by experts, and gradually the people are\\nlearning to what uses different districts arc best adapted.\\nIn the upper portion of the valley, in what is locally\\nknown as the Roswell country, there are several ranches\\nwhich have been cultivated for many years. These\\nhave demonstrated beyond question the capabilities of\\nsoil and climate for the production of the finest apples,\\nperfect in form, flavor, and coloring. This fruit is so\\nsuperior to that which is seen in the eastern market\\nthat there can be no question but what it will be a source\\nof profit to the small planters of the region. The lower\\nvalley seems more favorable to delicate fruits, such as\\npeaches and apricots. All the grasses, cereals, and vege-\\ntables are successful throughout the length of the valley.\\nSorghum and Egyptian corn are favorite crops, being\\nraised for fodder.\\nOne feature of the country is especially worthy of the\\nattention of settlers. This is the fact that the best of\\n233", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nfree pastures adjoins the irrigable lands on either hand,\\nso that fine cattle, sheep, and horses could be. profitably\\nraised in connection with the small-farming industry.\\nRaising winter fodder on their irrigated acres, the set-\\ntlers could readily co-operate in the management of\\ntheir herds during the range season. For the finest\\nbeef and mutton there is abundant demand at remu-\\nnerative prices.\\nThe latest and most promising industry of the Pecos\\nValley is the sugar-beet culture and manufacture. A\\nseries of experiments demonstrated that the conditions\\nof soil and climate were particularly favorable to the\\ngrowth of beets. It had already been demonstrated in\\nUtah that irrigation permits the most scientific culture\\nof the crop. As this valley has wanted for nothing that\\nmoney could buy, a sugar factory was erected near Eddy\\nin 1890, and the farmers gladly co-operated by planting\\nconsiderable areas to beets. The result of the first year s\\ncrop put the Pecos Valley at the head of sugar countries\\nin the matter of the quality of its production. The gen-\\neral average of all beets delivered at the factory in car-\\nload lots showed seventeen ]ier cent, of sugar in the beet,\\nwith an average purity of over eighty four per cent.\\nThis is a higher percentage of actual extraction of\\npounds of sugar to pounds of beets than has been real-\\nized anywhere else in the world. The result points un-\\nmistakably to the development of a sugar belt in this\\nregion, which will be a striking economic advantage if\\nproducers do not make the mistake of getting into the\\nfatal groove of the single crop, as has been so largely the\\ncase elsewhere with the growers of wheat, cotton, corn,\\nraisins, and oranges.\\n???4", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "THE AWAKENING OF NEW MEXICO\\nThe chief town of the valley, formerly Eddy, but now\\ncalled Carlsbad, enjoys a rising popularity as the resort\\nof invalids. Valuable medicinal springs have been dis-\\ncovered, and, in connection with the climate, render the\\nlocality quite ideal for those suffering wdth certain dis-\\neases.\\nThe resources of New Mexico, while probably not as\\nrich as those of more northerly States, are yet diversified\\nand largely undeveloped. The annual output of gold\\nand silver is increasing, and seems likely to do so in-\\ndefinitely. A fine quality of coal is found in large\\nquantities, and is an important item of regular income.\\nThe forest area is considerable, and that of woodlands,\\nuseful for fuel and fencing, much more extensive. The\\nmining of precious stones, which dates back to the\\nSpanish conquest, is a flourishing and growing industry.\\nThe turquoise mines are particularly rich and profitable.\\nThough the amount of production is closely guarded, it is\\nknown to be large, while the quality of the stone is quite\\nequal to that of Eussia, Persia, and the East Indies.\\nThe social fabric of the Territory is a curious blend-\\ning of Mexican peons, of town-building Indians, of hardy\\nfrontiersmen engaged in mining and stock-raising, and\\nof enterprising new-comers wdio believe in the future of\\nthe country. Of these elements the Mexicans are much\\nthe most numerous. They do not differ materially from\\ntheir kinsmen on the southern side of the Eio Grande.\\nLiving in scattered settlements along the mountain\\nstreams, they enjoy a comfortable existence in return for\\ntheir humble labor. The Indian population includes\\nthe Pueblos, the Zunis, and the Navajos, and is mar-\\nvellously interesting, and usually peaceful and industri-", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF AlUD AMERICA\\nons. The growth of the white population has been slow,\\nbut will increase rapidly with the development of irriga-\\ntion and the settlement of vexations problems which\\nhave long surrounded the land grants and v/ater appro-\\npriations.\\nNew Mexico is one of the American communities\\nwhose greatness is of the future. V/ell endowed with\\nraw materials, it awaits the impulse to be imparted by\\na new century and the pressure of an outreaching civ-\\nilization.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X\\nTHE BUDDIXG CIVILIZATION OF ARIZONA\\nArizona is a land apart. With the single exception\\nof southeastern California, it differs in many respects\\nfrom all other sections of western America. This is es-\\npecially true of all those portions of the Territory which\\nwill sustain the densest future population and develop\\nthe characteristic institutions of the country.\\nSpeaking of its atmosphere the product of its pe-\\nculiar climatic conditions and physical environment\\nWhitelav/ Reid has said It seems to have about the\\nsame bracing and exhilarating qualities as the air of the\\nGreat Sahara Desert in northern Africa, or of the des-\\nert about Mount Sinai, in Arabia. It is much drier\\nthan in the part of Morocco, Algiers, or Tunis usually\\nvisited, and drier than any part of the valley of the Nile\\nnorth of the First Cataract. It seems to me about the\\nsame in quality as the air on the Nile between Assouan\\nand Wady-Halfa, but somewhat cooler.\\nThis description of the Arizona air, which is remark-\\nably happy, may be accepted as a key to the true char-\\nacter of the country. It is a semi-tropical desert, like\\nthe region about the southern and eastern shores of the\\nMediterranean, where civilization was born of the ancient\\nart of irrigation. This is said with reference to the\\n237", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nsoutliern aud western parts of the Territory, which are\\ndrained by the Gihx and Colorado rivers. IsTorthern x\\\\ri-\\nzona is distinguished by its mines, its notable forests,\\nand the indescribable grandeurs of the famous Colorado\\ncanyon. The southeastern quarter, which adjoins New\\nMexico, is a great pasture, bearing scanty or generous\\ncrops of nutritious wild grasses, according as the season\\nis dry or wet.\\nThe Salt River Valley is the glory of Arizona. Ap-\\nproaching it from either of the transcontinental rail-\\nways the traveller sees naught but tlie gray desert soil,\\nmarked by the gnarled branches of the mesquite and the\\nslender pillar of the cactus. Even the mountain-sides\\nappear to be devoid of verdure and tanned to a dark\\nbrown by the sunshine of centuries. But suddenly all\\nthe beauties of the Garden of Eden burst upon the aston-\\nished gaze of the visitor. Wherever the waters of irri-\\ngation have moistened the desert, and man has planted\\nthe seed of grass, flower, or tree, the most luxuriant\\nvegetation has sprung from the soil to revolutionize the\\nappearance of the country.\\nThe capital city of Phoenix risen from the ashes of a\\nforgotten people is the pulsating heart of the new life\\nof Arizona. Here are modern business blocks, hand-\\nsome public buildings, busy stores, a promising uni-\\nversity, and hundreds of beautiful homes resting under\\nthe shade of palm, magnolia, and pei:)per-trees. Tucson\\nand Yuma, though thriving and populous, are Mexican\\nin architecture and habits. Prescott, Flagstaff, and nu-\\nmerous other communities in the higher altitude are the\\nproducts of the mining industry. But Phoenix is distinct-\\nly modern, and almost wholly the offspring of irrigation.\\n238", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "BUDDING CIVILIZATION OF ARIZONA\\nTlie Salt river is the largest tributary of the Gila. It\\nhas been the scene of active irrigation enterprise since\\n18G7, but particularly during the last ten years. It is an\\ninteresting fact that the works first built followed the\\nlines of prehistoric canals. Reclamation has been ex-\\ntended to both sides of the valley, but cultivation is\\noldest and much the most extensive on the northern\\nside, around Phconix. Here a number of canals were\\nconsolidated into a single system, the managers of which\\nhave made improvements and extensions year by year,\\nand gradually evolved a work of great perfection and\\ncompleteness.\\nOn the south side of the river a similar consolidation\\nhas occurred. Here settlement was begun in 1878 by\\nMormon colonists, who founded the charming place now\\nknown as Mesa City. There are several independent\\nirrigation systems upon this side of the valley, the most\\nimportant of which is the Highland Canal, which runs\\nalong a high level and waters thirty thousand acres of\\nvaluable land. Water-power is obtained in connection\\nwith the irrigation canals on both sides of the valley,\\nand electrical power is applied both to lighting and\\ntransportation.\\nTributaries of the Salt river flowing from the moun-\\ntains on the north, notably the Rio Verde and the Agua\\nFria, will furnish water for new and large enterprises.\\nStorage is the feature of these works, and reservoirs\\nhave been constructed in a number of instances. Both\\non the upper and lower courses of the Gila river im-\\nportant irrigation canals are planned, and a number\\nhave been completed. Much difficulty has been experi-\\nenced in building enduring dams along this erratic\\n239", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nstream. Snddeu and powerful floods sweep down the\\nvalley during the season of melting snows, and it is the\\nnicest engineering problem to make constructions which\\nwill stand the test.\\nAlike in the Gila and Salt river valleys the agricult-\\nnral districts suHer for lack of water during the dry\\nsummer season, when water is most needed. The only\\npossible solution of the problem will bo the construction\\nof large reservoir systems at the mountain sources of\\nthe streams. Nature has provided phenomenal facilities\\nfor such storage works, but the opportunity has not been\\nutilized, owing to the large cost involved and to the fact\\nthat no single company could afford to make improve-\\nments which would be equally beneficial to all who\\ndraw supplies from these streams. The work is of such\\nimportance as to justify an expenditure of public money,\\nespecially as large areas of public lands would be made\\nhabitable in consequence.\\nThe enormous water supply which now flows uselessly\\nto the Gulf of California through the channel of the Col-\\norado river must be extensively availed of in time. Mor-\\nmon settlers have reclaimed small valleys on the Little\\nColorado in the northern part of the Territory, and ex-\\ntensive plans, looking to the use of the larger river, have\\nbeeii made. Thus far the most notable development in\\nthis region is at Yuma, where water is elevated to the\\nheights above the town by pumping machinery. Enough\\nhas been done in this locality to demonstrate the value\\nof the soil and climate for the production of the finest\\nfruits, including table grapes, which are laid down in San\\nFrancisco before the California product is in the market,\\nand tlie best varieties of oranges and lemons.\\n240", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "BUDDING CIVILIZATION OF ARIZONA\\nThe clima-te of Arizoua varies widely with difTorent\\naltitudes. In those portions of the Territory most favor-\\nable to settlement, including the Salt river and Gila\\nvalleys, the summer weather is as trying as the winter is\\nciiarming. People get used to it, but it is rather a dis-\\ntressing process. While the summer heat is by no means\\nunhealthful or a fatal obstacle to settlement, it is un-\\nquestionably a serious drawback.\\nIn the Salt River Valley all classes of fruits have been\\ntested sufficiently to furnish reliable conclusions as to\\nthe range of production. The climate is semi-tropical\\nand the products similar to those of the lov/land districts\\nof California and the region about the i\\\\Iediterranean.\\nThe government rejiorts show that the highest and\\nlowest temperatures at PhQ3nix averaged for eight years as\\nfollows November, 78^ and 42 December, 73^ and oG|\\nJanuary, G5 J and 32 February, 71 J and 35-|- March,\\n8H and 41; April, SG^ and -IG. Orange- trees success-\\nfully withstand a temperature of 28\u00c2\u00b0 above zero. Hence,\\nit is no surprise to tind them growing successfully in the\\nSalt River Valley, at Yuma, and clsev/here in central and\\nsouthern Arizona. The determination of the exact lim-\\nI its of the citrus belt is a nice problem in any country. A\\nI certain elevation above the river, and a certain amount\\nI of protection from the wind and from the rising sun\\nI are essential. The most favored spots are usually those\\nj which are screened from the first rays of the morning\\nI sun by a background of eastern hills. This condition\\npermits a gradual warming of the atmosphere, so that if\\nthere has been a slight frost during the night no serious\\ndamas^e is done to fruit or tree.\\nWherever oranges can be grown at all, the area suitable\\nQ 341\\ni", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nfor their production is likely to be exaggerated by those\\nwho sell climate by the acre. While the orange districts\\nof Arizona are not as yet perfectly defined, there is no\\nlonger any question of the production of citrus fruit,\\nnor as to its quality and the early date at which it ripens.\\nIfc anticipates the southern California crop in the market,\\nthough not the crop of northern California, which is sev-\\neral weeks ahead of the southern product.\\nWherever the orange can be cultivated, tlie less tender\\nsemi-tropical fruits figs, olives, almonds, pomegranates\\nmay be certainly counted upon to grow even more sure-\\nly and over a large area. The largest fig orchard in the\\nUnited States, and one of the largest in the world, is\\nlocated in the Salt River Valley. This industry has not\\nyet proven profitable, either in Arizona or California,\\nspeaking broadly, for the reason that our people have\\nnot entirely mastered the art of curing and packing.\\nThe other products which have been mentioned are\\nthoroughly successful. So also are the finest qualities\\nof raisin, wine, and table grapes, and of the deciduous\\nfruits, such as peaches, apricots, prunes, pears, and ap-\\nples. All vegetables and small fruits yield largely. With\\nbetter railroad facilities and rates, Arizona Avould be a\\nstrong competitor of Florida and the West Indies in the\\nshipment of early vegetables to eastern and northern\\nmarkets.\\nThe major proportion of the irrigated land is tilled in\\nlarge farms devoted to grasses and cereals. Alfalfa is\\nthe favorite fodder crop, and the valleys arc becoming\\ngreat feeding grounds for cattle, horses, hogs, and sheep.\\nWhile this phase of the agricultural industry has been\\nprosperous, it by no means represents the better possi-\\n242", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "BUDDING CIVILIZATION OF ARIZONA\\nbilities of Arizona. The conditions of climate, of soil,\\nand of irrigation are all extremely favorable to the in-\\ntensive cultivation of small areas.\\nTen acres in southern Arizona constitute a good-sized\\nfarm. Variously planted to vegetables, small fruits, or-\\nchard, and grass, and cultivated by the most scientific\\nmethods, such a farm should yield a far better living,\\nand make a surer provision for old age, than one hun-\\ndred acres in the eastern and middle States, which\\ndepend upon rainfall, and consequently produce the\\ncheaper class of crops.\\nLacking nothing in general advantages, Arizona is\\ndeficient in the higher forms of industrial and social\\ndevelopment, which have made portions of California\\nthe paradise of the common people, and which are be-\\nginning to shape institutions throughout the arid region.\\nThe explanation is that the Territory is Just passing\\nfrom the frontier stage into the first period of real civ-\\nilization. The conquest of the desert has been well be-\\ngun, and the broad foundation of an intense economic\\nlife substantially laid. It remains for the future to\\nbuild the superstructure.\\nThe people of Arizona have been drawn from many\\ndifferent sources, and from more than one race, but\\nthe pushing American element is distinctly dominant.\\nWhile there are many of the lower class of Mexicans,\\nthey are much less numerous here than in New Mex-\\nico, and much less widely diffused over the Territory.\\nThe Indians, who are seen everywhere, even in the\\nbest settled districts, are now mostly inoffensive, and\\neven industrious in many cases. Like the Mexican\\npeons, they are useful laborers in the simpler agricult-\\n243", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nural tasks. The warlike tribes are closely confined to\\ntheir reservations, and no longer constitute a menace to\\nsettlement.\\nArizona is developing a spirit of intense local pride as\\nmarked as that of Colorado. This is the best guaranty\\nof its ultimate greatness. It is a good recommendation\\nfor any country when those who know it best exhibit\\nthe most confidence in its future.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "iDart ^ouftb\\nTHE ARMY OF THE HALF-EMPLOYED\\nYour fate I believe to be certain, though it is deferred by a\\npliysical cause. As long as you have a boundless extent of fertile\\nand unoccupied land, your laboring population will be far more\\nat case than the laboring population of the Old World. But the\\ntime will come when New England will be as thickly populated as\\nthe Old World. Wages will be as low and will fluctuate as much\\nwith you as with us. You will have your Birminghams and\\nManchesters, and in these Birminghams and Mauchesters hundreds\\nof thousands of artisans will assuredly be sometime out of work.\\nTlicn your institutions will fairly be brought to the test. Lord\\nMacaulay to an American friend.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I\\nTHE SURPLUS PEOPLE\\nThe settlement of the United States has been largely\\na story of foreign immigration. While the movement\\nof population from the Old World to the New has not\\nceased, the settlement of new areas during the coming\\ncentury will be in marked degree a movement of do-\\nmestic immigration. Foreign population no longer set-\\ntles extensively upon the agricultural lands of the West.\\nIt remains in the cities of the seaboard, making New\\nYork, Philadelphia, and San Francisco cosmopolitan\\ncommunities, and submerging the Puritan traditions of\\nBoston under a wave of Celtic dominance. It fills the\\ncoal-mining districts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois\\nwith Hungarian and Bohemian laborers. It replaces the\\nnative artisans of New England manufacturing towns\\nwith Canadians, Italians, and Armenians. It swells the\\npopulation of the Lake Cities, such as Buffalo, Cleve-\\nland, Detroit, Chicago, and Milwaukee. It is thus that\\nthe strong current of foreign immigration, which had a\\nlarge part in making the Middle West and gave a pow-\\nerful impulse to the growth of interior cities, expends\\nitself in these days.\\nThere is a surplus population chiefly in cities and\\ntowns east of the Mississippi river. While much has\\n247", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nbeen said of the Army of tlio Unemployed, the flnetiiat-\\ning numbers of the utterly idle is no true measure of our\\nsurplus population. There is an infinitely larger element\\nof half-employed and semi-prosperous, and it is from the\\nranks of these that the colonizing hosts of the future will\\nmostly be drawn. The very poor constitute a small ele-\\nment ill all communities, and however urgent their claim\\nupon charity, their situation is of far less importance to\\nthe peace and stability of society than the conditions\\nof life and labor for the masses who do the v/orld s\\nwork. The future civilization is to be discovered at\\nneither of the social poles that of the very rich or that\\nof the very poor but in tlie continental expanse of hu-\\nman life that lies between these two extremes.\\nThe surplus population who will occupy and develop\\nthe waste-places during the coming century are the men\\nand women of overcrowded eastern industries, stores,\\nand professions, and, in smaller measure, of unprofitable\\neastern farms. To a very large extent they are of the\\nbest native stock. Their presence in the ranks of the\\nhalf employed and semi prosperous is due to several\\nleading causes to the wonderful invention of labor-sav-\\ning machinery, which does the work of human hands\\nwithout charge for food or clothes to the competition\\nof foreign immigrants content with less wages and a\\nlower standard of living to the concentration of capi-\\ntal and the conduct of all lines of business upon so large\\na scale that small men cannot survive in the race with\\nthem; to the cessation of the rapid settlement of new\\nareas in the West, which made constant demands upon\\nthe products of eastern spindles, looms, and lathes; to\\nthe natural movement of the greater manufacturing lines\\n248", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "THE SURPLUS PEOPLE\\nfrom old indastrial centres nearer to raw material and to\\nconsumers.\\nSome of these causes are so well known as to make it\\nnnprofitable to do more than barely suggest tlicm, but\\nothers have not been generally studied in the light of\\ncauses of future domestic emigration. For instance, it\\nis often claimed that invention and labor saving ma-\\nchinery create a demand for as many new workmen as\\nthey displace. Grant that this is so, and we do not sat-\\nisfactorily answer the question as to what is to become of\\nthe men and women who lose their means of livelihood.\\nSome of them are readily absorbed into the new indus-\\ntries, but by no means all. One hundred printers may\\nbe suddenly thrown out of work in a given community\\nby the advent of type-setting machines. They cannot all\\nturn immediately to employment in a bicycle or automo-\\nbile factory. The displaced printers may be in Kansas\\nCity and the nev/ factories in Baltimore. Besides, it is\\nthe young mechanic, with no trade and habits to un-\\nlearn, who is in most demand for the new industry.\\nThese conditions make life constantly harder for those\\nbest equipped with experience and most likely to be pos-\\nsessed of a little capital in the shape of a home or sav-\\nings-bank deposit that is, the middle-aged. So it hap-\\npens that the ingenious machine which may lighten the\\ncost of an article of common necessity, and by so cheap-\\nening production even cause the enlargement of a factory\\nand enhance the prosperity of a given local community,\\nalmost inevitably creates recruits for the Army of the\\nHalf-employed. This process has been going on rapidly\\nduring the past generation, and made thousands of peo-\\nple discontented and apprehensive hence, ripe for some", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nnew movement of colonization like those which, during\\nthe past two centuries, peopled different sections of the\\nUnited States. For it is ever the intelligent discontented\\nwho make colonies and plant institutions.\\nAs with labor-saving machinery, so with the concen-\\ntration of capital, which is the phenomenal economic\\nmovement of the hour. Fifty factories under one con-\\ntrol a few great and attractive stores dealing in all lines\\nof merchandise; ten railroad systems consolidated into\\none, and that one stretching its arms from ocean to\\nocean all this may, and probably does, make for cheaper\\ngoods and better service, for more scientific business\\nmethods, and for the progress of civilization in the end.\\nBut the intermediate process of adjustment to new con-\\nditions is a hardship to multitudes of men and women\\nin many ways. It lessens the demands for labor in nu-\\nmerous local instances, and the result is a large aggre-\\ngate of discontent. What is infinitely more important,\\nit makes it increasingly difficult for men to lead inde-\\npendent lives and make independent livings.\\nThe startling and disturbing aspect of our new eco-\\nnomic development is the downfall of the small man.\\nModern production demands the large factory and ex-\\npensive machinery hence, great capital. Modern trade,\\nespecially in the principal cities, requires an immense de-\\npartment-store, with a host of poorly paid employes;\\nhence, great capital. Modern transportation requires\\nrailroad systems so extended and diffused as to give\\nabsolute control of a certain territory hence, great\\ncapital.\\nWhen production was conducted upon a small scale\\nmen of small means found no difficulty in becoming\\n250", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "THE SURPLUS PEOPLE\\nmanufacturers. The enterprising shoemaker to illus-\\ntrate could build a little shop in his yard, purchase a\\ncheap kit of tools, and manufacture in a small way. If\\nhe had taste, thrift, and industry, he j)rospered, and\\nperhaps built up a large business. The man who did\\nthat thirty years ago could not hope to do it to-day,\\nsimply because the conditions are such as to prevent him\\nfrom getting his first foothold. As a petty manufact-\\nurer he could not possibly compete wdth the great man-\\nufacturers employing large capital and costly machin-\\nery. His only recourse is to become an employe of a\\nricher man or corporation. He is denied even the chance\\nto bring himself to the test of the rule of the survival\\nof the fittest among employers and manufacturers, be-\\ncause he cannot be born into that exclusive family. The^\\nunborn have no opportunity of survival. As with the shoo\\nindustry, so with most other common lines of production.\\nThe decline of the small tradesmen in great cities is a\\npitiful, even if familiar, spectacle. Sixth Avenue in\\nNew York furnishes a luminous instance. This thor-\\noughfare used to be a paradise of small merchants, deal-\\ning in their several lines of goods, and winning a fair\\naverage prosperity in the midst of lively competition.\\nTo-day a few great stores stand like monuments in that\\ngraveyard of small merchants. Competition between\\nthe old conditions and the new is impossible.\\nEven the professions are not exempt from the influ-\\nences which have wrought such changes in the lives of\\nsmall capitalists and skilled workmen. Self-respecting\\nyoung men and women do not willingly and deliberately\\nset out upon lives which deny them independence of\\nthought and action, and no opj^ortunity to rise except as\\n251", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nsalaried employes, submissively doing the will of other\\nmen. Multitudes of them avail themselves of the chances\\nof liberal education which benevolence has so plentifully\\nscattered over the land. They prepare to win what they\\nconceive to be the easy rewards of professional careers\\nas lawyers, physicians, teachers, musicians, and so on.\\nWhile there is yet plenty of room at the top, it is much\\neasier to find the way to the middle or the bottom of\\nthe list. The result is a surplus of professional people\\nin every walk, especially in cities and towns of our older\\nStates. Religious journals complain of an over-produc-\\ntion even of preachers, ministers, and missionaries.\\nOf the fact of surplus people available for the con-\\nquest of Undeveloped America there is, therefore, no\\nquestion whatever. Never was there an army better\\nequipped or more eager for its task. In character it is\\nalmost cosmopolitan, but with the strongest Anglo-\\nSaxon predominance. It has been educated to a stand-\\nard not dreamed of by any colonizing host of the past,\\nthanks to a system- of common and high schools of\\nwhich the latter approximate the university education of\\nfifty years ago. Collectively, it is by no means destitute\\nof pecuniary resources, for it represents a vast aggregate\\nof savings and property. It is animated by tlie moving\\ncause of all successful and epoch-making emigrations,\\nthe desire to better the conditions of living for its indi-\\nvidual members.\\nSo conditioned and equipped, these children of a race\\nof world-conquerors and republic-builders these sur-\\nplus men and women of America stand with their faces\\nto the morning of the new century, magnificently fit to\\ndo the work of their day and generation.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II\\nWHY THE PEOPLE DO NOT GO TO THE LAND\\nFlanked upon one side by economic conditions which\\ndeny them prosperity, and upon the other by great natu-\\nral resources which only await human genius and energy,\\nwhy do not the surplus people go to the surplus land\\nFirst and chiefly, because they lack the necessary capi-\\ntal. To move across the continent and make a new\\nhome in a new country requires a working fund of one\\nthousand or two thousand dollars and the latter is much\\nthe safer sum. It may almost be said that those who\\nneed to move cannot do so, while those who can move\\ndo not need to. This is not literally true, because there\\nare doubtless thousands of families commanding a capi-\\ntal insufficient to enable them to engage in trade or\\nmanufacture under modern conditions, and likewise in-\\nsufficient to yield support when invested, yet quite\\nenough to establish them comfortably as settlers on\\nirrigated land, j^rovided their capital be supplement-\\ned by the wise use of their own labor. But there are\\nthousands perhaps millions of families who have ev-\\nery qualification required for successful settlers except\\nmoney. Their ability to perform productive labor is,\\nindeed, capital of a most essential kind, but without a\\ncertain amount of cash it is capital which is unavailable.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nPopular ignorance of the West is another potent cause\\nwhich keeiDS the willing men aAvay from the waiting\\nland. Undeveloped America is a vague and mysterious\\nquantity to the masses of our people. It curiously hap-\\npens that they are better informed about Africa and the\\nregions of the North Pole. So much as is known about\\nthese latter localities has been published in attractive\\nform and generally read by intelligent people. Then,\\ntoo, somewhat upon the principle that every boy finds\\nanother s sister more interesting than his own, foreign\\nlands have a claim upon the attention of our people su-\\nperior to that of our own. It is doubtful if the senior\\nclass at Harvard or Yale could pass a good examination^\\nas to the history and resources of such mighty States as\\nMontana, Idaho, or Nevada, yet there would be little\\nrisk in asking them for a good account of the lives and\\nsurroundings of Paul Kruger and Cecil Rhodes, or for\\nthe details of Nansen s voyage to tlie Pole. If this be\\ntrue of the liberally educated, who are surrounded by\\nall facilities for studying the undeveloped parts of their\\nown country, no apology need be made for those who\\nenjoy no such opportunities.\\nBut if there is lack of information about the West,\\nthere is no lack of misinformation. Vast quantities of\\nadvertising matter have been sent broadcast by railroads,\\nland companies, and commercial organizations. This\\nclass of reading matter has always been prepared in the\\ninterest of certain localities, and comes under the head\\nof ^boom literature. While some of it has been of\\nhigh character of its kind, the general effect of such ad-\\nvertising has been disappointing both to those who issued\\nand to those who read it.\\n254", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "THE PEOPLE AND THE LAND\\nWhat a new country needs is gradual growth and\\nsober development of its resources on sound economic\\nlines. What a settler wants is a calm and candid state-\\nment of the opportunities existing in the locality tow-\\nards which he is looking, and a perfectly truthful account\\nof the experience of the people who preceded him there.\\nIt is as important for him to know the drawbacks as the\\nadvantages to learn of the failures, and the reasons\\nthereof, as of the successes. In the advertising matter\\nsent out by interested individuals, companies, and com-\\nmunities, intending home-seekers get only partial and\\nmisleading information as a rule. They learn only of\\nthe advantages of soil, climate, and location. The ex-\\nam]3les held up for their consideration are exceptional\\ninstances of prosperity rather than average results. Of\\nthe failures and disappointments nothing Avhatever is\\nreported. Thus it happens that the masses of our peo-\\nple who would gladly make homes in the undeveloped\\nparts of the country suiTer about equally from lack of\\ngood information and surfeit of misinformation.\\nThere is another reason which accounts for the back-\\nwardness of western settlement, depriving even the class\\nwho have the financial ability to move of the necessary\\ncourage and confidence. This is the fact that great\\nnumbers of people who went West in the past incurred\\nfailure or disappointment. This is an infiuence which\\nmay be observed in every eastern State. There is\\nscarcely a community which has not sent at least a few\\nsettlers west who reported later that they were sorry\\nthey left home. It is true that millions of eastern peo-\\nple have settled between the Mississippi river and the\\nPacific Ocean, and prospered. On the other hand, it is\\n355", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ntrue that other millions have remained in the East and\\nfailed to prosper. Nevertheless, as failure in tliis line is\\nmore widely advertised than success, the disappoint-\\nments encountered by families and individuals drawn\\nfrom widely scattered eastern communities constitute a\\nmost serious obstacle in colonization work.\\nWhat are the causes of failure on the part of eastern\\nsettlers who started out with high hopes, and frequently\\nwith abundant capital, to make new homes in the AVest?\\nThere are a variety of reasons, but they may be broadly\\ndivided under two heads. There have been numerous\\nattempts to realize impracticable dreams of social and\\neconomic reforms. These were usually undertaken by\\nexcellent people who sincerely desired to make the world\\nbetter. California has been a favorite field for such\\nefforts. Madame Helena Modjeska and a little party\\nof her talented compatriots tried to found a social and\\nartistic paradise in the vicinity of Los Angeles many\\nyears ago. They failed because they had no comprehen-\\nsion of the prosaic problems of land and water, and were\\nunable to do the hard work which success required.\\nThere was a dress-reform colony v/hich aimed to simplify\\nfeminine attire, and provided that when its women desired\\nnew dresses they should submit the matter to a committee\\nand be governed by its action. When the committee re-\\nported adversely to any woman s hopes, her male friends\\ngenerally took her part, and it was not long before the\\ncolony was disbanded. There have been numerous at-\\ntempts to realize very advanced ideals of Socialism. Al-\\nmost without exception these were undertaken with in-\\nadequate capital, and failed before they could reach the\\npoint of possible success, however sound the theory upon\\n356", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "THE PEOTLE AND THE LAND\\nwliich the}^ worked. There is reason to fear that dissen-\\nsion and lack of strong leadership might have defeated\\nthem even if there had been sufficient working capital.\\nThe aggregate of these unsuccessful dream colonies is\\nsmall, but their influence upon settlement is in inverse\\nratio to their numbers. Such great examples of success-\\nful colonization as we have seen in Colorado, Utah, and\\nsouthern California have commanded far less attention\\nthan the abortive efforts of little handfuls of people who,\\nat different times and places, have tried to found institu-\\ntions which were either intrinsically impracticable or\\nahead of their day. Co-operative associations in certain\\nparts of the West, doing an annual business of millions of\\ndollars, and co-operative industries and stores in Great\\nBritain and other European countries which have\\nachieved a degree of success even more unquestionable,\\nare less known by popular report and apparently less\\ninfluential in the economic life of our times than many\\na little colony of enthusiasts that ended in failure.\\nBrook Farm in Massachusetts is a striking instance.\\nVolumes have been written upon it, and each successive\\ngeneration of New-Englandcrs will hear of it and smile,\\nas their fathers and grandfathers did before them.\\nIt would be wholly unfair to say that the disappoint-\\nment of settlers is limited to the very few who belonged\\nto this class of idealistic colonies. Large numbers of\\npeople have gone out alone, settled in western cities or\\ntowns, encountered failure or disappointment, and cither\\nreturned to their original homes, or advised their friends\\nto remain there.\\nThose who settled in cities may be disposed of in a\\nsentence. Attracted by tcm])orary booms, they found\\nR 257", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthat western cities are as overcrowded as those in the\\nEast. In one respect the condition of business and em-\\nployment is frequently more discouraging in the West.\\nMany people in poor health are sent out by their phys-\\nicians, and, since they must live in the new country to\\nsave their lives, are willing to work for any wages they\\ncan get. This introduces an element of competition in\\nthe ranks of employment which has a blighting effect\\nupon wages. Very few western cities are in need of\\nmore people to reinforce either their commercial or pro-\\nfessional life. There is plenty of room for those who are\\nwilling to develop and use the vast resources of natural\\nwealth for those who are willing to till the soil, fell the\\nforest, and open the mine. There is no demand for more\\nyoung men to measure tape or more young women to run\\ntype-writers. What is wanted is millions of sturdy men\\nand stout-hearted women to conquer the waste places and\\nto work for themselves.\\nA large proportion of those who went west in recent\\nyears engaged in the fruit industry. This was painted\\nas a sure and easy road to wealth and an ideal occupa-\\ntion in the midst of ideal surroundings. The hard work\\nand constant vigilance Avhich success in this industry de-\\nmands were seldom mentioned in the glowing advertise-\\nments which attracted these settlers. Nothing was said\\nof the economic folly of the farmer who buys all he eats\\nand sells all he produces. As a natural consequence,\\npeople who went west, particularly to California, paid\\nhigh prices for their land, waited years for trees to come\\ninto bearing, and discovered that there could be no profits\\nwithout skill and hard work. They found that there are\\nsuch evils as over-production, high freight charges, and\\n258", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "THE PEOPLE AND THE LAND\\nthe extortions of the commission system. Tens of thou-\\nsands of people failed in their efforts to make homes in\\nthe semi-arid regions of the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas,\\nand Texas because of having neither rain nor irrigation\\nfacilities to moisten their fields. Tlie isolation of farm-\\nlife, and the lack of the enjoyments and refinements\\navailable even to the poor in the older States, have been\\nfruitful causes of heart-sickness.\\nThe chief reasons, then, why the surplus people do not\\ngo to the surplus lands are that they have not the capital\\nto do so that they do not know where to go that they\\ndo not know how to organize their industry in order to\\nprosper that they fear the lack of good society and the\\nrefinement which this should furnish to them and their\\nchildren. The plan of domestic colonization which shall\\nbe of broad and enduring effect, and so give to the nation\\nthe incalculable gains which may be won from the devel-\\nopment and use of its waste resources, must solve all\\nthese problems. Nothing short of this will meet the de-\\nmand and open the gates of the West to the vast mul-\\ntitude who would gladly enter at this wide portal if they\\ncould believe that economic independence lay beyond.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III\\nCOLONIZATION^ WITH CO-OPEllATIVE CAPITAL\\nThe problem of making homes in the West for the\\nmasses is the problem of bringing together surplus land,\\nsurplus labor, and surplus capital. The first two factors\\nhave been discussed in previous chapters. It remains\\nto consider the question of surplus capital and of its\\nutilization in connection with the conquest of unused\\nnatural resources.\\nOf the fact of surplus capital there is, of course, no\\nmore question than of the fact of surplus land or the\\nfact of surplus labor. Just as there are great areas of\\nunemployed land and great numbers of half-employed\\npeople, so there are vast amounts of idle and unpro-\\nductive, or of half-employed, capital all over the United\\nStates and in foreign countries. The difficulty is that\\nthose who own the land do not possess the necessary\\nlabor, and that those who have the labor do not possess\\nthe necessary capital. Each of these factors is impotent\\nwithout both of the others. To bring them together\\nupon a basis of mutual security and profit is to solve so-\\ncial and economic questions of world-wide extent and\\nimportance.\\nThe evils of over-population, and the consequent fierce\\nstruggle for existence, are not peculiar to the United\\n2G0", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE CAPITAL\\nStates, one of the newest of nations. They are com-\\nmon to nearly all other countries. Nor is this the only\\ncontinent which offers an inviting field for expansion\\nand development. The same problems and the same op-\\nportunities, capable of solution and of use by the same\\nmethods, exist everywhere. If it be possible to effect\\ncolonization by means of co-operative capital in western\\nAmerica, then it is equally possible to do the same in\\nAfrica, Australia, and the Orient. If this method will\\nopen a door of escape for the swarming populations of\\nBoston, New York, and Chicago, it will accomplish the\\nsame result for the over -crowded people of London,\\nParis, and Rome.\\nLooking at the matter in the light of its world-wide\\npossibilities, we see at once that if capital is to be em-\\nployed in the work of colonization apart from its own-\\ners, as is done in railroads and other industrial enter-\\nprises, it must be employed upon the soundest, business\\nprinciples. These principles must be applicable to a\\ngreat variety of conditions to different kinds of people,\\nof soil, of climate, of markets, of surrounding resources.\\nFirst of all, there must be security. Second, there must\\nbe earning capacity at least equal to the demands of cur-\\nrent interest on safe investments. Any plan that falls\\nshort of this will not meet the exigency.\\nOur settler has only his labor to start with. He must\\nbuy land of one man and borrow capital of another. Then\\nhe must pay for both with the proceeds arising from the\\nwise use of the land he has bought and the money he\\nhas borrowed, plus the capacity to labor, which was his\\nonly original capital. The element of charity cannot\\nenter into the matter at all. Philanthropy in its true\\n261", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nsense concern for the welfare of mankind may furnish\\nan impulse to such a work, as it has done for many\\nanother business enterprise, such as life insurance,\\nbuilding and loan associations, and workingmen s hotels.\\nBut these enterprises rest on sound and enduring business\\nprinciples, or they could not long exist or widely extend.\\nWo must find equally sound and enduring business prin-\\nciples upon which to rest the idea of colonization by\\nmeans of co-operative capital, or it can contribute noth-\\ning of value to the progress of civilization.\\nIn the seventeen western States and Territories there\\nare to-day eight million acres of fertile land lying under\\ncompleted irrigation systems. There are millions more\\nlying under half-finished works. They represent an un-\\nproductive investment, counting interest charges, of two\\nhundred to three hundred million dollars. The chief\\nreasons for the fact that they are not utilized by those\\nwho need them have been stated in the foregoing chap-\\nter. Additional reasons are the unsatisfactory condi-\\ntion of water-rights in numerous instances, and the pop-\\nular prejudice against arid lands. These lands have\\nevery element of potential value. They have the pe-\\nculiar fertility arising from aridity, as described upon\\nscientific authority in an early chapter of this book.\\nThey are fortunate alike in climate and in the surround-\\ning resources of mine, forest, and grazing lands. They\\nrepresent the highest productive capacity upon the small-\\nest area, and are thus capable of sustaining the densest\\nagricultural population. All these conditions make\\nthese lands extremely valuable, but only in case the cap-\\nital and labor be supplied to awaken their sleeping po-\\ntentialities.\\n263", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE CAPITAL\\nHere is a field whicli stands ready and waiting. The\\ncostly work of preparation was done during a speculative\\nera, when it was believed that it was only necessary to\\nbuild reservoirs and canals in order to induce a stampede\\nof settlers to the newly reclaimed regions comparable to\\nthat which peopled a State in Oklahoma almost in a\\nnight. But those who reckoned thus did not understand\\ncertain fundamental differences between the humid and\\narid regions, and how these differences affected not\\nmerely the process of colonization, but the habits, cus-\\ntoms, and institutions of the people engaged in the work.\\nAs the irrigation speculation of the early nineties turned\\nout, it seems almost as if a special Providence had pro-\\nvided a field for co-operative colonization, and then per-\\nmitted it to lie fallow until men should see the light.\\nThere are plenty of surplus people who would gladly\\noccuj)y these surplus lands. The missing link is the\\nnecessary capital. Supposing this be supplied and the\\nwilling people sent forth upon their task, what are the\\nelements of security and the sources of profit for the\\ncapital which must be employed\\nFirst, there is security in the land and water sup-\\nply. This is of the most permanent and stable charac-\\nter. It cannot burn up, nor blow away, nor be stolen,\\nnor does it deteriorate with use. It grows more valua-\\nble with the passing years, with development, with the\\nincreasing pressure of population. The improvements\\nmade upon it are likewise fixed in character. Every\\ndollar of money and every hour of labor expended upon\\nthe land remain there, permanent and inalienable addi-\\ntions to the value of the property.\\nThere is a second element of security not inferior to\\n263", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthe land itself. It is the element of human labor. This\\nis the soul of the security, as land and water are its physi-\\ncal body. Labor is the creative force which alone gives\\nvalue to any form of security. Behind government and\\nmunicipal bonds is the labor of bodies politic. Behind\\nrailroad and other industrial stocks and bonds is the labor\\nof an army of employes. Behind co-operative coloniza-\\ntion bonds would be the labor of earnest men and women,\\nselected for their intelligjcnce, industry, and ambition\\nof men and women working under competent leadership\\nto make homes and achieve independence for themselves\\nand their children. There can be no better security than\\ngood irrigated land occupied by industrious people under\\nthese conditions.\\nThe foregoing statements apply with equal force to\\nthe question of earning capacity. There is no failure of\\ncrops upon irrigated lands when cultivated. There never\\nwill or can be such failure until water forgets to run\\ndown hill and the earth forgets to yield her increase.\\nThe productive capacity of irrigated lands, under the\\nconditions of soil and climate obtaining in the arid\\nregions, is superior to that of any other lands. Under\\nthe industrial plan outlined in the following chapter it\\nis impossible for the colonists to fail of a living. Under\\nthat plan it is likewise imj^ossible for them to fail of\\na surplus above a living, sufficient to earn interest and\\nmake regular contributions to the sinking fund upon the\\nbasis of such a capitalization as is ample for the under-\\ntaking.\\nWe have here, then, in the irrigated but idle valleys of\\nthe West, all the elements of a first-class security, includ-\\ning the capacity to earn profits and pay off the principal.\\n264", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE CAPITAL\\nWe have, first, a great investment wliich has prepared\\nthe land for occupancy; then, fertile kind and reliable\\nwater supply intelligent and interested labor to do the\\nwork; the improvements made by the use of the labor\\nand capital. The very important question of wise and\\nhonest administration of the enterprise is dealt with in\\na subsequent chapter.\\nHaving considered the general principles of invest-\\nment which enter into the problem, we are now ready to\\ndiscuss its details. The lands and works required for the\\nundertaking should be purchased on the shrewdest busi-\\nness terms. They can generally be had for at most the\\namount of the original investment, and often for a good\\ndeal less. In many cases a large part of the investment\\nhas been eliminated by foreclosure, and it is only neces-\\nsary to reimburse the bondholders, or those who bought\\nat forced sale. There is no occasion, therefore, for the\\nsettlers to pay a sum which would represent a profit upon\\nthe lands and works. If they pay six per cent, upon th\u00c2\u00a9\\ncapital borrowed to acquire and develop the property on\\nthe favorable terms now possible, they can readily com-\\nmand all the capital needed for future operations. The\\nprice of lands would vary in different parts of the West,\\nranging from five to twenty dollars per acre. This would\\ninclude the appurtenant irrigation systems and perpetual\\nwater-rights. With labor and capital to develop them\\nunder wise plans and good leadership, these lands and\\nimj^rovemcnts would soon have a value, on the basis of\\nearning capacity, of fifty to one hundred dollars per acre,\\nand in some instances much more.\\nThe cost of transporting settlers from their present to\\ntheir new homes should be borne by themselves or friends.\\n265", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nIt would not be a legitimate use of the investment fund.\\nWhat is paid for land, labor, and resulting improvements\\nremains as a permanent part of the security and facilities\\nof production. But every dollar paid for moving people\\nand household goods is lost and can add nothing to se-\\ncurity or income. Labor supplies should be drawn from\\nthe nearest point where available, or if brought from a\\ndistance should bear their own transportation charges.\\nThe first expenditure of the investment fund, after\\npaying for the land, would necessarily be for shelter the\\nnext for implements and live stock, seed, and fruit-trees.\\nAfter that the entire fund would be available for labor\\nand its maintenance. This labor would be used to clear\\nand plant the land and bring it to the highest possible\\nstage of production. Settlers in the West build com-\\nfortable houses for two or three hundred dollars, and even\\nless. Many a prosperous colonist points to a shanty in\\nthe shadow of a comfortable residence which is full of\\ninterest to him as a monument to his humble start. He\\nand his family built it with their own hands, perhaps\\npaying no more than fifty dollars for the materials. It is\\namazing how comfortable a family can be in the poorest\\nshelter when they think they see property and financial\\nIndependence a few years ahead of them. It is not profit-\\nable to go into all the items of cost in detail, since con-\\nditions vary with different localities, but it may be said\\nthat one thousand dollars per family would be the mini-\\nmum and two thousand dollars per family the maximum\\nsum to be provided where settlers drew their entire capi-\\ntal from the investment fund. Farms should not be\\nsmaller than ten acres, nor larger than forty, and twenty\\nacres would be a reasonable average.\\n266", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE CAPITAL\\nIt is liighly necessary to set apart a certain proportion\\nof the investment fund say ten per cent. to be nsed by\\nthe colony for common purposes. They should own and\\nimprove the town-site and have the profits arising there-\\nfrom. We have seen the benefits of this plan in the his-\\ntory of Horace G-reeley s famous Colorado colony. They\\nshould own various small industries, the possession of\\nwhich represents the difference between large profits and\\nsmall ones for their labor and crops the difference be-\\ntween selling finished product and selling raw material\\nthe difference between commercial independence and de-\\npendence. They should own or control range facilities,\\nthat they may engage in the remunerative cattle and\\nsheep industries. In many cases they will find it profit-\\nable to cut and manufacture their own lumber. No single\\nthing can contribute so much to their independence and\\nprosperity, and, consequently, to their peace and happi-\\nness, as a fund available for those things which are beyond\\nthe reach of the individual, yet highly essential to the\\nindividual as a part of the community. The manage-\\nment of this common fund and the various properties to\\nbe created with it is dwelt upon in the next chapter.\\nReturning now to the financial proposition, we see that\\nthe settler who borrows one thousand dollars to improve\\na twenty-acre farm incurs an obligation of fifty dollars\\nper acre. A part of this he has paid for land, and an-\\nother part contributed to the colony fund for the general\\npurposes. The balance is an improvement fund, availa-\\nble to bring his farm to a productive state. If he is to\\npay back his borrowed capital in ten years, and pay six\\nper cent, interest in the mean time, he must have three\\ndollars per acre each year for interest and five dollars per\\n207", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nacre for the sinking fund. In other words, he must\\nearn and lay aside the net sum of eight dollars per acre\\nover and above the cost of his living. No one familiar\\nwith the productive capacity of irrigated land, and with\\nthe markets which fortunately surround nearly every fer-\\ntile valley in the arid region, will doubt that this is easily\\npossible. But by what methods can this result be best\\nassured Is the average settler drawn from the urban\\nlife of the East able to expend his borrowed capital and\\ndirect his untrained energies surely to this end Will\\nthe investor bo willing to trust him to do so Both\\nquestions may be emphatically answered in the negative.\\nHow, then, is the thing to be done\\nThe labor is handled as a unit. While each man is\\nworking for himself ho does not work lij himself. Ho\\nworks in co-operation with his fellows, under the direc-\\ntion of expert superintendence, at least until all the\\nfarms have been brought successfully through the pre-\\nliminary stage to a paying condition, and until the de-\\nmands of intensive cultivation make it more profitable\\nfor each man to devote his time largely to his own\\nplace. This is only reducing to a science the method of\\nswapping work which already prevails in new coun-\\ntries that is, where there are a number of settlers, they\\nhelp each other in clearing lands, building houses, and,\\nlater, in planting and harvesting crops. They find it\\nprofitable to do this, especially in the early years of their\\nsettlement, because there are so many things to be done\\nabout a farm which are beyond the strength of a single\\nindividual. By helping each other the work of all is\\ndone expeditiously, without cash outlay for hired hands.\\nIt is the old story of more economical production and\\n2nf^", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE CAPITAL\\nless waste by doing things on a large scale instead of a\\nsmall one.\\nThe advantages which settlers obtain by the crude\\nmethod of swapjoing work among themselves would\\nbe vastly greater in tlie case of co-operative colonists\\nworking with sufficient capital under trained leadership.\\nIn clearing, planting, and reaping they would be able to\\nuse machinery too expensive for one small farm, but very\\ncheap indeed when the expense is divided among many\\nsmall farms. The quality of their work and the esprit\\ndo corps would be much higher. It would represent the\\ndifference between a regiment and a mob. Raw recruits\\nwould soon become as effective as the best-trained farm-\\ners under this teaching and discipline. But the chief\\nadvantage would be the financial one. This would result\\nfrom the prevention of waste of money, time, and ener-\\ngies which characterizes individual settlement, especially\\nwhere the conditions of industry are so new to most of\\nour race and nationality as they are in the land of irriga-\\ntion. It would result also from the fact that those who\\nhad furnished capital for the work would be able, through\\ntheir representatives, to keep their hands on the purse-\\nstrings, and so control and direct the expenditure of\\ntheir money to the accomplishment of their ends the\\nmaking of productive homes which will enable the bor-\\nrowers to pay interest regularly and principal at maturity.\\nIf the labor is to be handled as a unit and the settlers\\nto work under guidance, by what method is the improve-\\nment fund to be made available for them, and how are\\nthe investors to be assured of the proper collection of\\ntheir share of the proceeds arising from the joint use of\\nthe land, labor, and capital\\n2G9", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nThe improvement fund is paid out regularly each week\\nor month in the form of wages. Out of these wages the\\nsettler pays a regular sum each month, equivalent, at the\\nend of the year, to six per cent, interest on the amount\\nhe has borrowed. After the first year he would be re-\\nquired to make an additional monthly payment into the\\nsinking fund, equal, at the end of the year, to ten per\\ncent, of his borrowed capital. But after the first year\\nthe settler has something besides his wages on which to\\ndepend for his payments.\\nAll the profits of the work above fixed charges are\\ncredited to the settlers in proportion to their wages,\\nwhich are supposed to fairly measure the value of their\\nwork. The fixed charges are cost of labor and materials\\nand six per cent, interest on the capital employed. The\\nprofits above these charges should be large and increase\\nwith each year, especially as trees come in bearing. It\\nis for the settler s interest to have these profits begin as\\nsoon and grow as large as possible, since they are all ap-\\nplied to the reduction of his debt. The accumulations\\nof the sinking fund are ajoplied by trustees to good in-\\nvestments, in connection with the colony, such as cattle\\nor sheep, the erection of needed industries, or the pro-\\nvision of facilities for the sale and distribution of prod-\\nucts. If circumstances permitted, the entire borrowed\\ncapital could be paid off before the time of its maturity,\\nor the money retained for profitable use in other ways,\\nas seemed best to those charged with the care of the in-\\nvestment.\\nWages vary with different occupations, but common\\nlabor would receive thirty to forty dollars per month,\\nout of which the family living woukl be paid. An ad-\\n270", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE CAPITAL\\ndifcional charge would be made for life insurance, to pro-\\ntect both the loan and the settler s family in case of\\ndeath. It is not expected that the wages will be such\\nas to provide for anything except the bare necessities of\\nlife. The co-operative settler must be economical and\\nthrifty and work hard. It is not a case for the eight-\\nhour day. Men who are working for themselves rather\\nthan for other men can afford to work long hours, as has\\nbeen done by most of those who have made themselves\\nindependent. An incidental advantage of handling the\\nlabor as a unit under good management is that it can be\\nemployed effectively throughout the year in developing\\nthe colony and its surrounding resources, which is not\\ngenerally the case with individual settlers.\\nThere are two other striking advantages wliich result\\nfrom preserving the solidarity of both the labor and the\\ncapital under this plan. All the suj)plies consumed by\\nthe community, from potatoes to mowing-machines, can\\nbe purchased at wholesale and at a great saving of cost.\\nThen the products of the land can be sold under a sino-le\\nmanagement and in large quantities. The result is a\\ngreat saving in the cost of living and a better net result\\nin selling. Both of these things enhance the settler s\\nprosperity and enable him to repay his borrowed capital\\nthe sooner. It is not expected that all settlers Avill pay\\nout in the same time. Some will do so years earlier than\\nothers, because more economical and ambitious. In\\nfixing the term of the loan at ten years, the maximum\\nperiod is taken.\\nIn estimating the settler s ability to repay borrowed\\ncapital, one thousand dollars is taken as the unit of\\nthe loan, and twenty acres as the unit of the farm.\\n271", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nWhen the loan is twice the amount the farm will be\\ndouble the size. In the former case the annual in-\\nterest charge is sixty dollars, and the contribution to\\nsinking fund one hundred dollars, or a total of one hun-\\ndred and sixty dollars per year. To meet these charges,\\nas has already been pointed out, profits and savings\\nfrom wages must be equal to eight dollars per acre. It\\nis the problem of the management to make the labor\\nproduce the amount of its moderate wage and something\\nin excess. Careful estimates lead to the conclusion that\\nfive dollars per month, or sixty dollars per year, is all\\nthat need be deducted from the wages of the settler who\\nborrows one thousand dollars on twenty acres, and that\\nten dollars per month would be deducted from the wages\\nof the settler who borrowed two thousand dollars on\\nforty acres. It seems to be perfectly safe to count upon\\na net annual profit of five dollars per acre to make up\\nthe balance of one hundred dollars on the twenty-acre\\nfarm, and of two hundred dollars on the forty-acre farm.\\nConsidering the immense advantages arising from the\\npurchase of supplies at wholesale, the sale of products in\\nlarge quantities, and from working under able and expert\\nmanagement, this would appear to be a reasonable and\\nconservative calculation.\\nThis chapter is intended to treat only of the utilization\\nof surplus capital in making homes for surplus people\\nupon surplus lands. It touches upon the employment\\nand organization of labor only so far as necessary to\\nshow how the capital may be used, conserved, compen-\\nsated, and finally repaid.\\nThe use of co-operative capital in making homes for\\nthose who live and work in cities and towns is well\\n970", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE CAPITAL\\nknown. There are nearly five thousand building and\\nloan associations in the United States. They have more\\nthan one million six hundred thousand members, and\\na paid-in capital, gathered mostly in very small sums, of\\nover six hundred million dollars. They have put roofs\\nover the heads of two hundred and sixty thousand Amer-\\nican families.\\nBoth for the lender and the borrower colonization\\nwith co-operative capital is safer and better than urban\\nliouse-buildiug with co-operative capital. A twenty-acre\\nirrigated farm, with an industrious family working upon\\nit under good direction, is better security for a loan than\\na twenty-five foot lot in the suburbs of New York with\\na house upon it. It is such because of its greater and\\nmore certain productive capacity, and because the man\\nwho has borrowed the money to make a farm is more\\ncertain of employment than ho who has borrowed merely\\nto build a house.\\nThe man who borrows to build the house is usually\\ndependent upon others for his living, in the sense that\\nhe is employed to work for wages. His income may bo\\ninterrupted at any moment by the strike, the lockout,\\nor financial panic. His employer may die or become\\ninsolvent. A new labor-saving machine or a new ship-\\nload of Italian immigrants may send him into the streets.\\nWhen he gets old the house does not sustain him. When\\nhe dies it does not sustain his loved ones.\\nThe man who borrows to make a home on the irri-\\ngated lands of the West works for himself and cannot\\nbe discharged. He is on the road to complete eco-\\nnomic independence. Even in hard times he is sure of\\nhis living. Labor-saving machinery works for him and\\n8 273", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nnot against him. The coming of new swarms of foreign\\nimmigrants into the cities does not alarm him, for he\\nfeeds and clothes them. When he has passed the years\\nof greatest activity the kindly soil goes on producing,\\nand constitutes his old-age pension. When he dies the\\nsoil still continues to produce and to support his fam-\\nily, for it is his life-insurance policy. Viewed from every\\nstand-point, co-operative capital can be employed to bet-\\nter advantage in colony -making than in urban house-\\nbuilding. Financially, economically, and socially it may\\nnot be extravagant even to say politically the results\\nwill be better and more far-reaching.\\nThe City and Suburban Homes Company of New\\nYork, under the successful presidency of Dr. Elgin R.\\nL. Gould, with the generous financial backing of some\\nof the wealthiest citizens of New York, as well as of\\nmany small investors, is erecting model tenements in\\nthe great city and making model country homes in its\\nsuburbs. AVhile the motive of this work is philan-\\nthropic, the method is distinctly commercial. It pays\\nfive per cent, dividends, yet serves the highest social\\npurposes. Mr. D. 0. Mills builds workingmen s hotels,\\nand his praises are upon the lips of thousands who have\\nenjoyed their comfortable shelter, yet he makes them\\npay four per cent, as regularly as government bonds.\\nMany other instances of the safe and profitable use of\\ncapital in ways which benefit mankind might be quoted.\\n1/ There lies the beautiful West, with room for one hun-\\ndred million people. The people are in existence, and\\nneed the lands as badly as the lands need them. But\\ntheir hands are tied. Only capital can untie them, and\\nat the same time unlock the stores of natural wealth now\\n274", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE CAPITAL\\nimprisoned in desert soil and forest and mountain.\\nWithout co-operative capital the people cannot move,\\nand without co-operative industry it would be idle for\\nthem to do so. It is not only new settlers for new lands\\nthat are wanted, but jiqw institutions for new times.", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV\\nCOLONY PLANS AND INSTITUTIONS\\nIf surplus labor and capital are to be directed to the\\nsystematic development of surplus lands, they must work\\nupon well-considered industrial and social plans and\\ncreate institutions adapted to the times and the sur-\\nroundings.\\nWe have seen how the famous colonies of Colorado,\\nUtah, and southern California were thoughtfully planned\\nby their founders, how well they succeeded, and how\\ntheir success exerted a wide and beneficent influence\\nupon the regions in which they were planted. In our\\nbrief references to Holland we have observed the effect\\nof natural environment upon the habits and institutions\\nof the people, not only in their industry, but also in\\ntheir society, and perhaps in their politics. In our study\\nof irrigation as an economic force we have seen how im-\\nperiously it compels the small-farm unit, with its correl-\\native effect of near neighbors and social advantages how\\nit commands the organization and association of labor in\\nlarge ways, yet favors individual proprietorship of the\\nmany small units of land which make up the aggregate\\nof a successful community. These are our landmarks in\\nplanning the wise use of land and labor and capital in\\nthe fertile valleys of the Far West.\\n276", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "COLONY PLANS AND INSTITUTIONS\\nBefore we can satisfy capital we must show that there\\nare security and earning capacity. In like manner there\\nare certain fundamental requirements essential to sat-\\nisfy labor. There are three things which human beings\\nwant first, the certainty of a living, which includes\\nfood, clothing, and shelter second, surplus means above\\na living for the improvement of the home, the educa-\\ntion of the children, and provision against old age\\nthird, satisfaction for the social instincts. These three\\nthings are as necessary to the contentment of labor as\\nsecurity and interest are vital to the satisfaction of\\ncapital.\\nThe corner-stone of the colony s industrial system is\\nthe small, diversified farm, producing the variety of\\nthings which the family and community consume.\\nAVe have seen how the Mormon farmers prospered for\\nfifty years by following this plan. They lived well in\\ngood times and bad, kept out of debt, and steadily ac-\\ncumulated a surplus to invest in banks, factories, stores,\\nand temples. In certain years they would have realized\\nlaro^er cash returns if their lands had been exclusivelv\\ndevoted to corn, wheat, or hops. Southerners speculate\\nin cotton middle-westerners in grain Californians in\\nfruit. They enjoy brief periods of flood -tide, but at\\nleast half the time the tide is running out, and at reg-\\nular intervals they find themselves stranded on the rocks\\nand shoals left by its ebb. In the long run the Mor-\\nmon workers have distanced them by steadfast adherence\\nto the policy of collecting their living first from the soil,\\nand having a surplus afterwards to dispose of in the\\nmarkets. It is beyond question, then, that self-suffi-\\nciency is the first essential of a true industrial system in\\n277", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthe arid region. Nothing should be purchased for cash\\nwhich can be economically bought with labor.\\nEvery valley of the West is surrounded by large and\\ngrowing home markets, in the way of lumber and min-\\ning camps and railroad towns. Not a single State be-\\nyond the Rockies raises enough agricultural products to\\nsupply its own wants. The trade of the Pacific Ocean is\\nexpanding by strides and bounds. Under these fortu-\\nnate circumstances it is an easy matter to plan profitable\\nlines of industry for new colonies.\\nThere are three lines of production which should be\\nsystematically followed, having first been carefully adapt-\\ned to local conditions of soil, climate, and surrounding\\nmarkets. These lines are as follows First, the things\\nconsumed by the farmers themselves second, the things\\nnow imported, but capable of home production third,\\nthe things which distant communities consume but can-\\nnot produce, which will therefore bear the burden of\\ntransportation and are susceptible of profitable export.\\nThe first list consists of what the community eats, wears,\\nand uses for shelter, or in its arts and industries. The\\nsecond list includes almost everything grown from the\\nsoil or manufactured by skilled labor and machinery.\\nIt also includes poultry and dairy products and cured\\nmeats. The third list varies with different localities.\\nThe semi-tropical parts of California and Arizona find\\ntheir surplus for export in oranges, lemons, olives, and\\nfresh and dried fruits of all deciduous kinds. The\\nmore temperate regions in the West export the hardier\\nfruits, such as apples, pears, peaches, and prunes. Fer-\\ntile valleys, surrounded by Uncle Sam s great free past-\\nures, produce a surplus of cattle and sheep, hides and wool.\\n278", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "COLONY PLANS AND INSTITUTIONS\\nGreat sources of future profit may be found in a va-\\nriety of simple industries, which demand only cheap\\nmachinery and a small amount of skilled labor. These\\nare such industries as every small colony may have if\\npossessed of a common fund for industrial purposes.\\nThey include creameries, canneries, pork packeries,\\nstarch factories, and the like. Lumber and planing-\\nmills, and various other small industries closely related\\nto the life of an agricultural community, are also profit-\\nable and wholly feasible under these plans. Time and\\nprosperity, with their gradual accretion of men of talent\\nand experience, would open the way for the larger and\\nmore complicated industries, as they did among the\\nMormons. Wool and hides should not forever be shipped\\nto Boston, and cloth and shoes forever imported from\\nthat place, so remote from all the raw materials it uses.\\nIf no capital were available except the savings of trans-\\ncontinental freight, it would build many shoe factories\\nand woollen mills in the regions where wool and hides\\nare cheaply produced, and where millions must always be\\nclothed and shod.\\nHaving shown how labor may be employed so that it\\ncan never fail of its living, nor of a surplus above its\\nliving sufficient for the reasonable demands of human\\nbeings, we come now to the question of the organization\\nand management of labor.\\nThe system of labor should rest upon the indepen-\\ndence of the individual. All that he can well and effec-\\ntively do for himself he should be permitted to do. Such\\nadvantages as he may win by individual thrift, industry,\\nand skill he is entitled to obtain and enjoy and to trans-\\nmit to his children. He should not suffer from the in-\\n279", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ndolence or incompetence of other men, or ask others to\\npay the penalty of his own shortcomings. The individ-\\nual home, family, and farm constitute the unit of indus-\\ntry and society in the colony. But there is a sphere be-\\nyond the reach of the individual.\\nIt is impossible for each small capitalist and proprietor\\nto maintain his own store, so that he may purchase sup-\\nplies to the best advantage to operate his own selling\\nagency, so that he may dispose of surplus products in\\nthe best markets and on the best terms to erect and\\nconduct his own industrial plants, so that he may con-\\ndense and manufacture raw products into the most mar-\\nketable form to purchase and manage a large stock-\\nranch, so that he may pasture and fatten a small herd of\\ncattle or flock of sheep. All these things require capital,\\nspecial knowledge, and an amount and kind of labor which\\nthe individual and his family do not usually possess.\\nWe have passed from the sphere of the single man or\\nfamily to that of associated man. It demands the use\\nof the aggregate capital of the community and the wise\\norsranization of labor. We must now have either com-\\npetition or co-operation competition, in which the few\\nof large capital shall employ and exploit the many or co-\\noperation, in which the many shall organize their capital\\nand their labor for mutual advantage and protection.\\nWe may now a2)ply the larger lessons learned from the\\nMormon system of stock companies, from the fruit ex-\\nchanges of California, and from the co-operative societies\\nof Europe. The modern corporation, and even the mod-\\nern trust, point the way to prosperity for the army of\\nproducers who will occupy the now vacant West in the\\ncoming century. These are simply a means of combin-\\n280", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "COLONY PLANS AND INSTITUTIONS\\ning the capital of many owners so that they may accom-\\nplish collectively what could not be done as well, or at\\nall, individually. The advantages of this method are\\nnow so generally recognized that it is unnecessary to\\ndwell upon them. It is important to remark, however,\\nthat the expert ability which a corporation with large\\ncapital can command, and the saving of waste which it\\ncan effect by eliminating competition and doing things\\nupon a large scale, is as vital to a colony as to a railroad,\\na gas company, or a group of sugar refineries. The prin-\\nciple upon which aggregations of large capital are made\\napplies as well to aggregations of small capital.\\nThe colony capital should be handled by a local com-\\npany owning the town-site, store, industries, and such\\nother properties as experience proves to be useful and\\nprofitable to the community. In this company all of the\\ncolonists would be equal stockholders at the beginning,\\nand every safeguard should bo erected to make transfers\\nof stock as difficult as possible, since it is desired to pre-\\nserve equality of ownership in everything which is be-\\nyond the sphere of strictly individual control. So long\\nas the settlers are under obligations to the founding cap-\\nital which will be until they have paid oif their loans\\nthe trustees of this capital will control the local company\\nand its operations, as also the labor and land. The man-\\nner and advantages of this control are discussed in the\\nnext chapter.\\nWe have, then, a community composed of a multitude\\nof small landed proprietors working for themselves, under\\nthe direction of superior ability and experience, and equip-\\nped with sufficient working capital for both their private\\nand public enterprises. It is an organized community,\\n281", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\noperated upon industrial plans thoroughly vindicated by\\nthe experience of the arid region during the past half-\\ncentury. The financial plan does not differ materially\\nfrom that of building and loan associations, nor the plan\\nof conducting stores and industries from that of the suc-\\ncessful co-operative institutions of Great Britain. There\\nis nothing novel or experimental in the plan as a whole,\\nexcept the application of old and proved principles to\\nnew conditions.\\nThe project of co-operative colonization sometimes\\nincurs the criticism of Socialists, on the ground that it\\ndoes not provide a sure method of preserving equality\\nin men s possessions. The fear is expressed that the abler,\\nthriftier, and more grasping among the settlers will grad-\\nually acquire large means and make their fellows pay\\ntribute to them. Such a result would be theoretically\\npossible, but is hardly a practical danger. Though the\\ntwenty -acre irrigated farm has never yet produced a\\npauper, neither has it grown a millionaire, nor any-\\nthing approaching a capitalist of ominous proportions.\\nThe tendency in colonies where irrigation is used, as we\\nsaw in an early chapter of this book, is towards the di-\\nvision of lands rather than in the direction of acquiring\\nmore. It is difficult to see how Socialism would give to\\nan agricultural population any important advantages\\nover this plan of co-operation, which preserves individ-\\nual independence while providing for the solidarity of\\nthe community.\\nWe come now to the social side of colony institutions.\\nWe have seen how the isolation of country life has\\ndriven multitudes to the already crowded cities. In the\\nhistory of the most successful settlements ever made on\\n282", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "COLONY PLANS AND INSTITUTIONS\\nirrigated land we have observed a simple method of\\ngiving to the owners of small farms most of the advan-\\ntages of town life. This is accomjolished by assembling\\ntheir homes in village centres with outlying farms. This\\nis an old custom in Europe, is the most universal plan\\nin Utah, and has been adopted in many other western\\nlocalities. It is not free from drawbacks, and should\\nnot be made obligatory upon the settlers, but experience\\nhas proven that in much the greater portion of the year\\nthe advantages are decidedly in favor of living in the\\ntown.\\nMost men are willing to consult the convenience and\\nhappiness of their families as much as their own. When\\nthey do this they realize what it is worth to have neighbors\\nclose at hand, and to live near to the school, church,\\nstore, post-office, and all else so essential to civilized\\nlife. The farmers who live in the town have the bene-\\nfit of clubs, libraries, and various forms of instruction\\nand entertainment. They and their families enjoy a\\nfull and rounded life compared with the lean existence\\nof those whose society is mostly limited to quadrupeds.\\nThe farmer s village home must be ample. Not less\\nthan an acre is really satisfactory, but this is quite suffi-\\ncient, considering that the farm is distant but a few\\nminutes drive, and that he participates in facilities else-\\nwhere for the care of live-stock, if he has any consider-\\nable number. Furthermore, the farmer is interested in\\nthe growth of the town-site, and the more it gains in\\npopulation and appearance the more he will realize from\\nthe sale of its business and residence lots.\\nA colony needs no political institutions other than\\nthose ordained by the State in which it is located. Bub\\n283", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ntlie stockholders meetings should be frequent and largely\\nattended, resembling a town-meeting in New England.\\nThe colonists should advise about all their affairs, and\\nexercise control in everything Avhich does not affect\\nthe security of the founding capital. After the prelim-\\ninary period of development is passed and the loans\\npaid off, they will, of course, have absolute control of\\neverything. But before this stage is reached they will\\nhave served a good apprenticeship under competent and\\nsympathetic leaders, and have gradually grown up to\\nthe full size of their opportunities and responsibilities.\\nTheir town-meetings will furnish a parliamentary train-\\ning of no mean value, especially to the young, as has\\nbeen the case in New England. All should serve upon\\ncommittees, and so gain personal familiarity with every\\nphase of the colony business. These committees should\\nbe very numerous, and members should be rotated, so as\\nto give them experience upon each.\\nWho shall estimate the future influence in the life of\\nAmerica and the world of a generation reared under such\\nconditions and in the midst of such surroundings", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V\\nTHE ADMINISTRATIOiq OF CO-OPERATIVE SETTLEMENT\\nGiVEK favorable location, industrious settlers, and\\nabundant capital, there is yet another element absolute-\\nly essential to the success of co-operative colonization.\\nThis is able and honest management. Good leadership\\nis as necessary as sound principles, and executive capacity\\nat the head as vital as earnest and faithful labor in the\\nranks.\\nThis is the teaching of all past experience, not only in\\ncolonization effort, but in all co-operative undertakings,\\nespecially where capital has been supplied by one class\\nfor the use of another. The leadership required is of a\\nrarer quality than that usually found at the head of\\nfinancial and industrial enterprises. It calls not mere-\\nly for brains, experience, and special aptitude, but for\\ndevotion, and almost for consecration, as well. There\\nmust be heart as well as head in the management of such\\naffairs. A man with only large human sympathies\\nwould not succeed, but neither would a man with only\\nbusiness acumen. Both qualities are required for the\\nsuccessful management of men and money in a work\\nwhich aims at the production of homes and institutions\\nalong with dividends.\\nWhen such leadership has been secured it should l^e\\n285", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ngiven full control. It should have the power and be held\\nto the responsibility. This responsibility should not be\\ndivided among subordinates, still less shared with the\\nrank and file. The leader has placed in his hands, say,\\none hundred thousand dollars, and the destinies of one\\nhundred families. The care of the money is an impor-\\ntant trust, but the care of the families is a more sacred\\nresponsibility. The man who is willing and able to\\nassume the burden of such a task should have the power\\nnecessary to its accomplishment, and the praise or blame\\nwhich will follow the result. No man fit for the work\\nwould undertake it upon any other conditions. But the\\nchief reason for vesting control in superior and responsi-\\nble leadership is the welfare of the peo]3le themselves.\\nAlmost without exception successful colonies have\\nbeen ruled with the strong hand. Sometimes the power\\nproceeded from religious superstition or fanaticism,\\nsometimes from financial or legal obligation, and some-\\ntimes from sheer force of genius on the leader s part;\\nbut, without exception, the colonies which have succeeded\\nhave worked under one guiding brain and hand, while\\nthose that have failed did so through the dissensions and\\nincompetency of the general membership. This has not\\nbeen peculiar to our race and country, but to all races\\nand countries. It was true of Plymouth, New Amster-\\ndam, and Jamestown. It was pre-eminently true of the\\nUtah settlements, and only a little less so of those of\\nColorado and California. It is worth while to glance\\nbriefly at recent foreign efforts to observe the working of\\nthe same principle.\\nSoon after the close of the Napoleonic wars, eighty\\nyears ago, the streets and roads of Holland were filled\\n286", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE SETTLEMENT\\nwith idle and homeless veterans. A certain Dutch sfeneral\\nsuggested the employment of this labor in reclaiming\\nagricultural lands and creating farms and homes, believ-\\ning that it would be better to help the workless to inde-\\npendence than to extend charity. From this suggestion\\ncamo the Beggar Colonies, and subsequently the Free\\nColonies, which have ever since absorbed the surplus\\nlabor of Holland. They have graduated thousands from\\nbeggary to tenantry, from tenantry to proprietorship.\\nThe enterprise is purely governmental, and under the\\nrigid control of able and responsible men. The man who\\nasks for alms is taken to the Beggar Colonies and put at\\nwork. If he will not work he is flogged until he does, or\\nuntil he escapes across the boundary of the industrious\\nlittle nation which has no patience with the wilfully idle.\\nIn this beneficent colony the people are systematically\\ntaught the art of agriculture. After five years, if they\\nhave proven earnest and intelligent, they are transferred\\nto the Free Colonies, where they are supplied with a very\\nsmall farm and the necessary implements and live-stock,\\nand with a house and lot in the village. They are given\\nample time in which to pay for the property, and charged\\nvery low interest on the nse of the capital. The jolan\\nhas been a financial, economic, and social success. The\\nresult is unquestionably due to the fact that men of\\nsuperior intelligence and experience made the plan and\\nadministered it to the last detail up to the moment when\\nthe settler became a full-fledged proprietor.\\nThe experience of the German government in dividing\\nand settling with small farmers great landed estates in\\nPrussian Poland furnishes an equally striking illustra-\\ntion. This work was undertaken for the triple purpose\\n287", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nof relieving the congestion of cities, staying the decline\\nof rural life, and preventing the further emigration of\\nuseful citizens to foreign jDarts. It is practically a gov-\\nernment enterprise, conducted through a system of laud-\\nbanks.\\nWhen the owner of a large estate desires to sell, the\\ngovernment sends a commission to examine and report\\nupon its fitness for colonization. If the report is favor-\\nable the land-bank buys the estate with an issue of bonds,\\nwhich the government has guaranteed. A part of the\\nfund is paid to the owner and another part reserved to\\nassist settlers. All the work of subdivision, drainage,\\nand other preparation for settlement is done by the gov-\\nernment, even to the erection of houses and other build-\\nings. Successful applicants are supplied with seed, live-\\nstock, and provisions until their farms become self-sus-\\ntaining. They are asked only to repay the actual cost of\\ntheir homes and farms and low interest on the invest-\\nment, the payments extending over many years. In\\nthe mean time the bonds are secured by lands and im-\\nprovements. The control of the entire enterprise, from\\nstart to finish, is held in firm and experienced hands, and\\nit is needless to say that these colonies are successful.\\nAustralia furnishes an instance of a different kind.\\nYoung as it is, its chief cities already feel the pressure of\\nover-population. Such was the case with Adelaide, the\\ncapital of South Australia, in 1894.\\nIn that year the Parliament of South Australia passed\\nthe Village Settlement Bill, setting apart for coloniza-\\ntion certain arid public lands on the Murray river. The\\nmeasure provided for an advance of two hundred and\\nfifty dollars for each member of the colony, but vested\\n288", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE SETTLEMENT\\nthe management largely in the settlers themselves. They\\nwere to be accompanied by a government official, but his\\npower Avas that of moral influence rather than of legal\\nauthority. Under tliis plan several settlements were\\nstarted, and for a time seemed to promise excellent re-\\nsults. But the most recent information the writer has\\nbeen able to obtain is to the effect that the colonies\\nwent to pieces upon the rock of internal dissension, as\\nhas so often been the case in the absence of strong, re-\\nsponsible leadership.\\nThe experience of the Chaffey Brothers, of California,\\nwho went to Australia to found colonies at the request\\nof the government, was quite similar. As long as the\\npeople worked upon plans the projectors had learned\\nfrom their valuable experience in California, and accept-\\ned direction, they prospered. AVhen the people took\\nfull control for themselves, dissension and demoraliza-\\ntion quickly ensued, to be followed by disappointment,\\nand at least partial defeat.\\nWherever the conditions of settlement were such as\\nto call for organized industry and society, all experience\\nteaches the absolute need of superior brains and charac-\\nter at the head of affairs. This is not strikingly true of\\nthe settlement of the vast country between the Alleghany\\nand the Eocky Mountains during the past one hundred\\nyears. In that case both the locality and the times\\nfavored individual effort. But the waste-places which\\nremain to be conquered, not only in the United States,\\nbut in nearly all other parts of the world, present con-\\nditions which demand the association and organization\\nof botli labor and capital. Even if physical conditions\\ndid not make this demand, existing economic facts would\\nT 289", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nbe equally imperative. The small capitalists and pro-\\nducers must choose between organizing themselves and\\nbeing crushed by the organizations of other men.\\nRecnrring to the matter of co-operative colonization,\\nwe see that colonies cannot be made without capital\\nthat capital cannot be had without security and divi-\\ndends that security and dividends cannot be assnred\\nwithout able and experienced management that able\\nand experienced management cannot be obtained with-\\nout absolute authority in all essential matters, at least\\nwhile the farms, industries, and institutions are in the\\nformative stage and working npon borrowed means.\\nThus the conclusion is forced upon us, alike by world-\\nwide experience in colonization eHort, by economic con-\\nditions of the time, and by the consideration of the de-\\nmands which capital will justly make before Iciuling\\nitself to such enterprises, that the road to independence\\nfor surplus people on surplus lands lies first through the\\nfield of discipline, obedience, and submission to the au-\\nthority of some form of administration.\\nWhat should this form of administration be In Hol-\\nland and Germany we have seen the power exercised by\\nthe government, and in Utah by the church. In the\\ncolonial days of the Atlantic coast it was exercised by\\ncivil government closely dominated by the church and,\\neven more extensively, by chartered companies formed\\nfor the purpose of colonization and development. Where\\ncolonies have succeeded without guidance from govern-\\nment, church, or chartered companies, the result has\\nbeen due to the ascendency of extraordinary men, and,\\nmore rarely, to the character, spirit, and temperament\\nof the people themselves. These latter instances furnish\\n200", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE SETTLEMENT\\nno light for our present problem, since capital will not\\ninvest upon the mere chance of finding extraordinary\\nmen or colonists of rare character and spirit.\\nThe current history of Ireland furnishes us with a les-\\nson of great importance. In that countr}^ economic im-\\nprovement has recently superseded political agitation in\\nthe popular mind. The result is an industrial and social\\nuplift which has not yet attracted the world-wide atten-\\ntion it deserves. The movement is the result of the\\nearnest labors of the lliglit Hon. Horace Plunkett, Mr.\\nThomas P. Gill, Mr. R. A. Anderson, and their colleagues\\nin the Irish Agricultural Organization Society. Their\\nmethods are not exactly parallel to those which could be\\nused in the settlement of a new country, but the only\\ndifference is that which obtains between building a new\\nhouse and rebuilding an old one.\\nBefore the present movement was started Ireland was\\nabout as hopeless a place for the small farmer as could\\nbe discovered uj^on the map of the world. Those who\\nproduced the wealth from the soil bought their provisions\\nand sold their crops to the poorest possible advantage,\\nand borrowed money at crushing rates of interest. Their\\nnatural markets were occupied by Belgian, Dutch, and\\nFrench farmers, who had been so fortunate as to learn\\nat an earlier day the value of organization on co-oper-\\native lines. In the face of much opposition on the part\\nof his countrymen, especially of the professional poli-\\nticians, Mr. Plunkett set out upon the career of indus-\\ntrial reformer and up-builder. Knowing Ireland by heart,\\nand thoroughly informed of the methods and results of\\nco-operation in other countries, he set out upon a cru-\\nsade for the industrial regeneration of his countrymen.\\n391", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nHe urged the virtues of the higher agriculture, the bene-\\nfits of organization for the purchase of supplies and sale\\nof products, and the incidental social advantages to be\\ngained through commercial co-operation. He preached\\nto the lord in his castle as well as to the peasant in his\\ncottage. He urged upon the rich the duty they owed to\\ntheir country and their fellow-men, calling upon them to\\ngive of their means, their education, and their experience,\\nin organizing the people to use labor, capital, and land to\\nbetter advantage. The movement strictly avoids politics,\\nbut has brought representatives of all other elements of\\nIrish life into the great society of which Mr. Plunkett is\\npresident and Mr. Anderson secretary.\\nThe society has dotted the map of Ireland with co-\\noperative institutions of every kind. Its own relation\\nto these institutions is not that of stockholder or man-\\nager, but is purely advisory and paternal. The society\\nsends out lecturers to talk to the people and show them\\nthe way to prosperity. It publishes books, pamphlets,\\nand an entertaining weekly newspaper. It supplies ex-\\nperts to conduct experimental farms, establish and equip\\nvarious small industries, organize commercial associa-\\ntions, and supervise tlie bookkeeping of the various en-\\nterprises. In a word, it puts at the disposal of the poor\\nfarmers of Ireland the brains and experience of superior\\nmen. Working with the benefit of these brains and ex-\\nperience, a population which once seemed the most dis-\\ncouraged and hopeless in Europe is rising steadily and\\ngrandly in the industrial and social scale.\\nIt is borrowing from village banks, at four per cent,\\nannual interest, money which it formerly had of usurers\\nat two to five per cent, a niontb. It has smashed the ring", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE SETTLEMENT\\nwhich formerly made its own exorbitant price for fertil-\\nizer, and now buys this material, so necessary to the pro-\\nductiveness of the Irish soil, at wholesale rates. It mar-\\nkets its products in large lots in the best markets, and,\\nto some extent, dictates the cost of transportation. It\\nraises more various and profitable crops, and converts\\nthem into finished product in its own factories. It fur-\\nnishes itself with co-operative credit, so that it is possi-\\nble to prevent the sacrifice of products for ready money\\nand to hold them until the market is most favorable. As\\nan inevitable consequence of this remarkable industrial\\nuplift, the social and intellectual life of the people is\\nsteadily rising.\\nIt is impossible in this brief reference to the work of\\nMr, Plunkett and his associates to even hint at all the\\nways in which they are striving to show their country-\\nmen that the road to prosperity lies through co-opera-\\ntion. Already the economic gain is vast, and the prom-\\nise even more so. It goes almost without saying that\\nthe results will be such as to prevent the further de-\\npopulation of the island by misery and famine, and per-\\nhaps even to recall thousands of its sons and daughters\\nfrom over the sea.\\nIreland had no problem of reclaiming and settling new\\nlands. Her vexed question was how to make comfort-\\nable and happy the people who already crowded her\\nsmall territory. But the experience which has been re-\\nferred to illustrates two points wholly pertinent to this\\nchapter the virtues of organized production and ex-\\nchange, and the necessity of enlightened and devoted\\nleadership.\\nWe may go back to the seventeenth century and get\\n293", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nlight for a portion of oiir present problem from the his-\\ntory of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Chartered by\\nroyal grant and given possession of large tracts of vir-\\ngin land, mostly covered with dense forests, this com-\\npany planned settlements that still flourish. It laid out\\ncolonies, or plantations, obtained and organized par-\\ntics of settlers, appointed leaders, developed trade, planted\\ninstitutions. The economic conditions of that day dif-\\nfered so widely from those now prevailing that we can\\nlearn from this experience only the abstract advantages\\nof good leadership and a willing following. But the or-\\nganization which should do to-day for the surplus peo-\\nple of the Atlantic coast and the surplus lands of the\\nFar West what the Massachusetts Bay Company did for\\nthe surplus people of England and the surplus lands of\\nNew England nearly three hundred years ago, would in\\nsome respects follow closely upon the lines of its distin-\\nguished prototype.\\nAfter this hasty but world-wide glance at the experi-\\nence of the past, we are prepared to consider what is re-\\nquired for the successful administration of a broad work\\nof co-operative settlement in the waste-places, partic-\\nularly of our own continent.\\nThe people of the United States are not yet ready to\\nhave their government engage in a work pertaining so\\nclosely to the lives and fortunes of a few thousand, or hun-\\ndreds of thousands, out of their many millions. There\\nwould be great opposition to the use of the national means\\nor credit in founding homes, industries, or society for a\\ncomparatively few. On the other hand, it is not in ac-\\ncord with our best traditions or the genius of our institu-\\ntions that it should be done by a church, or by any num-\\n294", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE SETTLEMENT\\nber of chnrches, nor that it should be undertaken as a\\nmatter of charity. It is work for such a company as Dr,\\nE. R. L. Gould founded in New York to build comfort-\\nable suburban homes for those who could gradually pay\\nfor them. It is a work worthy to command such popular\\nsupport as Mr. Plunkett has won for his cause in Ire-\\nland. It is a work which calls for a combination of busi-\\nness sagacity, administrative talent, and humanitarian\\nimpulses.\\nAn organization which should meet the present needs\\nof the American people in this respect, and rise to its\\nfull opportunity, would acquire as much of the idle irri-\\ngation property in the West as was needed for its pur-\\npose, and might gradually absorb the larger portion of\\nsuch properties. It would prepare to found colonies in\\ndifferent localities capable of expansion, so that after a\\ntime its plans would be in operation under different con-\\nditions of climate, soil, and markets. It would demon-\\nstrate the demand for its existence by receiving appli-\\ncations from indefinite thousands of good families, who\\nwould be glad to put their labor against necessary land\\nand capital. It would set apart from its property, by\\ndeeding outright to a responsible trustee, such of its\\nlands as were best adapted to settlement, issuing against\\ntliese lands bonds bearing six per cent, interest and fall-\\ning due in ten years. Thus these bonds would be spe-\\ncifically secured upon the lands to the improvement of\\nwhich the labor and capital would be applied, and would\\nhave the further guaranty of an organization owning\\nvaluable property created by former investments.\\nThe organization would then proceed to obtain its set-\\ntlers by a process of careful selection and conduct them\\n295", "height": "3299", "width": "1941", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nto the colonies. It would intrnst the work of adminis-\\ntration to men of great ability and experience, who\\nwould systematically direct the labor to the highest im-\\nprovement of the land and the speediest repayment of\\nthe capital. In a previous chapter we have seen the in-\\ndustrial and social organization of the colony, the man-\\nagement of the labor, the sources of profit, and the method\\nof paying interest and gradually providing for the sink-\\ning fund from wages and profits.\\nThis plan meets every requirement of the situation,\\nand will solve the problem of bringing together the sur-\\nplus land, labor, and capital, if the writer s deductions\\nfrom the world s experience are correct. No other plan\\nseems feasible for this time, this people, and this country.\\nIt is necessary to say a closing word under this head\\nto those who will object to the feature of a strong con-\\ntrol of the colonists on the ground that it is not demo-\\ncratic, and that it violates the true spirit of co-operation.\\nThe whole history of the past shows that those who\\nset out upon the work of colony -building must make\\nthemselves amenable to leadership in order to succeed.\\nThe writer regrets that this conclusion has been forced\\nupon him as the result of patient studies of colonial\\neffort in our own and in foreign countries. It would\\nbe far more agreeable to say that all the j^eople need is\\nsufficient capital, then access to the land, and that when\\nthese are provided they are perfectly capable of work-\\ning out their ov/n salvation. But such is not the fact.\\nThey will waste their time and squander their resources\\nin learning how not to do it. They will fall into hope-\\nless dissensions, break up into warring factions, and so\\ndefeat their own precious ends. They will set the stamp\\n296", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "CO-OPERATIVE SETTLEMENT\\nof failure upon the very institutions tliey are so anxious\\nto establish and perpetuate. They will even set back for\\na time the development of the only portion of the United\\nStates which now invites them to homes and indepen-\\ndence.\\nThe time may come when all men will bo equal finan-\\ncially, intellectually, morally, and socially. It has not\\ncome yet. The many must still seek the leading of the\\nfew, and happy are they who can receive it under con-\\nditions which guarantee to them the full fruits of their\\nindividual labor in small things and of their co-operative\\nwork and capital in largo things.\\nA colony, under modern conditions, is an organized\\ncommunity. Whatever is organized requires competent\\nleaders and obedient followers. No man who followed\\nDowey at Manila, or Roosevelt to the heights of San\\nJuan, was ashamed to take the commands of his superior\\nofficer. Neither in the capital city of the Philippines\\nnor upon the rugged hills of Cuba were there prizes so\\nprecious to humanity as those which lie fallow in the\\nvoiceless valleys of the West. The man who will not in-\\ncur discipline to plant his flag upon the shores of pros-\\nperity or the heights of success deserves no better fate\\nthan to be trampled under the feet of his stronger fel-\\nlows in the struggle for ejcistence. The pride which will\\nnot serve in the ranks is a pride that will never wear the\\nstar or the epaulet.", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI\\nADJUSTIiq G OLD IDEALS TO NEW CONDITIONS\\nWe have now scanned the wide field open to domes-\\ntic expansion and considered the methods by which it\\nmay be conquered and occupied by the masses of our\\npeople. We have observed the character of institutions\\nwhich are growing up in conformity to the physical con-\\nditions and environment of the West, and have dwelt\\nupon the amplification and extension of these industrial\\nand social principles as the means of planting a wide-\\nspread civilization in the vast regions to be colonized in\\nthe future.\\nIt remains to ask ourselves these vital questions Do\\nthese methods and institutions accord with the traditions\\nand economic ideals of the dominant race Are .they\\nsuited to the changed conditions under which we live\\nand to the fateful struggle between machinery and capi-\\ntal on one hand and individual man on the other\\nWe have dealt with our subject almost exclusively\\nfrom the stand-point of agriculture. It has been truth-\\nfully said that the farmer is the only necessary man.\\nAgcriculture is the foundation of civilization. The insti-\\ntutions of every people are chiefly influenced by the man-\\nner in which the soil is owned. The race which sprang\\nfrom the Saxons has always clung closely to the ideal of\\n298", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "OLD IDEALS AND NEW CONDITIONS\\nindividual proprietorship. When this race phmted itself\\nin England it immediately took firm possession of the soil.\\nIt was thus that it was able to overcome the Celts, to\\nabsorb the Angles, to buy off and then repel the Danes,\\nand even to survive the Norman conquerors.\\nWhen tlie children of the Saxon farmers and small\\ntradesmen first settled in America they proceeded to\\nmake immediate provision against the possibility of land-\\nlordism and great estates. They did this by rejecting the\\nlaw of primogeniture, by distributing the land equally\\namong all the children of the deceased, and by mak-\\ning transfers of land among the living as easy as pos-\\nsible. So they rooted their democracy in the owner-\\nship of the soil. Individual proprietors owned homes\\nand farms, and rose or fell according to their thrift and\\nindustry, or their lack of these qualities. Individual in-\\nitiative was left untrammelled, yet in things beyond the\\nreach of the one man the colonists acted upon a plan\\nof natural and simple co-operation. Fishing was their\\nfirst industry, and here they worked in groups, each man\\nsharing the catch in proportion to the value of his ser-\\nvice. The social and religious life of the community\\nwas highly organized for the time and place.\\nThe tendencies of development in the West, and the\\ndefinite plans of colonization suggested in previous chap-\\nters of this book, are distinctly in line with the traditions\\nof the Anglo-Saxon race so far as land ownership is con-\\ncerned. There are, and there are to be yet more in the\\nfuture, vast multitudes of men secure in the possession\\nof small landed estates. These men are free to use their\\nland as they see fit, and to have the exclusive enjoyment\\nof the fruits of their own labor. They do not depend\\n299", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nupon the community, but the community depends upon\\ntil em.\\nSocial science has clearly demonstrated that when condi-\\ntions encourage dependence upon the community or State,\\nself-reliance and individual ambition and energy diminish\\nin proportion, and that this result inevitably lessens the\\npower of the State to assist those who are more and more\\ninclined to lean upon it. There is no such danger in this\\nprogramme of social progress. The only necessary man\\nis here entirely dependent upon himself. The community\\nwill neitlier water his lands nor reap his crops. He works\\nor ho perishes. He thrives according to his intelligence\\nand industry, or fails to thrive because of his ignorance\\nand sloth. For his ignorance and sloth he is himself solely\\nresponsible, because he has the facilities of a good educa-\\ntion and every incentive to intelligent and regular labor.\\nThe community of which such men are the units is cer-\\ntain to be healthy and strong, because their independence\\nand prosperity will constantly feed rather than draw upon\\nit.\\nIn providing for the co-operative ownership of stores,\\nfactories, commercial associations, and other instrumen-\\ntalities of manufacture, distribution, and exchange, do Ave\\ndepart from the traditions of the race If so, it is not\\nthe race nor its ideals which have changed, but the con-\\nditions of industry and commerce.\\nThe settlers of the seventeenth century, and even of\\nfifty years ago, had little need of co-operative industries.\\nTheir women spun the flax and wove the wool. Their\\nmen made the shoes and furniture. Their relations to\\noutside trade and industry were very slight. They took\\nfrom their fields, their woodlands, and their herds nearly\\n300", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "OLD IDEALS AND NEW CONDITIONS\\nnil which they used for food, clothing, and shelter. In\\nalmost nothing did they pass beyond the sphere of the\\nindividual man.\\nTo-day expensive machinery manufactures in great\\nfactories what the simple tools and crude art of the fore-\\nfathers supplied. Every part of the world is in close\\ntouch with every other part, and all production beyond\\nthe power of the individual man must be organized\\neither as a private, a public, or a co-operative enterprise.\\nThe choice lies in the servitude of the masses to great\\nemj^loyers and their transformation into a kind of fac-\\ntory peasantry, or in state Socialism, or in proprietor-\\nship vested in a multitude of small shareholders. Which\\nof these three most nearly accords to Anglo-Saxon habit,\\nthought, and ideals\\nClearly it is the third method, since the fundamental\\nidea of this race and people has always been that each\\nman is entitled to the fruits of his labor. The ideal is\\nthat each man shall receive exactly what he produces\\nno more, no less. Under the conditions prevailing be-\\nfore the advent of labor-saving machinery and the ac-\\ncumulation of great private fortunes, it was not diffi-\\ncult to realize this supreme aspiration of our race. But\\nin planning new institutions it is highly essential to take\\nthe changed conditions into account.\\nIf the operation of stores, factories, and other lines of\\nbusiness requiring large capital is left to purely private\\nenterprise, it is impossible for the vast majority of men\\nto obtain and enjoy the full fruits of their own labor.\\nMassachusetts industrial statistics show that the aver-\\nage product of the factory worker in that State is\\nabout two thousand dollars, and the average wage less\\n801", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nthan five hundred dollars. It is thus apparent that the\\noperative produces four times as much as he receives,\\nand that three-fourths of the fruits of his labor is used\\nto feed, clothe, and educate other rnen^s children rather\\nthan his own. This result is not due to the greed or in-\\nhumanity of employing capitalists, but is the natural re-\\nsult of individual enterprise under modern business con-\\nditions.\\nA system which transfers to a few the fruits of labor\\nperformed by the many is a system which should not de-\\nliberately be chosen as a part of the economic struct-\\nure we are planning for regions which remain almost\\nwholly to be settled in the future. Wise men do not\\nrepeat the blunders of their fathers when the evil con-\\nsequences have become apparent.\\nSocialism, though it may be the ultimate goal, is a\\nremedy for which the world is not yet prepared, and least\\nof all the Anglo-Saxon world. The present strength\\nof its propaganda is not among those who speak the\\nEnglish tongue. We may admit the evils of unrestrained\\nindividualism applied to large enterprises under the new\\nbusiness conditions, without flying to a system which\\nobliterates the individual. The surpassing virility of\\nour race and people in economic and political ways is\\ndoubtless largely due to the scope which their institu-\\ntions have permitted to private initiative, energy, and\\nambition. AVe cannot safely take these essential quali-\\nties out of our life. They are more necessary to the de-\\nvelopment of new countries than to the established rou-\\ntine of old communities.\\nWhat is needed is a true adjustment of the relations\\nof individual to associated man. Socialism cannot fur-\\n302", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "OLD IDEALS AND NEW CONDITIONS\\nnisli the solution of this problem until education and\\nChristianity shall have vastly raised the common stand-\\nard of intelligence and morals. Under Socialism some\\nmen would receive more than the fruits of their labor,\\nwhile others would receive less. This result would be\\ndue not only to differences of talent, but of industry\\nand character. The divine injunction was, In the\\nsweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, not, ^In the\\nsweat of other men s faces shalt thou eat bread, nor\\neven, Partly in the sweat of other men s faces. Jus-\\ntice is satisfied, according to the Anglo-Saxon ideal,\\nwhen men are given equal opportunities. Neither So-\\ncialism nor unrestricted private control of large indus-\\ntrial affairs meets this fundamental condition under the\\ncircumstances of modern life.\\nLet us see how co-operative enterprise adjusts itself to\\nall the circumstances of the business situation, as well as\\nto the racial tradition so precious to our people.\\nIn the operation of a factory there are the two neces-\\nsary elements of capital and labor the one representing\\nbuildings, machinery, and working funds the other,\\nproductive power. Under co-operation the capital is\\nsupplied by a largo number of shareholders who have\\nsaved the money from the proceeds of their own labor.\\nIt is perfectly true tliat capital is stored labor, but\\ntlie problem is to have it stored in the hands of those\\nwho performed it. Just here is the essential difference\\nbetween the private and the co-operative factory. The\\nformer is mostly capitalized by those who organized and\\nexploited the labor of others, Avhile the latter is capital-\\nized by those who actually worked and saved, so that\\ntheir factory investment represents the fruits of their\\n303", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nlabor, and they are as mncli entitled to receive its con-\\ntinuous results as if they had invested it in poultry or\\ncows.\\nIt is neither necessary nor desirable that stockholdings\\nin such an enterprise be exactly equal, since men differ\\nboth in their earning and their saving capacities. The\\nimportant consideration is that all shall have the same\\nopportunity to earn, to save, to invest, and to reap the\\nreward of investment. Private enterprise denies men\\nthis opportunity and restricts it exclusively to those who\\nhave large capital, generally acquired by exploiting the\\nlabor or taking advantage of the necessities of others.\\nCo-operative enterprise opens the door to all and permits\\nevery man to participate in the profits of those industries\\nwhich are beyond the reach of ii] dividual strength or\\ncapital. It is easy to erect safeguards to prevent control\\nfrom falling into the hands of a few individuals.\\nCo-operation shares its profits with labor as justly as\\nwith capital. While the wage-scale must necessarily con-\\nform to the world^s standard in cost of production, the\\nworker has the opportunity to invest his savings in the\\nindustry and to share in a premium paid to ail who at-\\ntain a quality of work above a fixed standard. Skilled\\nlabor must receive higher pay than unskilled, and men\\nfitted by ability, knowledge, and experience to fill places\\nof high responsibility must command the same wages in\\nco-operative as in private employment.\\nCo-operation thus furnishes a method by which the\\nmasses of men may obtain the benefits of labor saving\\nmachinery and of modern production upon a large scale\\nand preserve themselves from degradation or ruin at the\\nhands of those new economic forces. It is a method\\n301", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "OLD IDEALS AND NEW CONDITIONS\\nwhich adjusts itself to the old ideal of individual in-\\ndependence and of giving the laborer the full fruit of\\nhis toil, yet provides for that economic solidarity which\\nforms so conspicuous and reasonable a part of the de-\\nmands of radical social reformers. In this case, unlike\\nSocialism, solidarity is effected without weakening the\\npower of tlio community by first weakening the power\\nof the individuals who compose the community.\\nOo-operation is no idle dream or vague speculation.\\nIt is one of the fixed facts in the world s economy. In\\none form or another it flourishes in many countries, but\\nit has found most fertile soil among English-speaking\\npeoples. Reference has already been made to what has\\nbeen accomplished in Utah and in Ireland among agri-\\ncultural populations, and by building and loan societies\\nin cities and towns throughout the United States. In\\nEngland co-operation has assumed enormous proportions,\\nand is extending rapidly in every direction. It conducts\\nstores, farms, and all varieties of shops, factories, and\\nmills. In some instances it even maintains railroad and\\nsteamshij) lines. It has surplus profits to invest in new\\nenterprises, in model town and suburban homes for the\\nworkers, and even in a delightful summer retreat for\\nconvalescents among the Scottish Highlands. Mr. Henry\\nD. Lloyd s recent book on Labor CopartnersMp did much\\nto enlighten the world concerning the wonderful but si-\\nlent movement which is enabling the British masses to\\nhelp themselves and each other along the upward path\\nof improved social and industrial conditions.\\nThe growth of co-operative fruit exchanges in Califor-\\nnia is another luminous instance which goes to prove the\\ncapacity of our race to settle its own problems through\\nu 305", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\nassociative effort. These exchanges are doing an annual\\nbusiness of many millions and performing the various\\nfunctions of collecting, packing, shipping, and marketing\\na vast product over a large area. They were the out-\\ngrowth of conditions which had become intolerable, and\\nfurnish further interesting proof of the fact that when\\nan intelligent and self-reliant people have suffered suf-\\nficiently they will find the way out.\\nIn the plan of co-operative settlement outlined in a\\nprevious chapter, attention was chiefly directed to agri-\\nculture and small industries closely related to the soil.\\nThe same business principles are applicable to larger in-\\ndustrial plants and to the utilization of natural wealth\\nother than the land. With co-operative capital and la-\\nbor, valuable forests, quarries, and mines of both base\\nand precious metals could be made to yield their profits\\nfor the enrichment of the many rather than of the few.\\nBut this movement is yet in its early stages, struggling\\nto vindicate the truth of its fundamental principle of\\nthe combination of surplus land, labor, and natural re-\\nsources under conditions which furnish security and\\nprofits to each. Its horizon will constantly expand until\\nit shall include the world-wide sky.\\nThe common objection to co-operation is that it does\\nnot furnish the ultimate remedy for all social ills. It is\\nsaid that it will do little good to put a thousand com-\\npeting co-operative factories and farms in place of a\\nthousand competing private factories and farms. In the\\nfirst place, it is a gain to have the profits of industry and\\ntrade distributed more evenly throughout the commu-\\nnity. In the second place, when competition and over-\\nproduction shall lead to the federation of co-operative in-\\n806\\nI", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "OLD IDEALS AND NEW CONDITIONS\\nclustry, as is already the case with private enterprise, the\\nresQlt can only operate to the benefit of the masses. A\\ntrust or series of trusts which should include the entire\\npublic would be wholly harmless, since it would be organ-\\nized for the people rather than against them.\\nIt is not important to speculate as to what lies beyond\\nco-operation. The thing itself is a distinct forward de-\\nvelopment in the work of economic evolution. It comes\\nas the natural product of a wonderful era of competition,\\nwhich has ended in the union of competitors as the\\nprice of self-preservation. During the closing years of\\nthe nineteenth century Capital has taught Labor the great\\nlessons of combination, association, and organization. It\\nremains for Labor to pat these lessons into practical\\neffect during the twentietli century, and to make that\\nperiod luminous with the rise of the common man.", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII\\nLOOKING FORWARD TO THE GREATER REPUBLIC\\nImagin E the Republic of the twentieth century, till\\nits magnificent resources under process of development\\non lines of enlightened co-operation, approved alike by\\nthe sane business sense and the humanitarian instincts of\\nthe people\\nBehold the out-swinging gates of the West, opening at\\nlast the wealth of surplus resources to the throngs of\\nsurplus people the gates unlocked by the magic of sur-\\nplus capital\\nSee how the uneasy have planted new colonies,\\nas Edward Eggleston said they did in all past stages of\\nthe American emigration; how, under the impulse of this\\nnew forward march, the Republic has again surpassed\\nthe monarchies of the Old World witli giant strides,\\nas Andrew Carnegie has shown that it did in a past\\nera; how the desert has blossomed with the homes of\\nmen, as Thomas B. Reed predicted and then observe\\nhow all these things have defeated the grim prophecy of\\nLord Macaulay But the material triumph is only the\\npoorest aspect of the new achievement.\\nHere are millions of free men who live upon their\\nown soil, under their own roofs, and work for them-\\nselves. Here is a society which has mastered the ma-\\n308", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "LOOKING TO THE GREATER REPUBLIC\\nchine and made it work for man rather than against\\nhim. Here is a people who have organized capital so\\nthat it works for the many rather than the few.\\nHere is the finest flower of Anglo-Saxon civilization,\\nwith personal independence and ambition still preserved\\nas the robust inspiration of all progress, but with every-\\nthing beyond the sphere of the individual firmly held\\nby associated man.\\nHere are communities which have averted catastrophe\\nby adjusting old ideals to new conditions by building\\ntheir economic edifice on the three foundation-stones of\\nprivate ownership of homes and farms, co-operative\\nownership of stores and industries, and public owner-\\nship of public utilities.\\nInstead of crowded cities festering with vice and pov-\\nerty, throughout Arid America are farms that blend into\\nbeautiful towns, and towns that shade almost impercepti-\\nbly into peaceful farms. Here are country people who\\nenjoy all the advantages of town life, and townspeople\\nwho know the independence of the country. Here are\\nsocial conditions where the entire population enjoys the\\nprivileges of the club and the blessings of the public\\nlibrary.\\nHere are schools and colleges training young men and\\nwomen not only in the arts and sciences, but in the\\nequally valuable lessons of co-operative production and\\nadministration.\\nIn a word, here is America, under the powerful domi-\\nnance of the ancient Saxon spirit, engaged in the con-\\nquest of its waste-places and the making of new forms\\nof civilization worthy of the race, the place, and the age.\\nIn this vision of the future there is nothing impracti-\\n309", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "THE CONQUEST OF ARID AMERICA\\ncable. The field, the opportunity, and the people are\\nready. The hour is ripe for the advance. The silent\\ncommand that speaks to men s minds through resistless\\neconomic forces has gone forth.\\nThe American people will press on, not through blood-\\nshed or violent change, bat wisely, patiently, and surely\\nby gradual industrial and social evolution to the real-\\nization of their great destiny,\\nThat destiny is to illustrate the highest possibilities of\\ndemocratic institutions.", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nNOTE AS TO METHODS OF IRRIGATION\\nTo those who are unfamiliar with the life of the arid region\\nthe actual process of irrigation seems a deep mystery. They\\nregard it as an effort to overturn the laws of nature, and\\nthink it must be accompanied by a struggle as severe as it is\\ninscrutable. But irrigation is, after all, a perfectly natural,\\nand even a familiar, process. The man who waters his plat\\nof grass and the woman who waters her door-yard pansies\\nare irrigators in a rude and humble way. The citizen who\\ngrumbles at the sight of withered lawns in a public park\\nduring a dry summer yearns for irrigation without knowing\\nit. A generation which has harnessed the lightning should\\nsee nothing incongruous in the ancient expedient of storing\\nthe rain and distributing it to meet the varying needs of\\nplants which nourish human life.\\nThe control of water for irrigation in the West presents\\nabout the same problems to the engineer as the control of\\nwater for domestic purposes in large cities and towns. The\\nwater must be diverted from a flowinof stream at a level suf-\\nficiently high to command the territory to be irrigated or it\\nmust be impounded in reservoirs at a season of floods or un-\\nusual flow, such as occurs everywhere when the ice and snow\\nare melting; or it must be sought in the bowels of the earth\\nby means of wells and lifted to the surface by pumps, except\\n311", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nin the case of artesian waters, which flow out of the mouth of\\nthe well by reason of their own pressure.\\nThe principal difference between securing a supply for do-\\nmestic and for agricultural purposes is that in the case of the\\nformer the water must be as pure as possible, while in the\\ncase of the latter the impurities which gather in ponds and\\nstreams have a distinct commercial value as fertilizers. The\\nsewage of Paris is used for irrigation purposes with wonder,\\nful effect. The same thing is done at Los Angeles, and\\ndoubtless will be done in many places hereafter. Neither is\\nit necessary, as a rule, to make such elaborate provision for\\nthe distribution of water through underground pipes in the\\ncase of agriculture as in that of domestic water supply. In\\nthe vast majority of instances irrigation water flows in open\\nchannels. Where it is otherwise it is because the precious\\nfluid is scarce, and therefore dear, so that every drop must be\\nguarded against loss by evaporation or by seepage into the\\nground.\\nIrrigation works in the West range from rude and simple\\nditches, taking their supplies from mountain brooks where\\nthe water has been diverted by means of small brush dams, to\\ngreat masonry walls which block the outlet of deep canyons,\\nholding back the water, which is transported through pipes,\\nflumes, and cemented ditches to rich lands miles away. In the\\none case the works have been constructed by a small association\\nof farmers, using their own labor and teams in the other,\\nmillions of eastern and foreign capital have been invested.\\nIn both cases the water is led through main canals to central\\npoints in the territory to be reclaimed. These mains are of\\nall sizes, depending entirely upon the volume of water re-\\nquired. They are frequently not more than six feet wide,\\nthough some of the canals in the San Joaquin Valley are one\\nhundred and twenty feet in width. From these mains lat-\\neral ditches reach out in various directions. The individual\\nfarmer taps the lateral with a shallow ditch, usually made\\n312", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nwith a plough, and thus conducts the water where he wants it\\nthrough his own private system of distributers. The man-\\nagement of the waters, when the system has once been per-\\nfected, is so simple that a child can attend to it. Furnishing\\narid lands with irrigation facilities is really a less formidable\\ntask than supplying cities with water for domestic and fire\\npurposes. The one process is no more mysterious and un-\\nnatural than the other.\\nAlthough irrigation is both ancient and universal, the\\nAnglo-Saxon never dealt with it in a largo way until the last\\nhalf-century, when he found it to be the indispensable condi-\\ntion of settlement in large portions of western America, Aus-\\ntralia, and South Africa. Through all the centuries of the\\npast the art has been the exclusive possession of Indian,\\nLatin, and Mongolian races. Its earliest modern traces in\\nthis country are found in the small gardens of the Mission\\nfathers of southern California. They brought the method\\nfrom Mexico and taught it to the Indians. But the real\\ncradle of American irrigation as a practical industry is\\nUtah.\\nIn the hands of the Indians and Mexicans of the South-\\nwest irrigation was a stagnant art, but the white population\\nstudied it with the same enthusiasm it bestowed upon elec-\\ntricity and new mining processes. The lower races merely\\nknew that if crops were expected to grow on dry land, they\\nmust be artificially watered. They proceeded to pour on the\\nwater by the rudest method. The Anglo-Saxon demanded to\\nknow why crops required water, and how and when it could\\nbest be supplied to meet their diverse needs. He has thus\\napproached by gradual steps true scientific methods, which\\nare producing results unknown before in any part of the\\nworld.\\nThe earliest method of irrigation is known as floodino^,\\nand is generally applied by means of shallow basins. A plot\\nof ground near the river or ditch from which water is to be\\n313", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\ndrawn is inclosed by low embankments called checks. These\\nchecks are multiplied until the whole field is covered. The\\nwater is then drawn into the highest basin, permitted to\\nstand until the ground is thoroughly soaked, and then drawn\\noff by a small gate into the next basin. This process is re-\\npeated until the entire field is irrigated. This is the system\\npractised on the Nile, where the basins sometimes cover sev-\\neral square miles each, while in the West they are often no\\nmore than four hundred feet square. There is both a crude\\nand a skilful way to accomplish the operation of flooding, and\\nthere is a wide difference in the results obtained by the two\\nmethods. The Indian and Mexican irrigators, in their igno-\\nrance and laziness, seldom attempt to grade the surface of the\\nground. They permit water to remain in stagnant pools\\nwhere there are depressions, while high places stand out as\\ndusty islands for generations. All except very sandy soils\\nbake in the hot sunshine after being flooded, and the crude\\nway to remedy the matter is to turn on more water. Water\\nin excess is an injury, and both the soil and the crops re-\\nsent this method of treatment.\\nThe skilful irrigator grades the soil to an even slope of\\nabout one inch to every hundred inches, filling depressions\\nand levelling high places. He rushes the water over the\\nplot as rapidly as possible, and when the ground has dried\\nsufficiently cultivates the soil thoroughly, thus allowing the\\nair to penetrate it. The best irrigators have abandoned the\\ncheck system altogether, and have invented better methods\\nof flooding the crops. Cereals and grasses must always be\\nirrigated by flooding, but the check system seems likely to\\nremain only in the land of Spanish speech and tradition, where\\nit was born. In Colorado wheat and grass are generally irri-\\ngated by a system of shallow plough furrows run diagonally\\nacross a field. The water is turned from these upon the\\nground, and permitted to spread out into a hundred small\\nrills, following the contour of the land. Some farmers be-\\n314", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nstow great pains upon this method, and succeed in wetting\\nthe ground very evenly. Another method of flooding fields\\nis now much used in connection with alfalfa, a wonderful\\nforage plant extensively cultivated throughout the arid region.\\nThis produces three crops a year in the north and six crops\\nin the south, and is not only eaten by stock, but by poultry\\nand swine. To find the best method of watering this valua-\\nble crop has been the object of careful study and experiment\\nin the West. It is now accomplished by means of shallow\\nindentations or creases, which are not as large as furrows, but\\naccomplish the same purpose. These are made by a simple\\nimplement at intervals of about twelve inches. They effect a\\nvery thorough and even wetting of the ground.\\nThe scientific side of irrigation is to be studied rather in\\nconnection with the culture of fruit and vegetables than with\\nfield crops. It is here that the English-speaking irrigators\\nof the West have produced their best results. California has\\naccomplished more than any other locality, but nothing was\\nlearned even there until the man from the North had sup-\\nplanted the Spanish irrigator. The ideal climatic conditions\\nof California attracted both wealth and intelligence into its\\nirrigation industry. Scarcity of water and high land values\\noperated to promote the study of ideal methods. AY^^ero\\nwater is abundant it is carried in open ditches, and little\\nthought is given to the items of seepage through the soil\\nand loss by evaporation. Under such conditions water is\\nlavishly used, frequently to the injury rather than the bene-\\nfit of crops. But in southern California water is as gold,\\nand is sought for in mountain tunnels and in the beds of\\nstreams. A thing so dearly obtained is not to be carelessly\\nwasted before it reaches the place of use. Hence, steep and\\nnarrow ditches cemented on the bottom, or steel pipes and\\nwooden flumes, are employed.\\nThis precious water is applied to the soil by means of\\nsmall furrows run between the trees or rows of vegetables.\\n315", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nThe ground has first been evenly graded on the face of each\\nslope. Tlie aim of the skilful irrigator is to allow the water\\nto saturate the ground evenly in each direction, so as to\\nreach the roots of the tree or plant. The stream is small,\\nand creeps slowly down the furrow to the end of the orchard,\\nwhere any surplus is absorbed by a strip of alfalfa, which\\nacts like a sponge. The land is kept thoroughly cultivated,\\nand in the best orchards no weed or spear of grass is ever\\nseen the water is too costly to waste in the nourishment\\nof weeds. Moreover, it is desired to leave the soil open to\\nthe action of air and sunshine. Nowhere in the world is so\\nmuch care given to the aeration of the soil as in the irrigated\\norchards and gardens of the West. Too much water reduces\\nthe temperature of the soil, sometimes develops hard-pan, and\\nmore frequently brings alkali to the surface. For these rea-\\nsons modern science has enforced the economical use of\\nwater, reversing the crude Mexican custom of prodigal waste-\\nfulness. The success of the farrow method depends some-\\nwhat upon the texture of the soil, and there are places where\\nit cannot be used at all. Such localities are not considered\\nfavorable to fruit culture.\\nOf late years in California the application of water by fur-\\nrows has been brought to a marvellous degree of perfection.\\nWhat is known as the Redlands system is the best type\\nof irrigation methods known in the world. Under this sys-\\ntem a small wooden flume or box is placed at the head of\\nthe orchard. An opening is made opposite each furrow, and\\nthrough this the water flows in the desired quantity, being\\noperated by a small gate or slide. The aperture regulates\\nthe flow of water accurately, and the system is so simple that,\\nafter it is once adjusted, its operation is as easy as the turn-\\ning of a faucet. The farmer who grows his crops on a fer-\\ntile soil, under almost cloudless skies, with a system con-\\ntrolling the moisture as effective as this, may be said to have\\nmastered the forces of nature. The quality of the fruit has\\n316", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nimproved immensely since the California methods were per-\\nfected. Every fruit-grower realizes that the profit in his\\nbusiness comes mostly from the first grade of fruit. Scien-\\ntific irrigation makes it possible for him largely to increase\\nthe percentage of the best fruit, and the difference which\\nthis makes in the earning capacity of his acres is surprising.\\n/weNUE.\\nTCC\u00c2\u00a33\\nl*Oa \u00e2\u0096\u00a0WATtCJ.\\ntJK-n TBE6 ^TA \u00c2\u00bb0^ ON A LITTLa\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0onocR\\nOther methods of furrow irrigation have been devised\\nwhich are scarcely less perfect than those used in the Cali-\\nfornia oranofe districts. One of the best of these is the re-\\nsuit of the labors and experiments of Professor A. E. Blount,\\nof the Agricultural College at Las Cruces, New Mexico, and\\nis illustrated in the accompanying diagram. In this case the\\nwater is carried in small open ditches, and the furrovvs are\\n317", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\n1\\nextended in circles around each tree, but the water is never\\nallowed to touch the bark. This method is, pe-rhaps, better\\nadapted to the general needs of the arid region than the\\nmore expensive plan of the Californians. It is interesting to\\nnote that the modern New Mexico method was developed in\\nthe midst of Indian and Spanish settlements, which still pur-\\nsue the methods of antiquity without the slightest abatement\\nof their evils.\\nOne of the most interesting results of irrigation, in a social\\nand economic way, is its influence upon the density of popu-\\nlation. The densest population in the eastern States obtains\\nin Rhode Island, where there are two hundred and seventy-\\nsix persons to each square mile. In a representative locality\\nof southern California, which is in the midst of the older\\nsettled irrigated districts, there are five hundred persons to\\nthe sqware mile, practically all of them engaged in horticult-\\nure by means of irrigation. The Nile lands of Egypt sup-\\nport a population of twelve hundred and twenty-seven persons\\nto the square mile. There is, therefore, no risk whatever in\\npredicting that the arid lands of the West will ultimately\\nsustain much the densest population in the United States.\\nWhile the perfect conditions for the irrigation industry\\nexist only in an arid land, there is no doubt that the same\\nmethods can and will be used largely in the eastern portion\\nof the United States. There is seldom a year when large\\ndistricts east of the Mississippi do not suffer heavy losses\\nfrom the lack of rain at the time when it is needed. What\\nirrigation can accomplish under such conditions has been\\nstrikingly illustrated by Dr. Clarke Gapen, Superintendent of\\nthe State Insane Asylum at Kankakee, Illinois. This gentle-\\nman became convinced that if he could control the moisture\\nduring the dry period of the Illinois summer, he could readi-\\nly produce, on the farm operated in connection with the pub-\\nlic institution, the large quantities of late vegetables which\\n318", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nhe bad been in tbe babit of purcbasing for casli. He ob-\\ntained an inexpensive pumping -plant and engaged tbe ser-\\nvices of a practised irrigator. Tbe result was tbe saving of\\nan annual expenditure of fifteen thousand dollars for farm\\nproducts, so that tbe irrigation system more tban paid for it-\\nself tbe first year. Dr. Gapen bas stated tbat tbe experiment\\nconvinced bim tbat if land is worth one hundred dollars\\nper acre in Illinois without irrigation, it is worth five hundred\\ndollars with it. If this enterprising official bad suggested\\nten years before tbat irrigation was necessary in Illinois, bo\\nwould have been regarded as a proper subject for one of tbe\\npadded cells in bis own asylum.\\nTbe local application of irrigation is now frequently dis-\\ncussed in tbe farm journals of Obio, New York, and other east-\\nern States. Tbe art bas been employed for a number of years\\nin the most profitable market-gardens about Boston. Tbe\\nwestern friends of irrigation have tbe utmost confidence tbat\\nduring tbe next century their methods will be extensively\\nadopted in tbe East, resulting in a very great reduction of the\\naverage farm unit, in tbe assurance of much larger and better\\ncrops, and in wonderful social gains.", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nAdams, Edwaud F., quoted, 130.\\nAfrica, 13.\\nAgua Fria River, Arizona, 239.\\nAualieim, founding and character\\nof, 94.\\nAncient Canals in Arizona, 35.\\nAnderson, 11. A., 291.\\nAnimas River, New Mexico, 229.\\nAntelope Valley of California, 140.\\nAridity Effect ou settlement of\\nMiddle West, 17 key to institu-\\ntions of the West, 30.\\nArizona Likeness to region of the\\nNile, 23Y northern part of terri-\\ntory, 238 Salt River Valley, 238\\nits irrigation systems, 239 im-\\nportance of storage plans, 239-\\n240 climate and orange culture,\\n241 a great fig orchard, 242\\nlarge farms of the present and\\nsmall ones of the future, 242-\\n243 the people of the territory,\\n243.\\nArkansas Valley, 155.\\nAsia Minor, 32.\\nAustin, Nevada, 195.\\nAustralasia, 13.\\nAustralia, Village Settlement in, 288.\\nAztecs in Mexico, 34.\\nBailey, Professor L. H., quoted,\\n111.\\nBaldwin, Historian, 34.\\nBear Flag, California s day of, 94.\\nBeaverhead Valley, Montana, 223.\\nBig Horn Basin, Wyoming, 213.\\nBillings, Montana, 227.\\nBilly the Kid, 231.\\nBitter Root Valley, Montana, 225.\\nBlue Grass Region of Kentucky\\ncompared with arid region as to\\nfertility, 39.\\nBoise City, capital of Idaho, 183.\\nBoone, Daniel, 15.\\nBoyd, David, historian of the Gree-\\nley Colony, 88.\\nBozeman, Montana, 225.\\nBrisbane, Albert, 77.\\nBrook Farm, 78-257.\\nBruneau River, Nevada, 199.\\nBudd, Governor, 131.\\nBully Creek Valley, Oregon, 192.\\nButte, Montana, 226.\\nCache la Poudre Valley, Colorado,\\n155.\\nCaldwell, Idaho, 183.\\nCalifornia Why so little under-\\nstood, 121 influence of former\\nliterature on the subject, 123\\nspeculative tendencies of the past,\\n128 burdens of fruit-growers be-\\nfore co-operation was employed,\\n130 valuable lessons of the last\\ntwenty years, 131 compared with\\nFrance, 131 agricultural settle-\\nment in 1880-90, 132; profitable\\nlines of production, 133 future\\nof the olive industry, 134; com-\\npetitors in fruit-growing, 135\\n321", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nthe mining industry, 186 ten-\\ndencies of future growth, 137\\nthe coast region, 137 the Santa\\nClara Valley, 138 Southern Cal-\\nifornia, 139 Antelope Valley,\\n140; Sacramento Valley, 141; ir-\\nrigation in Sacr;inieiito Valley, 143;\\nthe San Joaquin Valley, 143 birth\\nof raisin industry, 144; effects of\\nfall in wheat prices, 144 possi-\\nbilities of transportation canals,\\n145 eastern slope of Sierra Ne-\\nvada, 146; future of Colorado\\nDesert, 147. See Evolution of\\nSouthern California, 92.\\nGammas Prairie, Idaho, 179.\\nCampbell, Douglas, quoted, 32.\\nCarey, ex-Senator J. M., 213-220.\\nCarlsbad, New Mexico, 235.\\nCarson City, Nevada, 201.\\nCarson River, Nevada, 199.\\nCarthaginians, 84.\\nChaffey Brothers in Australia, 289.\\nChipman, General N. P., 141.\\nCimarron River, New Mexico, 230.\\nCity and Suburban Homes Company,\\n274.\\nCity Creek in Salt Lake Valley,\\nUtah, 51.\\nCody, William R, 213.\\nClarke s Fork of the Columbia, 176-\\n224.\\nCffiur d Alene Lake, 176.\\nColonization Three great eras of,\\n12; impulse of Anjerican move-\\nments, 12 settlement of Atlantic\\nCoast, 14 the movement beyond\\nthe AUeghanies, 14; settlement of\\nMississippi Valley, 17; causes of\\nemigration movements, 49 ten-\\ndencies of present movement from\\nabroad, 247.\\nColorado The new day in, 150; ef-\\nfect of railroad building in, 151\\nscenery and climate of, 153 min-\\neral resources of, 164 the Arkan-\\nsas Valley, 155; San Luis Valley,\\n155; the Western Slope, 156 the\\nlaud of peaches, 158 local pa-\\ntriotism, 160; present economic\\ntendencies, 161.\\nColorado Canyon, 238.\\nColorado Desert, 147.\\nColorado Springs, Colorado, 152.\\nColumbia River Valley, 188.\\nComstock lode, production of, 195.\\nCo-operation Lifluence of aridity\\nin favoring, 81 comparisons with\\nconditions in Holland, 32 Utah\\ncommei cial examples, 64; as em-\\nployed in the Gieeley Colony, Col-\\norado, 89 experience of the Ana-\\nheim, Califoiiiia, settlers, 95 how\\nutilized at Riverside, California,\\n97 California fruit exchanges,\\n104 colonization with co-opera-\\ntive capital, 260 the principle im-\\nportant to new communities, 281\\nthe recent experience of Ireland,\\n291 its adaptation to Anglo-\\nSaxon instincts and traditions,\\n300 its relation to future civil-\\nization, 309.\\nCreoles, French, early settlement of,\\nin Ohio Valley, 15.\\nCuba, 13.\\nDakota, growth of, 17.\\nDakota, irrigation in, 117.\\nDamascus, the effects of irrigation\\nin, 41.\\nDeccan, Lands of the, 36,\\nDenver, Colorado, 150, 154, 161.\\nDes Chutes River, Oregon, 193.\\nDewey, Admiral, 297.\\nEden, Garden of, the result of irri-\\ngation, 42.\\nEggleston, Edward, quoted, 50.\\nP^gypt, 34.\\nElko County, Nevada, 195.\\nEllensburg, Washington, 187.\\nEl Paso, Texas, 231.\\nEmigration Canyon, Utah, 53.\\nEsmeralda County, Nevada, 195.\\nEureka, Nevada, 195.\\nFayoom, Proviuce of, 86.\\n322", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nFinney County, Kansas, 109.\\nFlagg, Jack, in the Rustlers War,\\n210.\\nFlagstafiF, Arizona, 238.\\nFlathead River, Montana, 223.\\nFourier, Fran9ois Marie Charles, 1^.\\nGadsden Purchase, 22.\\nGallatin Valley, Montana, 223-225.\\nGarden City, Kansas, 109-113.\\nGermany, labor colonies of, 287.\\nGila River, Arizona, 238.\\nGill, Thomas P., 291.\\nGould, Dr. Elgin R. L., 2V4-295.\\nGrand Junction, Colorado, 167.\\nGrand River, Colorado, 157.\\nGroat Falls, Montana, 227.\\nGreatPIains,rise of irrigation on, 106.\\nGreeley, Horace: Phalanx move-\\nment supported by, 77 encour-\\nages the Colorado project, 80 last\\nletter to Meeker, 90.\\nGreeley Colony of Colorado: Its\\nrelation to the phalanx movement\\nof the forties, 77 Meeker pro-\\nposes the undertaking to Greeley,\\n80 the colony plan compared\\nwitli the Fourier ideal, 81 publi-\\ncation of prospectus, 83 irriga-\\ntion troubles, 84; triinnph of the\\nGreeley potato, 85 social life\\nin, 87 influence of colony on de-\\nvelopment of Colorado, 90.\\nGreen River, Colorado, 157.\\nHagerman, J. J., 202.\\nHale, Dr. Edward Everett, connec-\\ntion with Plymouth Colony of\\nIdaho, 181.\\nHalf employed, army of, 245.\\nHall, William Hammond, 145.\\nHatch, A. T., 141.\\nHelena, Montana, 228.\\nHilgard, Prof. E. W., quoted, 33, 85,\\n37.\\nHolland, labor colonies of, 28G; com-\\npared to Southern California, 92.\\nHomestead law, effect on emigra-\\ntion of, 17.\\nHoney Lake Valley of California,\\n146.\\nHood River, Oregon, 193.\\nHorse-heaven Country of Wash-\\nington, 186.\\nHudson Bay Company, 180.\\nHumboldt, Nevada, town of, 201.\\nHumboldt River, Nevada, 199.\\nIdaho Contrast between north\\nand south, 174; wonderful water\\nsupply, 175; the forest area, 176;\\nthe prune district, 177; climate and\\nhealthfulness, 178 Upper Snake\\nRiver, 178 four periods of settle-\\nment, 180; new Plymouth, 181;\\nthe old timer, 182 cities and\\ntowns, 183.\\nIdaho Falls, Idaho, 178.\\nIllinois, growth of, after Revolution,\\n15.\\nIncas in South America, 34.\\nIndiana, growth of, after Revolution,\\n15.\\nIndustrial independence secured by\\nirrigation, 43.\\nInyo County, California, 147.\\nIowa, growth of, 17.\\nIrish Agricultural Organization So-\\nciety, 291.\\nIrrigation The miracle of, 41\\npractical methods of, see Appen-\\ndix Damascus, the product of,\\n42 it made the beauties of the\\nGarden of Eden, 42 opposed to\\nland monopoly, 43 as an insur-\\nance of crops, 43 unfavorable to\\nemployment of servile labor, 44\\nits influence on social life, 45\\nfoundation of scientific agricult-\\nure, 47 Mormons, the American\\npioneers of, 55 comparison of\\ncost of private and co-operative\\nsystems, 86.\\nJefferson, President, takes initiative\\nin Western exploration, 23.\\nJefferson Valley, Montana, 223.\\nJohn Day River, Oregon, 193.\\n323", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nJohnson County, Wyoming, 212.\\nJones, Governor John E., 199.\\nKansas, growth of, 17.\\nKansas, irrigation in, 110.\\nKentucky, growth of, after Revolu-\\ntion, 15.\\nKootenai River, Montana, 224.\\nLa Plata River, New Mexico, 229.\\nLassen County, California, 146.\\nLewis and Clarke, the famous jour-\\nney of, 23.\\nLewiston, Idaho, 183.\\nLibyan Desert, 36.\\nLincoln, Abraham, a type of set-\\ntlers engaged in great era of col-\\nonization, 17.\\nLincoln County, Nevada, 195.\\nLos Angeles, California, 103.\\nLouisiana Purchase, 22.\\nMacaulay, Lord, quoted, 245.\\nMadison Valley, Montana, 223.\\nMalheur River Valley, Oregon, 192.\\nManhattan Valley, Montana, 225.\\nMassachusetts Bay Company, 294.\\nMaxwell Land Grant, 230.\\nMead, Elwood Service in Agri-\\ncultural College of Colorado, 215\\nimportant work as State engineer\\nof Wyoming, 217-220.\\nMeeker, Nathan Cook Experience\\nwith Trumbull Phalanx, 79 first\\ntrip to the Far West, 80 origini-\\nates Colorado project, 80 death\\nof, 91.\\nMesa City, Arizona, 239.\\nMilk River Valley, Montana, 223.\\nMills, workingmen s hotels of D. 0.,\\n274.\\nMinnesota, growth of, 17.\\nMissoula, Montana, 227.\\nMissouri River in Montana, 223-\\n226.\\nModjeska, the California colony of\\nMadame, 256.\\nModoc County, California, 146.\\nMoeris Lake, 36.\\nMohammedans, their admiration for\\nDamascus, 42.\\nMonroe, President James, 22.\\nMontana The prosperity of, 222\\ninfluence of mountain topography,\\n222 early ditches, 223 oppor-\\ntunities for settlers, 224 fruit\\nculture, 225 Agricultural College\\nof, 225 important valleys, 225\\nsocial and political life, 226; cities\\nand towns, 227.\\nMoors, 34.\\nMormons of Utah Their common-\\nwealth, 51 pioneers of American\\nirrigation, 51 illustrate natural\\neconomic tendencies of irriga-\\ntion, 52 arrival of first party in\\nSalt Lake Valley, 52 system of\\nlandownership, 57 plan of diver-\\nsified farms, 61 opposed to min-\\ning, 63 financial results of their\\nlabors for forty years, 67 four\\nleading principles of industrial\\nsystem, 70 mortgage of indebted-\\nness, 71 relation of church or-\\nganization to industrial success, 74.\\nMoscow, Idaho, 184.\\nMountain Ilonie, Idaho, 183.\\nMusser, A. Milton., 67.\\nNampa, Idaho, 183.\\nNavajo, Indians, New Mexico, 235.\\nNebi-aska, growth of, 17.\\nNebraska irrigation, 115.\\nNetherlands, civilization of, com-\\npared with arid region, 32.\\nNevada The potential greatness\\nof, 194 unfounded prejudices in,\\n194 silver production of the\\npast in, 195; undeveloped mineral\\nwealth, 196 agricultural resources\\nof, 198; unused waters of, 199;\\ndiversion of Nevada wealth to\\nother localities, 202 the railroad\\nsituation of, 203 future of the\\nState of, 205.\\nNew Mexico Inadequacy of water\\nsupplies, 228 the northwestern\\ncounties, 229 the land grants in.\\n324", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n230 the Rio Grande Valley of,\\n230; the Pecos Valley of, 231;\\nthe social fabric of, 235.\\nNewell, Frederick Hayiies, on water\\nsupply of the plains, 113, 114.\\nNez Perc6 Reservation, 1*79.\\nNijn, Fray Marcos de, 228.\\nNile River, silt in, 3G.\\nNinety-seventh meredian, 19-21.\\nNordhoff, Charles, 123-128.\\nNorth, Judge, founder of Riverside\\nColony, 97.\\nNorth Yakima, Washington, 187.\\nOhio, growth of, after Revolution,\\n15.\\nOlives, future of, 134.\\nOntario, California, 103.\\nOquirrh Mountains, 53.\\nOrange culture in California, begin-\\nwing of, 100.\\nOrdinance of 1787, 16.\\nOregon Humid and arid sections\\nof, 185; climate and products of,\\n191 unused water supplies of,\\n192; chances for development of,\\n193; arid region of, 190.\\nOwyhee River, Nevada, 199.\\nPalestine, 34.\\nPalestine, resemblance between Salt\\nLake Valley and, 53.\\nPalmer, General William J., 152-\\n202.\\nPalouse country of Idaho, 179.\\nParkman, J rancis, author of the\\nOregon Trail, 23.\\nPayette, Idaho, 183.\\nPecos Valley, New Mexico, 231.\\nPend Oreille Lake, 176.\\nPendleton, Oregon, 191.\\nPhalanx movement, 77, 78.\\nPhtjenix, capital of Arizona, 238.\\nPike, Zebulon, 23.\\nPlatte Valley, Colorado, 155.\\nPlumas County, California, 146.\\nPlunkett, the Right Hon. Horace,\\n291.\\nPlymouth Colony of Idaho, 181.\\n3?;\\nPocatello, Idaho, 183.\\nPomona, California, 103.\\nPortland, Oregon, 186.\\nPrescott, Arizona, 238.\\nPrescott, Historian, 34,\\nPrickly Valley, Montana, 223.\\nProsser, Washington, 187.\\nProvo, Utah, 166.\\nPueblo Indians of New Mexico, 235.\\nPuget Sound region, 185.\\nQiriNN River, Nevada, 199.\\nRain-ma KINO experiments, 108.\\nRaymond, Henry J., debate with\\nGreeley, 79.\\nRedlands, California, 103.\\nReed, Thomas B., quoted, 119.\\nReid, Whitelaw, quoted, 237.\\nRio Grande River, New Mexico, 230.\\nRio Verde River, Arizona, 239.\\nRiverside Colony of California, 97.\\nRobertson, James, 15.\\nRobinson, Solon, 79.\\nRoosevelt, Theodore, 297.\\nRustlers War, 209.\\nSacramento Valley of California,\\n141.\\nSalmon River, Nevada, 199.\\nSalt Lake City, the plan of, 58.\\nSalt River, Arizona, 239.\\nSalt River Valley of Arizona, 238.\\nSan Bernardino Valley, 92.\\nSan Joaquin Valley of California,\\n143.\\nSan Juan River, Colorado, 157.\\nSan Juan River in New Mexico, 229.\\nSan Luis Valley, Colorado, 155.\\nSan Timoteo Hills, 92.\\nSanta Clara Valley of California,\\n138.\\nSemi-arid region, boundaries of, 109.\\nSevier, John, 15.\\nShawhan, Benjamin P., connection\\nwith Plymouth Colony of Idaho,\\n181.\\nSheridan County, Wyoming, 212.\\nShoshone Falls, the Great, 176.", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nSmythe, William E., connection with\\nPlymouth Colony of Idaho, 181.\\nSnake River, 175,\\nSocial life, effect of irrigation on, 46.\\nSocialism not suited to development\\nof new countries, 302.\\nSoils, effect of aridity on, 3*7.\\nSouth America, 13.\\nSouthern California: Evolution of,\\n92 character and future of, 139.\\nSpice Islands, 13.\\nSpokane, Washington, 190.\\nStaked Plains of Texas, 231.\\nStanford, Mrs. Leland, 141.\\nSurplus people, 247.\\nTaijor, n. A. W., 101.\\nTaylor, L. E., 199.\\nTennessee, growth of, after Revolu-\\ntion, 15.\\nTexas irrigation, 118.\\nTithiug-house scrip, 63.\\nToltecs in Mexico, 34.\\nTravel, statistics of, 20.\\nTruckee River, Nevada, 199.\\nTrumbull Phalanx of Ohio, 19.\\nTucson, Arizona, 238.\\nUinta countrv of Utah, 170.\\nUmatilla Valley, Oregon, 192.\\nUniversity of Arizona experiments\\nin analyzing silt of Colorado River,\\n40.\\nUtah: The pleasant land of, 164;\\nthe scene from Capitol Hill, 104;\\nUtah, Salt Lake, and Weber val-\\nleys, 166 mineral resources, 166;\\nthe climate, 167 agricultural con-\\ntradictions, 168 land open to set-\\ntlement, 169; irrigation laws and\\ncustoms, 171.\\nVan Dykk, T. S., quoted, 128.\\nVermejo River, New Mexico, 230.\\nVirgin River, Nevada, 199.\\nVirginia City, Nevada, 195.\\nWalkkr River, Nevada, 199.\\nWalla Walla Valley, Washington,\\n187.\\nWarren, Francis E., 220.\\nWasatch Mountains, 53.\\nWashington: Arid region of, 185;\\nHorse-IIeaven country, 186;\\nimportanjt streams, 187; soil and\\nclimate of, 188; products and\\nmarkets of, 189.\\nWater Laws The struggle for\\nwater, 214 where statesmanship\\nfailed, 215; evils of litigation,\\n216; the Wyoming example,\\n217.\\nWebber, Thomas G., 65.\\nWciser, Idaho, 183.\\nWells, Captain James M., 180.\\nWells, Governor Ueber M., 71.\\nWenatchee River, Washington, 187.\\nWestern slope of Colorado, 156.\\nWheatland, Wyoming, 213.\\nWillamette River, Oregon, 186.\\nWillow Creek Valley, Oregon, 192.\\nWindmill irrigation. 111.\\nWoodruff, Wilford, 55.\\nWyoming: Law-giver of the arid\\nregion, 207 the stock raising\\nindustry of, 208; the Rustlers\\nWar in, 209; products and devel-\\nopment of, 212; Big Horn Basin,\\n212; excellence of water laws\\nof, 218 the State s influential\\nposition in, 221.\\nYakima Valley of Washington,\\n187.\\nYbarrola, Senor do, 105.\\nYellow River of China, 36.\\nYoung, Brighain, estimate of char-\\nacter and achievements of, 72.\\nYuma, Arizona, 238.\\nZion s Co-operative Mercantile In-\\nstitution, 65.\\nZimi Indians, 235.\\nTHE END", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "By POULTNEY BIGELOW\\nWHITE MAN S AFRICA. Illustrated by R. Caton\\nWooDViLLE and Fkederic Remingtox, and from\\nPhotographs. Post 8vo, Cloth, Uncut Edges and\\nGilt Top, $2 50.\\nWe very much doubt if a better or truer idea can be gotten\\nfrom any source of tiie real situation of affairs, social and political,\\nin South Africa than in these pages. Certain it is nowhere will\\none find the information presented more interestingly or attrac-\\ntively. Christian Intelligencer, N. Y.\\nMr. Bigelow has a keen eye and a practical judgment, which\\nmakes his always readable story better worth the reading than so\\nmany travel books, which are only superficially interesting. It\\nabounds in facts large and small, in simple but valuable statistics,\\nand in touches which throw passing gleams of light on many\\npoints of great interest. Ihe American, Philadelphia.\\nHISTORY OF THE GERMAN STRUGGLE FOR\\nLIBERTY. Copiously Illustrated with Drawings by\\nR. Caton Woodville, and with Portraits and Maps.\\nTwo Volumes. Crown 8 vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut\\nEdges and Gilt Tops, $5 00. (In a Box.)\\nSound scholarship, ample research, a patriotic purpose, and the\\ncommand of a graceful and vigorous literary style have gone to\\ntlie making of the History of the German Struggle for Liberty.\\nBoston Beacon.\\nTHE BORDERLAND OF CZAR AND KAISER.\\nNotes from Both Sides of the Russian Frontier. Illus-\\ntrated byFEEDEKic Remington. Post 8vo, Cloth,Or-\\nnamental, $2 00.\\nA thoroughly enjoyable picture of official and social life on\\nboth sides of the frontier, and throws, incidentally, light upon some\\nof the great questions of European politics. Philadelphia Inquirer.\\nHARPER BROTHERS, Publishers\\nNEW YORK AND LONDON\\n[ny of the above works will be sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any\\npart of the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on receipt of iJie price.", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "By a. H. savage LANDOR\\nIN THE FORBIDDEN LAND. An Account of a\\nJourney into Tibet, Capture by the Tibetan Lamas and\\nSoldiers, Imprisonment, Torture, and Ultimate Release,\\nbrought about by Dr. Wilson and the Political Peshkar\\nKarak Sing-Pal. With the Government Enquiry and\\nReport and other Official Documents, by J. Larkin,\\nEsq., Deputed by the Government of India. With\\nOne Photogravure, Eiglit Colored Plates, Fifty Full-\\npage and about One Hundred and Fifty Text Illustra-\\ntions, and a Map from Surveys by the Author. 2 Vols.\\n8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Uncut Edges and Gilt Tops,\\n89 00.\\nA very remarkable work from wliatever point of view it may be\\nread, and one which will insure its author a distinct and prominent\\nplace among European travellers of the nineteenth century. N. Y.\\nMail and Express.\\nIt is a book easy to read and hard to put down, for the scene is\\nconstantly changing, the action is full of surprises, and the de-\\nscriptions of scenery enhance the significance of the occurrences de-\\nscribed. New York Tribune.\\nTibet, the forbidden land, fs not familiar ground, and an ob-\\nserver as competent as Mr. Landor has much to tell quite apart\\nfrom his thrilling personal experiences. He writes well, and his\\nphotographs and drawings give excellent views of some of the\\ngrandest scenery in the world and some of the most picturesque\\nthings and people. He tells a plain manly tale, without affectation\\nor bravado, and it is a book that will be read with interest and ex-\\ncitement, even in those parts of it whicli only describe a journey\\nthrough an unknown region. London Times.\\nHARPER BROTHERS, PuBLisnEKS\\nNEW YORK AND LONDON\\n77ie above work will be sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any\\npart of tlie United States, Canada, or Mexico on receipt of tlie price.\\ni", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "AFH I9b^", "height": "3304", "width": "1920", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3283", "width": "1994", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3420", "width": "2036", "jp2-path": "conquestofaridam01smyt_0378.jp2"}}