{"1": {"fulltext": "rA^ JO\\nM 1\\nI\\nJ- H", "height": "3425", "width": "2232", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": ";0^\\na\\nV\\nA\\nl\\nv\\\\^^\\n,^X^^\\n^A V^\\nv.\\n,d^\\n1 V\\nS^\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2s\\n:0", "height": "3314", "width": "2055", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "V\\n*x^\\nx-.\u00c2\u00ab-..V -\\\\o^\\n1\\nr-CS.T-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2H..^\\nc^.\\nA\\naV v.\\nA\\ni?2^\\nv\\nO.\\nc\\nA -7-.\\ny -p\\nfr ca -p\\nx^~\\nO,\\n.0*^\\noNc, -/;_ .0 .^V\\no V .V\\n-,r.\\n0\\n0-\\nO\\nv-^\\ni f\\n.A\\nvOo.\\nc^^ ^b/\\nI\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^V aV\\n.0^\\n1-^\\nx^ h\\n^v^\\na\\\\", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3336", "width": "1912", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3336", "width": "1912", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "A BOOK ON\\nhm^^^\\nrmK^\\nBy\\n3PWWOLL\\n\u00c2\u00bbyw3k VS\u00c2\u00bb ,1\\ni^^^^\\ni\\ni \u00c2\u00abil^?i^X- ^^h y,-.No- ^38. April 26. 1900. Bi- Weekly. Year, $5.00. Entered at Chicago Post Office\\n1 class-matter. Published at 166 Adams Street, by v-agu ruav \\\\juu,v", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3336", "width": "1912", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "The Mccormick\\nVERTICAL\\nCORN BINDER\\nX:all on the McCormick Agent.\\nThe only Com Binder made that will\\ncut and bind com under all the un-\\nfavorable conditions in which the crop\\nis found at cutting time, making neat,\\ntight, square-butted bundles.\\nIt will cut and bind BIG corn, LITTLE\\ncorn, DOWN corn, LODGED corn, or\\nany other kind of corn that grows\\nin rows.", "height": "3358", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "A BOOK ON SILAGE.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Harder s Patent\\nAH -Open Front\\nRound Silos\\nMADE ONLY AT\\nEMPIRE AG L WORKS,\\nGEO. D. HARDER, PROP.\\nCOBLESKILL, N. Y.\\nWe make hundreds of differ-\\nent sizes, using fine\\nGulf Cypress, also\\nWhite Hemlock Lumber.\\nThis is the SILO that Saves 50 per cent of the Labor, and\\nmakes an important Annual Saving for the Siloist.\\nConical Roofs for Sibs.\\nButterfly Roofs for Silos.\\nSilo Hoops. Malleable Lugs.\\nEverything that is desirable\\nin Silo work.\\nThe celebrated Smalley Cutters,\\nTraveling Table and\\nHand-Feed Machines\\nfor Filling Silos.\\nWe supply the Silo and all\\nmachinery needed therewith\\nCutter, Carrier, and Power, ar-\\nranged all in harmony for best\\nsuccess.\\nThreshing Machines.\\nStraw-Preserving Rye\\nThreshers and Binde rs, etc.\\nDog and Sheep Powers for\\nCream Separators.\\nLand Rollers.\\nFeed Mills. Fanning Mills.", "height": "3358", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "A BOOK ON\\nSILAGE\\nF. wc:woLL,\\nAssistant Professor of Agricultural Chemistry, TJmversity of Wis-\\nconsin; Translator of Grotenfelt s Principles of Modern\\nDairy Practice author of A Handbook for Farm-\\ners and Dairymen, and Joint Author of\\nTesting Milk audits Products.\\nWITH ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nREVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION.\\nCHICAGO\\nRand, McNally Company.\\n1900.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Library of CoBffret%\\nOffice of tli\u00c2\u00ab\\nMAY 7 -1800\\nKeglttar ef Ctpyrlglitt,\\nSECOND COPY. Q. 70OS~\\n61538\\nCopyright, 1895, by Rand, McNally \u00c2\u00abfe Co.\\nCopyright, 1900, by Kand, McNally Co.", "height": "3358", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nIntroduction.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nSilage crops Indian corn Development of the corn plant\\nVarieties to be planted for the silo Methods of planting\\ncorn\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thickness of planting\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Planting in hills or in\\ndrills Sowing corn broadcast Preparation of corn land\\nClover Time to cut clover for the silo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Other silage\\ncrops 13-35\\nCHAPTER II.\\nSilos General considerations Descriptions of different kinds\\nof silos Round wooden silos Specifications for a 300-\\nton round wooden silo Chute for round silos Descrip-\\ntions of round wooden silos New Jersey Experiment\\nStation silo Wisconsin Experiment Station silos Mis-\\nsouri Experiment Station silo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 South Dakota Experi-\\nment Station silo Stave silos\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Specifications for a 100-\\nton stave silo Square or rectangular wooden silos\\nSilos in the barn Separate square or rectangular wooden\\nsilos Silos with horizontal girts Stone or brick silos\\nGrout silos\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Metal silos Silo stacks Pits in the ground\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Silo literature Preservation of silos Cost of silos.. 36-138\\n5", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "6 TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nPAGE\\nSilage Filling the silo Cutting the corn in the field Whole\\nvs. cut silage Siloing corn ears and all The filling\\nprocess Power and cutters for silo filling Pneumatic\\nelevators\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fast or slow filling Danger from carbonic-\\nacid poisoning in silos\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Covering the siloed fodder\\nDry silage Shredded silage Clover silage Freezing\\nof silage Cost of silage \u00e2\u0080\u0094Chemical composition of silage\\nRelation of moisture and acidity in silage Sweet vs.\\nsour silage Digestibility of silage\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Losses of food ma-\\nterials in the silo\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Losses in field-curing fodder corn\\nNecessary losses in siloing corn Necessary losses in silo-\\ning clover 139-189\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nFeeding of silage Silage for milch cows For steers For\\nbreeding bulls\u00e2\u0080\u0094 For horses For mules For sheep\\nFor swine\u00e2\u0080\u0094 For poultry 190-208\\nCHAPTER V.\\nComparison of silage and other feeds Economy of produc-\\ntion Corn silage vs. roots Corn silage vs. hay Corn\\nsilage vs. fodder corn\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Comparative feeding experi-\\nments Corn silage vs. roots Corn silage vs. dry\\nroughage ...209-222\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nThe silo in modern agriculture 223", "height": "3358", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nThe history of the silo dates back to antiquity.\\nAncient writers speak of the practice of burying grain\\nin underground pits to save it for future use or to hide\\nit from their enemies^, and the evidence at hand goes\\nto show that semi-barbaric peoples in the different parts\\nof the world have known and practiced this method.\\nGreen forage was preserved in the same way in the early\\nhistory of the races of Northern Europe, notably in\\nSweden and the Baltic provinces, where the uncertainty\\nof the weather and the low summer temperature ren-\\ndered difficult the proper curing of the hay. It was not,\\nhowever, until toward the middle of the present cen-\\ntury that the practice of preserving green fodder by\\nmeans of pits in the ground became more known. The\\nmethod was especially practiced in central Europe,\\nwhere large quantities of green leaves and tops were\\navailable every fall in the sugar-beet districts; also\\ngreen forage, such as Indian corn fodder, green clover,\\ngrass, etc., was treated by this method; the fodder be-\\ning placed in pits ten to twelve feet square, or larger,\\nand as many feet deep; these were often lined with\\nwood, and puddled below and at the sides with clay.\\nThe fodder was spread evenly in the pits, and well\\ntrampled down; when the pit was full the whole was\\ncovered with boards and a layer of earth one to two\\nfeet thick; such pits would hold nearly ten tons when\\nfull. It is stated that the silage thus obtained re-\\n(7)", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "8 INTRODUCTION.\\nmained green and was well liked, even by sheep. This\\npractice slowly spread; in the sixties over 2000 tons\\nof Indian corn was thus made into silage annually in\\na single small German province where dairying is an\\nimportant industry.\\nOne of the earliest advocates of the practice was\\nM. Eeihlen of Stuttgart, Germany. His communica-\\ntions on the subject gave an impetus to a large amount\\nof experimentation and study along this line, both\\namong German and French farmers. The French\\nfarmer, Auguste Goffart, whose name by most writers\\nhas been connected with the origin of silage, in 1877\\npublished his book, Manual of the Culture and Siloing\\nof Maize and other Green Crops, which book is the first\\nmonograph on the subject ever published, and embodies\\nthe experience and results of twenty-five years study\\nof the problem by the author. While Goffart has no\\nclaim to priority in inventing the method of siloing\\ngreen fodders, he perfected and applied it on a large\\nscale, and, in publishing the results of his experience,\\nbrought the subject to the general attention of farmers\\nhe may, therefore, justly be called the Father of Mod-\\nern Silage.\\nThe earliest mention of the subject in the United\\nStates was through accounts of European experience in\\nour agricultural press the first complete description of\\nthe system was given in a paper on The French Mode\\nof Curing Forage, published in the Annual Eeport of\\nthe United States Department of Agriculture for 1875.\\nGoffart s book was translated in 1879, by Mr. J. B.\\nBrown of New York; this translation, as well as Dr.\\nJ. M. Bailey s Book of Ensilage, published in 1880,", "height": "3358", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 9\\nfirst made the subject of silos and silage more generally\\nknown among American farmers, and the system soon\\nfound its enthusiastic followers in the United States.\\nSince that time a wave of silo discussion and silo build-\\ning has spread over the whole continent, and, as a result,\\nwe find to-day silos practically in every State in the\\nUnion, thousands upon thousands being filled each year\\nwith green corn or clover, furnishing farm animals with\\na palatable, succulent feed, not only through the winter\\nand spring, but in dair}^ districts through the whole\\nyear.\\nThe first silo built in the United States is said to\\nbe that erected by Mr. F. Morris of Maryland, in 1876.\\nThe number of silos in this country at the present time\\ncan not be stated with certainty in the absence of of-\\nficial or other reliable statistics on the subject; but\\ncareful estimates which, from the nature of things,\\nare but good guesses place the number at 300,000 or\\nmore. iN ew York, Massachusetts, Penns3dvania, Wis-\\nconsin, and all other States where dairying is an im-\\nportant industry, have numbers ranging from several\\nhundreds up into the thousands. \\\\Ye find silos in Maine\\nand in California, in Washington and in Georgia, in\\nthe North and in the South. They are at the present\\nmost abundant where the dairy industry is of prime\\nimportance; but wherever stock raising is followed we\\nmay, in general, expect to find them. In England, where\\nthe silo was introduced a little later than in the United\\nStates, there were only six silos in 1882; but accord-\\ning to official statistics the number was 600 in 1884,\\n1183 in 1885, 1605 in 1886, and 2694 in 1887. No\\nlater statistics are available. English farmers have the", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "10 INTRODUCTION.\\nreputation of being, and doubtless as a rule are, more\\nconservative in the changing of old methods or in the\\nadoption of new ones than their American cousins; we\\ncan not, therefore, consider the figures given an over-\\nestimate of the present number of silos in the United\\nStates.\\nUnwarranted claims for silage were often made dur-\\ning the early days of the silo movement by enthusiasts\\nin this country and abroad. A German agricultural\\nwriter predicted the day as likely to come when dry\\nhay would be obtainable only in drug stores. While no\\nAmerican writer or S23eaker, to my knowledge, was so\\ncarried away by his enthusiasm, excessive statements\\nand reports were, nevertheless, often indulged in, which\\ncould not stand the light of further experience and\\ninvestigation. The process of siloing forage, as we\\nhave seen, is practically as old as hay-making; but it\\nis only during the last couple of decades that the process\\nhas been systematically studied and perfected. Thanks\\nto the zealous work of the agricultural experiment sta-\\ntions in this and other countries, and to the mass of\\npractical experience accumulated, our store of definite\\nknowledge on the subject has now been greatly en-\\nriched, and many problems previously standing in the\\nway of success have been solved. The siloing of green\\nfodders is no longer an experiment; the results may be\\nforetold with as much certainty as in case of any indus-\\ntry depending on the action of ferments. With our\\npresent knowledge of the subject, we therefore believe\\nthat we can place the silo where it belongs and give it\\nits due importance.\\nThe effort of the author will be to give, in the follow-", "height": "3358", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 11\\ning pages, a plain and accurate account of the most\\nimportant facts in connection with silage, and to furnish\\nthe beginner with such information concerning the\\nbuilding of silos, the making of silage, and its proper\\nfeeding, as will enable him to understand the important\\nfeatures of the method, and to adopt it in his system of\\nfarming.\\nA fe definitions of the terms used in this book may\\nbe in order at this place.\\nIn the modern meaning of the word, a silo signifies\\nany air-tight structure used for the preservation of\\nforage in a succulent condition. The feed taken out\\nof the silo is silage (formerly and originally called\\nensilage). For the process of preserving fodders in a\\nsilo, several verbs are used by writers on agricultural\\ntopics and are given in our standard dictionaries among\\nthese the author prefers the- verb, to silo; we thus silo\\ncorn, clover, etc., and the product is corn silage, clover\\nsilage, etc. The term siloist, a person making and feed-\\ning silage, is occasionally met witli, and has also some-\\ntimes been used in this book. The distinction made by\\nsome writers between silage, the feed, and ensilage, the\\nprocess by which silage is made, is one rarely met with\\noutside of books. By common usage, the prefix en has\\nnow been dropped in ensilage, the term silage having\\nbeen generally adopted by farmers and agricultural\\nwriters.\\nAccording to American custom, the term corn, spoken\\nof in this book, means Indian corn, or maize {Zea\\nMays), and corn silage, silage made from Indian corn;\\nfodder corn means the whole corn plant grown for for-\\nage, and corn fodder or corn sialics {stover), the husked\\nplant grown for the sake of the ears.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "MKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nCHAPTER I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SILAGE CROPS.\\nA. INDIAN CORN.\\nIndian corn is, above all other plants, the main silage\\ncrop in our country, and is likely always to remain so.\\nA book on silage for American farmers is therefore of\\nnecessity largely a description of the preparation of the\\ncorn cr op for the silo, and the feeding thereof. In view\\nof this fact, we shall discuss in the following pages, first\\nof all, the making and feeding of corn silage, and then\\ntake up other silo crops, according to their importance.\\nDevelopment of the Com Platit.\\nIn order to obtain a correct idea of the corn plant, it\\nis necessary to examine its life history somewhat in\\ndetail. A kernel of corn, planted in a sufficiently moist\\nand warm soil, will sprout within four to six days,\\nsending out the radicle, growing downward, and the\\nplumule, from which the different organs of the plant\\ngradually develop. The starch, albuminoids, and ash\\nmaterials in the corn germ, and in the rest of the kernel,\\nfurnish the young plant with nourishment until it is\\nsufficiently developed to draw upon the soil and the air\\nfor the elements required for the upbuilding of its\\nstructure and of the various organs essential to its life\\nand to the reproduction of the species.\\nThe most exhaustive study of the life history of\\nIndian corn has been conducted by the German scien-\\n(13)", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "14\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ntist, Doctor Hornberger (published in 1882). We shall\\nhere briefly give some of the main results of his investi-\\ngation^ bearing directly on the growth of Indian corn\\nfrom the earjy stages till maturity. Analyses were made\\nonce every week; the plaiits analyzed on June 18th w^ere\\n6 to 7 inches high; the last sample w^as taken on Sep-\\ntember 10th, when the corn was almost ripe. The per-\\ncentage composition of the dry matter of the different\\nsamples was shown in the following table.\\nPercentage Composition of Dry Matter of Samples\\nOF Fodder Corn.\\nPer Cent\\nMin-\\nstarch,\\nDate.\\nWater iu\\neral\\nCrude\\nCrude\\nSugar,\\nCrude\\nAm-\\nSamples\\nMatter.\\nProtein.\\nFiber.\\netc.\\nFat.\\nides.\\nJune 18..\\n9.49\\n30.83\\n9.80\\n25..\\n89.27\\n8.45\\n28.17\\n17.82\\n41.67\\n3.19\\n8.05\\nJuly 2..\\n90.27\\n7-74\\n27.21\\n21.06\\n40.72\\n.3.02\\n8.94\\n9..\\n89.30\\n8.35\\n24.90\\n22.78\\n41.04\\n2.29\\n9.40\\n16..\\n89.44\\n8.15\\n22.94\\n23.92\\n43.34\\n2.26\\n8.18\\n23..\\n88.37\\n6.35\\n17.32\\n24.43\\n49.60\\n2.03\\n6.05\\n30..\\n88.09\\n6.02\\n15.14\\n24.95\\n51.41\\n2.07\\n5.26\\nAug. 6..\\n88.25\\n5.58\\n13.12\\n26.23\\n53.23\\n1.55\\n5.05\\n13..\\n88.07\\n5.31\\n12.16\\n26.26\\n54.55\\n1.28\\n4.06\\n20..\\n86.02\\n4.83\\n10.71\\n25.62\\n57.33\\n1.18\\n4.08\\n27..\\n4.72\\n10.45\\n25.19\\n58.15\\n1.05\\n4.57\\nSept. 3..\\n4.30\\n10.08\\n23.37\\n60.45\\n1.43\\n3.89\\n10..\\n80.45\\n4.29\\n9.67\\n22.63\\n61.52\\n1.60\\n2.80\\nWe notice from this table that the composition of\\nthe dry matter of the fodder corn varies greatly with\\nthe season. The young plant is relatively rich in min-\\neral matter, crude protein, amides, and crude fat it is\\nrelatively poor in crude fiber and in nitrogen-free ex-\\ntract (starch, sugar, etc.). The nitrogenous (flesh-\\nforming) constituents predominate in the early stages\\nof growth, and the non-nitrogenous (heat-producing)\\nin the latter stages; the nutritive ratio (i. e., the pro-\\nportion between flesh-forming and heat-producing nut-", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS.\\n15\\nrients), therefore, widens with the development of the\\nplant.\\nThe percentages of water, ash, protein, and amides\\ndecrease, and those of nitrogen-free extract and crude\\nliber increase as the plant grows older. The changes\\noccurring in the composition of plants during their\\ngrowth, in the majority of cases, follow this general\\nhiw; it will, therefore, not be necessary to give results\\nas to the changes in the composition of other silage\\ncrops with increasing age of the plants.\\nConsidering next the total quantities of food materials\\nfound in fodder corn by Hornberger, at the different\\nstages of growth, we have the following table\\nYield of Food Ingredients, in Grams.\\nGreen\\nWt.of\\n1000 1*1 ants Contained\\nCrude\\nStarch\\nDATE.\\none\\nDry\\nAsh.\\nProtein\\nCrude\\nSugar\\nCrude\\nAm-\\nplant.\\nMatter.\\nFiber.\\netc.\\nFat.\\nides.\\nJune 18.\\n.10\\n.50\\n14.8\\n42.6\\n48.1\\n142\\n15.3\\n25...\\n4.7\\n89.8\\n210\\n16.1\\n40.6\\nJuly 2...\\n21\\n2.1\\n161\\n566\\n438\\n847\\n63.8\\n186\\n9...\\n39\\n4.1\\n343\\n1020\\n933\\n1681\\n94.\\n385\\n16...\\n78\\n8.3\\n674\\n1898\\n1896\\n3585\\n187\\n677\\n23...\\n161\\n18.8\\n1190\\n3349\\n4581\\n9301\\n380\\n1136\\n30...\\n276\\n33.8\\n1978\\n4972\\n8194\\n16884\\n679\\n1737\\nAug. 6...\\n468\\n55.0\\n3069\\n7215\\n14430\\n29266\\n851\\n3780\\n13...\\n565\\n67.4\\n3576\\n8192\\n17692\\n36746\\n865\\n2735\\n20...\\n591\\n82.6\\n8991\\n8848\\n21164\\n47357\\n974\\n3369\\n27...\\n108.7\\n121.2\\n5131\\n5215\\n11369\\n12218\\n27394\\n38311\\n63233\\n73247\\n1143\\n1739\\n4970\\nSept. 3...\\n4722\\n10...\\neii\\n119.4\\n5120\\n11554\\n37033\\n73473\\n1906\\n3345\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a01,000 grams equal 2.2 lbs. avoirdupois.\\nProfessor Ladd, in 1889, in a very exhaustive study\\nof the corn plant, analyzed fodder corn cut at five dif-\\nferent stages of growth, from full tasseling to maturity.\\nThe results obtained will nicely supplement the pre-\\nceding data.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "16\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nChemical Changes in the Corn Crop.\\nYield per Acre.\\nGross Weight\\nWater in Crop\\nDry Matter\\nAsh\\nCrude Protein\\nCrude Fiber\\nNitrogen-free Extract\\n(starch, sugar, etc).\\nCrude Fat\\nTas-\\nseled,\\nJuly 30,\\nPounds\\n18045\\n16436\\n1619\\n138.9\\n239.8\\n514.2\\n653.9\\n72 9.\\nSilked,\\nAug. 9.\\nPounds\\n25745\\n22666\\n3078\\n201.3\\n436.8\\n872.9\\n1399.3\\n167.8\\nMilk,\\nAug. 21\\nPounds\\n32600\\n27957\\n4643\\n232.2\\n478.7\\n1262.0\\n2441.3\\n228.9\\nGlazed,\\nSept. 7\\nPounds\\n32295\\n25093\\n7202\\n302.5\\n643.9\\n1755.9\\n4239.8\\n260.0\\nRipe,\\nSept. 23\\nPounds\\n28460\\n20542\\n7918\\n364.2\\n677.8\\n1734.0\\n4827.6\\n314.3\\nThe data given in the preceding tables show how\\nrapidly the yield of food materials increases with the\\nadvancing age of the corn and also that the increase\\nduring the later stages of growth comes largely on the\\nnitrogen-free extract (starch, sugar, etc.). A number\\nof American experiment stations have determined the\\nincrease during the stages previous to maturity, with\\nthe average results shown in the following computa-\\ntion:\\nIncrease in Food Ingredients from Tasseling to\\nRipeness.\\nVariety.\\nStage of Maturity.\\nGain iu per cent\\nbetween first and\\nlast cutting:.\\nExperiment\\nStation.\\nFirst\\nCutting.\\nLast\\nCutting.\\nt- o\\nOQ\\n63\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2eg\\nCornell,N.Y.\\nGeneva, N.Y.\\nNew Hamp.\\nPennsylvania\\nVermont.\\nPride of the\\nNorth\\nPride of the\\nNorth\\nKing Philip.\\nAv. of 4Var.\\nAv.of lOVar.\\nAv.of 2Var.\\nBloom\\nTasseled\\nBloom\\nMature\\nNearly\\nmature\\nMature\\nGlazed\\nMature\\nGlazed\\n150\\n217\\n389\\n112\\n155\\n122\\n204\\n90\\n134\\n183\\n50\\n50\\n81\\n129\\n374\\n335\\n84\\n169\\n300\\n462\\n130\\nAverages of\\nall trials\\n193\\n98\\n230\\n265", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS.\\n1-^\\nWe thus find that the largest amount of food materials\\nin the corn crop is not obtained until the corn is well\\nripened. When a corn plant has reached its total\\ngrowth in height it has, as shown by the results given\\nin the last table, attained only one-third to one-half\\nthe weight of dry matter it will gain if left to grow to\\nmaturity hence we see the wisdom of postponing cut-\\nting the corn for the silo, as in general for forage pur-\\nposes, until late in the season.\\nThe tables given in the preceding, and our discussion\\nso far, have taken into account the total, and not the\\ndigestible components of the corn. Early German di-\\ngestion work goes to show that the digestibility of plants\\ndecreases as they grow older; the following average\\ndigestion coefficients for green corn, obtained in Ameri-\\ncan digestion experiments, embody all work done by\\nour experiment stations on this point up to date; the\\ncomputation is made by Professor Lindsey of Massa-\\nchusetts experiment station.\\nDigestion Coefpicientb for Green Dent Fodder Corn.\\nStacks op Growth\\nImmature\\nIn milk\\nGlazing\\nMature\\nJSo. of\\nDry\\nCrude\\nCrude\\nN-free\\nTrials.\\nMAtter.\\nProtein\\nFiber.\\nExtract\\n11\\n68\\n66\\n67\\n71\\n9\\n70\\n61\\n64\\n76\\n9\\n67\\n54\\n51\\n75\\n4\\n65\\n51\\n55\\n72\\nEther\\nExtract\\n68\\n78\\n78\\n73\\nIt will be noticed that there is a slight decrease in\\nthe digestibility of the dry matter and a marked de-\\ncrease in that of crude protein and crude fiber with the\\ngreater maturity of the fodder. The preceding trials", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "18 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nwere made with different lots of fodder, so that they can\\nonly be compared on account of the fairly large number\\nof trials made in each group.\\nEesults of other trials corroborate the conclusion\\ndrawn that older plants are somewhat less digestible\\nthan young plants. There is, however, no such dif-\\nference in the digestibility of the total dry matter or\\nits components as is found in the total quantities ob-\\ntained from plants at the different stages of growth,\\nand the total yields of digestible matter in the corn will\\ntherefore be greater at maturity, or directly before this\\ntime, than at any earlier stage of growth. Hence we\\nfind that the general practice of cutting corn for the\\nsilo at the time when the corn is in the roasting stage,\\nis good science and in accord with our best knowledge\\non the subject.\\nAnother reason why cutting at a late period of\\ngrowth is preferable in siloing corn is found in the fact\\nthat the quality of the silage made from such corn is,\\nas we shall see later on, greatly better than that ob-\\ntained from green immature corn.\\nVarieties of Com to be Planted for the Silo.\\nThe varieties to be planted for the silo must differ\\naccording to local conditions of climate, soil, etc. The\\nideal silage corn, according to Shelton, is a variety hav-\\ning a tall, slender, short-jointed stalk, well eared, and\\nbearing an abundance of foliage. The leaves and ears\\nshould make up a large percentage of the total weight,\\nand the yield per acre should be heavy. The lower\\nleaves should keep green until the crop is ready to har-", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS. 19\\nvest, and it is desirable to have the plant stool well and\\nthrovv^ out tall grain-bearing suckers. A silage variety\\nshould mature late, the later the better, so long as it\\nonly matures, as a long-growing, late-maturing sort\\nwill furnish much more feed from a given area than\\none that ripens early.\\nIn the early stages of siloing corn, in our country,\\nthe effort was to obtain an immense yield of fodder\\nper acre, no matter whether the corn ripened or not.\\nI^arge yields were, doubtless, often obtained with these\\nbig varieties, although I doubt that the actual yields\\never came up to the claims made. Bailey s Mammoth\\nEnsilage Corn, if planted upon good corn land, in good\\ncondition, well matured, with proper cultivation, was\\nguaranteed to produce from forty to seventy -five tons\\nof green fodder to the acre, just right for ensilage.\\nWe now know that the immense Southern varieties of\\ncorn, when grown to an immature stage, as must neces-\\nsarily be the case in Northern States, may contain less\\nthan ten per cent of dry matter, the rest, more than\\nnine-tenths of the total weight, being made up of\\nwater. This is certainly a remarkable fact, when we\\nremember that skim-milk, even when obtained by the\\nseparator process, will contain nearly ten per cent of\\nsolid matter.\\nIn speaking of corn planted so as to be cut for forage\\nat an immature stage. Professor Eobertson of Canada\\nsaid at a Wisconsin Farmers Institute, Fodder corn\\nsowed broadcast does not meet the needs of milking\\ncows. Such a fodder is mainly a device of a thought-\\nless farmer to fool his cows into believing that they have", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "20\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nbeen fed, when they have only been filled up. The\\nsame applies with equal strength to the use of large,\\nimmature Southern varieties for fodder, or for the silo,\\nin Northern States.\\nIn comparative variety tests with corn in the North,\\nSouthern varieties have usually been found to furnish\\nlarger quantities per acre of both green fodder and total\\ndry matter in the fodder, than the smaller Northern\\nvarieties. As an average of seven culture trials. Pro-\\nfessor Jordan thus obtained the following results at the\\nMaine experiment station.\\nComparative Yields of Southern Corn and Maine\\nField Corn as Grown in Maine, 1888-1893.\\nSouthern Corn.\\nMaine Field Corn.\\nDry\\nSubstance.\\nDigestible\\nMatter.\\nDry\\nSubstance.\\nDigestible\\nMatter.\\nPer\\nCent.\\nLbs.\\nPer\\nCt.\\nLbs.\\nPer\\nCent.\\nLbs.\\nPer\\nCt.\\nLbs.\\nMaximum\\nMinimum\\nAverage\\n46,340\\n26,295\\n34,761\\n16.58\\n12.30\\n14.50\\n6,237\\n3,234\\n5,036\\n69\\n61\\n65\\n3,923\\n2,102\\n3,251\\n29,400\\n14,212\\n22,269\\n25.43\\n13.55\\n18.75\\n7,064\\n2.415\\n4,224\\n78\\n70\\n72\\n4,945\\n1,715\\n3,076\\nIt will be noticed that the average percentage digesti-\\nbility of the dry substance is 65 per cent for the South-\\nern corn, and 72 per cent for the Maine field corn, all\\nthe results obtained for the former varieties being lower\\nthan those obtained for the latter. It is of importance\\nto examine the detailed results of digestion experiments\\nwith these two kinds of fodder. The average digestion\\ncoefficients obtained in trials at the Maine station are\\nas follows.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS.\\n21\\nComparative Digestibility of Varieties of Corn\\nGrown Under Similar Conditions.\\ns\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2So\\nrSfl\\n7\\nSPh\\no\\n76.5\\n71.0\\n5.5\\n75.5\\n65.2\\n10.3\\nField Fodder Corn and Sil-\\nage, 7 samples, 17 trials\\nSouthern Fodder Corn and\\nSilage, 5 samples, 12 trials\\n72. S\\n64.6\\n74.6\\n66.5\\n36.8\\n39.7\\n65.1\\n59.6\\n74.9\\n66.3\\nDifference in favor of field\\ncorn\\n7.-;\\n8.1\\n5.5\\n8.6\\nAs a result of the lower digestion coefficients for the\\nSouthern varieties, the difference in the yield of diges-\\ntible matter the real important factor to be consid-\\nered is less marked. While the general result for the\\nfive years is slightly in favor of the Southern varieties,\\nas far as the yield of digestible matter is concerned,\\nthe fact should not be lost sight of, as called attention\\nto by Professor Jordan, that an average of 6 J tons\\nmore of material has annually to be handled over sev-\\neral times, in case of these varieties of corn, in order\\nto gain 175 pounds more of digestible matter per acre;\\nwe therefore conclude that the smaller, less watery\\nvariety of corn really proved the more profitable.\\nAt other Northern stations similar results, or results\\nmore favorable to the Northern varieties, have been\\nobtained, showing that the modern practice of growing\\nonly such corn for the silo as will mature in the par-\\nticular locality of each farmer, is borne out by the\\nresults of careful culture tests.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "32 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE\\nMethods of Planting Corn.\\nThickness of Planting.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The thicker the stand of\\na crop, the larger the proportion of stalks and foliage\\nto grain; with corn we thus find that thin planting will\\nproduce perfect plants, with well-developed, large ears,\\nwhile close planting will produce much fodder and only\\nfew ears, a large proportion of which will be nubbins.\\nThe reason for this will be easily understood at a mo-\\nment s reflection: Plants need a great deal of light,\\nheat, and moisture to reach perfect development. Where\\nthe stand is too thick, one plant will shade another, and\\nthe supply of sunshine and moisture (in our climate\\nperhaps particularly the latter) will be insufficient to\\nbring each plant further than to the formation of rich\\nfoliage and a small proportion of ears of an imperfect\\nsize the greater part of the food materials of the plant\\nelaborated will, therefore, in this case, remain in the\\nstalks and foliage. In planting corn for the silo we\\nwant the largest quantities of food materials that the\\nland is capable of producing. This, evidently, can be\\nobtained by a medium thickness of planting. If too\\nthin or too thick planting be practiced, the total yields\\nof food materials obtained will be decreased in the\\nformer case, because of the small stand of plants; in\\nthe latter, because of insufficiency of light, moisture,\\nand other conditions necessary to bring the plants for-\\nward to full growth.\\nA single experiment may be given to show the effect\\nof the distance of planting on the quantity and quality\\nof the corn crop. White dent corn was planted on six\\none-twentieth-acre plats at the Connecticut experiment\\nstation, as follows: One, two, and four stalks every", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS.\\n23\\nfour feet in the row, and two, four, and eight stalks\\nto the foot. The following yields of cured fodder and\\ndry matter were obtained from the different plats.\\nYield op Field-cured Crop.\\nDistance op Planting.\\nGross\\nDry\\nMatter.\\nWater-free Substance in\\nCU\\nWeight\\nKernels\\nCobs.\\nstover.\\nA\\nB\\nC\\nD\\nE\\nF\\nOne Stalk in four feet.\\nTwo stalks in four feet.\\nFour stalks in four feet.\\nTwo stalks to one foot.\\nFour stalks to one foot.\\nEight stalks to one foot.\\nlbs.\\n168.0\\n320.0\\n457.5\\n491.0\\n522.0\\n532.0\\nlbs.\\n104.3\\n201.6\\n307.2\\n317.6\\n297.2\\n260.3\\nlbs.\\n50.5\\n102.2\\n145.3\\n105.4\\n70.4\\n48.4\\nlbs.\\n11.8\\n20.4\\n32.1\\n21.1\\n19.1\\n13.5\\nlbs.\\n42.0\\n79.0\\n129.8\\n191.1\\n207.7\\n198.4\\nThe highest yield of the field-cured crop was ob-\\ntained with the thickest planting, while most dr} mat-\\nter was obtained by growing two stalks to a foot. The\\nhighest yield of water-free kernels was at one stalk to a\\nfoot, and of stover at four stalks to a foot. The fol-\\nlowing table shows the proportions of kernels, cobs,\\nand stover in the different plats.\\nProportion of Kernel, Cobs, and Stover in Corn Crop,\\nIN Per Cent.\\nDistance op Planting.\\nKernels\\nCobs.\\nStover.\\nWater\\nContent oi\\nCrop.\\nOne stalk in four feet\\nTwo stalks in foar feet\\nFour stalks in four feet\\nTwo stalks to one foot\\n48.4\\n50.7\\n47.3\\n33.1\\n24.0\\n18.6\\n11.3\\n10.1\\n10.4\\n6.6\\n6.4\\n5.1\\n40.3\\n39.2\\n42.3\\n60.3\\n69.6\\n76.3\\n37.9\\n37.1\\n32.9\\n35.3\\nFour stalks to one foot\\nEight stalks to one foot\\n43.1\\n51.0\\nWe notice that the water content of the field-cured\\ncrop increased as the distance of planting decreased;\\nthat is, thicker seeding gave more watery fodder.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "24\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nThe fact that thin seeding favors the perfection of\\nwell-developed, strong plants is illustrated by the fol-\\nlowing results, obtained in the same experiments, show-\\ning the yields of different parts of the corn plant from\\n1,000 seed kernels for each of the distances named.\\nYields of Different Parts of Corn Plant from 1,000\\nSeed Kernels, in Pounds.\\ncured\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2op.\\nWater-free Substance.\\nDistance op Planting.\\naa\\nSO\\n0)\\nO\\no\\n3\\no\\nf^\\nM\\nO\\nCO\\nH\\nOne stalk in four feet\\n1,23G\\n371\\n87\\n309\\n767\\nTwo stalks in four feet.\\n1176\\n37G\\n75\\n290\\n741\\nFour stalks in four feet.\\n841\\n267\\n59\\n239\\n565\\nTwo stalks to one foot.\\n451\\n97\\n19\\n176\\n292\\nFour stalks to one foot.\\n239\\n32\\n9\\n96\\n137\\nEight stalks to one foot.\\n122\\n11\\n3\\n46\\n60\\nIt would not be safe to conclude that similar results\\nas those given in the table would be obtained in all\\nkinds of soils and seasons. The number of plants which\\ncan be brought to perfect development on a certain\\npiece of land depends upon the state of fertility of the\\nland, the character of the season and other factors, and\\nis therefore subject to considerable variations. The re-\\nsults given in the table plainly show, however, that the\\npractice to be followed in planting Indian corn for fod-\\nder must differ from that used in planting for ear corn.\\nThe distance in planting corn for the sake of the grain,\\ndiffers greatly in different localities. The old Indian\\nv/ay of planting in hills, four feet both ways, dropping\\nfour to five kernels in each hill, has been followed gen-\\nerally in the corn belt. In the New England States corn", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS. 25\\niS;, according to Professor Morrow, usually planted in\\nhills three feet apart, with three kernels to the hill,\\nwhile in some Southern States it is planted in hills five\\nfeet apart, with only one stalk in the hill. The ordinary\\nSouthern practice is, I believe, to plant in rows three to\\nfour feet apart, wdth stalks every twelve to eighteen\\ninches in the rows. These methods will secure a large\\nproportion of perfect ears, but not the maximum crop\\nof dry matter and its constituents in the total plant,\\nwhich is wanted in growing corn for the silo. Numerous\\nexperiments have shown that under ordinary conditions\\nin our country, better results in this direction may be\\nobtained by planting the corn in hills three or even two\\nfeet apart, or in drills three or four feet apart, with\\nplants six to eight inches apart in the row. We find\\nthat the practice of our best farmers is in accordance\\nwith the teachings of these experiments. In growing\\ncorn for the silo, it is therefore generally recommended\\nto plant in hills or drills in the manner mentioned,\\nwhich Avill give about a square foot of ground to each\\ncorn plant.\\nSince the conditions of moisture, temperature, and\\nfertility of the land, as well as other factors influencing\\nthe growth of crops, are not exactly alike in any two\\nsucceeding years, it is evident that any definite practice\\nof thickness of planting adopted will not necessarily\\nproduce the best results every year, but such a practice\\nshould be followed as will be apt to produce the best\\naverage results for a number of years in each particular\\nlocality.\\nPlanting in Hills or in Drills. Experiments\\nconducted at a number of experiment stations teach us", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "26 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nthat it makes little if any difference, so far as the yield\\nobtained is concerned, whether the corn be planted in\\nhills or in drills, when the land is kept free from weeds\\nin both cases. The yield seems more dependent on the\\nnumber of plants growing on a certain area of land\\nthan on the arrangements of planting the corn. Hills\\nfour feet each way, with four stalks to the hill, will thus\\nusually give about the same yields as hills two feet\\napart, with two stalks in the hill, or drills four feet\\napart, with stalks one foot apart in the row, etc. The\\nquestion of planting corn in hills or in drills is there-\\nfore largely one of greater or less labor in keeping the\\nland free from weeds by the two methods. This will\\ndepend on the character of the land; where the land is\\nuneven, and check-rowing of the corn difficult, or when\\nthe land is free from weeds, drill planting is preferable\\nwhile, conversely, on large level fields, as on our Western\\nprairies, the corn may more easily and cheaply be kept\\nfree from weeds if planted in hills and check-rowed.\\nWhen the corn is to be cut with a corn harvester or\\nwith a sled cutter, it should be planted in drills, so as to\\nfacilitate the cutting.\\nSowing Corn Broadcast. Corn should be planted\\nin hills or drills, and not broadcast. The objection to\\nsowing corn broadcast is that the land cannot be kept\\nfree from weeds in this case, except by hand labor that\\nmore seed is required, and that plants will shade one\\nanother, and therefore not reach full development, from\\nlack of sufficient sunshine and moisture. As a result,\\nthe yield will be greatly diminished. In an experiment\\nconducted at the Geneva CM. Y.) experiment station in\\n1889, the average yield of green fodder per acre from", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS. 27\\nKing Philip corn was 12,780 lbs., against 14,077 lbs.\\nand 16,967 lbs., for drills and hills, respectively; the\\naverage weights of single plants were Broadcast, 0.73\\nlbs.; drills, 1.06 lbs.; hills, 1.24 lbs.; the average num-\\nber of quarts of seed per acre used was 25 1-3, 14 4-9,\\nand 10 2-9 quarts, for broadcast, drills, and hills, re-\\nspectively.\\nPreparation of Com Laud.\\nCorn will give best results coming after clover. The\\npreparation of the land for growing corn is the same\\nwhether ear corn or forage is the object. Land intended\\nfor corn should be in good condition; in fact, it can\\nhardly be too rich. Fall plowing is practiced by many\\nsuccessful corn growers. The seed is planted on care-\\nfully prepared ground at such a time as convenient\\nand advisable. Other things being equal, the earlier\\nthe planting the better. The early crop may fail, but\\nthe late crop is almost sure to fail. After planting,\\nthe soil should be kept pulverized and thoroughly cul-\\ntivated. Shallow cultivation will ordinarily give better\\nresults than deep cultivation, as the former method suf-\\nfices to destroy the weeds and to preserve the soil mois-\\nture, which are the essential points sought in cultivat-\\ning crops. The cultivation should be no more frequent\\nthan is necessary for the complete eradication of weeds.\\nIt has been found that the yield of corn may be de-\\ncreased by too frequent, as well as by insufficient, culti-\\nvation. The general rule may be given to cultivate as\\noften, but no oftener, than is necessary to kill the weeds,\\nor to keep the soil pulverized. In the majority of cases\\none cultivation a week until the corn shades the ground\\nwill be found sufficient.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "28 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nB. CLOVER.\\nClover is second to Indian corn in importance as a\\nsilage crop. We are but beginning to appreciate the\\nvalue of clover in modern agriculture. It has been\\nshown that the legumes^, the family to which clover\\nbelongs, are the only common forage plants able to fix\\nthe free nitrogen of the air; that is, convert it into\\ncompounds that may be utilized for the nutrition of\\nanimals. Clover and other legumes, therefore, draw\\nlargely on the air for the most expensive and valuable\\nfertilizing ingredient, nitrogen, and for this reason,\\nas well as on account of their deep roots, which bring\\nfertilizing elements up near the surface, they enrich\\nthe land upon which they grow. Being a more nitro-\\ngenous feed than corn or the grasses, clover supplies a\\ngood deal of the protein compounds (flesh-forming\\nsubstances) required by farm animals for the mainte-\\nnance of their bodies and for the production of milk,\\nwool, or meat. By feeding clover, a smaller purchase of\\nhigh-priced concentrated feed stuffs, like flour- or oil-\\nmill refuse products, is therefore rendered necessary\\nthan when corn is fed, and on account of its high fer-\\ntilizing value it enables the farmer feeding it to keep up\\nthe fertility of his land.\\nWhen properly made, clover silage is an ideal\\nfeed for nearly all kinds of stock. Aside from\\nits higher protein content it has an advantage\\nover corn silage in point of lower cost of produc-\\ntion. The late A. F. Noyes, of Dodge County, Wis.,\\nwho siloed 1200 tons of clover during his last eight\\nyears, estimated the cost of one ton of clover silage at\\n70 cents to $1, against $1 to $1.25 per ton of corn silage.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS.\\n^d\\nHis average yields per acre of green clover were about\\ntwelve tons.\\nClover silage is superior to clover hay on account of\\nits succulence and greater palatability, as well as its\\nhigher feeding value. The last-mentioned point is\\nmainly due to the fact that all the parts of the clover\\nplant are preserved in the silo, with a small unavoidable\\nloss in fermentation, while in hay-making, leaves and\\ntender parts, which contain about two-thirds of the pro-\\ntein compounds, are often largely lost by abrasion.\\nIn spite of the fact that there have been many failures\\nin the past in siloing clover, it may easily and cheaply be\\nplaced in a silo and preserved in a perfect condition.\\nThe failures reported are largely due to a faulty con-\\nstruction of the silo. Clover does not pack as well as\\nthe heavy green corn, and therefore requires weighting,\\nor greater depth in the silo, in order to sufficiently ex-\\nclude the air.\\nTime to Cut Clover for the Silo. The yield of\\nfood materials obtained from clover at different stages\\nof growth has been studied by a number of scientists.\\nThe following table giving the results of an investiga-\\ntion conducted by Professor Atwater will show the total\\nquantities of food materials secured at four different\\nstages of growth of red clover.\\nYield per Acre of Red Clover in Pounds.\\nStage of\\nCutting.\\nGreen\\nWeight.\\nDry\\nMatter.\\nCrude\\nProtein\\nCrude\\nFiber.\\nN-free\\nExtract\\nCrude\\nFat.\\nAsh.\\nJust before\\nbloom\\nFull bloom\\nNearly out of\\nbloom\\nNearly ripe\\n3,570\\n3,650\\n4,960\\n3,910\\n1,385\\n1,401\\n1,750\\n1.523\\n198\\n189\\n230\\n158\\n384\\n390\\n528\\n484\\n664\\n682\\n837\\n746\\n24\\n33\\n31\\n36\\n115\\n107\\n129\\n99", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "30 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nProfessor Hunt obtained 3,600 pounds of hay per acre\\nfrom clover cut in full bloom, and 3,260 pounds when\\nthree-fourths of the heads were dead. The yields of dry\\nmatter in the two cases were 2,526 pounds, and 2,427\\npounds, resjDectively. All components, except crude\\nfiber, yielded less per acre in the second cutting. Jor-\\ndan found the same result, comparing the yields and\\ncomposition of clover cut when in bloom, some heads\\ndead, and heads all dead, the earliest cutting giving\\nthe maximum yield of dry matter, and of all compon-\\nents except crude fiber.\\nThe common practice of farmers is to cut clover for\\nthe silo when in full bloom, or when the first single\\nheads are beginning to wilt, that is, when right for hay\\nmaking, and we notice that the teachings of the investi-\\ngations made are in conformity with this practice.\\nC. OTHER SILAGE CROPS.\\nA large number of crops, besides corn and clover,\\nhave been siloed successfully in this and other coun-\\ntries. All are, however, of less general importance as\\nsilage crops, compared with these, being cut for the silo\\nonly in certain localities, or occasionally and in small\\nquantities, as a matter of experiment.\\nWe shall in the following give a brief mention of the\\nmain crops adapted for siloing purposes, aside from the\\ntwo crops already mentioned.\\nAlfalfa (lucern) is the great coarse forage plant of\\nthe West, and in irrigated districts will yield more food\\nmaterials per acre of land than perhaps any other crop.\\nThree to four cuttings, each yielding a ton to a ton and\\na half of hay, are common in these regions, and the", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS. 31\\nyields obtained are often much higher. While the\\nlarge bulk of the crop is cured as ha}^, alfalfa is also\\nof considerable importance as a silage crop in dairy\\nsections of the Western States. As with red clover, re-\\nports of failure in siloing alfalfa are on record, but first-\\nclass alfalfa silage can be readily made in deep, modern\\nsilos, when the crop is cut when in full bloom. In the\\nopinion of dairymen who have had large experience in\\nsiloing alfalfa, sweet alfalfa silage is more easily made\\nthan good alfalfa hay.\\nWhat has been said in regard to the siloing of clover\\nrefers to alfalfa as well. Alfalfa silage compares favor-\\nably with clover silage, both in chemical composition\\nand in feeding value. It is richer in flesh-forming sub-\\nstances (protein) than clover silage, or any other kind of\\nsilage, and makes a most valuable feed for farm animals,\\nespecially young stock and dairy cows.\\nSorghum is sometimes siloed in the Western and\\nMiddle States. It is sown in drills, 3J inches apart,\\nwith a stalk every six to ten inches in the row, and is\\ncut when the kernels are in the dough stage, or before.\\nAccording to Shelton, the medium-growing saccharine\\nand non-saccharine sorghums are all excellent silage\\nmaterials. The sorghums are less liable to damage by\\ninsects than corn, and they remain green far into the\\nfall, so that the work of filling the silo may be carried\\non long after the corn is ripe and the stalks all dried\\nup. The yield per acre of green sorghum will often\\nreach 20 tons, or one-half as much again as a good crop\\nof corn. These considerations lead Professor Shelton\\nto pronounce sorghum greatly superior to corn as silage", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "32 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nmaterials, in Kansas, and generally throughout the\\nCentral Western States.\\nIn Southern States, pea vines, soja bean, teosinte,\\nand chicken corn are occasionally siloed.\\nCow peas are to the South what alfalfa is to the\\nWest, and Mdien properly handled, both crops make\\nexcellent and most valuable silage. The cow peas are\\nsown early in the season, either broadcast, about IJ\\nbushels to the acre and turned under with a one-horse\\nturning plow, or drilled in rows about two feet apart.\\nThey are cut with a mower when one-half or more of\\nthe peas on the vines are fully ripe, and are immediately\\nraked in windrows and hauled to the silo where they\\nare run through a feed cutter and cut into inch lengths.\\nInstead of placing cow peas only in the silo, alternate\\nloads of cow peas and corn may be cut and filled into the\\nsilo, which will make a very satisfactory mixed silage.\\nThe cut vines, or vines and corn, are carefully leveled off\\nand trampled down in the silo, and about a foot cover\\nof green corn, straw or cotton seed hulls placed on top\\nof the siloed mass. It is safest to wet the cover thor-\\noughly with about two gallons of water per square foot\\nof surface. This will seal the siloed mass thoroughly\\nand will prevent the air from working in from the\\nsurface and spoil a considerable depth of the top silage.\\nCow-pea silage is greatly relished by farm animals\\nafter they once become accustomed to its peculiar fia vor\\nfarmers who have had considerable practical experience\\nin feeding this silage are of the opinion that cow-pea\\nsilage has no equal as a food for cows and sheep. It is\\nalso a good hog food, and for all these animals is con-\\nsidered greatly superior to pea-vine hay. In feeding", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS. 33\\nexperiments at the Delaware experiment station 6\\npounds of pea-vine silage fully took the place of 1\\npound of wheat bran, and the product of one acre was\\nfound equivalent to two tons of bran.\\nSoja leans (soy beans) are another valuable silage\\ncrop. According to the U. S. Department of Agricul-\\nture the soy bean is highly nutritive, gives a heavy\\nyield, and is easily cultivated. The vigorous late varie-\\nties are well adapted for silage. The crop is frequently\\nsiloed with corn (2 parts of the latter to 1 of the form-\\ner), and like other legumes it improves the silage by\\ntending to counteract the acid reaction of corn silage.\\nProfessor Eobertson of Canada has recommended the\\nRobertson Ensilage Jfixtnre for the silo; it is made\\nup of cut Indian corn, sunflower seed heads, and horse\\nbeans in the proportion of 1 acre corn, -J acre horse-\\nbeans, and J acre sunflowers. The principle back of this\\npractice is to furnish a feed richer in flesh-forming\\nsubstances (protein) than corn, and thus avoid the\\npurchase of large quantities of expensive protein foods\\nlike bran, oil meal, etc. Feeding experiments con-\\nducted with the Robertson Silage Mixture for cows at\\nseveral of our experiment stations have given very sat-\\nisfactory results, and have shown that this silage mix-\\nture can be partly substituted for the grain ration of\\nmilch cows, without causing loss of flesh or lessening\\nthe production of milk or fat. Fifteen pounds of this\\nsilage may be considered equivalent to three to four\\npounds of grain feeds.\\nIn N orthern Europe, especially in England, and in\\nthe Scandinavian countries, meadow grass and after-\\nmath (rowen) are usually siloed; in England, at the", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "34 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\npresent time, largely in stacks; in the sugar-beet dis-\\ntricts of Germany and Central Europe, diffusion chips\\nand beet tops are preserved in silos in large quantities.\\nIn districts near sugar beet factories, where sugar-\\nheet pulp can be obtained in large quantities and at a\\ntrifling cost, stock feeders and dairymea have a most\\nvaluable aid in preserving the pulp in the silo. As the\\npulp is taken from the factory it contains about 90 per\\ncent of water. The pulp packs well in the silo, being\\nheavy, finely divided and homogeneous, and a more\\nshallow silo can therefore be safely used in making pulp\\nsilage than if^ required in siloing corn, and especially\\nclover and other crops of similar character. If pulp is\\nsiloed with other fodder crops, it is preferably placed\\nuppermost, for the reason stated. Beet tops and pulp\\nmay also be siloed in alternate layers in pits 3-4 feet\\ndeep^ and covered with boards ajid a layer of dirt.\\nBeet-pulp silage is relatively rich in protein and\\nlow in ash and carbo-hydrates (nutr. ratio 1:5.7). Its\\nfeeding value is equal to about half that of corn silage.\\nOccasional mention has furthermore been made in\\nour agricultural literature of the siloing of a large num-\\nber of plants, or products, like vetches, small grains\\n(cut green), cabbage leaves, sugar beets, potatoes, potato\\nleaves, turnips, brewers grains, apple pomace, twigs and\\nleaves, and hop vines; even fern (brake), thistles, and\\nordinary weeds have been made into silage, and used\\nwith more or less success as food for farm animals.\\nAt a recent convention of the Cal. Dairy Association,\\nthe president, Mr. A. P. Martin, stated that the best\\nsilage he ever made, besides corn, was made of weeds.\\nA piece of wheat which was sowed early, Avas drowned", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "SILAGE CROPS. 35\\nout, and the field came up with tar weed and sorrel.\\nThis was made into silage, and when fed to milch cows,\\nproduced most satisfactory results.\\nAlvord says that a silo may be found a handy and\\nprofitable thing to have on a farm even if silage crops\\nare not regularly raised to fill it. There are always\\nwaste products, green or half-dry, with coarse mate-\\nrials like swale hay, that are generally used for com-\\npost or bedding, which may be made into palatable\\nsilage. A mixture, in equal parts, of rag-weed, swamp\\ngrass or swale hay, old corn stalks or straw, and second-\\ncrop green clover, nearly three-fourths of which would\\notherwise be almost useless, will make a superior silage,\\nsurprising to those who have never tried it.\\nThe following description of the contents filled into a\\nNew York silo, which was used as a sort of catch-all,\\nis given by the same writer: 1, 18 in. deep of green\\noats 2, 6 in. of red clover 3, 6 in. of Canada field peas\\n4, 3 in. of brewers grains; 5, 2 feet of whole corn plants,\\nsowed broadcast, and more rag- weed than corn; 6, 5 in.\\nof second-crop grass; 7, 12 in. of sorghum; 8, a lot of\\ninimature corn cut in short lengths. The silage came\\nout pretty acid, but good forage, all eaten up clean.\\nA peculiar use of the silo is reported from California,\\nviz., for rendering foxtail in alfalfa fields harmless in\\nfeeding cattle. The foxtail which almost takes the first\\ncrop of alfalfa in many parts of California, is a nutri-\\ntious grass, but on account of its beards, is dangerous\\nto feed. By siloing the crop the grass is said\\nto be rendered perfectly harmless; the alfalfa-fox-\\ntail silage thus obtained is eaten by stock with great\\nrelish and without any injurious effects.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SILOS.\\nGENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.\\nSeveral important points have to be observed in\\nbuilding silos. First of all, the silo must he air-tight.\\nThe process of siloing fodders is largely a series of fer-\\nmentation processes. Bacteria (minute plants or\\ngerms), which are practically omnipresent, pass into\\nthe silo with the corn or the siloed fodder, and, after\\na short time, perhaps at once, begin to grow and\\nmultiply in it, favored by the presence of air and an\\nabundance of food materials in the fodder. The activ-\\nity of the bacteria is soon discernible through tlie heat-\\ning of the mass and the formation of acid in the fodder.\\nThe more air at the disposal of the bacteria, the further\\nthe fermentation processes will progress. If a supply\\nof air is admitted to the silo from the outside, the bac-\\nteria will have a chance to continue to grow, and more\\nfodder will therefore be wasted. If a large amount of\\nair be admitted, as is usually the case with the top\\nlayer of silage, the fermentation processes will be more\\nfar-reaching than is usually the case in the lower layers\\nof the silo. Putrefactive bacteria will then continue the\\nwork of the acid-bacteria, and the result will be rotten\\nsilage. If no further supply of air is at hand, except\\nwhat remains in the interstices between the siloed fod-\\nder, the bacteria will gradually die out, or only such\\n(36)", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 37\\nforms will survive as are able to grow in the absence\\nof the oxygen of the air.\\nThe biology of silage has received but very little\\nattention from our scientists up to the present time,\\nand we do not know which forms of bacteria are favor-\\nable, and which are unfavorable to the proper run of\\nthe siloing process, or in how far the making of silage is\\ndej)endent on bacterial action, and how far on the nat-\\nural dying-off of the plant tissues {intermolecular res-\\npiration), or how many of the various conditions of silo-\\ning affect the final result. We know this, however, that\\nno silage fit to be eaten can be made in the presence of\\nair. The silo must therefore be air-tight, and the fod-\\nder well packed in it, so as to exclude the air as far as\\npracticable.\\nIn the second place, the silo must have smooth, per-\\npendicular ivallSy which will allow the mass to settle\\nwithout forming cavities along the walls. In a deep\\nsilo the fodder will settle several feet during the first\\nfew days after filling. Any unevenness in the wall will\\nprevent the mass from settling uniformly, and air\\nspaces in the mass thus formed will cause the surround-\\ning silage to spoil.\\nThe walls must furthermore he rigid, so as not to\\nspring when the siloed fodder settles, on account of the\\nlateral pressure in the silo (see p. 47), air would thereby\\nbe admitted along the silo w^alls, causing decay and loss\\nof silage.\\nOther points of importance in silo-building, which\\ndo not apply to all kinds of silos, will be considered as\\nwe proceed with the discussion of the various forms of\\nsilos in existence. We shall now take up the different\\nphases of the subject of silo building.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": ";J8 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nSize of Silos. In planning a silo the first point to\\nbe decided is how large it shall be made. We will sup-\\npose that a farmer has a herd of twenty-five cows, to\\nwhich he wishes to feed silage during the winter season,\\ne. g., for 180 days. We note here, at the outset, that\\nsilage will not be likely to give best results for milch\\ncows, or for any other class of farm animals, when it\\nfurnishes the greater portion of the dry matter of the\\nfeed ration. As a rule, it will not be well to feed over\\nforty pounds of silage daily per head. If this quantity\\nbe fed daily, on an average for a season of 180 days,\\nwe have for the twenty-five cows 180,000 pounds, or\\nninety tons. On account of the fermentation processes\\ntaking place in the silo, there is an unavoidable loss of\\nfood materials during the siloing period, amounting to\\nperhaps 10 per cent; we must therefore put more than\\nthe quantity given into the silo. If ninety tons of silage\\nis wanted, about one hundred tons of fodder corn must\\nbe placed in the silo. Corn silage will weigh from\\nthirty pounds, or less, to toward fifty pounds per cubic\\nfoot, according to the depth in the silo from which it\\nis taken, and the amount of moisture which it contains.\\nWe may take forty pounds as the average weight of one\\ncubic foot of corn silage. One ton of silage will ac-\\ncordingly take up fifty cubic feet; and 100 tons, 5,000\\ncubic feet. If a rectangular one-hundred-ton silo is to\\nbe built, say 12x14 feet, it must then have a height of\\n30 feet. If a square silo is wanted, it might be given\\ndimensions 12x13x35 feet, or 13x13x30 feet; if a cir-\\ncular silo, the following dimensions will be about right\\nDiameter, 16 feet; height of silo, 25 feet, etc. In the", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n39\\nsame way, a silo holding 200 tons of corn or clover silage\\nmay be built of the dimensions 16x24x26 feet, 20x20x25\\nfeet, or, if round, diameter, 25 feet height, 32 feet, etc.\\nSince the capacity of round silos is not as readily\\ncomputed as in case of rectangular silos, we give below\\na table, which shows at a glance the approximate num-\\nber of tons of silage that a round silo, of a diameter\\nfrom 10 to 26 feet, and 20 to 32 feet deep, will hold.\\nTaSle Giving the Approximate Capacity of Cylindrical\\nSilos for Well-Matured Corn Silage, in Tons.\\nDepth\\nOF\\nInside Diameter of Silo, Feet.\\nSilo,\\nFeet.\\n10\\n12\\n14\\n15\\n16\\n18\\n20\\n105\\n112\\n120\\n128\\n135\\n143\\n152\\n160\\n169\\n178\\n187\\n195\\n205\\n21\\n22\\n23\\n24\\n151\\n161\\n172\\n184\\n195\\n206\\n219\\n231\\n243\\n256\\n269\\n282\\n295\\n25\\n26\\n20\\n26\\n28\\n30\\n32\\n34\\n36\\n38\\n40\\n42\\n45\\n47\\n49\\n51\\n38\\n40\\n43\\n46\\n49\\n52\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a255\\n58\\n61\\n64\\n68\\n70\\n73\\n51\\n55\\n59\\n62\\n66\\n70\\n74\\n78\\n83\\n88\\n03\\n96\\n101\\n59\\n63\\n67\\n72\\n76\\n81\\n85\\n90\\n95\\n100\\n305\\n110\\n115\\n67\\n72\\n77\\n82\\n87\\n90\\n97\\n103\\n108\\n114\\n119\\n125\\n131\\n85\\n91\\n97\\n103\\n110\\n116\\n123\\n130\\n137\\n144\\n151\\n1?8\\n166\\n115\\n123\\n132\\n141\\n149\\n158\\n168\\n177\\n186\\n196\\n206\\n215\\n226\\n127\\n135\\n145\\n154\\n164\\n173\\n184\\n194\\n204\\n215\\n226\\n236\\n248\\n138\\n148\\n158\\n169\\n179\\n190\\n201\\n212\\n223\\n235\\n247\\n258\\n271\\n163\\n175\\n187\\n199\\n212\\n224\\n237\\n251\\n264\\n278\\n292\\n305\\n320\\n177\\n21\\n189\\n22\\n23\\n24...\\n25\\n202\\n216\\n229\\n242\\n26\\n27\\n28-\\n257\\n271\\n285\\n29..-.\\n30\\n300\\n315\\n31\\n330\\n32\\n846\\nThe following table, which has been reproduced from\\na trade publication, will show at a glance how much\\nsilage is needed for dairy herds of six to fifty heads,\\nthe size of silo needed and amount of land to be planted\\nto corn in each case. The table is based on the as-\\nsumption of an average feeding season of 180 days, and\\nof a daily allowance of 40 pounds of silage per head.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "10 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nSize of Silo Neeb-ed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (Harder).\\nNumber\\nEstimat-\\ned Con-\\nSize of Silo\\nAverage\\nAcres of\\nCorn\\nNeeded.\\nNumber\\nEstimat-\\ned Con-\\nSize of Silo\\nAverage\\nAcres of\\nCorn\\nNeeded\\nof\\nsumpt n\\nNeeded.\\nof\\nsumpt n\\nNeeded.\\nCows.\\nof Silage\\nTons.\\nDiam. Height.\\nCows.\\nof Silage\\nTons.\\nDiam. Height\\n6\\n20\\n9 X 20 1\\n10 X 16 f\\n1 to 2\\n13 X 381\\n14 X 34\\n10 X 221\\n30\\n108\\n15 X 30!-\\n8 to 9\\n30\\n11 X 20\\n10 X 291\\n2 to 3\\n16 X 281\\n17 X 26J\\n13\\n45\\n11 X 25 1\\n12 X 22 f\\n13 X 20J\\n3 to 4\\n15 X 35)\\n35\\n126\\n16 X 31V\\n17 X 291\\n9 to 10\\n11 X 371\\n12 X 32\\n16 X 35)\\n21\\n74\\n13 X 29 f\\n15 X 24\\n16 X 22j\\n5 to 6\\n40\\n144\\n17 X 31V\\n18 X 29)\\n10 to 11\\n12 X 381\\n13 X 33\\n45\\n162\\n18 X 321\\n19 X 29 j\\n11 to 12\\n25\\n90\\n14 X 30\\n6 to 7\\n17 X 381\\n18 X 34 f\\n15 X 27\\n16 X 25\\n50\\n180\\n12 to 13\\nForm of Silos. The first silos made in this country\\nor abroad were rectangular, shallow structures, with a\\ndoor opening at one end. Goff art s silos (see Fig. 1 and\\n2) were 5x12 meters wide, and 5 meters high (16.4x\\n39.4x16.4 feet). Another French silo, one of the larg-\\nest ever built, belonging to Vicomte de Chezelles, was\\n2 06x21 J feet, and 15 feet high, holding nearly 1,500\\ntons of silage. Silos of a similar type, but of smaller\\ndimensions, were built in this country in the early\\nstages of silo building. Experience had taught siloists\\nthat it was necessary to weight the fodder heavily in\\nthese silos, in order to avoid the spoiling of large\\nquantities of silage. In Goffart s silos, boards were thus\\nplaced on top of the siloed fodder, and the mass was\\nweighted at the rate of 100 pounds per square foot.\\nIt was found, however, after some time, that this", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "42\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nheavy weighting could be dispensed with by making\\nthe silos deep, and gradually the deep silos came more\\nand more into use. These silos were first built in this\\ncountry in the latter part of the eighties at the present\\ntime none but silos at least twenty to twenty-four feet\\ndeep are built^, no matter of what form or material\\nthey are made, and most silos built are twenty-four to\\nthirt}^ feet deep.\\nFIG. 3.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PLAN OF GOFFART S SILOS.\\nSince 1890 the cylindrical form of silos has become\\nmore and more general. These silos have the advantage\\nover all other kinds in point of cost and convenience^", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 43\\nas well as quality of the silage obtained. We shall,\\nlater on, have an occasion to refer to the relative value\\nof the various forms of silos, and shall here only men-\\ntion two points in favor of the round silos.\\nOne of the essentials in silo ])uilding is that there\\nshall be a minimum of surface and wall exposure of the\\nsilage, as both the cost and the danger from losses\\nthrough spoiling are thereby reduced. The round silos\\nare superior to all other forms in regard to this point,\\nas will be readily seen from an example A rectangular\\nsilo, 16x32x24 feet, has the same number of square\\nfeet of wall surface as a square silo, 24x24 feet, and\\nof the same depth, or as a circular silo 30 feet in diame-\\nter and of the same depth but these silos will hold about\\nthe following quantities of silage Rectangular silo, 246\\ntons; square silo, 276 tons; circular silo, 338 tons.\\nLess lumber will, therefore, be needed to hold a cer-\\ntain quantity of silage in case of square silos than in\\ncase of rectangular ones, and less for cylindrical silos\\nthan for square ones, the cylindrical form being, then,\\nthe most economical of the three types.\\nRound silos can furthermore be built cheaper than\\nsquare ones, because lighter material may be used in\\ntheir construction. The sills and studding here do no\\nwork except to support the roof, since the lining acts\\nas a hoop to prevent spreading of- the wall.\\nSilage of all kinds will usually begin to spoil after a\\nfew days, if left exposed to the air hence the necessity\\nof considering the extent of surface exposure of silage\\nin the silo while it is being fed out. In a deep silo there\\nis less silage exposed in the surface layer in proportion\\nto the contents than in shallow silos. Experience has", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "44 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ntaught us that about two inches of the top layer of the\\nsilage must be fed out daily during cold weather in\\norder to prevent the silage from spoiling; in warm\\nweather about three inches must be taken off daily.\\nThe form of the silo must therefore be planned^ ac-\\ncording to the size of the herd, with special reference\\nto this point. Professor King estimates that there\\nshould be a feeding surface in the silo of about five\\nsquare feet per cow in the herd a herd of thirty cows\\nwill then require 150 square feet of feeding surface, or\\nthe inside diameter of the silo should be 14 feet; for\\na herd of forty cows a silo with a diameter of 16 feet\\nw^ill be required; for fifty cows, a diameter of 18 feet;\\nfor one hundred cows, a diameter of 25^ feet, etc.\\nLocating the Silo. The question, where to build\\nthe silo, is most important and has to be settled at the\\nstart. The feeding of the silage is an every-day job\\nduring the whole winter and spring, and twice a day at\\nthat. Other things being equal, the nearest available\\nplace is therefore the best. The silo should be as handy\\nto get at from the barn as possi1)le. The condition of\\nthe ground must be considered. If the ground is dry\\noutside the barn, the best plan to follow is to build\\nthe silo there, in connection with the Ijarn, going four\\nto six feet below the surface, and providing for doors\\nopening directly into the barn. The bottom of the\\nsilo should be on or below the level where the cattle\\nstand, and, if practicable, the silage should be moved\\nout and placed before the cows at a single handling.\\nWhile it is important to have the silo near at hand, it\\nshould be so located, in case the silage is used for milk\\nproduction, that silage odors do not penetrate the whole", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 45\\nstable, at milking or at other times. Milk is very sensi-\\ntive to odors, and unless care is taken to feed silage\\nafter milking, and to have pure air^ free from silage\\nodor, in the stable at the time of milking, the milk will\\nhave a decided silage flavor. So far as is known this\\nodor is not discernible in either butter or cheese made\\nfrom silage-flavored milk, nor does it seem to affect\\nthe keeping qualities of the milk in an} wa}^\\nBottom of Silo. The bottom of the silo may be\\nclay, or, preferably, a layer of small stones covered with\\ncement. In some silos considerable damage has been\\ndone by rats burrowing their way into the silo from\\nbelow, and destroying a great deal of silage, both di-\\nrectly and indirectly, by admitting air into the silo.\\nThe silo may be built four to six feet down into the\\nground, if this is dry. It is easy to build the silo deep\\nby this arrangement, and there will be no need of extra\\nlength of carrier. By means of a ten-inch plank, pro-\\nvided with a number of cleats, the underground portion\\nof the silo may easily be emptied, the feeder walking up\\nthe plank with the basket filled with silage. Stave silos\\nare built entirely above ground, and also in case of\\nother silos the tendency of late years seems to be toward\\nnot going so deep down as was generall} done in\\nthe early period of silo construction.\\nFoundation and Wall of Silo. The silo should\\nrest on a substantial stone foundation, to prevent the\\nbottom of the silo from rotting and to guard against\\nspreading of the silo wall. The foundation wall should\\nbe 18 to 24 inches thick. Professor Cook recommends\\nmaking the bottom of the silo one foot below the ground,\\nso that the stone wall on which it rests may be sus-", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "46\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ntained by the earth on the outside^ as shown in Fig. 3.\\nIn building rectangular silos sills made by two 2x10\\nplanks (P) rest on the inside ten inches of the founda-\\ntion wall; one of these projects at each corner. The\\nstuddings (S), which are 2x10 planks, and as long as\\nFIG. 3. FOUNDATION OF SILO.\\nBottom of silo one foot below ground. (Cook.)\\nthe silo is high, or two lengths toe-nailed together, are\\nplaced 12 to 16 inches apart, large silos requiring the\\nsmaller distance.\\nAs there is a considerable lateral pressure in the silo", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 47\\nbefore the fodder has settled^ it is ver}^ important to\\nmake the walls rigid and to place the studdings suffi-\\nciently close together to prevent spreading of the wall.\\nProfessor King found that the lateral pressure in a silo\\non the average amounts to 10. 9i pounds for ever}^ foot\\nin depth of silage; that is, at a depth of 20 feet there\\nis a pressure of about 218 pounds per square foot; at\\n30 feet, 328 pounds, etc. Mr. James M. Turner states\\nthat it was found necessar}^ to use 2x12 studding, 22,\\n24, or 26 feet in length, for the outside wall, as well as\\nfor the cross-partitions in his first silo. In addition to\\nthis, three courses of bridging in each side-wall were\\ninserted. In spite of all, the pressure, when the silo was\\nfull, frequently forced out the sides from two to six\\ninches in places, and on some occasions the air thus\\nadmitted caused large quantities of the silage to rot\\nand greatly impaired the value of the silo.\\nAAHien the silage has settled there is no lateral pressure\\nin the silo; cases are on record where the silo has burned\\ndown to the ground with the silage remaining prac-\\ntically intact as a tall stack. While silos provided with\\npartitions must l)e filled simultaneously on both sides\\nof the partition to avoid bulging or even breaking of the\\npartition, the silage in one compartment can be com-\\npletely removed before that in the other is uncovered,\\nwithout causing the partition to spring.\\nTo insure ventilation in rectangular wooden silos,\\nthe sills may be two inches narrower than the studding,\\nso as to leave air spaces between the sills and the lin-\\ning; in the same way the plate is made narrower than\\nthe studding to provide for an escape at the top. The\\nsame end may be reached by boring a series of holes at", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "48 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nthe bottom of the outside wall between every two studs,\\nleaving an open space of about two inches on the inside,\\nat the top of the plate. Wire nettings should be nailed\\nover ventilation openings to keep out rats and mice.\\nEooF OF THE Silo. Where the silo is built in the\\nbay of a barn, there will be no need of making any sep-\\narate roof, which otherwise generally will be the case.\\nThe roof may be either l)oard or shingle, and should be\\nprovided with a cupola, so as to allow free ventilation in\\nthe silo. In extreme cold weather this should be shut,\\nto prevent freezing of the silage.\\nMaterial for Silo Building. Silos are at the pres-\\nent built almost exclusively of wood, stone, or concrete,\\nor partly of one, partly of another of these materials.\\nThe material used will largely be determined by local\\nconditions; where lumber is cheap, and stone high,\\nwooden silos will generally be built where the opposite\\nis true, stone silos will have the advantage in point ^of\\ncheapness, while concrete silos are likely to be preferred\\nwhere cobble-stones are at hand in abundance, and lum-\\nber or stone are hard to get at a reasonable cost. So\\nfar as the quality of the silage made in any of these\\nkinds of silos is concerned, there is no difference when\\nthe silos are properly built. The longevity of stone-\\nand concrete silos is usually greater than that of wood-\\nen silos, since the latter are more easily attacked by the\\nsilage juices and are apt to decay in places after a num-\\nber of years, unless special precautions are taken to\\npreserve them. A well-built and well-cared-for wooden\\nsilo should, however, last almost indefinitely.\\nPainting Silos. It is not strictly necessary to paint\\nthe silo on the outside, any more than is the case with", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "50 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nbarns or other farm buildings, but painting preserves the\\nwoodwork from the action of wind and rain, and greatly\\nimproves the appearance of a silo as well as of other\\nstructures. If a farmer thinks much of his silo or of\\nhis iarm, he will therefore be likely to paint the silo.\\nTwo good coats of pure linseed oil and white lead, with\\nthe same color as is used for the other farm buildings,\\nshould be put on. This will add greatly to the appear-\\nance of the silo, and make it a very attractive structure.\\nWe shall now consider somewhat in detail the various\\ntypes of silos^ and shall give directions for their build-\\nms in each case. More round wooden silos have been\\nbuilt than other kinds of silos during late years, and\\nsuch silos, built either of uprights lined inside and out-\\nside with several layers of half-inch boards, or built of\\none thickness of staves, will doubtless be the main silo\\ntype in the future. We shall therefore first of all de-\\nscribe round wooden silos and stave silos, and shall then\\nbriefly consider other silo types.\\nDESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF SILOS-\\nI. Round Wooden Silos.\\nRound wooden silos (see fig. 4) were first described in\\n1892 by Professor King, of Wisconsin Experiment Sta-\\ntion, who strongly urged the advantage of these silos\\nover other silo types. In the tenth annual report of\\nthe Wisconsin station, complete directions will be found\\nfor the construction of these silos, and illustrations are\\ngiven elucidating the manner of procedure. The plans\\nand specifications given in the following pages are\\nlargely based on the directions for building round silos", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 51\\npublished in the report referred to^ but such modifica-\\ntions and additions have been included as have been\\nconsidered advisable in the light of the practical ex-\\nperience in silo construction gained during late years.\\nThe plans and specifications were furnished for the\\nwriter and under his direction by Claude and Starck,\\nArchitects, Madison, Wisconsin. The specifications\\ncall for a silo 30 feet deep, inside diameter 26 feet, ca-\\npacity about 300 tons. By changing the figures for the\\nheight and the diameter, round silos of any desired\\ncapacity may be readily built according to these speci-\\nfications.\\nSPECIFICATIONS FOR A 300-TON ROUND\\nWOODEN SILO.\\nMASONRY.\\nExcavation. Mason to excavate for all trenches and\\nthe entire inside of the building as far as bottom of\\ngravel, as indicated on the section. Bottoms of all\\ntrenches shall be level. Excavated material shall be\\ndisposed of as directed by the owner.\\nFootings. Footings shall be good sound sand- or lime\\nstone, extending through the wall in one piece, or brick\\nin either case the footing shall be bedded and laid up in\\ncement, one (1) part cement, to three (3) of sand.\\nWall above footing. Wall above footing shall be laid\\nup in lime mortar richly gauged with cement. All\\nbrick shall be thoroughly bonded every fourth course.\\nBrick, lime, sand and cement. All brick shall be\\ngood sound hard-burned brick. All lime and cement\\nshall be fresh and undamaged; cement shall be any\\nstandard brand of hydraulic cement, subject to the ap-", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "52\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nproval of the superintendent. All sand shall be clean,\\ncoarse and sharp.\\nll Qiffar vtffruATom\\niKIOW ^/0/ffO\\n/A Oa\u00c2\u00bbos\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094/J 0 //13lOe OADiL/3\\nOarianjiF. tiATt\\nI\\n0\\nJ\\n-Jo\\nI 0\\n\\\\Or/ck OK Snhc Kamg\\n/iALT D-ZIVAT/Or^\\nHaU ^HCT/O/y\\nFIG. 5. ELEVATION AND SECTION OF ROUND WOODEN SILO\\nSCALE INCH 13 FEET.\\nAsphalting. This contractor shall cover the top of\\nwall and bed sill (furnished by other parties) in at\\nleast J inch thick of hot coal-tar asphaltum,", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n53\\nConcreting. After the roof is on, the mason shall\\ncover the floor with 8 inches of good gravel or coarse\\nsand well tamped down, and on this he shall lay three\\ninches of concrete composed of 1 part of cement to 9\\nFIG 6. FOUNDATION PLAN OF ROUND WOODEN SILO.\\nparts of good clean sand and gravel, thoroughly\\nmixed and tamped in place with a heavy tamp. On\\nthis base, and before it has time to set, he shall spread\\n1 inch of Portland cement and sand, one part of", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "54\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ncement to one of sanely well mixed, and troweled off\\nto a perfectly smooth surface. The concrete shall be\\ndished 2 inches to the center and brought up against\\nthe sill as shown on the sectional drawings. Especial\\ncare must be taken with the asphaltum and concreting\\nXn LoOKOin\\n/0VTA7* CONVflUtO\\n2 Jji 6 Cur TO mr\\\\\\\\Cu/}vc\\n/m fiwi\\nPAQTPim or JX)orr7?ANjm\\niA4-\\n//vj^vcrL\\nXlK^ Sroin /ino Pij*.\\nm\\n^fiCD^oM C3ez.3et.7ioii)\\nFIG. 7. Framing plan of round wooden silo.\\nto make a perfectly air-tight connection between the\\nfoundation and the superstructure.\\nFinally. After the building is completed, but be-", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 55\\nfore acceptance, the mason shall repoint and rejDair all\\nimperfections or injured work, whether caused by him-\\nself or other parties, and leave the entire job complete\\nand to the satisfaction of the superintendent.\\nSHEET METAL WORK.\\nThis contractor shall furnish and set one 12-inch\\ndiameter Globe ventilator, and he shall properly flash\\naround ventilator, and at least 8 inches over the shin-\\ngles, with stamped I. C. roofing tin.\\nCARPENTERING.\\nThis contractor shall furnish all carpenter material\\nand perform all labor necessary to leave the entire\\nbuilding complete and ready for use to the satisfaction\\nof the superintendent.\\nFraming. Plates shall be cut from 2-inch by 6-inch\\nstuff, 2 feet long, cut to fit together to an outside radius\\nof 13 feet 7 J inches; these shall be bedded in asphalt,\\nfurnished by the mason. On the plates he shall then set\\nsound hemlock or pine studs of 2x6 inches, 30 feet long,\\nnot over 12 inch-centers. .Top plate shall be made in the\\nsame manner as bottom plate, and studs and plates shall\\nbe thoroughly spiked together. The rafters shall be\\nput up as indicated on roof-framing plan, and thor-\\noughly spiked to plate and octagon form at apex of roof\\nlookouts shall be well nailed to rafters.\\nLining and sheathing. The lining shall be made of\\ntwo thicknesses of sound, clear fencing split in two,\\ni. e., J inch thick. [Some authorities recommend three", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "I /i. DiA Hole, covcan\\n\\\\HITH Wilis f^CiH\\nQE.TM E-E.fi EAOfJimo\\n2.LAY\u00c2\u00a3aS TAB PAfiEJt\\nZin/ATion or r\u00c2\u00a3^D Dooq\\n21x6\\nCoA/cfU:-)\\nR/tj( Of? Sreyfc\\n-U-\\nORAVei.\\nFIG. 8. SECTION THROUGH WALL OF ROUND WOODEN SILO.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "SiLOS. 67\\nthicknesses of J inch fencing.] All lining and sheath-\\ning shall be sized on one side to an exact width; the\\nlayers of lining shall be made to break joint, and be-\\ntween the layers the carpenter shall fnrnish and lay\\none (1) thickness of good quality of tar paper. [Two\\nlayers, if three thicknesses of boards are used.] The\\nfirst layer shall be laid with 8 d. nails and the last layer\\nwith 10 d. nails. Outside sheathing shall be of same\\nmaterial and laid in the same manner as inside. All\\ntar paper used between lining boards of silo shall be\\n2-ply Giant P. B. paper, or its equal, on approval of\\nthe superintendent.\\nSiding. The siding shall be perfectly clear pine,\\nbasswood or Washington cedar narrow siding well nailed\\nto each stud.\\nRoof sheathing. The sheathing for the roof shall be\\nof No. 1 fencing lapped around the rafters from eaves\\nto top in spiral form. All well nailed to rafters with\\n10 d. nails. The sheathing shall be tapered in such a\\nmanner as to work out evenly to conical roof, and where\\nends of boards abut, they shall be dressed off with a\\njack plane.\\nCornice. Cornice facia shall be inch 3d clear pine.\\nMouldings shall be 2d clear pine. Soffit shall be inch\\nthick second clear pine cut to a radius of the outside\\nof the building and cornice, all securely nailed to look-\\nouts.\\nDoors. Intake door shall be made of two thicknesses\\nof No. 1 fence flooring laid diagonally and well nailed\\ntogether; it shall be hung with two strong 3x3-inch\\njapanned iron butts, and fastened with a strong\\njaj^anned iron combination latch, handle and hasp;", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "5g\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nprovide with 2-inch oak sill. Feed doors shall be made\\nas indicated on details, with 2-inch double beveled\\nedges made to fit snugly into 2-inch double beveled\\njamb, at the middle of the break between bevels. Jambs\\nS 3aizw3\\\\\\nll-QL^Aa\\n5 ^KDiJX\\\\-\\n7J//C-K AZT^S corrort m\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0X.lHIOinE.SS COTTON rLM/NZL\\nJoint\\nPapzp BCTwrcn\\nAote: 3mI 3\u00c2\u00a3CTI0N Ton\\niQita UNL..\\nXaC^WD\\nFIG. 9. SECTION THROUGH TEED DOOR OF ROUND WOODEN SILO.\\nshall be covered with 4-ply cotton flannel, or a heavy\\nstrip of rubber, in such a way as to make the door per-\\nfectly air-tight when closed. These doors shall be\\nopened from the inside, and held in position by six\\n-|-inch diameter, 6-inch long wood screws. Door cas-", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 59\\nings shall be Jx3-inch second clear pine. Fit around\\njambs with tar paper and have perfectly air-tight.\\nVentilation. Between each stud near the bottom bore\\n1^-inch diameter holes through siding and sheathing\\nand cover with heav}^ gal. iron screen ^-inch mesh.\\nCover studs on inside from top plate 4 inches down\\nwith same kind of wire screen tightly tacked to plate\\nand studs.\\nFinally. All work shall be done in first-class work-\\nmanlike manner to the entire satisfaction of the super-\\nintendent.\\nPAINTING.\\nThe entire outside surface of the woodwork except\\nshingles shall be painted two good coats of pure linseed\\noil with white lead, color selected by the superintend-\\nent. The entire inside surface walls of the silo shall be\\npainted with asbestos paint or hot coal-tar, some of the\\noil in the tar having been previously burned off, care\\nbeing taken to fill in all cracks and joints and jambs of\\nfeed doors. Feed doors shall be painted inside and on\\nthe edges in the same manner.\\nBIDS.\\nThe owner reserves the right to reject any or all bids.\\nChute for round silos. Instead of providing a\\nnumber of feed doors for taking out the silage at differ-\\nent heights of the silo, a door may be placed at a bottom\\nextending up from it to the top, where there is another\\ndoor for one to enter in getting out the silage. The\\nfollowing description of the chute and the accompanying\\nillustration (fig. 10) is taken from Bull. No. 14, Wash-\\nington Plxp. Station:", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "60\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nTwo pieces of 2x8 or 2x10 are nailed to the inside of\\nthe silo wall l)efore the second layer of the wall is put\\non, one on either side of the door, and extending from\\ntop to bottom of the silo. Boards are nailed to these\\nso as to project about two inches beyond their edges\\n(see fig. 10). As the silo is filled, the board forming the\\nwall of the chute next to the silage are laid in in two\\nlayers, with a layer of tarred paper between them. As\\nthe silage is removed in feeding these boards are taken\\nout. The paper between them should be in rather small\\npieces, in order that it may not be in the way in taking\\nout the silage.\\nFIG. to. SILAGE CHUTE EOR ROUND SILOS. (SPILLMAN.)\\nDescriptions are given in the following of round\\nwooden silos built at the agricultural experiment sta-\\ntions in New Jersey, Wisconsin, Missouri and South\\nDakota, according to a similar plan as that explained\\nin detail in the preceding. The descriptions will be\\nuseful to farmers living in the states mentioned or in the\\nregions represented by these, and will also serve to shoM^\\nhow local conditions will determine details of construc-\\ntion, as well as the cost and kinds of materials used\\nin the building of the silos. The publications of the\\nrespective experiment stations have been followed\\nclosely in describing the different silos,", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n61\\nFIG. 11.\\nTWO METHODS OF ROOFING ROUND WOODEN SILOS AND THE\\nMANNER OF CONNECTING THEM WITH A BARN.\\nA, Shows where air is admitted between the studding to venti-\\nlate behind the lining. B, Feeding chute; C, Filling window.\\nThe cupola is essential to perfect ventilation (King).", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n63\\nFIG. 13. ROUXD WOODEN SILO.\\nDormer window kept open for ventilation when silo is in use.\\nTHE NEW JERSEY EXPERIMENT STATION SILO.\\n(See Fig. 14.)\\nThe silo has a capacity of 150 torxs; it is 21 feet inside\\ndiameter, and 24 feet deep, with a brick foundation 1 foot\\nwide and carried 2 feet below the surface of the ground;\\nthe bottom is cemented and is IVs feet below the sills.\\nThe sills are made from 2x6 studding, cut on the slant\\nof a radius of the silo circle, bedded in mortar and toe-\\nnailed together; the plates are made in the same way and\\nspiked to studs which are 2x4 inches, and 1 foot apart.\\nThe lining consists of two thicknesses of half-inch spruce\\nboards with tarred paper between. The siding consists\\nof one layer of boards as above, covered with cedar\\nshingles; holes bored between each stud and covered with\\nwire netting permit a circulation of air between the sid-\\ning and lining, which aids in the preservation of the lin-\\ning. The structure is roofed, as shown, with dormer win-\\ndows for filling and with ventilating cap and is joined to\\nthe barn with a passage and floor 6x8 feet, also roofed.\\nFour doors, 21/^ feet square are cut in the siding for", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3358", "width": "2088", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 65\\nemptying the silo, the silage dropping through a chute, 2\\nfeet square, upon the floor of the passageway which is\\nconnected by a door with the feeding floor of the barn.\\nCOST OF MATERIALS REQUIRED IN BUILDING SILO.\\n(Not including labor.)\\nFoundation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2,500 brick, 5.50 per m 13.75\\nCement 7% barrels ordinary, $1.35 per bbl 10.46\\nCement\u00e2\u0080\u0094 11/4 barrels, Portland, $4.00 per bbl 5.00\\nSand\u00e2\u0080\u0094 4 loads, $1.50 per load 6.00\\nStudding\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2x4x24 (704 feet), $20.00 per m 14.08\\nPlates and sills\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2x6x12 (260 feet), $20.00 per m 5.20\\nStudding for passage\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2x4x16 (85 feet), $20.00 per m. 1.70\\nSiding and lining\u00e2\u0080\u0094 5,200 feet, $17.50 per m 91.00\\nShingles\u00e2\u0080\u0094 14,000, $4.00 per m 56.00\\nNails -2 kegs, $3.25 per keg 6.50\\nBoards for roof\u00e2\u0080\u0094 325 feet, $17.50 per m 5.69\\nPaper\u00e2\u0080\u0094 6 rolls, $1.50 per roll 9.00\\nTotal $224.38\\nThe cost of labor is not included as this item is likely\\nto be more variable than the materials, besides a large\\namount of the work can be performed by the farmer him-\\nself, or his regular laborers. The items are given solely\\nas a guide as to the probable maximum outlay for ma-\\nterials which it is necessary to buy for a structure of this\\nform and capacity. (See Fig. 14.)\\nTHE 90-TON ROUND SILO, WISCONSIN EXPERI-\\nMENT STATION.\\nThe silo has an outside diameter of 16 feet and is 27\\nfeet deep. It has a stone foundation, 3 feet high and 18\\ninches thick, laid in Louisville cement and plastered on\\nthe inside with two coats. The sill is a single 2x4 cut\\nbeveled on the radius of the circle in 2-foot lengths, and\\ntoe-nailed together after being laid upon the wall, then\\nbedded in mortar. For studding 2x4 s were used, 1 foot\\napart, 12 and 14 foot pieces being lapped 2 feet and spiked\\ntogether before setting in place. For lining and outside", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "GG\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nsheeting, 6-inch fencing was split in two and nailed on\\nhorizontally, taking care to break joints. Three layers\\nwere put on for lining, with two layers of tar paper be-\\ntween. For siding ordinary half-inch beveled siding was\\nused, rabbeted as shown in Fig. 16.\\nFIG. 15. ROUND WOODEN SILO AT WISCONSIN EXPERIMENT STATION.\\nDiameter, 16 feet; height, 27 feet; capacity, about 90 tons.\\nThe plate was made like the sill, out of 2x4 s cut in\\n2-foot sections and spiked down to the tops of the stud-\\nding after the sheeting and siding had been carried up\\nand the last staging built.\\nThe roof was built without rafters by having a circle\\nmade by sawing pieces of 2x8 s to the curve of a circle\\nfive feet in diameter and spiking two layers of these to-\\ngether, breaking joints so as to form a circle. This was\\nsupported in place so as to give about one-quarter pitch\\nto the roof, and the roof boards were then nailed one end\\nto this circle and the other to the plate. The roof boards\\nconsisted of fencing cut the desired length and sawed diag-", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n67\\nonally from within one inch of one corner to within one\\ninch of the opposite corner. The roof was shingled and\\na galvanized-iron ventilator was nailed to the roof after the\\nshingling was done.\\nThe filling window was 31/2 feet high and 3 feet wide.\\nThree feeding doors 4 feet high, 2 feet wide, were cut\\nout after the siding and lining was put on. The doors\\nare made of three layers of inch matched flooring, 4\\ninches wide, nailed to two cleats sawed so as to have the\\n^m^m P\\nFIG. 16. CONSTRUCTION OF ROUND WOODEN SILO. (WHEELER.)\\ncurvature of the silo wall, and of a similar thickness as\\nthat of the silo wall. The two sides of the door are bev-\\neled, and the inner corner of the swinging edge of the\\ndoor is rounded a little to permit it to open and close\\nreadily. The doors are fastened by a pair of carriage\\nbolts put through the studding opposite the ends of the\\ncleats in the door and strips of band iron, 2 inches wide\\nand 1/4 inch thick bolted to the door along each cleat and\\nprovided with a long hole which shuts over the bolt in", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "68 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nthe studding when the door is closed. The door is held\\nshut by handle nuts like those used on the rods for the\\nend boards of lumber wagons.\\nFor ventilation one 2-inch hole is bored through the\\nsiding and sheeting at the bottom between each pair of\\nstuds, and the hole covered with wire netting on the\\ninside before the lining is put on (see Fig. 16). At the\\ntop the lining does not quite reach the plate and wire\\nnetting is nailed over the opening to prevent the silage\\nfrom falling in. Provision is made for closing the lower\\nopenings in freezing weather. (See Fig. 15.)\\nThe bill of materials for the silo was as follows: 57\\n2x4 s 12 feet long; 57 2x4 s 14 feet long; 2,500 feet fenc-\\ning, 16 feet sized and split for sheeting and lining; 320\\nfeet fencing, 16 feet cut 8 feet, and sawed diagonally for\\nroof boards; 720 feet siding rabbeted; 120 feet flooring; 3 M.\\ncedar shingles; 1 circle frame for roof; 500 pounds tar\\npaper; 7 barrels Louisville cement; 2^^ cord of stone;\\n1 keg of lOd. wire nails; 3 kegs of 8d. nails; 1 keg of 20d.\\nnails; 50 pounds 6d. wire nails; 25 pounds 4d. wire nails;\\n3 pairs 6 inch T hinges; 1 pair 4 inch T hinges; 1 hook\\nand staple; 12^/^x7 inch carriage bolts; 6%x7 carriage bolts;\\ngalvanized iron cupola; 25 pounds band iron for door fast-\\neners.\\nTotal cost of materials $175 99\\nMason labor 29 14\\nCarpenter labor 42 89\\nTotal $248.02\\nTHE SILO IN THE DAIRY BARN, WISCONSIN\\nEXPERIMENT STATION. (See Fig. 17.)\\nThe silo is circular in form, 18 feet inside diameter\\nand 33 feet deep. It is a frame structure lined inside and\\noutside with brick. On 2x6 inch uprights, two wrappings\\nof inch stuff, 6 inches wide, are put, breaking joints,\\nwith no paper between. Brick is laid tight against this\\nlining, and on the brick surface is a heavy coating of Port-", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "70\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nland cement (1 part cement, 1 part sand). On the out-\\nside brick is laid up against the lining with a small open\\nspace between (about i/^ inch). The silo is filled from\\nthe third floor of the barn, the loads of corn being hauled\\ndirectly on to this floor over the trestle shown to the right\\nin fig. 17, and there run through the feed cutter. When\\nthe silage is taken out for feeding, it falls through a\\nPEED\\np\\nA\\nS S\\ne\\nE\\nSUTTER P\\nw\\ns\\nT\\nA\\nL\\nL\\nS\\nL_L_l\\n_\\n_J\\n1\\nM A tsj G E R\\nM A IM O E R\\n1\\nI\\nC\\nVJ\\ns\\nL\\nL S\\n1 U U T 1 t H 1\\nKOOM\\nOFFICE\\nl\u00c2\u00bbJ\\nSILO\\nPASSAGE\\nFIG. 18. PLAN OF EASTERN HALE OF FIRST FLOOR OF DAIRY BARN,\\nWISCONSIN EXPERIMENT STATION.\\nbox chute to the main floor where it is received into a\\ntruck (flg. 61) in which it is conveyed to the mangers of\\nthe animals.\\nTHE MISSOURI EXPERIMENT STATION SILO.\\n(115 TONS.)\\nThe sill is a single thickness of 2x4 stuff, three or\\nfour feet long, cut on the arc of the siio circle, bedded\\nin mortar, and the sections toe-nailed together. The plate\\nis made in the same manner and nailed to the top of the\\nstudding. The studding is 2x4 stuff, placed one foot apart,\\nand toe-nailed to the sill. In silos 30 feet deep, two 16-\\nfoot studs are lapped together. The lining is made of good\\nfencing boards split in two, making them one-half inch\\nthick by six inches wide, tarred and laid with the tarred", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n71\\nfaces together, with tarred paper between the same, taking\\ncare to break all joints in both directions. A line of doors\\nfrom bottom to top one above the other, 3 feet wide and\\n4 feet high, at intervals of about 4 feet, are provided, and\\nclosed with pieces of boards made to fit. The studding on\\neach side of the doors are doubled. Sheet steel was used\\nFIG. 19. ROUND SILO AT MISSOURI EXPERIMENT STATION.\\n(FROM PHOTOGRAPH.)\\nfor siding, painted inside and out. This was cheaper in\\ncost of material and in labor of putting it on than the\\ndrop siding, and really cheaper than weather boarding or\\nclapboards. A conical roof with dormer window completed\\nthe construction of the silo. (See Fig. 19.)", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "72 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nCost of round silo holding 115 tons (16 feet diameter,\\n30 feet deep):\\nFoundation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 10 perches at $1.50 15.00\\nSills and plates\u00e2\u0080\u0094 10 pieces 2x4, 12 feet long, 80 feet\\nat $15 1-20\\nStuddings\u00e2\u0080\u0094 100 pieces 2x4, 16 feet long, 1,066 feet\\nat $15 16.00\\nRafters\u00e2\u0080\u0094 25 pieces 2x4, 10 feet long, 166 feet at $15. 2.49\\nRoof boards\u00e2\u0080\u0094 300 feet at $15 4.50\\nLining\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1,600 feet clear fencing at $17 27.20\\nShingles\u00e2\u0080\u0094 3 m. at $2.25 6.75\\nSiding\u00e2\u0080\u0094 18 squares of 27-pound steel 28.00\\nTar paper\u00e2\u0080\u0094 3 rolls at $4 12.00\\nCoal tar 1 barrel 4.50\\nNails 155 pounds 6.45\\nCementing floor 4.00\\nPaint 6.00\\nLabor 40.00\\nTotal cost $174.09\\nIt is not necessary to employ skilled labor and the cash\\noutlay may therefore be reduced by the amount charged\\nto labor in the foregoing estimates.\\nTHE SOUTH DAKOTA EXPERIMENT STATION SILO.\\n(125 TONS.)\\nThe silo (see fig. 20) was built in 1896; it is 16 feet\\nin diameter and 30 feet from sill to plate; its capacity is\\n125 tons of green fodder, as it comes from the field. It is\\nbuilt at the west end of the dairy barn and there is a\\nchute, 4x4 feet, between it and the barn. This chute ex-\\ntends the entire height of the silo and terminates in a\\nventilator about six feet above the ridge of the dairy barn.\\nInto this chute the four feeding doors of the silo open.\\nThere are also two doors from the dairy barn opening into\\nit, one at the bottom from the feeding alley which runs\\nbetween the two rows of mangers, and one from the floor\\nabove. This chute makes it very convenient feeding the\\nsilage as it can be thrown from any of the doors into\\nthe chute and it Vv-ill drop very close to the place where", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n73\\nit is needed for feeding. A car and tramway could be put\\nin at a small cost, so arranged that the silage would drop\\ninto the car when it was run into the chute, and when\\nit was filled the silage could be distributed by running\\nthe car along in front of the feeding mangers. This chute\\nalso acts as a ventilator for the cow stables. In giving\\nbill of materials and estimating the cost of the silo this\\nchute is not included.\\nFIG. 30. ROUND WOODEN SILO, SOUTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL\\nEXPERIMENT STATION.\\nThe foundation is of native boulders laid in Yankton\\ncement. The wall is ZV2 feet high and 2 feet thick at the\\nbase, narrowing to about 8 inches at the top. The mortar\\nused for laying the wall was made by mixing one-third\\nYankton cement and two-thirds sand, while that used for", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "74 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nthe plastering after the stone work was finished was mixed\\ntwo-fifths cement and three-fifths sand. The bottom was\\nmade by putting in a layer, 8 inches deep, of broken\\nstone, and pouring over it cement mixed very thin so\\nthat it would fill all the open spaces between the stones.\\nAfter this had hardened the whole inside surface was plas-\\ntered over with mortar so as to entirely cover all the stone\\nwork.\\nThe sill was made by cutting 2x4 pine into sections\\n2 feet and 1 inch long at the outer points, and cut at 7\\ndegrees and 30 minutes angle. Forty-eight of these were\\nrequired to make a double sill. They were spiked together\\nwith 20d. nails, so as to break joints.\\nThe studdings are 2x4, 16 feet long, lapped 2 feet and\\nnailed together, making a total length of 30 feet between\\nsill and upper rim. They are set 12i/^ inches apart from\\ncenter to center on their outer faces, and each one comes\\ndirectly over a joint in either the upper or lower section\\nof the sill. The lower ends of the studding were satu-\\nrated with hot tar and toe-nailed to the sill. After setting\\nthe studding the sheathing was started on both the out-\\nside and inside. Cement mortar was run in on top of the\\nsill between the studding to the depth of about 2 inches.\\nThis unites with the cement of the wall and makes an\\nair tight connection between foundation and superstruc-\\nture.\\nThe upper rim was made exactly the same as the sill\\nand nailed on top of the 30-foot studding.\\nThe inside lining is made of two thicknesses of i/^-inch\\nNo. 1 fencing, 6 inches wide, neither planed nor matched.\\nThe first thickness was put on, then painted with a coat\\nof hot coal tar, a layer of tarred felt was then applied,\\nthen another thickness of i/^-inch fencing made to break\\njoints with the first, and this second or inside lining was\\ngiven two coats of hot coal tar, the last coat having\\nbeen boiled until it made a hard, glossy surface.\\nThe outside sheathing and siding are of one thickness\\nof i/^-inch fencing and one thickness of rabbeted lap sid-", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "SILOS. ^5\\ning with tarred felt between. It was found necessary not\\nonly to have the siding rabbeted, but it also had to be\\ncut into pieces not exceeding 8 feet in length in order to\\nget it to lie flat against the sheathing without crimping.\\nThe Roof. Plates 8 feet long, made of two 2x4 s nailed\\ntogether, were spiked on top of two opposite sections of\\nthe upper rim. Upon these were erected five pairs of raf-\\nters carrying a 2x6 ridge pole 19 feet long. To the lower\\nends of these rafters two 2x4 s were spiked to take the place\\nof the fascia of the cornice. Three shorter pairs of rafters\\nwere then attached to the ridge pole at each side of the\\nfirst ones and held in place by stays, and other 2x4 s were\\nspiked to the end of these. The roof sheathing was then\\nput on and the short studding were fitted in between the\\nupper rim and the roof boards, or the rafters, as the case\\nmight be. The stays which had supported the rafters were\\nremoved. The gables were then sided up with %-inch\\nceiling and the roof was shingled.\\nDoors. There are four feeding doors, each 2 feet by 3\\nfeet 10 inches, made of matched flooring on a framework\\ncut on the same radius as the silo, and with a hollow\\nspace of 4 inches on the inside. These doors are hung on\\nheavy T hinges, and are each provided with two i/^x2 inch\\nhasps extending the full width of the door, and projecting\\nbeyond the front edge about 2 inches. When these doors\\nare closed for filling the hasps are fastened with a %-inch\\ncarriage bolt through the silo wall and the projecting end\\nof the hasp. In this way the doors can be so tightly closed\\nas to make the wall nearly air-tight.\\nA door, 3x4 feet, for filling, made of 1-inch fiooring,\\nwas put in the gable.\\nVentilation of Silos.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Three %-inch holes were bored\\nthrough the outer walls of the silo between each pair of\\nstudding, and the inside sheathing was not continued quite\\nto the upper rim, but a space of about two inches was\\nleft between the top of the sheathing and the bottom of the\\nupper rim. This arrangement allows a free passage of air\\nbetween the outer and inner walls of the silo during warm", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "7C, MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nweather when decay is liable to occur. In cold weather\\nthese holes through the outer wall are covered by tacking a\\npiece of thin siding over them.\\nThe silo was finished by giving it two coats of paint.\\nBelow is given a bill of material and labor. It is be-\\nlieved that the price of some of the material is too high,\\nand that anyone having the cash to pay for it could make\\na considerable saving on this bill. The conditions under\\nwhich this material was purchased were net so favorable\\nto economy as they might have been. The prices given\\nare, however, those paid; and all material, except the stone,\\nwhich we had in abundance close at hand, and all the\\nlabor is included. It is also believed that the foundation\\nof this silo is more expensive than would be necessary in\\nmost locations. The silo is located on the lower side of\\nthe barn between two stable doors. In the spring the drain-\\nage from the higher ground, and the tramping of the cat-\\ntle often make the ground around the silo quite soft and\\nmuddy. On this account it was considered advisable to\\nmake the foundation quite substantial. For a silo of the\\nsame size located on a high, well drained site, a much\\ncheaper foundation would do equally as well.\\nBILL OF MATERIAL.\\n100 2x4 16-foot long studding. .1067 feet\\n41 2x4 12-foot long rafters, sills,\\nrim, etc 493\\n18 2x4 10-foot rafters and plate.. 120\\n1 2x6 20-foot long ridge plate 20\\n1700 feet $18.00 30.60\\n1900 feet No. 1 lap-siding, rabbeted $27.50 52.20\\n4500 feet y2-inch fencing, sheathing $15.00 67.50\\n120 feet flooring, for doors $25.00 3.00\\n375 feet boards, for roof $18.00 6.75\\n200 feet %-inch ceiling, for gable $30.00 6.00\\n1 barrel coal tar 7.50\\n621 pounds tarred felt $2.00 12.40\\n3 m. shingles $3.00 9 00\\n6 barrels cement $5.00 30 00\\n400 pounds nails 3 cents 12 00", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 77\\nHinges and hook 1 50\\nHeavy hasps and bolts for doors 6.20\\nLabor and Paint\u00e2\u0080\u0094 244.65\\nPamt and painting $10.00\\nCarpenter work $3.00 per day 60.00\\nMason work $3.50 per day 10.50\\nCommon laborers $1.00 per day 8.00 88.15\\nTotal 332 80\\n_ _ _ v.\\nV.\\nFIG. 21. CYLINDRICAL. BARN, SHOWING MAIN ENTRANCE TO FIRST\\nAND SECOND STORIES.\\nRound Silo, 23 feet, diam., 34 feet high, in center. From\\na photograph. (King.)\\nEouND WooDEX Silos may- conveniently be bnilt in-\\nside of large, round barns in a similar manner, as\\ndescribed in the Seventh Report of the Wisconsin Ex-\\nperiment Station, in case of a three-hundred ton silo at\\nWhitewater, Wis. The dimensions of the silo, which is\\nin the center of the barn, are 23 feet inside diameter.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "78 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nby 34 feet high. It was built from 2x6 studdings, sided\\nup by two layers of fence boards, sawed in two. For\\nexplanations as to the details of the construction of\\nbarns of this kind the reader is referred to the report\\nmentioned. Other methods of connecting round wooden\\nsilos with barns will be shown at the close of the discus-\\nsion of stave silos.\\nII. Stave Silos.\\nThe stave silo is the simplest type of the various\\nseparate silo buildings, and partly for this reason, partly\\n^j*\\nFIG. 23. STAVE SILO.\\n12 ft. diameter, 24 ft. high; capacity, 50 tons. (Elias.)\\nalso on account of its cheapness of construction, more\\nsilos of this kind have been built during the past few\\nyears than of any other silo type. Stave silos are, gen-\\nerally speaking, similar to large railroad- or fermenta-", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 79\\ntion tanks, and to make satisfactory silos should be built\\nat all events equally well as a No. 1 water tank. The\\nfirst stave silos were built in this country in the be-\\nginning of the nineties; they soon found some enthus-\\niastic friends, while most people, and certainly nearly all\\nwriters and lecturers on silo construction, were inclined\\nto be skeptical as to their practicability. It was objected\\nthat the staves would expand so as to burst the hoops\\nwhen the silo was filled with green fodder; that they\\nwould shrink, after having been left empty during the\\nsummer months, so that the silo would fall to pieces, or\\nat least so that it could not again be made air-tight;\\nand finally, that the silage would freeze in such silos,\\nand its feeding value thereby greatly lowered. In ad-\\ndition to this, it was claimed that a substantial stave\\nsilo would cost as much as a first-class ordinary all-wood\\nsilo of the same capacity, and that this would not have\\nthe objectionable features of the former.\\nIn spite of these objections the stave silo has, how-\\never, gained more and more ground until of late years\\nit has been adopted quite generally in preference to\\nother kinds of silos, particularly in the Eastern and\\nCentral Eastern states. This being a fact, it follows\\nthat the objections previously made to the stave silos are\\nnot valid, that the staves do not swell so as to burst the\\nhoops, or shrink so as to cause the silo to fall to pieces\\nor become leaky. As regards the danger from freezing\\nof the silage, the criticisms of the stave silo are in\\norder, as the silage will freeze in cold weather in any of\\nthe Northern states or Canada, if the silo is built out-\\ndoors, but according to the unanimous testimony of\\nfarmers who have had experience with frozen silage, this", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "80 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nis more an inconvenience than a loss. The freezing\\ndoes not injure the feeding value of the silage, or its\\npalatability. When the silage is thawed out, it is as\\ngood as ever, and eaten by cattle with a relish.\\nThe main reasons why stave silos have been generally\\npreferred by farmers of late years and are likely to be-\\ncome the silo type of the future are, I take it, first,\\nthey can be put up easily, quickly, and cheaply, and the\\nexpense for a small silo of this kind is comparatively\\nsmall, so that many a farmer has built a stave silo who\\ncould not afford to build a high-priced silo, and others\\nhave preferred to build two small silos for one\\nlarge one, or a small one in addition to an\\nold, larger one they may already have. Sec-\\nondly, manufacturing firms have made a spe-\\ncialty of stave-silo construction and pushed the sale of\\nsuch silos through advertisements and neat circulars.\\nHaving made a special business of the building of stave\\nsilos, and having had several years experience as to the\\nrequirements and precautions to be observed in building\\nsuch silos, these firms furnish silos complete with all\\nnecessary fixtures, that are greatly superior to any which\\na farmer would be apt to build according to more or\\nless incomplete directions.\\nIt follows as a corollary that the stave silos sent out\\nby manufacturing firms will generally be more expen-\\nsive than such as a farmer can build himself, because\\nthey are built better. The writer believes that it does\\nnot pay to build a poor silo except to bridge over an\\nemergency. Poor, cheap silos are a constant source of\\nannoyance, expense and trouble, whether built square,\\nrectangular, or round. The cheap silos described in", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 81\\nother places of this book have not been given for the\\npuipose of encouraging tlie building of such silos, but\\nrather to show that if a farmer cannot afford to build\\na good silo, he is not necessarily barred from the ad-\\nvantage of having silage for his stock, since a temporary\\nsilo may be built at a very small cash outlay.\\nWe can therefore consistently, in most cases, recom-\\nmend that parties intending to build stave silos patron-\\nize the manufacturers who have made silo construction\\na special business their advertisements will be found in\\nany of the standard dairy or agricultural papers. These\\nfirms furnish all necessary silo fittings, with complete\\ndirections for setting up the silos, and, if desired, also\\nskilled help to superintend their. building. Perhaps a\\nlarge majority of the farmers of the country cannot,\\nhowever, patronize manufacturers of stave silos because\\nthe expense of shipping the lumber and fixtures would\\nbe prohibitory. For the convenience of such parties\\nand others who may prefer to build their own stave\\nsilos, directions for their construction are given in the\\nfollowing. The specifications for a 100-ton stave silo,\\nprinted below, were furnished at the request of the\\nauthor by Claude Starck, architects, Madison, Wis-\\nconsin\\nSPECIFICATIONS FOR A tOO-TON STAVE SILO.\\nMASONRY\\nExcavate the entire area to be occupied by the silo\\nto a depth of six inches; excavate for foundation wall to\\na depth of 16 inches; in this trench build wall 18 inches\\nwide and 20 inches high, of field stone laid in rich lime\\nmortar. Level off top and plaster inside, outside and on\\ntop with cement mortar, 1 part cement to 1 part sand.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "S2 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nFill inside area with four inches of good gravel, thor-\\noughly tamped down; after the woodwork is in place coat\\nthis with 1 inch of cement mortar, 1 part cement to 1\\npart clean sand. Cement shall be smoothly finished, dished\\nwell to the center and brought up at least 2 inches all\\naround inside and outside walls.\\nCARPENTRY.\\nAll staves shall be 26 feet long in two pieces, break-\\ning joints, and made from clear, straight-grained cypress\\n2x6 inches, beveled on edges to an outside radius of 8 feet,\\nmill-sized to the exact dimensions and dressed on all sides.\\nThere shall be three doors in the fifth, eighth and tenth\\nspaces between hoops, made by cutting out from staves\\n28 inches long cut to a 45 degree bevel sloping to the\\nFIG. 23, APPEARANCE OF DOOR iN STAVE SILO AFTER BEING SAWED\\nOUT, AND SIDE VIEW OF DOOR IN PLACE. (CLINTON.)\\ninside. (See fig. 23.) The staves shall then be fastened\\ntogether with two 2x4 inch battens cut on inside to an\\n8-foot radius and bolted to each stave with two i/4-inch\\ndiameter carriage bolts with round head sunk on inside\\nand nut on outside. The staves between the doors shall\\nbe fastened together, top and bottom, with %-inch diam-\\neter hardwood dowel pins, and abutting ends of staves\\nshall be squared and toe-nailed together.\\nBottom Plates. Bottom plates shall be made of 2x4 inch\\npieces about 2 feet long, cut to a curve of 7 feet 10 inches", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n83\\nradius outside. They shall be bedded in cement mortar\\nand the staves shall then be set on the foundation and\\nwell spiked to these plates.\\nHoops. Hoops shall be made from two pieces of %-inch\\ndiameter round iron fv^ith upset ends, threaded eight inches,\\nwith nut and washer at each end; as a support for the\\nhoops a piece of 4x6-inch shall be substituted for a stave\\non opposite sides and holes bored in it and the ends of\\nhoops passed through these holes and tightened against\\nthe sides of the 4x6-inch. The hoops shall be twelve in num-\\nFIG. 24. A CHEAP ROOF OF STAVE SILO. (CLINTON.)\\nber starting at the bottom 6 inches apart and increasing\\nin distance 6 inches between each hoop until a space of\\n3 feet 6 inches is reached; from this point up this dis-\\ntance shall be preserved as near as possible to the top.\\nRoof. Roof shall be made to a half-pitch of 6 inches\\nclear siding lapping joint, nailed to 2x4-inch rafters, 2\\nfeet centers, 1-foot by 4-inch ridge, and 2x4-inch plates.\\nThese plates to be supported on two 4x4-inch pieces rest-", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "84 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ning on top of hoops (see fig. 24). Three lx4-inch collar\\nbeams shall be spiked to end and middle rafters to tie side\\nof roof together.\\nPAINTING.\\nThe entire outside of the silo, including roof, shall be\\npainted two coats of good mineral paint; the entire inside\\nsurface of staves and doors shall be thoroughly coated with\\nhot coal tar.\\nNote. Before filling silo, tar paper should be tacked\\ntightly over doors and the entire inside of silo examined\\nand all cracks tightly caulked.\\nThe method of construction specified in the preceding\\nmay of course be modified in many particulars, accord-\\ning to the conditions present in each case, cost of differ-\\nent kinds of lumber, maximum amount of money to be\\nexpended on silo, etc. A few points in regard to the\\nbuilding of these silos may properly be discussed in this\\nplace.\\nBeveled vs. unheveled staves. The question whether\\nstaves need to be beveled for use in the building of stave\\nsilos has been a subject of controversy in the agricul-\\ntural press and elsewhere. The New York (Cornell)\\nExperiment Station, which has made a systematic study\\nof stave silos (the results of which are published in bull.\\nXo. 167 of this station. The Construction of the Stave\\nSilo, by L. A. Clinton), as well as farmers who have\\nhad several years experience with stave silos made of\\nunbeveled staves, are of the opinion that beveling is\\nunnecessary with silos having a diameter of more than\\n12 feet, if the staves are not more than six inches wide,\\nwhile silos having a diameter of 12 feet or less should\\nhave the staves beveled if these are six inches wide; if\\nthe staves are four inches wide, no beveling is neces-.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 85\\nsary. With all stave silos, if the beveling could be guar-\\nanteed accurate for the silo to be constructed there is\\nno objection to the beveling. But no beveling is prefer-\\nable to TOO much beveling.\\nAccording to the experience of the well-known writer\\nand lecturer, John Gould, of Ohio, unbeveled staves,\\nwell sized, will pinch together on inside edges so as to\\nbe in every way as good as a tongued and grooved stave,\\nand will dry out and keep better than one where it can\\nsap-soak so much in the grooves.\\nAlthough practical exjDerience so far seems to con-\\nfirm the correctness of the position stated, it is a fact\\nthat railroad water tanks and large fermentation tanks\\nare always, so far as known, made of slightly beveled\\nstaves, and the staves in such tanks need to fit at least\\nas tightly as those of stave silos. Another indication\\nshowing that beveled staves are preferable to unbev-\\neled ones is the fact that all the various manufacturers\\nwho have made stave silo construction a specialty are\\nusing beveled staves. They are as interested as their\\ncustomers in reducing the cost of their silos, but have\\nstill thought it unwise to vary from the plan of large\\nwater tanks. It is evident from the testimony on hand,\\nhowever, that stave silos built of unbeveled staves have\\ngiven good satisfaction for at least four seasons; and\\nit is also evident that the beveling of the staves, if done\\nat all, must be done carefully, so that too much is not\\ntaken olf, which will prevent the making of a tight joint\\nat the inner edge of the staves when the silo hoops are\\ntightened.\\nPrivate communication from Prof. Clinton.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "86 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nWire fencing for hoops. In the place of round or flat\\niron hoops. |-inch diameter, it has been suggested to\\nuse a band of 52-inch woven wire fencing cut of such\\na length that when each end is wrapped about a 4xi-inch\\noak scantling, and put round the silo, the end pieces\\nwill come within about 10 inches of each other and\\nare tied together with two 1-inch bolts with double\\nburrs. The bands are placed sufficiently far apart to\\nadmit of doors being placed at proper distances. The\\ncoil of the wire takes up all slack, as the silo shrinks\\nwhen empty, and expands when the staves swell, so that\\nthe staves are under tension all the time.\\nBy making the stave silo of plain unbeveled 2x4-inch\\nscantling and using wire fencing for hoops, silo con-\\nstruction has been reduced to tlie lowest cost which it\\nis likely to ever reach; a 50-ton silo of this kind (12\\nfeet diameter, 24 feet high) of hemlock staves put up at\\nCornell Experiment Station cost $34 for materials.\\nThe materials may be obtained at any lumber yard and\\nhardware shop, and a minimum of mechanical skill is\\nrequired for putting up the silo. With the limited ex-\\nperience at hand at the present time concerning the\\nlongevity of silos built in the manner suggested we\\ncannot feel certain that they will prove satisfactory\\nstructures in the long run there are, in fact, good\\nauthorities that are skeptical even as to the value of\\nsuch silos for a short period of time, but the evidence\\non record shows, as stated, that they have given good\\nsatisfaction for four seasons at any rate, first-class\\nsilage having been made in them during this time, and\\nat present there are no signs of their giving out. It\\nwould -seem therefore tlia;t stave silos built as suggested", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n87\\nmay l)e safely recommended at least as temporary struc-\\ntures and to bridge over to when more expensive and\\ncarefully built silos can be erected.\\nFounciation of stave silos. The method of making\\nthe foundation of a stave silo recommended by a Xew\\nYork manufacturer is shown in figures 25 and 26.\\nCEMENT COVE\\nCONCRETE\\nEARTH\\nSECTION\\nSCALE A IN TO FOOT*\\nFIG. 25. FOUNDATION OF STAVE SILO. (HARDER.)\\nSetting up the staves. The method of setting up a\\nstave silo recommended by the Cornell Experiment\\nStation is shown in fig. 27. Posts of 6xQ material (a),\\nof the entire length of the silo, are set up vertically and\\nstayed securely in place. The scaffolding may be con-\\nstructed by setting ujd 2x4 scantling in the positions\\nshown in the figure as h. Boards nailed from these\\n2x4 s to the QxQ posts will form a rigid frame, across\\nwhich the planks for the scaffold platform may be laid.\\nBefore the scaffolding is all in place, the staves should", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "88\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE,\\nbe stood u]^ within the inclosnre, otlierwise difficulty\\nwill be experienced in getting them into position. Some\\nFIG. 26. BASE OF STAVE SILO. (HARDER.)\\ncantion needs to be exercised in working on the scaf-\\nfolding that the planks do not tip. The first stave set\\nFIG. 27. CROSS-SECTION OF STAVE SILO. THE DOTTED LINES ARE\\nTO SHOW HOW SCAFFOLDING MAY BE PUT UP. (CLINTON.)\\nup should be made plumb, and should be toe-nailed at\\nthe top to one of the posts originally set,", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n89\\nA good way of starting the building of a stave silo\\nis illustrated in figures 28 and 29. Some manufacturers\\nof stave silos furnish such silo fronts, all Joined to-\\ngether and ready to set in place, at a small extra charge,\\nwith battens D, D, bolted on, and dowel-pinned\\ntogether; after the front is\\nup and braced so that it\\nstands perfectly perpendicular\\nevery way, the silo is built by\\nadding a stave at a time to this\\nfront, each stave being firmly\\nfastened by cleats on the inside,\\none near the top, one in the\\nmiddle and one near the bot-\\ntom (fig. 30). According to\\nProfessor Clinton, old staves of\\nsugar barrels are best adapted\\nfor a silo, 12 feet in diameter,\\nwhile the flour barrel stave best\\nfits the- curve of a 16-foot silo,\\nand staves of the cement barrel\\nthat of silos 20 feet in diameter\\nor more. The staves are re-\\nmoved when the silo is all up.\\nDoors. The arrangement of\\ndoors for stave silos illustrated\\nin fig. 23 (see p. 82), will\\nprove satisfactory if the work\\nbe carefully done. Manufactur-\\ners of stave silos have shown considerable inventiveness\\nin constructing doors for such silos, some of wliieh have\\nsome good features, while others are open to criticism in\\nC-\\nA\\ne\\nC--\\nf\\ns_\\n/i\\n_\\n/i\\nFIG. 28. SIX-STAVE SILO\\nFRONT, READY TO\\nBE PUT UP.\\nA, A, A, Doors: C, C,\\nC, Dowell Pins; D, D, D,\\nDoor Battens (Cap. Lbr.\\nCo.).", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "90\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nseveral ways. A couple of such patented doors, with stave\\nsilos of different manufacture, are shown in figures\\n31A-33. The difficulty with several of the patented silo\\ndoors is that they have iron parts which are apt to rust\\nand wear out, or\\nthey weaken the\\nsilo, or after some\\ntime get out of\\nshape and fail to\\nclose tightly. Fig.\\n33 shows a form\\nof stave silos made\\nby a New York\\nmanufacturer; in-\\nstead of doors\\nthere are sections\\nof staves put in\\nhorizontally across\\nthe opening; these\\nsections are re-\\nmovable so as to\\nform a continuous\\nopening from the\\nbottom to the\\ntop of the silo,\\nthrough which the silage may be easily emptied; in addi-\\ntion the cross-bars supporting the sections form a ladder\\nwhich may be used in ascending or descending the silo\\n(see p. 93).\\nBefore filling the silo the hoops should be drawn\\nsomewhat tight, but not perfectly so, so as to allow\\nfor the swelling of the staves from the moisture which\\nFig. 39. SETTING UP THE STAVE SILO IN\\nSECTIONS. (HARDER.)", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n91\\nthey will take up from the corn. The hoops should be\\nwatched closely for some days after the silo has been\\nfilled, and if the strain becomes very intense the nuts\\nshould be slightly loosened so that the hoops will not be\\nbroken or the thread stripped.\\nIn order to prevent the collapse of the silo during\\nFIG. 30. USE OF BARREL STAVES IN\\nSETTING UP A STAVE SILO; THEY\\nSHOULD BE REMOVED BEFORE\\nTHE SILO IS FILLED.\\nFIG. 31. STAVE SILO, KAL-\\nAMAZOO SILO. (WIL-\\nLIAMS MFG. CO.)\\nthe summer when it is empty and the staves have be-\\ncome thoroughly dried out, the hoops should be\\nfastened with numerous staples; these will pre-\\nvent the hoops from sagging or dropping down, and will\\nalso hold the staves in place.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "92 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nBoof. Tf hiiilt inside a barn or another farm bnild-\\ning, there will be no need of putting any roof on the\\nFIG. 31 A. DOOR OF KALAMAZOO SILO.\\nFIG. 32. DOOR OF STAVE SILO. (ELIAS.)\\nstave silo. If the silo is built out of doors as an inde-\\npendent structure, some sort of a roof should be put on\\nto keep out rain or snow. The roof provided for in the", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n93\\nspecifications for a 100-ton silo on p. 83 is described in\\nthe Xew York bulletin previously referred to and may\\nFIG. 32a. side view of door OF STAVE SILO. (ELIAS.)\\nFIG. 34. A CHEAP ROOF OF STAVE SILO.\\nA, B, and E, 2x6in.; C, 2x4in. D, C,\\nFIG. 33. STAVE SILO WITH Enlarged Outside End; F, Hinges; G,\\nCONTINUOUS OPENING IN H, I, Sections of Roof; J, K, 2x2in.\\nFRONT. (HARDER.) (Van Norman).\\nprove fairly efficient. Another construction of a cheap\\nroof for a stave silo is shown in fig. S-i. It was built", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "94\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nat the Indiana Experiment Station at a total cost of\\n$10.50j viz., lumber $4, tin jout on and painted $6, and\\nhardware 50 cents. Two 2x6 pieces (A, A) were placed\\non edge and toe-nailed to the top of the staves they\\nrested on; the projection is for supporting the carrier at\\nfilling time. They are tied together by the short pieces\\nE. The roof is in three sections, Gr, H and I. G and H\\nFIG. 35. TWIN STAVE SILOS BUILT IN CONNECTION\\nWITH BARN. (ELIAS.)\\nare hinged to the frame A, A, and may be tipped np\\nwhen the silo is nearly full, to allow filling to the top.\\nThe narrow middle section is light enough to lift off on\\neither side, and leaves the opening for the carrier to\\ndeliver into.\\nOn the framework B, B, and C, C, cheap sheeting\\nboards are nailed. This is then covered with tin, sold-\\nered joints and painted. The sections should be fast-\\nened down by means of staples and hooks, or other\\ndevice; the hooks are used on this one. On the inner", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n95\\nedge of G and H, 2x2-inch strips, K, are nailed. Close\\nto these are j^laced similar strips, J, to which the cross-\\nboards are nailed, forming the section I of the roof.\\nThe tin on the section I should come over the edge on to\\nJ. On the other sections it should run up on the side\\nof K, making a water-tight joint.\\nThe sections G and H have a slope of nearly 3 inches,\\nbeing the difference in height of A and C. C is notched\\none inch at the outer end. (YanNorman in Hoard s\\nDairyman.)\\nFIG. 36. TWIN STAVE SILO, KENOSHA COUNTY, WIS.\\nProtection against freezing. If the silo is built out-\\ndoors in any of the Northern states, it is necessary to\\nprovide some special means to keep the silage from\\nfreezing in case this is considered a very objectionable\\nfeature. The silo may be inclosed by a wide jacket of\\nrough boards nailed to four uprights, leaving the sec-\\ntion of the silo where doors are, easy of access; the\\nsj^ace between the silo and outside jacket is filled with\\nstraw in the fall; this may be taken out and used for", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "96\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nbedding in the spring, thus allowing the staves to be\\nthoroughly dried out during the summer, and prevent-\\ning the silo from rotting.\\nThe plan of a stave silo given by Prof. King of Wis-\\nconsin Experiment Station is shown in fig. 37. It is\\nmade with tongued and grooved staves four to six inches\\n^^^mmm^^\\nF\\nFIG. 37. CONSTRUCTION OV THE STAVE SILO, AND OF A MODIFICATION\\nOF THE STAVE SILO (H.) (KING.)\\nwide, and is hooped with metal hoops and metal tight-\\neners. In the figure, the construction of the silo is\\nshown in A-G, while H shows the construction of an\\nall-wood silo where matched flooring forms the lining\\nand is put on in the manner of staves. The door, F, Gr,\\nis made of two layers of 4-inch matched flooring\\nwith a layer of 2-ply saturated acid- and alkali-\\nproof paper between it is held in place with", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n97\\nlarge screws or lag bolts, and opens inside. The shoulder\\nagainst which the door shuts, should be lined with 2-ply\\nP. and B. Ruberoid paper, or its equivalent. The cleats\\nfor the doors are cut to the curve of the silo, as shown\\nat G. The staves, C, are beveled to fit the circle. The\\nhoops are f-inch round rods provided with iron tight-\\neners, as shown at D, instead of wood as is being used\\nby many. The wood is not durable enough, and is liable\\nto give way in time when the silo is full. The iron\\nFIG. 38. STAVE SILO BUILT IN CONNECTION WITH A CHEAP AND\\nEFFECTIVE DAIRY BARN. (ELIAS.)\\ntighteners are furnished by manufacturers of stave silos.\\nIf staves are spliced, the joint is made tight, as shown in\\nB at a, by putting a piece of galvanized hoop iron in a\\nsaw-cut in the ends of the two staves where they meet.\\nIn the substitute for the stave silo shown at H, the\\noutside is much like the all-wood silo, and the lining\\nconsists of matched 4-inch flooring nailed to girts cut\\nin between the studs as shown at H. In the opinion\\nof Professor King, such silos, besides being warmer,", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "98\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nI\\n1\\n1\\nOs=\\nin\\nr\\nr\\nr\\nr\\nr\\nr\\nr\\n0\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nu\\n71\\nO\\nlU\\nId\\nzr\\n0)\\nJ\\nJ\\nJ\\n-J\\nJ\\nJ\\nh\\nT-\\n10\\n1\\nIL/\\nI\\n\\\\1", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n99\\nmore durable and tighter, may be built as cheaply as\\na first-class stave silo.\\nThe manner of connecting stave, as well as other\\n^T^zir^\\nFIG. 40, STAVE SILO BUILT IN CONNECTION WITH A STOCK\\nBARN. (ELI AS.)\\nFIG. 41. TWIN STAVE SILOS LOCATED ON THE SIDES OF A\\nSTOCK BARN. (ELIAS.)\\nround wooden silos with stock barns is illustrated in\\nmany of the pictures of such silos given in this book a\\nfew more illustrations are shown above which will sug-\\nutfa", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "100\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAG^^.\\ngest methods that may be adopted in building silos in\\nconnection with barns see figures 38-41, inclusive.\\nCalculation of staves required for stave silos. The\\nfollowing table will be found useful in calculating the\\nnumber of staves required for silos of different diam-\\neters, and the feeding areas which these will give\\nCircumferences and Areas of Circles.\\nDiameter;\\nFeet.\\nCircum-\\nference,\\nFeet.\\nArea,\\nSquare\\nFeet.\\nDiameter,\\nFeet.\\nCircum-\\nference,\\nFeet.\\nArea,\\nSquare\\nFeet.\\n8\\n25.1\\n50.3\\n21\\n66.0\\n346.4\\n9\\n28.3\\n63.6\\n22\\n69.1\\n380.1\\n10\\n31.4\\n78.5\\n23\\n72.3\\n415.5\\n11\\n34.6\\n95.0\\n24\\n75.4\\n452.4\\n12\\n37.7\\n113.1\\n25\\n78.5\\n490.9\\n13\\n40.8\\n132 7\\n26\\n81.7\\n530 9\\n14\\n44.0\\n153 9\\n27\\n84.8\\n572.6\\n15\\n47.1\\n176.7\\n28\\n88.0\\n615 8\\n16\\n50.3\\n201 1\\n29\\n91.1\\n660 5\\n17\\n53 4\\n227.0\\n30\\n94.2\\n706.9\\n18\\n56.5\\n254 5\\n31\\n97.4\\n754.8\\n19\\n59.7\\n283.5\\n32\\n100.5\\n804.2\\n20\\n62 8\\n314.2\\nTo find the circumference of a circle, multiply the\\ndiameter by 3.1416.\\nTo find the area of a circle, multiply the square of\\nthe diameter by 0.7854.\\nTo find the cubical content of a cylinder, multiply the\\narea of the base (floor) by the height.\\nExample. A silo 16 feet in diameter and 26 feet high\\nis wanted; how many staves 2x6 inches will be needed,\\nand what will be the feeding area in the silo and its ca-\\npacity?\\nThe circumference of a circle 16 feet diameter is 50.3\\nfeet; there will therefore be required 50.3^1/^=101 staves,\\n2x6 inches, 26 feet high, or if staves of this height cannot\\nbe obtained, either 127 staves 21 feet long or 135 staves", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 101\\n20 feet long. The feeding area will be 15 2-3X15 2-3 X\\n0.7854=192.8 square feet, and the cubical content of the\\nsilo 192.8X26=5012.8 cubic feet. Estimating the weight of\\na cubic foot of corn silage at 40 pounds, 5012.8 cubic feet\\nsilage would weigh 200,512 pounds, or 100 tons, which is\\nthe approximate capacity of a round silo of the dimensions\\ngiven.\\nIII. Sqttare or Rectatigular Wooden Silos.\\nXearly all silos built in this country prior to 1891\\nwere square or rectangular, and were built either in\\nbays of barns or as independent structures. As already\\nstated, they were relatively shallow, while those built\\nduring late years have had considerable depth, like the\\nround silos built during this period. Silos of this type\\ndiffer in their construction according to whether they are\\nbuilt inside of barns or as separate buildings, and we\\nshall therefore consider these two kinds under separate\\nheadings.\\nA. Silos in the Bam.\\nA large number of silos have been built in a bay of\\nthe barn. Where the necessary depth can be obtained\\nand where the room can be spared, such silos can be\\nbuilt very easily and at less cost than a separate struc-\\nture, since lighter materials in construction may be\\nused in this case, and no roof will be required for the\\nsilo. Silos built in this manner have generally the\\nadvantage over other silos in being near at hand. This\\nis a very important point; feeding time comes twice\\na day throughout the winter and spring, and a few steps\\nsaved in hauling the silage mean a good deal in the\\naggregate. Many farmers first made silos of this kind,\\nand later on, when familiar with the process, built\\nadditional separate structures.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "102 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nBa3^s of the barn may be easily changed into silos\\naccording to the following directions given by Professor\\nWhitcher\\nEemove floors, and if there is a barn cellar, place\\nsills on the bottom of this and set 2x8 scantling ver-\\ntically, bringing np the inside edges even with the sills\\nof the barn. The bottom may or may not be cemented,\\naccording as the ground is wet or dry. If to be cement-\\ned, three casks of cement and an equal amount of sharp\\nsand or gravel will cover a bottom 16x16 and turn up on\\nthe sides two feet, which will give a tight silo. Com-\\nmon spruce or hemlock boards, square-edged and planed\\non one side, are best for boarding the inside of the silo\\nthese are to be put on in two courses, breaking Joints,\\nand, if thoroughly nailed, will give a tight silo. No\\ntonguing or matching is needed. Tarred paper may be\\nput between the boarding, if desired, but I doubt if it\\nis of great utility. At some point most easily accessible,\\nan opening extending nearly the height of the silo must\\nbe made, to put in the corn and take out the silage.\\nThe courses of boards should be cut shorter than the\\nopening, to allow loose boards to be set in, lapping on\\nthe door studding and making an air-tight joint. For\\nall this work medium lumber is good enough, and a very\\nlimited amount of mechanical skill and a few tools,\\nwhich all farms should have, will enable most farmers\\nto build their own silo. A few iron rods, one-half inch\\nin diameter, may be necessary to prevent spreading by\\nside pressure, but this will depend upon the strength\\nof the original frame of the barn. Narrow boards, from\\nfive to eight inches wide, are better than wide ones, as\\nthey are not likely to swell and split. Eight-penny", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 103\\nnails for the first boarding and twelve-penny nails for\\ntJie second course will hold the boards in place.\\nA silo constructed as above outlined will cost from\\n50 cents to $1 for each ton of its capacity, according as\\nall materials, including lumber and stone, are charged,\\nor only labor and nails, rods, and cement.^\\nJohn Gould s $-1:3 Silo. The well-known agricul-\\ntural writer and lecturer, John Gould, of Ohio, has de-\\nscribed his one-hundred-ton silo built in one-half of a\\nbay of his barn at a cost of $43. As it may be helpful\\nto some farmers, we give below the full description of the\\nsilo. Mr. Gould says Having become convinced that\\ncheaper material than that usually employed could be\\nused, and even stone and cement discarded, I set out\\nviiih this end in view. The barn has a basement of\\neight feet beneath it. This was utilized to make the\\nsilo deeper, making it twenty -two feet in depth and\\nfourteen feet square inside.\\nFrame of Silo. On one side (E) I had the backing\\nof my old silo, and on the opposite side (B) a stone\\nw^all of eight feet. On the two sides, B and C, the stud-\\nding only had the center backing of the sill, and cross-\\nbeam at C, eight feet from the basement floor. The\\nbottom of the silo was leveled off, and a footing made\\nfor the studs on the B and C sides by digging a trench,\\nabout 12 inches wide and 6 inches deep, under where\\nthe studding would come. Two sticks of timber, 6x12\\ninches, were thoroughly saturated with gas- or coaLtar,\\nand laid in these trenches, and made solid by tamping\\nthem at sides. The studding, 2x6 inches, were\\nhoisted in place and set about 18 inches apart, made\\nperpendicular by the aid of a spirit level, and on the", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "104 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nsills toe-nailed with 20-penny wire spikes. The stud-\\nding against the wall were allowed to rest against it\\nwithout a sill, and the studding of the old silo came\\nin for double duty, its own wall becoming now a parti-\\ntion. On the A and B sides, false girths were added\\nto those of the barn frame by building out with an\\n8-inch plank, so that they would be flush with the in-\\nside facing of the sill. This also lends additional\\nstrength to the barn frame, and makes three more back\\nsupports for the silo, and avoids at the same time ^cob-\\nbling or bridging to connect barn and silo.\\nThe silo was then sheeted up inside with cheap, but\\ngood, sound, $8 per 1,000 feet, inch-lumber, taking\\n1,230 feet, costing $9.85. The whole inside was then\\npapered up and down with a 3-inch lap with tarred\\nbuilding paper, costing 80 cents per roll, taking some-\\nwhat less than three rolls, or $2 more. The silo was\\nthen finished up by covering this inside again with inch\\ncull pine lumber, single and unfaced, so put on that it\\nhalf lapped the cracks of the first boarding, the second\\nlayer being tacked on with 10-penny wire nails. This\\nlumber was not even jointed or matched, and all put\\non horizontally, so that there can be no up and down\\ncracks for the escape or entry of air. If a board did\\nnot joint closely upon the one below it, a little of its\\nround or concave was taken off with a draw-shave, and a\\nnail or two driven ^toeing to bring it down snugly.\\nThis coating of lumber cost, for 1,230 feet, at the rate\\nof $13 per 1,000, making a bill of $16, and for surfac-\\ning $1 more; total, $17.\\nPainting the Lining. Six gallons of gas tar, cost-\\ning 24 cents, and 2^ gallons of gasoline, costing 25", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 105\\ncents, were compounded, and the whole inside of the\\nsilo painted with it, the application being rapidly per-\\nformed with a wash-brush. The gasoline causes the\\ngas tar to strike in rapidly and dry quickly. After using\\nhot tar and resin, and then this last, I greatly prefer\\nit, and there is less danger of burning one s self.\\nDoors. Selecting the space between two studs at\\nthe middle of the wall C as the handiest place for tak-\\ning out the silage, commencing at about three feet from\\nthe top, the boarding was sawed down close to each stud,\\neight feet. A strip was then made for three feet, to\\nallow the center of the silo the full end strength of\\nthree boards. Another doorway was cut five feet and\\nto within three feet of the bottom. An inch-by-four\\nstrip was then nailed on to each stud, on the outside\\nand close up to the boards. The short lengths were all\\nput back into their places in the order in which they\\nwere cut out, making a very close-fitting door. The\\nboards were lightly fastened, and over each, on the in-\\nside, is hung a curtain made of a piece of tarred paper,\\ntwo feet longer and a foot or more wider than the door.\\nWhen the silo is filled the pressure of the silage against\\nthe paper makes an almost absolutely air-proof door,\\nand it is the cheapest and best devised.\\nFloor of Silo. For the floor the original clay was\\nused. Commencing in the center of the pit the clay\\nwas removed and thoroughly packed along the walls,\\nmaking the bottom of the silo somewhat concave. This\\nthrows the great weight and pressure of the silage into\\nthis depression, and relieves the silo of so much strain.\\nIf the silo has natural drainage, and one is sure of\\nreasonably dry footing, clay is in all respects preferable", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "106\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nto a grout or cement bottom, and cheapens the cost of\\nthe silo by so much. I now have my silo complete. The\\nlumber and labor bill is\\nSills 1.00\\nStuddings 9.00\\nInside facing 17.00\\nNails 1.50\\nSheeting 9.85\\nPaper 3.00\\nPaint 50\\nHired man 2.00\\nTotal $42.85\\nThis does not include my own labor for four and a half\\ndays.\\nFig. 42 shows a small, square silo, built inside of a\\nMichigan barn dimensions, 8 feet square, and 23 feet\\nFIG. 42. VIEW or A SITiO, 8 FEET SQUARE, 23 FEET DEEP, BUILT\\nINSIDE OF BARN. (SMITH.)", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 107\\ndeep. The capacity of the silo is about 28 tons. It is\\nbuilt of 2x8 horizontal studding, placed lapped at the\\ncorners and held together with 5 twenty-penny nails,\\nwire spikes, in each corner. The spaces between these\\nframes, from the bottom to the top, are 2^, 2J, 3, 4, 5\\nand 5 feet. The siding consists of one thickness of\\nmatched white-pine flooring, six inches wide; it is\\nnailed on vertically and painted on both sides with\\nVenetian red and oil. No paper is used. The corners\\nare filled out by 2x6 scantling properly beveled and\\nnailed in vertically. Each door is 2 feet wide and made\\nof sufficient length to lap an inch when placed between\\na certain pair of horizontal ribs; toward the bottom of\\nthe silo the doors are therefore 2J feet wide, while\\ntoward the top they are 5 feet high. Battens of 1x4\\npine are placed over the cracks on the sides of the doors\\nand nailed to the wall of the silo. No hinges are used,\\nthe pressure of the silage keeping the doors in place.\\nThe bottom frame, formed by the 2x8 studdings,\\nrests on the clay bottom of the barn cellar. The silo\\nhas no foundation, but the hard clay bottom is cemented\\nwith Buffalo cement, one inch thick, to keep out rats.\\nCost of materials, $30.00. (Mich. Experiment Station,\\nspec. bull. No. 6.)\\nB. Separate Square or Rectangular Wooden Silos.\\nLike other kinds of silos, square or rectangular silos\\nbuilt as outside independent structures may be made\\nof wood, stone or grout. In most of the agricultural\\nStates in the Union wooden silos can be built cheaper\\nthan either stone or grout silos. While they may not", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "108\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nlast as long as the latter types, even with the best of care\\nin both building and maintenance, they will last for a\\nlarge number of years if the necessary precautions for\\ntheir preservation are taken. The general directions for\\nbuilding silos of this type are similar to those given on\\np. 44. They may be built by placing 3x10 pieces as stud-\\nding one foot apart, and boarding on the inside with\\nmatched boards or shiplap, or with two layers of siding\\nwith building paper between and on the outside, build-\\ning paper, over which common boards are\\nnailed. If double lining is used, the first\\none is nailed on the studding horizontally,\\nand the second vertically.\\nIn building a square or rectangular\\nsilo more than 30 feet deep, Professor\\nPlumb recommends making sills of\\n3xl3-inch planks, in two layers, halved\\nand spiked at the\\ncorners (Fig. 43).\\nThese sills are held\\nin place by bolts,\\nwell anchored in the\\nfoundation wall\\n(Fig. 44). The stud\\n(1) should be blocked against a strip (3) nailed\\nto the sill, and a bolt (4) driven through the sill\\n(3, 3) into the wall (5, 5). The 3xl3-inch studs are\\ntoe-nailed to the sills, 18 inches apart from center to\\ncenter. The base of each stud is cut on the outside\\nagainst a 3x4-inch piece spiked along the outer line of\\nthe sill, to prevent spreading.\\nThere is a good deal of difference of opinion as to the\\nFIG. 43. FASTENING OF SILLS AT\\nTHE CORNERS. (PLUMB.)", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n109\\nsilo lining, several observing farmers claiming that\\ndouble boarding, with or without tarred paper between,\\nwill rot before a one-layer lining\\nof sound matched lumber or\\nshiplap, free from cracks and\\nchecks, put on horizontally. Mr.\\nH. B. Gurler, the well-known\\nIllinois dairyman, says on this\\npoint in a communication to the\\nauthor My first silo was built\\nwith a single boarding on inside\\nof studdings. This was a good\\nquality of matched lumber, and\\nit is still sound after having been\\nfilled eleven times I cannot find\\nany signs of decay, or at least\\ncould not before filling last fall.\\nThe second silo I built was with\\n1, stud blocked against s. -i -i n .,i\\nstrip, 2. nailed to the sill, double walls lusidc. With paper\\n3; 4, bolt driven through the between. I am Confident that\\nsill into the wall, 5. (Plumb.) -i .-i^\\ndecay will sooner cause trouble\\nwith these walls, as I can see the effect of it\\nnow in some places, and this after nine fillings. I\\nimagine moisture from the corn gets through the joints\\nbefore it swells these tight, and saturates the paper, thus\\ncausing decay. I think if building now I should select\\nsound, kiln-dried lumber for the inside and put on one\\nthickness.\\nProfessor Robertson, the Commissioner of Agriculture\\nof Canada, also recommends a single lining for wooden\\nsilos. He says I have found one ply of sound 1-inch\\nlumber, tongued and grooved, and nailed horizontally\\nFIG. 44. FOUNDATION OF\\nSQUARE SILOS.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "110\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\non the inside of studs, 2 inches by 10 inches or 2 inches\\nby 12 inches, to be sufficient. I did bnild silos with four\\nply of lumber and tar j)aper between them; and I could\\nnot keep the silage any better than with one ply of lum-\\nber, tongued and grooved or planed on the edges.\\nIn a letter to the writer, Mr. John Gould, of Ohio,\\nsays on this point I suppose that within a few miles\\nFIG. 45. RECTANGULAR WOODEN SILO.\\nDimensions, 48x24 feet, 22 feet high.\\nof me there are 100 silos built with a single lining of\\ninch Georgia pine flooring, all giving the best of satis-\\nfaction. I think them a great success.\\nUnless the lumber is very carefully selected, a single\\nlining will not be likely to prove satisfactory. It would\\nseem, however, that such silos, well built and cared for,\\nmay outlast silos having three or four-ply lumber for\\ninside lining, which are poorly ventilated.\\nNo filling material is necessary or desirable in the", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\nIll\\ndead air spaces formed by the studding and the outside\\nand inside facing air is a better non-condnctor of heat\\nthan sawdust, chaff, or any other material which has\\nbeen recommended for this purpose.\\nAs before stated, deep silos are better than shallow\\nones, and square ones better than rectangular, as they\\nrequire less lumber. For the same and other reasons\\ncircular silos are to be preferred to either of these forms.\\nAnother point in favor of the round silo is the absence of\\ncorners in this type of silos, the whole inside forming\\na smooth, round\\nI\\nI\\na-\\nwall; corners are\\nalways objection-\\nable in a silo on\\naccount of the lia-\\nbility to loss of\\nsilage through\\nspoiling, which\\nmay take place\\nthere from the\\ndifficulty of en-\\ntirely preventing\\nthe access of air\\nat these points.\\nTo avoid the loss of silage in the corners of square\\nor rectangular silos they should be partially rounded\\noff by placing a square timber, split diagonally, in each\\nof the corners; another plan is to bevel the edge of a\\nten-inch plank and nail it in the corners, filling in\\nbehind perfectly with dry earth or sand; sawdust has\\nbeen recommended, but it should not be used, as it\\nwill draw moisture and cause the plank and silo lining\\nFIG. 46. CROSS-SECTION OF\\nTHE STUDDING AT THE CORNER\\nOF A RECTANGULAR SILO.\\nHalf-inch bolts are used to\\nhold the 2x4 and 2x6 to-\\ngether. The bolts are not\\nmore than 18 inches apart\\nfrom the bottom up to\\nabout the middle of the\\nstudding. Above the mid-\\ndle they may be 2 feet\\napart; they may be re-in-\\nforced by 30 d. nails.\\n(Spillman.)", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "112\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nto decay; the space back of the plank may also be left\\nempty.\\nThe difficulty of excluding the air from the corners\\nof rectangular or square silos may be obviated in the\\nmanner suggested by Spillman and shown in Fig. 46.\\nThe illustration, with legend, is self-explanatory.\\nAnother arrangement for making the corners of a\\nrectangular or square silo air-tight is shown in Fig. 47,\\ntaken from Geneva Experiment Station Bulletin No.\\n102, by Professor Wheeler. The corners are boarded\\nup, as shown in the\\nfigure, a sheathing\\nof paper going be-\\ntween the two\\ncourses of boards.\\nThe partitions at\\nthe corners can be\\nput across after the\\nfi r s t course o f\\nboards, instead of\\nafter the second\\nlining is in place, as\\nshown in the illus-\\ntration. Still another arrangement is explained in\\nRural New Yorker, 1899, p. 478.\\nA Primitive Colorado Silo. Professor Cooke\\ngives an account of a wooden silo, made at the Colorado\\nCollege Farm, which is still cheaper than Mr. Gould s\\nsilo, previously described and also more primitive.\\nThe climatic conditions in large sections of the West\\nare such as to allow silos to be built very deep into the\\nground and render roof unnecessary. The silo was built\\nFIG. 47. CORNER OF RECTANGULAR\\nSILO. (WHEELER.)", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 113\\noh a slight slope; a hole, 21 feet square and 8 feet\\ndeep, was dug out with the plow and scraper. The only\\nhand work necessary was in the corners and on the sides.\\nInside this hole a 2x6 sill was laid on the ground 2xG\\nstudding, 12 feet long, was erected every 2 feet, and a\\n2x6 plate put on top. This framework was then sheeted\\non the inside with a single thickness of unmatched,\\nunplaned, rough boards, such as can be bought almost\\nanywhere for $12 per 1,000.\\nThe inside was lined with a single thickness of tarred\\nbuilding paper, held in place by perpendicular slats.\\nThe floor was made by wetting and tramping the clay at\\nthe bottom, while the heavens above made an excellent\\nand very cheap roof. The dirt was tilled in against the\\nsides, and banked up to within two feet of the top, ex-\\ncept on the lower side, where were doors, reaching from\\nnear the top to within four feet of the bottom. All labor\\nwas done by the farm hands and teams, and could as\\neasily be done by any farmer on his own farm.\\nThe bill for material stands as follows:\\n240 feet, 2x6, for sill and plate.\\n528 2x6, 12 feet long, for studding.\\n960 rough boards for sides.\\n1,728 lumber, at $12 per M $20.74\\nNails, lath, and building paper 7.00\\n$27.74\\nHad the hole been two feet deeper, and the sides two\\nfeet higher, with one partition, the twp pits would then\\nhave been each 10x20 feet, and 16 feet deep, with a total\\ncapacity of 100 tons of silage while the cost of materials", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "114 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nwould have been $44. Thus^ a silo can be built in Colo-\\nrado for less than 50 cents for each ton capacity.\\nSilos with Horizontal Girts.\\nThe illustration, Fig. 48, taken from Farmers Bul-\\nletin 1^0. 32 (Silos and Silage, by Prof. C. S. Plumb),\\nFIG. 48. CONSTRUCTION OF A DOUBLE SILO WITH HORIZONTAL\\nGIRTS. (GULLEY.)\\nshows a double silo with a framing consisting of hori-\\nzontal girts. This kind of silo has been tried with good\\nresults. In the figure, a, a represents the door, of", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n115\\nwhich the five sections extend from sill to plate. Each\\npit is 18 feet, square inside and 20 feet deep. Each out-\\nFIG. 49. CONSTRUCTION OF CORNER JOINT AND CROSS-WALL INTER-\\nSECTION OF HORIZONTAL GIRT SILO. (GULLEY.)\\nside girt is made of three planks, 2x10 inches, 20 feet long.\\nThe plate consists of two such planks. The girts of the\\nFIG. 50. CONSTRUCTION OF DOOR OF HORIZONTAL GIRT\\nSILO. (GULLEY.)\\ncross-wall are made of 2x8 planks. The girts are nearer\\ntogether toward the bottom of the silo where greater", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "116 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nstrength is required. The distances between these hori-\\nzontal girts, measured from the upper surface of one to\\nthe lower surface of the next higher, beginning at the\\nsill, are, respectively, 2 6 3 3 6 3 9 and 4 5\\nFig. 49 shows the details of the joint at the corner\\nand at the intersection of cross-wall and outer girt, s, s\\nare short supports of 2x6 plank between the different\\ngirts, a, a cross brace of 2x6 lumber, which, while\\nstrengthening the joints, dispenses with a right angle\\ninside corner. Two half-inch iron bolts are used in each\\njoint in addition to a number of 20d. and 40d. nails.\\nFig. 50 shows details of the door, of which there is\\none section between each pair of girts. Where one section\\nof the door joins another or touches the silo lining a\\nlap-joint is formed.\\nThe following shows the materials used for this double\\nsilo, omitting only the sheathing and battens, which\\nserve as a protection against the weather.\\nFeet.\\n105 pieces 2 by 10 inches by 20 feet, sills, girts, and\\nplates 3,500\\n18 pieces 2 by 8 inches by 20 feet, sills, girts, and\\nplates, cross-wall 540\\n35 pieces 2 by 6 inches by 18 feet, supports and cross\\ncorner braces 630\\n300 pieces 1 by 12 inches by 20 feet lining planks 6,000\\n44 pieces 2 by 4 inches by 14 feet rafters 462\\n1 by 4 inch roof sheathing 800\\n11,932\\n3,000 square feet tarred building paper, 10,000 shingles,\\n751/^ by 7 inch iron bolts, 150 i/^-inch washers, 1 keg\\nfortypenny nails, 2 kegs twentypenny nails, 2 kegs ten-\\npenny nails, 1 keg eightpenny nails, 30 pounds fourpenny\\nnails,", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "SILOS. U lf\\nBrick foundation wall 12 inches thick, 18 inches high:\\n4,500 bricks, 2 barrels lime, 2 barrels cement.\\nIV. Stone or Brick Silos.\\nThese silos are usually more expensive than wooden\\nones, but, in return, they will last longer when carefully\\nbuilt. Some of the first silos built in Wisconsin and\\nother Northwestern states were made of stone, and are\\nstill in good condition, Avhich can not be said about the\\nearliest wooden silos made. Stone silos are easily built,\\nbeing just like a cellar wall, if possible without any\\nopening except the door, and provided with a roof like\\nany other silo. The walls should be at least sixteen\\ninches thick, and should be jacketed with wood on the\\noutside, to prevent injury from frost, and to form dead-\\nair spaces, wdiich will insure perfect preservation of the\\nsilage clear up to the silo wall. The earlier stone silos\\nbuilt were not protected in this manner, and, as a result,\\nthe silage often spoilt several inches around the walls,\\nthe stone being more or less porous, and being a fairly\\ngood conductor of heat and cold. This applies still\\nmore to brick than to stone w^alls. With the outside\\ncovering nailed to studdings, 2x4, no trouble will, how-\\never, be experienced in either case. A^entilation of the\\nsilo frame must be provided for as in the case of wooden\\nsilos.\\nThe following arrangement of constructing stone silos\\nhas proved very convenient, and will make good, sub-\\nstantial silos. The silo is built five to six feet into the\\nground, if it can safely be done the foundation wall is\\nmade two feet thick, and at the level of the ground a\\n4x6 sill is laid on the outer edge of the wall and bedded", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "118\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nin mortar a wooden frame is then erected of 2x6 stud-\\nding, sheeted on the inside with common flooring, and on\\nthe outside with ship lap boarding, with or without\\nbuilding paper on the studding. The stone wall is then\\ncontinued on the inside of this wooden frame up to the\\nplate, the corners well rounded off, and the whole in-\\nside cemented.\\nThe stone or brick wall must be made smooth by\\nFIG. 51. CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCULAR AI.L-STONE SILO. (KING.)\\nmeans of a heavy coat of a first-class cement. Since the\\nacid juices of silage are apt to gradually soften the\\ncement, it may be found necessary to protect the coating\\nby a whitewash with pure cement every other year be-\\nfore the silo is filled. If this precaution is taken, the\\nsilo will last for generations some of the earliest stone\\nsilos built in this country have now^ been filled every", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 119\\nseason for over twenty years without deteriorating per-\\neeptibl}^\\nLike the wooden silos, stone silos may be rectangular,\\nsquare, or circular; if built according to either of the\\nfirst two forms, the corners should be rounded off so\\nas to assist the settling of the siloed mass, and avoid loss\\nthrough insufficient packing of the mass in the corners.\\nThe construction of a round all-stone silo given by\\nProf. King is shown in Fig. 51. A shows a section of\\nthe silo, with conical roof, and the arrangement of fill-\\ning, and feeding doors. B and C, are ground plans of\\ncircular and rectangular stone silos D, E, F show con-\\nstruction of feeding doors. The construction of the door\\njambs, to make them air tight, will be seen in the illus-\\ntration. The doors are made from 2 layers of 4-inch\\nmatched flooring, with a layer of 2-ply saturated acid-\\nand alkali-proof paper, and are held in place with large\\nscrews or lag bolts, as shown in E and F. The face of\\nthe jambs should be lined with 2-ply P. and B. Ruberoid\\npaper or its equal; this will act as a gasket to make the\\ndoor perfectly air-tight.\\nV. Grottt Silos.\\nWhere stone is scarce, and lumber high, the best silo\\nis made of grout. Grout silos may be made according\\nto the following directions Having excavated for the\\nsilo, dig a trench all around the bottom, and fill it with\\ncobblestone, and from one corner lead a drain, if pos-\\nsible, so as to carry off all water. The trench under\\nthe proposed walls of the silo being filled with cobble-\\nstones, place standards of scantling long enough to ex-\\ntend 12 inches higher than the top of the wall when it is", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "120 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nfinished. Place these standards on each side of the pro-\\nposed wall, and if yon desire the walls to be 20 inches\\nthick, place the standards 23 inches apart, a pair of\\nstandards being placed every 5 or 6 feet around the\\nentire foundation; be particular to have the standards\\nexactly plumb, and in line fasten the bottoms of stand-\\nards firmly in the ground, or by nailing a strip of wood\\nacross at the bottom of the standards, and a little below\\nwhere the floor of the silo will be; fasten the tops of\\nthe standards by a heavy cross-piece securely nailed,\\nand fasten the pairs of standards in their plumb posi-\\ntions by shores reaching the bank outside. Planks IJ\\ninches thick and 14 inches wide are now placed edgewise\\ninside the standards, 20 inches apart, thus forming a\\nbox, 14 inches deep, and running all along and around\\nthe entire foundation of the proposed wall. Fill this\\nbox with alternate layers of cobble-stone or any rough\\nstone, etc., and mortar or- concrete. First a layer of\\nmortar, and then a layer of stones, not allowing the\\nstones to come quite out to the boxing plank, but having\\nconcrete over the edges; the concrete must be tamped\\ndown solid.\\nThe concrete is prepared as follows One part of good\\ncement is mixed thoroughly with four parts of dry\\nsand, and then with six parts of clear gravel make into\\na thin mortar, sprinkling with water over the same by\\nmeans of a sprinkler, and use at once. Put an inch or\\ntwo of this mortar into the box, and then bed in cobble-\\nstones; fill in with mortar, again covering the stones,\\nand again put in a layer of stone. When the box is\\nfilled, and the mortar ^^set so that the wall is firm, raise\\nthe box one foot, leaving two inches lap of plank on wall", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 121\\nbelow, and go around again, raising the wall one foot\\neach day, or every second day, according to the amount\\nof labor on hand. If no gravel is obtainable, nse five\\nbarrels of sand to one of cement, and bed in all the\\ncobble-stones possible. Stones with rough edges are bet-\\nter than smooth ones, as they bind the wall more thor-\\noughly, but any flat stones found about the fields will\\ndo as well. A layer of loose cobble-stones should be\\nplaced against the outside wall before the earth is\\nbrought against it, so as to have an air space, and a free\\npassage for water.\\nAs in case of the stone silos, the inside walls of grout\\nsilos must be made perfectly smooth, and preserved\\nfrom softening by means of occasional whitewashings\\nwith pure cement; they must also be protected from\\nfrost by an outside wooden lining nailed on the 2x4\\nstudding.\\nVI. Metal Silos.\\nSolid steel silos have been put on the market, but it\\nis not known what kind of results they have given in the\\nlimited number of cases where they have been tried in\\npractice. They are built of homogeneous steel plate,\\nlapped and double-riveted so as to make them perfectly\\nair-tight. According to Professor Waters, the cost is\\nabout $4 per ton capacity, or more than three times the\\namount which will build a first-class modern wooden\\nsilo. It is difficult to see what advantage a steel silo on\\nthe whole would have over these; the danger of frost\\nis far greater in a metal silo than in a wooden one the\\nsilage juices will furthermore attack the steel, and slowly\\ncorrode the wall, in spite of any paint or preservative\\nthat may be put on the inside.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "132 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nVII. Silo Stacks.\\nThe practice of making stack silage has not been\\nadopted in the United States, except as a mat-\\nter of experiment on ranches in semi-arid regions. It\\nmet with great favor in foreign countries wlien the silo-\\ning method first became known, especially in Great Brit-\\nain, where, according to official statistics, 1,362 persons\\nin 1887 reported their intention of making silage stacks,\\nagainst twenty-seven in 1886; the number given for\\n1887 is half of the total nnmber of silos existing in that\\n3 ear. No official data are at hand during late years,\\nbut as far as we are able to judge, silo stacks have\\nincreased far more rapidly in England than other silos.\\nThe main objections to silage stacks in this country\\nare the danger of frost and of excessive fermentative\\nlosses on account of the drying-out and spoiling of the\\nfodder on top and the sides. Until practical experiments\\nhave been made, we can not, however, know definitely\\nhow silo stacks would stand our climate; judging from\\nthe experience of foreign siloists, the}^ are not likely to\\never become adopted here in preference to silo buildings\\nof one kind or another, except, perhaps, on ranches\\nin Western semi-arid regions, where silo building ma-\\nterials are high and forage cheap.\\nThe stack system has been adopted, besides in G-reat\\nBritain, in Sweden, on the European Continent, and in\\nAustralia with great success, if the reports of enthusi-\\nasts be credited. There are mainly two systems in use,\\nthe Blunt and the Johnson silage press; the fodder is\\nstacked in both systems and the stacks pressed down by\\nheavy weights or by means of ratchet drums. The", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n123\\ncapacity of the Blunt press is about 100 tons. The\\namount of waste under English conditions is stated to\\nbe about H per cent and not to exceed 2 per cent, which\\nFIG. 52. BLUNT S SILO STACK, ROUND FORM\\nthe advocates of the system claim is less than interest\\non the money that has to be put into a separate silo\\nstructure. Eesults of German experiments do not, how-\\nevir, show such small losses as those given above. Wolfe", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "124\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nplaced forty-eight tons of meadow ha}^ in a silo stack,\\nfrom which quantit}^ onl}^ twenty-four tons of good sil-\\nage was obtained; forty tons was weighed back in all,\\nso that sixteen tons or 33 per cent must have spoiled\\non the top and the sides of the stack. Miiller obtained\\nFIG. 53. BLUNT S SILO STACK, SQUARE FORM.\\nsomewhat better results; 132 tons of vetch fodder and\\nsugar beet leaves were stacked in a Blunt s silage press\\nthere was a loss on the outside and top amounting to\\nabout seven tons (5.4 per cent), while nearly 103 tons\\n(77.9 per cent) of the silage was fed out to cattle.\\nRecent Swedish experiments, on the other hand,\\nshowed that 48.4 per cent of the whole mass spoilt in a", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "SILOS.\\n125\\nBlunt Press, and 35.7 per cent in another system of\\nfetack silos (Hermelin stack).\\nriG 51. joh: son s silo stack.\\nFIG. 55. CROSS-SECTION OF JOHNSON S SILO STACK.\\nThere are signs that the stack system of siloing fod-\\nders is on the wane in Europe, and that high silos of", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "126\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nsimilar materials and types as built during late years\\nby American farmers and dairymen will gradually take\\ntheir place. The writer, during the past winter (Jan.,\\n1899), received a letter of inquiry from a Swedish\\nfarmer, who has been making and feeding 1,000 tons\\nFIG. 56. RAMSTROM S silo STACK.\\nof stack silage or more annually for a number of years\\npast. I quote from the letter The silage has been so\\nfar made by means of Blunt presses; the quality has\\nalways been good, but these press devices have a number\\nof inconveniences which diminish the economic value of\\nthe method. The total loss of pressed fodder is quite\\nconsiderable and amounts, according to my observa-\\ntions, to 25 to 35 per cent; this loss occurs partly", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 127\\nthrough spoiling on the outside, partly through fermen-\\ntation, and partly, not least, through the expression of\\nplant juices which continue to run off during several\\nmonths. The dark-brown juice which runs off contains,\\nof course, considerable amounts of nutrients, especially\\nalbuminoids; this is confirmed by the fact that where\\na silage stack has been standing, the vegetation, even\\nfive to six years later, shows a rank growth, more so than\\nif a compost heap had been in the same place. The silo-\\ning of fodder in a silo stack is furthermore very expen-\\nsive, and takes a great deal of both labor and time, since\\nthe fodder must be raised high by iiand, must be care-\\nfully spread out evenly, and thoroughly tramped down.\\nI have, therefore, decided to change to the American\\nmethod with tall silos, and intend to build a 150-ton\\nsilo this coming spring the first one in Sweden.\\nVIII. Pits in the Ground.\\nWe mention this primitive form of silos in this con-\\nnection and last, because they are of no practical im-\\nportance at the present time and have only an historical\\ninterest.\\nThe first kind of silos made was simple trenches or\\npits dug in the ground, in ^^hich the grain or fodder to\\nbe preserved was buried, and covered with boards and a\\nlayer of earth. Sometimes the trench was cemented;\\nin the earlier stages of underground silos, it was not.\\nImmense quantities of sugar beet tops and beet pulp\\nhave been siloed in this way in Euro])e, especiall}^ in\\nGermany and France. In this country, before silo\\nstructures proper liecame general, a few farmers, not\\nwishing to risk much money on a system they knew only", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "128 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nfrom hear-say, obtained their first silo experience in this\\nsimple way.\\nAn excavation about 30 feet long, 15 feet wide, and\\n2^ feet deep was made in 1889, in a cornfield at the\\nKansas experiment station the soil was dry and sandy\\ncorn stalks with ears on were carefully piled in this\\npit in October, and the mass rolled with a heavy iron\\nroller; the fodder was then covered with a four-inch\\nlayer of straw and twenty inches of earth. When the\\npit was opened late in December, the silage was found\\nto be in a very excellent condition.\\nThis rather crude method of preserving fodder will,\\nhowever, always be accompanied by large losses on ac-\\ncount of the excessive and faulty fermentations occur-\\nring during the siloing period. It can not, therefore,\\nbe recommended. Much the better plan to follow for\\nthe farmer intending to try silage, is to travel about a\\nlittle before building and examine some modern silos;\\nwith the wide distribution of silos at the present date,\\nhe will usually not have far to go to find one or more\\nof them.\\nSilo Literature.\\nThe preceding descriptions of the various kinds\\nof silos and the directions given for their construc-\\ntion will, it is believed, in general answer the pur-\\npose of most farmers and dairymen. The directions\\ngiven arc, however, necessarily to a certain extent gen-\\neral, and each farmer has to use his judgment when it\\ncomes to deciding both which kind of silo he had better\\nbuild in his particular case and how a satisfactory, first-\\nclass silo can be built most cheaply under his conditions,", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 329\\nas to the materials to be used, the details of construc-\\ntion, etc. Many of the various government experiment\\nstations have issued publications describing silo con-\\nstruction, and farmers intending to build silos, who\\ncannot consult with neighbors and benefit from their\\nexperience in this line, will do well to read what advice\\ntheir own experiment station may have given as to the\\nbuilding of silos in their State. A list of station pub-\\nlications on the subject of silos and silage is given here\\nto acquaint the reader with the literature of the subject\\npublished in this country. The experiment stations\\nfurnish their publications free of charge to residents of\\ntheir respective States, upon request, and in some cases\\npublications are sent to non-residents as well. Many of\\nthe bulletins given in the list are, doubtless, now out of\\nprint, but those that are still available may be obtained\\nb} addressing the director of the agricultural experi-\\nment station in the State in which the farmer resides.*\\nLIST OP EXPERIMENT STATION PUBLICATIONS ON\\nTHE SUBJECT OF SILOS AND SILAGE, 1889- 99.\\n(b. bulletin; r., report.)\\nArkansas.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Silage, A. E. Menke; r. II., 1889, pp. 68-77.\\nColorado. An underground silo, W. W. Cooke and P. L.\\nWatrous; b. 30, Pebruary, 1895, pp. 21-23.\\nIndiana. The Silo and Silage in Indiana, C. S. Plumb; b.\\n40, June, 1892, pp. 65-81.\\nKansas. Silos and Silage, E. M. Shelton; b. 6, June, 1889,\\npp. 61-74.\\nMaryland.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Silos and Silage, A. I. Hay ward; r, 1889-1891.\\nPer a list of the agricultural experiment stations in\\nthe United States and Canada, with names of directors and\\npost-office addresses, see Woll, Handbook for Parmers and\\nDairymen, 2d edition. New York, 1900, p. 409.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "130 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nMichigan. Silos and Silage, S. Johnson; b. 47, April, 1889,\\n45 pp.\\nBuilding Silos, Clinton D. Smith, spec. b. 6, De-\\ncember, 1896, 17 pp.\\nMississippi. Silos and Silage, B. Irby; b. 8, August, 1889,\\n9 pp.\\nNebraska. Silos and Ensilage, Jared G. Smith; b. 17, June,\\n1891, pp. 7-22.\\nNew Hampshire. Silage in Dairy Farming, G. H. Whitcher;\\nb. 14, May, 1891, 8 pp.\\nNew York (Geneva). Silage and Silos, W. P. Wheeler;\\nb. 102, N. S., pp. 89-105.\\nNew York (Cornell). The Construction of the Stave Silo,\\nL. A. Clinton; b. 167, March, 1899, pp. 473-488.\\nNorth Carolina. Silos and Silage, F. E. Emery; b. 80, Oc-\\ntober, 1891, 17 pp.\\nOhio. Silos and Silage, J, F. Hickman; b. vol. II., No. 3, S.\\nS., June, 1889, pp. 73-88.\\nOregon. Silos and Silage, H. T. French; b. 9, February,\\n1891, 8 pp.\\nPennsylvania. Silos and Silo Building, H. J. Waters; Pa.\\nBoard of Agr., r. 1894, pp. 232-237.\\nSouth Dakota.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Silos and Silage, E. C. Chilcott; b. 51, Feb-\\nruary, 1897, pp. 20-32.\\nVirginia. Silos and Silage, D. 0. Nourse; b. 53, pp. 53-80.\\nCheap Silos in Virginia, D. 0. Nourse; b. 70, pp.\\n115-119.\\nWashington.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Silos and Silage, W. J. Spillman; b. 14, No-\\nvember, 1894, 19 pp.\\nWisconsin. Silo Building and Filling, L. H. Adams; b.\\n19, April, 1889, pp. 5-15.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Construction of Silos, F. H. King; b. 28, July,\\n1891, 16 pp.\\nThe Construction of Silos and the Making and\\nHandling of Silage, F. H. King; b. 59, May, 1897, 31 pp.\\nU. S. Department of Agriculture. Silos and Silage, 0. S.\\nPlumb; Farmers Bulletin 32, November, 1895, 30 pp.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 131\\nOntario, Canada. Ensilage, James W. Robertson; b, 32, Au-\\ngust, 1888, 10 pp.\\nFodder Corn and the Silo, James W. Robertson;\\nb. 42, May, 1889, 15 pp.\\nThe Silo and Corn Ensilage, C. C. James; b. 39\\n(Bureau of Industries), April, 1892, 8 pp.\\nPreservation of Silos.\\nA silo building will prove a rather short-lived struc-\\nture unless special precautions are taken to preserve it.\\nThis holds good of all kinds of silos, but more especially\\nof wooden ones, since a cement coating in a stone silo,\\neven if only fairly well made, will better resist the action\\nof the silage juices than the woodwork will be able to\\nkeep sound in the presence of moisture, high tempera-\\nture, and an abundance of bacterial life. We have seen\\nthat the inside of the walls of stone silos should be\\ngiven a whitewash of pure cement as often as found\\nnecessary, which may be every two years, and perhaps\\nnot as often. The degree of moisture and acidity in the\\nsilage made is, doubtless, of importance in this respect,\\nas a very sour silage made from immature corn will be\\nlikely to soften the cement coating sooner than so-called,\\nsweet silage made from nearly mature corn.\\nIn case of wooden silos it is necessary to apply some\\nmaterial which will render the wood impervious to\\nwater, and preserve it from decay. A great variety of\\npreparations have been recommended and used for this\\npurpose. Coal tar has been applied by a large number\\nof farmers, and has been found effective and durable.\\nIt may be put on either hot, alone or mixed with resin,\\nor dissolved in gasoline. If it is to be applied hot, some", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "132 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nof the oil contained in the tar must previously be burnt\\noff. The tar is poured into an iron kettle, a handful of\\nstraw is ignited and thrown into the kettle, which will\\ncause the oil to flash and burn off. The tar is suf-\\nficiently burnt when it will string out in fine threads,\\na foot or more in length, from a stick which has been\\nthrust into the blazing kettle and afterwards plunged\\ninto cold water. The fire is then put out by placing a\\ntight cover over the kettle. The kettle must be kept\\nover the fire until the silo lining has been gone over. A\\nmop or a small whisk broom cut short, so it is stiff,\\nmay serve for putting on the tar.\\nCoal tar and gasoline have also been used by many\\nwith good success. About half a gallon of coal tar and\\ntwo-thirds of a gallon of gasoline are mixed at a time,\\nstirring it while it is being put on. Since gasoline is\\nhighly inflammable, care must be taken not to have any\\nfire around when this mixture is applied. Asbestos paint\\nhas also been recommended for the preservation of silo\\nwalls, and would seem to be well adapted for this pur-\\npose.\\nI have not seen any silo walls in better condition than\\nthose of a number of Wisconsin silos, preserved by ap-\\nplication of a mixture of equal parts of boiled linseed\\noil and black oil, or one ]3art of the former to two of\\nthe latter. This mixture, applied every other year, be-\\nfore filling time, seems to preserve the lining perfectly.\\nIn building round silos. Professor King recommends\\npainting the boards with hot coal tar, and placing the\\npainted sides face to face. Ordinary red ochre and lin-\\nseed oil have also been used by some farmers; others\\nprefer to line the whole inside with building paper every", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 133\\ntime the silo is to be filled, in the manner explained by\\nMr. Gould. (See page 105.)\\nLa;thing and plastering of the silo walls are used by\\nsome farmers the method can not, however, be recom-\\nmended, since the plastering is very apt to crack and\\nbreak off, even if great care is taken to preserve the walls\\nintact.\\nManufacturers of stave silos and fixtures put up\\nspecial preparations for preserving the silos, which they\\nsend out ^Aith the staves. These are generally simple\\ncompounds similar to those given in the preceding, and\\nare sold to customers at practically cost prices.\\nWalls of wooden silos that have been preserved by\\none or the other of these methods will only keep sound\\nand free from decay if the silos are built so as to insure\\ngood ventilation. Preservatives will not save a non-\\nventilated silo structure from decay.\\nCost of Silos.\\nThe cost of a silo will depend greatly on local condi-\\ntions, as to price of labor and materials; how much\\nlabor has to be paid for the size of the silo, etc. The\\nauthor, in the spring of 1895, made some inquiries in\\nregard to this point among farmers in different States\\nof the Union who have built silos, with the following\\nresults\\nThe cheapest silos are those built in bays of barns,\\nas would be expected, since roof and outside lining are\\nhere already at hand. Number of silos included, four-\\nteen average capacity, 140 tons; average cost of silos,\\n$92, or 65 cents per ton capacity.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "134 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nJSText come the square or rectangular wooden silos.\\nNumber of silos included, twenty-five: average capacity,\\n194 tons; average cost of silos, $285, or $1,46 per ton\\ncapacity.\\nThe round silos follow closely the square. wooden ones\\nin point of cost. Only seven silos were included, all\\nhut one of which were made of wood. Average capacity,\\n237 tons; average cost, $368, or $1.54 per ton capacity.\\nThe data for the six round wooden silos are as follows:.\\nAverage capacity, 228 tons; average cost, $346, or $1.52\\nper ton capacity. The one round cement silo cost $500,\\nand had a capacity of 300 tons (dimensions: diameter,\\n30 feet; depth, 21 feet) cost per ton capacity, $1.67.\\nThe stone or cement silos are the most expensive in\\nfirst cost, as is shown b}^ the data obtained. Number\\nof silos included, nine; average capacity, 288 tons;\\naverage cost, $577, or $1.93 per ton capacity.\\nThe great difference in the cost of different silos of\\nthe same kind is apparent without much reflection. The\\nrange in cost per ton capacity in the 25 square wooden\\nsilos included in the preceding summary was from 70\\ncents to $3.60. The former figure was obtained with a\\n144-ton silo, 20x18x20 feet; and the latter with a 140-\\nton silo, built as follows: Dimensions, 14x28x18 feet;\\n2x12x18 feet studdings, set 12 inches apart; two\\nthicknesses of dimension boards inside, with paper be-\\ntween, sheeting outside with paper nailed on studding;\\ncement floor. Particulars are lacking as regards the\\nconstruction of the first silo, beyond its dimensions.\\nA good man}^ figures entering into the preceding sum-\\nmaries are doubtless somewhat too low, if all labor put\\non the silo is to be paid for, for in some cases the cost of", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 135\\nwork done by the farmers themselves was not figured in\\nwith the other expenses. As most farmers would do\\nsome of the work themselves, the figures given may,\\nhowever, be taken to represent the cash outlay in build-\\ning silos. In a general way, it may be said that a silo\\ncan be built in the bay of a barn for less than 75 cents\\nper ton capacity a round or a good square or rectangu-\\nlar wooden silo for about $1.50, and a stone or cement\\nsilo for about $2 per ton capacity, all figures being sub-\\nject to variations according to local prices of labor and\\nmaterials.\\nI believe that cheap, poorly-constructed silos have\\ndone more to prejudice large numbers of farmers against\\nsilage, and impede the progress of the silo, than any\\nother one cause if it pa3^s to build a silo at all, it ^sljs\\nto build a good one, and none but silos built to last\\nshould be put up, except to serve as a temporary relief\\nuntil a good silo can be built. Many of the early wooden\\nsilos built were not made with an eye to the future, or\\nrather, it was not then suspected that silos may be as\\neasily destroyed as a few years experience plainly showed.\\nWe now provide against the decay of the silo, as we have\\nseen, by securing good ventilation, and by preserving\\nthe woodwork; in the cement or stone silo we white-\\nwash with pure water-lime. In either case, it is gen-\\nerally found convenient and advantageous to put in a\\ncement or concrete floor. All these matters increase the\\ncost of the silo, but in return, silos thus built will last\\nfor an indefinite lens^th of time, and will not require\\nmuch outlay after first cost.\\nProfessor King figures, that round silos will cost about\\n11 cents per square foot of surface, and on basis of tJiis", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "136\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nfigure arrives at tlie following cost of round silos of\\ndifferent dimensions.\\nApproximate Cost of Round Wooden Silos, Thirty Feet\\nDeep, their Capacities and Cost per Ton op Silage.\\ni\\no\\ni\\nGQ\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0s\\nc\\no\\nfi.1\\no\\nO\\nt-l\\ns.^\\nB\\no\\no\\nEh\\n(-1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S\\na\\nft\\n002\\nfl\\n3\\na.\\no\\nd.\\no\\nOQ\\no\\nd\\no\\n02\\nC3\\ne3\\nE-(\\nO\\n33\\nE-t\\no\\nO\\nO\\nO\\nO\\no\\nu\\n16 feet...\\n105\\n$239.26\\n$2.28\\n24 feet....\\n247\\n$379.96\\n$1.54\\n17 feet.\\n119\\n256.06\\n2.15\\n25 feet\\n269\\n398.58\\n1.48\\n18 feet\\n135\\n273.00\\n2.03\\n26 feet....\\n292\\n417.34\\n1.48\\n19 feet....\\n150\\n290.36\\n1.92\\n27 feet....\\n315\\n436.52\\n1.38\\n20 Icct....\\n168\\n307.86\\n1.83\\n28 feet...\\n340\\n455.70\\n1.34\\n21 feet....\\n187\\n325.50\\n1.74\\n29 feet....\\n366\\n475.16\\n1.30\\n22 feet.\\n206\\n343.42\\n1.67\\n30 feet....\\n392\\n494.76\\n1.26\\n23 feet\\n226\\n361.48\\n1.60\\n31 feet.\\n419\\n514.78\\n1.23\\nThe data given in the preceding table show plainly\\nthat large silos are more economical than small ones.\\nThe expense per ton capacity of a 400-ton silo is thus\\nonly a little more than half of that of a 100-ton silo;\\nthe cost per ton capacity of the two silos being $2.28\\nand $1.23, for a 100- and 400-ton silo, respectively.\\nThe following statements of the cost of the three\\ntypes of silos were prepared by the same writer; com-\\nparisons are made with a stone silo of 200 tons capacity,\\ncosting $500 the silo is 14x24 feet inside, and 30 feet\\ndeep, 22 feet above ground. It is covered on the outside\\nwith dimension boards, battened, extending up and\\ndown, and nailed to 2x4 studding, held in place by\\nhooked pieces of band irons laid in the wall.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "SILOS. 137\\nRectangular Silo, 200 Tons.\\nFoundation, 13.44 perch at $1.20 $16.13\\nStudding, 2x12, 28 feet, 8,736 feet at $20 174.72\\nSills, etc., 2x10, 26 feet, 206 feet at $19 4.94\\nSills, etc., 2x10, 16 feet, 426 feet at $14 5.96\\nRafters, etc., 2x4, 20 feet, 400 feet at $16 6.40\\nRoof boards, fencing, 450 feet at $15 6.75\\nShingles. 5 M at $3 15-00\\nDrop siding, 8 inch, 2,779 feet at $16. 44.46\\nLining, surface fencing, 4,256 feet at $15 63.84\\nTarred paper, 426 lbs. at 2 cents 8.52\\nCoal tar, 1 barrel -^-^O\\nPainting, 60 cents per square 15-00\\nNails and hinges 10.00\\nCementing bottom 5.00\\nEighteen 3-4 inch bolts, 18 inches long 2.70\\nCarpenter labor at $3 per M, and board 41.16\\nTotal $425.08\\nRound Silo, 200 Tons.\\n20 feet inside diameter, 30 feet deep.\\nFoundation, 7.5 perch at $1.20 $9.00\\nStuds 2x4, 14 and 16 feet, 1,491 feet at $14 20.93\\nRafters, 2x4, 12 feet, 208 feet at $14 2.91\\nRoof boards, fencing, 500 feet at $15 7.50\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Shingles, 6 M at $3 18-00\\nSiding, rabbeted, 2,660 feet at $23 61.18\\nLining, fencing, ripped, 2,800 feet at $18 50.40\\nTarred paper, 740 lbs. at 2 cents 14.80\\nCoal tar, 1 barrel 4.50\\nHardware 6-00\\nPainting, 60 cents per square 13.20\\nCementing bottom 5.00\\nCarpenter labor at $3 per M, and board 33.17\\nTotal $246.59", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "138 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nThe three silos are outside, and wholly independent\\nstructures, except the entrance and feeding chute shown\\nin Fig. 10, which connects with the barn. This method\\nof connection for outside silos, while a little more costly^\\nis, I feel confident, much the best in the long run.\\nIt may be in order to state, in comparing the figures\\ngiven in the preceding statements with the average data\\nfor the cost of the different silo types obtained by the\\nv/riter, that the round silos in the latter summary were\\nbuilt uniformly better than the rectangular wooden\\nsilos included, and according to modern requirements,\\nwhile many of the latter were old and of a comparatively\\ncheap construction, so that the figures cannot be taken\\nto represent the relative value of rectangular and round\\nsilos built equally well.\\nThe cost of stave silos will of course vary with the\\nkind of lumber used, cost of labor, and other expenses, as\\nin case of other types of silos. It is evident that stave\\nsilos can as a rule be built cheaper than other kinds of\\nsilos, both from the fact that less material is used in\\ntheir construction, and because the labor bill is smaller.\\nOne of the first stave silos described, built in Ontario,\\nCanada, cost $75.00; capacity, 140 tons. Other and\\nbetter built stave silos have been put up for $100 for a\\n100-ton silo, and this may be considered an average\\nprice for such a silo, made of white pine, hemlock or\\nany lumber that is cheapest in the particular locality\\nwhere the silo is to be built. If built of Southern cy-\\npress and complete with conical roof and doors, the\\nprice of stave silos will in the North come to about $1.50\\nper ton capacity, small silos being a little dearer, and\\nlarger ones a little cheaper than this average figure.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SILAGE.\\nFilling the Silo.\\nHaving built our silo, we proceed to fill it with the\\nfodder grown for the i^urpose. Since Indian corn is our\\nmain silage crop, we shall first consider the siloing of\\ncorn, and afterwards take up other crops. We saw be-\\nfore that corn should be allowed to pass through the\\ndough stage before cutting, i. e., when the kernels are\\nwell dented, or glazed, in case of flint varieties. Where\\nvery large silos are filled, and in cases of extreme dry\\nweather when the corn is fast drying up, it will be\\nwell to begin filling the silo a little before it has reached\\nthis stage, as the greater portion of the corn would\\notherwise be apt to be too dry. There is, however, less\\ndanger in this respect now than formerly, on account\\nof our modern deep silos, and because we have found\\nthat water applied directly to the fodder in the silo\\nacts in the same way as water in the fodder, and keeps\\nthe fermentations in the silo in the right track.\\nCutting the Corn in the Field. The cutting of\\ncorn for the silo is usually on small farms done by hand\\nby means of a corn knife. Many farmers have been\\nusing self-raking and binding corn harvesters for this\\npurpose, while others report good success with a sled-\\nor platform cutter. If the corn stands up well, and is\\nnot of a very large variety, the end sought may be\\nreached in a satisfactory manner by either of these\\nmethods. If, on the other hand, much of the corn is\\n139", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "140\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ndown, hand cutting is to be preferred. A number of\\ndifferent makes of corn harvesters and corn cutters have\\nbeen placed on the market during the past few years;\\nit is very likely that hand cutting of fodder corn will be\\nlargely done away with in years to come, at least on\\nlarge farms; indeed, it looks as if the day of the corn-\\nFIG. 57. A PRACTICAL, VERTICAL, CORN BINDER.\\nknife was passing away, and as if this implement that\\nhas figured so long will soon be relegated to obscurity\\nwith the sickle of our fathers time.\\nFig. 57 shows one of the latest and most improved\\nmachines that cuts corn and binds it into bundles of a\\nconvenient size, thus saving considerable of the work\\nnecessitated by handling loose stalks in the field and at", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "FILLING THE SILO. 141\\nthe cutter. According to the testimony of the farmers\\nwho have in use the tens of thousands of macliines\\nof this kind that have been sokl during the past half a\\ndozen years, the corn harvester is a perfect machine for\\nits purpose.\\nA phatform cutter, which v.as used with great suc-\\ncess, is descril)ed by a veteran Wisconsin dairyman, the\\nlate Mr. Charles R. Beach, in a communication to the\\nauthor\\nAVe use two wagons, with platforms built upon two\\ntimbers, eighteen feet long, suspended beneath the\\naxles. These platforms are about eighteen inches from\\nIhe ground and are seven feet wide. The cutting-knife\\nis fastened upon a small removable platform, two feet\\nby about three and one-half feet, v:hich is attached to\\nthe side of the large platform, and is about six or eight\\ninches lower. One row is cut at a time, the knife strik-\\ning the corn at an angle of about forty-five degrees.\\nOne man kneels on the small platform and takes the\\ncorn with his arm; two or three men stand upon the\\nwagon, and as soon as he has gotten an armful, the\\nmen, each in turn, take it from him and i)ile it on the\\nwagon. If the ro^vs are long enough a load of one and\\none-half to two tons can be cut and loaded on in about\\neight to ten minutes. The small platform is detached\\nfrom the wagon, the load driven to the silo, the i^lat-\\nform attached to the other wagon, and another load is\\ncut and loaded. Xone of the corn reaches tlie ground;\\nno l)ending down to pick up. One team will draw men,\\ncutter, and load, and I do not now well see how the\\nmethod could be iini)roved. With a steam engine, a\\nlarge cutter, two teams and wagons, and ten men, we", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3369", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "FILLING THE SILO. 143\\nfilled our silo, 23x24x18 feet (190 tons), fast, in less\\nthan two days. Mr. owned the whole outfit, and\\nfilled his own and several silos for his neighbors, the\\nsame gang of men doing the work.\\nProfessor Georgeson, late of Kansas Experiment\\nStation,- has described a one-horse sledge-cutter which\\nhas given better satisfaction than any fodder-cutter tried\\nat that station. It is provided with two knives, which\\nare hinged to the body of the sled, and can be folded in\\non the sled when not in use. It has been improved\\nand made easier to pull by providing it with four low\\n?nd broad cast-iron wheels. It is pulled by a single\\nhorse and cuts two rows at a time. Two men stand\\nupon the cutter, each facing a row as the corn is cut\\nthey gather it into armfuls, which they drop in heaps\\non the ground. A wagon with a low, broad rack fol-\\nlows, on which the corn is loaded and hauled to the\\nsilo.\\nSimilar corn cutters have been made by various man-\\nufacturers of late years and have proved quite satisfac-\\ntory, although they require more hand labor than the\\ncorn harvesters and do not leave the corn tied up and\\nin as convenient shape for loading on the wagons as\\nthese do.\\nA low-down rack for hauling the cut corn to the\\ncutter is shown in the accompanying illustration (Fig.\\n59). It has been used for some years past at the Wis-\\nconsin Experiment Station, and is a great convenience\\ninhandlingcorn,saving both labor and time. These racks\\nnot only dispense with a man upon the wagon when\\nloading, but they materially lessen the labor of the man\\nwho takes the corn from the ground, for it is only the", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "144\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ntop of the load which needs to be raised shoulder-high;\\nagain^ when it comes to unloading, the man can stand\\non the floor or ground and simply draw the corn toward\\nhim and lay it upon the table of the cutter, without\\nstooping over and without raising the corn up to again\\nthrow it down. A plank that can easily be hitched on\\nbehind the truck will prove convenient for loading, so\\nthat the loader can pick up his armful and, walking up\\nthe plank, can drop it without much exertion.\\nriG. 59. LOW-DOWN BACK FOR HAULING FODDER CORN.\\nA very cheap and convenient sled for hauling fodder\\ncorn from the field has been recommended by Professor\\nHickman of Ohio Experiment Station; it is said to\\nanswer all purposes if the silo corn is not too far from\\nthe silo The sled can be made out of a couple of 2x10\\nor 2x12 planks, say twelve feet long. Four 2x4 cross\\npieces, well mortised into the planks, and fastened by\\n20-penny nails, will finish the sled, except the trimming\\nof the runners so that they will have a well-formed\\ncurve on the front end. Loose boards thrown upon this\\nkind of sled will enable one to haul very easily a ton\\nof fodder at a load; and by placing the butts of the\\nfodder corn all one way and putting a 3x3 scantling", "height": "3435", "width": "2077", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "FILLING THE SILO. l4o\\nunder the tops the load can be unloaded when it arrives\\nat the cutter by two hands taking each an end of the\\nscan^:ling, and raising that side of the load until the\\nfodder corn is turned completely over. In hauling the\\nfodder corn long distances a low-down rack similar to\\nthe one shown in Fig. 59 should be used.\\nIf wilted fodder corn is to be siloed it should be\\nshocked in the field to protect it as much as possible\\nfrom rain before hauling it to the cutter.\\nWhole against Cut Silage. One important mat-\\nter to be decided at this point is whether or not the\\nccrn is to be cut before being filled into the silo. In\\nthe large majority of cases corn is run through a feed-\\ncutter on being siloed. This is, however, not absolutely\\nnecessary, as it may be siloed whole with perfect suc-\\ncess in some localities and by some farmers, this prac-\\ntice is followed exclusively. The advocates of whole\\nsilage claim, with a good deal of plausibility, that there\\nmil be smaller losses from fermentations with whole\\nthan with cut silage, and that silos will be less subject\\nto decay when corn is siloed whole than the other way.\\nXo direct proof of either of these statements is, how-\\never, at hand, and the practice followed must be de-\\ncided by the greater ease of handling the fodder and\\nsilage, and the relative economy of one system or the\\nother in the opinion of each farmer.\\nIn experiments with whole and cut corn silage, con-\\nducted at the Massachusetts Experiment Station in\\n1884-85, the conclusion was drawn that the silage ob-\\ntained from whole plants was in a better state of preser-\\nvation than that which had been obtained from the\\nsame quality of corn previously cut into pieces of from", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "146 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nIJ to 1^ inches in length. The mechanical condition\\nof the whole corn silage was less satisfactory for feeding\\npurposes, so far as an economical consumption of the\\nsame weight of both is concerned, than that produced\\nfrom corn previously cut.\\nThe saving of machinery, cutter, and carrier makes an\\nimportant point in favor of the whole silage, especially\\nfor small farmers, while the greater ease with which the\\ncut silage may be placed in the silo as well as fed out,\\nis in favor of the cutting of the corn crop. Professor\\nCook, late of Michigan Agricultural College, says on\\nthis point My silo, fifteen feet square and twenty feet\\nhigh, cost less than $130, and my feed-cutter, with an\\neighteen-foot carrier, also costs more than $100. But\\nthe same tread-power enables me to cut all my dry corn\\nstalks and oat straw at a great saving, and to grind all\\nmy oats and corn at a slight expense, with one of the\\nexcellent American grinders, while the cutter is also\\nused as just indicated. For safety and convenience in\\nfeeding I prefer to run all the corn through a cutter,\\n1 believe that silos will soon be so common that engines\\nand cutters will go from farm to farm, as threshers do\\nnow then even the small farmers may cut the material\\nfor the silo, and yet not need to own the expensive\\nmachinery. I believe that it will pay even the small\\nfarmer to own the machinery, if he can purchase with-\\nout incurring debt.\\nIn siloing fodder corn whole, it is well to grow the\\nsmaller varieties and to plant rather thickly. One suc-\\ncessful whole-silage farmer thus uses as much as twenty\\nto twenty-four quarts of seed to the acre, which gives a\\nstalk of corn nearly every inch in the row, with rows", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "FILLING THE SILO. 147\\n3^ feet apart. We have seen that a maximum yield of\\nfood materials per acre can not ordinarily be expected\\nfrom such close planting. Others use only half this\\namount and have equally good, or most likely even bet-\\nter, whole silage. Too close planting is to be avoided,\\nboth on account of the decreased yield of dry matter\\nfrom the land and the large amount of acid found in\\nsilage made from very immature corn. A medium-\\nthick planting, obtained by using, e. g., ten to twelve\\nquarts per acre, is preferable for whole silage, for two\\nreasons the corn may be handled more easily, both in\\nfilling it into the silo and in feeding it out, and there is\\nno waste in feeding, since cattle will eat the slender\\nstalks and leave nothing of the silage.\\nIn siloing corn whole it is put into the silo in a\\nsystematic manner; beginning with a small armful in\\none corner of the silo, bundles of the same size are\\nplaced along the wall in a tier; then another tier is\\nformed close up to the first one, being laid in the\\nopposite direction, and successive tiers are formed in\\nthe same way until the whole bottom of the silo is cov-\\nered. When the first layer has been formed, a second\\none is put on top of it, starting with bundles where the\\nfirst layer was finished, and completing it where the\\nfirst layer was begun in the same way layer after layer\\nis put on until the silo is full. Every time a corner is\\nreached a number of stalks are bent in the middle and\\npressed down solidly in the corner, so as to leave no\\nempty space. When the silage is to be fed out, the silo\\nis emptied from the top in e^^actly the opposite direction\\nfrom that in which it was filled; the different bundles\\nand tiers will then separate from the rest of the silage", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "148 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nwithout much trouble, although at best the process of\\nfeeding out whole silage must be considered back-aching\\nwork.\\nFarmers who can not very well afford to buy the\\nmachinery necessary for cutting corn for the silo should\\nmake whole silage until they find themselves able to\\ninvest in a cutter, if they should prefer a change, as they\\nwill be likely to. While siloing whole corn may not be\\nany saving in the end, the first cost of making silage\\nwill be greatly lessened by following this method. Bet-\\nter whole silage than none at all better cut silage than\\nwhole, in the majority of cases, at least.\\nSiLOiXG Corn Ears and All. It is the practice\\nof a great many farmers to silo the whole corn plant\\nwithout previously husking it. If the ear corn is not\\nneeded for hogs and horses, or for seed purposes, this\\npractice is in the line of economy, as it saves the ex-\\npense of husking, cribbing, shelling, and grinding the\\near corn. The possible loss of food materials sustained\\nin siloing the ear corn speaks against the practice, but\\nthis is, as we shall see, very small, and more than coun-\\nterbalanced by the advantages gained by this method of\\nprocedure. In proof of this statement it may be well\\nto give here briefly the results of a somewhat extended\\nfeeding trial with milch cows, conducted by the author\\nin 1891, at the Wisconsin Experiment Station.\\nCorresponding rows of a large corn field were siloed,\\nears and all and without ears, the ears belonging to\\nthe latter lot being carefully saved and air-dried. The\\ntotal yield of silage with ears in it (whole-corn silage)\\nwas 56,459 pounds; of silage without ears (stover\\nsilage), 34,496 pounds, and of ear corn, 10,511 pounds.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "FILLING THE SILO. 149\\nThe dry matter content of the lots obtained by the two\\nmethods of treatment was, in whole corn silage, 19,950\\npounds in stover silage 9,484 pounds, and in ear corn\\n9,132 pounds, or 18,606 pounds of dry matter in the\\nstover silage and ear corn combined. This shows a loss\\nof 1,344 pounds of dry matter, or nearly 7 per cent, sus-\\ntained by handling the fodder and ear corn separately\\ninstead of siloing the corn ears and all.\\nIn feeding the two kinds of silage against each other,\\nadding the dry ear corn to the stover silage, it was found\\nthat seventeen tons of whole-corn silage fed to sixteen\\ncows produced somewhat better results than fourteen\\ntons of stover silage, and more than two tons of dry ear\\ncorn, both kinds of silage having been supplemented by\\nthe same quantities of hay and grain feed. The yield\\nof milk from the cows was 4 per cent higher on the\\nwhole-corn silage ration than on the stover silage ration,\\nand the yield of fat was 6.9 per cent higher on the same\\nration. It would seem then that the cheapest and best\\nway of preserving the corn crop for feeding purposes, at\\nleast in case of milch cows, is to fill it directly into the\\nsilo; the greater portion of the corn may be cut and\\nsiloed when the corn is in the roasting stage, and the\\ncorn plat which is to furnish ear corn may be left in\\nthe field until the corn is fully matured, when it may\\nbe husked, and the stalks and leaves may be filled into\\nthe silo on top of the corn siloed ears and all. This\\nwill then need some heavy weighting or one or two\\napplications of water on top of the corn, to insure a\\ngood quality of silage from the rather dry stalks. (See\\npage 157.)\\nAn experiment similar to the preceding one, con-", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "150 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ndiictea at the Vermont Experiment Station, gave results\\ngoing in the same direction. The product from six acres\\nof land was fed to milch cows; the results showed that\\ncorn siloed ears and all produced 3.3 per cent better\\nresults than siloed stalks and ground ear corn from\\nthe same; when the yield of milk and fat per acre of\\ncorn was considered in either case, the whole corn silage\\nfrom an acre of land, fed with 4,313 pounds of clover\\nrowen and 2,157 pounds grain, produced 8,113 pounds\\nof milk and 333 pounds of fat; while in case of the\\nstover silage fed with ground ears and the same quan-\\ntity of other feed, 6,399 joounds of milk and 264 pounds\\nof fat were produced; that is, it would have taken the\\nproduct from 1.26 acres to give an equal amount of milk\\nand milk products in the latter case as was produced\\nby the silage from whole corn plant. This shows\\nthat husking, shelling, and grinding the corn, processes\\nthat may cost more than a quarter of the market value\\nof the meal, are labor and expense more than wasted,\\nsince the cows did better on the corn siloed ears and\\nall than on that siloed after the ears were picked off\\nand fed ground with it.\\nThe Filling Process. If the corn is to be cut be-\\nfore being filled into the silo, it is unloaded on the\\ntable of the fodder-cutter and run through the cutter,\\nafter which the carrier elevates it to the silo window\\nand delivers it into the silo. The length of cutting\\npracticed differs somewhat with different farmers, and\\naccording to variety of corn to be siloed. The general\\npractice is to cut the corn in one-half to one-inch\\nlengths; a few cut in two-inch. lengths. The corn will\\npack better in the silo the finer it is cut, and cattle will", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "FILLING THE SILO. 151\\neat the larger varieties cleaner if cut into inch lengths\\nor less. On the other hand, it is possible that fine cut-\\nting-implies larger losses through fermentations in the\\nsilo; fine cut silage may, furthermore, not keep as long\\nas silage cut longer after having been taken out of the\\nsilo. There is, however, not sufficient experimental\\nevidence at hand to establish either of these poinds;\\nthe majority of farmers filling silos, at any rate, practice\\ncutting corn fine for the silo.\\nThe carrier should deliver the corn as nearly in the\\nmiddle of the silo as possible; by means of a chute at-\\ntached to the carrier, the cut corn may be delivered to\\nany part of the silo desired, and the labor of distributing\\nand leveling the corn thus facilitated. If the corn is\\nsiloed ears and all, it is necessary to keep a man or a\\nboy in the silo while it is being filled, to level the sur-\\nface and tramp down the sides and corners; if left to\\nitself, the heavier pieces of ears will be thrown farthest\\naway and the light leaves and tops will all come nearest\\nthe discharge as a result, the corn will not settle evenly,\\nand the feeding value of different layers of silage will\\ndiffer greatly. To assist in the distribution of the corn\\nit is recommended to hang a pyramidal box in front and\\nbelow the top of the carrier; this may be made al)out\\nthree feet square at the base and tapering to a point, at\\nwhich a rope is attached for hanging to rafters. The\\ndescending mass of cut corn will strike the top of the\\nbox and be divided so as to distribute to all parts of\\nthe silo. Another simple device is to place a board\\nvertically, or nearly so, in front of the top of the carrier,\\nagainst which the cut corn will strike; or to tie a bag\\nopen at the bottom over the top of the carrier.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "152 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nPowers and Cutters for Silo Filling.\\nThe cutter used in filling the silo should have ample\\ncapacity to give satisfaction; a rather large cutter is\\ntherefore better than a cutter that is barely large enough.\\nThe size required depends on the rapidity with which it\\nis desired to fill the silo and on the power at hand. Where\\na steam engine is available it is the cheapest power for\\nfilling a large silo, as the work can then be finished in\\na few days. For small farms and silos, engines come too\\nhigh, however, and here a two- or three-horse tread\\nwill prove most economical. According to King, a three-\\nhorse tread will give about twice the power of a two-\\nhorse tread, and will nicely manage a No. 4 cutter,\\nelevating silage 24 feet. During the past years large\\nself-feeding cutters have been placed on the market,\\nwhich will take whole bundles of corn as delivered by the\\ncorn harvester and as taken off the wagon, there being\\nno need of cutting bands and feeding the corn a few\\nstalks at a time. With one of these cutters as much\\ncorn can be cut as 3 or 4 teams can haul, if the corn\\nfield is at some distance from the silo. The machines\\nalso have a hopper-box under the carrier which mixes\\nthe grain and fodder and insures an even distribution of\\nthese in the silo at much less labor than was formerly\\nrequired.\\nPnettttiatic Elevators.\\nA new method of elevating the fodder in filling\\nsilos has been introduced by the use of pneumatic\\nelevators (^^lower silage elevators, s Hum-\\nmer, etc.) which practically fans or blows the cut", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "FILLING THE SILO. 153\\nfodder into the silo through a continuous pipe or spout.\\nThis machine therefore takes the place of an ordinary\\ncarrier elevator; they have been used in some sections\\nof the United States and Canada, but so far only to a\\nlimited extent. The capacity of the machines may reach\\n12 tons an hour. Where steam power is available for\\ncutting, there seems to be no difficulty in elevating the\\ncut fodder 30 to 40 feet with these elevators when a 12-\\nhorse power engine is used. The pneumatic elevators\\nhave the advantage of ordinary carriers in some respects,\\nbut they require considerable power, and but limited\\npractical experience as to their workings is as yet at\\nhand.\\nFast or Slow Fillijs^g. The original practice in\\nfilling silos was to fill as rapidly as the conditions pres-\\nent would possibly admit; other outdoor farm work\\nwas therefore dropped at the time of silo filling, and all\\nenergies concentrated on completing this Job. It w^as,\\nhowever, found later on, perhaps by accident, that no\\nharm will result if the filling be interrupted for some\\ntime, and the practice of slow filling gradually devel-\\noped. The theory of the practice was worked out by\\nthe late Prof. M. Miles of Michigan, and he was one\\nof the early champions of the slow-filling process in this\\ncountry. The advantage claimed for the slow filling\\nwas, besides appreciably facilitating the work of filling\\nthe silo, the superior quality of the silage produced,\\nviz., so-called sweet silage, We shall be able to discuss\\nthis subject more fully when we have considered the\\nchemical composition of silage, and the changes occur-\\nring in the silo. (See page 170.) It will only be neces-\\nsary here to state, concerning the slow or rapid filling", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "154 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nof silos, that the silage produced by either method will\\nbe good, provided the corn is not too immature. It is,\\ntherefore, mainly a matter of convenience, which meth-\\nod proves preferable. Generally speaking, rapid filling\\nhas the advantage in point of economy, both of labor and\\nof food materials. The fermentations are left to proceed\\nfarther in case of slow filling than when the silo is filled\\nrapidly, being greatly aided by the oxygen of the air,\\nwhich then has better access to the separate layers this\\nis plainly shown by the higher temperature reached in\\nslowly filled silos. The rise in the temperature is due\\nto the activity of bacteria, and a high temperature,\\ntherefore, means greater losses of food constituents.\\nMore silage can be obtained in the same silo by slow\\nthan by rapid filling, as the fodder will settle more in\\nthe former case than when the silo is filled at once,\\nand refilled after a few days.\\nAs there may be some farmers who still hold slow\\nfilling to be preferable, we give the directions for filling\\nthe silo in this way When enough corn has been added\\nto fill three to six feet of the silo, the filling is discon-\\ntinued and the mass allowed to heat up to 120\u00c2\u00b0 to 140\u00c2\u00b0\\nFahrenheit. This may take a day or two; the filling\\nis then continued, and another layer of three feet or\\nmore filled in, which is left to heat as before. This\\nmethod of intermittent filling is continued until the\\nsilo is full.\\nDanger from Carbonic- Acid Poisoning in Silos.\\nAs soon as the corn in the silo begins to heat, carbonic-\\nacid gas is evolved, and if the silo is shut up tight, the\\ngas will gradually accumulate directly above the fodder,", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "FILLING THE SILO. 155\\nsince it is heavier than air and does not mix with it\\nunder the conditions given. If a man or an animal\\ngoes /lown into this atmosphere, there is great danger\\nof asphyxiation, as is the case under similar conditions\\nin a deep cistern or well. Poisoning cases from this\\ncause have occurred in filling silos where the filling\\nhas been interrupted for one or more days, the car-\\nbonic acid generated in the meantime having replaced\\nthe layer of air immediately above the corn, and men\\nwho have gone into the silo to tramp down the cut corn\\nhave been asphyxiated. If the doors above the siloed\\nmass are left open when the filling is stopped, or at\\nleast the first door above the surface of the corn, and\\nthe silo thus ventilated, carbonic-acid poisoning cannot\\ntake place, since the gas will then slowly diffuse into\\nthe air. It is therefore most important in building a\\nsilo to place the doors not too far apart, and in filling it\\nto leave the doors open when the filling is discontinued,\\nand exercise care about going into the silo when the fod-\\nder has been settling for a time and become heated. Car-\\nbonic acid being without odor or color, to all appear-\\nances like ordinary air, it cannot be directly observed,\\nbut may be readily detected by means of a lighted lan-\\ntern or candle. If the light goes out when lowered into\\nthe silo, there is an accumulation of carbonic acid in it,\\nand a person should open feed doors and fan the air in\\nthe silo before going down into it.\\nAfter the silage is made and the temperature in the\\nsilo has gone down considerably, there is no further\\nevolution of carbonic acid, and therefore no danger in\\nentering the silo even if this has been shut up tight.\\nThe maximum evolution of carbonic acid, and conse-", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "156 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nqiiently the greatest danger of carbonic-acid poisoning,\\ncomes during or directly after the filling of the silo.\\nCovering the Siloed Fodder. A great many de-\\nvices for covering the siloed fodder have been recom-\\nmended and tried, with varying success. The original\\nmethod was to put boards on top of the fodder and to\\nweight them heavily by means of a foot layer of earth\\nor sand, or with stone. The weighting having later on\\nbeen done away with, lighter material, as straw, marsh\\nhay, sawdust, etc., was substituted for the stone or\\nsand. Building paper was often placed over the fodder,\\nand boards on top of the paper. There is no special\\nadvantage derived from the use of building paper, and it\\nis now rarely used. Many farmers run some corn\\nstalks or green husked fodder through the cutter\\nafter the fodder is all in. In the South, cotton seed\\nhulls are easily obtained and form a most efficient and\\ncheap cover.\\nNone of these materials or any other recommended\\nfor the purpose can perfectly preserve the uppermost\\nlayer of silage, as far as my experience goes, some six\\nto eight inches of the top layer being usually spoilt.\\nOccasionally this spoilt silage may not be so bad but\\nthat cattle or hogs will eat it up nearly clean, but it\\nis at best very poor food and should not be used by any\\nfarmer who cares for the quality of his products. The\\nwet or green materials are better for cover than dry\\nsubstances, since they prevent evaporation of water\\nfrom the top layer; when this is dry, air will be ad-\\nmitted to the fodder below, thus making it possible for\\nputrefactive bacteria and molds to continue the de-", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "FILLING THE SILO. 157\\nstructive work begun by the fermentation bacteria, and\\ncausing more of the silage to spoil.\\nDuring the past couple of years the practice of apply-\\ning water to the fodder in the silo has been followed\\nin a large number of cases. The surface is tramped\\nthoroughly and a considerable amount of water added.\\nIn applying the method at the Wisconsin Experiment\\nStation, Professor King, a few days after the completion\\nof the filling of the silo, added water to the fodder corn\\nat the rate of about ten pounds per square foot of sur-\\nface, repeating the same process about ten days after-\\nwards. By this method a sticky, almost impervious layer\\nof rotten silage, a couple of inches thick, will form on\\nthe top, which will prevent evaporation of water from\\nthe corn below, and will preserve all but a few inches\\nof the top. The method seems to have worked very sat-\\nisfactorily, and can be recommended in cases where\\nthe corn or clover goes into the silo in a rather dry condi-\\ntion, on account of drought or extreme hot weather,\\nso as not to pack sufficiently by its own weight. While\\nweighting of the siloed fodder has long since been done\\naway with, it may still prove advantageous to resort\\nto it where very dry fodder is siloed, or in case of shal-\\nlow silos. Under ordinary conditions neither weighting\\nnor applications of water should be necessary.\\nXone of the different methods given in the preceding\\nwill preserve all of the silage intact, and the author\\nknows of only one way in which this can be accom-\\nplished, viz. by beginning to feed the silage within a\\nfew days after the silo has been filled. This method is\\nnow practiced by many farmers, especially dairymen,\\nwho in this manner supplement scant fall pastures.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "158 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nBy beginning to feed at once from the silo, the siloing\\nsystem is brought to perfection, provided the silo struc-\\nture is air-tight and constructed so as to admit of no\\nunnecessary losses of nutrients. Under these conditions\\nthere is a very considerable- saving of food materials\\nover silage made in poorly-constructed silos, or over\\nfield-cured shocked fodder corn, as we shall presently\\nsee.\\nBefore leaving the subject of filling and covering the\\nsilo it may be of interest to give an extract of an address\\nby the well-known Ohio siloist, Mr. John Gould, in re-\\ngard to these points, delivered in 1895 I have flung\\naside all machinery for cutting the standing corn, and\\nnow have the crop hand-cut. I get it cut for about 80\\ncents an acre and the board of one man. A corn har-\\nvester costs $130, and will not last more than eight years,\\nand $18 interest on money and wear of the machine\\nyearly will cut my corn by hand twice over each year.\\nA man cutting by hand can take three rows at a time,\\nand a good man can cut three acres a day if he works\\nalone. ISTever allow corn when cut to drop into the\\nfurrows. Let it be put crosswise of the rows, so that\\nthe man who comes along to take it up can do so with-\\nout using his finger nails for a rake. In picking up\\nthe corn we do not use a low wagon, but an ordinary\\nhigh one, and one man loads and unloads his own\\nwagon. We have four men in the field the cutter,\\na loader and two pick-me-ups. A great deal depends\\nupon careful loading. Get the driver to load his wagon\\nseven bundles high, and keep it there until the wagon\\nis loaded. Formerly in operating the cutting machine\\nwe had two men to feed it and one man to boss the job.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "FILLING THE SILO. 159\\nNow we have one man to feed the machine and no one\\nto boss him. He must simply keep feeding the machine\\nor get buried.\\nWe used to put two men in the silo when filling;\\nnow we find that one man can attend to that part of the\\nwork, look after the engine, and do odd jobs. A load of\\ncorn weighs more than a man, and that is why we do\\nnot do any tramping now. In filling a silo you should\\nalways aim to keep the highest portion near the walls.\\nWe place a sort of table or small platform over the\\ncenter of the silo, run the ensilage on to it, making a\\npyramid then the corn must fall toward the walls, and\\nnot to the center. Xow and then it may take five min-\\nutes work with the fork to make things even and level\\nup. Do not cover your silo. Ten pails of water evenly\\ndistributed over the top, when the corn is all in and the\\ntop well tramped, is best of all. Then come away and\\nput your trust in Providence. The moisture on top of\\nthe silo will quickly develop a fine mold, which is better\\nthan anything else by way of preserving that which is\\nbeneath. You will lose only about ten bushels of ensi-\\nlage by the molding, and that costs less than would\\na day s work making an artificial covering.\\nThe change that has taken place in the methods of\\nsilo filling during late years in this country has, how-\\never, modified the views of the well known siloist quoted\\nin the preceding. In 1899, he writes in the Rural New\\nYorker: The filling of silos about here (Northwestern\\nOhio) is taking on a radical change, and is being corre-\\nspondingly cheapened; some farmers put it, by 33 per\\ncent. The low-down corn harvesters have superseded\\nhand cutting entirely the gavels are tied in small com-\\n11", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "160 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\npass^ and are easily picked up and put on wagons, two\\nmen easily doing the work of three with untied ones.\\nThe greater efficiency of the modern silage cutters, with\\nself-feeding arrangement, is also commented on.\\nDry Silage.\\nThe objection has been raised that we handle an\\nunnecessarily large quantity of water in siloing green\\nfodder corn, nearly three-fourths of the crop being made\\nup of water, and it has been argued that some of this\\namount might advantageously be removed before plac-\\ning it in the silo, by partially wilting or curing the\\nfodder. The efforts to silo such wilted fodder have,\\nhowever, often been unsuccessful, because of insufficient\\npressure in the silo; the wilted fodder will not pack\\nsufficiently by its own weight to exclude the air, and\\nas a result white, moldy spots are apt to appear in the\\nsilage, destroying large amounts of the contents. This\\nmay possibly be avoided in deep silos by weighting the\\nfodder or by applying a liberal quantity of water to the\\nwell-tramped surface of the fodder corn. An experi-\\nment in siloing wilted fodder, made at Wisconsin Ex-\\nperiment Station in 1887, showed great losses of mate-\\nrials, more than half of the fodder being destroyed\\nduring the siloing process. The silage was dry and\\nvery light, with an odor similar to that of drying tobacco\\nleaves. Chemical analyses made by the author showed\\nthe composition of the silage and the corresponding\\npartly-cured fodder corn (yellow dent) to be as folloAvs:", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "SILAGE.\\n161\\nPercentage Composition op Dry Silage and Corre-\\nsponding Partly Cured Fodder Corn.\\nDry Silage\\nPartly Cured Fodder\\nCorn\\n30.76\\n34.77\\n4.38\\n3.53\\nO 53\\nd o\\n6.18\\n4.87\\n21.48\\n33.37\\n35.84\\n33.51\\n1.36\\n.96\\n1\\n.14\\nScattered reports of success in siloing wilted corn fod-\\nder are at hand. Professor Sanborn, late director of\\nUtah Experiment Station, reports very favorable re-\\nsults from silage prepared from such fodder. He says\\nIn seventeen years experimental work in animal nutri-\\ntion, during every year of which there has been some\\nfeeding trial or trials with fodder corn or corn fodder,\\nand during the time several trials with methods of pre-\\nserving the corn plant, I have never found a method of\\npreserving this plant that has given so much satisfaction.\\nNot the slightest change of the plant in Silo 3 was\\nvisible to the eye except that it was softer or more pli-\\nable. It was eaten better than I have ever known corn\\nfodder to be eaten; fully as well as hay is usually eaten.\\nI believe that no appreciable loss occurred under this\\nsystem of storage, and I am sure that it is far less than\\nby the regular silo system of green storage.\\nMr. John Gould says in regard to dry silage While\\nthose who have tried this dry fodder silage are satisfied\\nwith it, none claim it as superior to putting up the\\ngreen fodder. It is far more difficult to cut. The silo\\ncannot restore to the dry fodder what it has lost, nor\\nits original digestibility, but it does make it more pal-\\natable and easier fed, creating a large saving by having", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "162 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nthe coarser parts consumed. Instead of cutting fodder\\neach day for the stock, the fodder is cut at one job and\\ntime economized. The chief point is, that it is possible\\nby this process to save a big surplus corn crop, which\\notherwise would rapidly deteriorate.\\nShredded Silage.\\nThe practice of running the green fodder through a\\nfodder shredder as it goes into the silo has become\\nsomewhat general in certain sections in the East, and\\nvery enthusiastic reports have been published as to the\\nvalue of the silage thus obtained. The writer has not\\nhad any personal experience with the making or the\\nfeeding of such shredded silage, but from the testimony\\nof disinterested and discerning parties who have had\\nsuch experience the practice seems well worthy of further\\ntrial. The advantages claimed for shredded silage\\nover silage from corn nun through a feed cutter are,\\nfirst, closer packing in the silo, about 20 per cent more\\ngoing into the silo in case of shredded silage; second,\\na more fibrous texture of the silage, which enables it\\nto be easily handled with a pitchfork, and third, on\\naccount of the finely comminuted butts and stalks, it will\\nnot make the mouths of cattle sore and all will be eaten\\nup clean. As against these advantages we have the re-\\nquirement for greater power in shredding fodder, the\\namount of which has not been determined.\\nThe Director of Farmers Institutes for the State of\\nNew York, Mr. F. E. Dawley, in recent letters to the\\nwriter, speaks as follows concerning shredded silage:\\nI am not apt to become very enthusiastic over any\\nagricultural implement which I use, but I think the", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "SILAGE 163\\nnearest I have ever come to it is over the shredder. I\\nhave had ten years experience with silage, and two with\\nthe sh,redder, so I feel that I know a little something\\nabout the keeping qualities of corn silage. I am in-\\nclined to think that the idea which is probably correct\\nscientifically, that the more you break down the tissues\\nof the corn plant, thus exposing a large surface to the\\nair, the more sour the silage will be, is generally also\\ncorrect in practice. But I find by these two seasons\\nexperience that the corn which is cut off finely by the\\nshredder will pack in the silo very much more com-\\npactly, and in these two instances at least, the silage has\\nbeen the sweetest we ever had. The material packs\\nmore closely than even the shortest cut silage that I have\\never put in, no matter how finely it was cut. The ears\\nare all torn to pieces so that the grain is more thor-\\noughly distributed through the mass than it is in cut-\\nting, and as the stalk is all torn to pieces, this and the\\nleaves are more thoroughly intermingled. I have\\nweighed corn into my silo and know from actual expe-\\nrience that I got practically one-fifth more corn in when\\nshredded than when cut. So far as the results in\\nfeeding are concerned I can see no particular difference,\\nthe advantage of shredding being in the finer cutting of\\nthe corn, compactness of the material in the silo, and\\nthe results in keeping which one would naturally expect\\nfrom this condition. The only disadvantage that\\nI have ever noted is that a little more power is re-\\nquired. As an indication of the favor with which\\nshredded sila2:e is received here I can say to you that\\nfrom the small beginning which I made two years ago,\\nthree or four shredders have been purchased in this sec-", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "164 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ntion^ and if I wished to send my machine out with men\\nto run it, I believe that nine-tenths of the silos in this\\ncommunity would be filled with shredded silage.\\nThe corn is cut for shredded silage at the same time\\nas when cut by square-cutting machines, viz., when it is\\nbeginning to glaze or dent. It is well to cut the corn\\nthe day before it is to be shredded so that it is slightly\\nwithered. The shredded mass is very carefully trodden\\ndoAvn in the silo, and the filling continued till the silo\\nis full after the mass has settled for a couple of days,\\nthe silo is again filled to the top.\\nNo accurate information is at hand as to the differ-\\nence in the power required for shredding and for cut-\\nting, say 100 tons of fodder corn. Nor have the losses of\\nnutrients in the silo been determined in case of shred-\\nded silage, or the comparative value of the two kinds of\\nsilage for the feeding of farm animals. Judging from\\nthe practical testimony at hand the method of making\\nshredded silage is well worth looking into. Machines\\nof great capacity are now on the market, shredding 12-\\n15 tons of fodder per hour. In the better forms of\\nshredders, the feed rolls are speeded at about 160 revolu-\\ntions per minute, while the shredder head rotates at the\\nrate of 1,500-1,600 revolutions. The manufacturers\\nstate that it requires 12 to 15 horse power to run the ma-\\nchine.\\nClover Silage.\\nGreen clover may be siloed whole or cut; when the\\nformer method is followed, it should be put into the silo\\nin a systematic manner, in a similar way as explained in\\ncase of whole corn silage (p. 147). The silo may be filled", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "SILAGE. 165\\nby means of a hay fork, or by hand the hay fork makes\\nharder work of the feeding out of the silage, so that\\ngenerally it is preferable to fill by hand. Since whole\\nclover does not pack very solidly, most farmers either fill\\nthe lower half of the silo with whole clover, putting\\nclover cut in two-inch lengths in the upper half, or cut\\nall the clover put into the silo. The arguments for and\\nagainst whole clover silage are the same as in case of\\nwhole corn, although whole clover silage is more easily\\nhandled than whole corn silage. The clover should not\\nbe left to wilt between cutting and siloing, and the silo\\nshould be filled rapidly, so as to cause no unnecessary\\nlosses by fermentations.\\nThe different species of clover will prove satisfactory\\nsilo crops ordinary red or medium clover is most used\\nin Northwestern States, along with mammoth clover;\\nthe latter matures later than medium or red clover, and\\nmay therefore be siloed later than these. Alfalfa or\\nlucern is, as previously stated, often siloed in the West.\\nUnder the conditions present there it will generally\\nproduce much larger yields than corn, and, preserved\\nin a silo, will furnish a large supply of most valuable\\nfeed. Professor Neale and others recommend the use of\\nscarlet clover for summer silage, for Delaware and\\nStates under similar climatic conditions.\\nBy filling clover into the silo at midsummer, or before,\\nspace is utilized that would otherwise be empty; the\\nsilage will furthermore be available for feeding in the\\nlatter part of the summer and during the fall, when the\\npastures are apt to run short. This makes it possible\\nto keep a larger number of stock on the farm than can\\nbe the case if pastures alone are to be relied upon, and", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "166 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nthus greatly facilitates intensive farming. Now that\\nstave silos of any size may be easily and cheaply put up,\\nit will be found very convenient, at least on dairy farms,\\nto keep a small separate silo for making clover silage\\nthat may be fed out during the summer, or at any time\\nsimultaneously with the feeding of the corn silage.\\nThis extra silo may also be used for the siloing of odd\\nlots of forage that may happen to be available (see p.\\n35). It is a good plan in siloing clover or other compar-\\natively light crops in rather small silos, to put a layer of\\ncorn on top that will weight down the mass below and\\nsecure a more thorough packing and thereby also a\\nbetter quality of silage.\\nIn several instances where there has still been a sup-\\nply of clover silage in the silo, green corn has been filled\\nin on top of the clover, and the latter has been sealed and\\nthus preserved for a number of years. A sample of two-\\nyear-old clover silage which the author saw during the\\npast season was perfectly preserved in the manner given,\\nand, aside from being somewhat drier than ordinary\\nclover silage (possibly due to exposure during trans-\\nportation), it looked like first-class silage, of a uniform\\nbrown color, and of a sweet, aromatic odor. I may\\nmention in this connection that corn silage will also\\nkeep perhaps indefinitely when left u?idisturbed in the\\nsilo. At the larafe Havemeyer dairy farm at Mahwah,\\nN. J., there are twenty-four silos, ranging in capacity\\nfrom fifty to seventy-five tons each; about 2,000 tons\\nof corn silage are fed out each year and the practice has\\nbeen to keep the silage for two years before feeding;\\nI am informed by the manager that the best silage he\\never had was seven years old. While it is difficult to see", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "SILAGE. 167\\nthe advantages of this system, it shows that corn silage,\\nonce settled and left sealed up, will keep for a series\\nof years without suffering noticeable deterioration.\\nFreezing of Silage.\\nFreezing of silage has sometimes been a source of\\nannoyance and loss to farmers in Northern States, and\\nin the future, with the progress of the stave silo, we\\nshall most likely hear more about frozen silage than we\\nhave in the past. As stated in the discussion of the stave\\nsilo, however, the freezing of silage must be considered\\nan inconvenience rather than a positive detriment;\\nwhen the silage is thawed out it is eaten with the same\\nrelish by stock as is silage that has never been frozen,\\nand apparently with equally good results. If frozen\\nsilage is not fed out directly after thawed it will spoil\\nand soon become unfit to be used for cattle food thawed\\nsilage will spoil much sooner than ordinary silage that\\nhas not been frozen and thawed out. A feeding experi-\\nment conducted by Alvord at Houghton Farm with\\nyoung cattle failed to give any evidence that silage\\nwhich had been frozen and slowly thawed out, was less\\npalatable or nutritious than silage of the same kind\\nwhich had been kept free from frost.\\nThe difficulty of the freezing of silage may be avoided\\nby checking the ventilation in the silo and by leaving\\nthe door to the silo carefully closed in very cold weather.\\nIf the top layer of silage freezes, some of the warm\\nsilage may be mixed with the frozen silage an hour or\\nso before feeding time, and all the silage will then be\\nfound in good condition when fed out. Professor Cook", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "168 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nrecommends keeping a layer of straw as a cover over\\nthe silage; this will prevent it from freezing, and may\\neasily be cleared off when silage is to be taken out.\\nCost of Silage.\\nCorn silage will generally cost $1 to $1.50 per ton,\\nincluding cost of seed, preparation of land, interest on\\nsame, cultivation of corn, cutting, filling into the silo\\nand ready for use. The cost will vary according to local\\nconditions, yield, price of land and labor, facilities for\\nwork, etc. Professor King found that the average\\ncost of cutting and putting corn into the silo on a num-\\nber of Wisconsin farms was 58.8 cents per ton, when it\\nwas put in cut adding to this amount the interest and\\ntaxes on the silo investment per ton and 2 per cent for\\ninsurance and maintenance, he finds that the cost of\\nharvesting and feeding a ton of silage amounts to 73.2\\ncents. Various American experiment station men have\\ngiven the cost per ton of the silage as put into the silo.\\nProfessor Henry, in a trial at the Wisconsin Experiment\\nStation, put thirty-one tons into the silo at a net cost\\nof 89 cents a ton. The late Professor Porter found the\\ncost of one ton of silage to be 88 cents, according to\\nMinnesota prices. Professor Whitcher gives $1.62 as the\\ncost per ton in New Hampshire; this sum includes 55\\ncents paid for fertilizers and manure, an item consid-\\nerably smaller for Western farmers. Professor Plumb\\nof the Indiana (Purdue) Experiment Station states that\\nestimating on the cost of plowing, harrowing, plant-\\ning, seed, manure, interest and taxes, cultivating, cut-\\nting and hauling from field, and placing in silo, a\\nton of silage will cost about $1.50. Dr. Goessmann", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "SII.AGE. 169\\nobtained the same figure in siloing fodder corn at tlie\\nMassaclmsetts Experiment Station.\\nClover silage will usually cost less than corn silage\\non account of the smaller expense of growing the crop.\\nThe cost may be estimated at about $1 a ton. (See\\npage 28.)\\nThe yields of silage crops are of direct importance in\\ndetermining the cost of the silage. Corn of Northern\\nflint or dent varieties will seldom yield over eighteen\\ntons to the measured acre, and yields over twelve tons\\nmay be considered satisfactory; fifteen tons will be\\ncounted a good crop by most farmers. The large\\nSouthern varieties, on the other hand, will yield to-\\nward twenty or more tons of green fodder per acre,\\nordinarily containing, as we have seen, somewhat larger\\nquantities of dry matter than yielded by Northern\\nsmaller varieties under similar conditions. Green\\nclover will yield toward fifteen tons per acre, twelve tons\\nbeing a good yield.\\nChemical Cotnpositioii of Silage.\\nThe chemical composition of silage will of course\\ndepend on the character of the siloed fodder and on the\\nintensity of the fermentations occurring in the silo. The\\nmain components affected by the siloing process are\\nstarch and sugar (non-nitrogenous matter) and the ni-\\ntrogenous bodies carbonic acid, water, and organic acids\\nare formed from the former, and from the latter, de-\\ncomposition products of simpler constitution than the\\nflesh-forming substances proper, the so-called amides.\\nThe percentage composition of silage will, as a result,\\ndiffer somewhat from that of the siloed fodder. The", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "170\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nfollowing sets of analyses made by the author will illus-\\ntrate the changes in the chemical composition of fodder\\ncorn before and after the siloing period.\\nChemical Composition of Green and of Siloed Fodder\\nCorn, in Per Cent.\\nYellow Dent Corn.\\nSoiithern Ensilage Corn\\n(B. W.)\\na\\no\\n6\\nComposi-\\ntion of\\nDry\\nMatter.\\ni\\no\\no\\nComposi-\\ntion of\\nDry\\nMatter.\\nGreen\\nSi-\\nloed.\\nGreen\\nSi-\\nloed.\\nWater..\\n71.00\\n2.22\\n2.49\\n7 82\\n15.98\\n.49\\n70 62\\n2 59\\n2.70\\n9.68\\n13.69\\n.72\\n82.30\\n1.59\\n1.81\\n6.80\\n7.22\\n.28\\n82.67\\n1.83\\n1.73\\n6.89\\n6.23\\n.65\\nMineral Matter\\nCrude Protein\\n7.65\\n8.59\\n26 96\\n55.12\\n1.68\\n8.82\\n9.17\\n32 94\\n46.63\\n2 44\\n9 00\\n10 22\\n38.43\\n40.75\\n1.60\\n10.58\\n9 95\\nCrude Fiber\\n39.73\\nStarcli, Sugar, etc\\nEther Extract\\n33.00\\n3 74\\nLactic Acid\\n100 00\\n100.00\\n.40\\n.08\\n100 00\\ni s:\\n.:31\\n22.4\\n100.00\\nl. 47\\n.55\\n37.4\\n100.00\\n100.00\\n.85\\n.31\\n100.00\\n100.00\\nAcetic Acid\\nTotal Nitrogen\\n1.64\\n.55\\n33.8\\n1.59\\nAmide Nitrogen\\n.68\\nPer Cent in Amide\\nForm\\n42.5\\nEelation of Moisture and Acidity in Silage.\\nSilage will contain varying quantities of free organic\\nacids formed during the siloing period, mainly lactic,\\nacetic, and butyric acids. The amounts of acid in the\\nsilage will depend largely upon the water content of the\\nsiloed fodder, or, more correctly speaking, upon the\\nintensity of the fermentation processes taking place in\\nthe silo, one important factor of which is the percentage\\nof water in the fodder. I have prepared the following\\ntable showing the relation of the water in the siloed\\nfodder, the temperature in the silo, and the acidity of", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "SILAGE.\\n171\\nthe silage. The analyses and observations were taken Ijy\\nthe author in silo experiments conducted at Wisconsin\\nExperiment Station during 1887. Six one-inch gas pipes\\nwere placed in each of the six experimental silos; one\\nset of three pipes, which went dow^n, respectively, to\\nwithin three, six, and nine feet from the bottom of the\\nsilo, was placed in the middle of the silo, and a similar\\nset within two feet from one of the outside walls; ob-\\nservations of thermometers kept at the bottom of the\\nclosed pipes were taken three times a day during the\\nfirst couple of weeks and later on twice or once a day.\\nOnly the maximum temperatures observed in the three\\nsilos are here given.\\nRelation op Water Content of Fodder, Acidity op\\nSilage, and Temperature in Silo.\\nVabibtt op Foddeb Corn.\\no\\na\\na\\nK u\\n2\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^-a\\no\\n6\\n6\\n5^\\n.Si^\\nBf\\nIs\\ng tZ\\nPer ct.\\nPer ct.\\n77.23\\n1.10\\n.21\\n71.00\\n.40\\n.08\\n34.77\\n.14\\n82.30\\n.85\\n.31\\n82.72\\n.36\\n.40\\n66.40\\n.82\\n.16\\n65.65\\n.80\\n08\\n61.89\\n.65\\n.03\\na\\nH\\no\\nc8a2\\nStowell s Evergreen sweet corD\\nPride of the North, yellow\\ndent corn\\nSame, partially cured\\nB. (Sj W. ensilage corn\\nSame, siloed wliole\\nStoweH s Evergreen sweet corn\\nB. W. ensilage and yellow\\nflint corn, mixed\\nClover silage\\no p\\n125.6\\n120.0\\n153.0\\n129.5\\n126 is\\n122.0\\nWe notice that, as a general rule, the more water in\\nthe fodder, the higher the acidity of the silage, and the\\nlower the temperature. In case of the dry silage only a", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "172\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nvery slight acidity was fonnd^ and the temperature in\\nthe silo went up to 153\u00c2\u00b0 F. A high temperature, as\\nwe have seen, means a great loss of nutritive materials,\\nand large losses have usually also been observed where\\nthe conditions favoring high temperatures have been\\npresent. The following analyses, made at Michigan\\nAgricultural College, plainly show the relation of water\\ncontent of siloed fodder, and acidity of silage. Differ-\\nent lots of corn were siloed from the time of tasseling\\ntill the ears were glazed.\\nRelation op Water Content to Acidity.\\nDate op Cutting.\\nWater content of corn\\nper cent\\nAcidity (calc. as acetic\\nacid), percent\\n90.00\\n1.26\\n87.30\\n.84\\n84.40\\n.76\\n83.00\\n.72\\n78.60\\n.72\\n75.73\\n.72\\n70.10\\n.70\\nThe influence of the percentage of water in the siloed\\nfodder and of methods of filling the silo is well illus-\\ntrated in the following experiments, conducted by the\\nBath and West of England Society in 1886. The de-\\nscription of the experiments is taken from K. Henry\\nRew s treatise on Stack Ensilage (London, 1888).\\nThe object was to obtain the comparative results, as\\nascertained by chemical analysis, from grass made into\\n(1) hay, (2) sweet silage, (3) sour silage. Six small\\nsilos, each having a capacity of about 250 cubic feet,\\nwere carefully filled. The grass was all taken from the\\nsame meadow, and the conditions of making both silage", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "SILAGE.\\n173\\nand grass equalized with great pains. The following\\nwere the six different descriptions made\\nNo. 1. Sour Ensilage rammed and compressed as rap-\\nidly as possible. The temperature to be kept down to 50\\ndegrees F., or as near thereto as possible. The silo to be\\nfilled and covered in one day. It is anticipated that the\\nonly acid present in this ensilage will be lactic, and per-\\nhaps a little butyric acid.\\nNo, 2. Sour Ensilage temperature to be kept below\\n120 degrees F. This to be trodden and compressed as mu2h\\nas would be practicable in a general way. The filling of\\nthis silo may extend over a week. The acid in this ensil-\\nage, it is expected, will be both lactic and acetic.\\nPee Cent Water, Acidity and Protein Compounds in\\nSamples of Grass Silage.\\nWater\\nLactic acid\\nAcetic acid\\nTotal nitrogen\\nAmide nitro-\\ngen\\nPer cent loss in\\ngross weight\\no\\n70.50\\n.42\\n.08\\n15.60\\n1.45\\n.42\\n73.97\\n79.40\\n79.17\\n26\\n.17\\n.32\\n13\\n.34\\n.32\\n.14\\n.12\\n9.10\\n9.28\\n77.12\\n.14\\n.06\\n.37\\n.10\\n18.40\\nJ*\\nin\\no\\no\\n49.75\\n76.90\\n.14\\n.26\\n.04\\n.10\\n.86\\n.37\\n.22\\n.15\\n60.61\\n4.50\\n77.91\\n46\\n31\\n35\\n15\\nNo. 3. Sweet Ensilage made by carting the grass as\\ncut direct to the silo, treading it well in at the sides, but\\nnot in the center. Temperature regulated from 140 degrees\\nto 150 degrees F. This should produce a fruity type of\\nsweet ensilage.\\nNo, 4, Sweet Ensilage the grass allowed to lie in the\\nfield one day after cutting, and then made in the same way", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "174 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nas No. 3. Intended to produce an aromatic type of sweet\\nensilage.\\nNo. 5. Sour Ensilage the grass to be chaffed and the\\nsilo filled at once and covered, as in No. 1.\\nNo. 6. Sweet Ensilage the same as No. 3 silage, with,\\nthe exception that the grass is to be chaffed.\\nWe notice that the analyses by Doctor Voelcker,\\ngiven in the preceding table, do not corroborate the pre-\\ndictions made concerning the acidity of the different\\nkinds of silage. On the other hand, the largest amount\\nof acetic acid was obtained in No. 1 silage, which was\\nnot expected to have any volatile acid, while No. 6\\nsilage, made at a temperature from 140\u00c2\u00b0 to 150\u00c2\u00b0 F.,\\ncontains the same amount of acetic acid as No. 1 and\\ntwo-tenths of one per cent more lactic acid. The_ aver-\\nage losses of dry matter in the different kinds of silage\\nwere about 14 per cent.\\nSweet and Sour Silage. The analyses of silage\\ngiven in the preceding do not show the differences be-\\ntween sour and sweet silage as we understand the terms.\\nThe former is rich in water and in volatile organic acids,\\nwhile the latter is as a rule comparatively dry, only\\nslightly acid, and contains especially but a very small\\nquantity of acetic (volatile) acid. There has been a\\ngood deal of discussion on the subject of sweet and\\nsour silage, and various theories have been advanced\\nin explanation of the fermentations taking place in the\\nsilo at different temperatures.\\nMr. George Fry was one of the earliest advocates of\\nsweet silage; his book, The Theory and Practice of\\nSweet Ensilage, published in 1885, has been trans-\\nlated into German, and has had a good deal of influence", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "175\\nSILAGE.\\nin Enoland and on the European continent in spread-\\ning the siloing system and making its underlying prin-\\nciples better understood.\\nIt may be stated in passing that the term sweet stage\\ncorrectly speaking, is a misnomer, since all kinds ot\\nsilage Jm contain a quantity of acid. Acetic acid seems\\nto be present in the sour silage in larger quantity thaii\\nin sweet silage, and being volatile, will at once be noticed.\\nThe popular idea that there is no acid in sweet silage\\nmay come from the fact that it does not give oft a s rong\\nacid odor like sour silage, the acid in this case being\\nlargely present as non-volatile acid which cannot be\\ndetected by the smell. The opti\u00c2\u00ab ;/emi^rature o\\nthe acetic acid bacteria lies lower than that of he lactic\\nacid bacteria, and the temperatures at which these bac-\\nteria are killed, very likely stand in the same relation\\nto one another.\\nThe English have made careful observations concern-\\nin.^ the question of temperature in silage making In\\nthe silo stacks which are very common in England, the\\ntemperature of the mass may be closely followed with-\\nout anv difficulty, and may be largely governed by\\napplications of greater or smaller pressure. Doctor\\nFream, in his Elements of Agriculture, gives the\\nfollowing discussion of the appearance of silage m dit-\\nferent layers, and of the relation of temperature to\\nacidity in the silo:\\nIf an open-air silage stack is viewed m section from\\ntop to bottom, the lower layers will be seen to be greener\\nthan the upper, whilst the color gradually becomes\\nbrowner toward the top, which will be almost of a burnt-\\ncoffee color. The bottom layers have been converted", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "176 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ninto green or sour silage, because the pressure of the\\nmaterial above has excluded the air, and fermentation\\nhas taken place at a low temperature, there not having\\nbeen sufficient air to supply the oxygen for a high-\\ntemperature fermentation. As less weight was applied\\nto the upper portion, there was freer access of air to it,\\nand more air was retained among the mass, hence a\\nhigher fermentation. The color thus affords an indica-\\ntion of the temperature at which the fermentation took\\nplace. It is generally recognized that silage made at a\\ntemperature below 120\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit is sour silage, whilst\\nthat which has not risen above 90\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit is com-\\nmonly spoken of as ^low-temperature sour, and that\\nwhich has exceeded 90\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit as ^high-temper-\\nature sour. Between 120\u00c2\u00b0 and 130\u00c2\u00b0 there are generally\\nveins or seams of sweet and sour silage intermingled.\\nFrom 130\u00c2\u00b0 to 140\u00c2\u00b0 a shade of brown is discernable.\\nBetween 140\u00c2\u00b0 and 160\u00c2\u00b0 it is decidedly brown, and\\nabove 160\u00c2\u00b0 it is over-heated and very similar in appear-\\nance to over-heated hay, whilst the flavor denotes burn-\\ning. In any case fermentation ceases as soon as all\\navailable oxygen is used up, the air that exists amongst\\nthe herbage being then rich in carbonic acid gas.\\nIn our modern system of siloing fodders in deep sepa-\\nrate silo structures we rarely have low-fermentation\\nsilage, since the somewhat dry condition of the siloed\\nfodder necessarily admits of considerable air in the silo,\\nwhich gives the bacterial life a chance to flourish for a\\nshort time. On the other hand, our deep silos increase\\nthe pressure of the mass so as to hold the fermentations\\nin check to a certain extent. The temperature in most\\nof our silos will not be likely to exceed 130\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit^", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "SILAGE.\\n17t\\nat least not in the lower layers. While silage produced\\nat this temperature would not be termed sweet silage\\naccording to the preceding definitions, the comparative\\nabsence of free volatile acids in it, its pleasant aromatic\\nodor and not marked sour taste, properly bring it T\\\\^ith-\\nin the term as used by American writers. In the system\\nof slow filling of silos, the various layers of silage have\\nample time to heat up and temperatures above 150\u00c2\u00b0\\nare reached. Silage produced at this temperature con-\\ntains less acid than that produced below 150\u00c2\u00b0, but the\\nlosses of food materials are at the same time larger.\\nDigestibility of Silage.\\nA considerable number of digestion experiments with\\nvarious kinds of silage have been made. The author, in\\n1888-89, conducted a digestion experiment with corn\\nsilage and with corresponding field-cured fodder corn,\\nfeeding two cows exclusively on these feeds in two suc-\\ncessive periods. The average digestion coefficients\\nobtained for both cows were as follows\\nDigestion Coefficients of Corn Silage and Fodder\\nCorn.\\nAlbumi-\\nnoids.\\n24\\n30\\nCorn silage.\\nCured fod-\\nder corn\\nDry\\nMatter.\\nAsh.\\nCrude\\nProtein.\\nCrude\\nFiber.\\nNitrogen\\nFree Ex-\\ntract.\\nEther\\nExtract\\n63\\n60\\n20\\n19\\n54\\n49\\n47\\n56\\n72\\n65\\n82\\n69\\nThis statement shows a somewhat lower digestibility\\nof the dry matter, protein, nitrogen-free extract, and\\nether extract of the field-cured fodder corn, than of the\\ncorresponding components of corn silage, and a higher\\ndigestibility of the crude fiber and the true albuminoids.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "178 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nAs these data were obtained in a single trial with only\\ntwo cows, too much importance should not be\\nattached to the detailed results. We may only call\\nattention to the fact that the digestibility of the corn\\nsilage proved fully equal to that of the dry fodder corn\\nof the same origin.\\nSince this experiment was conducted, a number of\\ndigestion experiments have been made with different\\nkinds of silage and fodder corn. The average digestion\\ncoefficients obtained have been computed by Jordan,\\nand include the work done with twenty-four samples of\\nfodder corn and seventeen samples of corn silage, fifty\\nand thirty-seven single trials for fodder corn and\\ncorn silage, respectively, having been made. The aver-\\nage digestion coefficients for green fodder are also given,\\nand include thirty trials, with fifteen different samples.\\nThe digestion coefficients for dry matter are prac-\\ntically the same in all four cases, since the differences\\nappearing may be considered within the limits of ex-\\nperimental errors; the same holds true for the coeffi-\\ncients for crude protein, except in case of immature\\nfodder corn, the protein of which is more digestible\\n(by at least 9 per cent) than that of any of the other\\nfeeding stuffs. The crude fiber and the ether extract\\nof silage are more digestible than the same components\\nin the corresponding silage. In case of ether extract,\\nthis is due to the fact that lactic acid is formed during\\nthe siloing period which would appear as wholly digest-\\nible. The nitrogen-free extract of corn silage is some-\\nwhat less digestible than that of fodder corn, although\\nthe difference in case of ripe corn is too small to be\\nconsidered.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "SILAGE. 179\\nIt may be said, in general, that so far as our present\\nknowledge goes, there is no appreciable difference in\\nthe digestibility of corn silage and dry fodder corn\\nmade from ripe corn, and that both of these foods are\\nsomewhat less digestible than the immature fodder corn.\\nThe small differences found in the digestion coefficients\\nfor ripe fodder and corresponding silage are in favor\\nof the latter. (For table see page 189.)\\nLosses of Food Materials in the Silo.\\nIn the early stages of the silo movement in this coun-\\ntry and abroad, a great deal was said about the losses of\\nfood materials in the silo, and scientific men were rather\\ninclined to take a stand against the silo on account of\\nthe results of the investigations made on this point.\\nNeither is this to be wondered at when we remember\\nthat chemical analyses had repeatedly shown that one-\\nthird to one-half of the total dry matter put into the\\nsilo had disappeared during the siloing period through\\nthe fermentation processes taking place in the silo.\\nLater investigations with deep silos, where modern\\nsiloing methods were followed, have shown, however,\\nthat these results were due to the imperfect silo meth-\\nods followed, and not inherent in this process of pre-\\nserving green forage. It was furthermore not known\\nat that time that similar, or, in fact, still greater losses\\ntake place in ordinary field-curing and handling of dry\\nfodder corn.\\nLosses IxV Field-Curing Fodder Corn. The ex-\\nperiments conducted at the Wisconsin Experiment Sta-\\ntion in 1887 by Professor Henry and myself were, as", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "180 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nfar as I know, the first attempts to ascertain the amount\\nof the loss of nutritive elements of fodder corn, on being\\nfield-cured in large shocks and stored during the greater\\nportion of the winter. Corn fodder was left shocked in\\nthe field for a month, and then stored in a barn until\\nfed out. By analyses of the fodder as it was shocked,\\nand when fed out, it was found that a yellow dent corn\\nhad lost in the interval 18.55 per cent of the dry matter\\noriginally contained in it, while a large sweet corn, that\\nhad to be reshocked in the field on account of its begin-\\nning to heat, lost 36.61 per cent of dry matter. Nearly\\nnine tons of green fodder was cut and shocked in each\\ncase.\\nThese losses were surprisingly large, and the work\\nwas carefully repeated the following year in a similar\\nway as before. The quantities of fodder corn shocked,\\nand the losses of dry matter and protein obtained are\\nshown below. At the same time that these shocks were\\nput up, strictly comparative lots of the same varieties\\nwere cut for the silo, and the quantities of dry matter\\nand protein put into and taken out of the silo determined\\nas in case of the shocked fodder. The results obtained\\nwith both lots of fodder are shown in the following table", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "SILAGE.\\n181\\nLosses in Field-Curing and in Siloing Indian Corn.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1887-88.\\nField-Cured Fodder Corn.\\nSiloed Fodder Corn.\\nVariety op Cork.\\nt-T\\nfc. O\\nit! O OD\\nLose.\\na^\\nLoss.\\nCO\\n4-^\\na a;\\n1^0\\nYellow Flint\\nDry Matter..\\n11,401\\n2,552.7\\n159\\n14,972\\n4,689 6\\n3i2.1\\n15,464\\n3,997.9\\n292.2\\n14,890\\n4,197\\n343.4\\n3,847\\n2,256\\n138\\n5,142.5\\n3,669\\n308.9\\n5,076\\n3,483\\n277\\n4,358.5\\n3,357\\n282\\n7,554\\n296.7\\n21\\n9 829.5\\n1,020.6\\n13 2\\n10,388\\n514.9\\n15.2\\n10,531.5\\n840\\n61.4\\n11.6\\n13.4\\n2i.8\\n4 1\\ni2 9\\n5.2\\n20\\n17.9\\nSheep s Tooth....\\nDry Matter\\nCrude Protein.\\nSmedley Yellow\\nDent\\nDry Matter\\nCrude Protein....\\nYellow Flint\\nDry Matter\\nCrude Protein.\\n14,002\\n3,431.5\\n235.8\\n15.288\\n4,150.3\\n303 3\\n17,218\\n3,844\\n314.4\\n12,225\\n2,800.7\\n182.9\\n12,151\\n3,373.5\\n231.7\\n14,540\\n3.355\\n258.3\\n1,7:7\\n630.8\\n42.9\\n3,137\\n776 8\\n71. b\\n2,677\\n489\\n56.1\\n12.7\\n18. 4\\n224\\n20.5\\n167\\n23. 6\\n15.5\\n12.7\\n178\\nAverage Losses\\n16.5\\n10.1\\n15 9\\n?A 3\\nAs shown by the table, the average loss of dry matter\\nin the shocked corn was but slightly higher than in the\\nsmall experimental silo used (8x7, 14 feet deep; capac-\\nity about 12 tons), while the loss of crude protein was\\nless than half as much.\\nThese results led to a further study of the losses in\\nfield-curing and siloing fodder corn during 1889, when\\nthe problem was investigated in a more systematic man-\\nner and under a greater variety of conditions than\\nbefore. We cannot here give the results in detail suf-\\nfice it to say that 1-19 shocks of corn, of nine different\\nvarieties, were put up in all, and the amounts of dry\\nmatter and protein contained in the shocks when fresh\\nand when cured were determined in all cases; the\\nshocks presented a large variety of conditions, small", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "182\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nand large, husked and unhusked corn, shocks left in the\\nfield for different lengths of time, and shocks cured\\nindoors, etc. The losses of dry matter found ranged\\nfrom 6.9 per cent to 33.9 per cent. The former result\\nwas obtained in case of four shocks of Pride of the\\nNorth yellow dent corn, and the latter in case of ten\\nshocks of StowelFs Evergreen sweet corn, husked and\\nleft in the field for 2^ months, on the average. Eleven\\nshocks of large sweet fodder corn, cured under cover,\\nlost, on the average, 8.2 per cent of dry matter. The\\naverages of the results obtained during this year at the\\nWisconsin Station are given below.\\nLosses in Field-Curing and in Siloing Indian Corn.\\nField-Cured Fodder Corn.\\nSiloed Fodder Com.\\nN.\\nGreen\\nFodder,\\nlbs.\\nCured\\nFodder,\\nlbs.\\nLoss.\\nGreen\\nFodder,\\nlbs.\\nLot-s.\\n19.6\\n22.8\\nDO\\nPhCJ\\nAv. for 9 Yaneties\\n149Sbocks\\nDry Matter\\n14,906\\n1,172.5\\n11,979.2\\n905.7\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22,926.8\\n266.8\\n12,781 llOOlO\\n2,741\\n158\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2}A 5\\nCrude Protein\\n1.024.6\\n876 G\\n15.4\\nThis investigation was continued during the season of\\n1890, on a larger scale than in previous years. Sixty-\\nfive tons of green fodder corn was siloed, and the same\\nquantity was cut and shocked in the field. The result-\\ning losses of dry matter and protein found in both cases\\nare shown in the following table, with a summary of\\nthe work done in this line for four consecutive years.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "SILAGE.\\n183\\nLosses in Field-Curing and in Siloing Indian Corn.\\nField-Cured Fodder Corn,\\nAv. FOB Two Vak.\\nTotal Weight\\nDry Matter\\nCrude Protein\\nResults of Four\\nYears Work\\nDry Matter\\nCrude Protein\\nLoss.\\n(U\\n^2\\nSiloed Fodder Corn.\\nLoss.\\nM\\nMi;\\ns- 13\\n129,014 U,73S\\n32.432 23,270\\n2,580.51 1,682\\n72,164 54,937 17,227\\n5,706.4 4,317.51,383.9\\n9,162 28.3\\n898.5 34 8\\n129,014 105,824 23,190\\n238\\n243\\n32,432 1 29,090\\n2,580.5| 2,557\\n68,034 1 57,411\\n5,490.8 4,569.5\\n3,342\\n323.5\\n18\\n10. 3\\n12.5\\n10,623\\n921.3\\n156\\n168\\nThe results ^iven in the preceding table show that\\n15 6 per cent and 23.8 per cent of dry matter were lost\\nin the siloing and the field-curing of fodder corn, re-\\nspectively, while the protein (flesh-forming substances)\\nlost amounted to 24.3 per cent in the field-curing pro-\\ncess, and 16.8 per cent in the siloing process.\\nLater researches have proved that these average fig-\\nures must be considered rather low losses for the ficld-\\ncurinc of fodder corn, and rather high losses for the\\nsilo \\\\he results given in the last table concerning the\\nlosses in field-curing fodder corn have been corroborated\\nby similar work at the New Jersey, Vermont, Pennsyl-\\nvania, Colorado, and other experiment stations, where\\nshocks of fodder corn were carefully kept in the field,\\nor under cover, for a period of one to several months,\\nand the dry matter contents at shocking time, and when\\nfhe shocks were taken down, were carefully determined\\nby chemical analysis. As the conditions described m\\nthe investigation at the Colorado Experiment Station\\nwill apply to most places on our continent, particularly\\nin the Northwest and West, we quote rather fully from", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "184\\nMAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nthe account of the experiments given by Professor\\nCooke\\nIt is believed by most farmers that, in the dry climate\\nof Colorado, fodder corn, where cut and shocked in\\ngood shape, cures without loss of feeding value, and that\\nthe loss of weight that occurs is merely due to the dry-\\ning out of the water. A test of this question was made\\nin the fall of 1893, and the results obtained seemed to\\nindicate that fully a third of the feeding value was lost\\nin the curing. This result was so surprising that the\\nfigures were not published, fearing that some error had\\ncrept in, though w^e could not see where there was the\\npossibility of a mistake.\\nIn the fall of 1894, the test was repeated on a larger\\nscale. A lot of corn was carefully weighed and sampled.\\nIt was then divided into three portions One was spread\\non the ground in a thin layer, the second part was set up\\nin large shocks, containing about five hundred pounds\\nof green fodder in each, while the rest was shocked in\\nsmaU bundles. After remaining thus for some months,\\nuntil thoroughly cured, the portions were weighed,\\nsampled, and analyzed separately. The table gives the\\nlosses that occurred in the curing.\\nLarge Shocks.\\nSmall Shocks.\\nOn the Ground.\\nTotal\\nWeight.\\nDry\\nMatter.\\nTotal\\nWeight.\\nDry\\nMatter.\\nTotal\\nWeight.\\nDry\\nMatter.\\nWhen Shocked\\nAfter Curing\\nLoss in Weight.\\nPer Cent of Loss.\\nLbs.\\n952\\n258\\n694\\n73\\nLbs.\\n217\\n150\\n67\\n31\\nLbs.\\n294\\n64\\n230\\n78\\nLbs.\\n77\\n44\\n33\\n43\\nLbs.\\n186\\n33\\n153\\n82\\nLbs.\\n42\\n19\\n23\\n55", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "SiLAGE^. 185\\nSo far as could be told by the eye, there had been\\nno loss. The fodder had cured in nice shape, and the\\nstalks on the inside of the bundles retained their green\\ncolor, with no sign of molding or heating. And yet the\\nlarge shocks had lost 31 per cent of their dry matter, or\\nfeeding value; the small shocks, 43 per cent, and the\\ncorn spread on the ground, 55 per cent.\\nOn breaking or cutting the stalks, these losses were\\nexplained. The juice was acid, and there was a very\\nstrong acid odor, showing that an active fermentation\\nwas taking place in this seemingly dry fodder. We had\\nnoticed this strong odor the fall before and all through\\nthis winter. When the fodder corn for the steers is\\nput through the feed cutter, that same strong smell is\\npresent.\\nIt can be said, then, that the dryness of the climate\\nin Colorado does not prevent fodder corn from losing\\na large part of its feeding value through fermentation.\\nIndeed, the loss from this source is fully as great as in\\nthe damp climate of New England.\\nAs compared with the losses by fermentation in the\\nsilo, the cured fodder shows considerabl}^ the higher\\nloss.\\nIn the experiments by the author during the fall of\\n1889, quoted above, eleven shocks cured under cover in\\nthe barn lost on an average over 8 per cent of dry\\nmatter and toward 14 per cent of protein. In a recent\\nexperiment at Maine Experiment Station, 14.13 per\\ncent of dry matter was lost in the process of slow dry-\\ning of a large sample of fodder corn under the most\\nfavorable circumstances. It is interesting to note that\\nthis loss falls almost entirely on the nitrogen-free ex-", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "186 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ntract;, or carbohydrates, more than two-thirds of it be-\\ning actually accounted for by the diminished percent-\\nage of sugars.\\nSince such losses will occur in fodder cured under\\ncover with all jDOssible care, it is evident that the average\\nlosses of dry matter in field-curing fodder corn, given\\nin the preceding, by no means can be considered exag-\\ngerated, but must, on the contrary, be too small, as a\\ncareful study of the conditions of the various experi-\\nments will readily show. Exposure to rain and storm,\\nabrasion of dry leaves and thin stalks, and other factors\\ntend to diminish the nutritive value of the fodder, aside\\nfrom the Josses from fermentations, so that very often\\nonl}^ one-half of the food materials originally present in\\nthe fodder is left by the time it is fed out. The re-\\nmaining portion of the fodder has, furthermore, a lower\\ndigestibility and a lower feeding value than the fodder\\ncorn when put up, for the reason that the fermentations\\noccurring during the curing process destroy the most\\nvaluable and easily digestible part, i. e., the sugar and\\nstarch of the nitrogen-free extract, which are soluble,\\nor readily rendered soluble, in the process of digestion.\\nNecessary Losses in the Silo. The losses of dry\\nmatter and protein during the siloing period previously\\ngiven amounted to 15.6 and 16.8 per cent, respectively,-\\nas an average of four years trials at the Wisconsin Ex-\\nperiment Station. There is, however, an abundance of\\nevidence at hand showing that these figures are higher\\nthan those found in actual practice, and that they\\nconsiderably exceed the necessary losses sustained in the\\nsilo. During the last half-dozen years our methods of\\nsiloing green fodder have been greatly perfected, mainly", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "SILAGE. 187\\nthrough improvements in the construction and form of\\nsilo buildings. The old silos were shallow, and the ex-\\nperimental silos in the experiments reviewed in the pre-\\nceding, as well as elsewhere, were both shallow and very\\nsmall. Under these conditions it is but natural that the\\nlosses found should be excessive, since two of the essen-\\ntials in siloing fodders were absent sufficient pressure\\nto largely exclude the air from the siloed mass, and a\\nminimum of wall space in proportion to the quantity\\nof fodder siloed.\\nThere are now plenty of cases on record showing\\nthat the results obtained by the author in the experi-\\nments of 1890 amply cover the necessary losses of dry\\nmatter in siloing fodder corn and that 10 per cent rep-\\nresents the maximum loss of dry matter in modern\\ndeep, well-built silos. The losses of dry matter obtained\\nin siloing corn at the Wisconsin Experiment Station\\nduring the last eight years have come at or below this\\nfigure. It is possible to reduce this loss still further by\\navoiding any spoilt silage on the surface, which we saw\\nma}^ easily be done by beginning to feed immediately\\nafter the filling of the silo. Experiments conducted on\\na small scale by Professor King in 1894 gave losses of\\nonly 2 to 3 per cent of dry matter, on the strength of\\nwhich results, amongst others, he believes that the neces-\\nsary loss of dry matter in the silo need not exceed 5\\nper cent.\\nSummarizing our considerations concerning the rela-\\ntive losses of food materials in the field-curing and the\\nsiloing of Indian corn, we may say that far from being\\nless economical than the former, the silo is more so,\\nunder ordinarily favorable conditions for both systems,", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "188 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nand that therefore a larger quantity of food materials\\nis obtained by filling the corn crop into a silo than by\\nany other method of preserving it known at the present\\ntime.\\nNecessary Losses in Siloing Clover. Only a\\nfew siloing experiments have been made with clover,\\nbut enough has been done to show that the necessary\\nlosses in siloing this crop do not much, if any, exceed\\nthose of the green corn. Lawes and Gilbert of the\\nRothamsted Experiment Station, England, placed 264,-\\n318 pounds of first- and second-crop clover into one of\\ntheir stone silos, and took out 191,470 pounds of good\\nclover silage. Loss in gross weight, 24.9 per cent. This\\nloss fell, however, largely on the water in the clover.\\nThe loss of dry matter amounted to only 5.1 per cent,\\nvery nearly the same amount of loss as that which the\\nsame experimenters found had taken place in a large\\nrick of about forty tons of hay, after standing for two\\nyears. The loss of protein in the silo amounted to 8.2\\nper cent. In another silo 184,959 pounds of second-\\ncrop grass and second-crop clover were j)^it in, and\\n170,941 pounds were taken out. Loss in gross weight,\\n7.6 per cent; loss of dry matter, 9.7 per cent: of crude\\nprotein, 7.8 per cent pounds.\\nIn a siloing experiment with clover, conducted at the\\nWisconsin Experiment Station, on a smaller scale, Mr.\\nF. G. Short obtained the following results Clover put\\ninto the silo, 12,279 pounds; silage taken out, 9,283\\npounds; loss, 24.4 per cent; loss of dry matter, 15.4\\nper cent; of protein, 12.7 per cent.\\nThere is nothing in any of these figures to argue\\nagainst the siloing of green clover as an economical", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "SILAGE.\\n189\\nprocess. On the other hand, in view of what has been\\npreviously stated concerning clover silage, we conclude\\nthat this method of pre erving the clover crop is highly\\nvaluable, and, in most cases, to be preferred to making\\nhay of the crop.\\nNo extended investigation has been made as to the\\nlosses sustained in the siloing of alfalfa, but there can\\nbe little doubt but that they are considerably smaller\\nthan in making alfalfa hay, if proper precautions\\nguarding against unnecessary losses in the silo are taken.\\nAccording to the testimony of Prof. Headden of the\\nColorado Experiment Station, the minimum loss from\\nthe falling off of leaves and stems in successful alfalfa\\nhay making amounts to from 15 to 20 per cent, and in\\ncases where the conditions have been unfavorable, to as\\nmuch as 60 and even G6 per cent of the hay crop. Aside\\nfrom the losses sustained through abrasion, rain storms,\\nwhen these occur, may reduce the value of the hay one-\\nhalf. The losses from either of these sources are avoided\\nin preserving the crop in the silo, and in their place a\\nsmall loss through fermentation occurs, under ordinary\\nfavorable conditions, amounting to about 10 per cent\\nor less.\\nAverage Digestion Coefficients for Corn Silage and\\nFOR Green and Cured Fodder Corn.\\nGreen fodder corn\\nCured fodder corn\\nCorn silage\\nDry\\nMatter.\\nAsh.\\nCrude\\nProtein.\\nCrude\\nFiber.\\nN. Free\\nExtract.\\n68\\n66\\n66\\n35\\n34\\n31\\n61\\n55\\n53\\n61\\n66\\n67\\n74\\n69\\n70\\nEther\\nExtract.\\n74\\n72\\n81", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FEEDING OF SILAGE.\\nSilage may be fed with advantage to all classes of\\nfarm animals, milch cows, steers, horses, mules, sheep,\\nswine, and even poultry. Neither does this enumera-\\ntion finish the list of animals that take readily to silage.\\nKiihn states that not only did the various European\\nbreeds of cattle in the herd of the Agricultural College\\nof Halle (Germany) eat c6rn silage with a relish, but\\nthis wAs also the case with the long-horned Sanga, di-\\nrectly imported from Africa; the Yak, a native of the\\nplains of Central Asia; and the crosses of Yak and\\nGayal. The corn silage was also eaten by all of the\\ncommon breeds of sheep, and by the Asiatic and African\\nbreeds; the fine-wooled Electoral, Negrettis, and Ram-\\nbouillet, especially, took to it kindly. The Mouflon\\ncrosses also ate it, but less readily. It was liked by\\ngoats, and especially by those of the Angora breed. The\\nsame was true of the asses and the mules bred at the\\nHalle College.\\nSilage should not be fed as an exclusive coarse feed\\nto farm animals, but always in connection with some\\ndry roughage. The nearer maturity the corn is when\\ncut for the silo, the more silage may safely be fed at a\\ntime, but it is always well to avoid feeding it excessively.\\nThe silo should always be emptied from the top in hor-\\nizontal layers, and the surface kept level, so as to expose\\nas little of the silage as possible to the air. It should\\nbe fed out sufficiently rapidly to avoid spoiling of the\\nsilage; in ordinary Northern winter weather a couple\\n190", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "FEEDING OF SILAGE. 191\\nof inch layer should be fed off daily. (See p. 44.) A\\nconvenient cart for hauling silage and a silage truck\\nare shown in Figs. 60 and 61.\\nSilage for Milch Cows.\\nSilage is par excellence a cow feed. Since the intro-\\nduction of the silo in this country, the dairymen, more\\nthan any other class of farmers, have been among the\\nmost enthusiastic siloists, and up to the present time we\\nfind a larger number of silos in dairy districts than in\\nany other regions where animal husbandry is a promi-\\nnent industry. As with other farm animals, cows fed\\nsilage should receive other roughage in the shape of\\ncorn stalks, hay, etc. The quantities of silage fed should\\nnot exceed forty or, at the outside, fifty pounds per day\\nper head. It is possible that a maximum allowance of\\nonly 25 to 30 pounds per head daily is to be preferred\\nwhere the keeping quality of the milk is an important\\nconsideration. The silage may be given in one or two\\nfeeds daily, and, in case of cows in milk, always after\\nmilking, and not before or during the same, as the\\npeculiar silage odor will, in the latter case, be apt to\\nreappear in the milk.\\nSilage exerts a very beneficial influence on the secre-\\ntion of milk. Where winter dairying is practiced, cows\\nwill usually drop considerably in milk toward spring,\\nif fed on dry feed, causing a loss of milk through the\\nwhole remaining portion of the lactation period. If\\nsilage is fed there will be no such marked decrease in\\nthe flow of milk before turning out to grass, and the\\ncows will be able to keep up well in milk until late in\\nthe summer, or early in the fall, when they are to be\\n13", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "bi\u00c2\u00bbi^^.^\\\\^\\\\\\\\^\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\^^^^^^^\\n-yi\\ni^\\nw", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "FEEDING OF SILAGE.\\n193\\ndried up preparatory to calving. Silage has a similar\\nefteet on the milk secretion as green fodder or pasture,\\nand if made from well-matured corn, so as not to con-\\ntain an excessive amount of acid, is more like these\\nfeeds than any other nt tho disposal of the farmer.\\nFIG. 61. SIL,AQE TRUCK.\\nThe feeding of silage, to milch cows has sometimes\\nbeen objected to when the milk was intended for the\\nmanufacture of certain kinds of cheese, or of condensed\\nmilk, and there are instances where such factories have\\nenjoined their patrons from feeding silage to their cows.\\nWhen the silage is properly prepared and properly fed,\\nthere can be no foundation whatever for this injunc-\\ntion; it has been repeatedly demonstrated that Swiss\\ncheese of superior quality can be made from the milk\\nof silage-fed cows, and condensing factories among\\nwhose patrons silage is fed have been able to manufac-\\nture a faultless product. The quality of the silage made\\nduring the first dozen years of silo experience in this\\ncountry was frequently very poor, being sour and often\\nspoilt in large quantities, and, what may have been still", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "194 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nmore important, it was sometimes fed in an injudicious\\nmanner, cows being made to subsist on this feed as\\nexclusive roughage. Under these conditions it is not\\nto be wondered at that the quality of the milk should be\\nJoWered, and that manufacturers preferred to entirely\\nprohibit the use of it rather than to teach their patrons\\nto follow proper methods in the making and feeding of\\nsilage. There is an abundance of evidence at hand\\nshowing that good silage fed in moderate quantities\\nwill produce an excellent quality of both butter and\\ncheese. According to the testimony of butter experts,\\nsilage not only in no way injures the flavor of butter,\\nbut better-flavored butter is produced by judicious silage\\nfeeding than can be made from dry feed.\\nThe combinations in which corn silage will be used\\nin feeding milch cows will depend a good deal on local\\nconditions; it may be said in general that it should be.\\nsupplemented by a fair proportion of nitrogenous feeds\\nlike clover hay, wheat bran, ground oats, linseed meal,\\ncotton-seed meal, etc. To illustrate the quantities and\\ncombinations in which silage may be fed to milch cows,\\nwe give below a number of practical feed rations pub-\\nlished in two bulletins by the author, viz. Nos. 33 and\\n38, of the Wisconsin Experiment Station (October,\\n1892, and January, 1894). The former of these pub-\\nlications includes the rations fed to the herds of milch\\ncows of fifteen Wisconsin dairymen, and the latter those\\nfed by one hundred dairymen and breeders scattered\\nover different parts of the United States and Canada.\\nOnly rations which include silage are given here; they\\nare the outcome of practical feeding experience under\\nvaried conditions, and may be used as guides in making", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "FEEDING OF SILAGE. 195\\nup feed rations for dairy cows. While they may not all\\nbe theoretically correct, they may easily be modified, if\\nneed be, so as to conform to our best knowledge on the\\nsubject.\\nIt will serve as an illustration of the present general\\nuse of silage among progressive dairymen in our country\\nto state that of the one hundred farmers furnishing the\\nfeed rations fed to their dairy cows, in the latter bulle-\\ntin mentioned, sixty-four were feeding silage to their\\nstock, this feed being used a larger number of times than\\nany other single cattle food, wheat bran only excepted.\\nAMERICAN SILAGE RATIONS FOR DAIRY COWS.\\n1. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; hay, 6^2 lbs.; corn and cob\\nmeal, 5 lbs.; ground oats, 5 lbs.; linseed meal, 3 lbs.\\n2. Corn silage, 27 lbs.; dry fodder corn, 8 lbs.; clover\\nhay, 6 lbs.; oat straw, li/^ lbs.; wheat bran, 4 lbs.; linseed\\nmeal, 4 lbs.\\n3. Corn silage, 35 lbs.; hay, 5 lbs.; malt sprouts, 4 lbs.;\\nwheat bran, 2% lbs.; cotton seed meal, li/^ lbs.\\n4. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; cut sheaf oats, 6 lbs.; mixed\\nmeadow hay, 10 lbs.; wheat bran, 4 lbs.; linseed meal, 2 lbs.\\n5. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; cut cornstalks, 12 lbs.; wheat\\nbran, 3% lbs.; corn meal, 3 lbs.; oats, 3*4 lbs., with a\\nsprinkling of peas.\\n6. Corn silage, 32 lbs.; clover silage, 22 lbs.; clover and\\ntimothy hay mixed, 5 lbs.; wheat bran, 6 lbs.; ground\\noats, 4 lbs.; cotton seed meal, 3 lbs.\\n7. Corn silage, 35 lbs.; hay, about 11 lbs.; wheat bran,\\n3 1-3 lbs.; ground oats, 2 1-3 lbs.; linseed meal (O. P.)\\n2 1-3 lbs.\\n8. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; hay, 8 lbs.; corn fodder, 5 lbs.;\\nground oats, 4 lbs.; pea meal, 2 lbs.\\n9. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; clover hay, 8 lbs.; wheat bran,\\n6 lbs.; pea meal, 2 lbs.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "196 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\n10. Whole corn silage, 25 lbs.; clover hay, 10 lbs.;\\nwheat bran, 10 lbs.\\n11. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; clover hay, 5 lbs.; timothy hay,\\n5 lbs.; wheat bran, iVz lbs.; middlings, 41/^ lbs.\\n12. Corn silage, 45 lbs.; clover hay, 12 lbs.; wheat\\nshorts, 8 lbs.; corn meal, 4 lbs.\\n13. Corn silage, 24 lbs.; corn fodder, 15 lbs.; clover hay,\\n5 lbs.; wheat bran, 5 lbs.\\n14. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; alfalfa hay, 15 lbs.; wheat bran,\\n4 lbs.; corn chop, 4 lbs.\\n15. Corn silage, 35 lbs.; hay, 10 lbs.; wheat bran, 3 lbs.;\\ncorn and cob meal, 3 lbs.; cotton seed meal, 2 lbs.; gluten\\nmeal, 2 lbs.\\n16. Corn silage, 50 lbs.; wheat shorts, 4 lbs.; grano-\\ngluten feed, 4 lbs.\\n17. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; clover hay, 5 lbs.; corn fodder, 3\\nlbs.; straw, 2 lbs.; wheat bran, 5 lbs.; linseed meal, 2 lbs.;\\ncotton seed meal, 2 lbs.\\n18. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; timothy and clover hay, 5 lbs.;\\nwheat bran or shorts, 7 lbs.\\n19. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; English hay, 5 lbs.; clover hay,\\n5 lbs.; wheat bran, 2 lbs.; gluten meal, 2 lbs.; cotton seed\\nmeal, 1 lb.; linseed meal, 1 lb.\\n20. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; hay, 6 lbs.; gluten meal, 2 lbs.,-\\ncorn and cob meal, 2 lbs.; wheat shorts, 2 lbs.\\n21. Corn silage, 50 lbs.; hay, 8 lbs.; wheat bran, 3 lbs.;\\nwheat shorts, 2 lbs.; ground rye and oats, 3 lbs.; barley, 2\\nlbs.\\n22. Corn silage, 35 lbs.; clover hay, 10 lbs.; oat straw, 2\\nlbs.; corn meal, 5 lbs.; wheat bran, 5 lbs.; oats, 5 lbs.\\n23. Corn silage, 35 lbs.; hay, 7 lbs.; brewers grains, 20\\nlbs.; gluten meal, IV^ lbs.; cotton seed meal, IVz lbs.; wheat\\nshorts, iy2 lbs.; linseed meal, 1^^ lbs.\\n24. Corn silage, 24 lbs.; corn meal, 8 lbs.; wheat bran, 2\\nlbs.; oats, 4 lbs.; linseed meal, 2 lbs.\\n25. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; corn fodder, 10 lbs.; cotton seed\\nmeal, 21/^ lbs.; N. P. linseed meal, 2 lbs.; wheat bran, 4 lbs.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "FEEDING OF SILAGE. 197\\n26. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; timothy hay, 10 lbs.; wheat\\nbran, 5 lbs.; corn meal, 3 lbs.; linseed meal, 2 lbs.\\n27. Corn silage, 50 lbs.; hay, 5 lbs.; wheat bran, 4 lbs.;\\nlinseed meal, 2 lbs.; cotton seed meal, 1 lb.; ground rye,\\n1 lb.\\n28. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; cotton seed meal, 3 lbs.; corn\\nstarch feed, 18 lbs.\\n29. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; clover hay, 12 lbs.; wheat mid-\\ndlings, 8 lbs.; linseed meal, 1 lb.\\n30. Corn silage, 42 lbs.; clover and timothy hay, 5 lbs.;\\ncorn and cob meal, 8 lbs.; dried brewers grains, li/^ lbs.\\n31. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; fodder corn, 8 lbs.; corn meal, 3\\nlbs.; wheat bran, 3 lbs.; cotton seed meal, 1 lb.\\n32. Corn silage, 50 lbs.; clover hay, 8 lbs.; wheat shorts,\\n5 lbs.\\n33. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; corn stover, 8 lbs.; wheat bran,\\n5 lbs.; malt sprouts, 4 lbs.; linseed meal, 1 lb.\\n34. Corn silage, 50 lbs.; clover hay, 9 lbs.\\n35. Corn silage, 45 lbs.; mixed hay, 7 lbs.; wheat bran, 6\\nlbs.; cotton seed meal, 2 lbs.\\n36. Corn silage, 15 lbs.; sugar beets, 22 lbs.; hay, 10 lbs.;\\noats, 5.4 lbs.; corn meal, 7 lbs.\\n37. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; clover hay, 8 lbs.; coarse linseed\\nmeal, 6 lbs.\\n38. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; sorghum hay, 13i^ lbs.; corn\\nmeal, 1.3 lbs.; cotton seed meal, 2.6 lbs.; cotton seed, 2.2\\nlbs.; wheat bran, 1.3 lbs.\\n39. Corn silage, 35 lbs.; mixed hay, 10 lbs.; wheat bran,\\n2 lbs.; corn meal, 3.2 lbs.; linseed meal, 1 lb.; cotton seed\\nmeal, .8 lbs.\\n40. Corn silage, 20 lbs.; hay, 14 lbs.; wheat bran, 3 lbs.;\\ngluten meal, 2 lbs.\\n41. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; hay, 10 lbs.; corn meal, 2 lbs.;\\ngluten meal, 2 lbs.; wheat bran, 2 lbs.\\n42. Corn silage, 48 lbs.; corn and cob meal, 2i^ lbs.;\\nground wheat, 2i^ lbs.; oats, 2i^ lbs.; barley meal, 2i^ lbs.\\n43. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; hay, 5 lbs.; straw, 5 lbs.; wheat\\nbran, 41/2 lbs.; oats, 41/2 lbs", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "198 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\n44. Corn silage, 15 lbs.; turnips, 45 lbs.; wheat chaff, 7\\nlbs.; oats, 2i^ lbs.; pea meal, 2i^ lbs.\\n45. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; hay, 12 lbs.; ground oats, 10 lbs.\\n46. Corn silage, 40 lbs.; turnips, 30 lbs.; clover hay, 8\\nlbs.; straw, lb.; oats, 2 lbs.; wheat bran, 2 lbs.\\n47. Corn silage, 50 lbs.; clover hay, 10 lbs.; straw, 3 lbs.;\\npea meal, 5 lbs.; oats, 2 lbs.\\n48. Corn silage, 30 lbs.; hay, 1V2 lbs.; straw, 6i^ lbs.;\\nturnips, 25 lbs.; pea meal, 1.3 lbs.; oats, 2.5 lbs.; barley,\\n1.3 lbs.\\n49. Corn silage, 35 lbs.; English hay, 8 lbs.; carrots, 30\\nlbs.; wheat bran, 1.2 lbs.; wheat middlings, 1.8 lbs.; cotton\\nseed meal, 3 lbs.; oats, 1 lb.; wheat, 2 lbs.\\n50. Corn silage, 40 lbs.;, clover hay, 7i/^ lbs.; straw, 3\\nlbs.; oats, 1 1-3 lbs.; barley, 1 1-3 lbs.; pea meal, 1 1-3 lbs.;\\nwheat bran, 3 lbs.; cotton seed meal, 1 lb.\\nThe rations given were fed in the following States: Nos.\\n1-13, Wisconsin; No. 14, Colo.; No. 15, Conn.; No. 16, 111.;\\nNo. 17, Ind.; No. 18, la.; Nos. 19-20, Mass.; No. 21, Minn.;\\nNo. 22, Neb.; No. 23, N. H.; No. 24, N. J.; Nos. 25-30, N. Y.;\\nNo. 31, N. C; Nos. 32-34, Ohio; Nos. 35-37, Penna.; No. 38,\\nTexas; Nos. 39-41, Vt; No. 42, V/. Va.; and Nos. 43-50,\\nCanada.\\nSilage for Steers.\\nSilage may be fed with advantage to steers, in quanti-\\nties up to forty or fifty pounds a day. The health of\\nthe animals and the quality of the beef produced on\\nmoderate silage feeding leave nothing to be wished for.\\nIf the silage is made from immature corn, care must be\\ntaken not to feed too large quantities at the start and to\\nfeed carefully, so as not to produce scouring in the\\nanimals. Professor Henry says in regard to the value\\nof silage for steer feeding: As with roots, silage\\nmakes the carcass watery and soft to the touch. Some", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "FEEDING OF SILAGE. 199\\nhave considered this a disadvantage, but is it not a de-\\nsirable condition in the fattening steer? Corn and\\nroughage produce a hard, dry carcass, and corn burns\\nout the digestive tract in the shortest possible time.\\nWith silage and roots, digestion certainly must be more\\nnearly normal, and its profitable action longer con-\\ntinued. The tissues of the body are juicy, and the whole\\nsystem must be in just that condition which permits\\nrapid fattening. While believing in a large use of silage\\nin the preliminary stages, and its continuance during\\nmost of the fattening period, I would recommend that\\ngradually more dry food be substituted as the period\\nadvances, in order that the flesh may become more solid.\\nUsed in this way, I believe silage will become an im-\\nportant aid in steer feeding in many sections of the\\ncountry. Eesults from Canada, Wisconsin, and Texas\\nexperiment stations show the broad adaptation of this\\nfood for stock-fee ding purposes.\\nYoung stock may be fed half as much silage as full-\\ngrown ones, with the same restrictions and precautions\\nas given for steers. Experience obtained at the Kansas\\nExperiment Station, suggests that corn silage is not a\\nfit food for breeding bulls, unless fed only as a relish\\nfed heavily on silage, bulls lose virility and become slow\\nand uncertain breeders.\\nSilage for Horses.\\nWhen fed in moderate quantities, not to exceed\\ntwenty pounds a day, silage is a good food for horses.\\nIt should be fed twice a day, a light feed being given at\\nfirst and gradually increased as the animals become\\naccustomed to the food. Some farmers feed it mixed", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "200 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nwith cut straw, two-thirds of straw, and one-third of\\nsilage, and feed all the horses will eat of this mixed feed.\\nSome horses object to silage at first on account of its\\npeculiar odor, but by sprinkling some oats or bran on\\ntop of the silage and feeding only very small amounts\\nto begin with, they soon learn to eat and relish it.\\nSome horses take it willingly from the beginning.\\nHorses not working may be fed larger quantities than\\nwork horses, but in neither case should the silage form\\nmore than a portion of the coarse feed fed to the\\nhorses. Silage-fed horses will look well and come out\\nin the spring in better condition than when fed almost\\nany other food.\\nProfessor Cook says in regard to silage as a horse\\nfood: It has been suggested by even men of high\\nscientific attainments that silage is preeminently the\\nfood for cattle and not for other farm stock. This is\\ncertainly a mistake. If we raise fall colts, w^hich I find\\nvery profitable, then silage is just what we need, and\\nwill enable us to produce colts as excellent as though\\ndropped in the spring. This gives us our brood mares\\nin first-class trim for the hard summer s work. I find\\nsilage just as good for young colts and other horses.\\nMr. James M. Turner, an extensive Michigan farmer\\nand horse breeder, gives his experience in regard to\\nsilage for horses as follows Last winter we had nearly\\ntwo hundred horses, including Clydesdales, standard-\\nbred trotters, and Shetland ponies. They were wintered\\nentirely upon straw and corn ensilage, and this in face\\nof the fact that I had read a long article in a praminent\\nhorse journal cautioning farmers from the use of en-\\nsilage, and citing instances where many animals had", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "FEEDING OF SILAGE. 201\\ndied, and brood mares had aborted from the liberal use\\nof corn ensilage.\\nDesiring to test the matter to the fullest extent,\\nour stallions and brood mares, as well as all the young\\nstock, were fed two full rations of ensilage daily, and\\none liberal ration of wheat or oat straw. The result\\nwith our brood mares was most phenomenal, for we now\\nhave to represent every mare that was then in foal on\\nthe farm, a weanling, strong and vigorous, and appar-\\nently right in every way, with only one exception, where\\nthe colt was lost by accident. Of course there may have\\nbeen something in the season more favorable than usual,\\nbut this was the first year in my experience when every\\ncolt dropped on the farm was saved.\\nProfessors Thorne and Hickman give their experience\\nin feeding silage to horses and to other farm animals\\nat the Ohio Experiment Station Our silo was planned\\nand filled with special reference to our dairy stock, but\\nafter opening the silo we decided to try feeding the\\nsilage to our horses, calves, and hogs. The result was\\neminently satisfactory. We did not find a cow, calf,\\nhorse, colt, or hog that refused to eat, or that did not\\neat it with apparent relish, not only for a few days, but\\nfor full two months. The horses were given one feed\\nof twenty pounds each per day in place of the usual\\namount of hay, for the period above named, and it was\\ncertainly a benefit! Their appetites were sharpened,\\nand the healthfulness of the food was further manifest\\nin the new coat of hair which came with the usual spring\\nshedding. The coat was glossy, the skin loose, and the\\ngeneral appearance was that of horses running upon\\npasture/", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "202 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nDoctor Bailey states that silage has as good an effect\\non work and driving horses as an occasional feed of\\ncarrots or other roots, and Eew informs us that there\\nis a demand for silage in London and ot^ier large Eng-\\nlish cities, especially for omnibus, cab, and tram horses.\\nAccording to the testimony of Mr. H. J. Elwes, the\\ncart horses fed silage looked in better condition and\\nbrighter in their coats than usnal at this time of the\\nyear.\\nFrom experiments conducted at Virginia Experiment\\nStation, Prof. Nourse concludes that it would appear\\nthat silage would make a good roughage for horses,\\nwhen used in connection with hay or stover or grain,\\nbut that these animals should become accustomed to the\\nfood by degrees, and that this is as important as when\\nchanging from old to new corn, or from hay to grass.\\nWhat has been said about silage as a food for horses\\nwill most likely apply equally well to mules, although\\nonly very limited experience has so far been gained witji\\nsilage for this class of farm animals.\\nSilage for Sheep.\\nSilage is looked upon with great favor among sheep\\nmen; sheep do well on it, and silage-fed ewes drop\\ntheir lambs in the spring without trouble, the lambs\\nbeing strong and vigorous. Silage containing a good\\ndeal of corn is not well adapted for breeding stock, as\\nit is too fattening; for fattening stock, on the other\\nhand, much corn in the silage is an advantage. Sheep\\nmay be fed a couple of pounds of silage a day and\\nnot to exceed five or six pounds per head. Professor", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "FEEDING OF SILAGE. 203\\nCook reports as follows in regard to the value of silage\\nfor sheep: I have fed ensilage liberally to sheep for\\nthree winters and am remarkably pleased with the re-\\nsults. I make ensilage half the daily ration, the other\\nhalf being corn stalks, or timothy hay, with bran or oats.\\nThe sheep do exceedingly well. Formerly I was much\\ntroubled to raise lambs from grade Merino ewes. Of\\nlate this trouble has almost ceased. Last spring I hard-\\nly lost a lamb. While ensilage may not be the entire\\ncause of the change, I believe it is the main cause.\\nIt is positively proved that ensilage is a most valuable\\nfood material, when properly fed, for all our domestic\\nanimals.\\nMr. J. S. Woodward, the well-known Xew York\\nfarmer and Farmers Institute worker, who has made\\na specialty of early lamb raising, says, in an address\\nbefore the New York Agricultural Society, regarding\\nsilage as feed for lambs: In order to be successful\\nin raising fine lambs it is imperative that the ewes and\\nlambs both should have plenty of succulent food. Noth-\\ning can supply the deficiency. For this purpose roots of\\nalmost any kind are good. Turnips, rutabagas, man-\\ngolds are all good. Corn silage is excellent. Could I\\nhave my choice I would prefer both silage and roots. If\\nI were depending on silage alone for succulent food I\\nwould give four pounds per hundred pounds live weight\\nof sheep, all at one feed, at the forenoon feed but when\\nfeeding both silage and roots I would feed silage in the\\nmorning and roots in the afternoon.\\nMr. J. M. Turner of Michigan says concerning silage\\nfor sheep: Of late years we have annually put up\\n0,200 tons of corn ensilage, and this has been the princi-", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "204 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\npal ration of all the live stock at Springdale Farm, our\\nShropshire sheep having been maintained on a ration of\\nensilage night and morning, coupled with a small ration\\nof clover hay in the middle of the day. This we found\\nto fully meet the requirements of our flock until after\\nlambing, from which time forward we of course added\\nliberal rations of wheat bran, oats, and old-process lin-\\nseed meal to the ewes, with a view to increasing their\\nflow of milk and bringing forward the lambs in the most\\nvigorous possible condition. Our flock-master was some-\\nwhat anxious until after the lambs dropped, but now\\nthat he saved 196 lambs from 122 ewes^ his face is\\nwreathed in smiles, and he gives the ensilage system\\nthe strongest endorsement. Mr. Turner states that,\\nafter becoming accustomed to the silage, his horses,\\ncattle, and sheep would all push their noses down\\nthrough the hay, if there w^as silage at the bottom of\\nthe manger, and little or no hay would be eaten until\\nthe silage was first taken.\\nThe following interesting experience illustrating the\\nvalue of silage for sheep feeding is given by Mr. Wil-\\nliam Woods, a celebrated English breeder of Hamp-\\nshire-Downs Last year, in August, I found myself\\nAvith a flock of some 1,200 Hampshire-Down ewes, and\\nabout twelve or fourteen acres of swedes, on a farm of\\n4,000 acres, and these were all the roots there were to\\nfeed them and their lambs during the winter. Know-\\ning how we should suffer from want of milk after lamb-\\ning in January and February, I thought I would try\\n(which no doubt has often been tried elsewhere, though\\nnot in this district) the effect of ensilage on ewes after\\nlambing, having learned by hearsay that it increased the", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "FEEDING OF SILAGE. 305\\nmilk of cows nearly 30 per cent. I at once set to work\\nto irrigate what water meadows I could spare, and in\\nthe month of October had a crojo of grass that, had\\nit been possible to make it into hay, would have made a\\nton of hay to the acre. I bought from the Aylesbury\\nDairy Company one of their Johnson s ensilage rick\\npresses, and put some seventy to eighty tons of cut\\nmeadow grass under pressure. It must, however, be\\nborne in mind that second-cut water meadow grass is\\nsome of the poorest stuff that is consumed, either green\\nor in hay, and, therefore, my ensilage was not as good,\\nand consequently not as favorable a trial, as if it had\\nbeen made of better material.\\nIn January, when well into lambing, I opened the\\nstack, and began to feed it to the ewes that had lambed.\\nAt first they hardly cared to eat it, but by degrees they\\nseemed to like it more. They had a night and morning\\nmeal of best sainfoin ha}^, and a small lot of ensilage\\nwith the cake given at midday. After three weeks\\ntrial, what the shepherd observed was this That when\\nbest sainfoin hay, worth \u00c2\u00a34 a ton, was put in the cages,\\nand ensilage in the troughs at the same time, half the\\nsheep would go to the hay and half to the ensilage,\\nalthough there was sufficient accommodation for the\\nwhole flock at either sort, and we now observe that with\\nthe ewes that are most constant to the ensilage, their\\nlambs are nourished better than the others. We have\\nnot lost a single lamb from scour, and have some 470\\nlambs from 380 ewes lambed as yet, which I think proves\\nthe value of the experiment. As soon as the stuff ar-\\nrives in carts the ewes are crazy for it, and almost come\\nover the hurdles, so eager are they to get at this new sort", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "206 MAKING AND FEEDING SII.AGE.\\nof food, wliieh, as I have stated, is only water meadow\\ngrass ensilaged/^\\nSilage for Swine.\\nThe testimony concerning the value of silage as a\\nfood for swine is conflicting, both favorable and un-\\nfavorable reports being at hand. Many farmers have\\ntried feeding it to their hogs, but without success. On\\nthe other hand, a number of hog-raisers have had good\\nsuccess with silage, and feed it regularly to their swine.\\nIt is possible that the differences in the quality of the\\nsilage and of the methods of feeding practiced explain\\nthe diversity of opinions formed concerning silage as\\nhog food. According to Professor Cook, Col. F. D. Cur-\\ntiss, the great American authority on the swine indus-\\ntry, states that silage is valuable to add to the winter\\nrations of our swine. Mr. J. W. Pierce of Indiana\\nwrites in regard to silage for hogs We have fed our\\nsows, about twenty-five in number, for four winters,\\nequal parts of ensilage and corn meal put into a cooker,\\nand brought up to a steaming state. It has proved to\\nbe very beneficial to them. It keeps up the flow of\\nmilk of the sows that are nursing the young, equal to\\nwhen they are running on clover. We find, too, when\\nthe pigs are farrowed, they become more robust, and\\ntake to nursing much sooner and better than they did\\nin winters when fed on an exclusively dry diet. We\\nalso feed it to our sheep. To sixty head we put out\\nabout six bushels of ensilage. Dr. Bailey, the author\\nof The Book on Ensilage, fed large hogs ten pounds\\nof silage, and one pound of wheat bran, with good\\nresults; the cost of the ration did not exceed 2 cents", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "FEEDING OF SILAGE. 207\\nper day. He states that clover silage would be excel-\\nlent, and would require no additional grain. Young\\npigs are exceeding^ fond of the silage. Feeding ex-\\nperiments conducted at Virginia Experiment Station\\nshow that silage is an economical maintenance feed for\\nhogs, when fed in connection with corn, but not when\\nfed alone.\\nIn feeding silage to hogs, care should be taken to feed\\nonly very little, a pound or so, at the start, mixing it\\nwith corn meal, shorts, or other concentrated feeds.\\nThe diet of the hog should be largely made up of easily\\ndigested grain food; bulky, coarse feeds like silage can\\nonly be fed to advantage in small quantities, not to\\nexceed three or four pounds per head, per day. As in\\ncase of breeding ewes, silage will give good results when\\nfed with care to brood sows, keeping the system in order,\\nand producing a good flow of milk.\\nSilage for Poultry.\\nMany farmers are feeding a little silage to their\\npoultry with good success. Only small quantities should\\nbe fed, of course, and it is beneficial as a stimulant and\\na regulator, as much as a food. A poultry man writer\\nas follows in Orange Judd Farmer, concerning his\\nexperience in making and feeding silage to fowls. De-\\nvices similar to that here described have repeatedly\\nbeen explained in the agricultural press. Clover and\\ncorn ensilage is one of the best winter foods for poultry\\nraisers. Let me tell you how to build four silos for\\n$1. Buy four coal-oil barrels at the drug store, burn\\nthem out on the inside, and take the heads out. Go\\nto the clover field when the second cro]) of the small", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "208 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nJune clover is in tlie bloom, and cut one-half ton three-\\neighths of an inch in length, also one-half ton of sweet\\ncorn, and run this through the feed cutter. Put into\\nthe barrel a layer of clover, then a la3^er of corn. Hav-\\ning done this, take a common building jack-screw and\\npress the silage down as firmly as possible. Then put\\non this a very light sprinkling of pulverized charcoal,\\nand keep on putting in clover and corn until you get the\\nbarrel as full as will admit of the cover being put back.\\nAfter your four barrel silos are filled, roll them out\\nbeside the barn, and cover them with horse manure,\\nallowing them to remain there thirty days. Then put\\nthem away, covering with cut straw or hay. When the\\ncold, chilling winds of December come, open one of\\nthese poultrymen s silos, take about twenty pounds for\\none hundred hens, add equal parts of potatoes, ground\\noats, and winter rye, place same in a kettle and bring\\nto a boiling state. Feed warm in the morning, and the\\nresult will be that you will be enabled to market seven\\nor eight dozen eggs per day from one hundred hens\\nthrough the winter, when eggs bring good returns.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER v.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 COMPARISON OP SILAGE AND\\nOTHER FEEDS.\\nI. Economy of Production.\\nWe shall briefly consider in this chapter the com-\\nparative value of silage and feeds that may take its\\nplace in the feeding of farm animals. The first point to\\nexamine in this connection is the question of the cost\\nof production of the different foods. Silage may be\\nreplaced by roots and by dry roughage, like hay of.\\nvarious kinds, dry fodder corn, corn stalks, straw, etc.\\nCorn Silage vs. Roots. In our country, the com-\\nparison of roots and corn silage will come out more\\nfavorable to the latter feed than almost anywhere else,\\nsince corn is wonderfully well adapted to our climate,\\nrequiring a hot growing season and an occasional good\\nsupply of moisture for its perfection; roots, on the\\nother hand, do best in a cool and moist climate, and\\nyields obtained under such conditions are much larger\\nthan we can hope to reach here in normal seasons. This\\nbeing true, it follows that, if roots are considered a more\\nexpensive crop than corn in countries- where they will\\ndo best, they must be still more so with us.\\nR. Henry Rew discusses the relative value of the two\\nfoods from the standpoint of the English farmer, as\\nfollows The root crop has, for about a century and a\\nhalf, formed the keystone of arable farming; yet it is\\nthe root crop whose position is most boldly challenged\\nby ensilage. No doubt roots are expensive say \u00c2\u00a310 per\\n209", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "210 MAKINti AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nacre as the cost of producing an ordinary crop of tur-\\nnips and precarious^, as the experience of the winter of\\n1887-8 has once more notably exemplified in many parts\\nof the country. In a suggestive article in the Farming\\nWorld Almanac for 1888 Mr. Primrose McConnell dis-\\ncusses the question: ^Are Turnips a Necessary Crop?\\nand sums up his answer in the following definite con-\\nclusion\\n^Everything, in short, is against the use of roots,\\neither as a cheap and desirable food for any kind of live\\nstock, as a crop suited for the fallow break, which cleans\\nthe land at little outlay, or as one which preserves or\\nincreases the fertility of the soil.\\nIf the growth of turnips is abandoned or restricted,\\nensilage comes in usually to assist the farmer in sup-\\nplying their place. When one comes to com-\\npare the cultivation of silage crops with that of roots,\\nthere are two essential points in favor of the former.\\nOne is their smaller expense, and the other is their\\npractical certainty. The farmer who makes silage can\\nmake certain of his winter store of food, whereas he who\\nhas only his root crop may find himself left in the lurch\\nat a time when there is little chance of making other\\nprovision.\\nA number of our American experiment stations have\\nfurnished data for comparing the yields and the cost of\\nproduction of corn silage and roots in our country. The\\nOhio, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Ontario Experiment\\nStations raised roots in comj^arison with corn for one\\nor more years. The average yields of green substance\\nand dry matter are shown in the following table.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "SILAGE AND OTHER FEEDS. 211\\nYields Peb Acre of Roots and Fodder Corn.\\nMaine\\nPennsylva-\\nOhio\\nOntario\\nStation.\\nnia Station.\\nStation.\\nCollege.\\no3\\n6\\na\\nc3\\nOQ\\nED\\nu\\n.Q\\nj3\\n4^\\ns\\n-t-\\n02\\n72\\n03\\ncc\\nC3\\n02\\na\\nO\\nfl\\nPI\\nS\\nfl\\nS\\n9i\\n2\\nPm\\nU\\nI~\\nti\\n(H\\no\\nft\\no\\nfl\\nfi\\nLbs.\\nP\\nLbs.\\nLbs.\\nLbs.\\nLbs.\\nLbs.\\nLbs.\\nLbs.\\n31695\\n15375\\n3415\\n1613\\n42780\\n55320\\n4877\\nMangolds\\n16177\\n2382\\n31500\\n3000\\n5034\\n28500\\n17645\\n2559\\n2590\\n11436\\n46120\\n32063\\n4382\\nSugar Beets\\nFodder Com -j\\n2010\\n4737\\n21690\\n39645\\n3110\\n5580\\ni8591\\n5522\\n6000\\n4ii72\\n8135\\nIn the Pennsylvania experiments a careful account\\nof the cost of growing, harvesting, and storing the two\\ncrops was kept, with results as follows:\\nCost for one acre of beets in the pit $56.07\\ncorn in the silo. 21.12\\nThese figures can only be considered approximations,\\nbut it is believed that the ratio between the cost for an\\nacre of roots and of corn, expressed by them, is, at all\\nevents, not too unfavorable to the former. According\\nto official statistics, the average cost of raising an acre\\nof ear corn in the United States is $11.71. The siloing\\nof the whole corn crop will not be likely to exceed much\\nthe expense of harvesting or gathering, housing, and\\nmarketing included in this estimate, and amounting to\\n$3.98. On the other hand, the cost of raising a crop of\\nbeets has, in different States, been found to range from\\n$31.36 to $60 per acre.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "212 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nCorn Silage vs. Hay. Two tons of hay per acre is\\ngenerally considered a very good crop in humid regions.\\nThe average yield for a number of years will seldom\\nexceed IJ tons with the best farmers. Since hay con-\\ntains about 86 per cent dry matter, an average crop of\\n1^ tons means about IJ tons of dry matter (2,580\\npounds). Against this yield we have yields of 5,000\\nto 9,000 pounds of dry matter, or twice to three and a\\nhalf times as much, in case of fodder corn. An average\\ncrop of green fodder will weigh twelve tons, of Northern\\nvarieties, and eighteen tons, of Southern varieties. Es-\\ntimating the percentage of dry matter in the former at\\n30 per cent, and in the latter at 20 per cent, we shall\\nhave in either case a yield of 7,200 pounds of dry matter.\\nThe expense of growing the crop is, of course, higher\\nin case of the corn, but by no means sufficiently so to\\noffset the larger yields. It is a fact generally conceded\\nby all who have given the subject any study, that the\\nhay crop is the most expensive crop used for the feeding\\nof our farm animals.\\nSir John B. Lawes, of Eothamsted Experiment Sta-\\ntion (England) says, respecting the relative value of\\nhay and (grass) silage: It is probable that when both\\n(i. e., hay and silage) are of the very best quality that\\ncan be made, if part of the grass is cut and placed in a\\nsilo, and another part is secured in the stack without\\nrain, one might prove as good food as the other. But\\nit must be borne in mind that while the production of\\ngood hay is a matter of uncertainty from the elements\\nof success being beyond the control of the farmer good\\nsilage, by taking proper precautions, can be made with\\na certainty.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "SILAGE AND OTHER FEEDS. 213\\nThe amount of space required for storing one ton of\\nhay or of silage sj^eaks very strongly for the latter.\\nOne ton of hay stored in the mow will fill a space of at\\nleast 400 cubic feet one ton of silage, a space of about\\n50 cubic feet. Considering the dry matter contained in\\nboth feeds, we have that 8,000 pounds of silage contains\\nabout as much dry matter as 2,323 pounds of hay, or\\n160 against 465 cubic feet, that is, it takes nearly three\\ntimes as much room to store the same quantity of food\\nmaterials in hay as in silage.\\nCoEN Silage vs. Fodder Corn. The cost of pro-\\nduction is the same for the green fodder up to the time\\nof siloing, in case of both systems; as against the ex-\\npense of siloing the crop comes that of shocking, and,\\nlater on, placing the fodder under shelter in the field-\\ncuring process; further, husking, cribbing, and grind-\\ning the corn, and cutting the corn stalks, since this is\\nthe most economical way of handling the crop, and the\\nonly vray in which it can be fully utilized so as to be of\\nequal value with the silage. As an average of five Wis-\\nconsin farms. Professor King, as we sav. found the\\ncost of placing corn in the silo to be 58.6 cents per ton,\\nor, adding to this amount, interest and taxes on silo\\ninvestment, and insurance and maintenance of silo per\\nton, 73.2 cents. The expense of shocking and sheltering\\nthe cured fodder and, later cutting the same, will greatly\\nexceed that of siloing the crop to obtain the full value\\nin feeding the ear corn, it must, furthermore, in most\\ncases, be ground, costing 10 cents or more a bushel.\\nThe advantage is, therefore, decidedly with the siloed\\nfodder in economy of handling, as well as in the cost of\\nproduction.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "214 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nAs regards the space required for storing dry fodder\\ncorn compared with silage, the former will take up still\\nmore room than the hay, since it can not be packed\\nclosely, but must be set up rather loosely in bundles, to\\nprevent the fodder from heating. According to Pro-\\nfessor Alvord, an acre of corn, field-cured, stored in the\\nmost compact manner possible, will occupy a space ten\\ntimes as great as if in the form of silage. While hay\\nwill contain about 86 per cent of dry matter, cured\\nfodder corn often does not contain more than 60 and\\nsometimes onlv 50 per cent of dry matter the quantities\\nof food materials in fodder corn that can be stored in a\\ngiven space are, therefore, greatly smaller than in case\\nof hay, and, consequently, still smaller than in case of\\nsilage.\\nII. Comparative Feeding Experitneiits.\\nWhile the economy of production speaks decidedly in\\nfavor of silage as compared with roots and dry, coarse\\nfodders, it might happen that the nutritive materials\\nof the latter were sufficiently superior to those of silage\\nto more than make up for their greater cost. Such is,\\nhowever, not the case. In comparative feeding experi-\\nments with the various crops, silage has, as a rule, pro-\\nduced the better results, or practically no difference in\\nthe nutritive effect of the different feeds has been found.\\nWe shall briefly summarize some of the data at hand\\nbearing on this phase of our subject.\\nSilage vs. Eoots.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 We previously gave the average\\ndigestion coefficients obtained for green and dry fodder\\ncorn and for corn silage (p. 178). Only a limited num-\\nber of digestion experiments have been conducted with", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "SILAGE AND OTHER FEEDS. 215\\nroots, but enough has been done to ascertain that they\\nare highly digestible^ the digestion coefficients for dry\\nmatter found ranging from 78 to 98, against about GO\\nfor corn silage. Nevertheless, owing to tlie larger yields\\nper acre of dry matter, the total quantity of digestible\\nmatter obtained from an acre of corn under our con-\\nditions is much larger than that obtained from an acre\\nof roots. In the Pennsylvania experiments, as much\\ndigestible matter was produced on one acre when planted\\nto corn, as was obtained from 1.91 acres of mangolds or\\n2.05 acres of sugar beets.\\nFeeding experiments have been conducted with milch\\ncows, steers, sheep, and swine for the comparison of\\nroots and silage.\\nIn feeding experiments with milch cows at the Ohio\\nStation, conducted for four consecutive years, the silage\\nrations always gave somewhat the better results. The\\naverage gain in milk per 100 pounds of dry matter eaten\\namounted to 4 per cent in favor of the silage rations.\\nThe results of the different years are as shown below.\\nPOUNDS OF MILK PRODUCED PER 100 POUNDS OF\\nDRY MATTER CONSUMED.\\nRation. 1889 1890 1891 1892 Av.\\nBeet ration 59 59 62 69 62\\nSilage ration 62 60 66 76 66\\nSimilar experiments conducted at the Pennsylvania\\nand Vermont Stations gave corresponding results, the\\nconclusion drawn being that beets cost more to grow,\\nharvest and store, 34eld less per acre, and produce at\\nbest no more and no better milk than corn silage.^", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "216 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nSteer feeding experiments with roots vs. silage have\\nbeen conducted at the Ontario Agricultural College,\\nwhere six steers, divided into three even lots, were fed\\nas follows Lot 1, corn silage ad libitum, with about\\ntwelve pounds of corn meal lot 2, thirty pounds of\\ncorn silage, about twelve pounds of corn meal, and hay\\nad libitum; lot 3, forty-five pounds of sliced roots, corn\\nmeal, and hay as in lot 2. The trial lasted 146 days;\\nthe average gains per day for the different lots were:\\nLot 1, 1.90 pounds; lot 2, 1.53 pounds; lot 3, 1.84\\npounds. The total value of the animals at the close of\\nthe experiments was, $197.07, $188.24, and $189.67\\nfor lots 1, 2, and 3, respectively, making the percentage\\ngain on investment, calculated according to Canadian\\nprices of feed and labor, 22.7 per cent for lot 1, 20.0 per\\ncent for lot 2, and 15.0 per cent for lot 3.\\nThe Ottawa Experiment Station in 1893 conducted\\nexperiments for the comparison of roots and silage as\\nfeed for fattening steers, and found that a daily gain\\nof 1.05 pounds was made on a hay, root, and straw\\nration, and of 1.35 pounds on a corn silage and straw\\nration. The average cost per head per day was 13.78\\ncents on the former ration, and 9.26 cents on the latter;\\ncalculated per 100 pounds of increase, the cost was\\n$13.35, and $6.95 for root and silage rations, respect-\\nively, i. e., a difference of 92.08 per cent against the\\nroot ration.\\nSilage vs. roots for fattening lambs have been com-\\npared in several experiments at Michigan Experiment\\nStation. Sugar beets proved superior to silage for lambs\\nin the first year s experiment; the conclusion drawn\\nwas that either feed may enter largely into the fatten-", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "SILAGE AND OTHER FEEDS. 217\\ning ration and may be fed with profit. In comparing\\nrutabagas with silage for fattening himbs the same gain\\nwas obtained in both cases, viz. seventeen pounds per\\nweek per head. Although the quantity of grain fed was\\nthe same, the lambs fed rutabagas consumed a con-\\nsiderably larger quantity of hay than those fed silage,\\nand the amount of rutabagas eaten as compared with\\nsilage was very large. The profit on the root-fed lot was\\n22 cents on each lamb; that on the silage-fed lot, 63\\ncents. The silage, therefore, produced the same gain\\nin fattening lambs at a greatly diminished cost, as com-\\npared with rutabagas.\\nCorn silage was compared with beets as foods for\\nMerino ewes, at the Cornell Experiment Station. As\\nthe average of two experiments it was found that the\\newes gained 3.33 pounds per week when roots were fed,\\nand 3.49 pounds when silage was fed. The ewes\\nlearned to like the silage as readily as they did the\\nbeets.\\nThe relative feeding value of silage and roots for\\nswine was studied in a single experiment at Ontario\\nAgricultural College. The pigs fed silage and grain\\ndid not do very well, and gained less than those fed\\ngrain, or turnips find grain.\\nSilage vs. Dry Eoughage. A large number of ex-\\nperiments have been conducted with the various classes\\nof farm animals for the study of the comparative feed-\\ning value of silage and dry roughage, either hay, fodder\\ncorn, or cornstalks. We can here only mention a few\\ntypical experiments.\\nIn an experiment with milch cows conducted at the\\nNew Hampshire Station, where silage was compared", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "218 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nwith hay, the silage ration, containing 16.45 pounds of\\ndigestible matter, produced 21.0 pounds of milk, and the\\nhay ration, containing 16.83 pounds digestible matter,\\nproduced 18.4 pounds milk; calculating the quantities\\nof milk produced by 100 pounds of digestible matter in\\neither case, we find on the silage ration 127.7 pounds of\\nmilk, on the hay ration, 109.3 pounds, or 17 per cent in\\nfavor of the silage ration.\\nIn a feeding experiment with milch cows at the Maine\\nExperiment Station, in which silage was compared with\\nhay, the addition of silage to the ration resulted in a\\nsomewhat increased production of milk solids, which\\nwas not caused by an increase in the digestible food\\nmaterials eaten, but which must have been due either to\\nthe superior value of the nutrients of the silage over\\nthose of the hay or to the general physiological effect\\nof feeding a greater variety of foods. 8.8 pounds of\\nsilage proved to be somewhat superior to 1.98 pounds\\nof hay (mostly timothy), the quantity of digestible ma-\\nterial being the same in the two cases.\\nIn another experiment, conducted at the same station,\\nwhere silage was compared Avith hay for steers, a pound\\nof digestible matter from the corn silage produced some-\\nwhat more growth than a pound of digestible matter\\nfrom timothy hay. The difference was small, however,\\namounting in the case of the last two periods, where the\\nmore accurate comparison is possible, to an increased\\ngrowth of only 15 pounds of live weight for each ton\\nof silage fed.\\nFeeding experiments with milch cows were conducted\\nfor a series of years by the author and others, at the\\nWisconsin Experiment Station, in which the relative", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "SILAGE AND OTHER FEEDS. 219\\nvalue of corn silage and corresponding lield-cnred fod-\\nder corn was investigated. The earlier of these experi-\\nments were made with only a couple of animals each,\\nand no great reliance can, therefore, be placed on the\\nresults obtained in any single experiment. In later\\nyears a larger number of cows have been included in the\\nexperiments, and these have been continued for a suffi-\\nciently long time to show what the animals could do\\non each feed. In 1891 a feeding experiment with twen-\\nty cows was conducted by the writer, in which a daily\\nration of 4 pounds of hay and 7 pounds of grain, fed\\nwith corn silage or field-cured fodder corn ad libitum,\\nwas fed during sixteen weeks; a total quantity of 19,-\\n813.4 pounds of milk was produced during the silage\\nperiods, and 19,801.2 pounds of milk during the fodder\\ncorn periods. When the areas of land from which the\\nsilage and the fodder corn were obtained are considered,\\nwe find that the silage would have produced 213 pounds\\nmore of milk per acre than the dry fodder, or the equiv-\\nalent of 12 pounds of butter, which is a gain of a little\\nmore than 3 per cent in favor of the corn silage. Simi-\\nlar results, or more favorable to silage, have been ob-\\ntained in feeding experiments with which cows of a\\nnumber of stations, notably Xew Jersey, Vermont, and\\nNew York (Geneva).\\nThis may appear a very small difference to some,\\nbut it must be remembered that in this, as in all similar\\nprevious experiments, the fodder corn vras handled in\\nthe most careful manner, so as to avoid losses by fer-\\nmentations or abrasion. It was left in shocks in the field\\nfor about a month, then carefully transferred to the\\nstation barn, tied up in bundles, and cut before feeding.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "220 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nThe results^ tlierefore, show what dry fodder can do\\nunder the most favorable conditions. In ordinary farm\\npractice the loss of food materials in the silo would be\\nno larger than found by us, if as large, owing to\\nthe small size of the experimental silo then used, while\\nthe fodder corn, most likely, Avould not be as well cared\\nfor, being often kept shocked in the field until needed\\nfor feeding; in a majority of cases not even cut and\\nshocked, and often fed whole in the yard, with losses of\\nfood materials ranging from 30 to 60 per cent, accord-\\ning to data found at the Kansas Station. Cutting the\\ncorn fodder before feeding, according to Professor\\nHenry s experiments, may save more than one-third of\\nthe food value of the fodder. We can not, therefore,\\nhope to obtain equally good results with silage and field-\\ncured fodder unless special pains are taken throughout\\nto guard against deterioration of the fodder; precau-\\ntions, it will readily be granted, more laborious and\\ncostly than making silage of the corn crop.\\nA few more experiments illustrating the value of\\nsilage as a stock food, may be quoted. Professor Henry\\nfed two lots of steers on a silage experiment. One lot\\nof four steers was fed corn silage exclusively, and\\nanother similar lot, corn silage with shelled corn. The\\nformer lot gained 222 pounds in thirty-six days, and\\nthe latter lot 535 pounds, or a gain of 1.5 pounds per\\nday per head for the silage-fed steers, and 3.7 pounds\\nper day for the silage and shelled-corn fed steers. Pro-\\nfessor Emery fed corn silage and cotton-seed meal, in the\\nproportion of eight to one, to two three-year-old steers\\nat the Korth Carolina Experiment Station. The gain\\nmade during thirty-two days was, for one steer 78", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "SILAGE AND OTHER FEEDS. 221\\npounds^ and for the other 85.5 i^ounds, or 2.56 pounds\\nper head per day.\\nThe late well-known Wisconsin dairyman^ Hon.\\nHiram Smith, in 1888 cave the followinii; testimony\\nconcerning the value of silage for milch cows My\\nsilo was opened December 1st, and thirty pounds of\\nensilage was fed to each of the ninety cows for the\\nnight s feed, or 2,700 pounds per day, until March 10th,\\none hundred days, or a total of 135 tons, leaving suf-\\nficient ensilage to last until May 10th. The thirty\\npounds took and well filled the place of ten pounds of\\ngood hay. Had hay been fed for the night s feed in place\\nof the ensilage, it would have required 900 pounds per\\nday for the ninety cows, or a total for the one hundred\\ndays of forty-five tons.\\nIt would have required, in the year 1887, forty-five\\nacres of meadow to have produced the hay, which, if\\nbought or sold, would have amounted to $14.00 per\\nacre. The 135 tons of ensilage were produced on 8^\\nacres of land, and had a feeding value, as compared\\nwith hay, of $74.11 per acre. As the conclusion of\\nthe whole matter, Mr. Smith stated that three cows\\ncan be wintered seven months on one acre producing IG\\ntons of ensilage, while it required two acres of meadow\\nin the same year of 1887, to winter one cow, witJi the\\nsame amount of ground feed in both cases.\\nProfessor Shelton, formerly of Kansas Agricultural\\nCollege, gives a powerful plea for silage in the follow-\\ning simple statement: The single fact that the pro-\\nduct of about two acres of ground kept our herd of fifty\\nhead of cattle five weeks with no other feed of the fodder\\nkind, except a small ration of corn fodder given at noon,", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "222 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nspeaks whole cyclopedias for the possibilities of Kansas\\nfields when the silo is called in as an adjunct/\\nThe Ohio Experiment Station sums np the value of\\nsilage for stock food in the following words: The\\nlogical conclusion of all this work is that the process\\nof siloing adds nothing to the nutritive value of a feed-\\ning stuff. It does add to its palatability, however, when\\nthe method has been properly employed, and in conse-\\nquence a larger proportion of the fodder will be con-\\nsumed. In regard to the cost of this method, we do\\nnot consider it any greater than that of the ordinary\\nmethod of cutting and husking and stacking the stover,\\nand not so great as cutting, husking, and stacking and\\ngrinding the grain, and certainly all this must be done\\nif the food materials are to be as thoroughly preserved\\nand made as completely available as they are in well-\\ncured silage.", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE SILO IN MODERN xiGRI-\\nCULTURE.\\nIn closing our discussion of the making and feeding\\nof silage, it may be well to consider briefly the main\\nadvantages of the system of preserving green forage in\\nsilos. In doing so, we shall summarize the conclusions\\npreviously arrived at, concerning the economy of the\\nsystem, and shall call attention to some points that we\\nhave not before had an occasion to touch upon. The\\nadvantages of the silo enumerated below will not be\\napt to hold good simultaneously in individual cases;\\nbut it is believed that a majority of them will be of\\ngeneral importance, thus showing the decided superior-\\nity of the siloing method over other systems of preserv-\\ning coarse fodders for the feeding of farm animals.\\nI. The silo enables us to preserve a greater quantity\\nof the food materials of the original fodder, for the\\nfeeding of farm animals, than is possible by any other\\nsystem of preservation now known. We have seen that\\nthe necessary losses of nutrients incurred in the siloing\\nprocess need not exceed 10 per cent, and that by be-\\nginning to feed from the silo soon after it has been filled,\\nthe loss will be reduced to a minimum which may not\\nbe far from 5 per cent. In haymaking or field-curing\\nof coarse fodders, there is an unavoidable loss;of leaves\\nand other tender parts, and in case of curing fodder corn\\nthere will be a fermentative loss of toward 10 per cent\\nunder the best of conditions, or about as much as is lost\\nin the silo. The loss of dry matter will approach 25 per", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "224 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\ncent in ordinary farm practice, and will even exceed\\nthis figure unless special precautions are taken in the\\nhandling of the fodder.\\nII. Eainy weather is a disadvantage in filling silos\\nas in most other farm operations, but when the silo is\\nonce filled, the fodder is safe, and the farmer is inde-\\npendent of the weather throughout the season.\\nIII. Less room is required for the storage in a silo\\nof the product from an acre of land than in cured condi-\\ntion in a barn. Hay placed in the mow will take up\\nabout three times as much room as the same quantity of\\nfood materials put into the silo; in case of field-cured\\nfodder corn, the comparison comes out still more favor-\\nably to the silo, on account of the greater difficulty in\\npreserving the thick cornstalks from heating when placed\\nunder shelter.\\nIV. Since smaller barns may be built when silage is\\nfed, there is less danger of fire, thus decreasing the cost\\nof insurance.\\nV. An acre of corn can be placed in the silo at less\\ncost than the same quantity can be put up as cured\\nfodder. To derive full benefit from the food materials\\nin the field-cured fodder corn, it must be run through a\\nfeed cutter in small portions at a time the corn must,\\nin most cases, be husked, cribbed, and either ground,\\ncob and all, or shelled and ground. In siloing the whole\\ncorn plant, the cutting is all done at once, thus econo-\\nmizing labor and doing away with the separate handling\\nof the ear corn.\\nVI. The silo furnishes a feed of uniform quality,\\navailable at any time during the whole winter or year.\\nThis is of advantage to all classes of farm animals, but", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "THE SILO IN MODERN AGRICULTURE. 225\\nperhaps particularly so in case of dairy cows and sheep,\\nsince these animals are especially sensitive to sudden\\nchanges in the feed.\\nVII. Silage is of special value for feeding prepara-\\ntory to turning cattle on to the watery pasture grass in\\nthe spring. The loss in weight of cattle on being let\\nout on pasture in spring is often so great that it takes\\nthem a couple of weeks to get back where they were\\nwhen turned out. When turned out in the spring, steers\\nwill be apt to lose weight, no matter whether silage or\\ndry feed has been fed, unless they are fed some grain\\nduring the first week or two after they are let out.\\nVIII. Succulent food is nature s food. The influence\\nof well-preserved silage on the digestion and general\\nhealth of animals is very beneficial, according to the\\nunanimous testimony of good authorities. It is a mild\\nlaxative, and acts in this way very similarly to green\\nfodders. The good accounts reported of the preven-\\ntion of milk fever by the feeding of silage are explained\\nby the laxative influence of the feed.\\nIX. By filling the silo with clover or other green\\nsummer crops early in the season, a valuable succulent\\nfeed will be at hand at a time when pastures in most\\nregions are apt to give out then again, the silo may be\\nfilled with corn when this is in the roasting stage, and\\nthe land thus entirely cleared earlier than when the\\ncorn is left to mature and the corn fodder shocked on the\\nland, making it possible to finish the fall ploughing\\nsooner and to seed the land down to grass or to winter\\ngrain.\\nX. Crops unfit for haymaking may be preserved in\\nthe silo and changed into a palatable food. This is not", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "226 MAKING AND FEEDING SILAGE.\\nof the importance in this land of plenty of ours that\\nit is, or occasionally has been, elsewhere. Under silage\\ncrops were mentioned a number of crops which could\\nnot be used as cattle food in any other form than this,\\nas ferns, thistles, all kinds of weeds, etc. In case of\\nfodder famine the silo may thus help the farmer to\\ncarry his cattle through the winter.\\nXI. Where haymaking is precluded, as is some-\\ntimes the case with second-crop clover, rowen, etc., on\\naccount of rainy weather late in the season, the silo\\nwill preserve the crop, so that the farmer may derive\\nfull benefit from it in feeding it to his stock.\\nXII. More cattle can be kept on a certain area of\\nland when silage is fed than is otherwise the case. The\\nsilo in this respect furnishes a similar advantage over\\nfield-curing fodders as does the soiling system over\\nthat of pasturing cattle; in both the siloing and the\\nsoiling system there is no waste of feed, all food grown\\non the land being utilized for the feeding of farm ani-\\nmals, except a small unavoidable loss in case of the\\nsiloing system incurred by the fermentation processes\\ntaking place in the silo.\\nPasturing cattle is an expensive method of feeding,\\nas far as the use of the land goes, and can only be\\npracticed to advantage where this is cheap. As the\\nland increases in value, more stock must be kept on the\\nsame area in order to correspondingly increase the prof-\\nits from the land. The silo here comes in as a material\\naid, and by its adoption, either alone or in connection\\nwith the soiling system, it will be possible to keep at\\nleast twice the number of animals on the land that can\\nbe done under the more primitive system of pasturing", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "THE SILO IN MODERN AGRICULTURE. 237\\nand feeding dry feeds during winter. Goffart s ex-\\nperience on this point is characteristic. On his small\\nfarm, of less than eighty-six acres (thirty-five hectares),\\nat Burtin, France, he kept a herd of sixty cattle, besides\\nfattening a number of steers during the winter, and\\neye-witnesses assure us that he had ample feed on hand\\nto keep one hundred head of cattle the year round.\\nAccording to the testimony of hundreds of intelligent,\\nobserving dairymen, the silo is next to a necessity in\\nmodern dairying in most sections of our country. It\\nis also largely considered so by agricultural writers, and\\nby farmers generally. It is, however, of no less im-\\nportance where other branches of animal husbandry are\\nfollowed more or less as a specialty. This, we think,\\nis abundantly proved by the data and the results of\\npractical experience and systematic investigations pre-\\nsented in the preceding pages. The building of the silo,\\ntherefore, should not stop, and will not do so, until\\ndair} and stock farmers in the width and breadth of\\nour land have become acquainted with the siloing sys-\\ntem, and are aware of its value. It is the hope of the\\nauthor that this little book will, in some measure, help\\nto make the system better known and understood among\\nthe mass of our farmers, and will assist them in their\\nefforts to reduce the cost of production of their products,\\nand thus enlarge the income from their farms.", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nPAGE\\nAdvantages of the silo 223\\nAlfalfa silage .30, 165, 189\\nBarn, silos in the 101\\nBays of barn, directions for changing into silos 102\\nBeet-pulp silage 34\\nBeets, cost of, per acre 211\\nBrick silos 117\\nBulls, breeding, silage for 199\\nCarbonic-acid poisoning in silos, danger from 154\\nChemical composition of silage 169\\nChute for a round wooden silo 59\\nCircles, circumferences and areas of 100\\nClover silage .28, 164\\nClover silage, cost of 28, 169\\nClover, time of cutting, for the silo 29\\nClover, yield per acre of 29\\nConcrete, directions for preparing. 120\\nCorn, broadcast sowing of 26\\nCorn, cutting of, in the field 139\\nCorn harvesters _ 139\\nCorn land, preparation of 27\\nCorn, methods of planting 22\\nCorn silage vs. dry roughage, feeding experiments with 217\\nCorn silage vs. fodder corn 213\\nCorn silage vs. hay 212\\nCorn silage vs roots 209\\nCorn, siloing of, ears and all 148\\nCorn, see also Indian corn and Fodder corn.\\nCorners of square silos, methods of excluding air from 112\\nCost of beets per acre 211\\n228", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 229\\nPAGB\\nCost of corn silage 168\\nCost of silos 133\\nCover of silage 156\\nCow-pea oilage 33\\nDefinitions of terms used 11\\nDescriptions of round wooden silos 60\\nDigestibility of silage 177\\nDigestibility of Southern and Northern varieties of corn 21\\nDigestion coefficients for corn silage 178\\nDigestion coefficients for green and cured fodder corn 178\\nDigestion coefficients for green Dent fodder corn 17\\nDry silage. 160\\nEarly lamb-raising, importance of feeding succulent feeds in. 203\\nEars and all, siloing of corn 148\\nElevators, pneumatic 152\\nEnsilage 11\\nEnsilage, see Silage.\\nFeeding experiments, comparative, with silage and other\\nfeeds 214\\nFeeding of silage 190\\nField-curing of fodder corn, losses in 179\\nFilling, fast or slow, of silos 153\\nFilling of silo 139, 150\\nFodder corn and roots, yields of, per acre 211\\nFodder corn compared with corn silage 213, 218\\nFodder corn, composition of dry matter of 15\\nFodder corn, green, digestion coefficients for 17\\nFodder corn, storage room required for, compared with corn\\nsilage 214\\nFodder corn, yield of food ingredients of 15\\nFodder corn, see also Indian corn and Gcnm.\\nFreezing of silage 95, 167\\nGould, John, |43 silo of. 103\\nGrout silos 119\\nHauling corn from field, rack or sled for 143\\nHay compared with corn silage 212\\nHay, storage room required for, compared with corn silage.. 213\\nHills or drills, planting of corn in 25", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "230 INDEX.\\nPAGE\\nHorizontal girts, silos with 114\\nHorses, silage for 199\\nIndian corn 11, 13\\nIndian corn, chemical changes in, with maturity 16\\nIndian corn, comparative yields of Northern and Southern\\nvarieties 30\\nIndian corn, development of 13\\nIndian corn, increase in food ingredients from tasseling to\\nripeness 16\\nIndian corn, varieties of, to be planted for the silo 18\\nIndian corn, see also Corn and Fodder corn.\\nIntroduction 7\\nLateral pressure in silos 47\\nLiterature on silos and silage _ 128\\nLosses in field-curing fodder corn 179\\nLosses in siloing clover 188\\nLosses in siloing corn 181\\nLosses of food materials in silo 179\\nLucern, see Alfalfa.\\nMetal silos 121\\nMilch cows, American silage rations for 195\\nMilch cows, silage for 191, 215, 218, 221\\nMissouri Experiment Station silo, description of 1 70\\nMules, silage for _ 202\\nNew Jersey Experiment Station silo, description of .63\\nPits in the ground as silos 126\\nPlanting corn, in hills or in drills _ 25\\nPlanting corn, inethods of 22\\nPlanting corn, thickness of. 22\\nPneumatic elevators 152\\nPoultrymen s silos 207\\nPoultry, silage for 207\\nPreparation of corn land 27\\nPreservation of silos 131\\nRack, low-down, for hauling corn. 143\\nRations, silage, for dairy cows _ 195\\nRespiration, intermolecular 37\\nRobertson s ensilage mixture 33", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 231\\nPAGE\\nRoots and fodder corn, yields per acre of _ 211\\nRoots compared with corn silage 209, 21 4\\nRound barns 77\\nRound silos 50, 78. 119\\nRound silos, capacity of 39. 40\\nRound silos, cost of 134, 136\\nSheep, silage for 202, 217\\nShredded silage .._ 162\\nSilage, alfalfa ...30. 165, 189\\nSilage and other feeds, comparative feeding experiments\\nwith 214\\nSilage and other feeds, comparison of economy of produc-\\ntion of 209\\nSilage cart 192\\nSilage, chemical composition of _ _ 169\\nSilage, clover 28, 164\\nSilage, cost of 168\\nSilagecrops 13, 28, 30\\nSilage, digestibility of 177\\nSilage, dry i60\\nSilage, feeding of 190\\nSilage, feeding of, directly after filling silo 157\\nSilage for breeding bulls 199\\nSilage for horses _ 199\\nSilage for milch cows 191\\nSilage for mules 202\\nSilage for poultry 207\\nSilage for sheep 202\\nSilage for steers 198\\nSilage for swine 206\\nSilage, freezing of 95, 167\\nSilage, objections to, considered I93\\nSilage, quantities of, required for different herds .38, 40\\nSilage rations for milch cows I95\\nSilage, relation of moisture and acidity in _ 170\\nSilage, shredded 162\\nSilage, sweet I75\\nSilage, sweet vs. sour I74", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "232 INDEX.\\nPAGE\\nSilage truck 193\\nSilage, whole vs. cut 145\\nSilo, advantages of 223\\nSilo, a primitive wooden. 112\\nSilo, bottom of 45\\nSilo building, essentials in 36\\nSilo building, material for 48\\nSilo, filling of_-. 139, 150\\nSilo filling, power and cutters for _ 152\\nSilo, foundation and wall of 45\\nSilo in modern agriculture, the 223\\nSilo, John Gould s 103\\nSilo literature 128\\nSilo, location of 44\\nSilo, losses of food materials in .179, 186\\nSilo stacks 122\\nSilo, the, when to cut corn for 18\\nSiloed fodder, cover of 156\\nSilos and silage, list of experiment station publications on... 129\\nSilos, brick 117\\nSilos, capacities of 39, 40\\nSilos, coal-oil barrels made into 207\\nSilos, concrete 119\\nSilos, cost of 133\\nSilos, danger from carbonic-acid poisoning in 154\\nSilos, description of different kinds of 50\\nSilos, doors of ..57, 89\\nSilos, form of 40\\nSilos, general considerations 36\\nSilos, grout 119\\nSilos in the barn 101\\nSilos, lining and siding of 55\\nSilos, metal 121\\nSilos, painting of 48, 59, 84\\nSilos, pits in the ground as 127\\nSilos, preservation of 131\\nSilos, rectangular and round, statements of cost of 137\\nSilos, roof of 48, 57, 83, 92", "height": "3358", "width": "2000", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "INDEX. 233\\nPAes\\nSilos, round all-stone. 118\\nSilos, round wooden 50\\nSilos, round wooden, capacity of 39, 40\\nSilos, round wooden, chute for. 59\\nSilos, round wooden, cost of.. 136\\nSilos, size of 38, 40\\nSilos, specifications for 51, 81\\nSilos, square, methods of excluding air from corners of 112\\nSilos, stack 122\\nSilos, stave 78\\nSilos, stone 117\\nSilos, ventilation of 47, 59\\nSilos with horizontal girts 114\\nSilos, wooden. 50\\nSilos, wooden, separate square or rectangular 107\\nSled for hauling corn 144\\nSled cutter for cutting corn 141\\nSoja-bean silage 33\\nSorghum silage 31\\nSpecifications for a round wooden silo 51\\nSpecifications for a stave silo 81\\nSouth Dakota Experiment Station silo, description of 72\\nSouthern and Northern varieties of corn, digestibility of 21\\nSouthern and Northern varieties of corn, comparative yields of, 20\\nSowing corn broadcast 26\\nStack silos 122\\nStave silos _. 78\\nStave silos, beveled vs. unbeveled staves for _._ 84\\nStave silos, calculation of staves required for. 100\\nStave silos, foundation of 87\\nStave silos, roof of.. 92\\nStave silos, specifications for 81\\nStave silos, wire fencing for hoops of 86\\nStaves, calculation of number required 100\\nSteers, silage for 198, 216, 220\\nStone silos 117\\nStorage room required for corn silage and for fodder corn... 214\\nStorage room required for hay and for silage 213", "height": "3314", "width": "2066", "jp2-path": "bookonsilage01woll_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "234 INDEX.\\nFAGS\\nSweet vs. sour silage 174\\nSwine, silage for 206, 217\\nThickness of planting corn 22\\nVarieties of corn to be planted for the silo 18\\nWater, addition of, to surface of siloed fodder 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