{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class\\nBook_\\nCOPYRIGHT DEPOSIT", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "ANCIENT HISTORY,\\nILLUSTRATBD BY COLORED\\nMAPS, AND A CHRONOLOGICAL CHART,\\nFOB THB USB OF\\nFAMILIES AND SCHOOLS\\nBY 0. A BLOSS.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Cfeography and Chronology are the two eyes of History.\\nREVISED AND IMPROVED BY\\nJOHN J. ANDERSON, PH.D.,\\nAUTHOR OF A 8BBIE8 OF 80H00L BI8TOBIR8 OP THB UNITED STATBB.\\nKEW YORK:\\nMaynard, Merrill, Co., Publishers,\\n43, 45, AND 47 East Tenth Stileet.\\n1895.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0009.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Anderson s Historical Series.\\n59038\\nA Junior Class History of the United States.\\nIllustrated with hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. 272 pages. 16mo.\\nA Grammar School History of the United States.\\nAnnotated and illustrated with numerous portraits and views, and with more than\\nforty maps, many of which are colored. 340 pp. 16mo.\\nA Pictorial School History of the United States.\\nFully illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, etc. 420 pp. 12mo.\\nA Popular School History of the United States,\\nin which are inserted as a part of the narrative selections from the writings of eminent\\nAmerican historians and other American writers of note. Fully illustrated with maps,\\ncolored and plain portraits, views, etc. 356 pp. 12mo.\\nA Manual of General -History, illustrated with numerous\\nengravings and with beautifully colored njaps-s^iowing the changes in the political di-\\nvisions of the world, and giving the location of important places. 488 pp. 12mo.\\nA School History of England. illustrated with numerous\\nengravings and with colored maps showing the geographical changes in the country at\\ndifferent periods. 333 pp. 12mo.\\nA School History of France. Elustrated with numerous en.\\ngravings, colored and uncolored maps. 373 pp. 12mo.\\nA History of Rome. Amply illustrated with maps, plans, and\\nengravings. 543 pp. By K. F. Leighton, Ph.D. (Lips.).\\nA School History of Greece, in preparation,\\nAnderson^s Bloss s Ancient History, illustrated with\\nengravings, colored maps, and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo.\\nI lie illStOriCal IxeaCler, embracing selections in prose and verse,\\nfrom standard writers of Ancient and Modern History with a Vocabulary of Difficult\\nWords, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 644 pp. 12mo.\\nThe United States Reader, embracing selections from eminent\\nAmerican historians, orators, statesmen, and poets, with explanatory observations,\\nnotes, etc. Arranged so as to form a Class-manual of United States History. Illustrated\\nwith colored historical maps. 414 pp. 12mo.\\nMatnard, Meeeill, Co., Publishers,\\nKew Tork,\\nCopyright, 1872, by CLARK k MAYNARD.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0010.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES H^CEIVE-., ^^jjjji\\nLibrary of Cor.grei^ (a I S^H\\nOfflcs of th.\\nMAV 1 5 19UU\\nRegister of Copyright*\\na./U)fy PREFACE.\\n^ND COPY.\\nr I ^HE study of philology, and the results of historical re-\\nsearch, as well as the recent investigations in Oriental\\nantiquities, have shed invalual^le and unexpected light on what\\nis commonly regarded as ancient history. To briefly embody\\nthese discoveries, and to correct the dates, so that they will con-\\nform to the most authentic interpretations of the Egyptian and\\nAssyrian inscriptions, is the reason for the alterations which\\nhave been made in the present volume. Q\\nIn Chaldgeo-Assyrian history, the chronology of Sir H.\\nRawlinson has been mainly followed though in the recapitu-\\nlation, the dates of M. Oppert, Poole, Lepsius, Gutschmidt,\\nhave been given, followed by their names, whenever they differ.\\nIn Egyptian history, the dates of Bunsen have been followed,\\nthough those of Lepsius, Mariette, and Brugsch have also been\\ngiven for convenience of reference. The note on page 31 will\\nindicate a reason for the great diversity in the dates of the dif-\\nferent Egyptologers. In Jewish history, the dates of Ewald\\nhave been given, except where they differ from the results of\\nM. Oppert, who has definitely fixed the chronology of the kings\\nof Israel and Judah bv means of the solar and lunar eclipses", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0011.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "li PEEFACE.\\nmentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions. The dates of Ussher\\nand others have also been added for convenience of reference.\\nIn Grecian and Eoman history the dates are those of Grote and\\nMommsen.\\nChronological tables have been added^ which, it is believed,\\nwill be a valuable addition to the book, as they present, for the\\nfirst time in an accessible form, the results of the latest re-\\nsearches in Eastern history on the subject of chronology.\\nA few notes have also been added throughout the book,\\nwherever the text needed elucidation, or later researches made\\nit desirable. The few new pages at the beginning of the book\\nwill indicate briefly the results of the latest historical investiga-\\ntions.\\nJuly, 1872.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0012.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS,\\nL The Origin of the Nations 6\\nII. EOTPT 16\\nIII. Persia. .32\\nIV. GrREECB ,87\\n(Macedonia) 223\\nY. Thrace 289\\nVL Egypt 297\\nVII. Rome 314\\nnil. The Christian Era *04\\nMAPS.\\nPAOB\\nNo. 1. Map Of Europe, Asia., and Africa as known to the ancients 7\\n2. Map of Greece 87\\n3. Map op Alexander s Travels 243\\n4. Map of Italia 314\\nt^ INDEX AT THE END OF THE VOLUME.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0013.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0014.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "THE ORIGIN OF THE NATIONS.\\nI. There is no precise and consecutive history of the first man, or the\\norigin of our species, except that in the Bible. The narrative in the\\nBible of the creation of man, the deluge, and the dispersion of the\\nhuman race, have indirectly been corroborated by the discoveries in\\nthe natural sciences, the traditions of other nations, and the results of\\ncomparative philology. The Bible assigns no precise date to the\\norigin of the human species it gives no positive time for that event.\\nIt has in reality no chronology for the early epochs of man s existence\\nneither for that which extends from the creation to the deluge, nor for\\nthat which reaches from the deluge to the call of Abraham. The\\ndates which commentators have attempted to fix are purely arbitrary,\\nand have no dogmatic authority. They belong to the domain of his-\\ntorical hypothesis, and one might mention a hundred attempts to make\\nthe calculation, each time with a difierent result. Equally useless,\\nequally devoid of solid foundation, as are these calculations regarding\\nthe dates of man s creation, would be the attempt to determine from\\nthe Bible the exact place of the cradle of our species, or of the Garden\\nof Eden. Everything bids us hold the common opinion which places\\nin Asia the origin of the first human family, and the source of all civil-\\nizatiouo\\nNOTE. The Dispersion.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The place where the Bible narrative states that the ark\\nrested after the deluge, the starting-point for the sons of Noah, is Mount Ararat. After the\\nmost careful investigations, the mountain mass of Little Bokhara and Western Thibet\\nis agreed upon as the place whence the human race issued. Here the largest rivers of\\nAsia\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Indus, the Oxus, and the Jaxartes take their rise. From this, as a centre,\\nthe families of Shem, Ham, and Japhet were dispersed. The family of Ham, from\\nwhom the people of Phoenicia, of Egypt, and Ethiopia were descended, was the first to\\nleave the common centre. Of the four sons of Ham, the race of Gush has been identified\\nwith the Ethiopians, the Egyptians with Mizraim, the Libyans with Phut, and Canaan\\nwith the Phceniciaus, and all the tribes lying between the Mediterranean aud-the Dead\\nSea before the settlement of the Hebrews.\\nThe race of Shem was the next to leave the country where the descendants of Noah\\ndwelt after the flood. They occupied the countries extending from Mesopotamia\\nto the southern part of Arabia, and from the Mediterranean Sea to the country beyond\\nthe Tigris. In many places, as the country bordered by the Oxus, the banks of the\\nTigris, a part of India, the Cushite race was probably expelled first by the descendants\\nof Shem, and by the Aryans, the sons of Japhet. Of the descendants of Ham, Eber was\\nthe progenitor of the Hebrews, Joktan of the Arabs, Lud of the people of Lydia.\\n4 The race of Japhet was the last to leave their home. They migrated to the south,\\ncrossed the Hindo Koosh, and entered India, subjugating the earlier Hamitic tribes, and\\nto the west over the most of Europe, and became the progenitors of the Sanskrits,\\nGreeks, Romans, Persians, and Teutonic tribes.\\nIt is supposed by many that the descendants of JIagog, a name representing the\\nraces which have been designated by philologists as Turanian, was the first of the family\\nof Japhet to go forth from their home, from the fact that wherever the Japhetic race\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. What is said of the Bible narrative? Of its chronology Of the time\\nof the deluge The call of Abraham Of man s creation Of the source of civiliza-\\ntion Where was Mount Ararat What rivers rise near here Describe these rivers.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0015.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "6 ASSYRIA. [b. c. 3600.\\nextended it encountered a Turanian population, which it subdued. The descendants of\\nthe sons of Noah inckided only the white race, who, speaking the same language in the\\nland otyhinar, were dispersed in consequence of the confusion of tongues at the build-\\ning of the Tower of Babel. The negroes in the days of the Pharaohs, and the yellow and\\nred races, have no mention in the sacred narrative.\\nComparative Philology.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The results of comparative philology teaches that in\\nevery language there are three distinct epochs the monosyllabic, the agglutinative, and\\nthe inflected. The monosyllabic languages consist only of simple words expressing the\\nidea, the notion, independent of then relations to other words, as the ancient Chinese.\\nThe agglutinated languages, in which two roots are joined together to form words, one\\nof them loses its independent meaning and becomes subsidiary to the other, have re-\\nceived the name of Turanian, which comprises all the languages spoken in Europe and\\nAsia not included under the Aryan or Semitic families. The inflected languages, in\\nwhich the roots coalesce, so that neither the one nor the other retains its substantive\\nindependence, have been divided into two great families, the Semitic and the Indo-Euro-\\npean, Aryan, or Japhetic. The Semitic languages embrace the valley of the Tigris and\\nEuphrates, Syria and Arabia. It should not be inferred from this that the name Semitic was\\nrestricted to those countries peopled by the race of Shem, for a large part of the Hamitic\\naations spoke the Semitic languages. The Indo-European embraced those countries\\nfrom the plains of India, across the plateau of Iran, the highlands of Armenia, into Europe,\\nof w hich it covers nearly the whole surface. Thus it will be seen from this brief survey\\nthat the results of comparative philology are insubstantial accord with the narrative of\\nthe Bible that the races were originally one that they emigrated from a region of Central\\nAsia, at the east of the Caspian and northwest of India that they were originally a\\nfastoral people, gradually changing their habits as they descended into the plains of the\\nndus and the Euphrates. The method of investigation, as applied to the Aryan, is as\\nfollows: It is found that the names of many common objects are the same in all the\\nfamilies of the languages of this stock, and it would be unreasonable to suppose that\\ntwo nations widely separated would have independently selected the same name for the\\nsame object. Thus the word for house in Greek is 66/u,os, in Latin domns, in San-\\nskrit dama, in Zend demana, from which root comes our word domestic. From the\\nfact that the same word was used by all these difterent nations to designate the same\\nobject, it is pretty certain that the ancient Aryans lived in houses. So with the word\\nfor boat; but as the words designating masts, sails, yards, are different in the difierent\\nfamilies, it is supposed that the Aryans, before their separation, sailed only in boats with\\noars on the rivers Oxus and Jaxartes, and were unacquainted with the use of sails, etc.\\nPursuing the same method of investigation, the results are briefly these they had oxen,\\nhorses, goats, sheep, and domestic fowls their food was chiefly the products of the\\ndairy and the flesh of the cattle. The cow was the most important animal, and gave the\\nname to many plants, to the clouds, which they called the cows of the sun, that the\\nchildren of the morning drove every day to their pastures in the blue fields of heaven.\\nThe Aryans also had barley, knew the use of the plough, the mill for grinding, the\\nhammer, the hatchet, and the auger. They were also acquainted with the metals, gold,\\nsilver, copper, and tin. They knew how to spin and weave their houses had doors,\\nwindows, and fireplaces they had cloaks they boiled and roasted their meat they had\\nlances and swords, the bow and arrow, but no armor; they had family life, some simple\\nlaws, games, the dance, and wind instruments. They had the decimal system, and\\ndivided the year according to the periodical revolutions of the moon they worshipped\\nthe sun, moon, and stars, fire and w^ater. In this way the early history of a people\\nextending far beyond any authentic records possessed by man, has been partially re-\\nstored. For a further investigation of this subject, the pupil is referred to Max Miiller s\\nScience of Language.\\n2. B. c. 3000, The Chald^.an Empire. After the dispersion of\\nthe races, there lived in the Tigro-Euph rates basin a mixed population,\\ndivided into two principal elements, the one living at the north, the\\nother at the south. These various peoples living on the soil of Baby-\\nlonia and Chaldsea, at first separate, were united at times under one\\nsceptre. The seat of empire was sometimes transferred to the north,\\nsometimes to the south, and again from the south to the north, and the\\nMesopotamian empire received the name Chaldsean (Old Babylonian),\\nor Assyrian, according to the seat of power at the time. Cush, says\\n2. ^esiion.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Describe how the Chaldsean empire was founded.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3450", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3450", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "B. c. 1314.] THE ORIGIN OF THE NATIONS. 7\\nthe Bible, begat Nimrod. He wa? a mjglity hunter before the Lord.\\nAnd the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad,\\nand Calneh, in the land of Shinar. Out of this land went forth Asshur,\\nand builded Nineveh. About 3500 b. c, the first Cushite dynasty of\\nBabylon was expelled by invaders of the Aryan race, and these in\\nturn were expelled by other conquerors, until the conquest by Assyria\\nin about b. c. 1314. From the inscriptions stpmped on the bricks\\nused in building, the names of the reigning kings have been discovered.\\nThe skill in building, the knowledge of working metals, gold, bronze,\\nlead, and even iron, have been proved from the monumental remains\\nand from the utensils found in the tombs. Astronomy had been culti-\\nvated with great success, and in the most remote times to which the\\nmonuments relate, its study was far advanced in Chaldsea. They prob-\\nably carried on an extensive commerce from the ports of the Persian\\nGulf, along the course of the Euphrates, and by caravans across the\\nSyrian desert to Phoenicia. The Chaldaeans also devised the system of\\nmapping the heavens out into constellations, and naming the stars. To\\ntheir astronomical records is due the only trustworthy clue we have\\nto their chronology. Prof. Rawlinson says that for the last three\\nthousand years the world has been mainly indebted for its advance-\\nment to the Semitic and Indo-European races but it was otherwise in\\nthe first ages. Egypt and Babylon, Mizraim and Nimrod, both de-\\nscendants of Ham, led the way, and acted as the pioneers of mankind\\nin the various untrodden fields of art, literature and science. Alpha-\\nbetic writing, astronomy, history, chronology, architecture, plastic art,\\nsculpture, navigation, agriculture, textile industry, seem all of them to\\nhave had their origin in one or other of these two countries.\\n3. For several centuries Ur was the capital of the Chaldeean empire, and\\nits power extended over the whole of the Mesopotamian plain, including\\nAssyria. In a few centuries Assyria regained its independence. About\\nthe middle of the seventeenth century Mesopotamia was subdued by\\nEgypt, and its history is written on the monuments of Egypt until\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Describe the Tigris. The Euphrates. What four cities were founded.\\nWhat race first lived in Chaldsea Ans. The Turanians they were the first race to\\nspread out into the world, and probably covered the great extent of territory, both in\\nEurope and Asia, before the great Semitic and Aryan migrations. The Turanians also\\nbrought to Babylon and Assyria the cuneiform system of writing, so called because each\\ncharacter was formed by a number of marks having the form of a wedge. What has\\nbeen discovered in regard to the civilization Of their trade What is said of their\\nchronology What does Prof. Rawlinson say of their civilization 3. What was the\\ncapital of the empire? Its extent? Mesopotamia is derived from two words,\\nwhich signify (a land) between two rivers. How is it known that it was conquered by\\nEgypt?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "8 ASSYRIA. [b. c. 1415.\\nB. c. 1314, when Assyria succeeded in throwing off the Egyptian yoke,\\nand extending its power over Mesojjotaniia.\\n4. B. c. 1 4: 1 5, AssYKiAN Empibe. The kingdom of Assyria, with\\nNineveh for its capital, increased in power until it extended its sway\\nover all of Mesopotamia. Ctesias relates that Ninus claimed to be the\\nson of the god Bel us; but as such assuinptions of divinity were com-\\nmon in those early ages, nothing can be determined as to his paren-\\ntage. Mnus so much enlarged and beautified Nineveh, that he is\\nstyled its founder. This great city, situated ujDon the Tigris, was an\\noblong square, 60 miles in circumference surrounded by walls 100\\nfeet high, and so thick that three chariots might be driven abreast on\\nthe top of them. Upon the walls stood 1,500 towers, each 200 feet in\\nheight and the whole was so strong as to bid defiance to all weapons\\nof warfare then known. Ninus is said to have spent seventeen years in\\nconquest, and to have extended the bounds of his dominions over the\\nwhole of Middle Asia. In Bactria he w^ould have suffered defeat but\\nfor the counsel and conduct of Semiramis, wife of one of his officers.\\nHe married her after the death of her husband, but she could not be\\nsatisfied to rule the emj^ire by influencing the emperor she was deter-\\nmined to be absolute sovereign and the doting Ninus having been\\nI3ersuaded to commit to her hands the government for five days, she\\ncontrived to attach the principal lords to her interest, and procuring\\nthe death of her husband, possessed herself of the empire.\\nTo immortalize her name, Semiramis employed 2,000,000 men in\\nenlarging, fortifying, and beautifying Babylon. Its walls were not\\ninferior to those of Nineveh its whole area was divided into 676\\nsquares by the streets, which crossed each other at right angles; these\\nstreets were terminated at each end by massive gates of brass, over-\\nlooked on each side by lofty towers and the mighty river which rolled\\nthrough the town was inclosed with walls as strong as those which en-\\ncompassed the city.\\nShe visited every part of her dominions, and left in every place\\nmonuments of her greatness. The country was rough and unculti-\\nvated. She hollowed mountains, filled up valleys, built aqueducts,\\nlevelled roads, and converted the unbroken wilderness into fertile\\nplains. She extended her dominions beyond Asia even. Ethiopia\\nsubmitted to her arms, and in Africa she visited the temple of Jujjiter\\nAmmon, to inquire of the oracle how long she should live. She was\\nanswered, Till her son conspired against her. On her return she\\nundertook the conquest of India, but was signally defeated. Her son\\nQuestions. i. What is said of the kingdom of Assyria Of Ninus Of Semiramis", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "B. ^00.] THE ORIGIN OP THE NATIONS. 9\\nseized upon tliis occasion to alienate tlie affections of her people, and\\nthis commg to her knowledg-e, she resigned her dominions, and retired\\nto a private station. The Assyrians worshipped her under the form of\\nthe white dove.\\n5. This is the narrative, as given hy the Greek historian but the study\\nof the Assyrian monuments and inscriptions prove positively that\\nneither Ninus nor his wife Semiraniis ever existed. The name Ninus\\nis only a personification for the whole history of Nineveh, and Semi-\\nraniis has been borrowed from an historical queen who lived five cen-\\nturies later.\\nThe history of the succeeding kings possesses but little interest or\\nimportance. The monuments supply us with a vivid picture, it is\\ntrue, of their life in war and jjeace but of the people we know little\\nmore than that they fought the battles of the monarch, and served as\\nbeasts of burden in the transportation of their monuments, and swelled\\nthe pomjD of their processions. The records of private life which have\\nbeen preserved in the wall-paintings of Egyptian tombs are entirely\\nwanting in Assyria. The history of art and civilization in Nineveh, as\\nattested by the monuments, has been summed up by Prof. Rawlinson\\nas follows With much that was barbaric still attaching to them,\\nwith a rude and unartificial government, savage passions, a debasing\\nreligion, and a general tendency to materialism, they were, towards the\\nclose of the empire, in all the arts and appliances of life, very nearly\\non a par with ourselves, and thus their history furnishes a warning\\nwhich the records of nations constantly repeat, that the greatest material\\nprosperity may co-exist with the decline, and herald the downfall, of\\na kingdom.\\n6. B. c. 800-780. Sardanapalus was the last king of the First\\nAssyrian Empire. His vices and follies alone rescue his name from obli-\\nvion. A monument found by Alexander, in Cilicia, proves that he must\\nhave made an expedition to Western Asia but the greatest part of his\\ntime was spent in his seraglio, spinning with the women, or imitating\\ntheir habits of dress and conversation. His effeminate manners ren-\\ndered him contemptible and Arbaces, a Median governor, with Belesis,\\nthe most distinguished member of the Chaldaean sacerdotal colle re.\\nQuestions \u00e2\u0080\u00945. On whose authority have these Btories been related How have they\\nproved to be false? What is said of the succeeding kings? Of the people? How do\\nthe inscriptions here differ from the paintings in Egypt What has Prof. Eawlinson\\nsaid of their government, religion, civilization, etc. 6. What is said of Sardanapalus\\nNote.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The destruction of Nineveh, where Sardanapalus is said to have been killed,\\nis not regarded as historical by Prof. Rawlinson, but the narrative in the text is in\\nagreement with M. Oppert.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "10\\nASSYRIA\\n[b. o. 705.\\nconspired against him, and collected a numerous force to dethrone him.\\nSardanapalus quitted foi a while his voluptuous retreat, and appeared\\nat the head of his armies. He was beaten, and besieged in the city of\\nNineveh two years. At last, finding all was lost, he erected a throne of\\nhis treasures, collected his women about him, and having set fire to\\nthe palace, perished with them in the flames. Thus ended the First\\nAssyrian Empire, 1450 years after its founding by Nimrod. The con-\\nspirators seized upon the government, and divided it between them,\\nwhence arose two kingdoms, (b. c. 789, Oppert.)\\n7. B. c. 789. Arbaces, after his capture\\nof Nineveh (in b. c. 789, Oppert), is said\\nto have retired from the country. He is\\ncalled in Scripture Tiglathpileser. He\\ntook the city of Damascus, and put an\\nend to the Syrian kingdom, which had\\nlong vexed the Jews, and he made Ahaz,\\nking of Judah, pay dearly for being de-\\nlivered from his troublesome neighbors.\\nRead 2 Kings xvi. 7-\\n3,4.\\nIsa. xvii. 1-3. Amos\\n9. B. c. 728. The tvto Kingdoms re-\\nunited.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Salmanaser, son of Ninus II.,\\nbesieged Samaria three years, and after\\nthe people had suffered every hardship,\\ntook the city and carried the inhabitants\\ncaptive, 250 years after the revolt of Is-\\nrael from Judah, 721 b. c.\\nB. c. 705. Sennacherib exacted a\\ntribute of Hezekiah and not content\\nwith all the treasures of the house of\\nthe Lord, and of the king s house, in-\\nvaded Judea with a large army. By his\\nemissaries he insulted the already hum-\\nbled Jews, and blasphemed against the\\n8. The Babylonish As-\\nsyrians RULED BY Belesis.\\nBelesis took up his resi-\\ndence at Babylon. With his\\nreign began the famous era\\nof Nabonassar, according to\\nBerosus, in this manner:\\nNabonassar, having col-\\nlected the acts of his prede-\\ncessors, destroyed them, in\\norder that the computation\\nof the reigns of the Chaldsean\\nkings might be made from\\nhimself\\n10. Prince Merodach Ba-\\nladan sent to congratulate\\nHezekiah upon his recovery\\nfrom sickness, and to in-\\nquire about the shadow s\\ngoing back upon the dial\\nof Ahaz, for the Chaldseans\\nwere great astronomers.\\nThey had records in their\\ncity of observations made\\n1500 years before, or about\\nthe time of the confusion\\nof tongues. Of the succeed-\\ning kings of Babylon we\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 6. What was his fate How was the first Assyrian Empire brought to a\\nclose 7. What did Arbaces do By what other names is he known Where is Damas-\\ncus (See map No. 1.) 8. What can you state of Belesis How did the reign of Nabon-\\nassar be\u00c2\u00abin 9. What did Salmanaser accomplish What did Sennacherib do", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "a 680.]\\nBABYLON SUBDUED.\\n11\\nknow little, except theii\\nnames.\\nRead 2 Kings xi. 11-15. Trac\u00c2\u00ab\\nthe embassadorB from Babylon to\\nJerusalem.\\nGod of heaven but Hezekiah spread his\\nimpious letter before the Lord, and re-\\nceived assurances of divine protection.\\nThat night the destroying angel was sent\\nforth into the camp of the Assyrians, and\\n185,000 of Sennacherib s host slept the\\nsleep of death. Filled with shame and\\nrage, the impious king returned to Nine-\\nveh, where two of his own sons conspired\\nagainst him and slew him. Then his son,\\nEsarhaddon, reigned in his stead.\\nEead 2 Kings xvllL 18-20, and xlx. 8-S7. Also\\nread 2 Kings xvii. 1-7. Lev. xxvi. 82, 83, and Deut\\nxxviiLSd.\\n13. B. 0. 680.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Esarhaddon, perceiving that Babylon was filled\\nwith anarchy, took advantage of the times to reduce it to its former sub-\\njection. Thus he reunited the Assyrian Empire, b. o. 680. He planted\\nstrangers in the land of Israel, who were the progenitors of the Sama-\\nritans. In his reign Manasseh was carried to Babylon, where he\\nremained in captivity 12 years. In the days of King Nebuchadnezzar\\nI. several tributary princes revolted, and he was involved in a war\\nwith the Medes.\\nE\u00c2\u00ab*d 2 Kings xvlL 24, and E\u00c2\u00bb. It. 2-10.\\n14. The monarch Saracus resembled Sardanapalus in his taste and\\npursuits. The general of his army, Nabopolassar, having the burden\\nof state affairs to sustain, thought himself more worthy of the throne\\nthan his effeminate monarch. He accordingly formed an alliance with\\nOyaxares, king of Media, to dethrone the last of the race of Arbaces.\\nWith their joint forces they besieged Saracus in Nineveh, and finally\\ngained possession of the place and slew the monarch. After this the\\nglory of Nineveh faded, and Babylon, its ancient rival, became the\\nmost famous city in the world.\\nBead Nahnm, ch^p. lii\\n15. Nabopolassar the Chaldean, having thus acquired sovereign\\npower, commenced a new dynasty, under which Assyria reached its\\ngreatest glory, and fell to rise n o more. By his warlike exploits he\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 U. How did his invasion of Judea end? What became of Sennacherib?\\nWho was his successor? 12. What is said of the Chaldeans? What act did Merodach\\nBaladan perform 18. What did Esarhaddon accomplish What is stated of Manasseh\\nTrace the strangers from Nineveh to Samaria. Nebuchadnezzar from Nineveh to Media.\\n14. Qlve an account of Saracus. When was he slain An\u00c2\u00ab. 648 b. a What is said\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f the subsequent history of Nineveh and Babylon 15. What is said of Assyria nnde.\u00c2\u00bb\\nNabopolcsearf", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "[2 ASSYRIA. [b. 600\\nroased the jealousy of all his neighbors. Necho, king of Egypt, marched\\nto the Euphrates to stop his conquests, Syria and Palestine revolted,\\nand he found himself in his old age surrounded by enemies. In this\\nemergency he thought proper to invest his son Nebuchadnezzar with\\na share in the government. The young prince proved himself worthy\\nof his father s confidence. He invaded Palestine, took Jehoiakim,\\nand carried him captive to Babylon, with numerous young persons of\\nthe royal family, among whom were Daniel and the three children,\\nShadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. This event took place in the 4th\\nyear of Jehoiakim, b. o. 606.\\nBead 2 Kings xxIt. 47, and 2 Chron. xxxvl. 6, 7. Dan. 1. 1, 2. Jer. xlvl 2, 25, 28.\\n16. B. 0. 000. In 599 Nebuchadnezzar fought a great battle with\\nNecho, and entirely defeated him. In the beginning of his reign he\\nhad a remarkable dream, which, as interpreted by Daniel, contained\\nthe history of all succeeding ages. By his officers Jehoiachin was\\ndeposed, and Zedekiah placed upon the throne of David, but lie also\\nrebelled against the king of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar went in per-\\nson to punish the treachery of Zedekiah. He besieged Jerusalem two\\nyears, and when all the bread was spent in the city, the men of war\\nattempted to flee by the way of the plain, but were captured by the\\nhosts of Chaldea. The Holy and Beailtiful house built by Solomon\\nperished in the conflagration of the city, and all the precious things of\\nthe sanctuary, together with the king and his nobles, were carried to\\nBabylon, b. o. 588.\\nRead 2 Kings xxiv. 10-20; xxv. 1-8. 2 Chr. ixxvi. 9-21. Jer. lit 4-12.\\n17. Taking of Tyee. Four years after, Nebuchadnezzar besieged\\nTyre, a strongly fortified and opulent city of Phenicia, the Queen of\\nthe sea, whose merchants were princes, and whose nobles were among\\nihe honorable of the earth. Here, for thirteen years, his troops suf-\\nfered incredible hardships, so that every head was made bald, and\\nevery shoulder was peeled and when the place finally surrendered,\\nthe exhausted besiegers found no treasure within its walls to reward\\ntheir labors, the inhabitants having removed their principal efi^ects to\\nan island about half a mile distant, where in a short time a new city\\narose which far eclipsed the glory of the old.\\nRead Ez. xxix. 1^20 and Is. xxilL -9, 11, 18.\\nQu*aUon\u00c2\u00bb.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\b. Whom did he Invest with a share in his government Why did he take thli\\nwtep? What did Nebuchadnezz.ar accomplish 16. What occurred In 599 b. c. What is\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aid of a dream T On what expedition did Nebuchadnezzar go T With what result? Wher#\\nla Jerusalem T (See map Na 1). 17. When did Nebuchadnezzar besiege Tyre? Give an\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00abco- .nt of tb\u00c2\u00ab licf", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00ab.a600.3 NEBtJOIJADXEZZ AR. 13\\n18. Conquest of Egypt. Nebuchadnezzar then turned himself\\nupon Egypt, which was at that time suffering from intestine commo-\\ntions. Araasis and Apries having divided the people by a contest for\\nthe throne, no effectual resistance was offered to the invaders. The\\ngood of all the land of Egypt was lefore them, and they spared\\nnothing. With the spoil of the splendid temples of Apis, and the\\nwealth of the conquered people, the great king returned to Babylon,\\nhaving rendered the country tributary, and made Amasis his deputy\\nBead Is. xix. 1, 4, 17, 22, 23. Jer. xlvL 13, 25, 26. Ez. iii. 10, 13, 24-26.\\n19. Nebuchadnezzar was now sole monarch of Ohaldea, Assyria,\\nSyria, Arabia, Palestine, Egypt, and Ethiopia. He married Amyit,\\nprincess of Media, who rivaled Semiramis in the splendid works with\\nwhich she beautified the city of Babylon. A bridge 5 furlongs in\\nlength spanned the Euphrates, and terminated at each end in a palace\\nof vast dimensions. The old palace on the east side of the river was\\nnearly 4 miles in circumference, but the new palace, surrounded with\\nthree walls, one within another, was 7 miles in compass. In the last\\npalace were the Hanging gardens^ built by Amyit to resemble the\\nwoody country of Media. Arches were raised on arches till they\\nreached the height of the walls the ascent was from terrace to terrace\\nby stairs ten feet wide. On the top of the arches were first placed large\\nflat stones, then a layer of reeds, then bricks closely cemented toge\\nther, and then thick sheets of lead upon which lay the mold of th6\\ngarden, so deep that trees of the largest size might take root in it and\\nbeneath their shade were plants and flowers of the greatest beauty\\nand most exquisite perfume. An engine at the top drew up the\\nwaters of the river and scattered them in showers over the gardens,\\nand in the spaces between the arches magnificent apartments were\\nfitted up, commanding a delightful prospect of artificial hills and\\nforests, streams and fountains.\\n20. Temple of Bklus. Near the center of the city stood this edifice.\\nIt was circular, having eight stories, diminishing upwards to the height\\nof 600 feet. The wealth of this temple, in statues, tables, censers, cups,\\nand other implements of massive gold, was almost incredible. One\\nancient writer makes it amount to $100,000,000. On the summit was\\nan observatory, from which the Chaldean astrologers watched the\\nmotions of the stars, and made those calculations which Callisthenes\\nQu\u00c2\u00ab9tion%.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\%. What was Nebuohadnezzar s next movement? What rendered the un-\\ndertaking easy T How was the king rewarded 19, To what power did Nebuchadnexzaj\\nattain? Whom did he marry How was Babylon beautified Give a description of th*\\nSa ^^ng Gar-doaa. 20 GiTe a description of the Temple of Beio*.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "14 ASSYBIA. [m. 0.666.\\ntranscribed and sent to Arijtotle. Nebachadnezzar, prond of the\\nmighty realm which owned his sway, and prond of the magnificent\\ncity which he had enriched wiiii the spoils of Nineveh, Jerusalem, and\\nEgypt, refused to .isten to the warnings of that Daniel who had made\\nhim acquainted with the divibe will. But in the very hour when\\nhis heart was lifted up, and his mind hardened in pride, he was seized\\nwith a kind of madness, and driven from his throne to dwell with th^\\nbeasts of the field. At the ena of seven years his reason returned t4\\nhim, his kingdom was restored, and excellent majesty was added unte\\nhim. He reigned 43 years.\\nBead Dan. iv. 80-86.\\n21. B. 0. 561. Evil-Merodaoh, son of Nebuchadnezzar, was a gentle\\nand weak prince, unfitted to govern the vast empire left to his care.\\nHe was dethroned after two years by Nereglissar, his sister s husband.\\nB. 0. 559. If the success of Nereglissar had equaled his ambition,\\nAssyria would have had little cause to lament the change in adminis-\\ntration but, endeavoring to extend his dominions, he periled all.\\nAfter making alliance with Croesus, king of Lydia, he declared war\\nagainst the Medes, but was slain in the first battle. His son Laboro-\\ngoarchod, the man with the long name, the wicked life, and short\\nreign, succeeded him. Nine months his subjects bore with his impi-\\nous cruelty, and then put him to death.\\nBead 2 Kings xxr. 27-8a\\n22. B. 0. 555. While the contest with the Medes was still undecided,\\nand the Assyrians were lost in luxury, the sceptre descended to the\\nweak hands of Belshazzar, grandson of Nebuchadnozzar, The wai\\nwith Cyrus, and the danger of his kingdom, could not draw him away\\nfrom his pleasures. His armies and allies were defeated, and finally\\nBabylon alone, of all his vast dominions, held out against the con-\\nqueror. For two years this city was closely invested yet such waa\\nthe strength of its fortifications such the quantities of provisions\\nstored in its granaries, and afforded by its gardens that the Assyrians,\\nthinking themselves secure, ridiculed the besiegers from the walla,\\nand defied them from their impregnable towers.\\n23. Taking of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar, in repairing the walls\\nof the Euphrates, had made a great lake to receive the waters of the\\nQxietHont.\u00e2\u0080\u0094ia. Whj did Nebuchadnezzar refnse to listen to the divine warnings What\\nconsequently befell him What further account cai you give of him f Trace the Chaldean\\narmies to Jerusalem to Tyre to Egypt 21. What can you state of Evil-Merodach Of\\nNereglissar? Who succeeded him? Give an account of Laborosoarchod. 22. Who waa\\nBelshazzar f What was his character? What city was the laAt of his possessions? By\\nwhom was it then invested? Why was it not readily captured 28. What plan of cap\\ntUTB did Cyrua Anally decide upon", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "BIO. 538.] BSLSHAZZAR. 10\\nriver, and had secured its entrance with strong dykes. Gyrus, having\\nlearned that on a certain day a grand festival was to bo celebrated,\\nsent a party of soldiers to break down the dam, and let the waters flow\\naway from their accustomed channel then dividing the rest of his\\narmy, he stationed one part at the place where the river entered the\\ncity, and the other where it came out, with orders to enter the channel\\nas soon as the water was fordable, and approach each other. The\\ndykes were broken down and the waters filling the lake, and the\\ntrench of circumvallation which the Persians had spent the two years\\nin digging, the bed of the mighty stream was left nearly dry. About\\nmidnight the army of Cyrus passed under the walls, and proceeded\\nsilently along the channel to a point near the center of the great\\npalace that palace in which Belshazzar, surrounded by his drunken\\nlords, was listening with quaking heart to Daniel s interpretation of\\nthe handwriting on the wall.\\n24. The brazen gates leading to the river had been left unfastened\\nthe guards, partaking in the negligence and disorder of the night,\\noffered but a feeble resistance, and the city was filled with the enemy\\nbefore the doomed inhabitants awoke from their fancied security.\\nBelshazzar was slain at the door of his palace, and Babylon fell into\\nthe hands of Gyrus, b. o. 538. Thus ended the Second Assyrian Em-\\npire, 251 years after its founding by Arbaces. Assyria then became\\nPersian province.\\nBead Jer. L 1, 8, 9, 10, 18, 14, 15, 16, 29, 85,86, 8T, 88, 41, 43, 48, 44; Jer. U. 1-14, 28, 80, ti\\n12, 89, 55-58 Daa. entire.\\nThe Chaldean Dynasty of Assyria.\\nNabopolassar.\\n2 I Nebuchadnezzar the Great.\\nNereglissar. 4 y( 3 Evil-Merodach.\\nLaborosoarchod. 5 I g I Belshazzar.\\nQttM^ionA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 24. Give a further acoonnt of tlte inoceBa of Cyrus. What was Belshaxxar^a\\nlaU? When did that erent oecorf", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0029.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\nSgypt, Ik eommeneing with Mlsralm, 3623 b. a, and ending vlth Ptammenltna, M6 B. QL,\\noontliined about S098 years.\\nSECTION II.\\n1. Egypt, one of the most celebrated spots on the face of the globe,\\noccupies the northeastern corner of Africa, lying between the Medi-\\nterranean Sea on the north, and Nubia on the south and between the\\nRed Sea on the east, and the deserts on the west. It is about 600\\nmiles long, and 350 broad but its most interesting portion is a vale,\\nvarying in width from 15 to 20 miles on each side of the Nile. This\\nmajestic river, the source of its wealth and fertility, rises in the moun-\\ntains of Abyssinia, and, running nearly parallel to the Red Sea, flows\\ninto the Mediterranean by seven different mouths.\\n2. It never rains in Egypt, but the want of showers is abundantly\\nsupplied by the annual overflowing of the Nile, which, bringing down\\nthe precious mud from the mountains, deposits it upon the earth, and\\nimparts to it a richness greater than is found in the soil of any other\\ncountry. Ancient Egypt, in fact, unlike every other country on the\\nglobe, brought forth its produce independent of the seasons and the\\nskies and while continued drought in the neighboring countries\\nbrought one season of scarcity after another, the granaries of Egypt\\nwere always full. Its early settlement and civilization were doubtless\\nowing to these favorable circumstances.\\n3. No part of ancient history is more obscure and uncertain than\\nthat of Egypt. That it was peopled in the earliest ages, its monuments\\nmost fully prove but the traditions and records preserved by its\\npriests are so beclouded with fabulous boasting, that it is impossible\\nto separate the true from the false. According to the religious legends\\n{^reserved in volumes of papyrus, and shown to Herodotus when he\\nvisited Egypt, the deities themselves first ruled the country. To them\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uoceeded a race of demi-gods, of which Osiris was the head. Next\\nfollowed a dynasty of kings, composed of real flesh and blood, of whom\\nEoTPT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 QuMtioru.\u00e2\u0080\u0094!. How li Egypt located What are Its dimensions What can yon\\nlUte of the Nile Of Its OTcrflo wings T Of the fertility of ancient Egypt f What ar\u00c2\u00ab\\nthe boundaries of Egypt t. What is said of the early history of Egypt 1 Why Is this so\\n1 What is set forth in th* religions legends of the country f", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0030.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "j.a3623.J EGYPTIAN WORSHIP. 17\\nMenes w b the first. This Menes, they said, completed the work of\\nthe gods by perfecting the arts of life, and dictating to men *;he laws\\nhe had received from the skies. Though many new rites were added\\nin after ages, yet to him Egypt owed its peculiar religious institutions,\\nand general plan of animal worship.\\n4. Osiris the sun, and Isis the moon, were the principal objects of\\nadoration, Osiris dwelling in the body of the bull Apis, and loia\\nexisting under several mystic forms. Magnificent temples were erected\\nto their honor, and numerous ceremonies were performed before them.\\nIf Apis lived 25 years, he was drowned in a sacred fountain if he\\ndied before that period, all Egypt went into mourning, and this mourn-\\ning continued till a new Apis was found. The deceased animal was\\nembalmed in the most costly manner, and buried with such pomp,\\nthnt on one occasion the funeral expenses amounted to a sum equal to\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a655,000.\\n6. The priests then traversed the whole land in quest of a successor.\\nHe must be a calf of a perfectly black color, with a square white spot\\nin the forehead, the figure of an eagle upon the back, a crescent on\\nthe side, and a beetle on the tongue. These marks were of course\\nproduced by the contrivance of the priests but the people, supposing\\nthem to be indubitable evidences that he contained the soul of Osiris,\\nwere filled with the greatest joy when he was brought in triumph to\\nMemphis. Here in his splendid temple, the walls of which shone\\nwith gold and silver, and sparkled with the gems of India and Ethio-\\npia, he was served by a whole college of priests, who fed him from\\ngolden dishes, and attended him with the utmost care.\\n6. The annual festival of Apis began with the rising of the Nile, and\\npresented for seven days a scene of uninterrupted rejoicing. The god\\n=vas then displayed to the view of the people, covered with embroidered\\ncloths of the finest texture, and surrounded by a whole troop of boys,\\nsinging songs in his praise. Many other animals were also esteemed\\ndeities. The dog, the wolf, the hawk, the crocodile, and the cat, were\\npopular divinities, and he who killed one of them, even by accident,\\nwas punished with death. At the decease of a cat, every inmate f\\nthe family cut oflf his eyebrows but when a dog died che whole head\\nwas shaven. It was customary for Egyptian soldiers to return after\\nRead Ex. ixxit 1-6, 18, 19.\\nQuMHon*. 1 Who were OslrlB and IslsT What wa\u00c2\u00ab done with refereaee to Apis?\\nBl What else wa\u00c2\u00ab done with reference to Apis f Give an account of the festlva ^f Apis.\\nHow were other animals also esteemed? Name some that were to esteemed. Whai ^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2taa-*}\\nwas affiled ic the killixtg of them", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0031.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "18 BOTPT. [b. a 3623\\nlong expeditions, bringing with them the bodies of these animals\\nwhich they had found on their journey, and embalmed with super-\\nstitious care.\\n7. They also worshiped certain portions of the vegetable kingdoms,\\nwhence the poet took occasion to satirize them\\nBut should you leeks or onions eat, no time\\nWould expiate the sacrilegious crime\\nReligious nations sure, and blest abodes,\\nWhere every orchard is o errun with gods I\\nAmong the institutions of Egypt, none exercised a more important\\ninfluence on the character of the nation than the division of the peopie\\ninto tribes, or castes. The son was obliged, by the customs of the\\ncountry, to follow the trade of his father so that priests^ warriors^\\nherdsmen, and traders, were always distinct classes.\\n8. According to the Egyptian doctrine of transmigration, the sonl\\nof man was destined to pass through the bodies of different animals,\\nand, at the end of 3000 years, to return and inhabit a human form\\nbut the cycle could not commence till the body began to perish hence,\\nsay many historians, arose the practice of embalming the dead. The\\ngreatest attention was bestowed upon this work, which was enforced\\nby severe and sacred laws. Many hands were employed in the cere-\\nmony some drew the brain through the nostrils others opened the\\nside and took out all the softer parts of the body others then filled\\nthe cavities with spices and drugs. After a certain time the body was\\nwrapped in fine linen, dipped in gum, and impregnated with perfumes\\nfinally it was delivered to the relatives, who put it in an open chest,\\nand placed it upright against the wall of a sepulchre.\\n9. The chains of rocky mountains which bounded the valley of the\\nNile were formed into vast catacombs, and fitted up with chambers\\nfor the repose of the dead. The tomb was always prepared for the\\nhusband and his wife. Whoever died first was deposited there, oi\\nkept embalmed in the house till the decease of the other. The upper\\nrooms of the tombs were ornamented with paintings and nculptured\\nfigures, representing the Egyptians in all the occupations of every- daj\\nlife. All the operations of agriculture plowing, sowing, an -gaping\\nall the employments of the housewife spinning, weaving, sewing\\nwashing, dressing all the mechanic arts all the amusements of the\\npeople, even tha very balls and dolls with which the children played,\\n^MUon\u00c2\u00bb.\u00e2\u0080\u0094l. What else did the people worship f What is said of the tribe and cast\u00c2\u00ab\\n4lTislons? What was the son obliged to dot What was the result? 8. What, say histo-\\nrians, gave rise to the practice of embalming the dead Give a description of the work oi\\nembalmli;g. 9. What and whore were the Fgyptian catacombs! Give a description oi\\nthdOL Where is the Nil\u00c2\u00ab? (See map No. 8.)", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0032.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "a3623.J ANTIQUITIES 19\\nare still to be seen portrayed with striking fidelity tn}^. distinctness in\\nthese stupendous palaces of the dead.\\n10. In one painting is represented the judgment of a wicked soul,\\ncondemnel to return to the earth in the form of a pig, after having\\nbeen weighed in the scales before Osiris, and found wanting. It is\\nplaced in a boat, and, attended by two monkeys, is dismissed ^rom\\nheaven, and all communication with that delightful place cut off, by f\\nman who hews away the ground behind it with an ax. The sacred\\nrites of sepulture could not be conferred, even upon kings, until the\\ndead had been solemnly judged by a tribunal appointed for the pur-\\npose, and declared worthy to enter the abodes of the blessed.\\n11. All the ancient kings of Egypt are called in Scripture Pharaoh.\\nIn the time of the Pharaohs, Egypt was divided into the Thebais, or\\nUpper Egypt; Middle; and Lower Egypt. Lower Egypt extended\\nfrom the Mediterranean to the place where the Nile began to branch\\noff; and Middle Egypt extended from that place to Thebes, nearly\\nwhere the Upper portion commenced, and reached to Nubia. The\\nPyramids are all situated on the west side of the Nile, and extend in a\\ndirection nearly parallel to it, for about 70 miles. Their vast antiquity,\\ntheir amazing magnitude, and the mystery which envelops their his-\\ntory, render them objects of intense interest.\\n12. Menes ob MiZRAiM Founds Egypt, b. o. 3623.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 After the con-\\nfusion of tongues at Babel, the sons of Noah separated into different\\nparts of the world. Ham had four children, three of whom settled in\\nAfrica. Mizraim, the second son, founded Egypt, and all historians\\nagree in considering him the Menes of the Egyptian priests. He is\\nsupposed to have founded Memphis, by digging a new channel for the\\nNile, and laying the foundations within its ancient bed. Many of its\\nruins have served as materials for building Cairo, but a sufficient num-\\nber remain to excite our admiration of the wonderful skill of the\\nEgyptians in architecture. In the 12th century, these ruins extended\\nhalf a day s journey in every direction, but now there are only scat-\\ntered fragments of idols, 40 feet high, and blocks of granite inclosed ul\\nrubbish, to interest the antiquary.\\nBead Oen. x. 8.\\nQv^tioriA. 10. Wh\u00c2\u00bbt painting Is described? What ceremony had to be observed with\\nreference to the dead? 11. What titles were given to the Egyptian kings T How was Egypt\\ndivided Wagre are the Pyramids? What renders them objects of interest 12. Whither\\nd d the sons of Noah go? Ham s children Mizraim? What supposition is made in con-\\nnection with Misraim? What can yon state o the rains of Memphis? In which divisiwi\\nof Egypt was Memphis?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0033.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "20 BGYPT. {9,0.\\n13. Busiris built Thebes, the city of an hundred gates, from each of\\nwhich issued, upon state occasions, 200 chariots and 10,000 fighting\\nmen. It is now called Said, and lies magnificent in ruins its fallen\\neolumns and moldering temples eminently beautiful even in the midst\\nof decay. The sculptured figures which ornamented gates, and walls,\\nand capitals, show the perfection of Egyptian art even the colors of\\nthe paintings in its deserted palaces are undimmed by the hand of\\ntime; so happily did the Egyptians stamp immortality upon their\\nw orks.\\n14. OsTMANDYAS. Diodorus gives a description of many beautifal\\nedifices erected by this king. One was adorned with a sculptured\\nr *presentation of his expedition into Asia. Another temple contained\\nmagnificent library, the oldest mentioned in history. The Egyptians\\nused hieroglyphical writing, and their records were preserved not\\nonly by inscription upon monuments, but in books made of the leaves\\nof the papyrus. This library was called the office or treasury for\\nthe diseases of the soul. The life of Osymandyas was such as secured\\nto him a distinguished sepulchre. It was encompassed with a circle\\n1/f gold, 365 cubits in circumference, ornamented with figures showing\\nthe rising and setting of the heavenly bodies for so early as this the\\nEgyptians had divided the year into 12 months of 30 days each, and\\nevery year added 5 days to bring the sun to the equinoctial points.\\nChampollion thinks the splendid ruins of the Memnonium in Thebes\\nare the remains of this tomb, as the statue of Osymandyas is still to b\u00c2\u00ab\\n\u00c2\u00bbeen in them, though shattered in a thousand pieces.\\nx5. Uchoreufl raised a very high mole to protect Memphit\\nfrom the inundations of the Nile, and fortified the city other-\\nwise in so impregnable a manner, that it was ever afterwards the key of\\ntnai nver. Moeris made the famous lake which bears his name. The\\nobject of this wonderful excavation was to regulate the inundations\\nof the Nile. It was joined to the river by a canal in its center were\\ntwo pyramids upon which the rise of the water was markad when it\\nrose above the usual point it flowed off into the lake, and when it did\\nnot reach so high, the deficiency was supplied from the lake.\\n16. B. 2080* Some time in this century Egypt was invaded by\\npeople from Arabia, called Shepherd Kings. Every place yielded to\\nQucaUons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094lB. By whom was Thebes built? How was that city located? (See map\\nHo. 1.) What can yon say of its ruins? 14 What account do we get of Osymandyas?\\nWhat is hieroglyphical writing What is papyrus What is said of Osymandias s sepul-\\nchre? Of the division of the year? 15. What work, did Uchoreus accomplish? Moeria?\\nDescribe the lake. 1 When was Egypt inT\u00c2\u00bbded by the Shepherd KLofa? What nfem\u00c2\u00bb\\ndid they have", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0034.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "i.e. 1509.] MONUMENTS TO SESOSTBIS. 21\\nthese fierce barbarians, who, having taken Memphis and fortified Pelu-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ium, organized the government to suit themselves, and founded On,\\nor Heliopolis, the city of the Sun. Another race might have reigned\\nat Thebes during the same time, for the state of Egypt was one ^f\\nanarchy and confusion daring this period. 1800 b. o. It was in the\\ndays of the Hykcos, or Shepherd Kings, that Joseph was sold into\\nEgypt. To connect him with the highest tribe or family, and so con-\\nstitute him a governor, he was married to the daughter of Potiphera,\\npriest of the Sun.\\nBead Qen. xxxvlL 2^-28 zlL 41-46; alsoL 22-26.\\n17. B. 0. 1414, Among the ruins of Thebes is the statue of Mem.\\nlion, an image of the Sun-king, cut out of the solid rock. It was said to\\ngreet the rising of the god of day with a musical sound resembling\\nthe tone of a harp. This work was ascribed to Amunoph II. Eama-\\nses Miamun was the king that so cruelly oppressed the Israelites.\\nThey built for him the treasure cities of Ramases and Pithom.\\nHead Ex. 1. 8-lL\\n18. B. c. 1400. Amunoph III. is tho prince who it is supposed\\nendured the ten plagues, and perished in the Red Sea. Diodorus\\nsays A tradition has been transmitted through the whole nation,\\nthat once an extraordinary ebb dried up the waters of the Red Sea,\\nso that its bottom was seen, and almost immediately after a violent\\nflow brought back the waters to their accustomed channel.\\nRoad Ex. viL 20, 21 viil. 6, 17, 24; Ix. 6, 10, 24, 26; x. 18-15, 22, 28; xli 2*-88, and Ex.\\nxlT. ^-81 xlx, 1, 2.\\n19. Though much dispute prevails among the learned as to the\\ntime in which Sesostris flourished, yet the numerous monuments in-\\nscribed to him prove him to have been something more than a fabulous\\npersonage. In the temples of southern Ipsambul, in the ruins of\\nThebes and Memphis, his statues appear stamped (OhampoUion asserts)\\nwith the reality of portraiture. In almost every temple up to the\\nconfines of Ethiopia, his deeds and triumphs are wrought in relief and\\npainting. The greater part of the celebrated obelisks bear his record\\none side of Cleopatra s needle is occupied with his deeds, and his\\nlegends clothe with interest the stupendous ruins of Luxor and Car^ac\\nThe best authorities place him in the Nineteenth Dynasty, and date his\\nreign from about 1409 b. c.\\nQ% e\u00c2\u00bbUon4.\u00e2\u0080\u009416 What account can you give of Joseph f Trace the Shepherd Kings from\\nArabia to Egypt Where is Pelusium (See map No. 1.) Heliopolis? 17. What is said o1\\nthe statue of Meinnon What of Eamases Miamun f 18. Of Araenophis III. What tradi-\\ntion is mentioned? 19. When did Sftsostris reign What cap you atate of hla mouumf -itft.\\natatuea,", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0035.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "22 \u00c2\u00abQ]rPl [^aH09\\n20. His fatlier, by the authority of an oracle, as the Egyptiar^ say,\\nformed the design of making his son a conqueror. For this parpose\\nail the male children born on the same day with Sesostris were\\nbrought to court and educated with him. Their common exercise\\nwas hunting, and they were never suffered to eat till tney had run a\\nrace, either on foot or on horseback. The energies of theii bodie*\\nwere thus developed, and the ambition to excel in courage and skill\\nwas constantly cherished.\\n21. The enmity still prevalent against the Hykoos he turned to hii\\nown account, and in the lifetime of bis father pursued the remnants\\nof the hated race into Arabia. Tlie success of this expedition stimu-\\nlated him to still greater efforts. Libya, so celebrated for its burning\\ndeserts and fiery serpents, was overrun and subdued by the young\\nprince and his companions. Upon the death of his father he entered\\nupon his great work, the Conquest of the World 1 Before leaving\\nhome, he made it his care to gain the hearts of his people by his jus-\\ntice and generosity, and to attach his soldiers to his person by all the\\nties of affection and interest.\\n22. Be divided the country into 36 districts, or nomi, and bestowed\\nthem upon persons of merit and fidelity. His troops, commanded by\\n1700 oflBcers (most of whom had been educated with him), when\\ndrawn out in battle array, covered a space of more than 200 acres.\\nHis chariots and horsemen, issuing from the gates of Thebes, filled all\\nthe plain, and, leaving the fertile vale of the Nile, they entered upon\\nthe mountainous country of Ethiopia. He conquered even the\\nSouthern Ethiopians, and forced them to pay a tribute of ebony,\\ngold, and elephants teeth. In the Nubian temples, representations\\nof his numerous victories line the walls. One of them shows the\\nconqueror standing among huge logs of ebony and golden ingots,\\nwhile a vanquished queen and her children stretch out their hands to\\nhim as if imploring mercy.\\n23. With the aid of a fleet which he fitted out, the islands and\\ncities upon the Red Sea were subdued; on the height overlookirg the\\nnarrow strait of Babelmandedone of his columns was erected. Fol-\\nlowing the track of ancient commerce, he entered Asia and subdued\\nQuetUont.\u00e2\u0080\u0094W. What design did the fether of Sesostris haye T How did he commence\\nto cany oat his purpose? 21. What were the first successes of Sesostrisf Whftt great\\nworL did he then enter nponf What was his first care? 22. What division did he make of\\nthe country T What army did he have What did he accomplish In Ethiopia? What U\\nshown In the Nubian temples? 28, What did he accomplish, aided by his fleet? What\\n:tb\u00c2\u00abf- conquesta did he mak\u00c2\u00abf", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0036.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "B.C. 1409.] SBSOSTRIS THli oONQUEROR. 23\\nthe countries even beyond the Ganges. Thence it is supposed he\\nmarched in a westerly direction; for history states that he left an\\nEgyptian colony in Colciiis, where they were long after known by their\\nswarthy complexions, frizzly hair, and peculiar customs. In every\\ncountry that he conquered, he set up pillars with this inscription:\\nSeaostris, king of kings and lord of lords, subdued this country by\\nth 3 power of his arras.\\n24. Herodotus found in Asia Minor two statues of Sesostris, one\\nnear Ephesus, the other on the road between Smyrna and Sardis they\\nwere five palms high, armed with a javelin and bow, after the Egyptian\\nmanner. A line drawn from one shoulder to the other bore this in-\\nscription: This region I obtained by these my shoulders. Certain\\nmonuments show also that he entered Thrace, and bounded his con-\\nquests by the Ganges and the Danube but we must not forget that\\nconquest was, in those early ages, but little else than a forced march\\nthrough primitive forests, inhabited by scattered tribes, unacquainted\\nwith the stratagems of war, and accustomed to fly with their flocks\\nand herds at the approach of an invading foe. The want of provisions\\nfor his army, the difficulty of the passes, and intelligence of treason in\\nEgypt, induced him to return home after he had borne the sword of\\nconquest Hp and down the world for nine years. He took no pains to\\npreserve his acquisitions. True, he was laden with the spoils of the\\nvanquished, and followed by a countless multitude of mourning cap\\ntives but he left the countries he had depopulated and the cities he\\nhad pillaged to recover at leisure from those desolations which had\\ncovered his name with glory.\\n26. He rewarded his officers and soldiers with a munificence truly\\nroyal, and employed the repose of peace in raising works calculated\\nboth to enrich Egypt and immortalize his own name. He raised a\\nnumber of lofty mounds on which cities were built, where the people\\nmight retire with their flocks during the inundations of the Nile. He\\nfortified the whole coast from Pelusium to Heliopolis, to prevent any\\nfittre invasion of the Hyscos. He erected a temple in every city of\\nEgypt, and raised gigantic statues representing himself, his wife, and\\nhis four sons. In all these stupendous works, captives only were em-\\nployed, and he caused to be inscribed on the temples: No one native\\nQueaaon\u00c2\u00bb.\u00e2\u0080\u00942S. What pillars did he set up What Is the Strait of Babelmandel (See map\\nNo. L) 24 What discoveries did Herodotus make Describe the statues. 24. How far did\\nthe conquests of Sesostrls extend f How do we get at that Inforoiatlon f What was a con\\nquest In those days How many years was he absent from Egypt Why did he return T\\nWhere Is Smyrna? 25. What is said of the rewards bestowed by Sesoetrls i Of the mounds\\niiised by him Fortlflcatlons f Temples", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "2^ [b. a 1100\\nlabored hereon. The kings and chiefs of conquered nations came at\\nstated times to do honor to their victor, and to pay the accustomed\\ntribute. On certain occasions he is said to have unharnessed his\\nhorses, and, yoking kings together, made them draw his chariot. At\\nlength this mighty monarch lost his sight, and rather than endure the\\nloneliness of old age in darkness, he put an end to his own life.\\n26. B. 0. 1400. In this century and a great part of the rext,\\noccurs one of those chasms so frequent in Egyptian history. Four years\\nbefore the close of the thirteenth century, Proteus began to reign ir.\\nEgypt. From a custom of adorning his head with representations of\\nanimals, vegetables, or even burning incense, arose the fable of Protean\\nforms^ so often quoted among the Greeks. Homer calls him a sea-god,\\nand says that, when caught by Menelaus, he turned into a lion, a ser-\\npent, a tree, c.\\n27. B. o. 1200. Proteus received Paris and Helen when on their\\nway from Sparta to Troy, and erected a temple to Venus the stranger.\\nHis numerous forms may signify the duplicity of his character.\\nCheops, a most wicked and oppressive monarch, built the pyramid\\nwhich bears his name. Ten years were spent in preparing for the\\nwork, and twenty more in erecting it. It stands a little south of\\nCairo, and lifts its head about 45 feet higher than St. Peter s at Rome.\\nOn its side was an inscription which the priests told Herodotus was\\nan account of $1,700,000 expended merely in furnishing the workmen\\nwith leeks and onions. Cephrenius was also a monster of wickedness.\\nBy his exactions and oppressions he incurred the hatred of his sub-\\njects, and failed Egypt with mourning.\\n28. B. 0. 1100, Myoerinus, the peaceful, was as remarkable\\nfor his justice and moderation, as his predecessors had been for their\\nextortion and excess. He built the third pyramid. It was smaller than\\nthe others, but equally expensive, being faced half way up with\\nEthiopian marble. The goodness of this monarch did not exempt him\\nfrom calamity. The death of his only darling daughter clouded his\\nlife with sorrow. He ordered extraordinary honors to be paid to her\\nmemory; exquisite odors were burned at her tomb by day, and t\\nRead 1 Kings li. 16, 24; and 2 Chron. vilL IL\\nQut9U yM.\u00e2\u0080\u00947 What Is stated about his chariot His death T Trace his whole course,\\nand mention the modern names of the countries through which he passed. 26. When did\\nProteus begin to reign t How did the fable of the Protean form have its origin What did\\nHomer say of Proteus? 27. What further can you state of Proteus? Give an account of\\nCheops. Of Cephrenius. Where was Sparta? (See map No. 1.) Troy? Cairo? 28. What\\nwa\u00c2\u00ab the character of Mycerinus What event clouded his life with sorrow Give a further\\ngfcccount of him.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "B c. 800.] WARS IN PALESTINE. 25\\n.arap illuminated it by night. Having reigned for no great length of\\ntime, he was informed by an oracle that he wjis destined to die in six\\nyears. On complaining because he, a pious prince, was not allowed a\\nlong reign, while his father and grandfather, who had injured men\\nand despised the gods, had each reigned half a century, he was told\\nthat his short life was the direct consequence of his piety for the fates\\nhad decreed that Egypt should be afflicted for the space of 150 years^\\nJ id as he had not proved a minister of vengeance, he must give place\\ntc one lees inclined to mildness and lenity.\\n29. AsYOHis. This king, during a scarcity of money, enacted a law\\npermitting any man to borrow money, by giving in pledge the body of\\nhis father; but in case he afterwards refused to pay the debt, he\\nshould neither be buried in the same place with his father, nor in auy\\nother, nor have the liberty of burying the dead bodies of any of hia\\nfriends, who for want of tlie sacred rites would not be permitted to\\nenter the peaceful realm of Osiris. One of his immediate successors\\nwas the king who gave his daughter in marriage to Solomon.\\n30. B. 0. 1 000, Shishak was the Pharaoh that reigned in Egypt\\nwhen Jeroboam fled thither to avoid the wrath of Solomon. In the\\nreign of Rehoboam the same Shishak invaded Palestine, seized upon\\nall the strongest cities of Judah, penetrated as far as Jerusalem, plun-\\ndered the treasures of the house of the Lord, and the king s house,\\nand carried away the shields of gold which Solomon had made.\\nZerah, king of Ethiopia and Egypt, made war upon Asa, king of\\nJudah, with an army far superior to the whole number of Jews,\\nwomen and children inclusive but he was defeated, and obliged to\\nretire in haste to his own land.\\nRead 1 Kings xl. 40; and xlv. 15, 16; also 1 Chron. xlv. 9-14.\\n31. B. 0. 800, What transpired in Egypt during the ninth cen\\ntury is unknown. Tlie next king of whom we read was Anysis, a\\nblind man. Sabachus, or So, king of Ethiopia, dethroned liim, and\\nreigned in his stead. The kingdom thus obtained by violence was\\nnevertheless governed with justice. Instead of putting criminals to\\ndeath, he employed them in repairing public works, and in other\\nmenial offices serviceable to the state. He is thought to be the So\\nmentioned in Scripture as entering into a league with Hoshea, king\\nQu ^Uons.-29 What singular law did Asycnis enact? What is saiil of one of tils snc-\\nceseors 40. Who was Shishak When did that event occur What account can yoxx glrc\\nof Shishak? i\u00c2\u00bbJ Zerab HI. Give an account of Ajiysis. Of Sabachus s goverumwit\\nWhat i\u00c2\u00bb Bupoueed wlbo rtajereuoe to", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "26 EGYPT. [1. 0. 7oa\\nof Israel. At the end of 50 years he had a dream, which the priests\\ninterpreted as a warning that he could no longer hold the kingdom in\\nsafety or happiness, upon which he volnntarily retired to his own\\ncountry.\\nRead 2 Kings xvll. 4.\\n32. Sethon was both king and priest of Vulcan. He gave himself\\nnp to religious contemplation, and not only neglected the military\\nslass, but deprived them of their lands. At this they were so much\\nincensed that they refused to bear arms under him, and in the midst\\nof the commotion Sennacherib, king of Assyria, arrived before Pelu-\\nsium A^ith a large army. Setlion attempted to raise a body of troops\\nto oppose him, but none of his soldiers would follow him. In despair\\nbe betook himself to his god, and while yet in the temple, praying to\\nbe delivered from his enemies, he fell into a deep sleep, during which\\nVulcan exhorted him to take courage, and assured him of victory.\\n33. Thus sustained, he assembled about 200 shopkeepers, laborers,\\n(fee, and advanced to Pelusium. The next morning he found the\\nAssyrians in great disorder, preparing to fly. A prodigious number\\nof rats had entered their camp during the night, and gnawed to pieces\\nthe quivers, bow-strings, and shield -straps. Unable to fight, they\\nendeavored to make good their retreat, but Sethon, falling upon\\nthem, made terrible slaughter in their ranks. In memory of this re-\\nmarkable deliverance, Sethon erected a statue of himself holding a rat\\nIn one hand, with these words issuing out of its mouth\\nWhosoever beholdeth me, let him be pious.\\nThis story is no doubt a corruption of that related in 2 Kings xix.\\n34. B. 0. 7^0. The invasion of the Ethiopians and other troubles\\n^ad reduced Egypt to a deplorable state of anarchy. At length 12 of\\n^;he principal noblemen seized upon the government, and divided it\\nmto 12 absolute sovereignties; and because an oracle had declared\\nthat the whole kingdom should fall to the lot of him who should otfer\\nhis libation to Vulcan in a brazen bowl, they bound themselves by\\nthe most solemn oaths to protect each other s rights. For 15 years\\nthey reigned togetlier in the utmost harmony, and, to leave a monu-\\nment of their concord to posterity, united in building a famous\\nLabyrinth near Lake Moeris.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SI. How did his reign end? 82. Who was Sethon f What was Sethon s\\ncourse of conduct? What danger threatened him? What then occurred? 83. Give an\\naccuiiiil of Selhon s deliverance. 33. How did he commemorate the event 84. What was\\nthe cr iidition of E^ypt seven hundred years before Christ? How had that been produced T\\nWhat summary act was done by twelve persons* How long did they reign Wl;y did they\\nbuild labyrinth Where did they bttiid It? Whers was Lake Moeris? (Sea aap No.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 630.J PSAMMETTCHUS. 27\\n35. This remarkable structure consisted of 12 separate palaces,\\nstretched along in a succession of splendid apartments, spacious ha]l8^\\nand lofty terraces; adorned with statues, hieroglyphics, and every\\nother appendage of Egyptian art. A vast number of intricate pas-\\nsages ran around the base of the building, and around these a wall was\\nthrown, leaving only one entrance to the labyrinth while at the other\\nend stood a pyramid, containing a way leading to 12 subterraneous\\npalaces, exactly corresponding to those above. The whole strnct an\\ncontained 3000 rooms; 1500 above ground and as many below. Ail\\nthe roofs and walls were of stone, adorned with sculptured figures,\\nand all the halls were surrounded with pillars of white marble. Hero-\\ndotus visited the upper rooms, but was not permitted to enter the\\nsubterranean palaces, because the bodies of the sacred crocodiles lay\\nthere embalmed.\\n36. It happened one day, that the twelve kings were sacrificing in\\nthe temple of Vulcan at Memphis, and that the high priest, who dis-\\ntributed the golden cups for libations, had brought with him, by some\\naccident, only eleven. Psammetichus, who stood the last in order, took\\noff his brazen helmet, and poured his libation out from that. This inci-\\ndent occasioned great disquiet among his colleagues, and they accord-\\ningly banished him to the seacoast. After passing some years in the\\nsolitude of exile, Psammetichus secured the aid of a company of\\nGreeks, whom adverse winds had driven on the coast. By their assist-\\nance he overcame tlie eleven, and became sole master of Egypt.\\n37. B. o. 630. In gratitude to his Grecian friends, he gave them lands\\nand revenues, and placed cliildren under their care to learn the Greek\\ntongue. These, in process of time, formed a distinct caste, called, in\\nthe days of Herodotus, Interpreters. The limits of Assyrian conquest\\nbad never been clearly defined, and a quarrel now arose about the\\nboundary of that empire, on the southwestern border. The Assyri-\\nans had taken Syria and the territory of Israel, and were waiting till\\na favorable opportunity should occur for seizing Palestine and invading\\nEgypt. Some years before, Tartan had taken Ashdod, or Azotus, and\\nPsammetichus set himself to recover this important post but owing\\nto the natural strength of the fortifications and the vigorous defense\\nof the garrison, the siege lasted 29 years the longest of any recorded\\nQuMtiona. 85. Give ft description of the labyrinth. What can you state of the visit ol\\nHerodotus? 86. What occurred in relation to the eleven cups? How did Psammetichus\\nget to be sole master of Ejcypt 87. What is said of the Interpreters Of a boundsu^ dis-\\npute What successes had the Assyrians gained Tartan What can you say of the siegi\\nftf A\u00c2\u00abbdod?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "28 EGYPT. lB.a610\\nrn history nor does it api)ear that the Egyptians afterward derived\\nany particular benefit from the possession of the place.\\nRead 1 Samuel v. 1 Ib. xx. 1 alBO, Acts vill. 40.\\n38. B. o. 610. Pharaoh Necho, son of Psammetichus, attempted\\nto join the Red Sea to the Mediterranean by a canal through the\\nisthmus of Suez. He persisted till 120,000 men had perished in the\\nwork, and then abandoned it. In another enterprise he was more\\nsnccessful. Having taken some Phenician navigators into his seivice,\\nUe instructed them to sail around Africa, and solve the great mystery\\nof the form and termination of that continent. In their small row-\\ngalleys, well equipped, they departed, and at the end of three years\\nreturned in safety. They stated, that passing down the Red Sea, they\\nentered the Southern Ocean that at the approach of Autumn they\\nlanded on the coast and planted corn when this was ripe they cut it\\ndown, and again departed. In passing the southern point of Africa,\\nthey were surprised to observe the sun upon their right hand:* then\\nturning to the north, they continued their course the third year they\\ndoubled the columns of Hercules, and returned to Egypt through the\\nMediterranean.\\n39. Nabopolassar, the Chaldean, having usurped the Assyrian\\nthrone, became so powerful as to rouse all the ancient enmity of the\\nEgyptians. Necho undertook an expedition against him. Josiah,\\nking of Judah, hearing that he intended to pass through Palestine,\\nassembled all his forces and stationed himself in the vale of Megiddo,\\nto oppose his progress. Necho sent a herald to inform him that he\\nmeant the Jews no harm, but M^as commissioned by God against\\nanother nation. Josiah would not listen to this remonstrance he\\ngave battle, was defeated, and received a wound of which he died.\\nThe victorious Necho continued his march to the Euphrates, defeated\\nthe Assyrians, and took the city of Oarchemish. On his way home he\\nstopped at Jerusalem, levied a tribute upon the Jews, placed Johoia-\\nkim upon the throne, and carried Jehoahaz captive into Egypt. Soon\\nafter the Babylonians dispossessed the Egyptians of all they had\\nfained, retook Oarchemish, and Necho died.\\nRead 8 Kings xxiii. 29, 80, 88-85; also, 2 Chron. xxxv. 20-24; and xxxvl. 84\\nHerodotus doubted the truth of this story, from the fact of their seeing the sun In th\u00c2\u00ab\\nnorth, but to us this is Its greatest confirmation.\\nQue8ti(ms.\u00e2\u0080\u0094S7. Where was Ashdod (Map No. 3.) 88. Who was Pharaoh Necho T In\\nwhat great enterprise did he fail In what was he successful Give an account of the\\n\u00c2\u00abuccessful enterprise. Where are the columns of Ilercuiesf -4n.s. One is at Gibraltar,\\nMifi the other opposite, on the African coast, at the western extremity of the Mediterranean\\n!W. Who was Nabopolassar? What expeditiim did Necho undertake? By whom was be\\nopponofl? What followed? What successes did Necho afterward gain? Ai ter what\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2v\u00c2\u00ab?FAt\u00c2\u00bb dill be die?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00bb.a594.J NEBUCHADNEZZAR. 29\\n40. B. c 594 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094In the reign of Psammis, son of Necho, the Eleana,\\nhaving rearranged the Olympic games, sent a splendid embassy into\\nEgypt, to give an account of the regulations they had established for\\nthey were desirous of gaining the approbation of a people then con-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2idered the wisest in the world. When the delegation arrived, Psam-\\nmis assembled the priests and sages to listen to the communication of\\nthe distinguished strangers. After mature deliberation, the grave\\ncouncil remarked, that the persons appointed to award the prizes, being\\nGreeks, could scarcely be impartial in their decisions; upon which\\nthe dep ities returned home, satisfied, no doubt, with going abroad after\\npraise.\\n41. Apries, the son of Psaramis, is called in Scripture Pharaoh\\nHophrah. In the first years of his reign he invaded Cyprus, took the\\ncity of Sidon, and made himself master of Phenicia. Inflated with\\npride, he boasted that not even the gods could dethrone him. Zede-\\nkiah king of Judah, unmoved by the woe of Isaiah, made an\\nalliance with Apries, and, relying upon his assistance, broke his oath of\\nallegiance to the king of Babylon. In the war that followed, Zede-\\nkiah found that the Egyptian help was a broken reed; for though\\nthe Chaldeans departed once from Jerusalem for fear of Pharaoh s\\nhost, yet in the end the Egyptians abandoned their allies, and left\\nthem to meet the wrath of Nebuchadnezzar alone.\\n42. Some years after, the chastising rod fell heavily upon Apries.\\nA large army which he had sent into Lybia having been destroyed, as\\nwas supposed, by his connivance, a great part of his subjects rebelled.\\nApries sent one Amasis, a particular friend, to bring back his subjects\\nto a sense of their duty; but the moment Amasis began to speak, the\\nrebels fixed a helmet upon his head, and proclaimed him king. Ama-\\nsis accepted the honor, and became leader of the mutineers. Apries,\\ngreatly exasperated at the defection of his favorite, sent a nobleman\\nwith orders to bring Amasis, alive or dead, before him. The messen-\\nger, unable to seize an individual protected by an infuriated mob,\\nreturned without his captive; and his master, in a rage, ordered hii\\nnose and ears to be out off. This piece of wanton cruelty alienated\\nthe affections of his people, so that the revolt became general, and he\\nwas obliged to abdicate his throne in favor of Amasis. The new king\\nQu4sUom.-AQ. Who was Psammis? What embassj was sent by the Eleans durhiThTs\\nreign? Give an account of the ceremony that took place. 41. Who was Apries? What\\n6 he called in Scripture? What events took place In the first years of his reign What\\nnfluence did his success exert upon his character? Who formed an alliance with him?\\n1^ what manner di.l he treat his allies? 42. Wha-t causes led to the overthrow cf Aprils\\nWho then was king? How did Amasis then treat Apries*", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "30 flGYPT. [B. a 525.\\nconfined Apries in one of his palaces, and treated him with great\\nrespect but the people were implacable, and the tyrant, being\\ndelivered into the lands of those who sought his life, was\\nstrangled.\\nRead Ez. xxvill. 21, 22; also Ez. xxix.8,and xrii. 12-17; Is. xxxl. 1-9, and Jer. xxxviL T, 8,\\nand xliT. 80, and Ez. xxlx. 2, 8, 4, 7.\\n43. While these troubles had been going on, Nebuchadnezzai\\nInvaded Egypt, and subdued the country as far as Syene. He made\\nhorrible devastation wherever he came, killed great numbers of the\\ninliabitants, loaded his army with treasure, and, having made Amasis\\nhis deputy, returned to Babylon. During the reign of Amasis, Egypt\\nis said to have been perfectly happy, and to have contained 20,000\\npopulous cities. He espoused a Grecian female, and displayed his\\nattachment to the Greeks by permitting them to settle on his coasts,\\nand by contributing liberally to the rebuilding of the temple at\\nDelplii. Solon visited Egypt during his reign.\\n44. The prosperity of Amasis was at last disturbed by the prepara\\ntions which Oambyses, king of Persia, made to attack his kingdom.\\nThe Persian monarch had demanded the daughter of Amasis in mar-\\nriage; but Amasis attempted to deceive him by sending him the daugh-\\nter of Apries. The lady disclosed the imposition to Oambyses, and he,\\nin great wrath, determined to marcli against Egypt. Amasis, how-\\never, died in season to escape the perils that threatened him, and the\\nwhole fury of the storm fell upon his son, Psammenitus.\\n45. Psammenitus was scarcely seated on the throne when Oam-\\nbyses arrived before Pelusium, with all his forces. Pelusium was taken,\\na great battle fought near Memphis, Psammenitus put to death, and\\nEgypt became a Persian province, b. o. 525. Subsequently this\\ncountry fell under the power of the Macedonians, Romans, Saracens,\\nMamelukes, and, lastly, of the Turks; thus verifying the words of\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i2. What farther can you state of Apries? 43. Who Invaded Egypt aX\\nVhat time? Hjw far did Nebuchadnezzar subdue the oounfryf Where is Syene? (See\\nmap No. 8.) What is said of Nebiichadiiezznrs devastation? Whom did he make hia\\ndeputy What is said of the condition of Etrypt during the reign of Amasis? Whom did\\nhe marry How did he manifest his favor to the Greeks? 44. How was the prosperity\\nAmasis disturbed? Give the story of the deception. Who was Psammenitus?\\n45. What battles were fought soon after Psam nenitas ascended the throne What\\nbecame of him? When did Egypt become a Persian province? Under what powen\\ndid it afterward fall What prophecy was verified", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "iJ. 0.626. FALLOPEGYPT. 3J\\nprophesy, Egypt sliall be the basest of kingdoms, and, there shall\\nbe no more a prince of the laud of Egypt.\\nR\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abd \u00c2\u00a3z. xjdz. 10, l^ and xxz. 1 8\\nNote. The history of Egypt written by Manetho, a priest of Sebennytiis, (a town on\\nthe Delta), which was founded, on the official archives preserved in the temples, has been\\nlost. A few fragments only remain together with a list of all the kings who reigned in\\nEgypt down to the time of Alexander. This list Manetho divided in dynasties, and\\nrecorded for the most part the names of the kings, the length of each reign, and the\\nduration of the dynasty. The following extract is from Mariette whose researches in the\\nMuseum at Cairo deservedly places his name among the foremost of Egyptologers\\nEvery one must be struck with the enormous total of years (b. c. 5004-332) to which\\nthe duration of the dynasties of Manetho amounts. The hsts of the Egyptian i^riest, in\\nfact, carry us back to times which are mythical among all other people, but which ai-e\\nin Egypt certainly already historical. Embarrassed by this fact, and, moreover, unable\\nin any way to cast a doubt on the authenticity and veracity of Manetho, some modern\\nauthors have supposed that Egypt had been at some periods of its history divided into\\nmore than one kingdom, and that Mauetho had represented, as successive, dynasties which\\nwere already contemporaneous. According to them, the fifth dynasty, for example, was\\nreigning at Elephantine at the same time that the sixth was enthroned at Memphis.\\nThe convenience of this system, for certain combinations fixed at leisure and in view of\\npreconceived ideas, need not be pointed oiit. By reconciling some dates and correcting\\nothers, we may, by an ingenious and even scientific arrangement of dynasties, contract\\nalmost as we wish the length of the lists of Manetho. It is in this way, that some\\nplace the foundation of the Egyistian monarchy in the year 5004 before our era, other\\nauthors, such as Bunsen, place the same event only as far back as the yeaa 3623.\\nOn which side lies the truth The larger amount of study given to the subject, the\\ngreater is the diflaculty of answering. The greatest of all obstacles in the way of\\nestablishing a regular Egyptian chronology is the fact that the Egyptian themselves\\nnever had any chronology at all. The use of a fixed era was unknown, and it has never\\nyet been proved that they had any other reckoning than the years of the reigning\\nmonarch. Now these years themselves had no fixed starting point, for sometimes they\\nbegan from the commencement of the year in which the preceeding king died, and\\nsometimes from the day of the coronation of the king. However precise these calcula-\\ntions naay appear to be, modern science must always fail in its attempts to restore what\\nthe Egyptians never possessed. In the midst of these doubts, the course which seems\\nthe most prudent and scientific, the least likely to be a departure from truth, is to accept\\nas they stand in the list of Manetho. It would certainly be contrary to established facts\\nto pretend that from the days of Menes to the Greek conquest Egypt always formed\\none united kingdom and it is possible that unexpected discoveries may one day prove\\nthat throiTghout nearly the whole dm-ation of this vast empire there were even more\\ncollateral dynasties than the partisans of that system now contend for. But everything\\nshows us that the work of elimination has already been performed on the lists of\\nManetho, in the state in which they have reached us. The contemporaneous dynasties\\nManetho has thrown out, and admitted those only whom he regarded as legitimate, and\\nhis lists contain no others. The scholars who have attempted to compress the dates\\ngiven by Manetho have never yet been able to produce one single monument to prove\\nthat two dynasties named in his lists as successive were contemporaneous. On the\\ncontrary, there are superabundant monumental proofs collected by very many Egypto-\\nlogers, to convince us that all the royal races enumerated by the Sebennytic priest\\n.thirty-one in all) occupied the throne in succession.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "PERSIA.\\nSECTION III.\\n1. Thb monarchical form of government follows most natnrallj\\n:pon that state of society in which a strong-minded, ambitious m n,\\nfrom being head of a family, comes to be chief of his relatives, and\\nleader of a tribe. Accordingly we find that all the early governments\\nwere monarchies. Among the Persians the prince was styled, Th^\\ngreat king, the king of kings. The crown was hereditary, but sub-\\nject to the will of the father rather than to the law of primogeniture.\\n2. The young heir was never committed entirely to the care of a\\ncurse, but persons of distinguished merit were chosen to take charge\\nof hih health and manners. At seven lie was put into the hands of\\ncom])etent masters, who taught him to ride on horseback, to draw\\nthe bow, throw the lance, and engage in other athletic exercises. At\\n14, four of the wisest and most virtuous men in the state were\\nappointed his preceptors. They taught him the religion of Zoroaster,\\nthe principles of government, the administration of justice, and the\\nbearing of a king. When he ascended the throne, seven coauselers,\\nchief lords of the nation, were appointed to assist him by their abili-\\nties and experience. Public registers were kept, in which all the\\nedicts of the king were recorded, together with all the privileges\\ngranted to the people, or benefits conferred upon individuals, for serv-\\ning the state.\\nRead Esther 1. 14 and 11. 23 also vl. 1. For king, read Ezra vH. 12,\\n3. The Persians thought it reasonable to put the good as well as\\nthe evil into the scales of justice, so that one single crime should not\\ndestroy the reputation of a man habitually just and upright. No\\nperson was condemned without being brought face to face with hia\\naccuser, and having time allowed him to gain an impartial decision.\\nIf the accused proved innocent, the accuser suffered the punishment\\nin hia stead. Tlie empire was divided into 127 provinces, the govern-\\nPbrstjl\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Questions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 h Where is Persia (See map No. 3.) Of what is a monarchicsil forn;\\nof government the natural result? Whnt do we accordingly find What title did the Per\\nsians give to their j.rincof 2. What was the custom with reference tu the prince? WlU\\nreference to the pablie reg^istera Wi\u00c2\u00a3h reforenc\u00c2\u00ab p\u00c2\u00abrsop a.ocased of crime", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "ARTS, REVEND-E8, AND RELIGION. 33\\nors of which were called satraps, who inflicted capital punishment in\\nthe same manner as kings. Of these satraps the king took cognizance\\nin person and an oflicer of his household was appointed, to repeat to\\nhim every morning when he waked, Rise, sir, and think of dis-\\ncharging the duiies for which Oromasdes has placed you upon the\\ntlrone.\\n4. The Medes and Persians were originally a pastoral people, biU\\nafter the establishment of their monarchy, they paid great attentic n\\nk) agriculture and manufactures. Their fields produced every neces-\\neary, and their gardens abounded in the choicest fruits and sweetest\\nflowers. Median vestments, woven of fine wool, and dyed in the\\ngayest colors, were held in the highest esteem, even by the Greeks.\\nIn order to receive certain intelligence of the aflairs of the provinces,\\na high road, on which distances were regularly marked, connecwil\\nthe western coast with the seat of government and along this road\\ncouriers, trained to extraordinary speed, traveled without intermission\\nin the king s name.\\n6. The revenues of the Persian king consisted partly of moneys\\n(chiefly gold raised by taxes), and partly of an annual levy of corn,\\nhorses, camels, or whatever the province afforded. In the days of\\nPersian power, the satrap of Armenia sent regularly every year 20,000\\nyoung colts to the king. Certain cantons were set apart for furnishing\\nthe queen s wardrobe, and were named according to the article they\\nsupplied: one being called the queen s girdle; another, the queen s\\nvail, c. The Persians served in the army from the age of 20 to 50,\\nand it was esteemed a crime to desire exemption from military duty.\\nThe king s guard consisted of a bodyot 10,000 men, called the Immor-\\ntal Band, because when one died his place was immediately filled by\\nanother noble, so that the number should be always complete.\\nRead Esther vli. 10; and 1. 1, 6; and viii 8. 10.\\n6. The Persians adored the Sun, and bowed with tlioir faces to the\\n^ast, with reverential delight, when he appeared above the horizon.\\ni splendid chariot was dedicated to him and the Steed of the Sun,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2itravagantly caparisoned, formed an important part of every grand\\nprocession. As an emanation from the god of day, or as an emblem\\nof the deity, they paid particular honors to fire, always invoking it\\n(Questions. 3. Of Satraps? 4. What is said In relation to tho early occupation. of the\\nMedes and Persians? _ What method of conveying intellisieuce was used? 5. Of wh.it dU*\\nthe Persian king s revenues consist? What is said of the oomposition of the Persian army\\nOf the king s guard? 0. What iu said of the Persian a adorstlon of the sun? Thsii\\n*dunilioa of firo f", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "34 PERSIA.\\nfirst in their sacrifices. The Sacred Fire was intrusted to the keeping\\nof the Magi, who were originally one of the seven Median tribes. The\\npriesthood descended from father to son, and no stranger could be\\ninstructed in the mysteries of their religion without the king s per-\\nmission. They erected neither statues, temples, nor altars to their\\ng :\u00c2\u00bbds, but offered their sacrifices in the open air, on hill-t5t\u00c2\u00bbps, or in\\nhigh pla.;es.\\n7. Zoroaster is generally believed to have been the founder of the\\nsect called the Magi, in the time of Cyrus the Great. He first mide\\nliis appearance at Xis, a town of Media, and improving upon the ancient\\ndoctrines of the Magian tribe, brought their religious tenets into a\\nmore consistent form. He erected a temple where he kept a fire,\\nwhich he said came directly from heaven. This was distributed through\\nthe kingdom, and maintained by the priests with the greatest care.\\nThey watched it day and night, fed it with wood stripped of the bark,\\nand never blowed it with their breath for fear of polluting it. Zoro-\\naster taught that there are two grand principles; the one, the cause\\nof all good the other, the cause of all evil the former, represented\\nby light the latter, by darkness.\\n8. The good spirit he called Oromasdes, and the evil, Ahrinianes.\\nWhen the Persians besought blessings for themselves, they presented\\ntheir petitions to Oromasdes when they invoked evil upon their ene-\\nmies, they addressed Arimanius. Some held that both these gods\\nwere eternal others, that only the benevolent being was eternal, and\\nthe malevolent created but all agreed that there would be a continual\\nstrife between the two till the end of time, and then, a final restitution\\nof all things being made. Oromasdes would reign in an elysium with\\nall the good, andAhrimanes be confined to a world of darkness, w llh\\nall the evil who had followed his counsels on earth.\\nS. Polygamy prevailed among the Persians. The king had a sera\\ngVio, and the nobles followed his example. But though the women\\nware guarded with the most jealous care, shut up in separate apart-\\nments at home, and never suffered to go abroad without being closely\\nvailed, yet the virtue of chastity was very rare. To recount the\\nintrigues of the Persian court would disgrace the pages of history.\\nIhej considered the burning of the dead as a great indignity. It was\\ntheir custom to wrap the body in wax, and lay it in a sepulchre but\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 6. Of the succession of the priesthood? How were the sacrifices otfered!\\nT. What is believed with reference to Zoroaster? What did he do? What did he teach I\\n8. What did he call the good spirit? The evil spirit? How did the Persians discriml\\nnt.tQ in their petitionaf WliAt opinions were held iu reference to the two spirits or godB\\n9. Wh*t is said in referea\u00c2\u00abe to poljrgamy i Burning the dead i", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "B.a710.J MEDIAN DTNASTY FOUNDED. 35\\nCyrus commanded hia children to restore his body to the earth from\\nwhich it was formed.\\n10. B. 0. 2300. Elam, son of Shera, and brother of that Asshur\\nwho founded Nineveh, is supposed to have been the progenitor of the\\nPersians, whence they were called Elaraites. b. c. 2000 In the time\\nof Abraham, Chedorlaomer, king of ELam, assisted by three confederate\\nprinces, made war upon the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah, subdued\\nthem, and made them tributary 12 years. No further mention is made\\nof Persia till it comes into notice as a province of Media, 1400 years\\nafter.\\nRead Gen. x. 22 Is. xxl. 2, and Acts il. 9 also Gen. xlv. 1-16.\\n11. B. 0. 8 JO. It is interesting to trace the progress of a people\\nfrom a rude and savage state, in which they subsist upon the spontaneous\\nfruits of the ground, through all the various stages of civilization, till\\nthey gain a name and a place among the nations of the earth. In\\nthe history of Assyria, we have seen that Arbaces, satrap of Media,\\nwas one of the conspirators who dismembered the first Assyrian em-\\npire. The Medes then existed in separate tribes, and if Arbacep\\nincorporated them with the second Assyrian empire, no mention of it\\nis made in history. Some time after, Dejoces, a judge of great probity,\\nbecame so cfistinguished in his own district, that people came from\\na distance to appeal to his- judgment. Encouraged by his popularity,\\nhe formed the design of being king, and pretending disgust with the\\nfatigues of office, retired from business.\\n12. Lawlessness and iniquity thereupon increased, until, an assembly\\nof the Medes being summoned, the friends of Dejoces represented that\\nthe only means of curing these disorders would be to elect a king.\\nThis opinion was generally approved, and then they unanimously\\nagreed that there was not in all Media a man so capable of holding\\nthe reins of government as Dejoces. He was accordingly elected\\ntheir king, b. c. 708. When Dejoces ascended the throne, he deter-\\nCiiined to surround himself with all those external marks of dignity\\nc-alculated to inspire awe and command respect. He obliged hia\\npeople to build him a magnificent palace, and chose the noblest of his\\nsubjects for his body-guard. The city of Ecbatana, of which his\\npalace was the center, and chief ornament, is thus described by Hero-\\ndotus\\nQueaHoni.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 10. What is said of Elam What is known of Persia during the three fol\\nlowing centuries f What took place during the time of Abraham In what century did\\nthat take place? When is Persia again noticed? 11. Who was Arbaces? What is said ol\\nDejoces as a judge 12. How did he manage to be made king? When was he elected!\\nWhat did he then determine upon f What did he compel his i eople to do", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "S^ PERSIA. [B. 0. 633\\n13. The Medes, m obedience to their king s command, built those\\nspacious and massy fortifications now called Ecbatana, circle within\\ncircle, according to the following plan Each innci circle overtops its\\nouter neighbor, by the height of the battlements alone. This was\\netFectod partly by the nature of the ground, a conical liill, and partly\\nby the building itself. The number of circles was seven. Tlie cir-\\ncumference of the outermost wall, is nearly the same as that of Athens.\\nThe battlements of the first circle are white of the second, black\\nof the third, scarlet of the fourth, azure of the fifth, orange all\\ncolored \\\\t ith the most brilliant paints. But the battlements of the\\nsixth are silvered over, and the seventh shines with gold.\\n14. B. o. 3^5. Dejoces spent most of his time in polishing and\\nrefining his subjects, lie kept himself secluded from public view, and\\nestablished the most severe etiquette in the palace. No courtier was\\nallowed to laugh or spit in his presence, and all officers of state ap-\\nproached him with the greatest ceremony. He reigned 53 years.\\nB, c. 655. Phraortes, son of Dejoces, then ascended the throne. Ho\\nwas ambitious of extending his dominions, and succeeded so far as to\\nbring the barbarous ti ibes of the Persians into subjection, and, having\\nenlisted the vanquished sokliers into his army, pushed l^is conquests\\ninto Upper Asia.\\n15. The Assyrians still considered the Medians as a tributary people,\\nand Nabuchadnezzar, tlieir king, being engaged in a war, summoned\\nPhraortes to assist him with troops. Phraortes treated the demand\\nwith contempt and Nabuchadnezzar, greatly enraged, swore by his\\nthrone and his reign, that he would sweep the Medes from the earth\\nwith the besom of destruction, A battle was fought between the\\nAssyrians and Medes, which proved fatal to Phraortes. He sought\\nsafety in flight. Nabuchadnezzar pursued his course, penetrated into\\nMedia, took the beautiful city of Ecbatana, gave it up to pillage, and\\nstripped it of all its ornaments He then hunted Phraortes like a hart\\nin the mountains, and, having taken him prisoner, caused iiim to be\\nset up as a target for his bowmen, in which cruel manner he expired,\\n16. B. o. 633. Oyaxares. This prince succeeded to the throne of\\nMedia, filled with a determination to avenge his father s death, and\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IZ. Describe Ecbatana. Where was Ecbatana? (See map No. 1.) What\\nIs it now called? Ans. Ilamadan. What is shown there? Ans. The tombs of Mordecai\\nand Esther. What city is now near where Ecbatana stood? Ans. Ispahan. 14. How\\nlong did Dejoces reisrn What is said of his course as king? By whom was he sue\\nceeded? When did Phraortes become kin j? Where did he go 15. What quarrel did he\\ntinvt With what result Uelate the manner of Phraortes s death 16. Who was Cj ai\\na.r\u00c2\u00absr", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "i. 0. 653.J EFFECTS OF AN ECLIPSE. 37\\nrepay the injury done to Ecbatana. Accordingly, having made th\u00c2\u00ab\\nrequisite pre])arutions, he invaded Assyria He was victorious in the\\nfirst engagement, and was pressing on to attack Nineveh, when he\\nwas called home to repel the Scythians, a non-iadic horde, who, pour-\\ning down from their native wilds, were now passing tlirough Media.\\nHe hastened to meet them, but met them to his cost. Tiie Scythian\u00c2\u00a7\\ndefeated him and, preferring Media to their own country, conc aded\\nto settle there. For 2S years these barbarians maintained tlieir posi\\ntion, notwithstandin-T all the efforts of Cyaxares to dislodge them.\\nThey still adhered to their predatory habits but though they wandered\\nto neighboring countries for pasturage or pillage, they always returned\\nto Media as their home.\\n17. The Medes, at length, worn out with the enormities of their\\nunwelcome guests, resorted to a stratagem to free themselves. A\\ngeneral feast was proclaimed throughout Media, to which each master\\nof a family invited as many Scythians as he could entertain. The\\nevening passed in festivity, and the barbarians were plied with wine\\ntill they sunk into the deep and helpless sleep of intoxication. The\\nmassacre then commenced, and so faithfully did the Medes carry out\\nthe intention of their king, that most of their tormentors never waked\\nagain. The few remaining Scythians fled to the king of Lydia, who\\nreceived them kindly, and espoused their quarrel. This of course\\ngave rise to a war between the Lydians and Medes.\\n18. After several years spent in mutual hostilities, the affair termi-\\nnated in a singular manner. Great preparations had been made for a\\ngeneral battle, but just as the two armies closed in the fight, an eclipse\\nof the sun spread darkness over the scene. The furious combatants\\npaused in the heat of the onset, and gazed in mute terror at the heav-\\nens. A dark pall seemed to be hung over the sun, to signify the dis-\\npleasure of the gods. Both Lydians and Medes, ignorant of the true\\ncause of the phenomenon, and trembling at the fear of speedy judj;\\nments, hastened to ratify a peace. An alliance was formed between\\nthe contending parties, the daughter of the Lydian king was aflBanced\\nto Astyages, son of Cyaxares, and the two monarchs, to render the\\ncontract binding, opened a vein in their arms and licked each other s\\nblood.\\nQuestions. 16. Upon what did he determine? How much did he accomplish? How wae\\nhe diverted from his purpose? What then occurred? What conclusion did the Scythians\\nthen come to? How long did they remain in Media? 17. IIow did the Medes at last get rid\\nof them? How was a war between the Lydians and Medea caused? 18. How did Um\\nQoou affect the for tones of Cyaxares", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "38 PERSIA. a 593.\\n19. Oyaxares, tins, relieved from his Scythian foes, returned to his\\nfavorite project of humbliug Nineveh. Nabopolassar, general of the\\nBabylonian array, disgusted with the weak rule of Saracus, joined him\\nin besieging tliis great city. In this siege were fulfilled the terrible\\ndenunciations uttered by Nahum against the bloody city, whoso\\noppressioLs had crushed the people of God for so many years. Asty-\\nages, son of Oyaxares, was married to the sister of Croesus, king cif\\nLydia, according to the contract made during the eclipse. Aa HL\\noracle had dcchirod that his grandson should be greater tha he, he\\nmarried his only chiUl, Mandane, to Cambyses, a needy Persian prince,\\nlioping thereby to defeat the will of the gods.\\nRead the 2d chapter of Nahuin.\\n20. B. o. 398, In the year 593 b. c, Astyages had a son bom,\\nwhom he named after his father, Cyaxares. Cyrus, son of his daughter\\nMandane, was born one year after, and the history of these two\\nprinces will be given together. The Persians at this time consisted of\\ntwelve tribes, numbering about 20,000 men, and inhabiting a small\\nprovince, in what is now called Persia. By the wisdom and valor of\\nCyrus, the name and dominion of Persia afterward extended from\\nthe Indus to the Tigris, east and west, and from the Caspian Sea to\\nthe Ocean, north and south.\\n21. Cyrus s Youth. The system of education which we have\\npreviously delineated was rigidly adhered to in the youth of Cyrus.\\nThe only food allowed him and his companions was bread, cresses, and\\nwater. They were sent to school to learn virtue and justice, just aa\\nboys go now to learn the sciences. Speaking the truth was strenuously\\ninsisted upon, but the crime most severely punished in them was\\ningratitude. When Cyrus was twelve years old, his mother took him\\ninto Media to see his grandfather. The Persians at this time were far\\ninferior to the Medes in refinement, and Cyrus beheld with astonish-\\nment the shining battlements of Ecbatana, and the magnificent palaca\\nof the king.\\n22. The ancients, to set off the beauty of the face, used to fora\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 19. What was his next movement? Who was Nabopolassar? What c x,\\njoa say of the siege of Nineveh? What is ancient Scythia now called? Ana. Tartary\\nHow many children did Astyages have? Ans. It is supposed he had three Amyet, Mife\\nof Nebuchadnezzar, and mother of Evil-Merodach Mandane, mother of Cyrus and Cyax-\\nares IL The story of the oracle is not generally believed. 20. When was Cyaxares 11.\\nborn? When Cyrus? Of how many tribes did the Persians then consist? IIow many\\nmen What country did they occupy? How was the name and dominion of Persia after\\nward extended 21. What system was adopted in educating Cyrus? How did the Per\\nsians then compare with the Medes la refinement? 22. How did the ancients paint th\u00c2\u00abm\\noeWea?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 583.J EDUCATION OFCYRUS 39\\nthe eyebrows into perfect arches by coloring them black. They\\ntinged the lashes likewise with a drug of the same hue, which also pos\\nsessed an astringent quality, and by drawing up the lid, made the eye\\nappear larger and more brilliant. When Gyrus saw Astyages painted\\nin this manner, with his purple coat, necklaces, and other ornaments,\\nhe went up and embraced him then, looking at him attentively, h\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\\nex jlaimed, O, mother, how handsome is my grandfather Astyages,\\npleased with the simplicity of the child, spared no pains to interest and\\n*muse him. lie was taught to ride, permitted to hunt in the park\\nvtilh the nobles, and magnificent entertainments were prepared for\\nhim but though Cyrus loved his exercises on horseback exceedingly,\\nhe looked with contempt upon the luxuries of the table, observing,\\nthat the Persians, instead of gomg such a round-about way to satisfy\\ntheir hunger, found that a little bread and cresses would answer the\\nsame purpose.\\n23. Perceiving that Astyages treated his cup-bearer with great\\nfavor, Cyrus begged the honor of being permitted to serve the wine.\\nThis being granted, he presented the goblet with such dignity and\\ngrace, that all present were charmed with his behavior. Astyages in-\\nquired why he omitted the important ceremony of tasting (for it was\\nthe duty of the cup-bearer to pour some of the liquor into his hand,\\nand taste it before presenting it to the king); because, said Cyrus,\\nI thought there was poison in the wine, for not long ago, at an en-\\ntertainment you gave to the lords of your court, after the guests had\\ndrunk a little of it, I perceived that their heads were all turned; they\\ntalked they knew not what, then fell to singing very ridiculously, and\\nyou yourself seemed to have forgotten that you were a king, and that\\nthey were your subjects. History is silent with respect to the effect\\nof this temperance lecture. When Mandane was preparing to return\\nhome, Astyages requested that his grandson might stay with him;\\nind Cyrus, expressing a desire to perfect himself in the art of riding,\\n*9s permitted to remain there several years.\\n24. B. o. 583. Cyrus s Fikst Expedition. When Cyrus was about\\njjxteen years old, Evil-Merodach, prince of Assyria, was married; and,\\nto celebrate his nuptials, made a great hunting inatcl. on the borders\\nof Media. All the nobles of his court attended him, together with a\\nbody of light-armed foot, to rouse the beasts from their thickets but\\nQuestion*.~2i. What Is said of the meeting hetween Cyrus and Astyages T 23. Eelal*\\nthe circumstances In relation to the serving of the w ne by Gyrus. 24. Who was EvK\\nMerodsch (See also Assyria, 27th paragraph.)", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "4-0 PERSIA [B. a 660\\nulien ip arrived in sight of the Median garrisons, he thonght it would\\nbe a greater exploit to plunder them, than to carry home the antlera\\nof stags, or the skins of bears and lions. Notice being given to Asty-\\nages that the enemy were in the country, he speedily gathered toge-\\nther what forces lie could, and marched to meet them.\\n25. On this occasion, Cyrus, completely clad in a new suit of\\narraoi which his grandfather hud caused to be made for him, mounted\\nbis horse, and followed the troops. Astyages wondered by whose\\ncommand Le came, but permitted him to remain and Cyrus, perceiv-\\ning a body of plunderers making off with their booty, s{)urred upon\\nthem with his uncle, Cyaxares, and put them to flight. After the\\nenemy were completely routed, he would not retire with the rest, but\\ngalloped round the deserted field, viewing the slain, till he was almost\\ndragged away by those sent for him. His praise was then in every\\nmouth, and to him was ascribed all the glory of the action.\\n26. B. 0. 582. Cyrus Returns IIomk. Cambyses, hearing of his\\nson s exploit, sent for him home, that he might complete his education\\naccording to the institutions of Persia. Astyages, having presented\\nhim with horses, and whatever else he delighted in, sent him away.\\nGreat multitudes attended him part of the way on horseback, boys,\\nyouth, and men. They shed many tears at parting, and Cyrus pre-\\nsented to his companions all those little gifts which he had received\\nfrom Astyages, and at last, taking off his Median robe, he gave it to\\nAraspes, a youth whom he loved most tenderly. Astyages never saw\\nhim again, for Cyrus remained in Persia till his grandfather died, and\\ntiis uncle, Cyaxares, began to reign.\\n27. B. 0. 560. Nereglissar, king of Assyria, having overthrown\\nmany of the neighboring nations, considered the Medes as the only\\nobstacle to his universal domitiiou. lieing of a warlike disposition, he\\nt ummoned all his subjects to take up arms, and sending messengers to\\nCroesus, king of Lydia, and other sovereigns, representing the rising\\npower of the Medes in the most odious light, he entreated them to\\nunite with him in overthrowing them. Cyaxares, on his part, scl.\\nembassadors to all his friends for speedy help, and entreated his bro-\\nther-in-law, Cambyses, to dispatch Cyrus to his assistance, with all\\nthe forces he could muster.\\n28. Cyrus s Second Expedition. Cambyses, having chosen\\nQuestions, 24 How was a battle between him and Astyages Droueht abont? 25. What\\nMcoant can you give of the battle 26. Give an account of Cyris s return home. 27. Who\\nvas Nereglissar? Why did he wish to overthrow the Medes f What defensive moa?UJr\u00c2\u00a9\u00c2\u00ab\\n4id Cyaxares adopt? 28. How did Cambyses respond?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "8. 0. 660.] WAR WITH ASSYRIA. 4l\\n10,000 archers, 10,000 targeteers, and 10,000 slingers, submitted them\\nto the discipliue of his sou for a time; aud, vvheu all was ready, set off\\nwith him for the borders of Media. By the way, he discoursed with\\nhim upon the business of au otiicer, the care of supplies, tl e manner\\nof encampment, and the necessity of inspiring his soldiers witn confi-\\ndence in his abilities. But what shall a man do, said Cyrus, to\\nappear more skillful aud expert than others? He must really heso,^\\nreplied Oambyses; and in order to be so, he nmst apply himself\\nclosely, and study diligently what the most able and experieuced have\\nsaid, and, above all, he must have recourse to the protection of the\\ngods, from whom alone we derive ail our wisdom and all our success.\\n29. Discoursing in this manner, they arrived upon the confines of\\ntlie two kingdoms, where they made their supplications to the gods,\\nand having embraced each other, the father returned to Persia, and\\nOyrus marched on into Media to Oyaxares. While the two princes\\nwere conferring together upon the discipline of their forces, and the\\nprobable number of allies they could bring into the field, embassadors\\narrived from the king of India, to inquire into the cause of the quarrel\\nbetween the Medes and Assyrians. They said they were commanded\\nto proceed thence to the court of Babylon, and make the same demand\\nof Nereglissar, and that their master had determined to espouse the\\ncause of the injured. Oyaxares then said, You hear me declare that\\nwe have done no injury to the Assyrians, and if he declares that we\\nhave, we choose the king of India himself to be our judge. With\\nthis answer the embassadors departed.\\n30. Both parties were employed three years in forming alliances\\nand making prei)arations for war. When Oyrus had all things in\\nreadiness, he proi)Osed to lead his arm) into Assyria, telling his uncle\\nthat he thought it better for the troops to eat up the enemy s country\\nthan their own, and that so bold a ste[) would inspire them with\\nvalor. This course was determined upon, and the troops being drawn\\nup in order of march, Oyrus invoked the wisdom and favor of the\\ngods, beseeching them to smile upon the expedition in which they\\nwere engaged. WTien they reached the confines of Assyria, Cyrus\\nagain drew up his army, and paid homage to the gods of the country\\napon which they had entered, and tlien dividing his forces into differ-\\nent detachments, he sent them out different ways to plunder the vil-\\nlages of the enemy.\\nQue8ti(m\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u00942S. Relate the conversation between him and. Cyrus. 29. IIow did the\\nking f India un.leruke to Interfere? What reply did CyaJtares make? 80. Whatbol*\\nlursa was deterTr c ?d upon f", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "42 PERSIA. f B. 0. 560\\n31. Otbus s First Battle.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The nex day they came in sight of ths\\nenemy, encamped in the open country, and intrenched with a deep\\nditch. Cyrus, beholding the multitudes which filled the plain, was\\nglad to avail himself of several hills to conceal the small number of\\nhis troops. The next morning the Assyrians moved out of their in-\\ntrenchments, and before the Persians had time to come up, greeted\\nthem with a hail-storm of arrows, stones, and javelins; but when the\\nbattle was joined, the superiority of Cyrus s men became evident.\\nThey broke the Assyrian and Lydian battalions, and the Median\\ncavalry coming up at the same moment, the enemy thought )nly of\\nmaking good their retreat. The panic became general, Croesus retired,\\nthe other allies followed his example, and Nereglissar was slain.\\n32. Cyrus pursues the Fugitives. Cyrus, perceiving that without\\nthe destruction of the allies, the victory would not be complete, thought\\nbest to pursue them that night but to this Cyaxares was exceed-\\ningly averse, being desirous to enjoy the victory, and afraid of incur-\\nring any further fatigue. However, after much solicitation, he gave\\nCyrus permission to take as many of the Median cavalry as would be\\nwilling to follow him. A sufficient number were found not only wil-\\nling, but eager to engage in the pursuit, and after hasty refreshments\\nthey set olf at full speed. Toward morning they overtook the\\nenemy, put them to a final rout, slew the guardians of the camp, and\\nseized upon the treasures of the confederate kings. Here Cyrus took\\na great number of horses, which enabled him to accomplish one of his\\nfavorite desires, the formation of a body of Persian cavalry.\\n33. The Ilyrcanians also came over to the conquering side, and\\nthus the Persian army, instead of losing by the battle, was greatly re-\\nenforced. At sunrise, Cyrus called in the Magi, and desired them to\\nchoose out of the booty every thing that was most proper to be\\noffered to the gods. The remainder he delivered to the Medes an^l\\nHyrcanians, to be distributed to the whole army. When Cyaxares\\nawoke next morning from the fumes of his wine, he was greatly dis-\\npleased to find most of his army gone with his nephew. He dispatched\\nan officer to him, with orders to reproach him severely, and bring back\\nthe Medes. Cyrus, however, wrote him a respectful letter, and the\\naffair passed over.\\nQueaUons. 31. In what were the Aeeyrians superior? In what the army of Cyrus?\\nGive an account of Cyrus s first battle. Trace Cyrus from Persia to Media and Assyria\\n32. In what particulars did the characters of Cyaxares and Cyrus differ How was th .s.\\ndifference shown? 33. Where was Hyrcania (See map No. 8.) In which direction frono\\nMedia? Persia? Assyria? How was the Persian army increased What disposition o.\\nthe booty did Cyrus mak* What displeasure did Cyaxares evince How was he appeased", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 660.] THE PERSIANS RE-ENFOROBD. 48\\n34. Two Assyrian Noblemen join the Persians. While Cyrus\\nwas making the necessary arrangements to profit by all these successes,\\nnoble Assyrian, somewhat advanced in years, arrived on horseback,\\nattended by a train of servants, lie told Cyrus that he commanded a\\nstrong fortress, and had furnished the king with 1,000 horse, and that\\nNereglissar had sought to ally him to the royal family, by marrying\\nYAs daughter and son to the young prince and princess. But alas,\\n\u00c2\u00abaid he, my son, being sent for by the king, went out to hunt with\\nthe young prince and having pierced a lion with his spear, which\\nLaborosoai chod had just missed, the impious wretch stuck a javelin\\ninto his breast, and took away the life of my dear, my only son I\\n*rhen I, miserable man, brought him away a corpse instead of a bride-\\ngroom. My king joined with me in my affliction, but the prince has\\nQever testified any remorse, nor can I ever serve under him, or give\\nmy daughter to the murderer of her brother.\\n35. When Gobryas had finished his melancholy story, Cyrus gave\\nhim his hand, and promised, with the help of the gods, to avenge his\\ncause. The other nobleman, Gadates, had been ill-treated, merely\\nbecause one of the king s wives had called him handsome and burn-\\ning with revenge, he joined with Gobryas in a scheme to bring over\\nthe Oaducians to Cyrus. They were entirely successful, and the Per-\\nsian army was thus re-enforced by a strong fortress near Babylon, and\\na body of 30,000 men.\\n36. SusiAN Princess. Among the prisoners which they had taken\\nwas Panthea, wife of Abradates, prince of Susiana. As she was ex-\\nceedingly beautiful, she was placed in a costly tent, found also among\\nthe spoils, till Cyrus s pleasure should be known concerning her.\\nCyrus committed her to Araspes (the person to whom he gave the\\nMedian robe when a boy), but Araspes, not so much engaged in war as\\nhis master, fell violently in love with the handsome captive on this,\\nCyrus sent him away to the enemy, as if he had banished him but\\nwith secret instructions to act as a spy. Panthea, thinking that she\\nhad been the cause of trouble to her noble protector, sent Cyrus word\\nnot to be distressed at the loss of Araspes, for she could supply hia\\nplace with one equally brave and not long after, being sent to her\\nhusband, she persuaded him to come over to the side of the Persians,\\nwith all his forces.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 M. Why did Gobryas, an Assyrian nobleman, join Cyrus? 35. Why di J\\nGadates join him? Where did the diducians live Am. In Assyria. What aid did th\u00c2\u00ab\\nAssyrian noblemen bring to Cyrus? 36. Relate the story of the captive princess Pan\\nthea. What is the modern name of Susian*. An*. KurdisUn, Where wm SasUuu\\n[Bee map No. 8.)", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "44 PERSIA. fi.a5\\n37. Otetts s Mketinq with his Uncle. When Cyaxarea heard thai\\nCyrus waa returning re-enforced by the Hyrcanians, Caducians, and\\nSusians, he was filled with envy and when Cyrus, alighting from hia\\nhorse, came up to embrace him, he turned away his face, and burst\\ninto tears. The tender and respectful conduct oi* his nephew, however,\\nsoon softened him and many presents, with a splendid supper, re-\\nmoved all unkindness. The next day, a general assembly wai sam\\nmoned to take into consideration the propriety of carrying on the war^\\nand the majority of the allies being in favor of pressing LaborosoarchoJ\\nto the last extremity, it was decided to make all preparations for\\nanother campaign. From deserters and prisoners they learned that\\nthe king of Assyria had gone to Lydia, taking with him talents of gold\\nand silver, and presents of the most costly kind. The spies, too,\\nbrought in intelligence of the most alarming nature.\\n38. Like the messengers of evil tidings to Job, one courier seemed\\nto tread on the heels of another, with accounts of the formidable\\nalliances making by the Babylonians. The Indian envoys, who had\\nbeen to inquire the cause of the war, came back with an exact account\\nof those mighty preparations which agitated all Asia. They said the\\ncombined forces were assembling in Lydia; that the Tiiracians had\\nengaged themselves; that 120,000 men were marching from Egypt;\\nand another army was expected from Cyprus; that the Cilicians, the\\nPhrygians, the Paphlagonians, Cappadocians, Arabians, and ?Lojh\\ncians had already reached the rendezvous; that Croesus had nont\\nover to form a treaty with the Lacedemonians, and it was thought a\\ngreater army would be assembled at Thyrabra than was ever before\\nbrought into the field.\\n39. Cyrus marches to Lydia. Cyrus, on his part, spared no pains\\nto perfect the discipline of his troops, and to strengthen himsell by\\npowerful alliances. He knew all the officers of his array by name,\\nand was continually among the soldiers, endeavoring to inspire them\\nwith the zeal and ardor he himself felt. The king of India, satistleJ\\nthat the Assyrians were the aggressors, sent him a sum of money, anil\\npromised to stand his friend but beside the allies who bad before\\njoined him, he had no powerful princes to assist him. Not withstand\\niug the comparative inferiority of his forces, he determined again to\\ncarry the war into the enemy s country and, having left a part of the\\nQuestion*. -^1. What effect did the success of Cyrus have upon the mind .)f Cyaxiires\\nHow was the feeling removed What was done next day 38. What is said uf ttie me\u00c2\u00bb\\nsengers of evil tidings T What forces were in combination against Cyrus? 89. Wli\u00c2\u00bbt pr\u00c2\u00bb\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2rationa 4id Cyras make f What assistance did h\u00c2\u00ab reoeive f", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "B 554.J ARRANGEMENTS FOR BATTLE. 4fi\\nMedes with his uncle, set forward with his army on his third exp\u00c2\u00a7\\ndition.\\n40. When a short distance from Thjmbra they took some prisoners,\\nwho informed them that the Assyrians and their confederates, hearing\\n6f their approach, had been three days preparing for battle; and that\\nCrcjsus, assisted by a Greek and a certain Mede, were busy in drawing\\nup the soldiers with great exactness. At the mention of the Mede,\\nC ^ru3 as greatly rejoiced and not long after, Araspes (for it was\\n3) came to him, bringing an exact account of the disposition of the\\nnemy. As this is the first pitched battle of which we have a particu\\n.ar description, a delineation of it will be given at some length.\\n41. Marshaling of the Foroks. Cyrus s army consisted of 196,000\\njnen; Croesus s of 420,000. In addition to the regular infantry\\nand cavalry, Cyrus had three hundred chariots, each drawn by four\\nhorses abreast. The pole of each chariot was armed with two long\\npikes, to pierce whatever opposed its advance, and several rows of\\nsharp knives were placed at the back, to prevent the enemy from\\nmounting behind. At each axletree, horizontal scythes, three feet\\nlong, were fastened in such a manner as to mow down the ranks of the\\nenemy and still further to increase their power, short scythes were\\nfixed, point downward, under the chariot, to cut in pieces whatever\\nthe impetuous onset should overturn.\\n42. He had also a great number of towers mounted on wheels, each\\ndrawn by sixteen oxen. Each tower held twenty men, whose busi-\\nness it was to discharge stones and javelins upon the enemy. A body\\nof camels, each trained to fight, with two Arabian archers on his back,\\nwas stationed opposite the Lydian cavalry, because a horse will fly\\nfrom the presence of a camel. Croesus s troops were ranged in order\\nof battle, thirty deep. The infantry filled the center, and the cavalry,\\nwith which he meant to surround the Persians, was stationed upon\\nthe wings. His army, thus drawn out in line, extended nearly five\\nmiles. Cyrus, in order to make as broad a front as possible, placed\\nhis infantry only twelve deep, and his cavalry in the same manner upon\\nthe wings, and then his army fell short of that of Croesus half a milt\\nAt each end.\\n43. First in the line of infantry came the spearmen next, the arch\\ners and still a third body, to sustain or threaten those who gav^e\\nOuestions. 40. Where was ThyiiibraT (See map No. 2.) What informal ou did Cyrus\\nget from some prisoners? What caused Cyrus to rejoice? 41. What was t lf jtrtngth oi\\nthe respectiye armies? What is said of Cyrus s chariots 42. Of his tower How wer\u00c2\u00ab\\nUte troops of the rMpeotiro armies ranged? 43. Bow did Cyrus further arrsii^e Uia oroet", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "16\\nPfiRSlA.\\nTb. 0. 554\\nway to kill traitors, and keep cowards in their places and behind\\nthera came the moving towers, so high that the soldiers in tbera dib-\\ncharged their slings and javelins above the heads of the advance Per-\\nsiaLs and to prevent all possibility of retreat, a row of baggage waa\\nplaced behind them, and the lines filled up with infantry and camels,\\n80 that the enemy would be obliged to take a long circuit to surround\\nthem, and then would be impeded by wagons, boxes, tent-poles, and\\nall the paraphernalia of a camp. The scythe-armed chariots wer\\nseparated into three divisions; the one commanded by Abradatt;s,\\nplaced in front of the battle, and the other two upon the flanks:\\nCAVALRY.\\nCaukls.\\nCavalbt\\n100\\nChariots.\\nArchers.\\n8 L I N G E K 8\\nSpearmen.\\nSpearmen\\nSolid battalion\\nof\\nEgyptians\\nThirty\\nmen each way.\\nSlinoers.\\nArchers.\\nCamp Furniture.\\n100\\nChariots.\\nSpearmen,\\n3 deep.\\nArchers,\\n3 deep.\\n8d Body.\\nTowers.\\nArchers, ten\\ndeep.\\nSiingers, ten\\ndeep.\\nSpearmen,\\nten deep.\\nSpearmen.\\nCAVALRY.\\nSlingers.\\nArchers.\\nCavalry.\\nCamels.\\n100\\nChariots.\\nCamp Furniture.\\nFrom this imperfect sketch, an idea may be formed of the position\\nof the troops as they were drawn out the day before the engagement.\\n44. Battle of TnYMBRA. Early in the morning, Cyrus made a\\nsacrifice; and the soldiers, having taken some refreshment, and poured\\nout libations to the gods, arrayed themselves in their armor of bur-\\nnished brass, and took their places in the ranks. Panthea had made a\\nrobe for Abradates, and she put it on him with her own hands. She\\nbound on his golden helmet and arm-pieces, the tears all the while\\nstreaming down her cheeks, though she besought hira to prove to\\nCyrus thftt he was worthy of the confidence reposed in him. Abra-\\ndates, lifting his eyes to heaven, prayed that he might appear a hug-\\nhand worthy of Panthea, and a friend worthy of Cyrus then mounting\\nhis chariot, he bade her farewell, and never saw her more 1 1 he Per-\\nsian standard was a golden eagle perched upon a pike, with its winga\\nstretched out, and Cyrus warned his soldiers to take care of that, and\\nmove forward without breaking their ranks.\\n45. When Croesus discovered how much superior his own forces\\nweie to those of Cyrus, he ordered his front to remain firm, while the\\nQx-esUone. 44. What -was done early on the morning of the battle? Bf what name M\\nthe lattle known? What aid did Panthea give? 45. Give an account of the beglnniag ol\\nine tatUe.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "C. 554] THE BATTLE OF TETMBRA. 47\\nwiugs advanced to inclose the Persians, and join the battle on three\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ides at once. But at this, Cyrus s wings faced round, and stood thus\\noboistjs b.\\nOTBUS S.\\nwaiting in breathless silence for the event. At once loud and clear\\nrose the voice -jf their leader, chanting the battle hymn. A respon-\\nsive shout burst from the soldiers, and with invocations to the god oi\\nwar they ruFhed on to the charge. The wings were first engaged\\ntlie cavalry of the enemy began to give way before the camels, and\\nthe chariot.4 falling furiously into the mele6, the rout became general.\\n46. Abradates, who had been waiting for this signal, now com-\\nmenced the attack in front; but here the Egyptians maintained their\\nground not only, but overturned tlie chariots, slew Abradates, and\\ndrove the Persian infantry as far back as the fourth line; but there\\nsuch a tremendous storm of arrows and javelins fell upon their heads\\nfrom the rolling towers as caused them to waver in their ranks, and\\nat the same instant Cyrus, coming up at the head of his victorious\\ncavalry, attacked them on the rear. Advance or retreat was now\\nimpossible; but the Egyptians, turning upon their new assailants,\\ndefended themselves with incredible bravery. Cyrus himself was in\\ngreat danger. His horse having been stabbed by a fallen foe, sank\\nnnder him, and he was precipitated into the midst of his enemies.\\nOflBcers and men, equally alarmed at thedanger of their leader, rushed\\nheadlong into the thick forest of pikes to his rescue. He was quickly\\nremounted, and, his men rallying round him, the battle became more\\nbloody than ever.\\n47. Concerned at the destruction of so many brave men, Cyrus\\nfinally ofifered them honorable terms of capitulation, and the Egyptians\\nhaving surrendered, all hope of retrieving the day was gone. The\\nbattle lasted till evening. Croesus retreated as fast as possible to\\nSardis, and the other kings followed his example, each taking up the\\nline of march for his own country. As soon as the confusion had in\\nsome measure subsided, Cyrus inquired of the officers assembled about\\nQuestions. 46. Give a further account of the battle. 47. What capitulation was offered\\nand accepted What allies of the Assyrians fought most b-nvely To what place di^\\nCrceans re treatf In whicb -direction la Sardis troni Thymbra T (See map No. 2.)", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "48 PERSIA. [B. a 551\\ntiim for Abradates, and one of the servants related his overthrow by\\nthe Egyptians. No sooner had Cyrus heard of his death tlian he\\nleaped to his saddle and set off in search of him.\\n48. On the bank of the river Pactolus sat the wretched Panthea,\\nwith the head of her husband on her knees she was bathing his ri e\\nface with lier tears, while, with an air of distraction, she watched her\\nservants digging his grave upon a little hill close by Cyrus came up,\\n5vith his attendants, bringing sweet odors, ornaments, and every thing\\nproper for the burial but Panthea seemed incapable of receiving con\\nsolation. She sent them all away till she should require their assist-\\nance, and then, having exacted a promise from her nurse to wrap her\\nbody in the same robe with her husband, she tlirust a sword into her\\nbosom, and, laying her head upon his breast, expired. They were\\nwrapped in one mantle, and laid in one grave the brave Abradates\\nand his loving wife; and Cyrus caused a mound to be raised over them,\\nwhich continued till the days of Xenophon.\\n49. Taking of Sardis and Crcesus. The next day he advanced\\nupon Sardis, and made great preparation for taking it by storm but\\na Persian slave betrayed to him a private entrance into the citadel, so\\nthat he secured possession of it without bloodshed. He took Croesus\\nprisoner, and, according to the custom of the times, prepared to burn\\nhim. When the pile was lighted, the fallen monarch exclaimed, three\\ntimes, O, Solon Solon! Solon! Struck with the accent, Cyrus\\nordered him to be unbound and brought before him. Upon inquiring\\nthe cause of this peculiar exclamation, he learned that Solon, an Athe-\\nnian philosopher, had seen all the monarch s treasures, and yet had\\nrefused to call him happy, because he did not know what sad reverses\\nmight yet befall him. Thus forcibly reminded of the fickleness of\\nfortune, Cyrus pardoned the king for the sake of the instruction con-\\nveyed by the pliilosopher, and over after Croesus was his friend.\\n50. Cykus goes to Babylon. As this war belonged in reality to\\nthe Assyrians, Cyrus thought it not terminated so long as Babylon\\nleld its supremacy among the nations. So, calling all his troops\\ntogether, and ranging thee \\\\v the order cf march, he set off for that\\ngreat city which, since tlie fail of Nineveh, had been without a rival\\nin Asia. The first measure of Cyrus was to surround Babylon with\\nQuMtiova. 48. Relate the story of Abnidutes an.i I anthoa. Wliere is the river Pactolus?\\n(Soe mnp No. 2.) 49. Relate the drcuni-stances ..f the takini: of Sanlis ami Croesus. Oi\\nthe escape of Croesus from execution. What did Cyrus u witli Cnpsus Ans. He took\\nhsuj back to Persia with him, where he lived to be very Id. renowned for bis wisdom\\nand piety. 60. In -vhat diroctijs was Babylon from Sardis v (nre map No. 8.)", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "B. 0.554.] OTEUS THB CONQUEROR. 49\\nhis troops but so great was the extent of the walls, that his forces\\nseemed weak and contemptible when stretched over so large a space.\\nHe therefore called a council of war, and learning from Gobryas and\\nGadates the position of the palace, and the depth of the river, he\\nentered upon a work every way worthy of his great genius and indom-\\nitable perseverance. He drew a line of circumvallation quite round\\nthe city iftlth a large deep trench, as though he intended to invest the\\njlace and reduce it by famine; but as the besieged had provisions for\\ntwenty years, they ridiculed the idea of his taking up his abode there\\ntill they were starved into surrender.\\n61. For two years his troops labored upon the vast excavation, and\\nwhen it was found capacious enough to drain the Euphrates, together\\nwith the artificial lake dug by Nebuchadnezzar, he gave orders, on the\\nnight of a grand festival, to break down the dykes, and let the water\\nflow away from its accustomed channel. The bed of the river made\\nthe path for his troops, and, once in the city, Gobrjas and Gadates\\nconducted them directly to the palace. In the confusion and clamor\\nof killing the guards, Belshazzar seized his sword and ran to the gates,\\nwhere he was immediately slain, and the two noblemen, amply avenged,\\ntook possession of the palace. Cyrus then sent a body of horse up\\nand down the streets, proclaiming safety to those who remained in\\ntheir houses, and thus, ere the sun again rose on Babylon, the king-\\ndom of Belshazzar was given to the Medes and Persians.\\nRead Jer. li. 11 Is. liii. 15, 22, 17; la. xlv. 1-4; Is. xxi. 2 aud Dan. v.\\n52. Cykus s Triumphal Pkocession. The next morning, those who\\nwere shut up in their houses, perceiving that their king was dead,\\ngave up their arms and submitted quietly to the Persian. When\\nCyrus found himself well established in the kingdom, he prepared to\\ntriumph in a manner proportioned to his success. Having called his\\nchief officers together, he gave them each a Median robe, that is, a\\nlong garment reaching to the feet, of the brightest colors, and richly\\nembroidered with gold and silver. To the inferior officers he also\\nIircsented robes of purple or scarlet. The next morning the army\\nassembled before sunrise, clad in the garments which had been pre-\\npared for them. Four thousand guards, drawn up four deep, ranged\\nthemselves in front of the palace, and 2,000 placed themselves in the\\nsame manner on ea(^h side. The armed cavalry and gilded chariots\\nweie also marshaled, half on one side and half on the other.\\nQuestions. f 0 How did Cyrus proceed against Babylon? 61. Give an accoort of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nsiege an*! taking of Babylon. Of the fate of Belshazzar. 52. What took place next moro\\niii^ t What pres jnts did Cynu in\u00c2\u00abv\u00c2\u00bb What display was then made", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "60 PBRSIA. B. a\\n53. When all was ready, the gates of the palace were thrown open,\\nand a great number of bulls of peculiar beauty were led out by four\\nand four, to be sacrificed to Jove next followed splendid horses, to\\nbe sacrificed to the sun then a cavalcade of chariots and horses, fol-\\nlowed by men bearing the Sacred Fire in a large hearth and then\\nCyrus appeared in his lofty car, with his purple robe flowing grace-\\nfully from his shoulders, and a vest of mingled purple and whit?\\nclosely fitted to his noble person. The royal tiara was placed uprighi\\nupon his head, encircled with the diadem of a conqueror.\\n64o At sight of him, the people prostrated themselves in adoration;\\nand then the guards, moving forward, made way for the coming of\\nthe officers of the king s household, the Immortal Band, the Median\\ncavalry, and the cavalry of the allies. The chariots of war marched\\nm the rear, and closed the procession. Simultaneously, and with\\nbeautiful precision, they moved to the fields consecrated to the goda,\\nwhere the victims were sacrificed in a solemn holocaust to Jupiter and\\nthe sun aftei which, offerings were made to the earth and to the\\ndemi-gods of Assyria. The ceremonies of the day concluded with\\ngames and races, and a grand entertainment crowned the evening with\\nmirth. Cyrus then made every one a present, and dismissed the\\nassembly, filled with joy and gratitude.\\n55. Cyrus marries the Daughter of Cyaxares. When Cyras\\nhad regulated affairs to his mind, he took a journey into Media. Cy-\\naxa -es was glad to see him, and Cyrus acquainting him with all his\\narrangements, his uncle was exceedingly rejoiced, and sent his daughter\\nto the conqueror of Asia with a crown of gold, bracelets, a collar, and\\nMedian robe. The maid, as she was ordered, put the crown upon his\\nhead. Cyaxares then said, I give you the maid too, as your wife,\\nand all Media as her dowry. Cyrus replied, I applaud the race, the\\nir.aid, and the presents, and, with the consent of ny father and mother,\\nwill marry her. So he continued his journey to Persia, taking with\\nMm such magnificent presents as the subjects of his father had never\\nHeen, and enough to make them all rejoice in his return.\\n56 Cambyses greeted him with all the tenderness which a father\\nmight feel for so good and dutiful a son, and having constituted him\\nhis heir, sufi ered him to depart again for Media to marry his cousin.\\nThe nuptials were performed with all due iragnificence, and, accom-\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 bS and iA. I)i-scribe the ceremonies that followed. 55. Upon the return of\\nCyrns, how did Cyaxares maIlil\u00e2\u0096\u00a0e^t his nlftaHiire? Why did not Gyrus marry iminedlfttely\\nk6. Was this his ftrst wifeT Atit. Probably not, for his aon C\u00c2\u00bbmby\u00c2\u00bbeB began to leign nia\u00c2\u00ab\\nyears after.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "8.0.529] CYRUS THE GREAT. 5J\\npsnied l)y liis wife and father-in-law, he again returned to 3ab}loii.\\nThere Cyaxares reigned two years u^nder the name of Darius the Mede.\\nDaniel. Daniel had now been prime minister to the kings of\\nBabylon sixty-seven years, and such was his reputation for wisdom\\nand integrity, that Darius made him chief of the three superintendenta\\nof the kingdom. Darius is supposed to have yielded to the craft of\\nhis courtiers in the affair of the lions den, while Cyrus was abs^ct\\nsubduing the countries near the Red Sea.\\nRead Daniel v. 81 also, Dan. vi. 1-23, and il. 1.\\n57. Gyrus Kino of Persia, b. o. 586. By the death of his father\\nand uncle, Cyrus now became sovereign of the Second Universal Mon-\\narchy. Every province from the Indus to the Egean acknowledged\\nhis authority, and the little territory of which his father had been\\nchief was greatly enlarged. It was twenty-three years since he left\\nPersia, at the head of a small band of soldiers, to engage in war with\\nNereglissar, the most powerful monarch of the East his troops, as he\\nnow reviewed them, consisted of 600,000 foot, 120,000 horse, and\\n2,000 armed chariots; and he reigned seven years unquestioned lord\\nof Asia.\\nb8. In the first year of his reign expired the seventieth year of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nBabylonish captivity, and Cyrus, true to the prophesy, published the\\nremarkable edict permitting the Jews to return to their own land.\\nThe chosen people, under the conduct of Zorobabel, soon after\\ndeparted for Jerusalem. Daniel, at whose instigation this favorable\\nturn in their aifairs was doubtless effected, must have been at this\\ntime more than eighty years old. Josephus says that he was much\\ndistinguished for his skill in architecture, and mentions a famous edi-\\nfice built by him at Susa. It was a common tradition that he died\\nin that city, and was honored with a splendid monument, which\\nremained even to the time of Christ.\\n59. To return to Cyrus. Historians differ as to the manner of his\\ndecease. Herodotus says he died a prisoner, but Xenophon makes\\nhim close a long life of enterprise and virtue with a calm and happy\\nQuestions. 56. How many years did Cyaiares rule In Babylon under the namo ot\\nDarius What Individual history in the Scriptures la emphatically connected with that\\naf Darius durins: his reign in Babylon Did Daniel remain in Babylon? Ans. It is sup-\\nposed that he died in Susa, in the third year of Cyrus, after havinjs: persuaded that monarch\\nto issue the decree to restore and build Jerusalem. 57. When did Cyrus become king of\\nPersia? How extensive was his territory How large his military force Howktf dJ J\\nhe reign unquestioned lord of Asia ^S. In the first year of his reign, what edict verified\\nthe propbesj in relation to the Jews Who escorted the .Tews to Jerusalem What is said\\n0/ Daniel In ctiiiuection with this circumstance 59. What diflferenca of opinion is then\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00bas^peotinif the death of Cyrus*", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "52 PERSIA. IB.C. 539\\ndeath. The minister of God s vengeance upon those nations whose\\ncup of iniquity was full, he stfll tempered victory with humanity,\\nand made the dominion of tlie Arms of silver more tolerable than\\nthat ot the Head of gold. lie fultilled his peculiar destiny, and\\neffected tne purpose for which he was raised up, unconscious that God\\nhad chosen him, and called him by name by the mouth of his prophet\\nIflaiah, a century before hiy birti but it is thought that his edict for\\nrestoring Jerusalem proceeded from a mind instructed in the Divine\\nOracles; and the Jews say, he acknowledged that he received the\\nempire ot the world from the God of Israel.\\nRead 2 Chron. xxxvi. 22, 23 Ezra I. 1, 2 and vl. 1^ also, Dan. IL 88, 89 and r\\\\L ft\\nbIso vlil. 8, 4, 20.\\n60. B. o. 529. Oambysks. Oambyses, son of Cyrus, succeeded to\\nthe throne of Persia. The wealth of his kingdom had not failed to\\natfect his morals. As* one born to command, he could not bear a refu-\\nsal of that he desired, even from an equal so that when Amasis, king\\nof Egypt, sent him another hady for his seraglio, instead of his own\\ndaughter, he was filled with rage, and determined to invade that coun-\\ntry. His preparations being completed, in the 4th year of his reign\\nhe marched to the frontiers of Egypt, where he learned that Amanis\\nwas just dead, and that Psammenitus, his son, was gathering all his\\nforces to stop him at Pelusium. This place was very strong, and the\\nsiege of it might have detained him some time, had he not resorted to\\nthe following stratagem in front of his army he placed a great num-\\nber of cats, dogs, sheep, and other animals held sacred by the Egyp-\\ntians, and then attacked the city by storm. The soldiers of the garri-\\nson, not daring to fling a dart or shoot an arrow, for fear of wounding\\ntheir gods, Oambyses took the place without opposition.\\n61. Soon after, Psammenitus approached with a large artay, and\\noffered battle. A desperate engagement followed, in which the Per-\\nsians were entirely victorious. Those of the Egyptians who escaped,\\nfled T.o Memphis. The bodies of the slain were collected, the Persians\\nby themselves and the Egyptians by themselves, and buried in mound?\\none over against the other. In the days of Herodotus, the bones of\\nthe Egyptians and Persians were still moldering in the places where\\nthey w ere buried. The skulls of the former were so hard, that a via-\\nQue\u00c2\u00abhoti8.\u00e2\u0080\u009469. What Is said of his character? Of his destiny? 60. Who succeeded\\nOy-rus to me throne of Persia? When did that event take place? What Inflvence had\\nthe wealth of the kingdom upon the character of Cainbyscs In what year dia he wage\\nwar upon Egypt? Who was the king of Egypt at that time? By what stratagem did\\nbe overcome the forces of PsammenituB 61. Describe the battle ^at followed. Rel t\u00c2\u00ab\\nill a ijtx ry of the skaU\u00c2\u00bb.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.0.624.] CAMBYSESlJS AFRICA. 58\\nlent blow from a stone could scarcely break them while those f the\\nlattei were so soft, that a man might pierce them with a common\\nwalking-stick. The reason of this may be found in the different habits\\nof the two nations. The Egyptians shaved their heads, and went\\nalways uncovered, while the Persians wore the turban, both at heme\\nand abroad.\\n62. Oambyses pursued the fugitives to Memphis, and sent a herald\\nto summon them to surrender. Contrary to the laws of var, thi\\nEgyptians fell upon him and his attendants, and slew them. Oam-\\nbyses, doubly enraged, attacked the place without loss of time. His\\nefforts were successful, and as soon as he had made himself master of\\nttie city, he selected ten times the number of his slaughtered embassa-\\ndors from the principal nobility, and caused tliem to be publicly exe-\\ncuted. Among these was the eldest son of Psammenitus. As for\\nPsammenitus himself, Oambyses seemed disposed to treat him with\\nlenity. He spared liis life, and appointed him an honorable mainte-\\nnance but subsequently, finding him engaged in a conspiracy, he ordered\\nhim also to execution. Egypt was thus added to the Persian domin-\\nions, B. 0. 525. From Memphis, Oambyses proceeded to Sais, where\\nhe ordered the dead body of Amasis to be dragged from its tomb, and\\nDurned, thinking that the greatest indignity he could offer it.\\n63. B. o. 524. TriE Ethiopian Expedition. The next year, Oam-\\nbyses determined to make war in throe different countries, viz.\\nagainst the Oarthaginians, the Ammonians, and the Ethiopians. The\\nfirst of these projects he was obliged to abandon, because his Pheni-\\ncian sailors would not assist against the Tyrian colony, Oarthage and\\nthe other two served but to show the madness of a man drunk with\\npower. He sent embassadors into Ethiopia, carrying presents of pur\\npie cloths, golden bracelets, and perfumes, with secret orders to aci\\nas spies, and bring back an exact account of the state and strength of\\nthe country.\\n64. The Ethiopians despised the presents, and with their natural\\nshrewdness concluded tlie embassadors to be what they really werf,\\nenemies in disguise but to return the courtesy of Oambyses, the Ethi\\nopian king took a bow in his hand, which a Persian could hardly lift,\\nand, drawing it with the utmost ease, said to the messengers, This ii\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 61. IIow lon^ had they been there when Rerodotus saw them Ans. About\\n70 y ars. 62. llelate the story of the ambassadors. When was Kpypt then added to th*\\nPersian dominions? What did Cambysea do at Sais Where w;is Sais? (Sre iii- No. 1.)\\nft:i What project did Cambyse* conlemjilate for the next ye.or In \\\\vh:il year was that?\\nWhich of the projects did he abandon? Why? How did he ccin \u00c2\u00bbeuce against th\u00c2\u00ab EtM*-\\npi\u00c2\u00abns? 61 II QW did the GthioplaDS act in the matter", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "54 PERSIA [B.a624\\nthe jjreseDt, nid this the counsel, which the king of Ethiopia gives to\\nthe king of Persia. When the Persians shall be able to bend a bow\\nof this bigness and strength, with as much ease as I have now done,\\nthen let him come to attack the Ethiopians, and bid him bring more\\nforces than Oarabyses is master of. Till then, let him thank the gods\\nfor not having put it into the hearts of the Ethiopians to extend their\\ndominions bej^ond their own country.\\n65- Upon the receipt of this answer, Cambyses determined to set off\\nimmediately, and he made such injudicious haste, that his army va\u00c2\u00bb\\nnot half supplied with provisions. He pushed on, however, without\\nstopping, till he reached Thebes. There he separated a chosen detach-\\nment of 50,000 men, and sent them into Ammonia, with orders to\\nravage the country, and destroy the famous temple of Jupiter Ammon.\\nThe devoted band, stranger^ to the perils of their journey, set off to\\nobey the mandate of their king. For several days, nothing occurred\\nto hinder their progress, save the hunger and thirst of a desert but\\nfinally a strong wind came up from the south, and lifting the sands\\nlike waves of the sea, moved them forward with irresistible power.\\nThe terror-stricken Persians struggled manfully with their fate, but\\nthe simoom of the desert was stronger than they, and, far from hope\\nor help, they sank down, and were buried beneath the drifting sands.\\n66. In the mean time, Oambyses pursued his journey. The barren-\\nness of the country increased at every step. For the luxuries of Egypt,\\nthe army substituted herbs, roots, and leaves; but these fiiiling, they\\nbegan to devour their beasts of burden, and finally they were reduced\\nto the horrible alternative of starving or eating one another. The lot\\nwas cast, and every tenth man was doomed to become food for his\\ncompanions. Oambyses, in sight of all this misery, had feasted daily,\\naccording to his custom till at last, so many of his forces died, and\\ndiscontent became so general, that, fearing a mutiny, he gave orders\\nto return. With the remains of his army he reached Thebes, where\\nh i thought proper to vent his mortification upon the temple of the\\nTods. The pillage amounted to 300 talents of gold, and 2,300 of silver\\ni 8 im greater than 2,000,000 of our dollars. He also took away tl e\\ncircle of gold from the tomb of Osyraandyas.\\n57. Cambyses s Tyranny. From Thebes, Cambyses proceeded to\\nQuesUon\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u009465. How did their conduct Influence Cambyses? Relate what befell the\\nchosen detachment Where was the temple of Jupiter Ammon? (See map No. 1.) 6C\\nHow did the army of ambyses sufl er? How did Cambyses vent his mortiflc^ition upon his\\nreturn to Theln A, Where was Carthage (See map No, 1 In which direction was it from\\nBribylon. Ethiopia from Babylon? 67. Tell the story of Cambrses s tyranny to th\u00c2\u00ab\\nE^gypMans.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "B. c. 534.] CRUELTIES OF CAMBYSES. 55\\nMemphis, As he approached the city, the sound of mirth and festivity\\ngreeted his ears. Supposing that the people were rejoicing at the ill\\nsuccess of his expedition, he fell into a violent passion, and, sending\\nfor the magistrates, demanded of them the cause of these unwonted\\ndemonstrations of joy. They told him that their god Apis, recently\\ndeceased, had reappeared, and all the people were welcoming his ar-\\nrival. Considering this as an evasion, he sent them to instant execution.\\nHe then called for the priests, of whom he made the same inquiry.\\nReceiving the same answer, he ordered the god himself before him but\\nwhen the deity appeared, and he found it was nothing but a calf, he\\nran up to it, and thrust his sword into its thigh, and upbraiding the\\npriests for worshiping a beast, ordered them to be scourged. The\\npoor calf was carried back to its temple, where it died of its wound.\\nThe Egyptians said, that after this impious act Cambyses went mad,\\nbut, judging from his conduct, he was bereft of reason long before.\\n68. Cambyses s only brother, Smerdis, accompanied him into Ethi-\\nopia; but as he was the only man who could draw the bow brought\\nback by the embassadors, Cambyses became jealous of him, and sent\\nhim home. Afterward he dreamed that Smerdis was king, which so\\nwrought upon his imagination, chat he sent Prexaspes, one of his\\nchief favorites, to put him to death. However, Prexaspes was most\\ncruelly punished for his crime by the same jealous tyrant. Cambyses\\nhad caused several of his principal noblemen to be buried alive, and\\npo many of his friends had suffered from his fury, that he began to fear\\nforhij life. In one of his jjalous moods he obliged Prexaspes to tell\\nhim what his subjects said of him.\\n69. Prexaspes sijoke with the utmost caution. They admire a\\ngreat many excellent qualities they see in you, but they are somewhat\\nmortified at your immoderate love of wine. I understand you,\\nreplied the king, they pretend that wine deprives me of my reason\\nyou shall be judge of that immediately. Then calling for the son of\\nPrexaspes, who was his cup-bearer, to bring the goblets, he drank a\\ngreater quantity of wine than ever before, and ordering the youth to\\nstand at the farther end of a long hall, with his left hand upon his\\nhead, he took his bow, and declaring he aimed at the boy s trembling\\nheart, discharged the arrow. To complete the cruel scene, he com-\\nmanded Prexaspes to open his son s side, and see if wine had impaired\\nthe steadiness of his hand The wretched father, trembling for his\\nown life, replied, Apollo could not have shot better.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Q8. Of his tyranny to bis brother. 69. Of his tyranny to Prexaspes.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "56 PERSIA. [B. 0. 622\\n70. Oambtses s Di-^TH. In the eighth year of his reign, Cambyses\\nleft Egypt for Persia. When he came into Syria, he found a herald\\nthere, sent fiom Susa to proclaim Sraerdis. son of Cyrus, king, and to\\ncommand the army to transfer their allegiance to him. Cainbyses, to\\nknow the facts in the case, had the herald brought into his presence,\\nand cross-questioned with Prexaspes. From this examination it ap-\\npeared that the true Smerdis was really dead, and that the usurpei\\ncould be no other than Smerdis the magian, who bore a strong resem-\\nblance to the murdered prince.\\n71. Upon this, Cambyses made loud and public lamentations, de\\ndaring that his dear and only brother had been put to death by mis-\\ntake, and, ordermg ail his army to prepare to take vengeance upon the\\nman who liad assumed his name, he prepared to march against him.\\nBut just as he was mounting his horse, his sword slipped from its\\nBcabbard and wounded him in the thigh. The Egyptians looked\\nn[)on this as a judgment, for the indignity oflfered their god Apis.\\nWlien Cambyses saw that he must die, he sent for the chief Persians,\\nand, making them acquainted with all the circumstances concerning\\nSmerdis, besought them not to suffer the sceptre to pass into the\\nhands of a Median tribe, but to elect a king from their own number.\\nEe reigned seven years and five months.\\n72. ii.o. 622. Concerning Smerdis s Ears. The Persians, thinking\\nCambyses had forged the story he told them, out of hatred to his\\nbrotlier, paid no attention to it, and at his death quietly submitted to\\ndie magian. To continue the imposture by which he had gained the\\nthrone, Smerdis slmt himself up in the palace, and admitted only his\\nehief officers to his presence and to strengthen himself in the king-\\nJom, he married all his predecessor s wives, among whom was Atossa,\\ndaughter of Cyrus (for Cambyses had married two of his own sisters),\\nand Phedyma, daughter of Otanes, a noble Persian.\\n73 This nobleman, suspecting the imposition, sent a messenger to\\nhis daughter, to know whether the king was the real Smerdis or son.e\\ndther man. She answered, that never having seen Smerdis, the son\\nof Cyrus, she could not tell. He sent again, bidding her ask Atossa,\\nfho would, of course, know her own brother. She replied that the\\nking kept his wives in separate apartments, and she was not permitted\\nQueeiiont. 70. When did Cambyses leave Egypt for Persia What danger thrent\u00c2\u00abned\\nhim in Syria What facts did he ascertain i 71. What course ctf duplicity did he p irsue\\nTell the story of his death. In going from Memphis to Syria in what direction di 1 Cam-\\nbyses march J (See map No. 1.) 72. Who was the successor of Cambyses In what year\\ndid the magian gain the throne By what means did he endeavor to coqtin le the mpqsi-\\ntjon 78. How was the imposture discovered J", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "B.O. 521.] SMERDIS THB USURPER 67\\nto see Atossa. Otanes sent a third time, telling her that Cambyses\\nhad cut off the ears of Smerdis the magian, and bade her watch hor\\nopportunity when the king was asleep, and see whether he had any\\nears or not. She did so, and putting her hands carefully mder his\\nturban, found that he was in reality earless.\\n74. Conspiracy and Confession. When Otanes learned that his\\nsuspicions were correct, he entered into a conspiracy with Darius\\nHystasp\u00c2\u00a3s and five other noblemen, to dethrone the usurper. Every\\nthing was kept secret till the very day fixed for the execution of the\\nplot. On that day a strange circumstance prepared the minds of the\\npeople for the event. The magians, constantly uneasy lest their arti-\\nfice should be unveiled, had extorted a promise from Prexaspes, thai\\nhe would declare, before an assembly of the people, Smerdis the king\\nto be the son of Cyrus. Prexaspes, at the appointed time, mounted to\\nthe top of a tower, and, to the astonishment of the assembled multi-\\ntude, confessed that he had murdered the true Smerdis with his owe\\nhand. He begged pardon of the gods for the crime he had been com-\\npelled to commit, and, leaping from the tower, was instantly killed by\\nthe fall.\\n75. Death of Smeedis and Election of Darius.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This unlooked-\\nfor event filled the magians with consternation. Smerdis retired to an\\ninner chamber in the palace thither the conspirators pursued him,\\nand having slain his guards, cut off his head and brought it out to the\\npeople. The mob, infuriated at being imposed upon, fell upon the\\nmagi, and destroyed so many of them that the day was ever after\\ncalled The slaughter of the magi. When the tumult had in some\\nmeasure subsided, the lords entered into a consultation about the form\\nof government which should be adopted. Otanes declared for an\\naristocracy, but Darius gave so many good reasons in favor of a mon-\\narchy, that he brought the other lords into his opinion, and a monarchj\\nwas decided upon.\\n76. The next inquiry was, who should b\u00c2\u00ab king; and this being\\nreferred to the gods, the lot fell upon Darius, and he was accordingly\\nanointed sovereign of Persia. The lords who had placed him on the\\nthrone were his privy counselors, and in all public affairs were the\\nfirst to deliver their opinions. They w ore their tiaras bent forward,\\nto distinguish them from the king, who wore his upright, and from\\nquestt(m\u00c2\u00bb.\u00e2\u0080\u0094U. What measures did Otanea take What did Prexaspes do? 75. Give an\\ntcooant of the death of the impostor Smerdis. How were the maei made to suffer\\nWhat consultation was held? With what result? 76. How was Dnrius elected king T\\n^fbat is aaid of the wearing of the tiarM\\ni*", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "58 FFRSTA [8.0.521\\nthe other nob es, wh i wore theirs beui back. 62a. b. o. Darius was\\nthe son of Ilystaspes, of the royal mofiiO o* Pers.d. In his youth ha\\nhad served under Cyrus, and been rewardcHt fo: rjs valor by the hand\\nof the daughter of Gobryas. After his ftc ^c^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ifon to the throne, he\\ntook his predecessor s wives, and Aristona, another daughter of\\nCyras. He was the greatest and most powerful king that ever filled\\nthe throne of Persia.\\n77. Cyrus and Cambyses had conquered nations, but Darius v\\nthe true founder of the Persian state; the various countries which\\nthey had brought into subjection, he organized into an empire, where\\nevery member felt its place and knew its functions. His realm\\nstretched from the Egean to the Indus, from the steppes of Scythia to\\nthe cataracts of the Nile. This vast tract he divided into twenty\\ndistricts, and settled how much each portion was to contribute to the\\nroyal treasury; but though the sum required was much less than the\\ninhabitants were able to pa} without inconvenience, they murmured\\nat it. They called Cyrus father; Cambyses, master; but Darius they\\nstyled the merchant. The annual revenue in his days amounted to\\n$9,600,000.\\n78. The building of the temple, and tlie rearing up of the walls of\\nJerusalem, had been interrupted in the preceding reigns but in the\\nsecond year of this prince, Haggai the prophet, and Zechariah the son\\nof Iddo, stirred up the people to the work. The ancient enemies of\\nthe Jews strove to hinder them, and even sent a letter to Darius to\\nadvertise him of what was going on in the province of Judea. The\\nrecords of Cyrus being searched, his decree was found at Acmeths\\nor Ecbatana, and Darius gave orders that the builders should not only\\nbe tolerated, but assisted in their pious work.\\nRead Esther 1. 1, 2, and Ezr iv. 4 and v. entire also vi 1, 2, 6, and Hag. L L\\n79. Taking ok Babylon. In the beginning of his reign, Dariuw\\nmeditated an invasion of Scythia; but this expedition was delayed by\\nthe revolt of Babylon. During the troubles about Sraerdis, and the\\nelection of Darius, the inhabitants had been engaged in Jiying up pro-\\nvisions, and preparing for war they now boldly threw off the yoke.\\nThe J^ws, warned by the exhortation of Zechariah, Thou Zion that\\nQuestiont. re. When did Darius become king What is said of the power and great-\\nness of Darlufl? 77. What is said of him as a founder and organizer? What was the ex\\ntent of his realm? Compare it with the realm of Cyrus. Where was the Egean Sea?\\n(See TiKip No. S.) Wh:it is the Egean Sea now called? Ans. The Archipelago. Where\\nl8 the Indus river f (See map of Asia.) Where was 8c\\\\ thia (See map No. 1.) Wh\u00c2\u00bbt\\nwe th.- sieppefl of Scythia? 78, What is said of the building ol the temple and wall* 9I\\nJernnaem 1 79. W at UiTa\u00c2\u00abion did Darias meditate 7 Why waa it delayed", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "B.C. 521.] BABYLOK TAKEN. 59\\ndwellest with the daughter of Babylon, flee from the country and\\nsave thyself, had probably availed themselves of the king s permis-\\nsion, and returned to Jerusalem. To make their provisions last as\\nlong as possible, the Babylonians determined to destroy all the un-\\nserviceable persons in the place. They assembled their wives and\\nchildren together and strangled them, only permitting each man to\\nretain his best beloved wife, and one maid-servant to do the work of\\nthe family. The capitulation of the city by famine seemed as hope-\\nless as in the days of Cyrus. The Persians tried the old stratagem of\\ndraining the Euphrates in vain the battering-rams made no im-\\npression on the massive walls, and at the end of eighteen months\\nvictory seemed as far off as ever.\\n80. But assistance came to Darius in an unlooked-for manner.\\nMegabyses, one of the seven conspirators against Smerdis, had a son\\nZopyrus whom Darius tenderly loved. What was the king s aston-\\nishment to see this young nobleman appear before him one day with\\nhis ears and nose cut off, and his whole body mangled in the most\\nshocking manner. Starting up from his throne, he cried out, Who\\nis it, Zopyrus, that has dared to treat you thus? Yourself, O\\nking, replied Zopyrus; the desire that I had of rendering you\\nservice has brought me into this condition. As I was fully persuaded\\nthat you would never have consented to this method, I consulted\\nonly the zeal I have for your service. He then unfolded his design\\nto the king, and with him concerted a plan to insure its success. All\\nwounded and bleeding as he was, Zopyrus made his way to Babylon,\\nand begged admittance. The guards took him in, and carried him\\nbefore the governor.\\n81. To him Zopyrus represented that Darius had thus mutilated\\nhis body, because he tried to dissuade him from continuing the siege,\\nand he added that his only feeling now was a desire of revenge.\\nHis name and person were well known at Babylon, his wounds\\ntestified to the truth of his story, and the governor fell at once into\\nthe snare. Zopyrus was most active in the garrison. He sallied\\nout with the Babylonians, and defeated the Persians in so many\\nengagements, that the whole city rang with his praise. Finally, he\\nwas appointed generalissimo of the army, and intrusted with the\\nkeeping of the walls. At the time agreed upon, Darius came up\\nwith his forces, and Zopyrus opened the gates to his master. The\\nking then ordered the hundred gates to be pulled down, and the\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 79. What preparations did the Babylonians make for resistance? 80.\\nWhat unexpected assistance came to Darius? 81. How was Babylon taken by Cyrus?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "60 PERSIA. [B.C. 508.\\nmassive walls to be demolished, that the city might never again\\ndefy the Persian arms. Three thousand of the principal rebels were\\nimpaled, and the remainder received a free pardon.\\n82. The Scythian Expedition. This inconvenient insurrection\\nbeing thus terminated, Darius set out for the Scythian war. The\\nwhole military force of the empire was put in motion, and the num-\\nbers of the army amounted to 700, 000 men. His fleet, manned chiefly\\nby Ionian mariners, was directed to sail up the Egean, through the\\nHellespont and Bosphorus into the Euxine thence up the Danube to\\na certain point, where he would join it with his land forces. At the\\nhead of his arniy he moved through Asia Minor, crossed the Bos-\\nphorus on a bridge of boats, and proceeded through Thrace to the\\nplace of rendezvous. In several places he erected magnificent pillars,\\nwith high-sounding inscriptions. On one was carved, This pillar\\nwas erected by Darius, the best and handsomest of all men living.\\n83. To cross the Danube, he made another bridge of boats, the\\nkeeping of which he committed to the lonians, telling them, if he did\\nnot return in two months, they might retire. The Scythians, hearing\\nof this formidable invasion, sent their wives and children, their flocks\\nand herds, into those impenetrable fastnessess, known only to them-\\nselves. They also filled up the wells, stopped the springs, and con-\\nsumed all the forage of those places through which the Persians were\\nto pass. Thus secure, they slowly retreated before the advancing\\nhosts, drawing them on, deeper and deeper, into the forests of Europe.\\nDarius, weary of the tedious pursuit^ sent a herald to the king of the\\nScythians, inquiring why he did not stop and give battle or, if he\\nfeared him, why he did not acknowledge his master, by sending earth\\nand water. The Scythian replied that he had neither cities nor lands\\nto defend, and that he acknowledged no other master than Jupiter.\\n84. The farther Darius advanced into the country, the greater\\n\\\\vere the hardships to which his army were exposed. Just when it\\nwas reduced to the last extremity, there came a herald to him from\\nthe Scythian prince, bringing a bird, a mouse, a frog, and five arrows,\\nas a present. Darius was sorely puzzled to know what these typified\\nbut one of his seven lords explained the enigma in this manner\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 81. How did he punish the Babylonians for their revolt? 82. After the\\ninsurrection, on what expedition did Darius set out? What direction did he give to\\nthe fleet? How did he proceed with the army? Trace the course of the fleet from\\nthe Arcliipelago into the Danube. Trace his land army from Susa to the Pruth,\\nwhere it joined the fleet 83. W^ho were the lonians? (See map No. 2.) Wliat is\\nsaid of the bridge of boats across the Danube? What plan of action did the Scy-\\nthians adopt? What message did Darius send? What reply was made? 84 What\\nwas sent to Darius by the Scythian prince?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "B.C.500.] THE PERSIANS AND SCYTHIANS. 61\\nKnow, said he, that unless you can fly away in the air like a bird,\\nor hide in the earth like a mouse, or swun in the water like a frog,\\nyou shall not be able to escape the arrows of the Scythians. The\\nPersians had now come upon a barren country, and were in danger\\nof perishing for want of water, so that Darius found himself under\\nan absolute necessity of abandoning his imprudent enterprise.\\n85. Therefore, as soon as night came on, the Persians built their\\ncamp fires as usual, and leaving the infirm and sick behind them,\\nmarched away as fast as possible towards the Danube. The Scythians,\\ndiscovering their retreat, sent an express by a shorter path, to per-\\nsuade the lonians to destroy the bridge, and thus throw the Persian\\nking into their power. Miltiades, then tyrant of Chersonesus, perceiv-\\ning that this would break the yoke from the neck of the Ionian\\ncolonies, strongly advocated the measure but Histigeus, governor of\\nMiletus, represented that, as they held their power of Darius, to turn\\nagainst him would be to destroy themselves. The Persians were\\ntherefore permitted to pass the bridge in safety, and Darius finally\\nreached Sardis, where he spent almost a year in recruiting his army.\\n86. Conquest of India. b. c. 508. To wipe away the disgrace of\\nthis unfortunate enterprise, the Persian monarch shortly after under-\\ntook an expedition against India. He caused a fleet to be fitted out upon\\nthe Indus, which, underthecommandofScylax, passed down through\\nthe Southern Ocean, and up the Red Sea. By the conquest of India,\\nan immense revenue was added to the Persian treasury. 502 b. c.\\nThis year, to attach the Phenicians to his interest, Darius restored inde-\\npendence to Tyre, seventy years after it was taken by Nebuchadnezzar.\\nRead Is. xxiii. 15.\\n87. B.C. 500. This century is filled with the most important events\\nto Persia and Greece. The Persian invasions introduce so complete\\nandinteresting a comparison of these rival powers,thatthe attention of\\nthe historian is especially directed to them, and the student is requested\\nto make himself particularly familiar with all the causes which con-\\ntributed to the overthrow of the hosts of Asia by the Grecian states.\\nHistigeus, tyrant of Miletus, who had preserved the bridge of boats\\nQuestions.S4. How was the riddle explained 85. By what .stratagem did Darius\\nescape By whose policy was he suffered to repass the bridge comniitted to the\\ncare of the lonians? Trace Darius fioin the Pruth to the Volga, and back to Sardis.\\n86. What expedition did Darius next undertake? V\\\\^hy did he do so? What com se\\ndid his fleet take? How rlid he attacii the Tyrians to his intei-ests? 87. Who was\\nHistiseus? Where was Miletus? (See map No. 2.) Wiiat can you say of Miletus?\\nAns. It was reckoned next to Carthage and Tyre for its commerce. What invita-\\ntion was extended to Histiaeus? Where was Susa? (See map No. 1.) In what direc-\\ntion was Susa from Miletus?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "62 PERSIA. [a 0. 600\\nttver the Danube, was invited to Siisa by Darius. Before setting out\\nfor court, he committed the government of Miletus to Aristagoras,\\nhis son-in-law. About the same time, Darius made his own brother,\\nArtaphernes, governor of Sardis. A quarrel arose between Aristagoras\\nand Artaphernes. Histiaeus, who knew the character and temper of\\nIho Greeks, and was at the same time anxious to return home, sent a\\na^Gssenger to Aristagoras, telling him that his wisest course would be,\\ntc revolt from the Persians entirely, and to engage all the Ionian\\ncolonies to do the same.\\n88. Aristagoras complied with his father s desire, and soon all the\\ngrates of Grecian descent in Asia Minor were engaged in a common\\nleague against Persia. Still further to strengthen his arm, Aristagoras\\nmade a voyage across to the Egean, to persuade the Greeks, by their\\nties of kindred, and their ancient freedom, to assist their brethren of\\nIcnia in regaining their liberties. An insult which the Athenians had\\nthemselves received from Persian pride, induced them to listen to his\\nre])resentations. About ten years before, they had banished Hi})pias,\\nfor usurping authority over the state. Artaphernes had received the\\nexile, and listened to his complaints. The Athenians sent to justify\\ntlieir conduct to the Persian governor, and received for answer, if they\\nwished to be safe, they must take Hippias for their king. When\\nAristagoras therefore told them of the oppressive rule of Artaphernes\\nover the Ionian colonies, and entreated their help to break the yoke,\\nthey entered readily into his feelings, and agreed to assist the league\\nwith twcrty ships.\\n89. BuHNiNG OF Sardis. The Eretrians, inhabitants of a little city in\\nEuba3a, added five more .and with this slight re-enforcement, Arista-\\ngoras returned to Ephesus, where he landed with his confederates, and\\nmarched to Sardis. The governor retired to the citadel the Greeks\\nhad free plunder and a soldier, perceiving that most of the buildings\\nwere roofed with reeds, set one of them on fire. The flames spread\\nhorn house to house, and soon the whole city was on fire. This burn-\\nQue^Uons.\u00e2\u0080\u009481. Who was made governor of Sardis? Between whom did a quarre*\\nwgin? What advice was given to Aristagoras? How bad the Ionian colonies\\nt ecn settled? Ans. Asia Minor was originally settled by the descendants of .Tavan, who\\nihenfore were of the same family as the lonians; but the term lonians embraces only tho\\neolonlcs settled by the Grecians driven from Peloponnesiis, after the Trojan war, by thv-\\nD riaiis. Eolia had eleven cities ami Ionia twelve. M hey were subjugated by Croesus, and\\nof course, fell with Lydia under the dominion of Persia. 88. With what succe. S weie the\\nettoris of Aristagoras attended Why liid the Athenians listen to him Where is Athens?\\n(See map No. 2.) 89. Who were the Eretrians? Where was ihp island of Euboea? (I*e\u00c2\u00ab\\nbiap No. 2.) What is It ca led now? An*. Negropont Give an account of tb\u00c2\u00bb bumi i|\\nof BardtA.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "8 0.490.) CAUSES OP THE PERSIAN WAR. ^3\\ning of Sardis by Aristagoras and the Athenians was the torch which\\nlighted the flame of war in Asia Minor, and kindled in tlie breast of\\nDarius an inextinguishable desire for revenge. When the intelligence\\nvs as brought to hira, he called for a bow, put an arrow into it, and shot\\nit into the air, with these words: Grant, O Jupiter, that I may be\\nable to revenge myself upon the Athenians. After he had thus\\nBpoken, he commanded one of his attendants to exclainL thrice ever^\\ntime dinner was set before him, Master! remember the Athenians.\\n90. Death of Aristagoras and Histi^us. During all these com\\nmotions, Histiasus had remained in Susa but perceiving that Darius\\nsuspected that his relative had acted by his directions, he begged per-\\nmission to go and quell the revolt. His request was finally granted\\nbut before he arrived at Miletus, Aristagoras was slain in battle.\\nHistiajus offered himself at once to the lonians, and used every me ans\\nin his power to become head of the league; but they all feared him,\\n;md at last, his intrigues being discovered, he was crucified by Arta-\\nI hemes.\\n91. Expedition of Mardonius, b. 0. 49o. In the 28th year of hi8\\nr\u00c2\u00ab ign, Darius, having fitted out a fleet, committed it to the command\\n01 Mardonius, his son-in-law, with orders to punish the Greeks for the\\nbi rning of Sardis. Mardonius was a young man, and not over skillful\\nin the art of war; and though more entitled to consideration for being\\ntha king s son-in-law, was not perhaps the more gifted on that account.\\nIn doubling Mount Athos, his fleet encountered a violent storm, in\\nwliich three hundred ships were wrecked, and about 20,000 men\\ndrowned. His land army shared a similar fate. The Thraciana\\natT.acked the camp by night, made a great slaughter, and wounded\\nMardonius himself. Thus the first army fitted out against Athens did\\nnot succeed in reaching Greece at all!\\n92. B. c. 490. Datis and Abtapheenes. The losses of Mardonius\\nonly animated Darius to greater exertions. He caused another army\\nto be assembled, appointed Datis and Artaphernes, two generals of\\ntried abilities, to command it, and engaged the banished Hippias to\\ncondict them to Athens by the shortest route. However, to leave no\\nstain upon his clemency, he first sent heralds into Greece, demanding\\nQuestions. 89. What was the consequence Where was SanUs (See map No. 2.)\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a090. What became of Aristagoras? What did Ilistiaeus do? 91. Who waa Mardonius?\\nWhat command was given to him? In what year did that occur? Where is Mount\\nAthos? (See map No. 2.) What disaster occurred there? What further is said ol th\u00c2\u00ab\\nexpedition 92. Wliat etfect d\\\\d the losses of Mnrdonii^s have upon the mind of D\u00c2\u00bbHb\u00c2\u00bb!\\nflew lid he uudertake tr\u00c2\u00bb relieve hii laolf against a cha-ge tou-Jilrg his clemency", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "64 PERSIA [m. i86\\nc/irth and water. Some of the States, intimidated by the mightj\\npreparations making in Asia, yielded the required tolcens of submis-\\nsion; but the heralds sent to Athens and Sparta were thrown, one\\ninto a ditch, and the other into a well, and tauntingly told to help\\nthemselves to earth and water.\\n93. When every thing was ready, Darius sent away his geneials,\\ntelling them to give up Athens and Eretria to be plundered, to burn\\nall the houses and temples, and to bring all the inhabitants to Persia,\\nbound in chains, which he provided for that purpose. This time the\\nPersians passed directly across the Egean, and landed without any\\naccident upon the island of Euboea. They took and burned the city\\nof Eretria, according to the commandment, and sent home a company\\nof chained captives as an earnest of future victories. Thence con-\\nducted by Hippias, they departed, crossed the strait of Euripus, and\\nlanded on the plains of Marathon. A description of this battle will be\\ngiven in the history of Greece. Let it suffice to say, that the Per-\\nsians were totally defeated, that they made a rapid retreat, and that\\nHippias was slain. Thus ended the second attempt upon Greece.\\n94. Further Preparations of Darius. The anger of Darius was\\ndoubly inflamed against Athens by the event of Marathon, and he\\nresolved that the insolent people who had invaded his territories,\\nburned his city, abused his heralds, and driven his generals to a\\nshameful flight, should feel the full weight of his arm. The prepara-\\ntions he now set on foot, were on a vast scale, and demanded a longer\\ntime. For three years all Asia was kept in a continual stir; in the\\nfourth, his attention was distracted by a quarrel between his sons\\nrespecting the succession, and by an insurrection in Egypt. The\\ncrown he settled upon Xerxes, his eldest son by Atossa, daughter of\\nCyrus; but he died before he had finished his prepaiations against\\nEgypt and Athens. He reigned thirty-six years. On his tomb was\\ninscribed, We were able to drink much wine, and to bear it well.\\n95. Xerxes the Great, b. o. 486. By the death of Darius, and the\\naccession of Xerxes the Persian, the scepter passed from the hands of a\\nprince reared among the privations of a camp, to one born in a palace,\\nQu4\u00c2\u00bbUon8. 92. How were the heralds treated who were sent to Athens and Sparta?\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a28. What directions followed from Darius to his generals What did the Persians accom-\\nplish? Where did they meet total defeat? What course di i the fleet take in sallingfrom\\nEphesus to the island of Euboea? (See map No. 2.) Fioni Euboea to Marathon? ^1\\nHow did the disaster at M.-irathon afifect Darius? What quarrel distr-cted his attention\\nfrom military preparations? Who was Xerxes? How and when f h\u00c2\u00ab become kinf^t\\nHow long had Darius reigned What was inscribed upon his tomb 9l\u00c2\u00bb Wh^t is astd o.\\nfA ly ife of X\u00c2\u00abX68 in conlras.* with that of Darias?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "B. c. 48G.J THE GRECIAN WAR PROJECTED. 65\\nthe favorite son of a favorite queen, who had been nurtured in luxurj,\\nand taught to h)ok upon the kingdom as an inheritance to which the\\nblood of Cyrus gave him a pre-eminent claim. Xerxes was not nata-\\nrally ambitious, but his flatterers persuaded him that it was absolutely\\nnecessary for him to carry out the great projects which his father had\\nleft UD finished. The Egyptians were first punished. He invaded the\\ncouEtiy in person, and purposely made the yoke of the inliabitants\\nmore galling than before. Stimulated by tliis success, lie resolvbJ oc\\ntlie invasion of Greece.\\n96. A council was called of the most illustrious persons in Uia\\nempire, before whom he laid his plans. The speech put into his\\nmouth by Herodotus, will best display the character and extent of his\\nviews. I desire, said he, to imitate the example of ray predeces-\\nsors, who all distinguished their reigns by noble enterprises. I ouglit\\nto revenge the insolence of the Athenians, who presumed to fall upon\\nSardis and burn it to ashes. I ought also to revenge the disgrace\\nwhich my country received at the battle of Marathon. I anticipate\\ngreat advantages from a war which may lead to the conquest of\\nEurope, the most fertile country in the universe. After thus express-\\ning his desires, and adding various arguments in favor of their being\\ncarried out, he waited till the others should express their opinions.\\n97. Mardonius spoke first, and gave his voice for war, as necessary\\nto wipe out the foul blots from the Persian name, and to teach the\\ncowardly Greeks the danger of offending the great king. The rest of\\nthe assembly, seeing how well Xerxes received his brother-in-law s\\nadulation, dared not contradict it, with the exception of Ai tabanus,\\nthe king s uncle, who endeavored to divert the course of deliberation\\nto more serious considerations than the glory of the expedition. But\\nXerxes, who could not bear contradiction, gave his faithful adviser a\\nsevere rebuke, and told him that he should be punished by being left\\namong the women, whom he resembled in cowardice. The war was\\ntherefore resolved upon.\\n98. Peeparations for War. Xerxes s aim was not merely to ool\\nect a force sufficient to overcome all opposition, but to set his whole\\npower in magnificent array, that he might enjoy the sight of it himself,\\nand display it to the admiration of the world. For four years longer\\nQuestions. 95. How was his ambition first aroused? What successftil entery ri8e in-\\nfluenced him to invade Greece? 96. IIow, according to Ili-rodotus, did he exjiress h!(\\ndesires? 97. For what purpose did Mardonius second the wishes of Xerxes? Who wan\\nAj-tabanus? What did he do? What rebuke did he consequently receive? 98. What war\\nUke preparations were made during the next four years f", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "^0 PERSIA. fB. 0. 480\\nAsia was kept in restless turmoil less time would not suffice to pro-\\nvide subsistence for the countless host about to be poured upon\\nEurope. Besides the stores to be carried by the fleet, magazines were\\nto be formed along the whole line of march as far as the confines of\\nGreece The most skillful engineers of Phenicia and Egypt were sent\\nforw ird to build a bridge of boats across the Hellespont, and a multi-\\ntude of men were dispatched to the Ohalcidice to excavate a caria\\nthrough the isthmus which joined Mount Athos to the continent.\\nNay, the great king himself honored the mountain with a letter\\ncouched in these terms: Athos, thou proud aspiring mountain, that\\nliftest thy head to the heavens, be not so audacious as to put rocks\\nand stones in my way. If thou opposest my servants, I will cut thee\\ndown, and throw thee headlong into the sea.\\n99. When these preparations were drawing to a close, Xerxes set\\nforth for Sardis, where he designed to spend the winter, and gather\\nthe multitudes together, who were assembling in all the provinces of\\nhis vast empire. During his stay in this place, a violent storm drove\\nthe boats from their moorings, and destroyed tlie bridge over the\\nHellespont. Xerxes, enraged at the loss of so much time and labor,\\nput the architects to death, and caused chains to be thrown into the\\nsea to teach it submitssion. Another bridge was speedily commenced\\nof double rows of boats; one for the army, and the other for the\\nbaggage. This bridge was made by chaining together 674 vessels, and\\nfastening them at each end by cables thrown over strong piles driven\\ninto the earth. Massive anchors were dropped from the sides to hold\\nthem in their places flat-bottomed boats, lashed firmly together,\\nformed a floor above, and battlements were erected on each side to\\nprevent the cattle from being frightened by the violence of the waves.\\nThe length of the bridge was not far short of a mile.\\n100. Xeexes s March. Early in the spring (b. o. 480), Xerxes\\nbegan his march from Sardis with the miglity armament whicli had\\nbeen collected from Media, Persia, and all the tributary nations, a\\nmotley crowd, including many strange varieties of complexion, dress,\\nand language, each tribe retaining its national armor and mode of\\nfighting There were recruits from all the diflTerent people who were\\nallied with Crcesus against Cyrus the Great. There was the Immortal\\nBand there the Median cavalry there the Persian lancers, with\\n^te\u00c2\u00abtion\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u00949S. What letter is mentioned 99. To what place did Xerxes then go t\u00c2\u00ab\\npend the winter? What misfortune took place while he was there? What did Xerxet\\nihereun\u00c2\u00abn do? Describe the second brtiige. 100. \u00c2\u00abHve a descriDtion of the great army of\\nXerxes.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "f. 480.J THEHOYALPROGRE88. 67\\nspears knobbed with gold there the sacred hordes richly caparisoned,\\nand there the royul cliariot where Xerxes sat in state, except when,\\nfatigued with riding, he sheltered himself from the heat of the sun in\\nan easier carriage. The fleet coasted along the Egean, and the army\\nmoved forward to Abydos, a city of Bithynia, near the straits.\\n101. Here Xerxes, desirous to witness a mock sea-fight, ascended a\\nlofry throne and beheld, as far as the eye could reach, the bosom oi\\nthe Uellespont crowded with his ships, and the plains and mountains\\nof ancient Ilium covered with his troops. A feeling of pride and satis-\\nfaction spread through his heart as he surveyed the glittering array,\\nand reflected that, at the head of the largest army ever brought into\\nthe field, he was about to subjugate the fairest portion of the earth.\\nBut a sudden shade passed over his countenance for a moment the\\npomp and pageantry of the mustered hosts faded from his view: In\\none hundred years time, said he, not one living soul will remain of\\nall the thousands who now surround me; and the monarch, throned\\nin power and pride, wept at the thought.\\n102. Passing the Bridge. As soon as the sun s first rays appeared\\nupon the horizon, the bridge was strown with myrtle, and sprinkled\\nabundantly with sweet odors. Then Xerxes poured out libations into\\nthe sea, and, turning his face to the rising sun, implored the protection\\nand guidance of the great god Mithras, till he should complete the\\nconquest of Europe. After golden vessels and a sword had been\\nthrown into the sea, the ten thousand Immortals, crowned with chap-\\nlets, advanced upon tlie bridge. The army followed as rapidly as pos\\nsible, the officers lashing the poor soldiers all the way to quicken their\\nspeed yet so vast was the multitude that the living tide flowed without\\ninterruption seven days and seven nights before the last man, Xerxes\\nhimself, the tallest and most majestic person in all that host, had\\narrived upon the European shore.\\n103. In the great plain of Doriscus, on the banks of the Hebrus, ao\\nattempt was made to number the army. Ten thousand men wore\\nformed in as small a space as possible. A fence was then raised around\\nthem; they were dismissed, the inclosure filled again and again, till\\nall had passed within the circle and according to this muster the\\nInfantry alone amounted to 1,700,000. The cavalry was counted by\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 100. How did the fleet and army proceed Where was Abydos? (See map\\nN j. 2.) 101. What took place near Abydos? What feeling pervaded his mind in view\\nof his greatness? What moral sentiment even then subdued the haughty monarch to\\ntears? What waters did the Hellespont connect? (See map No. 2.) 102. Describe tb\u00c2\u00ab\\ncrossing of tiie Hellespont 103. Of how many persons did the urmj of Xerxes consist!\\nWhat method was adopt\u00c2\u00abd to nainb\u00c2\u00abr them", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "68 PERSIA. [B. 0. 480\\ndivisions, and the mariners by the number which each ship carried, and\\nthe whole exceeded two millions and a half of fighting men. The\\nwomen and servants who always attended the Persian camp could\\nnot be less tlian as many more, so that the whole body was estimated\\nat five millions.\\n104. Id feed this multitude with only the scanty portion allowed\\nIc slaves, required 662,000 tushels of flour per day yet such prepara-\\ntions had been made that, with the provisions laid up in the magazii es\\nand those carried by the vessels of burden, there was no lack of an)\\nt ling ia the camp. Avant, couriers had been sent out to prepare foi\\nthe coming of the lord of Asia. Wherever the royal train halted a\\nsuperb pavilion was erected, adorned with the most costly furniture.\\nMany cities of Europe, anxious to propitiate the mighty power moving\\nthrough their territories, provided even vessels of gold and silver for\\nthe table. The rapacious attendants of the Persian court spared\\nnothing in the morning, when the army marched, all was carried olf.\\nIn this manner Xerxes continued his course till he reached the spot\\nwhere Dernaratus, a banished Lacedemonian king, had told him he\\nwould find his whole army stopped by a handful of men.\\n105. Thekmopyl^. Thermopylae is a narrow pass of Mount (Eta,\\nHbout fifty paces broad. On one side roared the sea on the other\\nrose the precipitous mountain. Through this narrow defile lay the\\npath of the Persians, and an army could scarcely reach Attica by any\\nother route. When Xerxes came to this place, he found the truth of\\nDemaratus s words. A band of heroes were stationed here, determined\\nto give such an impression of Grecian valor as sljould teach the\\nhaughty Persians the character of the men they had come to enslave.\\nXerxes waited four days, hoping to frighten them away, or bribe\\nLeonidas, their leader, to betray his country. He waited in vain, and\\nLeonidas rejected his offers with scorn.\\n106. On the fifth day he ordered a body of Median cavalry to fali\\nupon the rash and insolent enemy, and lead them all captive into hi\\npresence. A throne was erected for him, from which he could 9ur ej\\nthe narrow entrance of the pass, and the prowess of his soldiers. Theii\\nQUiibers served only to impede their efforts; the foremost fell, th*\\nhinder advanced over their bodies to the charge their repeated onse\\nQuMtions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094lOS. How many women and servants were along? How many persons, then,\\nwere there in all? 104. What is said of provisions for the camp? Of occurrences during\\nthe njarch of the army? From whom had erxes received a warning? What was the\\nwarning? 105. What is Thermopyla;? Describe it Where was it located? (See map\\nNo. 2.) What did Xerxes find there? For what did Xerxes wait Id vein? lOd. What\\n\u00c2\u00abocurred on the fiftb day", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "B. c. 48C J T H E R M P L 69\\nb.-oke upon the Greeks idly as waves upon the rock. Tlie day wore\\non and, 8j eut with fatigue, and greatly thinned in their ranks, thej\\nwere recalled from the contest. The despised Greeks were now\\nthought worthy to cope with the Immortals, and all the next day the\\niuipatient monarch saw with grief and rage the slaughter of his own\\nhody-guard. Three times he started from his throne, as though about\\nto chastise the intrepid Spartans with his own liand for the havcMJ\\nihey were making in his chosen band.\\n107. The day following, the attack was renewed with no better suc-\\ncess, and the confidence of Xerxes was changed to gloom and despon-\\ndency, when an inhabitant of the country revealed to him a secret\\npath over the mountain. A party was immediately sent out with the\\ntraitor, and by daybreak the next morning the Grecians learned that\\nthe Persians were coming over the brow of the mountain, and before\\nnoon the devoted band of Spartans were attacked in front and rear\\nby the whole power of Xerxes. They fought desperately to the last,\\nand were finally overwhelmed by the arrows, javelins, and stones of\\nthe enemy. Where they fell they were buried their tomb, as the\\npoet sang, was an altar; a sanctuary, in which Greece revered the\\nmemory of her second founders. Xerxes lost 20,000 men in this\\nengagement, and his fleet also sufi^ ered the same day a severe defeat\\noff Cape Artemisium.\\n108. Detaohment sent to Delpui. Xerxes had heard so much\\nof the wealth of Delphos, that he tliought to enrich himself by the\\nplunder of its treasures. A detachment was accordingly sent acrosp\\nthe Parnassian mountains, to bring away the vessels of gold and silver\\ndeposited there. The Delphians, hearing of its approach, asked coun-\\nsel of the oracle. The Pythia resjjonded, The arms of A{)ollo will\\nbe suflicient for the defense of his shrine. Thus encouraged, no pre-\\nparations were made to resist the enemy. As the Persians iveve\\nmarching through the dark and deep defiles of the mountains, a violent\\nstorm arose, the wind prostrated huge trees across their path, the\\nmountain torrents loosened rocks and stones, and poured them dowc\\napon them with a mingled tide of earth and water; the Delphiang\\nadded their wild cries to the howling of the storm and the thunder,\\nrepeated by a thousand echoes, completed their consternation. They\\nQu6sUon\u00c2\u00bb.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 106. On the sixth? 107. On the seventh? What treason occurred? De-\\n\u00c2\u00bbnibe what followed. How many men did Xerxes lose? What other lose did he sustain?\\nWhere was Cape Artemisium (See map No. 2.) lOS. By what means did Xerxes expect lo\\nenricii himself at Delphi? Where was Delplii (See map No. 2.) Give au account of the\\nawcn ana overthrow of the detachment.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "70 PERSIA. [B. a 480\\nfled, or fe^ %vverccLL:e \u00c2\u00ab!t]i terror; thev trampled one upon another;\\nthey became entangled in the forest or were thrown down precipices*\\nand but few of them ever returned to tell the tale of their disastei.\\n109. Burning of Athens. Meantime, the rest of the Persians ad-\\nvanced through Beotia* to Attica. iN o i,r(ju(-.- came out Lo dispute tieii\\npassage. Xerxes thonght be had not cuJiuilated in vain i.Don the\\ncowardice of the Grecians. When he reached Athens, the streeta\\nwere deserted. With the exception of a few old pt;0})le, devotees and\\npriests, who had tuken shelter in the citadel, every i)erson had escaj)ed\\nto the islands of Egina and Salaniis. Xcmacs plundered the temples,\\nBtormed the citadel, and reduced the ciiy tu ashes. The pictures and\\nstatues which the refined Athenians had si)cnt years in executing, he\\nsect to his uncle Artabanus, with the glad tidings that Athene had\\nihared the fate of Sard is.\\n110. Battle of Salamis. In the narrow strait between Attica and\\nSalamis, the little fleet of the Greeks awaited the storm of war which\\nwas slowly rolling round the promontory of Sunium. The Persians\\nadvanced with their numerous vessels, and filled up the port of Pha-\\nlereum. In the consternation and agony of seeing their city burned,\\nand their bay crowded with hostile ships, many of the Greeks advo-\\ncated the propriety of moving down to the vicinity of Corinth, and\\nawaiting the enemy there but Themistocles induced them to give\\nbattle there, and thus the engagement took place in a strait so narrow\\nthat the Persians could scarcely turn their ships, but were forced to\\nfight hand to hand. From a lofty eminence, Xerxes again beheld his\\ntroops repulsed by the liardy Greeks many of his ships were\\nentangled and sunk, and his disheartened soldiers retired in the great-\\nest disorder.\\n111. That night the whole fleet abandoned the coast of Attica, and\\nsailed away for the Hellespont. Mardonius, who perceived that Xerxes\\nwas desirous of escaping from the dangers and mortifications which\\nRurrounded him, proposed that the king should return to Asia with th\u00c2\u00ab\\ntody of the army, leaving himself, with 300,000 of the best troops, tc\\ncomplete the conquest of Greece. To this proposal the monarc)i\\ngladly assented. Xerxes, having passed into Thessaly, permitted Mai\\nQuestiona.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 109. In what direction was Beotia from Thermopylae? (Sec map No. 2.)\\nHow is Athens situated? What did Xerxes find on reaching Athens? What acts did he\\neommlt at Athens? What tidings did he send to his uncle? 110. In which direction sraa\\nthe island of Salamis from Attica? (See map No. 2.) What accourt can you give of the\\ndisaster to the Persian navy By what name is that battle known 111. W)iat then w m\\ndone by the fleet? What proposition was made to Xerxes? What prompted Mardoniu;\\nto make it? To what place did Xerxes then retreat? Where is Thessaly (See mai No. a. i\\nAlso wrtitM* BisotiA,", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 465.J TUE ROYAL RETREAT JJ\\ndonius to select his soldiers, and leaving them to winter there, pursued\\nhis march toward Asia. Widely ditferent from the appearance of\\nthe glittering liost which a few months before had advanced over the\\nplains of Macedonia and Thrace to the conquest of Greece, was the\\naspect of the crowd which was now hurrying back along the same\\nroad. The splendor, the pomp, and the luxury and ease were ex-\\ndiangcd for disaster and distress, want and disease. The contents of\\nthe magazines had been destroyed or purloined by those who had thi\\ncharge of them comfortable food was not to be obtained and as the\\nretreating multitude passed those places, impoverished by their recent\\nvisit, they were forced to subsist upon the bark and leaves of trees.\\n112. Sickness came with famine; great numbers were left to the\\ncharity of their enemies and wnen they reached the river Strymon,\\nnumbers still greater were drowned in attempting to pass uj)on the\\nice, which the sun was fast melting away. In forty-five days after he\\nleft Mardonius, Xerxes reached the Hellespont. The rebellious sea\\nhad torn his vessels from their anchors, and dashed in pieces the bridge\\nwhich it had cost so much time and labor to construct but the fleet\\n(or what remained of it) was there, to transport the poor fragment of\\nhis army to Abydos. The exploits of Mardonius will be recounted\\nin tne history of Greece. The life of Xerxes, after this inglorious\\ncampaign, may be told in a few words. He gave himself up to\\na round of pleasures, and was slain by Artabanus, captain of his\\nguards, b. 0.465.\\n113. Artaxekxes Ascends the Throne. Xerxes had four sons\\nDarius, Hystaspes, Artaxerxes, and Achaemenes. When Artabanus\\nleft the chamber of the murdered monarch, he went directly to that\\nof Artaxerxes, and, awakening him from sleep, told him that his brother\\nDarius had assassinated his father. The youth immediately arose,\\nand without waiting to inquire into the affair, hastened to his brother s\\nbed and killed him. Artabanus having thus got rid of Xerxes and\\nDari^us, proclaimed Artaxerxes king, thinking he would prove a con-\\nvenient tool, till a faction could be formed strong enough to place the\\ncrown upon his own head but the young prince, suspecting the game\\nhis pretended friend was playing, ordered him to execution. By this\\ntime, intelligence of his father s death had reached Hystaspes, governor\\nQuestions. 111, What comparison is made? What is said \u00c2\u00abf the destitution that ex-\\nisted? 112. Of sickness? Numbers left? Of what occurred at the Strymon? Where\\nwas the Strymon? (See map No. 2.) What had occurred at the Hellespont? How,\\ntiien, did Xerxes get to Abydos What further account can yoo give of Xerxes? 118. How\\nmany sons did Xerxes have Give their names. By what means did Artaxerxes obtain tlw\\nthrone*", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "72 PERSIA.. [B. 0.460\\nof Bacthtt, who consequently prepared to assert his right to the crown\\nTwo battles were fought by the rival brothers iu the last of which\\nHystaspes was slain. Artaxerxes thus gained quiet possession of thj\\nthrone of Persia, b. o. 473. He was called Artaxerxes Longimanua^\\nfrom the length of his arms.\\n114. The Egyptian Revolt. b. o. 460. The Egyptians always\\nwore the yoke of Persia uneasily and in this year, having made Ina-\\nrus, prince of the Lybians, their king, they revolted. Artaxerxes\\n.^ent his brother Achaamenes, with 300,000 men, to reduce them to\\nobedience. It fared ill with the Persians at first. The Atlienians\\nmade alliance with the Egyptians, and Achjemenes was slain with one-\\nthird of his army. The other 200,000 Persians made their escape to\\nMemphis, where they entrenched themselves in a part of a city called\\nthe White Wall. There the Egyptians besieged them three years.\\nAs soon as practicable, Artaxerxes fitted out another army to go to\\nthe relief of his unfortunate subjects. While Artabasus sailed up the\\nNile, with a part of the troops, Megabysus (son of Zopyrus, who gained\\nBabylon) advanced with his division by land to Memphis.\\n115. The tables were now turned. Defeat followed Inarus and hia\\nallies, while victory crowned the efforts of the Persians. The besiegers\\nwere in their turn besieged in Biblos, a city built between two arms\\nof the Nile. For a year and a half the Persians maintained the\\nblockade and finally, by draining one of the encircling arms, opened\\na passage to the city. Inarus then surrendered, with fifty of his Athe-\\nnian friends, on the solemn promise of Megabysus that their lives\\nshould be spared. The rest of the Grecians had free permission to\\nleave the country, and the Egyptians were again reduced to servitude\\nArtaxerxes kept Inarus and the Athenians five years as prisoners of\\nwar, during which time his mother importuned him daily to deliver\\n..hem into her hands, that she might sacrifice them to the manes of\\nher son Achsemeues. Overcome by her entreaties, the king finally\\nyielded, and the inlmman princess put them all to a cruel death.\\n116. Megabysus felt this contempt of his solemn oath most keenly\\nHe left the court, retired to his government of Syria, and finally openly\\nrevolted. After overcoming the armies sent against him, and in aD\\nthings showing himself superior to his sovereign, he was at last per-\\nQuesUons. 113 Why was he called Artaxerxes Longimunus? 114. Why did the Egyp-\\ntians revolt from Persia? Who was their king? Who were sent against the Egyptians?\\nWhat became of them? Where was Memphis? (See map No. 1.) 115. In what manner\\nwere the tables turned upon the Egyptians? Upon what condition did Inarus surrender?\\nWas the condition faithfully complied with State how it was not IK Why wiU\\nMegabysus displeased What course did be purtmu", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "B. 0. -124.] SUCCESSORS OP ARTAXERXES. 78\\nsuaded to return to liis allegiance by his wife Ainytis, sister of Arta\\nxerxes. But in hunting with the king one day, like the son of Gobryas,\\nhe killed a wild beast, which the monarch had roused from the thicket.\\nThough by this act he saved the life of 1 is royal master, yet he was\\ncondemned to die for a breach of court etiquette. His wife again inter-\\nposed, and prevailed upon her brother to commute his puni.^hiQenl\\nint: banishment. After remaining five years in lonely exile, he dis-\\nguised himself as a leper, and repaired to Susa, where his wife recog-\\nnized him, and by entreaties again restored him to royal favor, which\\nhe enjoyed till his death. He was a man of the greatest abilities, and\\nthe ablest general in all Persia.\\n117. Historians. In the reign of Artaxerxes, Esdras, ^ohemiah.\\nand Ezra were sent to Jerusalem. They arranged the books of Scrip-\\nture in their present order, composed the books of Chronicles, an 3\\nthose bearing their own names. While engaged in this important\\nbusiness, Herodotus commenced his works, so that profane history\\ntook the seal of authenticity about the time that the sacred writer*\\nclosed their labors. Herodotus was followed by Xenoplion, Diodorua\\nLivy, Tacitus, and others whose works still exist in the original Greek\\nand Latin. This Artaxerxes is supposed to have been the husband of\\nEsther.\\nRead Neh. 1. entire; and 11. l-\u00c2\u00ab; also xlll. 6, 7. Eira yU. 1, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12-26; and rlU\\n41, 82 also Esther x. entire.\\n118. Xeexes II. B. 0. 425. Xerxes was the only legitimate son of\\nArtaxerxes; but it was his misfortune to have seventeen half-brothers,\\none of whom, Sogdianus, followed the newly elected monarch to his\\napartment, and killed him while overcome with wine. lie reigned 45\\ndays. Sogdianus tlien, b. o. 424. assumed the royal tiara, to wear it\\nonly about six months. All his brothers envied him, and he feared all\\nhis brothers. Ochus, governor of Hyrcania, to escape the death which\\nSogdianus threatened him, openly declared himself the avenger of\\nXerxes s blood. The nobility joined him Sogdianus was taken pris\\noner, and thrown into a cylinder filled with ashes, which was made to\\nrevolve till he was suffocated. He reigned 195 days.\\n119. OoHus, OR Darius Notiius. b. o. 424. As soon as Ochu8\\nascended the throne, ho took the name of Darius, to which the Greeks\\nQuMUon8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\\\\\ Give a further account of him. 117. What historians were sent to\\nJerusalem during the reign of Artaxerxes? What did they accomplish while there? Who\\ncommenced writing profane history at thnt time? By whoni was Henxintus followed?\\nWhose husband was Artaxerxes supposed to have been 118. Give a sketch of the life of\\nXerxes IT. Of Sogdianus. What was there peculiar in Persian panishmecte 119. Wh\u00c2\u00bbi\\ndid Ochus ascend the throne What name did b assume and what wfts udUect T\\n4", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "f4 PBRSIA. [B.O. 404\\nadded N othas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 illegitimate. Troubles in Asia Minor, Egypt, Arabia,\\nand Media would have kept Darius in a constant state of anxiety, had\\nnot Parysatis, the queen, contrived to engage him in a continual round\\nof pleasures, while wars were carried on in all these places by the\\nPersian generals. Tissaphernes, satrap of Sardis, and Pharuabaces,\\ngovernor of Bithynia, intermeddled constantly with the affairs of the\\nGreeks, and vast sums were expended to foment the dissensions of\\nIthens and Sparta.\\n120. At the instigation of Parysatis, Darius finally gave the dominion\\ncf all Asia Minor to his son Cyrus, a youth of sixteen. Here the\\nyoung prince, to secure the alliance of the Lacedemonians, then\\nesteemed the best soldiers in the world, assisted them with money\\nand supplies, and assured Lysander, their general, that rather than see\\nthem want any necessary for carrying on the war with the Athenians\\nhe frould melt down the throne of gold and silver on which he sat\\nand coin it into money for them. He had an object in this liberality,\\nmuch dearer to him than his friendship for the Lacedemonians. Pa-\\nrysatis, uot content with seeing her favorite son governor of this exten-\\nsive pro ince, besought Darhis to declare him heir to the throne\\ninstead oi Arsaces, their oldest child but to this Darius would not\\nconsent. He reigned twenty years.\\n121. Aktaxkrxes Mnkmon. b. o. 405. As soon as Arsaces ascend-\\ned the throne, he changed his name to Artaxerxes Mnemon was after-\\nward adaed, on account of his astonishing memory. The new king,\\nas tlie custom was, set out for Pasargadae, to be crowned in a temple\\nof the goddess of war. The prince to be consecrated must enter that\\ntemple, put off his own robe, and clothe himself in the one worn by\\nCyrus the Great, before he was king. This garment had been pre-\\nserved with superstitious reverence more tlian 150 years Before the\\ncrown was put upon his head, the sovereign must eat a cake of figs,\\nchew some turpentine, and drink a cup of mingled vinegar and milk.\\n122. Young Cyrus, driven to desperation at seeing the scepter to\\nwliich his mother had taught him to aspire, transferred to the hands\\nof his brother, determined to assassinate him in the temple itself, in\\nthe presence of the whole court, just as he took off his own to put on\\nQu\u00c2\u00ab8iions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094U9. What troubles agitated Persia at that time 120. Whnt was done at the\\nInstigation of Parysatis? To whom did Cyrus render assistance? What assurance did\\nCyrus give? What \\\\Tas his object? What proposition did Oarius reject? How long wai\\nho kins? 121. When did Arsaces ascend the throne? To what did ho change his naaa*\\nBj what name is he known Relate the particwiars of the coronation cuf torn. 19L\\nWhat deed of assKssi nation did young Cym* deternaine upon?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0088.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "BLO. 405.J THE QRBEKS AID 0TRU8. 75\\nthe robe of Cyrus. Tissaphernes, having gained intelligence of thia\\ndesign, revealed it to Artaxerxes. The rash youth was in consequence\\nseized in the temple and condemned to death when Parysatis, almost\\nout of her senses, flew to the place, clasped hira in her arms, bound\\nthe tresses of her hair about him, and by her tears and entreaties pre-\\nvailed on Artaxerxes to pardon him, and send him back to Sardis.\\nCyrus, instead of appreciating the magnanimity of his brother in spar-\\ning his life, and continuing his government, remembered only the\\nindignity of his chains, and, in resentment, strengthened Lhiiself in\\nthe determination to overthrow the king.\\n123. What Cteus did in Asia Minor. The haughtiness and pride\\nwhich had led him, when but a youth, to condemn two persons of\\nroyal blood for wearing their hands uncovered in his presence,\\nwere exchanged for the most winning affability. His emissaries at\\ncourt constantly magnified his merits as a statesman and a warrior,\\nand many turbulent noblemen stood ready to espouse his cause. It\\nwas now his turn to solicit favors from the Lacedemonians. He wrote\\nto them, promising that to the foot he would give horses, and to\\nthe horsemen, chariots that on those who had farms he would bestow\\nvillages, and on those who had villages, cities. Their pay, he said,\\nshould not be counted, but measured out to them. He told them he had\\na greater and more princely heart than his brother; that he was bet-\\nter instructed in philosophy, and that he could drink more wine than\\nArtaxerxes without disordering his senses 1\\n124. The Lacedemonians, moved by gratitude or avcrice, sent a\\nscytale to Clearchus, commander of their forces in Asia Minor, with\\norders to obey Cyrus in every thing he demanded but they wisely\\naffected ignorance of the enterprise in which he was engaged. A\\ncompany of Beotians also joined him, and some Athenians, among\\nwhom was Xenophon. The better to conceal his design, Cyrus gave\\nout that his expedition was directed against the Pisidians. Tissa-\\nphernes, rightly judging that several hundred thousand men would\\nnot be collected for so slight an occasion, set out post from Miletus to\\ninform Artaxerxes of what was going forward.\\n125. This news occasioned great trouble at court. Paiysatis and\\nall her favorites were looked upon as holding intercourse with the\\nrebel. Statira, the queen, continually loaded her with reprojujhes.\\nQuest ion4.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\^. How was It prevented? What followed Was Cjtus grateful to hit\\nbrother 128. What policy did Cyrus pursue What promises did he make What infer\\nmation did he add 124. Of whom waa the army of Cyrus composed f How did ArtazerxM\\nget iuformation of Cyrus s design T 125i. What saspiclons rested apon Parjsfttis", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0089.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "76 PERSIA. [b-C. 401\\nWhere is now, said she, that faith which you have so often\\npledged for your Bon s behavior? Your unhappy fondness lias\\nkindled this war, and plunged us into an abyss of misfortunes.\\nParysati\u00c2\u00ab replied with equal warmth, and their hatred finally became\\nso great tliiit they could not dwell together in one palace.\\n126. Meantime, Cyrus set out from Sardis with an army amount\\nIfig to nearly 300,000 men. When they reached Tarsus, the Greek\\nsoldiers, suspecting their destination, refused to go farther; but lae\\npersuasions of Clearchus, and the powerful eloquence of an exti a golc\\npiece, added by Cyrus to their pay, finally induced them to proceed\\nin search of the enemy, which Cyrus said he expected to meet near\\nBabylon. From Cilicia they passed on through Syria, forded the\\nriver Euphrates at Thapsacus, meeting with no opposition till they\\nreached the plain of Cunaxa.\\n127. Battle of Cunaxa. All the country througli which they\\nmarched was so quiet, that Cyrus supposed his brother feared to meet\\nhim in the field. Under this impression, lie traveled leisurely along,\\narmed only with a saber, and attended by a small guard. When about\\n75 miles from Babylon, a horseman came up at full speed, crying out\\nthat the enemy were approaching. In an instant all was hurry and\\nconfusion Cyrus leaped from his chariot, buckled on his armor with\\nthe greatest dispatch, and, without giving his army time for refre-^h-\\nment, arrayed them for the conflict. Clearchus with his Greeks occu\\npied the right wing, the barbarian mercenaries tlie left, and Cyrus,\\nwith a band of six hundred horse, took his position in the center. All\\nthings were ready about noon, and tlje soldiers stood there in battle\\narray three hours.\\n128. At length, when both their patience and strength were nearly\\nexhausted, a great cloud of dust appeared like a white cloud, and soon\\nspread itself densely over the whole plain the steady tramp of sol-\\ndiers, and the clattering of horses hoofs were heard, and, not long\\nafter, the glittering of helmets, lances, and standards, proclaimed the\\napproach of the royal forces. TissapLernes led up the left wing op\\nposite Clearchus; and Artaxerxes, supported by the flower of hii\\narmy, took his po\u00c2\u00bbt almost in front of his brother. When the two\\nQueMi(ymt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\25. In what words did the queen address her? What was the conse-\\nquence? 126. With how large an army did Cyrus march? From what place did he\\nstart? WhiTO was that place? (See map No. 2.) IIow did Cyrus persuade the Greeks to\\nfollow hitn? Where was Tarsus? (15, map 3.) Where was Thapsacus (29, same map.)\\nCunaxa? (Map No. 8.) 127. llow far was Cunaxa from Babylon? What baitJ* occurred\\nthere? How did Cyrus behave on the morning oj* the battle? 128. How was the betllf\\nommenced?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0090.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "B. a 401.] BATTLEOPCUNAXA. 77\\narmies had approached near enongh, the Greeks moved forward sing\\ning their loud paean; and then, striking their darts upon their shields\\nto frighten the horses, rushed upon the Persians with all their force.\\nThe enemy scarcely waited for the charge the horses, maddened by\\nthe din, wheeled, and pranced with ungovernable fury the riders,\\nequally frightened, sought safety in flight; and Tissaphernes, with a\\nsmall body of troops, alone maintained his ground.\\n129. The attendants of Cyrus, seeing the flight of the Persians,\\nproclaimed him king upon the spot; but while the main body remained\\nunbroken and his brother lived, Cyrus thought the kingdom still in\\ndispute. Keeping his 600 horse in a body, he observed the motion of\\nthe king, and perceiving him wheeling to the left, charged his guards\\nwitA groat impetuosity. The Persians gave way, and the attendants\\nof Gyrus dispersed in the pursuit, but with a few nobles he maintained\\nhis position. At length, discovering the king, he spurred on, crying\\nout, 1 see the man, and gave him a wound in the breast, at the\\nsame time that he himself received a blow in the eye from a javelin.\\nThe two brothers then fought hand to hand, and those about them\\nengaged furiously in the defense of each, till Cyrus was slain, and\\neight of his principal friends lay dead upon his body. Artaxerxes\\ngave his eunuch, Mesabates, charge to cut off the head and right\\nhand of Cyrus, while he collected his followers and plundered his\\nbrother s camp.\\n130. The Greeks returned about dark from the pursuit of the\\nfugitives, and, supposing they had gained the victory, put off their\\narmor, wondering much that no messenger came from Cyrus to com-\\npliment them upon their valor. The refreshments provided by the\\nprince had been carried off by the plunderers, and they were forced\\nto retire supperless to rest. In the morning they learned the extent\\nof their misfortune. By the messenger who brought them news of\\nOjms s death they sent word to Ariaeus, next in command, that being\\nvictors, they would make him king and while waiting for his answer,\\nthey killed the oxen of the baggage wagons, and, collecting the broken\\nweapons from the field of battle, roasted the flesh and made their\\nbreakfast. Not long after there came heralds from the king, sum-\\nmoning them to deliver up their arms. They replied that they would\\ndie before they would part with them that if Artaxerxes would\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 129. Give a further account of the battle. What orders did Artaxerxes give\\nto Mesabutes 130. What did the Greelcs learn on the morning after the battle To whom\\ndid they then send word? What werd did they send? How did they prepar* UmIi\\nbreakfikst? What summoas came to tlieuiT What was their reply?", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0091.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "78 PERSIA. t^-O^OL\\nreceive them into the number of his allies, they would serve him with\\nfidelity and valor but if he endeavored to reduce them to slavery, he\\nwould find them determined to lose their lives and liberty together.\\n131. In the mean time the messenger returned from Ariaeus, say-\\ning that that general declined the honor intended him, for there were\\n90 many noblemen in Persia superior to himself, that if Artaxerxet\\nwere dethroned, he could not expect to reign unmolested. He after-\\nward engaged, by the most solemn oaths, to conduct them to thei.\\nown country without fraud, and the bond was ratified by dipping\\ntheir spears in the blood of animals slain for the purpose. It was also\\nagreed to return home by a more northern route, to avoid the king s\\narmy and gain provisions. They accordingly withdrew from that\\nplace, and rested three days in some little villages, where they were\\nvisited by Tissaphernes and several of the Persian grandees.\\n132. TREAonKRY OF TissAPHERNEs. Tissaphemcs began his story\\nby telling them that, being a neighbor of Greece, and seeing them\\nsurrounded with dangers, he had used his good offices with the king\\nto obtain permission to conduct them to their own country that the\\nking had not granted his request directly, but had sent him to inquire\\nwhy they had taken up arms against him. We call the gods to\\nwitness, replied Clearchus, that we did not enlist ourselves to make\\nwar with the king. Cyrus, under different pretexts, brought ua\\nalmost hither without explaining himself, and when we found him\\nsurrounded with dangers, we thought it infamous to abandon him\\nafter all the favors he had bestowed upon us. As he is dead, we are\\nreleased from our engagement, and have no desire to contest the\\ncrown with Artaxerxes, nor to ravage his country, if he does not\\noppose our return.\\n133. Tissaphernes said he would acquaint the king with their\\nreply, and bring them his answer. He was gone three days, and\\nwhen he came back he told them that the king, after much solicita-\\ntion, had appointed him to the government of Sardis, and had given\\nthem permission to depart under his safe conduct, and if they would\\nwait till he had settled his affairs at court, they would set out to-\\ngether. Tliese arrangements were confirmed by an oath on both\\nsides. The Greeks waited very impatiently twenty days, every day\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ISl. What was the reply of Ariaeusf What agreement did Arieeus enter\\nInto By whom were the Greeks visited 182, What story did Tissaphernra tell? Who\\nreplied on the part of the Greeks? What reply did ho make 1S3. What did Tissaphernet\\nsay to this? How long was he gone? What nu ssage did h\u00c2\u00a9 bring? How long did th\u00c2\u00ab\\nGreeks then wait f", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0092.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "B. 0.401.] RETREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND. 79\\nbecoming more distrustful of his intentions, and more suspiciouE\\nof Ariajus, who had been freely pardoned by the king. Finally,\\nTissaphernes arriv^ed with a body of troops, and they all marched on\\ntogether but they had too good reasons for being enemies to confide\\nentirely in each other s truth. Occasions of distrust occurred daily\\nas they advanced to the head waters of the Tigris, and at last Tissa-\\nphernes, having invited the Greek officers to a conference, put them\\nall to death. Soon after, Arieeus rode up to the Greeks, and de-\\nmanded their arras in the king s name.\\n134. B. 0. 400, Nothing could exceed the consternation of the\\nGreeks at this tragical turn in their affairs. In the words of another,\\nAll gave themselves up to despair. They felt that they were still\\n2,000 miles from the nearest part of Greece, close to the vast armies of\\nthe king, and surrounded on all sides by tribes of hostile barbarians,\\nwho would supply them with nothing but at the expense of blows and\\nblood they had no guide acquainted with the country, no knowledge\\nof the deep and rapid rivers which intersected it, and no cavalry to\\nexplore the road or cover their rear on the march. As if discipline\\nand hope had ended together, the roll-call was scarcely attended to\\nthe watch-fires were scantily, or not at all supplied and even their\\nprincipal meal was neglected where chance led, they threw them-\\nselves down to rest, but not to sleep for sleep was banished by\\nthoughts of that country and those friends whom they no longer\\nexpected to behold again.\\n135. Xenophon. But there was among them a man, Xenophon,\\nhitherto distinguished only by his love of the instructions he had\\nreceived in the school of Socrates, who now felt the native energies of\\nhis mind roused to meet the critical emergency into which they wer\u00c2\u00ab\\nthrown. After a vain endeavor to sleep, he rose at midnight, aXiJ^^^^\\nsome of the principal men, and, representing to them the ignominious\\ndeath which would certainly follow submission, exhorted them to elect\\nnew officers, and pursue their route. This measure was resolved\\nipon Five generals were chosen, of whom Xenophon was one the\\nirmj was assembled, and encouraged by all the cheering suggestionj\\nwhich the desperateness of their circumstances would admit, and by\\nbreak of day they were ready to set off.\\nQuestio7is.~\\\\S3. What Is said of Ariaeus What treacherous act did TissapherneB commit T\\nWhat Ariaeus 134. What lb said of the consequent consternation of the Greeks? How did\\nthey reason about their condition f How did they act? 186. Who at last Insplnjd then\\nwith new courage In what way did he ao p \u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bbt was conawqueuiiy done", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0093.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "80 P E R S I [b. 0. 401\\n136. Retrkat of the Ten Thousand. It were long to tell how\\n^ften these determined veterans were forced to turn back, when a\\ndeep and rapid river rolled across their prth how many times they\\nwere obliged to make a long and tedious circuit around the base of\\nsome huge mountain how many skirmishes they fought with th?\\nbarbarians, through whose territories they passed; how often thej\\nwere compelled to halt and form in battle-line to repel the assaults of\\nthe treacherous Tissaphernes, who, with the forces of Artaxerxes,\\nhung upon their rear; how much they suffered from cold and hunger;\\nu-bat raurmurings, discontents, and jealousies arose; how many died\\nof hardship and fatigue; and how many, in utter despair of again\\nseeing their native land, yielded to their hard fate, and were left un-\\nburied upon the plains of Asia.\\n137. In passing through Armenia, they encountered vast snow-\\nbanks, into which they sunk at every step they also suffered intensely\\nfrom a violent north wind many lost their sight by the painful glare\\nof the snow and numbers perished with the cold. Sometimes, how-\\never, they came to little villages, where the inhabitants treated them\\nkindly, supplied them with provisions, and suffered them to rest after\\ntheir fatigues. Marching on thus, through dangers by flood and field,\\nfor many a long and weary month, they ascended at length a very\\nhigh mountain, and turning their eyes to the west, beheld, far in the\\ndistant horizon, the dark waters of the Euxine. At once a glad shout\\nburst from every lip The sea 1 the sea 1 was repeated by a thousand\\nvoices; the soldiers embraced their officers with tears of joy, and then\\nrunning to the top of the hill, and piling up a great heap of stones,\\nraised a trophy of broken armor taken from the different enemies they\\nhad overthrown in their long and toilsome march.\\n133. The remaining perils of their journey were encountered with\\nbuoyant spirits; and when they reached Trebizond, they encamped\\nthirty days to perform the vows they had made in the hours of dis-\\ntress, and tc celebrate the Olympic games. In this place they sepa-\\nrated, a part embarking by sea, and a part continuing their journey by\\nland they reunited, however, at the Thracian Bosphorus, and cross-\\ning over to Byzantium, found themselves once more upon Europea/i\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IS6. The retreat that followed is called what? What difficulties did the ten\\nthousand encounter? 137. What did they encounter in Armenia? How were they treated\\n\u00c2\u00bbt villages? llelate the events that took place on the mountain. Where was the Euxins\\n8(a? (Seo mjip No. 8.) What is the Euxiue called now? A7Ui. The Black Sea. 188.\\nWhere is Trebizond (Map No. 3.) Where was Byzanium (No. 2.) What is ByzantiuiB\\naow called. .4^n\u00c2\u00ab. Constantinojjla. What was Trobizond once called? .4n\u00c2\u00ab. Trapezu*.", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0094.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 401.] THE QUEEN S VICTIMS. 81\\nBoil. Xenophon computes, that from Ephesus, where they enlisted, tc\\nOanaxa, where the battle was fought, was ninety-three days march\\nfrom Cunaxa to Byzantium was something more and the time takep\\nby the Greeks, going and returning, was fifteen months. This retreat\\nof The Ten Thousand has never had a parallel in the annals of war,\\nand to th .B day it stands upon the page.H of history as the most perfect\\nmodel of an enterprise formed with valor, conducted Tvith prudence,\\nand executed with success.\\n139. Ykngeanoe of Partsatis. To return to the ulfairs of the\\nPersian court. Artaxerxes claimed the honor of having given Cyru*?\\nhis death-wound; but a Carian soldier insisted that he himself had\\ndispatched the pretender, as he was feebly attempting to rise after\\nbeing unhorsed. Artaxerxes, having tried various ways in vain to\\nstop his boasting, delivered him over to Pary satis as the murderer of\\nher son. She caused him to be tortured ten days, and put to death\\nby having melted brass poured into his ears. Mithridates, an officer\\nof distinction, who also had ti chare in the death of the young prince,\\nwas next marked out as an object of the queen s vengeance. He was\\nsentenced to the punishment of the troughs, a species of torture too\\nhorrid for description and lingered out seventeen days in inexpressi-\\nble agony.\\n140. The eunuch Mesabates, at the command of his king, had cut\\noff the head and right hand of Cyrus but as he stood high in the\\nfavor of Artaxerxes, Parysatis knew not how to accomplish his de-\\nstruction. Nevertheless, what she could not effect by open accusation,\\nshe brought about by patient ingenuity. She made use of every art to\\nwin the confidence of her son, humored all his whims, ministered to\\nhis pleasures, and spent hours with him in playing dice. One day she\\nallowed him to win a large sum of money from her, and then, pretend-\\ning to be very much chagrined at her loss, offered to play with him\\nfor a eunuch. Artaxerxes assented, and Parysatis, exerting all her\\nskill, won the game. She seized upon Mesabates as the forfeit, and\\nbefore the king learned her purpose, caused him to be flayed alive.\\n141. Death of Statira. But Parysatis was not satisfied. She had\\nher eye upon a more beautiful and more illustrious victim, who was so\\nintrenched in the affections of Artaxerxes, that she could not hope to\\nsupplant her. This was Statira, whose charms she had always envied,\\nQuestions. 188. What computation did Xenophon make What is said of the famous\\nretreat? 189. What claim did Artaxerxes make Was his claim disputed How was the\\noffender disposed of? Give the account of Mithridates. 140. Give the account of Meaa\\nbates. 141. Was Parysatis then satisfied? Who was selected to be the next victim F\\n4*", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0095.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "g2 PERSIA. [B, 0. 361\\nand whose influence over her son had long before excited her hatred.\\nTo cloak her design the more effectually, she feigned a reconciliation\\nwith her daughter-in-law, exchanged visits with her, and often invited\\nher to sup in her apartment. The two queens appeared to be on the\\nmost friendly terms, but the fear of poison kept them constantly\\nuneasy, and they would never eat except from the same dishes. But\\nParysatis could not be foiled. One day at table, she took a nicely\\ndressed bird, cut it in two, and giving one-half to Statira, eat the other\\nherself.\\n142. Immediately after, Statira was seized with the most excruci-\\nating pain, and sending for Artaxerxes, accused Parysatis of having\\npoisoned her. Convinced by the dreadful convulsions in which his\\nbeloved queen expired, Artaxerxes put all the servants of his mother\\nto the torture, when Giges confessed that she had poisoned one side\\nof the knife with which Parysatis had divided the bird. She was\\npunished by having her head crushed between two stones: the wicked\\nqueen was banished to Babylon.\\n143. Peace with Greece. Meanwhile Tissaphernes, by intermed-\\ndling in the affairs of Sparta and Athens, kept up a continual war in\\nAsia Minor, which was finally productive of great honor to Persia.\\nThe two rival states became so much weakened by their own dissen-\\nsions that the Persians gained th advantage of them and, in com-\\npelling them to sign the treaty of Antalcidas, wiped out the stain of\\ntheir former defeats, b. o. 387.\\n144. Troubles at IIome. b. o. 361.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The end of Artaxerxes s reign\\nwas filled with troubles and cabals. He was of a sweet and amiable\\ndisposition, but indolent, and enslaved by the luxuries of the court.\\nThe satraps of the provinces, abusing his good-nature and infirmities,\\nloaded the people with taxes, and made the Persian yoke intolerable.\\nMany of the tributary provinces, in consequence, revolted but as they\\nacted without concert, quarreled among themselves, and betrayed one\\nanother to the king, the troubles excited by them expired of them-\\nselves. Artaxerxes had three sons by his wife, and 150 by his concu-\\nbines. The rival interests of so many princes filled the whole court\\nwith factions. To prevent these disorders, Artaxerxes declared\\nQueoHons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 141. What course of conduct did Parysatis then pursue T How at last did\\njne accomplish her purpose? 142. What measures did Artaxerxes adopt in order to learn\\nthe cause \u00c2\u00ab,f h.s queen f death What confession was made? What was the consequence?\\n143. What is said of Tissaphernes What was the result to Sparta and Athens? 144 What\\nwas the general character of Artaxerxes? How mauy sons did he have? Why did ha\\ndoolare Dorlas hie successor", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0096.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "B. a360.J EEIGNOFOOHUS. 83\\nDarius his successor, and permitted him to wear the royal tiara and\\nassume the name of king.\\n145. Darius, not satisfied with these marks of favor, formed a\\ndesign against liis father s life, in which he engaged fi^y of his brothers.\\nA day was fixed by these unnatural children for the completion of\\ntheir s-iieme, but the thing having been related to the old king, he\\ncaused (hem to be arrested as they entered his chamber with the in-\\nitruments of deaLh in their hands. They were all executed as they\\ndeserved. Dchus, the third legitimate son, then began to entertain\\nambitious thoughts for himself. By assassinating one brother, and\\nthreatening another into suicide, he removed the obstacles which\\nstood between him and the throne, and broke his father s heart.\\nArtaxerxes sunk to the tomb overwhelmed by repeated afflictions. He\\nreigned 44 years.\\n146. OoHus, B. 0. 360. Ocnus desired distinction, and lie gained it.\\nOf all the monarchs that had ever disgraced a throne by violence and\\ncruelty, he takes the pre-eminence. The vices of his predecessors\\n\u00c2\u00abhrank into insignificance when compared with the absolute deformi-\\nties af his character, so that it might be said of him in the words of\\nScripture, There was none like unto Ochus who sold himself to work\\nwiekedness. To rid himself at once of all fear of his family, he put\\nevery member to death, without regard to age, sex, or tender entreaty.\\nHe caused his own sister, Ocha, to be buried alive, though her\\ndaughter was his queen. He shut up an uncle with one hundred\\nchildren and grand- children in a court of the palace, and ordered them\\nto be shot to death with arrows, merely because the young princes\\nwere held in high estimation. He treated all who gave him cause for\\nuneasiness throughout the empire with the same barbarity, and filled\\nevery province of Persia with lamentation.\\n147. His only expedition of importance was against Egypt, which\\nhe invaded with complete success. After his return he abandoned\\nhimself to his pleasures, leaving the a/^airs of his kingdom to be\\nhdministered by Mentor the Ehodian, and Bagoas his eunuch, aa\\nEgyptian. Not contented with having dismantled the cities, pillaged\\nthe houses and temples of Egypt, he carried away the archives of the\\nnation, which the priests had so long preserved with pious veneration.\\nQuMUons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\AA. Wliat plot did Darlas form? How waa It defeated? Who was Ochus?\\nWhat baseness was he guilty of? How long had Artaxerxes been king? 146. Who buo-\\nceeded Artaxerxes on the throne? What was the character of Ochus? Name some of hit\\nbarbarous acts. 147. What success attended his arms? Tu whom did be then leave th*\\naffairs of his kingdom", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0097.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "g4 PERSIA. [B. 0. 33\u00c2\u00ab\\nIn addition to his impiety, he had caused the god Apis to be served\\nup at dinner for his household, and had even gone so far as to compel\\nBagoas to eat of it. This the outraged Egyptian never forgave, and it\\nis said that Ochut died by poison administered by his hand. Nor did\\nthis satisfy his revenge. He caused another body to be interred\\ninstead of the king s, and, cutting up the flesh of Ochus in small pieces,\\nted it to cats, and fashioned his bones into handles tor Kuives and\\nliwords, the proper emblems of cruelty, b. o. 338,\\nla8. When Bagoas had thus disposed of Ochus, he placed Arses,\\n;,he youngest son of the king, upon the throne but not finding him so\\nconvenient a tool as he had anticipated, he caused him to be assas-\\nsmated, and bestowed the crown upon Darius Codouianus, one of the\\nsurviving aescendante of that uncle whom Ochus had massacrec The\\nPersian empne was now tottering to its fall. The arms of silver\\nhaa become eneivated by luxury, and their strength had departed;\\nthe ram had ceased to push westward and northward and south-\\nward, and quieUY reposed beside the river, while the he-goat\\nwas preparing to auiack him.\\n14:^. Fall of Pkrcma, b. o. 336. It was two hundred years from the\\ntime when the wnoie eastern world bowed to Che yoke of Cyrus the\\nGreat, that Dariua \\\\jouomanus clothed himself in the robe of that\\nmighty conqueror, ana attempted to sway the imperial scepter over\\nrevolted provinces ana efiBminate subjects. In the same year Darius\\nand Alexander began to roign, the one in the East, the other in the\\nWest. Darius had scarcely time to discover that Bagoas was T)lotting\\nagainst his life, and to bring that wicked person to punishment, when\\nnews was brought to him tiiat Alexander had invaded his dominions.\\nIt was not till after the battle of Oranicus had been fought, that the\\nill-disciplined forces of the empire were collected to attend their mon-\\narch in his march to repulse the Greek.\\n150. In the battle of Issus^ Darius was first defeated, and compelled\\nto flee with great precipitation. Two years after, in a second battle\\nat Arhela, he was again utterly defeated. His intention then was to\\npass through Media, laying waste the country as he went, til he found\\nrefuge the other side of the Oxus. There ho supposed the conqueror\\nwould leave him unmolested but his plan was defeated by one of his\\nQue8ti(m\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094m. What Indignity did he force upon Bagoas? How was Bagoas avenged?\\nWhen did that occur? 14S. Who was Arses Give the account of him. Who was Darius\\nCodomanus To what position did he attain? 149. How many years had passed since th\u00c2\u00ab\\nreign of Cyrus the Great? What feeble imitation was attempted by Darius CcJomwjii\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb\\ntya How many battles did Darius flght In person", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0098.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "B. C. 330.J\\nTHE ROYAL FAMILIES.\\n85\\nown satraps, who dethroned him, and carried him off a close prisoner\\nto Bactria. Alexander pursued him, and finding escape impossible,\\nthe treacherous satraps stabbed their king in several places, and left\\nhim by the road-side weltering in his blood. He was indebted to a\\n!Macedonian soldier for the last draught of water, and expired, com-\\nmitting his body to the conqueror, b. c. 330.\\nBj the subjugation of all the eastern world to Alexander, PersU\\nbecame a Grecian province.\\n\u00c2\u00a3etA Daa. Till 3-7, 20, 21,\\nMedian Dynasty.\\nPbbsian Dynasty.\\nCambyses. PH\\nDfcnas Hystaspes. I 9 I 7\\n10\\nCyrus. j Ty\\nCyrus the Great.\\nS ffi\\nCambyses. 8 I Smerdis,\\nffi\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S\\nXerxes the Great.\\nArtaxerxes Longimanus.\\nXerxes II. reigned 45 days.\\nSogdianus reigned 195 days.\\nDarins Nothus.\\nArtaxerxes Mnemon.\\nOchus, a monster of wiokedueaa.\\nDarius Codomanus.\\nPersia becomes a Grecian province\\nQuestion. 160. Relate the Btory of his death. When did that event take place? Wbrt\\nfllicl Pereia then beoom*", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0099.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "B6 PERSIA.\\nBBYIBW QUESTIONS.\\n1. What can jou state of the early history of Persia 35\\n2. Qive aa aoeount of Dejoces 35, 36\\n3. Oi Phraortea 36\\n4. Of Cyaxares 36, 37, 38\\n6. Give, as far as you can, the history of Media up to the time of\\nCyrus 13, 33, 34, 35, 36, Jf, 38\\n6. Give an account of Cyrus till his 16th year 38, 39\\n1. Of Cyrus s first expedition and return home 39, 40\\n8. What led to Cyrus s second expedition 40\\n9. Give an outline of that expedition 41, 42, 43, 44\\n10. Describe the prepaiations for the battle of Thymbra 44-46\\n11. Give an account \u00c2\u00abf the battle, and of Pauthea s fate 44-48\\n12. Give an account of Croesus, king of Lydia 40, 42, 44r-48\\n13. Why did Cyrus wish to capture Babylon 48\\n14- Give an account of his operations and success 48, 49\\n16. Give his further history till he became king 50, 51\\n16. Give his further history till his death 51, 62\\n17. Why did Cambyses make war upon Egypt? 52\\n18. Give an account of Cambyses s success 52, 53\\n19. Of his expedition against the Ethiopians 63, 54\\n20. Of his tyranny and cruelty at Memphis 55\\n31. Of his cruelty toward Smerdis and Prexaspes 55, 56\\n22. Give an account of the true and false Smerdis 65, 56, 5\\n23. Describe the taking of Babylon by Darius 58, 69\\n24. Give an account of the Scythian expedition 60, 61\\n25. Name the important succeeding events 61, 62\\n26. What is stated in connection with the burning of Sardis 62, 63\\n27. Name the events till the battle of Marathon 63, 64\\n28. The further events, till the death of Darius 64\\n29. What preparations were made against Greece 65, 66\\n30. Give an account of Xerxes s march 66,- 67, 68\\n31 Of the battle of Thermopylae 68, 69\\nS2 Of the further movements of Xerxes S9, 70\\n33 Of the battle of Salamis and consequences 70, 71\\n34. Name the events of the next seven years 71, 73\\n35. Give the account of the Egyptian revolt 72, 73\\n36. Name the important events succeeding the revolt 73, 74,7f\\n37. Name the events connected with young Cyrus 74, 76, 76, 7\\\\\\n38. Describe the Retreat of the Ten Thousand 77-81\\nJ9 Give an account of Ochus 83, 84\\n40 What further can yon state of Persia? 84. 8f", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0100.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION.\\nB.C.\\nMenes, first king of Egypt (b.c. 2700, Lane); (B.C. 3893,\\nLepsius) (b. c. 5004, Mariette), Bunsen 3623\\nThe Great Pyramids by Supliis I., about 2400\\nEgypt invaded by the Hyksos, or Shepherd kings (b. c. 2114,\\nOppert) 2080\\nThe Ciialdaean, or Old Babylonian Monarchy, founded, according\\nto Gutschmidt and liawlinson about 3600\\nThe Third Dynasty, beginning of Chaldean History 2234\\nShepherd kings completely subdue Egypt 1900\\nSettlement of the Israelites in Egypt (Ussher, B. c. 1706)\\n(Poole, B. c. 1867) Bunsen 1329\\nTime of the Judges in Judaea 1650-1095\\nExodus of the Israelites from Egypt (Poole, B. c. 1652) Ussher,\\nB. c. 1491) Bunsen 1314\\nThe Assyrian Empire founded, about 1450\\nThe Nineteenth Dynasty in Egypt Ramses II. (Sesostris), height\\nof Egyptian power (Oppert, 1462 b. c.) 1409\\nRameses II. opens a Canal from the Nile to Red Sea 1311-1260\\nConquest of Babylon by the Assyrians 1260\\nReign of Saul (b. c. 1097-1058, Oppert) 1095-1055\\nDavid (b. c. 1058-1019, Oppert) 1055-1015\\nSolomon (B.C. 1019-978, Oppert) 1015-985\\nRevolt of the Ten Tribes (b.c. 928, Oppert) 985\\nThe kingdom of Israel to the Captivity of the Ten Tribes by\\nShalmanezer (978-721, Oppert) 985-719\\nThe kingdom of Judah to the Captivity in Babylon 978-588\\nCarthage founded about 872, 985-586\\nSemiramis, Queen of Assyria 810-781\\nHosea, last King of Israel 729-719\\nSennacherib, King of xlssyria 705-680\\nMedes revolt from Assyria 740\\nNebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem, the captivity of the Jews 586\\nThe Median Monarchy founded 650\\nNineveh taken by the Medes 625\\nNebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon 604-561\\ntakes Tyre 585\\nEgypt conquered by Assyria 665\\nCyrus, King of Persia 558-529\\nCroesus taken prisoner by Cyrus (b. c. 544), Rawlinson 554\\nBabylon taken by Cyrus 538\\nThe return of the Jews from Babylon 536\\nCambyses, King of Persia 529-522\\nPsammenticus defeated at Pel usium by Cambyses 525\\nThe End of the Egyptian Monarchy 525\\nC/umbyses rules over Egypt 525\\nParius I., King of Persia 521-486", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0101.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "CHRONOLOGICAL HEO A P IT U L A T 1 K.\\nB. O.\\nDarius I;, invades Scythia 508\\nconquers Thrace and Macedonia 507\\nRevolt of tlie Asiatic Greeks 501\\nSardis burnt by tlie Greeks 500\\nXerxes I., King of Persia 486-405\\nArtaxerxes I., King of Persia 465-425\\nEgypt revolts from Persia 405\\nPersia again establishes her power over Asia Minor 413\\nTissaphernes and Pharnabazzus satraps 413\\nArtaxerxes II., King of Persia 405-363\\nBattle of Cunaxa 401\\nWar between Sparta and Persia 399-394\\nBattle of Cnidus 394\\nPeace of Antalcidas 887\\nArtaxerxes III., King of Persia 359-338\\nEgypt and Phoenicia again annexed to Persia 346\\nDarius III., last King 01 Persia 336-330\\nFIRST PERIOD.\\nChaldean Ascendency In Western Asia about b.o. 2001-1543\\nSECOND PERIOD.\\nEgyptian Ascendency in Western Asia B.C. 1535-1300\\nTHIRD PERIOD.\\nAssyrian Ascendency in Western Asia B.C. 1350-625\\nFOURTH PERIOD.\\nThe Four Great Powers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Babylon, Media, Lydia, Egypt, B.C. 625-558\\n(Babylon taken by Cyrus, b. c. 538) (Media and Lydia con-\\nquered by Cyrus, b. c. 558-554) (Egypt conquered by\\nCambyses, b. c. 535).\\nFIFTH PERIOD.\\nPersian Ascendency in Western Asia, to b.c. 559-333\\nTABLE.\\nDates as given by Modern Ghronologers.\\nUSSHEB.\\nClinton.\\nHales.\\nB.C.\\nB.C.\\nB. c.\\n4004\\n4138\\n5411\\n2349\\n2482\\n3155\\n1921\\n2055\\n2078\\n1491\\n1G25\\n1648\\n588\\n587\\n586\\nPoole.\\nCreation\\nFlood\\nCall of Abraham\\nExodus\\nDestruction of the Temple\\nB. c.\\n5421\\n31.59\\n2082\\n1625", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0102.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3400", "width": "2228", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0103.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "411\\ni V^\\n\u00c2\u00a3j i laiiuia\u00c2\u00ab or\\nDyrroi hinm\\nMAC\\nH\\n41\\n^i\\n3J\u00c2\u00bb\\n38\\nill5 --i\\nR^--r-i.T 7\\n4ij\\ni) K^-li\\n(0\\ntevatuex\\nP \u00c2\u00a9F\\n2", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "GKEECE.\\nSECTION IV.\\nGreece, commencing with Its settlement hy tho children of Jaran, about 2000 a., tMi\\nMdiag with Its subjugation by the Romans, 146 b. o., continued nearly two millenniumB.\\n1. Wk have contemplated the Head of gold and Arms of\\nsilver, described in Nebuchadnezzar s image; we come now to the\\nBody of brass, which comprises a far more interesting and instruc-\\ntive portion of history. Assyria and Persia were empires ruled by\\ndespots, and dependent in a great measure for their prosperity upon\\nthe individual character of the king consequently the history of the\\nmonarch became the history of the nation. A striking deviation from\\nthis order will be observed in the following pages. Greece was a\\nrepublic. It was settled at different times, in different places, by\\nadventurers from different countries. The laws of the different statea\\nwere not the same yet a common bond of brotherhood, and a com-\\nmon hatred of tyranny, led them to unite in repelimg every foreign\\ninvader, and gave them at one time the dominion of the world.\\n2. Though Greece at first possessed only a very small extent of\\nterritory, yet the advantages of its natural position were very great.\\nIt was in the center of the most cultivated portions of three quarters\\nof the world its extensive coasts were indented with numerous bays,\\nand furnished with commodious harbors; it was watered in every direc-\\ntion by an infinite number of small streams, which, rising in the lofty\\nhills, flowed through fertile vales, and imparted a delicious coolness to\\na climate naturally warmer than that of any other part of Europe. Its\\n8uper.Qcial content was 29,600 square miles; not half as large as the\\nterritory of New England yet within this limited space were twenty\\nrival states, which for a long period bade defiance to the world, and\\nperished only when they turned their arms upon one another.\\nCberoe. Section IV. QuesHons. 1. What is said of Nebuchadnezzar s image? Why\\nIs Ihe history of Greece considerefl more interesting than that of Assyria and Persia What\\nwas Greece What is said of Its settlement Of its laws Why did the Grecian states\\nunite f What was the consequence? 2. What is said of the natural advantages of Greece?\\nHow large was Us territory Of how many states did It consist? What is said of thell\\npower Why did they perish f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "88 OREEOB.\\n3. A dime, laid upon the southern part of Turkey, in Europe, as\\ndelineated upon the common maps, would cover all the territory of\\nGreece proper, and Macedonia beside yet here stood the beautiful\\ncity of Athens here were the vales and groves of Arcadia here the\\nbloody fields of Maratlion and Platea; here was High Olympus,\\nwith his neighboring eminences, Pelion and Ossa here was ^o^y\\nParnassus, sheltering the famous temple of Delphi; here weie the\\nclassic waters of Helicon, and the Oastalian fount; here all thoue\\nwoods, and vales, and streams made sacred by the visits of the gods\\nthemselves. Here too lived and flourished the wisest philosophers,\\nthe mightiest heroes, and the most renowned statesmen the world\\never saw and to this comparatively insignificant spot, sculpture,\\npainting, poetry, and music lent their magic powers to such a degree,\\nthat to this day the models of the Grecian school are imitated, but\\nnot surpassed.\\n4. Geogkaphy. We will consider Greece under four divisions.\\nI. Hlyria, Macedonia, and Thrace were not reckoned a part of Greeoij\\nuntil about the time of Alexander.\\nII. Northern Greece had Thessaly on the east and Epirus on the\\nwest.\\n1. Theesaly, afterwards so celebrated for its cavalry, contained Mts\\nOssa and Olympus, separated by the delicious vale of Tempe, tlirougb\\nwhich flowed the magnificent river Peneus. Here also was the plain\\nof Pharsalia, wliere three very important battles were fought.\\n2. Epirus contained the oracle of Jupiter at Dodona.\\n5. 111.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Of Central Greece or Hellas^ 3, 4, 5, (S, w-cre very little\\ncelebrated. 7. Pbocis contained the oracle of Delphi, the city of\\nCrissa, and Alt. Parnassus. 8. East Locris contained Tliermopylae,\\nwhich is thus described At Thermopylce a steep and inaccessible\\nmountain rises on the west, and on the east side are the sea and the\\nQueotiorm, 3. What is the illustration in connection with the dime? What city w\u00c2\u00bba\\nthere? Vales and groves Bloody fields? Eminences? Mountain? Temple? Waters?\\nFount? Woods, vales, and streams Philosophers, heroes, and statesmen What is said\\nof the sculpture, painting, poetry, and music of Greece [The importance of a ge-cgrraphical\\nknowledge of history cannot be too deeply impressed upon the mind of the sliident; it is,\\ntherefore, fjirnenUy requeated that every pupil become perfectly familiar with the situation\\nof the different states upon map No. 2, and also with the relative position of Greece on the\\nmaps in general use.] 4. What three states are first mentioned? What is said of them f\\nWhich of them was farthest east (See map.; Of what two states was Northern Greec\u00c2\u00ab\\ncom[io-\u00c2\u00ab d (See, also, map.) For what did Thessaly become celebrated What did it con\\ntain? I- .piru8? 5. I .y what name was Centr.al Greece be\u00c2\u00bbt known? Nauie the states of\\nC5entr Greece. (See, also, map.) Give the names of thoc b\u00c2\u00ab- -\u00c2\u00ab-in\u00c2\u00abr on Nortbera Greece\\n\\\\^h\u00c2\u00bbt did Phocis contain? JSiaat Locri\u00c2\u00bb?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "illl!l!llill|lllllllllllllllll!! llllll!ill\u00c2\u00bb^\\nIII; tc\\ni\\no\\nlllliiiiiJiiiijiiiiii:", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "GRECIAN MYTBOLOGT\\nmarshes. Tlie road is fifty feet wide, but in the narrowost part there h\\nroom only for one carriage. 9. Euboea, separated from Beotia by the\\nnarrow strait of Euripus, had one city, Eretria, which took an active\\npart in the Persian wars. 10. Beotia was a large plain shut in b}\\nmountains. Beside Thebes, the capital, it contained Platea, Leuctra,\\nand Cheroneia,* places which will often be mentioned in the course of\\nthis history. 11. Attica was sixty-three miles long and twenty-five\\nbroid. Its only city was Athens: Marathon, Eleusis, c., were only\\nvillages. 12. Megara was a Dorian colony, subject to Attica.\\n6. ly. Peloponnesiis. 13. Corinth was in everybody s way. It\\nwas the key of Southern Greece, and the hostile armies which passed\\nfrom Hellas into the Peloponnesus frequently laid it waste. The\\ncitadel of Corinth, Acro-Corinthus, was a lofty rock, clearly visible\\nfrom Athens, a distance of forty miles. 14. Sicyon, the capital of.\\nSiciyonia, was the oldest settled town in Greece. 15. Achaia was never\\nmuch distinguished till after the death of Alexander, when its twelve\\ncities united to resist the power of Macedon, and were for a time the\\nsole defenders of Grecian liberty.\\n7. 16. Elis was the Roly Land of Greece. No wars were allowed\\nto violate this sacred soil armies in passing thrj gh it were deprived\\nof their weapons. Here was the temple of Olympian Jove, and here\\nall the descendants of Hellen met once in four years to celebrate the\\nOlympic games. 17. Arcadia was the country of hills and valleys, of\\nflocks and herds. The Arcadians were equally Beady to fight for free-\\ndom and for money, and generally enlisted on the side which furnished\\nthe best pay. 18. Argolis took the lead of all the states in the Trojan\\nwar, and never after. 19. Laconia was the ancient name of Lacede-\\nmonia, the capital of which was Sparta. The Spartans laid waste and\\nsubdued (20.) Messenia, very early in the history of Greece.\\n8. Mythology. The religious beliefs and observances of the Greeks,\\nconstituting their mythology, are intimatc y connected with the fabu\\nlous and poetical portion of their history. The origin of Grecian reli-\\ngion has been differently stated by different historians some asserting,\\nthat it came from Egypt; others that Phenicia was its parent while\\nothers bid us search in Crete and Saraothracia for the authors of those\\nQueaUons.\u00e2\u0080\u00946. Enhod J Beotia? Attica? What Is said of Megara? 6. By what nam*\\nwas Southern Greece most known Why was Corinth In everybody s way What Is eaW\\nof Acro-Corinthn9 Of Sicyon? Of Achaia? 7. Whar is said of Elis? Of Arcadia!\\nOf Argolis? Of Laconia? Of Mesecnia? [The teacher is requested to give out the nam\\nbcrs, and permit, the pupil, with his eyes lixei upon the irap. to describe the states.\\n8. What constituteiT the mythology of the (iieeks? What is sUted in relatir.n to the origii\\ni f Oreeian religion Also written Chepon*?\\\\ and Uhfftronae.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "90 ORBEOK.\\nfables which peopled Old Olympus with all the deities of the Pan\\ntheon. These fables, whether invented by the natives or introduced\\nby foreigners, were spread throughout Greece in the form of traditions,\\ntill the poets collected and arranged them into one uniform system,\\nirhich the beauty of their verses caused to be universally adopted.\\n9. According to this system, the beginning of all things was Chaos\\na heterogeneous mass, containing all the seeds of nature. Hesiod\\nsays, Chaos was first then came into being broad- breasted Earth,\\nthe gloomy Tartarus, and Love^ The progeny of Chaos were Nox,\\nErebus, Day, and Ether, Coelum, Heaven, and Terra, the Earth, were\\nthe parents of Saturn, the oldest of the gods, but he, having the Titans\\nfor brothers, obtained the kingdom only by an agreement to destroy\\nnil his offspring. This promise he fulfilled till Rhea, his wife, con-\\ntrived to hide Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, which becoming known to\\nthe Titans, they cast Saturn into prison. Jupiter, meanwhile, was\\nreared in the isle of Crete, rocked by Adrastea in a golden cradle, fed\\nwith ambrosia brought by pigeons from the streams of Ocean, and\\nnectar, which an eagle drew each day with his beak from a rock.\\n10. When Jupiter had grown up to manhood he overcame the Titans\\nand restored Saturn to his throne but he afterwards quarreled with\\nhis father and chased him into Italy, where the banished god spent his\\ntime in civilizing the rude inhabitants. He brought them into such\\na %iiii of blessedness, that this period was ever afterwards called the\\nGolden Age. He was represented in pictures as an old man, with a\\nscythe in one hand, and a child, which he was about to devour, in the\\nother. According to a more rational account, Saturn is but another\\nname for time. Days, Months, and Years are the children of Time,\\nwhich he continually devours and produces anew, even as Saturn is\\nfabled to have destroyed his own offspring.\\n11. After Saturn had been driven into exile, his three sons divided\\nthe universe among themselves. Jupiter became sovereign of the\\nheavens and earth. Neptune obtained the empire of the sea, and\\nPluto received the scepter of the infernal regions. Jupiter, however,\\nwas soon disturbed in his dominions by the offspring of Titan, a r\u00c2\u00a3xje\\nof terrible giants, who by piling Pelion upon Ossa attempted to ascend\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 What Is Intlnaateiy connected with the poetical portion of Grecian\\nhistory? 9. What did they style the beginning of all things? Who were the parerti\\nof Saturn Who were the Titans How many chil lren hud Saturn What is said of the\\nyouth of Jupiter? What further account can you give of Jupiter? Ilow was Saturn\\nrepresentt d? What more rational account d\\\\\u00c2\u00bb we have of Saturn 11. Who ruled over the\\nthree empires? By whom was Jupiter disturbed? in what way?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "GRBOIAN MYTHOLOGY. 91\\no heaven and pluck him from his throne. The gods, in great aktm,\\nfled from Mt. Olympus to Egypt, where they slieltcred themselve?\\nurder the forms of various animals.\\n12. Jupiter finally overcame his enemies, inchuling the huge TypLon,\\nwhom he buried beneath Etna, where he heaves the lofty mountain\\nwith his groaning sides, and vomits fiames to this day. Jupiter waa\\nalways represented as sitting on a throne of ivory and gold, hoiding\\ntlie thunderbolts in his right hand, and a scepter of cypress in the\\nother, with an eagle standing by his side. He took in marriage his\\nsister Juno^ a beautiful, but ill-tempered goddess, who kept the father\\nof gods and king of men a little in awe of her tongue, which did not\\nalways deal in the gentlest epithets. She was delineated as riding in a\\nchariot drawn by peacocks, with a scepter in her hand, and a crovfu\\nof roses and lilies upon her head.\\n13. Nine of the principal deities were considered as the children ot\\nJupiter. Apollo was the god of music, poetry, painting, and medicine.\\nHe was represented as a beautiful young man, with a bow in his hand\\nand a quiver of arrows at his back. At the banquet of the gods on\\nOlympus, Apollo played on his lyre while the Muses sung. When\\nhe resolved to choose the site of his first temple, he traversed Greece\\ntill he came to Crissa, a quiet, sequestered spot, sheltered by Mt. Par-\\nnassus, where he slew the monstrous serpent Pytlion, and set about\\nerecting a temple whence the place was called Pytho. Mars, the\\ngod of war, was represented as driving furiously along in a chariot\\ndrawn by Fear and Terror, in the form of foaming steeds, with Discord\\nrunning before him, in tattered garments, and Anger and Clamor fol-\\nlowing close behind.\\n14. Bacchus, the god of revels and revelers, is too well known, with\\nhis red eyes and bloated face, to need a description here. Mercury\\nwas the messenger of the gods, and of Jupiter especially. He was the\\ngod of speech, of eloquence the patron of merchants and of dishonest\\nmen, particularly thieves. He presided over highways and cross-\\nways, guided travelers through by-ways, and conducted the souls of\\nthe dead to the world below. In token of his office he was painted\\nwith wings upon his hat and upon his heels, with a rod called Cadu\\nceus in his hand, which Apollo gave him in exchange for the Lyre.\\nSquare blocks of granite surmounted with his head, standing at the\\ncrossing of streets, were called statues of Hermae.\\nQueutions. 12. What snccesB did Jupiter have? Tlo-w was he rcjTesented Who ww\\nbis wife? What was Juno s character? How was she repre8eiiU i 13. How many cMl-\\n^en had Jupitet Describe A.pollo. Mars. 14. Describe Bacchus. Mercury.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "9\u00c2\u00ab5 GEBECE.\\nIB. Minerva was the goddess both of wisdom and of war, and tr^^i\\nfabled to have sprung, all armed and equipped, from the head of\\nJupiter. The spindle and the distaff were her invention, and the\\nsolemn owl her emblem. She superintended the building of the ship\\nArgo, and taught Epeus how to frame the wooden liorse. Athena,\\nher Greek name, was given to Athens. Another name of hers was\\nPalJfts. The Palladium, her image, fell down from heaven into the\\nBit J of Troy. When the Grecians besieged that place, they found it\\ncould never be taken while the Palladium remained in it. Ulysses\\nand Diomedes crept into the city, through the sewers, and stole the\\nprecious protection, after which Troy was captured.\\n16. Venus was the goddess of beauty and of love. The three\\ngraces danced around her, and the mischievous little Cupid played at\\nher feet. She sprang from the froth of the sea, and was laid, like a\\npearl, in a shell instead of a cradle. The rose-colored shallop, with\\nits precious freight, was wafted by Zephyrus to the island of Cyprus,\\nwhere the gold-filleted Seasons received her, clothed her in immortal\\ngarments, adorned her with every ornament which could add to her\\nbeauty, and took her to the abode of tlie gods, every one of whom\\nadmired and loved her, and desired to espouse her. She finally fell to\\nthe lot of Vulcan.\\n17. Vulcan, attended by his grisly one-eyed Cyclops, was repre-\\nsented as a blacksmith, forging thunderbolts for Jupiter. It was said\\nthat the first woman was fashioned by his hammer, and that every god\\ngave her some present, whence she was called Pandora; and that\\nJupiter, to be revenged upon Prometheus, who stole fire from heaven\\nto animate the man he had formed, sent Pandora to him with a sealed\\nbox. When the precious casket was opened, all sorts of evils and\\ndiseases flew out of it, and nothing but Hope was left at the bottom.\\nAurora, the goddess of the morning, was represented clothed in a\\nsaffron -colored robe, coming out of a golden palace, and throwing\\nback a flowing vail, as she opened with rosy fingers the gates of day\\nfor the fiery steeds of Apollo. She was the mother of the winds, and\\nwept the dew from her eyes in liquid pearls. The Muses were nine\\nbeautiful goddesses, who presided over musicians, orators, historians,\\npoets, c.\\n18. Neptune, the god of the ocean, was drawn by dolphins, in\\nhis scallop-shell chariot, over the foaming waves. His hair was black\\nQuestioTi*. \u00e2\u0080\u009416. Describe Mlnerviw 1*. Venus. IT. Vulcan. Aurwa. The Muma\\n18 Neptune", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "THE TRIBUNAL OF THR DEAD. 93\\nM the midnight storm, and his eyes as blue as the peaceful sea. An\\naxure mantle floated from his shoulders in one hand he held his\\ntrident, and with the other clasped his wife, Amphitrite. Trite n, hit\\nson and trnmpeter, attended his father.\\nFrowning, he seemed his crooked shell to sound.\\nAnd at the blast the billows danced around.\\n19. Beside the celestial and terrestrial deities, of which not a\\ntithe have been enTimerated, the infernal gods were often quoted.\\nAccording to Grecian fables, the passage which led to the infernal\\nregions was a wide and dark cave, opening upon a stagnant lake\\ncalled Avernus. Four rivers were to be passed by the dead, the moat\\ncelebrated of which was the Styx. Charon, the ferryman of htJl,\\nreceived the souls of the buried dead (those of the unburied being C -^n-\\npelled to wander one hundred years about those gloomy shores), ana\\n-owed them over to the palace of Pluto. The gate of this palace was\\nguarded by a three-headed dog, Cerberus, whose body was covered\\nwith snakes instead of hair. After bribing this ferocious keeper by\\nthe present of a cake, they entered to the presence of the sovereign of\\nthe infernal regions.\\n20. This was Pluto, the brother of Jnpiter, who sat upon an ebon\\nthrone, holding in his hand the key of death and Hades. By his\\nside sat Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres, who became his wife in the\\nfollowing manner: When all the goddesses had refused to marry\\nPluto, he seated himself in his chariot of darkness, which rendered\\nhim invisible, and suddenly emerged from a cave in Sicily, near which\\nsome beautiful nymphs were gathering white daffodils. He seized\\nProserpine, and sank with her into the earth. Ceres, alarmed at the\\nabsence of her daughter, lighted a torch at the flames of Etna, and\\nwandered up and down the earth in search of her. She found her at\\nlast in the infernal regions, the bride of Pluto.\\n21. The Teibunal of the Dead. All persons received their deaths\\nimpartially from the Fates. Th^n their condemnation impartially\\n!rom the three Judges. And afterwards their punishment impartially\\nfrom the three Furies. The Fates, three sisters, who ordered the\\nPast, the Present, and the Future, were constantly employed in spin-\\nning the thread of life. Lachesis turned the wheel, Clotho drew out\\nthe thread, and Atropos cut it off with the fatal scissors. The three\\nQuMUons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 19. What Is said of the Infernal regions f 20. Who had charge of the Infema\\nregions? Who was his wife In what manner did he gei his wife? 21. What is said of\\nthe tribunal of the dead 1", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "94 GREECE.\\njndges, Minoa, RliadamarUhas, and Eacus, were the sons of Jupiter.\\nThe three tormenting Furies were monsters, with the faces of women.\\nGrief, Terror, and Madness were their inseparahle foUovvers in on\u00c2\u00a9\\nhand they liekl a lighted torch, while with the other they scourged\\nthe souls of the lost throughout all the gloomy caverns of hell. Beside\\nthe furies, these melancholy regions were peopled with Harpies,\\nSphinxes, Gorgons, and chimeras dire, presenting every disguefiug\\nappearance, and every terrihlo form of punishment.\\n22. Elysian Fields. There was a i)lace in the province of Pluto\\ncalled Elysium, where all the souls of the good, after being purged\\nfrom their light oftenses, were i)ermittod to take up their abode\\nThe few who re clcnnsed, to those abodes repair,\\nAnd breathe In ample (lelds the soft Klyslan air;\\nFrom holy rites perfonnod, they take their way.\\nWhere long extended phiins of pleasure lay.\\nThe fields are verdant, and with heaven may Tie,\\nWith ether vested, and a purple sky\\nThe blissful seats of ha[)py souls below,\\nStars of their own, and tliolr own sun they know.\\nAfter years spent in these delightful retreats, the souls of the blessed\\nwere instructed to drink of the river Lethe, which washed away all\\nremembrance of the past, and tJien they returned to earth again, to\\nInhabit other bodies.\\n23. The Greeks had also a class of derai-gods, who had human\\nbodies, sacred minds, and celestial souls, and wore sent into the world\\nfor the benefit of mankind, Among these were Hercules, who per-\\nformed several mighty exi)loits; one of which was the rending asunder\\nof Spain and Africa, thus j)erinitting the strait of Gibraltar to flow\\nbetween two rocks, called the pillars of Hercules; Jason, who headed\\nthe Argonautic expedition; Esculapius, the god of medicine; Or-\\npheus, Achilles, Ulysses, and many others, which it would be impo\u00c2\u00bb\\nsible to notice in the limits of this work.\\n24. Beside all these gods, a species of imaginary beings filled every\\ncorner both of the earth and sea. Every mountain had its OreaJi,\\nthe woods and vales were peopled with Dryads, the sea w^as furnished\\nwith Tritons and Nereids, and every fountain rejoiced in its guardian\\nNaiad. To the Greeks, the thunder was the voice of Jupiter the\\nBoft breeze of summer, was the wing of Eolus the echo of the forest\\nwas the pensive whisper of a goddess and the murmur of the streamlet\\nQustHon*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094^ What is said of the Elysian fields T 2a Of the doml-godB? 84. Of\\nImaginary belnge? Of thunder? Soft b-eerwT Echo f th\u00c2\u00ab forest f Murmur of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nstreamlet?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "GRECIAN M T H L Q T 95\\nwas the tone of a presiding deity. In siiort, whatever sonnd or eight\\ncharmed their fancy was ascribed to the agency of unseen, but bean-\\ntiful and immortal beings.\\n25. Effect op Gekcian Mythology. It will readily be inferred,\\nthat a religion so interwoven with all that was lovely in nature, and\\nail that was poetic in imagination, must have exercised a powerful\\ninfluence upon the character of the people. The Greek honored his\\ndeity as his friend; and to defend his temple, was a more sacred duty\\nthan to protect his own fireside. To paint the ideal beauty of Venus,\\nto make the marble personate the lofty purity of Minerva, or the dread\\nmajesty of Jupiter, employed all the genius of the painter aud the\\nBculptor. To sing the combat of the gods with the giants; to charm\\nthe listeners at the Olympic games with the loves of Olympian Jove\\nto recount the exploits of the heroes before the walls of Troy to\\nmagnify the strength of Hercules, and the address of Theseus;\\nawakened the imagination, and gave wings to tlie genius of the poet\\nand historian hence it is that Greece stands proudly pre-emment as\\nthe birth-place of the sciences, and tne cradle of the fine arts.\\n26. Till the time of Homer, the Greeks, like other savages, wor-\\nshiped in the open air, in sacred groves, or in temples rudely con\\nstructed for the purpose. The priesthood was liruited to no parti\\ncular family or class; and oftentimes distinguished generals or magis-\\ntrates assisted in the most solemn rites. In the marriage ceremony,\\nthe bride was conducted in the evening from her father s house to her\\nhusband s, seated in a chariot, between the bridegroom and her most\\nintimate friend. Torches were carried before them, and a nuptial\\nsong was chanted by the way. Before the door of the dwelling, the\\nailetree of the carriage was broken, to signify that she was never to\\nreturn to her father s house.\\n27. At the death of friends, the Greeks abstained from all ban\\nquets and entertainments; they tore or cut off their hair, they rolled\\nin the dust, and covered their heads with ashes. Before the inter\\nment, a piece of money was put into the mouth of the deceased, which\\nivas considered as Charon s fare for wafting the soul over the inferna\\nrieer. The corpse was likev/ise furnished with a cake of honey and\\nflour, designed to appease the fury of Cerberus, and procure the ghost\\na safe and easy entrance to the realms of Pluto. In the early ages, it\\nwas customary to lay the dead in the ground, but burning afterward\\nQuA4Unn\u00c2\u00bb.\u00e2\u0080\u00941fi. What waa the eflFect of Grecian Mythology? 26 Where did the OrMk.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ondact their worship? Descril their nuptial ceremonlea Ocscrlb* their funera\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2eremonlei. What wa\u00c2\u00ab esteemed a great diggraoe?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "9^ G R E E B\\nbecame the common practice. The pile was lighted by the nearest\\nrelative, and, while it was consuming, the friends stood by, pouring\\nout libations, and calling upon the departed soul. Then followed\\nfeasts, at which all the guests appeared crowned, and employed the\\ntime in lauding the deceased, so far as was consistent with truth for\\nit was esteemed a great disgrace to lie upon such an occasion.\\n28. The most powerful engines of Grecian polity were the mysteries\\nand oracles. In every state of the Republic there were certain cere-\\nmonies of a secret religion, over which the solemn veil of mystery was\\nthrown. The sacred rites of Ceres, and the oracular responses from\\nthe dismal cave of Trophonius, the venerable oak of Dodon.i, and the\\ninspiring vapor of Delphi, exercised over the enthusiastic minds of the\\ninhabitants a power which designing men seized upon to further their\\nown ambitious views.\\n29. Description of Delphi. The oracle that gained the highest\\nreputation was that of Delphi. On the southern side of Mount Par-\\nnassus, not far from Crissa, the mountain crags formed a natural\\namphitheater, in the midst of which a deep cavern discharged from a\\nnarrow orifice, a vapor powerfully affecting the brain of those who\\ncame within its influence. This, we are told, was first brought into\\nnotice by a goatherd, whose goats, browsing upon the brink, were\\nthrown into convulsions upon which, the man, going to the spot and\\nendeavoring to look into the chasm, became agitated like one frantic.\\n30. The spot which produced such marvelous effects, became the\\nobject of universal curiosity people came from all quarters to inhale\\nthe inspiring fluid, and the incoherent words uttered in the intoxica-\\ntion were considered prophecy. But the function of the prophet\\nbecame not a little dangerous, for many through giddiness fell into the\\ncave and were lost. An assembly of the neighboring inhabitants was\\ntherefore convened, a priestess was appointed by public authority a\\nframe, resting upon three feet, called a tripod, was prepared, seated\\nupon which the Pythoness inhaled the maddening vapor, and uttered\\nincoherent sentences, which her attendants wrote down as the re-\\nsponses of Apollo. A rude temple was built over the cavern, priests\\nwere elected, ceremonies were prescribed, and sacrifices were per-\\nformed. Delphi, which was really near the center of Greece, was\\nreported to be the center of the world.\\n31. No enterprise of importance was undertaken, without first con-\\nQueation\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094ii. What Is said of the mysteries and oracles 29, 80, 81. Describ* Delphi\\nWhere was it located? (See map No. 8.) What ia it now? Ans. A small village called\\nCastri. How did Delphi b\u00c2\u00aboome a national bank?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "SETTLEMENT OF GREECE 97\\nsalting this oracle; to do which, it was necessary to propitiate the god\\nby presents; and, as the priests had it always Iq their power to deny\\nanswers, to delay answers, or to give answers direct, dubious, and unin\\ntelligible, the applicants soon came to understand the philosoi hy of mag-\\nnificent donations. In addition to these incentives to munificence, the\\nDames of those who presented valuable gifts were registered, and the\\narticles exhibited to visitors and thus interest and vanity combined to\\nadorn the temple, till it became one of the seven wonders of the\\nworld. These treasures were carefully guarded the wealthy do\\nposited their gold and jewels there for safe keeping, and, in this man-\\nner, Delphi finally became, also, the great National Bank of Greece.\\n32. Gkeece Settled by the Sons of Ion or Javan. Javau\\nthe sou of Japheth was, according to historians, the progenitor\\nof the Grecians. His four sons, Elisa, Tarsis, Ohittim, and Dodanim,\\nwere supposed to have settled the country, and in them we recognize\\nthe heads of those tribes which afterward became so renowned for\\narts and arms. Elis, Elysian fields, and the river Ilissus derived their\\nnames from Elisa; Ohittim was the father of the Macedonians; ans.\\nDodona was but a change of Dodanim. In amalgamations, revolutions,\\nand migrations, the distinctive features of these tribes were finally lost,\\nand they came to be known under the general appellation of The\\nPelasgi, who were first noticed as a race of savages, living in caves,\\nand clothing themselves in the skins of wild beasts. They founded\\nSicyon, b. o. 2U90.\\n33. A rude and massive style of building, of which many specimens\\nwere found in Southern Greece, was ascribed to the Pelasgi. Inachus,\\na Pelasgic leader, founded the city of Argos about the middle of the\\nnineteenth century. At an uncertain, but very early date, an Asiatic\\npeople, named Hellenes, migrated to Greece, and intermingled\\nwith, or expelled, the Pelasgi. In 1616 b. o., Corinth was founded bj\\nSisyplius, In 1550 b. o., Cecrops, at the head of a colony from Egypt,\\nf.iiinded Athens, and introduced the rudiments of civilization into\\nQuesUona -32. From which of Noah s sons were the Grecians descended? Name four\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ons of Javan. What derivatives came from the name Elisa? Who were The Pelasgi?\\nla what direction did Javan s eons travel from Babel Where was Sicyon (See map\\nNo. 2.) 33. What was the Cyclopic style of architecture Where was it found? To whom\\nwas il ascribed? In what part of Greece was Argos? (See map No. 2.) By whom was it\\niMunded When? Who were the Hellenes? By whom was Corinth founded In what\\nyear? W)ien was Athens founded? By whom? From what place did he emigrate How\\nmuch older was Athens than Sparta? How did they become incorpotated with the natlT*\\nlahal.i.aictK Give the location of AtL^ns and Sparta. (See map No. 2.)\\n6", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "98 G R E E C F\\nd\\nGreece. r i 1516 b. a, Sparta was founded by Lolex, also an Egyptian\\nVLiese colonists, however, united with the original inhabit :ita and\\necame bo incorporated with them as to seem one race.\\n34. The genealogy of the principal tribes may be understood from the\\nfollowing diagram\\nHellen.\\nDoruB*\\nMj Deucalion, king of Thessaly.\\n\\\\inpliictjon, founder of the Amphlctyons.\\nAchaeus.\\nm\\nXuther.\\nlou.\\n1 3 I Amp\\nEolus.\\nhlciyoQ.\\nIn very early times an assembly of deputies from the provinces had\\nbeen in the habit of meeting to consult upon the common interests of\\nthe confederacy, in the temple of Ceres, near the pass of Thermopyls9.\\nTheir constitution is not accurately known, but they seemed the\\nguardians of religion, rather than the representatives of a general\\ngovernment. The code of laws by which their motions were governed\\nwas drawn up by Amphictyon, son of Deucalion. During this century\\nthe assembly began to meet semi-annually: at Delphi in the spring,\\nand at Thermopylae in the autumn. They bound themselves by an\\noath to protect an Amphictyonic city, and to defend the territories of\\nthe god; invoking curses upon their land and their children, defeat\\nand distress in all enterprises and judicial controversies, in case they\\ntailed to perform their oath. In 1455, Cadmus, with a company of\\nPhenicians, landed in Beotia and founded Cadmeia, the citadel of\\nThebes. He is said to have brought with him sixteen letters of the\\nGreek alphabet.\\n35. Pelops, a Phrygian prince, is said to have settled in Southern\\nGreece, married the daughter of one of the native potentates, and\\nbecame a man of so much consequence that the country was named\\nMark the relations of the Dorians and lonians.\\nQuestion*. 84. What council was instituted in this century Wlien was Thebes foundedl\\nBy whom? Trace the genealogy of the tribes. What were tlie early usaires of the pro-\\nTinces? Where did the assembly meet? Wliat is known of their constitution? What\\neity did Cadmub found In 1455? J .ow many of the Greek letters did he introduce f\\n85. Who was P\u00c2\u00abivph Where did he settle In what year? Which way did hi tra^yt^H\\nHo7 did Peloponnesus come i 1\u00c2\u00ab. ^ame Trace the line of genealogy.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "A.O. 1184.J\\nTHE TROJAN WAE.\\n99\\nfrom him, Pelopounesus. Here foUows the genealogy of his des-\\ncendants\\nDardanus.\\nT] Tantalns, king of Phrygia.\\n2I Pelops.\\ngj Plistlieiies.\\nParis.\\nTros.\\n3 J Has.\\nLaoraedon.\\nPriam, king of Trof\\nHector.\\narns, king of Si)arta.\\n_^ Helen. 7\\\\ci.temne.t^\\nThe genealogy of Helen, wife of Menelaus, and of Paris, prince o\\nTroy, may also be traced above.\\n36. B. o. 1 300.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TuE Argonautio Expedition.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 According to the\\nmythic legends so often quoted, Phryxus and Helle, two children of a\\nBeotian king, to avoid the persecutions of their step-mother, escaped\\nupon a winged ram, which had a fleece of gold. They intended to\\nland in Colchis, where their uncle lived but, as they were passmg the\\nnarrow strait that divides Asia from Europe, Helle fell into the sea,\\nwhich was named from her, Hellespont.* Phryxus arrived m safety\\nat Colchis. The ram died there and to recover his fleece, Jason, a\\nrelative of Phryxus, with fifty of the most renowned warriors of the\\nage, among whom were Castor and Pollux, Hercules, Theseus and\\nLaertes, undertook the Argonautic expedition. That a company sailed\\nfrom the shores of Greece to the eastern borders of the Euxine, during\\nthis century, is no doubt a fact but what real purpose was veiled\\nander the symbol of the golden Jleece it is impossible to determine.\\n37. B. o. 1184.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Trojan War.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Castor and Pollux having died in\\nyouth, and Clytemnestra being married to Agamemnon, king of Argos,\\nTyndarus, king of Sparta, looked for a successor in the husband of hii\\nThe Hellespont was the Btrait through which the tides of tbe Euxine flowed Into th.\\nfigean. It was 60 miles long, and, in some places, 8 miles broad.\\nu6moru .~Z6. Relate the mjtV^ legend connected with the thirteenth century. Whii\\nexpedition Is sal-i to owe it\u00c2\u00ab origin to this faMe 8T, 88, 88. How Old the Trojan war ongi\\nnati- Relnt\u00c2\u00ab the story.\\nL, tf c.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "100 GREECE. [b. 0. 1184\\nHelen.* The beauty of this princess, together with the throne, lre\\\\\u00c2\u00bb\\nnumerous suitors from all parts of Greece, and Tyndarus began tc feai\\nthat, in selecting a husband for his daughter, he should surround her\\nwith enemies in the persons of her rejected lovers; he therefore com-\\npelled them all to take an oath to protect her in possession of the ob-\\nject of her choice. Menelaus, brother of Agamemnon, was so fortu-\\nnate as to win her regard, and to him Tyndarus consigned^hisdaughtei\\nand his throne,\\n38. Not long after, Paris, son of Priam, king of Troy, hearing of th%\\ncharms of Helen, made a voyage across the Egean to see her. He wa\u00c2\u00ab\\nkindly received, and hospitably entertained by Menelaus, who, during\\nhis stay, having occasion to visit Crete, left his wife to amuse his guest.\\nParis, who was the most beautiful man of his time, seized the oppor-\\ntunity to persuade the fickle queen of the superior happiness to be\\nenjoyed in his father s court. When Menelaus returned, he found his\\nhome deserted and pillaged of all its treasures; the perfidious guest\\nwho carried away his wife having also loaded the ship with the\\nprecious things of Sparta.\\n39. Burning with the desire of revenge, Menelaus summoned the\\nformer suitors of his treacherous queen to fulfill their vow, and assist\\nhim in burying the dishonor of Greece beneath the ashes of Troy.\\nAgamemnon, the most powerful prince of the age, was appointed to\\nhead the expedition. Under this leader, all the chieftains, with their\\nfollowers, from the end of Peloponnesus to the end of Thessaly, to-\\ngether with Idomeneus from Crete, Ulysses from Ithaca, and other\\npotentates from the islands, assembled in Beotia to embark in their\\nenterprise of vengeance. The fleet, consisting of 1200 open vessels,\\neach carrying from 50 to 120 men, had a prosperous voyage. The\\nGreeks landed upon the coast, and soon compelled all the descendasts\\nof Dardanus to take refuge within the walls of Troy.\\n40. How Troy Fell. The siege became a blockade, and famine\\nbegan to threaten the Trojans but the besiegers were themselves in\\nlittle better condition. Supplies came slowly from the far-oflf shores\\nof Greece, and finally they were obliged to disperse in diiferent direc-\\ntions to seek for sustenance. A band was sent over the Hv Iespont to\\ncultivate the Chersonesus, and Achilles is said to have plundered\\ntwenty-three towns in marauding expeditions. The besieged also made\\nSee page 99.\\nQue*Hon*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Bl, 88s 89. Who was the leader In the expedition against the Trojans? Whc\\nassisted Menelaus as allies? Whore did the army assemble? What movement was thet\\nmad\u00c2\u00ab 40. Giro a description of the siege that followed.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "*all84.] DORIAN INVASION. 101\\nfrequent sorties; Hector performed prodigies of valor, and Floraei\\nrepresents the gods themaelves as mingling in the strife, and urging\\non the combatants. Thus the war was protracted during ten years.\\n41. The Greeks at last had recourse to stratagem. Pretending to.\\nabandon the siege, they formed a wooden horse of vast size, as a present\\nfor Minerva; and, making all preparations for returning home, em-\\nbarked in their ships and set sail, leaving a band of their bravest heroef\\nurithin the body of tlie horse. The Trojans, overjoyed to be rid of their\\nfoes, tore down a part of the walls, and dragged the offering for Mi-\\nDerva within their city. That night was spent in festivity through\\nTroy. The guards were withdrawn, the weary soldiers threw aside\\ntheir arms, and wine, amusement, and repose ruled the hour. Mean-\\ntime the Grecian fleet drew back to the shore the warriors disem-\\nbarked, and silently approached the devoted city the heroes in the\\nwooden horse sallied forth, opened the gates, and the Greeks entered\\nThe night, which was begun in feasting and carousal, ended in confla-\\ngration and blood. Tlie destruction of Troy took place b. o. 1184\\nIndependence and sovereignty never returned to tlie land of Priam\\nit became a part of the kingdom of Lydia, and followed the fortunei\\nof the great empires.\\n42. Consequences of this Expedition. But though the Greeks\\nhad extinguished the flames of their resentment in the best blood of\\nTroy, they had little reason to glory in their revenge. Their fleets\\nwere dispersed, and their vessels were wrecked on dangerous coasts.\\nMany of their chiefs wandered through long voyages, and settled in\\nforeign parts some became pirates, and made their homes among the\\nislands of the Egean and of the few who were so fortunate as to\\nreach the shores of Greece, but a very small number were able to\\nwrest their thrones from the usurpers who had filled them during their\\nabsence. Clytemnestra, following the example of her sister, had\\nbestowed her affections upon another, and Agamemnon, on his returr\\nto Argos, was assassinated.\\n43. DoEiAN Invasion. The remainder of this century was dark\\nmed by clouds of domestic strife. The descendants of Hercules, having\\nbeen driven from Soutberu Greece by the Euystheus, Lad dwelt in\\nthe mountainous region of Doris, now, profiting by these commotions,\\nthey crossed the Corinthian Gulf, and seized upon their former inherit-\\nQue\u00c2\u00abti yns.-Al. By what stratagem was Troy at last taken? In what year did It fallf\\nWhat did it become Trace the Greeks from Beotia to Troy. (See map No. 2.) 42. What\\nwere the consequences of the expedition to the Greeks themselves? What became of\\nAgamemnon? 43. Who was Hercules? An\u00c2\u00ab. One of the demi-gods, whose children, return\\nng from Doiis. oveiran and settled all Southern Greece. In what direction did they move J", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "102 GREECB. [B.G. 817\\nance. In oonseqnence of this revolution, Elia, Miss. iii;i, Laconia, and\\nmany other stalea of the Peloponnesus became Jjuriun llie former\\ninhabitantb escaping to Asia Minor, or being reduced to a state of\\nvassalage.\\n44. B. 10l 8. The EeraclidsB, encouraged by their success in\\nSouthern Greece, advanced up through the isthmus and fell upon\\nA.ttica. Codrus, at that time king, having been told that either the\\nitate or the king must perish, disguised himself as a peasant, went\\ninto the camp of the enemy, insulted one of the soldiers, arid was\\n\u00c2\u00ablain, thus nobly devoting himself for his country. The Heracleids\\nwere driven back into the Peloponnesus, and Medou, son of Codrus,\\nwas made Archon instead of King of Athens, b. o. SoO.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Homer is\\naccounted the most ancient writer, except Scripture historians. He\\nwas a blind old man, who lived in one of the Ionian colonies of Asia\\nMinor. Hesiod is supposed to have been a shepherd, who fed his flocks\\nby the side of Mt. Helicon.\\n45. B. o. 817. Olympic Games instituted by Iphitus. Lyourgus s\\nIiAws. Homer mentions certain games which were celebrated in his\\ntime, but it seems they were only occasional meetings and during the\\nlong troubles arising from the Dorian conquest, the customs and insti-\\ntutions of the Peloponnesians were so altered and overthrown, that\\neven the memory of the ancient games was nearly lost. In this season\\nof turbulence, Iphitus ascended the throne of Elis. Active and enter-\\nprising, but not by inclination a warrior, he was anxious to find a\\nremedy for the disorderly situation of his country. For this purpose\\nhe sent a solemn embassy to Delphi, to inquire How the anger of the\\ngods, which threatened the total destruction of Peloponnesus, through\\nendless hostilities among its people, might be averted. The answer\\nwas, The Olympic festival must be restored for the neglect of that\\nsolemnity has brought on the Greeks the indignation of the god\\nJupiter, to whom it was dedicated, and of the hero Hercules, by v horn\\nit was instituted and a cessation of arms must immediately be pro\\nclaimed for all cities desirous of partaking in it.\\n46. This reply of the god was promulgated throughout all Greece,\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 yf\\\\iai places were settled by the expelled Pelopids? Am Eolia and\\nIonia? For what were the inhabitants afterward distinguished? Ana. For elegance\\nof tttste and love of the arts and Bciences. They were tho teachers and exiuiiples of the\\nother Greeks. Homer, Pythagoras, Parhasiiis, and Sappho, were ruitives of these colonics.\\nTrace the Heracleids from Thessaly and Doris to Peloponnesus. 44. Where did the Hera-\\nclldse next go? Relate the story of Codrus. Trace the Uerucliiia from Laconia to Attica.\\nWho WU8 Homer? What did he write? Who was Hesiod? What did he write? An^\\nThe stories of the gods. 46. By whum were the national games rerived Whai l\u00c2\u00bbd to tbeii\\nrevival Relate the story.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "8. a 817.] OLYMPIC GAMES. 103\\nand Iphitus caused the armistice to be published. VTith the ap])roba-\\ntion of the other PelDponaesians, ii vv;u ordained that a festival, open\\nto the whole Greek nation, should be held at the temple of Jupiter, in\\nthe spacious plain of Olympia that it should berei eated at the termi-\\nnation of every fourth year that it should consist of solemn sacrifices\\nand games and that, whatever war might be in progress, a cessation\\nof arms should take place before and continue long enough after the\\nfestival to allow all the Hellenic race to leave their homes, attend the\\ngames, and return again in peace. Thus Elia became the Iloly Land\\n9f Greece^ and a reputation of sacredness attached itself to the wh )k\\nEleian people. In the time of Iphitus the foot-race was the on])\\ngame exhibited.\\n47. Afterward, at different periods, wrestling, boxing, chariot-\\nracing, and horse-racing were added and when sculpture, painting,\\npoetry, and music, began to give refinement to pleasure, it was at the\\nOlympic games that the artist exhibited specimens of his skill, and the\\npoet gained his proudest laurels. A mart, or fair, was a natural con-\\nsequence of a periodical assembly of multitudes in one place. He,\\nwho had any thing to sell, could tind purchasers in this vast concourse\\nhe, who had any thing splendid to exhibit in dress or equipage, could\\nattract admiring eyes in a place where every thing that augmented\\nthe glory of the Greeks was applauded and thus it happened, that\\nall the wealth, skill, and beauty of the nation passed in general review\\nonce in four years. This meeting supplied the want of a common\\ncapital matters of general interest u eru here promulgated, treaties\\nwere signed, and expeditions planned, which the strong national feel-\\ning, awakened by this display of strength, tended greatly to facilitate.\\n48. Othkb Games. The advantages and gratifications of the Olym-\\npic games excited the Greeks to establish similar festivals in their own\\nstates. Three of these only, the Delphian, Isthmian, and Nemean,\\never rose to any importance and they never equaled the Olyiupic\\nin celebrity and splendor. The Delphian were celebrated at Delphi\\nin honor of Apollo the Isthmian upon the Corinthian Isthmus, in honui\\nof Neptune, whose temple there commanded a view of the sea; anc\\nthe Nemean in Argos, in honor of Juno. They were held at intervals\\n^\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abriorM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 46. Of what did the Olympic festival consist What l* said of Ells Whera\\nWM OlTmplaT (Map No. 2.) 47. Which were the only games dunri the time of Iphitus?\\nWTiat other games were afterward added? What Is said of the artist and the poet? Whai\\ngood resulted to the people in business transactions? 48. To what did the Olympic games\\nexcite the Greeks? What other festivals rose to importance? Wliat can you state of the\\nDelphian? iBthminn? Nemtaii? Where was Delphi (See map ^9. 2.) Argoe? Corin-\\nthian Isthmus? (13, map No. 2.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "104\\nOBEEOB.\\n[b. a 817\\nof four years, each taking its year between the Olympic meetings, so\\nthat every summer there was a festival common to all the Greek\\nnation, with an armistice enabling all, who desired, to attend.\\nOljtemnestra.\\nn\\nAgamemnon.\\nOrestes.\\nArgia,\\nSnrysthenes.\\n7^\\nE\\n9S.\\nAristodemus, one of the\\nHeracleids, b. o. 1100.\\nProclei.\\n[7 Lycargus, the\\ngreat law-giver.\\nCharilaus.\\nArchelaus.\\n49. The race of Orestes terminating in a daughter, Argia, she was\\nmarried to Aristodemus, one of the Ileracleids, to whose share Laco-\\nnia fell in the general division of the Peloponnesus. Aristodemus\\ndied soon after, and his twin sons, Eurysthenes and Prooles, shared\\nthe kingdom jointly. The government thus formed a diarchy. For\\nseven generations the crown descended in each line from father to son\\nin nnbroken succession. Each king naturally had his own partisans^\\nand hence it is no matter of surprise that, after the lapse of two centn-\\nrijs, faction and anarchy should have obtained possession of tha state.\\n50. Order and peace had long been banished from Lacedemon when\\nLycurgns, by the death of his brother, was put in possession of the\\nauthority held by the line of Prooles. He, however, resigned his newly-\\n^uMtions 4\u00c2\u00a9. Who wa\u00c2\u00ab Arigtodomus How was hla kingdom governed after his deeth\\nHow does a dynasty differ from a dyarohy? What troablcs originated In the dyarchy form\\nof governments 60. To what poattion did Lroar^^ua attain?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "B. 0.817.] THE SPARTAN LAWS. 105\\nacquired dignity in favor of his infant nephew Charilaus, and, to fit\\nhimself for a law-giver, took what in those days was esteemed a I ong\\nand perilons journey into Crete, Egypt, and Asia. In Crete he studied\\nthe laws of Minos, and formed an intimacy with a poet of that island,\\nwhom, when he left for Egypt, he persuaded to pass over into Sparta,\\nand prepare the minds of the people, by popular poems, for those\\nchanges in government and manners which he intended to introduce,\\n51. From Egypt he journeyed to Asia, where he found the poerat\\nof Homer, and observing in them many moral sentences and much\\npolitical wisdom, he collected them in one body and transcribed them\\nwith his own hand. The disorders of the state, meantime, increased\\nto such an extent, that the Lacedemonians sent frequent messengers\\nto entreat their regent to return home. When all things were ready,\\nhe accepted the invitation, and, entering the city of Sparta amid the\\nrejoicings of the people, immediately set himself to alter the whole\\nframe of the constitution.\\n52. B. 0. 817. Ltcurous s Laws. Having strengthened his Kuthor*\\nity by the sanction of the Delphic oracle, which declared that The\\nconstitution he should establish would be the most excellent in the\\nworld, and having secured the aid of a numerous party among the\\nleading men who took up arms to support him, he procured the ?nact-\\nment of a series of ordinances affecting the civil and military constitu-\\ntion of the commonwealth, the distribution of property, the education\\nof tbe itizens, and the rules of their daily intercourse and domestic\\nlife, A senate was chosen, consisting of experienced individuals, who\\ngave to the government a just equilibrium The twenty-eight sena-\\ntors adhering to the kings, whenever they saw the people too encroach-\\ning and, on the other hand, supporting the people, when the kings\\nattemi)ted to make themselves absolute.\\n53. The city was overstocked with indigent, indolent persons. Ly-\\ncurgus, to give them employment, and at the same time a motive for\\nexertion, caused the whole territory of Laconia to be divided in thirty-\\ntine thousand parts, which were portioned out to the inhabitants.\\nAftor this, he attempted to divide the movables,* but here he found\\ngreat difficulty the people strongly objecting to the sacrifice of their\\ngoods. He therefore adopted another method, counter-working their\\nFuniitare.\\nQuMtum*.-^. Why Hd he take the long Journey f What did he do In Cret\u00c2\u00ab 51. What\\ndldhe do In Afiia? How were state affairs in Laconia during his absence? B6. How lid b\u00c2\u00ab\\nstrengthen his authority? What la said of the Senate? 68. What Land Reform die\\nLyoorgus Introduce?\\n6*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "106 GSBECB. [b. 0. fil7\\navarice by a stratagem. He stopped the curroncy of gold and silver,\\nand substituted iron money in its stead; at the same time, fixini;\\nthe rate of this now coin so low, that, to remove a sum equ.il to one\\nhundred dollars, a cart and oxen would be required. This iron was\\ngood for nothing else, having been deprived of malleability, by being\\nheated and plunged into vinegar. Neither would it pass among the\\nother states, so lliat the Spartans bad no means of purchasing any\\noreign or curious wares nor did any merchant- ship unlade in their\\naarbors. No sophists, wandering fortune-tellers, or dealers in gold\\nand silver trinkets, were found in that country, there being no money\\nto tempt them that way. Hence luxury, losing by degrees the means\\nwhich supported it, died away of itself.\\n54. Another regulation was the institution of public tables, where\\nall the men were to eat in common of the same meat, and of such kinds\\nof it as were appointed by law. They were not permitted to eat a*,\\nhome on any occasion, and they made it a point to observe and\\nreproach any one, that seemed to lack appetite, as effeminate, and\\nweary of the common diet. About fifteen persons formed the mess of\\none table, and each was required to bring, monthly, one bushel of\\nmeal, eight gallons of wine, five pounds of cheese, and a little money\\nto buy flesh and fish but the food held in highest esteeta was black\\nbroth, a kind of soup made of lentils. Children were introduced at\\nthese tables, that they might learn sobriety, and listen to discourses\\nupon government. They were taught to joke without scurrility, to\\nsustain raillery with equanimity, for, It was reckoned worthy a Lace-\\ndemonian to bear a jest. When they first entered the hall, the oldest\\nman present pointed to the door, saying, Not a word spoken in thii\\ncompany goes out there,\\n55. Discipline of the Young. To render his institutions perma-\\nnent, Lycurgus caused them to be inwoven with the whole fabric of\\nsociety. From the earliest period of life, the discipline of youth was\\nstern and severe. Feeble and defective children were thrown into a\\ncave, and left to perish such as, upon a public examination, were\\nleemed soucJ and healthy, were adopted as children of the state, and\\ncommitted to their mothers for the period of infancy. At the age of\\nseven, they were taken from their parents and educated at public\\nexpense. They were enrolled in companies, and kept under the same\\norder and discipline as a military band.\\n^MftonJ!.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 68. What currency alteration? T7hat wm the effect? M. What rcgclatlon\\nwas Introduced in relation to public tables? The Mess of one table f Childrea \u00c2\u00bbt th\u00c2\u00ab\\nUbles* 55, fid What was the diw:ipline of the youth? What is said of theft?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "8. 0. ^17.J THE SPARTAN LAWS 107\\n56 The jouth who showed most courage was made captain; and\\nfrequent skirmishes took place between rival parties, wliich the old\\nmen encouraged by commendations. As they advanced in age, their\\nhair was cut very close, they were forced to go bare- foot, and play, for\\nthe raoBt part, quite naked. They slept on beds of reeds, gathered\\nwith their own hands, and were allowed but a spare diet, that their\\ningenuity might be cultivated to supply their wants. One of the\\nablest mtn in the city was appointed inspector of the youth he gave\\nthe comiaand of each company to a young man who had been two\\nyears out of the class of boys, and was therefore called an Iren. This\\nIren, when twenty years old, gave orders to his inferiors, with all the\\ndignity of a colonel. He called upon them to serve him at his house;\\nBome he sent to get wood, others to gather herbs, or to steal any eat-\\nable from the common tables. Ingenuity in these little thefts wat\\nhighly honored, but detection insured disgrace.\\n57. A boy, having stolen a fox, and hidden it under his garment,\\nsuffered the creature to tear out his vitals, rather than encounter tlia\\nsneers of his companions. The Iren, reposing himself after supper,\\nused to order one of the boys to sing a song to another, he put some\\nquestion, such as Who is the best man in the city If the respond-\\nent hesitated in his answer, he was considered a boy of slow parts, and\\nhe who gave a wrong answer had his thumb bitten by the Iren. The\\nmagistrates often attended these little trials, and if the Iren were\\nguilty of too much severity or remissness, he himself suffered punish-\\nment after the boys were gone.\\n58. Short and pithy sentences became the style of Laconia. Lycur-\\ngus himself adopted and encouraged this manner of discourse. The\\nSpartans cultivated poetry and music, as every thing else, in sub-\\nserviency to a martial spirit. There were three choirs in their\\nfestivals. The old men began,\\nOuce la battle bold we shon\u00c2\u00ab\\nthe young men responded,\\nTry at our vigor ia not goo*\\nAnd the boys concluded,\\nTh\u00c2\u00ab palm remains for as alona.\\nIn war the severity of their discipline wils relaxed the men were per-\\nmitted to comb their hair gracefully, and to study elegance in their\\nQtie\u00c2\u00abtion*.\u00e2\u0080\u00946 l. Relate the story of the boy and fox. What farther discipline wero th\u00c2\u00ab\\nfoath subjected to? 68, What style of expression did the people adopt? What arts 1!V\\ntb\u00c2\u00ab y cultivate? Where was the severity of their discipline relaxed?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "108 G RE BOB. [B.a776\\narms and apparel but at home, the city was like one great camp,\\nwhere all had their stated allowance, and knew their public charge,\\nEach man concluding that he was born, not for himself, but for hia\\ncountry.\\n69. They were expressly forMdden to exercise any mechanic art or\\nagricultural employment. The Helots, inhabitants of a small sea-port\\ntown in Laconia, had been reduced to a state of servitude some years\\nbefore, and upon them fell the burden of all the labor. These slave?\\nwere treated with the greatest inhumanity. They wore dog-skit\\nbonnets, and sheep- skin vests; they were forbidden to learn any\\nliberal art, and once a day they received a certain number of stripes,\\nlest they should forget their condition. Sometimes they were intoxi-\\ncated and exposed in the public halls, to the ridicule of the children,\\nand when there was danger of their becoming too numerous, the\\nSpartan youth were instructed to sally out in the night and kill all the\\nHelots they met.\\n60. End of Ltouegus. The last act of Lycurgus was to sacrifice\\nhimself for the perpetuity of his work. Having assembled all the\\nSpartans, he told them that it was necessary to consult the oracle\\nupon an important subject then, taking an oath of the kings, and\\nsenators, and people, to obey his laws till his return, he bade farewell\\nto his beloved Sparta, and bent his steps toward the Delphi. When\\nthe last seal had been set to his institutions by the oracle, which fore-\\ntold that Sparta should flourish as long as she adhered to them, he\\ntransmitted the prediction to his fellow-citizens, and, tliat they might\\nnever be freed from their oath, determined to die in a foreign land.\\nThe place and manner of his death are veiled in obscurity. Both\\nDelphi and Elis claimed his tomb. Sparta, faithful to her oath, ad-\\nhered to his institutions five centuries, and each year honored the law-\\ngiver as a god, with solemn sacrifices.\\n61. The First Olympiad.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the year 776, b. c, Coroebus, having\\nwon the prize in the Olympic games, had his name inscribed in the\\ngymnasium, and this period began the first Olympiad. The prizes\\nin these games were at first of some intrinsic value, but from the\\n7th Olympiad, or twenty-eight years after the victory of Coroebus,\\nthe only prize given was a garland of wild olive, cut from a tree in the\\nQue\u00c2\u00abtion*.\u00e2\u0080\u00946i. What was the conclusion of each man f 69. What prohibition was Imposed\\nupon the people? Who were the Helots? What did they become? How were they\\ntreated? 60. What was the last act of Lycnr^s? Relate the circunistances attending: It\\nWhat was the tendency of the laws Lycurgus established? Trace him through his travei*\\n51. In what year began the first Olympiad After iho victory t l Coroebna, what becfta\\nUbe prize in the games How wore the victors honored", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "0. 743.J M K S S E N i A N WAR. lOV\\nsacred grove at Olympia, which was said to have been brought by\\nHercules Irom the land of the Hyperboreans. Palm leaves were at\\nthe same time placed in the hands of the victors, and their names\\nwere proclaimed by a herald. A victory at Olympia, being the highest\\nhonor a Greek could obtain, conferred such glory on the republic\\nto which he belonged, that he w^s permitted to euter his native city\\nin triumph through a breach made in the walls for his reception,\\nbanquets were given to him by his friends, and often an annuity wa\u00c2\u00bb\\nsettled upon him by the State.\\n62. In this century the office of Ephori was instituted at Sparta\\nThis court consisted of five members only, chosen annually from\\namong the people. They were empowered to fine whom they\\npleased, and exact immediate payment of the fine. They could sus-\\npend the functions of any other magistrates, and arrest and bring to\\ntrial even the kings. The archonship of Athens, which had hitherto\\nbeen hereditary in the family of Codrus, was in this century made\\ndecennial.\\n63. B. 0. 743. FiEST Mebsenian Wae. The first trial the Lacede\\nmonians had occasion to make of their military discipline was in a\\nwar with the Messenians, their western neighbors. A rich Messenian\\npat out some cattle under the care of herdsmen (his own slaves) to\\npasture, by agreement, on the lands of a Lacedemonian. The Lacede-\\nmonian sold both cattle and herdsmen, pocketed the reward of his\\niniquity, and pretended to the owner that they had been carried off by\\npirates. One of the slaves, however, escaped from his purchaser,\\nreturned to his master, and related the whole affair. The injured\\nMessenian sent his son to demand the money of the perfidious Lacede-\\nmonian, who added to his enormities by murdering the youth. The\\nfather, full of grief and indignation, went himself to Sparta and laid\\nhis complaint before the kings and people. I inding no disposition in\\nthem to grant him redress, he returned to his own country, and avenged\\nhimself by murdering all the Lacedemonians he could meet. These\\noutrages resulted in a war, disastrous to Licedemon, and almost fatal\\no Messenia.\\n64. Without any of those formal declarations of war which the law\\nof nations even then required, the Lacedemonians prepared secretly foi\\nhostilities, and so extreme was their enmity that an oath was taken,\\nThat no length of time should weary them, and no misfortune detei\\nQu^Ationt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094la what manner -w \u00c2\u00bbs yictoiy estimated f How long was one 01jrmpl\u00c2\u00bbd\\nAns. Four years. 62. What office In Sparta was Instituted daring this century? What\\nchange wae mad*- in the iirchonship of Athens? 68. What caused the first Messenian war*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "110 ORKECB. (BO. 085.\\nthem, but they would prosecute the war, and ol no account return to\\ntheir families till they had subdued Messenia. For nineteen long\\nyears the conflict raged with doubtful success; if Messenia was de-\\npopulated, Sparta was in no better situation, for all the men capable\\nof bearing arms were exiles by their oath, and Lacedenion was\\ninhabited only by women. But Spartan discipline and Spartan per-\\necYerance at length prevailed. Ithome, the last stronghold of the\\nwretched Messenians, was beseiged and taken, the garrison fled by sea,\\nthe miserable multitude scattered in various directions about the\\ncountry, and the Lacedemonians reduced them to a state of servitude\\nlittle better than that of the Helots, b. o. 724.\\n65. B. c. 85, Second Messenian Wae. During forty years,\\nMessenia remained in quiet subjection. Another race were by this\\ntime grown up, ignorant of the comparative strength of themselves\\nand their conquerors, and filled with that irresistible sj^irit of liberty\\nwhich animated every Grecian breast. Aristomenes, a noble youth,\\nwho traced his origin to Hercules through a long line of kings, was\\nthe instigator and leader of the revolt. Supported by allies from\\nArgos and Arcadia, he attacked a body of Lacedemonians, and showed\\nsuch skill and courage that the Messenians saluted him king on the\\nfield of battle, a name which he, however, declined in favor of that of\\ngeneral. To practice upon the superstitious fears of the enemy, he\\nentered Sparta, which had neither walls nor watch, and hung against\\nthe Brazen House (the temple of Minerva) a shield, with an inscription\\ndeclaring that Aristomenes, from the spoils of Sparta, made that ofler-\\ning to the goddess. Alarmed lest their enemy should win the favor\\nof their protecting deity, the Spartans sent to consult the oracle, and\\nwere directed to take an Athenian adviser.\\n66. The Spartans were little pleased with this response, the jealousy\\nbetween the Dorians and lonians being already rife, and the Athenians\\nwere little disi)osed to aid in the subjugation of the brave Messenians;\\nbut the embassy was sent for the required leader, and the Athenians,\\nfearing to oflTend the god, complied in such a manner as they thought\\nwould render compliance useless. They sent to the Spartans Tyrtjcu.s,\\nft lame schoolmaster and poet, who, notwithstanding his disabilities,\\nproved more serviceable than they designed. By his poetry he roused\\nthe drooping spirits of the Spartans, and persuaded them to enlist a\\nQuestions, 64. How long did \\\\t continue? Wbat was tho reault? 65. Who was Aris-\\ntowenest What Is said of him? What allies did hf huve oul i they have reached Me\u00c2\u00bb-\\nBCDta without going through Laconia? 66l Whs wae Ijrtjpus On what ujlssion wao hi\\nWhat saocess did he meet with.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "1. 0. 68-- .J ARISTOMEKRS IN THE CAVERN. m\\nband of ITelots among their soldiers. Though Aristornenes continuallj\\noarassed them with incursions, yet it was not till the third year of the\\nwar that the contending parties came to any decisive engagement,\\n67. In the great battle of the Trenches, the Messenians were be-\\ntrayed by the king of the Arcadians, and Aristoraenes, escaping with\\na scanty remnant of his forces, was obliged to give up the defense of\\nhis country and concentrate his remaining strength at Ira, a strong-\\ntiold near the sea. Making this place his headquarters^ jje sallied out\\nupon the enemy and carried off prey or prisoners, till at last, falling iu\\nwith a body of Lacedemonians under both their kings, he was taken\\nwith about fifty of his band.\\n68. How Aristomenes Escaped. They were tried as rebels, and\\nsentenced to be thrown into a deep and dark cave, used for the punish\\nment of the worst criminals. Aristomenes was saved as if by a miracle.\\nHis shield, which he had been allowed to retain in compliment to his\\nvalor, striking against the sides of the cave, broke the violence of hia\\nfall, 80 that he tumbled alive upon the dead bodies of his companions.\\nA-fter the first feeling of gratitude for deliverance had subsided, hia\\nheart sank at the prospect of a lingering death in this horrid charnel,\\npeopled with the skeletons and putrid carcasses of former criminals.\\nHe retreated to the farthest corner, and, covering his head with hia\\ncloak, laid down to wait for death. On the third day of this dreadful\\nimprisonment he was startled by a rustling noise. Rising and un-\\ncovering his eyes, he perceived by the glimmering light a fox devour\\ning the carcasses.\\n69. It immediately occurred to him that this animal must have\\nentered the cavern by another way than that by which ho had himself\\ndescended. Acting upon this suggestion, he seized the fox with one\\nhand, while with his cloak in the other he prevented its biting hira,\\nand in this way followed it through a narrow bury till the passage\\nbecame too strait for his body. But here a peep of daylight renewed\\nhis courage, and setting vigorously tc work with his hands, he soon\\nmade an opening large enough to creep through, and thus found him-\\niolf once more at liberty. His friends at Ira received him as one risen\\nfrom the dead. The Spartans affected to disbelieve the story of his\\nreappearance, but Aristomenes soon proved to them that Jie had lost\\nnone of his valor by his sojourn in the cavern.\\n70. Fate of Ira and the Messenians. Through his untiring in\\ngenuity and perseverance, the siege of Ira was protracted during eleven\\nvu^j\u00c2\u00abtt fj fi7. Give an account of the first battle. What misfortune befell Aristoraenes?\\n69 Relate vhi circumstanceB of his escape. 70, 71. How lonsr did the siege of Ira last?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "112 G BE BOB. [b. c. 668\\nyears, and at last was taken only by treason. A Spartan deserter,\\nlearning that an outpost of Ira had been abandoned one stormy night,\\nre-deserted to his countrymen with the intelligence. Guided by the\\ndouble-dyed traitor, the Lacedemonians silently carried ladders to the\\ndefenseless point and mounted unresisted. The barking of dogs\\nawakened Aristomenes. Hastily summoning his men, he rushed to\\nthe rescue, and all that night the clash of arms and the shout of com-\\nbatants mingled with the howling of the storm the women assisting\\nhj throwing tiles from the house-tops, or bearing arms in the figlit.\\n71. But the numbers of the Lacedemonians enabled them constantly\\nto bring up fresh troops, while every Messenian was obliged to stand\\nat his post, without rest or refreshment, under the peltings of the\\npitiless storm. Cold, wet, sleepless, jaded, and hungry, they kept up\\nthe struggle for three nights and two days, and then resolved upon the\\nlast effort of despair. The men were drawn up in a hollow square,\\nwith the women and children in the center, and a passage demanded,\\nsword in hand. The Spartans gave way on every side, and this\\nmiserable remnant of a heroic people advanced unharmed. The Ar-\\ncadians came to meet them on the frontiers of their country, bringing\\nfood and clothing, and saluting them with words of kindness and sym-\\npathy. The aged and infirm Messenians remained in Arcadia, but\\nthe young and vigorous determined to seek independence in a foreign\\nland.\\n72. While they yet deliberated on the choice of a country, a mes-\\nsenger arrived from Rhegium, sent by the king of that place, to offer\\nthe exiles an asylum in his dominions. This refuge was joyfully\\naccepted, but scarcely were they comfortably located with their\\nhospitable entertainers, when they were harassed by the piratical\\nincursions of the Zancleans across the strait. Here seemed an oppor-\\ntunity to reward their benefactors and provide a home for themselves\\ntherefore, assisted by the Rhegians, they besieged Zancle, both by sea\\nand land, conquered the inhabitants, united with them, and founded\\nthe city of Messina, which remains to this day a witness of the valor\\nof the Messenians,\\n73. What became of Aeistomknks. Aristomenes sent his son\\nwith the colony to Zancle, but for himself, he said, he would never\\nQuesUont. How was Ira Anally taKen? What was the tate oi me Messenians? 72.\\nWhere did the Messenians take refuge? Whcro did they finally settle What is sa d ol\\nthe city of Messina? Where is that city? (See map No. 4.) What is its present popu-\\nlation? Ana. About 100,000 inhabitants. Trace the Messenian exiles from Ira to Arcadia,\\nthence to Uheginm, and thence to Sicily. 73. What account can you give of the sou ol\\nAristoiuenes 7 What exertions did Aristomenes make", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "g.a612.] THBALCMJEONID^. 113\\ncease to war with Lacedemon. He vainly sought the means of farther\\nhostilities. He passed over into Asia, hoping to get assistance there;\\nand finally spent some years with a Rhodian king, who, being told\\nto marry the daughter of the most illustrious Greek, unhesitatingly\\nchose the child of Aristoraenes. lie lived universally respected by\\nthe moat powerful princes of his time, and died at Sardis, deeply\\nlamented by all who knew him. His actions dwelt in the memorieg\\nhis countrymen, and cheered their wanderings and sufferings and\\nin their legendary songs, his character was represented as combining\\nnil the ehments of goodness and greatness, in a degree almost un-\\nparalleled among Grecian heroes.\\n74. From the death of Codrus, 10G8, to the year b. o. 624, nothing\\nof particular interest occurred in the history of Athens. The Archon-\\nship descended from father to son, in the family of Medon, son of\\nCodrus, till the thirteenth generation, when, by a change in the con-\\nstitution, upon the death of Alcmaeon, the office was laid op^n to the\\nambition of all the nobles, and the Archons were elected once in ten\\nyears. The children of Alcmaeon, as descended from a king, and from\\nthat Alcmmon who first settled in Attica, looked upon themselves aa\\nthe aristocracy, and assumed airs little pleasing to the other citizens.\\nThere was then in Athens a young man named Cylon, who had dis-\\ntinguished himself at the Olympic games, and married a daughter of\\nthe king of Megara. Fully persuaded that he was equal, if not supe-\\nrior to the proud Alcmoaonids, he determined to set the matter beyond\\nr11 doubt by making himself master of the republic.\\n75. With a band of troops which he obtained from his father-\\nin-law, he seized the citadel of Athens. Megacles, the head of the\\nAlcmsBonid family, being at that time Archon, summoned the citizens\\nto arms, and, surrounding the Acropolis, cut off every resource from\\nthe young aspirant and his followers. Oylon saved himself by a dis-\\ngraceful flight; his deserted adherents fled for protection to the altars.\\nNot caring to stain these sacred places with their blood, Megaclea\\nlured them forth by a promise of pardon but no sooner were they in\\nhis power, than he caused them all to be put to death as traitors 1\\nThe mcrilege, thus wantonly committed under color of the law, alien-\\nated the minds of the Athenians from the Alcmaeonidfen, and proved\\nA fruitful source of trouble in later times. Megacles and bis aaherents\\nQuMtions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Wh t became of Aristomenes Trace the course of Aristomenea 74 In\\nwhat year does Athehian history reaame its .nterost? Whet is said of the Archonshlp Of\\nthe children of AlcmjBon Who was Cylon? Upon what did he determine f 75. Give an\\n^90unt of the attempt made by him. Who was Megacles What can you state of blm", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "114 G R B E B [BO. 624\\nwere banished, but still tranqnillitj was not restored. The existing\\nlaws were insufficient to quell the disorders which daily arose and,\\nfinally, the Athenians appointed Draco, an old man of acknowledged\\nprobity, to fill the office of legislator.\\n76. Draco s Laws. Draco brought forward his code of laws, b. o.\\n624. They were peculiar only for the penalties annexed to them. The\\ngUgJitest theft was punished capitally as well as the most atrocioxis\\nmurder; and one remarked of them that they were written with\\nblood, and not with ink. His own words, small crimes deserve\\ndeath, and I know of no heavier punishment for greater, serve to\\nillustrate the severity of his disposition. The laws, of course, fe!i\\ninto disuse the penalties were too severe to be executed, and the\\nlaw-giver himself was obliged by the anarchy that ensued to retire\\nto Egina, where he was suffocated by the number of cloaks and gar-\\nments thrown upon him in the theater a method which the inhabit-\\nants took to express their esteem for him.\\n77. B. 0. O^O. Reoapturk of Salamis. The island of Salamis,\\nwearied of the weak and uncertain government of Athens, threw off\\nits allegiance, and set up for independence. Many unsuccessful\\nattempts were made to reduce it to its former state of dependency\\nand, finally, the people met in general assembly, and decreed capital\\npunishment to any private or magistrate who should propose to lead\\nthem again to the conquest of Salamis. The nobles, unable to ad-\\nminister the government, and the people, incapable of acting in any\\npublic capacity, were equally dissatisfied with the posture of affairs,\\nbut none dared to propose any change.\\n78. In these circumstances, came forth one of the greatest charac-\\nters Greece ever produced, Solon, a young poet, descended from\\nOodrus, though a native of Salamis, had resided for some time at\\nAthens. Perceiving that the people regretted their foolish resolution,\\nhe gave out that he was subject to occasional fits of insanity, and shut\\nhimself up in his house, while he composed a poem on the loss of the\\nlovely island. Having every thing prepared, one day, during an as-\\nsembly of tie people, he ran into the market place, like one f/antic,\\nmounted the herald s stone, and recited his poem to the crowd. Some\\nof his friends stood ready to raise the shout of admiration the people\\ncaught the phrensy, the odious law was repealed by acclamation, a\\nQiMStioiu.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Who was Draco? 76. When did he offer his code of laws? What can yon\\nstate of the laws T What became of Draco? Trace Draco to Egina. 77. Where was the\\nIsland of Salamis? (St^e map No. 2.) What political change took place? What attempta\\nwere made What decree was made? What, then, was the condition of affairs at AtheiJ*?\\nis ^Vbo was Solon f In what mannw did he distinguish blmRel T", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 694..J THE NEW CONSTITUTION. II5\\nnew expedition was ordered, and Solon was appointed to command\\nthe troops. Under his guidance, the Athenians were successful, and\\nSalamis again acknowledged the authority of the parent state. In the\\ngeneral joy, the exiles were restored Megacles returned, and the\\nAIcma3onids again ruled the city.\\n79. Factions. But the discords of Athens, having their origin in a\\ndefective constitution, were not removed. The mountaineers and\\neommon people sighed for a complete democracy the ricli landed-\\nproprietors aimed to establish an exclusive oligarchy and the mercan-\\ntile men were anxious to see the different orders harmonized in a\\nmixed government: hence, Highlanders, Lowlanders, and Coastmen,\\nbecame the distinguishing names of the factions which long divided\\nthe Attic people. While matters were growing worse and worse, and\\nmany were looking to a despotism for relief, the superior abilities of\\nSolon drew the attention of all parties. Though one of rhe n. bl-es, he\\nhad never oppressed the poor; though the favorite of the p. -pie, he\\nhad never excited their clamors against the rich his wisdom had\\nbeen proved, his integrity was above question and he was accord-\\ningly, with unanimous consent, elected Archon, with peculiar powers\\nfor reforming the laws and constitution.\\n80. B. 0. 594. Solon s Laws. In the inquiry, what the Athenian\\nconstitution was, it will be necessary to take a view of the Component\\nMembkes of the Athenian State. Athens was inhabited by three dis\\ntinct classes I. A citizen, born of free Athenian parents, or admitted\\nto the freedom of the state, was one of the people, and eligible to any\\noffice. II. Strangers, who came to settle at Athens, for the sake of\\ncommerce, or any otner reason, had no share in the government, no\\nvotes in the assembly of the people, and could not be admitted to any\\noffice. III. Servants, were those taken in war, and bought and sold as\\nparts of their master s estate. They were treated with great kindness,\\nand could ransom themselves, even without their master s consent^\\nwhen they had laid up sufficient money for the purpose.\\n81. It was the object of Solon s laws to equalize, as much as possi\\nMe, the privileges and authority of the citizens. He repealed all the\\nlaws of* Draco, except those against murder. But the distinguishing\\nfeature of the new constitution w^as the substitution of property for\\nbirth, as a title to the honors and offices of the state. Solon divided\\nQue8tioru.\u00e2\u0080\u009419. How m ny factions were there? Name them. Why was Solon eleotcd\\nArchon? 80. How many classes were there in Athens? What [rtv ege belonged to tb\u00c2\u00ab\\nfree born citizen? What Is said of stranjxers? Of servants? 91. What wns the object rf\\nDOMiri _v\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb vv h$t was the distJagnishiiig feature o* tb n**w coiiauitflfyri", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "110 GSSECB. fB. a594.\\nthe people into four ranks; the first consisted of those whose in-\\ncome amounted to five hundred measures yearly the second, of those\\nvrhose revenues came up to three hundred, who, being able to keep a\\nwar-horse, were called knights; the third were called by a name\\nand fiUed a rank similar to that of yeomen and the fourth consisted\\nof hired laborers in husbandry. Out of the first class only^ nin\u00c2\u00ab\\nArchons were chosen yearly. The^rst, called the Archon, took care\\nf legacies and wills provided for orphans, and punished drunkenness\\nthe second had the charge of religious ceremonies, and enjoyed ths\\ntitle of king; the third had the care of strangers; and to each of tho\\nothers separate oflQces were assigned.\\n82. Courts, Councils, and Assembly. Every Archon on laying\\ndown his oflBce became a member of the Court of Areopagus. This\\ncourt consisted entirely of ex-archons, who held their offices for life,\\nunless they were expelled for immoral conduct. It was the^^rs^ court\\nthat ever decided upon life and death it was the only court from\\nwhich there was no appeal to the people. The members held their\\nmeetings on Mars-hill, a small eminence at a little distance from the\\nAcropolis. They sat in the open air in the night, around an altar\\ndedicated to Minerva, near which were rude seats of stone for the de-\\nfendant and his accuser. No eloquent pleadings nor moving represen-\\ntations were allowed before this court, lest the minds of the judges\\nshould be warped by them. The Areopagites took cognizance of\\nmurders, impiety, immoral behavior, and particularly of idleness,\\nwhich they deemed the cause of all vice. They guarded the laws and\\nmanaged the public treasury they had the superintendence of youth,\\nand provided that all should be educated according to their rank and\\nfortune.\\n83. The institution of the council of Four Hundred was uniformly\\nascribed to Solon; but the judicial power which he relied upon most\\nfor the correcting of all abuses was a body of 6000 citiaens, called the\\nGeneral Assembly, chosen by lot yearly to form a kind of supreme court.\\nThere were also ten courts of judicature in Athens, and, to save the\\nLohabitants of Attica the trouble of coming to the city for justice^\\nitinerant judges, called the Forty, were appointed to go through the\\nboroughs and decide cases of inferior consequence. Solon ordered that\\nall those who took no part in public affairs should be punished; for,\\nQuesU m\u00c2\u00bb. 81. How did Solon divide the people 82. How was the court of Areopagm\\nformed t What is said of this court in particular? What else is said ol the court? 8R.\\n;Vhat Is said of the Council n{ Four Hundred Of the General Assembly Ot the ooqrt* o#\\nfudicnture? Of itinerant Judge*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "ft.a600.J THE NEW CONSTITUTION. 117\\nsaid he, That is (in ray opinion) the most perfect government where\\nan injury to any one is the concern of alV\\n84. As many of the citizens had sold themselves for debt, the law-\\ngiver caused a general cancellation to take place, and lessened the rat\u00c2\u00ab\\nof interest, that the poor might be able to recover from the oppression\\nunder which they had so long groaned. No son was compelled tc\\nsupport his father in old age, unless the father had taken care to bring\\nUm up to some trade or profession. These enactments, in which\\nScion was supported by the nobles as well as by the people, were in-\\nscribed upon blocks of wood made to turn upon an axis. They were\\nkept at first in the Acropolis, but afterward in tlie Prytaneum or\\npl ce of the General Assembly. They formed the basis of the Roman\\nTwelve Tables, and thence became incorporated in the institutions of\\nAlfred the Great; so that we may trace our trial by jury and repre-\\nsentative government to the laws of Solon.\\n85. First Saorkd Wae. The territory of Crissa, situated upon a\\ngulf of the same name, contained three cities whose harbors were\\ncrowded with vessels from every quarter, bringing pilgrims to the\\nneighboring temple of Delphi. The commerce thus created filled the\\ncoffers of the Crisseans with the gold of Asia, Africa, and the islands\\nof the Egean. Not content with these honest gains, the rapacious in\\nhabitants levied a tax upon every foreigner, and a few individuals,\\nmore impious still, filled up the measure of their iniquities by forcing\\nthe gates of the temple and plundering its treasures. This sacrilegious\\nact affecting, as it did, the pecuniary interests of all Greece, could not\\nbe forgiven. Solon represented to the Amphictyonic council the\\nnecessity of punishing the offense with the greatest rigor. A messenger\\nwas accordingly sent to Crissa, to require the surrender of the crimi-\\nnals. The Crisseans made common cause with their guilty fellow-\\ncitizens, and an insulting answer was returned to the venerable guar-\\ndians of the holy shrine.\\n86. War was in consequence declared against the sacrilegious\\nrebels, and Solon was appointed to command the armies which\\nassembled from all parts of Greece, to avenge the injury done to the\\ngod. The Amphictyonic forces besieged the city of Crissa nine years\\nQiiesUons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094^ What general bankrupt law went into effect What view had Solon of\\nIndolence? How were filial duties regulated? Upon what were the laws inscribed What\\ndid they eventually become? What regulations In our own government can be traced to\\nthe lawh of Solon S5. In what division was Crissa? Ans. Phocls. What is said of the\\nthTee cities? Of the rai.acity of the iuhabitanto? Give the i)rimary causes of the war that\\nfollowed. 86. What appointment did Solon receive What city was then besieged f flow\\nW\u00c2\u00bbug dii the siege continue Where was the Gulf of Crissa (Map No. 2.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "llg GREECE. Fb. c. 591.\\nwithout gaining any deoisive advantage. The length of tho war\\ndampened their zeal, and a pestiieace which broke out in the camp\\nthreatened it with a final extinction. Deputies, sent to the ora\u00c2\u00bble for\\ncounsel, returned with the singular answer, Send to Cos fc! the\\nfawn of gold. What tliis was, or how it could help them, was i. ore\\nthan they could tell but in those days it was deemed proper to obey\\nthe commands of the gods, even thoi;gh they seemed hard to be uuder-\\nstood and messengers were dispatched upon the mysterious erran 1.\\n87. When the envoys made known their business in the Coai\\nassembly, a dead silence ensued; for the magistrates there knew no\\nmore of the article in question than did the Amphictyons themselves.\\nAfter an embarrassing pause, an old man arose and said My name\\nis Nebros, which in our language signifies yawn, and my sou s name is\\nChrysos, which signifies gold. Chrysos, my son, therefore, must be\\nthe fawn of gold intended by the gods, and he shall go with you.\\nStrengthened and animated by the success of their mission, the am-\\nbassadors returned, and great was the joy in the Amphictyouic camp,\\nwhen Chrysos, by means of his medical knowledge, restored tlie sick\\nto health, and raised the drooping spirits of the soldiers. By accident,\\nhe also discovered a pipe which conducted water into the city, and\\nfound means to poison the fountain. The garrison was thus conquered\\nby an unseen foe, and Crissa fell into the hands of the Amphictyons.\\n88. But Cirrha and Anti-Cirrha, two powerful cities, still remained,\\nand threatened to stand a siege as long as had already detained the\\nforces of Apollo. Again the oracle was consulted, and again the re-\\nsponse plunged them all into perplexity. The Amphictyons, said the\\nPythia, will never be successful till the waves of the sea wash the\\nsacred precincts of Delphi. While all the deputies were speculating\\non the possibility of getting the sea over the Parnassian mountains,\\nSolon relieved their embarrassment by suggesting that, as they could\\nnot bring the sea to the sacred hounds, tliey niiglit take the conysrse\\nof the proposition and Iring the sacred hounds to the sea.\\n89. This plan struck the Amphictyons favorably. With various\\nimposing rites and ceremonies, they consecrated all the territory of\\nCrissa to Apollo, and called on him to aid in the punishment of its\\nsacrilegious possessors. Superstitious hopes and fears now aided in\\nthe contest. The Amphictyons were filled with courage, the Cir-\\nQuestion6.\u00e2\u0080\u0094%6. Wiy were deputies sent to Delphi? What answer did they get? 87\\nWhat further can you state of the/awn. of gold t What did Chrysos accuiiiplish 83. Wha/\\nwo cities still held out? What course was adopted? What was the response WhaJ\\ndid Solon sugjrest 89. What eflect did il produce upon the uneiny To what purpose\\nwere ttic spoils of the captured cilics cou^ecrateQ", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "B 0. B94.] SOLON S TRAYKLS. 119\\nrhaeans with dismay nor was it long before victory declared in favor\\nof the assailants. The doomed inhabitants were put to the sword oi\\nbanished; and the lands, which had been enriched by long and skillful\\nculture, were left desolate. From the spoils of the ca[)tured cities, a\\nfund was created to reward victors at the Olympic games.\\n90. Solon goes to Asia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 But Solon, with all the wisdom of hia\\nInstitutions, and all the popularity he had acquired as a general and a\\nstatesman, could not prevent a new ebullition of faction in his beloved\\n\u00c2\u00abity. The parties of the Highlands, the Lowlands, and the Coast, still\\ncontended for superiority and what one class approved in his laws,\\nanother desired to see amended. Anxious for the success of his great\\nwork of legislation, Solon finally assembled the people and after\\nacknowledging that his own mind was not perfectly satisfied as to the\\nutility of all his measures, he obtained from them a pledge to obey his\\nlaws ten years, while he visited those countries most distinguished for\\nthe excellence of their government, and revised the constitution he\\nhad framed for Athens. Having thus secured to his institutions a\\nfair trial, he sailed for Egypt and abode some time, as he himself\\nrelates,\\nOn the Canoplan shore, by Nile s deep mouth,\\nFrom Egypt he went to Cyprus, and from Cyprus passed, by requesi\\nof Croesus, king of Lydia, to Sardis.*\\nThe Interview of Solon with Croesus is very justly celebrated- That monarch, wb\\nwas considered the richest in the world, attempted to dazzle the eyes of the philosophei\\nwith a display of magniflceat furniture and jewelry. Solon, though a plain republicjin,\\ngazed upon the splendor of royalty without the least surprise and Croesus, chagrined at\\nthe indifference of the humble Grecian, demanded, I/he had ever seen a happier man\\nSolon replied, had; and that person was one TeUus, a worthy oitizen of Athens,\\nwho, having been above want all his life, died, gloriously Jighting for his cov.ntry^\\nCroesus again inquired, Whether, after Tellus, he kn w another happier man in the\\nwat^ld r Solon replied, Yes Cleobis and Biton, famed for their dutiful behavior to\\ntheir mother for. Vie oxen not being ready, they put themselves into the harness and\\ndrew t. ieir mother to Jiimo s temple,who was esntremely happy in having such sons, and\\nmoved forward amidst the blessings of the people. After the sacri^ce, they laid down\\nio rest, but rose no more, for they died that night without sorrow or pain, in ths -midst\\n3/ so mnch glory. Well, said Croesus, highly displeased, and do you not then rank\\n09 in the number of happy ynen T King of Lydia, said the philosopher, the vicissi-\\ntudes of life ituffer us not to be elated by any present good fortune, or to admire thai\\nfelicity which is liable to change. Futurity carries for every man various and uncet\\ntain events in its bosom. He, therefore, whom hea/ten blesses with success to the last, ii.\\nin our estimation, tue happy man. But the happiness of him who still lives, and has\\ntfis dangers of life to encounter, appears to us no better than that of a champion befor*\\nthe combat is determined, and while the crown is uncertain.\\nThough Crcebus dismissed the stern law-giver with contempt, yet, when his city was\\nQuestions. What factions continued to agitate Athens? By what means did Boion\\nendeavor to ptipetuate his laws? What was the object of hlsjourni-y? What places divJ\\n^e visit? Ilecifi the auecdole in the note. Where is Cyprus? (Map No. 8.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "1 20 GREECE. [b. 0. 560.\\n91. The Pisistratid^. Of the three parties in Athens, Lycurgua,\\nleader of the Lowlanders, belonged to the Old Aristocracy, the\\nancient Eupatridae. Megacles, distinguished for being tlie head of the\\nAlcmaeonidtfi, for numerous victories in the Olympic games, for the\\nvrealth and splendor of his house, and for having married the heiress\\nof the throne of Sicyon, was leader of the Coast party. But the most\\npowerful man in Athens was Fisistratus, cousin of Solon, whose\\nengaging manners, agreeable person, and persuasive eloquence gained\\nfoi hir the pre-eminence among the democratic Highlanders. Each\\ni;arty was wedded to its own opinions, and contention seemed to\\nincrease, without any prospect of termination, till one day Pisistratus\\ncame into the agora with several marks of violence upon his person.\\n92. The people gathered round him with looks of curiosity and con-\\ncern. He told them that as he was going into the country he was\\nwaylaid by his political opponents, and with difficulty had escaped,\\nwounded as might be seen, hence they could judge whether it would\\nbe safe for any man longer to be a friend to the poor. It was obvious,\\nhe said, that he could no longer live in Attica, unless they would take\\nhim under that protection which he implored. Immediately one of\\nhis partisans proposed to grant this injured friend of the people a\\nguawi of fifty men for the security of his person. The vote was passed,\\nand Pisistratus, taking advantage of the terror inspired by his armed\\nfollowers, seized upon the citadel Lycurgus and his party submitted\\nquietly for a time, and the Alcmceonidm left the city.\\n96. Though Pisistratus thus became a tyrant^ yet he changed nothing\\nin the Athenian constitution. All the laws, courts of justice, and\\nmagistracies remained the same, and he himself once obeyed a citation\\nfrom the Areopagus on charge of murder. He courted the friendship\\nof Solon, and often availed himself of his relative s wisdom, but the\\nphilosopher died the year following these events, at the age of 80.\\ntaken, himself made prisoner, and laid bound upon the pile to be burned, the truth of thii\\niiscourse wrung from him the passionate exclamation, O, Solon I Solon 1 Solon! Upoi\\nthe inquiry of Cyrus, What god or man he invoked in so groat a calamity, he related tht\\nconversation he had with one of the se^en wise m n of Greece, and the conqueror was so\\nitrutik with It that he released the prisoner and made him his friend. Thus Solon saved tho\\nlife of one king, and improved the character of another.\\nQu*sU(ms.\u00e2\u0080\u0094^\\\\, 92. Who was Lycurgus What party did he lead T Whit is known of\\nMegacles? What particularly distinguished Pisistratus T By what means did he increase\\nhis power How was the citadel of Athens built Ans. The Acropolis, or citadel of Athens,\\nwas liillt upon a rock, three-fourths of a mile in circuit. It commanded the town, and wm\\nac\u00c2\u00ab,c\u00c2\u00bbslMe only from one side. 93. What did Pisistratus thus become? Did he effect any\\nchanges in the fundamental laws? Whose frieudship did he seek At what age did SoioB\\n41??", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "B. a 554.J QBOGRAPHT OF GREECE. 121\\n94. B. 0. 554. Upb and Downs. A Wedding and a Quabrkl.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPisistratus not long after lost all the power he had usurped. The\\nrival factions of Megacles and Lycurgus united to overthrow him but\\nno sooner had they effected their object, than they quarreled among\\nthemselves. At the end of six years, Megacles sought out the retired\\nPisistratus, and offered to give him his daughter in marriage, aod assist\\nin restoring him to his former station. Pisistratus retiirned to Athens,\\namidst the acclamations of the people, and received his young bride\\nat the hand of her father with apparent joy but, looking upon her ae\\ndescended from a race struck with an everlasting curse, he treated\\nher with entire neglect. The AlcraasonidaB, indignant at the affront,\\nagain made common cause with the party of Lycurgus, and Pisistratus\\nwas again driven from Athens. He resided ten years in Euboea.\\nHearing then that the government of his rivals had become unpopular,\\nhe landed upon the plain of Marathon with a considerable force, and\\nmarch Pid toward Athens. He was everywhere successful the disaf-\\nfected ?.ocked to his standard, and he soon saw himself possessed of\\ngreater power than ever before (b. c. 537-127).\\n95. What he had twice lost, and now so hardly regained, he deter-\\nmined henceforth to hold with a firmer grasp. No longer relying\\nupon the affections of the fickle multitude, he took a body of foreign\\nmercenaries into pay, and by their aid inspired awe, where he could\\nnot command respect. His refined and elegant taste, however, led\\nhim to employ his power for the benefit of Athens. He tooli every\\nmethod to promote agriculture he beautified and adorned the city\\nhe gave liberally of his private property to relieve the distressed, and\\nenacted a law making public provision for those wounded in the ser-\\nvice of their country. He is said to have founded the first public\\nlibrary in the known world, and to have made the first complete edi-\\ntion of Homer s poems. He continued to direct the administration of\\ngovernment to an advanced age, and died in the city which he had\\nrobbed of liberty, and crowned with prosperity.\\nHe commenced a temple to Olympian Jove, more vast than any the ancient world ever\\nsaw, but lived to complete only the foundations. He formed the Lyceum, a beautiful\\ngarden furnished with stately buildings, and watered by a fountain which flowed in ntns\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0rtificlal channels through delightful groves, by the side of shaded walks.\\nQu6\u00c2\u00abUoTUi.\u00e2\u0080\u00949A. WTien did Pisistratus lose the power which he had usurped? Howwashli\\noverthrow accomplished How was he restored to his former station f Why was he again\\ndriven from Athens? How did he afterward gcain greater power than he had before 95.\\nHow did Pisistratus secure his power? How did he use it? In what respects? What la\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aid of him as a founder As a compiler What further can you say of him\\n6", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "122 GREECE. [b. c. 527\\n96. HipriAB AND HiPPAEOHUB. The sons of Pisistratus sacceeded\\nto his power, and for sorae years trod in his steps. Hipparchus, who\\nseemed to inherit all his father s literary taste, devoted himself to the\\nimprovement of the moral and civil condition of the people. He\\ninvited learned men to the city, and cultivated letters and the arts,\\nander their guidance. He caused marble statues of Hermas, with\\nmoral sentences engraved upon the sides, to be erected in the principal\\nstreets; he relieved the people of a heavy tax called in and recoined\\nthe money; and for eigLteen years contributed not a little to the\\nflourishing crndilion of the country. This period was called the\\nGolden age of Greece and Thucydides, in speaking of the Pisis-\\ntratidaa, remarks, Those tyrants singularly cultivated wisdom and\\nvirtue. A rule so tranquil, so beneficent, and so popular, seemed\\nlikely to be lasting when an event occurred, which, though simple in\\nitself, brought a train of complicated miseries upon Athens.\\n97. Hipparchus, acting in his public capacity, as director of the\\nholy rites, dismissed the sister of Harmodius (against whom he had\\na private pique), from bearing the sacred vessels at a public festival.\\nThis insult stung Harmodius to the quick, and kindled the indignation\\nof his friend, Aristogiton. They resolved, in their proseoution of\\nrevenge, to overthrow the ruling dynasty. At an assembly in which\\nthe citizens bore arras, they rushed upon Hipparchus and slew him\\nbut his guards, coming up immediately, killed Harmodius, and, not long\\nafter, Aristogiton was taken and put to death, b. o. 514. Now it was\\nthat tyranny properly began. Grief, anger, and excitement rendered\\nHippias revengeful and suspicious he increased his enemies by putting\\nseveral distinguished individuals to death, and began to look abroad\\nfor the support he had hitherto found among his own people.\\n98. The Alcma)onids and their party found means to profit by the\\nfailing popularity of Hippias. They had employed the years of their\\nexile in a work which made all Greece their debtors. The temple of\\nApollo, at Delphi, having been consumed by fire, the Amphictyon i\\nengaged to give three hundred talents for its rebuilding. The Alo-\\nmaeonids undertook the job, and finished it in the most superb style\\nexceeding their contract in the expense they put upon the structure,\\nand completing the beauty of the edifice by carrying up the whole\\nQue.6tion*.\u00e2\u0080\u00949i. By whom was Pisistratus succeeded What was the character of Hip-\\nparchae Kerne some of his acts? How long did thf country thus flourish f What wai\\nthe period called? What remark is quoted? 97. What event occurred to disturb the\\nfCeneral harmony Who were the principal actors in the tragedy that followed? What\\ntcoame of tl)\u00c2\u00ab m Why did Hip|)las bicoino revt-niroful and suspicious? How did he n\u00c2\u00bban*-\\nlt 9t ihesB feelings aS. By whom was advanlage Uiken of the failing popularity of Hippia*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "i. 0. 510.] THE ALCM^ONID^. [23\\nftont withPariaa marble. The god proved not ungrateful for, when-\\never the Spartans applied to the oracle for counsel, in addition to the\\nregular response, they were adraonislied to give lihtrty to Athens,\\nNow, when Athens was all commotion, the people of Sparta deter-\\nmined to obey the injunction of Apollo. They sent out Cleomenes,\\ntheir king, with a band of men to aid in overthrowing the Pisi liatid\\nparty. Hippias was defeated in the field, and the Athenians, fearing\\na siege, consented to deliver up the city in five days. In this time tie\\nmost obnoxious escaped, and Eippiaa made good his retreat to th\u00c2\u00bb\\nHellespont.\\n99. Exile and Return.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clisthenes, son of that Megacles who con-\\ntended with Pisistratus, being thus restored to his country, enjoyed a\\nbrief period of power. To please the people, he changed the number\\nof tribes from /our to ten^ and enacted that fifty persons should be\\nchosen from each to constitute a senate which was from this time\\ncalled the Council of Five Hundred. His Eupatrid opponents appealed\\nto the Spartans, and Cleomenes was in consequence sent with another\\narmy up from the Peloponnesus, to destroy the dominion he had so\\nrecently established. A herald preceded him, demanding the banish-\\nment of the AlcmaeonidfB, as the descendants of sacrilegious parents.\\nNot daring to bring the matter before the people, Clisthenes and his\\nparty retired and Cleomenes, emboldened by this success, banished\\nYOO families from Athens. He was proceeding to remodel the consti-\\ntution, and arrange affairs to suit the aristocracy, when he was inter-\\nrupted in his labor of love, by a refusal on the part of the Athenians\\nto be so governed. The indignant people ran to arms and Cleomenes,\\nafter being besieged in the citadel two days, was permitted to return\\nhome and take his partisans with him. The AlcmceonidcB again\\nreturned to Athens.\\n100. The Athenians, concerned at a breach with the warlike\\nSpartans, and at a loss for allies, sent over to Sardis to form a con-\\nnection with Artaphernes, the governor of that place. The satrap\\nreceived the deputies of the little unheard-of republic with that\\nhaughtiness so becoming in a viceroy. When they were admitted into\\nhis presence, he demanded who they were, and why thf y desired an\\nalliance with the Persians? These questions having been answered\\nwith all due respect, he condescended to say, That if they would\\nQuesH m\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u00949S. How did they take such advantage? To what plai-c did Hippias rotreatT\\nTrace the Alcrnseonids from Delphi to Sparta, to Athens and Hi[ii)ia8 to the UellcsponL\\n99. Who was Clisthenes? What was the Council of Five //und Mau- what was doD\u00c2\u00ab\\nby Cleomenes? In what proceeding was he interrupted? Wluu (..llowedf 100, Wh*.\\nwa? th first public transactioa between Greece and Persia?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "124 GREECE. [b. 0. 610.\\ngive earth and water to Darius, they might be received into alliance,\\notherwise they must depart. The ambassadors, considering only the\\nimmediate danger of their country, consented to these humiliating\\nterms. Such was the Jirst public transaction hetween Greece and\\nPersia When the ambassadors returned home, they were severely\\ncensured by the people for the craven spirit they had manifested, and\\nnothing further was done about the alliance with Persia.\\n101. The Clouds Gathkb. Yet the danger which hung o \\\\e?\\nAthens was not yet averted. Oleoraenes could not forget that he h^d\\neffected a disgraceful retreat from the Acropolis. He left no means\\nuntried to excite a league against the Athenians. In the Spartan\\nsenate he asserted, that, while shut up in the citadel, he discovered,\\namong the archives of the republic, a record of the means by which\\nthe Alcmaeonids bribed the Pythia, and gained the command to give\\nliberty to Athens. He urged, therefore, that the Spartan government\\nhad acted unjustly, irreligiously, and imprudently, in expelling Hip-\\npias and that they could not do their duty to gods nor men other-\\nwise than by restoring him. By the influence of this speech, Hippias\\nwas invited to Sparta but, as the other states refused to enter into a\\nleague to restore the banished tyrant, he soon after retired to the court\\nof Artaphernes, where he was kindly received, and treated with the\\ngreatest attention.\\n102. The Athenians sent to request that Artaphernes would not\\ncountenance their banished citizens. The satrap returned for answer,\\nIf the Athenians wish to be safe, they must receive Hippias for their\\nking. This haughty reply threw all Attica into a ferment. Every\\nman was aroused by indignation or alarm. At this critical moment,\\nAristagoras, governor of Miletus, arrived at Athens. He had come to\\npersuade the Athenians to assist their brethren of Ionia in a rebellion\\nagainst Persia. Being introduced into an assembly of the people, he\\nused every argument in his power to point their vengeance against the\\nPersian rulers of Asia Minor. And he succeeded. Twenty ships were\\nvoted, to aid the lonians in their projected revolt; and these ships, addl\\nLhe historian, were the beginning of evils to Greeks and barbarians.\\nNote. Pythagoras, a famous Grecian philosopher, flourished in this century. He was\\nDative of bamos, and a great traveler. He is said to have been carr ed from Egypt, in the\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 lOa. How were the ambassadors treated upon their return f Trace them to\\n3ardi8 and back. 101. What could not C leomenes forget? What assertion did ho make f\\nWhat did he urge? What influence lid the speech have To what place did Uippiae\\nxfterward retire? 102. W^^t, message wns sent to Artaphernes? What was his reply!\\nWh it WAd the eff jct Who, just then, arrived at Athens? What was his objec* How fv\\nild he succeed 1 What says the historlaii i:\u00c2\u00ab ut the \u00c2\u00bbhlpaT", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 600.] PERSIAN INVASIONS. 125\\narmy of Oambyses, to Perala, where he compared what he had learned from the Egyptian\\npriests with the doctrines of the magi. From Persia he passed into other conntries, col-\\nlecting: e\\\\ \u00c2\u00abry where materials for his great system, lie finally took up his abode in Crotona,\\nin Italy. He established a school there, Into which he admitted those whom he thought\\ncapable of becoming true philosophers. The candidates were first put upon trial by being\\nsubjected to rigorous exercise, severe abstinence, and strict silence. During these years\\nthey neither saw nor heard their master, but were instructed by some inferior preceptor,\\nwho settled every doubt by ipse dixit, he, that is Pythagoras, said so. If any one,\\nwearied of this rigid discipline, chose to withdraw, he was dismissed with double the share\\nthat he had advanced to the common stock a tomb was erected for him as for a dead man\\nand he was forgotten as soon as possible. Having passed the severe ordeal, the candidatei\\nwere permitted to hear Pythagoras lecture from behind a cnrtain. His doctrines thoy com-\\naaftted to memory, that the wisdom of their master need not pass to the vulgar through the\\na :.ium of books.\\nHe taught by numbers; the Divine mind being considered the Monad, from which\\nnature emanates and recedes, as numbers depart from unity.\\nThe Diatonic scale was discovered by Pythagoras. In passing a smith s forge, he observed\\nthat three of the sounds made by the four workmen were harmonious, while i\\\\iPs fowrth was\\ndiscordant He found the dilference to be in the weight of the hammers. Acting upon this\\nhint, he went home, and preparing four strings exactly alike, hnn^ upon them four weights\\ncorresponding to the weights of the hammers. Thus he formed a musical scale, and pro-\\nced. d to construct stringed instruments. He conceived that the spheres in which the\\nplanets move, striking upon ether, must produce a sound, and that, all their motions being\\nharmonious, their sounds must be harmonious also; and his scholars, ambitious to increase\\ntheir master s fame, declared that he had been permitted by the gods to listen to the\\nceleritial music of the spheres.\\nHis theory taught that fire holds the middle place in the universe, and that the earth\\none of the planets which make their revolutions about the sphere of fire.\\nPythagoras believed in the transmigration of souls, and declared that he could remember\\nwhat passed while he inhabited the bodies of difi erent animals. He lived to an advanced\\nage, venerated by the credulous, and loved by the good. He had such a command over his\\ncountenance that it never expressed either grief, joy, or anger.\\n103. B. c. 499. The Causes of the Persian Invasion.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In b. c. 502,\\nin Naxos one of the islands of the Aegean Sea, a revolution broke out, and\\nthe aristocratic party was expelled from the island. The exiles applied\\nto Aristagoras, the tyrant of Miletus, for assistance, which he readily\\npromised, knowing that if they were restored by his means he should\\nbecome master of the island. He also obtained the co-operation of Arta-\\nphernes, the satrap of Western Asia, by representing to him that not only\\nNaxos, but all the islands of the Aegean Sea could be annexed to the Per-\\nsian empire. The expedition proved a failure, and Aristagoras threatened\\nwith utter ruin, determined to urge his countrymen in the Greek cities\\nof Asia Minor, to throw off the Persian yoke, and establish a democratical\\nform of government. He also crossed over to Greece and applied to Athena\\nand Sparta for assistance. Sparta refused to take any part in the war; but\\nAthens, incensed because the satrap Artaphernes had said that the Athen-\\nians must receive Hippias for their king, voted to send assistance to the\\nlonians. They landed near Epliesus, and marched immediately to Sardis,\\nwhich they took and burnt (b. c. 499). Although they committed no\\n^M^sftions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 103. What is said of the revolt in Naxos Where was Miletus What did\\nthe Athenians do in Asia Minor? How did the invasion affect Darius? What did he\\nsay Give the situation of Sardis", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "126 a RE EC E. [H. a 6.15^\\nother act of hostility, yet this invasion was enough to arouse the resent-\\nment of Darius against the repubhes of Greece. When Darius was in-\\nformed who the Athenians were, he seized his bow and shot an arrow\\nhigh into the air, exchximing, Great Jove, grant me the power to take\\nvengeance on the Athenians. He ordered an attendant to say to him\\nthree times every day at diun r, Sire, remember the Athenians.\\nSpabta. 104. Cleomenes meantime, opposed Demaratus, his brother\\nsovereign, in every thing; and, by procuring a decision against him from\\nthe Delphic oracle, effected his banishment. Demaratus, like Hippias,\\nretired to Persia. Cleomenes having committed suicide, his nephew,\\nLeonidas, succeeded to the throne, in the line of Eurysthenes, about the\\nsame time that Leotychides, nephew of Demaratus, received the power\\nvested in the house of Procles.\\n105. Situation of the Grecian States. And now, while the\\nhosts of Persia are gathering to pour their full tide of vengeance upon\\nthe offending Greeks, let ns loo^ at the condition of these little states,\\nand inquire into their means for resisting the tremendous shock. The\\nThessalians, who should have guarded the northern frontier, were so\\nat variance among themselves, that they could not agree, even\\nagainst a common enemy. The Thebans^ and with them almost all\\nBeotia, had sent earth and water to the Persians. Argos had been\\nalmost depopulated by Sparta, and Athens had not yet forgotten th\u00c2\u00ab\\ninjuries she had received from Cleomenes.\\n106. Beside these divisions between the different republics, each\\nstate was divided in its own counsels the aristocracy could not brook\\nthe measures of the people, and the people would not support the\\nmeasures of the aristocracy and what was far worse, Hippias and\\nDemaratus, the banished princes of Athens and Lacedemon, were resi-\\ndents of the Persian court, and instigators of the war. And yet, even\\nat these fearful odds, in this distracted state of the country, neither\\nAthens nor Sparta could tolerate the idea of submission to a foreign\\npower and when the heralds arrived, demanding earth and water/\\nin the name of Darius, king of kings, they dared to exasperate the\\nalready maddened sovereign, by throwing one of the messengers mto\\na ditch, and the other into a well, as the places where they could best\\nfind the required tokens of submission.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 104,. What became of Cleomenes Of Demaratus By whom was Cleomenes\\nsucceeded What power did Leotychides receive 105. In what condition were the\\nThessaliaus to resist invasion? TheThebans? Argos? Athens? lOG. What w s the\\ngeneral condition among the states? Wliat made matters worse Wliat was the spirit\\nof Athens and Sparta? By what acts was tins spirit manitVisted?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "a.c492.j PERSIAN INTAST0N8 127\\n107. B. o. 492. The first armament sent out bj Darius, under his\\naon-in-law, Mardonius, was shattered by a storm, oif Mt. Athjs, and\\nconsequently did not succeed in reaching even the shores of Greece.\\nThe next three years were spent in preparation on both sides. And\\nwhile Datis and Artaphernes, with the congregated forces of tlie East,\\nare slowly sailing across the Egean, let us look at the military power\\njf Athens, against whom the attack is principally directed.\\n108. Genealogy of Miltiades. Many years before this period, Si 8\\n(;tninsula called The Chersonesus had been settled by the A the:\\nlians in a singular manner. During the time of Pisistratus, the uati/e\\ninhabitants of the i)lace, being at war with their neighbors, sent some\\nchiefs to consult the god. The oracle directed tliem to invite into\\ntheir country, to found a colony there, the first person v. ho, after their\\nquitting the temple, should invite them to the rites of hospitality. The\\nchiefs started on their journey homeward. Turning into Attica, their\\nway led them past the country-house of Miltiades, a descendant of a\\nwealthy and honorable Athenian family. Miltiades, happening to be\\nin his portico, and seeing men pass in a foreign dress, accosted them,\\nand otfered them refreshment. They entered his house, and soon\\nacquainted their hospitable entertainer with the purpose of their\\njourney, and the oracular response they had received.\\n109. Miltiades readily accepted the divine direction. A number of\\nAthenians, whom Pisistratus very willingly dismissed, joined in the\\nenterprise, and Miltiades, with the followers he had collected, departed\\nwith the strangers. The colony thus planted acknowledged him as\\ntheir head; and he became, without a struggle, tbe tyrant of Cherso-\\nnesus. He died childless, and his estate and authority passed to the\\nson of his brother Cimon. This youth, also named Miltiades, was at\\nthat time in high favor with Hippias and Elipparchus. These politic\\ntyrants, anxiois to preserve the authority of the mother country over\\nthe colony, sent young Miltiades to collect his inheritance, and take\\nupon himself the administration of affairs.\\n110. When Darius marched against the Scythians, Miltiades folio wed\\nIn his train, and was left, with the other Ionian chiefs, to guard the\\nQu6stifm9.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\Q l. When did Darius send out his first armament? Who command i it?\\nWhat Is said of tho expedition? Where was Mt Athos? (See map No. 2.) How were\\nthe next three y\u00c2\u00abars employed Wliat is said of Datis and Artaphernes? lOS. Who wai\\nMiltiades? Who entered his house? Why did they do so? Where had the chiefs been\\nWhat direction did the oracle give? What information did the oracle impart to Miltiailcs?\\n109. Uow did Miltiades act in rofirence to the divine direction? Who joined in the enter-\\nprise? What colony was thus plan tod? Who was Cimon? To what distinction did his\\n\u00c2\u00bbon attain What wns tho name of that sou? What is said of Uipplas and HipparcbusT\\nUU. What charge was assigned to Miltiad*!**", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "128 GRBECE. [B. 0. 493\\nbridge of boats across the Danube. It was this Miltiades who pro\\nposed to break up the bridge, and free Ionia from the yoke of Persist\\nby leaving Darius to perish among the Scythians a measure which\\nwas prevented by that very Histiaaus who instigated the Ionian colo-\\nnies to revolt, and thus commenced the war which now threatened\\nAthens. It does not appear that Miltiades took any active part in the\\nrevolt but, finding himself obnoxious to the Persians, ho put his effects\\non board five triremes, and sailed for Athens, where he soon gained\\ngreat popularity, and was made one of the generals.\\nIll Such was the man who, while the Persians were subduing the\\nisland, of the Egean and storming Eretria, was employing all his\\nenergies to raise a force sufficient to meet them, when they should\\nmake their descent upon Attica. No measures had yet been taken for\\nthe general security. The Ionian colonies that began the war had\\nbeen conquered all the islands had submitted Euboea, the guardian\\nof the eastern coast, had wasted her best blood in a fruitless resist-\\nance and the Persian army had even passed the narrow strait ot\\nEuripus, before any league for common defense had been proposed.\\nOn the capture of Eretria, a messenger was sent from Athens to Sparta,\\nto communicate the alarming intelligence, and entreat assistance. The\\nLacedemonians promised their utmost help, but their laws and their\\nreligion, they said, forbade them to march before the full moon, of\\nwhich it wanted five days. In Jive days the Persians might ravage all\\nAUica.\\n112. Thfl Athenians were thus left to meet the storm alone. Their\\nforces were commanded by ten generals of equal authority, and among\\nthem a question arose, involving the issue of the war, and the fate of\\nall Greece. Should they sustain the horrors of a siege within their\\ncity, or should they advance into the open plain to meet the enemy\\nIt was at this crisis that the genius and experience of Miltiades saved\\nhis country. lie knew the character of the Persians, ho knew the\\nVfdor of his countrymen, and he left no means untried till he had pre-\\nvailed upon the archon to give the casting vote in favor of marching\\nout of the city. Aristides, reflecting that a command which changed\\nerery day coald not be uniform or efiicient, resigned in favor of Mil-\\ntiades; aad, the other generals following his example, this chief was\\nQu\u00e2\u0082\u00ac$tiona. 110. What proposition did he make T Why was not the proposition carried\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2utf Why did Miltiades go to Athens? What success did he gain there? Trace his\\nmovements. 111. What successes did the Persians sain How was Miltiades meanwhile\\nemployed? What is said of Eubcea? Where was the strait of Euripue? (See map No. 2.)\\nEretria? What messenger was sent What was the reply? 112. Did the Spartans assist\\nthe Athenians? By what process was Miltiades Invested with sole authority", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "B. 0.490.] PERSIAN INVASIONS. 129\\ninvested with sole authoritj. As the Persians possessed the commarJ\\nof the sea, Miltiadcs was forced to wait for intelligence as to the point\\nof debarkation they had therefore landed their whole force without\\nmolestation, upon the eastern coast of Attica, and were in quiet pos-\\neossion of the plain of Marathon, when the Athenian array appeared\\non the hills above.\\n113. B. 0. 490. Battle of Marathon. Let us take a view of the\\nr va\\\\ armies, as they lay encamped the night before the battle. The\\nfc\u00c2\u00bbarbarian host numbers six-and-forty different nations. They are sur-\\nrounded with all the pomp and panoply of war 100,000 foot- soldiers,\\nwearing stockings and turbans, and carrying bows and short spears,\\nthe sMCcessors of those troops who under the great Cyrus conquered\\nall Asia, flushed with the hopes inspired by recent victory, wait for\\nthe morrow to earn new laurels: 10,000 horses, richly caparisoned,\\neach carrying a short spear on the forehead, and another upon the\\nbreast, with 10,000 riders armed with spears and jarelins, are prepared\\nto pursue the fugitives to the very gates of Athens. The fleet appears\\nin the distance, carrying provisions and baggage for the soldiers, chains\\nfor the captives, and marble for monuments; and even tlie servants\\nwhich are left to guard it are more in number than all the inhabitants\\nof Attica, men, women, and children, included.\\n114. Sheltered by the hills, the 10,000 Athenians, with a iaw vol-\\nunteers from Platea, and attending slaves to act as light armed infantry,\\ninvoke the aid of their protecting gods and heroes in the approaching\\nconflict. Who can prophesy aught but victory to the Persians? Who\\ncan predict aught but destruction to the Greeks? Wlien Miltiades\\nviewed the narrow valley, bounded by rocky and difficult heights, in\\nwhich the Persians were inclosed, he determined to commence the\\nattack. Finding his troops animated as he wished, he issued an order\\nto lay aside missile weapons, to advance, running down the hill, and\\nengage in close fight. This command was obeyed with the utmost\\nalacrity. The Persians beheld the mad onset, at first, with ridicule,\\nbut the shock they sustained soon turned their attention to self\\ndefense. The hurse, incumbered by the narrowness of the ground,\\ncould not move without throwing their own ranks into disorder and\\nQuMHons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 112. Which party had command of the sea Where did the Persians land\\ntheir army f Of what place did they t:ike quiet possession? Where was Marathon (8efl\\nmap No. 2.) 118. What battle is described? How large was the army opposed to the\\nAthenians? How were the foot-soldiers attired? What is said of the horses and riders?\\nBy whom was ihe army commanded? (See paragraph 107.) 114. Uow large was the\\nAthenian army By whom was the battle commenced Why did not Miltiades wait to b\u00c2\u00ab\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tta ;iKC d now wat the battle commenced How did the Persians regard the onset 1\\n6*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "X30 G R B B C B [b. c. 4\u00c2\u00bb0\\nthe infantry, having no use for their bows and slings, threw them\\naway, and engaged hand to liand with the Greeks. Tlie center of the\\nPersian army maintained its ground till the wings gave way, and then\\nall fled for protection to their ships. The Athenians pursued them,\\nand, in the ccufusion of embarkation, made great slaugliter. They took\\nseven gaJeys, with all their contents. The Persians lost 6,400 men,\\nthe Athenians only 192.\\n116. Immediately after the battle, an Athenian soldier, still rcekirg\\nwith the blood of the eneuiy, quitted the army and ran with the glad\\nmf .v8 to Athens. He reached the gates, and, shouting to the anxious\\nmultitude, Rejoice, rejoice; the victory is ours, fell down exhausted\\nand expired. The Persian commander, Datis, was killed in the battle,\\nand the aged tyrant, Ilippias, met an inglorious d^ath. The Persian\\narmament, however, was still very formidable; nor was Athens, by\\nthe glorious victory of Marathon, delivered from the danger that\\nthreatened her. Miltiades, suspecting that an attempt might be made\\nupon the city, marched rapidly across the country with his forces, and\\narrived upon the hill, Cynosarges, before the Persian i^eet succeeded\\nin doubling Cape Sunium, and coming to anchor in the i)ort of Phale-\\nreum. Perceiving the warlike disposition of the Athenian troops, the\\nPersian commander, without attempting any thing further, weighed\\nanchor, and steered for Asia.\\n116 Two days after, a body of Lacedemonians arrived. They had\\nmarched instantly after the full moon, and reached Athens in three\\ndays, a distance of not less than one hundred and twenty miles. Find-\\ning themselves too late to share in the glorious action, they visited the\\nbattle-field, and, after having bestowed many encomiums upon the\\nvalor of the Athenians, returned home In the plain a lofty mound\\nwas erected over the bodies of those Athenians who fell in the con-\\nflict, their names being inscribed upon pillars sculptured from that\\nvery marble brought over by the Persians to commemorate their\\nanticipated victory. This tumulus is still to be seen, and some remaing\\nof the marble monuments are yet visible. Thus ended the first Persiii.\\n%T,rxi3ion.\\n117. Death of Miltiades. The popularity and influence of Mi)\\n^i*\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abWo7W.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 114. Give a further account of the battle. 116. What is related of an Athenian\\nBOldierr What was the next movement of Miltiades? Where wiis Cape Sunium? (See\\nmap No. 2.) Where did the Persian fleet anchor? What was the next movement of th?\\nUeetf 116. What help came for the Athenians? Why had not the Lacedemonians arrived\\nIn time to take part at Mantlion What, then, did they do What celebrated mmind was\\nerected? Is it still to be seen 117. Wbal is said of the popularity and infliiene- of Mil\\ntJades? Where was the island of Paros (8*6 map No. 2.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "B. a483.] PERSIAN INVASIONS 13^\\ntiades were now unbonnded. To punish a personal affront of the\\nParians, he requested a lieet of seveuty ships to bo employed in a\\nmanner which would bring great riches to the republic. The people\\ngranted them without requiring him to tell how he meant to use them.\\nWith this force he attacked the isle of Paros, under pretense of pun-\\nishing the people for assisting the I\\\\;rsian fleet. The Parians resisted\\nhim bravely; he was dangerously wounded, and obliged to return\\n^cme in disgrace. The glory of Miltiades had roused the slumbering\\nenvy of the Alcmseonidte, and his failure at Paros furnished the\\ndesired occasion for destroying him.\\n118. Xanthippus, who had married a niece of Megacles, accused him\\nof leaving Paros because he was bribed by the commanders of the\\nPersian fleet, then stationed at a little distance on the continent. The\\ngalla d Miltiades, too ill to leave his house, was brouglit in his tei\\nbefo/ the general assembly of that people he had so recently delivered\\nfrom destruction. He attempted no defense, but lay there a melan-\\ncholy spectacle, while his brother recounted his services, and endea-\\nvore to excite the compassion of his judges. A fine of fifty talents\\nwas, nevertheless, laid upon him, and, being unable to raise this sum,\\nhe was thrown into prison, where he died of his wounds. Th^ fine\\nwas afterward paid by Oimon, his son.\\n119. The Persian Court. On the return of his generals from this\\ndisastrous expedition, Darius determined to invade Greece in person\\nbut troubles in Egypt and at home prevented the execution of hia\\ndesign, and, five years after, death closed all his schemes of revenge.\\nBut the Persians continued to retain the character of a warlike and\\nconquering people, which their fathers had bequeathed to them. They\\nwere not accustomed to insults within their dominion, like the burn-\\ning of Sardis, still less to defeats in the field like that of Marathon.\\nXerxes, therefore, instigated by his courtiers to undertake a war\\nwhich would extend his dominions to the western ocean, began to\\nmake arrangements for carrying out the design, both by sea and land.\\n120. Four years were employed in preparation. An army was col\\nlected, greater than the world ever saw, either before or since. Every\\nsea-port, in the whole winding length of coast from Macedonia to the\\n^MUon\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094lll. What naval expedition did he undertaker Give an account of it. What\\nmisfortune at honae followed 118. What accusation was brought against him? WLat scene\\nftCo irred f What judgment was pronounced What further can you state of Mlltlado*\\n119. Upon what did Darius determine? What prevented him from so doing? By whom\\nwas Darius succeeded as king What arrangements did Xerxes begin By whom was h\u00c2\u00ab\\nIntUienced so to do? What had the Athenians done? 120. How long was Xerxes busy in\\nin.ikiri!: rreparations What army was colk-cted", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "132 GREECE. [B.C. 480\\npresent Gulf of Sidra, was ordered to prepare ships and impress mari-\\nners. To prevent all risk of future disasters like that which attended\\nthe fleet of Mardonius, a ship canal was excavated, at immense expense,\\nacross the isthmus which joins Mt. A.thos to the main-land; and when\\nwe consider that Xerxes expected to add Enroi)e to his dominions,\\nand that the passage across the Egean was very dangerous, and the\\ndoubling of Mt, Athos especially so, this canal ap})ears to have been\\na very wise preparation.\\n121. At length, the levies being completed, the forces from all the\\neastern, southern, and western provinces of Persia assembled at Sar-\\ndis. Thither tlie monarch went himself, to take the command. Thence\\nheralds were sent to all the states of Greece (Athens and Sparta\\nexcepted), demanding earth and water and, according to Oriental\\ncustom, ordering entertainment to be prepared for the king. Every\\nthing was ready before the vernal equinox. And now leaving Xerxes\\nto prosecute his pompous march toward Thermopylae, where a signa.\\ndefeat awaits him, let us look again at the state of the Grecian republics.\\n122. It was now ten years since the battle of Marathon. The Greeks\\nhad long had intelligence of tlie immense preparations making in Asia,\\nyet still no measures had been concerted for general defense on the\\ncontrary, many of the smaller states had sent earth and water to the\\ninvaders. The Argives, still weak from the slaughter under Cleo-\\nmenes, declared to the deputies sent to beg assistance, that The\\nSpartan arrogance was intolerable, and that they would rather be sub-\\nject to the barbarians than to Lacedemon; and they ended their\\nindignant refusal by commanding the ministers to leave the territory\\nbefore sunset, on pain of being treated as enemies.\\n123. The Spartan kings were Leonidas, and Leotychidas who haa\\ndefeated the Persian fleet in the battle of Mycale. The Athenian\\ncounsels were governed by Themistocles and Aristides. Both of these\\ndistinguished men had proved their valor in the battle of Marathon.\\nOf the ten Athenian generals, Aristides was the only one that agreed\\nwith Miltiades upon the propriety of meeting the enemy in the field\\nand he it was who, renouncing his day of command in favor of the\\nf uperior skill of Miltiades, induced the other generals to do the same.\\nYet, such was the power of faction at Athens, that through the\\nQii\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bbtions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\2Q. What canal was made? Where was Mount Athos? (See map No. 2.)\\nWhy was the canal made 121. At what place did the forces of Xerxes assemble Where\\nwas Sardis? (See map No. 2.) At what place did Xerxes titke formal command? What\\ndemands and orders did he issue? 122. When did the battle of Marathon take place? Jn\u00c2\u00ab. 490\\nyears b. o. When did Xerxes march against Sparta? 128. Who were the Spartan kings\\nWho the leading Athenian counselors What la said of Aristides", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0154.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "8. 0. 480.] PERSIAN INVASIONS. 133\\nintrigues of Themistoclos, this great and good man Ijad been in banish-\\nment six years, and was now only recalled when his country felt the\\nneed of his services.*\\n124. Themistocles, with the natural penetration of an ambitious\\nmind, saw in the approaching struggle an occasion for Athens to rise\\nto a new rank in Greece; and to gain for her this exalted position,\\nand at the same time to take tlie lead in her counsels, had developed\\nMs energies, and called into exercise all the powers of his great intel-\\nlect. Egina, though a small island, possessed the largest fleet in\\nGreece. To make Athens a maritime power, he had roused her envy\\nof F.gina, and by his eloquence had persuaded the people to devote the\\nproceeds of a silver mine to the building and equipping of triremes.\\nThus, by his foresight, Athens was furnished in this emergency with a\\nfleet of two hundred ships; and now, while the storm of Persian inva-\\nsion was slowly approaching, ho was busied in allaying animosities,\\nand silencing disputes among the Grecian cities, and in devising every\\nstratagem to secure a victory which he hoped would make Athens\\nsupreme in Greece, and Themistocles supreme in Athens.\\n125. Ths Response.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He hoped almost alone. The courage of the\\nmass was the stern resolution of despair. Many were dismayed by\\nthe overwhelming force collecting in Asia, and more were disheartened\\nby the fearful response of Apollo; for, persons deputed by public\\nauthority, having performed the prescribed ceremonies, entered the\\ntemple, and as they sat by the shrine, the Pythia exclaimed, Wretches,\\nThe Athenians had a mild way of gratifying envy, which they called a method of\\nhumbling those who possessed too much power. Every citizen took a shell, and, writing\\nuoon it the name of the person he considered most obnoxious, threw it into a spot inclosed\\nfor the purpose with wooden rails. The magistrates then counted the shells, and, if they\\namounted to six thousand, the ostracism was declared complete, and the individual whose\\nname was found upon the greatest number of shells was banished ten years. Aristides had\\nbeen commissioned to take charge of the spoils after the battle of Marathon. He discharged\\nhis trust with the most perfect fidelity. lie was also distinguished for his Inflexible justic*\\nin every transaction. Themistocles, envying the love and respect with which he wai\\ntreated, insinuated that he was insensibly gaining the sovereign power, though without the\\nrnsigns of it. By this means the people were induced to banish the most virtuous man ia\\nlae state. While the shells were getting inscribed at the assembly that passed the sentence\\nof ostracism upon him, a peasant approached, and begged him to write the name of Arit\\ntidt;s upon the shell. The good man, surprised at the adventure, asked him Whether\\nAristides had ever injured him V No, said he, nor do I even know him, but it vexes\\nme to hear him everywhere called th6 Just. Aristides made no reply, but wrote his\\nname jpon the shell, and returned it to his envious countryman.\\n(^Mtiona.\u00e2\u0080\u0094IM. What did Themistocles see in the approaching struggle Was he selflsL\\nIn his efforts? What is said of Egina? How was it situated? (See taap No. 2.) What\\nhad Themistocles induced the Athenians to do? What is a trireme? Ans. A galley or\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00bc\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sel with three benches or ranks of oars n each side. How large was the Athenian fleet!\\n125. W^hy wer the people disheartened Wnat was the response.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0155.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "134 GKBBOE. [B. c. 480\\ni^ hy sit ye there? Leave your houses and the lofts lampurt.s of your\\ncity, and fly to the furthest part of the earth. For not the head shall\\nremain firm, nor the body, nor the extreme feet, not therefore the\\nhands, nor shall aught of the middle remain, but all sliull pass unre-\\ngarded. For fire and keen Mars, urging the Syrian chariot, shall\\ndestroy. Nor yours alone, but many other strong towers shall he\\noverthrow. Many temples of the immortal gods shall he give to the\\nsonsnming fire. Even now they stand dropping sweat, and shaking\\nwith terror. Black blood flows over their highest roofs, foreseeing\\nthe necessities of wretchedness. Depart, therefore, from the sane\\ntuary, and diffuse the mind in evils.\\n126. The Athenian deputies were thrown into the deepest conster-\\nnation. In their anxiety, they consulted with one of the principal\\nDelphian citizens; he advised them to take the symbols of suppliants,\\nand go again to the oracle. They did so, and addressed the shrine\\nthus; O sovereign powder, prophesy unto us more pro})itiou8ly for\\nour country, regarding these suppliant tokens which we bear, or\\nwe will not depart from the sanctuary, but will remain here till we\\niie.\\n127. The prophetess answered, Minerva is unable to appease\\nOlympian Jupiter, though entreating with many words and deep wis-\\ndom. Again, therefore, I speak in adamantine terms. All else within\\nCecropian bounds, and the recesses of divine Oithasron shall fall. The\\nWOODEN WALL aloue great Jupiter grants to Minerva, to remain inex-\\npugnable, a refuge to you and your children. Wait not, therefore, the\\napproach of horse or foot, an immense army coming from the conti-\\nnent, but retreat, turning the back, even though they be close upon\\nyou. divine Salamis thou shalt lose the sons of women, whether\\nCeres be scattered or gathered.\\n128. Writing down this answer, which appeared milder than the\\nformer, the deputies returned to Athens. When the matter came to\\nbe discussed, various opinions were advanced upon the meaning of\\nthe words which interested them so deeply. Some thought they\\ndirected the defense of the citadel, the ancient palisade of which was\\nintended by the wooden wall. Others insisted that the wooden wall\\ncould mean nothing but the fleet, on which the oracle encouraged\\nthem to depend, but they concluded from the last sentence that, if the\\nfleet came to an engagement, it would be defeated off Salamis. They\\nQut\u00c2\u00abtion$.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\ti How did the deputies then act? Wkat addrcM did they make? 121.\\nWhat answer did the prophetess make? 128. To what place did the deputies then rclursj\\nWliHt opinions were advanced f What advice :;i v-o", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0156.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "480.] PERSIAN 1-. ASIONS. J 35\\nadvised, therefore, to make nse of t?te fleet for quitting, with their\\nfamilies and effects, a country whicli Lhoy could uo lonf;er defend.\\n129. But Themistocles was eloquent, determined, and popular. He\\nhad procured the building and ap{)oinluieut cf the fleet, in view of this\\nvery emergency; he was supposed to have instructed tlie Pylhia as to\\nthe wooden walls, and he now ascended the herald s ftaiid to give the\\nfinishing touch to his deep-laid scheme, by bringing the people into\\nis views. There was one em])hatic word, he said, which clear\\\\\\nproved the late construction wrong. For if the last sentence had bcoL\\nmeant unfavorably to Salamis, the oracle would scarcely have said, O,\\ndivine Salamis, but rather, O, wretched Salamis. Defeat at sea wan\\ntherefore portended not to them but to their enemies the wooden\\nwall unquestionably meant their fleet, and a naval engagement mnst\\nsave the country.\\n130. The Athenian people felt at onco the force of his reasoning;\\nAthens was hallowed by the blood of heroes, and by the presence\\nof Minerva, the guardian deity. It was determined to remove the\\nwomen and children, for a brief period, to Salamis and Egina\\nto put the whole strength of the commonwealth into the navy\\nto increase the number of ships as fast as possible; and to meet\\nthe enemy at sea. Then it was. after Xerxes had assembled his\\narmy at Sardis, that the busy note of j)reparation began to sound\\nin Greece.\\n131. TuK Congress. A national congress was formed by each state\\n^ending deputies to Corinth to consult ui)on the conduct of the war.\\nNone were more forward to join tlie confederacy than the Tliessalians.\\nWhen intelligence arrived that the Persian army had crossed the Hel-\\nlespont and was advancing toward the frontiers, the Thessalians\\nbegged that forces might be sent to guard the passes of their country.\\nAll the soldiers, therefore, that could be assembled were sent up to take\\npossession of the vale of Tempe, between Ossa acd Olympus; but\\nhearing that the Persians could still enter Greece by going further\\nwest, they abandoned the pass, and returned to Corinth. The The?\\nsalians, thus deserted, submitted to the Persian monarch, and maLj\\nQuMtion\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\29. What had Themistocles already procured What supposition was made\\nin reference to him? What argument did he use to bring the people nto his views I 180\\nWhat effect did the reasoning of Themistocles have? When did Greece begin to prepare\\nfor defense? 131. At what place did a congress meet? Of whom was the congress formed\\nWhat was the object of the congress? Who were among the earliest to Join the confedera-\\ntion f What request did the Thessaliaue afterward make What response was consequently\\nmade? What were Ossa and Olympus? Ans. Mountains. Where were they situated?\\n(See map No. 2.^ Mow did the forces sent afterward act? What was the consequence a\u00c2\u00bb\\negards the Thessaliaus", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0157.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "136 G R B B B [bo. 480.\\nenlisted zealously in his service. The Grecian confederacy, which\\nremained to resist the whole force of the Persian empire, now con-\\nsisted of a few little states, not equal in territory to the state of Massa-\\nchusetts, and whose population would not equal that of a single county\\nof England,\\n132 Stationino the Troops. The whole strength of Athens went\\nto the naval armament. It was the season for celebrating the Olympic\\ngames, and it was deemed unnecessary to divert the attention of all\\nGreece from these sacred rites but, to secure the fidelity of the states,\\nwhich still belonged to the confederacy, the congress thought best to\\ngive a [\u00c2\u00bbledge of their interest in the general welfare, by sending a\\nsmall force to garrison Thermopylse. Leonidas, king of Bparta, fore-\\nseeing that tliey should be called to sell their lives for their country,\\nselected from his subjects three hundred men who had sons to bear\\nup their names and Plutarch states that he and his little band\\nsolemnized their own obsequies by funeral games before their depar-\\nture.\\n133. Each Spartan was attended by one or more Helots; Arcadia\\nfurnished 2120 men, Corinth armed 400, Phlius* 200, and Mycenaet\\n80. Messengers were sent to Phocis and Locris to summon their\\nwhole force, They were reminded that the invader was not a god,\\nbut a mortal, liable as all human greatness, to a fall; and they were\\nbidden to take courage, for the sea was guarded by Atliens and Egina,\\nand the troops now sent were only forerunners of the Peloponnesian\\narmy, which would speedily follow. The Phocians immediately sent\\nforward 1000 men, and the Locrians were equally prompt; the Thes-\\npiansj volunteered to the amount of 700, and Leonidas compelled the\\nThebans to furnish 400 more. Thus, with an army of about 6000 men,\\nLeonidas marched to defend Therraopylaa against all the forces of the\\neast.\\n134. While the Spartans were thus advancing to their fatal station,\\nthe fleet was moving round to the adjoinmg strait of Euripus. The\\nl)eli\u00c2\u00bbhians, unable to do any thing for the defense of their country,\\nhad recourse to the oracle, and were told to pray to the winds, for\\nthese might be powerful assistants to Greece, Th^ summer was far\\nA city of Arcadia. t A city of Argolis. t From Thespls, a city of Beotla.\\nQuestions. 181. Bow much of the confederacy remained 132. In what preparations did\\nthe Athen Inns invest their strength What was deemed unnecessary f Why was a force\\nsent to Thertnopyla;? IIow many Spartans did Leonidas select for the purpose? What\\nevent did he foresee? What statement is made by Plutarch? 183. What additions were\\nmade to the Spartan army? How large was the entire force of Leonidas? 134. What did\\nthe oracle tell the t)elphianB", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0158.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 480.] PBRSIAN INVASIONS. 137\\nadvanced when Leonidas and Iiis forces carae in sight of Mount Eta,\\nand the fleet came to anchor near the adjacent shore. Suddenly the\\nheavens began to blacken with clouds. The Athenians, filled \\\\^ith\\njoy at sight of the rising tempest, redoubled their cries to the god of\\nthe Thracian wind. They besought the deity to vindicate Attica, and\\nl ring destruction on the barbarian fleet, as he had formerly done afc\\nAthos.\\n135. Whelher this really induced Boreas to fall upon the barba-\\nrians, says Herodotus, I cannot undertake to say, but the Athenians\\nassert it, and have therefore built him a temple. The storm lasted\\nseveral days. Four hundred Persian galleys were sunk, with all their\\ncrews, besides the loss of coasting vessels. Fifteen galleys, which\\nhad been dispersed, some days after fell in with the Grecian fleet,\\nand were captured. The prospect of Grecian affairs was now bright-\\nening a little. If their fleet could meet that of Persia with suc-\\ncess, and Leonidas defend Thermopyl89, Xerxes could never reach\\nAthens.\\n136. The Fight. Nor was it long before the day of trial came.\\nThe first sight of the Persian host, covering the Tracninian plains,\\nstruck some of Leonidas s followers with dismay, and many were for\\nretreating and making a final stand at the isthmus of Corinth but\\nLeonidas, having set a body of Phocians to guard the only mountain\\npath by which they could be surrounded, and having sent off for a\\nreinforcement, prepared to give such an example at Thermopylae as\\nshould rouse all Greece to action. Day after day the haughty monarch\\nwaited expecting that the grand display of his forces would frighten\\naway the opposing Greeks. A horseman, sent out to reconnoiter,\\nreturn(\u00c2\u00bbd with the answer that he found the Spartans out of their\\nintrenohments some quietly seated combing their flowing hair,\\nothers employed in exercise. At length, despairing of their voluntary\\nretreat, he sent out his Median cavalry, and finally the Immortal band,\\nto repulse them, but the Grecians held the pass against their utmost\\nefforts.\\n137. How long the contest might have lasted, had not treachery\\nwvealed a secret path to the Persians, it is impossible to 3ell. This\\nQuestions. 184 What encouragement did the Greeks receive from the elements? 185.\\nWho was Borean? Did the prayers of the Athenians Induce Boreas to act In their behalf f\\nWhat eflfect did the storm have f How did Grecian affairs then appear 136. What was\\nrhermopylap? Ans. A celebrated defile between Thessaly and Locris. (See map No. 2.)\\nHow did the first appearance of the Persians affect the men of Leonidas? What prejwra\\ntions had Leonidas made For what did Xerxes look day after day? What inform\u00c2\u00bbtioB\\nd d He receive? How did the battle of Thermopylae commence? 187. What treacherj\\noccurred", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0159.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "13g RBEC [b. 0. 480\\npath, neglected as it had been, was not unknown lo the Orerians, and\\nLeonidfts set a company of Phocians to guard it. A Tliossalian\\nbetrayed the secret to Xerxes, and for a considerable bribe offered to\\nconduct a body of forces over the mountain to the rear of the Grecian\\ncamp. They started about dusk, and, marching rapidly all night,\\nreached by daybreak the spot where the Phocian guard was posted.\\nThe oaks, with which the mountain was covered, concealed their\\napproach. The Phocians were first alarmed by the noise of a multi\\ntude of men treading among the fallen leaves. They sprang to their\\narms, and, retreating to the side of the path, prepared to sell theii\\nlives as dearly as possible; but the Persians, having another pur-\\npose in view, left them unharmed, and made all speed for the plains,\\nbelow.\\n138. The Immortal 300 and their KiNo. When Leonidas learned\\nthat the Persians were advancing in his rear, lie called a council of\\nwar. Opinions were divided some thinking it best to maintain their\\npost, and others contending that this would be a useless waste of lives.\\nThe debate ended in a general resolution to retreat with all speed to\\ntheir respective homes, with the exception of Leonidas and his three\\nhundred Spartans, and the gallant Thespians, who determined to\\nremain, and give such a specimen of Grecian valor as should forever\\nstrike terror into the hearts of the Persians and they retained the\\nThebans as hostages. As the oracle had declared that either Lacede\\nmon or her king must perish, Leonidas resolved at once to be himself\\nthe sacrifice.\\n139. The whole Persian army was under arms before the sun rose,\\nthe king himself attending in solemn pomp to wait the appearance of\\nthe luminary, for beginning the devotional ceremonies prescribed by\\nthe Persian religion. The Spartans, having given up all thoughts\\neither of conquering or escaping, looked u])on Tljermopylre as Uieir\\nburying-place, and pre[)ari. d to leave their bodies a monument to after\\nages, of their obedience to that law of Sparta, which forbade a soldiei\\nto fly from an enemy. When their frugal breakfast was prepared,\\nLeonidas exhorted his men to take some nourishment, telling them\\nthat they should sup that night with old Pluto, upon which they set\\nap a shout as if they had been invited to a banquet. About the mid-\\ndle of the forenoon, the Persians advanced to the attack in front and\\nQuesttimA \u00e2\u0080\u0094187. What is aald of the Phocians? 188. Why did LecnMaa call s council .vf\\nwar? What opinions wero offered What rf^M lution was forrnoilf What decluratiun bad\\nhe oracle prevloasly made? 139. What preparations were made by the Persians early on\\nthe foUnwlnjr morning What, by the Spartans J", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0160.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "B. 480] PERSIAN INVASIONS. 139\\nrear bnt iveonidas, nothing daunted, collected his little bund before\\na wall which had been built in former times, and awuitod the charge.\\n140. The first shock was exceedingly violent. Leonidas gave loose\\nto the fury of men prepared for death. Advancing a little, he attacked\\nthe Persians in the widest part of the valley, made great slaughter\\namong them, and caused such confusion, that, through want of room,\\nnumbers of the ill-disciplined multitude were forced into the sea, and\\nmany were trodden to death by their own people. The Spartan king\\nfell early in the engagement, and the contention for his body animated\\nthe combatants to new fury. But when the Persian band came np in\\nthe rear, and the Spartans saw on every side the bristling ranks of\\nsteel, they retreated again to the narrow wall, and, placing their backs\\nagainst it, fought till every man was slain and never was field of\\nglory strewed with braver dead. This is that battle of Thermopylae\\nto which allusion is so often made and this is that Leonidas whose\\nname still takes the highest rank in the list of heroes.\\n141. Tub Naval Engagement. During the memorable scene at\\nThermopylae, the hostile fleets met in the neighboring channel. The\\nbusiness of the Grecian fleet, like that of the army, was to defend the\\nstrait. A sharp skirmish resulted in favor of the Q-reeks, and the capture\\nof 30 galleys. Scarcely had the rival ships cast anchor, when Boreas\\nagain excited the elements to anger. The sea heaved in tumultuous\\nwaves toward the frowning skies, and the skies in turn poured down\\ntheir torrents upon the troubled sea. The drift of the storm carried\\nthe wrecks of the late engagement ainui g the Persian ships. Their\\ncables were entangled, their oars impeded repeated flashes of light-\\nning seemed to discover the horrors of the scene, while the thunder,\\nresounding among the summits of Pelion, struck the Ionian seamen ic\\nPersian pay with the idea that the gods were thus declaring their\\ndispleasure, because they were bearing arms against their mother\\ncountry. Superstitious terror weakened their strength, and embar-\\nrassed their efforts. A squadron also, which had been sent around\\nEuboe to attack the Grecians in the rear, was driven upon the rocks\\nof that dangerous coast, and all perished. Thus the deity to whom\\nArl8todemu8 and Panites were absent at the time, bnt as it appeared that tbey\\nmight have been there had they made the necessary exertion, no one would keep company\\nor converse with them. Pantites, in despair, strangled himself, but Arl8to lemu8 lived to\\nredeem his character at the battle of Plate*.\\nQutstion\u00c2\u00bb.\u00e2\u0080\u0094lS9. What movement was then made by Leonidas? 140. Qive a further\\naccount of the battle. What is said of Thermopylae f Of Leonidas 141. Where, mean-\\nwhile, did the hostile fleets meet? What was the business of the Grecian fleet? What\\nsDCounijicijienl did the Greeks receive from the elements?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0161.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "14,0 GREECE. [B.0. 480\\nthey had prayed again interposed to reduce the Persian force mor\u00c2\u00ab\\nnearly to an equality with the Grecian.\\n142. The Peksians ADVANOE.^The Persians were thus prevented\\nfrom making any advance, but when intelligence came that Leonidaa\\nand his men were slain, and that the rest of the army had retreated,\\nthe commanders of the Grecian fleet weighed anchor and sailed for\\nthe Saronic Gulf. Xerxes and his army proceeded south from Ther-\\nmopylfie, guided by the Thessaiians. They spared the places which\\nhad formerly submitted, but they burned thirteen cities, whose gallant\\npeople refused to join their enemy s ranks. Some we/e reduced to\\nslavery, and others fled beyond Parnassus. The Peloponnesian land\\narmy determined to abandon Attica to its fate they therefore retired\\nto Corinth, built a wall across the isthmus, and set Cleombrotus,\\nbrother of Leonidas, to guard it. In Athens, the alarm was extreme.\\nAll their frontier lay exposed to the advancing enemy all their men\\nof war were on board the fleet and the only resource left for the\\ndeserted inhabitants was to seek a refuge in the islands, which would\\ndoubtless be in their turn attacked.\\n143. At the awful moment of abandoning their country, all hearts\\nwere filled with the deepest anguish the women and children mingled\\n.heir cries together, and the whole shore resounded with lamentations.\\nSome old persons, too infirm to move, and some individuals, who\\nsought the citadel wooden walls, remained behind. Themistocles, to\\nfacilitate the embarkation, had recourse to popular superstition. It\\nwas believed from ancient times in Athens, that a large serpent was a\\ndivine guard to the temple of Minerva and it was customary to place\\ncakes as an ofiering to this reptile, every new moon. The chief-priest\\nof the temple declared, that the cakes which had hitherto always been\\neaten by the divine serpent now remained untouched an incontro-\\nvertible proof that the goddess had forsaken the citadel.\\n144. This induced the citizens readily and quietly to quit their city\\nnay, so far were they moved by it, that they stoned to death an orator\\nw ho triod to persuade them to remain and submit to the king and\\nthe women, equally excited, inflicted the same punishment upon hii\\nQuesUons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 142. WTiy did the Grecian fleet sail? For what waters did it Ball? Where\\nwas that golf? Ans. Between Attica and Argolis. (See map No. 2.) In what direction\\ndid Xerxes and his army move? What places did they spare? How many citios did\\nthey burn? What became of the inhabitants of the destroyed cities? What decision wae\\nmad\u00c2\u00ab as regards Attica What defensive measures were then adopted? What was thi\\nprospect for Athens? 143. How did the people behave on l,?aving Athens? Why did\\nThemistocles res-irt to superstition? What belief prevailed? What declaration did thfl\\nJhief-priest make f 144 With what effect?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0162.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "1.0.480.] PERSIAN INVASIONS. 141\\nwife. The city was finally evacuated, and the inhabitants, bidding a\\nsorrowful farewell to their houses and temples, sailed away to the\\nneighboring islands of Salamis, Egina, and Troesene. They were\\nkindly received, and hospitably entertained. The Persian army,\\nadvancing meanwhile, found no obstacle till they reached Athens.\\nAfter a longer resistance from the devotees than could have been\\nexpected, the place was taken, the temples pillaged, and the housc\u00c2\u00a7\\nburned.\\n145. Thkmistooles gains his Point. Intelligence of this event\\ncame to the fleet, while a council of war was sitting. It occasioned\\nsuch alarm, that some of the commanders left the debate, hastened on\\nboard their galleys, and prepared for instant flight. Night came on,\\nand all was confusioa. Themistocles, firm in his former opinion, per-\\nsuaded Eurybiades* to summon another council immediately. There,\\nin the course of debate, he urged the necessity of protecting the\\nislands, and concluded with declaring, That if so little regard was\\nshown to the Athenian people, who had risked every thing in the\\nGrecian cause, their fleet would either make terms with the enemy, or\\nseek some distant settlement for a people so unworthily treated.\\n146. Eurybiades, alarmed, bent to this argument, and it was decided\\nto meet the enemy in the bay of Salamis. Themistocles, fearful still\\nof defection, sent a trusty messenger to Xerxes, to say that the Athe-\\nnians thought of deserting to the Persians, and that the other confede\\nrates had determined to fly. The great king, alarmed at the idea of\\nhis prey s escaping from his grasp, caused his fleet to form a semi-\\ncircle, and cut off all retreat from the Greeks. Thus Themistocles\\nsaw the Grecian fleet confined in the very place he wished, and the\\nships of the enemy so closely wedged in, that their numbers proved a\\nserious embarrassment.\\n147. Battle of Salamis. In the sea-fights of the ancients, the\\nprincipal advantage was gained by driving the beak of the vessel into\\nthe enemy s galley and the skill of the Grecians in turning and row\\ning was much greater than that of the Persians. By daybreak, on\\nthe 20th of October, b. o. 480, the two fleets were drawn out in order\\nThe Spartan admiral of the fleet\\nQt^estions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094!^ Where did the Athenians seek shelter What then befell Athens f 146.\\nWhat Intelligence reached the fleet What was the eflfect Who was the Spartan admiral\\nTo what did Themistocles persuade Eurybiades What then did Themistocles urge and\\ndeclare? 146. What decision was arrived ai? Why did Themistocles send to Xerxes?\\nWhat word did he send What measures did Xerxes then adopt What did Themistoclei\\nthen see? 147. How was the principal advantage among the ancients cained in sea-fighti?\\nIn what did the Grecians \u00c2\u00abzoel the Peruans? V haa did the battle of Salamis occur", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0163.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "142 O R E E C K [b. 0. 480\\nof battle. The shores, the heights, the fields of the neighboring coast,\\nwere crowded with anxious spectators. Xerxes, enthroned upon a\\nlofty promontory, overlooked the scene. As the sun rose, the Persian\\ntrumpets sounded the Greeks lifted up their loud pa3an the harbors\\nof Phalereum, Peireeus, and Munychia* sent forth their vulture -beaked\\ntriremes, and every man prepared himself for the conflict.\\n148. The onset was vigorous on both sides. But space did not suf-\\nfice for the Persians to bring their whole fleet regularly into action\\nzeal to distinguish themselves in the presence of their sovereign ber-\\nried them confusedly forward damage, loss of oars, and wounds iL\\nthe hull from the beaks of their own ships, followed; the Athenians\\nbore down every thing before them; shortly the sea itself became\\nscarcely visible, from the quantity of wreck and floating bodies.\\nSuch is the expression of the poet, who fought himself in the Athenian\\nsquadron. The Lacedemonians sustained their part with invincible\\nbravery some of the lonians revolted to their parent country the\\nconfusion increased, and the rout became general. All the Persian\\ngalleys, that could disengage themselves from the fatal straits, fled\\nsome were taken, many were sunk, and a few escaped.! Forty Gre-\\ncian triremes were destroyed but most of their crews saved them-\\nselves on board other vessels.\\n149. The Joyful Morning.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The defeat of this fleet deranged the\\nmeasures of the Persian commander. No port was near, capable of\\nprotecting its shattered remains. A hasty order was that night given\\nto sail for the Hellespont. Day broke, and the Greeks, who expected\\na renewal of the action, looked in vain for an enemy. The bay of\\nSalainis, the Sarouic gulf, lay calm and peaceful in the morning light,\\nunconscious of the bloody tragedy which had been acted upon their\\nsurface. Xerxes hastily decamped with his land forces, and Themis-\\ntocles, to give wings to their speed, gave them intimation that a pro-\\nject was on foot to destroy the bridge over the Hellespont, a measure\\nwhich he himself proposed, but which Eurybiades prevented, on th\u00c2\u00ab\\nground of the danger of reducing so powerful an enemy to despair.\\nThe three harbors of Athens.\\nt Artemisia, queen of llalicarnassas, had Joined Xerxes fleet with five ships. She dis-\\nplayed so much courage and skill in fils battle, that the monarch remarked, His men had\\nacted like women in the fight, and his women, like men. Had Xerxes listened to her\\n*dvlce, he would not have attacked the Grecians In the narrow strait of Sal amis.\\nQussHon/(.\u00e2\u0080\u0094l41. How was it commenced 148. Give a full account of the battle f 149.\\nHow did the results of the battle affect the measures of Xerxes T What hasty order wai\\n(flven? What was the state of affairs on tne joyiui morning? What Is said of the retreat\\njf Xerxea f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0164.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "B. a480.] PKIiStAN INVASIONS, I43\\nXerxes, however, lost no time upon his backward journey; and\\nwith the exception of Mardonius and 300,000 men, who went into\\nquarters in Thessaly, Greece was in one month freed from its inva-\\nders.\\n150. The Athenians Return.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The effect of so glorious, so impor-\\ntant, and \u00c2\u00abo unexpected a victory as that of Salamis can be imagined,\\nhut cannot te described. The Athenians returned to their de?yjlat8\\nhomes; and the sound of the axe and the hammer mingled with the\\nhappy voices of those who engaged in rebuilding their houses and\\nteuples. Winter approached, and with it came a political calm, very\\nunusual among the factious states. Gratitude to the gods, for the sig-\\nnal deliverance they had granted, seemed to swallow up all feelings of\\nancient enmity. The most valuable portions of the spoil were publicly\\ndedicated to the gods; honors were decreed to the first and second for\\nmerit in war.\\n151. All Greece now resounded with the fame of Themistocles; and\\nwhen the Grecian commanders met in the Temi)le of Neptune, to\\naward the palm of individual merit, every man gave theyir*^ vote for\\nhimself, and nearly every one the second for Themistocles. The Spar-\\ntans invited him to their city and though they gave to their own\\ngeneral, Eurybiad^s, a crown of olive leaves for superior bravery, they\\nconferred a sitnilar distinction upon Themistocles for wisdom and mari-\\ntime skill. They added a chariot, the best the city possessed and\\nwhen he returned, an escort of three hundred knights attended him to\\nthe borders of the country.\\n152. Threats of War and Proposals of Peace. Spring, and\\nthe recollection that Mardonius was still in Thessaly, awakened the\\nGreeks from their happy repose. Before making any warlike demon\\nstratioiis, Mardonius sent Alexander, king of Macedon, to Athens, with\\noffers of peace and this important news, quickly spreading through\\nthe country, the Spartans also sent ambassadors to exhort the Athe-\\nnians to prove faithful to Greece. By the judicious directions of\\nAristides, the Lacedemonian deputies and Alexander were admitted tc\\nan audience of the people, at the same time. Silence was proclaimed.\\nAlexander rose and addressed the assembly in this simple and anti\\nquated style\\n163. Athenians! thus saith Mardonius: The commands of th*\\nQiiesHoitg.\u00e2\u0080\u0094U9. Did Xerxes take all his men with hira f 150. Deo^ribe the events subs*\\ninent to the bhttle. 151. Who was declared first In war? How w\u00c2\u00bb.Themistoclt s honored\\n162. Who was sent on an luiportint mission? By whom was he sent? On what mlsciw\\nwas Alexander sent? What was done to counteract this mission? How did Arislldea at\\nranga iht aodienco T 15S. Qiye the speech which Alexxuider nuwla", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0165.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "144 GRBBCB. [B. 0. 479\\nking are come unto me, saying, I forgive the Athenians all their\\noffenses against me. Kow^ therefore^ Mardonius thus do; restore to\\nthem their territory, and add to iC whatsoever themselves shall choose,\\nleaving them to their own laws and if they will make alliance with\\nme, rebuild all the temples which have been humt. Such being the\\nking s commandment to me, so I must necessarily do, unless you pre-\\nvent. For myself, I say to you thus: Why would you persevere in\\nmaking war against the king? You cannot overcome him. You know\\nhow numerous his armies are, and what they ha\\\\e effected. As a\\nfriend, I recommend to you, not in a vain contest to lose your own\\ncountry, but to seize the honorable opportunity of this offer, from the\\nking himself, for making peace. Be free and let there be an alliance\\nbetween us without fraud or deceit.\\n154. Alexander added a few words of his own, in which he urged\\nthe Athenians to accept the offers of the king, because they would\\nthus secure, not the safety of their city only, but the sovereignty of\\nGreece. The king of Macedonia concluded, and the chief of the Spar-\\ntan ministers rose. The Lacedemonians, he said, have sent to\\nrequest that you will admit nothing to the prejudice of Greece, nor\\nreceive any proposal from the Persians. We grieve for your sufferings,\\nthat now, for two seasons, you have lost the produce of your lands\\nand that the public calamity should so long press so heavily on indivi-\\nduals. We will engage to maintain your families while the war shall\\nlast. Let not, therefore, Alexander persuade you to accept Mardonius s\\noffers prudence forbids it, for you well know that among barbarians\\nthere is neither faith nor truth.\\n155. In the name of the Athenian people, Aristides made the fol-\\nlowing answer to Alexander We know that the power of the Per-\\nsian empire is many times greater than ours, but, independency being\\nour object, we are determined to defend ourselves to the utmost.\\nYou may therefore tell Mardonius that the Athenians say, While the\\nBun holds his course, we will never make alliance with Xerxes, but,\\ntrusting in our gods and heroes, whose temples and images he, setting\\nAt naught, has burnt, we will persevere in resisting him. Then,\\nturning to the Lacedemonian ministers, the orator thus continued his\\ndiscourse\\n156. After the proofs you have had of the resolution of the Athe-\\nnians, your fear that they would accept the terms of the barbarian\\nQuMtiona, 161 What reply was made by the chief of the Spartan ministers T 155. What\\nwas the reply of Aristides to AIoxaQilorf IM. In what words did he address the lAoad*\\nmonians f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0166.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "B.C. 479.] PERSIAN INVASIONS. 145\\nbecomes dishonorable appreliension. No riches, nor the offer of the\\nfinest country on earth, could bribe as to connect ourselves with the\\nPersians to tl)e enslaving of Greece. The images and temples of our\\ngods, burnt and reduced to ashes, revent it our connection as a\\nGrecian people in blood and language, our common dedications to the\\ngods, our common sacrifices, and our similar customs and manners,\\nforbid it. Know then this, if before ye knew it not, thft-^ while one\\nAthenian survives, we will never ally ourselves with Xerxes. We\\nackLowledge your kind attention, in proposing to maintain our fami-\\nlies; we will not, however, be burdensome to you. These, then, being\\nour resolutions, let there be no delay on your side. Your army must\\nmarch immediately, for Mardonius will move instantly upon learning\\nthat we have rejected his proposals. Before, therefore, he can arrive\\nin Attica, it will behoove us to meet him in Beotia.\\n157. Athens Burned. With these answers, the king of Macedonia\\nand the Spartan ambassadors departed. The Athenians had conjec-\\ntured rightly. Upon the failure of his negotiation, Mardonius broke\\nup his camp, and advanced immediately, by nearly the same road that\\nXerxes had taken, toward Athens. The Spartans hesitated and\\ndelayed as before the Persian army was already in Beotia and the\\nAthenians, left defenseless once more, retired to Salamis, and wit-\\nnessed from its shores the conflagration of the houses they had rebuilt-\\nFinally, the Peloponnesians put themselves in motion, and Mardonius\\nafraid to meet them in the hill-country of Attica, withdrew to Beotia.\\nHe chose his station on the border of the Plateau lands, where he for-\\ntified a space of about a square mile, and fixed his camp.\\n158. Thither the confederated Greeks, amounting to 70,000 regular\\nsoldiers, with attendant slaves and Helots, headed by Pausanias,* pur-\\nsued him, and pitched their camp over against the camp of the Per-\\nsians, the little river Asopus flowing tranquilly between them. As\\nthe diviners on both sides declared that the attacking party should be\\ndefeated, the commanders made their dispositions to act upon tie\\ndefensive; and, with the exception of some skirmishing among th\u00c2\u00ab\\ncavalry, ten days were passed in inaction, each party waiting in the\\nvain hope that the other would begin the engagement. At length\\nMardonius, seeing but a few days provision left, and th at fresh troops\\nP usanlaa, son of Cleombrotus, was coasln and guardian of Plistonax, the young son of\\nLeonldaa.\\nQu^tiong.\u00e2\u0080\u0094m. What movement was made by Mardonius What destruction did the\\nAthenians witness To what place did Mardonius retire f 15S. How many Greeks rallied\\nto meet the enemy Why was an encounter mutually d\u00c2\u00ab layed f Wh:it decided Mi^rdoBiai\\n\u00c2\u00abu mafiie an attaci^? What plan of attack did he decide npo^T", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0167.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "146 GREECE. [b. 0.471.\\ndaily arrived to the Grecians, resolved to pass the Asopus next morn\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ng, and fall upon liis enemies before they bad time to prepare for the\\nconflict.\\n169. At midnight, however, a man on horseback softly approached\\nthe Grecian camp, and begged to speak with Aristides. Thf watchful\\ngeneral came immediately, and the unknown person said to him, I\\nam Alexander, king of Macedon, who, from the friendship I bear to\\nyou, have exposed myself to the greatest dangers, to prevent yocr\\nfighting under the disadvantage of a surprise for Mardonius, impelled\\nby the scarcity of provision, has determined to attack you to-morrow,\\nby daybreak, The king of Macedon, having thus testified his interest\\nin the welfare of his country, departed as secretly as he came and\\nAristides repaired immediately to the tent of Pausanias with the im-\\nportant intelligence he had received. With all possible dispatch the\\nother officers were summoned, and sent throughout the camp, with\\ndirections to put the troops under arms; an arrangement which was\\nscarce completed before the gray mists of morning began to roll up\\nthe sides of Cithseron,* and skim along the margin of the river.\\n160. To place the Athenians opposite the Persians, Pausanias\\nordered them to change places with the Spartans, wheeling from\\ntl e left wing to the riglit; which they did, exhorting one another, by\\nthe way, to act with bravery. The enemy, said they, bring\\nneither better arms nor bolder hearts than they had at Marathon;\\nthey come with the same bows, the same embroidered vests, and pro-\\nfusion of gold; the same effeminate bodies, and the same unmanly\\nsouls. We fight, not like them, for a tract of land, or a single city,\\nbut for the trophies of Marathon and Salamis, and that Athens may\\nhave the glory of them. Mardonius, seeing this change in the posi-\\ntion of his enemies, moved his Persians to bring them opposite the\\nSpartans; upon which, Pausanias again changed his wings, and\\nbi3ught the Athenians face to face with the Persians.\\n161. Thus the day passed without any action at all. In the even-\\ning, the Greeks held a council of war, in wliich they determined to\\ndecamp, and take possession of a place better supplied with water,\\nbecause the springs of the present camp were spoiled by the enemy s\\nhorse. When night was come, the Greeks struck their tents, the\\nA mouataiu ridge, at the foot of which the Greeks were encamped.\\nQri4\u00c2\u00abUons.~ lo9. Give an account of Alexander s visitation What action was conse-\\nquently taken? 160. What army changes did Pausanias make? How did the Athenian\\n\u00c2\u00bbf !diers reason? What changes did Pausauiba again make? 161. Upon what did ti|\u00c2\u00ab\\nl;i-\u00c2\u00ab^kft lotermine? G ve an account of the movsment.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0168.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "0. 479.] PERSIAN INVASIONS. 147\\nAthenians leading tlie way by the plain, toward the little city of\\nPlatea; the allies following confusedly; and the Spartans reluctantlj\\nbringing np the rear, over the foot of Cithaeron, many of them so indig-\\naant at the idea of retreat that they could scarcely be made to keep\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0iheir ranks. The day was dawning, when Mardonius, seeing the\\nGreeks, as be thought, retreating, summoned his men to pursue and\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ecure the easy victory. The barbarians, thinking they had only to\\nplunder the fugitives, rushed on, uttering loud shouts, and clanking\\ntheir arms, as if to increase the fright of the Grecians. Pausanias\\nseeing this, ordered his men to stop and fall into their ranks; yet,\\nthrough the confusion that reigned, they did not engage readily, but\\ncontinued scattered in small parties, even after the fight had begun.\\n162. In the mean time, Pausanias offered sacrifice, but, as no auspi\\ncious token appeared, he commanded his men to lay down their\\nshields at their feet, and wait his orders. The steadiness and patience\\nof the Spartans now appeared in a wonderful manner. Wliile the\\nenemy were bearing down upon them with insulting shouts, and\\narrows were flying thick and fast around them, they stood defenseless,\\nwaiting the time of heaven and their general and, without lifting a\\nshield, or hurling a spear, suiFered themselves to be slain in their\\nranks. Pausanias, with tears trickling from his eyes, turned with\\nuplifted hands toward the temple of Juno, and besought the goddess\\nthat they might at least be permitted to show the enemy that they\\nhad brave men to deal with.\\n163. The very moment that he uttered this prayer, the diviners\\ndiscovered the desired tokens, and Pausanias gave the signal for action.\\nAt once, the soldiers, who a moment before had stood passive and\\nsilent as targets for the arrows of the enemy, grasped their shields,\\nand, heaving their bristling pikes, rushed in sdid phalanx, like an\\ninfuriated animal, upon their assailants. The barbarians perceived at\\nonce that they had to do with men ready to spill the last drop of theh\\nblood for their country. They fell back and rallied, they sent forth\\nstorms of arrows, they betook themselves to their swords, and, grap\\npling close with the Greeks, made a long and obstinate resistance.\\n164. The Athenians all this while stood still, expecting the Lacede-\\nmonians; when the clash of armor reached their ears, they hastened\\ntoT^ ard the place where the noise was heard, but were intercepted by\\nthe Thebans and other allies of the Persians. The battle was thus\\nQut\u00c2\u00abtion^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\ei. IIow, at last, ^M the encounter begin? 162. For what .11. J PansanfM\\nwait? How did the Spartans raanitesi, rteadiness and patience? liuw did J aiiRnnias thsa\\ns Jt? 168. Give an account of what followed? 164. Give a further acconrt of ih\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab l\u00c2\u00bb*ttl\u00c2\u00ab.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0169.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "148 GEBECB. [B. 0. 4T9.\\ndivided inw) two parts; the SoartanF contending fiercely with tlie\\nPersians, and the Athenians ana other allies being equally engaged\\nwith the treacherous Greeks. Mardonius, who had thought himself\\npursuing an enemy that dared not resist him, was filled with the\\ndeepest anguish when he saw the tide of victory turning against him.\\nHe rushed into the thickest of the battle he encouraged his men\\nhe fought with desperation but he fell, mortally wounded, and the\\nhopes of the Persians fell with him. His death was the signal for\\ninstant flight and the rout and pursuit once commenced, the slaughter\\nbecame dreadful.\\n165. The Athemana, who had just broken the ranks of the Thebans,\\nhearing that the barbarians had retreated to the wooden fortifications\\nof their camp, permitted their treacherous brethren to escape, while\\nthey pressed on to assist in destroying the last hope of the enemy.\\nThe passions of the Greeks were inflamed by long distress and danger,\\nand now that the day of vengeance had arrived, they showed no mercy.\\nOf the 300,000 men who had been left with Mardonius, 40,000 horse\\nmade good their retreat with Artabazus, but of the others, not 3,000\\nescaped alive from the ruins of the camp.\\n166. The Supper. Sated with slaughter, the conquerors turned\\ntheir attention to plunder. The appendages of the royal household\\nwere found in the tent of Mardonius, and most of the domestic slaves\\nhad escaped the massacre. Pausanias, after surveying the richress of\\nthe scene, ordered the slaves to prepare a supper exactly as they had\\nbeen accustomed to do for Mardonius. His orders were diligently\\nexecuted the splendid furniture was arranged the side-boards dis-\\nplayed a profusion of gold and silver plate; and the table was covered\\nwith the most exquisite elegance. Pausanias then directed his usual\\nSpartan supper to be placed by the side of this sumptuors entertain-\\nment, and summoning the principal Grecian oflficers, I have desired\\nyour company here, he said, to show you the folly of the Persian\\ngeneral. Living luxuriously as you see at home, he came thus far to\\ntake from us such a miserable pittance as ours.\\n167. Disposition of the Spoil. The Helots attending upon the\\nLacedemonian camp were ordered to collect the spoil. Tents and\\ntheir furniture, collars, bracelets, hilts of cimeters, cups of gold, and\\nother utensils of the same precious metal, together with horses, camels.\\nQueatioiM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094lM. What Is said of the conduct of Mardonius? What followed his death 1\\n165. What did the Athenians permit? How many men belonging to the army of Mardonlna\\nwere slain? By what name Is that battle known? ^tm. Platea. 166. Give an aooount Oi\\njje supper. 167. What won the principal spotla of th\u00c2\u00ab Tictors", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0170.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "B.C. 479.1 PERSIAN INVASIONS. 14^\\nslaves, and women, were the principal booty. A tenth w s first set\\nopart as ar offering to the aods. The historiun saya. from thi\u00c2\u00ab tenth\\nthe golden tripod, which stands upon the three-headed brazen serpent\\nnext to the altar, was dedicated to the god at Delphi. The brazen\\nstatue of Jupiter, fifteen feet high, at Olympia, and the brazen statue\\nof Noptune, at Corinth, were derived from the same source- The\\nTegeans found a brazen manger of very curious workmanship, which\\nthey were allowed to place in the temple of Minerva, with this inscrip-\\ntion To that divine Wisdom which directs what human ignoranc*\u00c2\u00bb\\ncalls Chance.\\n168. Consummation of the Viotoeies. Meanwhile, Artabazus and\\nhis followers pursued their journey with all speed. They passed the\\nmountains of Thessaly and crossed the greater part of Macedonia\\nwithout loss. But at the passage of the river Strymon, those Greeks\\nwho had submitted to the Persians turned against them slew great\\nmultitudes and took prisoners enough to enrich themselves greatly\\nby the sums paid for their ransom so that this battle of Strymon\\nhad lasting fame, as the consummation of misfortune and disgrace to\\nPersia, and of safety and glory to Greece.\\n169. While the arms of the confederate Greeks were thus won-\\nderfully crowned with success against the immediate invaders of\\ntheir country, the fleet, which had lain all summer inactive at\\nDelos, was at length excited to enterprise. The commanders, Xan-\\nthippus and Leotychidas, received secret messengers from the Ionian\\ncolonies, with the intelligence that they were ready to revolt, and\\nonly waited the appearance of the Grecian galleys off the coast\\nto rise to action. The very next day the whole fleet sailed for\\nSam OS.\\n170. The Phenicians, the best navigators in Persian pay, seeing no\\nprospect of any further business, had requested permission to depart\\nbefore tbf^ equinoctial storms, and had by this time reached home.\\nThe Persians, greatly alarmed at the appearance of the Grecians,\\nsteered for the promontory of Mycale, where, drawing up their galleyi\\nupon the beach in the form of a fort, they raised a wall of stonea\\naround them. It was not without surprise that the Grecians foind\\nQu6aU ms.\u00e2\u0080\u0094161. What disposition waa made of them 168. What command did Arta-\\nbazus have How far did he get without loss Where was the river Strymon (See map\\nNo. 2.) What la its present name? Aiu. Karasou, or Black River. Give an account of\\nthe battle of Strymon. 169. Where was the island of Delos? (See map No. 2.) Samoa?\\n(Same map.) Who commanded the fleet of the confederate Greeks What secret intelli-\\nfence did thsy receive? What move did they then make? 170. Why had the Phenlclana\\nfonehonie? What are equinoctial storms? Where was Mycale (See map No. 2.) What\\noocasred there Give an account of It", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0171.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "150\\nGREECE\\n[b. c. 479\\nthe sea jielded to them and, encourajyed by such evident signs of\\nfear, they agreed to disembark and attack the Persians in their in-\\ntrenchments. They did so the lonians turned to the side of their\\ncountrymen, and uever was rout more complete, or ruin more dread-\\nful. Almost all the Persians were slain. The Greeks carried off\\nevery valuable of easy removal, then set fire to the rest, and the whole\\nPersian fleet was consumed. This took place the very day of the\\nbattle of Platea, September 22d, b. o. 479.\\n171. The season was too far advanced for any other attempts upon\\nIonia. The Grecian commanders therefore sailed for the Hellespont,\\nto break up the bridges there, but the storms raised by the Thracian\\nwind had done the work for them the few Persians in the neighbor-\\nhood fled at their approach, and the Grecian fleet, having cleared the\\nEgean of every foe, crowded all sail for their own delightful harbors.\\nThe Persian monarch remained in Sardis, to see the sad relics of his\\nforces that found means to fly from Mycale, and to receive the over-\\nwhelming intelligence of the still greater loss of his army in Greece.\\nShortly after, he moved to his distant capital of Susa. Such was\\nthe conclusion of the expedition of Xerxes, after two campaigns won-\\nderfully glorious to Greece, and both in themselves, and for their\\n10. Phaleream.\\n11. Munychia.\\nla Port of PirsBtm\\n^etftione.\u00e2\u0080\u0094110. When did the event occur 171. What further was accomplished by th\u00c2\u00ab\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6tvecii** Jit ot What is said of the conclusion of tne expedition of Xerxes", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0172.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "B. c. 478] REBUILDING OF ATHENS. 151\\nknown consequences, perhaps the most remarkable and important in\\nthe annals of mankind.\\n172. Monuments. The usual piety of the Greeks then exerted itself\\nin dedications to the gods and honors to the dead. Eighty talents of\\nsilver were allotted to the little city of Platea, with which a temple\\nwas erected to Minerva. Means had hitlierto been wanting to pay\\ndue honors to those who had fallen in the extraordinary action under\\nLeonidas, but now the care of their obsequies was committed to the\\nAmphictyonic council. Two structures of marble were reared on the\\nspot of the engagement, with inscriptions which may be thus trans-\\nlated: Here 4000 men from Peloponnesus fought 3,000,000, and-\\nStranger, tell the Lacedemonians that here we lie in obedience to\\ntheir laws.\\n173. The Stratagems of Themistocles. The Athenians, in re-\\ntaking possession of their city, found only a small part of the\\nwall standing, with a few houses which had been reserved for the\\nresidence of the Persian officers. A jealousy which had been ex-\\ncited by the honors shown him at Sparta, and a boastful display\\nof his own glory, had shut out Themistocles from any public em-\\nployment in the last campaign; when, however, tho rebuilding of\\nthe city came into consideration, he again stepped forth upon the\\npolitical stage, and, by his skillful management, regained popular\\nfavor.\\n174. The Spartans, having heard that the Athenians were inclosing\\ntheir city with walls, sent embassadors to urge them not to go on\\nwith their fortifications, but rather, as far as in then lay, to demolish\\nthe walls of all the other cities out of the Peloponnesus, that the ene-\\nmy, if he again returned, might have no strong place to fix his head-\\nquarters, as recently in Thebes. It was dangerous to refuse this\\nmodest request, for Athens was in no situation to enter the lists with\\nSparta; but to comiily with it would be to ;;;ive up all idea of inde-\\npendence. Themistocles here showed his skifl in intrigue, and with\\ngreat address relieved his countrymen from their painful embarrass-\\nment. He told the Spartans they must be misinformed vath regard\\nto the intentions of the Athenians, and promised that embai^sadors\\nshould immediately be sent to Laced emon, to give asatisfactory account\\nof their proceedings. Having caused himself to be elected one of the\\nenvoys, he departed alone, leaving directions for his associates to fol-\\nQuestions. ]7 2. Recite the article Monuments. 173. In what condition did the Athe-\\nnians find tlieir city What is said of Themistocles 174. What message did the\\nSpartans send to the Athenians Why did i^ut the Athenians comply Wha^\\ncourse did Themistocles pursue", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0173.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "152 GREECE. [b. 0. i 78\\nlow liim as \u00c2\u00a7oon as tjie walls were of suflBcient height to give security\\nto a garrison.\\n175. Having arrived at Sparta, he delayed the promised explanations\\nfrom day to day. When the Ephori inquired his reasons, he told them\\nhe waited for his colleagues, and wondered they were not arrived.\\nThe people, meanwhile, sustained the policy of their leader. The\\nwork was prosecuted by night and by day freemen did not scruple\\nto toil among slaves the women and children exerted all their strength\\nin waiting upon the workmen, and every kind of material was used\\nin carrying up the walls, even to the remains of buildings and tombs.\\nThose who had occasion to pass between the two countries continually\\nbrought intelligence of the progress of the walls, and the king of Egiua\\ncame express to confer upon the subject. Themistocles, nevertheless,\\nconstantly asserted that they were misinformed, and upbraided them\\nfor believing unfounded reports. Let men of rank, said he, be\\nsent to Athens, to inquire into the affair, and I will remain a host-\\nage in your hands to insure the proper conduct of the Athenian\\npeople.\\n176. This proposition completely outwitted the Spartans. Three\\npersons of eminence were sent to Athens, and Themistocles managed\\nto intimate to his countrymen the propriety of detaining them till his\\nown safe return. Not till the walls of Athens were advanced to the\\nheight that was necessary did Aristides and his other colleague join\\nThemistocles in Sparta. The author of the plot then threw off the\\nmask, and boldly declared that, by the last intelligence received, he\\nhad the satisfaction to learn that Athens was now sufficiently fortified\\nfor its security. Whatever the Lacedemonians might have felt, upon\\nperceiving the trick put upon them, their steady wisdom showed itself\\nin the suppression of all resentment. No reproaches were vented on\\nthe contrary, a civil apology was made, and the embassadors from\\nboth states returned home.\\n177. This important and difficult negotiation thus successfully ter-\\nminated, the ambitious views of Themistocles were more fully opened.\\nAmid all her sufferings from the Persian wars, Athens, through the\\nsuperior abilities of her leaders, had been gradually assuming a ranJt\\nfar above that which she had formerly held in the Grecian states. By\\nher naval power, Themistocles now thought to lead her to empire. The\\ngreater part of her citizens were already seamen it was necessary in the\\nQtteuHons, 176. Give a further account of the stratagems of Themistocles. 176. How did\\nhe briiii^ them to a successful Issue How was the whole aflFair closed 177. What is said\\npf the growing importance of Atheubf What ambition did ThomistocleB have for her f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0174.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "aLC.478.] END OF PAUSANIA8 153\\nnext place to have a port. For this purpose he gained the co-opera-\\ntion of Aristides and Xanthippus, and soon fortifications more complete\\nthan those of Athens rose round the harbor of Piraeus, which was joined\\nto the city by long walls of such height and thickness as to be capable\\nof sustaining a siege for a great length of time.\\n178. Though Themistocles planned and executed these great works,\\nfet to carry then- on required such vast sums of money, that he was\\nforced to disoblige the allies by sailing round the islands and extorting\\nmoney from them. He had likewise the misfortune to offend the\\npeople of Athens by recounting the many services he had rendered\\nthe state, and by erecting a temple near his house, inscribed to the\\ngoddess of the best counsel, intimating that to him his country owed\\nits present prosperity. At last the Athenians, thinking he had risen\\nabove the equality which a commonwealth requires, subjected him to\\nthe ordeal of ostracism, by which he was banished for ten years. In\\nthe time of his exile he took up his abode at Argos. He never re-\\nturned for circumstances entirely beyond his control soon put a final\\nclose to the schemes he had laid for the glory of Athens.\\n179. End of Pausanias. As the Persians still possessed Asia Minor,\\nit was necessary for the Greeks to maintain a fleet in the Egean to pro-\\ntect the islands. Pausanias, who had led the Greeks to victory in the\\nbattle of Platea, was sent in the capacity of commander-in-chief of\\ntne confederates to the island of Cypras, which he freed from at\\nfear of Persia with very little trouble. The upright Aristides and the\\nbrave Cimon, son of Miltiades, were admirals of the Athenian squadron,\\nand far more popular than the imperious Pausanias. From Cyprus\\nthey sailed to the Hellespont and Propontis. The city of Byzantium*\\nwas then, as now, an important place. It was the depository of Per-\\nsian arms, the key of Europe, and the residence of many distinguished\\nindividuals. After a long siege it was taken, and several persons of\\nroyal blood made prisoners.\\n180. This good fortune proved the ruin of Pausanias. The luxury\\nhe had aflfected to despise at Platea now surrounded him in the most\\nattractive form the luster of his own glory blinded him to the dangers\\nwhich beset the path of the ambitious and the thought that he soon\\nmust resign his command to his young relative, and sink into the in-\\nConstantinopleu\\nQuestion*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ml. How did he commence operations 11%. Why was he ostracised? T\u00c2\u00ab\\nwhet place did he go? What further is said of him? 171 Why did the Greeks malntala\\nft fleet in tie Egean What success did Pausanias gain Wb*t third success 180. Wh\u00c2\u00bbt\\nvaakness of character did Pausamaa at IMY exhibit f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0175.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "164 GREECE. [B. 0. in.\\nsignificance of private life, filled hira with repining. He saw his\\nkinsman, the banished Demaraius, living in ease and splendor, more a\\nsovereign than when king of Sparta and he began to covel the re-\\nfinements of dress, the luxuries of the table and the bath, and the\\narbitrary power of a despot, for himself. As a preliminary step, he\\npermitted his prisoners to escape, and then dispatched a trusty mes-\\nsenger to the Persian court, with proposals in which Pausanias^ tlu\\ncommander of the Lacedemonians, agreed to place all Greece under\\nthe dominion of Persia, if Xerxes would give him his daughter in\\nmarriage, with those advantages of rank and fortune essential to such\\nlofty alliance.\\n181. His proposal was very favorably received. No sooner did he\\nlearn this fact than his pride and arrogance burst all bounds. As if\\nalready son-in-law of the great king, he assumed the airs and manners\\nof a Persian satrap. He never spoke to the officers of the allies but\\nwith sharpness and anger; and he inflicted punishment upon the\\nsoldiers in the most arbitrary manner. The sea captains and land\\nofficers of the Greeks, contrasting his conduct with the steady justice\\nof Aristides, quitted the Spartan banners and ranged themselves under\\nthose of the Athenians. These things being told at Sparta, Pausanias\\nwas recalled and tried upon several charges. He was deposed froiT*\\nhis command, but joined the army as a volunteer, that, being near Asia\\nMinor, he might communicate more easily with the king. When his\\nplans were nearly ripe, he returned to Sparta and began to tamper\\nwith the Helots, promising them liberty in the insurrection he n \u00c2\u00abant\\nto raise.\\n182. A boy whom Pausanias had brought up was sent with a\\nletter to the Persian satrap. Remembering that no former messenger\\nhad ever returned, he opened the letter and read, besides the parti-\\nculars of the treason, an order to put the bearer to death. Alarmed\\nat his danger, he carried it immediately to the Ephori. Still the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2evidence was thought insufficient. The boy was directed to go as a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2uppliant to the temple of Neptune while the Ephori hid themselvef\\nIB a place where they could overhear all that might be said to ])iin,\\nPausanias, as had been anticipated, repaired to the spot, and promised\\nthe boy great rewards if he would not betray hira. The magistrates,\\nhaving thus heard the particulars from his own mouth, were about to\\napprehend him, when he escaped and took refuge in the temple of\\nQnesUoTUi. 180. What proposal did he make? 181. If ow wa* his proposal receiTed\\nHow did this affoct him What farther account can yo^i jfive of hlin? 1S2. Give a fur\\ntb^ and closing account ot him.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0176.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "B. tt 471.1 END OF THEMISTOCLES. 155\\nMinerva. As it would have been sacrilege to drag him from the\\naltar, the entrance was blocked np with stones, and he was left to\\nperish of cold and hunger.*\\n183. End of Themistooles. After the death of Pansanias, the\\nSpartans pretended that they had found papers which fully proved\\nthat Themistooles had been a participator in his crimes; and orders\\nwere in consequence sent to bring him to trial before the Amphio-\\ntyons. Themistooles heard of his danger in time to escape to Ooreyra^\\nbut finding the people there unable to shelter him, he crossed over to\\nthe opposite coast of Epirus. Admetus, king of Molossus, had been\\nhis enemy, but he determined to throw himself upon his generosity.\\nThemistooles entered his palace in his absence, and, being instructed\\nby the queen in the most solemn form of supplication, took the young\\nprince in his arms and kneeled down before the household gods. In\\nthis position Admetus found him upon his return, and, moved by his\\ndistress, undertook to assist him. He sent an escort with him across\\nthe mountains to Pydna, where the fugitive embarked, in disguise, on\\na merchant-ship bound for Asia.\\n184. He was landed in safety at Ephesus. But here also the most\\ndreadful dangers awaited him. The Grecian officers of justice were\\nIn pursuit of him, and the king of Persia had offered two hundred\\ntalents for his apprehension. He lay concealed in the house of\\na friend some days, and was then sent off in a close carriage to\\nSusa; his attendants being instructed to tell those they met, that they\\nwere carrying a lady from Ionia to a nobleman at court. Having with\\nsome difficulty obtained an audience with Artaxerxes Longimanus,\\nhe prostrated himself before the throne, and on the interpreter s\\ninquiring who he was, replied, The man who is now come to address\\nhimself to you, king, is Themistocles th\u00c2\u00a7 Athenian^ an exile, per-\\nsecuted by the Greeks. If you save me, you save your suppliant; if\\nyou destroy me, you destroy the enemy of Greece.\\n185. Artaxerxes received him with the greatest joy, assured him\\nof his protection, and prayed to Arimanius that his enemies might\\nalways be so infatuated as to banish their ablest men nay, so great\\na treasure did he consider his distinguished guest, that he exclaimed\\nthree times in his sleep, I have got Themistocles the Athenian.\\nHla ftged mother placed the first stone at the door of the temple,\\niiueaPions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094l^. la what manner was Themistocles involved In his disgrace r To wnal\\nolaee did he first flee Then where? How did be get Adnietus to help him? 1 4. Glv\u00c2\u00ab\\nIP account of his flight to Busa. Of his interview with Artaierzes Lougiuiann* JU^ Ho-w\\nwas he received? What exol\u00c2\u00bbmation is re|..rtj\u00c2\u00bbrf nf Artaxor Mi", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0177.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "156 GBBBGB. [b; 0.485\\nThe honors that were paid the exile were far superior to those that\\nother strangers received. The king took him out to hunt, admitted\\nhim familiarly to the palace, introduced him to his mother, and per-\\nmitted him to be instructed in the doctrines of the magi. He gave\\nhim three cities in Asia Minor for his support, and paid to him the\\ntwo hundred talents offered for his head.\\n186. But when Athens assisted Egypt to revolt, and Oimon rod\u00c2\u00a9\\ntriumphant over the seas, the king of Persia called upon Themia-\\ntocles to perform the many promises he had made, and assist in\\nhumbling the power of Greece. Whether his noble heart broke in\\nthe conflict between love for his country and gratitude to his royal\\nbenefactor or whether, despairing of being able to effect his pur-\\npose, he put an end to his life by poison, cannot now be determined.\\nIt is certain, however, that he never bore arms against his beloved\\nAthens but, dying in a foreign land, gave orders that his bones should\\nbe secretly conveyed to Attica; and long after, a tomb within the\\nharbor of Piraeus, on the seaside, was pointed out as the humble\\ngrave of the illustrious Themistocles.\\n187. End of Aristides. Aristides, meantime, continued to deserve\\nand receive the favor of his country and her dependents. He settled\\nthe articles of alliance between Athens and the other states; he ap-\\nportioned the sum to be paid yearly for the current expenses of the\\ncommonwealth he took charge of the public treasury and in all\\nthese offices acquitted himself with such integrity and justice, that\\nenvy itself could find nothing against him. While Oimon and Xan-\\nthippus were busy in procuring the banishment of Themistocles,\\nAristides alone did notliing against him for as he had never envied\\nhis rival s prosperity, he did not now rejoice in his misfortunes. We\\nare not acquainted with the time and manner of his death, but\\nhis monument was erected at the public expense; and he left hia\\nfamily so poor that his daughters were portioned from the eity\\ntreasury.\\n188. Oimon. When Artaxerxes, by the death of his father, suc-\\nceeded to tlie Persian throne, he was so much engaged in settling\\naffairs a^ home, that he had little leisure ibr carrying on the war with\\nGreeco. However, to preserve the Ionian colonies, he ordered a\\n^t*e\u00c2\u00abWofM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 185. What treatment did Themistocles aflerw^ard receive at the hands of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nking? 186. What closing account can yoa give of Themistocles? Where did he die?\\nAn*. At Magnesia, a town on the Meander river, a little west of Sardis. Trace the cooTM\\nof Themistocles from his residence In Argos to the plac\u00c2\u00ab of his death. 187. What c\u00c2\u00aba f^\\nstate of the end of Arlhtldea 188. What \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-olonios did Artaxerxes und*^oike to prener\\ntBwhatw\u00c2\u00bb7?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0178.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "B. a4G6.J ARISTIDES-CIMON. 157\\nnumerous fleet to move round the river Eurymedon, and sen\\\\, ut a\\nland army to act in conjunction upon its banks. Meanwhile, Ciraon,\\nson of Miltiades, under the judicious management of Aristidea,\\nhad become one of the leading men in the Athenian state. The\\ntreason of Pausanias and the banishment of Themistocles had made\\nhim the commander-in-chief of the Grecian fleet, which was anchored\\nat Cnidus.\\n189. As soon as intelligence of the movements in Pamphylis vaa\\nconveyed to him, he embarked some of his best troops, and sai-tQ for\\nthe mouth of the river. The Persians, counting upon their superioi;\\nnumbers, advanced boldly to meet.him. A fierce engagement ensued,\\nin which the Persians were defeated many of their ships were sunk,\\nand about three hundred fell into the hands of the victors. The\\nnumber of prisoners amounted to 20,000 and this circumstance,\\ntogether with the brief duration of the contest, suggested to the\\nactive mind of Cimon a stratagem, which made the victory com-\\nplete.\\n190. Having dressed his best soldiers in the robes of the captives,\\nhe embarked with them in the Persian galleys, and sailed up the\\nEurymedon to the place where the land army awaited the arrival of\\ntheir friends. The unsuspecting Persians hailed their return, and\\nwent out to meet them with every demonstration of joy. They were\\nfatally undeceived when their supposed brethren, brandishing the\\nGrecian spear and battle-ax, fell upon them with resistless fury.\\nUnarmed and surprised, they made but a feeble resistance. A few\\nof them escaped in the darkness, but most of them were taken\\nprisoners so that Cimon acquired the singular glory of gaining two\\nvictories and erecting two trophies in one day.\\n191. By this great success the Persian power was so broken that\\noffensive operations were totally intermitted and it became the boast\\nof the Greeks that nc armed ship of Persia was to be seen west of the\\ncoast of Pamphylia and that no Persian troops dared show them-\\nselves within a day s journey of the Grecian seas. The plunder of\\nthe camp amounted to an immense sum, one-tenth of which was\\ndevoted to Apollo. A large portion fell to the share of Oin on. This\\nmoney he employed in beautifying Athens. In his youth he had\\nQuestiofu.\u00e2\u0080\u0094lSS. How did Cimon get to be commander of the Grecian fleet 1S9. T\u00c2\u00bb\\nwhat river did he sail Where is that river An\u00c2\u00ab. In Pisidia. (See fig. 9 on map No. 8.)\\nGive an accoant of the naval engagement. 190. Also of Cimon s second victory. What\\nglory did he thus acquire 191. How did the success of the Greeks affect the Persians f\\nWhat is said of the plunder which the Greeks took? What change took place in the man-\\naers of Cimon Whare were Cnidus, Famphylia, and Earymftdon (Map No. 8.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0179.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "158 GREECE. [B. a 464\\naffected a roughness of mauners, and a contempt for the refinement\\nof life but in his riper years he became a model of politeness.\\n192. He patronized every liberal art, and studied to procure ele-\\ngant as well as useful gratifications for the people. By his munifi-\\ncence were raised those lofty porticos, under whose magnificent\\nshelter the Athenians delighted to assemble and pass their time in\\nconversation. In a wood, before rude and without water, he formed\\ncommodious and elegant walks, whose sides were adorned with\\nrunning fountains and this became the widely celebrated groxie of\\nAcademia* Be planted the agora t of Athens with the oriental\\nplane; and, ages after, these beautiful trees sheltered the buyers and\\nlellers who came thither to grow rich by traflic.\\n193. Not satisfied with these public benefactions, he threw down\\nche fences of his own gardens and orchards, that all might eat freely\\nof the fruit a table was spread at his house for the poorer citizens\\nand every day he invited from the agora some indigent persons to a\\nsumptuous repast. He was commonly attended by a large retinue,\\nnandsomely clothed and if he met an elderly citizen ill clad, he\\ndirected one of his followers to change cloaks with him. He was\\nequally attentive to lending and giving money and such was the\\nestimation in which he was held, that he was considered as brave as\\nililtiades, as wise as Themistocles, and second to none but Aristides\\nin justice.\\n194. B. 0. 464. The Eabthquake and its Oonsequenoes. The\\nLacedemonians had looked on with envious eyes while Athens, under\\nthese able statesmen and skillful generals, was acquiring riches and\\ndominion but just as they were upon the point of adopting measures\\nto humble her pride, their attention was recalled to personal affairs.\\nOne day, while the sons of the principal families were exercising in the\\ngymnasium, a terrible earthquake laid waste all Laconia. The building\\nin which the youth were assembled fell, burying them in its ruins the\\nshocks were repeated; multitudes were crushed by the falling houses;\\nthe earth opened in several places vast fragments tumbled down the\\nsides of Mt. Taygetus; and, in the end, only five houses were left\\nstanding in Sparta. The Helots in the fields suffered less than the\\ncitizens; and, witnessing the terror and confusion of their masters,\\nBee map of Athens, page ISO. t Mark\u00c2\u00bbt-plac\u00c2\u00abL\\nQuestion*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 192. What did he do for the comfort and gratification of the Athenians?\\n1\u00c2\u00bb8. What else did he do In what estimation was he held T 194. What had the Lace-\\ndemonians meditated with reference to the Athenians f 61t\u00c2\u00ab an aocoont of the earthquake\\nWhat then did the Helots determine upon f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0180.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "B.O. 464.J OIMON. 159\\nrapidly assembled to complete the work of destrujtion, and regain\\ntheir liberty.\\n195. Archidamus, the king, perceiving the imminent danger of\\nSparta, ordered the trumpets to sound to arms, upon which the flying\\nmultitudes instinctively rallied around their respective standards. The\\nHelots, awed by the appearance of a regular army, dispersed around\\nthe country, and incited their brethren to revolt.- The greater part\\nof these miserable men were descendants of those Messenians who had\\nfought so bravely for liberty ages before. They remembered the\\nheroism of their ancestors; they recalled the exploits of Aristoraenes\\nand, determined to strike once more for freedom, they seized and\\nfortified Ithome, the spot rendered sacred by the blood of their\\nfathers. They outnumbered the Spartans by many thousands, and\\nthey had become so familiar with the art of war, in attending upon\\ntheir masters, that their revolt seemed more formidable to Sparta\\nthan the hosts of Persia.\\n196. Nor was this the worst feature in this distressing calamity.\\nThe Lacedemonians were completely helpless in any kind of business.\\nDeprived of their slaves, they were in dai:ger of starving agriculture\\nstopped the mechanic arts ceased. The Spartans were thus reduced\\nto the mortifying necessity of applying to their allies for succor.\\nThere was found in Athens a strong disposition to refuse the required\\naid but Cimon, who had always been a favorite with the aristocratio\\npowers of Greece, silenced all opposition and a considerable body\\nof forces under his command marched into the Peloponnesus. Thii\\nmeasure, though intended to keep the peace between the rival states,\\nhad a contrary effect.\\n197. It was in the leisure and inactivity of the siege of Ithome that\\nthose heart-burnings arose, which first occasioned an avowed aversion\\nbetween the Lacedemonians and Athenians, and led, not immediately\\nbut conMquently^ to the fatal Peloponnesian war. Here Athenian\\nvanity had full opportunity for display, and Spartan pride full leisure\\nto take offense. The Spartans remembered that these Athenians were\\nlonians, whom the Dorians considered an alien race suspicion arose\\nthat they might join the enemy, and upon some trifling pretext they\\nwere civilly dismissed.\\n198. The Athenians returned home so exasperated by the treat-\\nQuestion*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 195. Give an account of the preparation made by the Helots, 196. What\\neondition of thlnps soon followed? What aid went to the Spartans? 197. What was th\u00c2\u00ab\\nremote cause of the Peiojxinnesian war? What did the Spartans remember? Why wer\u00c2\u00ab\\nthe Athenians sent home", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0181.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "160\\nGREECE\\n[b. 0. 461\\nment they had received, that a decree was immediately passed,\\nrenouncing the confederacy of Lacedemon. Cimon s popularity had\\nbeen for some time on the decline not that he was less brave, or less\\ngenerous, than formerly; but that the AlcmcBonidce were again\\nstruggling for power, and that the present commotion offered a favor-\\nable opportunity to crush him. He had always professed himself an\\nadmirer of the Spartan institutions; and now, insulted as he had\\nbeen, he did not join in the hue and cry against Lacedemon. Al]\\nthese circumstances were cited against him and when the public\\nmind was sufficiently aroused, the ostracism was called for, and he\\nwas banished.\\nAlcmajon.\\nHippocrates,\\nAgariste.\\nAlcibiades.\\nMegacles.\\nClisthenes.\\nXanthippus.\\nPericles.\\n199. Xanthippus, who\\nconducted the accusation\\nagainst Miltiades, was mar-\\nried to Agariste, niece of\\nthat Clisthenes who gained\\n80 much favor by rebuild-\\ning the temple at Delphi,\\nand procuring the banish-\\nment of the Pisistratidae.\\nTheir son, Pericles, was\\nnow the head of the Alc-\\nmsBonidsQ, and the rival of Oimon. He had been the pupil of Anaxa-\\ngoras, and attracted public notice soon after the banishment of\\nThemistocles. He had an agreeable person* and popular manners\\nand in the art of speaking so far surpassed other orators, that he\\nreceived the surname of Olympius for they said that in his harangues\\nhe thundered and lightened.\\n200. As he had never been an archon, he could not sit in the court\\nof Areopagus he therefore entered into a scheme with the leading\\nmen to contract the powers of this august court a measure which\\ngratified the people, and added not a little to his popularity. Still\\nfurther to strengthen his power, he provided the most elegant amuse-\\nments for the multitude the dramas of Eschylus, Sophocles, and\\nEuripides, and the satires of the comic poets, were exhibited in the\\nmagnificent theaters the religious festivals were celebrated with ne W\\nHis head was so disproportionately long that he was styled the Onion-headed, from\\nIts similarity to the sea-onion.\\nQu^tions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094l98. What decree did the Athenians pass? Why was Cimon banished?\\n199. Who was Pericles? Can yon describe him? 200. What efforts did he maVe to gais\\nthe applause of the people", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0182.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "B. 0.460.] PERIOLBS. 161\\nsplendor and every thing was done to keep the people pleased with\\nthe change of administration,\\n201. But to maintain these increased expenses, new supplies were\\nnecessary. The common treasury, located at the sacred island of\\nDelos, for the support of the navy, was moved to Athens, and the\\naesessment which Aristides had apportioned to the allies was con-\\nverted into a direct and burdensome tax. To obviate the unpleasant\\nfeelings which these measures were calculated to excite, the people\\nwere employed in the fleet which watched the Persian and Phenician\\nnavies. In the confusion which followed the death of Xerxes, Inarus\\naroused the greater part of Egypt to rebellion. Finding, in the war\\nthat followed, the necessity of engaging a maritime power in his\\ninterest, Inarus sent proposals of alliance to Athens. Pericles hoped\\nthat in this expedition a revenue of wealth and fame would accrue to\\nhis native city, equal to that gained by Cirnon on the coast of Asia\\nMinor and the alliance with Inarus was accordingly formed.\\n202. Disasters in Egypt. The fleet sailed from Cyprus to Egypt,\\nwhere Grecian valor and Grecian discipline at first overbore all opposi-\\ntion but a turn in the tide of Athenian fortunes was at hand. Mega-\\nbysus, an able Persian general, succeeded in shutting up his foes on an\\nisland in the Nile, where he cut off their supplies, and reduced them\\nto the brink of destruction. Inarus was betrayed to the Persians, and\\nmost of the Greeks perished. The few that remained were carried\\nprisoners to Persia. Nor was this all. Fifty trireme galleys going to\\nEgypt entered the mouth of the Nile, ignorant of what had happened.\\nThe Phenician fleet attacked them in the river, while the Persian army\\nassisted from the shore; a few ships forced their way to sea, and\\nescaped but the greater part were destroyed or taken. Such was the\\nconclusion of the Athenian enterprise against Egypt, after it had been\\ncarried on six years,\\n203. Fighting among Feiends. Meanwhile, the Athenians had not\\nbeen idle at home. They had taken part with Megara against Corinth,\\niubdued Egina, which Pericles styled the eye-sore of the Pirajus,\\n\u00c2\u00bbnd made several campaigns in Beotia. The Spartans, having carried\\non the siege of Ithome ten years, finally granted the rebels liberty to\\ndepart unharmed, with their wives and children, goods and chattels.\\nThe Athenian fleet took them on board, sailed with them into the\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 201. How were means to meet the increased expenses raised Who wa\u00c2\u00ab\\nInarus? What proposition did he make Why did Pericles form the alliance T 202. To\\nwhat place did the fleet sail What is said of its first successes? Who was Megabysus?\\nWhat did he succeed in doing? Give a further account of the Athenian enterprise against\\nEgypt. 208. What, meanwhile, had the Athenians done at home?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0183.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "162 GBBEOB. [B.a449.\\nOorinthian gulf, and settled them in Naupactus, a maritime town of\\nLocris. There, retaking the name of Messenians, they formed them-\\nselves into a free republic, and were once more numbered among the\\nGrecian people.\\n204. All parties were now tired of a war in which they gained\\nnothing, and lost much. The Athenians especially, fearing the united\\nvengeance of Sparta and Corinth, were particularly desirous of peace\\nand Pericles, as a preparatory step, exerted himself to procure the\\nrecall of Cimon. This banished noble was at that time living on his\\nlordship in Ohersonesus but he did not refuse the call of his factious\\ncountrymen. Through his influence a truce was obtained for five\\nyears, which time was actively employed by Pericles in completing the\\nlong wall begun by Themistocles.\\n205. Expedition to Oypkus, and Death of Oimon, b. o. 449. But\\ns lch had become the state of things at home, that even Cimon con-\\ncurred in the purpose of turning the spirit of enterprise once more\\ntoward foreign conquest, in the hope of scattering the elements of\\nfaction, which were already brooding war in Greece. A fleet of two\\nhundred galleys was equipped for an expedition against Cyprus, of\\nwhich Cimon took the command. He reached the place of his desti-\\nnation in safety, but received a wound in the siege of Citium, of\\nwhich he died. His spirit seemed still to hover over the fleet for\\nthe galleys which were conveying his remains to Attica, encoun-\\ntered the Phenician fleet, and gained a great victory. His bones\\nwere interred in Attica, and a magnificent monument erected to his\\nmemory.\\n206. After the death of Cimon, the nobility, perceiving that Pericles\\npossessed far too great authority, set up Thucydides* as his opponent\\nThucydides was descended In the female line from MUtlades. He was born in Attica,\\nB. 0. 471. The first circumstance related by his biographers, is an account of his attending\\nthe Olympic games with his father, when about fifteen years of age. Herodotus at that\\ntime recited his history, and the young Thucydides was so much affected with the work,\\n\u00c2\u00bbnd the applause It received, that he shed tears. On observing this, Herodotus exclaimed\\nto his father, Tour son burns with ardor for learning. Of his early manhood we have no\\naccount, but he doubtless served the usual time in the militia; for after the death of Clmoa\\nhe was set up as the opponent of Pericles. In his 4Tth year, he was appointed to the iom-\\ninand of the Athenian fleet oQ the coast of Thrace, but being too late by half a day to relieve\\nAmphipolis, then besieged by the Spartans, he was banished. He continued an exile twenty\\nyears, during which he wrote the history of the Peloponnesian war, in eight books. He\\nreturned tc his native state the year after Athena was taken by Lysander, and died there.\\nQu\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\u00c2\u00abti07ie.\u00e2\u0080\u00942*y What became of the Messenians f 204. Why did the Athenians de\u00c2\u00bbir\u00c2\u00ab\\npeace? What preparatory stop was taken? What course did Cimon pursue *fter hia\\nrecall? 205. What object had he In recoinmending foreign conquest? What expedition\\ndid he command? In what engagement did he perish? What victory followed? 20C\\nWlio was Thucydides? Give his history contained In th\u00c2\u00ab aot\u00c2\u00ab.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0184.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "B.a461.J PERICLES. 163\\nand such was the eflfect of the eloquence of these two rival states-\\nmen that the city was quite broken in two, one part being called the\\nnobility, the other the people. Pericles addressed himself particularly\\nto please the people, and his success was so great that Thucydides\\nsaid, When I wrestle with Pericles, if I throw him ever so decidedly,\\nhe can persuade the spectators that he threw me. Pericles also\\ngained a decree for sending out sixty galleys every year, manned\\nwith citizens, who not only improved themselves in maritime skill,\\nbut were paid for their time and when they returned he con-\\ntrived all kinds of shows, games, plays, and processions, to amuse\\nthem. In addition to this, carpenters, masons, brasiers, goldsmiths^\\npainters, turners, and artificers of every kind, were employed\\nupon those splendid buildings which were erected by his recommen\\ndation.\\n207. The Odeum, designed for musical performances and the rehear-\\nsal of new tragedies, was built almost entirely of the masts of Persian\\nvessels, and was so constructed as to imitate the form of Xerxes s tent.\\nThe Parthenon, or temple of Minerva, situated on the summit of the\\nAcropolis, in beauty and grandeur surpassed all other buildings of the\\nkind. In this edifice was the statue of the goddess sculptured in ivory.\\nIt was thirty-nine feet high, and forty talents of gold were employed\\nin ornamenting it. The orators of Thucydides s party raised a clamor\\nagainst Pericles, insisting that he had brought the greatest disgrace\\nupon Athens by removing the public treasures from Delos, and taking\\nthem into his own custody. The works were notwithstanding carried\\nsteadily forward, and finished in an incredibly short time, with an\\nelegance combining the freshness of youth and the sublimity of\\nantiquity.\\n208. B. o. 445. Grandmotheb Oorinth, Mothee Oorotba, and\\nLittle Epidamnus. Ambition, pride, and jealousy, had strown\\nGreece with combustible materials and from a fatal spark, which\\nkindled a flame in the corner of the country, the blaze spread finally\\nover the whole insomuch that the remainder of its history is but i\\ntale of domestic calamity and suffering. In very early times, th\u00c2\u00bb\\nrepublic of Oorinth established a colony upon the island of Oorcyra\\nThe colony flourished exceedingly her people were rich and power-\\nful, and her fleet ranked next to that of Athens. She also sent out\\ncolonies, one of which settled in Epidamnus. Epidamius likewise\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 206. What amusements procured popularity for Pericles? 207. What re-\\nmarkable buildings were erected f Give a description of the Odoum. Of the Parthenon.\\n208. What Is said ot the reitalning history of Greece? The early history of Corey rat\\nOf KpldamnuBT", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0185.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "164 GREECE. [b. 0.446\\nincreased in goods and pride, and threw off all allegiance to the parent\\nstate. The barbarous tribes in the neighborhood of Epidamnus, not\\nlong after, invaded her territories, and reduced her to the brink of\\ndestruction.\\n209. In this state of distress, she applied to Oorcyra for help but\\nthe mother, thinking the present troubles only a salutary correction of\\nher child, turned a deaf ear to her petitions. The Epidamnians then\\nturned their eyes to grandmother Corinth, and, being encouraged by\\nthe oracle, dispatched a solemn embassy thither, acknowledging that\\ncity as their metropolis, and imploring assistance. The Corinthian*\\nreadily listened to the appeal, and, sending out a fleet, took military\\npossession of the colony. Corcyra had thus her mother enraged on\\none side, and her daughter incensed on the other; she, however,\\ndetermined to carry out her intentions, and steadfastly resist all inter-\\nference in her government.\\n210. The Corinthians, alarmed by the preparations Oorcyra was\\nmaking for war, called on the allies for aid and Corcyra, taking alarm\\nalso at the number of confederates who responded to the call, sent to\\nmake alliance with Athens. This was a delicate point for the Athe-\\nnians to decide. If they assisted Corcyra, they in effect declared war\\nagainst Corinth if, on the contrary, they permitted her to be over-\\ncome, the Peloponnesians would be strengthened by the fall of the\\ngreatest naval power of Greece. After much hesitation, they dis-\\npatched a fleet of thirty galleys to defend the Corcyreans. The\\nwar was, however, productive of little gain or glory to either side,\\nand might have passed unnoticed but for its political effect, in leav-\\ning upon the mind of Corinth such a sense of the supremacy of\\nAthens as led her to enlist on the side of Sparta in the Peloponnesian\\nwar.\\n211. The ostracism being called for about this time, Thucydides was\\nbanished, and thus Pericles became sole master of Athens and all its\\nc .ependencies. The revenue, the army, the navy, the friendship of\\nkings, and the alliance of princes, were all at his command. But,\\nthough possessed of such unlimited power, he kept the public good in\\nhis eye, and pursued the straight path of honor. According to the\\nrepresentation of Thucydides, his rival, he was a man of popularity\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 209. Where was Corcyra (See map No. 2.) What is It called now 1 An*.\\nCorfu. What Is said of the colony of Corcyra? 210. What produced alarm among the\\nCorinthians? What aid did they consequently invoke Why was Corcyra alarmed What\\nal .iance was Bought? Sta*:e the delicate points. What assistance was sent to Corcyra?\\nWhat effect had the Corcyrean war upon Atnens, politically 211. How did Pericles be-\\ncome master of Athens and its dependencies? What was his character", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0186.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "B. 0.445.] PEEI0LB8. 165\\nand unblemished reputation money could not bribe him, and he was\\n80 much above the desire of it, that, though intrusted with so many\\noffices, he added not one drachma to his personal estate.\\n212. Potidtea, a Corinthian colony on the coast of Macedonia, had\\nbeen brought under the dominion of Athens. In this time of commo-\\ntion, the Potidasans received a body of troops from Corinth, and\\ndeclared themselves free! The Athenians immediately ordered\\ntheir fleet around that way, and blocked up Potidsea by sea and land.\\nThe Corinthians, therefore, sent deputies to Sparta, to complain that\\nin so doing they had broken the truce, t and the Spartans readily in-\\nvoked a general assembly of the states, to listen to complaints against\\nAthens. When the deputies had arrived, proclamation was made,\\ngiving permission for those to speak who had any thing to advance.\\nThe Eginetans first occupied the attention of the meeting, with a com-\\nplaint of the destruction of their fleet by Pericles, and of the depend-\\nency in which they were held; and the Megarensians urged, that,\\ncontrary to the existing treaty, they were prohibited all intercourse\\nwith Attica.\\n213. The Corinthians then opened their grievances in the following\\nform: Often have we warned you, O Lacedemonians, of the wrongi\\nwhich the Athenians were preparing for us; but not till we had\\nalready suflfered, and hostilities were commenced, would you summon\\nthis assembly of our confederacy, in which we have, perhaps, more\\ncause than others to come forward, injured as we have been by the\\nAthenians, and neglected by you. Not that we alone are inte-\\nrested; all Greece is concerned; many states being already reduced\\nHe was, it Is trne, greatly Influenced by the courtesan Aspasla; but she owed her\\npower to her great abilities, rather than to her personal charms. At a time when the educa-\\ntion of Grecian females was little superior to that of slaves, when their minds were unin-\\nformed, and their manners unpolished, Aspasia, the Milesian, appeared in Athens. She was\\nendowed with accomplishments rare even among men; and by the combined attractions of\\nher beauty, manners, and conversation, completely won the affection and esteem of Pericles,\\nso that he put away his wife, and bound himself to her by the most intimate relation which\\nIho laws permitted him to contract with a foreign woman. Nor was he alone sensible of\\nher charms. Her private circles were frequented by the most enlightened and accom[)lishevi\\nmen of the State, who often brought their wives to be instructed by her conversation.\\nSocrates said he learned eloquence of her; and Plato did not hesitate to assert, that the\\nfuneral oration pronounced by Pericles, one of the most eloquent compositions extant, WM\\nwritten by the gifted Milesian.\\nt A truce for thirty years had been concluded between Sparta and Athens.\\nQue\u00c2\u00abtion%.\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\\\ L Where was Potidsea? (See map No. 2.) Why did the Athenians bestega\\nPctidsea? By whom was a general assembly of the states called f Why was it called f Of\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2hat did the Eginetans complain The Megarensians? 218. Who were the third to com-\\npwn With what did they open their grievances?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0187.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "166 QREECB. [b. 0. 446\\nto subjection, and others notoriouslj threatened. Corcyra, cap -ole\\not furnishing a deet superior to that of any republic in our con-\\nfederacy, is already taken from us, and Potida3a, our most im-\\nportant post for carrying on commerce in Thrace, is at this time\\nbesieged. These injuries are in a great measure to be imputed\\nto you.\\n214. After the Persian war, you permitted the Athenians to fortify\\ntheir city then to build their long walls and still you have continued\\nto look on (though boasting to be vindicators of the freedom of\\nGreece), while they have deprived of freedom not only their own, but\\nour confederates. Is this a time to inquire whether we have been\\ninjured? No; rather, how we shall repel the injury. The Persians,\\nwe know, came from the farthest parts of the earth before you had\\nmade any adequate preparations for defense and now you are equally\\nremiss against the Athenians, in your own neighborhood. Let this,\\nthen, be the term of your dilatoriness give at length that assistance\\nto your allies which you owe them, and relieve the Potidaeans. This\\ncan be done only by an invasion of Attica. Consult then your own\\ninterest, and do not diminish that supremacy in Peloponnesus which\\nyour fathers transmitted to you.\\n215. The Corinthians ceased and when all others had expressed\\ntheir opinions, they were requested to withdraw, that the Spartans,\\nwho claimed the dignified station of sovereign arbiters, might decide\\nupon the question. War was resolved upon but to gain time, and\\nsow the seeds of dissension in Athens, an embassy was sent thither,\\nrequiring that all execrable* persons should be banished, lest some\\ngeneral calamity should fall upon Greece.\\n216. The Embassies. The embassadors were received at Athens,\\nand discharged their commission with all due gravity but Pericles,\\nagainst whom this blow was aimed, as a descendant of that Megacles\\nwho murdered tlic followers of Cylon, recollected that the principal\\nfamilies of Sparta had also been guilty of sacrilege, in the case of\\nPausanias, and in the iimrder of some Helots who had been dragged\\nfrom tl e sanctuary of Neptune. The great earthquake had been attri-\\nbuted to this last act of impiety. Pericles, therefore, proposed that\\nthe Lacedemonians should set the first example of regard for the wel-\\nThose guilty of sacrilege.\\n^u\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab i wM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 214. What did they charge upon the LacodemonlanB f With what advice did\\nIhey close 215. What then was resolved upon Why was an embassy sent to Athenb f\\nWhat was the embassy instructed to require? 216. What answer was given to the fcia\\nDassy", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0188.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 431.] PERICLES. 167\\nfare of Greece, by banishing their own sacrilegions citizens. With this\\nanswer the deputies departed.\\n217. A second embassy arrived soon after, with very different\\nInstructions. These envoys urged that the siege of Potidaea ought to\\nbe raised, Egina restored to independence, and the decree against\\nMegara revoked. The two first propositions were scarcely noticed;\\nupon t^e third, the Athenians condescended to explain, that the Mega-\\nrensians had been guilty of j lowing up a spot of ground consecrated\\nto the Eleusinian goddess, and of receiving runawa} Athenian slaves.\\nWith this answer, the second embassy returned to Sparta and soon\\nafter came a third, men of eminence and influence, who said nothing\\nof sacrilege, Pc tida3a, Egina, or Megara, but simply put forward the\\nmodest requisition, That all the Grecian states held in subjection by\\nAthena should be restored to independency.\\n218. An assembly was convened to determine on a final answer.\\nMany spoke in favor of peace on these conditions, and many urged\\nthe necessity of war. Finally, Pericles ascended the bema. He showed\\nthat what the Lacedemonians wished was not the independence of\\nMegara or Egina, but the submission of Athens that they were deter-\\nmined to assert their own supremacy and if one point were granted,\\nanother would immediately be put forward, till Athens must finally\\nfight or be shorn of all her glory, allies and dependencies. He drew\\na lively picture of the progress and results of the coming war, and\\nclosed by recommending a compliance with the demanda of Sparta, as\\nsoon as she would herself set the example, by giving liberty to her\\nallies. This answer was conveyed to the embassadors nearly in the\\nwords of Pericles and all hopes of peace being thus destroyed, both\\nsides began vigorously to prepare for war.\\n219 B. 0. 431. The Peloponnksian War. The spark which had\\nfallen m Oorcyra, and been kindled into a flame in Potidjea, now blazed\\nforth in Beotia. The Thebans had longed to subject the little city of\\nPlatea, but feared the power of Athens, who protected it. As soon,\\ntherefore, as war was considerc-d certain, they seized upon this place,\\nand succeeded at first in getting possession of it. At this time,\\naays Thucydides (who, having expiated his j^rime of being a great\\nman by ten years banishment, had returned to the fleet), Greece\\nabounded with youth, who, filled with admiration for the wondera\\nwrought by their fathers in the Persian wars, were anxious to win\\nQue8ti(nis.\u00e2\u0080\u0094211. What was urged by the second embassy What answer was given u\\nthe envoys T What was required by the third embassy? 218. What course did Athena\\nthen take? Wbiil were the arguments of I ericles? What was the result? 219. Wh*t\\nbefell Ibe city of Platea f What is stated as having been said by Thucydides", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0189.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "168 OREEOB. a43I\\nfor themselves a place in the records of fame. Oracular responsoa\\nwere also reported many prodigies were seen an earthqnake shook\\nthe sacred island of Delos; and Greece abounded with portents,\\nwhich each party interpreted for themselves and against their ene-\\nmies.\\n220. The two confederacies, now upon the point of engaging in\\n\\\\ong and deadly strife, were very differently composed but the forces\\nof Greece were very equally divided between them. Sparta had for\\nallies 4,* 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, and a part of 2 and 10 20 had\\nbeen destroyed, and 18 remained neuter. Athens had 3, 1, a part of\\n10, and the little settlement of Naupactus; but most of the islands in\\nthe Ionian sea had been brought into her interest by Corcyra her\\nfleet commanded the Egean, and brought efficient aid from the colo-\\nnies of Asia Minor. Athens was the head of the Ionic race Sparta\\nof the Doric. Athens was regarded as a democracy, and the advocate\\nof the rights of the people Sparta, as an aristocracy, and a defender\\nof the privileges claimed by the nobility. Athens demanded tribute\\nfrom her allies, while Sparta was contented with supremacy alone.\\nIn every island, therefore, which owned the dominion of Athens^ a\\nstrong party was found favorable to the success of Sparta.\\n221. First Invasion of Attioa. Archidamus, the good old Spartan\\nking, the friend of Pericles, was made commander-in-chief of the\\nPeloponnesian forces. They marched 60,000 strong u[ toward the\\nCorinthian isthmus but as their leader was opposed to the war, and\\ntried every measure to intimidate the Athenians before taking any\\ndecisive step, an interval occurred, which was well employed by the\\nAthenians in making preparations against the invaders. Pericles,\\nforeseeing from the beginning the consequences of his course, had not\\nbeen remiss in providing for them. Knowing the superior force of\\nthe Spartans by land, he persuaded the Athenians not to venture a\\nbattle but to lay waste their fields and retire into their city, depend-\\ning upon their fleet for supplies.\\n222. He told them that for these there were abundant resources ir.\\nilie commonwealth. The annual tribute amounted to $600,000 there\\nware in the treasury $60,000,000, and the uncoined gold and silver\\nLet the pupil name them from the Mapi.\\nQuesH ms.\u00e2\u0080\u00942\\\\9. What Is said of the portents? 220. Who were the allies of Spartft?\\n(Se* map No. 2.) Who of Athens? What political feature distinguished Athens froa\\nftparta? 221. Who was constituted commander-in-chief of t.e Peloponnesian forces? Tc\\nwhat course did Pericles persuade the Athenians? Why did je do so? 222. What repre-\\nveatatlons did be make?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0190.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.a431.j PBRICLES. 169\\nwhich might be employed was not less than $500,000 more. There\\nwaft besideo one ton s weight of pure gold upon the statue of Minerva,\\nwhich could be taken off without injury, and replaced when deemed\\nexpedient. Sheltered by the walls of their city, they would be able\\nto look on in security while the Peloponnesians ravaged their country\\nand embarking on board their fleet, they might take ample vengeance\\nby ravaging the coast of the Peloponnesus.\\n223. But, though these representations encourrged the peop.e to\\ntrust for the final result, yet they were far from being contented. It\\nwas very inconvenient for the free denizens of the mountainous regions\\nto be cooped up in a space where no one could move without intrud-\\ning upon his neighbor the inhabitants of the plains were not pleased\\nwith the prospect of seeing the elegant houses they had built burned\\nto the ground, and the gardens and vineyards they had planted laid\\nwaste by the hand of the destroyer. They lingered wistfully about\\ntheir homes, and it was not till the confederates had actually laid siege\\nto a frontier town that they sought refuge within the city.\\n224. Archidamus reached Attica with his army just as the corn\\nbegan to ripen, and, laying waste the whole country in his path, used\\nevery effort to provoke his enemies to battle. Pericles, notwithstand-\\ning, remained firm he would call no assembly of the people nor\\nwould he quit the city when the fleet went to ravage the Pelopon-\\nnesus, lest some misfortune should happen in his absence. However,\\nwhen the enemy retired he led out all the citizens to plunder Megara,\\nand having by the fleet expelled the Eginetans from their island, he\\nsettled an Athenian colony there.\\n225. The Funeral Oeeemonies. When winter set in, and hostilities\\nwere suspended, Pericles employed his fertile genius in devising means\\nto animate the people, and to convert even their calamities into an\\noccasion of triumph. The funeral rites of those who had fallen in\\ndefense of their country were publicly solemnized. Three days\\nbefore the burial, the bones of the bodies previously burned were\\ni5C\\\\_ected and laid in state under an ample awning. There theii rela-\\ntives visited them, and strewed them with evergreens and spices, as\\naffection or superstition dictated. On the appointed day, the bones\\nwere laid in ten chests of Cyprus wood, and conveyed on carriages to\\na public tomb in the most beautiful suburb of the city, the people fol-\\nlowing in a long, mournful procession, and the female relations filling\\nQuMHons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094l, How did the representations aflfect the people T Why were the denlzena\\nof the mountains dissatisfied? Why, the inhabits- ts of the plains? 224, What did Archl\\ndamns effect What course did Pericles purane 225. Describe the funeral obeequie^", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0191.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "X70 GREECE. [b 0. 430\\nthe air with lamentations. After the ceremony of entombing was\\nover, Pericles passed through the crowd to a lofty stand prepared for\\nthe purpose, and delivered an oration, which, as transcribed by Thu-\\ncydides, is considered the most remarkable of all ancient compositions,\\nand a finished model of beautiful conceptions, chastened and elevated\\nby a noble severity.\\n226. Second Invasion of Attioa. The Plaque. The next spring\\nthe confederate army m\u00c2\u00abt again upon the isthmus, to decide the fate\\nof Athens. In this second invasion, Archidamus laid aside the for-\\nbearance he had practiced the year before, and left scarce a corner of\\nthe land unravaged. But a greater calamity than their offended\\nbrethren could inflict, now fell upon the Athenians. A dreadful\\nplague, which, commencing in Ethiopia, had passed through Lybia\\nand crossed the Mediterranean, burst at once upon Athens. Persons\\napparently in perfect health were seized with extreme heat in the\\nhead and redness of the eyes. The tongue and throat then assumed a\\nbloody appearance, a violent cough came on, with hiccoughs and\\nspasms inflammation ensued, and the body was rapidly covered with\\nloathsome ulcers. As it began in the head, it proceeded through all\\nparts of the body, and finally fixed itself in the extremities so that\\nthose who survived lost their hands, or feet, or eyes. The patients\\nwere afflicted with intolerable thirst; many dragged themselves to\\nthe fountains and there fell down dead, with none to bury them.\\n227. It was midsummer, and not only every house was fully occu-\\npied, but many families were crowded together in stifling huts, where\\nthey died in heaps. The very temples were filled with dead bodies,\\nand every part of the city exhibited a dreadful scene of mortality and\\nmourning. Beasts of prey, though perishing with hunger, refused to\\ntouch the carcasses of those who died of it and birds of ill-omen flew\\nabout, and by their dismal croakings excited fearful forebodings. The\\nPeloponnesian army had wasted the vale of Attica, and were rapidly\\nproceeding toward the seacoast, when, becoming alarmed h} accounts\\nof the plague, they hastened homeward, after occ apying the country\\nforty days.\\n228. MisFOBTtJNEs OF Pebicles. The firm mind of Pericles was not\\n10 be depressed by the sword without, nor by the pestilence within,\\naor even by the irritation and despair of the Athenians, who accused\\nhim of being the author of their calamitieg, by drawing such multi-\\nQuestioTU.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 22b. What afterward took place 7 22S, 227. What is said of iho second Inra-\\nlion by Archidamus? Give an account of the Plague. 228, 229. Relate the story of the\\noisfortuues of Periclea.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0192.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "^1 l ,li i l!l!i\\nHM\\n\\\\M\\niiiiii,iii\\ni\\n,\u00e2\u0080\u009e;\u00e2\u0080\u009e:\u00e2\u0080\u009e,:.;ill", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0193.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "o.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0194.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "B. 0.429.J PEBICLES 171\\ntudes int the city as to poison the very air. In the auguish of their\\nfeelings, they forgot all he had done and suffered for them and by a\\npublic decree deposed him from his military command, and fined him\\nan immense sum. Nor was this his only misfortune. His advisers\\nfell victims to the pestilence, and the greater part of his family friends\\ndied of the same dreadful disease. Still he neither wept nor performed\\nany funeral rites, nor was he seen at the grave of any of his relatives\\nuntil the death of Paralus, his last legitimate son.\\n229. He attempted, indeed, then to keep up his usual calm behavior\\nand serenity of mind, but in putting the garland upon the head of the\\ndeceased his firmness forsook him he broke out into loud lamenta-\\ntions, and shed a torrent of tears. Athens made trial, in the course of\\na year, of the rest of her generals and orators, and finding none capa-\\nble of extricating her from the difficulties in which she was involved,\\nonce more invited Pericles to take again the direction of affairs. Ho\\nhad shut himself up at home to indulge his sorrow, and it was with\\ndiflSculty that Alcibiades and his other friends persuaded him to re-\\nassume the reins of government. During the following winter, the\\nPotidaeans, after suffering most intensely from famine, surrendered;\\nand thus Athens gained at least one disputed point.\\n230. But anxiety and care had done their work for Pericles. He\\nwas attacked by the plague in modified form, and sunk by slow\\ndegrees to his rest. When he was at the point of death, his friends,\\nsitting about his bed, began to discourse upon his extraordinary virtue\\nand great exploits for while he was commander-in-chief, he had\\nerected no less than nine trophies to the honor of Athens. They said\\nthese things, supposing his senses were gone how great, then, was\\ntheir astonishment when he suddenly aroused, and observed, I am\\nsurprised that while you extol these acts of mine, in which fortune\\nhad her share, you take no notice of the most honorable part of my\\ncharacter that no Athenian^ through my meanSy ever put on a mov/m-\\ning robe. Thus died Pericles, who had held the pre-eminence for the\\nspace of forty years among some of the most distinguished men Greece\\never produced who had managed the finances of the republic wit 0\u00c2\u00abt\\nthe least taint of avarice; and who, though all the pow^^r of the\\nmagistrates centered in himself, had so preserved his popularity, that\\nhe was the first great man, after Solon, that escaped banishment.\\n23i. In the former war with Oorcyra, the Corinthians, having taken.\\nsome prisoners, treated them with the greatest kindness, and sent them\\nQu4\u00c2\u00abtions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 if!Xi. Give an account of his death. What is stated of his acts and character\\n2?1. What is reUted of prisoners taken by the Corinthians 7", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0195.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "179 GRBEOR, [B. (J. 425\\nhome devoted to the aristocratic interest. No sooner had they arrived\\nthan they created a sedition in the republic. The nobles were assas.\\nsinated in the senate-house, and the people were massacred in the\\ngeneral assembly. These civil commotions lasted two years, and\\nfinally the Athenians were compelled to send out an armed force to\\ndecide the cause in favor of the democracy.\\n232. As the fleet, on its return, sailed along the coast of the Pelo-\\nponnesus, a storm compelled the commanders to cast anchor in the\\nharbor of Pylos, the ancient seat of old Nestor s kingdom. Foul\\nweather prevented their departure and the sailors, for amusement?\\nassisted the Messenians in their company to erect a fort and in six\\ndays Pylos was strong enough to sustain a siege. It was not long\\nbefore the transactions at Pylps were known in Sparta, and the alarm\\noccasioned by a Messenian garrison being established within fifty\\nmiles was very great. To prevent a union between the garrison and\\nthe Lacedemonian slaves, an army was sent to invest the place by landj\\nand the confederate fleet was manned with adventurers who went out\\nto take possession of the little island of SphacteriaD, lying between the\\nfort and the sea.\\n233. Meanwhile, the Athenian fleet had moved to Zacynthus, and\\nDemosthenes,* who commanded Pylos, found himself blockaded both\\nby sea and land. He, however, managed to send a messenger to\\nEurymedon, commander at Zacynthus. The admiral, hearing of the\\ncritical situation of the little garrison, sailed to its relief, and, driving\\naway the Spartan fleet, spread his ships around SphacteriaQ, so that\\nthere was a double blockade: Pylos blockaded by Sphacteria), and\\nSphacteriae blockaded by the Athenian fleet. Under these circum-\\nstances, the Spartans made proposals of peace, which Oleon persuaded\\nthe Athenians to refuse. If he were a general, he said, Sphacteriaa\\nshould soon be compelled to surrender and then they might dictate\\ntheir own terms. Niciast at once offered to resign the command to\\nhim; but Oleon, who was a notorious coward, declined the honor.\\nThe people, glad to enjoy a joke, even at their favorite s expense,\\ninsisted upon his accepting the oflBce till finally, thinking it best to\\nput a bold face upon the affair, he came forward, and declared that\\nAn ancestor of th\u00c2\u00ab celebrated orator.\\nt A man of birth and fortune, commander of the Athenian am y.\\nQuMtiofu. 282. Where did the Athenian fleet stop on their return from Corcyra? What\\nvas done at Pylos? Where was Pylos situated? (See map No. 2.) What was done by\\nSparta? 283. Where was Zacynthus? (See map No. 2.) Iltiw did the double blockad*\\noccur What then did the Spartans propose? Wby was not the proposal accepted f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0196.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "BO. 424] BRASIDAS AND OLEON 173\\nwithin twenty days he would bring all th\u00c2\u00a9 Lacedemonians in Sphao-\\nteria9 captives to Sparta.\\n234. This impudent boast was received with shouts of laughter;\\nbut events over which he had no control enabled him to fulfill his\\npromise. At the head of a band of adventurers, he reached Pylos in\\nsafety and a fire happening to break out in the woody parts of Sphac-\\nterijB, the Lacedemonians were driven from their defenses. Assisted\\nby Demosthenes, of whose skill he had the good sense to avail himself\\nCleon led his men to the attack, killed one hundred and twenty-eight\\nof the enemy, and, true enough, took all the rest prisoners and carried\\nthem to Athens. Nothing occurred, during the whole course of the\\nwar, so contrary to the general opinion as this event; and as the\\nprisoners were of the first rank, it was decided to keep them in chains\\ntill terras of peace were settled or, if the Spartans again invaded\\nAttica, to put them to death.\\n235. B. 0. 424. Revolt of Oltnthus. In this year the Athenians,\\nunder Nicias, made the important conquest of the island of Oythera,\\nA general dejection prevailed in Sparta. During seven campaigns,\\nnot an individual among the confederates had distinguished himself\\nexcept Brasidas, and he was yet a young man. As the Spartans had\\nundertaken the war without an adequate fleet, he saw the policy of\\ncommencing hostilities in a quarter which would withdraw the Athe-\\nnian ships from the coast of the Peloponnesus but his countrymen,\\nthough most courageous in the field, were exceedingly timid in the\\ncabinet. Even when Olynthus and other maritime states of Macedon\\nentered into a combination to humble the naval power of Athens, it\\nwas with difficulty that Brasidas persuaded them to send with him an\\narmy to the north. The Lacedemonians were afraid to diminish their\\nforce at home, for Pylos was garrisoned by Messenians, and their\\nslaves stood ready to revolt.\\n236. Proclamation was therefore made, that any Helots, who\\nthought they could merit the dignity of citizens by feats of arms,\\nshould present themselves before the magistrates to undergo the\\nhonorable trial. The most warlike and ambitious assembled, of course,\\nand two thousand being chosen and crowned with chaplets, were\\nmarched in solemn procession around the temple, as an initiatory cere-\\nmony to freedom. Soon after they disappeared, and the massacre was\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2M. How did Cleon rise to importance 235. Where was the island of Cy\\nthera? (See map No. 2.) When did the Athenians capture it Why were the Spartan*\\ndejected? What did Brasidas recommend? Why were the Lacedemonians afraid t\u00c2\u00bb\\ndiminish their forces at home? 236. What hurried preparations did te SparUns make for\\nleaving home? Where was Amphipolis (See map No. 2.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0197.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "174 GREECl. [b. 0.422.\\nmanaged with snch careful secrecy, that in what manner they perished\\nnever was known. After this shocking precaution, Brasidas v;^8 pei\\nmitted to set out without loss of time. When the Athenians heard\\nthat Brasidas had marched to Macedon with a large army, they\\nordered Thucydides to move westward with the fleet, and defend\\nAmphipolis. He did so but, being too late by half a day, the place\\nsurrendered, and Brasidas went into winter ouarters there. This loss\\naffected the Athenians most sensibly they oanished Thucydides for\\ntwenty years, and finally agreed upon a truce of one year with the\\nSpartans.\\n237. B. o. 422. Battle of Amphipolis. Cleon, emboldened by his\\naccidental success at SphacterisB, gave the Athenians no rest till they\\n\u00c2\u00bbent him with a large array to recover Amphipolis. This time, how-\\never, fortune did not smile upon him. He led his troops to battle in\\na disadvantageous position, and was defeated. Both generals were\\nalso slain. The two parties were then about even for the death of\\nOleon was better than victory to the Athenians; and the loss of\\nBrasidas, worse than defeat to the Spartans.\\n238. The war had now been in progress ten years, during which\\nboth sides had suffered severely. They had alternately ravaged each\\nother s lands; they had slaughtered their brethren in battle, and\\nexecuted them as prisoners they had endured famine and pestilence\\nthey had lost their houses, and wasted their revenue and now, tired\\nof hostilities, and ready to let their weapons drop out of their hands,\\nthey listened to the counsels of the peaceful Nicias, and concluded a\\ntruce for fifty years, on condition that all the towns and prisoners\\ntaken should be restored, and the different states placed in the posi-\\ntion which they occupied before the war 1\\n239. But though the rival powers had concluded upon a peace,\\nthere was nothing like quiet in the country. The other states thought\\nthey had something to say upon the subject and Corinth, in particu-\\nlar, could not consent to give up Potidaea. The people of Amphipolis\\nrefused to exchange the supremacy of Sparta for that of Athens, and\\nSparta contended that she could not compel them to do so and thus\\nthe contest went on, between recriminations and negotiations, affronts\\nand reprisals, for the next six years.\\nQuetUons. 236. Why was Thucydides banished? Where was Amphipolis? (See map\\nNo. 2.) What Is it called now? Ans. lamboU. 237. On what expedition was Cleon sent?\\nWhen did tiiat occur? What was the result? What mude the two parties about even?\\n238. How had both parties suffered during the war What counsels did Nici.is gi ve What\\nwas the result 289. Why did not the tmc^ concluded upon brin? peace? How were th\u00c2\u00ab\\n\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abxt six years then spent? Where was Potidtea? (B^e map No. 2.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0198.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "0. 416.J ALCIBIADES. t/5\\n240. B. o. 415. Expedition to Sioilt. There was at this time in\\nAthens a young man so eminent for all his qualifications of person,\\nmind, and fortune; so ambitious of distinction; and so gifted with\\neloquence and dissimulation, as to mark him at once for a leader of\\nthat giddy multitude which ruled the city. This was Alcibiades,\\ndescended in the paternal line from Ajax, and in the maternal from\\nthe AlcmcBonidcB. He was extravagant, but with an air of nobility\\nhe was dissolute, but engaging and graceful he had been the pupil cf\\nSocrates, and had thrice won the olive at the Olympic games he was\\nthe nephew of Pericles, and the favorite of Aspasia.\\n241. After the death of Cleon, Alcibiades came forward to set aside\\nthe policy of the cautious Nicias, and rekindle a war in which he\\nmight have full scope to display his abilities. The factions ran so\\nhigh that the ostracism was again called for. Both parties were\\ngreatly alarmed at tlieir danger, for the struggle was between the\\nyoung^ who wanted war, and the old^ who desired peace. Finally, the\\nleaders agreed to join their influence against Hyperbolus, a friend of\\nOleon, who had been instrumental in calling up the ostracism at this\\ntime. The plan was entirely successful, and Hyperbolus was banished.\\nThough the Athenians laughed at first at the turn things had taken,\\nyet when they came to reflect that they had honored the low-born\\nHyperbolus by ranking him with Aristides, Themistocles, and Oimon,\\nthey were so chagrined that they never resorted to the ostracism\\nagain.\\n242. It was just about this time that embassadors arrived from\\nEgesta, an Ionian colony of Sicily, praying for assistance against the\\npeople of Syracuse, who had endeavored to bring them into subjection.\\nAlcibiades was for espousing the cause of Egesta at once, but Nicias,\\nwho knew that to quarrel with a Dorian colony* was, in effect, to\\ndeclare war against the Peloponnesiau confederacy, strenuously op-\\nposed the rash undertaking. The multitude, however, listened to the\\nglowing representations of Alcibiades,! and after some trifling precau-\\ntions the expedition was determined upon, Nicias, Alcibiades, and\\nLamachus being appointed commanders,\\n243. The prudent Nicias still sought to cool the ardor of the people,\\nSyracuse was a Corinthian colony.\\nT WTien Tlmon the man-hater saw Alcibiades, after gaining his point, conducted home\\nin great honor from the assembly, he went up to him, and shaking his hand, exclaimed, Qo\\non, my brave boy, and prosper, for your prosperity will bring on the ruin of all this crowd.\\nQuefttions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 iA(S. In what year was the expedition sent to Sicily? Who was Alcibiades!\\nWhat is stated about him? 241. What circumstance put an end to ostracism T -12. What\\ntauses produced the Sicilian war? What reasons were given for and against It?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0199.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "j[76 G RE BOB. [b. c. 416\\nby representing tlie number of obstacles it would be necesstirj to sur-\\nmount. He said the fleet not being sufficient, a land army must be\\nprovided at immense expense, and he doubted the ability of the\\nEgestans to pay and feed the soldiers. He reminded them that the\\nSyracusans would be at home, among friends who could assist them\\nwith men, money, horses, and provisions; while the Athenians would\\nbe in an enemy s country, so far from Greece that it would take /c *r\\nmonths to receive supplies in winter that if they were successful they\\nshould gain nothing; but if they were unsuccessful it would reflect\\neternal disgrace upon the Athenian name and for his part, he was\\ndetermined not to go, unless he were supplied with every thing requi\\nsite for carrying on the war.\\n244. This sensible remonstrance, so far from having the desired\\neftect, only furnished the partisans of Alcibiades with a pretext for\\nmaking more magnificent preparations, and a decree was in con-\\nsequence obtained for raising as many troops and fitting out as many\\ngalleys as the generals thought necessary. Indeed, so sanguine were\\nthe people upon the subject, that young men in their places of exercise,\\nand old men in their shops, drew maps of Sicily, and planned the pas-\\nsage thence to Africa; for in the splendid conquests of which they\\ndreamed, they comprised Carthage, Italy, and the sea, to the pillars\\nof Hercules.\\n245. The Embarkation. The levies being completed, the generals\\nresolved to set sail immediately for Sicily, by way of Oorcyra and\\nRhegium. On the morning appointed for embarkation, the citizens\\nenrolled for the expedition appeared on the parade by daybreak. The\\nwhole city accompanied their march to the Piraeus. In that assembly\\nthere were no uninterested spectators. No city had ever fitted out so\\nnumerous and gallant a fleet as the present and not even the Athe-\\nnians, skilled as they were in naval atfairs, had ever undertaken so\\ngrand or distant an expedition; and no family mingled in the vast\\norocession, but felt the honor and the pain of contributing its most\\npromising member to this hazardous enterprise.\\n246. When the last adieus had been said, and the troops were em-\\nbarked, the trumpets sounded as a signal for silence, and prayers were\\nput up with the greatest solemnity, the whole assembly uniting their\\nvoices in one grand petition for success. Goblets of wine were then\\nproduced, from which officers and soldiers together poured out liba-\\nQu\u00c2\u00ab8Uons.\u00e2\u0080\u009424S. What representations did Niclas make T 244. What eflFect did the rcpre\\nsentations produce? Draws map of Sicily and the principal conquests of Athens. 24Sk\\nM6. Describe the embarkation. Where was Corcyra? (Map No. 2.) Rhegium? iNa 4.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0200.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "B.0.415.] ALCIBIADES. 177\\ntioDS, and drank to the prosperity of the commonwealth and the arma-\\nment. Then, far above the roar of the sea and the voice of the wind,\\nrose the loud paean of the Greeks and amid the waving of banners,\\nand fluttering of pennons, the fleet moved majestically out of the\\nharbor, the inhabitants of the city following it with their eyes till it\\nseemed to be lost between the sea and the sky. A.t Oorcyra the Athe-\\nnian squadron was joined by the ships of the allies, and, the winds and\\nwaves proving favorable, the combined fleet had a prosperous journojf\\nthence to Sicily. They landed without opposition, and took up their\\nstation at Oatana.\\n247. Alcibiades. This advantageous debarkation of the troops was\\nall that Alcibiades eifected in the enterprise from which he had antici-\\npated so much glory suspicions, which had well-nigh detained him\\nin Athens, soon occasioning his recall. Some time before the fleet\\nsailed, the statues of HermsQ were all mutilated in one night, and it\\nwas generally believed that xVlcibiades and his companions had been\\nguilty of the sacrilege during a drunken revel. Taking advantage of\\nhis absence, his enemies magnified his follies into a plot to subvert the\\ngovernment, and many persons were apprehended as being privy to\\nthe affair. All Athens was in alarm the conspirators were thought\\nto be in league with Sparta, and one whole night the people watched\\nunder arms. At last, one of the prisoners told his fellows that it\\nwould be better to confess something than to submit to torture. They\\naccordingly disclosed the pretended plot, and received their liberty as\\na reward for their villainy.\\n248. All those whom they accused were immediately condemned\\nand executed but Alcibiades, whose name figured largely in the awful\\ndisclosures^ being in Sicily, they knew not how to effect his destruc-\\ntion. If they put him under arrest there, it might occasion a sedition\\nin the army. It was therefore resolved to send the Paralus after him,\\nwith a simple command to return to Athens. Immediate obedience\\nwas paid to this order. Alcibiades followed the sacred trireme in hig\\nOWL ship, as the humblest individual in the commonwealth, but when\\ntJiey stopped to take in provisions on the coast of Italy he absconded.\\nThe heralds, having searched for him in vain for several days, returned\\nwithout him. The Athenian people, however, pronounced sentence\\nof death against him, in what was called deserted judgment; his\\nThe sacred trireme.\\nTM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 446. What occurred at Corcyra? Catana? 247. Of what was Alcibiades ac\\neased? 248. Why vt^s he not put under arrest in Sicily? What plan was resolved upon\\nilistead What is stated in relation to his absconding The judgment against Ai\u00c2\u00ab^biadeB\\n8*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0201.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "178 G RE BOB. [B. 0.416\\nwhole estate was confiscated, and all orders of religion were com\\nmanded to curse him.\\n249. When Alcibiades heard of this severe sentence, he exclaimed,\\nI hope one day to make them sensible that I am still alive. From\\nItaly he made his way to Sparta, where he found persons very willing\\nto assist his designs against his country.* He told thom that the\\nAthenians did not mean to bound their conquests by the shores of\\nSicily, but that, after subjecting that island, together with Italy, Car-\\nthage, and Spain, they intended, by the aid of numerous fleets and\\nallies, to bring all Greece under their dominion and he counseled the\\nLacedemonians, if they would avoid abject dependence, to send an\\narmy into Sicily, and nip the growing power of Athens in the bud.\\nHis advice was taken. The Lacedemonians decided to assist the\\nSyracusans and renew the war.\\n250. Measures of Nicias. Nicias, meantime, having fortified his\\ncamp, put off an attack upon Syracuse week after week, and month\\nafter month, till finally the buoyant spirits of his troops were all\\nevaporated, and they strolled about in search of amusement rather\\nthan conquest. The Syracusans, too, having recovered from the fright\\nwhich so grand an armament had occasioned, came up to his intrench-\\nments, and scoflBngly asked if he had come to settle at Catana.\\nRoused by this taunt, he determined to settle at Syracuse if anywhere,\\nand, with his usual caution, set about making arrangements for that\\npurpose. He bribed a Sicilian to go to Syracuse with a story, that the\\nAthenians lay in the town every night without their arras, and that on\\na certain morning, which he named, the Syracusans might unite with\\nthe disaffected persons in the neighborhood, burn the Athenian camp\\nand fleet, and free the island at once of its invaders.\\n251. The enemy, pleased with the idea of terminating the war in\\n80 summary a manner, fell readily into the snare. At the very time,\\nhowever, that the Syracusans set out for Oatana, Nicias left Catana\\nfor Syracuse, and, landing there in the absence of the garrison, forti-\\nfied himself in the outskirts of the town. The Syracusans, on arriving\\nat Catana, and finding only an empty camp, were so provoked at the\\ntrick put upon them, that they marched back to their city w th all\\nspeed, and presented themselves without the walls in order of battle.\\nHe gained the confidence of the Spartans by confirming strictly to all the laws of\\nLycurguB. He bathed in cold water, took the most violent exercise, and dined on black\\nbroth, with great relish.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ^9. What exclamation is reported of Alcibiades What evils did he seek\\nfor his country 250. Did Nicias act with energy t What was the result To what\\nnrfttagem Jid Nicias resort 251. Give an account of what followed. Where was Catana (4..\u00c2\u00bb", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0202.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "Ii.a414.] DEJECTION OF NICIAS. 179\\nNicias immediately attacked and beat them. Not, however, having\\ncourage to commence the siege of the place, he returned with all his\\nforces, and went into winter quarters at Catana.\\n252. B. 0. 414. Siege of Syraodse. The next spring, having re-\\nceived a supply of horse from Athens, Nicias resolved to block up\\nSyracuse both by sea and land. He conducted all his movements with\\n80 much prudence, that he gained possession of a hill that overlooked\\nthe town, before the Syracusans knew of his approach. By diligent\\nexertions, his soldiers inclosed the city with a wall, to cut off its com-\\nmunication with the country; and, during the time the work was in\\nprogress, came off victorious in eight different engagements with the\\nenemy. Several Sicilian cities, attracted by the prosperous state of\\nAthenian affairs, came over to their interest, and supplied them with\\nprovisions so that, naturally desponding and cautious as he was,\\nNicias began to conceive high hopes of success.\\n253. The Syracusans, on their part, seeing nothing before them but\\nfamine or the sword, began already to think of surrender, when the\\nfleet which the Spartans had fitted out, at the instigation of Aleibiades,\\nappeared off the coast I As Nicias disbelieved the report of Gylippus s\\narrival, he placed no regular guard to prevent his landing, and there-\\nfore was not a little surprised and alarmed to see that otiicer drawing\\nup the Syracusans, and marshaling his own forces in order of battle.\\nHis alarm was changed to anger soon after, when a herald came to\\nhim, saying, that Gylippus would allow the Athenians five days to\\nquit Sicily. He prepared for battle with unwonted animation, and\\nwas victorious in the first engagement but afterward fortune for-\\nsook him, 80 that, giving up all thoughts of conquest, he sought only\\nsafety.\\n254. Eufeebled by a long and distressing illness, and discouraged\\nby the turn of affairs, he transmitted to the Athenians a most melan-\\ncholy account of his situation. He told them that instead of besieging\\nSyracuse he was himself besieged, and in danger of capture, lie said\\nthat his fleet had gone to decay, that many of the ships were leaky,\\nand the crews diminished that they were forced to go so far for wood\\nand water, that they were always fatigued with constant duty; that\\nthe slaves deserted, and many of the allies went home without leave\\nthat the temper of the Athenian people being averse to subordination.\\nQumHotus.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 251. Did Nicias then lay siege tc Syracuse What did he do 252. When\\ndid Nicias Anally conclude to lay siege to Syracuse? What advanUiires and auccesaea did\\nhe ^in 253. What turned the tables in favor of the Syracusans Give an aoooont of\\ntat followed. 264. What did Nicias write home", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0203.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "180 GBEEGB. [B. 0.413\\nae found it impossible to control the perverse disposition of some\\nunder his command; and that it was absolutely necessary for the\\nAthenians either to recall the armament, or to send out another, not\\ninferior in numbers and equipments, and furnished with more money.\\nHe closed by begging to be superseded in the command, on account\\nof his ill-health, and as a reward for his past services.\\n255. It was midwinter when this letter reached the Athenian*\\nbut immediate preparations were made to retrieve their affairs. Eu\\nrymedon was sent off with a small squadron, and money to pay the\\nsoldiers, while all hands at home were busily employed in fitting out\\nsubstantial re-enforcements for the spring. As for the request of Nicias,\\nthey would not listen to it, but they appointed two oflacers to assist\\nhim in his charge. The intelligence brought by Eurymedon roused\\nall the energies of Gylippus. He attacked the Athenians by sea, and\\nwas completely victorious and wrested from them the fort which\\nprotected their naval stores, so that they could receive no supplies\\nwithout making their way through the fleet of Syracuse.\\n256. B. 0. 413. Arrival of Demosthenes. Nicias. almost over\\ncome with the diflBculties of his situation, and the gloom of hie pros-\\npects, turned his eyes involuntarily towards his native country, wher\\na sight the most animating and cheering burst upon his view. Sev-\\nenty-three Athenian galleys, richly decorated, adorned with costly\\nstreamers, and manned with eight hundred men, were steering for the\\nharbor of Syracuse. As they approached the shore, the sound of\\ntrumpets and the shouts of the sailors made the whole city resound.\\nThe Syracusans, struck with terror, did not attempt to prevent the\\ndisembarkation. The joyful greetings and fresh hopes of the adven-\\nturers diffused new life through the camp but Nicias soon began to\\ntremble at the rash measures which Demosthenes advocated. He had\\nprivate intelligence that many of the Syracusans, tired of the imperious\\nmanner of Gylippus, were making preparations to surrender but as\\nhe was not at liberty to speak openly upon the subject, he advised the\\nother commanders to wait a certain time. This, however, only scb-\\n3ected him to taunts about his timidity, and he was at last forced to\\ngive up his point.\\n257 Demosthenes put himself at the head of the land forces, and\\nattacked Epipolse* by night. As he came upon the guards by surprise,\\nA strong fort upon an eminence overlooking SyracuBe.\\nQuMtion*.\u00e2\u0080\u00942tili. How was his request answered What disaster befell the Athenians\\n856. What then was their condition? Describe the arrival of Demosthenes. How did hii\\nivrrival affect the troops of Nicias? What advice did Nlclasglve? Was his advice acceptrd", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0204.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "a.a413.] THE SEA-FIGHT. 181\\nhe killed many of thera, and routed those who stood upon the defense.\\nBut when he reached the spot where the Beotians were posted, his\\nmen were driven back. As they turned to fly, they encountered\\nanother band of Athenians coming down the hill, who, mistaking them\\nfor enemies, fell upon them. In striving to rally, they repeated their\\nwatchword so often that the enemy learned it, and used it to lea^\\nthem astray. At last the rout was complete. Some fell headlong\\nfir Dm the rocks or walls. Some escaped, and wandered through fields\\nand woods till they were found next day, and cut to pieces by the\\nenemy s horse. Thus, at once, were blasted all the hopes which had\\nsprung up in the hearts of the Athenians upon the arrival of Demos-\\nthenes.\\n258. The Ska-Fight. There remained now only the sad alterna-\\ntives of returning in disgrace to Athens with the remnant of the\\nsplendid armament which sailed from Piraeus under such happy aus-\\npices or of remaining to die of pestilence, famine, or the sword, in\\nSicily. Demosthenes advocated the former course; but Nicias, who\\nunderstood the Athenian method of rewarding generals, declared that\\nhe would rather die by the hands of the enemy than by those of\\nhis fellow-citizens. Thus the favorable opportunity for escape was\\nlost, and the sickly season found the Athenians dispirited and doubt-\\ning in their quarters before Syracuse. At last, Nicias, overcome by\\nthe general calamity, gave orders to strike the tents and prepare to\\nmove. With the greatest secrecy and dispatch, every thing was put\\nin readiness but just as the troops were on the point of embarking,\\nthe moon was shrouded in an eclipse.\\n259. This natural phenomenon struck the whole armament with\\nterror and Nicias, who, according to the superstition of the times,\\nhad always delayed an enterprise three days after such an event, now,\\nby advice of his soothsayers, determined to wait nine times three days.\\nQuitting every other care, he sat still, observing his sacrifices, and\\npraying for favorable tokens, while the Syracusans shut up the mouth\\nof the great harbor with galleys anchored firmly with iron chains\\nnor would he take any measures for repelling the insults of the enemy,\\nor effecting a retreat, till the Athenians, with great indignation, called\\nnpon him to lead them off by land. Unwilling, however, to comply with\\ntheir demand, he made an effort to break through the encircling feet.\\nQue\u00c2\u00abtion\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094^l. Give an account of the attack made by Demoethenes, and of Its imme-\\ndiate result 258. What alternatives remained for Nicias What course did Demosthenes\\nadvocate? Why did not Nicias adopt it then? Why did he aflenvard change his mind?\\nWhat occurred as the troops were about to embark? 259. What was the effect apon th\u00c2\u00ab\\ntroops Upon Nicies What effort to escape did he at last make", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0205.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "182 GREECE. [b. 4ia\\n260. Then it was that the great sea-fight began, remarkable not\\nonly for the vigor and bravery of the combatants, but for the agitation\\nand despair of the spectators. The Syracusans came out on the walls\\nof their city to behold the sight, and the Athenians thronged the Epi-\\npolae to gaze upon the last eifort of those gallant seamen who had so\\nlong been accustomed to conquer, and had so reluctantly learned to\\nbear defeat. After suffering incredibly from repeated attacks, the\\nAthenian fleet was driven on shore, and the soldiers were so dispirited\\nthat they neither opposed the enemy who were seizing their vessels,\\nnor demanded their dead. Escape by sea was now impossible. It was\\ntherefore resolved to move to Catana.\\n261. The Retreat. Nothing could be more affecting than the com-\\nmencement of this retreat. The dead were left unburied, thoagi.\\nthus their souls were condemned to wander in darkness upon the dis-\\nmal shores of the Styx the dying, abandoned to wild beasts, with\\ngloomy presentiment of the same fate, lifted up their last cries in curses\\nupon their departing countrymen the wounded dragged themselves\\nalong after the army, entreating assistance and such a scene of lamen-\\ntation and mourning was presented as might have moved even Spar-\\ntan hearts to pity. The enemy had seized all the difficult passes,\\nbroken down the bridges, and stationed cavalry all along their route,\\nso that the Athenians could not move one step without fighting.\\n262. Nicias, though oppressed with sickness and worn out with\\nprivations, did all in his power to cheer and encourage his men but\\nwhen they remembered his well-grounded objections to the war, and\\nsaw that so religious a man as he had no better fortune than the most\\nprofligate soldier in the army, even their trust in heaven abandoned\\nthem, and nothing but tears and sad presages were seen and heard on\\nevery side. During a march of eight days, though attacked and har-\\nassed by the enemy all the way, Nicias preserved his division tolera-\\nbly entire; but the remainder of the army under Demosthenes, having\\nlost their way in the night, were surrounded and taken captive.\\n263. The next day, Nicias and his band were overtaken at the ford\\nof the river Asinarus. The most terrible havoc was made in the ranks\\nof the Athenians and finally Nicias, to stop the slaughter, surren-\\ndered on the single condition that Gylippus should spare his men\\nyet even then the number of the saved was greatly inferior to the\\nnumber of the slain. When the Syracusans had collected all the\\nQuestions. 260. Give an account of the sea-tight What then was impossible f What\\nresolution was consequently made 261, 262. Give an account of the retreat. Of the con\\ndluoti of the Athenians. Disaster to Demosthenes. 263. Give an account of the next dftjr l\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ccurreocee Where is Syracuse (Map No. 4.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0206.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "B.a415.] BYIL TIDINGS IN ATHENS. 183\\nprisoners they could find Into one body, they dressed np some of the\\ntallest and straightest trees by the river with the arms they had\\ntaken from them, which they left as trophies of the most complete\\nvictory ever gained on their island. Then, having shorn the horses of\\nthe Athenians, and ornamented their own in the most splendid manner,\\nthey marched home with garlands on their heads, and wei^ welcomed\\nto their city with every demonstration of joy.\\n264. It would have been a singular triumph for Gylippus to havl\\ncarried Nicias and Demosthenes prisoners to Sparta, but the jealous\\nand cruel temper of the Syracusans deprived him of this glory, A\\ndecree was passed that the generals should be put to death and the/\\nwere accordingly scourged witli rods, and then stoned. The miserable\\nremnants of their once flourishing army were reserved for a still\\nseverer fate. A vast quarry, whence stone had been taken for build-\\ning the city, was judged the safest place of confinement for such a\\nnumber of skillful warriors. Food was given in quantities barely suffi-\\ncient to support life no shelter was afforded from the inclemency of\\nthe weather and Thucydides summed up their miseries by saying,\\nThat no suffering could possibly result from so wretched a situation,\\nwhich was not experienced by the Athenian prisoners. A few of\\nthem, who were sold as slaves to individuals, gained their liberty by\\nrepeating passages from the tragedies of Euripides, and lived to thank\\ntheir benefactor in Athens for the obligations they owed to his pen.\\n265. The Stoey told in Athens. Rumor carried the news of\\nthis total shipwreck of their power and glory to the Athenians, long\\nbefore an oflScial notice of it could reach them. The first man who\\ndisseminated the evil tidings, however, being only a poor barber, was\\nsubjected to the torture, till the whole city was thrown into agony by\\nthe confirmation of the report. How changed was the morning\\nwhich rose upon Athens, destitute of horse, foot, money, ships, or\\nmariners, from that morning when the Piraeus was crowded with 8\\ngallant fleet, departing as was supposed to certain conquest 1 Then the\\nexcited multitude, with hearts full of hope, stood gazing upon the joy-\\nous flutter of gay streamers and waving pennons now, bereaved and\\ndesponding, they looked wistfully across the sea, as if expecting, yet\\ndreading to behold, Gylippus with his victorious fleet approaching to\\ncommence the siege of their city.\\n266. But amidst the general gloom they were not idle. As day\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 26a. Give an acconnt of the proceedings of the Syracusans. 264. What would\\nhave been a singular triumph to Gylippus? Why were they not carried there? What\\nwas their fate Of their army? How did a few escape 265. How were the evil i linfl\\nre\u00c2\u00abeiTwi in Greece What comparison was made", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0207.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "184: GRBEOB. [b. 0. 4iJ\\nwore on after day, and no enemy appeared, they began to take con-\\nrage. They levied money for building new ships and raising fresh\\ntroops; they retrenched all superftaous expenses; and, to avoid the\\nembarrassment of factions, established a council of old men to examine\\nevery matter before it was brought before the people. Meanwhile,\\nthe attention of all Greece was excited, and the politics of every\\nrepublic put in motion, by the blow Athens had received :n Sicily.\\nThose who had yielded her an unwilling homage now prepared fei\\nrevolt those who feared the vengeance of Sparta were impelled tc\\ndo the same; her friends became cold: her enemies impudent; and,\\nbleeding as she was from the loss of those members of the common-\\nwealth which were her eyes to see, and hands to execute, she felt\\nthat this severe rebuke was but the beginning of sorrows.\\n267. The Lacedemonians, encouraged by the success of Gylippua,\\nalso undertook the building of a fleet; and thus, at the close of the\\nnineteenth year of the war, preparations were making on both sides,\\nas if hostilities were just tlien commenced. The people of Chios, Les-\\nbos, and Oyzicum sent to treat with the Spartans about leaving the\\nAthenians to join the Peloponnesian confederacy Alcibiades had\\ngone to Asia Minor some time before, and was now forming a treaty\\nwith Tissaphernes, satrap of Sardis, for furnishing the Spartans with\\nmoney and ships and Pharnabazus, satrap of Bithynia, was also anx-\\nious to gain the friendship of Athens s enemies.\\n268. Before, however, the Spartans formed all these alliances, they\\nheld a congress of the confederates. There they concluded to haul\\ntheir ships, which were in the Corinthian Gulf, across the isthmus;\\nto man them in the Saronic Gulf, and send them to Chios and Lesbos\\nwith the articles of treaty, and dispatch them thence to the Hellespont\\nto act with Pharnabazus. This purpose was so far carried into execu-\\ntion, that twenty-one triremes had been dragged over the isthmus\\nwith great labor and difficulty, and prepared for departure; but it\\nhappened that some Athenians, who were there attending the Isth-\\nmian games, penetrated the design, and returned home with the start-\\nling intelligence. A company of adventurers immediately set out\\nfrom the Piraeus and attacked the little fleet killed the admiral, and\\ncompelled the crews to draw the sliips again upon shore.\\n269. Meastjees of Alcibiades. This event occasioned great alarm\\nQue^U(ms.\u00e2\u0080\u00942G6. What preparations did the Athenians again make What effect did the\\nmisfortunes of the Athenians have in Greece? 267. What preparations did the l^acedemo-\\naians make T What help came to the Spartans What was Alcibiades about 203. What\\npurpose did the Spartans form in relation to their ships f How far was it cxecr ted How\\nw\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb it foiled Where wa\u00c2\u00ab the Saronic Gulf? (See Map No. 2.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0208.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "E.a411.] INTRIGUES OP ALCIBIADES. 185\\nat Oorinth, the Spartans too were discouraged, and determined not to\\nengage in any enterprise on the other side of the Egean. Thus the\\nwhole matter would have fallen through, had not Alcibiades under-\\ntaken the affair. He sailed from Miletus to Chios, confirmed th\u00c2\u00ab\\nrevolt, and brought tlie Chians into the Lacedemonian confederacy.\\nBut the glory of Alcibiades was already on the wane Agis, the Spar-\\ntan king, hated him for his private vices; among the confederates many\\n\u00c2\u00a9nvied him all feared him, and but few loved him. In his transac-\\ntions with Tissaphernes, he managed to gain favor for himself, rather\\nthan for the people who sent him to ask it and now, examining the\\ndoubtful and dangerous position which he occupied, he determined by\\na master stroke of policy to restore himself to his country, before\\nthat country was reduced so low as to be not worth returning to.\\n270. Yet, urgent as were his reasons for a reconciliation, he still\\nfeared the giddy multitude by whom he had been condemned. Fully\\nconvinced that he could never rule in the hearts of the people, as\\nPericles had done, he set about changing the government of Athens\\nfrom a democracy to an oligarchy, with his characteristic zeal. Hav-\\ning strengthened his interest with the satrap by the most subtle flat-\\ntery, he managed to communicate with the commanders of the Athe-\\nnian fleet at Samos, signifying to them his power to bring Tissaphernes\\ninto their interest^ and through him to lead Darius himself into their\\nalliance. But this he would not do, unless the power were taken\\nfrom the Many and given to the Few. The generals of the army,\\nbeing in reality the leading men in the commonwealth, immediately\\nsent a messenger to the nobility at Athens, with a request that they\\nwould assume the government, and deprive the people of the power\\nthey had hitherto enjoyed.\\n271. The nobility joyfully set about the performance of a work so\\ncongenial to their feelings nevertheless, up to the last hour of the\\nDKMOORAOY, cvcry thing was conducted in a truly democratic manner.\\nA general assembly was summoned. A resolution was passed, per\\nmitting any one to make any proposal without fear. Then it was\\ndecided that a new council should be formed, having full power tc\\nadminister public affairs. This council consisted of four hundred\\nmembers, but, to amuse the people, it was added, that they would caL\\nin the aid of five thousand citizens in cases of emergency. Thus the\\nQuestiA n8.\u00e2\u0080\u00942(}^. What did Alcibiades then do Where was Miletus (See map No. 2.)\\nCbios? (Same map.) Why was Alcibiades losing favor witu the Spartans? Upon what\\nd!d he consequently determine? 270. What did he fear among the Athenians? Why dl f\\nhe wish the government changed? What coauBuaication did he aend? 271. By what pro\\nMSB was the Kovemment changed f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0209.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "186 QREBOB. [B. 0.412\\npeople of Athens voted away their beloved democracy, after having\\nenjoyed it about one hundred years after the banishment of the\\nPisistratidaB.\\n272. Thb Tyranny of the Four Hundred. When the assembly\\nbroke up, the Four Hundred, vested with their new powers, and fol-\\nlowed by one hundred and twenty young men, who acted a attend-\\nants or assassins, as the case might require, entered the senate -honsft^\\npaid the council of Five Hundred the arrears in their salaries^ an i\\ncommanded them instantly to retire an order which they prudently\\nobeyed. Having now all power in their hands, they put to death\\nthose who disputed their authority and feeling fully competent to\\norder affairs in the best possible manner, they determined not to recall\\nAlcibiades^ lest he might interfere in some of their plans. Anxious,\\nhowever, to secure the favor of the army at Samos, they sent out ten\\ncommissioners to explain their measures, and soothe the feelings of the\\nsoldiers. This the pacificators found no easy task there was no dis-\\nguising the facts in the case the people were deprived of power, and\\nAthens was ruled by four hundred tyrants The soldiers sent imme-\\ndiately for Alcil)iades, and, having appointed him their general, begged\\nhim to sail at once for Athens, and destroy the enslavers of their\\ncountry.\\n273. This measure, which would have saved Sparta any further\\ntrouble with Athens, Alcibiades prevented using arguments and\\nentreaties with some, and force with others. The commissioners\\nwere, however, sent back with q, message from himself, requiring the\\nimmediate abolition of the self-constituted council, and the restoration\\nof the senate. When the commissioners delivered their message, and\\nreported the state of things in Samos, the Four Hundred determined\\nto submit to Sparta rather than fall into the hands of their infuriated\\nbrethren. They opened negotiations for tliis purpose but before tliey\\nwere able to effect any thing, the people rose against them, and they\\nwere glad to escape with their lives. Alcibiades was then earnestly\\nsolicited to make all possible haste to the relief of Athens but, proud\\nas he was, he wished to return under happier auspices than from a\\nmutinying army to a seditious city. Parting, therefore, from Samos\\n\u00c2\u00abf ith a few ships, he cruised along the Egean, in search of some adven-\\nture which should enable him to strike a blow for his country.\\n274. Had the Spartans been on the alert during these times of trial,\\n^\u00c2\u00abj?ftow!.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 272. What is stated of the tyranny of the Four TInndred? What action did\\nChe soldiers take? 278. What course did Alcibiades then pursue? What became of \\\\kf\\nPoor II undred Wbv dii not Alcibiades then go to me relief of Athena f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0210.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "fc. 0.412.) ALCIBIADB8 IN THE FLEET. 187\\nthey might have conquered Attica while the people were hesitating\\nbetween the orders received from the Athenian commonwealth at\\nSamos, and the Athenian commonwealth at Athens; but, with tl eir\\nnsual tardiness, they lost the time in embarrassing negotiations with\\nthe vacillating Tissaphernes. The false satrap was seeking to play off\\nthe Athenians against the Spartans, by keeping them in perpetual hos-\\ntility 80 that soon after he promised Alcibiades to make an alliance\\nwith the Athenians, he engaged to pay the Lacedemonians for protect\\ning the ccists of the Egean.\\n275. Battle op Abtdos. Myndarus, the Spartan admiral, having\\nintelligence from Pharnabazus that the Athenians were in his neigh-\\nborhood, directed his course that way and Alcibiades, hearing of the\\nintended fight, followed. The two fleets met near Abydos, and a bat-\\ntle ensued which lasted till night, without decisive advantage to either\\nside, when several foreign galleys were seen approaching. The Spar-\\ntans, recognizing Alcibiades, felt sure of timely assistance; but when\\nthey saw the Athenian flag hung out, and perceived that he bore down\\nnpon them with hostile intentions, they thought only of making good\\ntheir retreat. The Athenians having, by the assistance of Alcibiades,\\ncaptured thirty galleys, and recovered their own, erected a trophy.\\n276. The Visit. After this glorious success, Alcibiades prepared\\npresents, and went to wait upon Tissaphernes with a princely train.\\nThe treacherous satrap, however, to throw the balance again upon the\\nside of the Spartans, seized him, and sent him prisoner to Sardis.\\nFrom this place he contrived to escape to Clazomenae, and, finding six\\nships there, embarked immediately and sailed for the Hellespont.\\nThe troops received him with joy and learning that Myndarus and\\nPharnabazus were together at Cyzicus, he convinced his men that it\\nwas necessary to pursue them, and strike a decisive blow. Had the\\nSpartans known the number of his fleet, they would not have ventured\\na battle but Alcibiades, coming up in a tremendous storm of rain,\\nshowed only a part of his ships, and when they were engaged poured\\nin the others, till the Spartans were completely routed. Pharnabazus\\nfled; Myndarus was slain; and the Athenians took every ship of tb\u00c2\u00ab\\nsquadron (b. c. 4lo).\\n277. The soldiers were rewarded with an abundance of spoil Cyzi-\\ncus surrendered, and the Athenians not only secured the Hellespont,\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 214. What opportunity did the Spartans lose Which side did Tissaphernea\\ntake? 275. Who decided the battle of Abydos? Give an account of the battle. Where w a\\nAbydos? (See map No. 2.) 276. Of what treachery was Tissapht .rties guilty? How was\\nAlcibiades fortunat^j? Give an account of the battle that took place. Wheie was Cjiieaa\\n(B map Na 2.) ClamomeneT (Same map.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0211.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "18S GREECE. [B.0. 4Ci\\nbut entirely cleared the sea of Lacedemonians. A letter was also\\nintercepted, which, in the Laconic style, was to give the Ephori an\\naccount of the condition of the Spartans. Our glory is faded. Myn-\\ndarus is slain. Our soldiers are starving and we know not what step\\nto take. Success began to bring back the summer friends of the\\nAthenians. When the islands saw the whole fleet of the Peloponnesus\\nannihilated at a blow, and knew that Alcibiades stood at the helm of\\nKtate, they began to think the commonwealth would outride the\\nBtorm they talked no more of revolt, or of alliance with Sparta, but\\nfurnished regularly and cheerfully their stipulated quota of money,\\nmen, and ships.\\n278. Alcibiades, understanding the embarrassments arising from an\\nexhausted treasury, determined to bring the towns of Chalcedon and\\nByzantium (which commanded the lucrative trade of the Euxine)\\nagain under Athenian jurisdiction. Thus fortified, he might treat\\nwith Pharnabazus, awe Tissaphernes, stop the Spartan supplies from\\nPersia, and establish the superiority of Athens beyond question. It\\nwas a comprehensive and feasible plan, but it came too late. The\\nsun of Athens was already in its evening declination, and the dark\\nclouds of faction were gathering like a pall around her glory. Alci-\\nbiades, combining in himself the address of Themistocles and the\\ntalents of Pericles, prolonged, for a little, her brief day but perished\\nhimself in the ruin of his native city.\\n279. In the twenty-fourth year of the war, he led his whole force\\nto the siege of Chalcedon. He inclosed it with a wall which reached\\nfrom sea to sea. The Lacedemonian commander of tlie garrison sent\\nto Pliarnabazus for assistance, but that prince began to grow tired of\\nan alliance which brought frequent battles and no victories, and made\\nconstant demands upon bis purse, without bringing him in either do-\\nminion or glory. He therefore sent proposals of accommodation to\\nthe Athenians, and a treaty was finally concluded in the following\\nterms: That Pharnabazus should pay $20,000 for the ransom of\\nChalcedon that all arrears should be paid up, and the Chalcedoniana\\npay tribute to Athens as formerly and that Pharnabazus should con-\\nduct embassadors to the king from the Athenians. On these condi-\\ntions the siege of Chalcedon was raised. Pharnabazus, thus secure in\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 211. What 1b said of the intercepted letter? What effect did success have\\n278. Why were Chalcedon and Byzantium so Important Arts. Vast quantities of wheat\\nwere formerly, as now, raised upon the shores of the Black Sea, and the commerce in breei-\\nituffs was regulated by these ports. Where were the two ports? (See map No. 2.) What\\nthe present name of Byzantium? Ans. Constanlinople. What plan did Alcibladet d*\\nteriBlixe upon? 279. Give an accottni of Iua \u00e2\u0080\u00a2access as regards Chalcedon.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0212.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "B. 0.408] ALCIBIADES IN ATHENS. 189\\nhis own satrapy, left Alcibiades at liberty to proceed with the siege\\nof Byzantiam.\\n280. B. 0. 408. Capture of Byzantium, and Return of Aloibi\\nADES. This place he undertook to reduce by drawing a line of circum-\\nvallation about it. But the Byzantines, warned by the fate of Ohal-\\ncedon, made overtures to him, which he accepted. A gate was in\\nconsequence opened to his troops in the night, and after a sharp\\nstruggle with the Spartan garrison the place was taken, and the flag\\nof Athens once more commanded the Bosphorus. The services which\\nAlcibiades had thus rendered his country were perhaps greater than\\nany Greek had ever before performed. When he first joined the fleet\\nat Samos, Athens commanded little more territory than her walls\\ninclosed; she had no revenue; no regular pay for soldiers; and they\\nwere consequently dispirited and mutinous. Under his auspices, her\\ndominion had been restored her fleet again rode triumphant over the\\nseas and the allies again proudly ranged themselves under her ban-\\nners.\\n281. His heart now yearned after his native country. He sighed\\nto be the acknowledged benefactor of Athens; to walk from the\\nPiraBus to the city saved by his efforts, with a prouder step than when\\nhe quitted it eight years before, the commander of the Sicilian expedi-\\ntion. He longed to stand upon the bema, and sway the most enlight-\\nened audience in the world by the breath of his eloquence and to hear\\nhis praises shouted by the voices which had been loudest to condemn\\nhim unneard, as the multilator of the Hermse. Having settled affairs\\nin Byzantium as rapidly as possible, he led the armament to Samos,\\nThere, selecting twenty ships of his convoy, he sent the others on to\\nAthens, following himself at a distance, agitated alternately with\\nhopes and fears as to the reception he should meet.\\n282. He cruised along the coast of Laconia until informed by hia\\nfriends that he had been elected general of the commonwealth, with\\ntwo colleagues, when he sailed directly for Attica. Having covered\\nhis galleys with bucklers and spoils of all sorts, in the manner of\\ntrophies, and made an imposing display of ships, with their arms and\\nensigns, he entered the harbor of Piraeus. When his approach was\\nannounced, a vast crowd assembled about tie port, each vying with\\nthe other in extolling the merits of Alcibiades, praising his abilities,\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 280. Qlye an Recount of his success as regards Byzantium. What is stated\\naf the services of Alcibiades to Athens? What were those services? 281. What was the\\njreat desire of Alcibiades? For what did he sigh and long? What arrangements did h\u00c2\u00ab\\nmake to return to Athens? 282. When did he sail for Attica? Give an account of the re-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2eptioa he met with.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0213.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "X90 GREECE [B. 0. ii 1\\nhis liberality, and his patriotism. A few, indeed, ventured to whisper\\nthat he had been the cause of all their misfortunes, by advising the\\nSicilian expedition, and concerting plans for the Spartans but their\\nvoices were drowned in the acclamations of the multitude.\\n283. His friends gathered round him as he leaped on shore such as\\ncould approach him, crowned him with garlands while those who\\ncould not get near for the crowd, viewed him from a distance, shed-\\nding tears of joy. The greetings being over, he proceeded to the city,\\nand went into the assembly of the people, where he very modestlj\\ncomplained of their treatment, and excusingly ascribed it to the\\ninfluence of some envious demon. He then opened before them the\\nhopes and designs he had formed, and they were so much pletised with\\nhis harangue that they crowned him with crowns of gold, and gave\\nhim the absolute command of their forces. Thus armed with autho-\\nrity and established in favor, he proceeded to direct the enrollment of\\nfresh troops, and the equipment of a fleet, with which he proposed\\nagain to cross the Egean.\\n284. Ltsandee s Policy. Meanwhile Pharnabazus, with the Athe-\\nnian embassadors whom he had undertaken to conduct to Susa, was\\nmet in Phrygia by Cyrus,* who had come into the western provinces\\nclothed with royal authority. The young prince had, however, been\\ncommanded by his father to assist the Spartans, and the Athenians\\nwere consequently repulsed. A general now entered the arena fully\\nequal in dissimulation and intrigue to Alcibiades. This was Lysander,\\nthe Spartan admiral, who, though educated in the laws of Lycurgus,\\nand accustomed to the heavy sound of iron money all his life, under-\\nstood at once the superior weight of gold and silver. He had been\\nsent out in the winter, to take command of the army in Asia Minor;\\nand, collecting the scattered forces of Lacedemon at Ephesus, had\\ndiligently employed the time in building ships and furnishing a fleet.\\n285. As soon as he heard that Cyrus had arrived at Sardis. he has-\\ntened to pay liis court to him, and to acquaint him with the conduct\\nof Tissaphernes. Cyras was very glad to hear the satrap accused,\\nbecause he knew him to be his enemy; and as Lysander conformed to\\nall his requests, and flattered him continually, he soon granted him\\nwhatever he desired. When the crafty Lacedemonian w^as about to\\ntake his leave, Cyrus provided a grand entertainment for him, and\\nafter drinking to him accordmg to the Persian manner, inquired,\\nBrother of Artaxerxes. See article Cyrus Revolts, in Persia,\\nionA\u00e2\u0080\u0094 288. Of the occurrences in the assembly of the people. 284. What is said o\u00c2\u00ab\\nCyrus? Of Lysander? 286. What did Lysaad\u00c2\u00abr ftcooinplish at Sardi\u00c2\u00bb", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0214.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "M 0.407.] FALL OF ALCibiADES. 191\\nWhat can I do for you that will give you the most satisfaction\\nLysander replied, Not})ing would gratify me so much as the addition\\nof a single obolus* to the seamen s daily wages.\\n286. Cyrus was so pleased with this answer, that he made him a\\npresent of ten thousand pieces of gold. Lysander employed the\\nmoney to increase the wages of his men, a measure which worked\\nHke magic upon the two fleets. There were, both among the Lacede-\\nctonians and Athenians, multitudes of Beotians, Phocians, Argives,\\nArcadians, and others, who cared neither for tlie right or the wrong\\nof the matter, but attached themselves to the side which offered the\\nbest pay. The gold of Persia decided them in favor of the Lacedemo\\nnians so that this stroke of policy almost unmanned the Athenian\\ngalleys.\\n287. The Fatal Skirmish. The news of the alliance between\\nCyrus and Lysander had not reached Athens when Alcibiades, in the\\nthird month after his return, sailed again for the theater of war. He\\nstopped first at Andros, which had revolted. lie was in part success-\\nful, but seeing that the walls of the principal city were strong enough\\nto sustain a long siege, he erected a trophy, and proceeded to Samoa.\\nDisappointed in his expectations of gaining the favor of Cyrus, he did\\nnot yet yield to despair. He anchored his fleet at a convenient dis-\\ntance from Ephesus, and left it there in charge of Antiochus, the pilot,\\ngiving him strict orders not to engage with the Spartans, while he\\nwent to the Hellespont to raise supplies. Antiochus disobeyed this\\ncommand, went out, and by insulting language provoked Lysander to\\nan engagement, was defeated, and slain. Fifteen Atlienian ships were\\ntaken the remainder escaped to Samos. When Alcibiades heard of\\nwhat had been done, he hastened back, and, drawing out his whole\\nforce, offered battle but Lysander refused to engage, and the Athe-\\nnians were compelled to bear the disgrace.\\n288. The Fall of Alcibiades. The people of Athens bore the\\nintelligence that Andros had been abandoned very well; for they\\nexpected to hear that Chios and Ionia were conquered but when the\\nreport came that their fleet had fled before an inferior force, and that\\nan alliance had been consummated between Lacedemon and Persia, all\\nAthens was in an uproar. They had thought Alcibiades invincible,\\nAbout two centa.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2S5. What Inquiry did Cyrus make? 286. What response was made to tht\\nrequest? How was the money used 287. Where was Andros? (See map No. 2.) Ephfc-\\nius? (Same map.) What was done by Alcibiades at Andros? To what place did he neil\\nproceed? Give an account of tnc skirmish there. Of Lys nder s offer. 288. What ne ti\\nreached Athens?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0215.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "192 GREECE. [B. 0. 40\u00c2\u00ab.\\nand their first feeling upon discovering their mistake was one of indig-\\nnation and distrust. They suspected that it was not from want of\\nability, but from lack of inclination, that he had not fulfilled his pro-\\nmises; and, excited by the startling dangers that lay before them,\\n!i/ged on by artful and interested orators, without waiting to under-\\nstand the facts in the case, they proceeded to pass the fatal decree\\nwhich sealed the ruin of Athens.\\n289. Alcibiades and his associate, Thrasybulus, the two persons\\njvho, by experience and the gifts of nature, were beyond all others\\nthe best qualified to save the commonwealth, were dismissed from\\ntheir employments. Ten generals were appointed in their room, of\\nwhom Oonon was chief. Thrasybulus remained with the fleet, but\\nAlcibiades retired to his estate in Chersonesus.\\n290. B. 0. 406. Battle of Aegintts^. At the time of his appoint-\\nment, Conon was employed in the siege of Andros. A decree of the\\npeople directed him to go immediately, with the twenty ships under\\nhis orders, and take command of the fleet at Saraos. It was already\\nlate in the year, and on his arrival he found a general dejection per-\\nvading the army. His first measure was precisely that for which\\nAlcibiades had been condemned. He selected seventy triremes, and\\ngent them out in various directions, to collect revenue from such\\nislands and towns as had not already revolted.\\n291. The term of Lysander s command having expired, he was\\nsuperseded by Callicratidas, his equal in courage, but not in cunning\\nThere was too much of tlie true Spartan in him to stand all day about\\nthe doors of Cyrus, waiting till he had done drinking, and was ready\\nto admit strangers; so, after being laughed at by the porters as an\\nignorant rustic, he went back without any money to pay his soldiers.\\nHowever, he took one of the principal towns of Lesbos by storm, and\\nhaving pursued Conon into the harbor of Mitylene, captured thirty of\\nhis ships, and besieged him there. Then, hearing that the other gene-\\nrals were returning, and making all sail for the relief of Mitylene, he\\nadvanced to meet them over against Arginusae. His pilot advised him\\nto retreat, because the Athenians had the greater number of ships\\nbut he replied, My death would be a small loss to Sparta my flight\\nwould be a disgrace.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2B8. Hew did it affect the Atlienians? Why did they pass the fatal decree?\\n289. What was the fatal decree What appointments were made instead? 290. Where WM\\nBamos? In what direction from Andros? (See map No. 2.) To what place did Conon\\nsail? What was his first measure? 291. Why was Lysander superseded in command f\\nWho was his successor What did CalMcralidas accouiplish at Mitylene? What adricN\\ndid h.is pilot give How did he reply f W fesre was l^-soos f Mitylene (Map No. i.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0216.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0L 0. 406.] BATTLE OF ^GOS P0TAM08. 193\\n292. The hostile fleets met, and a bloody action ensned. Callicra\\ntidas, in attempting to break the Athenian line, was precipitated into\\nthe sea, and drowned. The Spartans soon after fled. The Athenian\\ngenerals brought up their galleys alongside of each otlier, and held a\\ncouncil of war. It was decided to leave Theramenes with forty ships,\\nto collect the dead for burial and the wounded from the wrecks;\\nwhile they proceeded, as was first intended, to liberate Conon. Bat\\nneither of these plans was carried into effect. A violent storm came\\non, which compelled all to seek shelter, and thus the unfortunate\\ncrews of the disabled ships were left to perish.\\n293. Reward of the Victors of Arginus^. This sudden turn\\nof affairs might have retrieved the fallen fortunes of Athens, had 8h\u00c2\u00ab\\nnot been equally incapable of bearing defeat with fortitude, or success\\nwith composure. Hence this splendid victory was followed by one\\nof the most extraordinary, most disgraceful, and most fatal strokes of\\nfaction recorded in history. Of the eight generals who commanded\\nat Arginusae, six went home, dreaming, perhaps, of garlands and\\ncrowns which the grateful populace would bestow upon them but\\nscarcely had they arrived, when they were taken into safe custody till\\nthey could give an account of their transactions. When the assembly\\nof the people met, Theramenes came forward and accused the prison-\\ners of neglecting to save the lives of the wounded, after the battle.\\n294. The generals were scarcely permitted to speak a word in their\\nown defense. They were hurried through a mockery of a trial, and\\ncondemned to death. Socrates, who was tliat day the presiding ofii-\\ncer of the Senate of Five Hundred, unintimidated by the clamors of\\nthe people, inveighed against the sentence, as illegal and unjust the\\nvoice of the majority, however, prevailed, and they were led off to\\nexecution 1 Many followed them with tears to the place of death,\\nand felt in that melancholy hour the weight of guilt which had fallen\\nupon their country.\\n295. Battle of ^gos Potamos. The Spartans, ignorant of the\\nsteps Athens had thus taken to accelerate her own downfall, wore\\ngreatly troubled by the defeat at Arginusae, and the death of Callicra-\\ntidas. There was not a man that could relieve their embarrassments\\nlike Lysander and the law forbade his re-election to the same cflSce\\nTo evade this regulation, they sent out another admiral, with Lysander\\nfor lieutenant. On reaching his station, Lysander immediately waited\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 292. Give an account of the battle of Arginusae. What did the Athenian\\ngenerals then do? 293,294 How were the victors rewarded? Who tried to save them*\\n2*5. How did the Spartans evade a certain regulation? What raeaaurea did Lysandw\\npromptly take f Where was the battle of ArginuMS fought (Map No. 2.)\\n9", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0217.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "194 GBEEOB. [b. 0. 405\\nnpon Gyrus and obtained supplies, which enabled him to pay up all\\narrears, and proceed with his arrangements for opening the campaign\\nin the spring, with a fleet equal to that of Athens. Soon after the\\nvernal equinox he moved from Ephesus to Abydos, and thence to\\nLampsacus,* where he anchored his fleet.\\n296. Conon, hearing that Lysander had gone to the Ilellespont,\\npursued him with all speed, trembling for the important cities in that\\nregion. He stopped at Sestos for refreshment, and that night landed\\nat ^gos Potamos, or Goat s River. As the strait there was only about\\ntwo miles wide, the arrival of the Athenians was instantly known to\\nLysander, and he took his measures accordingly. By daybreak next\\nmorning his galleys were ranged in order of battle. The Athenians,\\nequally prompt, rowed out to meet them but the Lacedemonians\\nrested upon their oars, and gazed upon them in stern silence. These\\nmovements were repeated three days in succession.\\n297. From the top of his castle Alcibiades could see the manoeu\\nvers of the two fleets, and he was shrewd enough to guess at the pur-\\npose of Lysander. In the hour of her danger, his love for his country\\nrevived and though at the peril of his life, he went to the Athenian\\ncamp and told the commanders, that, as ^gos Potamos contained no\\nharbor, and they were obliged to go every day two miles to market,\\nit would be better to move the fleet down to Sestos, and await the\\nattack of Lysander there. This advice, so politic and so seasonable,\\nwas treated with contempt; and one of the generals was so insolent\\nas to bid him begone, for tliat they, and not he, were now to give\\norders. Alcibiades told his friends who conducted him out of the\\ncamp, that if he had not been insulted by the generals he would have\\nsoon brought the Lacedemonians to battle by attacking them with his\\nThracian archers.\\n298. It was not long before the wisdom of his counsels was seen,\\nfor on the fifth day Lysander moved across the strait with his whole\\nSeet. Conon alone, of all the Athenian generals, was in any state of\\npreparation. When he saw the enemy in motion, he sounded the cal.\\nto arms but the soldiers and seamen were too far away to hear it,\\nand the Peloponnesians were upon them before they were ready for\\naction. Oonon s trireme, with seven others of his division, and the\\nA city on the southern shore of the Hellespont, where Themlstocles died.\\nQue\u00c2\u00abHons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094296. What pursuit took place Where did Conon make a landing Give an\\naccount of the events of the three days. 297. By what act did Alcibiades manifest his love\\nfor his country? How was his advice treated? 298. Give an account of the h[\\\\V\\\\ f ^Ego?\\nFotamoB What did Conon do after the buttle Where was ^cou PolamosT Mac Ho 2.\\\\", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0218.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2.0. 406.] CONSTERNATION AT ATHENS. 195\\nsacred ship Paralus, having their crews aboard, put off from the shore.\\nAll the rest were seized at anchor. Finding he could effect nothing,\\nOonon fled while the enemy were intent upon the capture, and, having\\ncleared the mouth of the Hellespont, hoisted all sail. Afraid to go\\nhome with the evil tidings, he sent an account of the affair by the\\nParalus, and directed his course to Cyprus, where Evagoras kirily\\nreceived him.\\n299. C0N8EQUENOE8 OF THE Battle of ^Egos Potamos. T-jsandei,\\nhaving taken possession of the Athenian ships to the number of oue\\nhundred and seventy, began the pursuit of the scattered troops. The\\ngreater part of them, together with all the generals, were made prison-\\ners. They were carried to Lampsacus, where a council of war decided\\nthat every Athenian citizen among them should be put to death and\\nLysander commenced the work by slaying one of the commanders\\nwith his own hand. The Athenian marine being thus entirely de-\\nstroyed, Lysander had only to sail around the Egean, and take posses-\\nsion of the islands and towns upon the coast. As soon as he appeared\\nin the strait between Byzantium and Chalcedon, messengers came to\\nhim from those places with terms of surrender. He sent every Athe-\\nnian directly home, tliat the city, having many mouths to feed, might\\nbe the sooner reduced by famine.\\n300. The Paralus, meantime, protected by its sacred character, had\\nreached its destination, with that intelligence which no other ship had\\ndared to convey. In the words of another, Alarm and lamentation,\\nbeginning immediately about the harbor, were rapidly communicated\\nthrough the town of Piraeus, and then, passing from mouth to mouth\\nby the long walls up to the city, the consternation became universal,\\nand that night no person slept in Athens. Grief for the numerous\\nslain, the flower of Athenian youth, among whom every one had some\\nrelative or friend, was not all. They feared for themselves they had\\nabused the day of power, and they trembled at the approach of the\\nday of retribution. Athens was not yet without men capable of guid\\ning her through any ordinary difficulty, but she was now in a strait\\nfrom which there was no egress.\\n301. On one side howled the waves of faction, decreeing death to\\nthe proposer of an unsuccessful measure on the other frowned the\\npower of Lacedemon, stern and immovable as the pillars of Hercules.\\nNone knew what course to take the orators dared not advise the\\nQuMtiont.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 299. What became of the captured Atheniann? What then did Lysander\\ndof 800. What news did the Paralus take to Attica? How did the news affect the Athe-\\nnians f 801. Wliat Btnilt was Athens then in", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0219.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "196 G RE BOB. t\\ndemocracy dared not decree; the aristocracy dared not command.\\nTo raise another fleet would be impossible to venture a battle with\\nthe Spartans by land would be madness; and, exhausted by the efforts\\nof despair, all ranks sullenly prepared to sustain a siege, both by sea\\nand land. Lysander, having cruised leisurely along the Hellespont,\\nand received the submission of the cities, sent off a part of his fleet to\\nsecure the islands, and dispatched a messenger to the Spartans, telling\\nthem that he was ready to sail to the Piraeus with two hundred\\ntriremes.\\n302. Siege of Athens. No sooner was this intelligence received,\\nthan the Peloponnesians summoned their allies to assist in putting a\\nfinal period to a war, which had lasted, with little intermission,\\ntwenty-six years. All the states except Argos sent out their troops\\nthe whole force of Laconia was mustered for the important occasion.\\nEffecting a union upon the borders of Attica, they marched fearlessly\\nup to the walls of Athens, and fixed their head-quarters in Acade-\\nmus s sacred shade. Lysander arrived at the appointed time, and\\ncast anchor in the harbor, and thus all supplies were cut off from the\\ndevoted city. No assault was attempted famine did its work with\\nfearful certainty; and the Lacedemonians looked on with perfect com-\\nposure while their long-hated rival wasted away.\\n303. Yet it was not till many had died of hunger that any even\\nproposed to capitulate and then it was three long and weary months\\nbefore the terms were fixed upon. The Corinthian and Theban allies,\\nindeed, contended that no terms should be granted they said that the\\npeople ought to be sold into slavery, and the site of the city made a\\nsheep-walk, like the Cirrha3an plain. The Spartans, more merciful,\\nsettled the following conditions That all ships of war should be sur-\\nrendered, except twelve; that the long walls and the fortifications of\\nthe PirsBus should be destroyed that all the exiles should be restored\\nto the rights of the city that the Athenians should hold for friends\\nor enemies all other people, as they were friends or enemies of Lace-\\ndemon and that the Athenian forces should go wherever Lacedemon\\nmight command, by laud or sea.\\n304. When these proposals were received, food had become so\\nscarce that it was impossible to hold out many days yet it was not\\nwithout much debate that the vote was gained to accept the condi-\\ntions. The Spartan king, Agis, and Lysander, with their troops, then\\nQueaU m\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Z01. What movements did Lysander make f 802. How long had the wai\\nlanted What united efforts were made to bring It to a close How was Athens pro-\\nceeded against 808. What conditions were the Athenians finally compelled to enbmit to T", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0220.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.0. 404.] THE THIRTY TYRANTS. 197\\nbegan the demolition of those walls which had so long made Athens\\nimpregnable. A band of musicians was employed, to animate them in\\nthe work of destruction by the sound of their instruments; while the\\nconfederates, crowned with flowers, danced for joy, and hailed the\\nday as the first of their liberty.\\n305. B. 0. 404. The Spartans next proceeded to give laws to\\nAthens. Notices were sent to the exiles and fugitives to return and\\ntake possession of their estates. The assembly of the people waa\\nabolished, and the supreme authority committed to a council of thirty,\\namong whom was that Theramenes who procured the death of the six\\ngenerals. Affairs being thus settled, Agis led away his forces, and\\nLysander sailed to Samos, conquered the island, and banished all who\\nresisted his power. Having secared the Egean, he dismissed the ships\\nof the allies, and, with his Lacedemonian squadron, returned home.\\nSo ended the Peloponnesian war, in its twenty-seventh year; and so\\nLacedemon, now in alliance with Persia, became again the leading\\npower of Greece and the aristocracy triumplied over the democracy\\nm almost every commonwealth of the nation.\\n306. The Taikty Tyrants. Though the Spartans would not, as\\nthey said, be guilty of putting out one of the eyes of Greece, by the\\nentire destruction of Athens, yet, wishing to destroy entirely her poli-\\ntical importance, they chose men for her tyrants who had nothing to\\nrecommend them but a hatred of democracy. These men, instead of\\ngiving to the republic a more perfect body of laws, merely chose 3,000\\ncitizens to confirm their decrees, and help them bear the odium which\\nrepeated executions brought upon them. The chairman of the Thirty\\nwas Oritias, a man who, having been banished, had resided for some\\ntime at Sparta, where he published a treatise upon the institutions\\nand laws of that country, which probably recommended him to Lysan-\\nder. This man determined to be lord of Athens. The others became\\n[lassive subjects of his will; the 3,000 sanctioned his acts; and the\\nwhole city was soon filled with fines, imprisonments, confiscations, and\\nexecutions.\\n307. Fearing, however, the revenge their tyranny was calculated to\\nexcite, the Thirty obtained a guard from Sparta, and by their assist-\\nance put tc death all who opposed them. But though Athens was\\nthus fallen aid enslaved, she still retained the empire of mind. So-\\nQuesUons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 904, 805. How were the conditions carried out? What then did Agis an J\\nLysander do? In what year did the war close By what name is the war known What\\n^sitlon did Lacedemon then hold? What Is said of the aristocracy? 806. What Is aald of\\nthe Thirty Tyrants? Of Critias? 807. What fears had the Thirty t How did they quieJ\\ntheir fears What did Athens still retain", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0221.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "198 GREECE. [B. 404\\ncrates, Xenophon, and Plato still resided within her dismantled walls,\\nAlcibiades, Thraajbulus, a-id Conou, though in exile, possessed such\\nabilities as few men could boast and amid all their misory, the people\\nfiattered themselves that while they lived Athens coukl not be wholly\\nundone. Their hopes were disappointed in Alcibiades, but more than\\nrealized in Thrasybulus and Oonon.\\n308. The Tyrants also feared Alcibiades, and sought his ruin. When\\nitie Lacedemonians gained the empire of the sea, he left his home in\\nthe Chersonesus and tocit refuge in Bithynia; intending, like Themis-\\ntocles, to visit the Persian court, and gain that protection from a\\nforeign power which his own country could not afford him. He was\\nresiding in a small village in Phrygia when Lysander, having received\\na ecytale from Sparta to get Alcibiades dispatched, sent to desire Phar-\\nnabazus to put the decree in force. The persons intrusted with the\\nexecution of this dastardly order surrounded the house of the illus-\\ntrious Athenian, and set it on fire. Alcibiades forced his way through\\nthe flames and drove back the barbarians, who, retreating to a dis-\\ntance, overwhelmed him with a shower of darts and stones. He sunk\\ndown under a multitude of wounds, and expired. Timandra, his mis-\\ntress, t^v^k up his body, dressed it in the finest robes she had, and per-\\nformed over it those ceremonies necessary to secure the soul an\\nentranf^^ into the kingdom of Pluto.\\n309. Successful so far, the Thirty proceeded to still greater lengths\\nin wickedness. To support their riotous expenses, and pay tlieir Spar-\\ntan guard, they concluded to select every one his man accuse him of\\nsome crime cause him to be put to death and seize upon his estate.\\nTheramenes was struck with horror at this proposal. He inveighed\\nagairmt it in the strongest terms, but he only brought destruction\\nupon himself. Critias denounced him, and, by bringing his guarde\\nwid) drawn swords about the place of trial, awed the judges into a\\nsentence of condemnation He sprang to the altar, and claimed pro-\\nSection from its sanctity out the Thirty had lost all fear of the crime\\nof sacrilege; he was dragged to prison, and compelled to drink the\\nhemlock a fate which would have commanded more of our commi-\\nseration, had he not himself brought about a similar tragedy in the\\ncase of the victors at Arginusae.\\n310. Thkasybulus. Meanwhile, Thrasybulus, who had been living\\nQu*\u00c2\u00abaon8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094^m. In whom? What hopes did the Athenians still have? In whom were\\nthe hopea disappointed In whom realized 80S. Give an account of the death of Alci-\\nbiades. What ceremony did Timandra perforn 309. What wickedness did the Thirty\\nnext plan? Give an account of the death of Iheramones. 810. Where had T nraeybalui\\nbeen living in the mean time", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0222.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "B. c. 399.J SOCEATES. 199\\nat Thebes, felt the miseries of his country, and lonf]^ed to relieve them.\\nHe conversed with those who fled ihither from Athens, and gralually\\ncollected a party of followers, not formidable indeed from their num-\\nbers, but all determined in the cause of freedom. Without exciting\\nthe suspicions of the Thirty, he made the necessary arrangements, and\\nwith his little band seized on the strong fortress of Phyle, about\\ntwelve miles from Athens. The Thirty, their guard, and the assistant\\n8,000 marched out to dispossess them, and sat down before the town\\nin the form of a regular siege but a great snow-storm coming on,\\nthey were obliged to march back to the city. Thrasybulus, being\\nre-enforced by other citizens, pursued his course, and took possessior\\nof Piraeus. The Thirty, and all the followers they could muster,\\nattacked them there, but were defeated, and Oritias was slain. As the\\nrest were flying, Thrasybulus cried out, Wherefore do you fly from\\nme as a victor, rather than assist me as the avenger of your liberty\\nWe are not enemies, but fellow -citizens; neither have we declared\\nagainst the city, but against the Thirty Tyrants.\\n311. The attacking army listened and were convinced. Thrasybu-\\nlus, at the head of his associates, and the volunteers who came over\\nto his side, marched into the city in triumph, expelled the Thirty, and\\nappointed ten magistrates in their room. The Tyrants met the death\\nthey so richly merited, and Athens resumed her ancient laws. The\\nSpartans ratified the acts of Thrasybulus a general amnesty was pro-\\nclaimed it w^as decreed that all past actions should be buried in obli-\\nvion; and as these things took place in the archonship of tlie Euclides,\\nall events beyond the time of legal memory were said to be Before\\nEuclides. The laws of Solon were transcribed and put in force, and\\nquiet once more reigned in the city.\\n312. Death of Socrates. At this time, when the greatest zeal\\nwas professed for the revival of the ancient institutions, all who had\\nuttered any thing against the old laws and usages of the state were\\nlooked upon as dangerous persons. In this number was found tli\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\\nwise and virtuous Socrates.t Amid the darkness of paganism he bud\\nPausanias, the king, secretly favored Thrasybulus, and obtained peace for Athens.\\nt Socrates, the son of a statuary, was born b. c. 470. He was exceedingly homely, and\\nTery ungraceful In his manners; and being deprived of his little {iroperty by the dishonesty\\nof a relation, his prospects for rising in the world were very small but a wealthy Athenian,\\nobeerving his love of study and wonderful abilities, took him into his house, and gav* him\\nthe care of his children. Ilere he had the privilege of attending the lectures of the most\\nQue\u00c2\u00abUoHS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094S10. Upon what did he determine? What was his first successful rttep*\\nGive an account of the attack upon him. 811. Who restored liberty to Athens Wbat fol-\\nlow\u00c2\u00ab d? 312. For what was great zea 11 Athens professed at that time? In what namben\\nwas Socrates included?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0223.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "200 GREECE. [B. 0.399.\\nattained the Idea of One Supreme Being, whom he acknowledged m\\nthe framer and preserver of the universe and he consequently treated\\nmany of the superstitions of the times with contempt. Tlaving also\\nbeen eye-witness to the inconstant, uncertain, and even cruel govern-\\nment of the democracy, he had expressed some aristocratic sentiments;\\nand having been the tutor of Alcibiades and Critias, their follies and\\nvices were in some measure imputed to him.\\n313. These circumstances constituted the head and front of his\\noffending; but as the Athenians been too much engaged with\\nother affairs to do more than to lis o the ridicule which the comic\\npoets heaped upon him, no notice Lad been taken of his atheism\\nnow, when the revolution of Thrasybulus had placed them again at\\nease, it seems to us quite natural that they should seal the dark\\nscroll of a century, peculiar for instances of ingratitude, with the blood\\nof the purest and wisest of their citizens.\\n314. Instigated by the rhetoricians and sophists, whom Socrates\\nhad irritated by his cutting sarcasms, a young man went to the\\nking-archon, and impeached him in the following form: Molitus,\\nson of Melitua, declares these upon oath, against Socrates, son of\\nSophroniscus. Socrates is guilty of reviling the gods whow the city\\nacknowledges; and of preaching other new gods; moreovei, he is\\nguilty of corrupting the youth of Athens. Penalty, death. Before\\nthe case was tried, one of his friends composed a speech, and brought\\nit to Socrates for his defense but he refused to use it, or to resort to\\nany of those methods by which criminals are accustomed to move the\\nhearts of their judges to mercy. He looked upon death with pleasure,\\neminent philosophers and applied himself to the study of nature, with a diligence that\\nmade him wiser than all his teachers. He served the regular terra in the militia, and\\nsignalized himself at the siege of Potidiea, both by his Talor and the hardihood with which\\nhe endured fatigue. But though he did not refuse his country s call to the field, he had no\\ntaste lor the excitements of a military life, lie loved better to walk through the Academia,\\nattended by the youth of Athens, giving instruction by asking such questions as exposed\\nthe absurdities of error. Indeed, he looked upon the whole city as his school, and neglected\\nno occasion of communicating moral wisdom to his fellow-citizens. It was his custom, in\\nthe morning, to visit those places set apart for gymnastic exercises at noon, to mingle with\\nthe crowds in the market-places and to spend the rest of the day where he could instruct the\\ngreatest number of persons. In the evening, he generally took a lecture from his wi/t.\\nThis woman, whose name was Xantippe, exercit^ed her tcngue upon the failings of th\u00c2\u00ab\\npatient philosopher without any mercy. Sometimes she would become so enraged is to\\ntear his cloak upon his shoulders in the open street Socrates, instead of attempting to\\ncontrol her temper, consoled himself with the idea that if he could bear Aer insults, no other\\ncircumstance would have power to annoy him. While he was in prison. Lis friends came\\nto see him and enjoy his conversation. One of them lamenting that he should die inno-\\ncent, What, said Socrates, would you have mo die guilty\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S12. What Is said of the religious views of Socrates? Of his political views? 818,\\nWhy had not the Athenians taken notice of the offenses of Socrates before 314 What formA.\\nrharge was brought against Socrates What refusal did he make How did he look upor death", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0224.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "a. a 401.] BjBTREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND. 201\\nas a relief from the joyless period of old age. He however declared\\nhis innocence in the strongest terras, and contended that he deserved\\nrewards and honors, rather than the punishment of the malefactor.\\n315. After his condemnation, he addressed his judges in a speech\\nof some length, and in conclusion said But it is time for me to\\ndepart I to die, you to live but which for the greater good, God\\nonlj kiiows. It was customary to execute on the day following trial,\\nbat as tie sacred galley had just been crowned and sent to Delos, it\\nwas not lawful to put any one to death till its return. Thus for thirty\\ndays Socrates lived in the prison, conversing freely with his friends,\\nand unfolding his doctrines with the greatest force and power. When\\nthe fatal cup was brought to him, he took it with a serene air, and\\ndrank its contents with the most perfect composure. He walked\\nabout till he felt the poison begin to work, and then lay down and\\nexpired, b. o. 399 He was seventy years of age.\\n316. B. o. ^01, Rktkeat of the Ten Thousand. In the first\\nyear of the former century, Cyrus betrayed the secret of the favor\\nwith which he had treated the Lacedemonians. Looking upon them\\nas the bravest soldiers of Greece, he had sought to attach them to his\\nperson, that they might assist him in a revolt against his brother,\\nArtaxerxes Mnemon. The Grecians who were led by him in this\\nenterprise to the plains of the Euphrates, consisted of a body of Spar-\\ntans under Olearchus, a body of Athenians under Proxeuus, and\\n?olunteers from the other states, amounting in all to thirteen thousand\\nmen. Cyrus having been slain in the battle of Cunaxa, the Greeks\\nwere left without a leader or guide in a strange land.\\n317. By the chances of war, the length of the way, and the incle-\\nmencies of the season, they had lost three thousand of their number\\nbut in the beginning of this century, the famous Ten Thousand reached\\nByzantium in safety. Opinions were then divided as to what course\\nit was best to pursue. Some proposed to seize upon several cities of\\nthe Chersonesus, and plant a colony there others were for returning\\ndirectly home. The states which owned the adventurers were little\\npleased with the prospect of being visited by ten thousand armed\\nmen, who had subsisted by plunder more than a year they began.\\nQuestion*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S14. WhtA did he declare 7 What claim? 815. Give an account of his deatk\\nIn what year did he die? How old was he then? 816. How did Cyrus regard the Lace-\\ndemonians What did he seek as regards them How large an army of Grecians did\\nCyrus lead to the plains of the Euphrates? Of whom were the (y^mposed? How came\\nthe Greeks to 1)0 left without a leader? 817. How many of the thirtoea thousand reached\\nByzantium What had become of the otheirs f Upon what were opinions divided WiuM\\nprospect did not please certain states?\\n9*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0225.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "202 O R B E C E [b. 0. 39ft\\ntherefore, to plan a war which should engage the attention of the\\nreturning soldiers. The Ionian colonies of Asia Minor, having contri-\\nbuted money and men to the unfortunate expedition of Cyrus, began\\nnow to fear the vengeance of their king, whose satrap, Tissaphernes,\\nbad returned, clothed with new powers, to Sardis.\\n318. Messengers from the lonians arrived in Lacederaon, imploring\\nprotection, just about the time that the Spartans were inquiring where\\nft war could be kindled to the best advantage. It was immediately\\ndetermined to grant the required aid, and the forces sent out from\\nhome were directed to enlist the forces just returning from the east.\\nXenophon, with a body of six thousand, accordingly entered the army\\nof Agesilaus, and from his pen we have an account of those exploits\\nof the Spartans, which made the monarch tremble in his distant capi\\ntal at Susa. Convinced by the victories of Marathon, ThermopylsB,\\nSalamis, and Platea, of the immense superiority of the Grecian soldiers\\nover the common hirelings of the day; and now stimulated by the\\nglorious retreat of the Ten Thousand, Agesilaus formed the bold\\nand grand design of dismembering the Persian Empire, and giving to\\neach satrapy its freedom, as freedom was understood among the\\nGreeks.\\n319. Agesilaus. The good old king, Archidamus, who led the con\\nfederates in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, at his death lett\\ntwo sons, Agis, who succeeded him, and Agesilaus, who was at that\\ntime quite young. As the crown belonged in the family of Agis,\\nAgesilaus had nothing before him but a private station, and therefore\\nwas educated according to the institutions of Lycurgus but he always\\nshowed such an ambition to excel, and at the same time such a sense\\nof honor and justice, as made him the peculiar favorite of his com-\\npanions. When his brother refused to acknowledge Leotychidas, con-\\nsidering him the son of Alcibiades, Agesilaus began to entertain hopes\\nof the crown; and no sooner was Agis dead, than Lysander, by various\\nintrigues, raised him to the throne of Sparta. This being accomplished\\nabout the time that the Ionian colonies sent to Sparta for assistance.\\nLysander persuaded Agesilaus to undertake the affair, and went him\\nself in the capacity of counselor.\\n320. Toe Campaigns of b. o. 396, 395, and 394. When Agesilaus\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sll. What is said of certain Ionian colonies? 818. What request did the\\nToniansmake? How was the request met? Who farmed the plan of dismembering th?\\nPersian empire? What circumstances gave rise to the project? 819. How was Agesilaus\\neducated? What is said of his character? By what circumstitnces was he made king of\\nBparta? What events took place about that time? To what was Asr^ silaus persuaded r\\nWho persuaded him i In what capacity did Lysander go Who commanded the eip\u00c2\u00bb\\niition?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0226.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "B. a 395.] AGESILAU8 IN ASIA. ^0^\\narrired at Ephesus, Tissaphernes sent to inquire what induced him to\\ntake up arms in Asia. Agesilaus replied, that he had come to aid the\\nQ-reeks established there, and to restore to them their ancient liberty.\\nThe satrap assured him that his master would give the Greek cities\\ntheir freedom and finally engaged him to enter into a truce, while\\ncouriers could go to Susa and return with the commands of the great\\nking himself. Agesilaus spent this interval in making suitable regula-\\ntions, and learning the exact force of the cities but Tissaphernes, false\\nas ever, privately assembled troops on all sides. Having every thing\\nprepared, he sent heralds to Agesilaus, commanding him to withdraw\\nimmediately from Asia, and declaring war against him in case of\\nrefusal. To be revenged upon Tissaphernes, Agesilaus gave out that\\nhe was going to plunder the province of Caria, but, when the barba\\nrians were drawn to that quarter, he turned suddenly into Phrygia,\\ntook many cities, and enriched himself with immense spoil.\\n321. B. o. 395. The next spring, he intimated that he should visit\\nLydia. The satrap did not believe him and Agesilaus had established\\nhimself upon the plains of Sardis before Tissaphernes could get there\\nwith his forces, and when the armies met, the Greeks routed the bar-\\nbarians with great slaughter. This campaign finished the race of\\nTissaphernes. The treacherous satrap, who had deceived the Spar-\\ntans and the Athenians who had acted the part of informer twice by\\nyoung Cyrus, and stained his hands with the blood of the Grecian\\ngenerals now, being thought guilty of treason to his sovereign, was\\nbeheaded.\\n322. From Lydia, Agesilaus marched into the province of Pharna-\\nbazus, where he pitched his camp, and not only lived in plenty, but\\ncollected large subsidies. Pharnabazus, instead of attempting to drive\\nhim away, collected his furniture, and moved about from place to\\nplace. At last, becoming wearied with this manner of life, he sent to\\ndesire a conference with his enemy. Agesilaus assented, and coming\\nfirst to the place appointed with his friends, sat down upon the long\\ngrass in the shade. The Persian grandee came up, and his servants,\\nas their custom was, began to spread soft skins for him to recline\\nupon, but he had the grace to be ashamed of this luxury, and care-\\nlessly threw himself upon the ground beside the Spartan.\\n323. He opened the negotiation by complaining of the Spartans for\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S20. When he arrived at Epheaua, what question was put to him T What wa\u00c2\u00bb\\noIb reply Of what treachery was Tissaphernes guilty 7 How did Agesilaus extricate him-\\nself? Where waft Phrygia? (See map No. 2.) 321. In what year did Agesilaus gain a\\nvictory on the plains of Sardis? Give an account of the battle. Give a closing accotnt f\\nTissaphernes. 822, 823. What is sUted of Agesilaus and Pharnabaius", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0227.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "204 GREECE. [b. 0. 395\\nravaging his country, vehen he had always been their fnena, and had\\nassisted them so much against the Athenians. Agesilaus was a little\\nembarrassed by this just rebuke, but excused himself by inviting\\nPharnabazus to join the league against the king telling him that from\\nthe moment he threw off his vassalage, the Grecian arms, ships, and\\nbattalions should become the guardians of his liberty. Pharnabazus\\nreplied, If the king sends another lieutenant in my room, I will be\\nwith you; but while he continues me in the government, I will to the\\nbest of my power repel force with force, and make reprisals upon you\\nfor him. Agesilaus, charmed with this reply, took his hand, and\\nparted with him in the most friendly manner.\\n324. All Asia was now ready to revolt from the Persians. Agesilaus\\nsettled the police of the cities, and brought them into excellent order,\\nwithout banishing or putting to death a single subject. Encouraged\\nby the success which had crowned his efforts, he determined to re-\\nmove the seat of war from the coasts of the Egean to the heart of\\nPersia, that the king might be called upon to fight for Ecbatana and\\nSusa instead of sitting there at his ease, and hiring the states of\\nGreece to destroy each other. In the midst of these splendid schemes,\\na messenger came to him from Greece, to tell him that Sparta was\\ninvolved in a war with the other states, and that the Ephori had sent\\nhim orders to come home and defend his own country. To explain\\nthe reasons of this command, which stopped the conquests of Agesi-\\nlaus, and left Asia unconquered for Alexander, it will be necessary\\nto examine the position of the different republics after the fall of\\nAthens.\\n325. Sparta and Thebes. When the Peloponnesian war closed,\\nthe Spartans considered themselves undisputed masters of Greece.\\nThose states, however, that had been so anxious to exchange the supre-\\nmacy of Athens for that of Lacedemon, found they were no great\\ngainers by the bargain. Spartan pride was quite as intolerable as\\nAthenian arrogance. Corinth, in particular, who had felt herself a\\nvery important character during the war, disliked to assume the\\nposition of an humble ally and Thebes also, having gradually risen\\nto eminence, began to aim at independence. The result was, Corinth,\\nThebes, Athens, and several other cities entered into a league against\\nSparta. Instead of allowing, as formerly, supremacy to one republic,\\nthe new confederates formed a congress, composed of deputies from\\nthe different states, who should be empowered to regulate the affairs\\nQuestions. 824i. Upon what change did Agesilaus then dciermlne? How were hlf\\nftchemes frustrated? 825. Give some account of the Internal coinraotions of Greece. Wlun\\nleague was formed against Sparta? What is saW of it as regards its oongress f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0228.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "ac.394.J AGESILAUS IN CHERON^A. 20^\\nof the Greek natioa This league was devised and carried into effect\\nby orators whom Tithraustes, successor to Tissaphernes, had hired* to\\nexcite a war in Greece, thinking that such an event would occasion\\nthe recall of Agesilaus.\\n326. The Spartans sent an army into Beotia under Pausanias, and\\ndirected Lysander to draw down with his forces from the Hellespont.\\nTie did so, but, failing to effect a junction with his king, he was de-\\nfeated and slain. Pausanias, not thinking it prudent to hazard another\\nengagement, merely begged a truce to perfoi m the funeral rites of the\\nslain. The Ephori cited him to give an account of his measures, but,\\nfearing punishment for his unskilliul conduct, he fled to another city.\\nIn this embarrassing position of their affairs, the Spartans were com-\\npelled to send for Agesilaus from Asia, at the very time when he\\nseemed likely to humble the Persian empire in the dust. Unwelcome\\nas was this call to Agesilaud, still he hesitated not to obey it. Hastily\\narranging his affairs, in such a manner that they might be in readiness\\nfor his return, he marched to the Hellespont, crossed Thrace and\\nMacedonia, and entered Thessaly by nearly the same route that Xerxes\\nhad traveled about a century before.\\n327. As he was passing through this country, he heard that a great\\nbattle had been fought near Corinth, in which the Spartans were vic-\\ntorious but instead of being elated by the intelligence, he exclaimed,\\nwith a deep sigh, Unhappy Greece why hast thou destroyed with\\nthy own hands so many brave men, who, had they lived, might have\\nconquered all the barbarians in the world. Having passed the straits\\nof Thermopylae, and traversed Phocis, he entered Beotia, and encamped\\nupon the plains of CheronaBa. Here the army of the allies met him,\\nand a battle was fought which Xenophon says was the most furious\\none of his time. Agesilaus was pierced through his armor with spears\\nand swords in many places. He was, however, victorious. ThougL\\nmuch weakened by his wounds, he would not retire to his tent till he\\nhad been carried through all his battalions, and seen the dead borne\\noff upon their shields. This splendid victory, however, could not\\nrelieve his mind from the anxiety occasioned by the distressing intel-\\niigence which he received a few days before the battle.\\nHe hired them with 80,000 pieces of money Impressed with the figure of an archer;\\nwhich gave Agesilaus occasion to say, that 80,000 of the king^s archera drore him out of\\nAsia.\\nQuestions. 825. By whom was it devised and carried Into eflFectt 826. What befell\\nLysander? What is said of Pausanias? Now state why Agesilaus was recalled to Greece.\\nWhat route did he take to Greece? 827. When in Thessaly, what news did he hear? How\\n4f,d It affect him Mention the particular! of the ^ttle of CheroDca. Where was Cher*\\ntmtk (bee map No. 9L)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0229.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "206 GREECE. [b. 0. 394\\n328. OoNON DEFEATS THE SpAKTANs AT 8ea. That Oonon who\\nfled with nine ships from the disastrous action at ^gos Potaraos, had\\nDot been unmindful of his country in her fallen state. When Evagoraa\\nfirst received him, Conon entered readily into his service, doing all in\\nhi8 power to improve the Cyprian fleet and no sooner had Agesilaua\\nleft Asia, than he brought about an alliance between his friend and\\nPharnabazus. He even visited the court of Artaxerxes, and convinced\\nthat monarch of his own ability to drive the Spartans out of the\\n\u00c2\u00a3gean, if he had but a fleet. Thus, before Agesilaus had reached\\nBeotia, Oonon, Evagoras, and Pharnabazus were furnished with ships,\\nmoney, and men, to revenge the injuries of their several countries\\nupon the Spartans. Agesilaus had left the Spartan fleet under the\\ncommand of his brother-in-law, a brave but inexperienced officer.\\nOonon, with his confederates, attacked, defeated, and slew him, and\\ntook fifty ships. This was the news which reached Agesilaus in\\nBeotia, and destroyed at once the hopes he had formed of subverting\\nthe Persian Empire. Though victorious in every engagement on his\\nroute from Beotia to Sparta, he could not escape the painful reflection\\nthat his parent state had already lost the command of the sea, and\\nthat the armies which should have conquered her most distant foes\\nwere only able to protect her at home.\\n329. Two Expeditions. Athens Rebuilt. The next spring, Oo-\\nnon and Pharnabazus undertook the work of revolution, and from the\\nshore of Ionia to the oft-conquered Melos, every island threw off the\\nyoke of Sparta. Thence proceeding to the coast of Laconia, they\\neffected a landing in various places, plundered and ravaged the coun-\\ntry, and sailed away before the inhabitants had time to rally in self-\\ndefense. They took the island of Oythera, and placed it under an\\nAthenian garrison. Then directing their course to the Oorinthian\\nisthmus, where the congress of the confederacy was assembled, they\\nvisited the leading men, concerted measures with them for prosecuting\\nthe war with Sparta, and, having furnished them with a sum of money,\\nsailed again for Asia.\\n330. Encouraged by the joy of Pharnabazus at this successful expe-\\ndition, Conon now revealed the design he had meditated from the\\nbeginning. He represented the expense and inconvenience to Persia\\nof maintaining the fleet, and he proposed that the satrap should trans-\\nfer this burden to Athens, after having first put her in a situation to\\nQuestions. 328. How had Conon been employed meantime? What news reached Age-\\nBllauB in Beotia? What hopes did the news destroy? What reflection was painful to\\nAgesilaus? 829 What did Conon a d Pharnabazus accomplish? 830. What design did\\nO ion reveal", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0230.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "B a 387 PBAOE OP ANTAL0IDA8. 207\\nexact tribnte from the islands as formerly, and secured her agaiusi\\nthe attacks of Lacedemon. The liberality of Pharnabazus granted\\nall that Conon desired. He permitted him to re-establish Athenian\\nsupremacy in the Egean, and to rebuild his native city.\\n331. Thus the unfortunate commander at iEgos Potamos, after thir-\\nteen years voluntary exile, returned with the present of a fleet, forti-\\nfications, money, timber, masons, mechanics, and dominion in hia\\nhand, to restore his ruined country. The states of the confederacy\\nlent their aid to the city which they had formerly hated and humbled\\nevery person wrought with diligence, and Athens soon roso like\\na Phoonix from her ashes. The long walls which Lysander had\\ndemolished, with insulting triumphs of music, were rebuilt; and the\\ncity looked again from the harbor of Pirasus over a sea of which she\\nwas undisputed queen, b. o. 393.\\n332. Death of Thbastbulus. Thrasybulus was honored with the\\ncommand of the new fleet which Athens had thus most unexpectedly\\nreceived. He sailed first to the Hellespont to re-establish Athenian\\ndominion, and, having fortified the several towns upon the Thracian\\ncoast, proceeded to Byzantium, where ho restored the collection of\\ntoll from the trade of the Euxine. He had similar success at Chalce-\\ndon, and, moving thence to Lesbos, reconquered the island, and passed\\nthe winter there in a safe and commodious harbor. In the spring he\\ncoasted along among the islands and maritime towns till he came to\\nthe river Eurymedon, the scene of the double Vfctory of Cimon, to\\ndemand tribute of the Aspendians. They paid the tax, for they were\\nunable to make eflTectual resistance but, exasperated by some excesses\\nof the soldiers, they attacked the Athenian camp by night, and killed\\nThrasybulus in his tent. Such w^as the end of Thrasybulus, a man of\\nthe highest estimation, and worthy to rank with Aristides and Cimon.\\n333. The Peace of Antaloidas. Meantime the Lacedemonians,\\nhumbled and distressed, turned their thoughts to a reconciliation with\\nPersia. For this purpose they sent Antalcidas, a man w ho had lived\\nlong in Asia Minor, to Tiribazus, satrap of Sardis, with proposals of\\nl eace and also directed him to state that Conon had defrauded the\\ngreat king of the money given him to rebuild Athens and that he\\nbad formed the design of driving the Persians out of Eolia and Ionia.\\nThe other states jf Greece, hearing of the negotiation contemplated\\nby Sparta, sent each a deputy to secure an equitable adjustment of\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SSO. How did Pharnabazus respond? 331. llow long had Conon been in\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2xIleT With what did he return to Athens? Who rebuilt Athens? 832. Who com-\\nmanded tho new fleet? What did he accomplish? What became of Thrasvbuius? 3S\\nWhat stratagema were aaed to effeet ^e peace of Antalcidas", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0231.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "208 GBBECB. [b. a 382\\naffairs. Oonon was the minister from Athens, but no sooner had he\\narrived than Tiribazus, regardless of his sacred character, threw him\\ninto prison. The other embassadors objected to every article in the\\nproposed treaty, and were consequently dismissed without having\\neffected any thing, while the crafty satrap, having secured the only\\nman he feared, visited Susa to learn the pleasure of the great king,\\nOonon, in the absence of his only friend,* pined to death in prison, u\\\\\\nwas privately executed.\\n334. Thus deprived of her generals, Athens was not averse to peace\\nand when Tiribazus, upon his return, summoned a congress of depu\\nties from all the belligerent states, her ministers were sent with th s\\nothers to listen to proposals for a general pacification. The congreus\\nbeing duly opened, Tiribazus produced a writing sealed with tne\\nKing s signet, and read the arbitration, or rather the command, of the\\nPersian monarch, in the following words: Artaxerxes the king\\nholds it just, That all cities on the continent of Asia belong to his\\ndominion, together with the islands of Olazomenaa and Cyprus and\\nthat all other Grecian cities, little and great, be independent, except\\nthat the islands of Lemnos, Imbros, and Sciros remain as of old, under\\nthe dominion of Athens. If any refuse these terms, against such I\\nwill join in war with those who accept them, and give my assistance\\nby land and by sea, with ships and with money.\\n335. These terms, which destroyed at once all the schemes of con-\\nquest which Agesihius had formed, which wrested from Athens her most\\nvaluable dependencies, and gave to Persia almost all she had ever\\nclaimed, were acceded to, either willingly or unwillingly, by all the\\nstates. Thus peace was established throughout Greece and Asia Minor,\\nthe fleets were laid up, or employed in friendly commerce, the soldiers\\nwere dismissed to their homes, and the land had rest from war.\\n336. Oltnthian War. The universal quiet which reigned for some\\ntime after the ratification of this treaty, was interrupted by the arrival\\nof persons at Lacedemon, who came to complain that Olynthus, having\\nengaged most of the towns of the Chalcidice in a confederacy, had\\nnearly expelled Amyntas, king of Macedon, from his government.\\nMinisters had passed between Olynthus, and Athens, and Thebes and\\nthe complainants represented to the Spartans that a powerful coalition\\nPharnabazus, who, having married the king s daughter, had removed to Susa.\\nQuestions. 838. What became of Conon? 884. Why was not Athens averse to peace?\\nWhat was done by Tiribazus What terms did the Persian monarch dictate 835. What\\nI\u00c2\u00ab said of the terms? Was the peac* honorable to any Grecian state? 836 Where wai\\nOlyntbasf (Se\u00c2\u00ab map No. 2.) What complaint was made against Olynthus?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0232.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "B.C. 379.] DEATH OF AGESIPOLIS. 209\\nwas forming in that quarter, which would overthrow tne supremacy\\nof Lacedemon, and destroy the liberties of Greece. A congress of the\\nPeloponnesian allies was immediately summoned the subject laid\\nbefore them in all its political bearings and a resolution taken to send\\nten thousand men into Macedonia. Such forces as could readily be\\ncollected, set out immediately. They lost no time in traversing the\\nfrequented route through Corinth, Megara, Beotia, and Thessaly and\\nas Potidaea gladly opened its gates to them, they found comfortable\\nquarters to await the other troops.\\n337. TuEBES SEIZED BY Phcebidas. The remaining division was\\nsent off under the command of Phcebidas, who, quitting the line of his\\ninstructions, set on fire a train of evils which kindled another Pelopon-\\nnesian war, and destroyed forever the supremacy of Lacedemon. In\\nhis march northward, he encamped for the night under the walls of\\nThebes. The leader of the aristocratic party in the city found his\\nway to the tent of PhoBbidas, and invited him to enter the city, seize\\nthe Cadmeia,* and change the government. This temptation was too\\nstrong for the virtue of the Spartan. He entered the town by night,\\nand took possession by force of arms. The leaders of the democratic\\nparty were thrown into prison, many of the citizens fled to different\\nplaces, and a band of about four hundred found refuge in Athens.\\n338. When an account of this affair was carried to Sparta, the\\nephors fined Phcebidas for turning aside from his duty but they sent\\nArchias to govern Thebes, and appointed ofiicers as they would for a\\nconquered city. The war in Olynthus still went on with various suc-\\ncess. No permanent advantage was gained till Agesipolis, the young\\ncolleague of Agesilaus, was sent thither to take the command. He\\nwasted the Olynthian territory he took Torone by storm but in the\\nmidst of his success he was seized with a fever, which soon terminated\\nhis life. His body was preserved in honey, and carried the long and\\ndifficult journey to Sparta, to be interred with the usual ceremonies\\nin the tombs of the Spartan kings. Cleombrotus, his brother, suc-\\nceeded him.\\n339. But though the Olynthians were thus delivered from their\\nmost active foe, they were in extreme distress. In resisting the power\\nof Lacedemon, they had counted on assistance from Beotia and Attica.\\nThe unexpected revolution in Thebes had, however, cut off all\\nThe citadel of Thebes, named from Cadmus.\\nQuestions. 836. What resolution was passed? What route did the forces take? KT.\\nWhat is said of Phoibidas? How was he tempted? 838, What is said of Agesipolis? By\\nwhom was he succeeded 889. What is said of the condition of the Olynthians f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0233.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "210 GREECE. [b. 0.379.\\naid from these sources, and, without losing any decisive battle, they\\nwere compelled to surrender, b. o. 379 but the new government of\\ntheir city was any thing but grateful to the body of the Theban\\npeople.\\n340. The Countke-Revolution in Thebes. It happened soon after\\nthe surrender of Olynthus, that Phyllidas, the secretary of Archias, was\\nsent to Athens on business. While there, he fell into conversation\\nwith a Theban exile, an old friend, and having explained the state of\\nthings in his native city, began to deplore the miseries which Spartan\\ntreachery had brought upon his fellow-citizens. The conversation\\nresulted in a plot to overthrow the tyranny. which Sparta had estab-\\nlished in Thebes, and restore again the democratic form of govern-\\nment. It was carried into execution in the following manner: A\\nselect band of exiles set out from Athens, and, without exciting sus-\\npicion, quartered themselves in a little town not far from Thebes.\\nPelopidas and Melon, the leaders, then choosing ten associates, dressed\\nthemselves like hunters, and beat about the woods with poles and\\nhounds, as if in search of game. About night-fall they entered the\\ncity at different gates, where they were met by their accomplices, and\\nconducted to the house of one Charon, a patriot of great wealth and\\nrespectability.\\n341. Phyllidas had performed his part with equal success. He had\\ninvited Archias and Philip, with the principal Spartan rulers, to his\\nhouse, under promise of introducing them to some of the most beauti-\\nful women in Thebes. Scarcely, however, had the entertainment\\ncommenced, when a rumor reached them that the exiles were con-\\ncealed somewhere in the city, and they sent immediately for Charon.\\nThe conspirators looked upon themselves as lost but the intrepid\\nCharon obeyed the summons with alacrity. He replied to the ques-\\ntions of the polemarchs in such a manner as entirely lulled their sus-\\npicions, and departed with their authority to inquire into the affair.\\nPhyllidas then led his guests back to their wine, when a new danger\\nthrew him into the utmost consternation. A horseman, sent from\\nAthens by those who had learned the particulars of the plot, riding in\\nhot haste, came up to the door, and dismounting, forced his way into\\nthe banqueting-room. My lord, said he, out of breath with the\\nspeed he had made, here are letters from a friend of yours, who\\nbegs you will read them immediately, being serious affairs. Serious\\nQuestionJi.\u00e2\u0080\u00949S9. When did they surrender? How did they like their new goTernment?\\n84(). How was the counter-revolution in Thebes commenced? What plot was formed\\nHow was it carried into execution? 841. How had PhfUida* performed hie part? Oir*\\nUif particulars of his mov tmenta.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0234.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 378.] PELOPIDAS AND EPAMINONDAS. 211\\naffairs to-morrow, replied Archias, laughing, and thrusting the letters\\nunder his pillow.\\n342. Phyllidas now entered to say that the women were arrived, and\\nthe tyrants conimanding them to be introduced, Charon and his\\nfriends came in, clothed in female attire, and crowned with garlands.\\nThe drunken lords received them with shouts of joy hut the pre-\\ntended women, having each selected his man, drew thei: swords, and\\nrushed upon them with the greatest fury. They made but a feeble\\nresistance, and the conspirators soon issued from the house in triumph.\\nMessengers were then sent to bring up their fellows left on the way\\nthe prison doors were thrown open, and five hundred Thebans issntcl\\nfrom their dungeons to join the ranks of freemen. Criers went up\\nand down the streets, calling upon the people to resume their liber-\\nties and arms were taken from the shops and distributed to all who\\njoined in the cry against Sparta. Epaminondas,* with a few chosen\\nfollowers, joined the conspirators; the houses were filled with torches;\\nthe streets were thronged with a multitude who hardly knew what\\nhad happened, or which side to take and never was there such a\\nnight of confusion, anxiety, and hope, in Thebes.\\n343. The Lacedemonian garrison in the citadel, though one thon-\\nsand five hundred strong, knew not the limited extent of the conspi-\\nracy, but, seeing the tumult, set a guard at all the gates of the Cadmea,\\nand dispatched a messenger to Sparta for assistance. The next day\\nthe revolutionists were re-enforced by the arrival of numerous exiles\\nand armed cavalry from Athens, An assembly of the people was sum-\\nmoned, and addressed by Epaminondas, who exhorted all to aid in the\\nrestoration of the ancient freedom of their city. His appeal was\\nanswered by loud acclamations and clapping of hands and Pelopidas,\\nMelon, and Charon were unanimously chosen magistrates. The cou-\\nrier arrived at Sparta, and told his news. A band of soldiers was\\nimmediately sent oflf, but did not reach Thebes in time to interrupt\\nthe progress of the revolution. The garrison, pressed by famine, had\\nalready capitulated; and the city of Cadmus was free. Such was the\\ncommencement of the second Peloponnesian war, which ended in the\\nhumiliation of Sparta, as the first did in that of Athens.\\nAn Irtimate friend of Pelopidas, who delighted In philosophical studies and the practice\\nof every virtue. He was never known to tell a lie, even in jest. When the Spartans seized\\nupon Thebes, Pelopidas fled to Athens but Epaminondas, being looked upon as a mere\\nphilosopher, remained in the city, and did all ia his power to inspire the youth with senti\\njnents of bravery.\\nQuesti(ms.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Si2. Give further particulars. Who was Epaminon.lass? 843. Uow 6tror.g\\nwas the Lacedemonian garrison In the citadel f What precaution t!i l they lake Did they\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ao^ed What war was thus conameuce^J", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0235.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "212 GREECE. Lb. 0.371\\n344. Second pELOPONNesiAN War. It remained now for the Lace-\\ndemonian government to punish the rebellion at Thebes, or resign at\\nonce the supremacy of Greece. The latter thought was not to be tole-\\nrated; the former was therefore resolved upon, and though mid-winter,\\nthe army was ordered to march into Beotia. The grand purpose of Age-\\ngilaus being to unite the Grecian states in an attack upon the power of\\nPersia, he was extremely averse to this war. The command of the army\\nwas consequently committed to Cleombrotus, his brother sovereign.\\n345. Athens, still unrecovered from the wounds which Sparta had\\ninflicted upon herself, and seeing the great preparations making against\\nThebes, scarcely knew which side to take. While she continued thus\\nirresolute, Sphodrias, a Spartan general, made an unsuccessful attempt\\nto seize upon the Piraeus. This furnished a fine argument for the\\norators in theBeotian interest. They declared that the Lacedemonians\\nmeant to subvert the liberties of the Athenians, as they had done of\\nthe Tbebans and such a storm of invective was raised, that all in\\nfavor of moderate measures were obliged to hide their heads, while\\ntear, offensive and defensive, became the popular care. Ships were\\nbuilt, soldiers were levied, and every thing prepared to assist Thebes\\nin the approaching contest. Meanwhile, the Beotian lands were\\nravaged by the Peloponnesian forces, and Thebes suffered almost\\nfamine from the repeated destruction of her harvests.\\n346. It would require too much space to detail all the petty skir-\\nmishes, political intrigues, and short-lived factions, which occurred\\nduring the seven years that followed the attack of Sphodrias upon the\\nPirsBUs. Athens, intimidated by the mighty army which passed through\\nher borders to Beotia, renounced the alliance of Thebes, and assumed\\nas nearly as possible a neutral position. But during all this time the\\nThebans had been learning the art of war, inuring their bodies to\\nlabor, and acquiring both experience and courage in their various\\nencounters with the Spartans. The Sacred Theban Band, or hand of\\nIm^rs^ consisting of three hundred youths, bound together by the ties\\nof friendship, and all sworn to die side by side rather than fly before\\nVI enemy, had been trained by Pelopidas, and inspired with an ardent\\ndesire to establish the liberty of their country. Pelopidas, indeed,\\nwas never idle. From the day that he was chosen general to the\\nday of his death, he was always engaged in some public employ-\\nQu*\u00c2\u00bbtion\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094m. What remained for the Lacedemonian government Why was Agesl-\\nlans averse to the war? To whom was given the command of the army? Why? 34fiL\\nAbont what was Athens irresolute How was a decision at last made 84S. Why was th\u00c2\u00ab\\ndecision altered What had the Thebans been about? Who instituted the bacred ThebjisS\\nBand What was the Bimd What is said of P\u00c2\u00ablopidfe8 1", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0236.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "B.a3n.J PELOPIDAS AND EPAMIN0NDA8. 213\\naient, either as captain of the Sacred Band, or as governor of\\nThebes.\\n347. B. 0. 371. Battle of Leuotra. The Lacedemonians, having\\nmade peace with all the other Grecian states, determined to strike a\\ndecisive blow in Beotia. Cleombrotua was therefore sent thiihcr, with\\n10,000 foot and 1,000 horse, and other troops joined them on the way,\\ntill his army swelled to 20,000. Epaminondas, who was at that time\\ncommander-in-chief of the Theban forces, conld bring only 6,000 men\\ninto the field but as universal terror of the Spartans forbade the hope\\nof gaining any allies, he and his friend Pelopidas decided to join battle\\nwith their enemies. Having taken their resolution, they strengthened\\nthe hopes of their array with all the favorable omens and pi-ognostica-\\ntions they could put in circulation; and thus, strong in the confidence\\nthat the fates were propitious, the troops advanced joyfully to Leuctra.\\n348. Epaminondas, being unable to oppose front to front and man\\nto man in the battle, placed his men in the shape of a wedge, and\\nmade his attack directly upon the point where Cleombrotus was sta-\\ntioned. The enemy, perceiving this, began to extend the right wing to\\nsurround the Thebans but Pelopidas coming up just at the moment,\\nwith his three hundred invincibles, threw them into disorder, and\\ncompletely frustrated their design. The consequence was, such a rout\\nand slaughter as never had been known before. Cleombrotus was\\ncarried from the field mortally wounded. The Lacedemonians lost\\n4,000 men, and then fled to their intrenchmeuts. The Thebans had\\nonly 300 men killed. They erected a trophy ypon the spot, which\\nwas esteemed the most glorious and most important ever won in a\\nbattle of Greeks with Greeks. When Epaminondas was congratu-\\nlated upon his most unparalleled victory, he replied, I think only of\\nthe happiness it will give my mother.\\n349. The news of this defeat reached Sparta while the people were\\nengaged in the celebration of public games. The ephors, to whom the\\ndispatches were delivered, without interrupting the entertainment,\\ncommunicated the names of the slain to their relatives, but forbade\\nthe women to make the clamorous lamentations common on such\\noccasions. Next day the parents of those who had fallen in the battle\\nwent to the temples to thank the gods for the glory their sons had\\nacquired, while those whose children still survived were overwhelmed\\nwith the deepest affliction. The law also augmented their misery.\\nQueationt. 847. When was the battle of Leuctra fought? How many men did Cleom\\n\u00c2\u00bbrotas command How many Epa minondas? 348. Give an account of the battle. What\\nTe\\\\ ly (lid Epaminondas make to those who congratulated him f S49. lio-w i tha Spartan*\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Speive the news of this defeat f Where was ^.euctra? (See map No.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0237.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "214 GREECE. [B. 0. 370\\nThose who fled from the field were to be degraded, so that it would be\\na disgrace to intermarry with them they were compelled to we^r\\npatched and party-colored mean and dirty garments, to go half shaved,\\nand suffer every insult and abuse. Such numbers had incurred these\\nsevere penalties that a public commotion was feared besides, these\\nsoldiers could ill be spared at a time when it was necessary to recruit\\nthe army. In this distressing emergency, the whole power was placed\\nin the hands of Agesilaus. He made a decree that the law should lie\\ndormant for one day, and thus the citizens were saved from infamy.\\n350. Inyasion of Peloponnesus. Nor was it long before Sparta\\nneeded all her soldiers to protect her own territory. Numbers of\\nGreek cities, before neutral, made alliance with Thebes, and Epami-\\nnondas soon saw himself at the head of 70,000 men. With this over-\\nwhelming force he invaded Peloponnesus. It was 700 years since the\\nDorians established themselves in Laconia, and in all that time their\\ncountry had never been invaded by a hostile army. Agesilaus had\\noften boasted that no woman of Sparta had ever seen the smoke of\\nan enemy s camp; how deep, then, was his mortification when 70,000\\nmen crossed the Eurotas, captured several Lacedemonian towns, and\\nravaged all the lands to the sea pitching their tents in whatevei spot\\nthey chose, and spreading themselves over the country like grass-\\nhoppers for multitude.\\n351. Nor was this all. The Thebans published a decree recallmg\\nthe Messenians to their ancient inheritance. They came ilorn lihe-\\ngium, from Sicily, from Naupactus, and from all places where ibey had\\ntaken refuge in the dark day of adversity. The Thebana and their\\nallies exerted themselves with such zeal in the rebuildmg and fortify-\\ning of Ithome, that the city was completed in eighty-five days. The\\nentrance of the Messenians to the home of their fathers was attended\\nwith pomp and ceremony, and solemn sacrifices. Amid all their wan-\\nderings and desolations, they had retained their laws, religion, and\\nlanguage; and now, regaining their place among the nations of the.\\nearth, they took possession of the lands from which their forefathers\\nhad been banished two hundred and eighty-seven years befoie, with\\nthe proud consciousness that they were able to defend thenk even\\nagamst the power of Sparta. Thus the province of Messenia, amount-\\ning to half her territory, was lost to Lacedemon forever.\\nQuestions \u00e2\u0080\u0094M9. What power waa given to Agesilaus? How did bo na\u00c2\u00ab It? Trace\\nCleombrotus from Sparta to Leuctra. 850. Who invaded Peloponnesus? Wh\u00c2\u00bbt boast had\\nAgesilaus made? How then was he mortified? 8^1. What people were recalled to thei;\\nariciciil inheritance Give an account of their returning. What I jso did Lacedemon thae\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ustain? Where was Ithome f (Sec map No. 2.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0238.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "fc. 0.368.] EPAMINONDAS. 216\\n362. On their return from this expedition, Epaminondas and Pelo-\\npidas were brought to trial for having retained their authority four\\nmonths beyond the time prescribed by law. Pelopidas condescended\\nto beg his life of the people, but Epaminondas boldly defended the\\ncourse he had taken, and made such an eloquent appeal to the feelingi\\nof his judges that he returned from the place of trial with more glory\\n^har. from the field of Leuctra.\\n353. Political Affairs. During the next five years, these two\\nillustrious generals passed through great varieties of fortune. In the\\nyear b. o. 368, the Thebaus again invaded Peloponnesus, but not being\\n80 successful as before, he was degraded to the rank of a private sol-\\ndier, in which capacity he marched with the army into Thessaly. Here\\nthe Thebans were reduced to the greatest distress, and again had\\nrecourse to the wisdom of Epaminondas, who, being made general,\\neffected their retreat in safety. Two years after, he led an army into\\nAchaia, and brought the whole confederation into the Theban alliance.\\nPelopidas was sent over to Asia Minor to contract an alliance with the\\ngreat king. Artaxerxes rejoiced to see him, and loaded him with\\nhonors confirmed the restoration of Messenia, and reckoned the The-\\nbans among his hereditary friends.\\n354. Upon his return, Pelopidas, being sent against Alexander, a\\nThessalian tyrant, was slain in battle, and Epaminondas was left alone\\nto guide the helm of the Theban state. It was an arduous task. The\\nGrecian states began to perceive that Thebes was merely endeavoring\\nto wrest from Sparta that supremacy which Sparta had wrested from\\nAthens. It was at best but a change of masters that they had gained,\\nand, disappointed of liberty, they began to incline again to aristocracy.\\nAthens on her part became jealous of the rising glory of Thebes. If\\nshe must have a rival, she preferred that that rival should be in Pelo-\\nponnesus rather than in Hellas accordingly, she forsook the alliance\\nof the city she had helped to elevate, and gave her friendship to her\\nancient enemy, Sparta.\\n355. The Arcadians invaded Elis and plundered Olympia, which\\nsacrilegious act tore open again the unhealed wounds of civil diacord.\\nAs Sparta seemed to take the part of the plunderers, they made pro-\\nposals for a renewal of the former alliance, upon which the Theban\\nQuMtions. 852. What charge was brought against Epaminondas and Pelo[iidas? How\\nw\u00c2\u00abre they saved f 353. When did Epaminondas a^ain invade Peloponnesus With what\\nsuccess? What was the consequence to him? How did he regain position What suc-\\ncesses attended Ihe exertions of Pelopidas in Asia Minor? 854. What further can you state\\nof hlra? What did the Grecian states soon perceive? Why did Athens forsake Thebes?\\n856. Which state did the Arcadians invade Give \u00c2\u00abn aooount of what followed. How wa\\nSUs vltTttted 7 (See map No. 2.) Olympia?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0239.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "216 GREECE. [b. c. 3G2\\nminister at Mantlnea imprisoned eorae of the principal citizens for\\ntreason. Messengers were immediately sent to Thebes to complain of\\nhis conduct. Epaminondas told the deputies that the Theban minister\\nhad done well when he seized the Arcadians, for the Thebaus invaded\\nPeloponnesus the first time only to benefit Arcadia, and that any pro-\\nposal of peace on their part was treason to Thebes. Be assured,\\ntherefore, he added, we will march into Arcadia, and with our\\nnumerous friends there prosecute the war.\\n356. The return of the embassadors with this answer put all Pelo\\nponnesus in a ferment. Each state felt indignant for itself in particu-\\nlar, and for Peloponnesus in general, that Thebes, a power just risen,\\nshould presume to command war for them in their own peninsula\\nwhen they desired peace and, what was worse, should dai-e to march\\nan army into their territory to enforce such a command. Arcadia,\\nElis, and Achaia composed their diflScuIties as soon as possible made\\nalliance with Lacedemon in the common cause, and messengers were\\nsent to Athens for aid in resisting the growing power of Thebes.\\n357. Battle of Mantinea. To overthrow this confederacy, and\\npunish the defection of his former allies, Epaminondas invaded the\\nPeloponnesus for the fourth time, b. o. 302. He had under his com-\\nmand the effective force of all the Beotian towns, and numerous auxili-\\naries from Thessaly and Locris. On his entrance into the Pelopon-\\nnesus, all the disaffected joined his army; and the Messenians, who\\nlooked upon him as the restorer and champion of their country, flocked\\nto Li8 standard, so that his troops greatly outnumbered those of the\\nenemy.\\n358. The combined forces of Peloponnesus were encamped at Man-\\ntinea, and Epaminondas, hearing that Sparta had been left unprotected,\\ndirected his march thither and, but for intelligence conveyed to Age-\\nsilaus by a Cretan, the city would have been taken, says the historian,\\nlike a bird s nest destitute of defenders. Agesilaus, upon hearing\\nthat the Thebans were coming down the mountain road, put himself\\nat the head of his troops, and, marching with great rapidity, reached\\nthe place before them. They now felt the truth of Lycurgus s declara-\\ntion, that that city is well defended which has a wall of men instead\\nof brick. It was impossible to take a place where every man fought\\nfor his own heaithstone; and Epaminondas reluctantly gave orders\\nto withdraw after a severe skirmish, in which numbers were slain.\\nQuiifition^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094^Q. What consequences followed the Invasion 36T. For what purpose dlvJ\\nEpainliiundas invudo IVIoponnesus a fourth time? In what year was this invasion^\\nWhat urmy did Epumiuondiis then have? 85S. How was Mantinea situated? (See msp\\nft o. How was Sparta saved by Agesilauf*? What remart of Lycurgus is quoteu/", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0240.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "B. 0.362.] EPAMINONDAS. 211\\n359. Failing in this project, he iinraedUtely conceived another of\\nequal importance. It was summer, and thinking the Mantinear\\nwould be engaged in gathering in their harvest, he sent his cavalry for-\\nward to intercept the convoys and capture the laborers. This plan,\\ntoo, failed by an unexpected occurrence. The cavalry traversed the\\nlofty mountain barrier of Lacedemon without accident, and found, as\\nthey anticipated, the slaves, cattle, and citizens of Mantinea at work\\nin their fields. A body of Athenian horse had just arrived, and wert\\nwaiting for refreshment after a forced march of two days. Whon the\\nMantineans saw the Thebans approaching, they quitted their labor in\\nthe utmost alarm, and besought the Athenians to remount, weary as\\nthey were, and fly to the rescue. They immediately complied, and,\\njealous for the glory of their country, spurred their jaded steeds to\\nthe scene of pillage, and engaged, at fearful odds, with the renowned\\nThessalian and Theban cavalry. Brave men fell on both sides but\\nthe enemy were finally repulsed, and the Athenians brought off their\\nallies in safety, with all their property.\\n360. Epaminondas now found it necessary to give battle. With the\\naid of a skillful general, he ranged his troops in the order in which he\\nintended to fight, and caused them to march in a column upon the\\nhills, until within about a mile of Mantinea, where they halted and\\nlaid down their arms, as if preparing to encamp. Deceived by this\\nmovement, the enemy quitted their ranks and dispersed themselves\\nabout the camp, wherever interest or curiosity led them. Suddenly\\nthe Thebans resumed their arms, and marched directly towards Man-\\ntinea. Their approach threw the Peloponnesiaus into the utmost con-\\nfusion. Some were running here, and some there some buckling on\\ntheir breastplates, and some bridling their horses; and they were\\nhardly in their places when the Thebans commenced the action. The\\nbattle began with the cavalry. The troops fought on both sides with\\nthe greatest bravery. Epaminondas, at the head of his chosen sol-\\ndiers, charged the Lacedemonian phalanx. They commenced with\\nspears, but these being soon broken, they drew their swords and\\nfought hand to liand, trampling alike on the prostrate bodies of friends\\nand foes.\\n361. The Theban cavalry had put tlie Athenians to flight, but still\\nthe Lacedemonians had not yielded an inch of ground. Seeing the\\nnecessity of deciding the battle before the enemy could rally, Epami-\\nnondas formed a little troop of his bravest soldiers, and charged the\\nQuesUonM.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sb9. In what w^cond project did Epaminondas fidlf Give an ftccount of it\\n860, 3C1 Give at) account of the battle of Mantinea.\\n.0", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0241.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "218 GREECE. [b. c. 362.\\ncenter of the enemy s line. He wounded the Lacedemonian general\\nwith the first javelin he threw, and finally broke the phalanx; bnt as\\nhe pressed on to the victory, he received a wound in his breast.* The\\nwood of the javelin broke otf, and the iron head remaining in the\\nwound, he sank down in mortal agony. The contest around him was\\nfrightful; but the Thebans finally prevailed, and carried their wounded\\ngeneral off the field. Both sides then rested upon their arms, and the\\ntrumpets, as if by common consent, sounded a retreat at the same\\nmoment. Both parties claimed the victory, and erected a troi)hy but\\nthe Lacedemonians finally begged permission to bury the dead, which\\nwas in eS ect confessing a defeat.\\n362. Epaminondas was carried into the camp. The surgeons ex-\\namined his wound, and declared that his death would immediately\\nfollow the extraction of the dart. These words filled all about him\\nwith the deepest distress. His friends lamenting that he left no pos-\\nterity, he said, Yes, I have left two fair daughters, the victory of\\nLeuctia and this of Mantinea, to perpetuate my memory. Soon\\nafter, the javelin was extracted, and he expired, exclaiming, All is\\nwell.\\n363. Xenophon remarks upon this victory Universal expectation\\nwas strangely deceived in the event of this battle. Almost all Greece\\nbeing met in arms, there was nobody who did not suppose that the\\nvictors would in future command, and the defeated must obey. But\\nGod decided otherwise. Each party claimed the victory, and neither\\ngained any advantage territory or dominion was acquired by neither\\nbut indecision, and trouble, and confusion, more than ever before that\\nbattle, pervaded Greece. Wearied, then, with the sad history of his\\ncountry s woes, which from youth to age he had chronicled, he thus\\nconcludes his narrative: Thus far suflSce it for me to have related.\\nThe following events, perhaps, will interest some other writer.\\nThe fatal dart was thrown by the hand of Gryllus, son of Xenophon.\\nt It is iuipossible, remarks a distinguished historian, -for the compiler of Greciaa\\nLi story not to feel a peculiar interest in the fortunes of the soldier-philosopher-author, who\\nhiis been his conductor through a period of half a century, amid transactions in which he\\nA-as himself an actor; and it is hoped that the student also will be interested in reading a\\nshort account of the life of Xenophon. His father was an Athenian of rank, and affluence.\\nIn eurly life, he was the pupil and friend of the great Socrates. At the solicitation of Prox\u00c2\u00a9-\\nnns, KvA by the advice of the oracle, he enlisted in the army of young Cyrus. He was pre-\\nsent at the battle of Cunaxa, and was the chief instrument in effecting the retreat of the\\nfamous Ten Thousand. During his absence, Socrates was executed; and upon his returt.\\nhe found that the same party had procured a decree of banishment for himself. Thus pre-\\nvented from visiting his native city, he joined the army of Agesilaus in Asia Minor, and\\nQ\\\\iestioiiH. 361. What, befell Epaminondas? 362. Give an account of the death of Epam\\nmou^^s. 36Si. VVbat are the remarks of Xenophon upon this victc-y?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0242.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "11.0. 36Lj DEATH OF AGESILAUS. 219\\n364. After the death of Epaminondas, with which Xenophcn s nar\\nrative closes, no regular historian took np the tangled thread of Gre*\\ncian affairs we are therefore indebted to a class resembliag modern\\nnews-writers for the documents which enabled Diodorus Siculus to\\ncompile his history, and Plutarch to write his Lives. From them,\\nit appears that the battle of Mantinea was followed by a general peace,\\nduring which the armies on both sides were disbanded, and the troopi\\npermitted to return quietly to their homes.\\n365. AoEsiLi-US. Agesilaus, who began to reign when Sparta was\\nin her glory, and who had indulged the ambitious hope of humbling\\nthe power of Persia, could not be pleased with the posture of affairs.\\nWithin his memory, Lacedemon had lost the alliance of the Greek\\ncities in Asia Minor and the Egean the friendship and money of the\\nPersian king; the fertile province of Messenia; and, what he valued\\nstill more, the lofty position of supreme lord of the confederated Greek\\nnation. He could not rest upon his humiliated throne. It was with\\njoy, therefore, that he accepted the invitation of an Egyptian prince\\nto assist him in throwing off the yoke of Persia. Upon his arrival m\\nEgypt, all the officers of the kingdom came to pay their court to him\\nbut what was their surprise, to find in the person of the great Agesi-\\nlaus only a little lame old man, in a plain Spartan cloak, seated on the\\ngrass, amid a company of rude soldiers. When, however, he changed\\nhis politics, and instead of assisting Tachos, who had invited him thi-\\nther, joined the standard of Nectanabis, they learned to fear rather\\nthan deride him. Having placed Nectanabis upon the throne, and\\nreceived immense rewards for his services, he sailed for home in mid-\\nwinter, determined to use his money in recovering the lost Messenia,\\nB. 0. 361. He died on the voyage; and his body, embalmed in wax,\\nacquired considerable wealth In those campaigns. He returned with this king to Lace-\\ndemon, and exchanged his military life for more peaceful occupations. The Lacedemonians\\ngave him the little town of Scillus, on the borders of Elis, to hold under their supervision\\nas a lordship and there he settled with his family, consisting of a wife and two sons. With\\nthe money he had saved, he purchased an extensive tract of land, upon which he erected a\\ntemple to Diana. This place, about twenty -five miles from Olympia, where every four\\nyears he might see such friends as he chose, formed an appropriate residence for the illus-\\ntrious Athenian refugee. Here he wrote the Life of Cyrus, the Memorables of Socrates,\\nand a continuation of Thucydidea great history. When the Arcadians made Sacr-^d ^\\\\yi\u00c2\u00ab\\npla the seat of war, finding his residence at Scillus unsafe, he removed to Corinth. Though\\na decree had been passed inviting his return to Athens, yet an absence of thirty yeara had\\nso weakened his attachment to his native country that he chose to remain upon the Isth-\\nHUB, where he passed in dignified ease the remainder of a life protracted beyond his ninetieth\\nfear. His son Gryllus was killed in the battle of Mantinea; and of the other, no further\\nmention is made.\\n^e\u00c2\u00abticm^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 364. What condition of things followed the battle of Mantinea 865. What\\nl8 said of Agesilaus? What invitation did he accept? At wli;il were the Egyptians sur\\nprised Wbv did they afterward fear f When did Agesilaus die T Where was he then", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0243.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "220 GREECE [8.0.361\\nwa8 taken to Sparta for burial. He lived eighty -four years, of which\\nhe reigned forty-one. Ho was succeeded by his son, Archidamus.\\n366. Thebes and Athens. The glorious victory of Mantinea, won\\nby Thebaus, proved to no other state so disastrous as to Thebes her-\\nself. The loss of Epaminondas could not be repaired the sun of his\\ncountry s glory set when he expired and though Thebes did not\\nbecome lost in obscurity, she ruled no more. Athens might have held\\nthe balance of power for the Grecian repnbli^\\\\ i)iit she could not bear\\nprosperity. Long before, Solon s laws for encouraging industry and\\npunishing idleness had ceased to be regarded. A sovereign multi-\\ntude, who could vote the rich into banishment and appropriate their\\nestates to the good of the public, would not work. To them it was\\nfar more agreeable to live upon the sacrifices provided by the treasury\\nof the state to feast at the tables of the demagogues who courted\\ntheir favor to spend their time in bathing, or walking in the sacred\\ngroves in listening to the discourse of philosophers, applauding the\\neloquence of orators, or in witnessing those theatrical entertainments\\nwith which Athens was so well supplied, and of which every Athenian\\nwas so immoderately fond.\\n367. The fleet of Athens still rode triumphant over the Egean; the\\nislands were her tributaries, and she had vast possessions in Thrace\\nbut these appearances of prosperity were like the mistletoe which\\ncrowns with parasitic greenness the decaying monarch of the forest.\\nAthens was dead at heart. The unnatural pulsations which had put\\nforward one great man after another to meet the exigencies of her cir-\\ncumstances, had weakened lier energies and destroyed her vitality.\\nThe measures of her government were fluctuating and uncertain the\\npublic voice became the organ of tyranny; and the decrees of one day\\nwere rendered powerless by the decisions of the next. But her glory\\ncould not die. That very freedom which made her the prey of faction\\nawakened every latent spark of genius in her people the very defects\\nof her government roused every slumbering energy of the gifted and\\nambitious honce it was, tliat the brightest galaxy of philosophers and\\norators illumined the night of her political degradation.\\n368. Plato, the most celebrated philosopher of Athens, a descendant\\nof Solon, was born at /Egina, b. o. 428. He was called Plato, broad,\\nfrom the shape of his forehead. He had a lively fancy, and when quite\\nyoung composed several dramatic pieces; but happening to hoar\\nSocrates in conversation, he abandoned poetry, and turned his atten-\\nQuesU n 8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 What else can you say of him 866. What is said of Thebes? Of Athens!\\n867. Of the fleet of Athens Of the condition of Athens Of her glory? 868. When wai\\nPlato born What was he called W ny Give s\u00c2\u00ab account of his early life.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0244.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 361.] PLATO AND ISOCRATBS. 221\\ntion to philosophy. He was twenty years of age when this occurred,\\nand he continued the disciple of that philosopher till Socrates fell\\nvictim to the victlence of the times. Plato attempted to plead for th\u00c2\u00ab\\nlife of his master, but was prevented by the judges he then presented\\nhira with money sufficient to redeem his life, which Socrates refused\\nto accept but he enjoyed the melancholy satisfaction of attending him\\nin prison, where he gathered from the conversation of his beloved\\ninstructor the substance of his most admired composition, Phaedo\\nConcerning the Soul. In this dialogue, Socrates is represented as\\nproving the immortality of the soul by its spirituality, the objects to\\nwhich it naturally adheres being spiritual and incorruptible.\\n369. After the death of his master, Plato spent some years in travel-\\ning through Italy, Cyrenaica, and Egypt. In Sicily he worsted Dio-\\nnysius the tyrant in an argument, and was in consequence sold into\\nslavery. His friends and scholars raised money for his ransom, but hia\\nnoble-minded master gave him his liberty, and with the sum contri\\nbuted, purchased for him a garden in the groves of Academus. Her*\\nthe philosopher founded the celebrated Academy, where he taught the\\ngifted and high-born youth, who came from all parts of Greece to\\nlisten to his instructions. He lived to a good old age, enriching his\\ncountry and the world with numerous philosophical works, adorned\\nwith the chaste beauties of the Attic tongue, and enlivened with all\\nthe graces of a brilliant imagination. The grove and garden which\\nhad been the scene of his labors at last afforded him a sepulchre.\\nStatues and altars were erected to his memory, and his portrait was\\npreserved in gems but the living image of his mind may be seen in\\nhis writings, stamped with the impress of immortality.\\nNote. Isocratea was bom at Athens, b. o. 436. He was the companion of Plato In th\u00c2\u00ab\\nschool of Socrates and after the execution of his master, was the only person who had cou-\\nrage to put on mourning. He was teacher of an oratorical school, and charged about $180\\nfor a complete course of instruction. He was a friend of peace, and kept up a correspond-\\nence with Philip, urging upon him the policy and propriety of bringing all Greece Into a\\nconfederacy against Persia. After the battle of Cheroneia, he refused to take food for seve-\\nral days, and thus closed his long and honorable career, at the age of 98.\\nOnly twenty-one of his oratioua are now extant One of these is said to have occupied\\naim ten years.\\nQu*\u00c2\u00abtUm\u00c2\u00bb.\u00e2\u0080\u0094%m. What further can you B*y of lilm f Of the honors paid to hit", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0245.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "232 GREECE\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\nrAQM\\n1. Give tne early history of Greece 97, 98\\n2. Give an account of the Trojan war 99, 100, 101\\n3. Of the Olympic and other games 102, 103, 104, 108\\n4 Of Lycurgus and his laws 104-108\\n6 Of the first and second Messenian wars 109-112\\n6. Of Solon and his laws 116-119, 199, 220, 339\\n7. Of the Pisistratidae 120-124\\n8 Of the battle of Marathon and its consequences 129, 130\\n9. Of affairs till the invasion by Xerxes 130-137\\n10. Of Leonidas and the battle of Thermopylae 136-139\\n11. Of the battle of Salamis and its coosequences 141-143\\n12. Of Mardonius s operations and death 143-148\\n13. What success did Xanthippus and Leotychidas have? 149, 150\\n14. What success did Themistocles have 132-143, 151-156\\nA.5. Give an account of Pausanias 126, 145-155\\n16. Give an account of Cimon s operations 156-162\\n17. Of the contest between Pericles and Thucydides 162-174\\n18. Of the first Peloponnesian war 167-174\\n19. Of the battle of Amphipolis and its consequences 174\\n20. Of Alcibiades and his operations 176-198\\n21. Give the closing account of the Peloponnesian war 195-197\\n22. Give an account of Nicias and his operations 172-183\\n23. Give the history of the Four Hundred 185, 186\\n24. Give the early account of Lysander 74, 190-192\\n25. Give the subsequent account of him 193-205\\n26. Give an account of Conon 192-208\\n27. Of the battle of Arginusae and consequences 192, 193\\n28. Of the battle of ^gos Potamos and consequences 193-196\\n29. Of the siege of Athens and results 196, 197\\n30. Give the history of the Thirty Tyrants 197-199\\n31. Give an account of Socrates 79, 175, 193-201, 220, 221\\n32 Of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand 78-81, 201, 202\\n33 Give an account of Agesilaus 126, 202-219\\n34. Of Thrasybulus and his operations 192-207\\n36. Of the Olynthian war 208-210\\n36. Name the events in the second Peloponnesian war 212-219\\n37. Give an account of Epaminondas s successes 211-220\\n38. Give the biography of Plato 198-221\\n39. Describe the battle of Mantinea 216\\niO What was the condition of Grefct then t. 218-220", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0246.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0247.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "FROM THE ANCIENT MARBLES.\\nJUPITER.\\nSOLON.\\nSOCRATES.\\nHOMER.\\nDEMOSTHENES.\\nMENELAUS.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0248.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "TVlACEDONIA\\n1. Thus leaving Sparta, Thebes, and Athens, to act the inferior pftrt\\nto which their own factions condemned them, let us turn to greet v?itK\\nbecoming attention a new hero of the Grecian drama.\\nI 1 I Amyntas, king when Dariua invaded Europe, b. o\\nZC [520.\\nAlexander, envoy of Mardonius. See page 145.\\nPerdiccas, b. o. 414.\\nArchelaus made fortifications, formed roads, o.\\nAmyntas disturbed by the Olynthian war.\\nAlexander II.\\nPerdiccas.\\nIta\\nPhilip the Great.\\nAlexander III., the Great.\\niVlexander, child of Roxana.\\nThe Macedonians claimed their descent from Hercules, and therefore\\nhad a kindred feeling with all the Dorian brotherhood but as they\\nwere far inferior to the other states in civilization, they made little\\nfigure in history until the year b. o. 359, when the crown devolved\\nupon Philip^ only surviving son of Amyntas,\\n2. This youth, in the troubles arising from a disputed succession,\\n^Mfiotij.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Maokdonia-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. When did Macedonia come Into political notice? Who V*\\nPMlIp r", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0249.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "224 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. c. 359\\nhad been taken by Pelopidas as a hostage to Thebes, wnere he received\\na military and philosophical education in the house of Epaminondas,\\nand no doubt witnessed a refinement unknown in his brother s court.\\nUpon ascending the throne, Philip found himself in the most perilous\\ncircumstances. The Illyrians, who had slain his brother Perdiccaa,\\nwere plundering his country on the west; the Pasonians were engaged\\nin the same enterprise on the north Pausanias, a Lacedemonian, put-\\nting forward a claim to the throne, united with the Thracians, and\\ninvade* Macedonia from the east the Athenians sent out a fleet to\\nviudioat\u00c2\u00bbe their right to Amphipolis, on the south and Argaeus, a rival\\nof his brother s, raised a party among the nobles, and assailed him in\\nhis very^ covH.\\n3. Fortuuately, he was well qualified by nature and education\\nto meet the exigencies in which he was placed. He was eloquent,\\nshrewd, and courageous but choosing to negotiate rather than fight,\\nhe permi .;t )d the Illyrian savages to carry off their plunder unmo-\\nlested, knowing that the enjoyment of it would prevent anolher\\nimmediate incursion. He bought off the Pasoni^n chiefs snd by the\\npowerful eloquence of gold^ convinced the Thracian king oi the injus-\\ntice of Pausanias s claims. He withdrew his troops from AmphipoHs,\\nand sent home the Athenian prisoners he had taken, with proposals of\\npeace; and, attacking Argasus, killed him in battle, and quelled the\\ninsurrection of his rude nobles.\\n4. The Athenians, won by his generous policy, concluded n treaty\\nof peace and alliance with Macedonia; and thus, says tne historian,\\nthis young prince, called to a throne nearly overw heliiicd by two\\nforeign enemies, attacked by a third, threatened by a. fourth, and con-\\ntested by two pretenders, before the end of the third summer, had\\novercome these threatening evils not only, but had acquired new\\ndominion and new security.\\n5. Athenian Policy. After the battle of Leuctra, Olynthiif^ agam\\nasserted her independence, and now joining with Amphipolis, who had\\nthrown off the yoke of Athens, threatened Macedon itself. Philip of\\ncourse united with the Athenians, to put down the rising powers. A\\nMacedonian army besieged Potidcea by land, while an Athenian fleet\\nblocked it up by sea. The city, thus closely invested, soon surren-\\ndered, and received an Athenian garrison. Torone shared the same\\nQussUons.\u00e2\u0080\u00942. Where was PhlHp educated T What difficulties surrounded hlrii as the king\\nof Macedon 8. What were his three principal characteristics J What did he gain by meana\\ncf gold? WTiat else did he gain 4. By what policy did he make friends of hostile enemie*\\n5 Where was Olynthus? (See map No. 2.) Amphipolis? r- tidsBaf Torone? Methone\\nPydna? What convulsions agitated Athens and Macedon?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0250.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 358.] PHILIP THE GREAT. 225\\nfate shortly after, and Methone acknowledged the sovereignty of\\nAthens but this grasping power, embohlened by success, seized also\\nupon Pydna, the only remaining seaport in Macedonia. Philip sent\\ndeputies to Athens to complain of this violation of the public faith, but\\nhis remonstrance was unheeded. Demosthenes,* who saw a mighty\\nrival in the Macedonian king, advocated every measure calculated to\\ncripple his power, and extend the supremacy of Athens.\\n6. As the Athenians, after the seizure of Pydna, could expect nt\\nfurtier assistance from Philip, they withdrew their forces from Olyn-\\nthus, and laid siege to Amphipolis upon their own behalf. By the\\ndexterous management of Gharidemus, a native of Euboea, in Athenian\\npay, Amphipolis was induced to surrender, and thus Athens possessed\\nall the maritime towns of Macedonia and Thrace. Demosthenes did\\nnot overrate the importance of this conquest when he said, While\\nthe Athenians hold Potidsea and Amphipolis, the king of MacedoL\\ncannot be safe in his own house.\\n7. Philip s Alliance with Oltnthub. But Philip knew his own\\nmterest far too well to leave the Athenians in quiet possession of\\nThis illustrious orator and statesman was born at Athens, b. o. 382. Ho was left an\\norphan heir to a large estate at the age of seven. His first appearance ar p ru j C speaker\\nwas in the prosecution of his guardians for embezzling his estate. The jaf.t co of his cans\\nrather than the eloquence of his diction, gave him success. Inde^ i, it ^ps only by the\\nmost untiring industry and perseverance that he acquired the art of ovstory. He had a\\nstammering in his speech, which he remedied by declaiming wlta rebblea in his mouth.\\nHe had a weak and effeminate voice, which he strengthened by p.-orourcing orations upon\\nthe sea-ehore. He had also an awkward habit of shrugging one sh j ildor, which he corrected\\nby suspending a sword over it; and he practiced before a locl-iufs-glass to overcome the\\ngrimaces which accompanied his utterance. He constructed a z^o:,e^ under ground, where\\nhe studied for months together, shaving one side of his hea-J, thai shame might prevent a\\nwish to go abroad. In this solitary retreat, by the light of a amp, he copied and re-copied\\nten times all the orations recorded in Thucydides s great hiitcry, and acquired a style so pure\\nand forcible, that mankind have by common consent yieldf. l to hira the palm of unrivaled\\nexcellence in oratory. The theme, the time, and the theattr of his orations contributed not\\na little to his success. Liberty, or the ascendency of Athenian democracy, awakened ioT\\nhim a sustaining and cheering response in every Athenian breast; hope and fear lent\\nhim their powerful interest in those thrilling moments when Athens seemed about to gain\\nevery thing, or to lose all; and never was orator surrounded with scenes so rich in imagery,\\nand so capable of furnishing him with all that was heart-stirring and exciting in appeal, a*\\nwas Demosthenes, when with one hand he could direct the eye to every spot made sacred\\nby trophies of Athenian valor, and with the other point to the rising glory of Macedon,\\nbefore which the city of Minerva was destined to suffer a final eclipse. His Olynthian ora-\\ntions, his four Philippics, viewed as pictures of the political state of Greece, or as speclmena\\nof oratory, are Incomparably interesting and beautiful. The whole Athenian people were\\nswayed by the breath of his eloquence, and Philip used to say that he feared him more t. if^n\\nall the fleets and armies of Athens, and that he had no enemy but Demosthenes.\\nQueituma.\u00e2\u0080\u0094b. Who was Demosthenes? 6. Btate how Athens acquired possession of\\nthe maritime towns of Macedonia and Thrace. How did Demoathenea estimate the impor\\nlanc\u00c2\u00ab of the Atliuuian conqueatf", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0251.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "226 GRBBCB-MACBDONIA. [b. o. 358\\nMethone, Pydna, Amphipolis, and Pot .dsBa. He also changed his\\nground, and formed an alliance with the Olynthians, for the exprcBS\\npurpose of driving the Athenians entirely from the shores of Mace-\\ndonia. The Athenians were taken by surprise. They had counted on\\nthe ancient enmity between Olynthus and Macedon, to j)revent a coali-\\ntion of this kind. They found they had counted in vain. They made\\novertures of peace, which were rejected, and in spite of all their efiforta\\ntlje combined forces of their enemies laid siege to Amphipolis. The\\nsity was taken by assault; and Philip, entering it sword in hand, dis-\\nplayed hifi mercy as a conqueror, and his merit as a statesman. He\\nbanished only the most factious citizens, dismissed all prisoners of war\\nwithout ransom, and treated with particular attention all those who\\nhad espoused liis cause. After securing quiet possession of this impor-\\ntant post, the allied armies marched to Pydna. There was a strong\\nMacedonian party in the town, and no sooner did Philip appear in\\narms before it, than the gates were opened to receive him.\\n8. PotidaBa stood next upon the list. The town s people, consisting\\nof Macedonians and Olynthians, hearing of the approach of their\\nfriends, rose against the Athenian garrison, forced them to retire into\\nthe citadel, and threw open the gates with every demonstration of joy.\\nPhilip released the Atlienian prisoners, and furnished them with means\\nof returning home (that being the most direct method of opposing De-\\nmosthenes), and then turned his attention to the improvement of his\\nrevenue. Not far from Amphipolis were the gold mines of Crenidaa\\nThey had been wrought by the neighboring inhabitants till the subter\\nrancan waters had filled up the veins, and rendered them nearly use\\nless. With great labor and expense, Philip constructed machines for\\ndraining these mines, and finally succeeded in gaining from them about\\n$1,000,000, yearly. He provided for the protection of the people\\nagainst their barbarian neighbors, and, in pledge of future attention,\\nnau ed the place PhilippL\\n9. Alliance with Thessalt and Epirds. The next spring, Philip\\nwas called to settle affairs in Thessaly. His father had owed his\\nthrone to the attachment of the Thessalians, and his brother had also\\nbeen in alliance with the nobles of that country. Now, when two\\ntyrant brothers had seized upon their liberties, the i^eople looked to\\nPhilip as the person who might deliver them from their oppressors,\\nQuestions. -7. What four cities did Athens and Macedon quarrel for? What alliance did\\nPhilip make? For what [.iirpuse did he make it? Why were the Athenians then sur-\\nprised? Give an uccoiint of I hilip s siiccess at Amphipolis. At Tydna. 8. At PotidsBA.\\nRelate the origin of PhUippl. Give some account of Philip s aJli.unce with Thessaly uivi\\nEpirus. Whom did Philip mtavj", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0252.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "8,0.357.] PHILIP THE GREAT. 227\\nwithout subjecting them to a severer yoke. The resu.t of this embassy\\nis given in the followiug words: Philip, marching into Thessaly,\\ndefeated the tyrants, and acquiring thus freedom for the cities, he\\nshowed a liberality which so attached the Thessalians, that in all his\\nfollowing wars and political contests they were his zealous assistants,\\nand continued such afterward to his son. After his return from *hv\\nsuccessful expedition, he married Olympia, a princess cf Ejjirus, l\u00c2\u00ab\\nscended from the hero Achilles. The magnificence wath which a 6\\nnuptials were celebrated, formed the theme of many ancient winters.\\nFrom thi.t time, the Macedonian court became distinguished for its\\nelegance i.Jid splendor, and the greatest resort of refined society in the j\\nworld.\\n10. The Sakced Wak. b. c. 357.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 While Athenians had been thus\\nfruitlessly contending with Macedou, Thebes had renewed her hostility\\nwith Sparta in another from. Unable to punish her rival as she\\ndesired for the treachery of Phoebidas, she complained of the act\\nto the Amphictyonic council. The council listened to the story of\\nTheban wrongs, and fined the Lacedemonians an immense sum. They\\nrefused to pay it; and after a specified time the fine was doubled.\\nThe;y still made no exertions to meet the demand and after another\\nperiod it was made three-fold.\\n11. The Phocians were always enemies of the Thebans, and for that,\\nif for no other reason, friends of the Spartans. The Thebans, there-\\nfore, accused them of having plowed ap the Cirrlioean plain, which the\\ncouncil had so solemnly consecrated to the god. This accusation was\\nresponded to by a decree, That the Oirrhfiean land had been devoted,\\nand the Phocians must immediately cease to use it, and pay a fine.\\nIt was 80 long since the Amphictyons had interfered in Grecian aflTairs,\\nthat many contended they had no right to do so: the subject was\\ntaken up in the lips of talkers, and much uneasiness was excited;\\nbat the land, meantime, was cultivated as before, and the fine remained\\ninpaid.\\n12. When the appointed time had expired, this fine, like the ona\\nmposed upon Lacedemon, was doubled, and a new decree of the coun-\\ncil declaied, that All states guilty of such contempt for Amphictyo-\\nnic law, as, after the duplication of the fine, to let the limited time\\npass without taking any measures for payment, forfeited all their lands\\nto the god and that accordingly all the lands of the Lacedemoniam\\nQiiMti m\u00c2\u00ab\u00e2\u0080\u00949. For what did the Macedonisa couri oecome diBtingulBhed T 10. What\\ncomplaint did Thebes bring against Spart*? What action did th\u00c2\u00ab council take? 11,11.\\nWhat complaint did Thebea uiike against, the Pheniclansf What wa\u00c2\u00bb th\u00c2\u00ab rMOlt?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0253.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "228 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. c. 357\\nand Phocians toere for/eitedy This was followed by a proclamation\\nto the Greeks, that it behooved every man and every state, as they\\nhoped for divine favor, or feared divine wrath, to do their utmost\\ntoward carrying the decree into execution. The Aniphictyons having\\nthus sounded the trumpet of war, consternation and dismay pervaded\\nthe valleys of Phocis.\\n13. Alliance between Pnocis and Laoedemon. Though the Pho-\\ncians had never meddled in Grecian politics, they were not destitute\\nof courage, nor insensible to the charms of liberty. One man waa\\nfound among them, the oldest of three brothers, who might have vied\\nwith Pericles, had he lived to perfect all the great qualities which the\\npresent exigency called into action. A congress of the Phocian cities\\nhaving been called, to deliberate upon the state of the country, this\\nman, Philomelus, represented to them that the Girrhfean land had\\nbelonged to the Phocians from time immemorial that they also had a\\nright to the presidency of the Delphic oracle, of which the Amphic-\\ntyons had unjustly deprived them and that as they were now strug-\\ngling against their oppressors, they might reasonably hope for the\\ndivine blessing upon their endeavors.\\n14. The assembly felt the force of his reasonings, and committed to\\nhim the direction of aftairs, with the title of general-autocrator. He\\nproceeded at once to Sparta to concert measures for withstanding the\\nThebans, who were preparing to show their piety by enforcing the\\nAmphictyonic decree. He was well received by the Ephori and\\nArchidamus, the king, did all in his power to further his plans. It\\nwas agreed that the Delphian treasury was unsafe in the hands of the\\nAmphictyons, and ought immediately to be reduced to a dependence\\nupon Phocian virtue but how to bring about so desirable a change\\nwas an important question.\\n15. Sparta had no money to hire mercenaries, and her own troops\\ncould not reach Delphi without fighting their way through hostile\\nArcadia. With money supplied by private liberality, Philomelus, how-\\never, succeeded in hiring those soldiers who, since the battle of Manti-\\nnea, had been roving about in idleness and, watching his opportunity,\\ngot them conveyed across the Corinthian Gulf. With all possible dis-\\npatch he marched to Delphi, and putting the guard to flight, gained\\nj.-ossession of the place. His first act was to destroy the decrees\\nagainst Phocis and Lacedemon, by defacing the marble upon which\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \\\\S. Wix t alliance was formed in consequence T Who was Philomelas T WluU\\nrepresenUtion did he make? 14. What power was committed to hlmf Give an aoootut\\nof his luovements. 15. Give a further account of his movementii.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0254.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 357] PHILIP THE GREAT. 229\\nthey were engraved. Then, publishing a declaration that he had taken\\ncharge of the temple and its treasures, by command of the Phocians,\\nto whom the holy shrine belonged, he requested all the states of\\nGreece to assist his countrymen in maintaining their ancient right.\\n16. Athens entered at once into a confederacy with Phocis. Most\\nof the Grecian states engaged in the quarrel, and many bloody but\\nindecisive battles were fought. The Thebans, having taken several\\nprisoners, caused them all to be put to death as sacrilegious wretches;\\nand the Phocians retaliated this cruelty upon some Theban captives.\\nFinally, having been defeated in a great battle, Philomelus was driven\\nto an eminence whence there was no retreat and, rather than fall into\\nthe hands of his enemies, threw himself headlong from the rock, and\\nwas dashed in pieces. The command then devolved upon his brother,\\nOnomarchus.\\n17. Philip enters the Lists. Philip was at this time engaged in\\nthe siege of Methone, which Athens had stirred up to make incursions\\nupon his territory. The siege lasted through the winter, nor did he\\nwithdraw his troops from the place till it was dismantled and added\\nto the Macedonian territory. Then, hearing that Onomarchus was\\nsupporting a revolt in Thessaly, he engaged in the Sacred War. He\\nlost two battles and was obliged to retreat to his own country; but,\\nraising another army, he advanced again to Thermopyla), where he\\nmet the Phocians and defeated them with great slaughter. Upwards\\nof 6,000 were slain upon the spot; and the prisoners, amounting to\\n3,000, were thrown into the sea, as the professed enemies of religion.\\nOnomarchus was slain, and the command devolved upon his brother,\\nPhayllus.\\n18. By this great victory, all Thessaly came under the dominion of\\nPhilip nor was it in the power even of Demosthenes to diminish the\\ncredit which Philip had gained by destroying those who had usurped\\nthe guardianship of the oracle, and used its treasures in hiring soldiers\\nto resist the decrees of the Amphictyons. It is incredible, says an\\nancient historian, what glory the victory over Onomarchus earned\\nto Philip among all nations. He was the avenger of sacrilege; he\\nwas the protector of the religion of Greece. Next to the immortal\\ngods is he, by whom the majesty of the gods is vindicated.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1 What coofederacy was formed What ia said of other states engaging\\nIn the quarrel? What cruelties and retaliations were perpetrated Give an account of the\\ndeath of Philomelus. Who then commanded 17. Where was Philip at this time? What\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2access did he meet with there IIow came he to be engsiged in the Sacred Wart How\\ndid his first battles result At what place did ho gain a great victory Give some ac\\neonnt of it. la What condition of things followed the victory? What is reported M\\niuiving been said by an ancient historian", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0255.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "230 G R E E C E il A C E D NM A [o. a 346\\n19. Phajllus was victorious in several battles wit!, the Tliebans, but\\ndied soon after, of cousuinptiou. Faction, that cur e of the Grecian\\nrepublics, then fixed its venomous fangs upon the Phocians. There\\narose two pretenders to the office of autocrator- general, and while\\nthey were intent upon settling this affair, Philip, at the head of his\\nforces, joined the Thebuns in an attack upon Phocis. The distracted\\nPLocians, unable to defend themselves, appealed to his generosity tc\\nescape the vengeance of tlu Thebans. They requested only that they\\nmight liave permission to abandon their houses and lands, and seek\\nsafety in flight. This request was granted. The principal Phociana\\nemigrated; and thus, after many bloody struggles during ten years,\\nthe Sacred War quietly ended.\\n20. ToK Double Votk. To settle the points now agitating Greece,\\nPhilip invited a congress of all the states to meet at ThermopylsB.\\nThis grave assembly, in commencing their difficult and complicated\\nbusiness, referred the affair of the Phocians to the Amphictyonic\\ncouncil. By their decree all the Amphictyonic rights of the Phocians\\nwere said to be forfeited, and all their principal cities were given over\\nto be dismantled; it was ordered that no village should contain more\\nthan fifty houses, and that a yearly rent of $4,800 should be paid from\\nthe Phocian lands till the debt of the god was liquidated. The double\\nvote in the Amphictyonic council which the Phocians had heretofore\\nenjoyed was bestowed upon Philip, in consideration of the benefits\\nhe had conferred upon the Greek nation. A general peace was then\\nconcluded and throughout Greece, with the exception of the war\\nparty in Athens, all voices were joined in extolling Philip as their\\nfriend, and benefactor, and preserver.\\n21. Macedonian War. While the Sacred War was in progress,\\nthe Athenians commenced hostile demonstrations in Thrace, for the\\nrecovery of the lost Chersonese and the recapture of Byzantium.\\nThis attack, which resulted in the Macedonian War^ proceeded step\\nby step with the Sacred War; so that while the Athenians were\\nallies of the Phocians in that fatal struggle, they were at tlie same\\ntime parties of the first part in a war of their own seeking. Philip,\\non his side, had to contend with all the enemies the Athenians could\\nstir up against him. The lilyrians again commenced hostilities upon\\nthe west, the Paionians on the north, and the Thracians on the east.\\nQueetions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 19. Whftt success did Phayllus have? What occurred soon after? By what\\nmeans was the war torfuinated? 20. By whom was a consrcss called? At what plac\u00c2\u00ab?\\nFor what purpose? VVhai locree was made? How was Philip rewarded? With whoii\\nbad he been flgbting\u00c2\u00abiiiririg ihewar? 2L What was the cause of the Mcictdonian War i\\nWhat opposition coufrontod Thilip?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0256.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 356.J BIRTH OF ALEXANDER. 231\\nBut he was never nnready for business. He sent Parraenio writh an\\narmy against his troublesome neighbors, and marched himself into\\nThrace, where his good fortune was so great, that, according *-o Demos-\\nthenes, he made and unmade there what kings he chose.\\n22. Birth of Alexander. Philip had just returned from this sue-\\ncessful expedition, when a messenger came to him with the welcome\\nintelligence of a great victory which Parmenio had gained over the\\nIllyrians. The same day another courier brought him word that liif\\nhorse had won the palm in the Olympic games. Scarcely had he been\\ncongratulated upon these successes, when a third messenger arrived\\nwith the information of the birth of a son. 0, fortune, exclaimed\\nthe happy monarch, send some little evil to temper all this good.\\nNot long after, he wrote the following letter to Aristotle, inviting him\\nto take charge of the young prince. Philip to Aristotle, greeting.\\nI desire you should know I have a son born. Greatly I thank the\\ngods for it, and yet less for the mere circumstance that 1 have a son,\\nthan because it happens in the age wherein you are living. I trust\\nthat, being put under your care and instruction, he will become worthy\\nof his birth, and of the inheritance awaiting him.\\n23. Olynthds and Athens. It was just after these events that\\nPhilip engaged with Methone and the Phocians. Demosthenes, dis-\\nappointed in the result, brought about a confederacy witli Olynthus.\\nSince the alliance of that republic with Macedon, it had prospered\\nwonderfully but, becoming jealous of its neighbor, it entered into a\\ntreaty with Athens, contrary to its existing engagements with Mace-\\ndon, and prepared for war with a zeal which showed a sense of the\\njust indignation of Philip. The war party of Athens were now in\\nthe full tide of successful experiment. Now was the favorable\\nmoment, they said, to engage all Greece in a league against the threat-\\nening ambition of the Macedonian king. Philip was represented as\\nthe most false and cruel of tyrants, who had a certain design upon the\\nliberties of Greece.\\n24. Demosthenes commenced his Olynthiac orations, and undertoo!(\\nthe difficult and dangerous experiment of persuading the Athenians to\\ndivert the theoric revenue (the sum appropriated to the purport of\\ntheaters) from its legitimate object, to the purposes of war. This\\nQuestions. 21. On what expedition did he send Parmenio? To what place did Philip\\nmarch? What did Demoathenes eay of Philip s good fortuiip? 22. What three pieces of\\ngood news did Philip receive? What excliimation did he make? What was the language\\nof his letter to ArlstotU-? 23. Why did Olynthus turn against Philip? What was the\\nobject of Demoethenes? How was Philij represented? 24. What dangtrous taak did\\nDtuiostheaes imdertake", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0257.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "232 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. a 346\\nattempt to rob the amusement-loving Athenians of their greatest\\npleasure, would have cost the life of a less popular man than the\\nrenowned orator but he had so fixed the attention of the populace\\nupon the great actor^ Philip, that they consented to give up their cus-\\ntomary entertainment, to assist in the grand tragedy going on in Olyn-\\nthus. Indeed, the representations of the orator produced such a zeal\\nin the Athenian people, that a force was fitted out to assist Olynthua\\nRuch as had never, since the fatal Sicilian expedition, been sent upon\\nforeign service.\\n25. Philip was not prepared for this new war. His country waa\\nopen on the Olynthiac side, and his enemies had overrun and plundered\\nhis territories before he had time to make any effectual opposition.\\nIn the winter, the Athenian general. Chares, returned to Athens.\\nThe people assembled as usual to hear liis report. He gave a thrilling\\naccount of a glorious battle and uninterrupted success, and, to com-\\nplete the gratification of his fellow-citizens, he made a great feast for\\nall the people, which cost at least $50,000. This money was not fur-\\nnislied from his private purse, nor from the profits of his command,\\nbut from the Delphian treasury, having been extorted from their allies,\\nthe Phociuiis. While these rejoicings were going on in Athens, the\\nOlynthiaus were very uneasy. Philip was making grand preparations\\nfor the spring campaign, and when Chares returned to the theater of\\nwar, he found a force far superior to his own assembled upon the\\nOlynthian border. He ventured a battle, and was defeated a second,\\nwith no better success. The Olynthians were then obliged to take\\nshelter behind their walls.\\n26. The other towns of the confederacy submitted at once tc che\\nconqueror, and Philip approached within five miles of Olyuthus, and\\nfortified his camp. The wretched inhabitants then desired to enter\\ninto a treaty. He answered, That it was too late he had befort\\nabundantly and repeatedly expressed his dis})osition to treat, but now\\nit was become too evident that there was but one alternative they\\nmust quit Olynthus, or he Macedonia. The surrender of the place\\noccurred not long after, and the victor carried out his determination\\nof compelling them to leave the peninsula. It seemed advisable now,\\neven to Demosthenes, to make peace; and Philip having manifested\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2^ Why would it not have been safe for any other person to have made tii\u00c2\u00ab\\nattempt Why wu8 Demosthenes successful 25. Why was not Philip prepared for i\\\\ ii\\nnew war? What account did Chares give to the Athenians? What is said of his feast?\\nOf his first two battles thereafter 26. How near to Olynthus did Philip approach How\\nwas Olyuthus situated (See map No. 2.) What desire did the Olynthiaus exprest\\nWhat was Pblllp s reply WfaM followed? How did this war terminate?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0258.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "8.0.343.] PHILIP THE GREAT.\\nthe same disposition, it was soon concluded. The Macedonian court\\nbecame the focus of negotiation for the Grecian republics, and at the\\nvery time and place of the settlement of the disputes arising out of the\\nSacred War, the difficulties of Macedon and Athens were finally ad-\\njusted, and a general peace brought repose to the country.\\n27. Philip s Expedition. b. o. 343. Three years after, Philip\\nturned his attention to the barbarians who had inhabited his north-\\neastern frontier. They fled before him, and he pursued till winter over-\\ntook him upon the banks of the Danube, and his way was entirely hedged\\nin. Reports of various kinds were spread in Greece. It was said he\\nwas sick. It was rumored that he was dead and, depending upon the\\ntruth of these stories, or counting more certainly upon the dangers\\nwith which he was surrounded, the war party* in Athens, of which\\nthe great orator was the life and soul, began again to lift its head.\\nBy making war in Thrace, it was contended that Philip had broken\\nthe peace, and that it was evidently his design to destroy Athens and\\noverthrow democracy. Acting under this persuasion, the Athenians\\ninstructed the commanders of their fleet to stop all the ships bound to\\nMacedonia, and, condemning the crews as enemies to Athens, to sell\\nthem into slavery.\\n28. Philip remonstrated in vain. Demosthenes had in effect exalted\\nhimself to the station of prime-minister of the republic viceroy of\\nthat sovereign assembly which met to decide upon the fate of thou-\\nsands; and his voice was still for war. To discharge the duties of\\nhis arduous office, he applied himself to every kind of business with\\nuntiring vigilance, and watched an opportunity to bring all the states\\nof Greece into a confederacy to overthrow Macedonian supremacy.\\nFor this purpose, he did not scruple to receive money from the Per-\\nsian king, nor to exert hi. influence in healing the breach between\\nAthens and Thebes. Though these cities had fought on opposite sides\\naf the battle of Mantinea and in the Sacred War, yet Demosthenes\\nhaving shown them the advantage of being friends, they readily con-\\nsented to bury private animosities in the grave they were digging foi\\nthe power of Macedon.\\n29. The coalition was for a time successful. Chares had been sent\\nThe war party opposed every measure of Philip s; but Phoclon and the venerable Iflo\\ncrates sought only for the pacification of Greece.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2,1. Give an account of Philip s expedition. What charge did the Athenla\u00c2\u00bb\\nwar party make against Philip? What instructions were given to commanders of Athe\\nnlan vessels? 28. To what position had Demosthenes risen To what did he apply him-\\nself? Of whom did he receive money? For what pm-pose? What reconciliatioR did h\\neffect", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0259.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "234 GRESCE MACEDONIA. [ao. 3U\\nwith succors to Byzantium, which was attacked by tiie Macedonian\\nking; but, failing in his commission, was recalled in disgrace. Pho-\\ncion then undertook to preserve that city for Athens. The vh-tue and\\nmoderation of this general were well known and a man of eminence\\nin Byzantium, who had been his intimate friend at the Academy,*\\npledged his honor to the city in his behalf. The Byzantines then\\nthrew open their gates, admitted the Athenians, and joined tlicm\\nagains. Macedon. By these means Philip lost all the towns on the\\nChersonese, and suffered not a little in his military reputation. He\\nwas now, as ever, very desirous of peace, and particularly anxious to\\ngain the friendship of the Athenians, for reasons of his own but De-\\nmosthenes opposed the terms which Phociont advised them to accept,\\nand the war went on with mutual attacks and reprisals four years\\nlonger, without any decisive advantage to either side.\\n30. Third Sacked War. But a new leaven was at work in the\\ngreat loaf of Grecian discomfort, which soon produced a fermentation\\nthroughout the whole mass. Amphissa, a town not seven miles from\\nDelphi, bordered on that devoted Cirrha^an plain forbidden to the use\\nof man. The Amphissaians, unwarned by the fate of the Phocians,\\nused the land for pasturage, and ventured to repair the long-deserted\\nharbor. These acts ^schines, an orator in the interest of Macedon,\\nrepresented as a repetition of the former sacrilege, and the Amphic-\\ntyons, of which he was a member, declared war against the Amphis-\\nBseans, and invited Philip to command the armies of the god. This\\nbrought the crafty Macedonian at once into the midst of Grecian\\naffairs. Demosthenes immediately sounded the alarm for the Grecian\\nstates. Even Corinth, the old enemy of Athens, joined the war party.\\n411 was bustle and confusion fortifications were repaired, arms made\\nand burnished, and every man was on the alert. Diogenes, the famous\\nThe school of Plato.\\nt Though Phocion had engaged in hostility with Philip, and driven him oat of the Hri-\\nlespont, he was still in favor of peace but he was not a gifted orator, and therefore failed tc\\ncarry his point. The perils of his country alone induced him to mount the bema. H\u00c2\u00ab\\nexcelled in readiness of reply, and exposed with cutting sarcasm any fallacy in argument\\nDemosthenes, who had often felt the keenness of hia wit, styled him the Hatchet.\\nQuesticyna. 29. Where did the Athenian troops meet Philip? What did Phocion eflFect?\\nWhat then was Philip s condition? Why was not the war then brought to a close? 80\\nWhat causes produced the third Sacred War? What course did Demosthenes take? W\\nwere the consequences? What did Diogenes do? Who was Diogenes? Ans. A famoui\\nCynic philosopher, born in Pontus he lived in the summer at Corinth, aud in the win-\\nter at Athens. He taught that a man, to be happy, must despise honor, power, and all thtj\\nenjoyments of life. He walked the streets barefooted and without any coat. At night hp\\nslept in a tub. He exposed the follies of the age by the keenest sarcasm;*. Being asked\\nWhat is the most dangerous animal? he replied: Among wild animals, the slanderer;\\nitmohg ume the tlatterer.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0260.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "B.C. 338.] PHILIP THE GREAT. 235\\nCynic philosopher, at that time in the city, began to roll his tub about\\nin a remarkable manner. Being asked why he did so, he said he\\ndid not wish to be the only man in Corinth not absurdly employed.\\n31. But all their preparations were in vain. Philip easily punished\\nthe AmphissaBans and then, as if afraid of Athens and her confede-\\nrates, seized upon Elatea, the principal city of Phocis. It was late in\\nthe evening when a courier arrived at Athens with the news of the\\nfall of Elatea. The Prytanes were at supper, but, instantly rising from\\nthe table, some of them went to the agora, dismissed the ware-sellers,\\nand burned their stalls; others sent to call the trumpeter, and the\\nwhole city was filled with tumult. Next morning the people were\\ncalled together, and a herald proclaimed that any one who would\\nadvise the assembly might speak. A dead silence ensued. Finally,\\nDemosthenes mounted the bema, and, having clearly demonstrated to\\nthe people that Philip meant to enter Attica, and reduce them all to\\nslavery, he so wrought upon the passions of his audience, that it was\\ndecreed to send the whole force of Attica to oppose the Macedonian,\\nand defend the liberty of the Greeks.\\n32. Battle of Cheeoneia. b. o. 338. It was upon the plain oi\\nOheroneia, about sixteen miles from Elatea, tliat the allied forces of\\nThebes and Athens led the forlorn hope of Grecian democracy against\\nthe overwhelming power of the Macedonian monarchy. The particulars\\nof the battle it is not necessary to relate. Philip was victorious. Alex-\\nander, at the head of the Macedonian youth, cut down the Sacred\\nThehan Band. They neither turned nor wavered in the fight, but fell\\nupon the spot where they were stationed, each by the side of his dar-\\nling friend, like the three hundred Spartans, leaving their bodies a\\nmonument of their constancy to the cause of liberty. The news of\\nthe defeat at Cheroneia produced terror and consternation among the\\nAthenians. They looked for nothing less than a second Lysander in\\nthe king they had so often provoked. Demosthenes, who fought in\\nthe battle, made his escape in the general flight, and, embarking in a\\ntrireme, sailed from the Pirseus, saying that he was going to collect\\ntribute. Philip, however, did not pursue the fugitives he even sent\\nthe prisoners home without ransom, determined, if possible, to attach\\nthe Athenians to his interests.\\n33. From the field of battle the victorious army marched to Thebes.\\nQue8tioit8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094%\\\\. What city fell into the hands of Philip Where was Elatea (See mau\\nNo. 2.) What eflFect did the news of the fall of Elatea have at Athens What was done by\\nDemosthenes? 82. Where was the plain of Cheroneia? When was the battle of Choroneij\\nfought? Give an account of it What is said of Demosthenes? Of Philip s generosity\\n88. To what place did the ictors then march", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0261.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "236 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. o. 336.\\nNo opposition waa made to their entrance. The government passed\\nquietly into the hands of the Macedonian party, and Beotia rejoiced in\\nthe change of masters. As soon as it was known that the conqueror\\nwas disposed to peace, an embassy was sent from the Athenians to\\nnegotiate in their favor. Philip made no hard conditions, and Phocion\\nhad the satisfaction of contributing to the welfare of his country in\\nthe peace which was ratified. The great purpose of the monarch s\\nioul was now unvailed. Diodorus says, Philip, encouraged by his\\nvictory at Cheroneia, was ambitious uf becoming military commaL iler\\nof the Greek nation. He declared therefore his intention of carrying\\ntear in the common cause of the Greeks against the Persians.^ By the\\nnational congress which he summoned at Corinth, he was elected\\ngeneral-autocrator of Greece, and the proportion of troops which\\nevery state should furnish for the Persian war was settled.\\n34. Death of Philip. b. o. 836. Thus crowned with honor, he\\nreturned to Macedon, to prepare for the great enterprise which had so\\nlong occupied his thoughts but the dagger of the assassin cut short\\nhis schemes, and left Asia unconquered for his son. Philip loved con-\\nviviality, and was often intoxicated. Olympias was proud and impe-\\nrious. The other princesses, whom policy or a more tender motive\\nled her husband to introduce into his palace, excited her contempt,\\nand aroused her resentment and, after many quarrels, she retired to\\nher brother s court. Alexander espoused his mother s cause, and took\\nup his abode in Illyria. This breach was apparently healed and the\\nmother and son had returned to Macedon. Cleopatra, Alexander s\\nsister, was to be married to her uncle, the king of Epirus, and great\\npreparations were made for the wedding. Philip, having summoned\\nthe states of Greece to furnish their soldiers, acd having received a\\nsatisfactory response from the oracle,* intended on this occasion to\\nsecure the peace of his dominions by every possible friendly alliance\\nbefore setting out for Asia.\\n35. Guests were bidden from all parts of Greece. The most cele-\\nbrated actors and musicians were engaged to entertain the goodiy\\ncompany. Deputies came to offer congratulations, and to present him\\nwith golden crowns. The day following the nuptials, a grand exhibi-\\ntion was to take place in the theater. Philip, clothed in white robes,\\nThe response was this Crowned is the victim, the altar ie ready, the stroke is\\nimpending.\\nQue8tiont,\u00e2\u0080\u0094S3. What followed What is said of Phocion What ambitious views had\\nPhilip? To what position was he elected? S4. What is stated as against Philip? What\\nquarrel occurred What marriage was arranged? What preparations therefor did Philip\\nmake 35. How far we-e the preparatioua carried out Give an account of Philip s death.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0262.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 336,] ALEXANDBR THE GREAT 2S7\\nadvanced at the head of the procession but just as the shouts of the\\nadmiring multitude announced the Icing, a young man ran out from the\\ncrowd, and, drawing a sword, stabbed him to the heart. Philip fell\\ndead. The assassin fled, but was pursued and killed as he was mount-\\ning his horse. It was said to be a matter of private revenge but\\nOlyrapias was suspected of having instigated the crime, and Alexande\\ndid not escape the horrid imputation.*\\n36. Alexander the Great was born at Pella, b. o. 856, on the very\\nday that the temple of Diana at Ephesus was burned to the ground.\\nAll the magi who were at Ephesus, looked upon the/r\u00c2\u00ab as an emblem\\nof a much greater misfortune, and ran about the town beating their\\nbreasts, and crying out, This day has brought forth the scourge and\\ndestroyer of Asia. Whether the forebodings of the magi were real\\nor feigned, Asia had good reason to tremble when he who was destined\\nto subdue her ancient lords, and water her plains with the blood of\\nher sons, entered upon the stage of life. Leonatus, an austere man,\\nwas his governor till eight years of age, when Lysimachus, an Acar-\\nnaiiian, became his instructor. As the family of Olympia claimed\\n\\\\heir descent from the renowned Achilles, Lysimachus ingratiated\\nhimself into their favor by dignifying his pupil with the name of that\\nwarrior\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a circumstance which doubtless contributed to foster the\\nambitious feelings which had been observed in him from his infancy.\\n37. In his fifteenth year, Alexander was placed under the immediate\\ntuition of the celebratec^ Aristotle,! and continued to receive instruc-\\n^o sooner did Demosthones hear of the death of his great enemy, than he assembled\\nthe Athenian people, and persuaded them to offer a sacrifice as upon news of a splendid\\nfictory; and though he was at that time In mourning for his only child, he put on a festal\\nrobe, and attended the ceremony crowned with flowers.\\nThus fell the greatest potentate of his time in Europe. With very small resources In\\nthe out*t he acquired the most powerful monarchy that had ever existed among the\\nGreeks; bui nis great success arose less from the force of his arms, than from his obliging\\ndisposition and conduct.\\nt Akistotlb was born at Staglra, an island on the Macedonian coast, b. o, 884 At the\\nage of seventeen he went to Athens, and devoted himself to philosophy In the school\\no Plato. His uncommon acuteness and indefatigable industry gained for him so high a\\nrank, that Plato used to call him the Mind of the School, and to say, when ne was\\nabsent, ^Intellect is not here. He lived in Athens twenty ycar^ during which he\\nwrote many works; thence he passed to Macedonia, where he remained in quality of tutor\\nto Alexander eight more, and then returned to, Athens. Ho kept up, however, a corre-\\nspondence with the young kin\u00c2\u00bb, and persuaded him to use his power and wealth in th\u00c2\u00ab\\nservice of philosophy. AlexauQ^f employed several thousand persons in diflferent parts of\\nEurope and Asia to collect animals of various kinds, birds, beasts, and fl8he^ to send to\\nAristotle, who, from the information thus afforded, wrote fifty volumes on the history o\\nQwe\u00c2\u00abfion\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 36. Where was Alexander the Great born? When? What memoraH\u00c2\u00ab\\nevent took place the same day Where was Pella (Map No. 2.) Who were the first in.\\nbuuctois ^i Alexander! 81. What ift said uent training? Who was Aristotlel", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0263.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "238 GREECE MACEDONIA. [B.a336\\ntion from tuat philosopher in all the branches of human knowledge,\\nuntil he came to the throne. For him Aristotle wrote a work on\\nGovernment, and revised the Iliad, that he might present to his royal\\npupil an accurate copy of his favorite poem. This volume Alexander\\npreserved with the greatest care, placing it every night with his sword\\nui-der his pillow. His tutor too he held in the highest esteem, and\\nbelieved himself bound to love him as much as his father, declaring,\\nThat he was indebted to the one for living, and to the other for Mf-\\ning welV^\\n38. While Alexander was yet a boy, there was sent from Ihessalj\\nto Philip a noble war-horse, called Bucephalus, which, upon trial,\\nproved so strong and fiery that no one dared to mount him. Philip\\ngave orders that the unmanageable creature should be sent back again,\\nwhen Alexander interposed, and besought permission to try his skill.\\nIt was granted. Alexander went up to the horse, spoke kindly to\\nhim, and, perceiving that he was frightened at his own shadow, turned\\nhim about, vaulted upon his back, and rode him round the circle of\\nadmiring courtiers with the greatest ease and address. When he\\nalighted his father embraced him, exclaiming, My son, seek a king-\\ndom more worthy of thee, for Macedon is below thy merits. Buce-\\nphalus was ever after the favorite horse of Alexander, and the animal\\nbecame so attached to his master that he would permit no one else to\\nmount him.\\n39. At the age of sixteen, Alexander received the embassadors of\\nPersia in the absence of his father, and, instead of inquiring about the\\npalace and court, with a curiosity natural to his years, engaged with\\nthem in conversation upon the subjects of government, battles, and\\nsieges, displaying such intelligence and discernment as quite surprised\\nhis visitors. At the age of eighteen, he commanded the Macedonian\\nyouth in the battle of Cheroneia, and cut down the Sacred Theban\\nBand. At the age of twenty, by the death of his father, he beeams\\nmonarch of Macedon, and generalissimo of the Greek forces.\\n40. First Arrangements of Alexander. Macedon had been\\ntnlnated nature. He dififered with Plato In philosophy, and established a school at Athena,\\nIn the grove called Lyceum, in opposition to the Academy. He delivered his lectures while\\nwalking about, and his followers were in consequence called Peripatetics. He continned\\nhis labors there thirteen years, and then retired to Chalcis, in Enboea, to escape a fate simi-\\nlar to that of Socrates. He died there at the age of sixty-three. He wag buried at Staglra,\\nwhere his memory was honored with an altar and a tomb.\\nQ\\\\te\u00c2\u00bbtiona.\u00e2\u0080\u0094^1. How did Alexander regard Aristotle? 88. Give the aeooont of Alex-\\nAoder and the horse Bucephalus. 89. What is related of Alexander at the age of sixteen?\\nTf him at the age of eighteen? Of him at the age of twenty? 40. What changes bad\\nPhilip effected in Macedon?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0264.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "B. 0.336.] ALEXANDER THjfi GREAT. ^239\\ngreatly changed by tlie energetic and beneficent policy of Philip.\\nThe inhabitants, from rude, uncultivated herdsmen at war with neigh-\\nboring states, had been transformed into agriculturists, mechanics, or\\nsoldiers, who knew how to maintain a respectable position among the\\nnations of Greece. But though Macedon was thus improved in its\\ninterna! state, and comfortably allied with its neighbors, yet the death\\nof Philip again roused the spirit of faction throughout Greece. The\\nyoung king, however, showed himself fully capable of meeting Lis\\nenemies, either in the field or cabinet. The king s name is indeed\\nchanged, said he to the Macedonian assembly, but the hing, you\\nshall find, remains the same. He retained the able ministers and\\ngenerals who had assisted his father, and by their counsel and aid\\nsucceeded in quelling a rebellion already excited in his own dominions,\\nand in securing the friendship of Thessaly, his most powerful ally.\\n41. Thus fortified, he proceeded to Therraopyla), and took his\\ninherited seat in the Amphictyonic council. Notwithstanding the\\nefforts of Demosthenes, embassadors were sent from Athens as from\\nthe other states, to congratulate him upon his accession to the throne,\\nand to desire a continuation of the friendship formed with his father.\\nFrom Thermopylaj Alexander proceeded to Corinth, where, a congress\\nof the states being assembled, the question of his election to the station\\nof autocrator-general to carry the war into Persia was warmly dis-\\ncussed. He was elected by a great majority, though the Lacedemo-\\nnians sternly opposed the measure. While in this region he deter-\\nmined to consult the oracle, but, as he happened to go upon an unlucky\\nday, the priestess refused to officiate. The impetuous prince, however,\\nseized her by the arm and dragged her into the temple, when she\\ncried out, My son, thou art invincible. Alexander, hearing this,\\nsaid, He wanted no other answer, for he had the very oracle he\\ndesired.\\n42. Wars in the North, East, and West. Upon his return\\nhome, he began to make preparations for his great enterprise, but was\\nprevented from setting off immediately by his troublesome neighbors.\\nThe Triballians and Thracians formed a league against him on the\\nnortheast, and the Illyrians again commenced incursions on the west.\\nParmenio, the general who had so faithfully served his father, was\\nQuest ioii4.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 40. What caused the spirit of faction to break out again in Macsdon f What\\ndid Alexander say to the Macedonian assembly? 41. What inherited seat did Alexander\\nlaiteT What efforts did Demosthenes make in vain? To what place did Alexander next\\nproceed? What was done at Corinth? Give the account of Alexander with the oracle\\nrace Alexander on the map, from Pella through his journey. 42. What troublos ihreat-\\n*u\u00c2\u00abd Alex inUor on th0 ^ortiieatst and west? On what expedition was Parmenio sent?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0265.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "240 GRBBCB MACEDONIA. [b,o. 3E\\nBent against the latter, and Alexander himself marched against the\\nbarbarians. He pursued them to the mountains, and overcame every\\nobstacle with ease, till he reached the rugged chain of Hsemus, whose\\ndefiles Count Diebitsch so gallantly forced in the late war between\\nRussia and Turkey. The mountaineers, unpracticed in reg-ilar war-\\nfare, established themselves upon the summits overlooking the only\\npracticable pass, and, loading wagons with etones, prepared to roll\\nthem down upon the invaders.\\n43. The shields of the Macedonians were jf a rectangular form, and\\nlarge enough to protect the whole body. Alexander accordingly\\ndirected his soldiers to open their ranks, and let the wagons pass, and,\\nwhere this was impracticable, to fall upon the ground, and cover them-\\nselves with their compacted shields. This plan t acceeded. The wagons\\nwere wasted in vain not a man was killed by their impetuous descent\\nand the phalanx, rapidly forming, advanced up the hill with loud shouts.\\nThe barbarians were routed, and their women aud children falling into\\nthe hands of the Macedonians were sold for slaves. Alexander, deter-\\nmined in the beginning to make sure work, had ordered vessels from\\nByzantium to proceed up the Danube. After three days journey\\nthrough cultivated plains, he reached the banks of that mighty stream,\\nand beheld upon the other side the country of the Getae, or Goths,\\ncovered with wheat, already white to the harvest. Here, meeting his\\nvessels, he transported his army across in the night, and the next day\\nadvanced towards the capital of the barbarians.\\n44. The Goths had assembled to give battle, but when they saw the\\nphalanx approaching, with spears presented and burnished shields,\\nhardly admitting a sight of what bore them, together with the cavalry\\nmoving with miraculous regularity, they fled in the greatest dismay.\\nTheir city fell into the hands of the Macedonians, and this bloodless\\nvictory was rewarded with great booty. Returning from this expedi-\\ntion before the Illyrians were subdued, he marched against them, and,\\nfalling upon them when they thought him still at a distance, gained so\\ncomplete a victory that they never attempted rebellion again in his\\nreign.\\n45. CoNFKDERAOT AGAINST Maoedon. Scarcely were these enemies\\nreduced, when new ones required his attention. Demosthenes, who\\nQuestiims.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 42. On what expedition did Alexander march? Hew did the mountaineeri\\nprepare to encounter Alexander? 43. IIow did Alexander meet this kind of warfare? What\\nwas the result What direction had Alexander given to vessels Why? Give a further\\naccount of Alexander s movements. 44. How did the Goths behave? What was the eoft\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2oqoence 7 What rapid movement di Alexander then make Trace AJexander c rouU\\n45. Whfttdld Demofithenes do while Al^zacder was absent?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0266.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "JR. 0.336] ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 24\\nhated and fea-ed the son as sincerely as he riK\u00c2\u00ab the father, and who\\nused Tinsparingly tlie eloquence with which nature had so richjy\\nendowed him, and the gold with which the king of Persia so liberally\\nfurnished hira, had succeeded in forming another confederacy against\\nMacedon. After the battle of Cheroneia, a Macedonian garrison had\\nbeen left in Thebes. The commanders of this garrison were both\\nmurdered in one night, and a report was at the same time circula :ed\\nthat Alexander was dead. A revolution immediately took place in\\nJ hebes, the Macedonian alliance was removed, and the city declared\\n.ndependent. The Thessaliar.s, knowing whence the storm arose,\\ndeclared war against ^^Aens and Thehes and Greece was again all\\ncummotion.\\n46. When these circumstances were reported to Alexander, in hia\\ncamp in Illyria, he lost no time in deliberation. Taking the shortest\\nroute over a country of rocky, wooded mountains, in twelve days he\\narrived before the walls of Thebes with a chosen band. lie hoped by\\nthe uncalculated rapidity of his march to intimidate his enemies, and\\ncompose matters without bloodshed but though the Thebans were\\nstruck with dismay when they heard of his approach, they still deter-\\nmined to make an effort; and though the Athenians were not yet in\\narms, nor the Arcadians ready to march, they shut themselves up in\\ntheir city, and, relying upon the strength of their walls, obstinately\\nrefused all offers of peace.\\n47. Rdin of Tukbes. The horrors perpetrated at the storming of\\nThebes have been rarely paralleled in the annals of war. Many brave\\nmen fell upon both sides before the gates were forced, but when once\\nthe multitudes of Phocians, Thespians, and Plateans (who had suffered\\n80 much from Theban cruelty, and were now found ranged under the\\nbanner of Alexander) came to settle their long account of blood, the\\ncity of Cadmus fell beneath the fearful retribution. The conquering\\narmy ravaged the town, careless of commands, and slaughtered alike\\nthe submissive and resisting. The altars, to which many fled for pro-\\ntection, flowed with the blood of the slain; even the slaves of the\\nThebans turned against their masters, and joined in the work of ven-\\ngeance.\\n48. It does not appear that Alexander had power to mitigate these\\nhorrors, but, unwilling to bear the odium of destroying a Grecian city,\\nQuMtio7i8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094A! What took place in Thebes? Why did the Thessalians declare war against\\nAthens as well as Thebes 46. Where was Alexander at the time What rapid movement\\ndid ho make^ What did be expect to gain Uld the Thebans yield at once Wh;tt did\\nthey do? 47. Give an accounc of the fall of Thebes. 48. What measures were adopt\u00c2\u00ab^\\nnrelinaixiary to the destruction of T* ftt)ea 1 Where w\u00c2\u00bb8 Thebes T (See Map No. 2\\nli", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0267.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "242 GREECE MACEDONIA. [8 0.336\\nhe summoned a congress of the states to decide upon ner fate. By\\nthis assembly the same measure wliich the Thebans had meted out to\\nthe Phocians, at the conclusion of tlie Sacred War, was now measured\\nout to her. It was decreed that the Theban state should be anni-\\nhilated, the town utterly destroyed, the surviving inhabitants sold into\\nslavery, and the territory given to the conquering allies. Alexander\\nsucceeded in saving the house of the poet Pindar from the flames,\\nand all his descendants from slavery, e o. 335. Thus ended the city\\nfounded by Cadmus, after having been one of the heads of Greece\\nseven hundred and ten years.\\n49. What passed in Athens. A part of the Theban cavalry\\nescaped to Athens, and the consternation which pervaded that city at\\nthe news they brought can scarcely be imagined. Not even Demos-\\nthenes dared to mount the beraa and harangue the people. The coun-\\nsels of Phocion consequently prevailed, and an embassy was sent to\\nthe victors, to apologize for the part Athens had taken, and beg for\\npeace. Alexander received the deputies with favor, but insisted that\\nthe Athenians should deliver up ten of their most factious citizens\\nto be tried, as the common enemies of Greece. In this number were\\nDemosthenes and Oharidemus. By the fable of the sheep who gave\\nup their guardian dogs, the great orator dissuaded his countrymen\\nfrom complying with the demand. Another embassy was therefore\\nsent, to solicit better terms and Alexander finally granted them,\\ninsisting only on the banishment of Oharidemus, whom he suspected\\nof having been an accomplice in his father s murder. We shall hear\\nof him again in Persia.\\n50. The domestic troubles of Greece being thus once more quieted,\\nthe autocrator returned home, to prepare for that expedition which\\nhad so long occupied his ambitious thoughts. He intrusted the govern-\\nment of Macedon to Antipater, with a body of twenty thousand sol-\\ndiers, to keep the states of Greece in awe. For the conquest of Asia,\\nin which he was now setting out, he had only thirty thousand foot\\nand five thousand horse, one month s provisions, and about forty thou-\\nsand dollars in money. With this comparatively insignificant force,\\nAlexander marched to attack that power which had swallowed up\\n^e^Uon\u00c2\u00ab. 48. Give an account \u00c2\u00bbf the deBCruction of the city. What exception wa*\\nmade In the work of destruction? 49. To what place did a part of the Theban cavalry\\nec3ape? What was the effect of the news there? What action did the Athenians take\\nDpon what did Alexander insist? How was he induced to change his exaction What termj\\nwere finally agreed upon? 50. What was the next movement of Alexander To whom\\ndid he intrust the government of Macedon? What was Alexander s great object W\\\\t\\\\\\nprepaiati ^ns did he set oat with f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0268.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0269.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "nvrACEDOHIA\\n5/0\\n5 5\\n60\\n45^^-\\nff X T JV\\n,01^^\\n^C;:f;.a^^M\\nt v^ \u00c2\u00ab-,\u00c2\u00abu_,^-i_ ^i^-^ y ^.-i-i-i;- ;-^^=7*^ V _", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0270.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0271.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0272.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "1.0.334.] FIRST CAMPAIGN. 243\\nAssyria, Ohaldea, Egypt, and all the countries from the Egean on the\\nwest to India on the east, and which, one hundred and tilty years\\nbefore, had sent a host of five millions of persons, to overwhelm that\\nvery Greece which was now prepared to roll back the tide of war\\nupor the shores of Asia.\\n51. First Campaign in Asia. b. o. 334.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (1.*) Amphipo lis.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 As-\\nsembling his troops at this place in the spring of the year, Alexander\\nmarched at their head to (2.) The Hellespont. With Uomer s Iliad\\nfor Lis guide, he embarked from the spot where Agamemnon s fleet\\nhad weighed anchor eight hundred and fifty years before, and, taking\\nthe tiller in his hand, acted the part of steersman in the passage.\\nMidway he lay on his oars, while a bull was sacrificed to Neptune\\nand the Nereids, and then, pouring libations upon the waves from a\\ngolden vessel, resumed his course, and landed in the Achaian port, in\\ni. citation of his great predecessor.\\n62. Here he raised altars to Minerva and Hercules, and then pro-\\nceeded to (8.) Tboy. On this classic spot there was only a small vil-\\nlage, still retaining the ancient name of Ilion. In a temple of Minerva\\nwere consecrated suits of armor, preserved sidcc the Trojan war. He\\ntook down one of these, and hung up his own In its stead and having\\nperformed sacrifices in honor of the Homeric heroes, and crowned the\\nlomb of his ancestor Achilles, he proceeded on his way. No army\\nattemi)ted to stop his progress till he reached (4.J The Fokd of ths\\nGkanicus, a river which flowed from Mo irt Ida into the Propontis.\\n53. Battle of Granious. Darius, hearing of the expedition of\\nAlexander, had sent a commission to his satraps in this quarter, to\\nseize the Mad Boy to whip him severely; to clothe him in mock\\npurple, and bring him bound to Susa; to sink the ships in which he\\nhad crossed the Hellespont, and send his army in chains to the farther\\nshore of the Red Sea. Tlie Persian lords, in compliance with these\\ngentle orders, assembled a large force on the banks of the Granicus\\nbut the Macedonians forded the river, and ascended the steep bank io\\nthe face of their opj osition, fought a tremendous battle, and gained\\nLet the pupil now luok upon map No. 8, as AlexuBdor^s course is marked c at\\nQuetUon-8. 51. Where was Amphipolis? (See map No. 2, also number 1, Map No. 8.)\\ni^NoTK.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In reciting the campaigns of Alexander, take this method Let the teacher aay,\\nNo. 1, and the pupil answer, Auipuipuiis, a lowu m Macedonia, nowTiirKey in ti,urf iH?.\\nHere Alexander assembled his troops in the spring of 834 b. o., and mareaod, vfec. No.\\n2 T u rpjj^ Hellespont, a strait leading from the Egean to the Propontis, no called Darda-\\nnelles. Here Alexander, c.] 62. No. 8. Troy the exact spot where it stood cannot\\naow be determined. Here Alexander, c. Did Paul \u00c2\u00abrver rislt this spot? (See 2 Tim\\ntv. 18.) 68, 64. No. i Gronicu*, a small river which falls Inio the Sea sf Marmora\\n|J\u00c2\u00abre Alexanler, Ac", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0273.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "244 GREECE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MACEDONIA. [b. o. 334\\nglorious victory. The Persians iost one-tenth of their army, and nin\u00c2\u00ab\\nofficers of distinction.\\n54. Alexander was first in the fight, and besides distinguishing him-\\nself for his bravery, was rendered conspicuous by his buckler and hia\\ncrest, on both sides of which he wore a beautiful white plume. Two\\nPersian officers made him their object of attack. One of them gave\\nhim a blow with a battle-ax which clove his helmet, and penetrated to\\nthe hair. As the barbarian raised his a/m to repeat the stroke, Clitus,\\nLis foster-brother, ran him through with a spear. Alexander had no^\\npassed the gates of Asia, and made good his entrance into the dominion\\nof the enemy. Twenty-five of his personal friends had been killed, to\\neach of whom he erected a statue of brass; and upon the arms taken\\nhe caused to be inscribed, Won by Alexander, of the barbarians of\\nAsia. Most of the plate and furniture he sent home to his motlier.\\n55. (5.) Sardis. The victory of Granicus intimidated the Persians\\nand encouraged the Grecians. After marching through a great extent\\nof country with the quiet and comfort of peace, Alexander was met,\\nabout seven miles from Sardis, by the principal men of the city, who\\ncame to throw themselves upon his mercy. He received them kindly,\\nand, entering the place with them, took possession of the citadel.\\nHere he ordered a temple to be erected to Jupiter, on the spot where\\nthe palace of Croesus had stood.\\n56. He remained at Sardis only three days, regulating the govern\\nment and tribute of the province, and then, by one day s march,\\narrived at (6.) Ephesus, just as the Grecian party had overpowered\\nthe Persian, and were ready to hail him with joy at their gates. He\\ngave orders that the tribute formerly paid to the Persians should be\\nemployed in rebuilding the temple of Diana and having attended a\\nmagnificent sacrifice to this goddess, with all his troops, he moved\\nforward to (7.) Milktus. His fleet entered the bay at the same time\\nhis forces appeared before the town, and the Milesians, yielding to the\\npowerful motives furnished by the battering-rams, surrendered.\\n57. (8.) Halioarnasscs. The fertile province of Caria, of which\\nQuestions. 54 Who commanded the Persians In the battle? Atis. Memnon, th\\nBhodian: his widow was the mother of Hercules. (See page 272.) 65. Sardis, now calleC\\nBait, a small village. Here Alexander, t c. What was written to the church of Sardih\\nIn Rev. iii. 1-5? How long before Alexander did uroesus live? 56. Where was Ephesus?\\n(8 e map No. 2, also number 6, map No. 3.) Ephesus. Here Alexander gave orders, c.\\nWho founded Ephesus? Ans. Androchus, son of Codrus. Who laid the ftrundalion of its\\ngreatness? Ana. Lysander, when he built a fleet there. (See page 190.) What is written\\nto the church of Ephesus? (See Rev. ii. 1-5. Miletus. Here, o. Wiica was the\\ntemple of Diana burned? 57. Give the location of Halicarnassus. What distinguished mat\\nWRs bom there? (See p:i.{\u00c2\u00bb IM^)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0274.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "MAUSOLEUM AT HALICAENASSUS. (Page 245.)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2One of the Seven Wonders of the World.\\nErected by Artemisia (about 380 B. C.) over the remains of her husband\\nMausolus. and was so beautiful that it still gives a name to similar struc\\ntures. It was adorned by the labor of some of the most celebrated artists ot\\nthe period. Its plan was that of a rectangular building surrounded by an\\nIonic portico of 36 columns, and surmounted by a pyramid rising in 24 steps\\nupon the summit of which was a colossal quadriga with a statue of Mausolus", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0275.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0276.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "B. 0.334.] FIRST CAMPAIGN. 245\\nHalicarnassns was the capital, was ruled by Ada, a descendant of that\\nfamous Artemisia who fought in the fleet of Xerxes, and sister of that\\nstill more famous Artemisia, who erected in honor of her deceased\\nhusband, Mansolus, the sepulchral monument reckoned among the\\nseven wonders of the world. An insurrection had been raised\\nagainst Ada by her brother, and she was now deprived of a great part\\nof her possessions. To this disputed point Alexander directed liis\\ncourse. Ada went out to meet him, adopted him for her son with\\ngreat ceremony, gave him the keys of her strongest fortress, and so\\nmanaged affairs that Lis march across Caria, of nearly one hundred\\nmiles, should be as through a friendly country. Ilalicarnassus sub-\\nmitted for the same reasons that had influenced Miletus.\\n58. Winter now approaching, he permitted a part of his army to\\nreturn home, with authority to engage recruits; but he himself deter-\\nmined that tlie season should not pass in inactivity. Committing the\\ngovernment of Caria to his good mother, Ada, he went forward\\nthrough Lycia and Pamphylia with his chosen troops, every town\\nsubmitting upon his approach, and sending presents. At (9.) aspen-\\nDU8, on the river Eurymedon, the people made considerable resistance.\\nAs a punishment, Alexander obliged them to furnish double the quantity\\nof horses and money that he required of the other vanquished states.\\n59. (10.) GoRDiuM. In this place he visited the castle where was\\npreserved with superstitious care the Gordian knot. The story of the\\nknot was this In those early ages when remarkable events were so\\ncommon, a Phrygian peasant named Gordius, being engaged in plow-\\ning, an eagle perched upon the yoke of his oxen, and quietly rode up\\nand down the field. Interested in the phenomenon, he left his work\\nand went to seek some one to explain the mystery. He wandered on\\ntill, approaching a village, he saw a girl drawing water from a spring,\\nand finding upon inquiry that she belonged to a race of seers, he told\\nher his business. She advised him to return, and sacrifice immediately\\nto Jupiter. This led to a multitude of inquiries as to the manner in\\nwhich the ceremony was to b^ performed; and finally he persuaded\\nIhe gir^. to marry him and accompany him home. Nothing important\\noccurred till a son of this match, named Midas, attained manhood.\\n60. The Phrygians were then debating upon a change in their form\\nof government, and while in assembly, were told that A cart woul^\\nbring them a king to relieve their troubles. Soon after, Gordius and\\nQuesti iis. 57, 58. Who was Ada By what process had she been deprived of part of h\u00c2\u00ab\\nposBessious Sute what took, place at Halicarnassus, At Aspen. Ins. Where was Aspev\\ndu\u00c2\u00bbf Wh;it happened to Cytnou and TTirasvbulus at the river Eurymedon? 59,60. Whor*\\nwas GurdiuUi (See map.) Uelate ta\u00c2\u00ab ai\u00c2\u00ab -v of the Oordiau knot.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0277.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "246 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. o. 3SS.\\nMidas came in a cart to the convention, and the people, believing the\\noracle to be thus answered, elected Midas king of Phrygia. In com-\\nmemoration of this event, Midas dedicated the cart and its appendages\\nto the gods. The yoke was tied to the pole with a piece of the bark\\noi the cornel-tree, in such a knot as no one could unloose. A tradi-\\ntion arose, that whoever should untie that hnot should he Lord oj\\nAsia; and the failure of many ambitious men who had attempted it\\ngave great importance to Alexander s visit. Some say that he cut the\\nknot with his sword. Arrian asserts that he wrested the pin from the\\nbeam, and so took off the yoke. The means are of no consequence.\\nHe was believed to have accomplished the oracle, and to be the des-\\ntined lord of Asia. Here the troops that had been home rejoined\\nthe array.\\n61. Second Campaign. b. o. 333. (11.) Anotba. At this place an\\nembassy met the king of Macedonia, bringing offers of submission\\nfrom (12.) Paphlagonia. Thence he marched southward through\\n^13.) Oappadooia, every town of which surrendered, till he reached\\nthe lofty ridge of Taurus, which separates Asia Minor from Syria.\\n(14.) The Pass op Mount Taurus, called the Gate. The Persians\\nthought to defend this important point, but the troops took flight at\\nthe approach of the Grecians, and Alexander encamped without\\nmolestation upon the plains of Cilicia. (15.) Tarsus. The Persian\\nforces stopped here, and Alexander hastened on to meet them. They\\nflei again, but his exertion had so heated his blood, that the sight of\\nthe Cydnus, roiling its cool waters from the snow-clad summits of the\\nmountains, was perfectly irresistible. He plunged in and amused\\nhimself some time in swimming, but he paid a severe penalty for big\\nimprudence. A violent fever seized upon him and brought him down\\nto the brink of the grave.\\n62. (16.) Anohialus. As soon as he was sufficiently recovered,\\nAlexander sent Parmenio to secure the passes into Syria, while he\\nengaged in the more active business of reducing that part of the coun-\\ntry west of Tarsus, At Anchialus a monument was found, bearing\\nthis inscription: Sardanapalus, son of Anacyndaraxes, in one day\\nfoun led Anchilaus and Tarsus. Eat, drink, and play all other human\\nQu\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\u00c2\u00abtions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094i\\\\. Where was Ancyra? What took place there? What at the Pass of\\nMount Tauros? Where was Tarsus? What took place at Tarsus? Why was Tarsus a\\nfree city f An\u00c2\u00bb. The inhabitauLs took part with Caesar in the civil wars, and were exempted\\nfrom tribute when he became master of the world. It slill remains, though only the shadow\\nof its former self. What beautiful light was once seen on the Cydnus? (Sue page 303.)\\n62. On what expedition did Alexander send Parmenio? lu what business did Alexander\\nengage? What was found at Anchialus? Has previous reference b* \u00c2\u00abT\u00c2\u00bb made to the 8j\u00c2\u00bbr\\nl^napalus mouumeut in this booii T", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0278.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "B. c. 333.J SECOND CAMPAIGN. 247\\njoy8 are not worth a fillip. Darins, alarmed by the rapid advancei\\nof the Greeks, determiued at last to take the field and meet the mad\\nboy in person. He drew up his troops near Babylon, with a pomp\\nHttie inferior to that displayed by Xerxes. The magi, carrying the\\nSacred Fire on altars of massy silver, led the van, chanting a solemn\\nbyran. Three hundred and sixty-five youths vailed in Tyrian purple\\nfollowed then came the splendid chariot of Jove, drawn by white\\nhorses; and then the magnificent steed of the sun. Then foLowed ten\\nchariots richly embossed with silver and gold and the cavalry of the\\ntwelve nations, displaying arms and ensigns of the most curious work-\\nmanship.\\n63. The Immortal Band took the next rank, and 15,000 men dressed\\nin the costliest apparel, called the king s relations, followed. Then\\ncame the king himself, seated in a lofty chariot, so richly ornamented\\nthat it can hardly be described, with the images of Ninus and Belus\\nand a golden eagle fixed upon the sides. Ten thousand men, arm\u00c2\u00abd\\nwith spears of silver and darts of glittering gold, followed, and 30,000\\ninfantry inclosed him as a body-guard. His mother, wife, and chil-\\ndren also, surrounded by chosen attendants, traveled with tlie army\\nand king, according to the custom of tlie Persians; and a multitude of\\nnations brought up the rear.\\n64. With this vast cavalcade of near a million of souls, resembling\\nmore a triumphal procession tlian a host armed for battle, Darius\\nmoved from the plains of the Euphrates northward toward the moun-\\ntains of Syria, in quest of a handful of Greeks, who had already\\nwrested from him the fertile territory of Asia Minor. As Darius I.\\nhad his Hippias, and Xerxes his Demaratus, so this king had also hia\\nattendant Grecian exile, Charidemus. While reviewing his immense\\narmy, Darius turned to Charidemus, and inquired if even the sight of\\nsuch a multitude would not be sufficient to frighten Alexander. The\\nGrecian, proud of the superiority of his countrymen, replied with such\\na cutting comparions between troops nurtured in tho lap uxury\\nand those taught by necessity to meet danger in the most ap ^jailing\\nforms, as displeased his royal patron. Darius, naturally mild and\\ngentle, was now so agitated by jealousy and fear that he ordered hia\\nfaithful monitor to instant execution.\\n65. (17.) Issus. The mighty host commanded by Darius here came\\nto an engagement with the Grecians, and was entirely defeated. The\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 62. 63, 64. Upon what did Darius at. last deteriniae? Give an account of\\nthe number and kind of fcxrces Darius had. Relate the circumstances of CharidemuB\\ndeath. How long had he been in Persia? 65 Gi^ -in account of the battle of Issufc\\n[Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -Rem piaber that this la the first battle whei ab two monttrchs fourfi t in porswQ.]", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0279.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "348 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. o. 333\\nmoment Darius saw his troops giving way he retreated with the greatest\\nprecipitation, and getting into difficult places, where his chariot could\\nnot pass, he threw down his how, shield, and royal mantle, and fled\\non horseback. Some of his army struck into the high road to Persia\\nsome ran into the woods, or wandered among the mountains 100,000\\nof his men were left dead upon the field and his mother, queen, and\\nchildren were taken prisoners in the camp.\\n66. The royal tent, furnished with vessels of gold and every speciei\\nof eastern luxury, was a curiosity to the hardy Macedonian king.\\nAfter having surveyed the silken drapery, tasted the delicious wines,\\nand inhaled the luscious perfumes, he exclaimed contemptuously,\\nThis, then, it is to be a king! One beautiful casket he appro-\\npriated to himself The manuscript of Homer s Iliad, prepared for\\nhim by Aristotle, was placed into it, and ever afterward styled the\\nOasket copy. From the tent of Darius he proceeded to that of the\\nprincesses. The kindness and generosity with which he treated them\\nforms one of the most beautiful traits in his history. The child of\\nDarius, seing a man in armor, stretched out his hands to the con-\\nqueror, and Alexander, taking him in his arms, caressed him with\\nthe utmost tenderness.* To the ladies the victor granted every privi-\\nlege demanded by Persian custom.\\n67. (18.) Damascus. This was a treasure city of Darius, and Alex-\\nander sent Parmenio to take it. The governor surrendered at once,\\nand such vast quantities of spoils fell into the hands of the victors as\\nloaded 7,000 beasts, besides heaps of valuable jewelry. (19.) Sidon.\\nThe inhabitants of this city gave up their keys with joy to the con-\\nqueror. While in Syria, he received a letter from Darius, in which\\nthat monarch offered any sum of money for the ransom of his family,\\nand desired conditions of peace. The king of Macedonia replied by\\nalluding to the invasions of Greece by the Persians. He charged\\nDarius with stirrmg up the Greeks against Macedonia, and procuring\\nthe death of his father.\\n68. (20.) Tyse. As he proceeded along the coast of Phenicia, a\\ndeputation met him from Tyre, bringing offers oi friendship^ but not\\nThe boy could not have mistaken him for his father, for Darius was of a tail, elegant\\nfornx, wilile Alexander was rather short, and ungraceful in his i)erson.\\nQueatiana.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 66. What is said of the royal tent Of Alexander s conduct after the battle 1\\nOf that of Darius s child? 67. How is Damascus situated? State how it was taken.\\nWhat took place there? SUte how Sidon was taKen. Why were the Sidonia^s so willing\\ntosuncnder? An\u00c2\u00ab. Thi-y hated the Persians for huving miscrahly dL-stroycd iheir city\\nSo much trold wiii* nu-lted in its conflagration that Oclius sold the ashes iur largo \u00e2\u0080\u00a2sums o/\\nmoney. Whai lelier la spoken of? What was Alexanders reply 68. Where was Tyre\\nWhat negotiations took place?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0280.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "B.0.332.] SECOND CAMPAIGN 249\\nof submission. He thanked them for their amicable professions, and\\nexpressed his intention of visiting the city to worship the Tyrian Her-\\ncules. The gates were closed when he arrived, and he received a\\n[)olite intimation that the Tyrians did not wish to admit him. There-\\nupon he resolved to besiege the place. Old Tyre had been destroyed\\nby Nebuchadnezzar 240 years before but New Tyre, standing on an\\nisland half a mile from the shore, was at this time the strongest mari-\\ntime town in the world. Its walls were 100 feet high and 18 miles in\\ncircuit. With a fleet obtained from Sidon and Cyprus, Alexander\\nblockaded it by sea while by land he undertook the carrying out a\\nmole from Old Tyre to the rocky ramparts of the new city.\\n69. The Tyrians defended themselves with the most determined\\nbravery. They destroyed the mole several times; they caught the\\nworkmen with grappling-irons, and dragged them within the walls\\nthey sent out fire-ships, and burnt many galleys, and poured down\\nahowers of heated sand upon the besiegers, which, penetrating through\\nthe chinks of the armor, burned to the very bone. For six months\\nthis dreadful siege lasted, and then Tyre was taken but not ren\\ndered. From house to house, and from street to street, every inch\\nof ground was disputed mercy was neither asked nor given, until a\\ngreat part of the garrison had fallen. Eight thousand Tyrians fell in\\nthe onslauglit, and thirty thousand capti /es were sold into slavery.\\nWhile the siege of Tyre was in progress, Alexander received another\\nletter from Darius, in which the monarch offered him his daughter in\\nmarriage, and the whole country from the Euphrates to the Mediter-\\nranean as her dowry. If I were Alexander, said Parmenio, I\\nwould accept it. So would I, were I Parmenio, said the king.\\n70. (21.) Jerusalem. From Phenicia, Alexander marched to Pales\\ntine. The Jews, whose city and temple had been rebuilt by the Per-\\nsians, loved their benefactors, and faithfully adhered to their cause.\\nIt was therefore not without terror that they heard of the approach\\nof the victorious commander at Issus. Josephus says that Jaddua, the\\nhigh priest, clothed in his sacred robes, went out to meet Alexander,\\nQuestioTU. \u00e2\u0080\u009468, 69. By whom and when had Old Tyre been destroyed WTiat was the\\ncondition of New Tyre? How did Alexander proceed against the place? How did th\u00c2\u00ab\\nTyrians defend themselves How long did the siege last Describe the taking of the city.\\nWhen was it taken Ans. On the 20th of August, b. o. 382. When did Alexander ifceive\\na second letter from Darius? What was the i uipurt of llic kttiT? What conversation\\ntook place between Alexander and Pitrmenio? liead Is. xxiii. 10, 11 Ezek, xxvii. 10-13, 16,\\n18, 19, 28-25. 84. 85; and xxviil. 7. b; Zech. ix. 3-5, 12, 13, IG. 70. Why were the Jews faith-\\nful to the Persians? What is related of .laddua What jirivilege did Alexander grant tha\\nJews? Ans. He exempted them from -avins tribute every seventh year, for in i,hat yemr\\n*-hey neither sowed nor reaped Read Daoiftl v\\\\ 20-22.\\n11*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0281.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "250 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. o. 332\\nand no sooner did the Macedonian monarch behold him than he pros-\\ntrated himself, and worshiped the holy name inscribed upon hia\\nmiter. When the astonished nobles inquired the reason of this strange\\nrever p;.ce, he told them that such a person had appeared to him in a\\nvision, and Invited him to undertake the conquest of Asia. Jaddua\\npointed out to him those passages in the book of Daniel where hia\\nrapid conquests were foretold, and, after some more conversation, was\\ndismissed in a friendly manner.\\n71. (22.) Gaza was situated two miles from the sea, on a lofty rock,\\nsurrou.ided by a territory of deep sand. The governor refused to\\nsurrender, and Alexander would not leave an unconquered place\\nbehind him. Timber and earth were brought from a distance, a\\nmound formed as high as the walls, and battering-rams erected.\\nAfter a great expense of time, money, and lives, the place fell into the\\nhands of the Greeks. Every man of the garrison died fighting. The\\ngovernor was taken alive, and put to death in the most horrid manner.\\n(23.) Pelusium. In seven days march from Gaza, Alexander arrived\\nwith his army before this place, at the same time that his fleet sailed\\ninto the harbor. The Egyptians, haters of the Persians since the days\\nof Oambyses, received him with joy, and thus he became the ac-\\nknowledged lord of this fertile and wealthy country without striking\\na blow.\\n72. (24.) Heliopolis, the city of the Sun. To know the country,\\nand arrange the government of the people who had become his peace-\\nful subjects, he advanced up the right bank of the Nile to Heliopolis,\\nwhere he crossed the river and proceeded to (25.) Memphis, the place\\nof the tombs and treasures of the Egyptian kings. (26.) Alexandria.\\nLearning that Egypt had no convenient seaport, he explored the coast\\nof the Mediterranean till he reached a suitable point, where he founded\\nthe city which still bears his name.* Far within that vast tract of\\nsand known as the Lybian Desert, lay the beautiful oasis containing\\nfcbc temple of Jupiter Ammon. An insatiable desire to be considered\\nrather a god than a man, had, by the conversation of his mother, been\\ninstilled into the mind of Alexander. Stimulated by this foolish vanity\\nlie marched with a small escort along the seacoast about 200 miles,\\nfco (27.) Paretonium.\\nIt was marked out in the shape of a Macedonian cloak.\\n(Questions. 71. How was Gaza situated How was the place taken How was Pelusinm\\nsituated? How was it taki-n 72. What took place at Heliopdisf What is said of Mem-\\nphis? By whom was the city of Alexandria founded? What led to the act? When wai\\nthe city founded? Ans. b. o. 832. Where was the temple of Jupiter Ammon? Wh\u00c2\u00bbl\\ngreat desire did iLlexander have How did he nontrftci the desire?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0282.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.aSll.j THIRD CAMPAIGN\\n251\\n7a. Thence he tnrned south, and traversing those fields which a\\ntropi?al snn renders ever arid and sterile, he arrived safely at (28.)\\nThe Temple of Jupiter Ammon.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The island of delightful green,\\nwhich greeted his eyes on emerging from the vast ocean of sand, waa\\nonly f.bout five miles across, each way. The air was pleasantly cool;\\nsprings of the finest water were plentiful and beneath the shade of\\nloftj trees, whose spreading branches shut out the scorching rays of\\nthe sun, the weary band reposed after their perilous and fatiguing\\njourney. The priest confirmed the monarch s pretensions, and he left\\nthe temple the acknowledged son of the god! Thence he returned\\nagain to (25.) Memphis, where embassadors from the states of\\nGreece were waiting to congratulate him on his success.\\n74. Third Campaign.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 b. o. 831.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 While Alexander wintered in\\nEgypt a re-enforcement from Greece arrived, and upon the opening of\\nspring he moved again to (20.) Tyre, the place appointed for the\\nmeeting of the fleet, army, and embassies. Thither the Athenian\\nship Paralus conveyed ministers from the diflferent republics, who\\nacquainted him with the state of aflPairs in his own country. After\\nhaving made arrangements for the security of Greece he went on his\\nway, and about the beginning of June reached (29.) Thapsaous, the\\nplace where young Cyrus crossed the Euphrates with his Grecian\\ntroops. The bridges were broken down, and a body of Persians stood\\nready to dispute his passage; but tneir hearts failed at his approach,\\nand, taking flight, they left the Greeks to repair the bridges and con-\\ntinue their route unmolested. It was Alexander s intention to march\\nimmediately to Babylon but learning that Darius had assembled a\\nlarger force tlian he commanded at Issus, and was waiting his approach\\non the eastern bank of tlie Tigris, he directed his course thither, and\\nwithout obstruction crossed that rapid river at a ford.\\n75. (30.) Arbela.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Here Darius deposited his heavy baggage and\\nniilitary stores; and very judiciously chose his station about six miles\\nfrom the town, in a place suitable for the action of his cavalry and\\nscythe-armed chariots. Alexander approached, and prepared for bat-\\ntle. That night he slept soundly, though Darius reviewed his troops\\nby torch-light, and the murmur of the immense multitude seemed like\\nthe roaring of the sea when the waters are agitated by the violence of\\nthe wind. Two years after the victory at Issus, Alexander again\\nQu\u00c2\u00abstioTU.-79. By what route did he reach the temple of Jupiter Ammon? DcRcribe\\nthe island. What did the priest do? To what place did Alexander then 20 Where wag\\nMemphis? 74. What arrangement did Alexander make to eet \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2nformation from Groec??\\nWhat took place at Thapsaous Where was Tnapsacus Why did not Alexander proceed\\ndirect to Babylon? 75. Where was Arbela? What took place there? Ans. A battle", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0283.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "252 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. a 33\\\\\\nmounted Bucephalus, as a pigiial for battle with the monarch of\\nAsia. He wore a sh,3rt coat closely girt about him over that, p\\nbreastplate of linen strongly quilted, which had been found among the\\nspoils of Issus. His helmet of polished iron shone like silver. A\\nsuperb belt, given him by the Rhodians, encircled his waist, from\\nwhich was suspended a sword of the finest temper. Aristander the\\nsoothsayer rode by his side, clothed in a white robe and a golden\\ncrown.\\n76. Just as they were advancing, an eagle appeared above their\\nheads and slowly sailed toward the enemy. As soon as the army\\ncaught sight of the noble bird, they rushed on like a torrent to the\\nfight. Alexander, following the example of Epaminondas, directed\\nhis efforts to one point, and selected for that point the spot where\\nDarius rode upon his lofty chariot in the midst of his royal forces\\nThe king of Asia sustained himself much better than on the former\\noccasion; but the onset of the Macedonians was so terrible, that his\\nbody-guard were seized with consternation and fled. A few of the\\nbravest of them indeed lost their lives in defending their sovereign;\\nand falling in heaps, one upon another, strove to stop the pursuit by\\nclinging in the pangs of death to the Macedonians, and catching hold\\nof the legs of the horses, as they pranced over their prostrate bodies.\\n77. Darius had now the most dreadful dangers about him. His\\ndefenders were driven back upon him the wheels of his chariot\\nbecame entangled among the dead bodies, so that it was almost impos-\\nsible to turn it and the horses, plunging among heaps of slain,\\nbounded up and down, and no longer obeyed the charioteer. Again\\nhe quitted his chariot, and, throwing away his arms, fled on horseback.\\nAt first, Alexander [)nshed on after him; but at dark abandoned the\\npursuit, and returned to the camp. About midniglit, with a band of\\nchosen troops, he rode off to Arbela, and, surprising the town, gained\\npossession of it without bloodshed. The Persian empire appearing to\\nbe entirely destroyed by the defeat a Arbela, Alexander was acknow-\\n.edged king of Asia, Without wait ng for the formal abdication or\\ndestruction of Darius, he turned tc secure the treasures which .he\\nfugitive monarch had left in his grasp.\\n78. (31.) Babylon. As the conqueror approached this city ho was\\nmet by the whole population, following in solemn procession the\\nnobles and priests, who brought him presents, and surrendered the\\nQuestion.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 15, 76, 77. How was Alexander attired for the battle? What is said of Aris\\ntanderf Of an eagle? Give an account of the battle. What is said of the dangers w^ ich\\nbeset Darius during the battle? Of his escape? What were the occurrences afte-r he\\nbattle? 78. Where wa\u00c2\u00bb Babylon? How did Alexander get possession of Babylon", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0284.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "8 0.331.] THIRD CAMPAIGN. 253\\ncitadel, treasury, and town into his hands. The ready submission of\\nhis new subjects so pleased Alexander, that he ordered the former\\ntemples to be restored, and assisted himself at a sacrifice of Belus.\\n(32.) SusA was the common winter residence of the Persian court.\\nBefore Alexander reached this place the son of the governor met 1 im,\\nassuring him that the gates were open to receive him, and a treasury,\\n3ontaining a sura equal to $45,000,000, waiting his disposal.\\n79. The spoils found in Susa were such as no other city ever pre-\\nsented to a conqueror. There were stuffs of such exquisite purple,\\nthat though treasured 190 years, they still retained their freshness and\\nbeauty; splendid vases containing the waters of the Nile and Danube,\\nwhich the Persians kept among their precious things, to show the\\nextent of their dominions; and, what Alexander valued more than all,\\nthe brazen statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton,* which Xerxes had\\nstolen from Greece, and which the autocrator-general now sent back\\nas a peace-offering to the Athenians. Here he reinstated the family\\nof Darius in the palace where they had passed the happy years of\\npower and, having committed the administration of affairs to a Per-\\nsian, went on his way.\\n80. The passage from Susa to Persepolis was rough and difficult,\\nleading over mountains inhabi*^^ed by savage tribes, to whom even the\\nkings of Persia had paid toll; but the rapidity of Alexander s move-\\nments disconcerted their plans of defense, and the Greeks took posses-\\nsion of their strongholds. The officers of Darius fled from the city at\\nhis approach, not even stopping to plunder the treasury of Cyrus, in\\nwhich Alexander found as much coin as he did at Susa, and such\\nquantities of rich movables as loaded 20,000 mules and 5,000 camels.\\nHe stayed in this place four months, that his troops might rest after\\ntheir fatigues, and prepare for the spring campaign. The first time he\\nsat down on the throne of the Persian kings, under a golden canopy,\\nan old Corinthian exclaimed, while the tears streamed from his eyes,\\nWhat a pleasure have those y^reeks missed who died without seeing\\nAlexander seated on the throne of Darius I\\n81. Before breaking up his winter quarters he made a great enter\\nAfter the banishment of tho Pislstratidae, Harmodius and Aristogiton received almost\\nheroic honors. Statues of the finest brass were erected to their memory, and their names\\nwere held in the highest veneration.\\nQuesUons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094lS. Where whs Susa? How did Alexander get possession of Susa? 79,\\nWhat spoils were found in Susa? What is said of Alexander s treatment of the family of\\nDarius? 80. Where was Persepolis? (33.) What rapid movements did Alexander make?\\nWhat is said in connection with his sitting on the throne of tho Persian kings? 81. What\\nIs said of the entertainment provided by Alexander?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0285.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "254 G R E E C K M A r K r O NM A [q. c. 33t\\ntainment, at which all the goosts drank to excess. An Athenian cour-\\ntesan, Thais, having studionsly praised the lord of the feast during the\\nwhole evening, suggested the idea of closing the banquet by a confla-\\ngration of the royal palace, in revenge for the burning of Athens by\\nXerxes and she desired to light the flame with her own hands, that\\nit might be said, the women had taken better vengeance iijjon the Per-\\nsians than all the generals of Greece. The whim struck the conqueror\\nfavorably; and the guests, heated with wine, received the proi)ositiou\\nwith acclamations. Immediately they rose from the table, and follow-\\ning Thais, with lighted tapers in their hands, proceeded to set fire to\\nevery part of tlie grand palace, accompanying the exploit with loud\\npeals of mirth and music.\\n82. B. 0. 330. Fourth Campaign. From the fatal overthrow at\\nArbela, Darius had proceeded to Ecbatana, Ijoping to raise an army\\nthere of sufficient force to preserve to him the ancient kingdom of\\nMedia, with Bactria and Sogdiana but finding that a universal panic\\nhad seized his soldiers, he gave up all hopes of regaining his lost king-\\ndom, and sought only to escape with the relics of his treasure to some\\ndistant province. Five days before Alexander reached (34.) Ecba-\\ntana, the defeated monarch left that city, and retreated through the\\npasses of the mountains that skirt the Caspian Sea. Alexander stopped\\nlong enough to reorganize his army, to reward his soldiers with\\nprincely munificence, to re-engage those who wished still to push their\\nfortunes in his service, to dismiss those weary of campaigns and vic-\\ntories, and to settle the aftairs of the province.\\n83. Then, with a chosen band, he resumed the pursuit of Darius.\\nAfter marching eleven days so rapidly that many horses died of fatigue,\\nhe received tidings, tending rather to increase than retard his speed.\\nHe learned from two of Darius s servants that Bessus, governor of Bac-\\ntria, and another satrap, had seized their sovereign, and carried him\\notf a close prisoner that it was their intention, if Alexander overtook\\nthem, to deliver him up, and so gain favor for themselves; or, if they\\nsucceeded in escaping, to depose him, and usurp the government of\\nthe northern provinces. This news roused every energy of Alexander.\\nHe traveled day and night without intermission till he came up with\\nQue\u00c2\u00bbUon8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094%\\\\. Of the conflagration What can yon Btatfl of the ruins of the palace f\\nAn%. The ruins called Chilinlnar, or Forty Columns, near Sclinaz, are supposed to be the\\nremains of the palace burned by Thais. [Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Now let the pupil trace Alexander s course\\non a map] 82. Why had Darius gone to Ecbatma? Why was he not s-accessful in thlsT\\nHow near did Alexander come to capturing Darius in Ecbatana II ow long did Alexander\\nstop there? 88. Give an account of Alexander s further pursuit of L-arius. Who wai\\nICisflust Upon what did Bessus determine.1 How was he foiled f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0286.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "J i30.\\\\ FOURTH CAMPAIGN. 255\\nthe traitors (or rather with their prisoner), fcr Besgas. finding himself\\nunable to i)ush on with the chariot as fast as necessary, had given\\nDarius several severe wounds, and left him weltering in his blood.\\n84. Only about sixty of the Macedonians were able to keep pace\\nwith Alexander till he reached the enemy s camp. There they rode\\nover scattered garments, and furniture, ar^d golden vessels and, pass\\nng a number of carriages filled with deserted women and children,\\ncame to the chariot where Darius lay in the agonies of death. lU\\ncalled for a drink of water, and after having quenched his thiist v ltl\\nthe cooUng draugl)t, stretched out Ins hand to the soidier that brongbt\\nit, saying, Friend, this fills up the measure of my misfortune:^, to\\nthink I am not able to reward thee for this act of kindness. But\\nAlexander will not let thee go witliout a recompense, and the gods\\nwill reward hifn for his humanity to my mother, my wife, and my\\nchildren. Tell liim I gave thee my hand in his stead, and convey to\\nhim the only pledge I am able to give of my gratitude and affection.\\nWhen Alexander came up, Darius was already dead. The conqueror\\nwas greatly afflicted at the tragical end of his rival. He threw his\\nown robe over the bleeding body, and with generous care caiised it to\\nbe conveyed to Snsa, where the queen, Sisygambis, interred it with\\nfuneral honors,\\n85. Meanwhile, the conspirators betook themselves to the lofty\\nwooded mountains of (35.) Hyroania, where Bessus, adopting the\\nname of Artaxerxes, prepared to vindicate his title to the throne of\\nPersia. Alexander continued the pursuit, and conquered the province;\\nbut Bessus made his escape with a body of 600 horse. Thus successfu.\\nin all his enterprises against the barbarians, Alexander was wounded\\noy a domestic affliction, for which the most brilliant victory could not\\ncompensate. Parraenio had been the one general whom Philip\\nloved and trusted the able counselor and guide of Alexander in his\\nyouth, and his companion in all his toilsome campaigns. Philotas, -Q\\nson of Parmenio, had been one of the monarch s most intimate and\\nfavored friends from childhood. This Philotas was accused of treaaoa\\nand being put upon the rack, confessed the crime, and named A%\\nfather as one of the accomplices.\\n86. An assembly of the Macedonians was called, and the father and\\nson were both condemned to die. Philotas was stoned to death, and\\nQuestions. 84. Give an account of Alexander s final pursuit. Give an account of th\\ndeath of Darius. Of Alexander s care for the body of Darius. 86, S6. Where waa Hyr-\\ncania? What name did Bessus ailopt? What is said of him Who was Parmenio Who\\nPhilotas? What accusation was brought against Philotas? V/hat confession dii he m\u00c2\u00abJje f\\nWhat sen .enco was passs-d How was tho sentence carried out?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0287.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "256 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. o. 329\\na partLoiar friend of Parmenio s was sent into Media, where that\\nvenerable general was stationed, to execute the sentence upon him.\\nParmenio was walking in his park, and, seeing liis friend approaching,\\nran to embrace him, inquiring after h s son and his king with the\\ngreatest tenderness. The assassin gave him a letter from Alexander,\\nand, while he was reading it, stabbed him in the side, repeating his\\nblows till assured he was dead. Thus fell this great man, illustrioi:g\\nboth in peace and war. He was seventy years of age, and had served\\nhis sovereign with fidelity and zeal in numberless campaigns two of\\nhis sons had died in battle, and with the third and last he himself fell\\na victim to the suspicions which an infamous boy had aroused, and\\nvicious favorites had fostered in the mind of the king, for whom he\\nhad 80 often hazarded his life.\\n87. The lust of power and the pride of dominion had already taken\\ndeep root in the mind of Alexander. He was surrounded by flatterers,\\nand his foolish ambition to be considered a god exposed die weak\\npoints in his character. Philotas ridiculed this pretension, and thus\\nplucked down ruin upon his own head for his guilt, to say the least,\\nwas not fully proved. Knowing that the execution of these distin-\\nguished individuals might create discontent, Alexander again mar-\\nshaled his forces and set out after Bessus, who had retreated to North-\\nern India, laying waste the country behind him. He met with no\\nparticular adventure till he reached the head waters of the Indus.\\nWinter overtaking him there, he employed his troops in building\\ncity, which he named (86.) Alexandria. It is still a flourishing place\\non the great route of Candahar, by which caravans go through Affgha-\\nnistan and Northern India to Agra and Lahore.\\n88. B. o. 329. Fifth Campaign. Observing the hardiness and\\nyigor of the natives of these climates, he enrolled 30,000 boys among\\nhis followers, and caused them to be trained in the Macedonian dis-\\ncipline. Meanwhile, Bessus had established himself in Bactria, and\\nAlexander, anxious to come upon him before he was prepared, moved\\nearly in the spring to the north. The soldiers, tired of marches and\\ncountermarches, and thinking the object of their expedition already\\naccomplished by the subjection of Persia and the death of Darius,\\nQuestions. 86. What further Is said of Parmenio What ohservation has been mada\\nabout Alexander s successes Atis. It has been stated that Parmenio obtained many\\nvictories without Alexander, but Alexander not one without Parmenio. 87. What wai the\\nfoolish ambition of Alexander? To what did it lead? Why did Alexander soon marshal\\nhis forces apain What place did he reach by winter What is said of the place How is it\\nlocated (8ee map No. 1.) 88. How did AU-x:m ler add 30.000 troops to his army Wher\u00c2\u00ab\\nhad Bessus established himself? Where was iiactriaf (See map No. 1, number 37.) Wh\u00c2\u00bbt\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aoded murmuringa in the camp of AlexAnder}", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0288.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "c. 329.] F I y T n C A M P A I G N 25T\\nwere so little pleased with i,ae idea of traveling to :he north while\\nthe snow was yet ujton the ground, that notliing but murmurings aud\\nrepinings was heard witiiin the camp. Alexander called them all\\ntogether, and addressed them as his friends and supporters, so mixing\\nthe tender with the animating in his speech, that he excited their\\nsympathies, and raised their drooping spirits; and they declared them\\nselves willing to follow wherever he should lead. Profiting by thit\\nfavorable disposition, he made all speed into Bactriana.\\n89. (37.) Baotria and (38.) Aoeni, the two principal cities of the\\nprovince, were taken by assault, and all the rest quietly submitted.\\nAfter crossing the river Oxus on skins stuflfed with straw, he received\\ntidings of Bessus. Two of the traitor s servants, imitating his example,\\nhad treated him in the same manner that he treated his royal master.\\nThey seized his person, forced the diadem from his head, tore tlie royal\\nrobe of Darius from his shoulders, set him on horseback, and brought\\nhim bound to Alexander. The miserable Bessus was sent to the\\nmother of Darius to receive his doom. She ordered four trees to be\\nbent down, and the limbs of the criminal to be fastened to them the\\ntrees were then permitted to fly back, each bearing away its portion of\\nWs body. (39.) Soodiana. Here Alexander rested with his army, while\\nhorses and other recruits were collected for the invasion of Scythia.\\n90. Nothing of importance occurred till he reached (40.) The Jax-\\nARTHEs. Scythia in Europe and Scythia in Asia, the great fountains\\nfrom which issued, in later times, the fierce warriors of Gliengis-Khan\\nand Timurlane, from which came forth Huns and Turks upon their\\nwork of destruction, were at this time inhabited by wandering tribes,\\nwhich Alexander could have no motive to molest. Nevertheless, to\\nfortify his empire against their incursions, he built upon the Jaxarthes\\na city, and called it Alexandria, which is the last one we shall notice,\\nthough in his travels he founded no less than twenty cities of this\\nname. The Speech of the Scythian embassadors to Alexander, so\\njustly celebrated, is too long for insertion here nor will it be neces-\\nsary to detail the particulars of the hostilities in which he soon aftei\\nengaged with this barbarous people.\\n91. He spent the winter in Bactria, and the historian, in speaking of\\nlim here, mentions that he had changed the Macedonian for the Per-\\nQuestion 88. How did he quiet the murmurs S9. What was Alexander s success in\\nBactriana? How did he cross the Oxusf By what name is the Oxus now known? Ana.\\nJihoon or Gihon. How was Bessus at last taken What was his fate? Where was Sog-\\ndiana located (See map No. 1.) What is it now called Ann. Samarcand. 90. What is\\nthe Jaxarthes now called? -4718. The Sihon. What city did Alexander build on that\\nriver Why did he build it? What other cities did he found? 91. What let said of Alex-\\nlindHrs change of costume and mannera?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0289.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "258 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. c. 327\\nsian costume. Indeed, Alexander s conformity to the Inxarious habita\\nof the East had weakened his virtues, and rendered him odious to\\nmany of his most faithful friends. It was five years since he left\\nMacedonia, with a comparatively small army; he was now surrounded\\njy numbers, among whom there were as many Asiatics as Greeks, and\\nthe adoj tion of the manners and customs of tlie nations lie had sub-\\njugated seemed to Inin the dictate of profound policy; while, lo the\\nveterans who had retained the native simplicity of Grecian manners,\\nit seemcKl but another manifestation of that vanity which olaimed the\\nworship rendered only to the gods.\\n92. B, o. 328. Sixth Campaign. The summer of 328 was spent\\nin quelling a re\\\\ olt among the Sogdians, of which no particulars of\\ninterest are recorded, except that Spitamenes, the leader of it, was the\\nindividual who betrayed Bessus. He perislied, like his predecessors,\\nby the hands of false friends, who cut off his head, and earned it as a\\nvaluable present to Alexander.\\n93. B. o. 327. Seventh Campaign. Winter still lingered in the\\nxap of spring, when Alexander moved to the destruction of (41.) The\\nSoGDiAN Rock, the last stronghold which resisted his power. It was\\na mountain fortress, built upon a rock so lofty that its head was\\ncrowned with perpetual snows. When summoned to surrender, Oxy-\\nartes, the governor, looked proudly down upon the lierald, and in-\\nquired if Alexander had provided himself with winged soldiers.\\nThe conqueror could not bear this taunt. lie offered immense sums\\nto tliose who would scale the cliff. A band of the bravest youths\\nundertook the perilous adventure, and succeeded by driving iron pins\\ninto the congealed snow, and suspending scaling-ladders upon them.\\nThe barbarians, thinking they must have been assisted by invisible\\nbeings, surrendered immediately upon their summons and Roxana,\\nthe beautiful daughter of the governor, so captivated the conqueror\\nthat lie made her the partner of his throne,\\n94. Death of Clitus. Persia and its environs were now subdued,\\nand Alexander projected the conquest of India. Before leaving these\\nprovinces, he regulated the government and committed it to Clitus, a\\nvalued friend, who had saved his life at the Granicus. As usual, the\\nMacedonians prefaced the expedition with sacrifices and feasts. While\\nihey sat drinking, the conversation turned upon the history of Castor\\nQueeUona.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 92. How was the summer of 828 spent? What is said of Spitamenes f 98\\nWhat was the Sogdian Kock Where was it situated? Who, in 327, was the governor J\\nWhat inqniry did he make of Alexander? Slate how the place was taken. Who wa\u00c2\u00ab\\nRoxana? What is said of her? 94. What conquests had Alexander cnmplei.-d in 831\\nNVhut charge waa committed to (Jlitus?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0290.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "B i 32 J.] SEVENTH CAMPAIGN. 259\\nand Pollux, said to be tlie sons of Jupiter. This, by association,\\nbrouglit u[) ^Uexaudur s preteusions to the same high birth. The\\nking, indeed, boasted not a little of his exploits, and the courtiers\\nabout him chimed in with the grossest flattery.\\n95. Clitus, heated with wine, took upon hijnself the :ffice of\\nreprover, contending that Philip was a greater man than liis son, and\\nthat Alexander owed his victories not so much to his own prowess, ai\\n\\\\o the brave men by whom he had been supported. Alexander\\nretorted; and Clitus, far from giving up the dis])ute at the instigation\\nof the more temperate part of the company, called upon his king To\\nspeak out what he had to say, or not invite freemen to his table, who\\nwould speak out their sentiments without reserve. But perhaps,\\ncontinued he, it were better to pass your life with barbarians and\\nslaves, who will worship your Persian girdle and white robe without\\nscruple. Alexander, no longer able to restrain his anger, threw an\\napple in his face, and then looked about for his sword. The company\\ninterposed, and forced Clitus from the room but he soon returned by\\nanother door, singing, in a bold and insolent tone, these lines from\\nEuripides:\\nAre these your customs? Is it thus that Greece\\nRewards her combatants? Shall one man claim\\nThe trophies won by thousands\\nJ*6. Alexander s fury knew no bounds. He s} rang from the table,\\nsnatched a spear from one of the guards, and laid his foster brother\\ndead at his feet, exclaiming, Go now to Philip and Parmenio. The\\nblood of his friend sobered him in a moment; he threw himself upon\\nhis body, forced out the javelin, and would have dispatched himself\\nwith it, had not the guards carried him by force to his apartment.\\nHe passed that night and all the next day in the deepest anguish, and\\nit was some time before his philosopher-courtiers could comfort him.\\nNot long after, a conspiracy was discovered among the royal pages.\\nOalisthenes, nephew of Aristotle, who had accompanied Alexandei\\noartly as a philosopher, and partly to collect valuable materials foi\\nicientific research, was implicated.* All the conspirators were put to\\nd3a.*h except Callisthenes. He was mutilated, and carried about with\\nthe army in an iroL cage, until he terminated his life by poison.\\nBorne autaore say Calisthcnes was put to death because he promised to adore Alexan-\\n4er, and broke his word. This was the man who transcribed the Chaldean records found In\\nthe fane of Belus.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 95. Pwelate the controversy that took place. 96. What was the sequel of\\nvhe dispute? Did Alexander regret his rashness? How did he manifest his T*gnt\\nWliui 18 said of a conspiracy that afterward occurred?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0291.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "260 GREECE- MACEDONIA. a 327\\n97. B. 0. 327. EioHTTT Campaign, Conquest of India. Alexan-\\nder having set out lor the conquest of Asia with a land force of less\\nthan 40,000 men, and with a revenue too scanty for their support,\\nnow, with the income of the Persian Empire, too vast for computation,\\ncommanded an army which could scarcely be numbered. He had\\nread in the Grecian fables that Hercules and Bacchus, both sons of\\nJupiter, had marched as far as India, and he determined to outdo hi\u00c2\u00ab\\nbrothers, and go still farther. Late in the spring of the year 326, h\u00c2\u00ab\\nbroke up his jainp in Bactria, and proceeded with rapid march to hia\\nnew nsld of glory. It will not be necessary to specify all his adven-\\ntures. Nothing was found capable of resisting his power. He took\\neight towns by storm, fought many battles, crossed the Indus, and\\nwent on to meet an Indian king beyond the Hydaspes, whom fame\\nreported to be worthy of his arms. Between these two rivers he\\ntook up his winter quarters.\\n98. B. o. 325. Ninth Campaign. (49.) Tuk IIydaspes was swollen\\nwith the melting of the snows and the spring rains, when the Gre-\\ncians began to make preparations for crossing. Porus (the Indian\\nking), aware of Alexander s intention, assembled his army on the\\nbanks, determined to dispute his passage; but our hero had ingenuity\\nas well as courage. Every night he sent out bodies of cavalry, with\\norders to sound their trumpets and raise their war-cry, as if preparing\\nto force their way across the river, Porus at first drew out his men\\nat every fresh alarm but, finding it amounted to nothing, ho suffered\\nhis trooj)8 to enjoy their repose, and neglected watching the fords\\naltogether. Every thing fell out as Alexander had calculated. One\\ndark night when a dreadful thunder-storm shook the surrounding\\nbills, and drowned the noise of the embarkation, the Macedonians\\ncrossed an arm of the river to a small island densely wooded, and\\nbefore morning were far advanced in preparation for passing the other\\nbranch of the stream.\\n99. The Indian outposts sent immediate notice of the enemy s ap-\\nproach to Porus; but as his attention was engaged with a body of\\nhorse, which appeared about to attempt the fords opposite the place\\nwhere he had stationed himself, he considered the alarm up the stream\\nas a feint, and merely sent his son thither with a small band. Alex-\\nander effected a landing in safety, attacked the Indian cavalry, and\\nslew the sou of Porus. Both sides then prepared for a decisive battle.\\nQuesHona.- 91. When did Alexander break up his camp in Baclria? What great object\\ndid he have in view? Why was he so actuated? What were his successes? Between\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0what two rivers did he quarter during the winter? 98, 99, 100. Who was Porns? Whal\\niBgenuity did Alexander manifest? Give an account of the battU.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0292.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "BL 0.327.] ^SINTd CAMPAIiM. 261\\nPorus placed his cavalry and war-chariots upon tlie win^fs, drew up\\nhis elephants in front of his line, and liis infantry in a solid mass in\\nthe rear. The charge was violent and hloody the elephants threw\\nthe Greeks into confusion just as the left wing of the Indians was pni\\nto flight but as the Macedonian light troops came up and immediately\\nslew their guides, these unwieldy animals, not knowing which way to\\ngo, and irritated by wounds, ran round the field and increased tli\u00c2\u00ab\\ngeneral tumult.\\n100 Porus, who was easily distinguished from all others by his\\nstature bravery, and the size of the elephant on which he rode, fought\\nwith the most determined courage. Even after the fortune of the day\\nwas lost ho remained upon the field, striving to rally his forces and\\nretrieve his honor. The noble beast on which he was mounted took\\nthe greatest care of his person; and when he perceived him ready to\\nsink under the multitude of weapons showered upon him, he kneeled\\ndown in the softest manner, and with his proboscis gently drew\\nevery dart from his body.\\n101. Porus was taken prisoner and brought before Alexander, who\\nini^uired of the fallen monarch how he would like to be treated.\\nLike a king, was the proud reply. Deliglited at finding in another\\nsentiments so congenial to his own, Alexander distinguished Porus\\nwith unusual favors for he not only restored to him all his own\\ndominions, but added very extensive territories to them, so that though\\nhe subdued him as hing of one nation, he left him acting as emperor\\nof a country which contained fifteen nations^ 37 i)opulous cities, and\\nnumerous flourishing villages. On the field of battle the Macedonians\\nthrew up the walls of Victory-town, in commemoration of their suc-\\ncess, and, at the point where they crossed the llydaspes, Alexander\\nbuilt a city which he called Bucephalia, in honor of his favorite horse,\\nwhich died there of old age. Here he stationed a part of his army to\\nbuild a fleet, with which to explore the Indus.\\n102. The Soldiers eefuse to go Farther. Curiosity and love\\ncf conquest had now become so settled in the mind of Alexander, that\\nhe could not be satisfied with the vast extent of country south and\\neast of Porus s dominions, which his soldiers subdued with almost\\nincredible rapidity. A great sovereign was said to reside far to the\\neastward, governing a populous and wealthy continent, so extensive\\nthat its utmost limits were entirel) unknown. To reach this continent,\\nand overthrow this empire, became tlie object of his solicitude and\\nQuestion*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \\\\0\\\\. What misfortune befell Porus himself? What question and reply r\u00c2\u00ab\\nnoted T What was the consequsnc* to Poru: What city did Alexander then build?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0293.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "262 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. o. 327\\norders were accordingly given to prepare for advatu-ing to the Ganges\\nu river which was re})orted to be thirty-two fiirU^igs wide and ont*\\nhundred fathoms deep. The Macedonians, who had traveled througn\\n80 many lands, and wasted the best part of tlieir lives in fatiguing\\ncampaigns, were now incessantly turning their eyes tu their dear\\nnative country, and longing to revisit it. For two months they had\\nbeen exposed to violent storms; and now, when new wars and ne V\\ndangers W3re proposed, neither the severity of military discipline, n i\\ntheir love for their young sovereign, could prevent their feelings fronc\\nbreaking forth in loud lamentations. Some bewailed their calamities\\nin the most plaintive terms, while others resolutely declared they\\nwould go no farther. The dissatisfaction spread among all ranks, and\\nincluded even Alexander s most confidential friends.\\n103. Still bent upon his expedition, the conqueror assembled his\\narmy, rehearsed in a moving manner all the victories and spoils they\\nhad won, and the perils they had encountered together, and set before\\nthem in glowing colors the new laurels they should gain if they con-\\ntinued their route to the ocean. But all in vain. The soldiers, with\\neyes fixed upon the ground, maintained a resolute silence, until a\\nvenerable man, more bold than the rest, took up the reply. lie\\nstated in the most respectful tone, that of the Macedonians who left\\nGreece with their general, eight years before, some had fallen in battle;\\nsome, disabled with wounds, had been left in diff^erent places, fai from\\ntheir families and friends; many had died of sickness, fatigue, and\\nforced marches; and of the few that remained, the bodily en. rgief\\nwere weakened, and the minds impaired. He reminded his sovereign\\nthat his own family had a right to expect him; that the Grecian r.ipub-\\nlics, of which he was the chosen head, had been troubled by divisions\\nin consequence of his absence; and that every principle of honor and\\nmoderation required his return home.\\n104. The soldiers received this statement of their grievances and\\ndesires with enthusiastic applause, and the king, greatly chagrined,\\ndismissed the assembly, and retired silently to his tent. Here he shut\\nhimself up, and refused for two days to see even his friends; bat find-\\ning that his afflictioii wrought no change in the minds of his soldiers,\\nhe ordered a sacrifice to be performed, by which the matter was\\nreferred to the gods. Then, assembling his oflicers, he told thero that\\nas the divine powers were favorable to the desires of the achij, he\\nQuestions. 102. What orders for advancing were given? What object did Al cander\\nthen have before him? Why did the soldiers refuse to go fartner? 103. State how A lor\\nander endeavored to change their purpose. Give cne points of the speech made i 4.\u00c2\u00abi\u00c2\u00bbv\\n*Ed\u00c2\u00bbr. 104 What course did Alexiujdcr then lake f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0294.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 326.1 ALEXANDER S RETURN 263\\nwould cheerfully e^ive up his own wishes, and they might corainunicate\\nhis intentions to move homeward. The joy of the heroic Ten Thou-\\nsand when the sea burst upon their longing gaze, could scarcely\\n1 ave equaled the emotions of the sorrowing Gi ecians when these glad\\ntidings were communicated to them. The whole camp echoed with\\npraises and blessings of Alexander, and hardy veterans wept tears of\\njoy, as imagination presented the distant shores of Greece to tLeir\\ndelighted view.\\n105. The Ocean. Before he set out on his return, Alexander\\ncaused twelve altars, seventy-five feet high, to be erected in honor of\\nthe twelve victories he had achieved in India; and, marking out an\\nimmense camp, left in it mangers for horses of twice the usual size,\\nand every thing else in proportion, to convey the impression that his\\nfollowers were nearer gods than mortals. Having constituted Porus\\nviceroy of all the conquered countries, he returned to the Hydaspes,\\nwhere a fleet of 800 galleys, besides vessels of burden and boats, had\\nbeen provided by the party left there for the purpose. In these the\\narmy took its departure (except a detachment which marched each\\nside of the river), about the time of the setting of the Pleiades, that\\nwas in October.\\n106. It took them nine months to move down the river, and conquer\\nall the various tribes upon its banks. When they were first greeted\\nby the sea-breeze, Alexander leaped with joy, and besought the sol-\\ndiers to row with all their might, for now they were come to the end\\nof their toils, and without fighting any more battles, or spilling any\\nmore blood, were masters of the universe. With feelings of mingled\\ndelight and awe, the army gazed upon the heavy swell of the ocean, a\\nscene quite new to them nor was their astonishment less, when, six\\nhours after, the roaring waves retired in a regular ebb, and exposed\\nthe sandy beach to their curious eyes; but Alexander, thinking that\\nthe boundaries of the earth had been reached, and a limit set to his\\nambition, wept because there were no more worlds to conquer.\\n107. B. 0. 324. Return from India. After having besouglit\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 lOi. What causml joy lo his troops How di/l they behave 105. What wa\u00c2\u00ab\\ndone by Alexander in honor of victories? Whom did he leave as viceroy of the con-\\nquered countries What is the modern name of the Hydaspes Ans. Behut or Jhylum\\nOf what river is it a tributarj T Ans. The Indus. How large was the fleet prepared for the\\nreturn of Alexander s army Ans. 2,000 vessels. What materials must they have had it\\narder to build them What do you infer from this concerning the state of the arts in that\\nplace 106. Give an account of the further progress of Alexander s army. Of what took\\nplace at the sea. What sea? Ans. The Erythraean, now called th\u00c2\u00ab Arabian. What mis-\\ntaken Idea did Aloxati.ler have? Why did he weejt 107. In what year did Alexander\\n!etum from India What petition did he make", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0295.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "2G4 GREECE MACEDONIA\\nheaven 1 at no man might ever reach beyond tlie\\nexpedition/ he prepared to traverse the tract now kiuuvn as Beloo-\\n3hi8tan, on his way to Persia. He sent his fleet out under tlie admiral\\nNearchus, wJtli orders to coast along the unknown sea, and join the\\n.and army in the Euphrates. In (50.) The Desert his troops suffered\\nincredibly from want of provisions and wholesome water and such\\nmortality prevailed, tliat he brougiit back from India only about one-\\nfourth of his army. After they had eaten all the palm-tree roots ttiey\\na \u00c2\u00bbuld find, they fed upon their beasts of burden, and finally upon the\\nhorses, so that, having no means of transporting those rich spoils\\n^Mch they had gone to the ends of the earth to collect, they were\\nbliged to throw them away. At last the miserable remains of that\\ngallant army reached (51.) Cakmania, where plenty once more smiled\\nui)on them.\\n108. The governors of the provinces, hearing of the conqueror s\\napproach, sent all kinds of provisions, arms, and presents; and the\\nremainder of his route to (33.) Pkkskpolis was one triumphal pro-\\ncession. His chariot was drawn by eight horses. Upon it was placed\\na lofty platform, where he and his principal friends reveled day and\\nnight. Other carriages followed, covered with rich tapestry, or paper\\nhangings, or shaded with branches of trees, fresh gathered and flou-\\nrishing. In these were the rest of the king s generals and friends,\\ncrowned with flowers and exhilarated with wine. In this whole\\ncompany was not to be seen a buckler, a helmet, or spear; but instead\\nof them cups, flagons, and goblets. These the soldiers filled from\\nhuge vessels of wine placed by the wayside, and drank till intoxica-\\ntion drowned the remembrance of the friends they had lost in the\\nexpedition.\\n109. Nearchus, having made the port with his fleet, left it anchored\\nat the isle of Ormus, while he went across tlie country to report pro-\\ngress to his sovereign. His account of the voyage excited in Alexsn-\\ntler a great desire to go upon the ocean. He proposed to sail round\\nA frica, as Necho s fleet had done to enter the Mediterranean by the\\nPillars of Hercules; to humble the pride of Carthage, which he hated\\nfor the assistrrce it had given the Tyrians then to cross into Spain,\\nand, having t^uodued every thing there, to coast along Italy to Epirus,\\nQuestions. 107. By what route did his fleet proceed? Who commanded the fleet? In\\nnat desert did the troops sufl er? Ans. Sandy Desert, now Kernian. What is said of the\\nBufferings of the troops? At what place did they get relief? lOS. Give an account of Alex-\\nander s march from Carmania to Persepolis. 109. Where did Nearchus anchor his fleet?\\nWhere is the isle of Ormus? (See map No. 3 again.) Then where did Nearchus go How\\ndid his account of the voyage affect Alexander? What grand scheme did Alexandei\\nthereuDon pronoB\u00c2\u00ab?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0296.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "B. 0,324.] ALEXANDER S RETURN. 265\\nand thence retarn over land to Macedonia. For this purpose he sent\\norders to the viceroys of Mesopotamia and Syria to build ships upon\\nthe hanks of the Euphrates and commissioned Nearchus to bring his\\nfleet up the Persian Gulf, to the general rendezvous at Babylon.\\n110. The tomb of Cyrus, at Persepolis, had been violated during hifj\\nabsence. It was a dome of stone, consisting of one chamber, in which\\nstood a bed with golden feet, covered with Babylonian tapestry. On\\nxihe bed was a coffin of gold, containing the embalmed body of Cyrus.\\nThe inscription on the wall seemed expressly intended for Alexander.\\nIt reads thus: O man! whosoever thou art, and whensoever\\nTHOU COME8T (fOR OOME I KNOW THOU WILT), I AM CyRUS, SON OV\\nCaMBTSES, WHO ACQUIRED EMPIRE FOR THE PERSIANS, AND REIGNED\\nOVER Asia: envy me not this mcnument. The lid of the coffin\\nwas gone, and all the furniture of the chamber had been carried away.\\nAlexander punished those concerned in the theft with the greatest\\nseverity.\\n111. From Persepolis he proceeded to (32.) Susa, where he set\\nhimself about the regulation of his vast empire. To cement the union\\nof the conquered and the conquerors, he married Statira, daughter of\\nDarius, and gave her sister to Hepha)stion, his dearest friend. His\\nchief officers he also united to distinguished Persian ladies. When\\nabout 10,000 such matches had been, made, the weddings were cele\\nbrated in the Persian fashion; but after supi)er, according to the\\nGrecian custom, the ladies were introduced. Each, as she entered,\\nwas received by her husband, who took her by her right hand, gave\\nher a kiss, and seated her by his side. To prevent any ill-humor from\\narising among the lower ranks of the Grecians, these nuptial cere-\\nmonies were made the occasion of a grand festival. All the debts of\\nthe soldiers were paid from the royal treasury, and tables loaded with\\nevery luxury were spread throughout the camp, that none might be\\nexcluded from partaking of the munificence of their sovereign. To\\nthose who had distinguished themselves, magnificent presents were\\ngiven and the king himself placed a crown upon the head of the\\nmost eminent.\\n112. Here, again, he was joined by Nearchus, and feeling still a\\ndesire to see the ocean, he went on board the admiral s galley, and\\nHuMtions. 109. What preliminary orders did he give 110. What is said in relation to\\nthe tomb of Cyrus What was the inscription What action did Alexander take Ill\\nWhere waH the city of Susa? By what acts did Alexander underlal .e to cement the aniot\\nof the conquered and the conquerors? Give an account of the ceremonies that followed\\n112. Where did Nearchus a rain join Alexander? On what river was Susa? Ans The Ulat\\ntributary of the Euphrates. What sail did Alexander take\\n12", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0297.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "2()6 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. a 324\\nsailed down to (52.) The Persian Gulf, and ihen n\\\\ to (53.) The\\nMouth or the Tigkis, where the main body of his army lay encamped.\\nHere he published a declaration that all those Macedonians who by\\nreason of age, wounds, or infirmities were unable to endure longer the\\nfatigues of service, might return home. The suspicion (which had\\nlong been lingering in their minds) that their king had transferred hia\\naffections from them to the Persians was thus changed to certainty.\\nVoices were heard through the camp, exclaiming, lie no longer\\ncarea for the Macedonians all his favor is for barbarians and some\\nwent so far as to vociferate, Dismiss us all, and for your associate in\\nfuture campaigns take your father Amnion.\\n113. Alexander, upon hearing this insolent taunt, leaped from his\\nseat, and, pointing out thirteen of the ringleaders, ordered his men to\\ntake them to immediate execution; then, again ascending the tribunal,\\nhe addressed the astonished multitude as follows I do not address\\nyou now^ to divert you from your eagerness to return home all are\\nwelcome to go but I desire first to remind you of w hat you were\\nwhen you left home, and to what circumstances you are now advanced.\\nIn doing this, I begin with acknowledging that not only my obliga-\\ntions, but yours, to my father are incalculably great. The Macedo-\\nnians were poor and wandering herdsmen, clothed in skins, and living\\namong mountains, when my father began to reign. Philip introduced\\ncivil and military order.\\n114. Towns then arose, garments of leather were exchanged for\\ncloth, and wholesome laws and improved manners made the people\\nrespectable so that the barbarians, whom they had been accustomed\\nto fear, were compelled to acknowledge their dominion. Those who\\nobtained command in Thessaly had often been their terror; Philip so\\naltered things that the Macedonians and Thessalians became nearly\\none people. Communication with southern Greece was commonly\\ndifiicult success in the war with Phocis made it sure and easy. The\\nAthenians and Thebans had aimed at the conquest of Macedonia.\\nPhilip humbled both, so that those states owed their safety to Mace-\\ndonian generosity. Finally, settling the aflfairs of Peloponnesus, and\\nestablishing peace throughout Greece, he was elected general of the\\nwhole nation, for war against Persia not more to his own r.onor than\\nthat of the Macedonian people.\\n115. Succeeding my father, I found in the treasury 60 talents, and\\nQue^tians.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 112. What declaration did he publish What effect did the declaration\\nh\u00c2\u00bbve? Wluit exclamations and vociferations were heard? 113, 114, 115. 116. What hasty\\nrevenge did Alexander Uko What statements did he make in his address? Let the psfrll\\nQomuiit the enumeration of Alexander s vi( tories to memory", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0298.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 324.] MUTINY RECONCl LI ATION. 267\\nborrowed 800 more. Such was the fund witli which, together with\\nyou, I left Macedonia. Soon, through our success in arras, Ionia,\\nEolia, Phrygia, and Lydia became tributary. Syria and Palestine\\nsoon became yours and in the same campaign the wealth of Egypt\\nand Cyrenaica followed without contest. Mesopotamia, Babylon^\\nSusa, Bactria, the Persian treasure, the wealth of India, and the com-\\nmand of the ocean beyond, are now yours. He then went on to state\\nthat he had borne hunger, thirst, and fatigue with the meanest soldier,\\nand could show scar for scar with the bravest officer in the ranks\\nthat he had appropriated none of the treasures to himself, and waa\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2listinguished by nothing but a purple robe and diadem.\\n116. For your glory and your wealth, continued he, have I led\\nyou conquerors over plains and mountains, lands and seas. It was my\\nintention to have sent home all those less qualified for further service,\\nthe envy of mankind but as it is the desire of all to go, go all, and\\ntell those at home that your king, Alexander, who has led you over\\nCaucasus, and through the Caspian gates, across the river Oxus, and\\nbeyond the Indus, who at your head braved the perils of the Gedrosian\\ndesert, and the unknown dangers of the ocean, so that fleet and army\\nhave hailed him conqueror at Susa, has been deserted by you, and\\nturned over to the care of barbarians, whom with you he had con-\\nquered.\\n117. Having thus spoken, he descended hastily from the tribunal,\\nwent to his palace, and did not appear again for three days. Then he\\nsent for the various bodies of infantry which he had formed from the\\nyouth of conquered nations, and, surrounding himself with these, per-\\nmitted none to salute him with a kiss but such as were connected with\\nhim by marriage. The Macedonians, overwhelmed with shame and\\nconfusion at this severe rebuke, besieged his palace with tears and\\nlamentations, till finally, overcome with their sorrow, he ordered the\\ngate to be opened, and presented himself to his humbled army. A\\ngeneral cry of joy arose the king mingled his tears with those of hia\\nrepentant people all were permitted to approach him, and none were\\nforbidden to take the valued kiss, for he evaded his interdict by calling\\nthem all his Jcinsmen. The reconciliation complete, they once more\\nput on their armor, and, lifting up the loud paean, returned singing to\\nthe camp.\\n118. From the mouth of the Tigris Alexander proceeded to (34.)\\nEoBATANA. Here he celebrated a magnificent thanksgiving for his\\nQuestiorui\u00e2\u0080\u0094 il l. Relate what occurred after the speech. 118. What oelebmtlon took\\nfilace at EctjataiiaT Where was Ecbatiina?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0299.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "268 GRBECE MACEDONIA. [ac. 321\\nvarious and extraordinary successes. There had come to him from\\nGreece 3,000 persons, skilled in various diversions and these were\\nemployed to fill up the intervals of eating and drinking with dramatic\\nentertainments. But in the midst of these festivities Hephgestion fell\\nsick of a fever, and as he could not bear to be kept upon a low diet, he\\ntook the opportunity, while his physician was gone to the theater, to\\neat a roasted fowl and drink a bottle of wine in consequence of whicL\\nhe grew worse, and died in a few days. Alexander s grief on the\\ndeath of his friend exceeded all bounds. The sounds of music and\\nmirth were instantly hushed, the poor physician was crucified, and\\nthe horses and mules were shorn, that they might appear to share in\\nthe general mourning. Sacrifices were offered to Ilephsestion as to a\\ndemi-god, and the first relief which Alexander seemed to feel was in\\nconquering a barbarous tribe near Ecbatana, and sacrificing the youths\\nto the manes of his departed friend.\\n119. After settling affairs in this province, the conqueror directed\\nhis course to the place which he designed to make the capital of his\\nempire. (31.) Babylon. As he was advancing toward this city,\\nNearchus came up the Euphrates, to tell him that the Chaldean priest*\\nwere of the opinion that Alexander should not enter Babylon. But\\nhe slighted the warning, and went into the city through the very gate\\nwhich they had predicted would be fatal to him. However, the\\nunfavorable omens affected his mind considerably, so that he lived\\nmostly in his pavilion without the walls, and amused himself by sail-\\ning up and down the Euphrates, and in talking about his grand expe-\\ndition. From the miasmatic exhalations of the marshes, or, as some\\nsay, from excessive drinking, he was seized with a fever, but he made\\nan effort to rise every day, and when not able to do so was carried on\\na couch to the sacrifices, and received his officers in his tent. Hia\\nmind was constantly busied upon his projected enterprise he con-\\ntinued to give orders concerning it till the eighth day of his malady,\\nwhen he was carried back to his palace. He bestowed his ring upon\\nPerdiccas, and when one inquired to whom the kingdom shouLl b\u00c2\u00ab\\nQuestions. 118. Whom did Alexander regard as his dearest friend GItc an account of\\nhis sickness and death. Of the consequent acts and ceremonies, 119. Whatlmprovementi\\ndid Alexander attempt at Babylon? Ans. He began to repair the dykes broken doTrn by\\nCyras; forever since that time the water had flooded the country and rendered it unin-\\nhabitable. He also set himself to rebuild the fane of Belus, which Xerxes destroyed after\\nhis return from Greece. Some idea of its greatness may be formed from the fact that 10,000\\nmen labored every day upon It for six months, and still the rubbish was not removed at the\\ntime of his death. Is there any structure upon the earth now equal in size and height to\\nthis celebrated tower? What advice and warning did the Chaldean priests give! Give as\\niccoant ni the sickneM and death of Akssfi^dir.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0300.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "B. 0.323.1 DEATH OP ALEXANDER. 26S\\n^ven^ he answered, To the most worthy. On the ninth day he\\nwas speechless, and on the eleventh day he died, 3. o. 323. He lived\\nalmost thirty-three years, twelve of which he had reigned, and nearly\\nten of which he had passed in Asia.\\n120. Interment of Alexander. The moment that Alexander s\\ndeath was known, the whole palace echoed with cries and groans.\\nThe vanquished Persians and the victorious Greeks bewailed alike the\\nman who had established order and peace among the nations, and all\\nexclaimed against the gods for having taken him away in the flower\\nof his age, and the plenitude of his glory. Nor was this great mourn\\ning confined to Babylon; it spread over the prG.lnees it affected\\nevery governor it caused the wounds of Sisygambis, mother of\\nDarius, to bleed afresh. She who had survived the massacre of her\\neighty brothers (who had been put to death in one day by Ochus)\\nthe loss of all her children, and the entire downfall of her house, now,\\non the decease of the enemy and conqueror of her line, seated herself\\nupon the ground, covered her head with a vail, and, notwithstanding\\nthe entreaties of Statira and her sister, refused all nourishment, until,\\non the fifth day after, she expired.\\n121. When the first impressions of grief had subsided, each one\\nbegan to calculate the consequences of the event to himself. The\\nGreeks were far from home, and without a leader the empire which\\nthey had hoped to see established by their valor had lost its head, and,\\nuncertain what to do, they waited in painful anxiety for the arrange-\\nments which those in power would make. Those in power were\\nequally at a stand. Seven days were spent in confusion and disputes,\\nand all that time the body of the mighty conqueror lay unembalmed,\\nwaiting till some authority should be constituted to give orders con-\\ncerning its burial. Finally, all the principal commanders were sum-\\nmoned to a general assembly. The chair of Alexander was brought\\nand placed in the midst and Perdiccas laid upon it the insignia of\\nroyalty, and the ring which Alexander had given him. He then\\ndeclared that it was indispensably requisite for some person to be\\nelected head of the government, and that the child of Roxana should\\nbe acknowledged monarch of the Macedonian empire.\\n122. To the first proposition all assented to the last many objected.\\nTo commit the scepter of the world to the hands of a guardiat in\\ntrust for an infant yet unborn, alarmed the prudent and awakened the\\n(^esUims.\u00e2\u0080\u0094lld. When did h? lie? How old waj h\u00c2\u00ab ftt th\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb t ms of bis death f How\\nlong had he reigned? 120. Who mourned for Alexander? Why? What is said of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nmoorning and death of Darius s mother* 12. iIo*r w\u00c2\u00abre the first seven days fler Alex\\nkD ler s death spent What was anally d ji", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0301.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "2/0 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. 0. 32:;\\njealousy of the ambitious, and a long debate arose as to the propriety\\nand consequences of such a step. Aridseus, the half-brother of Alex-\\nander, a man whose energy of body and mind had been destroyed by\\npoisonous draughts, administered by Olympias, was finally chosen\\nmonarch, to reign conjointly with the child of Roxana, should it prove\\na son. They therefore arrayed Aridasus in the royal robes, buckled\\nliim with the armor of Alexander, and saluted him by the name of\\nPhilip, monarch of Macedon, Perdiccas taking care to secure to him-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0lelf the oflflce of regent of the kingdom and guardian of the future\\nprince. After this important affair was settled, the body of Alexander\\nwas delivered to the Egyptians, who embalmed it after their manner,\\nand then a special officer was appointed to convey it to the temple of\\nJupiter Ammon. Two whole years were spent in preparing for this\\nmagnificent funeral, which made Olympias bewail the fate of her\\nson; who, although the son of a god, was compelled to wander so\\nlong on the gloomy shores of the Styx.\\n123. The Lamian War. While these important affairs were trans-\\nacting in Asia, the Greeks at home were not idle. No sooner did the\\nnews of Alexander s death reach Athens, than the people determined\\nto overthrow the hated supremacy of Macedon. Demosthenes, who\\nhad been banished, was recalled and his active spirit soon united all\\nthe states of Greece against Antipater, who had been left viceroy in\\nAlexander s absence. All the citizens capable of bearing arms were\\ndrawn out for the land army; and a numerous fleet was speedily\\nequipped and put to sea. Antipater was defeated in battle, and shut\\nup in Lamia, a city of Thessaly. Being, however, re-enforced by\\ntroops from Asia Minor, he charged his enemies in turn, and gained a\\ngreat victory. Then, offering to treat witii the states separately, he\\nroused all their ancient animosities and finally poor Athens was left\\nto meet his resentment alone. In the treaty formed, Demosthenes\\nwas to be given up, the democracy abolished, and a Macedonian gar-\\nrison to be received into the city. To such humiliating condition\\nwas Athens reduced she who had been the glory of the world!\\n124, The Funeral. Not long after, the funeral obsequies of Alex-\\nander were celebrated. A particular description of this august\\npageant may be found in the 15th book of Rollin. It will only be\\nnecessary to say here, that the body of the deceased monarch was laid\\nin a coffin of beaten gold, half filled with spices and perfumes, and\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i22. Who was elected monarch in Alexander s place 1 What care did Per-\\ndiccas have How long were preparations in progress for Alexander s funeral T 123. What\\nwar next occurred How did It occur Oivs an recount of it 124 Give an account of th\u00c2\u00ab\\n^l eral obsequies of Alexander.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0302.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "1. c. 323.J DifiATH OF PERDICCAS. 271\\ncovered with a richly embroidered purple pall. A splendid chariot,\\ndrawn by 64 mules, was the hearse ^n which it was conveyed to Alex-\\nandria, where Ptolemy raised a magnificent temple to his memory, and\\nrendered him all the honors usually paid to the demigods of antiquity.\\nThe mighty fabric of empire which Alexander had reared was dissolved\\nby his death. His hopes and purposes died with him. There lived\\nno man capable of carrying out the sublime design of uniting tho\\nnations by one common bond, and extending civilization from one end\\nof the earth to the other. His remark, that his death would be\\nfollowed by strange funeral games, was the language of prophecy.\\nScarcely was he laid in his tomb when all whom he had loved and\\ntrusted engaged in a bloody struggle to wrest from his heirs the scep-\\nter of universal dominion.\\n125. Olympias, the mother of Alexander, was still living in Epirus.\\nHis sister Cleopatra resided in Sardis and his half-sister Thessa-\\nlonica in Macedon. His half-brother, Philip Aridreus, lately elected\\nking, was in Babylon. His widow, Roxana, presented the Mace-\\ndonians with an heir to the throne three months after her husband s\\ndeath. Statira, daughter of Darius, soon after fell a victim to her\\njealous cruelty. Alexander had also an illegitimate son in Asia\\nMinor, who was at this time four years old. These persons consti-\\nrited The Royal Family of Macedon. Situated as they were be-\\ntween the pretenders and the crown, they were exposed to attacks\\nfrom every side, and pJI fell victims to the ambition of those who\\nshould have been their protectors so that before the close of half a\\ncentury there was left to the founder of a dynasty for the world\\nneither nam\u00c2\u00bb nor remnant, neither root nor branch.\\n126. Many hands were stretched forth to grasp the crown\\n(1.) Perdicoas, as commander of the household troops, was in\\nteality lord of the empire. He assigned provinces to the govsrnment\\n\u00c2\u00a9f the other generals, as if by authority of the weak king whom he\\nguarded, or rather governed and assisted Roxana to silence forever\\nthe claims of Statira. Ptolemy, Antigonus, and Antipater, thinking\\nthemselves equally entitled to sovereign authority, formed a confede-\\nracy against him. Perdiccas declared them rebels and, taking with\\nhim the imbecile Philip and the infant Alexander, advanced into\\nEgypt to give them battle. He lost a pait of his forces in passing the\\nNile the rest mutinied, and murdered him in his tent. He survived\\nAlexander two years.\\nQueMi yn.8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094124. What condition of thingB existed after Alexander s death? 125. Wha v\\noorsons were there in tho royal family T What aoooQiA ii triven of them? 126. How loa^j\\ndid Perdiccas live Wlxore did he die", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0303.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "272\\nG REE CH MACEDONIA.\\n[b. 0. 321\\nI. Perdiccas.\\n(2.)\\n2. Antipater,\\n(4.)\\n8. Selencns,*\\n(48.)\\n7. Lysima-\\nchus,* (41 j\\n4. Polysper-\\nchon, (20.\\n6. Ptolemy,*\\n(40)\\nAntigonus,t\\n(22.)\\nDemetrius.t\\nNoTK.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The figures Inclosed between parentheses refer to the number of years which\\nthese individuals survived Alexander. Those names marked thus were confederates at the\\nbattle of Ipsus. Those marked thus t were opponents of the confederates in that battle.\\n127. (2.) Antipater, regent of Macedon, then took charge of the\\nkings, and ruled in their names all the empire lying west of the Hel-\\nlespont. His ability and fidelity commanded the respect of his con-\\ntemporaries, and while he lived Greece was comparatively quiet. He\\nhowever survived his royal master but four years. On his death-bed\\nhe bequeathed his trust to Polysperchon, the eldest of Alexander s\\ngenerals, to the exclusion of his own son, Oassander, whose ambition\\nhad already begun to develop dangerous traits in his character.\\n128. (3.) EuMENKs was appointed by Polysperchon to guard the\\ndominions of the crown in Asia Minor against the rapacity of Anti-\\ngonus. Of all the self-constituted guardians of the royal family, he\\nalone seemed actuated by a sincere desire to serve them. For several\\nyears he maintained a war in which he displayed great abilities and\\nuntiring energy, often putting Antigonus to flight, and counteracting\\nall his schemes. He was at .ast betrayed into the hands of an enemy\\nwith whom he had formerly been upon terras of the most intimate\\nfriendship. Antigonus dared not trust himself to look his noble\\nprisoner in the face, but, giving orders that he should be kept like\\nan elephant or a lion, relieved him from the weight of his chaina,\\nand shut him up in prison finally, he put him to death.\\nQuettiona. 127. What became ut i eun\u00c2\u00bbstnene8? Ans. Having b-een condemned to deatk\\nby the minions of Antipater, he put an aihi to me ot* life, Glrs aa account o? Actlpaiw j\\nreign. 12a Of Eumenes s reign.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0304.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "i.0.318.] CONTESTS FOR EMFIBB. 273\\n129. (4 PoLYSPKRCHON.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No sooner had tliis genf^rai assumed the\\ncharge left him by Antipater, than Oassander began to form a party\\nRgainst him, in which he engaged Ptolemy and Antigonus. To coun-\\nteract the movements of Cassander a confederates in Asia, Polysper-\\nchon commissioned Eumenes to carry on war against them in the\\nname of the kings. To counteract his movements at home, he recaJed\\nOlyrapias from Epirus and to prevent the Grecian states from favor-\\ning the cause of his antagonist, he published an edict for restonn^\\ndemocracy throughout Peloponnesus and Hellas. The disastrous con-\\nsequences of these measures were felt throughout the empire. Eu-\\nmenes, as we have before seen, lost his life in the war with Antigonus-\\nOlympias put to death Philip Aridse^s and his wife Eurydice th\u00c2\u00a9\\nbrother of Oassander and one hundred young noblemen also fell vic-\\ntuns to her vengeance and, to escape the fury which these atrocities\\nexcited, she herself fled to Pydna, taking with her Thessalonica,\\nRoxana, and the young Alexander.\\n130. The edict for restoring democracy in the Grecian states pro-\\nduced revolution upon revolution. Almost every person of rank or\\nmerit was stripped of his property or banished. Demetrius Phalereus,\\ngovernor of Athens, was driven into exile, and the venerable Phocion\\nwas sentenced to death. The last message of this excellent man was\\na commaad to his son to forget the injustice of the Athenians. So\\nbitter were his enemies against him, that a decree was passed forbid-\\nding his bones to be buried in Attica. The last sad oflaces were paid\\nhim in Megara. A lady of that country collected his bones in her\\nrobe, conveyed them to her house by night, and buried them under\\nthe hearthstone, praying that they might be faithfully preserved till\\nthe Athenians should become wiser. Her prayer was answered.\\nOassander made war upon Polysperchon, and drove him into Etolia.\\nThen, marching with an army to Athens, he restored the aristocracy\\nand recalled Demetrius. The remains of Phocion were brought home,\\nand a monument of brass erected to his memory.\\n131. Oassander soon after commenced the siege of Pydna. He pre-\\nvented the reception of supplies by sea, and cut off all prospect of\\nrelief by land. The condition of the besieged was deplorable in the\\nextreme. The royal family fed on the flesh of horses the soldiers,\\nupon the dead bodies of their companions and the elephants, upon\\nsawdust. Famine finally compelled them to surrender. Olympi-aa\\nwas immediately put to death, and the widow and son of Alexander\\nQuesPians -129. Of I olysperchon s. 130. To what did Polysperchon s edict lead? Give\\nthe account of Phocion 181. Where was Pydr.3 (See map No. 2.) (Jive an account of th\u00c2\u00ab\\ndiege of that city,\\ni?*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0305.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "274 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. 0.310\\nkept close prisoners in Amphipolis. Thessalonina was subjected to an\\nimprisonment still more irksome by being married to her captor.\\nOassander soon after marched down Into Beotia, where he began to\\nrebuild the city of Tliebes. The place had hiin desolate twenty years,\\nand the inhabitants had lingered round the spot, finding a miserable\\nshelter in the ruins of their former habitations. With the assistance\\nof neighboring towns its walls were again reared up, comfortable\\ndwellings erected, and the grateful Thebaus owned Oassander their\\nsecond Cadmus.\\n132. Oassander, asserting his claim to the throne of Macedon in\\nright of his wife, Thessalonica, soon perceived that a rival was grow-\\ning up in the child of Roxana. When the young prince was about\\nfourteen, the Macedonians began to exclaim that it was time for him\\nto slip his leading-strings and take the head of the government. There\\nremained then no alternative for the usurper. He must either give up\\nhis power or sacrifice Alexander. He chose the latter. Roxana and\\nher son were assassinated hy order of Cassander. Polysperchon, who\\nhad been quietly waiting the turn of times, now proclaimed Hercules\\nking, and raised an army of 20,000 men to support his right to the\\nthrone. Oassander had recourse to negotiation. He told Polysper-\\nchon that if he would destroy Hercules, and yield him Macedon, an\\narmy should be ready to establish Polysperchon s supremacy in Pelo-\\nponnesus. The cruel old man listened and consented. Hercules was\\nslain by his pretended friend, and the troops were withdrawn. Oas-\\nsander, however, instead of fulfilling his promise, chased Polysperchon\\ninto Locris, where he lingered out his miserable life, a monument of\\nblasted ambition.\\n133. (5.) A^TiGONus, having destroyed the faithful Eumenes, and\\nassisted Oassander to usurp the throne of Macedon, assumed tlie title\\nof hing^ in which he was followed by all the other generals of Alexan-\\nder. While he lived, Asia was the scene of constant war. He fought\\nagainst the four confederates in the battle of Ipsus, was defeated, anc\\ndied of his wounds in b. c. 301. (6.) Ptolemy, the founder of the\\nLagidge, sui^posed to be the son of Philip, He was educated\\nin tho Macedonian court, and became one of tJie personal friends of\\nAlexander. He led the winged soldiers up the Sogdian rock, and\\nkilled one of the Indian monarchs in single combat. He will appear\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \\\\2 What good did Cassander do What city did Cassander afterward build f\\nAne. Thessalonica, in honor of his wife. Where was that city? (See map 2Jo. 2.) 132.\\nWhom did Cassander sacrifice Why did he do so What was the fate of Hercules What\\nwas the fate of Polysperchon? In what direction was Locris from Pydua? 133. Give *n\\nV cuunt of Antigonus. Of Ptolemy", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0306.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "a 0. 301.] DIVISION OF THE WORLD. 275\\nagain as king of Egypt. (7.) Lysimaohus received from Perdiccaa\\nthe government of Thrace, which he maintained by force of arms till\\nthe battle of Tpsus, when his title to the sovereign power was con-\\nfirmed by the confederate princes. (8.) Selkuous, the founder of the\\nSeleucida3, outlived all those who began with him the race for the\\ncrown left by Alexander. He was one of the conquerors in the battle\\nof Ipsus, and his kingdom of Syria was one of the four horns z. en\\ntinned by Daniel.\\n134. We close this chapter by remarking that Antigonus pnt to\\ndeath Cleopatra, the sister of Alexander and that Thessalonica, wife\\nof Cassander, was murdered some years after by her own son. Fare-\\nwell to the royal family of Macedon. How heavily the hand of the\\nAlmighty fell upon them. A fatal curse seemed to pursue them till\\nthey were all cut oif from the face of the earth. Battle of Ipsus.\\nB. o. 301. In the last year of this century, Cassander, Lysimachus,\\nSeleucus, and Ptolemy united against Antigonus and his son Deme-\\ntrius. A great battle was fought upon the plain of Ipsus, in Phrygia.\\nThe confederates were successful, and immediately proceeded to divide\\nthe world among themselves. Cassander had Maoedon and Geeeoe;\\nLysimachus, Thrace; Seleucus, Steia; and Ptolemy, Egypt.\\n135. B. 0. ?^01. AoH^AN League. Wae with Rome. After\\nthe battle of Ipsus, Cassander, by consent of his confederates, took hia\\nseat upon the throne of Macedon, as the supreme head of the Greek\\nnation. He died b. o. 294, leaving Thessalonica with three sons,\\nPhilip, Antipater, and Alexander. Philip died within the same year,\\nand the other two fell to quarreling for the vacant throne. Thessa-\\nlonica espoused the cause of Alexander, and Antipater murdered her\\nwith his own hand. Alexander appealed to Demetrius,* who had by\\nthis time recovered from the defeat of Ipsus. Demetrius gladly under-\\nThis slngakr man, the founder of the last dynasty of Macedon, deserves a m\u00c2\u00ab.re par-\\nticular description. In his youth he possessed such uncommon beauty that no painter\\ncould do justice to him in a likeness; hia address was enchanting, and his energy and cou-\\nrage were equaled only by his love of pleasure. He was distinguished for his filial love, in\\nan age when parents and children were often rendered bitter enemies by political troubles;\\naiwl he was no less celebrated for the ingenuity and promptness with which he extricated\\nbimself from difflculty and recovered from misfortune. He was eurnamed Poliorcetes,\\n^bt Sieger of cities from the number of machines he invented for capturing walled towns.\\nIn the siege of Rhodes he employed the Heliopolia or Town-taker, which was an im-\\nmense tower, supported on eight enormous wheels, and propelled by the labor of 3,4( 0 men.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 13S. Of Ly :imachu8. Of Seleucus. 134. Where was Ipsus? (See map No.\\n8.) Give an account of the battle fought there. What division was made of the empire!\\nDid this include any pun. v,f Europe? Eead Dan. vlii. 4-9, 20-22. 135. How long did\\nCaesander s faiuily possess the throne of Macedon State how the royal family of Maoedoa\\nOec^iue e^tiricu Who was the founder of the isAi lifsmtj of Macedon?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0307.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "276 ORBBCE MACEDONIA. [b. o. 294\\ntook the aflfair, but finding that Alexander, having become reconciled\\nto his brother, had no further occasion for his services, and was plot-\\nting his destruction, he gained possession of his person and put him\\nto death. Antipater fled into Thrace, where he was assassinated by\\nhis father-in-law, Lysirnachns and thu3 the royal family of Macedon\\nbecame extinct I\\n136. Demetrius then ascended the throne, and reigned unmolested\\nseven years. He might have enjoyed the supremacy much longer,\\nhad he not embarked in an unfortunate attempt to recover the former\\ndominions of his father in Asia Minor. Seleucas, who was his son-in-\\nlaw, claimed the territory himse.d, tnd steadfastly resisted all the\\nefforts of Demetrius. The poor aspirant was finally taken prisoner\\nby Seleucus, who held him in honorable captivity many years, per-\\nmitting him to indulge in the pleasures of the chase, and depriving\\nhim of none of his accustomed luxuries. Finally, Demetrius lost his\\nrelish for active exercises; he became melancholy, grew corpulent,\\nstupefied himself with wine, and chased away thought with dice. At\\nthe end of three years he died of chagrin and intemperance, aged 54.\\nAt one time he had worn a double diadem and purple robes at ano-\\nther, he had escaped from the battle-field in the disguise of a beggar;\\nhe had been honored, nay, almost worshiped, in Athens and Mace-\\ndon; and he died a poor, disappointed, broken-hearted old man, within\\nthe narrow limits of the Chersonesus. His ashes were conveyed to\\nhis son, Antigonus, in a golden urn, who celebrated his funeral with\\ngreat magnificence. This Antigonus became king of Macedon, b. o.\\n277. As the most remarkable events of his reign were his wars with\\nhis uncle, Pyrrhus, for the supremacy of Greece, we will pay a little\\nattention to the history of that monarch.\\n137. Pyrrhus, King op Epirus. Epirus began now, for the first\\ntime, to take the lead in Grecian affairs. The monarch, Pyrrhus, was\\nsecond-cousin to Olympias, and the fifth in the dynasty, of which he\\nwas the only person of importance. He married the sister of Deme-\\ntrius while that distinguished individual was looked upon as the heir-\\nexpectant to a great portion of Alexander s dominions; he fought on\\nhis brother-in-law s side in the battle of Ipsus, and did not desert him\\nin the day of his misfortunes. He even went as a hostage for him to\\nthe court of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. He gained the favor of that\\nmonarch, and received a heart-satisfying testimony of it, in being\\nallowed to take his best beloved daughter, Antigona, to Epirus as his\\nQue\u00c2\u00bbtion\u00c2\u00bb.^\\\\^( What was the end of Demetrius Give an account of him. What ij\\n\u00c2\u00aba\\\\ of AntlKonuB? 13T. Who was Pyrrhus Givs v*xm aoeonnt of him", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0308.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "B, a 281.] DEATH OF PTRRHU3. 277\\nbride. When Demetrius emtarked in his last fatal attempt to regain\\nAsia Minor, Pyrrhus, at the request of Ptolemy, invaded Macedonia\\nfrom the west, and was acknowledged king of that country but the\\nanarchy and confusion that ensued soon after compelled him to return\\nto Epirus.\\n138. Pyrrhcts goes to Italy. A request which flattered hia\\nvanity and excited his ambition, tempted him again to interfere in\\nforeign affairs. The Tarentines, being engaged in an unequal contest\\n?vith the Romans, sent to Pyrrhus for assistance. Pyrrhus was\\ndelighted with the application for all the great conquerors before\\nMm had neglected to crush the rising power of the west. Having\\nprepared a vast number of flat bottomed boats, he set sail from the\\nharbors of Epirus, and after a stormy passage arrived at Tarentum.\\nHe fought two battles with the Romans and was victorious, though\\nhe suffered a loss almost as discouraging as defeat. Being then\\ninvited to Sicily, he went thither, and spent two years in a war\\nwith the Carthaginians being, however, neither able to overcome\\nhis enemies nor retain his friends, he returned to Italy. He recom-\\nmenced hostilities with the Romans, but, having been defeated in\\na great battle, he thought it both safe and wise to sail again for\\nEpirus.\\n139. To repair his military reputation, he made war upon Antigo-\\nnus, drove him from the throne of Macedon, and followed him into\\nthe Peloponnesus with a large army. He found it impossible to take\\nthe unwalled capital of Laconia, and, after many fruitless efforts to\\nretrieve his fortunes, turned aside to drive Antigonus away from\\nArgos. The Argives had no desire to be subjected either to Pyrrhus\\nor Antigonus, and the latter retired but Pyrrhus entered the place in\\nthe night, and commenced a furious attack upon the inhabitants. The\\ncombat was obstinate and bloody. Pyrrhus, who possessed a com-\\nmanding figure and the greatest personal courage, engaged eagerly in\\nthe fight. An Argive singled out the king as an object of attack, and\\nPyrrhus, crowding his antagonist against the wall, was about to dis-\\npatch him, when the mother of the youth threw a tile from the top of\\nthe house upon the head of the monarch, and broke his skull. A\\nmore particular account of his six years in Italy will be given in the\\nhistory of Rome. Antigonus Gonatus, having cut off the head of his\\nrival Pyrrhus. and burned his body with funeral honors, returned to\\nMucedon. The remainder of his life was passed in tolerable tran-\\nQutstions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094l St. Of his first expedition to Italy. Of his 6\u00e2\u0082\u00acCorjd expedition to Italy. 181\\nUf bis subsequent career How was he killed", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0309.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "978 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. o. 231.\\nquillity; though Peloponnesus and Hellas, which he reckoned among\\nhis dependencies, were constantly disturbed by wars.\\n140. TnE Acn^AN Lkague. The republic of xichaia consisted of\\ntwelve small cities, all the inhabitants of which would scarcely people\\none of our modern towns. The Acliseans had lived indei)endent of\\nall other governments, taking very little interest in the affairs of\\nGreece till Philip, in preparing to subjugate Asia, compelled them to\\nacknowledge his authority, and furnish their quota of soldiers for the\\nexpedition. In common with their sister states, they took sides in the\\nstruggles of the great generals for the empire of Alexander, and alter-\\nnately enjoyed victory and suffered defeat. When Pyrrhus returned\\nfrom Italy, and overthrew the power of Antigonus, the Achaoans\\nlooked up, and resumed their ancient laws. The chief agent in bring-\\ning about this happy event was Aratus, a native of Sicyon, who,\\nhaving succeeded in expelling the tyrants from his own city, formed a\\ndesign of uniting all the Peloponnesus in a league against Macedon.\\nAs general of the Achfeans, he was able to raise an array and drive\\nout the enemies of liberty but the Macedonians having established\\nthemselves in Corinth, he could do nothing further while they retained\\npossession of the fetters of Greece.\\n141. CoRiNxn Freed. Many and various were the schemes he\\ndevised for regaining this important post they all proved abortive\\ntill accident or Providence sent to him a Corinthian, who, for a certain\\nsum, engaged to conduct a band of soldiers to a vulnerable point in\\nthe wall of the citadel. Aratus pledged his plate and all his wife s\\njewels for the stipulated sum, and about nightfall set off with four\\nhundred chosen men on the hazardous enterprise. Their armor glit-\\ntered in the moonbeams, and had the Macedonian sentinel been watch\\ning from the temple of Juno they must inevitably have been discovered.\\nFortunately, a thick fog at length arose, and wrapped a mantle of\\ndeej\u00c2\u00bb gloom over the city. They sat down just without the wall, took\\noff their shoes, and silently planted their scaling-ladders. Aratus\\nascended tirst with one hundred men, commanding the rest tc follow\\nas soon as possible. Scarcely had the little band descended into the\\ncity, when they saw a guard of four men approaching with lights.\\nThey shrunk back into the shade of some ruins, and when the men\\nwere nearly past, sprang upon them. Three were instantly killed;\\nQu^tiions. 140. How large was Achala? How had the Achseans lived? Give a farther\\nicconnt of them. Who was Aratus? What did he do for Achaia? Where was Sicyon\\nMap 2.) How was Aratus foiled by the Macedonians? 141. By what act was Ar tQi\\nfavorexl Qow did he gain the services of the Corinthian t", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0310.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "B 0. 245.] CORINTH FREED. 279\\nthe fonrtb escaped with a deep wound in his head, crying out, The\\nenemy! the enemy I\\n142. The trumpets immediately sounded the alarm; the streets\\nwere filled with people torches were carried to and fro the ram-\\nparts of the castle were lit up and confused cries were heard in every\\nquarter. In this tumult Aratus lost his way, and clambered round\\namong the rocks, uncertain what course to take. The moon, so for-\\ntunately vailed before, now looked out from beneath a cloud, ard\\nrevealed all the intricacies of the path. Aratus and his men mounted\\nthe rampart, and were soon engaged in close combat with the guard.\\nThe three hundred, having cleared the wall, drew up in a close body\\nunder the shadow of a bending rock, and waited there in the utmost\\nanxiety and distress. They could distinctly hear the sound of blows\\nand the shouts of combatants but these were repeated by so many\\nechoes that it was impossible to tell in what part of the city the fight\\nwas going on, or to what point they should direct their steps. Mean-\\ntime the Macedonian troops came round to attack Aratus in the rear.\\nWhen they mounted the ascent, the three hundred, gnided by their\\nvoices, followed them, and, as if issuing from an ambuscade, mingled\\nin the fight.\\n143. The enemy fled in dismay. The three hundred shouted vic-\\ntory to Aratus, and Aratus shouted liberty in return. The Corin-\\nthians, roused by a sound so delightful to every Grecian ear, joined\\nthe Achseans; and by break of day the Macedonians were all either\\ntaken prisoners or expelled from the city. As soon as practicable\\nAratus entered the theater, and the Corinthians crowded in to hear\\nhim speak. He stood leaning on his lance, with an air of solemn joy,\\ntill a profound silence reigned through the vast concourse\u00e2\u0080\u0094 then, hav\\ning recounted to them the history and principles of the Achaaan league,\\nand having exhorted them to join it, and assist in overthrowing the\\nsupremacy of Macedon, he delivered the keys of the city to the magis-\\ntrates, and pronounced Corinth once more free f This bold and suc-\\ncessful action gained many friends for the League. Several important\\ncities joined the Achseans, and Aratus would doubtless have been\\nsuccessful in giving liberty to the Peloponnesus had not the Spartans\\nbecome jealous for their own rights and turned against him.\\n144. The following is the line of Spartan succession, continued\\nfrom page 126.\\nQuesH ms.\u00e2\u0080\u0094U2, 143. Give an accoint of his success ai Corinth. What course did h\u00c2\u00ab\\nafterward pursue? What was the efifectf Where aa Corinth? (See map No. 2.) 144\\nQiv\u00c2\u00bb the line of Spartan succession.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0311.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "(Omitted.)\\n28C GREECE MA.C ED ONI A. [b. 0. 244\\n[22] Cleombrotus, killed at Lenctra. |20[ Agesilaus.\\n(Omitted, as unimportant.)\\npi-, M Agis, killed bj\\n|29| Leonidas. the Ephori.\\n?2l Cleomenes marries the widow of 4^gis, is driven from his\\n*hfune by Antigonus, king of Macedon, and dies in Egypt, b. 0. 214:,\\nWith him ended the race of Heraclidaa, which had so long occupied\\nthe throne of Laconia. Sparta was afterward gorerned by tyrants.\\n145. Sparta. During all the revolutions which had taken place\\nsince the day of Epaminondas, Sparta had been gradually declining in\\nvirtue and military renown. Agis ascended the throne of Sparta b. 0.\\n244. While Aratus was using every effort to overthrow the power of\\nMacedon, Agis was planning the destruction of two more dreadful\\ntyrants Vice and Luxury but, living as they did in a servile and\\ndegenerate age, both tliese distingaished men fell victims to the hatred\\nwhich tlieir zeal in the cause of reform inspired. Agis attempted to\\nrevive the laws of Lycurgus, wliich had fallen into disuse, to redivid\u00c2\u00a9\\nthe lands, which had by degrees passed into the hands of a few iof i-\\nviduals, and to cancel those obligations which made the poor sla^ Mi co\\nthe rich. His brother sovereign, Leonidas, opposed all his moaeares,\\nand gained the Ephori to his side. Agis was thrown into [.rison as\\nthe instigator of a revolution, and strangled. Leonidas then com-\\npelled the widowed queen to marry his own son, Cleomenes, because\\nshe was the richest and most beautiful woman in Sparta.\\n146. Cleomenes, however, was very unlike his father. He respected\\nthe feelings of the woman who had so reluctantly become his bride,\\nand listened with the greatest attention while she recounted the vir-\\ntues and misfortunes of her former husband. He began to admire the\\ncharacter so constantly presented before him, and insensibly formed\\nhis own upon the same model. As soon as he was freed from restraint\\nby the death of his father, he made arrangements for carrying out the\\ndesign which had cost Agis his life. The Ephori being in reality the\\npower behind the throne, greater than the throne, he determined\\nfirst to destroy them. One evening while trhe Ephori were at supper,\\nQuestions, 144. By whom, after Cleomenes, was Sparta governed? 145. When did Agi\u00c2\u00ab\\nbecome king of Sparta? What was the character of Agis? Give an account of him. Who\\nwas Lt onidas? Who Cleomenes? Whom did Cleomenes naarry Why? 14G. What wai\\nthe character of Cleomenes Uow did he come to admire the character of Agis What\\ndetenpiu^tion did he form How was it carriAe $\u00c2\u00abt f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0312.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00ab.0. 222.J WAR WITH ROME 281\\na small party, headed by the brother of Oleomenes rushed into the\\nhall with drawn swords, and fell upon them. Four were slain, and\\none escaped. Cleomenes, now indeed a king, called the people toge\\nther, and after justifying what had been done, proposed the re-estab-\\nlishment of the government upon its ancient basis, giving up his own\\nestate first for distribution. The people acquiesced in the measure,\\nand the laws of Lycurgus were formally restored.\\n147. The spirits of Cleomenes rose with success. He began to\\nindulge the hope of making Sparta again the head of the Greek nation.\\nHaving gained several victories over the forces of the League, he pro-\\nposed that the Achasans and Spartans should unite, and make him\\ncaptain-general of the jellied forces. Aratus, who had been thirty-\\nthree years possessed of chief authority, could not bear the thought of\\nbeing supplanted by a youth, and that youth a Spartan. Finding,\\nhowever, that his friends were inclined to accept Cleomenes offer, he\\nsent to the king of Macedon for assistance thus voluntarily submit-\\nting to a power which he had spent all his life in striving to over-\\nthrow. Antigonus Doson, guardian of the young Philip, immediately\\nmarched into the Peloponnesus with an army totally defeated Cleo-\\nmenes, and made himself master of that renowned Sparta, which had\\nnever before surrendered to its enemies. Cleomenes fled to Egypt,\\nwhere he died by his own hand. Antigonus, having abolished all that\\nCleomenes had done to re-establish the supremacy of Sparta, com-\\nmitted the unfinished work of destruction to the factions and corrup-\\ntions with which the city was filled, and returned to Macedon where\\nhe died, b. o. 222, leaving the crown to its lawful possessor, Philip.\\n148. War with Rome. The Etolians, who had been gradually\\ngaining a name among the Greeks, now entered the lists as competi-\\ntors with the Achfeans for supremacy. The Achaeans, unable to carry\\non a war with the Etolians, sent for help to Philip and the Etolians,\\nunable to carry on a war with the combined forces of Macedon and\\nAchuia, sent to the Romans Though the Romans were at this time\\nBore pressed by the Second Punic War, yet tliey sent a consul and a\\nbody of troops against Philip. The war between Philip and the\\nRomans went on for several years, Phi3ip changing gradually for the\\nworse, as victory or defeat excited his passions. Aratus, by whose\\ncounsels Antigonus had been guided, was at first the friend of the\\nMacedonian king but, finding that every new situation seemed to\\nQuestiom.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\\\\\ What change did he taen carry out? 147. What hope did he begin to\\nhave f What proposition did he maKe with that view How was he baiBed in his designs T\\nGive an account of Antigonus Doson. 148. What is said of the Etolians? What combiaa\\nUoQS were formed t Qive the account of AratuK", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0313.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "282 GREECE MACEDONIA. [8.0.183\\ndevelop some new trait of tyranny in his character, he withdrew\\nentirely from his retinue. Philip felt the implied reproach and,\\nresolving to be rid of bis silent censor, employed one of his creatures\\nto administer slow poison to the venerable general. Aratus saw hia\\nbody wasting away by degrees, and understood the cause but it was\\nuseless to complain once he said, when a friend had observed him\\nspitting blood, Such, Oephalon, are the fruits of royal friendship.\\n149. The head of the Achaean league, after the death of Aratus,\\nwas FhilopcBmen^ called by historians, The last of the Greeks. He\\nfought with Antigonus against Cleomenes, and ever afterward watched\\nthe Spartans with jealous eye. When Machanidas the tyrant attempted\\nto subject the Peloponnesus Philopoemen, resisted him, and slew him\\nwitli his own hand. As master of the Achaean horse, he distinguished\\nhimself above all his predecessors, and commanded the respect equally\\nof enemies and friends. The restless spirit of Philip about this time\\nembroiled him in a war with the Rhodians and Athenians, who also\\nhad recourse to Rome.\\n150. B. 0, 146, Gekkce becomes a Roman Peovinoe. The\\nsenate and people of Rome were deliberating upon the propriety of\\nsending succors to the Rhodians and Athenians, when embassadors\\ncame from Athens to implore immediate help, because Philip was\\npreparing to besiege the city. The Romans, upon the receipt of this\\ninformation, declared war against Philip. The contest lasted four\\nyears, and Philip found that, like the dog in the fable, he had lost his\\nown possessions by attempting to grasp another s. lie was defeated\\nin the battle of Cynocephale, and compelled to sue for peace. The\\nconsul obliged him to pay an enormous tribute, and to give up his son\\nDemetrius as a hostage. The determination of the Romans with\\nregard to the fate of Greece was to be made known at the solemniza-\\ntion of the Isthmian games. Crowds came from the farthest limits of\\nthe country to hear what the sovereign arbiters would decree con-\\ncerning the government of the states. When the vast multitude were\\nassembled, a herald came forward, and proclaimed with a loud voice\\nThe senate and people of Rome, and Titus Quintius, their general,\\nhaving overcome Philip and the Macedonians, ease and deliver from\\nail garrisons, taxes, and imposts, the Corinthians, Athenians, Achaeans,\\nc. c., declare them free, and ordain that they shall be governed by\\ntheir respective laws and usages.\\nQue8tiwi3.\u00e2\u0080\u0094li9. Who was Philopcemen Give an account of him. What new ir r is\\nspoken of? 150. Why did Athens appeal to Rome? What was the immediate conse-\\nfoence What were the further consequeneei? Where was Cynocephale? (See map\\nN 14. W hat did the herald proclaim f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0314.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "0. 198.] GREECE A ROMAN PROVINCE. 283\\n151. At first, a low murmur prevented the people from hearing the\\nglad tidings distinctly but when the herald repeated the proclamation,\\ntheir joy broke fortn m such loud and repeated acclamations* that th\u00c2\u00ab\\nsea resounded on either side, and the hills and valleys of Corinth rang\\nwith the echoes again and again. The games could not call off their\\nattention they ran in crowds to the Roman general to kiss his hand,\\nto throw crowns of flowers upon him, and to salute tim as iheit\\ndeliverer. It was a proud day for Titus Quintius Flaminius, when to\\nthe trophies of the bodies and lands of the Grecians, won by force of\\narms, he added their hearts also, won by clemency and virtue. In the\\nfollowing year, b. o. 197, Flaminius was intrusted with a war against\\nNabis, tyrant of Lacedemon, who had seized upon Argos. This Nabis\\nwas a monster of wickedness. From the very first, he established his\\npower by rapine and bloodshed those who possessed either rank or\\nfortune were marked as victims to his envy or avarice.t\\n162. Philip assisted Nabis in his attempt upon Argos and Philo-\\npoemen, with the Achaaan forces, assisted the Romans. Flaminius,\\nwith his allies, marched into Laconia, and laid siege to Sparta. This\\ncity, since the rule of the tyrants, had been surrounded with walls,\\nand was now prepared to stand a desperate attack. Flaminius finally\\nmade peace with Nabis, because his term of oflBce had nearly expired,\\nand he wished to leave the country ungarrisoned and free. When\\nFlaminius was about to depart, he assembled deputies from the differ-\\nent states at Corinth, and made his farewell address. After rehears-\\ning the particulars of his administration, and urging them to preserve\\ninviolate the alliance with the Romans, he told them that he was pre-\\nparing to withdraw his army from Greece, and that within ten days\\nfrom the time he set sail, every garrison would be disbanded, the cita-\\ndel of Corinth given up to the Achaeans, and every city left to enjoy\\nits own laws and liberties. The whole assembly wept for joy each\\none exhorted his neighbor to receive the words of the Roman general\\nPlutarch says, the shoats had such an effect upon the air, that several crows, Tthieh\\nmsre flying over the place, fell dead and so great was the crowd around Flaminius^ that b\u00c2\u00ab\\nwas obliged to retreat for fear of being suffocated.\\nt To carry out his schemes of extortion, he constructed an automaton resembling hi\\ntrtfe, anl when any opulent citizen refused to furnish him with money, perhaps, Nabla\\nwould say, the persuasions of my wife will prove more successful. The individual was\\nthen introduced into a private apartment, where the horrid machine was made to clasp him\\nIn its arms, and pierce him with sharp iron points, till the torture compelled him to grant\\nthe tyrant s demands.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 161. How did the people receive the tidings? What Is said of Flaminius?\\nWho was Nabis T What wm his character? 152. What war coinbinaUons wore made!\\nRelate the doings of Flamiaiua. What assembly wept for Joy What was the cause of\\nbe weeping?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0315.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "284 GREECE MACEDONIA. [b. a 191\\nae oracles, and lay them up as decrees of fate. As a testimony of\\ntheir gratitude, the Achseans purchased all the Roman slaves in Greece,\\nand sent them home with Flaminius.\\n153. But Greece could not be quiet. It was her fortune to come\\nwithin the limits of that vast whirlpool, which all nations were invo\\nnntarily foruiing around the empire of Rome. The Etolians had been\\nallies of the Romans in the late contest. In the unbounded ayplauge\\nJestowsd upon Flaminius, they felt themselves overlooked. Their\\ngeneral projected a mighty league, the head of which was to be a per-\\nson of no less consequence than Antiochus, king of Syria. Nabis,\\ntyrant of Lacedemon, was to manage the south Philip of Macedon,\\nthe north Antiochus was to come with a great army from the east\\nthe Etolians were to march from the west Greece was to be subjected\\nnot only, but war was to be declared against Rome, and the \u00c2\u00bbpoils\\nwere to be divided when the conquest was won.\\n154. B. 0. 191. How THE League peospered. The Romans,\\nhearing the mighty preparations making against them, immediately\\ntook measures to meet the shock. Philopoemen, general of the\\nAchffians, was appointed to settle the account with Nabis, who, by the\\naid of his wife^ was raising funds with great rapidity. Philopceraen\\nravaged Laconia, fought a battle with Nabis, and destroyed three-\\nfourths of his army. Antiochus, in pursuance of the part assigned to\\nhim, made a descent upon Euboea, summoned the town of Chalcis to\\nopen its gates, and, with a great flourish of trumpets, promised to\\ndeliver all Greece. To this the Chalcidians replied, that they could\\nnot guess what people it was that Antiochus came to deliver; that\\nthey knew of no city garrisoned by foreign soldiers, or tributary to\\nthe Romans; that they had no occasion for a deliverer, being already\\nfree; nor for a defender, as they enjoyed the blessings of peace in\\namity with the Romans and therefore they should not permit him to\\n3nter their city. Antiochus was thus compelled to pass on without\\neffecting any thing.\\n155. The course of Philip was not exactly such as had been hoped.\\nInstead of assisting the League, he sent to the Romas 3, offering t\u00c2\u00a9\\natand on their behalf, and furnish money and men according to hii\\nabilitj. Antiochus, in conjunction with the Etolians, fortified the\\npass of Thermopylas, and there waited the approach of the consul.\\nWhen the Romans reached the place they were stopped, of course;\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 153. What had made the Etolians dissatisfled f What did their general do\\nHow many persons were engaged In the league What was the object of the league\\n1S4 What did Philopoemen siccomplisb How was AntiochuB foiled f Q^re was (Jhalcis\\nUap No. 2.) 155. What cot\u00c2\u00bb^e did PhUlp pursue", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0316.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "B. a 1^3.J DEATH OF FSILOPCEMEN. 285\\nhot Cato, wlio was a lieutenant in the army, having read of the man-\\nner by which the band of Leonidas was surrounded, proposed to lead\\na select party over the mountain path. He set out with a proper\\ndetachment, but, having lost his way, the soldiers passed the greater\\npart of the night in scrambling over rocks, and wandering round in\\nthe woods.\\n166. About daylight they heard the sound of human voices, and\\nperceived at a little distance a body of Etolians. Immediately draw\\n3ig their swords, they rushed upon the enemy, and put them to flight\\nThe terror of the Etolians created a universal panic. At the same\\nmoment the Roman consul, hearing the shouts, commenced an attack\\nupon the main body. A stone struck Antiochus in the face, and shat-\\ntered his teeth. Excessive pain forced him to quit the field exces-\\nsive fright forced most of his men to follow his example. Many lost\\ntheir lives in the sea; some were trodden to death in the rout; some\\nperished in dreadful morasses some fell down craggy precipices and\\nAntiochus had only about 500 men left of the army with which he\\nmeant to subjugate all Greece. Etolia surrendered not long after,\\nand Philip sent embassadors to Rome to congratulate the senate upon\\ntheir glorious victory. His messengers were kindly received, and his\\nson Demetrius returned home with the highest marks of distinction.\\n157. Philopoemen had humbled Sparta, demolished its walls, abol-\\nished the laws of Lycurgus^ and subjected the city to the customs and\\nusages of the Achaeans. Messenia now drew off from the League,\\nPhilopoemen, though sick, set out with his chosen cavalry to bring it\\nback to its allegiance. He was surrounded in a narrow defile by his\\nenemies, and thrown from his horse. The Messenians took him cap-\\ntive while he lay insensible, and cast him into a dungeon. At night\\nthe executioner was sent to him with a cup of poison. He was 70\\nyears of age. Poly bins, the historian, who carried his ashes in a\\nsilver urn to Megalopolis, his native city, sums up his eulogy by say-\\ning, that in forty years, during which he played a distinguished pait\\nin a democracy, he never incurred the enmity of the people, though\\nLe acted with the greatest freedom and independence.\\n158. End of the Macedonian Dynasty. When Demetrius, son\\nof Philip, returned from Rome, the marks of distinction with which\\nthe senate had honored him created for him both enemies and friends.\\nFully persuaded of the invincible power of the Romans, he opposed a\\nQuestions. 155, 156. Give an account of the defeat of Antiochus. What then did Philip\\ndo f With what result 157. What had Philopoemen done Give the farther and closing\\naccount of him, 158. Who was DemetriuaT What canaed him to hare enemleii as well\\nts friends f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0317.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "GREECE MACEDONIA. [b, o. 146.\\nwar which his father was projecting. Perseus, his brother, by con-\\nstantly representing that all those who attached themselves to Deme-\\ntrius were enemies of Macedon, succeeded in turning away his father s\\nheart from his virtuous and upright son. The friends of peace rallied\\nround the youth who had been so much complimented by the Romans^\\nand this made his position still more trying. The infirmities of\\nPhilip s disposition daily increased, and the artful Perseus having\\npersuaded him that Demetrius entertained treasonable designs, orders\\nwere given for his assassination. Two years after, Philip discovered\\nhis mistake, and remorse soon hurried him to his grave. He expired\\nin the most horrid agony, bewailing the fate of his dutiful and loving\\nDemetrius, and calling down curses upon the head of the infamous\\nPerseus. He had reigned forty years.\\n159. Perseus ascended the throne b. o. 179. His hatred of the\\nRomans had been cultivated from early youth, but from motives of\\npolicy he vailed his feelings, while he used ey ry method to strengthen\\nhis kingdom, and retrieve the losses sustained in the previous reign.\\nThe Romans, however, were not inactive. Tb\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bby crowded him from\\none humiliating concession to another, till there remained no alterna-\\ntive but war or slavery. We pass over all treaties, negotiations, and\\nembassies, with which such affairs are generally poHtely prefaced, to\\ncome at once to the decisive battle, which was fought near Pydna, b. o.\\n168. This conflict was very brief and very bloody. The parties were\\nengaged m close fight but an hour, yet when the Rom\u00c2\u00ab*ns passed the\\nriver the next day, the waters were still stained with blocd. Perseus\\nwas taken prisoner and carried to Rome, to adorn th\u00c2\u00ab triumph of\\nPaulus Emilius, his conqueror.\\n160. Achaia at length became involved in a war with th^ Romans.\\nDiaBus, the last captain-general of the League, took up his stp^tion in\\nCorinth. The consul Mummius led a Roman army to the isthmus,\\nand encamped before the city. The besieged made a sortie, and w\u00c2\u00abr\u00c2\u00ab\\ndriven back with great loss. Diasus, abandoning himself to despair\\nkilled his wife with his own hands; set fire to his own house; drank\\npoison, and ended an inglorious life by a shameful death. The follow-\\ning night, every one that could possibly escape left Corinth. The\\nconsul abandoned the city to the fury of the soldiers. All the men\\nwere put to the sword, the women and children were enslaved and\\nQtu\u00c2\u00ab:Uons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\b%. Who was Persens How did tho two brothers sret in opposition? What\\nwas the result to Demetrius? Also to Phiiio? 159. How long had Philip reigned? When\\ndid Persens succeed him? How did Perseus regard the Romans? What decisive battle la\\nmentioned? Give an account of it. Where was Pydna? 160. What is said of Achaia?\\nho %ras DJaius? O ve an account of him. Of the destruction of Corinth.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0318.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 14G.J GREECE GOVERNED BY PR^TORS. 287\\nafter the statues and paintings had been removed, the houses and tem-\\nples were set on fire. The whole citj continued in flames several days.\\nTlie walls were then razed to their foundations, and a blackened masa\\nof ruins alone remained to tell where once proud Corinth stood, b. o.\\n147.\\n161. Greece was divided by the Romans into two provinces, Macd\\ndonia and Achaia, and governed by annual prajtors, sent over from\\nTtaly. The rival states, whose contentions for supremacy had so long\\nB/ide an Aceldama of the land of song, sank at once into poli-\\ntical insignificance. Athens, however, still retained the supremacy\\nof mind. The sciences and arts proved less perishable than civil and\\nmilitary institutions. In her classic groves the youth of Rome were\\neducated; and that empire which Themistocles had failed to gain from\\nthe favor of Neptune, was laid as a tribute at her feet by those distin-\\nguished individuals who had learned wisdom in the city of Minerva.*\\nIn the mythic legends of Athens, Neptnne and Minerra were represented as contend-\\ning for the guardianship of the city.\\nQueatUms.\u00e2\u0080\u0094l l. What supremacy did Athens maintain in spite of political insignificance T\\nWhat makes a nation great?\\nBKVIEW QUESTIONS.\\nPAOB\\n1. Give the early account of Philip the Great 223, 224\\n2. Name the important events in his life 224-237\\n3. Give an account of his contest with the Athenians 226-236\\n4. Of Demosthenes, and the part he took 226-27C\\n6. What events brought Philomelus into notice 227, 228\\n6. Give the full account of him 227-229\\n7. How did Thessaly come under Philip s dominion? 226-229\\n8. Stale what you can of Phayllus 229, 230\\n9. What account is given of the Double Vote 230\\n10. How was the Macedonian War brought about 230, 231\\n11. What part did Demosthenes take in the matter? 231, 232\\n12. What part did Chares take 232\\n13 What was Philip s success against the Olynthians 232\\n14. What was his success in the region toward the Danube? 233\\n15. How was Philip s absence taJKsn advantage of 233\\n16. Give an account of Philip s failure at Byzantium 233, 234\\n17. How was Philip brought into the midst of Grecian affairs 23i\\n18. State the events preliminary to the battle of Cheroneia 234, 235\\n19. Describe the battle and state its consequences 235, 236\\n30. What cau you state of Olympias? 227, 236, 271-272\\nIV. Give the particulars of the Q^jath o? Philip 238, 23T", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0319.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "288 GREECE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MACEDONIA.\\n22. When and where was Alexander the Great born 237\\n23. Give an account of Aristotle 231, 237, 238, 268\\n24. What is said of Bucephalus 2\u00c2\u00aba, 252, 261\\n25. How did Alexander establish his authority in Greece 239\\n26. Give an account of his success against the Goths 239, 240\\n27. Of Demosthenes s success against him 240, 241\\n28. What course did Demosthenes then take 241\\n59. Give an account of the destruction of Thebes 241, 242\\n30. How was Athens saved from destruction 242\\n81. What was Alexander s ruling object 242\\n32. Name the events of his first campaign 243-246\\n83. Name the events of his second campaign 246-251\\n84. What is said in connection with the taking of Tyre? 248, 249\\n86. Name the events in Alexander s third campaign 251-254\\n86. Name the events in his fourth campaign 254-256\\n87. Name the events in his fifth campaign. 256-258\\n88. What occurred in the next campaign 258\\n89. Give the events connected with the death of Clitus 258, 259\\n40. What did Alexander accomplish in his eighth campaign 260\\n41. What was his success against Porus 260, 261\\n42. Relate the events preceding Alexander s homeward move 261-263\\n43. Give an account of the homeward move 263-268\\n44. Of Alexander s death and burial 268, 269, 270\\n46. What events followed 269, 270\\n46. What hands stretched forth to grasp the crown 271, 272\\n47. What is saidof Perdiccas? 271\\n48. Antipater 272\\n49. Emnenes? 272\\n60. Polysperchon 273\\n61. Antigonus? 274\\n62. Ptolemy? 274\\n53. LysimachuB 275\\n64. Seleucus? 275\\n65. Give an account of Oassander 272-275\\n66. Of Pyrrhus and his doings 276, 277\\n57. Of the Achaean League 278-285\\n68. Of Cleomenes and his domgs 280, 281\\n69. Give an account of the war with Rome 281-287\\n60. State the particulars of Flaminius s su^jcess 283\\n61. What is said of Demetrius, son of Phihp 282-286\\n62. Of Antiochus and his career? 284, 286\\n63. Of Perseus? 286\\n64. How was Greece divided 7 287", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0320.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "THE ACE.\\nSECTION V.\\n1. LT8IMA0HU8.- -B. 0. 300, In the general division of the empiT\u00c2\u00ab\\nof Alexander, afte* the battle of Ipsus, Thrace fell to Lysimachus, t\\nMacedonian noble. He married Arsinoe, sister of Ptolemy, king of\\nEgypt, though his son, Agathocles, had already united himself to\\nLysandra, half sister of Arsinoe. Nothing of particular importance\\noccurred in the domestic history of Thrace, until the children of the\\ntwo Egyptian sisters were grown to manhood. Arsinoe, fearing that\\nthe death of Lysimachus would leave her sons in the power of Agatho-\\ncles, began to poison the mind of the old king against his first-born.\\nFully persuaded that Agathocles was engaged in a conspiracy, Lysi-\\nmachus ordered him to be put to death. Lysandra, with her children,\\nfled to the court of Seleucus. This prince, though 77 years of age,\\nwas not deaf to the voice of ambition, nor insensible to the claims of\\nthe unfortunate. He declared war against Lysimachus, and with a\\narge army marched into Asia Minor.\\n2. Lysimachus immediately crossed the Hellespont, and advanced to\\nmeet his rival in Phrygia, upon a plain called the Field of Cyrus. It\\nwas a spectacle over which humanity might weep, to see these two\\ngray-haired old men, the last survivors of those distinguished generals\\nwho won such glory in the campaigns of Alexander, now meeting tc\\nengage in deadly strife for a dominion wliich must necessarily be so\\nvery brief. Lysimachus was defeated and slain. Seleucus passed\\nover to take possession of Macedonia and Tlinice, but was mii-rdered\\nby Ptolemy Ceraunus, brother of Arsinoe, b. o. 281.\\n3. The friends and followers of Lysimachus at first regarded Cerau-\\nnus as the avenger of his blood but when the cruel Egyptian married\\nhis own sister, Arsinoe, and assassinated the two young princes in hei\\narms, they looked upon him with horror and detestation. His career\\nwas short. Providence commissioned a distant and barbarous people\\nto do the work of vengeance. The Gauls, finding their own country\\ntoo populous, sent out a numerous army in quest of more fertile\\nToRAC^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sectiony.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Questions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. In the division of Alexander s empire, to whose\\nehare did Thrace fall What led to a battle between him and Seleucns? 2 Give an ac-\\ncount of the battle. The closing account of Seleucus. Where was Phrygia? (See map\\nNo. 2.) 3. How then was Ceraunus at first regarded? What change took p ju\u00c2\u00abf\\n18", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0321.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "290\\nSTRIA.\\n[b. 0. 312\\nregions. Following the valley of the Danube, they arrived in Thrace.\\nWhile all other princes through whose territory they passed were\\npurchasing safety with money and jewels, Ceraunus prepared for\\nwar. A battle was fought, in which he was defeated and taken pris-\\noner, covered with wounds. The Gauls cut off his head, fixed it on\\nlance, and held it up for derision. Thrace, being tlms left without s\\n^Jag, fell under the power of Macedonia, and continued subject to the\\nfeecendants of Demetrius till Greece was conquered by the RomanH\\nSYRIA.\\n4i The Dynasty of the Skleucid^, b. o. 312.\\nSeleucus I., Nicator 312.\\nAntiochus I., Soter 280.\\n31 Antiochus II., Theos 261.\\nIlJ\\nSeleucus II., Oallinicus 246.\\nSeleucua III., Oeraunus 226.\\n6 I Antiochus III., the Great 223.\\nTJ Seleucus IV., Philopater 187.\\nAntiochus IV., Epiphanes 176.\\nAntiochus V., Eupator 164.\\nIqI Demetrius 162-151.\\n(11\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Usurper.)\\n12 Demetrius XL, Nicator 146-140.\\n(13\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Usurper.)\\n14 Antiochus VII., Sidetes 137-129.\\n-I (15\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Usurper.)\\n16 1 Seleucus V.\\n17J Antiocluis VIII., GrypuB 122-114.\\nIQI Seleucus VI.\\n191 Antiochus IX 09-65.\\nQuestions. 8. Give an account of Ceraunua t career.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0322.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "B.a312.j SYRIAN KINGS. 29 i\\nThe era of the SelencidsB is dated from b. o. 312, when Seleacni\\nalone gained a victory over Antigonus, and entered Bubyion in\\ntriumph, though some chronologers date the commeLcement of the\\nSyrian kingdom at the victory of Ipsus, 301.\\n5. Selecous I., surnamed Nicator^ or the Conqueror, received in\\nthe general division Syria, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and a part of Asia\\nMinor. Ho vras the greatest and most powerful monarch of the four\\nwho divided the empire of Alexander. He built the city of Seleucia,\\nabout 45 miles north of Babylon, and gave it the privilege of being a\\nfree Grecian city. He built also Antioch, the third city in the world\\nfor beauty, greatness, and population. About a year after the death\\nof his friend Ptolemy, king of Egypt, he engaged in a war with Lysi-\\nmachus, in which that monarch was slain. He was assassinated the\\nfollowing year, b. o. 280. Antioohus I., Soter^ Saviour, succeeded\\nto his father s throne. He was distinguished for his victories over the\\nMacedonians and Galatians.\\n6. Antioohus II., TUeos^ God, was so called by the Milesians,\\nbecause he delivered them from a tyrant. He engaged in a war with\\nPtolemy Philadelphus, but, being defeated, was compelled to sue\\nfor peace a boon which he obtained on condition of divorcing his\\nwife, Laodice, and marrying Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy. The\\nhappiness of this match was of short duration. As soon as the king\\nof Egypt died, Berenice was repudiated, and Laodice recalled. This\\nwicked queen, fearing another reverse of fortune, poisoned Antioohus,\\nand, pretending that he was sick, sent for the principal noblemen to\\nhear the last commands of their sovereign. Meantime she put a per-\\nson who much resembled him into his bed, and instructed him what\\nto say. When the nobles arrived, the pretended Antioohus, in a faint\\nvoice, recommended his dear Laodice to their care, and appointed her\\noldest son, Scleucus, his successor. The death of Antiochus was soon\\nafter made public, and Laodice, having placed her son upon the throne,\\ndispatched Berenice and her eon, b. o. 246.\\n7. Seleuous II., Callinicus^ had scarcely assumed the I urple wher\\nPtolemy Euergetes invaded Syria to avenge the death of his sister,\\nBerenice. The Syrians revolted in great numbers to the Egyptians,\\nand Seloucus was compelled to see his dominions ravaged, without\\nQuMUon\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u00944. After the death of Ceraunus, what became of Thrace 6. At what period\\ncommenced the era of the SeleucldsB Who was Seleucus I. Give his history. Where la\\nAntioch? An*. Just half way between Constantinople and Alexandria, being 700 milea\\nfrom each. Here the disciples were first called Christians. For what was Antiochus Soter\\ndistinzuished 6. Why was Antiochus II. called Antiochus Theos? Give his history\\nEelste the crimes of Laodice. 7. Give the history of Scleucus Csllinicus.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0323.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "292 STRIA. fB. 0. 226\\npower to protect them. Dnring these commotions, Arsaces, the gover-\\nnor of Parthia, revolted and, being victorious in a battle, took Seleu-\\ncas prisoner. This Arsaces was the founder of the Partnian dynasty,\\nAraacidaB, a race of tyrants as impious as the world ever saw. Seleu-\\ncas died after a ten years captivity, by a fall from his horse.\\n8. Seleuous IIT., Ceraunus^ the Thunderer, reigned ingloriously\\nthree years. He was succeeded by his brother, Axtioohis III, the\\nGreat. This prince engaged in a long and distressing war with Pto\u00c2\u00ab\\nKmy Philopater, and was at last compelled to give up a great part of\\nSyria to purchase })eace. He then commenced hostilities with th\u00c2\u00ab\\ni arthians to recover Media. This province was very valuable from\\nits producing the finest horses then known. Antiochus took the city\\nof Ecbatana. The royal palace, though built of cedar and cypress,\\nhad not the least particle of wood visible. The joists, beams, ceilings,\\ncolumns, and piazzas, were all covered with gold and silver plates.\\nAlexander, Antigonus, and Seleucus had successively plundered the\\nplace, yet Antiochus collected enough of the precious metals to amount\\nto $3,000,000. After a war of seven years, Antiochus made a treaty\\nwith Arsaces, and returned to Antioch,\\n9. Antiochus III. (the Great). b. c. 22 3-187. -This was that\\nAntiochus who entered into the famous league with the Etolians to\\noverthrow the Romans, and suffered so much from the extraction of\\nhis teeth at Thermopyla;. From Greece he removed back to Ephesus,\\nwhere, in the company of a young woman whom he had found in hia\\ntravels and married, he passed his time as merrily as possible. He\\ndid not awake to a full sense of his danger till his troops had suffered\\ndefeat after defeat, and the Romans had actually brought the war into\\nAsia. Then he gave battle, was vanquished, and fled with all speed\\nto Antioch. Thence he sent his nephew to desire peace. It waa\\ngranted on condition that he should surrender all Asia Minor, pay an\\nimmense sum of money, give twenty hostages, and deliver up Hannibal,\\n.vho had taken refuge at his court. Antiochus agreed to comply with\\nthese terras. To obtain the money, he took a plundering tour through\\nIlls dominions. The inhabitants of Susiana slow him because ha\\nrobbed their temple. Seleuous IV., Philopater. To raise the tribute\\nimposed on his kingdom by the Romans employed all the time and\\nQu*etio7K%.-- l. What do jom know of the Parthians T Ana. They were a tribe of Scythlani\\nwho lived In the northeast part of Persia, Arsaces irove out the Syrians, founded a new\\nempire, conquered Persia anJ several neighboring states. The Komans had frequent con-\\ntests with the Parthians, but never subdued them. 8. What is said of Seleucus CeraanusT\\n(livp the account of Antiochus the Great. What is said of the roval palace at Ecbatana?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0324.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 187.J ANTIOCnUS EPIPnANES. 293\\nIngenuity of this prince. In his reign occurred the incident of Flelio\\ndorus in Jie temple, related in the book of Maccabees.\\n10. Antiochus IV., Fpiphanes, Illustrious, ascended the throne\\nleft vacant by the death of his brother, b. o. 176. He engaged in a\\nwar with his nephew, Ptoleraj, and conquered all Egypt except Alex-\\nandria, lie took the young king prisoner, affected to act as his guar-\\ndian, and to treat him with tlie greatest attention. The Egyptians,\\nhowever, applied to the Romans, who, as arbiters, compelled Epiphanea\\n:0 set the young king at liberty, and restore the cities he had taken\\niVom him. The Jews having revolted, the Syrian monarch marched\\ninto Judea. lie besieged Jerusalem, and took it by storm. During\\nthe three days that the city was abandoned to the fury of the soldiers,\\n80,000 Jews were put to death, and 40,000 taken prisoners. To hia\\nother crimes he added sacrilege. He forced his way into the temple,\\nand ventured to enter the Holy of Holies. He carried away the altar\\nof perfumes, the table for shew-bread, the seven-branched golden\\ncandlestick, and other precious things of the sanctuary.\\n11. Some time after, Antiochus published a decree, requiring all the\\nnations of his dominions to lay aside their ancient forms and ceremo-\\nnies, and worship the gods he worshiped, after the same form and\\nmanner he had adopted. The Jews refused to comply with this com-\\nmand, and such a horrid persecution arose as no pen can portray. At\\nthis time happened the martyrdom of Eleazar, and the seven Macca-\\nbean brethren. Tidings out of the east and out of the north now\\ntroubled Antiochus. He divided his forces into two bodies; com-\\nmitted one part to the command of Lysias, with orders to exterminate\\nthe Jews, while he led the other detachment against the Armenians.\\nThe army of Lysias met the little band of Jews, commanded by Judaa\\nMaccabeus, upon the plains of Mizpah. The Syrians were defeated,\\nwith dreadful slaughter. Two more battles gave the Jews such\\ndecided superiority that they marched to Jerusalem, recovered the\\nianctuary, re-dedicated it to the service of the true God, and devoted\\nIbe week to thanksgiving and praise.\\n12. Antiochus, hearing of the defeat of Lysias, set out himself for\\niudea. On his way, fresh expresses met him, saying that the Jews\\nhad thrown down his idols, overturned his altars, and re-established\\ntheir ancient worship. At this intelligence he ordered his coachman\\nto drive with the utmost speed, that he might satiate liis vengeance by\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 10. When did Antiochus Epiphanes ascend the throne? Who was hia\\nB\u00c2\u00abpbew What Is said of the young king of Egypt What misfortune befell the Jews 1\\n11, 12. What decree did Antiochus publish? What followed? What reverse happened to\\nAntiochus? How were the Jews benefited?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0325.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "294 SYRIA. [B. c. 176\\nmaking Jerusalem the bnrying-place of the whole Jewish nation.\\nScarcely had h* ultered the impious words, when he was seized with\\nthe most excruciating pain; and as the horses were running at their\\ngreatest speed, he fell from his chariot. The agony of his bruises,\\nadded to the torment of his disease, drove him frantic. He imagined\\nthat specters hovered round, reproaching him with his crimes. Recog-\\nnizing the hand of Divine justice in the anguish he suffered, he ex-\\nclaimed, It is meet to be subject unto God, and man who is mortal\\nshould not think of himself as if he were a god. He promised if his\\nlife word spared to do magnificent things for Jerusalem but his sands\\nwere run. He died a miserable death, in a strange country, in the\\nmountains (b. c. 176-164).\\n13. Antioohus v., Eupator, a youth of nineteen, succeeded his\\nfather, but was soon dethroned by his cousin, Demetrius, who had\\nbeen a hostage in Rome many years. Demetrius freed the Babylo-\\nnians from a petty tyrant, and made war upon the Jews. Judas Mac-\\ncabeus was dead, but by this time the Romans had extended their\\npowerful protection to the Jews, and Demetrius, having made peace\\nwith them, proceeded to act the king in a more comic manner. He\\ngreeted a castle in Antioch, flanked by four towers, where he shut\\nhimself up to follow the directions of Sardanapalus, eat, drink, and\\nsleep. This delightful life was disturbed by a young man, who, pre-\\ntending to be the son of Epiphanes, had been acknowledged king by\\nthe Romans. Demetrius quitted the castle of Indolence, and buckled\\non the panoply of war. In the first battle he was defeated and slain.\\nAlexander the Usurper then made himself master of Syria. Pto-\\nlemy gave him his daughter, Cleopatra, in marriage and Alexander,\\nthinking his fortune made, determined to give himself no further\\ntrouble with public affairs. We do not know whether he chose the\\ncastle of Demetrius for the scene of his pleasures, but he followed\\nexactly his course of life, and came to an end precisely similar,\\n14. Demetrius II., Nicator^ son of the former king, put forward hi\u00c2\u00bb\\nclaim to tlie throne. Alexander called on his father-in-law for assist-\\nance. Pwlerny Pliilometer accordingly marched into Palestine with\\na large army, but finding that a plot was on foot in Alexander s camp tc\\npoison him, he took his daughter away from her husband, gave her to th\u00c2\u00ab\\nyoung Demetrius, and engaged to assist him with all his forces. Alex-\\nander was defeated and slain. Demetrius, now acknowledged king of\\nQiu*Uons.^\\\\2. Qiye the closing account of Antlochus. 18, 14. Who succcoded Antlochus\\nIV. f What can you Bay of him? Qive the history of Demetrius. Oi Alex^nder the\\nUsurper In what way d/ l Ptolemy Philometer aid the young DemetriuuT", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0326.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2.0.146.] SYRIA A ROMAN PROVINCE. 295\\nSyria, followed the example of his two immediate predecessors, till a\\nrevolution in favor of Alexander s son drove hiizi trom the throne. In\\nhis wanderings and fightings he was taken prisoner by the Parthians,\\nand detained in captivity many years. Cleoj^atra shut lierself up in a\\nstrong city with her children, and continued faithful to tlie memory of\\nDemetrius, till, hearing that he had married a Parthian lady, all her\\nvindictive passions were aroused (b. c. 146-140).\\n15. She sent to Antiochub VII., Sidetes, broiler of ler pertidic -J\\nhusband, offering to set aside the claims of her children, mfa ry him,\\nand be once more queen. Tlie offer was accepted, the nui)tialy speedilj\\nsolemnized, and the usurper not long after slain. Demetrius, mean-\\nwhile, was making every effort to escape from his keepers and return\\nto Syria. Antiochus, apprehensive that he would be successful,\\nmarched into Parthia, determined to destroy this rival brother, and\\nconquer the country at one blow. He was, however, slain in battle,\\nand Demetrius returned to Syria. The inconstant queen forgave his\\nmarriage with the Parthian lady, and acknowledged him Syria s king\\nand Cleopatra s lord. This second honeymoon was very short. The\\nking of Egypt made war upon Demetrius, and defeated him in a\\npitched battle. The unfortunate monarch fled to the city of his queen,\\nbut the gates were shut against him. He fell into the hands of his\\nenemies, and was put to death.\\n16. Selkuous v., the eldest sou of Demetrius and Cleopatra, now\\nascended the throne but as he did not admit his mother to a share of\\npower, she stabbed him with her own hand. She then sent to Athena\\nfor her second son, and caused him to be declared king immediately\\nnpon his return. Antioohus VIII. had the surname of Orypus^ from\\nhis great nose. His mother presented him a cup of poisoned wine, but\\nhe compelled her to drink it herself. Syria W as thus delivered from a\\nmonster that had so long disgraced the names of wife, mother, and\\nqueen. Grypus lived after this 27 years. His reign was disturbed\\nby the intrigues of his brothers, both of whom contended for th\\ncrown.\\n17. Stria becomes a Roman Pkovinck. b. o. (J S. Grypus left\\nfive sons, all of whom were kings, or at least pretenders to the throne.\\nSkleuous VI., the eldest, was killed in a mutiny of the citizens, in\\nwhich his house was set on fire. Antiochus and Philip, the next two\\nbrothers, were twins. One was drowned in attempting to swim across\\nQu\u00c2\u00abatwTis.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\^ What misfortunes happened to the lattei f 16. What part iid the wife\\nof Demetrius take Give the history of Antiochus SHetes. Of Demetrius Nicator. 16.\\nOfSeleucusV. Of Antiochus VIIL 17. How many sons did he leave? Qive thoir history\\nWhat further can you say of the race of Seleucu* T w -Syria?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0327.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "296 BTRIA. [RClOO\\na river, and the other spent the rest of his reign in fighting with the\\ntwo younger boys. The kingdom of Syria was torn in pieces by the\\nfactions of the royal family, or by usurpers who established themselvei\\nfor a little time as kings in various cities and districts. Finally,\\nPompey reduced Syria to a Roman province. The race of Seleucui\\nthus became extinct, or was lost in the common tide of human life\\nBKVIBW QUESTIONS\\nL Who was Lysimachus? 289\\nWhat a \u00c2\u00abount can you give of him T 272, 276, 289\\n8. Who was Ceraunus 289\\ni. Give an account of him 289, 290\\n6. Who was Seleucus 276, 291\\n6. Give an account of him 276, 291\\n7. What is said of Antiochus 1. 291\\n8. Of Antiochus 11. 291\\n9. Seleucus II. 292\\n10. Seleucus IIL? 292\\n1 1. Antiochus 292\\n12. Seleucus lY. 292\\n13. Antiochus IV.? 293\\n14. Antiochus V. 294\\n16. Demetrius 294\\n16. What is said of Alexander the Usurper 294\\n17. Who was Demetrius II. 294\\n18. Give an account of his successes and failures 294, 296\\n19. What is said of Antiochus Sidetes 296\\n20. Who was Seleucus Y. 29{5\\n2i. Give the account of him 296\\n22. What can you state of Antiochus Grypus 295\\n23. Of Grypua s sons 296, 296\\n%k When did Syria become a Roman province? 2M", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0328.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "EGYPT.\\nSECTION VI.\\ni. B. o. 300, Thb Thekk Good Ptolemies.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DrwAgTT oj\\nI 1 I Ptolemy Soter, began to reign, 323.\\nI 2 IPtolemy Philadelphns,\\nPtolemy Energetes,\\nPtolemy Philopater,\\nI 5 [Ptolemy Epiphanes,\\nPtolemy Philometer,\\nT) Ptolemy Physcon,\\n8 Ptolemy Lathyrus,\\nCleopatra Berenice.\\nPtolemy Auletes.\\nBerenice.\\nPtolemy Dionyfiiae*\\nPtolemy.\\n283.\\n247.\\n222.\\n205.\\n181.\\n146.\\n117.\\nCleopatra.\\nEgypt becomes a Koman PKO ?3\u00c2\u00bba\\nu*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0329.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "EGYPT [B. 0. 323\\nWhen tV i empire of Alexander was dismembered, jach genera!\\ntaking a limb, Ptolemy secured the lion s share; not indeed in\\nextent of country, but in the wealth and submissive disposition of his\\nsuhjectt* He was the reputed son of Lagus, and the dynasty founded\\nby him was called the Lagidaa. The era is reckoned from b. o. 318,\\nthough he did not assume the title of king till after the battle of Ipsus,\\nSOI.\\n2. Ptolemy I., Soter, was distinguished not only as a warrior bm\\nAS a ruler he was accessible to all his subjects, simple in his manners,\\nand a lover of learning. He wrote a life of Alexander, and founded an\\nacademy at Alexandria, to which he gave the greatest library in the\\nworld. It was his two daughters who were married to Lysimachua\\nand Agathocies and it was his eldest son, Ceraunus, who, exasperated\\nbecause his brother Philadelphus was preferred before him, fled to\\nThrace, and, to gain the throne of that country, murdered the aged\\nSeleucus and the two sons of his sister, Arsinoe. Two years before\\nthe death of Oeraunus, Ptolemy Soter associated Philadelphus, his\\nBecond son, in the government; and the coronation of the young\\npr ince was attended with a grand display of all the wealth and splen-\\ndor Egypt could boast.\\n3. Ptolemy II. was called Philadelphus, Lover of his Brother,\\nperhaps ironically, because he had supplanted Ceraunus. He might\\nproperly have been called Philemon, Lover of Learning, for all the\\nwars and tumults which prevailed thoughout th\u00c2\u00ab world could not turn\\naway his attention from the great work of completing the library\\nwhich his father had founded. Every book brought into Egypt was\\nseized and copied the copies were handed back to the proprietors,\\nand the originals laid up in the library. The price he paid for the\\nScriptures will illustrate the sacrifices he made to gratify his ruling\\npassion. Hearing that the Jews possessed a remarkable book con-\\ntaining the laws of Moses, he determined to possess it. He collected\\nall the Hebrew slaves in his dominions, amounting to 120,000, and\\nssnt them home, accompanied by embassadors bearing presents and\\notte:*s, and making a request for the holy volume.\\n4. The ransomed Jews and the deputies were received at Jerusalem\\nwith the greatest joy. An authentic copy of the Scriptures, written\\nin letters of gold, was given to the Egyptians by the high-priest him-\\nS^aTPT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Section VL Question*. 1. Who was the founder of the Lagldse T What was\\nhis origin In what way did he gain Egypt? When did he begin to reign? 2. For what\\nvas Ptolemy Soter distinguished? Was he an author? What did he write? What else\\ndid he do? Who was his eldest son? Who his second son What can you state of the\\nsecond son? 8 What is said of the librarf Of i^ e means taken to get the Scriptures?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0330.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "LIGHTHOUSE ON THE PHAROS. (Page 299.)\\nOne of the Seven Wonders of the World.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0331.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0332.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "3.0.283] PTOLEMY III 299\\nself, and six elders from each tribe were sent home with them tc\\ntransLate the Hebrew into a Greek version. The elders were con-\\nducted to the island of Pharos, lodged in a house prepared for their\\nreception, and plentifully supplied with every thing necessary for their\\ncomfort. When their work was complete it was read before the king,\\nwho dismissed the faithful scribes with magnificent presents. This\\nversion was called the Septuagint translation, from seventy eldera\\nhaving been employed upon it.\\n5. The famous watch-tower of Alexandria was completed in hia\\nreign. This tower, which was called Pharos, and passed for one of\\nthe seven wonders of the worlds was built of white marble, story above\\nstory, adorned with columns and galleries of exquisite workmanship.\\nOn the top, fires were kept burning to guide mariners into the bay.\\nPhiladelphus also kept two powerful fleets, one in the Mediterranean,\\nand the other in the Red Sea, by which means he made Egypt the\\nmart of the world. Though he expended such vast sums in strength-\\nening his kingdom, and constructing public works, yet Egypt was\\nnever richer or happier than during Ids reign. In his old age, he\\naccompanied his daughter, Berenice, into Syria, and assisted at the\\nsolemnization of her nuptials with Antiochus II., husband of the repu-\\ndiated Laodice.\\n6. Ptolemy III,, Euergetes^ ascended the throne of Egypt b. o. 285\\nAfter Antiochus had banished his sister, Berenice, and recalled Lao-\\ndice, Euergetes engaged in a war with the Syrians, and overran their\\ncountry as far as Bactria. Among the plunder of the cities, he found\\nthose idols which Cambyses stole from Egypt, and, carrying them\\nhome, recommitted them to the care of tlie priests. For this pious\\nact he was surnamed Euergetes^ Benefactor. When he set out on\\nthis expedition, his wife, Berenice, made a vow to consecrate her hair\\nto the gods if they would bring he husband home in safety. Imme-\\ndiately upon his return she caused her head to be shorn, and her\\nbeautiful locks to be hung up in the temple of Venus. The conse-\\ncrated hair was stolen not long after, and when the priests were called\\nto account, they gravely aflSrmed that it had been taken to heaven, and\\ngazing fixedly into the sky, declared they could see tlie light of the\\ngolden locks. Some astronomers, equally sharp -siglited, were enabled\\nalso to discern a constellation never before noted, to which they gave\\nQtt^Uonn. 1 What great beneflt did Ptolemy confer upon the world Give the par-\\nticulars. 5, What is said of the watch-tower Of the two fleets? Of the richness and\\nhappiness of Egypt? What did the king do in his old age? 6. Who was the next king of\\nEgypt? When did he ascend the throne? In what war did he become engaged? What\\ndid \\\\\\\\f dccoippiish? Why was he cal!.^ Euerjretes? Why is he mcTtloned In astronomy?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0333.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "300 EGYPT. [b. C. 222\\nthe name of Berenice s hair. This beautiful cluster of stars is\\nsituated in the diamond of Virgo. Euergetes did not forget to enrich\\nhis library with all the books and paintings which could be ob-\\ntained in any part of the world. He was the third and last good\\nPtolemy.\\n7. Ptolemy IV. was called Philopater^ Lover of Father, from a\\nsuspicion that he hastened his father s death. He commenced his\\nreign by the murder of his mother, Berenice, and his brother, Magns.\\nThe character which he thus acquired for violence and cruelty was\\nsustained by all the succeeding acts of his life. This was the prince\\nwho engaged in a war with Ahtiochus the Great, and wrested from\\nhim a great part of Syria. Satisfied with conquest, Philopater gave\\nhimself up to every species of vice. Women, and those women not\\nhis wives, governed every thing at court, and conferred all honors and\\nemployments throughout the kingdom. His wife shared the fate of\\nhis mother and brother, and many distinguished individuals fell vic-\\ntims to the corruption of the times.\\n8. At last, worn out with dissipation, his constitution gave way\\nNo one that deserved the appellation of friend was present when he\\ndied. Two or three of his creatures saw him breathe his last, but\\ninstead of committing his body to the proper officers, and ordering a\\ngeneral mourning, they concealed his death till they had carried oflF\\nall the gold and jewels from the palace. When, however, his decease\\nbecame publicly known, and the people reflected upon the probable\\nfate of the young prince left to the care of these vile usurpers of\\npower, they assembled and put them all to the sword. Their dead\\noodies were dragged through the streets, and torn in pieces by the\\nmultitude.\\n9. Four wicked Ptolemies Reign. b. o. 20 5. Ptolemy V.,\\nEpiphanes. No sooner did Antiochus, king of Syria, and Philip, king\\nof Macedon, learn that the scepter of Egypt had fallen into the hands\\nof a child, than they determined to seize upon the cities which had\\nbeen so long in dispute, and settle the boundaries of the countries to\\nsuit themselves. Antiochus carried out his designs by conquering\\nOoBlo-Syria and Palestine, but Philip had so much to do in Greece that\\nhis plans failed. When Antiochus embarked in his great enterprise\\nof the league against Rome, he made peace with Ptolemy Epiphanes.\\nand gave him his daughter in marriage. The young queen was\\nQii*\u00c2\u00abti m\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u00946. What Is said of the library? 7, 8. Who next became king? Why wa\\nhe called Philopater? How did he commence his reign What farther can you say of\\nkiim? What is s^id of his death? 9. By whom was he e iccec-\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abd? What two ki. g\\normod a league \u00c2\u00bbgal28i, Ptolemy V. How did his wife manlfent her attachment?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0334.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "B. 0.181] PTOLEMY VI 301\\nexpected to act as a spy in the Egyptian court, bnt her attachment to\\nher hnsband overcame her reverence for her father, and she even\\njoined in the embassy which went to congratulate the Romans on the\\nvictory they gained over Antiochus at Thermopyla9.\\n10. After the death of his father-in-law, Epiphanes determined to\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^rest from his successor, Seleucus, those cities which had been taken\\nfrom Egypt in the commencement of his reign. His courtiers inquired\\nwhere he expected to obtain money for furnishing his array. My\\npeople are my treasure, replied the king. Inferring from this answer\\nthat he intended to take unwarrantable liberties with their purses, lia\\nparasites caused him to be poisoned. He had reif^ned twenty-four\\nears.\\n11. Ptolemy YL, Philometer^ Lover of his Mother, was pro-\\nclaimed king at the age of six years, and his mother declared regent.\\nAs soon as he was old enough to understand war to be the game of\\nkings, he commenced hostilities with Antiochus Epiphanes for the\\nrecovery of those cities which had passed from one government to\\nanother so many times. He was taken prisoner and kept in confine-\\nment, while his brother, Physcon, administered the affairs of the king-\\ndom. Philometer escaped from the too-loving watch of his guardian,\\nand united his fortunes with his brother. This brought Antiochus on\\nhis third expedition into Egypt. Philometer sent for help to the\\nRomans. The embassadors deputed by this people to settle the affair\\nlanded in Egypt, and came up with Antiochus about a mile from\\nAlexandria. They handed him dispatches, and waited in silence while\\nhe read them. Antiochus, wishing to gain time, told the envoys he\\nwould consult with his friends, and give them an answer soon. The\\nconsul drew a line about him as he stood in the sand, and, raising hia\\nvoice, Answer, said he, the senate of Rome before you stir out of\\nthat circle. The king, quite confounded, submissively replied, that\\nhe would do as the Romans desired. Accordingly, he left Egypt at\\nthe stipulated time, and restored the cities of Cyprus.\\n12. Some commentators think Antiochus and Philometer the two\\nkings who spoke lies at one table and recognize the intervention of\\nthe Romans in the passage, the ships of Chittiin shall come against\\nhim, c. The two brothers could not live in peace. Physcon\\nexpelled Philometer, who fled to Rome. The senate settled the dis-\\npute by a partition of the kingdom between the brothers. Physcon,\\nQuestions. 10. Relate the circumstances of his death. 11. Who succeeded him When\\nwas Ptolemy Philometer declared king? Why did he engage in war? What misfortune\\nbefell himf Who was Physcon 1 What did the Romans do? Antiochus? 12. Read Dan\\n\u00c2\u00bbl 30 What disagreement took plao*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0335.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "302 EGYPT. [8.0.146\\nwho was dissatisfied with his portion, thought proper to try the effect\\nof Am person in Rome. The senate received hira favorably, and added\\nCyprus to his dominions; but when he came to ask the hand of Oor\\nnelia, the mother of the Gracchi, in marriage, he learned that the\\ndaughter of Scipio could despise a crown. Physcon returned to\\nCyprus, but Philometer made war upon him, and took him prisoner.\\nThis Philometer was the king who took his daughter Cleopatra frora\\nAlexander, and gave lier to Demetrius; and this Cleopatra was the\\nwicked queen who was the wife of three kings, and the mother of fo jr.\\n13. Ptolemy VII., Physcon^ the Corpulent, ascended the throne\\nof Egypt after the death of Philometer, b. o. 145. He married Philo-\\nmeter s widow, and murdered her son,. the heir apparent, in her arms;\\nand he put so many of the friends of his brother to death, that Alex-\\nandria was almost depopulated. Philosophers, mathematicians, physi-\\ncians, and men of science and letters, who had been called together by\\nthe generous policy which founded the school and libraries of the city,\\nsought a more congenial atmosphere than the court of a corrupt king.\\nThus the cruelty of this tyrant scattered the seeds of learning in all tba\\nneighboring countries. To re-people his city, Physcon offered the\\ndeserted houses rent free to those who would come from foreign parts\\nand take up their abode in them.\\n14. In this manner the inhabitants of Alexandria became a mixture\\nof every people, tribe, and tongue but the new settlers soon perceived\\nthat they had gained nothing by subjecting themselves to the will of a\\ntyrant. Physcon, fearing the just indignation of his subjects, caused\\nthe young men of Alexandria to be assembled in a public place, and\\nordered his foreign troops to put them to death. All Egypt then\\nrevolted, and the wicked king was forced to flee to Cyprus, while\\nCleopatra, his divorced queen, ascended the throne. Her reign was,\\nhowever, short, for Physcon collected an array, reinstated himself by\\nforce of arms, and reigned for some time, feared by his enemies, and\\nhated by his subjects (he had no friends) his own wife sought hia\\ndestruction, and he murdered his own son.\\n15. Cleopatba. Egypt Subdued. Ptolemy Vni. b. c. 146-117.\\nsurnamed Lathyrus^ from the mark of a pea on his nose, succeeded his\\nfather, after many quarrels with his mother and brother. Lathyrus\\nreigned 36 years, during which Egypt was constantly distracted by the\\nQue\u00c2\u00bbU(mH.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\ L What did Philometer gain by going to Rome? What did Physcon gain\\nby going What did he not gain What further said of Philometer? What is said o(\\nCleopatra? 18. 14 When did Ptolemy Physcon become king? Of what crueltiea was h\u00c2\u00ab\\njuilty? What then was he forced to do? What further can you state of him 1ft. Wh\u00c2\u00ab\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abxt ascended the tarone What troables did Laiflrrua haye?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0336.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "B.a 80.1 PTOLEMY AULETES. 303\\ndissensions of the royal familj. Bekenioe, his only legitimate child,\\nsucceeded liim, but as, according to the custom of the country, all the\\nsons took the name of Ptolemy, and all the daughters that of Cleo-\\npatra, she was called Cleopatra Berenice. Sylla, at that time dictator\\nof Rome, sent her cousin, Alexander, to claim the throne. He con-\\ncluded to take Berenice in marriage, and permit her to retain the title\\nof queen but subsequently repented of his lenity, and put her (a\\ndeath. The fifteen years of Alexander s reign were spent in \\\\ri:)len3e\\nand cruelty and finally the Alexandrians expelled him, and called\\nPtolemy Auletes, an illegitimate son of Lathyrus, to assume the reina\\nof their government.\\n16. Ptolemy Auletes, to purchase the protection of the Romans,\\nentered into an agreement to pay Julius Caasar, the consul, a snm\\nequal to $90,000. The taxes which he levied to meet this engage-\\nment exasperated his subjects, and he was obliged to fly for his life.\\nThe Egyptians proclaimed his daughter, Berenice, queen. Auletes,\\nmeantime, made his way to Rome. Casar was absent in Gaul, but\\nPompey received the exile kindly, gave him an apartment in his house,\\nand omitted no occasion of serving him. His business in Rome\\ndetained him long. The senate had no army to send into Egypt, and\\nhe was forced to wait till a change in the consulship was effected.\\nWhile the Romans hesitated, the Egyptians acted. The government\\nof a woman could not satisfy them. They therefore sent to Seleucus\\none of the last princes of Syria, offering him the hand of Berenice and\\nthe sovereignty of Egypt.\\n17. Seleucus came immediately to Alexandria, married his queen,\\nand put on his crown but avarice made him deaf alike to the call of\\nlove and ambition. His first care was to cause the body of Alexander\\nthe Great to be put into a coflBn of glass, while he melted the goldec\\none into a more convenient form for transportation. Berenice, dis-\\ngusted with his meanness, employed some of her creatures to strangle*\\nhim. Auletes returned not long after, supi)orted by Mark Antony\\nand a Roman army. The people were forced to acknowledge him for\\ntheir sovereign, and with a Roman body-guard he was enabled to take\\nvengeance upon his enemies. His daughter, Berenice, was the first\\nvictim then followed those whose great wealth tempted his cupidity.\\nQuest ioTis.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 15. Who succeeded him? What waa her fate? What is said of Alexan-\\nder s reign? Who was Ptolemy Auletes? To what position did he attain? State how.\\n16. What agreement did Auletes enter into? What were the consequences? Who then\\nbecame qnoon Who became her husband In what vray was the marriage brought about\\nn. What vas the first care of Seleucus? What became cf him What further Is suited of\\nAa.\u00c2\u00abte\u00c2\u00ab?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0337.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "304 EGYPT. [B,a5j\\nThe Egyptians suffered these violences without a murmur; but when\\na Roman soldier killed a cat^ the whole authority of Ptolemy could not\\nprevent their tearing him to pieces.\\n18. Ptolemy Auletes died b. o. 51, leaving two sons and two daugh-\\nters. By his will he directed that Cleopatra, the eldest daughter\\nshould marry Ptolemy Diontsius, the eldest son, and reign jointlj\\nwith him, under the guardianship of Porapey the Great. These dlrec\\ntions were followed but three years after, the ministers of Ptolemy\\nhaving deprived Cleopatra of her share in the government, she escaped\\nto Syria. It was precisely at this juncture that Pompey, having fled\\nfrom the plains of Pharsalia, arrived in Egypt to claim an asylum from\\nhis enemies. But Egypt was not the place to seek friends in the day\\nof adversity. The fear of Csesar had arrived there before him. The\\nartful ministers of the young king dared not counsel to receive the\\nunfortunate Roman, lest Caesar should call them to account; they\\ndared not send him away, lest he should retrieve his affairs, and return\\nto punish their ingratitude. The proverb, Dead men do not bite,\\nurged by the tutor of the king, decided the fate of the illustrious fugi-\\ntive. Ptolemy, with his parasites, went down to the shore, as if to\\nwelcome the arrival of his guardian and looked on with the greatest\\nunconcern, while those appointed to do the bloody deed assassinated\\nthe noble Roman, cut off his head as a present for Csesar, and threw\\nhis body naked on the strand.\\n19. When Caesar, in pursuit of Pompey, landed in Alexandria, he\\nfound every thing iu confusion. Referring to the will of the late king,\\nhe ordered Cleopatra and Dionysius to appear before him, declaring\\nthat, as Roman consul, it was necessary for him to settle the differences\\nbetween the brother and sister, alias, the husband and wife. Cleo-\\npatra, conscious of the power of Ijer beauty, determined to use it in\\nfurthering her ambitious projects. With only one attendant, she was\\nrowed to the walls of the citadel of Alexandria in the night. There\\nher servant wrapped her up in a bundle of clothes, put a thong care-\\nfully around her, and carried her as a bale of goods into Caosar s\\napartment. The first apparition of this lovely creature decided the\\nheart of the conqueror in her favor. The next day lie decreed that\\nCleopatra and her brother should reign jointly, according to tlie wiU^\\nand that the younger brother and sister should have Cyprus.\\nQue%ti(yii\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\%. When did he die? Can you name any i revision of liis will r Why did\\nCleopatra escape to Syria? What happened at this juncture? How did the Egvptiani\\nreason about the reception of Pompey What was the sequel? 19. Whom did Caesar pur-\\nBue into Egy[)t? What persons did C a^sar order to appear before Miuf How diJ (Jleopair*\\neffect her pmpoae T What decree did Cssjsar make*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0338.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "B.a47.] CLEOPATRA. 305\\n20. Ptolemy was dissatisfied with this decision. He stirred np the\\npeople to make an attempt upon the Roman fleet To prevent his\\ngalleys from fulling into the enemy s hands, Cajsar set them on fire.\\nSome of them were driven by the wind so near the quay, that the\\nflames canght the neighboring houses, and spread throughout the\\nquarter called Bruchion, consuming a part of the books in the famous\\nlibrary. A series of similar attacks and reprisals went on between\\nCa3sar and the Egyptians while he stayed in Alexandria. Finally, a\\ndecisive battle was fought, and Ptolemy, attempting to escape in a\\nlittle boat, was drowned. All Egypt then submitted. Oa)sar gave\\nthe crown to Cleopatra, in conjunction with her younger brother,\\nPtolemy XL, then eleven years of age. He took Arsinoe, the other\\nsister, with him to Rome, where she walked in his triumph in chains\\nof gold, but immediately after he permitted her to retire to Asia.\\n21. B. 0. 41. At the age of fourteen, the young king demanded hia\\nshare in the government. Cleopatra therefore poisoned him, and\\nremained sole possessor of the regal authority. After the battle of\\nPhilippi, when Mark Antony passed over into Asia to establish the\\nauthority of the triumvirate, all the kings, princes, and governors of\\nthe provinces were cited to appear before him. Among others, Cleo-\\npatra was summoned. This princess, then twenty-five years old, had\\nadded to her unrivaled attractions all the fascinations which a culti-\\nvated mind and a graceful address can give to beauty of face and\\nelegance of person. She was a proficient in music; she could con-\\nverse with Ethiopians, Jews, Syrians, Medes, Greeks, and Italians,\\nwithout an interpreter and she understood every blandishment which\\na voluptuous court had devised to give effect to female charms. Pro-\\nviding herself with rich presents, large sums of money, and the most\\nmagnificent robes and ornaments, she set ofl for Tarsus, where Antony\\nwaited to receive her.\\n22. She sailed up the Cydnus in a barge with sails of purple silk,\\nand oars flashing with silver. A pavilion of cloth of gold was raised\\nupon tlie deck, under which she reclined, habited like Venus, with\\nbeautiful damsels representing the Nereids and Graces worshiping\\naround her. Flutes, hautboys, harps, and the softest instruments of\\nmusic, filled the air with harmony, to which the gentle dip of the oara\\nQue8Uon8.\u00e2\u0080\u009420. Who was dissatisfied with the decision What misfortune to the world\\nof letters occurred? Give the final account of Ptolemy. Who then were appointed to rule\\nEgypt? What is said of Arsinoe? 21. What became of Ptolemy XL? When did that\\noccur? W^hat accomiilishnienls of mind did Clcoi)atra possess What is said of her other\\nftcquiremeots? What suinmons did she heed? With what did she provide herself for tb\u00c2\u00ab\\noccasion? 22. Give a description of her pageant", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0339.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "306 EGYPT. ,B. 0. 41\\nkept regular time, while tlie perfume of costly incense regaled the\\nsenses of the niullitudcs who crowded the banks to gaze upon the\\nlovelj pageant. A rumor was spread that the goddess Venus had\\ncome to visit the god Bacchus, and if Cleopatra so well personated the\\nqueen of beauty, Antony, on his part, sustained his character of the\\nprince of revelers, in all its essentials. As soon as the mimic fleet had\\ncome to anchor, Antony sent to invite her to supper. She replied,\\nthat she had already ordered an entertainment ujon the banks of tl\\nriver, where she would receive him as her guest. Antony went aufi\\nthat interview sealed his fate.\\n23. His love of glory, wealth, and power was lost in his absorbing\\npassion for the fascinating princess; and while his wife, Fulvia, was\\nsupporting his interest at home against Octavius Caesar, and his lieu-\\ntenants in the east were preparing for war in Syria, he was led off hke\\na captive in the train of Cleopatra to Alexandria. There the veteran\\nwarrior fell into ever;y idle excess of puerile amusement, and offered\\nat the shrine of luxury what one has called the greatest of all sacri-\\nfices the sacrifice of time. There was no end to their feasts and\\nentertainments each vied with the other in magnificence and expense.\\nOn one occasion Cleopatra laid a wager that she would expend a mil-\\nlion (a sum equal to $250,000) upon one supper. Antony took up the\\nbet and Plaucus, a mutual friend, was to decide it. The banquet was\\nprepared; Antony inquired the price of every dish, and after calcu-\\n.ating the expense, said, You are still far short of a million, The table\\nwas cleared, and a single cup of vinegar placed before the queen.\\nNow, said she, with an air of triumph, I will see if I cannot spend\\na rail ion upon myself alone. She took the cup, and, unclasping one\\nof the pearls from her ear, threw it into the vinegar, and, when it was\\ndissolved, swallowed it at a single draught! She was preparing to do\\nthe same by the other,* when Plaucus stopped her, declaring she had\\nwon the bet.\\n24. In the midst of these scenes of dissipation Antony received\\nintelligence that his wife, Fulvia, had been overpowered, and driven\\nout of Italy by Octavius Ca)sar; and that tlie Parthians had subju\\ngated Asia, from the Euphrates to Ionia. Waking literally from a fit\\nof intoxication, he set sail with a fleet of 200 ships to meet his wife\\nThis pearl was afterwards carried to Eomo by Augustus, cut In two, and hu-xg In tlie\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2STB of the statue of Venus\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 22. What rumor was spread? What invitation did Antouy extend? What\\nwa\u00c2\u00bb the reply 23. What followed Give an account of the celebrated bet and banquet\\nii, VV U.u intelligence did Antony receiye What then di^ le do", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0340.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 39.] ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA. 307\\nin Greece. He found her at Sicyon, sick. After reproaching her for\\nbeing the cause of a war with Ciesar, he left her to die among\\nstrangers, and proceeded toward Italy. Cassar, not being prepared\\nfor hostilities, threw all the blame of the late commotions upon Fulvia,\\nand offered to accommodate matters by dividijig the empire, giving\\nAntony that portion east of the Adriatic, while he took the west.\\nHis sister, Octavia, a woman of great beauty and merit, was, bj deore*\\nof the senate, excused from mourning for her husband, just decease l,\\nthat she might cement the union by giving her hand to Antony.\\n25. The nuptials were celebrated at Rome, and Antony seemed foi\\na time to forget, in the society of this charming woman, the wrongs of\\nthe dead Fulvia, and the love of the forsaken Cleopatra. He even\\ntook Octavia back with him to Greece, and lived with her some time\\nat Athens but when the Parthian war called him to Syria, the\\nfascinations of Cleopatra resumed their full power over his soul.\\nHe sent for her to meet him again in Tarsus, and, upon lier arri-\\nval, made her a present of several kingdoms. Ilis attachment to\\nher proved the ruin of the Parthian expedition. He was furnished\\nwith a fine army and plentiful supplies, but his desire to return and\\nspend the winter with her in Alexandria, caused him to set off too\\nearly in the spring, and to travel so fast that the engines of war were\\nleft behind and seized by the enemy. Having penetrated into Media,\\nand engaged in a long and fruitless siege of a city in which the Par-\\nthian king kept his wives he was glad to accept of permission to\\nretreat in safety before the autumnal equinox.\\n26. In the backward march the Romans suffered every privation\\nSuch was the famine, that a barley loaf sold for its w^eight in silver\\nand at one time great numbers of the soldiers partook of a root which\\nbrought on madness and death. Thus, while his army was perishing\\naround him, Antony frequently exclaimed, O the Ten Thousand,\\nalluding to the famous retreat which Xenophon had effected\\nthrough the same dangers which now beset himself. The severity\\nof winter was such that he lost 8,000 men before he reached Sidon.\\nAccompanied by a small party, he went down to a little fort called\\nWhite Hair, and looked across the sea for the vessels of Cleopatra.\\nThey were not in sight, and he had recourse to intoxication to drown\\nhis impatience. Sometimes he would start from the table and rur\\nleaping and dancing to look out for her approach. She came at length,\\nQii.eMticyns.\u00e2\u0080\u009424. How did he treat bis wife, Fulvia? What arr:in :cmcnt did he make with\\nCaesar? Whoiri did he then marry 25. Did he live with Octavia loag? How did he fall\\nagain into the society of Cleopatra? W^hnt was the conseqaence of his attachment to\\n;ieupatri\\\\? 26 Give an account of the suffenno;s (f Antony s array. Of A ntony g conduct", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0341.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "308 EGYPT [B. 0. 35.\\nbringing large quantities of money and clothing for the troops. Octa-\\nvia, too, had collected soldiers, beasts of burden, money, and presents\\nfor the officers, and set out to meet Antony. The infatuated general,\\nnevertlieless, sent her word to remain at Athens, saying that he waa\\nabout to Uiake another campaign against the Parthians. Cleopatra\\nhowever, appeared so afflicted at his leaving her again, that he put off\\nh^s expedition and accompanied her to Egypt.\\n27. There be acted a farce more ridiculous than all his preceding\\nlollies. He called a public assembly of the Egyptians, and ordering\\ntwo golden chairs to be placed on a tribunal of silver, one for himse.f,\\nand the other for Cleopatra, he crowned her queen of Egypt, Cyprus,\\nAfrica, and Coelo-Syria, nominating Cesario, her son by Julius Caesar,\\nas her colleague. His own two sons, Alexander and Ptolemy, then\\ntook their seats on two thrones prepared at the feet of their mother.\\nAlexander, clothed in a Median dress, with the turban and tiara, was\\nproclaimed king of Media, Armenia, and Parihia^ when it should he\\nconquered. Ptolemy wore the Macedonian long cloak and slippers,\\nwith a bonnet encircled by a diadem. He was made king of Phenicia,\\nSyria, and Cilicia. Cleopatra wore, on tliis occasion, the sacred robe\\nof Isis,* and gave audience to the people under the name of the New\\nIsis. Antony put the finishing touch to these absurdities by sending\\na minute account of his measures to Rome.\\n28. When the injured Octavia returned to Athens, her brother\\nordered her to quit Antony s house, but she refused, and still con-\\ntinued to take care of Fulvia s children, and her own, with all the\\ntenderness which the most devoted wife could feel for her husband s\\noffspring. Her conduct, however, only injured Antony s cause for\\nwhen the people saw the neglect with which such a woman was\\n-reated, their indignation was aroused, and they were ready to hsten\\nto all Caesar s insinuations against his colleague. The report of what\\nAntony had done in Egypt added fuel to tlie flame, so that when he\\nbegan to make preparations for renewing the civil war, and sent to\\nturn Octavia out of his house, they f-eadily concurred in tlie decree of\\nwar against Cleopatra.\\n29. Antony had 500 armed vessels, 100,00C foot, 10,000 horse, and\\na great many auxiliaries. Caesar had half as many vessels, three-\\nfourths as many foot, and an equal number of horse. Cleopatra would\\nThis robe was of all colors, to signify the universality of the goddess s influence.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 26, What relief came? What is said of Octavia s exertions? What worj\\ndid Antony send to his wife? Did he do f^t 27. What farc^ did he a ;t 2a How dii\\nAntonyms treatnoent of Cleopatra affect his popularity at home? 29. Describe hje pn\u00c2\u00bbpar\u00c2\u00bb\\ntjons to meet Augustus.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0342.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "a 31.J ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA. 309\\ngo in person to this war (because she feared a reconciliation between\\nAntony and Octavia), and, what was worse, she insisted that the first\\nengagements should be fought at sea, though Antony s land forces\\nwere complete, and his ships had not half their coraplement of men.\\nThe officers were in consequence obliged to pick up in Greece vagrants,\\nmule-drivers, reapers, and boys. The other preparations showed\\nequally the temerity and folly which governed the counsels of Antony.\\nWhile one ship brought soldiers, another ari-ived filled with players\\nand buflfoons; one messenger came with news of the arrival of men\\nand provisions, while another announced the advent of a long-expected\\ntheatrical apparatus. At last, in spite of all delays from adverse winds,\\nand Cleopatra s caprices, Antony reached Actiura viib liis fleet, while\\nthat of Augustus was anchored not far off upon the coast of Epirus.\\n30. Battle of Aotiqm. This engagement was fougnt in the bay\\nof Actium. The prows of the vessels were armed with brazen points,\\nvhich it was the object of the sailors to drive against the sides of the\\nenemy s galleys; but as Antony s ships were very large, he could not\\nturn them readily, and one was often surrounded by two or three of\\nCaesar s, the men of which threw firebrands, pikes, and javelins at the\\ncrew, as though they were storming a town. While the fight was\\ngoing on, Cleopatra s sixty galleys hoisted their sails, and took to flight\\nthrough the midst of the combatants. No sooner did Antony see her\\nvessel under way, than, forgetting the brave men who were shedding\\ntheir blood in his cause, he took a couple of friends with him, and\\nrowed after her with all his might. Having overtaken her, he went\\non board her galley, but for three days, either through shame or\\nresentment, did not speak to her. At last the attendants eflfected a\\nreconciliation, and they proceeded together to Lydia, after Antony\\nhad stopped long enough in Greece to recommend his followers to be\\nreconciled to Caesar. Having sent Cleopatra forward to Alexandria,\\nhe shut himself up on a desert island and aflTected to act the part of\\nTimon, the man-hater but the strong attraction of the Egyptian\\nsiren drew him from his retreat, and, once again embarked upon the\\nsea of dissipation, his guilty love knew neither pause nor stop till it\\nreached its proper end destruction.\\n31. Cleopatra and Antony had before established a society called\\nThe Inimitable Livers; they now instituted another, called The Com-\\npanions in Death! Though the Egyptian queen had destroyed all\\nQue*tioiiti.\u00e2\u0080\u00942fi. Where was Actium? (See map No. 2.) Gire an account of the battle.\\nOf Jleopairas condutt Jf Aatonj s Bubsequent oondu^t, 31. What Is eali of the two\\neocieiir*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0343.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "310 EGYPT CB. 0. 30.\\nwhom sLe suspected of being friendly to Cfflsar. yet, fearful still of fall-\\ning into Lis bands, she formed the design of drawing ber galleys over\\nthe isthmus of Suez, and sailing in them down the Red Sea, in search\\nof some remote country where she might see no more war. This\\nplan was frustrated by the Arabians, who sot ber ships on fire. Know-\\ning that Oaesar would sooner cir later arrive in Egypt, and that her\\nfatal beauty would prove but an ornament for his triumph, Cleopatra\\nbegan to look to death for a refuge from disgrace. She collected all\\niinds of poisons, and tried them upon criminals in the prisons, and\\nexamined, also, the effect of venom upon the human system. By these\\nexperiments she found that the bite of the asp produced death with\\nthe least pain of body or contortion of visage, persons affected by it\\nsinking away as in a gentle sleep.\\n32. Meanwhile, Antony sent to beg his life of CsBsar; and Egypt\\nfor Cleopatra and her children. The conqueror rejected Antony s\\npetition, but said that Cleopatra might expect every favor if she would\\nbanish or poison the man she had so long held in her chains. The\\nqueen had caused a magnificent monument to be erected near the tem-\\nple of Isis, into which she removed her treasures and a large quantity\\nof flax, with a great number of torches. She gave orders to her govern-\\nors to submit to Caesar, so that when he came round by way of Syria\\nand Pelusium he found no obstacle till he reached Alexandria, where\\nAntony, in the last effort of expiring valor, determined to give battle,\\nby sea and land. Drawing up his army upon an eminence, he sent\\nout his galleys to the attack but what was his despair and rage when\\nhe saw Cleopatra s admiral advance, and surrender the whole fleet to\\nthe Romans.\\n33. He grew desperate, and sent to challenge Csesar to single com-\\nbat. Caesar replied, If Antony is weary of life, there are ways\\nenough to die. Ridiculed by Augustus and betrayed by Cleopatra,\\nhe returned to the city only to be abandoned by his cavalry, which\\nwent over in a body to the conqueror. He flew to the palace, deter-\\nmined to wreak his vengeance upon the enchantress who had wrought\\nhis ruin. It was deserted and word was brought him that, preferring\\nhonorable death to shameful captivity, she had closed her life in the\\ntombs of her ancestors. The idea of her death completed his frenzy.\\nHe passed from the excess of rage to the most violent transports of\\nQve\u00c2\u00abtion\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sl. What plan of escape did Cleopatra form How was it frustrated To\\nwhat did Cleopatra next turn her attention? 82. For what did Antony beg? What wai\\nthe reply J What is said of the temple built by Cleopatra? Of the orders given to Cleo\\nr-itrs s governors? What then did Antony do? What followed? 83. What is said abouf\\nthe cbftUenge?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0344.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "B.O. 30] DEATH OF ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA. 311\\ngrief, and thought only of following her to the grave. Retiring to hia\\nchamber, and unclasping his coat of mail, he called upon his faithful\\nservant, Eros, to strike the fatal blow. Eros drew his sword as if he\\ndesigned to kill him; but, suddenly turning about, slew himself, and\\nfell at his master s feet. Antony took up the sword, and plunging it\\ninto his own body, fell back upon his couch, mortally wounded.\\n34. At that moment a messenger came to tell him that the queen\\nwas yet alive. When the name of Cleopatra was mentioned, ht\\nopened his eyes, and requested to be carried to her apartment. His\\nservants conveyed him in their arms to the monument. Cleopatra\\nwould not suffer the door to be unbarred, but threw down cords from\\na lofty window, and assisted her women to dra^ him up. Never\\nwas there a more moving sight. Antony, all bf. ied in blood, with\\ndeath painted in his face, was drawn up in the air turning his dying\\neyes, and extending his feeble hands to Cleopatra, as if to conjure her\\nto receive his last breath whilst she, with features distorted, and arms\\nstrained, pulled the cords with her whole strength, the people below\\nencouraging her with cries. She laid him on her bed, rent her\\nclothes, beat her breast, tore her hair, and, wiping the blood from his\\nwounds, called him her lord, her emporor, her husband, seeming to\\nforget, in her sympathy for him, that she had any miseries of her own.\\nAntony strove to comfort her, telling her that he had conquered like\\na Roman, and it was only by a Roman that he had been conquered.\\n35. Scarcely had he breathed his last, when a messenger arrived\\nfrom Caesar, wlio had been informed of Antony s rash deed. She\\nbegged permission to bury Antony according to the customs of Egypt,\\nwhich was not refused. A short time after, learning that Caesar\\ndesigned to send her away in three days, she requested the melancholy\\nsatisfaction of visiting the grave of Antony once more. It was granted.\\nAlasl my Antony, said she, kneeling down by his tomb, it is not\\nlong since with these hands I buried thee they were then free but\\nthy Cleopatra is now a prisoner, reserved to adorn the trium[)]i over\\nthee. These are the last offerings, the last honors she can pay thee\\nfor she is now to be conveyed to a distant country. Nothing could\\npart us while we lived but in death we are to be divided. Thou,\\nthough a Roman, liest buried in Egypt; and I, an Egyptian, must be\\ninterred in Italy, the only favor I shall receive from thy country. Yet\\nif the gods of Rome have power or mercy left (for surely those of\\nQuMtums.\u00e2\u0080\u0094QA, 85, 86. Give an account of Antony s subsequent conduct and death. Oi\\nCleopatra s. W hen did Cleopatra oie Ans. B. c. 80. How old was she at the Uine of h\u00c2\u00abr\\n4^th 1 Ans. 89 jean", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0345.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "313 EGYPT. [B. 0. 30\\nEgypt have forsaken ns), let them not suffer me to be led in living\\ntriumph to thy disgrace I No hide me, hide me with thee in the\\ngrave for life, since thou hast left it, has been misery to me. The\\nunhappy queen, having thus bewailed her misfortunes, returned to her\\nmonument, bathed, and sat down to a magnificent sujjper. Then, hav-\\ning called for a basket of figs which a peasant had lately brouglit, she\\nwrote a letter to Caesar, and, ordering every one out of the monument\\nexcept her two women, made fast the door.\\n36. When Ca3sar opened the letter, and read her last request to\\nbe buried with Antony, he suspected her intention, and sent his ser-\\nvants to prevent her carrying it into effect. The messengers ran all\\nthe way, and, having broken open the door, entered. There lay the\\nlast of the royal race of the Ptolemies, on a golden couch, arrayed even\\nin death with the greatest splendor. Iras, one of her maids, lay dead\\nat her feet; and Oharmion, hardly able to stand, was fixing the diadem\\nupon the brow of her beloved queen. Charmion, said the messen-\\ngers of Csosar, was this well done? Perfectly well, said she,\\nand worthy a descendant of the kings of Egypt. Saying this, she\\nalso sunk down and expired. No mark of violence could be dis-\\ncovered upon the person of Cleopatra and as the track of a reptile\\nwas discerned on the sea-sands opposite her window, it was supposed\\nthat the basket of figs contained an a\u00c2\u00abjp, which, having stung her and\\nher maids, was permitted to escape. In the tomb of Cleopatra was\\ndeposited the last sovereign of the Greeco-Egyptian dynasty of Lagidae\\na race that had ruled Egypt 294 years.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\nPA\u00c2\u00ab9\\n1. Whoa\u00c2\u00a9 son was Ptolemy said to be 298\\n2. What name was consequently given to his dynasty? 298\\n3. When did he assume the title of king 298\\n4. What account can you give of the battle of Ipsus 276\\n5. What account can you give of Ptolemy I. 298\\n6. Why was Ptolemy IL sumamed Philadelphus 298\\n1. Why might he better have been called Philemon? 298\\n8. What additions did he make to the great library? 298\\n9. Wliat is said of the translation of the Bible 298, 299\\n10. Of the watch-towers called Pharoi 299", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0346.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "REVIEW QUESTIONS 313\\nPAoa\\n11. Why was the next Ptolemy suraamed Euergetes 299\\n12. What is stated of the constellation Berenice s Hair liS, 300\\n13. Why was the fourth Ptolemy suraamed as he was 300\\n14. Name the guilty acts of his reign 300\\n16 What scene followed his death 30C\\n16 What territory did Egypt afterward lose 300, 30i\\n17 What account can you give of Ptolemy VL EOl 1 02\\n18. Of Ptolemy VIL 304\\n19. OfPhyscon? 297 30?\\n20. Who was Ptolemy Lathynis 302\\n21. What followed after his reign i^OS\\n22. Give an account of Ptolemy Auletes 303, 304\\n23. What children did he leave 304, 30S\\n24. Give an account of the early life of Cleopatra 304, 305\\n26. Of the fate of Pompey 304, 393, 394\\n26. Of Caesar m Egypt 304,305\\n27. By what means did Cleopatra gain power 304, 306\\n28. What accomplishments did she possess 306\\n29. Why did she make a visit to Tarsus 306, 401\\n30. Give an account of that visit 306, 306\\n31. What was the consequence to Antony? 306\\n32. Give an account of the costly supper 306\\n33. Of Fulvia and her doings 306, 307, 402\\n34. Who was Octavius Ciesar 306, 399\\n36. Give the names of Antony s three wives 306, 307, 402\\n36. Give an aecount of his Parthian expedition 307, 308\\n37. Of his crowning of Cleopatra, c 308\\n38. Of the cause and preliminaries of the battle of Actium 308, 309\\n39. Give an account of that battle 309, 402\\n40. Of Cleopatra s attempt to escape to a remote country 309, 310\\n41. Of her experiments with poisons 310, 312\\n42. Of Antony s final failure, and hia death 310, 311\\n43. What is said of the monument erected by Cleopatra 7 310, 312\\n44. Give an account of Cleopatra s death 311, 312\\n45. What was the conduct of Cleopatra at the battle of Actium?. 309\\n46. How did Antony then behave himself?. 309\\n47. What account can you give of their subsequent course 309\\n48. When did the death of Cleopatra occur Ans. B. a 30.\\n49. How many years had she reigned Ans. 22.\\n60. How old was she at the time of her death Ans. 39 ye ra\\n61. How many persons named Cleopatra have played a considerable\\npart in mythology or history Ans. No less than 9l\\n52. Which was the most notorious? Ans. The one wh\u00c2\u00a9 married Antony\\n14", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0347.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0348.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION.\\nB. a\\nTroy taken and burnt by the Greeks 1184\\nReturn of the Heracleidse 1104\\nCommencement of the Olympiads 776\\nDeath of Codrus, last king of Athens 1050\\nArchons for life at Athens 1050-753\\nHomer, Iliad, and Odyssey about 850\\nHesiod, Works and Days, Theogony not far from 800\\nLegislation of Lycurgus Sparta 817\\nFirst Messenian War 743-734\\nDecennial Archons at Athens 753-714\\nMacedonian Monarchy formed 700\\nArchilochus, lyric poet about 700\\nNine Archons elected annually at Athens 684-594\\nSecond Messenian War 685-668\\nTyrtgeus and Alcman, Spartan poets about 650\\nThales, founder of the Ionic School of Philosophy 640-550\\nDraco gives laws to Athens 634\\nAlcaeus and Sappho, lyric poets 610-580\\nAnaximander, successor to Thales 610-547\\nFirst Sacred War 600-591\\nLegislation of Solon 594\\nPythagoras, founder of the Pythagorean School of Philosophy 580^-510\\nReign of Pisistratus 560-537\\nAnacreon, native of Teos about 550\\n.^schylus, tragic poet 525-456\\nPindar, poet 518-443\\nHippias expelled from Athens 510\\nIonian revolt in Asia Minor 50I\\nMiletus taken, and the Ionian revolt subdued 495\\nSophocles, (Edipus at Colonus 495-405\\nThe expedition of Mardonius 493\\nBattle of Marathon 490\\nAccession of Xerxes to the throne of Persia 486\\nHerodotus, first Historian in Greece 484-408\\nAristides bauished from Athens by Ostracism 483\\nHellenic Congress at the Isthmus 481\\nThemistocles the leading man at Athens 481\\nEuripides, tragic poet 480-406", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0349.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "2 CHR OKOLO GIC AL RECAPITULATION.\\nB. O.\\nInvasion of Greece by Xerxes Battle of Salamis 480\\nAnaxagoras, most illustrious of the Ionic School 480-408\\nMardonius winters in Thessaly 479\\nBattle of Plat\u00c2\u00a3ea 479\\nThe Greeks assume the offensive 479\\nPausanias takes Byzantium 478\\nLeadership transferred from Pausanias to Aristides 477\\nConfederacy at Delos Athenian Hegemony 476\\nSuccesses of Cimon 475-463\\nThucydides, history of Peloponnesian War, from 431-411 471-400\\nThemistocles banished by Ostracism 471\\nThe Battle at the Eurymedon 466\\nThe Spartan Helots revolt 464\\nCimon banished 461\\nThe Age of Pericles 461-429\\nLysias, Orator 453\\nDeath of Cimon End of the Persian Wars 449\\nDefeat at Coroneia 447\\nAthens reaches the height of her power 456-447\\nThirty Years Peace 445\\nZenophon, Anabasis, Hellenica, Cyropoedia, Memorabilia about 444r-355\\nAristophanes, comic poet 444-38\\nCommencement of difficulties between Corinth and Corcyra 436\\nPotidaea revolts from Athens 432\\nThe Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens 431-404\\nconducted by Pericles 431-429\\nDeath of Pericles Plague at Athens 429\\nPlato, founder of the Academicians 428-847\\nCleon appointed to command in Thrace 422\\nPeace of Nicias 421\\nBattle of Mantinea 418\\nSicilian Expedition 415\\nDestruction of the Sicilian Expedition 413\\nTransfer of the War to Asia Minor 412\\nAlcibiades gains a victory at Cyzicus 410\\nrecovers Chalcedon and Byzantium 408\\nafter the Battle of Notium goes into Exile 407\\nBattle of J^gospotami\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Spartan Hegemony 405\\nThirty Tyrants expelled by Tlirasybulus 403\\nBattle of Cunaxa\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Retreat of the Ten Tliousand 401\\nWar of Spartans with Persia 399-394\\nDeath of Socrates at the age of 70 399\\nCorinthian War 394\\nBattles of Corinth and Coronaa 394", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0350.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "CHEOKOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION.\\nc.\\n^scliines, rival of Demostlienes 389-314\\nPeace of Antalcidas 337\\nDemosthenes, celebrated orator 385-322\\nAristotle, founder of the Peripatetics 384-322\\nWar of Sparta against Thebes and Athens 379-373\\nBattle of Leuctra\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Spartans defeated by Epamlnondas 371\\nBattle of Mantineia Death of Epaminondas 352\\nAccession of Philip to the throne of Macedon 359\\nSocial War 358-355\\nSacred War 357-346\\nEpicurus, founder of the Epicureans 342-270\\nBattle of Chaeroneia Macedonian Hegemony 333\\nAccession of Alexander the Great 335\\nBattle of the Granicus 334\\nIssus conquest of Tyre 333\\nArbela 33I\\nDemosthenes s Oration on the Crown 330\\nMarch to the Indus 326\\nThe Voyage of Nearchus 325-324\\nDiogenes, the Cynic philosopher A. d. 323\\nDeath of Alexander at Babylon 323\\nThe Egyptian kingdom of the Ptolemies 323-30\\nEuclid, Elements of Geometry 323-283\\nFirst War among the Successors 321\\nAntipater sole Regent 320\\nThe Syrian kingdom of the Seleucidae 312-65\\nThe Battle of Ipsus 30^\\nZeno, founder of the Stoics about A. d. 263\\nDeath of Lysimachus\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Conquest of Asia Minor 281\\nInvasion of Greece by the Gauls 280\\nReign of Antiochus I,, of Syria 280-^61\\nn. 261-246\\nAratus, general of the Achaean League 243\\nReign of Antiochus III. (the Great) 323-187\\nAgis IV., king of Sparta 241\\nBattle of Sallasia Cleomenes defeated _ 221\\nBattle of Cynoscephalae\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Philip defeated I97\\nPhilopaemen, the last of the Greeks, put to death 183\\nBattle of Pydn a\u00e2\u0080\u0094 End of the Macedonian Monarchy 168\\nDestruction of Corinth by Mummius 145\\nGreece made a Roman province under the name of Achaia 146\\nSyria made a Roman province 55\\nCleopatra, queen of Egypt 51-30\\nEgypt made a Roman province 30", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0351.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "ROME.\\nSECTION Til.\\n1, RoMX, commencing b. o. 753, and continuing till the year a. d. 476,\\noccupies a period of 1229 years. Rome, in Nebuchadnezzar s Image,\\nwas the iron kingdom; and in Daniel s Vision, the fourth beast,\\ndreadful and terrible, with great iron teeth. By historians it is con-\\nsidered the last of the four universal monarchies which bore rule\\nin the earth before the Christian era.\\n2. Buildings. Rome was built by Romulus, upon the Palatine hill,\\nbut, in the days of its power, embraced also within its limits the\\nCapitoline, Quirinal, Aventine, Ooelian, Viminal, and Esquiline hills.\\nOn the top of the Capitoline hill was the ca])itol, or citadel of Rome.\\nIt was the highest part of the city, strongly fortified, and magnifi-\\ncently ornamented. A descent of one hundred steps led to the forum^\\na large open space where the people held tlieir assemblies. It wa\\nsurrounded with arched porticoes, inclosing spacious markets where\\nvarious commodities were sold. All the military roads terminated in\\nthis place, at a point in which was set up a gilded pillar called mil-\\nlarium aureum. Twenty aqueducts supplied the city with water,\\nand eight bridges, supported on lofty arches, spanned the yellow\\nTiber. The dwellings of the Romans were at first simple co itagea\\nthatched with straw. After the city was burned by the Gauls it was\\nrebuilt in a more solid and commodious manner, and, after its second\\ndestruction by Nero, the houses were constructed with great attention\\n%o elegance and splendor, each dwelling having a portico in front, and\\nan empty court, called a vestibule, before the gate. The gate was\\nreached by ascending several steps. A shive in chains, armed with a\\nBtaflE^ and attended by a large dog, performed the office of porter, and\\nkept a fire, round which the images were phiced, always burning.\\nRome.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sectlo.i Nil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Qnfstion8.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\, 2. When was Koine fuunded Who was its found\\ner? What period of time does its history embrace? When end? In what light is Rome\\nviewed by historians? What relation does it bear to Nebuchadnezzar s Image? Give a\\ndescription of the building of Rome. 8. Of the dwellings an furniture.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0352.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "B.O. ?53.] ORDERS OF THE PEOPLE 315\\n3. They had no chimneys, and were in consequence much annoyed\\nwith smoke. At first, they made openings to admit the light as\\ncivilization increased, they used paper, linen cloth, and horn, to shut\\nout the wind and rain and in the fourth century tliey arrived al the\\nluxury of glass windows. A nobleman s nilla^ or country-seat, was a\\nmagnificent affiiir. The building was laid out in dining-rooms, parlors,\\nbed-chambers, tennis-courts, baths, c. and the grounds were taste-\\nfully arranged with walks, terraces, parks, fish-ponds, garden, and il!\\nkinds of delightful groves. The furniture also followed the law :f\\ngradual improvement, from the simple four-legged square table, to\\nthe circular board inlaid witli ivory, gold, and precious stones, till wo\\nread of one that cost a sum equal to $35,000.\\n1. Inhabitants. Without stopping to discuss any disputed points,\\nit will only be necessary to say here, that the Roman citizens wero\\nseparated into two great classes Patricians and Plebeians, whose rela-\\ntive positions will be more clearly defined in the following pages.\\nAmong the original population of the city, every man that could show\\na noble or free ancestry belonged to the patrician order, and had a\\nshare in the government of the state. Of the rest of the people, each\\nman was attached, under the appellation of client, to the head of\\nsome patrician family, whom he was obliged to serve, and who, in\\nreturn, was bound to protect him. There was also the order of\\nknights, consisting of young men chosen for cavalry, either from the\\npatricians or plebeians. They must be eighteen years of age, and pos-\\nsessed of a sum of money equal to $14,000. Their badges of distinc-\\ntion were a gold ring, and a strip of purple sewed on the breast of the\\ntunic.\\n5. The Roman matrons themselves took charge of the children in\\ntheir infantile years. Both boys and girls wore a loose robe, bordered\\nwith purple, called toga pretexta. They were sent to public schools,\\nwhere the greatest care was bestowed upon their style of reading and\\nBpeaking. Children of rank were attended to school by a slave, who\\ntarried their books, writing materials, c. Books were written on\\nparchment, or on paper prepared from the leaves of the papyrus.\\nPens were made of a reed sharpened at the point. Ink was the black\\nliquid emitted by the cuttle-fish. They wrote upon one side of the\\npaper, and then rolled it round a stafi*, whence it was called a volume.\\nChildren learned to write with a metal pencil, stylus^ upon tablet*\\nspread with wax.\\nQuestions. 4. Into how many and what classes were the citizens separated f Who be-\\nlonged to the patrician order Who the j.kbeian T 5. What is said of the early e^iucatla*\\n\u00c2\u00bbf the children? How wer\u00c2\u00ab books written r", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0353.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "316 ROME. [B. 0.753\\n6 At the age of 8e7enteon, the boy exchanged the toga pretexta\\nfor the toga virilis^ or manly gown, a loose, flowing robe, which\\ncovered the whole body. To wear this garment gracefully was a\\nsubject of intense study to the dandies of those days and even per-\\nsons of a graver temperament made it a matter of serious considera-\\ntion. A tunic was often worn under the toga, and in cold weather\\na cloak wa. idded. In early times all persons went bare-headed, but\\nwhen luxury increased, a woman s toilet was called her world.\\nEvery lady of fashion had at least one hair-dresser. The hair R^as\\nanointed with the richest perfumery, curled with hot irons, adoined\\nwith gold and pearls, or bound with gay ribbons.\\n7. Religion. The religion of the Romans was idolatry in the gross-\\nest extreme. All the gods of the Greeks and Egyptians were duly\\nworshiped and the virtues and affections of the mind, such as Faith,\\nHope, Concord, c., were honored with altars and temples. The\\nRomans also regarded with superstitious reverence the Penates^ or\\npowers of nature personified, and the Lares^ or disembodied spirits of\\ntheir ancestors. If the soul of the dead, in passing from the body,\\nbecame a pure spirit, and hovered with the wing of love over the\\nfriends it had left behind, it was called Zar; but if, by reason of\\ncrimes committed in life, it found in the grave no resting-place, it\\nappeared to men as a phantom and its name, in that case, was Larva;\\nbut, as there was no way of ascertaining precisely the lot of the\\ndeceased, departed souls received the general appellation of Manes.\\nEvery household, however, claimed its protecting lares, and victims\\nwere sacrificed to them upon the domestic hearth.\\n8. The priests were chosen from the most honorable men in the\\nstate. There were four pontiffs, called together the Collegium^ whose\\nbusiness it was to see that the inferior priests did their duty. The\\nPontifex Maximus was the supreme judge in religious iratters.\\nEvery year he drew up a short account of all public transactions\\nand these Annals were exposed in an open place, for the inspection\\nof the people. The Augurs^ or soothsayers, made observations upoB\\ntke heavens in the dead of night, explained omens, foretold future\\nevents, and exercised wonderful power over the superstitious by means\\nof atmospheric phenomena. The Septemviri prepared the games,\\nprocessions, and public feasts. The Quindecemviri had charge of the\\nSibylline books. The pontiffs, augurs, septemvirs, and quindecemvirs,\\nwere called the four Colleges of Priests. The Sacred Fire, renewed\\nQti4eH m*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094% What ts said of the garBMntt worn f 7. Of the religion of the Eomana\\nOf the pontiffs 7", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0354.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "0.763.] CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE. 317\\nevery year on the first of March from the rays of the sun, was watched\\nby the Vestal Virgins, and whoever permitted it to go out waa\\nBcoarged by the pontifex maximus. If any vestal viohated her vow\\nshe was buried alive.\\n9. MiBKiAGE. No young woman could marry without consent of\\nher parents or guardians. When this was obtained, the auspices weie\\ntaken, and a sacrifice offered, from which the gall of the victim was\\ncarefully removed. The bride W25 dressed in a long white robe, bor-\\ndered with a purplo fringe; her hair was parted with a spear, and her\\nhead covered with a vsil. In the liouse cf the lady s father or nearest\\nrelative, in the presence of at least ten witnesses, the pontifex maxi-\\nmus joined the pair in marriage, by causing them to repeat a set form\\nof words, and taste a cake made of salt, water, and flour. In the\\nevening the bride was taken, apparently by force, from the arms of\\nher mother, and carried to the house of the bridegroom. Her maid-\\nservants followed her with a distaff, a spindle, and wool. As she\\nreached the door, her husband demanded who she was, to which she\\nalways answered, Where thou art Gains, there shall I be Oaia.\\nAfter binding the door-posts with woolen fillets, she gently stepped\\nover the threshold, upon which she was presented with the keys of\\nthe house.\\n10. After the parties had both touched fire and water, the bride-\\ngroom proceeded to give the feast. Nuptial songs were sung till mid-\\nnight, and the guests were dismissed with small presents. At supper\\nthe men reclined upon couches, and took their food without forks,\\nthe boys sitting at the feet of their elders. The table was consecrated\\nby setting upon it the images of the Lares and salt-cellars. The feast\\nwas opened by pouring out libations to the gods, and throwing a por-\\ntion of every article of food into the fire, as an offering to the guardians\\nof the domestic heailh. The guests were entertained with music and\\ndancing, plays and pantomimes, but tie graver portion of the com-\\nmunity preferred reading.\\n11. The Senate. Senators were chosen from the patricians or\\nknights, by the kings, the consuls, the military tribunes, and by tht\\ncensors. The stated meetings of the senate were on the Jcalends^ the\\nbeginning, and the ides^ the middle, of every month. The power of\\nthis body varied with the varying politics of the republic. Under the\\nlegal government, the senators were the mere counselors of the king-\\nduring the palmy days of the Roman Commonwealth, they had the\\nQuMUons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094^, 10. Of the marriage customs? IL How were tti senators ihosen r ^hat\\nIs sftid of their meetings f 01 their poT^ers and nghu", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0355.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "318 ROME. [b. c. T5S\\nBupreme authority and in the times of the emperors, being made the\\ntools of power, they sunk into complete insignificance. Their consti-\\ntutional rights gave them the direction of the treasury, the nomination\\nof envoys, and the receiving of embassadors from foreign nations also\\nthe power of declaring war and decrecuig peace, together with the\\ngranting of triumphs to victorious generals.\\n12. Magistrates. There were three classes of magistrates in Rome\\n1 The Qumtors, whose business it was to take care of the publi\\njevenue, to exact fines, to keep the military standards, and order the\\npjblic funerals. 2. The JEdiles^ whose duty it was to inspect markets,\\ntavercs, and all things sold in the forum to throw nuisances into the\\nTiber, and to examine the strength and structure of public buildings.\\n3. The PrcBtors^ whose powers were expressed by do^ dico, and\\naddico. By do, they gave the form of any writ; by dico, they\\npronounced sentence; and by addico, they adjudged the goods of\\nthe debtor to the creditor. When a cause was to be tried, the praetor\\ntook his seat in the forum, on a tribunal or stage, in a chair called\\ncurule, with a sword and spear placed upright before him. The jury\\nsat on lower seats, as did also the witnesses clerks were employed to\\nrecord the proceedings, and criers, to proclaim the hour. On court\\ndays, at nine o clock in the morning, the praetor went to the forum,\\nand there, being seated on the tribunal, ordered the crier to notify the\\npeople that it was the third hour, and whoever had any cause might\\nbring it before him.\\n13. Trials were much like those in our courts of law. In criminal\\ncases judices were chosen, and after the cause had been heard, the\\npraetor gave to each judex three tablets on oue was written C, con-\\ndemno on another A. absolvo and on the third N. L. non liquet^\\nI am not clear. Each judex threw which of these he thought\\nproper into an urn. The praetor took them out, counted them, and\\nd(\u00c2\u00bbcided the case according to this verdict. While the judi^^es were\\nputting the ballots into the urn, the prisoner and his friends fell at\\ntheir feet, v/ept, prayed, and used every method to excite compassion.\\nCriminals were punished with. Jines^ bonds ilows^ banishment^ slavery^\\nwid death. None but the whole Kuman people could pass sentence\\nnpon the life of a Roman. I am Roman citizen, stopped at once\\nthe proceedings of any tyrannical magistrate, and threw the accused\\nupon the mercy of his fellow-citizens. The body of a malefactor was\\nexposed for a time to public execraticr, and then thrown into the Tiber.\\nQuetUont. 12. How many classes ot raag:istr-stes were there? Gire Mieir names and\\ndntiea. 18. How were crtminals sentenced and punished with them?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0356.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "a a 153.] FUNERAL CEREMONIES. 3iy\\n14. Occupations. Agriculture was the principal occupation of the\\nRomans, and was held in the highest esteem but the constant warn\\nin which tne commonwealth was engaged made such large drafts upon\\nthe time of the citizens, that useful employments finally fell to the lot\\nof slave3, while all the legitimate children of the republic became sol\\ndiers. When the Romans thought themselves injured by any nation\\nthey^ent one of the Feciahs* to demand redress. If it was not im*\\nmediately granted, 33 days were permitted to elapse, and then th4\\npriest went again to the confines of the nation, threw a bloody spear\\nupon the ground, and formally declared war. Every citizen was con-\\nsidered a soldier from the age of sixteen to that of forty-six nor could\\nany person hold an oflice in the city who had not served ten cam-\\npaigns. The soldiers were formed into legions. Each legion was\\ndivided into ten cohorts, each cohort into three bands, each band into\\ntwo centuries, or hundreds to complete the legion, 300 horse were\\nadded. They fought with shngs, spears, javelins, and swords. The\\nstandard of the legion displayed an eagle, with the letters S. P. Q.\\nR., Senate, People, and Quirites of Rome.\\n15. The load which a Roman soldier carried was enough to break down\\na common man. Provisions for fifteen days, a saw, a basket, a mattock,\\nan ax, a hook, a leathern thong, a chain, a pot, c., c., amounting\\nin all to 60 lbs. weight, besides his armor, which was not unfrequently\\nmade of brass plates, or rings, impenetrable to the spear. When a\\ngeneral, after consulting the auspices, had determined to attack the\\nenemy, a red flag was hoisted on the point of a spear from the top of\\nhis tent. Then the trumpet sounded, the soldiers cried out to arms,\\nand, pulling up their standards, rushed on to battle. After a victory\\nthe general assembled his troops, and bestowed rewards on those who\\nmerited them. The pay of a soldier amounted only to about five cents\\na day besides his food, which he dressed himself. After a successfv.!\\ncampaign the senate granted a triumph to the general, .a festivity iu\\nwhich all the army were allowed to participate.\\n15. Funeral Oeeemonies. The Romans, for the same r*^sonn ihat\\ninfluenced the Greeks, paid the greatest attention to funeral .ites\\nWhen any one was dying, his nearest relative endeavored to catch\\nhis last breath with his mouth, under the impression that in that tlw\\nsoul took its departure. The eyes and mouth of the deceased were\\nimmediately closed, those present repeating his name several times,\\nA class of priests.\\nQuMtiona \u00e2\u0080\u009414, 15 What is said of the occupations of the Romans f Of their equipmenti\\n(\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00bbT fighting Of their fightmg Of their pay 16. Of their funeral ceremoni\u00c2\u00abB", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0357.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "320 KINGDOM OF ROME. [8.0.763.\\nand calling out Vale, farewell. The corpse, liaving been bathed,\\nand dressed in its richest robes, was laid on a couch in the vestibule,\\nand a small coin for the fee of Charon was put into its hand. The\\nfunerax was solemnized in the night, with torches, the order of the\\nprocession beiug regulated by law. A mingled train of rausiciArs,\\nhired mourners, players, and buffoons, freedinen, friends, and relativt*\\nattended the body to the place of burning or burial.\\n17. Fabulous History. Tlie first pages of Roman history, Uk4\\nchose of the nations we have already considered, are but the intri\\ncate fables of a dark age, embellished by the fancy of the poet\\nAt what point these mythic legends assume the form and substance\\nof probability ard truth we shall not attemi)t to decide. We strongly\\nsuspect that if the renowned Romulus were stripped of the drapery\\nwhich the glory of Rome throws around Jiim, he would appear in the\\nform of a barbarous robber, or melt away into one of those fictitious\\nheroes whose exploits serve only to point a moral or adorn a tale.\\nVirgil, the Homer of Rome, has given in his ^neid an account of the\\ndistinguished individual claimed by the Romans as their great pro-\\ngenitor. From this poem we learn that ^neas, son of Venus and\\nAnchises, having escaped from tlie plains of Troy, after many romantic\\nadventures landed in Italy, where the Latins then lived in all their\\nsavage simplicity. The chief of the Latins received him kindly, and\\ngave him his daughter Lavinia in marriage. The descendants of\\nEneas and Lavinia were called kings of Alba, and continued to sit\\nupon the throne of that country for a space of 400 years, wliich brings\\nus to the century distinguished by the founding of that city, after-\\nwards the acknowledged Queen of the World.\\n18. B. 0. 753. Rome Founded by Romulus. The fourteenth de-\\nscendant of ^neas left two sons, Numitor and Amulius. To the eldest\\nthe kingdom was bequeathed, while the youngest received the trea-\\nsures remaining of those brought from Troy. Amulius, not satisfied\\nwith his portion, conspired against his brother, and succeeded in\\ndepriving him of his throne. To remove all apprehensions of bein^\\nyui day disturbed in his ill-gotten power, he put his brother s sons tc\\ndeath, and caused Rhea Silvia, their sister, to take the vow of a\\nvestaL His precautions were vain, Rhea Silvia and (as it wu8\\naffirmed) Mars, the god of war, were the parents of two boys, who\\nwere no sooner born than devoted by the tyrant to destruction. The\\nmother was buried alive, and the cradle containing the helpless babes\\nQueatiwi^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094ll. Of the fabulous history of Borne f 18. Who were Numitor acd Amaliusl\\nQire tho iiiBtory of Nuuiilor. Of Amulius.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0358.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "1. 0. T63.] ROMULQS AND REMUS. 321\\nwas thrown into the Tiber; bnt the river having overfiowed its hanks,\\nthe frail barK drifled :\\\\\\\\vn liio margin of the stream till it became\\nentangled in the roots of a wild vine, at the foot of the Palatine hill.\\nFaustnlus, the king s shepherd, found the children, and carried them\\nhome to his wife, who named them Romulus and Remus, and brought\\nthem up as her own sons.\\n19. The youths, ignorant of their real ancestry, grew to manhool\\nwnong the wilds of Alba, sharing the toils and perils of their foster-\\nfather. TliO noble bearing and daring courage with which nature had\\nendowed the n, early gave them the pre-eminence in the little world\\nto which they were confined, and they were soon honored as leaden\\nof the youthful herdsmen who banded together to resist the aggres-\\nsion of robbers or rivals. In a quarrel which arose between the ser-\\nvants of Amulius and Numitor, Remus was taken prisoner and carried\\nbefore his grandfather. While Numitor hesitated what punishment\\nto inflict, Faustnlus and Romulus hastened to the place of trial, and\\nstopped ail further proceedings by revealing the real origin of the\\ndelinquent. The aged Numitor was rejoiced to believe that the two\\nnoble youths who stood before him were the destined avengers of his\\nwrongs, and hastily acquiesced in their proposal to expel Amulius, and\\nrestore the throne of Alba to its rightful possessor. Romulus, fol-\\nlowed by the young men who had so long acknowledged him their\\nleader, besieged the castle of Amulius, and in the confusion that\\nensued the usurper was slain.\\n20. Numitor being thus reinstated in the sovereignty of Alba, the\\ntwo brothers requested permission to build a city of their own, upon\\nthe spot where their lives had been so miraculously preserved. The\\nshepherds who had hitherto assisted them joined in this enterprise\\nwith alacrity, and soon men enough were collected to commence the\\nwork. A dispute then arose between the brothers about the precise\\nlocation of the future city, and finally it was agreed to refer the mat-\\nter to an augury from the flight of birds. Remus took his station upoi\\nMount Aventine, and Romulus sat down upon the Palatine hill. At\\nsunrise Remus saw six vultures, and soon after Romulus saw twelve.\\nThe partisans of Remus contended for him, as having seen the first\\ngood omen, while the followers of Romulus insisted that his omen was\\nmost complete. Romulus prevailed and proceeded to mark out the\\nboundaries of the intended city.\\nQuMtions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 18, 19, 20. Of Eemas. Of Romuius. What circumstance made Eomulus aad\\nBemus acquainted with their origin? What fate awaited the usurper \u00c2\u00bbnd murderer oi\\nAmulius What dispute la mentioned f How was it decided T\\n14\u00c2\u00bb", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0359.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "322 KINGDOM OF ROME. (b. o. 763\\n21. The City. Persons skilled in sacred inystcrii were called tc\\ndirect as to the inHiiuer in which every thing should be done. First, a\\ncircular ditch was dug, into which each deputy cast a handful of earth\\nwhich he had brought from his own country. About three furlongs\\nfrom this point the city walls were marked out in a sfjuare, including\\nthe Palatine hill, and a portion of land at its base. Romulus, having\\nfitted a brazen plowshare to a plow, drew a furrow around the boun*\\ndaries, his attendants following, and carefully turning every clod\\nInwards. Four times he took up the plow and carried it a short dis-\\ntHDce, and in these places were built the gates.* This took place on\\nthe 21st of April, b. o. 753. While the wall was beginning to rise\\nabove the surface, Remus leaped over it, saying contemptuously,\\nShall such a wall as this keep your city? Upon which Romulus\\nstruck him dead with the implement he had in his hand, exclaiming,\\nSo perish whosoever shall hereafter overleaj) these ramparts. The\\nwork then went on without interruption and in a short time the\\nwalls were raised to a suitable height, and a thousand thatched cot-\\ntages were built.\\n22. To increase as rapidly as possible the population of his new city,\\nRomulus set apart a grove as a sanctuary for malefactors and run-away\\nslaves every one that was in distress, and every one that was m\\ndebt, flocked thither also; those who were pleased with novelty, and\\nthose who were fond of adventure, contributed likewise to the num-\\nber of inhabitants; so that Romulus soon found himself at the head\\nof a people willing to dron all former distinctions for the yet untar-\\nnished apj ellation of Romans. To introduce order and sobriety among\\nsuch a mixed multitude, some kind of government was necessary.\\nAccordingly, Romulus was unanimously elected chief of their religion,\\nsovereign magistrate of Rome, and general of the army. He was pre\\nceded wherever he went by twelve lictors, armed with axes tied up in\\nbundles of rods. One hundred old men were selected to transact the\\nbusiness of the state. They were called fathers, and their descend-\\nants, patricians. liy decrees of the senate, and authority of the\\npeople, laws were made lor the regulation of i)ublic affairs, and the\\nIntel ests of religion were carefully guarded.\\n23. Union with the Sabines.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It will be readily imagined Jiat the\\ncharacter and prospects of the individuals composing the body politic\\nCalled partes, from porter, to carry.\\nQue\u00c2\u00abtion$.\u00e2\u0080\u00942\\\\. Give the particulars of the beginning of the city. Where were the gates\\nplaced? When was that done? How did Keiiiua lose his life? 22. Huw was the city\\npeopled? In what manner did Hoimilus govern his city? From what Is the word patriciaa\\nderived? Ans. Patet, mraniug father.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0360.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "B. c. 763.] UNION WITH THE SABINES. 323\\nwere not such as to invite the alliance of tlie 8nrr \u00c2\u00bbnn(ling tribes; the\\n[)r )posals of marriage which the Ruiuun jouih made to several aristo-\\ncratic neighbors were rejected with scorn, and after striving in vaiE\\nto niake their persons and iheir homes more agreeable to the fair\\ndaughters of the Sabines, it was decided, in the fourth month after the\\nbuilding of tlie city, to obtain by force what was denied to entreaty\\nPublic shows and games were proclaimed, and persons came from al\\nparts, bringing their wives and children to witness the prowess of tl.i\\ncompetitors. While every eye was intent upon the scene, he Roiaar\\nyoutli rushed in among the crowd, and, seizing the most beaitiful girl?\\nihey could find, carried them off. The Sabines remonstrated in vain\\nThe Romans, having secured their wives, treated them with the utmost\\nkindness and attention and the women, won by the unexpected ten-\\nderness of their captors, consented to forsake their fathers and\\nmothers and cleave unto their husbands.\\n24. The fathers and mothers were not, however, so easily satisfied.\\nAs the Romans obstinately refused to restore their daughters, Tatius,\\nthe Sabine king, led an army of 25,000 men to the very gates of Rome.\\nThe Romans, unable to meet so strong an army in the field, having\\nplaced their flocks upon the Capitoline hill, and strongly fortified it,\\nwithdrew within their walls. Tarpeia, daughter of the commander\\nof that fortress, going to a neighboring spring for water, was seized by\\nthe Sabines, and entreated to betray one of the gates to them. She\\nEgreed to do so for what the soldiers wore upon their arms, meaning\\ntheir bracelets; but no sooner had she opened the gate than they\\nthrew their bucklers upon her, and crushed her to death. From her\\nthe cliif of the Capitoline hill was called the Tarpeian rock. Th\u00c2\u00abj\\nRomans rushed out of their city to regain possession of this important\\npoint, and soon a fierce engagement ensued in the valley between the\\nCapitoline and Quirinal hills.\\n25. In the midst of the conflict, the attention of the combatants was\\ndiverted by loud criep and lamentations. While they paused in aston\\nishment, the Sabine women rushed in between the two armies, enlrctt\\ning their husbands to spare their fathers, and their fathers to spart\\ntheir husbands. The fierce warriors listened, and suffered their weapons\\nto fall from their hands. Aftection finally mastered resentment, and by\\nthe mediation of these amiable females a peace was concluded, on con-\\ndition that the two nations should be united in one, and Romulus and\\nTatius reign jointly in Rome. Tlie new citizens were called Quh ites,\\n^ie*tio?}s.\u00e2\u0080\u009423. Describe the manner in which the Romans secured wives for themselves.\\n^4, 25. Who was ih.; Sabine king? lu what expedition was he engaged? Give an accounj\\ncf ibe expi^dition and its results.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0361.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "324 KINGDOM OF ROME. [8.0.716\\nwhence the initial Q. in the royal standard. One hundred Sabinea\\nwere added to the senate, and the number uf men in the legion was\\nalso doubled. Thus every event, however adverse, served to advance\\nthe interests of the new city, and Romulus had the happiLess uf seeing\\na hostile army converted into peaceful citizens in the course of a few\\nhours.\\n26. The death of Tatius, about five years after, left Romulus\\nagain sole monarch of Rome. He conquered FidenaD, and, engaging\\nin a war with the Yeians, compelled tliem to give up their salt-pits\\nnear the Tiber. One day, while he was reviewing his army, a dread-\\nful vuaww-.r-storm arose. The people fled in different directions to\\nseek for shelter, and when tlie tempest passed over Romulus was no-\\nwhere to bo found. It was conjectured tliat he had been carried to\\nheaven by his father, the god Mars, a supposition that was confirmed\\nby one Proculus, who declared that as he was returning by night from\\nAlba to Rome, Romulus appeared to him in a form of more than mor-\\ntal majesty, and bade him tell the Romans that Rome was destined\\nto be tlie chief city of the world that human power should never be\\nable to withstand her people and that he himself would be their\\nguardian god Quirinus.\\n27. u. 0.* 37. B. 0. 716. After the death of Romulus, the senate\\nundertook to govern the city by each member s acting the part of king\\nfor five days in succession. The people submitted to this changing\\ngovernment for a year, till, finding in it tlie authority of a monarch\\nwithout his paternal care, they insisted upon the election of a king.\\nThey accordingly fixed upon Numa Pompilius, a citizen of Cures, who,\\nthough married to the daughter of Tatius, had always lived in retire-\\nment. Numa was born the very day Rome was founded, and was\\nconsequently in his fortieth year when embassadors came to beg hia\\nacceptance of the crown. He left the sacred groves, where he had\\nspent the best part of his life, with unfeigned reluctance, and prefaced\\nhis departure with many sacrifices. The senate and people met him\\non the way, and the women welcomed him into the city with bles-\\neicgs and shouts of joy. Attended by the priests and augurs, he weni\\nrrba Candita, after the building of the city.\\nQue8Hotis.\u00e2\u0080\u00942o. How did the Initial Q. get into the royal standard? What further il\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tated of the Sabines? 26. What event made I omulus sole monarch of Rome a second\\ntime? What succceftcs in war did he have? What was the fabled account of the death of\\nBomulns? What of iho prophecy 27. How was liome governed during the next year?\\nWhat did the people desire? Who was chosen to wear the crown? How old then waa\\nNuma? What account can you give of his life up to that time? How was Numa met at\\nRome? What were the qualifications for the throne?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0362.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "PORTRAITS OF CELEBRATED ROMANS,\\n(taken from the ANaENT MARBLES.)\\nJULIUS C^SAR.\\nMARCUS AURELIUS.\\nAUGUSTUS.\\nCICERO.\\nTRAJAN.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0363.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0364.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "8.0.673.] TULLTUS nOSTTLIUS. 325\\nto the top of thfe Tarpeian rock, where the chief augur laid his hand\\nupon his head, and, turning his face to the south, waited in silence till\\nseveral birds flew by, on his riglit hand. Then being invested with the\\nroyal robe, Numa went down to the people and was hailed as their king.\\n28. No monarch could have been more suitable than Nnraa, for a\\nnraltitude whose opinions, tastes, and habits were unsettled. The\\ninhabitants of various petty states, lately subdued and but ill ii\u00c2\u00bbnited,\\nneeded a master who could soften their fierce dispositions, and intro-\\nduce among them the love of religion and virtue. Numa hud super-\\nstition enough to awaken their reverence, and policy enough to turn\\nhis power to good account. By the instruction of the goddess Egeria,\\nhe founded the whole system of the Roman religion, he increased the\\nnumber of augurs, regulated the duties of the pontiffs, and instituted\\nseveral new orders of priests.\\n29. TuLLius.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Anoos. Taequin.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. c. 700. Numa also divided\\namong his subjects the lands which Romulus had conquered in war,\\nand set landmarks, consecrated to the god Terminus, upon every por-\\ntion. He abolished the distinction between Romans and Sabines, by\\ndividing the artisans according to their trades, and compelling all\\nthose of the same profession to dwell together. He built the temple\\nof Janus, to be shut in the time of peace, and upen in tune of war\\nand so profound was the quiet he had produced, that though this temple\\nwas erected in the first year of his reign, it continued shut till his\\ndeath, which happened in his 83d year.\\n30. B. c. 673. TuLLius Hostilius. After the death of Numa,\\nthe senate again tried the exper:ment of carrying on the government\\nthemselves, till at length Tullius Hostilius, a man of Latin ex-\\ntraction, was elected monarch. His talents and inclinations differed\\nentirely from those of his preaecessor. He was more inclined to wai\\nthan even Romulus had been, and only waited a plausible pretext fo!\\nseixing upon the territories of his neighbors. An incursion of the\\nAlban shepherds gave him an opportunity to demand redress, and he\\ntook care to do it in such a manner as to insure a refusal. War\\nbeing thus made necessary, the two armies were drawn out in battle\\narray, five miles from Rome. Just as they were about to engage, the\\nAlban general proposed that the matter should be referred to thr\u00c2\u00ab-^\\nchampions, chosen from each side.\\nQueeti(m8.-2S. Why was the selection of Numa for king a good one? 29. What policy\\ndid NuiTis adopt in relation to conquered lands, landmarks, c. What distinction did\\nhe abolish? What temple fount^ In what respects was he a good k ng? 80. Who\\niucceflded Numa? What was the character of Tullius Hostilius? What jreteit did he\\nand to gratif? his warlike propensity Where was Aioa f (See naap No. 4)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0365.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "S26 KINGDOM OF A M E [a a 640\\n31. The offer was accepted. Three Horatii were chosen for th\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\\nRomans, and three Cnratii for the Albans. Tho mother of the Iloratii\\nwas sistc? to the raotlier of the Curatii and all six of tlie young moo\\nwere distinguislied for courage, strength, and activity. When every\\nthing was arranged, the champions were led forth amid encouraging\\nshouts, and then both sides rested upon their arms, and gazed with\\nIreathless anxiety upon the scene. Victory at first inclined to the\\nAlbans. Two of the Horatii lay dead upon the field, and the third\\nseemed to fly, while the Curatii, all wounded, feebly pursued h^ra.\\nThe Romans were ready to give up in despair, when suddenly Hora-\\ntius, having separated his antagonists, turned and slew them, one after\\nanother, sacrificing, as he said, two to the manes of his brothers, and\\noffering the third to his country s honor. The Albans threw down\\ntheir arms and submitted r.o the Romans; and Horatius, having\\nstripped his cousins of their armor, returned in triumph to Rome.\\n32. Not long after, the A.oans having engaged in a conspiracy\\nagainst the Romans, a decree v\\\\ as passed that Alba should be razed to\\nthe ground, and the whole A. ban people removed to Rome. The\\nwalls of the cfty and every h.inan habitation were totally demolished,\\nand new dwellings assigned to the houseless tribe, upon the Oelian\\nhill. Thus another nation wai- incorporated within the limits of the\\nRoman state. Hostilius contriluted to the comfort of the citizens by\\ninclosing an open space for the meetings of the Comitia^ or assembly\\nof the people, and the building of a senate-house. Toward the close\\nof his reign his mind was affected with superstitious fears, and to\\navert the anger of the gods, he had recourse to the sacred rites for-\\nmerly practiced by Nuraa. His invocations had, however, a contrary\\neffect. His palace was struck by lightning, and himself, with a^l hia\\nfamily, perished in the flames.\\n33. B. c. 640. Angus Maktius. After an interregnum, as in the\\nfo iner case, Ancus Martins, grandson of Numa, was elected king.\\nHe saove to imitate the virtues of his grandfather, and carry out\\nnis maxims of government. He increased the number of his sub-\\njects, by bringing several thousand Latins to Rome, and settling them\\non Mount Aventine. He constructed the first bridge over the Tiber ha\\nextended his dominions on both sides of the river to the seacoast, apd\\nbuilt the harbor of Ostia, thus securing the trade of the Tiber and the\\nsalt-pits adjacent. He encouraged strangers to settle in the city and\\nQuestions. 31. Recite the story of the champions. Which way was Alha from RomeT\\n(See ma[. No. 4.) 32. Give the further history of Alba. What good thin-sdid lloatilius do\\nfor Rome? Give ihe cloaing history of him. 83. Who succeeded ilostiiius Wh:\u00c2\u00bbt bfio#\\nits did Ancus Martius seek for his country Wh\u00c2\u00bbt did he accomplish", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0366.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "a c. Clf).] LUCIUS TAflQUlNllS P RISC US. 32?\\none of these, an opulout Greek, liaviug gained his peculiar favor, was\\nappointed guardian of his children.\\n^4. B. c. G16. Lucius Tarquinius Piuscus. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A merchant of Corinth,\\niAvnig amassed considerable wealth in trade, emigrated to Tarquinia,\\na city of Italy. Dying, he left all his wealth to his only son,\\nLucius. This Lucius married Tanaquil, a lady of high birth in\\nTarquinia, and was by her persuaded to remove to Rome, then\\nIhe center of attraction for all adventurers. As they approached the\\nLily, an eagle stooping from above took off bis bat, and, flying round\\nhis chariot for some time, witli much noise put it on again. This his\\nwife interpreted as a presage that he should one day wear the crown,\\nand they both spared no pains to bring a!)f)ut the accomplishment of\\nthe prophecy. This was the Greek who paid bis court so effectually\\nto Ancus as to be appointed guardian of his children. When the\\nRomans met to elect a new king, he made a set speech to them, urged\\nthe friendship he felt for them, and the fortune he bad expended in\\ntheir service. The people acknowledged the*justice of his claims, and\\nhe was soon invested with the royal robes. To reward his partisans,\\nwho were chiefly plebeians, he added 100 of them to the senate, thus\\nmaking that body I-^OO.\\n35. lie laid the foundations of the great circus, or ampliitheater,\\nwhere ghidiatorial shows were afterwards exhibited. The Latin states\\nhaving made incursions upon his territories, he engaged in a war with\\nthem, during which he took and plundered nine towns. Tarquin also\\novercame the Etruscans in several engagements, and received from\\nthem a golden crown, an ivory throne and scepter, a purple tunic,\\nand a robe embroidered with gold. Such were the military exploits\\nascribed to Tarquin but his lasting fame was inlaid with the very\\nfoundations of the city. Tlie forum, with its rows of shops and orna-\\nmental porticoes, was marked ut by his order, and a wall around the\\ncity, of massy stones, commenced.\\n36. He built the cloaca maxima, or great sewers, to drain off the\\nwater from between the Palatine and Capitoline hills. This vast\\ndrain was constructed of huge blocks of hewn stone, triply arched,\\nand of such dimensions that a barge could float along in it beneath the\\nvery streets of the oXiy. Earthquakes have shaken the city and the\\nadjacent hills, but the cloaca maxima remains to this day unimpaired,\\nan enduring monument of the power and skill of the people and the\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Zi, 35, 3G. Who was Luoius Tarquinius Priscup Relate the Ptory of the\\neftgle. Why did that event prove important How did Tarquin reward his partisans\\nIn what successful wars did he engage What did his military exploits gain for him\\nand Rome What monuments of his power and skill remain T", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0367.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "828 KINGDOM OF ROMB. [a. a\\nking by ivhom it was constructed. The augurs, under tlis patronage\\nof Tanaqnil, came into great reputation and such was the ascendency\\nwhich they finally gained over the raind of Tarquin, that no battle was\\nfought, no army levied, no assembly dismissed,. nor peace proclaimed,\\nwithout due reference to. the chirping and flying of birds.\\n37. Sekvius. Tarquin II. Consuls. b. o. GOO. Tarquin, id\\ntLe Sabine war, had vowed to build a temple to the three great deities,\\niupiler, Juno, and Minerva, and preparations were going forward for\\nthis magnificent work when the hand of the assassin dismissed him\\nfrom all public employments. The sons of Ancus Martins, impatient\\nto enjoy a throne which Tarquin had made so desirable, hired two\\ncountrymen to murder the king. The ruffians entered the palace as if\\nto bring a cause before Tarquin, and struck him dead with an ax. The\\nlictors immediately seized them, and put them to death but the boas\\nof Ancus made their escape. The rumor of the death of Tarquin filled\\nthe city with confusion. .The citizens ran in crowds to the palace to\\niearn the truth of the report. Tanaquil, who had her own purpose to\\nserve, assured them that her husband was only stunned by the blow,\\nand that he had deputed the government to his son-in-law, Servius\\nTullius, till his recovery.\\n38. B. o. 578. Seryius Tullius. Servius comes before ns arrayed\\nin tlie garb of fable, like his predecessors. He was said to have been\\nthe son of a bond-woman. While an infant in the cradle a lambent\\nflame played around his head, which, as an omen of his future great-\\nness, secured for him the patronage of Tanaquil. Receiving him into\\nher family, she gave him an education suited to the high station he\\nwas destined to fill, and married him to her daughter. Upon the\\ndeath of Tarquin he issued from the palace, clothed with the ensigns\\nof power, and proceeded to administer the government, as he said, by\\ndirections of his father-in-law. When he had thus made good his\\nparty, the body of the murdered monarch was brought out and buried,\\nand Servius was proclaimed king.\\n39. The government of Servius Tullius paved the way for the repub-\\nlic. He divided the lands among the citizens, and built dwellings foi\\nthe poor he was the friend of the people, and chose his habitation in\\nt) e plebeian quarter of the city. He ordained that once in \u00c2\u00a7ve years\\nevery man should resort to the Campus Martins,* clad in complete\\nA large plain without the walls of the city, where the Roman youth performed their\\ngymnastic exercises. It is the principal situation of modern Rome.\\nQuestions. 37. What vow had Tarquin made? What prevtr.tcd Its accomplinnnient?\\nflow dJd Servius secure the throne? 88. Relate the faMe. also She history of Servius untU\\nke was crowned king. 89. In what w ays did ho snow himself to be a friend of the peopUf", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0368.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "8.0 534:.] TARQUIN THE PROUD. 329\\narmor, and there make oath to an exact account of his family and for-\\ntune. This census was closed by a feast, called a lustrum. Serviua\\nsteadily carried forward the building of the Capitol, begun by his pre-\\ndecessor and inclosed the Viminal and Esquiline hills also within the\\nwalls of the city. This king is said to have engaged in war with three\\nof the neighboring states, which continued twenty years, and resulted\\nin an acknowledgment of the supremacy of Rome.\\n40. To secure the crown to his family, Servius, it is related, had\\nmarried his two daughters to the two brothers of his wife, Aruns and\\nTarquin and as both the women and men differed greatly in disposi-\\ntion, he sought to correct their tempers by marrying the imperious\\nTullia to the gentle Aruns, and the ambitious Tarquin to her milder\\nsister. This very measure defeated his design. The imperious and\\nambitious broke through the feeble bonds which their meek com-\\npanions imposed, and, having both murdered their consorts, were soon\\nunited to each other. The first crime made way for the second, and\\nthe second was but a preparation for the third. Tarquin and Tullia\\nsaw a crown before them, and no remorse of patriotism or filial aflfec-\\ntion could prevent their grasping it. They encouraged every murmur\\nof discontent which reached their ears, and made a strong party\\namong the patricians by spreading a rumor that Servius intended to\\nabolish the regal form of government, and give to the plebeians equal\\nweight in the commonwealth with the more aristocratic part of the\\ncommunity.\\n41. Having thus every thing prepared, Tarquin went to the senate-\\nhouse, seated himself on the royal chair, and summoned the senators\\nto meet king Tarquinius. While he was speaking Servius entered,\\nand, accusing Tarquin of treason, offered to push hira from his seat\\nbut the usurper seized the old man, dragged him to the door, and\\nthrew him down the steps. A body of assassins followed the wounded\\nking as he was feebly making his way to the palace, and, having pul\\nan end to his life, left his body bleeding and mangled in the street.\\nTullia, meanwhile, mounted her chariot and drove to the senate house.\\nAfter saluting her guilty husband as king, she set out on her return,\\nand the charioteer, by her direction, drove over the body of the mur-\\ndered Servius. The blood of her father stained her chariot wheels,\\nand sprinkled the robe in which she had arrayed herself to be haileu\\na queen.\\n42. B. 0. 533. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. Tarq uin the Proud,\\nQuestions. 40, 41. By what means did Servius endeavor to p \u00c2\u00bbrpetQate the crown In hii\\nown family? Describe the tragedy that followed th\u00c2\u00ab trabltioua father folly 4S. What\\neLiifucter is given of Tarquin the Prond?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0369.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "330 KINGDOM OF ROME. [b. o. 609\\nhaving thus seized upon the tlirone as a right, refused to submit to a\\nvote of the people, and every other act of his administration showed\\nthe same disposition to make himself absoh:ite, in defiance of all law or\\nreligion, lie surrounded himself with a body-guard, and either ban-\\nished or put to death all whom attachment to the late king or love of\\njustice inclined to criticise his measures. The Latins and the Yolscii\\nfelt the power of Rome, and every fresh acquisition made Tarquiu\\nmore imperious and tyrannical. The capitol, upon which his prede-\\ncessors had labored so diligently, employed him four years; and an\\noccurrence which he reported contributed not a little to the zeal with\\nwhich the people wrought in the work.\\n43. One day a Sibyl* came to the palace of Tarquiu with nine\\nbooks, which she said were of her own composing, but she asked so\\nhigh a price for the mysterious volumes that Tarquin refused to pur-\\nchase them. She went away, burned three of them, and returned,\\ndemanding the same price for the remaining six. Again the king\\nrefused to buy, and again she went away and burned three of her\\nprecious w^orks; but when she came into his presence the third time,\\nand insisted upon his taking the three books, without any abatement\\nof price, his curiosity was so excited that he sent for the augurs. By\\ntheir advice the volumes were purchased, and deposited in stone\\nchests, in the vault of the new capitol. Proper persons, called the\\nquindecemviri, were appointed to take charge of them and thus\\nthe sibylline leaves became the oracles of the nation. Tarquin also\\nfinished the cloaca maxima, and reduced the city of Gabii by the\\nstratagemf of his son Sextus.\\n44. The tyrant father and dissolute son had filled Rome with\\nmourning; and Sextus, having crowned his enormities by violating the\\nhonor of a noble Roman lady, precipitated the doom which had so\\nlong been hanging over the devoted house of Tarquinii. This lady\\nwas Lucretia, wife of Collatinus, a descendant of the first Tarquia.\\nThe Sibyllae were certain eraalea who lived in dlflferent parts of the world, and wew\\nthought to possess the power o/ foretelling future events.\\nt The stratagem was this. Sextus counterfeited desertion, and was kindly received ai\\nGabii. Beinor api)arently successful in his engagements with the Romans, the simple\\nGabians made him general of their army. He then sent to his fiither for instnictions. Tar-\\nquin made the messenger no answer, but, taking him into the garden, silently cut down th#\\ntallest poppies. Sextus took the hint; and, under various pretexts, put to death or ban-\\nished the most distinguished Gabians. till the people, finding themselves completely in hit\\nhande, submitted to his father without striking a blow.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 42. To what regulations did he refuse to submit? How did ho treat tb\u00c2\u00ab\\nMends of the murdered king? 43. Give the stery of the Sibylline books. 44. K\u00c2\u00ablate th\u00c2\u00ab\\nel-cnm stances preceding the banishment f Tarquin.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0370.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "B. O60D.] EXPULSION OF TARQUIN. 331\\nUnable to [lui dori liorself for the crime of another, she sent for her\\nhusband and father, entreating them to come to her immediately, at\\nan indelible disgrace had befallen the family. They obeyed her sum-\\nmons, bringing with them Valerius, a kinsman, and Junius Brutus,\\nwhose father Tarquin had put to death. In brief terms she related\\nw hat had befallen her, and, having required a pledge that they would\\navenge her injuries, she drew a knife from under her robe and stabbor?\\nNerself to the heart.\\n45. While the rest stood motionless and silent with grief and con\\nsternation, Bratus, the pretended idiot, drew the bloody poniard from\\nthe reeking wound, and, holding it up to the assembly, exclaimed\\nI swear by this blood, which was once so pure, and which nothing\\nbut the detestable villainy of Tarquin could have polluted, that I will\\npursue Lucius Tar iuinius the Proud, his wicked wife, and their chil-\\ndren, with fire and sword; nor will I suffer any of that family, or any\\nother whatsoever, to reign at Rome. Ye gods I call ye to witness\\nthis my oath. Then, presenting the dagger to Collatinus, Lucretius,\\nValerius, and the rest of the company, he engaged them to take the\\nsame oath. That the man who had so long been kept as an idiot in\\nthe king s house, to make sport for his children, should thus stand\\nforth the friend of justice and the assertor of Roman liberty, was a\\nmiracle that roused the feelings of the people no less than the wrongs\\nof the virtuous Lucretia.\\n46. The citizens came together in crowds, the gates of the city were\\nshut, and the senate decreed that Tarquin and his family should be\\nforever banished from Rome, and that to plead for, or attempt his\\nreturn, shovld be a capital crime. Tarquin, who was absent with the\\narmy, hearing of these commotions, hastened to Rome without delay.\\nHe found the gates barred against him, and the walls filled with armed\\nTien. Disappointed and enraged, he turned again to join his army\\nbut Brutus, taking another route, had reached the camp before him,\\nacquainted the soldiers with what had taken place, and enlisted their\\nfeelings in the cause of justice. Thus this proud monarch, who had\\nreigned 25 years, being expelled from his kingdom, was forced ^,o take\\nrefuge in a little city of Etruria, and thus ended, with him, the regal\\nstate of Rome, after it had continued 245 years.\\n47. CoNsii L8. The regal power being thus overthrown, Rome \\\\e-\\ncame a republic, and two magistrates called Consuls were annually\\nQuesUan^. 45, 46. What course did Brutus take How far was he successful 7 Ho\\\\\u00c2\u00bb\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ong did tile re^ tl state of Rome continue 47. After the overthrow of regal puwcr what\\n41d R iuo becouic By whom were the aiTair* of guTerament admlnistert^d", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0371.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "332 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. c. 509\\nchosen to administer the affairs of government. No one could be con\\nsul who had not before been quaestor, sedile, and jjnctor. The consuls\\nhad all the badges of kingn, except the crown every one went out of\\nthe way, uncovered his head, dismounted from his horse, or rose up\\nwhen these oflacers passed. Brutus and Collatinus w-ere chosan first\\nconsuls of Rome. Hardly was this new order of things established,\\nwhen embassadors came from Tarquin to say that he would peaceably\\nI eiinquish the kingdom if the Romans would send him his treasures\\nand effects. These embassadors had another object in view, which\\nthey proceeded to unfold while the senate debated upon Tarquin s\\nproposition.\\n48. They took up their residence in the house of the Aquilii, neph-\\news of Collatinus, and by their aid collecting such young men as had\\nbeen brought up in idle attendance upon the king, formed a conspiracy\\nto restore monarchy. Even the sons of Brutus, displeased with the\\nstern frugality of their father, entered into the scheme, and all toge-\\nther bound themselves not to betray the plot, by the horrid ceremony\\nof drinking the blood of a man sacrificed for the purpose. A slave,\\nftowever, discovered the whole affair, and hastened to the upright\\nValerius with the startling intelligence. Valerius, with a sufficient\\n/orce, proceeded immediately to the place, found the papers, and, seiz-\\nmg the conspirators, twisted their gowns about their necks, and drag-\\nged them into the forum. The consuls, hearing the tumult, repaired\\nCO the spot, and silence being gained, the accusation was entered and\\nproved. The young men pleaded nothing for themselves, but with\\nconscious guilt awaited their sentence in silent agony.\\n49. A melancholy stillness reigned the tears of Collatinus and the\\nirrepressible emotions of Valerius stimulated some of the most com-\\npassionate to speak of banishment but Brutus alone, seeming to have\\nlost all the softness of humanity, called upon each of his sons: You,\\nTitus, and you, Tiberius, why do you not make your defense against\\nthis charge? This question he repeated three times, in a stern voice,\\nbut receiving no answer, he turned to the lictors, and saying, Yours\\nis the part that remains, resumed his seat, and with an air of deter-\\nmined majesty beheld his sons stripped, scourged, and beheaded.\\nCollatinus, not equally firm, was just going to grant his nepliews a\\nreprieve, when Valerius interposed, and the people voted that they\\nshould receive the punishment they so well merited. This conduct\\nQuestions. 47, 48, 49. Wliat qualifications were required for the office of consul T What\\nbadges of distinction belonged to them? Who were the first consuls? W^hat erabiissadora\\nwere sent from Tarquin What proved to be the real object of these embaaaadois? tieiua\\nthe story of tie consiilracy, ^\\\\ith its he*rt-r\u00c2\u00abii\u00c2\u00bbi5ng consequences.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0372.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "E.C.500.] WAR WITH THE LATINS. 333\\nof Collalinns rendered him snspected bj the citizens; lie was deposed\\nfrom the consilship and banished, and Valerius, surnamed Publicola,\\nthe people s most respectful friend, was elected in his room.\\n50. Tarquin now enlisted the Veians, and advanced with a consider-\\nable army toward Rome. Valerius Publicola and Brutus, having made\\nsuitable preparations, went out to meet him on the Roman borders.\\nArunS; son of Tarquin, seeing his despised playfellow at the head of\\nthe Roman armies, spurred on to meet him and Brutus, equally\\nenraged, rode out of the ranks, and engaged with him in single com-\\nbat. Nerved by the deadliest hate, neither thought of defending him-\\nself, and both fell dead upon the field. The battle, whose onset was\\n8o dreadful, had not a milder conclusion. The carnage was terrible,\\nand continued till the armies were separated by a storm. On number-\\ning the dead, it was found the Veians had lost one man more than the\\nRomans, and they accordingly confessed defeat. Tarquin fled to Clu-\\nsium, and engaged Porsenna, one of the most powerful princes of Italy,\\nto undertake his cause. By his army the Roman commonwealth was\\nreduced to the very brink of destruction. The consuls were wounded\\nin the field, and forced to retire.\\n51. Rome was besieged, and the inhabitants were wasting under the\\ninfluence of famine, when the city was saved by an act of heroism\\nsuperior to any before related. A young man named Mutius, dis-\\nguised like an Etrurian peasant, entered the camp of Porsenna and\\nslew the king s secretary, mistaking him for the king himself. Upon\\nhis arrest he declared unreservedly who he was, informed the king of\\nhis country and design, and added, that three hundi-ed Roman youth\\nwere equally resolved to destroy their enemy, or perish in the attempt;\\nthen, thrusting his hand into a fire burning upon an altar, he held it\\nthere with tlie utmost composure until it dropi)ed off, saying: You\\nsee the Romans know how to suffer, as well as how to act. Por-\\nsenna, charmed with his noble spirit, ordered him to be safely con-\\nducted back to Rome, and offered the besieged honorable conditions\\n:f peace.*\\n62. Dicta TOES. Tribunes. Decemvirs. b. o. 500. Tarquir..,\\nIt ia said that the Romans actually submitted, and only recovered their city and terri-\\ntory on condition of giving up the use of iron, except for implements for husbandry.\\ni\\nQ,uesti(yti8. 49. Who was chosen consul In place of CoUatinus? 50. What steps were\\nthen taken by Tarquin? Where did the armies meet? How did the noble Brutus fall?\\nHow did the battle terminate By whose assistance did Tai-quin once more wage destruc-\\ntive war upon Rome? 51. During the siege, what was ihe condition of the Romans? 61v\u00c2\u00ab\\nthe story of the heroic yourg man, Mutius How did nis conduct aTect the mind of Por-\\nMDQa? Who WM Porsenna Which way from Hots-o was CIubIciu (Aoe map N*. 4\u00c2\u00bb)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0373.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "334 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. c. 104\\nthough often disappointed, was still unsubdued. IIo stirred up thfl\\nLatins to hostiliiies, united twenty-four towns in a confederacy, and\\nsecretly worked by his agents within the very walls of Rome. The\\nRomans under their kings had only two ways of subsisting, by agri-\\nculture and by plunder. After tlie extinction of royalty, the seuators\\nappropriated the conquered lands to themselves, and thus the soldier\\nwho left his family to enlarge the dominions of Rome, had neithei\\nfarm nor money for reward besides, if the poor man fell in debt,\\nthe rich c^e iior r::ight seQ him for a slave until the sura was paid\\nThis comfx.! iu on of evils filled the city with discontent and murmur-\\ning; and waen the consuls came to levy men in order to oppose Tar-\\nquin, all the poor refused to enlist, declaring they would not go to\\nwar till their debts were canceled by a decree of the senate. The\\nnumber of the malcontents increased every hour, and the senate, who\\nsaw the commonwealth upon the brink of ruin, had recourse to an\\nexpedient, which in the lapse of ages proved fatal to the republic.\\n53. Dictators. Unable to raise an army to meet the threatened\\ninvasion, they proposed to the people to elect a temporary magistrate,\\nwho should have absolute power, not only over patricians, plebeians,\\nand magistrates, but over the laws themselves. The people complied,\\nand Lartius was created the first Dictator of Rome. Tie entered\\nupon his office surrounded with all the ensigns of royalty and tlie\\npeople, awed by his display of power, obeyed implicitly all his direc-\\ntions. Before his six months were expired the Latins were con-\\nquered, the murmurs appeased, and at the end of his time he laid\\ndown his authority, with the reputation of having exercised it with\\nblameless lenity.\\n54. Tribunes. When the term of his office expired, matters were\\nin no better state than before, and at last the great body of the ple-\\nbeians resolved to quit the city which gave them no shelter from\\noppression. They therefore formed themselves under tlieir respec-\\ntive ensigns, chose new commanders, and retired to Mons Sacer,\\nmountain out three miles from Rome, saying, az they wer.t ulong,\\nthat Italy \u00c2\u00abor.ld anywhere supply them with air and water, and a\\nplace of burial and that Rome, if they stayed in it, would do no more.\\nMessage after message was sent to them in vain the discontented in\\ntlie city scaled the walls to join them, and the senate was divided in\\n^Mtion-8.\u00e2\u0080\u009452, 53. What machinations was Tarquin still eini)loying to destroy Rome\\nWTidt was the condition of the Roman people at that time? What dirticultics did tbej\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ncounter in raising: tTien to oppose J arqnin What expedient was adojited by the senata\\nWhat power wvs deleg:ated to tlio dictator? Who first filled the office? How far was ayp\\n^d(\u00c2\u00ab8 attained 54. After the odi xj of dictator ex-^iroa, wh\u00c2\u00abt new 4S\u00c2\u00bbcout\u00c2\u00abnt *ro\u00c2\u00bbe f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0374.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 491.] CO RIO LAN US. 335\\nopinion as to the course to be taken. Finally, a deputation of the\\nmost respectable persons in the city went to them, and one, by birth\\na plebeian, related to them the celebrated fable of the Body and tbt\\nMembers.\\n55. This fable had an instantaneous effect upon the people; they\\nfcegai to talk of an accommodation, and at length concluded to go\\nback, upon condition that five new officers should be created frons\\ntheir own body, called Teibunes of the People, who should L F\u00e2\u0082\u00ac ih\\\\\\npower of annulling such decrees as bore hard on the plebeians. Fie\\nsenate also agreed to abolish all debts; and things being thus adjusted,\\nthe multitude returned in triumph to Rome. Tlie new officers were\\nthen appointed. They had their seats placed before the doors of the\\nsenate-house, and, examining every statute, annulled it by the word\\nVeto, I forbid it, or signed it with T., which gave it validity.\\nSeed-time passed while the people were on the mountain the fields\\nproduced no harvest the ensuing year, and famine began again to\\nexcite those murmurs which the concessions of the senate had appeased\\n56. A fleet came laden with corn from Sicily, and the starving mul-\\ntitude waited impatiently while the senate were deliberating upon its\\ndistribution. Coriolanus, a general distinguished in the Volscian\\nwars, insisted that the senate should take this opportunity to secure\\ntheir former power. He had been seventeen years a warrior, and waa\\ngreatly beloved by the people till he began to oppose their aggressions.\\nNow, when he took so decided a stand against the distribution act,\\nthey accused him of converting the spoils of the enemy to his own use.\\nHe was consequently sentenced to banishment. He returned to his\\nhouse, embraced his mother, wife, and children, passed out of the city\\ngates, and took his solitary way, no one knew whither. Having after\\nsome time matured a plan for humbling his enemies, he proceede*! to\\nthe country of the Volscians, over whom he had gained so many vic-\\ntories. Finding out the house of Tullus, his most implacable enemy,\\nhe entered, walked directly up to the fireplace, and seated himsei\\namong the household gods, without saying a word. Tullus rose from\\nsupper and demanded, in astonishment, who he was, and upon whal\\nbusinesfc he had come. Coriolanus, still retaining his seat in the sacred\\nplace, related the particulars of his exile, and laid before him his\\ndeaires of vengeance. The noVe Volscian instantly gave him the\\nhand of friendship, and espoused his quarrel.\\n~~(^ue\u00c2\u00abtion4i.\u00e2\u0080\u0094b^ In what manner was it reconciled 55. What were tde new officers called\\nHow waa t ie veto power first used 56. What relief came to the starving people of Rome\\nBtate the circumstances attending the banishment of (Coriolanus. What measures did ho\\nUkc to humble his enemies?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0375.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "836 COMMONWEALTH OP ROME. [b. c. 491\\n67. It was not difficult to find a pretext for war, and the Yolsciana\\nheaded by Tullus and Coriolanus, invaded the Roman territories,\\nravaging all the lands belonging to the plebeians, but leaving those of\\nthe patricians untouched. The levies in Rome went on but slowly:\\nand the consuls feared, with a reluctant army, to meet the reno w ned\\nCoriolftDus in the field. One town after another submitted to the\\nVolscians, and the injured exile finally pitched his camp within fivf\\nmiles of Rome. The city, so lately the scene of turbulence an J anl\\nmosity, was now filled with timidity and despair. Tlie people, who\\nhad clamored for the banishment of Ooriolanus, begged the senate to\\nrecall the edict. The senate obstinately refused. However, when the\\nVolscians came up to the very walls and demanded the freedom of\\nRoman citizens, both senate and people unanimously agreed to send\\ndeputies to Ooriolanus, with proposals of restoration if he would draw\\noflf his array.\\n58. The indignant general received the embassadors at the head of\\nhis officers, informed them that, as commander of the Volscians, he\\nhad only their interest to consider, and that if the Romans wished for\\npeace, they must conclude witliin thirty days to restore all the towns\\noriginally belonging to Volscii. This deputation returned to Rome,\\nand another was immediately sent to entreat Ooriolanus not to exact\\nof his country any thing improper for Romans to grant. He treated\\nthese envoys with great severity, and only allowed the senate three\\ndays for deliberation. A more dignified embassy was then prepared,\\nto move the heart of the stern general. The j)ontifi 8, priests, and\\nangurs, clothed in sacred vestments, issued from the city, and, entering\\nthe camp of the conqueror with imposing solemnity, conjured hira by\\nthe fear of the gods to give peace to his country. He treated them\\nwith respect, but dismissed them without lessening his demands.\\n59. When the people saw the ministers of religion repulsed, they\\ngave up the commonwealth for lost. While all r-rnks were filling the\\ntemples with despairing cries, the aged sister of Publicola suddenly\\nrose from before the altar, and, calling upon the matrons of Rome to\\nattend her, proceeded to the house of Veturia, mother of Coriolanus.\\nA.ctnated, as she said, by a divine impulse, she had come to beseech\\nher to go with them, and make one more effort to save Rome. Vetu-\\nria obeyed the heavenly call, and, accompanied by Volumnia, wife of\\nQ,uestion\u00c2\u00bb. 57. Qlve an account of the success of Coriolanus. 58. Ilow did he receiy*\\nthe message sent by the citizens and senate of Rome? In what mr.nnfr did Lc receive and\\ntreat the second envoys? What term of time dirt he allow for aeiiberaUon P y what cir-\\ncumstances did they dlpnlfy the third emDassy? State tne result. 5j. WLal then were th\u00c2\u00ab\\nfeelings of th\u00c2\u00bb people (M ve the interesting D\u00c2\u00bb*^\u00c2\u00aboiAr8 tbat brough d fety to UorTie.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0376.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "a a 4081 CINCINNATUS. 337\\nOoriolanus, his two children, and the principal ladies of Rome, took\\nher way to the camp of her son.\\n60. Coriolanus saw the mournful train from a distance, and deter-\\nmining to deny their request, sent for tlie Volscian officers to witness\\nhis resolution but when his little ones clasped his knees, and his wife\\nhung upon his neck in tender entreaty when his aged mother fell ai\\nhis feet, and mingled the tears of an afflicted parent with the loft\\nremonstrances of a Roman matron, his inflexible spirit gave way. He\\nraised her in his arms, and gazing upon her venerable countenance\\nwith melancholy forebodings, exclaimed, Ah, my mother, thou hast\\nsaved Rome, but thou hast lost thy son. The victorious deputation\\nreturned with a truce to the city and Coriolanus, pretending that\\nRome was too strong to be taken, drew off his army. Tullus, who\\nhad long envied the great popularity of Coriolanus, represented this aa\\nan act of treachery to the Volscians, and the noble Roman was soon\\nafter slain.\\n61. Agrakian Law. The people, thus delivered from threatened\\ndestruction, and encouraged by the concessions alreji-dy made, clamored\\nfor the passage of the Agrarian law but the senator? fit^^dily resisted\\nthe demand. Tims matters grew worse and worse. The Egnii and\\nYolscii continually made incursions upon the Roman territories with-\\nout, and the plebeians as constantly made encroachments upon the\\nprivileges of the patricians within. One consul was killed in bsttle\\nthe other, intimidated by the aspect of affairs, said he could do no^hiriir\\nalone, and must have a colleague. The senate fixed upon QninMng\\nCincinnatus for this office. He was a m^m of unblemished integritv.\\nwho^ though a patrician and a soldier, had given up all ambitions\\nthoughts, and retired to a small farm beyond the Tiber, The deputi****\\nfound him in the field, diligently following the plow.\\n62. He appeared little elated with the ensigns of power they brough*^\\nhim, or the pompous ceremony with which they addressed him. bu*^\\ninstantly responded to the call of the senate, saying with regret to hi?\\nwife, as he changed the homely garb of a husbandman for the purple\\nB-cbe of a consul, I fear, my Atilla, that for this year our fields must\\nren ain unsown. His skill, moderation, and humanity reconciled the\\ncontending factions the tribunes ceased to urge the passage of the\\nobnoxi -)us law, and the senators adopted more conciliatory manners.\\nScarcei/ had Cincinnatus retired from his office, when the Equii and\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GO. What was the fate of Coriolanus 61, 62. What new internal omraotlon*\\ndistracted the commonwealth T What was the agrarian law? Ana. A law to divide all the\\nlands equally among the people. Bj whom were the difflcullles reconciled What waa th*i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ovlable character of Clncinnatui T\\n16", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0377.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "338 COMMONWEALTH OP ROME. [b. o. 458\\nVolscii made new inroads into the territories of Rome. The general\\nsent to repel them, througli want of skill or want of courage, suffered\\nhis troops to be driven into a defile between two mountains, where\\nthe enemy blockaded them, presenting the three terrible alternatives,\\nsubmission, famine, or death. A few knights escaped, and carried the\\nnews to Rome. Consternation seized all ranks of people, and again\\nCincinnatus was simmoned from his cheerful labors to assume the\\ninliraitod power of dictator, b. o. 458.\\n63. On entering the city, he gave orders that every person capable\\nof bearing arms should repair before sunset to the Campus Martins,\\nwith necessary equipments and provisions for five days. At the\\nhead of this force he commenced his march that night, and before\\ndaybreak arrived in sight of the enemy. Coming up in the rear of\\nthe Volscian army, his soldiers set up a loud shout, which was gladly\\nechoed by the Romans within the defile. The Volscii, amazed to find\\nthemselves between two enemies, commenced the attack, but were\\nentirely beaten, and compelled to beg a cessation of arms. Cincinna-\\ntus gave them their lives, but obliged them to pass under the yoke, in\\ntoken of servitude. Thus, having rescued a Roman army, defeated a\\npowerful enemy, and gained an immense amount of spoil, he returned\\nto Rome and resigned his dictatorship, after enjoying it four days.\\n64. The next year, however, all the tribunes joined together, and\\nr }quired that Mount Aventine should be given to the plebeians; this\\nwas ceded, but the people were not satisfied. The Agrarian law was\\nconstantly agitated, and disputes upon the subject often ended in\\nblows. A day was finally fixed for the public discussion of this impor-\\ntant measure and to this meeting came one Siccius Dentatus, a well-\\nknown patriot, lie had served his country in wars 40 years had\\nbeen an ofiicer 30, first a centurion, then a tribune he had fought 120\\nbattles had gained 14 civic,* 3 mural, and 8 golden crowns, besides\\n33 chains, 60 bracelets, 18 gilt spears, and 23 horse-trappings he had\\nreceived 46 wounds, the scars of whicli he exhibited yet he had never\\nj btained possession of any of those lands which his courage had won\\nA civic crown, made of oak-la .yes, was given to him who had saved the life of a citizen.\\ni moral crown wafe awarded to him who first scaled the walls of a city, and a golden crown\\nwas the tribute to the brave soldier who first mounted the rampart in the face of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nenemy.\\nQii^tione.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 62. What troubles recalled Cincinnatus? What power was given himf\\nM hen did that occur? 63. What commands did Cincinnatus issue? What march com-\\nmence What army conquer What enemy subjugate What spoils accumulate? How\\nwas the yoke made? Ans. By setting two spears upright and placing another across the\\nlo,p of tL\u00c2\u00absm. How long was Cincinnatus dicUitor? By what act did he cease to be aucb!\\nfri Wh^t Lroablet llowftd iuriug the a^xt year What is said of Dentatuft?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0378.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "n c. 451.]\\nTHE DEOBMYIRI. 339\\niin.l hi8 valor defended. His had been a life of poverty and contentpt,\\nwhile others enjoyed in indolent security the fruit of his labors. The\\nwrongs of Dentatus created such a clamor as drowned the voices of\\nthese senators who wished to speak against the law. Reason ccnld\\nBO longer be heard and the young patricians, seeing the people about\\nto vote, ran in among the throng, broke the balloting-urns, and dis-\\npersed the crowd. This, for the time being, put off the hated law.\\n65. Solon s Laws brought to Rome.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The commonwealth oi\\nRome had been for 60 years fluctuating between the contending\\norders which composed it, and each side began to wish for something\\nmore settled and definite than decrees of the senate and votes of the\\npeople. They therefore agreed to send embassadors to Athens, to\\nbring home such laws as by experience had been found best adapted\\nto the purposes of a republic. Three senators were chosen for tliis\\nsolemn deputation, and three galleys were fitted out to convoy them\\nto Greece in a manner suitable to the majesty of the Roman people.\\nIn about a year they returned, bringing a digest of Solon s laws, and\\na collection of the principal civil codes of Greece and Italy. The tri-\\nbunes then required that a body of men should be appointed to put\\ntheir new laws into proper form, and enforce their execution. After\\nlong debates, ten of the principal senators were elected, whose power,\\ncontinuing one year, should be equal to that of kings and consuls,\\nwithout any appeal. Thus the whole constitution took at once a new\\nform, and all magistrates resigned their authority.\\n66. Decemviri.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 These oflicers agreed among themselves to reign in\\nsuccession, one day at a time, the ruler of the day only bearing the\\nensigns of power. By the help of an interpreter they formed a body\\nof laws from those brought from Greece, submitted them to the appro-\\nbation of the people, and then, causing them to be engraven on plates\\nof brass, hung them up in the most conspicuous part of the forum.\\nThe people supposed tliat they would lay down their power at the end\\nof the year, but, pretending that something still rem.ained to the com-\\npletion of their purpose, they retained their office another term and\\nthe third year they seized upon the administration of government, in\\ndefiance of senate and people, and ruled without control. The tyrasnj\\nof the decemviri, however, like that of Tarquin, was overthiown by\\nthe virtue of a Roman female.\\n67. Story of Virginia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Appius, sitting one day upon his tribunal,\\nQue\u00c2\u00abUons.-M. What circumstance put off the hated law? 65. What now form of goT-\\neriunent did they then seek What Instructions in government did they gel from abrotd*\\nWhat is B\u00c2\u00ab^id of the decemTiri f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0379.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "340 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. a 449\\nsaw a maiden of exquisite beauty, passing to one of the public scliools,\\nattended by a matron, her nurse. The next day, she passed again;\\nher loveliness attracted his attention, and awakened his curiosity.\\nHe made inquiries concerning her name and parentage, and finding\\nthat her father was a centurion in the array, he gave up all thoughts\\nof marriage for the very laws he had been so industriously preparing,\\nforbade the intermarriage of patricians with plebeians. After vainly\\nendeavoring to corrupt the fidelity of her nurse, he had recourse to ac\\nez]; ?dient still more criminal. One Claudius was instructed to claim\\nher as a slave, and refer the cause to the tribunal of the decemvir.\\nClaudius accordingly entered the school where Virginia was playing\\namong her companions, and seizing upon her as his property, was\\nabout to drag her away by force, when he was stopped by the crowd\\ndrawn together by her cries. At length he prevailed so far as to be\\npermitted to lead the weeping girl to the tribunal of Appius, where he\\nstated that she was the daughter of his female slave, who, having been\\nsold, and adopted in infancy by the wife of Virginius, had been edu-\\ncated as the child of the centurion. He begged time to collect his\\nwitnesses of these facts, and insisted on retaining possession of the\\nmaiden, as her lawful master.\\n68. Appius, with the air of an impartial judge, decided this to be a\\njust demand and Claudius was taking her away, when Iciliua, her\\nlover, seconded by the r.iultitude, raised such a commotion that Appius,\\nfearing an insurrectioa, thought proper to suspend his judgment till\\nVirginius could return from the army, then about eleven miles from\\nRome. The day following was fixed for the trial, and Appius, m the\\nmean time, sent letters to the generals to confine Virginius, as his\\narrival in town might excite sedition. These letters were intercepted\\nby the centurion s friends, who gave him a full relation of the aifair.\\nVirginius immediately obtained permission to leave the camp, and\\nflew to the protection of his child. At the appointed hour, to tha\\nastonishment of Appius, he appeared before the tribunal, leading hii\\nlovely daughter by the hand, both habited in the deepest mourning.\\nClaudius was there also attended by a female slave, who swore posi-\\ntivelj that she had sold Virginia to the wife of her reputed father.\\n69 Virginius then introduced the most unanswerable proofs ot his\\npaternity, and was proceeding to make an appeal to the people, when\\nAppius interrupted him, by saying that he was suflftciently instructed\\nIn the merits of the case. Yes, sj/id he, my conscience compels\\nVtMaiiofMt\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \u00c2\u00ab7, 6S, 69, 70^ 71. EeUU tb\u00c2\u00ab \u00e2\u0080\u00a2tory of Virginia, ar l the merited rengeuio*\\ntafferlng fet\\\\ier.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0380.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "8.0. 449.] MILITARY TRIBUNES 34 J\\nme to declare, that I myself am a witness to the ti Jth of the deposi\\ntion of Claudius. Most of this assembly know that I was left guardian\\nto this youth, and I was very early apprised of his right to this young\\nwoman but the affiiirs of the public, and the dissensions of the people,\\nthen prevented my doing him justice. However, it is not now too\\nlate, and by the power vested in me for the public good, I adjudge\\nVirginia tc be the property of Claudius, the plaintiflF. Go, therefore,\\nli ;t\u00c2\u00aers, disperse the multitude, and make room for a master to ropos-\\nless himself of his slave.\\n70. The lictors, in obedience to this command, drove off the crowd,\\nand, seizing upon Virginia, were delivering her up to Claudius, when\\nVirgiuius, seeming to acquiesce in the sentence, mildly entreated\\nAppius to be permitted to take a last farewell of one whom he had so\\nlong considered as his child. With this the decemvir complied, upon\\ncondition that their endearments should pass in his presence. Virgi-\\nnius took his almost expiring daughter in his arms, supported her head\\nupon his breast, and wiped away the tears that rolled down her\\ncheeks; then, gently drawing her near the shops that surrounded the\\nforum, he snatched up a knife that lay upon the shambles, and crying\\nout, My dearest, lost child, this alone can preserve your honor and\\nyour freedom, buried the weapon in her breast! Then holding it up,\\nreeking with her blood, Appius, he exclaimed, by this blood of\\ninnocence, I devote thy head to the infernal gods.\\n71. Appius ordered him to be seized, but in vain. As if maddened\\nby the dreadful deed, Virginius, with the bloody knife still in his\\nhand, ran through the streets of the city, calling upon the people to\\nstrike for freedom nor did he stop till he had reached the camp, and\\ndisplayed before the soldiers the terrible instrument which had taken\\naway the sweet Virginia s life. He asked their pardon, and the par\\ndon of the gods, for the rash act he had committed, but ascribed it to\\nthe dreadful necessity of the times, and conjured them, by that blood\\nwhich he held dearer than his own, to redeem their sinking country\\nfrom the hands of its tyrants. One thrilling sentiment of sympathi\\nling indignation filled every bosom the soldiers called to arms, plucked\\ntip their standards, and, marching to Rome, seized upon Mount Aven\\ntine. The feelings of the senate corresponded to those of the army.\\nThe former government was restored Appius and Oppius died by\\ntheir own hands in prison the other eight decemvirs went into volun-\\ntary banishment and Claudius was driven out after them.\\n73. Military Tribunes. Quiet was scarcely restored, when th\u00c2\u00ab\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u009471. What became of Aprius and Oppius Of the other offender* f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0381.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "343 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [8.0.444\\ntribunes proposed two laws: one to sanction the intermarriage of ple-\\nbeians with patricians, and the other to admit tlie plebeians also to the\\nconsulsliip. The senate, with great reluctance, granted the first, with\\nthe limitation, that a woman marrying a [)Iebeian should lose all her\\npatrician rights; and evaded the second, by proposing that six gov-\\nBrnors should be elected, called Militaky Tribunes, with consuiar\\nauthority divided among them all and at the end of a year, it could\\nSn determined whether these tribunes, or consuls, should administer\\nhe government. The people eagerly embraced the proposals. Both\\npatricians and plebeians put on the white robes of candidates and\\n)egged the votes of the comitia; but so fickle were the multitude, :hat\\nill the new officers were chosen from among the patricians. Their\\n\u00c2\u00bbower was, however, of short duration. The augurs found something\\ntmiss in the ceremonies of the election, and in about three months\\nthey were compelled to resign to the consuls.\\n73. Censors.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 B. o. 443.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To lighten the weight of the consular duties,\\nwo new officers, called Censors, were chosen to take an account of\\nthe citizens. Seated in tlieir curule chairs, the censors reviewed the\\nsenate, deposed those proven unworthy of their high office, dismounted\\nsuch knights as did not merit their spurs, and required of every citizen\\nan exact account of his family and fortune. This calm was broken by\\na famine. At the next election the tribunes insisted upon having\\nmilitary tribunes instead of consuls, and during the succeeding twenty\\nyears the government changed from tribunes to consuls, and from\\nconsuls to tribunes, four times besides which, dictators were chosen\\nupon several occasions.\\n74. Things continued in this state of commotion for a long period,\\nfactions becoming every day stronger, and government weaker. The\\nbarbarous neighbors of the Romans seized every opportunity to en-\\ncroach upon their territories, and whenever levies were to be raised,\\nthe tribunes of the people vetoed the decree, until some concession\\nwas made increasing the authority of the lower orders. Tlie citizens\\n\u00c2\u00a5ere at the same time husbandmen and soldiers the hands that drew\\nhe sword in one season, held the plow in another, and every man was\\nobliged to furnish his own arms and provisions during a campaign.\\nThe hopes of plunder, and the honors of returning in triumph, were\\nthe chief incentives to enlist. But it often happened that the cam-\\npaigns lasted through seed-time and harvest, and then debts were con-\\nQh\u00e2\u0082\u00ac8i\u00c2\u00a3on\u00c2\u00ab.~12. What, is said of the military tribunes that followed How long were\\nthey 1b power? 73. W^hat new officers were then chosen? What duties did the censon\\nperform Whiit was the condition of the guverunieut for the next twenty years 74. What\\nr\u00c2\u00abtoluUoi fina y took place aiid changed that mods of warfare?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0382.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "aiaiOO,] CAMILLUS. 343\\ntracted wbi3h led to a train of extortions and exactions, which kept\\nthe plebeians constantly irritated against the patricians, and covetons\\nof power for themselves. To remove these constant sources of disquiet,\\nthe senate laid a tax npon every citizen, and fro x: this fund paid a\\nregular sum of money to every soldier. Thus the whole method of\\nwarfare was changed, and regular lengthened campaigns took the\\nplace of mere predatory excursions.\\n75. Veii Taken. Rome Burned by the Gauls. Samnite Wak\\nB o. 400, The city of Veii had maintained with Rome many gal-\\nlant disputes for glory and power. The senate, now reconciled to the\\npeople, and masters of an army that they could keep in the field as\\nlong as they thought proper, determined that, cost what it might, Veii\\nshould fall and the Romans in consequence encamped before the\\nplace, prepared for a long and obstinate resistance. The soldiers had\\nbeen accustomed to make a summer campaign, and return home to\\nwinter, but now they were obliged to stay year after year in the\\nenemy s couutry, living in tents made of the skins of beasts, and suffer-\\ning, as might be supposed, every hardship from the sallies of the\\nbesieged and the inclemencies of the weather. The length and expense\\nof the war excited murmurs and discontent, both in the camp and at\\nhome and in the tenth year, tribunes and consuls having been alike\\nunsuccessful, the senate appointed Fabius Oamillus dictator.\\n76. This officer soon clianged the aspect of affairs. Keeping up the\\nregular attacks, to amuse the enemy, he employed a great part of his\\nsoldiers in digging a mine beneath the walls. The work was pursued\\nwith vigor, and the subterranean passage was finally terminated directly\\nbeneath the temple of Juno, in the citadel. An assault was then made\\nwithout, to call the Veians to the walls, while a select band, marching\\nunderground to the temple, removed the pavement over their iieads,\\nand suddenly appeared to priests before the altar. They fled in dis-\\nmay. Fresh bodies of Romans poured in, and the city was taken after\\na short but ineffectual resistance. Thus, like a second Troy, Veii fell,\\nafter a ten years siege. The army returned home greatly eniiched\\nby the spoils, and Oamillus triumphed with excessive pomp, y si-ting\\nhis face with vermilion, and riding through the city in a cl iriot\\ndrawn by four milk-white horses, a distinction which displeased most\\nof the spectators, and excited that envy which afterwards wrought his\\nruin (B. c. 39).\\n77. Exile of Oamillus.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Not long after, the tribunes proposed\\nQu4sUom.\u00e2\u0080\u009415, 76. Describe the siege and taking of Veil. What clrcuuistano of folljf\\niwtroyed Cainilius? Wiiy did Camillus an thus? Ant. In Iniitdtion of the godi.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0383.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "344 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME [rc. 3W\\nthat the senate and the people should be divided into two eqaal parts\\nand that one part should remain in Rome, while the other settled in\\nYeii. Oamillus opposed this measure, and invented delays of various\\nkinds, tc leep it from being brought before the somitia. The trib-\\nanes, in revenge, accused him of converting two brazen gates, taker\\nfrom Yeii, to his own use. He was cited to appear before the peop\\\\*\\nThe proud spirit of Camillus could not brook the infamy of a pab i-\\ntrial. After embracing his wife and children, he departed from Rome.\\nAs he passed the gates, he turned his face to the capitol, and, lifting\\nDis hands to heaven, entreated the gods, that if ho were driven out\\nwithout any fault of his own, the Romans might quickly repent their\\nenvy and injustice, and express to the world their want of Camillus.\\n78. About two centuries before this time, the Gauls had sent out\\nvast numbers of emigrants in search of more fruitful lands than the\\nfrozen shores of the Baltic. A band of them settled in the northern\\npart of Italy, took eighteen cities from the Tuscans, and, invited by\\nthe softness of the climate, but more especially by the softness of the\\nwines, spread themselves still farther to the south. Hordes of these\\nbarbarians, wild from their original deserts, were now besieging Olu-\\nsium, under the command of Brennus, their king. The inhabitants of\\nClusiuin entreated tlie assistance of the Romans. The senate, who\\nhad long made it a maxim never to refuse succor to the distressed,\\nsent embassadors to the Gauls, to inquire what offense the citizens of\\nClusium had given them.\\n79. Brennus received the de puties with great complaisance, listened\\nto what they had to say with due respect, and replied with becoming\\ngravity: The injury tlie Clusians do us, is their keeping to them-\\nselves a large tract of ground while they can only cultivate a smull\\none, and refusing to give a part to us, who are numerous and poor.\\nWe follow, like the Romans, the most ancient law, which directs the\\nweak to obey the strong; cease then to commiserate the Olusiaub,.\\nlest you teach the Gauls to pity those who have been oppressed b\\nyour own people. The Roman embassadors, instead of returning\\nhome with this cutting answer, entered the city, and, forgetful of their\\nsacred characters, headed a sally of the besieged, and one of them was\\nsurprised in an attempt to strip a Gaul whom he had just slain.\\nBrennus, calling the gods to witness that against all the sacred laws of\\nQutftions. 7T. What accusations were brought against Camillus to eflFect his banish-\\nment What did Camillas do 78. What is said of the movement of the Gauls Wher\u00c2\u00ab\\nwas Clusium? (Bee map No. 4) What assistance did the Clusians ask for? How did the\\nEom\u00c2\u00bbnB respond t 19. What reply did Brenius make? What then did the embasNkdon\\nto? To what did their conduct lead", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0384.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": ".::iilllk\\nTHE ROOM OF A PERSON OF RANK IN ROME.\\nROMAN RACING CHARIOTS.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0385.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0386.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.a 390.] THE BURNING OF ROME. 345\\nnations an embassador had acted as an enemj, immediately led off his\\narmy toward Rome.\\n80. RoMB BuENED BY THE Gauls. The prodigious numbers of the\\nGauls, their glittering arms, their fury and impetuosity, struck terror\\nwherorer the} came Brennus, however, neither pillaged the fields\\nnor insulted the cities, but passed on as rapidly as possible, crying out\\nthat he was at war with the Romans only, and considered all others\\nfts his friends. Six military tribunes at that time commanded the\\nRoman army. They met the Gauls on the banks of the river Allia,\\nabout eleven miles from the city. The Romans engaged in a dis-\\norderly manner, were shamefully beaten, and put to flight. Some\\nescaped to Rome, and some to Veil. The account of the fugitives\\nfilled all ranks of people with terror. The Gauls, however, not know-\\ning the extent of their victory, continued two days feasting upon the\\nfield of battle. In this time all the Romans capable of bearing arms\\nretired to the capitol. which they fortified with strong ramparts and\\nprovided well with arms. The Vestal Virgins took up the Sacred\\nFire and holy relics, and fled away with them to the little city of\\nCaere.\\n81. The priests and most ancient of the senators could not think of\\nleaving the city. Therefore, clothing themselves in their holy vest-\\nments and robes of state, in a form dictated by the pontifex maximus,\\nthey devoted themselves for their country, and, seating themselves iu\\ntheir Ivory chairs, in the most conspicuous part of the fornm, calmly\\nawaited their fate. The rest of the people, a poor, helpless multitude\\nof old men, women, and children, sought shelter in the neighboring\\ntowns, or shut themselves up in their houses, to end their lives with\\nthe ruin of Rome. On the third day, Brennus appeared with all hia\\nforces before the city. None disputed his approach; the walls were\\nundefended the gates stood wide open to receive him, so that \u00c2\u00a3,t first\\nhe suspected some stratagem but, finding that the people had really\\ngiven u^ to despair, he entered by the Oolline gate, set a strong guard\\nbefore the capitol, and went on to the forum.\\n82. There he beheld the undaunted senators sitting in their orde]\\nleaning upon their staves, in the most profound silence. The spleadli\\nhabits, the majestic gravity, and the venerable looks of these old men,\\nawed the barbarigns into reverence; they took them for the tuttilar\\ndeities of the place, and commenced a species of adoration, till one,\\nQuestions. 80. What further can you state of the conduct of Brennus? Whe\u00c2\u00ab iid th\u00c2\u00ab\\nRomans meet the Gauls What was the result What then followed? 81. GJ e an ao\\ncount of the course taken by tha priests. s i, ;Mr. ..Ltjer ii\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb .ple r Rome. Of Ae taking\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f Kom\u00c2\u00ab Ihj BrennuK\\nli\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0387.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "846 OOMMONW R ALTH OF ROME. o. 39d\\nmore forward than the rest, stretched out his hand, and stroked the\\nlong white beard of Papyrius, the former dictator. The indignant\\nsenator, lifting his ivory scepter, struck the savage to the ground.\\nThe Gaul returned the blow with his sword; a general slaughter\\nersued, a:id every one of the devoted band poured out his blood upon\\nthe si^ot where he had dedicated himself to the infernal goda. Nor\\ndid the carnage stop here. The savages continued the slaughter Lree\\n3ays, sparing neither sex nor age, and then, setting fire to the city\\nburned every house to the ground.\\n83. The capitol alone resisted all their efforts. Every thing wither t\\nthat fortress was an extensive scene of misery and desolation every\\nthing within showed that resolution which springs from despair.\\nThose magnificent buildings which were once the pride of Rome were\\na heap of shapeless ruin. All the neighboring towns shared a similar\\nfate for Brennus, taldng up his quarters in Rome, sent out foraging\\nparties, who ravaged the country with fire and sword. It happened\\nthat a body of the barbarians strayed into the neighborhood of Ardea,\\nwhere Camillus, since his exile, had lived in absolute retirement. The\\nnoble-minded Roman, having engaged the youth of Ardea in his service,\\nwas waiting an opportunity to strike a blow for his country. The\\nGauls, loaded with plunder, encamped upon the plains in a disorderly\\nmanner, and night found them intoxicated with wine, and overcome\\nwith sleep. Camillus attacked them about midnight; the sounding\\nof the trumpets aroused the Gauls in such haste and confusion, that\\nthey were incapable of concerted action. A few, whom fear made\\nsober, snatched up their arms and fell fighting but the greater part\\nof them, buried in sleep and wine, were surprised, and easily dis-\\npatched.\\n84. The fame of this action reached the neighboring cities, and drew\\ncrowds to Camillus. The Romans who had fled to Veil flocked to his\\nstandard, and urged him to take the title of dictator, and lead them\\nto the relief of the city, but he refused to do so till legally appointed\\nby the Romans in the capitol. It seemed impossible for a messenger\\nio pass into the citadel, surrounded as it was by enemies. However,\\na young man named Pontius Cominius readily undertook the fearful\\ntask. Having dressed himself in mean attire, under which he con-\\ncealed large pieces of cork, he traveled all day, and reached the Tiber\\nabout dusk. There he took off his clothes, wrapped them around his\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SI Of the slaughter of the senators. Of the further cirnage. What else did\\nthe Gauls do? 88, In what effort were the Gauls foiled? Describe the then condition of\\nRome. In this emergency what was the conduct of Canaillus 84. Who was Pontiua Co\\nen i nine? Describe the part ho took in the drama.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0388.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 390.] rHE CAPITOL SAYED. 347\\nhead, laid himself iown upon his cork bnoys, and easily swam acro\u00c2\u00bba\\nto the city.\\n85. The siege had now lasted more than six months the provisions\\n\u00c2\u00abf the garrison were almost exhausted; the soldiers dispirited with\\ncontinual fatigue; and the sentinel, as he walked his weary round,\\nsaw nothing within but haggard, despairing countenances, and nothing\\nwithout but the ruins of his loved city. Suddenly his attention w^\\narrested by the sight of a man climbing up the steep rock, ard makinf\\nhis way directly toward him. He hailed tne strange intruder, and\\nreceived a reply in the native Latin. This was Pontius Cominius,\\nbringing tidings to the besieged. The old and the young gathered\\naround with tearful interest while he told them of the efforts their\\nbrethren were making for their relief, and assured them that the\\ngenerous Camillus was levying an army, and only waited for the order\\nof the senate to enter the field and give the barbarians battle. The\\nsmall portion of the senate that remained immediately issued a decree,\\nby which Camillus was made dictator and the messenger, having\\nreceived assurance that they would sustain the siege to the last extre-\\nmity, returned the way he came, and, escaping all the dangers of his\\nperilous route, arrived at Veil in safety,\\n86. A few days after, Brennus discovered the tracks which Oomi-\\nnius had made in climbing to the citadel. In the evening he assem-\\nbled the lightest and most active of his troops, and offered the highest\\nrewards to those who would reach the top by the same path. A num-\\nber readily undertook the dangerous enterprise, and before midnight\\na band of the bravest had scaled the precipitous steep, and stood upon\\ntlie very wall. The sentinel was fast asleep the dogs within gave no\\nsignal, and the enemy stealtliily advanced to the surprise, when the\\nRomans were awakened by the gabbling of some sacred geese kept in\\nthe temple of Juno. The besieged awoke at once to a sense of their\\ndanger, and each, snatching the weapon he could most readily find,\\nran to oppose the assailants. Manlius, a patrician, was the first xho\\ninspired courage by his dauntless bravery. He encountered tw o Ganlii\\nat once, killed one with his sword, and dashed the other down tb\u00c2\u00ab\\nprecipice then, standing upon the rampart, he shouted to his fellows,\\nand soon the summit was cleared of the enemy. Having thus escaped\\nthis imminent danger, they threw the sleepy sentinel down the rock\\nafter the vanquished foe, and decreed to Manlius all they had to bestow\\nQuMti ns. 85. How were the tidings of Pontlua Conilnius received? What afLlctiocf\\nwere \u00e2\u0080\u00a2till presiing upon the besieged What action was talcen by the portion of tho llo-\\nman senate lemainlng in the canitol? S6. What discovery did Brennus make? What offei\\ndid ho make How was it responded to G:ve an account of what followed.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0389.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "348 OOMMONWBALTH OF ROME. [b. o. 39*\\nthe allowance of each man for one day w hich was only a half a\\npound of bread and a small draught of water.\\n87. From this time the Gauls began to lose courage. Prodsions\\nwere scarce they could not forage for fear of Oaraillus and the\\nbesieged, though starving, threw over several loaves into their camp,\\nto convince them that they had no fear of famine. Sickness, too,\\nwhich took its rise from the unhealthiness of an atmosphere filled\\nwith ashes, and corrupted by the effluvia of dead bodies, destrrve\u00c2\u00bb\\nmany of their bravest men, and depressed the spirits of the remainder\\nThe Romans, equally in want, and unable to hear any thing oi Oamil-\\nlus, began to incline toward a treaty. The advanced guards com-\\nmenced conversation, and proposals of accommodation soon passed\\nbetween them. It was agreed that the Romans should pay the Gauls\\none thousand pounds of gold ($225,000), and that the Gauls should\\nimmediately quit the city and its territories. The conditions having\\nbeen confirmed by an oath on each side, the gold was brought out,\\nbut while they were weighing it, the Gauls kicked the beam. The\\nRomans expressing their resentment, Brennus, in a contemptuous\\nmanner, threw his sword, belt and all, into the scale, and when one\\ninquired what that meant, What should it mean, said he, but woe\\nto the conquered\\n88. Some of the Romans were highly incensed, and talked of taking\\naway their gold others contended that the indignity lay not in pay-\\ning more than was due, but in paying any thing. The dispute was\\nrapidly progressing to blows, when a new speaker suddenly appeared\\nupon the stage. This was Camillus. At the head of a large army, he\\nhad silently entered the gates, and sending the main body through the\\nprincipal streets, marched rapidly himself, with a select band, to the\\nBcene of debate. The Romans instantly gave way, and received the\\ndictator with respect and silence. He took the gold out of the scales,\\nand giving it to the lictors, with an air of authority, ordered ihe Gauls\\nto be gone, telling them it was the custom of the Romans to ransom\\ntheir country, not with gold, but with iron; adding, It is I, only\\nthat can make peace, as the dictator of Rome, and mj sword alon\u00c2\u00ab\\nBhall purchase it. A skirmish ensued, but the Gauls retreated to\\ntheir camp, and in the night Brennus dre\\\\\u00c2\u00bb his forces out of the oily,\\nMany contend that the Gauls kept their gold, and left Rome voluntarilj.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 81. How were the Gauls affected? What sufferings did they aiidergof\\nWhat accommodations were prepared In what manner was the pledge rejected 88. Jo\\nIhia crisis who came to the relief of tho liomana? State how. Give an account of the ifcir\\nmish and battle that followed. What tOOK place in process of time?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0390.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0391.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "i/ m^i N- e:i 1^", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0392.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "a 384.] ROifS REBUILT. 349\\nand pitched his te.nt eight miles distant, on the Gabian road. Here a\\nbattle was fought, in which the Gauls were completely routed and in\\nprocess of time the Roman territories were entirely cleared of the\\nformidable invaders, who had occupied them from the ides of July to\\nthe ides of February.\\n89. Rome REBxnLT. The refugees returned with their wives and\\nchildren the famishing denizens of the capitol met them with tears\\nof joy and the priests and vestals brought back the holy things into\\nthe 3ity. But there were no houses for the people to dwell in, no\\ntemples to receive the venerated images the tribunes, who main-\\ntained a i\u00c2\u00ab38pectful demeanor while the Gauls were in sight, began\\nagain to urge the removal to Veii and so fearful were the senate of\\nthis event, that they wouH not permit Camillus to lay down the office\\nof dictator, though no person had ever before held it more than six\\nmonths. The people, affected by a heartless despondency, urged that\\nthey had no materials for building, and no means of purchasing any,\\nthat their bodies were weak, and their strength insufficient to patch\\nup the ruins of a deserted city, while Veii stood entire, and ready to\\nreceive them.\\n90. The senate, on their part, showed them the monuments and\\ntombs of their ancestors, and begged them to remember the holy\\nplaces consecrated by Romulus and Numa. They reminded them of\\nthe predictions that Rome was to be the head of Italy, and they urged\\nthe disgrace it would be, to extinguish again the sacred fire which the\\nvestals had lighted since the war. Camillus, after exerting all his elo-\\nquence in favor of his native country, called upon the oldest senator\\nto give his opinion. Just then a centurion, passing the house with the\\nday-guard, called out to the ensign to stop, and set up his standard\\nthere, for that was the best place to stay in. The senator, who had\\nopened his mouth to speak, thanked the gods for this seasonable omen\\nand the others, equally affected by superstition, decided that Rome\\nshould be their future residence. The people acquiesced, and all\\nhands were speedily united in the work of rebuilding walls, temples,\\nand dwellings.\\n91. B- e. SS4. The bravery of Manlius in defending the capitol did\\nnot go unrewarded. The Romans erected a house for him near the\\nplace where he so distmguished himself, and appointed him a public\\nfund for his support. But his ambition was only increased by an\\nQiii^ie^\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb.\u00e2\u0080\u009489. What diffiealties attended tbe reDullding of Rome 1 90. What did tha\\naenato do oa their part? What Camillus? What happened jnst then? What w\u00c2\u00bbs tk\u00c2\u00bb\\neffect? 91. How wae Manlius rewarded? How did he then aotT", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0393.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "350 MMONWEALTH OP ROME. [b. o. 3\u00c2\u00abT\\nacknowledgment of his merits. He labored to ingratiate himself with\\nthe populace, paid their debts, and railed at the patricians. He talked\\nabout a division of land among the people; insinuated that there\\nshould be no distinction of rank in the state, and was always attended\\nby a crowd, whom he had made his very dear friends by re[)eated\\ngifts. To counteract the effect of his seditions speeches^ ihe senate\\nproposec Camillus for military tribune; and no sooner was he installed\\nin office, than he appointed Manlius a day to answer for liis crime,\\nilanlius made no defense, but pointed silently to the capitol, as if to\\n.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2emind the people of his contest with the Gauls. Camillus, ])ercely-\\n\\\\rg the etiect of this upon the multitude, had him taken to the Peto-\\n.me grove, and there, being out of siglit of the scene of his exploits,\\ntne people condemned him to be thrown from the Tarpeian rock.\\n92. The Lioinian Law. But this sacrifice did not give quiet to\\nRome. Many of the plebeians, during the distresses of their country,\\nhad acquired large foiianes, and were desirous to add to them a share\\nof the honors ol Kome. Fabius Ambustus had married his eldest\\ndaughter to baipicius, a rich patrician, and the youngest to an ambi-\\ntious plebeian, named -uicinius Stolo. It happened one day, when the\\nwife ot Stolo was visiting at tlie house of her sister, that Sulpiciua\\ncame home from tae torum, and his lictors with the staves of their\\nfasces tiiundered at the door. She was greatly frightened, but her\\nsister laughed at her as one lamentably ignorant of high life. This\\nridicule she could not endure, and from mortification and envy fell\\ninto a settled melancholy. The father and husband, having been made\\nacquainted witli the cause of her distress, assured her that her state\\nshould soon be made equal to that of her sister; and from that time\\nAmbustus and Stolo exerted themselves in putting forward a plebeian\\nfor consul. To give popularity to the proposal, they coupled with it\\nthe Agrarian law.\\n93. The contests which those hated measures excited were so great,\\nthat for five years no supreme magistrates were chosen, the tribunes\\nand sodiles administering the government with as much moderaticu\\nas the anarchy of the times would permit. Then they chose militaiy\\ntribunes two years; then made Camillus dictator; but this excellent\\nman, finding the people resolved upon a plebeian consul, soon resigned\\nhis office; the senate created another, but he did nothing more remark-\\nable than making Stolo master of the horse, an office whicli no plebeian\\nQueetions, ^91. What ambitious vlewa destroyed him? What was done to connteract\\nthe efifect of his speeches What then followed to Manilas f 92, 93, 94. ReLite th\u00c2\u00ab story al\\nBtolo s wife and her sister. What first gave existeQce to the Liclntau law Ueiat\u00c2\u00ab the\\nstory of Stoic s succesa.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0394.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "S. a 343.] THE SAMNITE WAR. 351\\nhad before held. Stolo also gained another point, which, thongh it\\ndid not bring liis wife into the higher ranks, liad a tendency to bring\\nthe higher ranks down to her. He secured the passage of a law* for-\\nbidding any person to own more than 500 acres of land but, unfor-\\ntunately, hi^ving afterwards possessed himself of 1,000, he was punished\\nby his own edict. In this manner the flame of contention oontiijued\\nto burn till it threatened to destroy all the virtue and patriotism of\\nRome; and so far was the impudence of the people carried, t}:at, oa\\none occasion, the tribunes sent lictors to take Caraillus oil the public\\ntribunal, where he sat dispensing justice, and carry him to prison.\\n94. The patricians who- stood around boldly repulsed tlie lictors,\\nbut the plebeians cried out, Down with him, down with him.\\nCamillus, perceiving that the people were determined upon having a\\nconsul, called the senators into a neighboring temple, and entreated\\nthem to give peace to the city by tlieir compliance; then, turning his\\nface to the capitol, he vowed to build a temple to Concord in case he\\nsaw tranquillity restored. In consequence of his advice, a law was\\npassed that one of the consuls should be a patrician and one a plebeian\\nand I.icinius Stolo having been duly elected to this office, his wife\\nenjoyed the supreme felicity of hearing her husband s lictors thunder\\nat the door. Thus Camillus, having spent a long life in the service of\\nhis country (being now above eighty), laid down his dictatorship, and\\ncommenced the more peaceful occupation of superintending the erec-\\ntion of the temple of Concord, built by a vote of the people, on a spot\\nm the forum, fronting the place of assembly. He was five times dic-\\ntator, five times military tribune, had the honor of four triumphs, and\\nwas styled The second founder of Rome. He died the next year,\\nof pestilence, which carried off a prodigious number of the inhabitants,!\\nB. 0. 361.\\n95. Samnite War. The Romans having triumphed over the Sa-\\nbines, the Etrurians, the Latins, the Equii, and Volscii, began to look\\nfor greater conquests. About one hundred miles east of their city lived\\nthe Samnites, a hardy nation, descended from the Sabines, who pos-\\nsessed a large tract of country, were strong in numbers and discipline,\\nThis law was called the Llclnlan law, from Licinius Stolo.\\nt Ab ^nt this time a gulf was opened in the fornm, which the augnrs declared would never\\nelose till the most precious things In Kome were thrown into it Quintius Curtius, a young\\nEoraan of great bravery, declaring that nothing was more truly valuable than pttriotisin\\nand military virtue, leaped into it, horse and ail upon which, says the historian, the gulf\\nclosed immediately, and Curtius was never seen again.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 9i. What temple was built by Camillus? What was he called? Why wm\\nhe so called In what year did he die How old wa\u00c2\u00ab be then? 95. What sacoeM led the\\nKomaas to desire icree.t\u00c2\u00abr oonqaett", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0395.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "352 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. o. 310\\nand linked witli confederated states. Some incursions upon the Cam\\npanians offered a pretext for a war, which lasted 71 years, and invoWeu\\nthe Romans, finally, with the Grecian states. The Latins also revolted,\\nand engaged with the Samnites. As the Romans were originally\\ndescended from this people, spoke the same language, and wore a\\nBimilar dress, great care was necessary to prevent confusion in the\\nbattle; and Manlius Torquatus issued orders that no Roman should\\n!cave the ranks upon any provocation, under penalty of certain death.\\nWith tliese injunctions both armies were drawn out in array, and\\nread} be Li^in, when the general of the Latin cavalry pushed out from\\nhis lijes, and challenged any knight in the Roman army to single\\ncombat.\\n96. There was a general pause, no soldier daring to disobey orders,\\ntill Titus Manlius, the consul s own son, burning with shame to see\\nthe whole Roman army standing as if intimidated, rode out into the\\nopen space, encountered the challenger, killed him, stripped him of\\nhis armor, and returned amid the shouts of his companions. Yet,\\ndoubtful of his reception from his father, he advanced with a modest\\nair, and laid the spoils at his feet. He was made sensible of his error\\nwhen the stern general, turning away, ordered him to be led forth in\\npresence of the whole army. Then, addressing him with a firm voice,\\nthough the tears streamed down his cheeks, Titus Manlius, said the\\nafflicted parent, as tliou hast regarded neither the dignity of the\\nconsulship nor the command of thy father, as thou hast destroyed\\nmilitary discipline and set a pattern of disobedience by thy example,\\nthou hast reduced me to the deplorable extremity of sacrificing my son\\nor my country. But let us not hesitate in this dreadful alternative.\\nThou thyself wilt not refuse to die, when thy country is to reap the\\nreward of thy sufferings. Go, lictor, bind him, and let his death be\\nour future example.\\n97. The whole army remained silent with horror while the inflexi-\\nHe father pronounced this sentence; but when they saw the head of\\ntheir young champion rolling in the dust, their execrations and groana\\nSlled the air. Their indignation found vent upon the enemy the\\nbattle was joined with inconceivable fury, and victory seemed equally\\nbalanced for a long time. The augurs had declared that if any part\\nof the Roman army should be distressed, the commander of that por-\\ntion must devote himself to his country. Manlius commanded the\\nright wing, and Decius the left. The latter, finding his men overborne\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 95, 96. What pretext for war was given them What melancholy atory\\nrelated of Titas Manlius? 97. How was the Cither s sentenr\u00c2\u00ab received by the soldisrsT\\nVhat circumstance flaally gave victoTf to Kome i", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0396.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "B.a281.J PY it RHUS SHIPWRECKED. 353\\nby numbers, clothed himself in a long robe, covered his head, stretched\\nforward his arms, and, standing upon a javelin, devoted himself to the\\ncelestial and infernal gods for the safety of Rome. Then, arming\\nhimself and mounting on horseback, he drove furiously into the\\nenemy, carrying terror and consternation wherever he went, till ha\\nfell, covered with wounds. The Romans considered his death a \u00c2\u00a9or\\ntain presage of victory and the Latins, equally superstitious, fled ii\\nlismay.\\n98. This was the last battle of consequence that the Latins evei\\nfought with the Romans. They concluded a peace upon the hardest\\nconditions, and were brought into entire submission. The remaindai\\nof this century was spent in the Samnite war. Each party suffered\\nsevere defeats several truces were made and broken, and many brave\\nmen were killed in battle. At one time a whole Roman army waa\\ntaken prisoners at the Caudine Forks, and compelled to pass under\\nthe yoke, a disgrace which was inflicted in turn upon the Samnites.\\n99. PYRRnus Defeated. \u00e2\u0080\u0094First and Second Punio Wars. b. o.\\n300. The Samnites alone could not have sustained so long a con-\\ntest with the Roman power. The neighboring states assisted with all\\ntheir forces. Among others, the Tarentines entered the lists, but,\\nfinding in the sequel that they had drawn an implacable enemy upon\\nthemselves, they sent messengers across the narrow sea which separated\\nthem from Epirus, to entreat the assistance of Pyrrhus, then the most\\nrenowned warrior of Greece.\\n100. B. 0. 281. Pyrrhus, who had always been ambitions to rival\\nAlexander in the extent of his conquests, gladly accepted the call. He\\nleft the shores of Epirus with 20,000 foot, 3,000 horse, and 20 ele-\\nphants. A great tempest agitated the Ionian Sea during his passage.\\nThe wind, as if in league with the Romans, drove a great part of hia\\nvessels a wreck, and prevented his landing, till at last he was com-\\npelled to leap into the sea and swim ashore. He found the Tarenti les\\noccupied with the pleasures of bathing, feasting, and dancing, quite\\nwilling that he should fight their battles and earn the fame he had\\ncome so far to gain. The measures he took to inspire a more warlike\\nspirit were not the most agreeable to them, and many left the city, a\\nthey said, to escape slavery.\\n101. In the midst of these flattering prospects, he received intelli\\ngence that the Rom\u00c2\u00abn consul, LsDvinus, was coming against him with\\nQueation8.\u00e2\u0080\u00949%, How was. the remainder of the century empioyed? What waa going on\\nIn Greece at that time 99. What difficulties commenced with the third century b. o. 7\\n100. What call did Pyrrhns accept? How large waa the force which he had? 8U ta tJ\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00ab\\ndifficultiea he encountered.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0397.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "354 COMMONWEA :.TH OF ROME. [b. o. 380\\na great army. Though all the Samnite cities had not yet joined his\\nitaudard, nor all his own forces arrived, yet, looking upon it as a dis-\\ngrace to sit still, he took the field with what troops he had, first send\\ning proposals to the Romans to act as umpire between them and the\\nFarentines. To this message Laevinus answered, That the Romans\\naeither accepted Pyrrhus as a mediator, nor feared him as an enemy.\\nWar being thus determined, both armies pitched their tents in sight\\nof each other upon the opposite banks of the river Lyris. The Roman\\noonsul, with the impetuosity of inexperience, gave orders for fording\\nihe river and the Grecian, as might be expected, stationed his troc ps\\nin such a manner as to oppose the attempt. In spite of the efforts of\\nthe Thessalian cavalry and Epirean foot, the Roman legions effected\\ntheir purpose, gained the southern bank of the river, and formed in\\ngood order in face of the enemy.\\n102. The engagement then became general, and victory was long in\\nsuspense. The Romans had seven times repulsed the enemy, and had\\nbeen seven times themselves driven back, when Pyrrhus sent his ele-\\nphants into the midst of the battle. The Romans, who had never\\nbefore seen creatures of such magnitude, were terrified by their fierce-\\nness, and by the castles upon their backs, filled with armed men. The\\nhorses shared in the general consternation, and, throwing their riders,\\nfled snorting from the scene of terror. The rout became general. A\\ndreadful slaughter of the Romans ensued; 15,000 were killed, and\\n1,800 taken prisoners.\\n103. The conquerors were also severe sufferers, and Pyrrhus was\\nheard to remark, One such victory more, and I am undone. Next\\nday he entered the deserted Roman camp. As he gazed upon the\\nbodies of the dead, and marked the noble resolution still visiuie upon\\ntheir countenances, he exclaimed, 0, with what ease could I conqr.er\\nthe world, had I the Romans for soldiers, or had they me for theii\\nking. The Saranites and Lucanians joined him after this battle, so\\nthat with a recruited army he advanced within thirty-seven miles of\\nRome. But the Romans, though defeated, were still unconquercd\\nThey used all diligence in levying forces and forming alliances, auQ\\nnever was there a time when their military and patriotic virtues shonv\\nwith clearer luster.\\n104. The Orator s Success. Pyrrhus, who boasted that he had\\nwon more cities by the eloquence of Oineas than by the force of arms,\\nQuesMons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 101. Give the preliminaries of the first battle between Pyrrhus and the Ro\\nmsBB. 102. Give an account of tlio battle. 103. What were the fruits of such a TlctojrjrT\\nWliat then was the condition of Home 1 What efforts did the Eom ns make 1", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0398.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.0.280.] COUNSEL OF APPIUS CLAUDIUS. 355\\nMnt bis famous orator to negotiate a peace. The crafty Grecian,\\naccustomed to tlxe corrupt bribery which had wrought so many revo-\\nlutions in his own country, took with him splendid presents, not only\\nfor the senators, but for their wives. The Roman matrons, however,\\nrefused his gifts, saying they would accept his presents when the senate\\nhad decided to accept his friendship. A public audience was granted,\\nand the disciple of Demosthenes used all bis eloquence to persuade the\\nRomans to enter into a treaty with Pyrrhus, which shoald secure\\nsafety f( r the Tarentines. Some inclined to peace, urging that Ihey\\nhad lost one great battle, and had still greater disasters to expect. An\\nillustrious Roman, named Appius Claudius, who, on account of his\\ngreat age and the loss of his sight, liad retired from public business,\\nordered his servants to carry him in his chair to the senate-house. A\\nrespectful silence ensued upon his appearance, and all listened with\\nthe deepest interest, while he delivered his sentiments in the following\\nterms\\n105. Hitherto, I have regarded my blindness as a misfortune, but\\nnow, Romans, I wish I had been as deaf a9 I am Uind, for then I\\nshould not have heard of your shameful counsels, so ruinous to the\\nglory of Rome. Where now are your speeches, so much echoed about\\nthe world, that if Alexander the Great had come into Italy when we\\nwere young, and our fathers in the vigor of their age, he would not\\nnow be celebrated as invincible, but, either by his flight or his fall,\\nwould have added to the glory of Rome. You now show the vanity\\nand folly of that boast, while you dread that very people who were\\never a prey to the Macedonians, and tremble at the name of Pyrrhus,\\nwho has all his life been paying his court to one of the guards of that\\nAlexander. Do not expect to get rid of him by making an allianct\\nwith him. That step will only open a door to many invaders, for who\\nis there that will not despise you, and think you an easy conquest, if\\nPyrrhus not only escapes unpunished for his insolence, but gains the\\nTarentines and Samnites, as a reward for insulting the Romans?\\n106. As soon as Appius had done speaking, the senate voted unaui\\nmously for the war, and dismissed Oineas wnth this answer T!*a\\nwhen Pyrrhus had quitted Italy, they would enter upon a treaty of\\nfriendship and alliance with him, if lie desired it but while he con-\\ntinued there in a hostile manner, they would j)rosecute the war against\\nhim with all their force, though he should have defeated a thousand\\n^umWww.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 104, 105, 106. By what meaas did Pyrrhus undertake to negotiate a peaceT\\nBow wore his jrifts received by the Roman matrons? Who was Appius Claudius f What\\norder did he give Who decided the question of peace or war? What wer\u00c2\u00ab the argum \u00c2\u00bbnt4\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f A.ppiu\u00c2\u00bb Claudius? With what answer was Cine\u00c2\u00bb8 dismissed?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0399.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "356 OOKMONWEALTH OP ROMS. [bo. 279\\nLflBvinnses. Cineas made a faithful report of all he saw in R^me to\\nPyrrhus. He said, that the senate appeared to him like an assembly\\nof kings; and as to the people, he was afraid that he had to do with a\\nLernsean hydra. But the character of the Romans was exhibited ia\\na position still more elevated when Fabricius, an ancient senator, a\\npattern of cheerful poverty and virtue (who, though formerly a con-\\nsul, had no plate in his house but a silver cup, the bottom of which\\nwas horn), came to treat with Pyrrhus upon exchange of prisoners.\\n107. Pyrrhus received him with great distinction, and privately\\ni egged him to accept of a large sum in gold, as a pledge of friendship\\nand hospitality. Fabricius refused the presents. Pyrrhus pressed\\nhim no further, but the next day he ordered an elephant to be armed,\\nand placed behind a curtain. Upon a concerted signal the huge ani-\\nmal raised his trunk over the venerable warrior s head, and used all\\nhis arts to intimidate him. Fabricius, without being the least discom-\\nposed, said to Pyrrhus, smiling, Neither your gold yesterday, nor\\nyour beast to-day, has made any impression upon me. Pyrrhus,\\nsharmed witli the equanimity of a barbarian who had never learned\\nphilosophy, granted him all the prisoners without ransom, on the\\nassurance of Fabricius that they should be returned in case of a\\nrenewal of the war.\\n108. The Second Battle. b. o. 279. By this time, the Romans\\nwere ready again to take the field against the Grecians. Both armies\\nmet near Asculum, being about 40,000 strong. Tlie Romans fought\\nwith more than common valor, but tlie Grecian phalanx stood immov-\\nable amidst the desi)erate slaughter; and the elephants, pressing into\\nthe midst of the legion, again decided the victory in favor of the king.\\nThe Romans left 6,000 men dead upon the field, nor had Pyrrhus\\ngreat reason to boast of his triumph 4,000 of his soldiers were slain,\\nincluding officers, and friends who had followed him from Greece; 90\\nthat wlien one congratulated him upon his victory, he exclaimec\\nagain, One such triumph more, and I am undone. This battle\\nfinished the cainpaign, and both parties retired into winter quarters.\\nThe next spring, Pyrrhus having received new supplies from home,\\nand the Romans having made Fabricius consul, two armies, equal to\\nthose formerly victors and vanquished, were led into the field.\\n109. While they were approaching, a letter was brought to Fabri-\\ncius from the king s physician, in which the writer ottered, for a suit-\\nQue\u00c2\u00abtions.\u00e2\u0080\u009410 107. What report did Cineas make? What purity of patriotism was\\neifaibiled by Fabricius? What was its eflfect upon Pyrrhus? 108. Describe the seoond\\nWattle. In what condition did the armies me\u00c2\u00abt the following spring t", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0400.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "B.O. 279.J END OF THE SAMNITE WAE. 357\\nable reward, to take his master oif by poison, and thus rid the Romans\\nof their most powerful enemy. Fabricius, indignant at the base pro-\\nposal, sent the letter to Pyrrhus, telling him that he had chosen men\\nof virtue and honor for enemies, and knaves and villains for friends.\\nAdmirable Fabricius, cried Pyrrhus, at this new proof of his mag-\\nnanimity, it would be as easy to turn the sun from its course, as thee\\nfrom the paths of honor. He punished the physician as he de-\\nserved, returned all his prisoners without ransom, and again desiref^\\npeace\\n110. The senate, not to be outdone, sent back the same numbor of\\ncaptive Samnites and Tarentines, but refused peace, except on the\\nformer condition. Pyrrhus was divided between shame and necessity.\\nHe was ashamed to leave the war unfinished, and he saw how hopeless\\nwas the prospect of subduing the Romans. An entreaty of the Sici-\\nlians for assistance against the Carthaginians relieved his embarrass-\\nment. He placed a garrison in Tarentum, and embarked with all his\\nforces for that island and the Romans, profiting by his absence, car-\\nried on the war with vigor for two years. At the end of this time\\nPyrrhus returned, and another battle with the Romans ensued.\\n111. The Third Battle. Pyrrhus, finding the balance turning\\nagainst him, had recourse once more to his elei)hants. But for these\\nthe Romans were now prepared. Having ascertained that fire was the\\nmost effectual weapon against the huge creatures, they threw burning\\nballs of flax and rosin against them, and drove them, mad with terror,\\nback upon their own ranks. Pyrrhus in vain attempted to stop the\\nflight and slaughter of his men the panic was general. He lost in\\nthat disastrous affair 23,000 of his best troops, and his camp was also\\ntaken. This last conquest was of the greatest service to the Romans.\\nThe Grecian method of encampment became thenceforth their own,\\nand many of their succeeding victories were the direct result of the\\nlessons they had learned of the unfortunate Epirots.\\n112. Pyrrhus returned to Tarentum. Finding it impossible to rais\u00c2\u00ab\\nanother army among the oisiieartened Samnites, lie privately embarked,\\nand returned to Epirus with the remains of his shattered forces, leav-\\ning a garrison in Tarentum, merely to save appearances. This garri-\\nson lorded it so inhumanly over the poor luxurious Tarentines that\\nthey surrendered; and thus ended the Saranite war, after continuing\\nQuestion^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 109. How did Fabricins treat the offer of the king s physician What excU-\\nmation bnnt from the lips of Pyrrhus? 110, IIow did Fabricius s con(]uct influence hii\\nftctions? IIow long before another battle was fought with Pyrrhus 111. Describe the third\\nbattle. Of what service was the conquest to the Komans? 112. What movements di\\nPTItIius then make t B7 what act did the Samnite war end How long bad it coatinaed", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0401.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "358 C M M N W R A L T II OF ROME. [b. o. 264\\n71 years. The Roman commonwealth was at this time rich. There-\\nwere 200,000 citizens capable of bearing arms: and such was theii\\nveDOWD abroad, that Ptolemy Philadelphus sent embassadors to con\\ngratulate them upon their success, and entreat their alliance.\\n113. First Punio* TTae. We come now to consider Rome in a\\nmost interesting period of her history; when, venturing beyond the\\nbounds of Italy, she stretched her arras across the sea, and began the\\nsonqaest of other lands. About 100 years before the foundation ol\\nRome, Dido, sister of Pygmalion, king of Tyre, fled from the tyranny\\nof her brother, with a select band of followers, and landed in Africa,\\nnear the spot where Tunis now stands. There a city was founded,\\nwhich extended its commerce along the shores of the Mediterranean,\\nind became one of the richest and most powerful cities in the world.\\nCarthage also possessed, in the opinion of Aristotle, one of the most\\nperfect governments of antiquity. At the time of the Punic wars she\\nhad under her dominion 800 of the smaller cities of Africa, with their\\nterritories. The expulsion of Pyrrhus from Italy the subjugation of\\nthe Samnites and Tarentines had made the Romans masters of the\\ngarden of Europe. Sicily was their granary, but, not content with\\nthe supplies of corn annually received, they secretly desired to possess\\nthe island itself, the more, perhaps, because Carthage claimed some\\nof its cities, and sent her fleets unquestioned into the bay of Tarentum\\nand up the Adriatic.\\n114. A trifle could serve as a pretext for declaring war when both\\nparties were predisposed for the contest^ and that trifle was found in\\nSicily. Iliero, king of Syracuse, making war upon the Mamertines,\\nentreated the aid of Carthage; and the Mamertines, to escape impend-\\ning ruin, threw tliemselves upon the protection of the Romans. The\\nRomans came to the point at once, and boldly declared war against\\nCarthage. But a serious difficulty presented itself in the outset. The\\nCarthaginians were tlie greatest mariners in the world. The Romans\\nhad never been out of sight of land. The genius of Rome, however,\\npatiently leveled every obstacle in its way to empire. A Carthaginian\\nTeasel was driven ashore upon the coast of Italy. The Romans imme-\\ndiately set about imitating this ship, and in two months had 120\\ngalleys read) for sea. Men long accustomed to husbandry alone noi?\\nCalled Punic, from Phenicia, the parent state.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \\\\\\\\2. What then was the condition of the Roman commonwealth Who sent\\nembassadors? To whom were they sent? For what purpose were lh .v st-nt? 113, 114.\\nWhat war do wo next come to? What was the origin of Carthage? Wh.il is said of i:8\\ngovernment? What gave rise to the first Punic war? What difficnlty was .vercome h\\\\ i\\nseeming accident?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0402.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "B. 0.256 J FIRST PUNIC WAR. 859\\nbecame Bailors, and committed themselves to the sea in their clumsy\\nfleet.\\n115. The consul Duillius, though ignorant of maritime affairs, in-\\nvented an instrument which, upon an impulse of two ships, kept thera\\n4;rappled together, so that by this means the Romans had an oppor-\\ntunity of engaging their enemies hand to hand. When the rival fleets\\nmet, he gained the victory by the superior courage of his soldiers, ind\\nCock fifty of the enemy s ships. This unexpected success so gratified\\nme senate that they decreed Duillius a signal triumph, and ordered\\nt-nat whenever he went out to supper a band of music should atteml\\nrum. The contest went on by land in Sicily, in the mean time, with\\nvarying success; victory sometimes declaring for the Carthaginians,\\nind sometimes for the Romans. The latter took Agrigentum in\\nicily, Alberia in Corsica, and the islands of Lipari and Malta.\\n116. Expedition to Africa. But these trifling successes could not\\nsatisfy the ambition of the Romans. The conquest of Sicily they saw\\nwas only to be obtained by humbling the power of Carthage at home.\\nThey decided, therefore, to carry the war into Africa. A fleet of\\n300 sail was fitted out, manned with 140,000 men, and Regulus and\\nManlius were created consuls to conduct the expedition. This arma-\\nment, the greatest that had ever left an Italian port, was met by the\\nCarthaginians with a fleet as powerful, manned by sailors rather than\\nsoldiers. The Carthaginians managed their vessels with the greatest\\nskill, and seemed at first to have the advantage; but when the ships\\ncame in close contact the Romans prevailed the enemy s fleet was\\ndispersed, and 54 ships were taken. No further obstacle intervening,\\nthe consuls made a descent upon the coast of Africa, captured a Car-\\nthaginian city, and took 20,000 prisoners. Soon after, Manlius was\\nrecalled to superintend the Sicilian war, and Regulus directed to con-\\ntinue his conquests in Africa, and as his term was nearly expired he\\nwas made general, with the title of Proconsul.\\n117. At first, Regulus was successful in his contests with the Car-\\nthaginians. He defeated them in a pitched battle, and filled the land\\nwith guch terror of the Roman name, that 80 towns submitted to his\\narms. The Numidians united with him, and ravaged the lands of Car-\\nthage the peasants fled on every side to the city, and filled it with\\n(^e*Uons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\\\\\b. Who was Duillius What instrument did he invent to aid the Romans 7\\nGive an account of the naval contest. How was Duillius rewanleil What towns and\\nUlands did the Romans afterward take 116. In what manner did these trifling 8ncce\u00c2\u00ab6e\u00c2\u00ab\\naffect the Romans? What did they consider nec\u00c2\u00abssary in order to hutnble Carthage? What\\naxpedition was sent? Give an account of the naval battle that occurred. What further\\nfeoccess did the Romans have? Why was Manlius recalled To what position was Roguluf\\n.CT)ointea 117. Give an account of the successes of Regulua,", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0403.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "560 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [8.0.271\\ndespairing cries for bread. The Carthaginians, as a last resort, sent\\nto the Lacedemonians for help, offering to give their general the com-\\nmand of the army. To provide also for the worst, they dispatched\\nsome of their principal men to Regulus, to beg a peace. This noble\\nold general had long wished to return to his native country. He had\\nhsard that, his steward was dead; that his servant had stolen all hie\\ninstruments of husbandry that his farm of seven acres lay unculti-\\nvatec^ and that his children were in danger of suffering actual want.\\nAll ]js personal feelings were therefore in favor of peace; yet, con-\\nsidering the duty he owed his country as paramount to all others, he\\ndictated such terms as he knew the Carthaginians would refuse.\\n118. The treaty was consequently broken off, and both parties pre-\\npared for another engagement. Xanthippus, the Lacedemonian gene-\\nral, arrived in due season and by a skillful disposition of his forces,\\nand the aid of his elephants, succeeded in defeating the enemies of\\nCarthage. The Roman army was almost entirely destroyed, and Regu-\\nLus was talcen prisoner.* Nor was the defeat of their army, and the\\ncapture of Regulus, the only misfortune that befell the Romans. They\\nlost Agrigentum their whole fleet perished in a storm they built\\nanother, which shared the same fate they built yet another, which\\nthe mariners drove upon quicksands and, finally, they gave up for a\\ntime all hopes of rivaling Carthage by sea. They however continued\\ntheir efforts by land, till they gained the greater part of Sicily.\\n119. Regulus. The Carthaginians, exhausted by the length of the\\nwar, determined to send embassadors to Rome, to negotiate a peace,\\naccompanied by Regulus, whom they had now kept in prison four\\nyears. A promise was exacted from him, that he would return in\\ncase the senate did not accept of their offers, and he was given to\\nunderstand that his life depended upon the success of his mission.\\nWhen the venerable general approached the city, his friendb came out\\nto meet and conduct him home; but Regulus refused, with settled\\nmelancholy, to enter the gates, saying that he was but a slave to the\\nCarthaginians, and unfit to partake in the liberal honors of his country.\\nThe senate assembled without the walls, to give audience to the em-\\nRoman historians Bay that the Carthaginians attempted to assassinate Xanthippus\\nikat he might not take the honor of this victory away from them.\\nQuestions. lit. What aid did the Carthaginians solicit? What private feelings did\\nEegulns surrender to his patriotism? IIS. Who aided to defeat the Romans? Give aa\\naccount of the battle that then occurred. What Is said of Regulus What evils to the\\nRomans followed in rapid succession? What advantage did they gain in Sicily? 119.\\nWhy did the Carthaginians again make offers of peace To what place did they send em-\\nbassadors Who accompanied the embassadors 7 Under what conditions was Regulua seat\\nIn what manner were they received by the Roman senate", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0404.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "B.a241.J FIRST PUNIC WAR. 361\\nbassadors, and Regulus opened his commission, as directed by the Car-\\nthaginians. The senate, wearied with an eight years war, were\\nwilling to accede to almost any proposals which would terminate it\\nwith honcr; nor was it a slight consideration with them, that peace\\nwould liberate a brave old general, whom all the people revered and\\nloved.\\n120. Regulus, as one of the senate, had also the privilege of giving\\nlis opinion. When he came to speak, to the surprise of all, he insisted\\ncpon continuing the war. He assured the Romans that the Cartha-\\nginians could not hold out much longer; he said the people were\\nharassed out with fatigues, and the nobles with contention and ho\\nsupported his opinion by the consideration so weighty with the Romans,\\nthat their ancestors had never made peace till they were victorious.\\nAdvice so unexpected and magnanimous filled every oup with admira-\\ntion. The senate could not deny the justice of his remarks every\\nfeeling of patriotism enforced the counsels of Regulus and every sen-\\ntiment of humanity cried out against consigning the noble captive to\\ntorture and death. But Regulus himself relieved their embarrassment\\nby breaking off the treaty, and rising to return to his bonds.\\n121. It was in vain that the senate and all his dearest friends\\nentreated him to stay in vain his wife and children begged permis-\\nsion once more to embrace him he persisted in keeping his promise\\nnor would he see his friends, lest their despair should move his resolu-\\ntion. Without taking leave of those he should never again behold, he\\ndeparted with the embassadors for Africa. Nothing could equal the\\ndisappointment and fury of the Carthaginians when informed by their\\ndeputies of the part Regulus had taken, and the influence he had\\nexerted against them. The utmost ingenuity of savage cruelty was\\nexerted to torture him. In the darkness of his prison, his eyelids\\nwere cut off, and then he was brought out and exposed to the burning\\nrays of a tropical sun. Finally, he was put into a barrel stuck full of\\nnails, that pointed inwards, and left to die of agony.\\n122. The Treaty. Both sides now took up arms with more than\\nformer animosity. The Romans, though so often wrecked, once more\\nfitted out a fleet to dispute with Carthage the empire of the sea. In\\nthis effort they were again unsuccessful, and finally became so dis-\\ncouraged by the disasters they suffered from winds and waves, that\\nfor seven years they abstained from all naval expeditions. But their\\nQu\u00c2\u00absHons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\20, 121. What waa the advice of Eegulus? Whflt course did be then take!\\nWhat is said of the consequeut disappointment and fury of the CarthnsiniansT What VM\\nthe fate of Regulus 122. How was the war then prosecuted? What is said of the mxX\\noon..efll on the sea Of lt effocts upon the Romans 7\\nId", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0405.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "362 COMMONWEAL T li OF ROME [b. c. 2il\\ninflexible spirits could not be broken. In seven years the hoys had\\nbecome men, and the memory of storms and tempests had ceased lo\\nintimidate the former mariners. Another fleet was constructed, and\\nby two splendid victories their fortunes were retrieved, and the powei\\nof Carthage so humbled at sea, that she was forced to conclude a\\npeace on the very terms which she had before refused to Regulus.\\nThese were, that the Carthaginians should lay down 1,000 talents of\\nsilver to defray the expense of the war that they should pay 2,200\\nmore in ten years time; that they should quit Sicily and the adjacent\\nislands; that they should never make war against the allies of Rome,\\nor come with any vessels of war within the Roman dominions; and\\nthat all Roman prisoners and deserters should be delivered up without\\nransom. To these hard conditions the Carthaginians subscribed and\\nthus ended the first Punic war, which had lasted 24 years.\\n123. Peace, Wae with the Gauls. This war being closed, a\\nprofound peace ensued, in which the temple of Janus was shut for the\\nsecond time since the foundation of the city. The Romans now\\nturned their thoughts to domestic improvement. They began to have\\na relish for poetry. Dramas were acted upon the Grecian model;\\nelegiac, pastoral, and didactic compositions assumed new beauties in\\nthe Latin tongue, and satire was invented by Lucilius. The Gauls,\\nhaving again crossed the Apeninnes, entered Etruria, and wasted all\\nwith fire and sword, till they came within about three days journey\\nof Rome.* The celebrated Marcellus, afterwards called The Sword\\nof Rome, was appointed to lead forth the army against these in-\\nvaders.\\n124. Viridomarus, king of the Gauls, clothed in armor set oflf with\\njold and silver, rode out on horseback, and challenged the Roman\\ngeneral to single combat. Marcellus, who never refused a challenge,\\nnor ever failed of killing the challenger, spurred on his horse to the\\n01 iest, vowing to consecrate the armor of the barbarian to Jupiter.\\nWith a mighty stroke of his spear he pierced the breastplate of the\\nGaul, and with two or three more blows dispatched him. The two\\nT ae Romans, who still retained the remembrance of the sufferings of their city from\\nthese barbarians, made extraordinary preparations to meet them. They applied to the\\nBlbyls books for counsel, and, in compliance with the oracles, buried alive two Greeks\\nman and a woman), and two Gauls also, in the beast market\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 122. Of the two victories gained by the Romans? Of the terms of peace-\\nexacted by Rome? How many years had the Punic war lasted? 123,124. Daring lb\u00c2\u00ab\\npeace that followed, what advancements were made in literature and science What diffi-\\nculty with the Gauls diverted the attention of the Romans? Who was appointed to lead\\nthe Roman army? Who was king of the OshIh* Describe the encounter between the tw\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0406.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "B- c. 218 SECOND PUNIC WAR\\n363\\narmies then met, and a prodigious slaugliter of the Gauls ensued; till,\\nentirely beaten, they sued for peace. The triumpli of Marcellus was\\none of the most splendid ever seen. The general, having cut the\\ntrunk of an oak into the form of a trophy, adorned it with the glitter-\\ning armor of Viridoniarus, and, setting it upon his slioulder, rode\\nthrough the city in a chariot drawn by four horses, while the army\\nfollowed, singing songs and odes made for the occasion, and displaying\\nthe spoils they had taken from the enemy.\\n125. Skcoxi) Punio War.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 b. o. 218.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The peace between Rome\\nand Carthage had now continued 23 years. During this time, a man\\nhad grown up in the latter city to whom historians give the highest\\nplace as a general and a warrior. This was Hannibal, the son of\\nHamilcar, former general of Carthage. When his son was only nine\\nyears old, Hamilcar took him to the altar, and, laying his hand upon\\nthe victim about to be sacrificed, made him swear that he would never\\nbe in friendship with tiie Romans, nor desist from opposing their\\npower, till he or they should be no more. Tliis hatred, so early\\nimplanted, and so sedulously cultivated in the breast of Hannibal,\\nhad grown with his growth and strengthened with his strength and\\nnow, in the prime of life, he prepared himself to try whether Rome\\nor he should fall.*\\n126. The Carthaginians, who made peace only because they were\\nno longer able to continue the war, having now recovered from then\\nembarrassments, were excited by Hannibal to throw olf their burden-\\nsome tribute, and attempt to regain the cities they had lost. To open\\nthe campaign, Hannibal crossed into Spain with a considerable body\\nof forces, and laid siege to Saguntum, a city in alliance with the Ro-\\nmans. As soon as news of this aifair reached Rome, embassadors\\nThe testimony of the historian may aid us in forming an Idea of this extraordinary\\nman. He was possessed of the greatest courage In opposing danger, and the greatest\\npresence of mind in retiring from it. No fatigue was able to subdue his body; no misfor-\\ntune could break his spirit. He was equally patient of heat and cold and he was frequently\\nfound stretched upon the ground among his sentinels, covered only with his watch-coat\\nHe was the best horseman and the swiftest runner of his time. He was e\\\\i)erienced, saga\\neicus, provident, bold, prudent in carrying out the most extensive designs, and fer tile^in\\nexpedients to perplex his enemies. In consequence of his history having been writter\\nby those in Roman interest, the cruelty, faithlessness, and hypocrisv ascribed to him hav^.\\nfound no friendly hand to palliate their enormity, and the failure of his mighty plaas to\\nredeem his country left him without a panegyrist so that, great as he unquestionably was,\\n\u00c2\u00bbnd wonderful as were his exploits, hi\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab character stands before us in a position which\\nobscures its splendor and represses our aQmiration.\\nQu\u00e2\u0082\u00acsiion.s.--V24. The battle that followed. Marccllus s manifestations of tnnmph. 125,\\nFor what period of time did peace continue between Carthage and Rome? Give the early\\nhistory of Hannibal, with his father s consecration and vow. 126. To what .Iil lianuibal\\nIr-jUe th\u00c2\u00bb ;anhaj{iuian8 T Where did h\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bb Tv\u00c2\u00bbn the campaijrn T", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0407.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "364 COMMONWEALTH OP ROME. [b. o. 218\\nwere sent to Carthage to complain of the infraction of the treaty, and\\nto require that Hannibal should be given up. This demand was\\nrefused. The principal embassador, perceiving the state of feeling\\namong the Carthaginian ministry, held out the skirt of his robe, say-\\ning, that he brought them peace or war, and they might choose\\nbetween them. They desired him to deliver which he thought\\nproper. Then let it be war, said the indignant Roman, and irame\\ndiately took his departure.\\n127. War being thus declared, nothing was left but again to build\\nfleets, J \u00c2\u00bbvy armies, raise supplies, and in every possible way prepare\\nfor conflict. Saguntum surrendered, and Hannibal soon overran all\\nSpain vnih his victorious troops. Then, having collected a large army\\nof all languages and nations, he resolved to carry the war into Italy\\nitself, as the Romans had before carried it into the dominions of Car-\\nthage. With 50,000 foot and 9,000 horse, he passed the Pyrenees\\ninto Gaul, traversed the vast forests, defeated the savage enemies, and\\ncrossed the rapid rivers which opposed his march, and in ten days\\narrived at the foot of the Alps, over which he had determined to\\nexplore a new passage into Italy.\\n128. Passage of the Alps. It was midwinter when this aston-\\nishing project was undertaken. The mighty glaciers which had been\\naccumulating for ages frowned upon him from above, and vast caverns,\\nthrough which the mountain torrents roared fearfully along, yawned\\nfrom below the rude cottages which seemed to hang upon the sides\\nof the precipices offered no friendly shelter; and bands of people,\\nbarbarous and fierce, dressed in skins covered with long, shaggy hair,\\nrendered the prospect more forbidding, and the wilderness more ter-\\nrible. But nothing could subdue the courage of Hannibal. Assuring\\nhis followers that they were now scaling, not the walls of Italy, but of\\nRome, he led them up the sides of the mountains, along ihe dizzy\\nheights, over the icy paths and, driving back the barbarians, aftei\\nI ne days of incredible fatigue, gained a summit whence his soldiers\\ncould descry the fertile vales of Italy, spread out in beaaty beneath\\nthe warm rays of the sun.\\n129. After two days rest, they prepared for the descent a work\\nmore perilous than even the ascent had been. Prodigious quantities\\nof snow had fallen, in whi\u00c2\u00ab^h multitudes were buried; every nevr\\nadvance seemed to inrrease the danger, till, at last, they came to the\\nQuesHons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\2 lu this crisis, of what did the Romans complaint What -iid they re\\nquiro? In what inannor was war finsilly declared 127. What success attendfd Hannibal?\\n128, 129. Describe ibc jfasftage over the Alps. Where was Ticinlum! Trebiarivur :Map", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0408.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "8.0.218.] SECOND PUNIO WAR 3(35\\nverge of a rock above 300 yards perpendicular, which seemed utterly\\nimpassable. Despair appeared in every face but Hannibal s. He could\\nnot go round it; he would not turn back. He therefore made prepa-\\nrations to level the obstruction. Great numbers of trees were felled,\\npiled against it, and set on fire. The rock, being thus heated, saya\\nLivy, was softened by vinegar, and a way opened through which the\\nwhole army might safely pass. Then, as they descended, the valleja\\nbecame more fertile, the cattle found pasture, and at the end of fifteen\\ndays Hannibal found himself upon the plains of Italy with about half\\nhis army- -the rest having fallen victims to the inclemency of the\\nweather, cr the hostility of the natives.\\n130. Battles of Tioinium and Trkbia. b. o. 218. The senate,\\nduring all this time, had not been idle. The army, headed by Scipio,\\nhad been ordered into the field to intercept the course of the invader\\nand before the Carthaginians had recovered from their fatigues, they\\nwere attacked by the Romans near Ticinium. The consul was wounded\\nin the beginning of the fight, and would have been slain, had not his\\nson Scipio (afterward Africanus) saved his father s life at the hazard\\nof his own. The engagement was for some time carried on with equal\\nvalor on both sides, till a party of Numidian horse, making a circuit,\\nattacked the Romans in flank, and routed them with considerable loss.\\n131. T \u00c2\u00bbe Gauls, having been treated with great respect by the Car-\\nthaginians joined the army of Hannibal. Sempronius, the other con-\\nsul, resolving to repair the injury sustained by his colleague, gave\\nbattle again upon the banks of the river Trebia. Hannibal, aware of\\nRoman impetuosity, sent oflf a body of 1,000 horsemen, each with a\\nfoot-soldier behind him, to ravage the country, and provoke the enemy\\nto engage. The Romans drove them back, and they, seeming to be\\ndefeated, took to the river. The consul pressed on after them, and not\\ntill he had reached the opposite bank did he perceive that the day was\\nost for his men, fatigued with wading the river, and benumbed with\\nthe coldness of the water, which reached their armpits, could not\\nwithstand the tremendous charge of the Carthaginians, and 26,00(\\nwere cither killed or drowned in the river.\\n132. The loss of these two battles did not intimidate the RomaL\\nnor lull Hannibal into false security. Preparations for the ensuing\\ncampaign were carried on with the greatest vigor on both sides. The\\nCarthaginian general approached Rome by way of Etruria, through the\\nQuestions. 180. Where did the enemies meet for the first battle? Wtis ,i. service d. l\\nScipio render his father Whni circumstance decided the fate o the battle 181. Wh\u00c2\u00bbt\\nnew force joined Hannibal? By what slraiagcm 6^ Hannibal i\u00c2\u00bbrovok a second battled\\n6ivi\u00c2\u00bb ao account of it 132. Give a further a ouni m tlannibal s march towwd Bom\u00c2\u00ab.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0409.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "366 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. c. 217.\\nmarshes of the river Arno. All the former fjitigues of his army \u00c2\u00bbvere\\nnothing in comparison with what they suffered here. For three daya\\nand three niglits successively, tliey marched up to the knees in water,\\nwithout sleep or rest the hoofs of the horses came off, aud multitude*\\nof the baggage beasts were left dead in the mud.\\nJ.33. Hannibal himself rode upon an elephant, the only one he had\\n.eft, and, in addition to the feelings occasioned by the complicated\\nlistless of his army, suffered so much from an inflammation in his eyes\\nAat he lost one of them entirely. Hearing that Flaminius, with his\\naimy, lay in the direct road toward Rome, he turned aside, as if desi\\nrous of avoiding him, and ravaged the country with fire and sword.\\nThis had the desired effect. The consul could not bear to wait quietly\\nfor a re-enforcement, while the enemy was thus laying every thing\\nwaste around him, and, contrary to the advice of his friends, deter-\\nmined to risk an engagement.\\n134. Battle of Thkasymknus. Fabitjs. Hannibal took a position\\nwith his army near Lake Thrasymenus, upon a chain of mountains,\\nbetween which and the lake was a narrow passage, leading to a valley\\nembosomed in hills. Into this valley Flaminius led his men to the\\nattack. A mist rising from the lake obscured the sight of the Romans.\\n80 that they could not perceive the number or position of their ene-\\nmies. They were accordingly defeated without having been able to\\ndo any thing worthy of the Roman name.* 15,000 fell in the valley,\\nand 6,000 surrendered prisoners of war. Flaminius did every thing\\nthat valor could do to rally his forces, and finally died fighting alone in\\nthe midst of the enemy.\\n135. When this news reached Rome, the praetor assembled the\\npeople, and made the following proclamation: Romans, we have\\nlost a great battle; our army is cut to pieces, and Flaminius is slain;\\nthink, therefore, what is to be done for your safety. After the first\\nconsternation had subsided, they unanimously agreed to elect Fabius\\nMaximus dictator a man whose spirit and dignity admirably fitted\\naim for the office. His house was one of the most illustrious in\\nRome, for the Fabian family once undertook alone to cope with the\\npower of Veil, and 306 of them perished in one expedition. It was\\nWhile the battle lasted, an earthquake overttirned whole cities, changed the conrsd of\\nrtTera, and tore oflFthe tops of mountains; yet so desperate was the fight, that neither party\\npwGSiTed the violent motion.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ISS. By what nieans did he hasten another battle? IM. Where did the t ^^o\\narmies meet? What gave the advantage to the Carthaginians? With what success was it\\nfollowed? What was the fat, of Flaminius? ISa. At this crisis, who was made dictator of\\nKoin\u00c2\u00ab What was the character of Fabius What is related of his boos^", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0410.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "t.c. 217.] SBCONr. PUNIC WAR. 367\\nthe policy of Fabius* to harass, rather than JigJit^ the Cartliaginians.\\nHe always encamped on the high grounds, out of the way of the\\nenemy s cavalry. When they sat still, he did the same; when they\\nmoved, he showed himself upon the hills, as if preparing for action;\\nhe straitened their quarters, cut off their provisions, and kept them in\\nconstant fear of surprise.\\n136. Hannibal, finding it impossible to bring on a general engage\\nment, used all his arts to make Fabius appear the coward, rather than\\nthe skillful general. This impression actually pervaded the Roman\\ncamp, and some of the officers called Fabius the pedagoguet of Han-\\nnibal and his general of horse sneeringly inquired if he intended to\\ntake his army up into heaven, or to screen them from the enemy with\\nclouds and fogs. Fabius bore all their taunts with the greatest\\nequanimity; nor would he change his tactics, though he witnessed the\\nravaging of Raranium, and the plunder of many flourishing cities. At\\nlast, Hannibal determined to make use of a stronger bait, to draw the\\ndictator from his impregnable station. For this purpose, he ordered\\nhis guides to conduct him to the plains of Casinum but they, mista-\\nking the word, through his barbarous pronunciation, led him to Casili-\\nnum, a valley stretching out to the sea-\\nls?. As soon as he had entered, Fabius seized the narrow outlet,\\nand there held him in a most disadvantageous position, without any\\nplace of egress. Hannibal crucified his guides for their mistake, and\\nset his African cunning at work to devise some means of escape. The\\nplan he adopted was this. One dark night, he ordered lighted fagota\\nto be tied to the horns of 2,000 oxen. The creatures were then driven\\nslowly toward the pass, like an army marching with torches. The\\nRomans took them for what they appeared but when the fire burnt\\nto the quick, and the animals, mad with pain, ran up the hiils with\\ntheir loreheads flaming, and filling the air with unearthly sounds, the\\ndetachment set to guard the outlet, expecting they knew not what,\\nfled to the main body. The Carthaginians seized the pass, and Han\\ncibal escaped through the defile to Apulia.\\n138. The Romans now murmured more than ever against Fabius.\\nand his office soon after expiring, a violent contest arose about th\u00c2\u00ab\\nWasblngton has been called the American Fablns.\\nt The office of a pedagogue was to attend children, to cany them ab\u00c2\u00bbut, and conduct them\\nhome.\\nQiie8tumfi.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\Z 187. By what policy did he thwart the wishes of Hannibal? Into\\nwhat strait was Hannibal by mistake driven How did he free himself from the threatened\\ni\u00c2\u00bbnifer T Where was Lake Thrasymenus Caainuqj Casllinum (Map No. 4.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0411.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "368 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [3.0216\\nelection of consuls. The citizens at length chose Yarro, a man sprung\\nfrom the dregs of the people, rash and self-confident, and joined with\\nhim Emilius Paulus, father of that Pauliis Emilius who so distinguished\\nhimself afterwards in Greece, and father-in-law of Scipio the Great.\\nFabius, who saw the danger that threatened the state from two such\\nill-matched commanders, entreated Emilius to guard against ll\u00c2\u00ab\\ndevices of Uannibal and the rashness of Varro. Emilius promised to\\nheed his caution, and set forth with his plebeian colleague at the head\\nof 90,000 men, the flower of Italy. Hannibal, who had only about\\ntwo -thirds as many troops, was encamped upon the plains of Oannss,\\nin such a position that the south wind, which raised clouds of sand\\nfrom the dry plains, would drive directly in the faces of an approach-\\ning enemy.\\n139. Battle of Oann^. On the first day of their arrival it was\\nEmilius s turn to command, and though Hannibal did all in his power\\nto bring him to battle, yet he declined fighting under circumstances so\\ndisadvantageous. The next day, Varro, without waiting for the con-\\ncurrence of Emilius, hung out the scarlet mantle, and, leading his\\ntroops across the river Aufidus, set the battle in array. Hannibal,\\nwho had been from daybreak marshaling his forces, disposed them in\\nsuch a manner, that when the main body should give way before the\\nimpetuosity of the Roman charge, the wings should surround the\\nenemy, and thus engage on all sides at once. This was the principal\\ncause of the carnage that followed. The Romans, penetrating the\\ncenter, were completely embosomed and Hannibal s army, taking the\\nform of a crescent, closed in behind them, and suffered none to escape.\\n140. Varro fled w^ith a few horse, and Emilius, covered with darts,\\nwhich stuck in his wounds, sat down in anguish and despair, waiting\\nfor the enemy to dispatch him. His head and face were so disfigured\\nwith dust and blood, that many of his friends passed by witliout RnoW\\ning him. At last Lentulus, a tribune, flying on horseback, came up\\nto the spot, and recognizing him, dismounted; Emilius, cried he,\\nyou at least are guiltless of this day s slaughter take my horse,\\nwhile you have any strength remaining I will assist you, and will\\ndefend you with my life. I thank thee, Lentulus, cried the dying\\nconsul, but go, I command thee, and tell the senate to fortify Rome\\nagainst the conqueror. Tell Fabius, also, that Emilius followed his\\nQttestions. 188. Who was chosen In place of Fabius to lead the Roman army? Why\\nwas not Fabius rechosen? What Is said of Varro? Who was Emilius Paulus? Whal\\nadvice did Uannibal give to Emilius? 139, 140. Why did Emilius decline to give battle I\\nWhat course did Varro pursue Describe tiie battle that followed. Relate the coQTerM\\nWon between Emilius and Lentulus. By what name is that battle kno^ifj?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0412.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "B.a216.3 SECOND PUNIC WAR. 369\\ndirections to tlie last, but was first overcome by Yarro, and then by\\nHannibal. While he was yet speaking the enemy approached, and\\nLentulus, before he was out of sight, saw the consul expire, feebly\\nfighting in the midst of hundreds.\\n141. In this battle the Ptomans lost 53,000 men, several officers, and\\n80 many knights, that it is said Hannibal sent three bushels of gold\\nrings to Carthage, which those of this order had worn upon the^j fin-\\ngers. Hannibal s friends advised him to follow the fugitives irLme\u00c2\u00ab\\ndiately to Rome, assuring him that in five days he might sup in tb*\\ncapitol but he did not think proper to attempt the siege of a citj\\nsheltered by walls and ramparts till he had formed alliances with the\\nneighboring states. The battle of Cannae so changed the face of affairs,\\nthat the Carthaginians, who had been obliged to move from place to\\nplace, like a great band of robbers, now saw the best provinces of\\nItaly m their power and Capua, the most considerable city, open to\\nreceive them.\\n142. At Rome, nothing was heard but shrieks and laraentdtions\\none-third of the senators were slain one-half the city were in mourn-\\ning for their dearest friends; and an enemy, whose vindictive cruelty\\nhad been fully proved, was daily expected at their gates. Fabius\\nalone walked about the city with an unruffled countenance, encourag-\\ning the magistrates, placing the guards, and adopting suitable precau-\\ntions for the safety of the commonwealth. The people found in his\\njudgment their temple, their altar, and their hope and from his calm\\ndemeanor seemed to gather new resolution and confidence. When\\nVarro arrived, the senate, instead of reprimanding him for his rash-\\nness, went out to meet him, and returned him thanks that he had not\\ndespaired of the safety of Rome. Hannibal did not come on as they\\nhad expected and inspired with fresh courage, they enlisted slaves,\\nand made all possible preparations for another campaign.\\n143. Fabius the shield^ and Marcellus the swotJ,^ of Rome, were\\nappointed to lead her armies; and though Hannibal ofifered peace\\nit was refused, but upon condition that he should quit Italy. Thii\\ngeneral took up his winter quarters in Campania. In the fertile vale\u00c2\u00a7\\nof that state a new scene of pleasure opened to his soldiers, whicb\\nserved to destroy the energies of barbarians unaccustomed to any lux-\\nQuestioTis.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 140. What became of Emilius f 141. How many did the Romans lose In thlt\\nengagement? How many gold rings were sent to Carthage? To what did Hannibari\\nfriends advise him Why did he not act as advised 142. What then was the condition\\nof Rome? In the emergency, who alone was found able to advise? How wa\u00c2\u00ab Varro\\nreceived by the Romans? 143. Who were appointed to lead the Romans in tho next \u00c2\u00ab%I9\\npaigQ Who made propoaalb of peace Where w s Cajnp uia? Map Na 4.)\\n16*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0413.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "370 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. c. 2U\\narj. Though Rome had lost four important battles, she could vet\\nbring into the field four times as many men as Hannibal. Marcellua,\\nvrho often engaged in skirmislies, gained frequent advantages, while\\nFabius straitened the movements of the Carthaginian general, aaa, like\\na constant stream, undermined all his defenses.\\n144. The Romans, however, do not deserve all the credit of t^e ruin\\nof Hannibal. He received his first fatal blow from his friends. His\\nl^ory had made enemies for him in the councils of Carthage; the men\\nhe required were not sent and the supplies that he demanded did not\\narrive. For years he carried on the unequal conflict, sometimes\\nadvancing, sometimes retreating, frequently destitute of money and\\nprovisions, and feeling that the desperate game which he was playing\\nmust finally turn against him, through the envy and ingratitude of his\\ncountrymen. After the Romans had gained the city of Tarentum, he\\nacknowledged to his friends that he had always thought it diflicult,\\nand now saw it impossible, with the forces he had, to conquer Italy.\\n145. The senate of Carthage at length came to the resolution of\\nsending his brother, Asdrubal, to his assistance with a body of forces.\\nAsdrubal landed in Italy without accident but the Romans sur-\\nrounded him in a defile, into which he had been led by the treachery\\nof his guides, and cut his whole army into pieces. Hannibal had long\\nwaited for these succors with great impatience he was assured that\\nhis brother was on his way, and the very night that he expected to\\nembrace him with renewed hope, Asdrubal s head was thrown into\\nhis camp by the Romans 1 He saw in the bloody relic the downfall\\nof Carthage, and observed with a sigh to those around him, Fortune\\nseems fatigued with granting her favors.\\n146. Siege of Steaouse. But it was not in Italy alone that for-\\ntune frowned upon the Carthaginians. The unconquerable Romans,\\nthough surrounded with enemies at home, and still bleeding from their\\ndefeat at Cannaa, sent legions into Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily, and\\nundertook a new war against Philip, king of Macedon, for having\\nmade a league with Hannibal. Marcellus, who had charge of the war\\nin Sicily, led his forces against Syracuse. There, for a long time, he\\nfound all his efibrts baffled by the arts of one man. This man was\\nArchimedes, the great mathematician. He was the kinsman of Hiero,\\n^^mWotw.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 148. What successes did Marcellus and Fabius gain 144. From whom did\\nHannibal receive his first fatal blow? Give an account of Hannibal s ups and downs.\\n146. Who at last was sent to the aid of Hannibal? Give an account of Asilrubal s misfor-\\ntune. What was done with his head? 146. Where, beside Italy, did fortune frown upon\\nthe Carthaginians? Against what place did Marcehus lead his forces? Who, for a tiip^\\nUftOieU Uim Give an account of Arehlmedes-", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0414.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "B. 0.212.] SECOND PUNIC WAR. 371\\nthe king of whom we have spoken as giving occasion tc the first Punio\\nwar, and in conversation had assured h s royal patron, that with a\\nfulcrum and lever he could move the world* To prove so startling\\nan assertion, he drew upon land the king s loaded galleys by a machine\\nturned with one hand.\\n147. Hiero, astonished at the force of his art, prevailed upon Archi-\\nmedes to make for him all sorts of engines which could be used in s\\nsiege, for attack or defense. These machines, which had lain inacti^f\\nduring the life of Hiero, were now brought out, and employed w itb\\ngreat effect hj the inventor. When Archimedes began to play liis\\nengines, the Romans stood aghast with terror. All sorts of missile\\nweapons, and stones of an enormous size, were sent forth with such\\nnoise and rapidity that nothing could stand before them. Huge\\nbeams were on a sudden projected over the walls, which, striking the\\ngalleys, sunk them at once sometimes burning glasses lighted mys-\\nterious flames in the sails; and sometimes a sort of iron crow with\\ntwo claws, let down by a lever, caught hold of the ships, drew them\\ntowards the walls, whirled them about, and dashed them against the\\nrocks; so that the fear of this one man haunted them continually.\\nFinally, the Romans were so terrified, that if they saw a stick put over\\nthe walls, they cried out that Archimedes was leveling some machine\\nat them, and fled in dismay.\\n148. Marcellus desisted for a time from his efforts against Syracuse,\\nbut employed himself, meanwhile, in overrunning the island, and sub-\\nduing smaller cities. Then returning, he seized the town by surprise\\none night, when the citizens had drunk to intoxication in honor of\\nDiana. Archimedes was in his study, absorbed in his scientific\\nresearches, when the Romans entered nor did he perceive that the\\ncity was taken till a soldier entered his room, and commanded him to\\nfollow him into the presence of Marcellus. Archimedes requested\\nhim to wait till he had finished his problem, upon which the soldier\\nSo engaged was Archimedes with mathematics, that he neglected his me t and driuk\\nHe was often carried by force to the bath, and, when there, amused himself with drawini\\ngeometrical flgnres in the ashes, or marking lines with his Sngers apon his body when it was\\nanointed. A jeweler had made a crown for Hiero but the king, suspecting that it had been\\nfraudulently alloyed with silver, set Archimedes to examine into the affair. Archimedes\\nthought ujion the subject a long time in vain. One day in the bath, perceiving that hla\\nbody displaced a quantity of water equal to its bulk, the doctrine of specijic gra/city\\nunfolded at once before his mind. Transported with joy, ho ran out into the street, crying\\nout Eureka Eureka I have found it 1 I havo found it r Then, by comparing the specific\\ngravities of gold and silver, he detected the cheat of the jeweler.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 U^, 147, 14S. What assurance did he give to Ilicro What means did th\u00c2\u00ab\\npeople of Syracuse use for defense What is said of the fear produced among the Romans\\nPy what surprise was the city Qnally taken What c used the death of Arohimedes?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0415.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "372 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. o. 2H).\\ndrew his sword and killed him. Marcellus, much grieved, ordered his\\nbody to be honorably buried, and a tomb erected to his memory.\\nThis monument has ages since mingled with the dust, but the simple\\ninstrument, Archimedes 8 screw^ still survives, and interests every philo-\\nsophical student in the history of its great inventor. Marcellus, on\\nhis return, was made consul a fifth time, and again went to fight with\\nHannibal. With a small detachment, he fell into an ambusr jvle \\\\v4\\nwas slain.\\n149. SoiPio Afeioanus. The Romans also suffered some severe\\nreverses in Spain. Two of the Scipios were slain, but that youth who\\nsaved his father s life at the Ticinium, being appointed to the pro-\\nconsulship in that country, though but twenty-four years old, soon\\nretrieved these losses. He was superior to Hannibal in tendernes.\\nand generosity, and won the hearts of as many by his aflfability and\\njustice as by force of arms. Spain and Sicily were subdued, but Han-\\nnibal still maintained his ground in Italy, unsupported at home, and\\nbut little aided by the alliances he had formed. For fourteen years\\nhe had sustained himself by the most skillful management, and the\\nmost judicious plans. He had never lost a battle, and his terror was\\nupon his enemies but his old army was worn out and while the\\nRoman youth were growing up, eager to distinguish themselves against\\nthe Carthaginians, his friends and followers were dying about him of\\nfatigue or excess.\\n150. In this posture of affairs Publius Scipio returned from the con-\\nquest of Spain, and was made consul at the age of 29. With the fore-\\nsight of an older person, he determined to carry the war into Africa,\\nand make the Carthaginians tremble for their own city. Scipio had\\nnot been long in Africa, when accounts were brought to Rome of hia\\nglorious and wonderful achievements. A N umidiau king was taken\\nprisoner, and two camps were burned and destroyed. Rich spoils\\nconfirmed these cheering reports. The Carthaginians were so ter-\\nrified by these repeated defeats, that they sent a positive command to\\nHannibal, their great champion, to return and defend Carthag3 H*\\nobeyed the mandate with a sad foreboding of calamity, and took .eave\\nof Italy with tears, after having kept possession of its most beautiful\\nportions more than fifteen years. In that country he had lost his two\\nQ^l^ti(ym.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\\\\\%. By whom was he mourned What still survives to tell the philosophl-\\nc\u00c2\u00abl student that Archimedes lived What became of Marcellus 149. What losses lid the\\nRomans sufTer in Spain? What is said of Scipio Africanus? Of Hannibal s long success In\\nItaly? Of his decreasing army? 150. How old was Publius Scipio when ho \u00e2\u0096\u00a0was mad\u00c2\u00ab\\nconsul What sucwss had he previously attained What resolution as regards Afric* did\\nhe determine upon What success did he have la Africa? Why was Hannibal recallecl\\nhome Wli\u00c2\u00bbt were hie feelings upon leaving Italy", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0416.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "BL 0. 200.] SECOND PUNIC WAR. 373\\nbrothers, his bravest generals, and most of those soldiers who had\\nshared his toils and dangers from earliest youth.\\n151. After a melancholy passage he arrived in Africa, and marched\\ntoward Zama, a city within five days journey of Carthage. Scipio led\\nhis army on to meet him and to show how much he felt his superi-\\nority, sent back the spies of Hannibal, with a full account of all hia\\npreparations. Unwilling to risk every thing upon a single battle, Ha i-\\nnibal invited Scipio to an interview. It was in an extensive plain\\nbetween the armies that the two greatest generals in the world met,\\nqnd silently regarded each other for a time with mutual reverence.\\nHannibal, dark, swarthy, one-eyed, with the sternness of the old war-\\nrior upon his features Scipio, in the prime of life, with all the energy\\nand vigor of the Roman beaming in every look. The arguments which\\nHannibal adduced in favor of a peace, Scipio said he would have\\nregarded had they been proposed in Italy; and both, parting dissatis-\\nfied, prepared to decide the controversy by the sword.\\n152. Battle of Zama. b. o. 202. The battle of Zama was one of\\nthe bloodiest recorded in history. Hannibal conducted the charge\\nwith the greatest skill but Scipio s army, composed of the flower of\\nRoman youth, was far superior in numbers and discipline to the worn-out\\nCarthaginians and their allies. The Romans were victorious, and Han-\\nnibal fled. The conquerors dictated the terms of peace, as sovereigns.\\nThe Carthaginians were to pay 10,000 talents to give hostages for the\\ndelivery of their ships and elephants; to restore to Masinissa, the\\nNumidian king, all his territories and tliey were not to make war,\\neven in Africa, without permission of the Romans.\\n153. B. 0. SOO. Spain, Africa, Macedonia, and Gekeoe,\\nMADE Roman Provinces. Philip, king of Macedon, had attempted\\nto make an alliance with Hannibal while he was in Italy. The\\nwar which resulted in Greece was still going on, and in the begin-\\nning of this century the Macedonian monarch was defeated several\\ntimes by Galba, the Roman consul. He was compelled to raise the\\niiege of Athens; was driven from the straits of TherraopylaQ by Fla^\\nminius was again defeated at Cynocephale, and forced to conclude an\\ninglorious peace. Ten commissioners, with Flaminius at their head,\\nattended the Isthmian games, and gave to each Grecian state the\\npower of making its own laws.\\nQuestions. 151. Where did Hannibal and Scipio meet? In what way did Scipio show\\nhis feeling of superiority Give an account of the conference. 152. When was the battle\\nof Zama fou^lit? Give an account of it. What terms of peace were dictated 153. Wh\u00c2\u00ab\\nattempted to make au alliance with Hannibal while in Italy? What defeats did the Mace\\ndonian monarch experience? What was he at last compellod to do? What power WM\\ngiven by the ten commiaslouers to the Qracian blates", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0417.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "374 COMMONWEALTH OP ROME. 1 3. c. 183\\n154. The next enemy of consequence who interfered witli the\\nRomans was Antioohus the Great. Against him Scipio, hrother of\\nthe famous Africanus, was bent with tlio Roman legions. The ill-con-\\ncerted manner in which Antiochus conducted his expedition has been\\nalready described. Scipio drove him out of Europe, defeated him in\\nAsia, and obtained from his success the surname of Asiaticns. The\\nproud successor of Alexander was glad to procure peace of the Roicans,\\non condition of paying 15,000 taleots; giving hostages of fidelity; and\\nsurrendering Hannibal,* who had been some time a resident at hia\\nourt.\\n155. In the third jear after the war with Antiochus, the tribunes\\nof the people accused Scipio Africanus of defrauding the treasury, and\\nset a day for his trial. Scipio came at the appointed time, and listened\\nto the charges with a serene air. Instead, however, of attempting a\\ndefense, he reminded his countrymen that on that very day, 15 years\\nbefore, he had won the battle of Zama. The assembly rose at once,\\neft the tribunes in the forum, and attended Scipio to the capitol, to\\nreturn their annual thanks to the gods for this victory. Scipio after-\\nwards retired to Campania, and spent the short remnant of his days\\nin peace and privacy testifying his displeasure against his country-\\nmen only by this epitaph, which he ordered to be engraved upon his\\ntomb Ungrateful country\u00e2\u0080\u0094 my very bones shall not rest among\\nyou. Hannibal, Philopoemen, and Scipio died the same year, b. o.\\n183. The Second Macedonian war next engaged the Roman arms.\\nEmilius overthrew Perseus, and carried him in triumph to Rome, to\\nThe misfortunes of this illustrions man now drew to their tragical close. All that conld\\nbe done for Carthage he had done, even after the battle of Zama. His ungrateful country\\nmen, hating any check upon their vices, accused him to the Romans of intriguing to renew\\nthe war. To escape the fate of a captive he left Carthage, and began his voluntary exile.\\nHe sailed to Tyre, and thence found his way to the Syrian court, where he was Mndly\\nreceived, and made admiral of the fleet Here his skill and sagacity were exercioed to\\ndestroy the Romans; but when fortune turned against his patron, and he found his name in\\ntho articles of treaty, he fled again to the king of Bithynia. He lived with Prusia! 3ve\\nyears; the Romans, however, having sent a demand for him, he again became a wanderer.\\nFinding that the envoys of Rome were ever on his track, he desired one of his followers to\\ntaring him j oison, saying, Let us rid the Romans of their terrors, since they are unwilling\\nto wait for tne death of an old man like me. The poison operated speedily, and Rome was\\nfreed from the fear of her greatest enemy.\\nQuestions. 154. Who was the next enemy that interfered with the Romans Who wai\\nfcent against him? What success attended Scipio? To what terms of peace did the suc-\\ncessor of Alexander submit What interesting account is related of Hannibal in the note\\n155. What accusation -was brought against Scipio? By whom were the charges made?\\nHow were they puiished for their ingratitude? Where did Scipio die? Wh.at was his\\nejilai-h? In what year did he die? When did Hannibal die What war next engaged\\nUkc Roman arms W bo overthrew Perseus To what wm P* rsou8 subject f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0418.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "B.C. 149.] THIRD PUNIC WAR. 375\\nwalk before his chariot. These conquests brought immense riches into\\nthe Roman treasury, and Macedon became a Roman province,\\n156. B. 0. 149, TniED Punio War. About tliis time, Masinissa,\\nking of Numidia, made some incursions upon tlie territory claimed by\\nthe Carthaginians. This people, having recovered in some measure\\nfrom the eifectg of their wars, repelled the invasion. Cato the Oensor,\\nthen nearly 90, was sent into Africa to inquire into the cause of the\\ni J fraction of the treaty. When he arrived at Carthage, he found that\\nfiity not in the exhausted and humbled condition which the Ro-\\nmans imagined, but full of men fit to bear arms; well supplied with\\nmoney and warlike stores, and in a fair way to regain all its former\\ngreatness. Having made these observations he returned home, and\\n-epresented to the senate the necessity of humbling a power which\\nmight once more involve Rome in a long and dangerous contest for\\nempire. So fixed was this persuasion in his mind, that he never gave\\nhis opinion in the senate, upon any point whatever, without adding,\\nAnd my opinion is that Carthage should be destroyed; so that\\nCarthago delenda est passed into a proverb. Moved by his repre-\\nsentations, the senate ordered war to be proclaimed, and the consuls\\nBet out with a resolution to destroy the ancient rival of Rome.\\n157. The Carthaginians too late perceived the wisdom of Hannilal\\nin insisting upon public measures^ rather than private interest. Now\\nalarmed by the Roman preparations, they punished those who had\\nquarreled with Masinissa, and most humbly offered satisfaction. The\\nsenate demanded 300 hostages within 30 days. To their surprise and\\nregret, the Carthaginians sent their children within the given time\\nand soon after the consuls landed at Utica, deputies waited upon\\nthem to know what further the senate might require. The consuls,\\nwho had express directions to destroy Carthage, were not a little per-\\nplexed at this ready submission. They now, however, demanded the\\narms cf the Carthaginians. These also were delivered up. The Car-\\nthaginians were then ordered to leave their city, and build another in\\nany part f their territories within ten miles of the sea. The deputies\\nemployed tears and lamentations to gain a respite from so hard a sen-\\ntence the consuls were inexorable and with heavy hearts the/\\ndeparted, to bear the gloomy tidings to their countrymen.\\n158. The unfortunate Carthaginians, finding that the conquerors\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \\\\bb. How did these conquests affect Eome and Macedon T 156. Who at tha\u00c2\u00bb\\ntime encroached u{)on the Carthaginian territorj^f How did the Nnmidian king fare?\\nWhat report l)d the agc^d Cato oring from Africa f What was his advice to the EomanB\\nWas the advice takoD? 157. What demands did ^he Carthaginians comply with? What\\nlaovemcnt. at last, were toe CarthoglQlaus ordore mak\u00c2\u00abf", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0419.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "376 COMMONWEALTH OP ROME. [b. o. x46\\nwould not desist from making demands while they had any thing left\\nto supply, prepared to resist with all the energy of despair. Those\\nvessels of gold and silver which ministered to their pride were con-\\nverted into arms. The women parted with their ornaments for this\\nsacred purpose, and even cut off their hair to make bow-strings. A\\ng( ncral whom they had a short time before condemned for opposing\\nthe Romans was taken from prison to lead their army every thing\\nJiras done which prudence could suggest or ingenuity devise; so that\\n\u00c2\u00bbhen the consuls arrived before the city, which they expected to find\\nan easy conquest, they met with such resistance as quite dispirited\\ntheir forces. Several engagements were fought before the walls, ito\\nwhich the assailants were repulsed and the Romans would have been\\ncompelled to retreat, with loss and dishonor, but for the gallant con-\\nduct of the son of Emilius (adopted son of Scipio Africanus). By hia\\nskill in drawing off his forces after a defeat, and his talent at inspiring\\nnew hopes, he quieted the murmurs which had arisen in the camp.\\n159. Pharneas, master of the Carthaginian horse, thinking his coun-\\ntry absolutely ruined, deserted to the Romans; and Scipio cut off all\\nsupplies by land at the same time that he blockaded the harbor and\\nstopped all relief by sea. He soon after killed 70,000 men and took\\n10,000 prisoners, and, having forced one of the gates, advanced to the\\nforum. Great numbers fled to the citadel, and Scipio took possession\\nof a city filled with heaps of dead and dying. Famine compelled the\\nrefugees in the citadel to surrender; the Carthaginian general gave\\nhimself up but a few of the most resolute perished in the flamea of\\nthe temple. This magnificent city, 24 miles in compass, was then set\\non fire by the merciless conquerors, and continued burning 17 days.\\nThe walls were demolished the lands given to the friends of the Ro-\\nmans the slaves prepared for the market and the consuls, having\\ncompleted their work of destruction, struck their tents, and returned\\nhome in triumph, b. o. 146.\\n160. In the same year, Corinth, one of the cities of the AchsBan\\nLeague, having made war upon the Lacedemonians, was sentenced to\\nlie same fate. So rich were its temples and dwellings, that it is sail\\nThough Scipio was obliged hj the orders of the senate to demolish the walls of Car-\\nthage, yet he wept bitterly over the tragical scene, expressing his fears that Borne would at\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ome future day perish in a similar conflagration.\\nQueMioT)^. 158. What course did they then determine upon? What preparations ^ere\\nmade? Give an account of the siege. 159. Who deserted to the Romans f Give the par\\nticulars of Scipio s successes. Of the result of the siege. In what year was Carthage\\ndestroyed? Where was Carthage? (See map No. 1.) 160. In what year was Corinth da-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2troyeii f Wko destroyed it What is said of the richneas of Corinth 7", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0420.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "a. a 13.;] THE GRaCCHII. 377\\nCcrinthian brass became additionally precious from quantities of silver\\nand gold melted down with it. Spain was socu after entirely sub-\\ndued, and the Romans from this time began to look upon the world\\nas their own, and to treat all who withstood their arms as revolters.\\nThe triumphs and spoils of Greece, Syri{% Spain, and Africa intro-\\nduced a taste for splendid exj)ense; the ancient modesty, plainnesa,\\nand severity of the Romans were exchanged for avarice, luxury, and\\nostentation and corruption commenced its work in the common\\nwealth.\\n161. The Graoohii. Cornelia, daughter of Scipio Africanus, and\\nwife of Tiberius Gracchus, was left a widow with twelve children, all\\nof whom died young except three. To these children she devoted\\nherself with so much parental afl ection and greatness of mind, that\\nthough her sons were gifted above all their Roman contemporaries,\\neducation was said to have contributed more to their perfections than\\nnature. A lady who once visited her, having displayed her jewels,\\ndesired to see Cornelia s. She evaded the request till the return \u00c2\u00abf\\nher children from school, and then presenting Tiberius and Cains to\\nher visitor, exclaimed, These are my jewels. And well did her\\nchildren reward her care. Her daughter was married to Scipio the\\nYounger, of whom we have already spoken and her sons, beautiful,\\nwisft, eloquent, and virtuous, sacrificed their lives in attempting to\\nstem the corruptions of the state, and preserve to Rome the freedom\\nand simplicity which had given the world to her arms. Indeed, Cor-\\nnelia is blamed for the untimely fate of her sons, because she fostered\\ntheir ambition, Plutarch says, that she used to reproach her sons\\nthat she was called the mother-in-law of Scipio, rather than the mothef\\nof the Oracchii.\\n162. The first public act of Tiberius was an attempt to revive the\\nLicinian law, which forbade any person to possess more than 500 acres\\nof land. The distinctions, patrician and plebeian^ had faded away into\\nthe still more obnoxious classification, rich and poor. The poor, who\\nperceived at once the benefit to themselves of this law, sustained Tibe-\\nrius, and inflamed his spirit by acclamations and blessings the rich,\\nwho were thus called upon to surrender a part of their ill-gotten gains,\\nopposed him, and represented that he desired to overthrow the con-\\nstitution. But the eloquent Tiberius easily silenced their invectives.\\nThe people gathered about him when he ascended the rostrum, and\\nQueistionSs\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\ Q. What country next fell under the power of Roiue What change took\\n;lace in the taste, habits, and honesty of the Romans? 161. Relate the story of Gornalia.\\n62. What was the first public act of Tiberius? What distinctions had faded away late\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0vhat were they merged What ooarae dt-l Tiberius parsus f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0421.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "378 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. c. 123\\npleaded for the poor in language such as this: The wild beasts of\\nItaly have their caves to retire to, but the brave men who spill their\\nblood in her cause have nothing left but air and light. Without any\\nsettled habitations, they wander from place to place with their wives\\nand children and their generals do but mock them when, at the head\\nof their armies, they exhort them to fight for their sepulchers and\\ndomestic gods for, among such numbers, there is not perhaps a Ko-\\nman who has an altar that belonged to his ancestors, nor a sepulchei\\nin which their ashes rest.\\n163. By these speeches were the minds of the poor inflamed debate\\nripened into enmity, and enmity into sedition. The law was passed\\nbut Gracchus had made himself too conspicuous to escape the malice\\nof the rich. Attains, king of Pergamus, dying, made the Roman peo-\\nple his heirs. Tiberius found here another opportunity to gratify his\\nfollowers. He proposed that the money so left should be distributed\\namong the poor for the purchase of farming utensils. This bill pro-\\nduced greater disturbances than the other. Tiberius spoke eloquently\\nin its favor, but the patricians excited a mob, and one of the tribunes\\nstruck the orator dead with a piece of a seat. Not less than 300 of\\nhis followers shared a similar fate many were banished; some put to\\ndeath by the public execution and all who supported his measures\\nwere found guilty of sedition.\\n164. Caius GBAoonus. Cains, the other son of Cornelia, who was\\nbut twenty-one at the time of his brother s death, refrained from all\\ninterference in political affairs for many years. During this time he\\nfilled the office of quasstor in Sardinia, and discharged his duties with\\nsuch ability that the king of Numidia, sending a present of corn to\\nthe Romans, ordered his embassadors to say that it was a tribute to\\nthe virtues of Caius Gracchus. The senate treated the embassy with\\ncontempt and Gracchus, stung by the indignity, returned from the\\narmy and offered himself for tribune. The rich united their forces to\\noppose him, but crowds came from all parts of Italy to support his\\nelection and the Campus Martins not being large enough to contain\\nthem, they gave their votes from the tops of houses. Being elected\\nby a very large majority, he prepared to avenge the death of I iberius,\\nand carry out those reforms which would throw the weight of govern\\nment into the popular scale.\\n165. He procured the banishment of Pompilius, one of the murder-\\nQuesUons. 162. What arguments did he use 163. Give a history of events until the\\ndeath of riberius. How was ho tcilled What then followed 104. What was the name\\nof the remaining son of Cornelia What is said of the present of corn Why did Caius offer\\nhiuiself for tribune Give an account of his e ection. 165. What measures did he then lasej", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0422.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "B. C. 112.] THE J U G D R T II 1 N K WAR. 379\\ners of bi8 brother; he secured the passage of an edict by which the\\nprice of corn was fixed at a moderate standard, and monthly distribu-\\ntions made to the poor a measure which brought all the panpers in\\nItalj to Rome. With his associate tribunes, he then proceeded to\\ninspect the corruptions of the senate and that body being found\\nguilty jf bribery, extortion, and the sale of offices, the power of judg-\\ning magistrates was transferred to three hundred knights, chosen for\\nthe purpose. The senators now hated him more than ever; and Scipio\\nthe Younger, who had opposed the measures of Gracchus, being found\\ndead in his bed, it was whispered about that Gracchus had murdered\\nhis own brother-in-law. To escape the odium thus heaped upon him,\\nGracchus procured a decree for rebuilding Carthage, and went him-\\nself with 6,000 families to Africa. Several unfavorable omens, how-\\never, dampened the zeal of the adventurers, and he returned to Italy\\nwithin seventy days. Here he joined the party of Flaccus, in an\\naUempt to pass the Agrarian law, and went with an armed crowd to\\nche capitol. Iligh words and blows ensued, and a lictor was slain.\\n166. Flaccus and Gracchus were summoned to appear before the\\nsenate and answer for the murder. Instead of obeying the citation,\\nthey took possession of Mount Aventine, with a body of adherents,\\nand proclaimed liberty to all the slaves who would join their party.\\nThis was considered open rebellion, and the consul immediately\\nsurrounded the place with his forces. Flaccus was taken prisoner\\nand dragged to execution, while Gracclius made his escape across\\nthe Tiber. He took refuge in a grove dedicated to the Furies,\\nwhere he prevailed upon a slave to dispatch him.* Thus died Caius\\nGracchus, about ten years after his brother Tiberius; and thus by\\nambitious lives and untimely deaths did the children of Cornelia so\\ndistinguish themselves, that to this day she is styled the mother of\\nthe Gracchii.\\n167. JuGtJETniNK War. Alicipsa, king of Numidia, an ally of the\\nRomans, had brought up his nephew, Jugurtha, with his own sons,\\nHiempsal and Adherbal. At his death he divided the kingdom equally\\namong the three boys. Jugurtha murdered Iliempsal, and was pre-\\nparing to seize Adherbal, wlien the young prmce escaped to Rome,\\nThe consul had oflfered Its weight in gold for the head of Gracchus. Tho soldier who\\nfound his body cut oflF his head, carefully abstracted the brains, tilled the cavity with lead,\\nand received seventeen lbs. of gold for it\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1G5, 166. What is stated of Scipio the Younger? Give an account of th\u00c2\u00ab\\nenlerprihe Gracchus then undertook. Of his connection with Flaccus. Of his death. How\\nIn Cornelia siill stykd 167. Who was Micipsa? How wab the Jugurthine wur com\\naaeneedf Where was Numidia? (Set inati No. 4)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0423.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "380 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. c. 8\\nand laid bis cause before the senate. Jugurtba, however, by rich\\nOribes, turned aside the sword of justice, so that the succeasor;^ of\\nthose men who would not looh upon the presents of Pjrrhus, pocketed\\nthe gold of the wily African, and sent over commissioners to divide\\nNumidia between him and the surviving son of Micipsa. Emboldened\\nin crime, Jugurtba made war upon Adherbal as soon as he was estab-\\nlished in his government, took him prisoner, and put him to death,\\nI he homicide was summoned to Rome to stand a ti-ial. His gold\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2enabled him to elude his fate, and as he left the city he exclaimed,\\nO Rome how readily wouldst thou sell thyself couldst thou find a\\nman rich enough to purchase thee.\\n168. Another act of treachery on the part of Jugurtba engaged the\\nsenate in a war with him, which lasted five years. The glory of ter-\\nminating it fell to Caius Marius,* who fought a battle with the usur-\\nper, and took him prisoner. Jugurtba followed in the triumph of\\nMarius, and was afterwards starved to death in a dungeon. Thu8\\nended the Jugurthine war, n. o. 106. Pompky and Cicero were born\\nthe same year.\\n169. Marius and Sylla. b. o. 100. In the year 90 b. o., the\\nstates of Italy, having waited long in vain for the promised title and\\nprivileges of Roman citizens, united in an attempt to throw off their\\nallegiance to Rome. This contest was marked by frequent and bloody\\nbattles; and during its progress Rome lost 300,000 Uves. Marius and\\nSyllat were both oflBcers in the army, but, while the former daily lost\\npopularity, the latter, by his free and easy manners, was gaining\\nauthority and friends. The Social War, as it was called, was finally\\nterminated by concessions on the part of the Romans, which satisfied\\nthe allies.\\n170. MiTHRiDATio War. Mithridates, king of Pontus, was one of\\nthe most formidable enemies Rome ever encountered. He was distin-\\nCalus Marius was the son of poor parents in Arpi. He was a man of gigantic stature,\\ngreat strength, and undaunted bravery. lie wus an enemy of the patricians, and conse-\\nquently the idol of the people. In his first consulship he defeated Jugurtha; in his secood,\\nae enjoyed a triumph for having closed the war in Africa; and in four succeeding consul-\\n5hij 8 distinguished himself by his bravery and cruelty.\\nt Sylla was the son of a poor patrician, but gifted and ambitious. lie took Jugurtha\\ncaptive, and contended for the honor of terminating the war in Africa. For this Mariua\\nbecame his implacable enemy. Sylla espoused the patrician cause, and opposed the mea-\\nsures of Marius with success.\\nQuestions. 167, 168. Give an account of its progress and end. When did it end? Who\\nwere born that year 169. What disturbances occurred in Italy about that time? Mention\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ome particulars. How did the Social ^Yar torniiuate? 170. What is said of Mithrldatee?\\nFor what was he distinguished Wbift was Fontus 7 (Map No. d.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0424.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "B. c. 88.] M A RI US AND ST LLA. 381\\nguisbed in his early yonth by his bodily strength and daring spirit;\\nund in riper years by tlio sagacity of a statesman and tlie dignity of a\\nmonarch. He was also the greatest scholar of his time, being able to\\nconverse in twenty-two different languages. The Romans, in their\\nwars with Antiochiis and his successors, had overrun a great part of\\nthe east, and stationed troops in various parts. Mithridates, as sove-\\nreign of Asia, commanded all the Roman legions to leave his domin\u00c2\u00ab\\nions but, before they had time to do so, a dreadful massacre was\\ncommenced, in which 80,000 perished. The islands of the Egeau,\\nwith Athens, and several other cities of Greece, joined the standard\\nof revolt.\\n171. To avenge the blood of her slaughtered citizens, to humble the\\npower of Mithridates, and to bring back her provinces to their alle-\\ngiance, now occupied the attention of Rome. Sylla was consul, but,\\nbeing absent from the city, Marius secured the appointment of com-\\nmander in Asia. Sylla immediately marched to Rome with his army,\\ncrushed the opposite faction, drove Marius into banishment, restored\\nthe authority of the senate, and departed with his army for the east.\\n172. Marius. Marius, at the age of seventy, having been declared\\na public enemy, escaped from his pursuers in the meanest disguise.\\nBeing driven into the marshes, he spent one night up to his chin in a\\nquagmire. The next day he was taken and thrown into a prison.\\nThe governor of the place sent a Cambrian slave to dispatch him. As\\nthe assassin approached, Marius cried out in a stern voice, Barest\\nthou kill Caius Marius? The barbarian threw down his sword, and,\\nrushing out of tlie dungeon, declared he could not kill him The\\ngovernor, thinking this an omen in the unhappy exile s favor, set him\\nat liberty. After many toils and dangers, Marius landed in Africa,\\nand, musing on the instability of earthly grandeur, went and seated\\nhimself among the ruins of Carthage.\\n173. After wandwing about for several months, like a wik i beast\\nhunted from his thicket, he heard that Cinna, the consul, had over-\\ncome the Syllian faction, upon which he sailed for Italy. Retaining\\nthe miserable robe which he had worn during his misfortines, with\\nuntrimmed beard and solemn countenance, he went round among the\\nsmaller states, and having collected a horde of robbers and serai-bar-\\nbarians, approached Rome. The defenseless senate sent out embassa-\\ndors to beg that matters might be accommodated in a peaceable man-\\nQueJttions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094IW, 171. Give the origin of the Mithridatic war. Give an account of it In\\nwhat did it result? 172. What is said of Marius at the a^^e of seventy? Give an account\\nof him until he arrived at Carthage. ITS. 174. Give a further account, including of hii\\ndeath. Wh.if is said of him by an historian", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0425.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "382 COMMONWEALTH OP ROME. [b c. 8C\\nner. Mariua seemed willing to grant their request, but said, that\\nhaving been banished by a public decree, he could not enter the gates\\ntill it was revoked. The friglitened citizens undertook to authorize\\nhis return, but scarcely had they begun to vote when he marched into\\nthe city, sword in hand, and massacred witliout remorse or pity all\\nwho had ever been obnoxious to hini. llis barbarians, infuriated by\\nthe sight of blood, rushed on like wolves to the carnage, sparing nei-\\nther age, sex, nor rank.\\n174. For five days and nights the slaughter was continued; the\\nstreets of Kome were deluged with blood, and the grim monster\\nenjoying the miseries of his country, gazed with savage delight upon\\nthe heads which were ranged in the forum for his special gratification.\\nWhen his vengeance was thus fully satisfied, he made himself consul\\nfor the seventh time, without the formalities of a public assembly,\\nlie, however, enjoyed the power he had enslaved his country to gain\\nonly seventeen days. Worn out with wars and excesses, his faculties\\nbegan to fail and the intelligence that Sylla was returning with a\\nvictorious army, filled his mind with inquietude. lie died, says the\\nhistorian, with the chagrin of an unfortunate wretch who had not\\nobtained what he wanted.\\n175. Sylla. When Sylla passed through Greece, on his waj to\\nmeet Mithridates, every city except Athens sent tokens of submission.\\nTo this place, tlierefore, the Roman advanced with his troops. Ilia\\nimpatience to return led him to push the siege with the greatest\\nvigor. He used a multitude of warlike engines, and when wood failed,\\nthe sacred groves of the Academy and Lyceum fell beneath the sol-\\ndier s ax. To supply his troops with money, he sent for the treasures\\nof Delphi and Olympia, which the Amphictyons, with many tears,\\nsurrendered. Poor Athens, who had sulfered so much from wars,\\ntyrannies, and seditions, was now seized with her last agonies. WithiD\\nwas famine, without was the sword. The city was finally taken by a\\nnight assault. No computation can be made of the number of the\\nslain but ancient writers tell us that the blood flowed tlirough the\\ngates, and overspread the suburbs. Sylla at length gave orders to\\nstop the carnage, saying, that he forgave the living for the sake of\\nthe dead.\\n176. In Beotia, Sylla defeated the general of Mithridates, and, hav-\\ning concluded a peace with that renowned king, hastened home to\\nmeet again the Marian faction. No sooner had lie landed in Italy, thaii\\nQutstions. 175. What is eaid of Syllii s march thronph Oit CC^T [)escribe th\u00c2\u00bb f.il^ of ua\\nfortunate Athens. 176. What followed until Sylla entered Uome a conqueror T", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0426.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "B.C. 78.] DEATH OF SYLLA. 33^\\nthe shattered remains of his party flocked to his standard Crassus\\nand Poinpey threw their influence upon his side, vvliile Scipio and\\nyoung Marius took the field against him. In a great battle tliat ensued,\\nMarius was entirely defeated. The contest lasted till late at night,\\nand the morning sun arose upon more than 50,000 bodies of victors\\nand vanquished, promiscuously heaped in death. Syila entered Rorao\\nlike a conqueror, at the head of his army. Immediately after, h\u00c2\u00ab\\ncaused 8,000 of those he esteemed his enemies to be shut up in a larg\u00c2\u00bb\\nhouse and massacred, while he was addressing the people; and when\\nthe senate, amazed at the horrid outcries of the victims, induired if the\\ncity was given up to plunder, the vindictive consul informed them,\\nwith an unembarrassed air, that the sounds they heard were only the\\nshrieks of some criminals who were punished by his order.\\n177. The next day he proscribed forty senators and 1,600 knights,\\nand so, day after day, the work of death went forward a public list\\nof the doomed being made out, and a reward offered for the heads of\\nthose who succeeded for a time in eluding their pursuers. Sylla next\\ndepopulated those Italian states which had joined the Marian faction,\\nand parceled out their lands among his veteran troops. The office of\\ndictator, which had not been conferred upon any individual for 120\\nyears, he now assumed without limit as to time and thus the govern\\nment of Rome, having passed through the various forms of monarchy,\\naristocracy, and democracy, seemed settled at last in despotism. Cras-\\nsus employed himself in buying up the effects of the proscribed Pom-\\npey put away his wife, to marry the dictator s step-daughter; and\\nJulius Caesar, to evade a similar requisition, exiled himself from the\\ncity. Sylla spared his life, but remarked, there are many Mariuses in\\nJulius Caesar.\\n178. How great was the surprise in Rome, when one day the san-\\nguinary dictator appeared before the people, resigned his power,\\ndivested himself of his oflBcial robes, offered himself for public trial,\\nand, sending away his lictors, continued to walk in the forum unat-\\ntended and alone. At the approach of evening he retired to his\\nhouse, the people following him in respectful silence. Of all that\\ngreat multitude whom he had robbed of relatives and friends, not one\\n^as found hardy enough to reproach or accuse him his act of abdica-\\ntion having, as it were, thrown a vail over the enormity of his crimes.\\nHe died not long after, at his country-seat, leaving the following\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 116. Give an account of the massacre of the 8,000. 177. Give a further\\ndescription of Sylla s path to power. How did Crassus employ himself? What wrong did\\nPompey commit What movement did Julius Cajsar make? 178. What event crownod\\nthe public life of Sylla? Give the particulars.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0427.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "384 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. c. 6*^\\ninscription for his torab Here lies Sylla, who was never out-\\ndone in good offices by a friend, nor in acts of hostility by his\\nenemy.\\n179. Pompet s Expi.oits. After the death of Sylla, several years\\nof faction and animosity rsnsued, till finally tlie question of who\\nshould be greatest seemed to settle upon Crassus and Pompey; the\\nformer,* celebrated for his vast wealth, which he employed in feaslingf\\nthe multitude at public tables, and buying comforts for the poor; tlu\\nlatter, distinguished by his splendid victories in Spain, by his address\\nin terminating the Servile War,t and by his success in overcoming the\\nIllyrian pirates. The consul Lucullus, the personal friend of Sylla,\\nhad been carrying on the war in Asia during eight years. Such was\\nhis vigor and ability, that Mithridates, after repeated defeats, was\\ncompelled to fly to liis son-in-law, Tigranes, king of Armenia. Lucul-\\nlus pursued him into tiiat country, and gained two victories; but the\\nmutinous disposition of his soldiers embarrassed his efforts, and his\\nenemies at home persuaded the people that he protracted the war on\\naccount of the wealth to be gained from it, and he was consequently\\nrecalled. I\\n180. At this juncture the friends of Pompey proposed a law, That\\nall the armies of the empire, with the government of all Asia, and the\\nmanagement of the war against Mithridates, should be committed to\\nhim alone. The question was warmly discussed, and the motion\\nwould have been lost but for the eloquence of Cicero. The law was\\npassed by all the tribes, and Pompey departed for Asia, b. o. 67.\\nWhen tlie Roman general arrived at the seat of war, he found that\\nMithridates had retrieved liis losses, and secured the various passes\\nand strongholds of the country. Pompey s first measure was to drive\\nthe enemy out of Asia Minor, by garrisoning all the maritime towns\\nfrom Tyre to Byzantium. He then advanced to attack the camp of\\nCrassns had Increased a small estate to the value of $7,500,000.\\nt A company of gladiators broke away from their fencing-school, and, enlisting fugltiya\\nslaves, kept all Italy in alarm three years. This was called the Servile War. Boti\\nGrassus and Pompey claimed the slory of terminating it\\nI The account of the wealth bronght home by Lucullus seems almost Incredible. H\u00c2\u00ab\\nsxhibited in his triumph a statue of MlLhridates in massy gold; and mules, loaded wltb\\nIngots, followed his car. He took no part in public affairs after his return, but devoted hlm-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ell to the adorning of his villas with all the curious works of science and art which he had\\ncollected in the east It was nothing uncommon for him to spend $0,000 on one supper.\\nQti6sti ms.\u00e2\u0080\u0094US. What inscription did he leave for his tomb? 179. Name the exploits\\nof I rmpey. Who was his rival For what was Crassus noted? What is said of Lucullas\\nIn connection with the wars in Asia? ISO. In what year did Pompey depart for Asia? Give\\nthe circumstances preceding his going. Follow him until Mithridates effects his es\u00e2\u0082\u00acap\u00c2\u00ab\\nafter the siege.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0428.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 63.J CATILINE S COJSISPIRACY 38t\\nMithridates in Armenia. The Pontian king stood a siefje of fort/-five\\ndays, and then elTected a retreat.\\n181. Poinpey overtook him again near the Euphrates. An engage-\\nment ensued by night. The Romans were victorious. Mithridatea\\nescaped with 800 horse, but no sooner did he reach the open plain,\\nthan even tliis small remnant fled, leaving him with only three attend-\\nants. At the castle of Inora the wretched fugitives stopped, and\\ntheie Mithridates bestowed his treasures upon all who joined him,\\ntaking care to furnish each of his friends with a quantity of poison,\\nthat they need not fall alive into the hands of the enemy. The unfor-\\ntunate monarch, hearing that his son-in-law had made alliance with\\nthe Romans, directed his flight to Colchis Pompey pursued him and\\nthe king, finding everywhere the terror of the Roman name, sought\\nshelter among the barbarous Scythians.\\n182. After two years war with these savage tribes, without gaining\\nany tidings of his enemy, Pompey turned his face to the south, ani-\\nmated, like Alexander, with the hope of extending his conquests to\\nthe ocean which surrounds the world. Having subdued Syria, he\\nentered Judea. Aristobulus, the usurping priest, converted the vene-\\nrable temple at Jerusalem into a citadel for his soldiers, and resisted\\nthe power of the Romans three months 12,000 Jews were slain, and\\nthe place was finally taken. Pompey entered the sanctuary with\\nmingled curiosity and reverence he even ventured into the Holy of\\nHolies, and gazed upon those sacred mysteries which none but the\\nhigh-priests were ever permitted to behold. Respecting, however, the\\nfeelings of the Jews, he left the holy things unprofaned and having\\nrestored Hyrcanius to the priesthood, pursued his way to Arabia\\nPetrsea. In the course of his march he had received the submission\\nof twelve kings.\\n183. B. 0. 63. Catiline s Conspiracy. While Pompey was thus\\nextending the empire of Rome over all the eastern world, the com-\\nmonwealth had been brought to the brink of ruin by the machinations\\nof a few dissolute noblemen, who, having wasted their fortunes with\\nriotous living, were determined to revolutionize the government,\\nseize the lucrative ofiices, and reign together, each a Sylla. At the\\nhead of Jie conspiracy was Lucius Catiline, a patrician of the most\\nfascinating manners, the most daring courage, and the most diabolical\\nQuMtions.\u00e2\u0080\u00941S\\\\. Give an account of lae aefeat and escape of Mithridates. Of his escape\\nto the Scythians. 1S2. With what ambuiou was Pompey animated? What success did he\\nhave in Syria? What in Judea? Huw many Kings had submitted to him? 188. How\\nmeanwhile, had Borne been brought to the brink of ruin Who was at the head of the ioa\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2piracj f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0429.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "386 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [ao. 63\\ncruelty. In the bloody scenes of his youth he took .in active part;\\nhaving been quaostor to Sylla, to please whom he murdered his ow n\\nbrother. Associated with him were many persons of rank and for-\\ntune. Lentulus and Cethegus, members of distinguished families; the\\ntwo Sy Has, nephews of the dictator; and others, of equal celebrity,\\nwere leaders of the plot.\\n184. It was i)roposed to enlist the veterans of Sylla, and the frag\\nnents of his party about Italy to kill the whole senate, and sot the\\nsity on fire in a hundred places at once; while Catiline, coming down\\nfrom Etruria with his army, should subdue the minor towns, and take\\nmilitary possession of Italy. As a preparatory measure, Cicero, the\\nconsul, was to be assassinated in his bed. Scarcely, however, was\\nthis plan of action settled by the conspirators, when every particular\\nwas related to Cicero by a woman who had persuaded her lover to\\nreveal the secret. The consul immediately convened the senate, and\\nwarned them of the impending danger. Catiline also took his accus-\\ntomed seat with that august body, and, asserting his innocence, offered\\nsecurities for his good behavior.\\n185. Cicero, however, assailed him with a torrent of invective; and\\nthe guilty Catiline, after vainly endeavoring to counteract the effect\\nof the orator s eloquence, rushed out of the senate-house, threatening\\ndestruction to all that opposed him. lie left the city that night to\\nbring his army to the gates of Rome. Cicero secured the other con-\\nspirators, and, having obtained sentence against them, caused them to\\nbe strangled in prison. Catiline, hearing that his accomplices were no\\nmore, attempted to fly, but, finding that the passes were all secured,\\nhe turned like a lion at bay upon his pursuers. A fierce battle wae\\nfought in Etruria. Catiline died sword in hand, and most of his fol-\\nlowers imitated his example. The praises of Cicero were now the\\ntheme of every panegyrist, and, by the advice of Cato, he was styled\\nthe Father of his Country.\\n186. Pompey s Triumph. To return to Pompey. Scarcely had he\\npitched his camp in Petraoa, when he received the following Jettei\\nfrom Asia Minor Mithridates is dead. He Killed himself upon\\nthe revolt of his son, Pharnaces, Pharnaces has seized all that\\nbelociged to his father, which he declares he has done for himself and\\nQuesUans. \u00e2\u0080\u0094163. What Ib said of the deeds of his youth? Who were associated with Cati-\\nline in the conspiracy? 184 In what way was it proposed to carry out the conspiracy?\\nWhat proposition is mentioned as a preparatory measure How was ihc plot discovered\\nWhat steps were immediately taken? What course did Catiline take? 185. Give an\\naccount of the overthrow of the conspiracy. By what title was Cicero afterward known\\n186. (That put an end to the war in Asia", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0430.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "B.C. CO.] THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE. 337\\nthe Romans. The campaign being tlius terminated, the soldiers\\ngave loose to their joy, and Pompey made arrangements lor settling\\nImmediately the affairs of Asia, and returning home with the laurels\\nol a conquei-or.\\ni87. Rome had scarcely recovered from the distress into which the\\nconspiracy of Catiline had thrown her, when she was again agitated\\nby the intelligence that Pompey, like Sylla, was returning at the hoac\\not his victorious legions. The alarm of the senate was, however,\\nolianged to admiration when the conqueror of Mithridutes arrived at\\nBrundusium, and, disbanding his army, journeyed to Rome in the\\nhumble garb of a private individual. The whole city met him with\\nacclamations; a triumph was immediately decreed, and never had\\nRome witnessed such grandeur and magnificence as were then dis-\\nplayed. Captive princes walked in his train treasures and trophies\\nadorned his chariot and a sum of money equal to $18,000,000 was\\ndeposited in tlie treasury of the commonwealth.\\n188. He soon after erected a temple to Minerva, with an inscription\\ncontaining a summary of his deeds. He said that he had finished a\\nwar of thirty years; had vanquished, slain, and taken 2,183,000 men\\nsunk or taken 846 ships; reduced 1,538 towns and fortresses, and sub\\ndued all the countries between Lake Moeris and the Red Sea. H\u00c2\u00ab\\nhad before extended his conquests in Africa to the Great Sea, am\u00c2\u00ab\\nBiretched the Roman dominions in Spain to the Atlantic his firs\\ntriumph had been for Africa, his second for Europe, and now his thinv\\nwas for Asia; so that when he threw aside his armor, and clothed\\nhimself in the unostentatious robe of a Roman citizen, he deserved,\\nboth for his achievements and his moderation, the title of Pompey thj\\nGreat.\\n189. First Tbiumvirate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 b. o. 60. Pompey was the most power-\\nful man in Rome, and the idol of the army. Crassus was the richest\\nman in the state, and a favorite of the senate. Both were candidates\\nAfter Pompey 8 departure, Mlthrldates returucd to Pontos, and made himself mastei\\nof several places; Pharnaces, however, rebelled against him. In favor of the Romans. Th^\\nanhapp7 king sent to his son, oflferlng to resign the crown if he would aid him In making\\nhie escape. The unnatural son bade the slave to tell his father that death was now all thjlt\\nremained for him. Thus cut otf from every hope, the wretched monarch assembled his\\nwives, and, presenting a cup of poison, bade them choose between death and captivity. To\\ngetber they dr-ink the fatal draught, and together they died in the palace of the Pontlas\\nkings.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 m. What intelligence distressed the Romans How was the distress\\nchanged to admiration? Give an account of Pompey s reception. 188. What temple is\\nspoken of? Wtiat inscri[)tion What deeds wt-re enumerated? What further is stated\\nof Pompey f IS J. Who then was the most powerful nan in Rome* Who ibf riciieat* U\\nvhat year was the first triumvirate established", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0431.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "388 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. o. 58\\nfor the highest oflices of the republic. At this juncture, when the\\nsoffrages of the Roman people seemed vibrating between the two strong\\nattractions of gold and glory Julius Csesar* returned from his pr8e*:i[;r-\\nship in Spain, it was the time for electing consuls, and, perceiving\\nthat if he gained the influence of one of these great men, he made the\\nother his enemy of course, he set about reconciling thtm. Having\\nprocured an interview between the rivals, he showed them the benefil\\nof a union of interests, and finally engaged them in a combination, bj\\nwhich it was agreed that nothing should he done in the commonwealth\\nwithout their mutual concurrence and approbation. This was called\\nthe FiEST Triumvirate. t\\n190. To cement this union, Csesar gave his daughter Julia in marriage\\nto Pompey, though she had long been aflianced to Marcus Brutus\\nand both Crassus and Pompey sustained the nomination of Caesar for\\nthe consulship. He was successful, and then they ratified all his acts.\\nThe triumvirate next agreed to share the world between them. Pom-\\npey chose Spain and Italy for, being already at the pinnacle of mili-\\ntary fame, he wished to remain in Rome. Crassus selected Syria and\\nthe East, because those provinces generally enriched their governors\\nand to Caesar were left the unconquered territories of the Gallic tribes\\nbut as these promised little more than a harvest of danger, his com-\\nmand was granted for five years.\\n191. The obedient senate and the misguided people sanctioned all\\nthese arrangements, and Csosar soon after marched to the north with\\nsix legions. During the summer, he pushed his conquests among the\\nbarbarous tribes inhabiting Gaul, Britain, and Germany and every\\nwinter he returned to Cisalpine Gaul, and passed the season very\\nagreeably with friends who came from Rome to see him. At one\\ntime there were in his camp 120 lictors waiting upon their masters,\\nand 200 senators honoring him with their assiduities. At the end of\\nfive years Crassus and Pompey visited him, and agreed to get hit\\nThis extraordinary man belonged to one of the most ancient and honorable families in\\nBorne. His aunt, Julia, was the wife of Marius, and he himself married the daughter A\\n2inna. He was of a fair complexion, and delicate constitution but ambition and early\\naxp osure enabled him to endure great fatigue. Such was his capacity for business, tha h%\\nsould dictate four letters at the same time.\\nt Soon after the triumvirate was formed, Cicero was driven into exile for haying pa\\nOatiline s accomplices to death, and Cato was sent on an expedition to Cyprus.\\nQuestions. 189. What claims had the rival candidates for the siitfruges of the people f\\nWho acted as couciliatorf What combination was formed? 190. By what ucts was th\u00c2\u00ab\\nunion cemented? What division of the world did the three aspirants make? Why was\\nCshsar s portion the least enviable? What object had Crassus in going east? Why did\\nPompoy choose Spain and Italy 191. What did the senate and peopie do f What con\\nquests did Cbwot make? How did be \u00e2\u0080\u00a2ecam his re-election?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0432.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "B.O. 55.J POMPEY AND C^SAR. 389\\ncommand continued five years longer, while lie sent money to Rome\\nto buy votes for their election to the consulship.\\n192. B. 0. 55. This year Crassus departed for the east. The people,\\nwho understood that he intended to make war upon their allies, tbe\\nParthians, were very much disi)!eased and when he went out of the city\\none of the tribunes devoted him, and all who should follow him, to the\\ninfernal gods. Undismayed, however, by this dreadful denunciation,\\nCrassus continued his course, and, landing in Asia Minor, soon overran\\nall Mesopotamia. He plundered the temple at Jerusalem, and took up\\nhis winter quarters in Syria. The next spring he set out for Parthia,\\nbut, trusting an Arabian chief for guide, his forces were led over dry\\nand sandy plains, where neither stream, nor plant, nor tree appeared\\nand finally, surrounded by an active enemy in the midst of a hostile\\ncountry, they all perished except Cains Cassius, and a band of 500\\nhorse. The head and right hand of Crassus were cut off, and sent to\\nthe Parthian king.\\n193. Csesar extended the power of Rome far to the north. It would\\nbe tedious to enumerate all his exploits. SuflBce it to say, that in\\nless than ten years he took 800 cities, conquered 300 nations, fought\\n1,000 battles, killed 1,000,000 of men, took as many more prisoners,\\ncrossed over to Britain twice, and subdued all the tribes from the\\n^[editerranean Sea to the German Ocean. The laurels of Miltiades\\nVAould not allow Themistocles to sleep; and the praises of Caasar had\\na similar effect upon Pompey. By the death of Crassus they were\\nleft the sole competitors for supreme authority and the decease of\\nJulia broke the tender tie which had bound them together. Pompey\\neifected the recall of Cicero, gained the favor of the stern Cato, and,\\nseeming to feel a deep anxiety for the welfare of the commonwealth,\\nproposed that Caesar should be required to disband his army.\\n194. Caesar s friends urged that the republic had more to fear from\\nthe unlimited authority of one, than from the conflicting interests of\\ntwo, and therefore insisted that the rivals should both resign, or both\\nretain their power; but Pompey, who was enjoying the dignity of sol\u00c2\u00ab\\nconsul, would not agree to this proposition. The senate, who were in\\nPompey s interest, passed a decree requiring Caesar to lay down his\\nmilitary power within a given time, under penalty of being declared\\nan enemy to his country. Antony and Cassius vetoed the hill. The\\nQu\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\u00c2\u00bbtion*.~\\\\^1. When did Crassas depart for the east? Give an account of his exploit*\\nand death. 198. What was Cffisar doing in Gaul at that time Name some of his exploits.\\nHow waa the triple chain broken? What followed 194. What did Cajsar s friondfl urge\\nupon him? Why would not Pompey consent? What decree did the senate pass? Whi\\nas the decree not carried oat 1", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0433.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "390 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. c. 40\\nsenate then had recourse to their highest prerogative, and directed tlie\\nconsuls to provide for the safety of the commonwealth. Pompej\\nwas appointed commander-in-chief of tlie armies of tlie repuhlic.\\nAntony and Cassius, thinking tlieir iives in danger, fled to the camp\\nof CsBsar.\\n195. O^sAB PASSES THE RuBiooN. That general, perceiving that\\nthe time had come to decide whether he should submit to Pompey or\\nPompey to him, immediately broke up his camp in Cisalpine Gaul and\\nmarched toward Rome. He paused upon the banks of the Rubicon,*\\nas if impressed with terror at the greatness of his enterprise. If I\\npass this river, said he, what miseries shall I bring upon my coun-\\ntry but if I now stop short, /am undone. At last, with an air of\\nstern resolve, he plunged into the water, exclaiming, The die is\\ncastl and was promptly followed by his soldiers. On his march,\\nsays Plutarch, as if war had opened wide its gates, not individuals\\nwere seen, as on other occasions, wandering about Italy, but whole\\ncities, broken up and seeking refuge by flight.\\n196. Most of the tumultuous tide flowed toward Rome and that\\ncity was so filled with agitation and alarm, that the consuls were\\nunable to discharge the solemn trust of their oflice. Pompey, who\\nhad all along assured the senate that he could raise an army witli\\nthe stamp of the foot, was now overwhelmed by censures from every\\nside. He could gain no certain intelligence of Csosar s movements, uul\\nwas continually embarrassed by terrifying reports. After vacillalmg\\nsome time between hopes and fears, the conqueror of Mithridates left\\nRome for Capua, where two legions, formerly in Caesar s service, were\\nstationed. The greater part of the senate and his own private friends\\nand dependents accompanied him and sll ranks of people followed\\nhim some distance, with outcries and good wishes.\\n197. Cffisar, knowing that Rome would fall to the conqueror, did\\nnot take that city in his way, but pursued Pompey to Capua. Pom-\\npey retired to Brundusium, and embarked for Greece. Oaosar, being\\nThis was a little river which the Romans had ever considered the sacred boundary of\\nkbeir domestic empire. The senate had caused to be engraven on stone, and set up by the\\nside of thfi strciun, an edict, devoting to the infernal gods, and branding with the crime of\\nsacrilege and parricide, any person who should presume to pass the Rubicon with an army,\\nlegion, or even a single cohort.\\nQ^estio?is.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 l9i. What then followed What appointment was given to Pompey f What\\ncourse did Antony and Cassius then take? 195. What, finally, did Caesar perceive? How\\nl8 the Rubicon situated? (Map No. 4.) What is stated in the note about the Rubicon T\\nHow did Caisar reason about crossing the Rubicon? Give the statement made by Plutarch.\\n196. What was the condition of Rome at that time? Give an account of Pompey s move-\\n\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abnt 191. Give a further account of his movement*. Where was Capua? (Map No. 4.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0434.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "B.a48.J THE PLAINS Oi- PIIaRSaLIA. 39]\\nnnable to follow him for want of shipping, returned to Rome, with the\\nglory of having reduced Italy in sixty days without si)illing a drop of\\nblood. He treated all who surrendered with the greatest kindness,\\ntelling them that he came not to destroy the liberties of his country,\\nbut to restore them.\\n198., C^SAR GOES TO Spain. Securiug the treasures of Rome, h\u00c2\u00ab\\nnow determined to deprive Pompey of the assistance he expected frono\\nSpain. Accordingly, having refreshed his men, he led them once\\nmore a long and fatiguing march across the Alps, through dense\\nforests and over rapid rivers, into Spain and when we consider that\\nevery soldier carried 60 lbs. weight of armor and ten days provision,\\nwe must admire the address of a man who could, under such circum-\\nstances, retain the allegiance of his army. Cassar s success equaled his\\nexpectations. In forty days he subdued all Spain, and dismissed hia\\nvanquished adversaries the richer and the happier for having been\\nconquered. When the victor arrived at Rome he was received with\\ndemonstrations of joy, and created dictator and consul.\\n199. Dyrraohium. While Caesar was thus employed, Pompey was\\nequally active in Greece. All the monarchs of the east declared in hia\\nfavor; crowds came from Italy to join his army; and Cicero and Cato,\\nthe known advocates of freedom, secured for his cause the sanction of\\nthe good throughout the world. Caesar, resolving to terminate the\\nconflict as soon as possible, after much difficulty and danger, succeeded\\nin transporting his troops to Epirus. A battle was fought at Dyrra-\\nchium, in which Pompey had the advantage; but, neglecting to make\\nhis success complete by seizing the camp, Caesar remarked, This day the\\nvictory had been the enemy s had their general known how to conquer.\\n200. The scarcity of provisions soon after compelled Caesar to remove\\nto Thessaly. Pompey s soldiers immediately cried out with one voice,\\nCaesar is fled. Some called upon their general to pursue; others\\nadvocated his return to Italy; others sent their servants to Rome to\\nhire houses near the forum; and not a few went over to Lesbos to\\ncongratulate Cornelia, the wife of Pompey, on the conclusion of th*\\nwar. Pompey, however, thought it best to pursue Caesar, and wes 1\\nhim out with famine but when he overtook his rival upon the plaina\\nof Pharsalia he suffered himself to be overruled, and orders were con-\\nsequently given to prepare for battle,\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \\\\91. What is said of Caesar upon his return to Koine 198. In what way did\\nhe head off Pompey What honors did he receive in Rome 199. How was Pompey\\nmeanwhile employed? Give an account of his successful preparations. Of the battle of\\nDyrrachium. Where was Dyrrachlum (Map No. 2.) 200. What step was Csesar com-\\npelled to make? What then did the soldiers of Pompey do What did Pompey think iJ\\n^\u00c2\u00abMit U) io\u00c2\u00bb Where did h\u00c2\u00ab overtake C\u00c2\u00abMar f What change of purpose was then made", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0435.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "392 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. o. 48\\n201. Battle of Pharsalia. b. o. 48. Csesar, who had in vain\\nased every art to bring on an eugagement, was preparing early in the\\nmorning to break up his camp, when his scouts brouglit intelligence\\nthat the enemy were handling arms, as if getting ready for an attack.\\nUpon this news Csesar joyfully exclaimed, The long-wished-for day\\nis come when we shall fight with men, and not with famine. The\\nred mantle was immediately displayed before his pavilion, and the\\nsoldiers, with the greatest alacrity, harnessed for the battle. Caesar, to\\nobviate his want of cavalry, had trained six cohorts to fight between\\nthe files of horsemen, not by discharging their javelins, according to\\nthe usua custom, but by aiming directly at the visages of the enemy;\\nFor those fair young dancers, said he, will fly to save their hand-\\nBOiue faces. The plain of Pharsalia was now covered with men, and\\nhorses, and arms; and the two generals walked from rank to rank,\\nanimating their soldiers with prospects of victory.\\n202. It was a fearful sight to see the same arms on both sides,\\ntroops marshaled in the same manner, the same standards, the same\\nfierce Roman countenances; in short, the flower and strength of the\\nsame city turned upon itself. On one side, Pompey prepared to do\\nbattle against the man whom he had raised to power on the other,\\nCaesar stood ready to tear the laurel from the brow of the husband\\nwhom his departed darling Julia had loved better than life. The word\\non Pompey s side was Hercules the Invincible; that on Caesar s,\\nVenus the Victorious. Cesar s soldiers rushed on with their usual\\nimpetuosity, but, perceiving the enemy standing motionless, they stop-\\nped short in the midst of their career. A terrible pause ensued, in\\nwhich both sides, being near enough to recognize the countenances of\\ntheir assailants, continued to gaze upon each other with dreadful sere-\\nnity at length Caesar s men, having taken breath, ran furiously for-\\nward, first discharging their javelins, and then drawing their swords.\\nPompey s infantry sustained the attack with great resolution, and his\\ncavalry charging at the same time, Caesar s men began to give ground.\\n203. At this moment Caesar s six cohorts advanced, and the cavalry,\\njust spurring on to victory, received an immediate check. The nnu*\\nsual method of fighting pursued by the cohorts, their aiming at th\u00c2\u00ab\\nfaces of the enemy, and the horrible disfiguring wounds they made,\\nstopped the CM*eer of the handsome dancers, and caused them to\\nfly in great disorder. The cohorts then attacked the infantry in flank,\\nCwmWotm.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 201. When was the battle of Pharsalia fought Give an account of the man-\\nner in which It wa* brought about 202,203. Give an acouuut of the battle. To what wai\\nCfiBsar indebted for victory? Whire was rUarmtlia {Hot) Map No. 2.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0436.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "B. 0. 48.] THE FALL OF POMPEY. 393\\nand fresh troops coming up in front, that body also began to waver,\\nupon which Osesar called out, Pursiie the strangers, but spare the\\nRomans. Ihe fight had continued from break of day till noon the\\nsoldiers were faint and weary but Osesar, thinking his victory not\\ncomplete, summoned his men from the pursuit of the fugitives to\\nstorm the camp.\\n204. PoMrKY s Flight. As for Pompey, no sooner had he seen the\\nfate of his cavalry than he quitted the ranks like one distracted, and,\\nwithout considering that he was Pompey the Great, or makmg any\\neffort to rally his men, retired, step by step, to his tent, where he sat\\ndown without saying a word. He was aroused by intelligence that\\nthe enemy had commenced the work of plunder. What, cried he,\\ninto my very camp, too? No time was to be lost. Silencing hia\\nvain regrets, and hastily exchanging his armor for a disguise more\\nsuitable to his present circumstances, he took his solitary way through\\nthe delicious vale of Tempe, wrapped up in such thoughts as a man\\nmight be supposed to have who had been accustomed tor thirty-four\\nyears to conquer, and now felt for the first time the mortification of\\ndefeat; as one who had lately seen himself guarded by fleets and\\narmies, and now was so meanly attired that his enemies passed him by\\nas of no consequence. He threw himself upon the ground, took his\\nevening draught from the river Peneus, and passed the night in the\\nhut of a poor fisherman.\\n205. The next morning he embarked in a small ship and sailed for\\nLesbos, where Cornelia was waiting till he should come and take her\\nin triumph to Rome. When a messenger told Cornelia that her hus-\\nband had arrived with only one ship, and that not his own, she ran\\ndown to the shdre with tears and lamentations, and fell fainting into\\nhis arms. A few friends speedily assembled, and embarked with the\\nfugitive pair for Asia Minor. They coasted along for several days,\\nuncertain where to land, and fearing lest every ally should prove an\\nenemy; finally, Pompey, who had been a benefactor to Ptolemy\\nAuletes, decided on going to Egypt. The vessel came to anchor off the\\ncoast, while Pompey sent a message to the young king, imploring pro-\\ntection. The corrupt ministers of the Egyptian court, thinking it\\nequally unsafe to receive or refuse him, proposed that he should be\\ninvited on shore and slain.\\n206. End of Pompey the Great. In pursuance of this treacher-\\nQ%,^tion8.\u00e2\u0080\u00942M. How did Pompey behave directly after the battle How, after the\\nenemy had commenced plundering his camp? Where did he pass the night? 205. For\\nwhat place did he sail next morning? Where was the island of Losbon? (See Map No. 2.)\\nGive au account of his flight to the time of his reai^hing Egypt\\n11\u00c2\u00bb", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0437.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "394 COMMONWEALTH OF K M E [b. 0. 48\\n0U8 design, Septimius, formerly a centurion in Ponapey s array, and\\nAchillas, master of the Egyptian horse, embarked in a small galley\\nand rowed off toward the ship. The meanness of tlie preparations\\nexcited the suspicions of the Romans but Achillas coming up, wel-\\ncomed Pompey to Egypt with great cordiality, and apologized for his\\nlittle boat, by saying that the shallows prevented the sailing of a larger\\none. After tenderly embracing Cornelia, Pompey stepped into the\\ngalley with only two attendants. The most profound silence reigned,\\ntill Pompey, recollecting the face of Septimius, remarked, Methinka^\\nfriend, you and I were once fellow-soldiers together. Septimius\\nnodded his head without saying a word.\\n207. In this manner they neared the shore and Cornelia, who had\\nnever lost sight of the bark and its precious freight, began to breathe\\nmore freely when she saw the people crowding down to the beach, as\\nif anxious to welcome her husband s arrival but the instant Pompey\\nrose Septimius stabbed him in his back, and Achillas immediately\\nseconded the blow. At this horrid sight, Cornelia shrieked so loud as\\nto be heard from the shore but the danger she herself was in did not\\nallow the mariners time to look on and, a favorable wind springing\\nup, they escaped the pursuit of the Egyptian galleys. Pompey s mur-\\nderers, having cut off his head, caused it to be embalmed as a present\\nfor Csssar; his body was thrown naked on the strand, a spectacle for\\nthe idle or curious his faithful freedman, however, kept near it, and,\\nwhen the crowd had dispersed, washed it in the sea. Then, gathering\\nthe wrecks of a fishing-boat, he composed a pile and prepared to\\nburn it.\\n208. While thus piously employed he was joined by an old Roman\\nsoldier, who begged for the last sad comfort of assisting at the fune-\\nral of the bravest general Rome ever produced. Together they stood\\non that inhospitable shore, watchijg thp flame till it died away; and\\nthen, collecting the ashes of their beloved master, scraped with their\\nhands a little mound of earth over them, where afterward this inscrip-\\ntion was placed: lie whose merits deserve a temple can now scarce\\nfind a tomb. Such was the end and such the funeral of Pompey the\\nGeeat a man who preserved a spotless character in the midst of\\nassociates plunged in rapine and massacre; whose virtues were ob-\\nscured by the faults of the triumvirate, but whose melancholy and\\nundeserved fate converts all censure of his weaknesses into compassion\\nfoi his misfortunes.\\nQiustion8.~20Q, 207, 208. Of his Inglorious death. What is said of Cornelia Of the dis\\n\u00c2\u00bbo\u00c2\u00bbiti\u00c2\u00abn made of Pompey s body Where did the scene take place 1", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0438.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "8 c. 46 C S A R V I C T R I a 8 395\\n209. C^SAR AGAIN. Caasar gave liberty to the Thessalians, in\\ngratitude for the victory at Pharsalia, and then pursued Pompey to\\nEgypt. He landed at Alexandria with a select body of troops, and,\\nsoon after, the young king s preceptors brought him ihe head and ring\\nof Pompey. He turned away with horror from the ghastly counte-\\nnance of his rival, but he took his signet and wept over it. On the\\nspot where his humble grave had been made he ordered a magnificent\\ntomb to be erected, and treated every friend of Pompey with pecnliai\\nkindness. The attempts of Caesar to settle the succession to *:he\\nthrone of Egypt in favor of Cleopatra involved him in a difficult anu\\ndangerous war with the Egyptians. He first suffered froiL an attack\\nin the palace; next, his enemies stopped the aqueducts whicx. supplied\\nhim with water; then he was forced to burn his own ships to prevent\\ntheir being taken and again he was near losing liis life in a sea-fight,\\nwhen, leaping into the water, he swam from one vessel to another,\\nholding hia Commentaries in one hand and his coat of mail in his\\nteeth. A re-enforcement arriving not long after, and Ptolemy being\\ndrowned, Caesar was enabled to establish Cleopatra upon the throne.\\n210. The Egyptians submitted peaceably to her dominion, and Caesar\\nhimself was completely captivated by her charms. Week after week,\\nand month after month, he lingered in Alexandria, till the brave vete-\\nrans who had followed his fortunes boldly rebuked his conduct, and\\nrefused to accompany him in his excursions with the Egyptian queen.\\nFrom this inglorious ease Caesar was aroused by intelligence that\\nPharnaces, son of Mithridates, had seized upon Armenia and Colchis.\\nHe immediately marched against the rebel, and reduced him with such\\nease, that he wrote to Rome a letter containing only three words,\\nVeni^ vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered). Having settled\\naffairs in this part of the empire, gathered the revenues, and bestowed\\nprovinces upon his followers, Caesar returned to Italy. During his\\nabsence he had been created consul for five years, dictator for one\\nyear, and tribune for life.\\n211. End of Cato. Pompey s party had, meantime, rallied Ir\\nA.frica, under Scipio, Cato, and Juba (king of Mauritania). Scarcely,\\ntherefore, had Caosar laid aside his armor, when he was forced again\\nto buckle it on and embark for Africa. In the great battle of Thap-\\nsns he totally defeated his antagonists. Juba and hia general killed\\nQiiMtions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 209. How did Csesar treat the Thessalians? How did he act with reference\\nto the head and friends of Pompey? How did he involve himself in a war with Esrypt?\\nHow did he establish Cleopatra upon the throne of Egypt? 210. What influence did Cleo-\\npatra exert upon Caesar Upon what occasion did Csesar write his celebrated laconic letter f\\nGive the words of that letter, with their meaning, in what direction did C;i.-.sar next go\\n111. W hat acc-ounl cao you give of the battle of Thapsus T What became of J uba i", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0439.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "396 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b. a 46\\neach other in despair; Scipio was drowned in an attempt to escape by\\nsea; so that of all the leaders of that unfortunate party, Cato alone\\nsurvived. After the battle of Pharsalia this extraordinary man had\\nled the wretched remnants of Pompey s array through burning deserts,\\ninfested by fiery serpents, to the city of Utica, where he formed the\\nprincipal persons into a senate, and established a government accord-\\ning to his ideas of liberty.\\n212. This city he attempted to defend against the w lole force oi\\nCaesar, but, finding that the inhabitants were intimidated by the great-\\nness of the undertaking, he resolved no longer to force them to be\\nfree. Having, accordingly, made arrangements for some of his friends\\nto save themselves by sea, and directed others to rely upon Oajsar s\\nclemency, he retired to his room, observing, that as to himself, he\\nwas at last victorious. He read in Plato s Dialogue concerning the\\nBoul till past midnight, when he fell into a profound sleep. Upon\\nawaking, and learning that his friends had embarked, he ordered his\\nattendants to leave the room, and, drawing his sword, gave himself a\\nmortal wound. As he fell upon the bed, he overturned a stand upon\\nwhich he had been drawing some geometrical figures; his family,\\naearing the noise, rushed in, and found him in the agonies of death.\\nCato, said Caesar, when he heard of it, I envy thee thy death.\\n213. C^SAK Dictator. The war in Africa being thus terminated,\\nCsesar returned to Rome. He had conquered more countries than any\\nof his predecessors, and his triumph was proportionably splendid. It\\nlasted four days. The first was for Gaul the second, for Egypt the\\nthird, for Asia and the fourth, for the conquest over Juba in Africa.\\nHis veteran soldiers, who had followed him from the frozen shores of\\nthe Baltic to the burning sands of Africa who had shared his toik\\nand dangers 13 years, now, all scarred with wounds, received their\\nhonorable discharge, and accompanied him, crowned with laurel, to\\nthe capitol. To every soldier he gave a sum equal to $700; double\\nthat sura to a centurion; and four times as much to t.he superior offi-\\ncers. To every citizen he gave ten bushels of corn, tea pounds of oil,\\nand about $5 in money. He feasted the people at 20,000 tables, and\\ntreated them to such games and shows of gladiators as drew immense\\ncrowds into the city.\\n214. The Romans, charmed with his munificence, seemed eager to\\nfind new methods of doing homage to their benefactor. He was\\nQuesUon\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094^n. Of Scipio? Where was Thapsus? (See Map No. 1.) What had Cat*\\nHscomplished since the battle of Pharsalia? 212. Give the particulars preceding the death\\nof Cato. Also, of his death. 213. The war in Africa beino; ended, what did Caasar then dof\\nHow did ho reward his soldiers What did \\\\u- \u00c2\u00abi ve to each citizen f What else did he do", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0440.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "1.0.46.] HONORS TO C^SAR. 397\\ncreated Magister Morum;* he received the titles of Ernreror, and\\nFather of his country his person was declared sacred, and his statue\\nwas placed by tlie side of that of Jupiter in the capitol. While mat-\\nters were going on thus prosperously at home, the sons of Pompey\\nagain renewed the war in Spain. It took Caesar nine months to quell\\ntlis revolt, and his danger was so great in one battle, that he observed\\nhe had often fought for victory^ but this was the first time he evei\\nfought for lifey One of the sous of Pompey was slain the other col-\\nlected a fleet, and made his home upon the sea.t\\n215. Ca3sar, by this last blow, subdued all his avowed enemies. He\\nreturned to Rome, to beautify and adorn it with all the works which\\nart could furnish, and all the treasures which different climes could\\nbestow. Like Alexander, he conceived the project of consolidating all\\ngovernments into one great empire. It was his intention to visit\\nParthia, avenge the death of Crassus, pass through Hyrcania, enter\\nScythia along the banks of the Caspian, cut his way through the\\nuntrodden forests of Germany into Gaul, and so return to Italy. The\\nsenate, with an adulation that marked the degeneracy of the times,\\ncontinued to load him with fresh honors. They called the month\\nQuintilis July, after his name; they stamped money with his\\nimage;! t,hey instituted sacrifices on his birthday, and talked of enroll-\\ning him among the gods.\\n216. One title, and one only, they denied him, and this title, above\\nall others, Csosar coveted. It was King. The crimes which the con-\\nduct of the Tarquinii had attached to that name, the hatred of it which\\nhad consequently been cherished in every Roman breast, made it more\\nodious than all other names beside. Old men who had hailed Sylla\\nperpetual dictator with joy; veterans who had saluted Pompey ^m-\\nperator^ with enthusiastic acclamations and young men who called\\nCaesar emperor, father^ god, were equally shocked with the thought of\\nhis being King.\\n217 End of C^sar. Antony, at one of the public festivals, offered\\nCaosar a diadem; the multitude looked on in dejected silence; but\\nw\\\\ en Caesar refused the bauble, they rent the air with shouts. A few\\nM if\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abr of the morals of the people.\\nt Antony had taken possesaion of Pompey s honse fa Borne.\\nX See Mark xil. 13\u00e2\u0080\u009417.\\nQriestions. 214, What follies did the Romans commit in doing homage to their benefac-\\ntor What happened in Spain What became of Pompey s sons 215. After this victory,\\nwhat was the pursuit of Ctesar What ambitious views were burning in his heart? Of\\nwhat adulation were the Roman senate guilty? 216. What is said of Caesar in eonnectJOB\\nwith the title of king 217. How did Owsar receive the offer of a diadem T", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0441.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "398 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. [b.o. 44\\ndays after, OsBsar s statues wore seen adorned with crowns. Two of\\nthe tribunes went and tore thera off, and the people applauded tb\u00c2\u00ab\\ndeed, styling the independent magistrates Brutnses but Crosar called\\nthem Irutes, and deposed them from their offices. These, and similar\\nacts, gave rise to a conspiracy, of which Oaius Oassius was the head.\\nMarcus Brutus, the son-in-law of Cato, and about sixty senators, were\\nengaged in the plot. Brutus was descended from that Brutus who\\nfirst gave Jberty to Rome. He fought on Pompey s side in the battla\\nof Pharsalia, but Oa3sar pardoned him, and loaded him with favors.\\n218. It was agreed to carry the plot into execution on the ides of\\nMarc\\\\ a day on which Oa3sar s friends proposed to invest him with\\nthe title of Mng of all the conquered countries^ while he should still be\\nstyled dictator in Italy. The augurs had warned him to beware of the\\nides of March; and as his wife, the night before, dreamed he was\\nassassinated in her arms, Caesar had determined not to go to the\\nsenate-house that day. One of the conspirators, however, came in,\\nand, assuring him that the senate were waiting, prevailed upon him to\\nchange his resolution. As he went along, a Greek philosopher handed\\nhim a paper containing the particulars of the plot, but Caesar gave it\\nto his secretary without reading. As he entered the senate-house, he\\nmet the augur: Well, Spurina, said he, the ides of March are\\ncome. Yes, rephed the augur, but not gone.\\n219. No sooner had the dictator taken his seat, than the conspirators\\ncrowded around him and one, on pretense of presenting a petition,\\nknelt down and took hold of the bottom of his robe. Upon this signal\\nCasca stabbed him in the shoulder. Caesar instantly turned, and\\nwounded the traitor with his stylus. All the conspirators now drew\\ntheir swords, and surrounded him in such a manner, that whichever\\nway he turned he saw nothing but steel gleaming in liis face, and met\\nnothing but wounds. Still he defended himself, pushing back one\\nenemy, throwing down a second, and wounding a third, till Brutus,\\ncoming up, thrust his dagger into his thigh. As if heart-broken with\\nthe cruel wound, the dying Caasar exclaimed, et tu Brute^ (and thou^\\ntoo, Brutus); and, disposing his robe so as to fall with decency, sank\\ndown at the foot of Pompey s statue, the base of which was all dyed\\nwith his blood.\\n220. Measures of the Consplkatobs. There the mangled body\\nlay, while Brutus, raising his gory dagger, called on Cicero to rejoice\\nin his country s liberty, and, ascending the tribunal, began to harangue\\nQu\u00c2\u00absUon\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i,\\\\1^ 21S, 219. What conspiracy followed soon after? Describe the tragedy iB\\nVAt seuate house. 220. What was the course of Brutus Of Antony?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0442.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0443.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0444.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "B 0.43.1 ANTONY, OCTAVIUS, \u00c2\u00abt LEPiDUS. 399\\nthe senators; they all fled, however, in such haste aad dismay, that\\ntheir lives were endangered in the throng. Brutus and the rest of the\\nconspirators marched to the capitol, and garrisoned the place with a\\nband of gladiators. Next day Brutus made a speech to the people,\\nand congratulated them upon their freedom if liiJe Antony and Lepi-\\nduij, taking possession of the forum, convened the senate, to decide\\nWi iether Ca3sar had been a lawful magistrate or a tyrannical usurper\\nTo stop commotions, to save confiscations and executions, this august\\nbody approved all the acts of G(B8ar, and yet granted a general pardon\\nto his murderers.\\n221. Antony, however, being determined to ride into power on the\\nwaves of popular commotion, brouglit out the body of Caesar for\\nburial and having read the dictator s will, in which every citizen was\\nmunificently remembered, he so excited the minds of tlie people, that\\nthey tore up the benches, and burned the body in the forum. Then\\nsnatching flaming brands from the pile, they ran to set fire to the\\nhouses of the conspirators, who fled from the city. The dead Ca98ar\\nwas proclaimed a god, divine honors were paid to his memory, and an\\naltar was erected on the spot where his body was burned. While An-\\ntony was thus clothing himself with popular favor, the individual\\nbefore whose genius the star of his destiny turned pale appeared\\nin Rome. This was Octavius Caesar, grand-nephew of the late dicta-\\ntor. He had been in Athens at school, but, hearing of his uncle s\\ndeaih, hastened over to Italy to claim his inheritance, and bestow\\nlegacies upon his friends. Antony, who was using this money to for-\\nward his own plans, was little pleased to be called to an account ana\\nwhen the senate set up the young Octavius for his rival, his rage\\nknew no bounds.\\n2.22. Cicero joined the party of Octavius and the senate passed t\u00c2\u00bb\\ndecree that Antony should resign his government of Cisalpine Gau!^\\nand await their pleasure upon the banks of the Rubicon. Anton\\nindignantly refused to obey. The senate declared him an enemy U\\nRome, and sent Octavius against him. A battle was fought, in whici\\nAntony was entirely defeated, and compelled to fly to Lepidus, in Fai\\nther GauL This victory made Octavius too powerful. The senate\\nrefused him a triumph and the consulship. Perceiving that it was\\ntheir intention to play him off against Antony, Octavius signified to\\nthat general and Lepidus his desire of an accommodation. The place\\nQuestion^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 221, 222. What further Is said of Antony s course? Who was Octavius\\nWhat was his busincas in Koine? What troubles portended? What battle was fought?\\nWhy did the senate refuse Octavius a triumph and the consulship? What coa-se di J\\nOctavius then decide upon Where is the town of Bolcgna (3ee modern map.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0445.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "400 COMMONWEALTH OF ROMB.\\nappointed for the meeting was a little island in\\nnear the present town of Bologna. They met as friends, and seated\\nthemselves in that isolated spot to settle a plan of operations whict\\nshould give to them sovereign power, and enable them to triumph\\nover their enemies.\\n223. Second Triumvirate. b. o. 43. During the fatal three days\\nwhich the conference lasted, a Second Triumvirate was formed bj\\nIi\u00e2\u0082\u00ac*)idu3, Antony, and Octavius; and there, with the world spread\\ntefore them as a map, they divided kingdoms, deposed governors, and\\nproscribed their fellow-citizens, with the utmost composure. Antony\\nwas to have Gaul Lepidus, Spain and Octavius, Africa and the\\nislands of the Mediterranean. Italy and the eastern provinces were to\\nremain in common till the conspirators were subdued. The last arti-\\ncle of this agreement made Rome weep tears of blood. Each one\\npresented a list of his enemies for proscription. Lepidus gave up his\\nbrother Antony, his uncle and Octavius consented to sacrifice the\\nimmortal Cicero to the vengeance of Antony besides which 200 sena-\\ntors and 2,000 knights were doomed to death. That was a dreadful\\nday for Rome, when the triumvirs, strong in their union, and strong\\nin the allegiance of the army, sent forth their assassins to seal with the\\nblood of her citizens the horrid compact made in the solitude of a\\ndesert island in Gaul. Nothing but cries and lamentations were to be\\nheard within the walls, scarce a house escaping without a murder.\\n224. Cicero evaded his pursuers for some time, and put off to sea,\\nbut soon landed again, declaring that he would die in the country he\\nhad so often saved. The assassins of Antony found him, cut off hia\\nhead and right hand, and placed them over that rostrum where he\\nhad 80 often declaimed upon the rights and privileges of Roman citi-\\nzens. Thus the proscription went on many escaped to Macedonia,\\nwhere Brutus and Cassius were raising an army to restore the ancient\\nliberties of the republic; and some fled to Sextus Pompey, who\\ncovered the Mediterranean with his ships. At last the vengeance of\\nthe triumviri seemed fully satisfied, and the executions being at an\\nend, Octavius and Antony marched with their army to oppose thj\\nconspirators, leaving Lepidus to manage affairs in their absence.\\n226. Battle of Philippi. b. c. 43. Brutus aci Cassiua had,\\nmeantime, persuaded the Roman students in Athens to arm in the\\nQue\u00c2\u00abU m\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u00942 i, L What is said of the meeting? 223, 224. By what means were Antony\\nandOctavlua made friends? What object had they in common with etich other? Whc\\nconstituted the second triumvirate? Give an account of their proceed iiisrs. Of tiieir pro-\\nBcriptlonft, c 225. In what year did the battle of Philippi take pJaco? Where WW\\nPhilippi? (See Map No. 2.^ Who ooajmj.naAd the Eoman youth", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0446.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "B 0. 42.J THE DEATH OF BRUTUS. 401\\ncause of freedom auxiliaries aIso flocked to them from Macedonia and\\nAsia Minor, so that their army numbered twelve legions, and they\\ncould count upon supplies for protracting tlie war to any length of\\ntime. Antony and Octavius encountered them at Philippi. The first\\nengagement was indecisive. Brums put the troops of Octavius to\\nflight, but Cassius was defeated and slain. Twenty days after, Brutus\\nwas compelled again to give battle. His spirits were very much\\ndepressed, and a sad foreboding of his fate diminished his natural\\nardor.* He, however, led forward his troops and attacked the enemy\\nwith great fury. As before, he was successful where he commanded\\nin person, but the troops of Cassius, remembering their former defeat,\\nfled before the impetuous charge of Antony, and victory soon declared\\nin favor of the triumvirs.\\n226. Brutus, surrounded by his most valiant officers, fought for a\\nlong time with amazing valor, and not till the son of Cato and the\\nbrother of Cassius had fallen by his side could he be persuaded to\\nleave the field. With much difficulty he escaped from his pursuers,\\nand concealed himself under the shadow of a bending rock. A few\\nfriends gathered round, with whom he conversed for a time, upon the\\nadversity which virtue suffers at the hand of fortune. He then retired\\nto a little distance, and having persuaded Struto, his master in oratory,\\nto hold his sword, threw himself upon it and expired.! Antony\\ntreated the body of Brutus with great respect, threw his own robe\\nover it, and caused it to receive funeral honors.\\n227. Dissolution of the Triumvirate. After the victories at\\nPhilippi, Antony passed through Greece and Asia Minor, settling the\\nrevenues of the provinces, and calling governors to account with the\\nair of a sovereign. But when the beautiful Cleopatra, queen of Egypt,\\ncame to Tarsus to answer for having furnished supplies for the con-\\nWlien Brutus was in Sardis he was in the habit of waking at midnight and stadying\\ntill morninir. One night, says Plutarch, when the whole army lay in sleep and silence,\\nBrutus, turning toward the door, saw a horrible specter standing silently by his sida Art\\nthou Gotl or man V said the intrepid general. I am thy evil genius, Brutus, replied the\\nphantom; thou wilt see me at Philippi. When the apparition was gone, Brutus ca led\\nhis servants, but, finding they had seen nothing, resumed his studies. The night prccet ing\\nthis second battle of Philippi it is said the specter came again and warned him of his doo.n.\\nt It is observed, that of all those who had a hand in the murder of Caesar, not one died a\\nnatural death Poroia, Cato s daughter (the wife of Brutus), killed herself by swallowing\\nburning coals\\nX He establisaed Herod in the kingdom of Jadea, and supported him against every\\nopposer.\\nQiiestiana.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 225. What auxiliaries flocked to their standard What Is said of the firat\\nengagement f Of the second Who were the victors? 226. What was the fate of Brutus f\\n221. After the victories of Philii-pl whatdid Antonvdof WKatla said of him and Cleopatra", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0447.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "402 COMMONWEALTH OF ROME. fao. 31.\\nBpirators, the conqueror became a captive, and was led off to Egypt in\\nher chains. Octavius returned to Rome, where he commenced a train\\nof operations which finally put him in possession of absolute power.\\nHe dispossessed the peaceful inhabitants of the fertile vales of Italy,\\nmd established his veteran soldiers in their habitations. The po\u00c2\u00abt\\nT Tgil alone, of all the people of Mantua, was permitted to retain Lis\\npatrunonial farm. A civil war, excited by Fulvia, wife of Antony,\\nnext distracted the Roman state. Fulvia, being conquered, went to\\nGreece and died there. Antony, roused by the trump of war, hast-\\nened to Italy to fight with Octavius. They met at Brundusium a\\nreconciliation took place, and Antony m.^rried Octavia, sister of his\\nbrother triumvir. Though this was a political union, yet the virtue\\nand beauty of Octavia exercised a beneficial influcuce upon Antony,\\nand for four years he remained with her, in harmoi^y with Octavius\\nand Lepidus.\\n228. A new division of the empire was made, by which Antony\\nreceived the east; Octavius, the west; Lepidus, Africa; and Sextus\\nPompey, the islands of the sea. Antony undertook an expedition into\\nParthia, but returned after an inglorious campaign to Cleopatra. Octa-\\nvius quarreled with Pompey, and drove him from one place to ano-\\nther, till he was put to death by Antony s lieutenant. He then com-\\nmenced a war with Lepidus for the island of Sicily, and having secured\\nthe person of his opponent, banished him. Antony was now the sole\\nobstacle of his ambition, and Octavius began his machinations against\\nhim by rendering his character as contemptible as possible at Rome.\\nIn this he was very successful, for Antony s mismanagement in the\\nParthian expedition, his neglect of the injured Octavia, his all-absorb-\\ning devotion to Cleopatra, and his display of power in giving away\\ncrowns and thrones, irritated the people, and disposed them to take\\nup arms against him.\\n229. Battle of Aotium, b. o. 31. War between the rivals was\\nfinally declared in due form. Octavius approached from Italy with\\nall the forces of the west, and Antony came on from the east with an\\noverwhelming army. The bay of Actium, on the coast of Epirus, wau\\nthe Pharsalia of these two triumvirs; and here again a decisive battle\\n\u00c2\u00bbent the one a fugitive to Egypt, and gave to the other the empire of\\nQu^U m*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094221. What did Octavius do f What is said of Fulvia f What induced Antony\\nhasten to Italy? Where did he meet Octavius? In what manner did they become\\nreconciled? 228. What new di HaioQ of the empire was made? In what was Antony\\nunsucc\u00c2\u00ab68J M) What became of Pompey? Of Lepidus? What machinations did Octavius\\nInstiifate against Antony? How far was he successful? 229. Where was Actium? (See\\nftdap No. 2.) When was tbe battie ot Actium fought? Give an account of it.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0448.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "0. 31.J AUGUSTUS. 403\\nthe world. After having spent two years in the east, a -v. ng the\\naffairs of Egypt, Greece, Syria, and Asia Minor, Octavius returned to\\nRome. He had now no rivals and no avowed enemies. Tlie laws of\\nthe triumvirate were abolished, and after his seventh cor.sulship he\\nresigned his power. The senate, however, besought him to retain it;\\nand with apparent reluctance he continued to do so, under the title of\\nPkinoe of the Senate. By degrees all offices of trust and dignity\\nwere united in his person. He was styled imperator, or commander-\\nm-chief by sea and land; he was elected proconsul of all the prov\\ninces; perpetual tribune of the people; censor, and pontifex maximus\\nthe laws were made subject to him, and the observance of them\\niapended upon his will.\\n230. Thus secure in power, he laid aside the vices which had\\ndeformed his character, and strove to make the people forget in the\\nbeneficent rule of the Emperor Augustus the tyranny of the triumvir\\nOctavius. The wars which he carried on in Spain, Germany, and\\nother countries, were all terminated in favor of the Roman arms a\\ntreaty was concluded with the Parthians, by which they gave up\\nArmenia, and restored the eagles taken from Orassus and Antony\\nand thus completing the victories of his predecessors, and awing the\\nnations into peace, he made Rome the mistress of the world The\\nlittle city founded by Romulus 750 years before, now contained within\\nits massy walls 4,000,000 of souls, and held in subjection all nations\\nfrom the Euphrates to the Atlantic; from the Scandinavian wilds to\\nthe immense deserts of Africa and the cataracts of the Nile.\\nTacitua thus sums up the causes which conspired to place Augustus in the position\\nhe occupied: The fate of Brutus and Cassius bein^ decided, the commonwealth had no\\nlonger an army engaged in the cause of liberty. The younger Pompey received a total\\nOTerthrow on the coast of Sicily Lepidus was deprived of his legions, and Mark Antony\\nfell on his own sword. In that situation the partisans of Julius Cffisar had no leader but\\nOctavius, who laid aside the invidious title of triumvir, content with the more popular name\\nof consul, acl with the tribnnitian power which he professed to assume for the protection\\nof the people. In a little time, when he had allured to his interest the soldiery by a profu-\\nsion of largesses, the people by distributions of corn, and the minds of men in general by\\n;he sweets of peace, his views grew more aspiring. By degrees and almost imperceptilly\\nhe drew into his own hands the authority of the senate, the functions of the magistrates,\\nand the administration of the laws. To these encroachments no opposition was raadet\\nThe true republican had perished either in the field of battle or by the rigor of pro9crip\\ntions; of the remaining nobility, the leading men were raised to wealth and honors in pro-\\nportion as they court\u00c2\u00bb3d the yoke; and all who, in the distraction of the times, had risen to\\naffluence, preferred immediate ease and safety to the danger of contending for ancienj\\nfreedom.\\nQu^tians,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 229, 230. How did Octavius spend the next two years t Relate the history\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2f OoUvius until the Christian Era. Bound the Roman Empire on Map No. 1", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0449.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "THE CHRISTIAN ERA.\\nSECTION VIII.\\n1. A. D. 100, Augustus* was now emperor of the world. For\\n\u00c2\u00a38 years he had reigned without a rival. A perfect calm prevailed at\\nRome. The younger part of the community were born since the battle\\nof Actium, and the old during the civil wars. Augustus, in the vigor of\\nhealth, maintained at once his own dignity, the honor of his house,\\nand the public tranquillity. The temple of Janus was closed for the\\nthird time; and the bloody trade of war was exchanged for the quiet\\npursuits of the husbandman and artisan.\\n2. In those days, when Ilerod was king in Judea, and Cyrenius\\nwas governor of Syria, there went out a decree from Ccosar Augustus,\\nthat all the world should be taxed. Joseph and Mary, of the house\\nand lineage of David, in consequence of this decree, were called to the\\nlittle town of Bethlehem, and there was born the Saviour, who is\\nChrist the Lord. Angels published his advent; shepherds worshiped\\naround the holy babe; and wise men, guided by his star, came from\\nthe east and presented to him gifts gold, frankincense, and myrrh\\nbut Augustus sat upon his gilded throne, in the palace of the Caesars,\\nunconscious that in the far-off province of Judea, in the humble vil-\\nlage of Bethlehem, the Prince of Peace had appeared to purchase and\\nestablish a kingdom, before which the gold, the silver, the brass, and\\nthe iron of all former dominions should become as the chaff of the\\nsummer threshing-floor.\\n3. Augustus lived fourteen years after this event, every year mcreas-\\n.ng Lis fame by acts of beneficence, and by the splendid works with\\nAugustus was somctliing below the middle size, but well proportioned, His hair wM\\nof a yellowish brown, and inclined to curl his eyes were bright and lively but the general\\nexpression of his countenance was remarkably calm and mild.\\nThe Christian Era.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Section Vlll.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Que8ticms.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\\\. At this epoch who was emperor of\\nthe world? How many years did he reign without a rival? 2. Give an account of the\\ntrtJi wd lineage of our Saviour. 8. How many years did Augustus live after this event?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0450.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "4.D. 14.] TIBERIUS. 405\\nwhich he adorned his native city and every year receiving new hon-\\nors from the senate, and increased homage from the people. Altars\\nwere erected to him, and the month Sextiliua was named August\\nin his honor. He had divorced his third wife to marry Livia, the wife\\nof Tiberius, an unprincipled woman, who in his old age completely\\nruled him. He had also many domestic troubles. His daughter Julia\\nhe was forced to banish for her bad conduct her sons, whom he had\\nappointed his successors, died young Tiberius, the eldest son of Livia,\\nhe had sent into exile and Drusus, the youngest son, whom he ten-\\nderly loved, fell a victim to disease on his return from Germany.\\nThese afflictions, and the infirmities of age, disposed him to seek the\\ni^uiet of the country. He died at Nola, in Campania, a. d. 14, in the\\n76th year of his age, and the 4:5th of his reign.\\n4. Tiberius. Tiberius, the son of Livia, was immediately acknow-\\nledged his successor. The time had not yet come wlien an aspirant\\ncould assume the purple as an hereditary right. Tiberius, therefore,\\naffected to decline the homage of the senate, and to distrust his own\\nability to sustain the weight of the empire. He proceeded, however,\\nto deliver the royal standard to the praetorian guards, and to secure\\ntheir attendance upon his person while he put to death Agrippa, the\\nlast grandson of Augustus, as he said, by command of the late emperor.\\nThese acts were but the commencement of the dark, crooked, and san-\\nguinary policy which marked his administration. Those whom he\\nhated, those whom he feared, and those whom he ought to have loved,\\nwere alike suspected, watched, and destroyed. A gloomy jealousy\\nkept him constantly alive to the re\\\\.vyrts of spies and informers. The\\nlaw of violated majestyt became the occasion of numerous executions\\nand confiscations.\\n6. Germanicus, the son of his brother Drusus, quelled a dangerous\\nrevolt in Germany, and refused the title of emperor which the legions\\ninsisted upon his assuming but this display of virtue only roused the\\nsuspicions of Tiberius. Germanicus was recalled, osteieibly to enjoy\\nHe beautified Rome so much that It was truly said of him He feund it of bri t \u00c2\u00bbnd\\nleft it of marble.\\nt By a law of the Twelve Tables libels were strictly prohibited. Sylla construed aU\\naspersions upon his character into violations of the majesty of the Roman people; and manj\\npersons in consequence suffered under the penalty of this law. Augustus revived it, and\\nTiberius made it a permanent law of the empire. Whoever was obnoxious to the prince or\\ntie Civorites was brought within the law of majesty. Every thing was a state crime, and\\nthe trade of a public accuser became one of the most lucrative in the city.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Z. What were his domestic troubles In what year did he die? At what\\nplace? (8ce Map No. 4.) 4. Who was Tiberius? What deeds of cruelty characterized hi\u00c2\u00bb\\nreijn f 5. What is said of Germanicus Of his fate", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0451.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "406 EMPIRE OF ROME. [a.d. 31\\na triumph, and fill the ofBoe of consul. The noble general entered\\nRome seated in a lofty triumphal car, with his five children, while his\\nfollowers displayed the spoils of the conquered, with various pictures\\nof battles, mountains, and rivers, or led in chains the captive barba-\\nrians. The people rent the air with acclamations; and Tiberius,\\nseeming to share in the general joy, distributed money to the multi-\\ntude in the name of his nephew. Not long after, Tiberius laid the\\ncondition of the eastern provinces before the senate, representing to\\nthe fathers that he was now in the vale of years, and his son Drusua\\nyet a youth. His conclusion was, that to settle the troubles in Syria\\nand Armenia, recourse must be had to the wisdom of Germanicus.\\nThe new consul was accordingly sent thither, accompanied by Piso, a\\nman capable of any crime. He never returned. His widow, Agrip-\\npina, brought home his ashes in an urn, and demanded justice upon\\nthe murderer of her husband. Tiberius gave up Piso to the senate.\\nThe wretched man, not daring to accuse the emperor, escaped the\\nignominy of a public execution by suicide.\\n6. A vicious Volscian, Sejanus, had ingrafted himself into the affeo\\ntions of Tiberius. During the eight years which this unworthy favor-\\nite retained his influence over the emperor, Drusus, the only son of\\nTiberius, was poisoned the two oldest sons of Germanicus were put\\nto death, and Agrippina was banished. By his persuasions the em-\\nperor left Rome in the twelfth year of his reign, and took up his resi-\\ndence upon the little island of Oaprtea. The impure orgies with which\\nthis retreat was disgraced cannot be recounted here. Tiberius, who\\nwas almost always intoxicated, gave up all the cares of state to Seja-\\nnus; and the servile senate bestowed upon him honors second only\\nto those of the emperor.\\n7. The law of violated majesty was strictly enforced by the sangui-\\nnary minister. The rich and noble, objects of suspicion to a jealous\\ntyrant, and obstacles in the path of an ambitious favorite, were daily\\nsacrificed to quiet the apprehensions of the one or the other; till\\nfinally, the heirs of the imperial family being destroyed, the power of\\nthe great enfeebled, and the praetorian bands gained over to his inte\\nrest, Sejanus thought the empire within his grasp. The plot was\\ndetected, and Antonia,* the mother of Germanicus, accused him to the\\nemperor. Sejanus was strangled by the executioner. His death was\\nalmost immediately followed by that of his royal master. The sick-\\nbed of the emj)eror was attended by Caligula, only son of Germanicus,\\nThis Antonia was the daughter of Antony and Octavia.\\ni^tstiotui. 6, 7. Wkat of Sejanua CM the law of violated imyeaty", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0452.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "A.D. 37] CALIGULA. 407\\nwho, having waited some time in vain for the last breath of the tyrant,\\npressed a pillow upon his mouth, and avenged, though late, the\\nwrongs of his parents and brothers. The news of Tiberius s death was\\nreceived at Rome with cries of Tiberius to the Tiber. His body\\nwas, however, carried to the city by the so ldiers, and buried with\\nfuneral honors, a. d. 31, aged 78.\\n8 In the eighteenth year of Tiberius s reign, Jesus Christ was cmoi-\\nfied. Shortly after, Pontius Pilate wrote to Tiberius an account of his\\nmiracles and resurrection, upon which the emperor made a report of the\\nwhole to the senate, requesting that Christ might be acknowledged a\\n^od by the Romans. The fathers, however pliant upon other subjects,\\nwere obstinate upon this, and, under plea of an ancient law, refused\\nthe emperor s demand, and ordered all Christians to quit the city.\\n9. Caligula.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Caius Caesar spent the early years of his life in the\\ncamp in Germany. He was a great favorite with the legions, and was\\nsurnamed by them Caligula from his wearing a little pair of shoes\\n(caligae), such as covered the feet of the common soldiers. After his\\nfather s death and his mother s banishment, he lived with his great-\\ngrandmother Livia when she died, he removed to the family of his\\ngrandmother Antonia. In his twentieth year Tiberius invited the\\nyoung C83sar to take up his abode with him upon the island, where he\\ndisplayed such wanton cruelty that the emperor predicted that Caius\\nwould prove a serpent to swallow Rome, and a phaeton to set the\\nworld on fire. Caligula, however, was no sooner possessed of sove-\\nreign power than he assumed an appearance of great virtue and mode-\\nration. The authority of the magistrates was restored the will of\\nTiberius faithfully executed; and all prosecutions for treason were\\nforbidden.\\n10. This delightful state of things lasted eight months, when the\\nemperor fell dangerously sick, in consequence, it was supposed, of a\\nlove-potion given him by his mistress, ^hen he recovered, either\\nderanged by disease or wearied of dissimulation, he began his course\\ncf cruelty and crime. In a short reign of four years, he so distin-\\nguished himself by every species of wickedness that the tyranny of\\nTiberius was forgotten in the enormities of Caligula. With him,\\nprodigality and avarice went hand in hand. He dissii)ated the trea-\\nsures which Tiberius had collected in the most foolish and expensive\\nwo rks, and found occasio ns against noble and wealthy people to get\\nQtie8tions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094S. In whose reign was Christ crucified In what year did it occar 9. Who\\nwas Caius Cajsar f Why was he called Caligula What was the prophecy of Tiberius con-\\ncerniag him? How did Caliguh at first reign? 10. Give an account of his 8ubs\u00c2\u00abqueiit\\nreijrn. How did he proclaim his poverty", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0453.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "408 EMPIRE OF ROME. [a. o. 41\\npossession of their estates. He sold all the property of his sisters, th-e\\nfurniture of the old court, the clothes of Augustus and Tiberius, and,\\nhaving a daughter born, he proclaimed his poverty, and stood in his\\nvestibule to receive presents of all who cain(* to congratulate hira.\\n11. He made an expedition into Gaul, and even set sail for Britain\\nbat soon ordered his troops to draw back to the shore, and fill their\\nhelmets with sea-shells. This booty, cried he, ravished from the\\nsea, is worthy my palace and the capitol. His horse seemed to havj\\na peculiar claim upon his aifections. It was kept in a stable of marble,\\nand fed from a manger of ivory. Sometimes it was invited to the\\ntable of the emperor, and presented with gilt oats, and wine in a\\ngolden cup. The wanton murders and confiscations with which Rome\\nwas filled had caused several conspiracies against Caligula, which,\\nbeing discovered, brought the usual train of impeachments and execu-\\ntions. Cherea, a tribune of the praetorian bands,* at last delivered the\\nempire from the tyrant, a. d. 41.\\n12. Claudius. No sooner was the death of Caligula known, than\\nthe royal guards began to wreak their vengeance upon all those whom\\nthey supposed concerned in his murder. As they were hurrying\\nthrough the palace in their work of death, they found Claudius, uncle\\nof the late king, hiding in an obscure corner, and immediately pro-\\nclaimed hira emperor, assigning as their reason, his relationship to\\nthe whole family of the Caesars. Claudius was now fifty years old,\\nhe had been a rickety child, and disease, together with severe treat-\\nment, had perpetuated the timidity and indolence of childhood.\\nThough styled the silly emperor, his imbecilities were to be attri-\\nbuted rather to his vices than to his want of abilities. He embellished\\nRome with many magnificent works, and went in person to the war\\nin Britain but, suffering himself to be ruled by women of the most\\nabandoned character, he was induced to put to death many of the\\nnobles of Rome upon false charges of conspiracy, and to bestow tlieir\\nestates upon his unworthy favorites.\\n13. Claudius married Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, his niece.\\nShe prevailed on him to set aside his own Britannicus, and adopt\\nIn every Roman camp the general s tent was called the PR^fiTORiUM. The soldiers whe\\nformed the emperor s body-s:uard were called the praatorian cohorts. These soldiers were\\nquartered at Rome, till Sejanus, in order to forward h s own dark designs, persuaded\\nTiberias to form a praetorian camp without the city.\\nt He was the brother of Gi-rmanicus, and consequently the nephew of Tiberius.\\nQuestions 11. What further account can you give of him? How many years did h\u00c2\u00ab\\nreign? What was the cause of his death? 12. Relate how Cliuidius was made emperor\\nHow old was he then What was bis character 13. Whom did ho marry", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0454.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "A.. B.64.J NERO. 4Q9\\nJTero, her tliild bj a former husband. The weak father having after-\\nwards shown a disposition to change the succession, Agrippina pre-\\npared for him a dish of mushrooms, spiced with poison. It was noth-\\ning uncommon for the emperor to eat and drink till he was perfectly\\nstupid when, therefore, he was carried from the table to bed after\\nthis fatal repast, no surprise was excited; and Neio, under the guid-\\nance of his mother, had time to secure the guards and take possession\\nof the imperial authority before the death of Claudius was generauj\\nknown. He reigned almost 14 years.\\n14. Nkbo. A. D. 54. Nero, the fifth in descent from Antony,\\nthongh but seventeen years old, was hailed as emperor with joy by\\nthe Roman populace, and with all due professions of respect by the\\nobsequious senate. He had been carefully educated by Seneca the\\nphilosopher, and the first five years of his reign were distinguished by\\njustice and clemency. Agrippina, who had gone to such lengths in\\ncrime to secure the throne for her son, was ambitious to share his\\npower. When, however, he rejected her counsels, and gave his con-\\nfidence to Acte, a female slave, the indignant queen broke out into\\nopen reproaches, and threatened to inform the soldiers of the means\\nby which Britannicus had been set aside. The death of Britannicus at\\na banquet was the consequence of this threat. The funeral took place\\nthe same night, and Nero followed the atrocious act by a proclamation\\ncalling upon the Roman people to support him, now the only branch\\nof a family born to rule the world. This murder forms the com-\\nmencement of Nero s series of cruelties. He divorced his wife\\nOctavia to marry Poppsea, whom he had taken from her husband Otbo.\\nThis beautiful but unprincipled woman led him on to still greater\\ncrimes. Agrippina continued her struggles for power; and Nero,\\nwearied of the contentions between her and Poppaea, caused his\\nmother to be assassinated.\\n15. In the year a. d. 64, a fire broke out in the circus at Rome,\\nwhich raged about ten days with the greatest fury. It was believed\\nthat these flames were kindled by Nero s order, and a report was cir-\\nculated that during the conflagration he went to the theater and sung\\nflome verses upon the burning of Troy. Wishing, however, to escape\\npopular indignation, Nero threw the odium of the act upon the Chris-\\ntians, of whom there were great numbers in Rome, and the most tor-\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 18. Give the closing account of him. 14. Who was Nero? When did he\\nbecome emperor? B7 whom had he been educated? What is said of the first five years\\nof his reign? What is said of Britannicus? What crirn\u00c2\u00ab8 followed? 16. What fire oc\\ncnrred? What belief prevailed in connection with th\u00c2\u00bb^ fire Give an accour of the per\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tttion of the ChrUti*B\u00c2\u00bb.\\n18", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0455.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "41Q EMPIRE OF ROME [a. D. 6^\\nrible persecutions of these peaceable citizens consequently ensued.\\nSome were covered with the skins of wild beasts, and left to he\\ndevoured by dogs; some were crucified; great numbers were be-\\nheaded and many, covered over with inflammable matter, were lighted\\ncp when the day declined, to serve as torches during the night.\\n16. For the convenience of seeing this tragic spectacle, Nero lent\\nhis own gardens, and varied the entertainments by driving round ip\\nhis curricle and engaging in the sports of the circus. Nero caused the\\ncity and his own bouse to be rebuilt with ruinous splendor. The\\nrubbish was removed to the marshes of Ostia the streets were made\\nwide and long; the houses were carried up to a specific height,\\nand adorned with areas and porticos in front. In the same year the\\nJews, roused to fury by the cruelty and impiety of Florus, their pro-\\ncurator, took up arms to resist the Roman power and such was the\\ndesperation with which they fought, that Nero, with ill-concealed\\nterror, ordered Vespasian, an officer who had distinguished himself in\\nBritain, to repair immediately to the east. A conspiracy against the\\nemperor was discovered, and followed by the usual train of judicial\\nmurders. Many innocent persons were put to death upon false accu-\\nsations, among whom were Seneca and the poet Lucan.\\n17. About the same time, Poppsea died in consequence of a kick\\nreceived from her bruta husband. Childishness and cruelty at length\\nbecame the principal cnaracteristics of the emperor. His voice was\\nweak and unpleasant, but, fancying himself a splendid singer, he deter-\\nmined to exhibit in the theater. No person was allowed to leave the\\nhouse while he was performing soldiers were stationed in different\\nplaces to see that the audience bestowed the proper quantity of\\napplause, and one old senator, having unfortunately dropped to sleep,\\ncame very near losing his life.\\n18. Wearied at last with the commendations of his countrymen, he\\nresolved to display his talents to the refined Grecians. Messengers\\nsrere sent before the monarch, to require the celebration of all the\\ngames in one year. At Olympia he undertook to drive ten horses\\naround the Stadium, and though he was tlirown from his seat, yet the\\nobsequicus judges bestowed upon him the victor s wreath. The\\nGreeks, indeed, spared no pains to win his favor. They con/erred\\nupon him 1,800 crowns/ Nero entered Rome upon his return seated\\nin the chariot of Augustus, with his wild olive garland around hig\\nIn this persecution 8t Paul was beheaded and SL Peter crucified?\\nQue\u00c2\u00abtion8.\u00e2\u0080\u009416. What is Raid of the rebuilding; of Rome T Of tne war with the Jews T Of\\nSeneca and Laean? 17. Of Nero as a sinjier? 18. Of Nero is Greecisf", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0456.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "i.\u00c2\u00bb.6B.] OALBA OTHO 4X1\\nhead, the Pythian bay in his hand, and his 1,800 laurels by his side.\\nThe whole city was illuminated incense was burned in the streets\\nthe pavements were strewed with saffron, and flowers were showered\\nupon him from the windows. The detestable acts of Nero and his\\npredecessors had filled the provinces with discontent, and a gereral\\nrevolt was the consequence. Galba, the praetor of Spain, was pis^-\\nclaimed emperor by the legions, and immediately began his march U\\nRome.\\n19. Nero heard this intelligence while he was at supper. He o\\\\ei\\nturned the table with his foot; fell into a swoon; then into a violent\\nfit of rage, threatening to poison the senate, and turn tlie wild beasts\\nloose upon the people; then talked of taking refuge in Parthia, and\\nfinally gave orders for packing his musical instruments, and preparing\\nhis women for departure. The prsetorian guards, meantime, declared\\nfor Galba, and the citizens of Rome, rejoiced at the prospect of a\\nchange in the administration, joined in the revolt. His friends\\ndeserted him; his domestics plundered his house and fled; and the\\nsenate condemned him to death. The unhappy tyrant made his\\nescape to the house of his freedman, where, after several ineffectual\\nattempts, he succeeded in giving himself a mortal wound, in the 32d\\nyear of his age, and 14th of his reign. The race of Caesar ended with\\nNero. He was the last and the worst of that illustrious house, which\\nheld the sway in Rome for more than one century.\\n20. Galba. a. d. 68. The united reigns of the three monarchs,\\nGalba, Otho, and Vitellius, did not amount to two years. Galba was\\n72 years of age when he returned from Spain to ascend the throne of\\nthe Caesars. He was rigidly attached to the ancient discipline, and\\nimmediately made preparations to reform the state. The army, how-\\never, clamored loudly against his efforts, and the various favorites\\nwho surrounded his person artfully increased the dissatisfaction. One\\nridiculed his simplicity, another exclaimed against his cruelty. Otho,\\nthe husband of Poppaa, having bribed two officers of the praetorian\\nbands, gained that whole body over to his interest, and was proclaimed\\nemperor. Galba caused himself to be carried out in a litter to sup-\\npress the mutiny, but the tumultuous shouts of Otho s partisans so\\nfrightened the litter-bearers, that they threw the old man down and\\nran away. Galba, seeing the soldiers coming up, bent his head for-\\nward and bade them strike it off, if it were for the good of the people.\\nQti*ttion*.~\\\\S, Of Galba 19. Of the end of Nero What race ended with him 20. In\\nvhat year did Qalba ascend the throne llow old wai he then f By what obstacltB wai\\nM opposed? How was he kihed r", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0457.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "413 EMPIRE OF ROME. [a. d. 69\\n*^ey took him at his word, and tho bloody head of the emperor was\\nsoon after exposed upon a lance to the sneers of the multitude. Ue\\nreigned seven months.\\n21. Otho. A. D. 68. The early life of Otho was disgraced by\\niicentionsness and crime his brief enjoyment of power was marked\\noy moderation and clemency. Vitellins had been proclaimed emperor\\noy the legions in Germany, before the death of Galba and scarcely\\nwas Otho seated upon the throne, when he was summoned to \\\\e^l the\\nprsBtorian cohorts against their veteran brethren. He was defeated in\\nba^tle, and fell on his own sword, after a reign of ninety-five days.\\n22. YiTELLiiis. A. D. 69. Yitellius had been long accustomed to\\nthe atmosphere of the court. He ministered to the pleasures of Tibe-\\nrius in Oapraaa ho drove a chariot for Caligula he gamed with\\nClaudius and he praised the singing of Nero. In all the corruption^,\\ncrimes, and prodigalities of the age, he excelled his masters. His sol-\\ndiers, in their march southward, committed every species of excess;\\nand when he reached Rome, he made the whole city his camp, and\\nfilled all the houses with armed men. The miseries which the empire\\n6ufi*ered at the hands of Vitellius were fortunately soon terminated.\\nThe legions in the east had scarcely acknowledged Galba, when they\\nwere called upon to ratify the usurpation of Otho. Now, when the\\ncruel and voluptuous glutton, Yitelhus, claimed their allegiance, they\\nopenly revolted, and proclaimed Vespasian, their own general, empe-\\nror. Vitellius attempted to make good his claims by the sword, but\\nthe lieutenant of Vespasian, while his master was arranging the affairs\\nof the east, stormed the camp of the guards, took Vitellius prisoner,\\ndragged him through the streets, and cast his mangled body into the\\nTiber.\\n23. Vespasian. a. d. 69. During five years Vespasian had pushed\\nthe Jewish war with vigor. The maritime towns of the Mediter-\\nranean had submitted all Galilee* was subdued, and the general was\\njust preparing for the siege of Jerusalem when the revolutions in the\\nempire changed the course of his destiny and recalled him to Rome.\\nAt the city of Jotapata, in Galilee, he took Josephus prisoner. The captive, bein? brought\\ninto his presence, thus addressed him I come to thee, O Vespiasian, as the messenger of\\ngreat tidings. Dost thou send me to Nero? Thou, O Vespasian, art Caesar and emperor,\\nthoQ and this thy aon. The Roman general did not then believe him but after the pro\\nphecy was fulfilled he released Josephus from his bonds and treated him with great favor\\nJosephus remained with Titus, and witnessed the destruction of Jerusalem.\\nQuestions. 21. Who next ascended the throne? What caused his death? How long\\nhad ue reigned? 22. By whom was he succeeded? When did Vitellius commence his\\nreign? Who was proclaimed emperor by the people? To what miserable death was\\nVitellius doomed? 23. When did Vespasian Bucceed himF In what wars did VeBpasiao\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Bgage 7 What occurred to recall him to Bomt 2", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0458.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0459.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "o\\ns\\nen\\nf4", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0460.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "A.D. 70.] JERUSALEM BESIEGED. 418\\nLeaving then the Jewish war in the hands of his son Titus, he returned\\nto Italy by way of Egypt, and, having overcome his enemies, was\\nacknowledged emperor by the senate and people.\\n24. Jerusalem was built upon two mountains, and surrounded by\\nthree walls on evv^ry side, except where the rocks rose so precipitously\\nas to be a natural defense. Mount Sion, the loftiest summit, wa\u00c2\u00a7\\nfortified by three towers, the most impregnable and beautiful of which\\nras Antonia. A deep valley, through which flowed the sweet \\\\9 atera\\nDf Siloam ^separated it from Mount Acra, which bent toward it in the\\nshape of the moon when it is horned. A third part of the city was\\nBezetha, separated likewise from Acra by a valley partly filled up, and\\ndefended by the outermost wall. The lofty towers which ran along\\nthe steep brow of Sion were built of white marble, cut in large blocks,\\njoined so perfectly as to seem hewn out of the solid rock.\\n25. High above the city rose the temple, uniting the commanding\\nstrength of a citadel with the splendor of a sacred edifice. It covered\\nA space of a furlong on each side, and the precipitous sides of the\\nrock were faced up to it on the east with huge blocks of stone.\\nPassing the marble columns of dazzling whiteness which supported\\nthe splendid porticos of the outer court, the eye rested upon a lofty\\narch, covered with gold, through which glittered the gate of the tem-\\nple, sheeted witli the same precious metal. Within, the golden can-\\ndlestick spread out its flowering branches; the golden table supported\\nthe shew-bread, and the altar of incense flamed with its costly per-\\nfume. The roof of the temple was set all over with sharp glittering\\nspikes; the marble turrets reflected the beams of the sun with dazzling\\nradiance, and at a distance the whole temple looked literally like a\\nmount of snow fretted with golden pinnacles.\\n26. This beautiful but guilty city was occupied by three factions.\\nEleazar, with a party called the zealots, kept possession of the temple;\\nJohn, who had been driven from Gischala, fortified himself in the\\nlower town; and Simon, with his followers, defended Bezetha. Such\\nw s the city, such were its fortifications, and such its defenders, whec\\nTitus, in the spring of a. d. 70, at the time of the general assembly of\\nthe Jews to celebrate the feast of the passover, approached the devoted\\nplace and pitched his camp east of the vale of Cedron, upon the Mount\\nof Olives. The efforts of the Jews to compel the Romans to raise th\u00c2\u00bb\\nsiege were almost incredible. They burned the engines of the enemy.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2S. To whom did he commit the command of the Jewish war? By wha*\\nauthority was he then acknowledged emperor? 24, 25. Describe Jerusalem. 26. What\\nfactions existed there? Give their names and locations. Ir what year wa\u00c2\u00bb the city\\nbesieged by Titus f Where did he encamp with his army", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0461.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "414 EMPIRE OF ROME. [a. D. 70\\nand attacked the legions with snch fury that Titus, quite dispirited,\\ngave up the idea of taking the place by storm, and employed his sol-\\ndiers in constructing a wall which would prevent all egress from the\\ngates.\\n27. No sooner were the operations of the Romans intermitted than\\nthe factions in the city raged TV ith tenfold fury battles were fought\\nwithin the walls a company of assassins entered the temple and cut\\nff Eleazar and his party in one general massacre; conflagrations\\ndestroyed great quantities of corn so that when the day had come to\\nJerusalem that her enemies cast a trench about her and kept her in\\non every side, her own sons were lying like murdered victims upon\\nher altars, and her little ones were perishing in *he streets with famine.\\nPortents and prodigies announced the coming doom. Swords glit-\\ntered in the air embattled armies seemed hurrying to combat in the\\nsky the portal of the temple flew open, and a voice from the excel-\\nlent glory pronounced, in no mortal tones, Let us depart I A ter-\\nrific sound, as of a multitude rushing forth, was heard, and then an\\nappalling silence reigned throughout the holy courts.\\n28. The Jews converted these fearful admonitions into omens of\\nspeedy deliverance, and, disregarding the dreadful ravages of famine\\nand pejstilence, obstinately refused the offers of accommodation which\\nTitus repeatedly made by the mouth of Josephus. The Romans,\\nwrought to fury by the desperation of the Jews, made incessant\\nattacks upon the walls, and finally gained possession of Antonia. At\\nlength the day approached in the revolution of ages, the tenth of\\nAugust the anniversary of that fatal day in which Nebuchadnezzar\\nburned the temple of Solomon. The daily sacrifice had failed for\\nwant of men to oflTer it and the Romans, having overturned the foun-\\ndations of Antonia, began to ply their battering-rams upon the sacred\\nwalls of the temple. A Roman soldier in the tumult, actuated as by a\\ndivine fury, seized a smoking brand, and, climbing to the top of the\\nportico, threw it into one of the courts; and soon the whole building\\nwas wrapped in flames.\\n29. The wail of agony which the despairing Jews sent forth npon\\nseeing the destruction of their temple, could not move the hearts of\\nthe infuriated Romans. Titus, unable to make himself heard in the\\nuproar, withdrew to the fort of Antonia, and, gazing upon the confla-\\ngration, exclaimed, with a sigh, The God of the Jews has fought\\nagainst them to Him we owe our victory. The numbers who per-\\nished amounted to 1,000,000; the captives to 100,000. John and\\ni^gUon^\u00e2\u0080\u009427, 28, 29. Give a detailed account of the taking of JeruanJeio.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0462.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "A-D. 79.J VESPASIAN TITUS. 415\\nSimon were taken. The former was imprisoned for life the latter\\nwas conveyed to Rome, to clank his chains at the chariot wheels of\\nthe conqueror.\\n30. When Titus returned with his victorious army, the senate\\ndecreed a triumph to him and his father. Vespasian and his son\\nentered Rome in the same triumphal car. Upon the standards and\\nensigns were painted all the events of the Jewish war. The green\\nvales of Galilee, the vine-clad hills of Judea, and the blue waters of\\nlake Gennesareth, encompassed and crossed by the Roman legions,\\nwere depicted in the liveliest colors while from the spreading can-\\nvas fair Salem s towers and bulwarks displayed the Roman eagle\\nand the golden gates and pinnacles of the temple glowed in the ruddy\\nflames which terminated the tedious and bloody siege. The spoils of\\nthe conquered nation gave magnificence to the scene and the Book\\nof the Law, wrapped in a rich golden tissue, was exposed to the curious\\neyes of the people.\\n31. The venal inmates of the palace found, upon the accession of\\nVespasian, that truth and virtue were once more in fashion. Cruelties\\nand crimes were discountenanced; industry was encouraged; and he\\nwas said to have founded and established the government of one thou-\\nsand nations. Julius Agricola subdued the Britons, and a profound\\npeace ensuing, the temple of Janus was closed for the fourth time. In\\nthe civil war with Vitellius, the capitol was burned. It was now\\nrebuilt with the greatest magnificence. Vespasian loved a joke, and\\nwas exceedingly fond of money. On one occasion, the inhabitants of\\na city proposed to raise a statue in his honor. He held out his hand\\nand said, with a smile, Let this be the base of your statue; place\\nyour money here. He was the second emperor that died a natura.\\ndeath, and the first that was succeeded by his son. He reigned ten\\nyears.\\n32. Titus. a. d. 79. Though Titus, whom Tacitus calls the\\ndelight of mankind, was a wise and beneficent sovereign, yet hie\\nshort reign was filled with a series of disasters. In the first year\\noccurred that dreadful eruption of Vesuvius, by which Herculaneum\\nand Pompeii were destroyed.* The miserable fugitives who made\\nAfter an Interval of extreme drought, the whole plain around Vesuvius was shaken as\\nIf by an earthquake. A column of black ashes arose into the air, hovered a few moments\\nover the devoted cities, and fell, burying the inhabiUnts in their dwellings, the priests at\\nQiie\u00c2\u00abtions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094^0. What triumph and honors awaited Titus and his father What is said of\\nthe Book of the Law? 81. Give an account of the reign of Vespasian. How many years\\ndid he reign By whom was he succeeded 32. When did Titus become emperor f What\\nIB said of him What series of disasters occurred in his reign", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0463.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "416 EM PI us OF ROME. [a. d. 101\\ntheir escape, founr! an aaylnm in Rome but a pestilence soon after\\nappeared, in which 10,000 died daily for a considerable period. A\\nfire succeeded, which raged till a great number of buildings were\\ndestroyed. Titus gave liberally of the sums laid up by his father to the\\nrelief of the sufferers, and rebuilt the edifices which had been con-\\nsumed, with increased magnificence. The famous Colosseum, begun\\nby his father, was completed by his care. The sports of the dedication\\nlasted 100 days. On the last day of the games, the emperor appeared\\ndejected, and even slied tears. A fevei ensued, which was rendered\\nfatal by the immoderate use of the bath. He died in the same hous*\\nwhere his fiither expired, after a reign of little more than two years.\\n33. DoMiTiAN. A. D. 81. Titus had named his brother, Domitian,\\nas his heir, and both the senate and the array hailed his accession to\\nthe throne with the greatest joy. They soon, however, had cause to\\nrepent of their raptures. In the character of Domitian, the gloomy\\ndissimulation of Tiberius seemed combined with the ridiculous assump-\\ntions of Caligula, and the cruel levities of Nero. The usual train of\\naccusations, proscriptions, and executions kept the best families of\\nRome in constant mourning while the author of their calamities\\ndemanded golden statues, and the worship of the gods. The Roman\\narras, too, were unsuccessful in the north, and several disgraceful\\ntreaties were concluded with the barbarians.\\n34. These were his public acts: in private, he varied the disgusting\\nround of his pleasures by catching flies, and nailing them to the wall\\nwith bodkins. The empire, after sufi^ering in all its departments for\\nfifteen years, was at length relieved of this monster by the hand of\\nthe assassin. The senate decreed that his statues should be taken\\ndown, his name erased from the annals, and his funeral omitted. He\\nwas the last of the twelve Cassars. Nerva. a. d. 96. The first of\\nthe five good emperors of Rome was a pattern of justice and clemency.\\nHe reigned, however, not quite two years, during which time no im-\\nportant events occurred.\\n35 A. D. 900. The Five good Empkboks. Tacitus and Plu-\\nrAKOH. The life of Nerva, as it occurred, has also been given in the\\ntheir altars, and the fljing multitudes in their fields. Darkness sank down npon the\\nplains, and for three days no light was risible but the lurid flames of the yolcano.\\nQuesUona.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Si. What acts of liberality distinguished him? How long did he reign T\\nWhat caused his death f 83, 34. Who was his successor When did Domitian be\u00c2\u00abome\\nemperor? Give his character. What was the condition of Rome during his reign How\\nlong did he reign What was the decree of the senate respecting him Who sncceeded\\nhim In what year was that f What is said of the reign of Nerra t", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0464.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "TRAJAN S COLUMN. (See page 417.)", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0465.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0466.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "A-D.in.] TRAJAN ADRi AN. 417\\npreceding chapter. Before his death, he caused Trajan to he acknow-\\nledged Cffisar* bj the army and senate. Trajan was with the army in\\nGermany at the time of his adopted father s decease, but immediately\\nmarched to Rome, where he was received with the usual congratula-\\ntions. Plutarch, t his tutor, wrote him a letter, entreating him to fol-\\nlow the counsels he had received in early youth. The emperor did\\ncot, like Nero, disgrace the name of his preceptor. He was equally\\ngr-3at as a ruler, a general, and a man. He conquered the warlike\\nDacians, and, to facilitate his entrance into their country, built a stu-\\npendous bridge across the Danube, the ruins of which continue to this\\nday. The dominions of the empire were thus extended beyond the\\nouunds of any of the former great monarchies.\\n36. The rejoicings at Rome upon the return of the victorious empe-\\nror lasted four months, during which no less than 10,000 gladiators\\nfought in the amphitheater for the amusement of the multitude. The\\nPillar of Trajan, which may yet be seen in the grass-grown Forum, was\\nerected in commemoration of this event. After adorning Rome with\\nmany public buildings, Trajan turned his arras against the Armenians\\nand Parthians. He overran tlie greater part of what had been the\\nAssyrian empire, and, throwing a bridge across the Tigris, followed the\\ntrack of Alexander to the Persian Gulf. Regretting that liis age for-\\nbade the thought of his invading India, he left the care of the army to\\nAdrian, his nephew, and returned to Syria. He died in Oilicia, after\\na reign of nearly twenty years.\\n37. Adrian. a. d. 117. The first care of Adrian was to conclude\\na peace with the Persians, making the Euphrates the boundary of the\\nempire on the east. On his return to Rome, the senate decreed him a\\ntriumph; he refused the honor for himself, but caused the statue of\\nThe emperor was styled Augustas; the heir eaypectant was dignified with the title\\nof Caesar.\\nt Plutarch was a native of Beotia. He was a student at Delphi, when Nero went to\\nGreece to display his wonderful skill in horsemanship and music, a. D. 66; he must at this\\nlie, therefore, have been an old man. He visited Italy when quite young, and probably\\nf imained there till Domitian, by a public decree, banished all philosophers from the coun-\\ntry. He wrote many works, some of which are lost, but his Parallel Lives still exist, as\\nin.^dels of biography. Tacitus published his history some time in Trajan s reign. It begas\\nwith the accession of Galba, and continued to the death of Domitian, comprising a period of\\n2T years, full of important events and sudden revolutions. It was ^rritten in 36 books, olIj\\nfive of which are now extant. His Annals are recommended to the attention of every stu-\\ndent Tacitus was the son-in-law of Agricola, and the friend of the younger Pliny.\\n^estion\u00c2\u00ab. 35. Whom did Nerva pronounce Caesar before his death? What eventa\\noccurred in the reign of Trajan 86. What rejoicings at Kome took place What success-\\nftil wars did Trajan undertake? Where did he die? How long had he reigned? 87. Bj\\nwhom w\u00c2\u00bb5 he succeeded When di occur 1 Vh\u00c2\u00bbt was the first act of Adrian\\n18*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0467.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "418 EMPIRE OF ROME. [a. a 138\\nTrajan to be carried in the pompous procession of the victorious array.\\nAdrian was remarkable for everj manly and scientific accomplishment.\\nHe was equally skillful in the war or the chase he was well versed in\\nmathematics and medicine; he wrote beautifully both iu prose and\\nverse; he was a proficient in drawing and painting; he was an ele-\\ngant orator a better singer than Nero and his moral qualities were\\nequal to his accomplishments, if we except the envy and vainglory\\nwhich his rare endowments and the adulation of the people were\\ncalculated to excite.\\n38. It was his maxim that an emperor ought to imitate the sun, by\\ndispensing favors to all parts of the earth. Accordingly, he spent\\nthirteen years in traversing his dominions. Finding that the bridge\\n:f Trajan proved as great a convenience to the barbarous tribes as to\\ntlie armies of the empire, he caused it to be broken down passing\\nfrom Dacia through Germany and Holland, he sailed to Britain, where\\nhe ordered a wall to be erected for the protection of his subjects front\\nthe Scots thence he journeyed south through Gaul and Spain, and\\nthence to Rome. He visited Asia Minor wintered at Athens; sailed\\nfor Sicily; examined Mount Etna, and directed his course to Africa,\\nwhere he rebuilt the city of Carthage, and called it Adrianople.\\nWhen he returned to Rome to take up his abode, the joy of the people\\nknew no bounds.\\n39. During his reign, an impostor, called the Son of a Star,\\nclaiming to be the Messiah, persuaded the Jews to revolt. Three\\nyears were employed in bringing them again into subjection. As a\\npunishment, every sacred place was studiously profaned. A temple\\nwas built to Jupiter on Mount Sion; a statue of Venus set up in the\\nplace of crucifixion and the grotto of Bethlehem consecrated to\\nAdonis. The Jews were forbidden the sight of Jerusalem, and no\\ndescendant of Abraham was permitted to enter the city, except upon\\nthe memorable tenth of August, the anniversary of its destruction.\\nAdrian died of a dropsy, after a reign of twenty-one years.\\n40. Antoninus. a. d. 138. Antoninus, surnamed tlije Pious, had\\nbeen made Cajsar by the late emperor, and now peaceably ascended\\nthe throne. His long and quiet reign allowed almost one generation\\nof Romans to pass away without the experience of distressing wars\\nabroad, and arbitrary executions at home. Even the Christians,\\nwhose resolute refusals to worship idols kent the Romans constantly\\nQuestions. 87,88,89. Give dcBcrlption of his character? What eTcnts distinguished\\nhlfc reign? Wheu did he die? IIow long had he reignod? 40. Who was made Csata\\nr efore his death? Give an accoant of the reign of Antouluos Pius.", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0468.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "K. D. 180.] MARCUS AURELIUS. 419\\nirritated, came in for a share in the clemencv of tliis excellent monarch,\\nwho proclaimed religious toleraiiuu by a letter from his own pen.\\nSuch was his reputation for wisdom and virtue, that princes came from\\nbeyond the bounds of the Roman empire to make him the arbiter of\\ntheir differences. He reigned twenty-two years.\\n41. Maeous AuuELius.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a. d. 161. Aurelius, the son-in-law of\\nAntoninus, claimed his descent from Numa. He was a stoic philoso-\\npher, and a wise and virtuous monarch. He took for liis colleague\\nLacius Verus, a man whose vices served to show in stronger relief\\nthe perfections of Aurelius. The two emperors were scarcely seated\\nupon the throne when the empire was attacked on every side by its\\nbarbarous neighbors. Verus went to the east to repel the Parthians,\\nbut stopped at Antioch while the war was carried on by his lieu-\\ntenants. They were successful, and Verus returned in triumph.\\nRome had, however, little cause to rejoice. She was visited succes-\\nsively by a vicious, cruel emperor a raging pestilence clouds of\\ndevouring locusts dreadful earthquakes distressing inundations and\\na wasting famine.\\n42. The priests, to avert the anger of the gods, offered the most\\ncostly sacrifices in vain, till finally the Romans, attributing all their\\ncalamities to the impieties of the Christians, commenced a dreadful\\npersecution, in which Justin Martyr and the venerable Polycarp,\\nbishop of Smyrna, fell victims to superstitious fury. Aurelius marched\\nto the north to repel the invasions of the Vandals and oiners, who\\nconstantly harassed the frontiers, a. d. 180. He died of the plague\\nat Vienna, expressing with his last breath his solicitude for the future\\nwelfare of his country and of his son. He reigned almost nineteen\\nyears.\\n43. Five had Emperors. During the last twenty years of this cen-\\ntury five emperors assumed the imperial purple Oommodus, Pertinax,\\nSeverus, Niger, and Albinus. Commodus* had accompanied Aurelius\\non his expedition against the northern tribes, but no sooner was hip\\nWith the reign of Commodua properly commenced the Dealine of the Roman Empii i\\nThe remaining events of its history are so exceedingly complex that it is impossible ti\\ncor dense them into the brief limits of this work without creating confusion in the mind of\\nthe pupil. For a true picture of the times the reader is referred to Gibbon s LlistorT 1\\nthe Decline and Fall of the Houian Empire.\\nQuestions. 40. What particular letter did he write? How long did he reign? 41. In\\nwhat year did Marcus Aurelius ascend the throne What was his character? Whom did\\nhe take for a colleague? What distresses did Rome suffer? 42. To what cause di i the\\npriests attribute the wars and judgments that were visited upon Rome Who be( am\u00c2\u00ab\\nmartyrs to this superstition? What caused the death of Aurelius? Uow many years did\\nxe reign? in what year did he die? 43. How many emperors assumed the purple during\\nthe last twenty years of this century What century is meant? Name the five emperora,", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0469.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "4:20 EMPIRE OF ROME. [a. d. 192\\nfather dead, than, impatient to revel in the pleasures of the capital,\\nhe concluded a disgraceful peace with the barbarians, and hastened to\\nRome. The senate, array, and people acknowledged him as emperor\\nand Augustus, in consideration of his father s virtues. He soon proved\\nthat he had no merit of his own, being extremely ignorant of every\\nthing a monarch ought to know, and exceedingly indifferent to th\u00c2\u00ab\\nduties of an emperor, at the same time that he was eminently skillfuJ\\nin useless accomplishments, and exceedingly fond of low company and\\nsensual pleasures.\\n44. He drew the bow and threw the javelin with wonderful address,\\nalways killing the animal at which he aimed, though running at full\\nspeed; he cut off the heads of an hundred ostriches in their swiftest\\nmotions, with arrows headed in the shape of a half moon a bird upon\\nthe wing could not escape his unerring aim and he came off vic-\\ntorious in 735 gladiatorial combats. At first he left the administration\\nof affairs to the prajfect of the prtetorian guards and after this mon-\\nster was slain by his own soldiers, a Phrygian slave held the reins of\\nthe government, while the monarch became himself a slave to the\\nworst passions of human nature, and distinguished himself by over-\\ncoming wild beasts in the amphitheater. The senate showed their\\ndegradation by styling him the Hercules of Rome, and offering to\\nchange the name of the eternal city to Colonia Commodiana. These\\nwere his public acts.\\n45. In the sacred hours of retirement he indulged in all the glut\\ntony, sensuality, and frivolity that disgraced Domitian, so that in on\u00c2\u00a9\\nmay be seen the counterpart of the otlier. He kept a list of such per\\nBons as he designed for destruction and his favorite mistress, Marcia,\\nhaving found her name among the proscribed, administered poison,\\nand thus the Roman world was delivered from its odious master, after\\nBubmitting to his cruelties twelve years. The friends and assistants of\\nMarcia wrapped up the body of Commodus as a bale of useless fur-\\nniture and carried it out through the drunken guards, who were first\\nmade acquainted with the murder of their monarch by the Bhcut\u00c2\u00bb\\nwhich hailed his successor.\\n46. Peetinax. A. D, 192. This prince forms an exception among\\nthe five bad emperors. His reign, however, was so very brief that his\\ncharacter as a sovereign was not fully developed. The sudden and\\nstriking changes that took place in his life gave him the surname of\\nQuestions. 43, 44, 45. Give a general outline of the character of Commodus. What wai\\nhlafate? 46. Who was hlu successor? In what year did Pertinax succeed him What\\naccount can you give of Pertlnai f", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0470.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "A. 1x192.] HE EMPIRE SOLD. 421\\nThe Tennis Ball of Fortwney His father was a dealer in charcoal\\nhe himself had been a schoolmaster, a lawyer, a soldier, a captain, a\\nconsul, the commander of a legion, and prajfect of the city. When\\nthe conspirators came to his house in the night, after the murder of\\nCommodus, he supposed they were sent by the tyrant to put him to\\ndeath, and cheerfully prepared for execution and it was not without\\nreluctance that he suffered the prsetorian guards to clotlie him in the\\nf arple; but the obedient senate sanctioning his election, he was pro-\\nclaimed emperor on the night before the first of January, a. d. 193.\\nA few days of severe discipline, however, displeased the emperor-\\nmaJcers, and, disdaining any secret conspiracies or private contrivances,\\nthey marched into the palace three hundred strong, slew their mon-\\narch, cut off his head, and carried it back to the camp. He reigned\\nnot quite three months.\\n47. TnE Roman Empire Sold. The praetorians then offered the\\nempire to the highest bidder. The father-in-law of Pertinax, and\\nDidius, the foster-brother of Marcus Aurelius, were the only com-\\npetitors. The former made magnificent promises the latter bestowed\\nsubstantial presents. The guards accordingly proclaiined Didius em-\\nperor, and accompanied him in a body to the senate-house, where he\\nmade a very short and comprehensive speech Fathers, you want an\\nemperor, and I am the fittest person you can choose^ The senators,\\nconvinced by the eloquence of Didius or the menacing looks of his\\nguards, acquiesced in this sentiment, but the people cursed him as he\\npassed the streets.\\n48. The legions of Syria, Illyria, and Britain refused to confirm the\\nelection of the pra3torians. Each pai ty chose its own monarch.\\nNiger was acknowledged by all the Romans and tributary princes of\\nAsia; Albinus was proclaimed in Britain, and Severus marched from\\nIllyria directly to Rome. All the towns and garrisons declared for\\nhim; the praetorian guards forsook their wealthy prince to join his\\nstandard; and the senate decreed that Didius should be slain, and\\nSeverus reign in his stead. He reigned 66 days. The executioneri\\nled the unfortunate monarch into one of the secret baths and struck\\noff his head and Severus took peaceable possession of the palace of\\nthe Caesars.\\n49. Severus. The first act of Severus was to banish the praetorian\\nauctioneers one hundred miles from Rome. Then, having promised\\nQv,e\u00c2\u00abtioiis. 46. How long had he reigned 47. How then was the JSomun empire dis-\\nposed off Give an account of Didius. 48. After his death, who took possession of the palace\\nof the Gaisars 7 49. What was the first act of Severus", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0471.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "4-22 SMPIRE OF ROME. [a. to. ill\\nthe senate to rule with clemencj and justice, he seized the children of\\nthe oflBcers in the east as hostages, and marched against Niger. The\\nbattle between these two rivals was fought upon the plains of Issus,\\non the very spot where Alexander and Darius met, more than 500\\nyears before. Niger was defeated and slain. Severus then returned\\nto settle the contest with Albinus. A tremendous battle was fought\\nnear the present city of Lyons, and Albinus, being taken prisoner,\\nsoon followed his colored brother, Niger, to the land of shades 1\\n50. A. D. SIO^I. Twelve Emperors. Thirty Tyrants. Many\\nnobles of Spain and G-aul were put to death for having taken the part\\nof Albinus; and 29 senators also fell victims to his sanguinary orders.\\nSeverus was a great warrior. The Parthians, who continued hostilities\\nin the east, suffered a severe defeat at his hand, and Seleucia and\\nBabylon were taken. Plis next foreign war was in Britain. The\\nPicts and Scots were driven back into their mountain fastnesses, and\\na wall twelve feet high was built across the island, to prevent their\\nfuture incursions. Severus died at York, heart-broken by uie quarrels\\nof his children. lie reigned nearly eighteen years.\\n51. Oaraoalla and Geta. a. d. 211. The two sons of Severus\\nsucceeded him. The first act of Caracalla was to assassinate Geta in\\nhis mother s arms, and every subsequent exercise of power showed\\nthe same sanguinary spirit. All who had been connected with Geta\\nshared his fate, till the number of victims amounted to 20,000. The\\npeople were forced to suffer in silence, for Caracalla, like Sylla,\\nattached the soldiers to his interest by the most liberal donations. He\\nprofessed to admire the character of Alexander the Great, and with\\nridiculous affectation inclined his head to one side in imitation of that\\nmonarch. He made an expedition into Asia, where he visited the\\ngrave of Achilles, and sacrificed one of his freedmen, to imitate the\\ngrief of Homer s hero over Patroclus.\\n52. Having treacherously seized the king of Armenia, he was\\ninvolved in a war with that people, in which he suffered defeat.\\nAfter this he went to Alexandria, where he made an offering c f his\\nornaments at the tomb of Alexander, and consecrated the dagger with\\nwhich he 1 ad slain Geta in the temple of Serapis. His reign lasted\\nmore than six years, during which he did every thing to degrade the\\nthrone of the Cajsars, and many things to increase the magnificence of\\nQuestions. 49. What war was waged Where was a battle fought f What -vas the fat\u00c2\u00ab of\\nNiger? Where was the next battle fought? What was the end of Albinus? 50. In what\\ncharacter was Severus distinguished? What wars were succpssfully [irosecutcd by hiTu\\nHow many years did he reign? 51, 52. Who succeeded him What was the character of\\nCaracalla? Give an account of hi\u00c2\u00ab did he eeoore the soldiers to his interest 7", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0472.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "i.D. 222.^ ALEXANDER M A X IMIN. 423\\nRome. Some of the most splendid structures that graced the c pitol\\nwere raised by his order. Maobinus.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a. d. 217. Macrinus, the\\nprsefect of the praetorians, who muri ^red Caracalla, was made emperor\\nby the army, and reigned little mo e than a year. He was succeeded\\nby the son of Caracalla.\\n53. Heliogabalus. \u00e2\u0080\u0094a. d. 218. Heliogabalus, the son of Caracalla\\nthough only fourteen years old, was, by the intrigues of his mother,\\nproclaimed emperor in the east. He was a vicious boy a disgusting\\nglutton and an odious sovereign. His actions were whimsical and\\ncruel. He gave a supper to eight blind men, eight lame men, eight\\ndeaf men, eight black men, and eight men so fat that they could\\nhardly sit in their chairs. Sometimes he smothered his guests with\\nroses, and sometimes let wild beasts loose upon them. Sometimes his\\nchariot was drawn by elephants, sometimes by lions, sometimes by\\ndogs, and sometimes by women. The soldiers finally revolted to his\\ncousin, Alexander, and Heliogabalus was thrown into the Tiber. He\\nreigned little more than three years.\\n54. Alexander. a. d. 222. Alexander was an excellent monarch,\\nbut the eternal city had already passed the crisis of her fate, and\\nnothing could stop her decline. The Persians revolted in the east,\\nand, having overthrown the Parthian dynasty of Arsacidse, defied the\\npower of the Romans. The northern nations began to pour down\\nupon the more fertile portions of the empire. Alexander defeated the\\nPersians, and then marched into Germany, where his attempts to\\nrestore discipline occasioned a mutiny in which he was slain, after a\\nshort but glorious reign of thirteen years.\\n65. The army then elected Maximin, a Thracian giant, who became\\nthe most cruel tyrant upon earth. During the next five years, five\\nemperors rose by treason and fell by conspiracy, while the empire was\\nassailed by the Persians, and enfeebled by seditions and civil wars.\\nThe power of the senate was gone the virtue of the people had been\\nburied in the grave of their patriotism the army alone possessed any\\nautliority, and this was seldom exercised for the good of the bodj\\npolitic. About the middle of this century, the Goths commenced Jieii\\ndevastations in Thrace, and spread ruin on every side.\\nQuesUoTM.\u00e2\u0080\u009452. How long did his reign continue? What account Is given of Macrina\u00c2\u00bbf\\nHow bug did he reign? Who succeeded him? 53. Who was Heliogabalus? How old\\nwash* when proclaimed emperor In the east? Give an account of him. What was his\\nfiite? Who succeeded him 64. When did Alexander become monarch f What is said of\\nhim What counteracted the healthful influence of his reign How long did he wear the\\nensigns of royalty? 55. Who was elected by the army? What folinwoo during the *ext\\nIve years? What were the GotUs tb-u doinf n ThrttM?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0473.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "l24 EMPIRE OF ROME. [a, D. 272\\n56. Thiety Tyrants usukp the Throne. From the resemblance\\nbetween the miseries of this period and those which Athens sufiered\\nunder the dominion of Sparta, it has been said that thirty tyrants\\nassumed the imperial purple; this exact number, however, cannot be\\ntraced and among the emperors who swayed the Roman scepter,\\nfrom A. D. 250 to 300 must be reckoned the good Valerian, the valiant\\nAurelian, the venerable Tacitus, and the upright Probus. It vou.d\\nbe tedious to relate or read all the conspiracies, cruelties, and crimes\\nwhich raised, disgraced, and dethroned the thirty monarchs. Only a\\nfew of the most worthy will be mentioned, in whose reigns important\\nevents occurred.\\n57. The good Valerian was made emperor by the army in a. d. 263.\\nIn his reign the empire was attacked on all aides. The Franks, the\\nGoths, the Alemanni, and the Persians vexed the frontiers with con-\\ntinual incursions, and Valerian was compelled to commit Europe to\\nthe care of his vicious son, Gallienus, while he marched into Asia to\\noppose Sapor, king of Persia. He was defeated, and taken prisoner\\nby his enemies. For seven years the Roman emperor bowed him-\\nself down, that his body might serve as a stepping-stone to the Persian\\nking when he mounted on horseback he was at last flayed alive and\\nhis skin, stuffed in the form of a human figure, and dyed with scarlet,\\nwas preserved in a temple in Persia. The wicked Gallienus made no\\neffort to free his father from captivity, nor to avenge his death.\\n58. Aurelian. When Aurelian ascended the throne, a. d. 270,\\nbarbarians, famine, pestilence, conspiracies, and proscriptions had\\nswept from the empire one-half of its inhah Hants the western pro-\\nvinces were in a state of revolt, and the eastern had been brought\\nunder the dominion of the celebrated Zenobia, queen of Palmyra.*\\nShe was the widow of Odenatus, a prince who strove to deliver Vale-\\nrian from Sapor, and had received from the Romans the title of Augus-\\ntus. After his death, Zenobia, like Semiramis, assumed the command\\nof his dominions, and by her surpassing attractions and uncommon\\nabilities held beneath her sway the voluptuous Syrians, and the ieroe\\nArabs of the desert.\\nPalmyra, or Tadmor In the wilderness, was built by Solomon In an oasis if U\u00c2\u00ab\\nSyrian desert, 140 miles east of Damascus. Situated as It was in a green and fertile spot\\nBhelterod by high mountains, on the great route from India, Persia, and Mesopotamia to\\nSyria, it became the resting-place of caravans, and was soon enriched with all the treasures\\nof the east\\nQuestiom.\u00e2\u0080\u009456. What is said about the thirty tyrants? 67. In what year was the Kood\\nValerian made emporor? What difficulties menaced his reign? To whom did he commit\\ntLa CTP of Europe What indignities and cruelties did ho suflFer seven years? 5S. Whi ii did\\ntui-f lian ascend the throne? What then wa\u00c2\u00bb U\u00c2\u00ab condition of Rome Who was Zenobia?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0474.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0475.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0476.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "D. 284.] DIOoLESIAN. 425\\n69. Aurelian, determining to humble her power, marched with hie\\narmy into Asia. He found the city of Palmyra defended by warlike\\nengines of great power, and when he summoned the queen to sur-\\nrender, he received a reply so spirited that all his anger was roused.\\nHe surrounded the city, cut off her supplies, and defeated three armies\\nwhich were marching to her relief. Finally, Zenobia attempted to fly\\nupon her dromedaries, but was taken prisoner at the fords of the\\nEuphrates. She was carried to Rome, and walked in the triumph of\\nthe conqueror, loaded with chains of gold and costly jewels. Her sona\\nmarried distinguished Roman ladies, and she lived in splendor the\\nremainder of her life.\\n60. The characters of the Roman emperors seemed to exercise no\\ncontrol over the decrees of fate. The purple was but the passport te\\nthe poniard; the good and the bad, when clothed with authority,\\nwere alike exposed to the assassin s knife. Aurelian fell by the hand\\nfyf a general whom he had always loved and trusted and the army,\\nwith a respect which had long been unknown among the legions,\\nwrote to the senate, begging the fathers to place the emperor among\\nthe number of the gods, and appoint a successor. For eight months,\\nthe empire was quiet without an emperor. Finally, Tacitus, a senator\\ndescended from the eminent historian, was persuaded to assume the\\ndiadem of the Caesars. He reigned, however, only two hundred days.\\n61. The two Augusti and the two C^sars. The next emperor\\nwe shall notice is Dioclesian, who, having been elected by the soldiers,\\nchose Maximian, a brave and uncultivated officer, for his colleague.\\nFinding, after the lapse of a few years, that the empire needed a sove-\\nreign in every part, these two monarchs adopted each a soldier as his\\nsuccessor. Galerius married the daughter of Dioclesian, and Oonstan\\ntins married the daughter of Maximian. The two emperors were\\ncalled Augustii the two heirs-expectant, Cajsars. The empire was\\nthen parceled out to the monarchs. Dioclesian and his son-in-law\\ntook that portion east of the Adriatic, while Maximian and his Caesar\\nshared the west. The barbarians were thus kept in awe, and the em-\\npire was for a time prosperous and happy. Dioclesian defeated the\\nPersians, and forced them to conclude a treaty, by which they resigned\\nall the country west of the Tigris.\\nQue8Uon8.\u00e2\u0080\u009469. Upon wh t did Aurelian determine Give an accoont of bis meacore*\\nand BQCceM. What further is stated of Zenobia f 60. By whose hand did Aurelian fkll f\\nWhat state of things followed f Who succeeded Aurelian f How long did Tacitus reign f\\n6L To what position wa\u00c2\u00ab Dioclesian raised? Who was Marimian? What compact was\\nmade? How was It strengthened f What were the two \u00c2\u00bb)iui)eror8 called? What nam*\\nwas givec to the two heits-ezpectantT How was t]i empire divided 7", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0477.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "4-26 B M P I R E F R M E [i. d. 305\\n62. A. D. 400. OONSTANTINE THE GkEAT REMOVES THE SkAT\\nOF Government to Constantinople. Theodosius divides the Em-\\npiBE. Notwithstanding the nine bloody persecutions which successive\\ngenerations of Christians had endured, the leaven of the Gospel had\\nbeen constantly at work in the empire, and many persons of rank and\\nconsequence professed the doctrines of the cross. In the year a. d.\\n303, Dioclesian issued an edict against the Christians, in consequence\\nof which the most dreadful persecution raged for ten years. The\\nchurches were pulled down; the Scriptures were burned; and such\\nnumbers of people perished, that at last the murderers declared that\\nthe Christian name and superstition were rooted out of the empire.\\nThis was the last persecution of the Christians by the Romans. In\\nthe midst of these scenes of slaughter, Dioclesian and Maxiraian\\ntriumphed at Rome, and once more regaled the multitude with the\\ncombats of gladiators and wild beasts.\\n63. This was the last triumph the imperial city ever saw. Her\\ndays of victory were nearly passed, the weakness of age had come\\nupon her, and the hour of her dissolution was rapidly approaching.\\nNot long after, Dioclesian resigned his authority^ and required Maxi-\\nmian to do the same. Dioclesian retired to the southern part of Aus-\\ntria, and Maximian to the southern part of Italy. Oonstantiuo and\\nGalerius having tlius become the Augustii, two new Caesars were\\nchosen. Constantius, however, died at York, in Britain, within two\\nyears after his accession to power, and the army immediately sainted\\nhis son, Constantine, as emperor. Galerius and the two Oassars\\nrefused to ratify the act; and Maxentius, son of Maximian, being\\ninvested by the senate with the imperial dignity, called his father from\\nretirement to give weight to his authority.\\n64. There were thus six competitors for the empire and a scene of\\ncontention followed, scarcely paralleled in the annals of Rome. Maxi-\\nmian quarreled with his son, and was put to death. Galerius died not\\nlong after, which reduced the number of aspirants to four. Maxentius\\nspeedily commenced open hostilities, and Constantine, at the head of\\na powerful army, marched toward Rome. During this journey, that\\nfamous change took place in his religion or politics, which resulted in\\nthe overthrow of paganism, and the establishment of Christianity s\\nthe religion of the empire. One evening, while employed in medita-\\nQuesUon^ 62. Give an account of the progress of Christianity, In what year did Dlo-\\noleslan issue an edict against Christianity? Give a history of the persecution. 63. What\\nIs further stated of Dioclesian Of Maximian? What la said of Constantius? Of Galerius\\n4 What scene of contention is depicted W hat cftused the overthrow of pagauism", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0478.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "A.D. 323.] CONSTANTINE. 427\\ntion upon the couflictiug opinions which agitated mankind, ae sent up\\nhis ejaculations to Heaven for divine direction. As if in answer to his\\nprayer, a luminous cross suddenly appeared above the declining sun,\\nbearing the inscription, In this, overcome. The same night a\\nvision confirmed the miracle, and Constantine became a convert to\\nCliristianity. A royal standard was made to resemble that seen in the\\neky, and carried before him as an ensign of victory and celestial pro-\\ni;3ction. Maxentius was defeated, and drowned in the Tiber. The\\ncompetitors were thus reduced to three.\\n65. Constantine entered Rome, and, disclaiming the adulation which\\nthe servile Romans offered, set up a cross at the right hand of his\\nstatues, declaring that he owed all his success to a superior power.\\nHe restored the authority of the senate, reformed abuses, and banished\\nthe prcBtorian guards. He then marched to Milan, where he formed\\nan alliance with one of the Caesars, and gave him his sister in mar-\\nriage; the other Cajsar was overthrown and slain, so that only two\\nrivals remained of the six. In the year 323,* a battle was fought\\nbetween these two. Constantine was victorious, and became sole\\nmonarch of the empire, after eighteen years of contention and civil\\nwar. Being now possessed of unlimited power, he issued an edict\\nthat in all the provinces of the empire the orders of the bishops should\\nbe obeyed and a general council, assembled at his request, condemned\\nthe Arian heresy. Perceiving the necessity of fixing his residence\\nin the center of his dominions, or wishing to rival the fame of Romu-\\nlus, Constantine formed the design of removing the seat of government\\nto the spot where the Golden Horn of the Bosphorus encircled the\\noft-conquered and reconquered Byzantium.\\n66. With the wealth of the world at his command, nothing of course\\nwas neglected which could contribute to *he splendor of the new\\ncapital. Magnificent churches, palaces, and private dwellings sprang\\nup with almost magical rapidity while bathp ind (gardens, parks and\\nprivate walks, exhibited all the refinements of erstern luxury. The\\ncourt followed the monarch to the rising city of Constantinople and\\nRome, who had suflfered so much from a multitude of emperors, now\\n\u00c2\u00bbaw herself deserted by the one who had concentrated all authority in\\nMmoelf. These were the principal events of the reig^n of Constantine.\\nIn his old age he was guilty of gr^.-dt cruelty, and hia conduct during\\nAlexander became monarch of the world, 828 u. o. Constantine se e emptor, 828 a.\\nQueaUons. 61 What evidence, if any, did Conotantine give of GVIstiiEUy? 65. How\\ndid he become sole monarch of the empire T What edict did he issue? What iaauced him\\nto change the seat of government f 66. What is said of the building and growth nf Conutan\\nWnople T What is said of Conatantine in his old age What further is said of hi\u00c2\u00bb cand ict I", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0479.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "4:28 EMPIRE OF BOMB. D. Ml\\nhis whole life stamps him as a political rather than a pious advocate\\nof Christianity.\\n67. OONSTANTINE, OoNSTANS, AND CoNSTANTIUS. A. D. 837. On\\nthe death of Oonstantine, his dominions were divided between his\\nthree sons, youths, who, without inheriting the virtues of their father,\\nimitated his relentless cruelty, and added to it the vices of a voluptu-\\nous court. With the exception of two cousins, these princes destroyed\\nall the male members of the Constantine family, and then turned their\\nwms upon one another. Constantine was dethroned and slain within\\nthree years after the death of his father, by his brother Oonstans,\\nwho, ten years later, suffered a similar fate from the hand of his own\\ngeneral. Oonstantius, being thus left sole emperor, called his cousin,\\nJulian, to a share of power. To escape the jealous fury which\\ndestroyed all his relations, Julian had buried himself in study and\\nretirement, but upon being clothed with the title and power of a\\nCfBsar, he showed himself an able and valiant general. His success in\\na war with the Sarmatians roused the latent envy of Constantius, and\\nthe legions of the west having proclaimed him emperor, the nations\\nbeheld again with terror the marshaling of armies for a civil war.\\nThe death of Constantius averted the threatened danger, and Julian\\npeaceably ascended the throne.\\n68. Julian the Apostate. a. d. 361. The new Augustus had\\nlittle reason to love a religion which the children of Oonstantine had\\nprofessed, and his hatred of Christianity was immediately shown by\\nhis attempt to re-establish paganism. To disprove the prophecy of\\nChrist, he attempted to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. His impi-\\nous design was frustrated by the hand of Providence. Horrible balls\\nof fire breaking out from the foundation, with frequent and reiterated\\nattacks, rendered the place inaccessible to the workmen the victo\\nrious element continuing in this manner, seemed obstinately bent to\\ndrive them to a distance, and the hopeless attempt was abandoned.\\n69. Julian was killed in battle with the Persians, after a reign of 16\\nmonths. Jovian, one of his domestics, was proclaimed emperor by the\\nsoldiers. He gave up the cities which had been taken from the Per-\\nsians, and conducted the Romans in safety back to Antioch, where he\\nhad only time to revoke the decrees against the Christians, when he\\nalso died. Yalentinian, commander of his body-guard, was proclaimed\\nQu6sU(ms.\u00e2\u0080\u009461. When did he die? What division took place after his death Give tha\\ncharacter of the three brothers. Who was Julian llow was he called to govern\\n68. What did Julian undertake to do? How did he attempt to disprove the words of\\nChrist? What was the result? 69. By whom was Julian killed? Who succeeded himf\\nQiv\u00c2\u00ab an aocouui of Jovian s coone. WJ\u00c2\u00bbo bo a\u00c2\u00abme his aaccessor", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0480.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "A.tt396.] THB EMPIRE DIVIDED. 429\\nhis successor. He divided the empire, giving to his brother, Valens\\nthe dominion of the east, while he took up his residence at Milan, aa\\nmonarch of the west. Wars with the northern tribes occupied the\\ntime of both emperors. After a reign of twelve yea -s, Valentinian\\ndied, leaving the scepter to his son, Gratian, then a youth of 17. Thh\\nHuns now came forth from the wilds of Scythia, upon their work of\\ndestruction.*\\n70. The Goths, intimidated by the invasion of a nation mere bar\\nbarous than themselves, entreated the emperor, Yalens, to grant them\\nlands on the southern side of the Danube The request was acceded\\nto, on certain conditions; and a million cf savages were thus settled\\nin Thrace. The treachery of a Roman gov3rnor excited them to revolt,\\nand Valens fell a victim to their vengeance. Two-thirds of his army\\nperished in battle, and the country was ravaged to the very gates of\\nConstantinople. The young Gratian advanced from the west too late\\nto save the life of his uncle, but in season to rescue the capital from\\nthe invaders. Feeling his inability to sustain the weight of an empire\\ntottering to its fall, he called in Theodosius, a native of Spain, to his\\nassistance, and gave to him the empire of the east.\\n71. In four years, Theodosius, by his wisdom and firmness, subdued\\nthe Goths, and received great numbers of them into the Roman armies.\\nAfter the death of Gratian, Theodosius married Galla, the beautiful\\ndaughter of the deceased emperor, and became the last sole monarch\\nof the empire. He visited Italy. The idols which had so long been\\nworshiped in the imperial city were thrown down the images were\\ndefaced, and the temples deserted, to give place to the less imposing\\nforms of Christian worship. Before his death, Theodosius divided the\\nempire between his two sons, Arcadius and Ilonorius.t It was never\\nafter re-united, and the subsequent pages will be devoted to the his-\\ntory of the Western Empire.\\n72. Theodosius died in the month of January, a. d. 395, and before\\nthe opening of spring, the Gothic nation was in arms. The barriers\\nof the Danube were opened, and the savage warriors of Scythia\\nSee map No. 1.\\nt Kofinus, a Qaal, governed the councils of Arcadliu; while Stilicho, a Vandal, direeted\\nttfi administration of Uonorina.\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 d. With whom did Valentinian divide the empire? What is said of Valen-\\ntinian? To whom did he leave his scepter? What then did the Hins begin? 70. What\\nrequest did the Goths make? With what success? Why did the Goths revolt? What\\nbecame of Valens What then took place? Why did Gratian associate Theodosius with\\nhim? 71 Did Theodosius succeed against the Goths? How Mid when? After the death\\nof Gratian what did Theodosius do? Uow did he divide hit empire? 72. When did h\u00c2\u00ab\\ndie? What destruction came after?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0481.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "430 B M P I R E F R M E [a. D. 410\\nrolled their ponderous jragons over the broad and icy back of tht\\nindignant river. The fertile fields of Greece were covered with a\\ndeluge of barbarians, who massacred the men, and drove away the\\nbeautiful females, with the cattle of the flaming villages.\\n73. A. D. 500, Italy plundeked by Goth, Vandal, and Hun.\\nAUGUSTULUS, LA3T EmpEBOR. AlARIO s THREE INVASIONS. BetweeD\\nthe years 400 and 403, Alaric, at the head of his savage legions,\\ninvaded Italy. Stilicho, the able and faithful general of Honorius,\\ndefeated him, and finally hired him to enter the service of the Romans.\\nIn 408, Alaric, not havii g received the stipulated sums, again led hie\\narmy into the garden of Europe. The (jueen of the world purchased\\nher safety with the treasures of the capitol. During a period of 619\\nyears, the seat of the empire had never been violated by the presence\\nof a foreign enemy but when, in 410, the king of the Goths crossed\\nthe Po, spread hi armys along the banks of the Tiber, seized the port\\nof Ostia, and threatened to destroy the magazines of corn, the terror\\nof famine overcame the pride of the senate, and they assented to Ala-\\nric s proposal of placing a new emperor upon the throne of the unwor-\\nthy Honorius. The gates of the city were thrown open, and Attalus,\\nthe man whom Alaric had selected, was clothed in the purple of the\\nOflBsars, and conducted by Gothic guards to the palace of Augustus and\\nTrajan.\\n74. But Attalus wanted the spirit to command, and the docility to\\nobey. Alaric became tired of his puppet-king, and the next year\\nstripped him of his royal robes, and sent them to Honorius, who had\\nshut himself up in Ravenna. The king of the Goths, no longer dis-\\nsembling his appetite for plunder and revenge, now appeared in arms\\nunder the walls of the capital the senate were unable to guard against\\nthe treachery of their domestics a gate was silently opened, and the\\ninhabitants were roused from their slumbers by the tremendous sound\\nof the Gothic trumpet. 1163 years after the founding of Rome, the\\neternal city w\u00c2\u00bbs sacked and plundered by the savage tribes of Ger-\\nmany and Scythia. The gold .^tnd jewels of the nobles were first\\nlecured; the massy furniture and silken wardrobes of the great were\\npiled upon wagons exquisite works of art, once the pride of Athens,\\nCorinth, or the splendid cities of the east, were shivered in pieces;\\nand vases of the most beautiful workmanship were divided by the\\nstroke of the battle-ax and distributed among the rapacious soldiers.\\nQuesti(ms.\u00e2\u0080\u009413. Give an account of the Invasions of Alanc What revolution was pre\\niaced In Eomef Who was selected for the palace cf Augustus? 74- When weary of\\nA114IQ8, wher did Alaric send him Describe the plusderlog of th\u00c2\u00ab oity that followed*", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0482.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "l.D. 416.J BARBARIC INVASIONS. 431\\n76. The Goths evacuated the city on the sixth day. At the head\\nof an army encumbered with rich and weighty spoils, Alaric advanced\\nalong the Appian way to the southern point of Italy. There the fer-\\ntile island of Sicily attracted his attention, and his active mind imme-\\ndiately formed the design of preparing a fleet which should transport\\nhis followers across the narrow strait of Messina, and waft them t.^\\nthe shores of Africa. The winds and waves, more potent than tht\\nRoman arms, sunk or scattered his ill-constructed galleys and death\\nthe conqueror of kings, soon after fixed the fatal term of his conquests.\\nHis soldiers, with true barbaric grief, turned the course of the little\\nriver Busentinus, and constructed his splendid sepulchre in its ancient\\nbed the waters were then restored to their natural channel and\\nthus have they flowed, age after age, over the tomb of Alaric the\\nVisigoth.\\n76. Adolphus, the brother-in-law of Alaric, succeeded to the sove-\\nreignty of the Gothic people. In the sack of Rome they Lad taken\\ncaptive the beautiful Placidia, daughter of Theodosius; and the noble\\nbarbarian, won by her charms, now oflfered peace to Eonorius on con-\\ndition of receiving the hand of his sister in marriage. The fair Placi-\\ndia consented, and the union was consummated before the Goths left\\nItaly. The bride, adorned like an empress, was placed upon a throne\\nof state, while her husband, clothed in the Roman toga, occupied a\\nless elevated seat at her side. Fifty beautiful slaves, dressed in silken\\nrobes, presented her with fifty basins of gold, and fifty basins of\\ngems; yet even this extraordinary nuptial gift formed but a small part\\nof the rare and magnificent spoils of her country.\\n77. Adolphus retired with his bride and his people into Gaul, and\\nthence into Spain, where he founded the kingdom of the Visigoths. In\\nthe year 415, Adolphus was assassinated by one of his domestics, and\\nWallia, his successor to the sovereignty of the Gothic nation, led his\\nfollowers in the track of Alaric to the southern shore of Italy. The\\ntempestuous sea again prevented the projected expedition to Africa\\nand Constantius, the brave general of Honorius, forced the larbuilani\\nto conclude a peace, and exchange the unfortunate Placidia for 6^000\\nmeasures of wheat. The hand of the widow of Adolphus was the\\nQu^\u00c2\u00bbUon4,\u00e2\u0080\u0094^ft. When did the Goths evacuate EomeT What did Alaric do? How did\\nhe lose his life? Wbere was he buried? 76. Who succeeded to the sovereignity of the\\nGoths How was peace consummated between Eome and Adolphus Describe the cere-\\nmonious splendor of the marriage. 77. What kingdom did Adolphus found? What waa\\nthe fate of Adolphus? Who was his successor? How was the expedition to Africa pre-\\nrented Who effected a peace for Honorius? What became of the unfortunate Pl\u00c2\u00bbcidla J\\nWhivt was the reward of Constantjug?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0483.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "iZ2 EMPIRE OF ROME. [a. D. 483\\nreward of Oonstantius, and the care of her children, Valentinian and\\nHonoria, thenceforth occupied her attention.\\n78. The Yandals. At the very time that the Goths were engaged in\\nthe plunder of Italy, a similar devastation was going on in Spain. The\\nSuevi, the Vandals, and the Alani forced the passes of the Pyrenees,\\nestablishing themselves in the most fertile portions of that country,\\nand enslaved the original inhabitants. In the year 429 Genseric led\\nthe Vandals across the strait of Gibraltar, and, re-enforcing his army\\nby enlisting the Moors, proceeded to wrest from the Romans all their\\npossessions in Africa. On a sudden, the seven fruitful provinces from\\nTangier to Tripoli were overwhelmed by the bloody tide of war.\\nDuring eight years, the Vandals spread themselves like locusts over\\nthe land, and completed their conquests by once more destroying Car-\\nthage, the capital of the African world. About the same time, the\\nGothSy the Burgundians, and the Franks obtained a permanent seat in\\ntJie provinces of Gaul,\\n79. As early as the time of Cicero, it was the opinion of the augurs\\nthat the twelve vultures which Romulus had seen represented the\\nt^eelve centuries assigned for the fatal period of his city. Now, when\\nthe loss of the provinces beyond the Alps impaired the glory and\\ngreatness of Rome; when her internal prosperity was irretrievably\\ndestroyed by the separation of Africa and when the twelfth century,\\nclouded with disgrace and misfortune, was almost elapsed, the people\\nremembered the fearful omen, and looked forward with gloomy fore-\\nboding to the accomplishment of the prophecy. After a disgraceful\\nreign of twenty-eight years, Honorius died of a dropsy, and the scepter\\nof the Western Empire descended to the feeble hands of Valentinian\\n[11., the infant son of Constantius; Placidia being declared regent.\\nAt a suitable age, ha was married to his cousin, Eudoxia; but hia\\nmother still retained her influence, and ruled in his name for twenty-\\nfive years.\\n80. Attila. The Goths and the Vandals, from whom the imperial\\ncity suffered so much, fled before the Huns; but in the year 4?3 th\u00c2\u00ab\\nHuns themselves marched southward to the Danube, and under AistL\\nBurnamed the Scourge of God, became the terror of the worid,\\nFrom the banks of the Volga to the banks of the Rhine, the savage\\nQuestions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IS. What was going on in Spain at that time? Who forced the passes of the\\nPyrenees? What was their object? Who led the Vandals across the strait of Gibraltar/\\nWhat possessions did they wrest fh)m the Romans What further conquests attended them\\nn. What became a proverb in the time of Cicero To what were the people of Rome then\\nlooking? What was the condition of Borne after the death of Honorius? 80. By whom\\nwere the Goths and Vandals rooted? What mention le next made of the Huns? DeKorib*\\nthe ravages of the ohiefUin Attll\u00c2\u00bb", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0484.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "k. H. 453.J TEE INVASION OF ATTILA. 433\\ncLieftain extended his fearful swaj, and, disdaining to dismount from\\nhis horse, dictated to embassadors from Constantinople the terms of a\\npeace, each condition of which was an insult to the Roman name.\\nThe treaty was soon broken, and the whole breadth of Europe was\\ninvaded, occupied, and desolated by the myriads of barbarians whom\\nAttila led into the field. In the year 452 he passed the Alps, subdued\\nItaly, and took Aquileia, Milan, and Pavia.\\n81. It is a saying worthy of the ferocious pride of the Hunnio chief,\\nAat the grass never grew on the spot where his horse had trod. Yet\\nthis savage destroyer undesignedly laid the foundation of a city, which\\nfor a long time sheltered and nourished the sciences and arts. Before\\nthis irruption, fifty Venetian cities clustered around Aquileia, and, sup-\\nported by commerce and manufactures, gradually accumulated extra-\\nordinary wealth. The peaceful inhabitants of these cities, scattered\\nlike wild-fowl before the storm of war, found a safe but obscure rest-\\ning-place in the neighboring islands and there, nestling as it were\\napon the bosom of the waves, where the swell of the Adriatic feebly\\nTmitates the tides of the ocean, they reared the amphibious city of\\nVenice, which, in the middle ages, was the great commercial emporium\\nof Europe.\\n82. Valentinian fled from Ravenna to Rome, and his ministers pur-\\nchased the safety of Italy by paying to the barbarian the immense\\ndowry of the princess Honoria, and consenting to add the grand-\\ndaughter of Theodosius to the list of his innumerable wives, within a\\nstipulated time. The king of the Huns then drew off his myriads, and\\nretired to his wooden palace beyond the Danube, where death found\\nhim in the arms of sleep, and silenced forever his claims upon the\\nempire of Rome. His remains were inclosed in three coffins, of gold,\\nof silver, and of iron; and in the darkness of night committed to tlie\\nearth, together with the spoils of nations and the bodies of slaughtered\\ncaptiviis.\\n83. A. D. 453. The death of Attila broke the power of the Huns,\\nliut two years later Valentinian was assassinated by Maximus, a senator\\nf illustrious birth, who was proclaimed emperor by the senate and\\npeople, while the bleeding corpse of his rightful sovereign lay at his\\nfeet. This was the last day of his happiness; his hours were disturbed\\nby remorse or terror; and his throne was shaken by the seditions of\\nQuestion*. 81. In what manner did he give existence to Venice? 82. To what place dir\\nValentinian flee? How was the safety of Itjily purchased? What is said of the death of\\nAttila? What disposition was made of his remains? 83. What became of Valentinian?\\nWho then was proclaimed emperor? How were the hours of the new emperor disturbL-d f\\n19", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0485.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "434: EMPIRE OF ROME. [4. d. 456\\nthe soldiers, the people, and the confederate barbarians. Endoxia,\\nthe widow of Valeutinian, had been compelled to violate her mourn-\\ning to appear as the bride of the usurper. From the east she could\\nexpect no assistance; the scepter of Constantinople was in the hands\\nof a stranger and, despairing of aid from her own people, she turned\\nher eyes to Africa, and begged the aid of Genseric, the king of the\\nVandarls. The royal barbarian had already a powerful fleet in the\\nports )f the Mediterranean; and six hundred years after the total\\ndefeat of the naval power of Carthage by the Romans, the ships of\\nGenseric, manned by a motley crew of Vandals, Moors, and Africans\\nissued from the harbors of the city of Dido, to take vengeance upon\\nImperial Rome.\\n84. When the Vandals disembarked at Ostia, Maximus prepared for\\ninstant flight; but no sooner did he appear in the streets than the\\ninfuriated populace assaulted him with a shower of stones, and his\\nmangled body at length found its grave in the Tiber. Rome and its\\ninhabitants were delivered to the violence of the Vandals and Moors.\\nThe pillage lasted fourteen days and night? The spoils of pagan tem-\\nples and of Christian churches. r,he holy instruments of Jewish wor-\\nship which had been displayed in the triumph of Titus, the gilded roof\\nof the capitol (which cost not less than $10,000,000), the imperial\\nornaments of the palace, and the magnificent furniture of private\\ndwellings, were carefully collected and laboriously removed to the fleet.\\n85. Eudoxia herself, who advanced to meet her deliverer, was\\nrudely stripped of her jewels, and with her two daughters, the only\\nsurviving remains of the great Theodosius, was compelled, as a captive,\\nto follow the haughty Vandal to Africa. Her elder daughter, Eudo-\\ncia, became the reluctant bride of Hunneric, the eldest son of Gense-\\nric and the queen, with her younger daughter, after several years of\\ncaptivity, was honorably restored to the eastern emperor. The shores\\nof Italy, Spain, and Greece were afflicted by the incessant depreda-\\ntions of the Vandal pirates. In the spring of each year they sailed\\nfrom the ports of Carthage, and Genseric, remarking that the winds\\nwould transport them to the guilty coasts, whose inhabitants had\\nprovoked divine justice, sufi ered his ships to float at ease upon the\\n)\u00c2\u00bbOAom of the Mediterranean, till the sight of some wealthy city\\ntempted him to land. He continued thus the tyrant of the sea to an\\nQtteiPuyn*. 88. What was Kndoxla compelled to do What afterward did she do Wa\u00c2\u00ab\\n\u00c2\u00bblie auccesaftil r 84. At what place In Italy did the Vandals disembark Relate the fate\\nof Maximaa. What then followed What is said of the pillage and spoils 86. What\\ntreatment did Eudoxia re\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab{T\u00c2\u00abr What Is related of tke depredations of the Yanda]\\np^ralM?", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0486.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "i.i 476.] THE EMPIRE ENDED. 435\\nadvanced age, and lived to witness the final extinction of the Empire\\nof the West.\\n86. In the space of twenty years after the death of Yalentinian,\\nnine emperors successively disappeared from the Roman stage, and the\\nlast would be least entitled to the notice of posterity, if his reign,\\nvf hich was marked by the fall of the Western Empire, did not leave a\\nmemorable era in the history of mankind. In these times of confusiot\\nand discord, when Italy (now all that was left to Rome) was alter\\nnately defended and ravaged by the barbarians who ranged themselves\\nnnder the banners of the sinking empire, Orestes, a Pannonian chief,\\nhaving gained the favor of the troops, invested his son, Romulua\\nAugti8tU9 with the imperial purple, and seated him upon the throne\\nof the Caesars. The youth who was thus made the instrument of his\\nfather s ambition was distinguished only by his beauty and misfor-\\ntunes. The troops who had assisted in his elevation claimed one-\\nthird of the lands of Italy as their reward this insolent demand was\\ndenied, and Odoacer, chief of the Heruli, roused them to revolt from\\ntheir inoffensive monarch.\\n87. Pavia was taken b storm Orestes executed, and the helpless\\nAugustus, who could no longer command the respect, was reduced to\\nimplore the clemency of Odoacer. The barbarian spared his life, and\\nthe last emperor of Rome, having signed his abdication ia due form,\\nwas permitted to retire to the splendid castle of Lucullus. upon the\\nshores of Campania. Odoacer, despising the empty title of Augustus\\nand CflBsar, caused himself to be proclaimed King of Italy and the\\nsenate, mindful of their ancient dignity in the last hour of their\\nauthority, addressed an epistle to the eastern emperor, solemnly dis-\\nclaiming the necessity or even the wish of continuing any longer the\\nimperial succession in Italy, and consenting to receive the adLainistra-\\ntion of justice from the hand of Odoacer.\\nThus ended the empire of Rome, a. d. 476, 1,229 years after the\\nfoundation of the city by Romulus.\\nBomalnswas cormpted into Momylltu by the Oreeka, and Ao^stoa changed j tha\\nLatins into the contemptible diminutive, Augustulus, little AugustuK.\\nQtutMoTts. 86, 87. What further ia stated of the final overthrow of the Roman empire\\nBj whht means did Odoacer obtain power? In what year did the empire of fiome tadl\\nBow many years had it existed 7", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0487.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "436 ROME.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS.\\nPAttC\\n1. Give an account \u00c2\u00bbf the building of Rome 314, 316\\n2 What can you state of the inhabitants 315, 316\\n3. Of the religion of the Romans? 316, 317\\n4 Of marriages among the Romans 311\\n6. Of the government of Rome 317, 31 8\\n6. How Y ^re trials among the Romans conducted? 318\\n7. What ^n you state of the occupations of the Romans 319\\n8. Of their preparations for battle 319\\n9. Of their funeral ceremonies SU 320\\n10. Of the fabulous history of Rome T 320\\n11. Give the early history of Rome 320, 321, 322\\n12. The history as connected vnth that of the Sabines 322-324\\n13. Now give the biography of Ron Jus 314-324\\n14. Give the biography of Numa Pooipdius 324, 325\\n16. Give an account of the reign of Tullius Hostilius 325, 326\\n16. Of the reign of Ancus Martins. 326, 327\\n17. Of the reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 327, 328\\n18. Of the reign of Servius Tullius 328, 329\\n19. Of the reign of Lucius Tarquinf 8uix,rbus 329-331\\n20. What change in the government thot. took place?. 331, 332\\n21. What efforts did Tarquin make to recover power? 332-334\\n22. How was the conspiracy attempt frustrated 332, 333\\n23. How, the one to capture Rome by siege? 333\\n24. The one in which twenty-four towns were confederated? 334\\n26. Give the origin of the veto power 336\\n26. Why was Coriolanus banished from Rome 336\\n27. What then was his plan for vengeance 336\\n28. Give the particulars of his movements 336\\n19. How, at last, was he influenced in favor of Rome 336, 337\\n30 What further can you state of Coriolanus 337\\n3L Give the story of Cincinnatus 337, 338\\n52. Of Siccius Dentatus 338, 339\\n53. What change then took place in the government of Rome? 339\\nB4. Relate the story of Yirginia 339-341\\nt6i What changes, proposed by the tribunes, were adopted? 342\\nS6 What other changes afterward occurred 342, 343\\n37. Give an account of the taking of Yeii 343\\n$8. Of Oamillus till he departed from Rome 343, 344", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0488.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "REVIEW QUESTIONS. 437\\nTAam\\n19. Who was Brennus 344\\n40. Why did Brennus attack Rome 344, 345\\n41. Give an account of his successes 346, 346\\n42 Give an account of the success of Camillus 346\\n43 Of the success of Pontius Cominius 346, 347\\n44. Of the success of Manlius 347, 348\\ni5. What agreement was made between the Romans and Gauls?. 348\\n16, Why was it not carried out 348\\n47. What further is stated of the Gauls 348, 349\\n48. What arguments Were used against rebuilding Rome 349\\n49. Why was it determined to rebuild the city 349\\n50. Give an account of Manhus 347-350\\n51. Of Licinius Stolo 350, 351\\n52. Who were the Samnites 361\\n63. With whom were they engaged in war 361, 352\\n54. Who was Manlius Torquatus 352\\n66. Relate the story of Titus Manhus 352\\n66. Give an account of the battle 362, 353\\n57. How did Pyrrhus get involved in the Roman war 363\\n68. Give an account of the movements of Pyrrhus 353, 354\\n69. Of his first victory over the Romans 364\\n60. Of his conduct after the battle 364\\n61. Of his failure to negotiate a peace 354-366\\n62. State how Fabricius gained his point 366\\n63. Give an account of Pyrrhus s second victory 356\\n64. What further can you state of Fabricius 366, 367\\n65. Give an account of Pyrrhus s defeat 357\\n66. What movements did he afterward make 367\\n67. Give the early history of Carthage 358\\n68. What was the origin of the first Punic war? 358\\n69. How were the Romans enabled to cope with Carthage on the sea 368\\nto. Give an account of their first success on the sea 369\\n11. What successes did they have in Africa 359\\nt2 What were the successes of Regulus? 359, 360\\nt3 What misfortunes befell him? 360, 361\\n14 What faUure next awaited the Romans 361\\n75 What success at last did they have 362\\n76. How did the Romans use the peace that followed 362\\n77. Iq what war werp they next engaged 36S\\n78. Who was Tiridomarus 3\u00c2\u00ab2\\n79. What challenge did he put forth 362\\n80. State what followed 362, 363\\n81. What f mo elapsed between the first and second Punic wars... 363", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0489.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "438 BOMB.\\n82. Who was Hannibal 363\\n83. Give the origin of the second Punic war 363, 364\\n84. Of Hannibal s success in Spain 364\\n86. Of his passage of the Alps 364, 366\\n86 Of his first two battles with the Romans 365\\nSI. Of Hannibal s suosequent movements 365, 366\\n88 Of the battle of Thrasymenus 366\\nB9. Of Fabius and his policy 366-370\\n90. Of Varro and his defeat at Cannae 368\\n91 What were the consequences of that defeat? 369\\n92. What misfortunes attended Hannibal 370-372\\n93. Give an account of the siege of Syracuse 370, 371\\n94. What successes did Scipio Africanus gain 372\\n96. Give an account of the battle of Zama 373\\n96. What were the occurrences in Greece 373-376\\n97. What successes did the Romans gain over Antiochus? 374\\n98. Give the account of Scipio Africanus s closing career 374\\n99. How did the third Punic war originate 376\\n100. What misfortunes befell the Carthaginians 376\\n101. Describe what followed till Carthage was destroyed 376\\n102. What added to the growing importance of Rome? 376, 377\\n103. What is said of Cornelia Gracchus 377\\n104. Give an account of Tiberius Gracchus 377, 378\\n105. Of Caius Gracchus and Flaccus 378, 379\\n106. Of the Jugurthine war 379, 380\\n107. Give an account of Caius Marius 380, 382\\n108. What can you state of the early career of Sylla 380\\n109. How was the Mithridatic war commenced 381, 382\\n110. Give an account of its progress 381, 382\\n111. Of the great victory gained by Scylla in Italy. 382, 383\\n112. Of his subsequent career of crime 383\\n113. Gve the closing account of his deeds and death 383, 384\\n114 Give some account of Crassus 383-388\\n1 5 What were Lucullus s successes in Asia 384\\nHow came Pompey to supersede Lucullus 384\\n7 Give the closing account of the Mithridatic war 384-386\\n118. Give an account of Catiline s conspiracy 385, 386\\n119. Of Pompey s return to Rome 386, 387\\n1 20. How was the first triumvirate eflfected 387, 388\\n121. What division did the triumvirs agree on 388\\n122. What successes did Caesar gain 388, 389\\n1 23. Wliat career did Crassus run 389\\n124 Name the events preceding the passing of the Rubicon 389, 390", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0490.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "REVIEW QUESTIONS. 439\\nPAAB\\n126. Give the particulars of that event 390\\n1 26. What flight and pursuit then followed 390\\n127. Give an account of Caesar s next success 391\\n128. Of the battle fought at Dyracchium 391\\n129. Of the next battle, that of Pharsalia 391-393\\nISO. What further account can you give of Pompey 393, 394\\n131. Why did Caesar go to Egypt? 396\\n132. What did he accomplish in Egypt 391\\n133. What in Africa, west of Egypt? 395, 396\\n134 What other successes did Caesar gain 396, 397\\n135. Give an account of the end of Caesar 397, 398\\n136. Describe what followed 398-400\\n137. How was the second triumvirate brought about? 400, 401\\n138. What were the terms agreed upon by the triumvirs? 400\\n139. How was the proscription carried out 400\\n140. State what took place in Greece 400, 401\\n141. Give an account of Antony s next movements 401, 402\\n142. Of the aims and movements of Octavius 402\\n143. What new division of power was made? 402\\n144. What became of Pompey and Lepidus 402\\n145. Give the particulars of what followed 402\\n146. Of the battle of Actium and its consequences 402, 403\\n147. Give the particulars of Octavius s successes 403\\n148. What is stated of the reign of Augustus 404\\n149. Give an account of his family affairs and death 406\\n150. What can you state of the reign of Tiberius 405\\n151. Of Germanicus and his career 405, 406\\n152. Of Sejanus and his career 406\\n153. Of the close of Tiberius s reign, and of his death 406, 407\\n154. Of Caligula, his career and death? 407, 408\\n155. Of Claudius, his career and death? 408, 409\\n156. Of Nero, his career and death? 409-411\\n157. Of Galba, his career and death? 411, 412\\n168. Of Otho, his career and death 412\\n159. Of Vitollius, his career and death 412\\n160. Of Vespasian, and what he and Titus accomplished 412-415\\n161. Of Titus, his career and death? 413-416\\n162. Of Domitian, his career and death 416\\n163. Of Trajan, his career and death 416, 417\\n164. Of Adrian, his reign and death? 417, 418\\n165. Of Antoninus, his reign and death? 418, 419\\n166. Of Marcus Aurelius, his reign and death? 419\\n167 Of Pertinax, his reign and death 420, 421", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0491.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "440 ROME.\\nPA\u00c2\u00abt\\n168. What events followed the death of Pertinax 421\\n169. What were the events of Servius s reign 421, 422\\nno. What the events during the next eighteen years? 422\\n111. Give an account of the career of Caracalla 422, 425\\n172. Of Hehogabalus, his acts and death 423\\n173. Give the events during the n-ext eighteen years 424\\n174. What is stated in relation to the thirty tyrants 42b\\n175. In relation to Valerian, his acts and death 424\\n176. In relation to Aurelian, his acts and death? 424, 42b\\n177. Name the closing events of the century 425\\n178. What is stated of the ten persecutions 426\\n179. Give the particulars of Constantino s accession to power 426, 427\\n180. Of his important acts and death 427, 428\\n181. Name the events of the next twenty-four years 428\\n182. Give the account of Julian and Jovian. 428\\n183. Of Valentinian 428, 429\\n184. Of Gratian and Theodosius 429\\n185. Give the particulars of Alaric s invasion 429, 430\\n186. Of his subsequent acts, movements, and death 430, 431\\n187. Give the story of Placidia 431, 432\\n188. What misfortunes did the Yandals inflict? 432\\n189. What other misfortunes befell Rome 432\\n190. What conquests were made by Attila? 432, 433\\n191. Give the account of Maximus 433, 434\\n192. Of Eudoxia 433, 434\\n193 What did Rome suffer from the Yandals and Moors 434\\n194 Give the particulars of Genseric s career 434 435\\n195. Give the account of Romulus Augustus 435\\n96. Give the accc-unt of Odoacer A35\\nMl. When was the Roman empire brought to an end 43S", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0492.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "CpONOLOGlCAL RECAPITULATION.\\nB.C.\\nFoundation of Rome 753\\nReign of Romulus 753-716\\nNuma Pompilius 716-673\\nTullius Hostilius 673-641\\nAncus Martius 640-616\\nTarquiniua Priscus 616-578\\nServius Tullius 578-534\\nTarquinius Superbus 534-510\\nEstablishment of the Republic 509\\nThree attempts to restore the Tarquins 509, 508, 498\\nBattle of Lake Regillus 498\\nFirst Secession to the Sacred Mount 494\\nI ribunes of the Plebs 494\\nCoriolanus banished 488\\nAgrarian Law of Cassius 486\\nThe Publilian Law of Volero 471\\nThe Decemvirate 451 -449\\nCanuleian Law for intermarriage between the two orders 445\\nMilitary Tribunes with consular power 444\\nCensors first elected 443\\nVeil taken 396\\nRome taken and burnt bv the Gauls 390\\nThe Licinian Law equalization of the two orders 367\\nPlautus, Comedies 254-184\\nThe First Samnite War 343-341\\nThe Latin War 340-338\\nThe Publilian Laws 339\\nThe Second Samnite War 326-304\\nDefeat of the Romans by the Samnites at the Caudine Forks 321\\nThe Third Samnite W^ar 298-290\\nThe Hortensian Laws union of the two orders 281\\nThe War with Pyrrhus 281-278\\nThe Conquest of Italy 265\\nThe First Punic War 264-241\\nThe Second Punic War 218-202\\nSiege Saguntum 219\\nEnnius, Annals, Satires 239-169\\nBattle of the Ticinus 218\\nTrebia 218\\nLake Trasimenus 217\\nCann\u00c2\u00ab 216\\nSyracuse taken by the Romans 212", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0493.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "CHRONOLOGICAL E E C A P I T U L A T I K\\nB.C.\\nBattle of Metaurus 207\\nBattle of Zama \u00c2\u00abw ?a?\\nThe First Macedonian War 214-^05\\nThe Second ^^\u00e2\u0084\u00a2S\\nThe Gallic War 200\\nThe Battle of Cynoscephalse lofc }?q\\nTerence, Comedies 195-159\\nThe Spanish War Jx^\\nSyrian War ioa\\nAntiochus defeated at Magnesia 190\\nDeath of Hannibal n,-. JS\\nThe Third Macedonian War 171-168\\nBattle of Pydna J?\u00c2\u00a7\\nThe Achsean War\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Corinth taken 147-146\\nSpanish Wars- }?H??\\nThe Third Punic War If Hi\\nLucilius, Satires 148-103\\nMurder of Viriathus 140\\nKumantia taken 1^^\\nDeath of Attains\u00e2\u0080\u0094 bequeathes his kingdom to the Romans 133\\nTiberius Gracchus elected tribune his death 133\\nAsia made a Roman province 129\\nCaius Gracchus elected tribune 128\\nThe proposal to give the franchise to the Italians 125\\nCaius Gracchus tribune a second time 122\\nput to death 121\\nDeath of Micipsa, king of Numidia 118\\nVarro, Husbandry, Antiquities 116-28\\nInvasion of the Cimbri and Teutones 113-101\\nJugurthine War 112-106\\nConsulship of Caius Marius 107\\nCicero, Orations, Letters, Dialogues 106-43\\nTeutones defeated at Aqu^ Sextiae 102\\nSecond Servile War in Sicily 103-101\\nCsesar, Commentaries 102-44\\nSixth consulship of Marius 100\\nLucretius, Poems, De Rerum Natura 95-52\\nDrusus proposes to give the franchise to the Italians 91\\nSocial War 90-89\\nFirst Civil War 88-86\\nFirst Mithridatic War _-- 88-:84\\nCatullus, Miscellaneous Poems 87-47\\nSeventh Consulship of Marius 86\\nSallust, Histories 86-34\\nSecond Mithridatic War 83-82\\nSecond Civil War 83-81\\nSullan Constitution 81-79\\nThird Mithridatic War 74-63\\nWar with the Gladiators 73-71\\nVirgil, Eclogues, Georgics, ^neid 70-19\\nPompey, Consul 70\\nWar with the Pirates 67\\nHorace, Satires, Odes, Epistles 65-8", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0494.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "CHRONOLOGICAL R E C A P I T U L A T I K\\nB. O.\\nMithridates* deatli Jerusalem taken Catiline s conspiracy\\nPontus a Roman province 63\\nFirst triumvirate 60\\nConsulship of Caesar 59\\nLivy, Roman History 59-A. D. 17\\nCaesar s Campaigns in Gaul 58-51\\nCaesar s first invasion of Britain 55\\nCrassus defeated and slain by the Parthians 53\\nSecond Civil War begins 49\\nBattle of Pharsalia Pompey defeated 48\\nThe Alexandrine War 48-47\\nBattle of Thapsus 46\\nBattle of Munda Defeat of the Pompeians 45\\nAssassination of Caesar -___---- 44\\nOvid, Metamorphoses, Fasti 43-A. D. 17\\nSecond triumvirate (Octavius, Antony, Lepidus) 43\\nPhaedrus, Fables\\nBattle of Philippi Death of Brutus and Cassius 42\\nBattle of Actium 31\\nDeath of Antony and Cleopatra 30\\nAD.\\nReign of Augustus 31-14\\nRoman legions under Varus defeated by the Germans 9\\nTiberius, Emperor 14-37\\nPersius, Satires 34-62\\nCaligula 37-41\\nClaudius, Epigrams 41-54\\nMartial, Epigrammatists 43-104\\nTacitus, Annals, History 50-117\\nPlutarch, Lives of Famous Men 46-120\\nNero 54-68\\nGalba, Otho, Vitellius, Emperors 68-69\\nVespasian, Emperor 69-79\\nSeneca, Philos, Letters, Tragedies 65\\nJerusalem taken 70\\nTitus, Emperor 79-81\\nDomitian, Emperor 81-96\\nProsperity of the Empire 96\\nNerva, Emperor 96-98\\nTrojan 98-117\\nHadrian 117-138\\nLucian 120-200\\nGalen 130-200\\nAntoninus Pius, Emperor i. 138-161\\nMarcus Aurelius, 161-180\\nCommodus, 180-192\\nPertinax, 192-193\\nSeptimius Severus 193-211\\nCaracalla 211-217\\nMacrinus, Elagabalus, Emperor 217-223\\nAlexander Severus, 222-235\\nMaximin, 235-238\\nPhilip the Arab, 244-249\\nDecius, 249-251", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0495.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "4 CHKO NOL OGIC AL RECAPITULATION.\\nA. D.\\nThirty Tyrants 253-25t\\nGallienus 259-268\\nAurelian 268-275\\nZenobia, Queen of Palmyra, taken prisoner 272\\nTacit as, Emperor 275-276\\nProbus, 276-282\\nCarus,i 283-283\\nDiocletian and Maximian, Emperors\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gall erius and Constantius,\\nCgesars 284-305\\nConstantine, sole Emperor 324^337\\nChristianity the national religion 324\\nCouncil of Nice Trinity established Constantinople made th^e\\ncapital 325\\nThree Sons of Constantine 337-361\\nJulian the Apostate, Emperor Paganism re-established 361-363\\nJovian, Emperor 363-364\\nValentinian, Emperor Milan capital Empire divided Valius\\nreigns at Constantinople 864-375\\nBishop Ulpliilas converts the West Goths 364-378\\nValius defeated and slain at Adrianople, by the Goths 378\\nTheodosius the Great, Emperor 388\\nFinal Division of the Empire 398\\nFirst invasion of Alaric 402\\nRome sacked by Alaric 410\\nKingdom of the Vandals founded in Africa 429-489\\nValentinian the Emperor 425-453\\nDefeat of Attila at Chalons 451\\nMaximus, Emperor Rome plundered by Genseric 455\\nRomulus Augustus, last Emperor of the West 476\\nOdoacer, King of Italy ,..0 ^^n\\nRegaal Period ^53-o09\\nPatricians and Plebeians S^o oa-\\nConquest of Italy ofti iip\\nForeign Wars 364-146\\nInternal Dissensions o A^a\\nThe Empire 80-A.D.476", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0496.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nRULES FOR PRONUNCIATION.\\nErcRT accented towoL, ending a syllable, has its long sonnd, as Ca-to, the accent being\\ndesignated by an italic letter. Every accented vowel, not ending a syllable, has its shor*\\nsound, as Man-lius. The dijjhthongs, cb and are pronounced exactly like our English e;\\nlike our i eu is generally a part of two syllables, as, I-doin-e-ne-us; final, always forms a\\ndistmct syllable, as, Pe-neZ-o-pe. C and g are hard before a, o, and u and soft before and\\ny before ia, and like terminations, they assume \u00c2\u00abA, as Ac-ci-us, Ca-dti-ceus; Ch hu\\nalways the sound of k, as Co(5-chis J/, like other consonants, is silent before n, as Mn\u00c2\u00ab-moB\\nP is silent before and as Psammeftchus, Ptotemy.\\nThe rules for accent will be best expressed by the following verse\\nEach monosyllable has stress, of course\\nWords of two syllables the first enforce\\nA sylable that s long, and last but one,\\nIf ast have the accent upon that or idone\\nBut if this syllable be short, the stress\\nMust on the last but two its force express.\\nThe pupils, in writing the biographies of the individuals here mentioned, will read the\\npages specified, and such other authorities as may be found in the School Libraries, being\\ncareful to designate the time whetu, and the place ichere, the person lived.\\nIn describing a people, let the migrations, settlements, and political changes be carefully\\nnoted.\\nIn writing the history of a city^ let all the remarkable events of which it was the seen*\\nbecome the subject of thought. In chronological order.\\nThis method will cultivate a taste for reading and a habit of research, at the Bune tim*\\nthat it teaches composition and classification of ideas.\\nA-bed-ne-go 12\\nAb-ra-da-tes. .48, 46, 47, 48\\nA-by-dos 67,71,187,194\\nAbys-sln-i-a 16, 417\\nAc-a-d\u00c2\u00ab-mu8 196,221\\nA-chaew-e-nes 71, 72\\nA-chcB-us 98\\nA-cha-i-a 215, 243-287\\nA-chiMas 894\\nA-chiMes 94,100,227\\nA.c-ti-um 809,402\\n4-cra 418\\nAd-herbal 879\\nAd-me-tus 155\\nA-do/-phu8 481\\nA-do-nis 418\\nAdrian 417,418\\nA-dri-an-o-ple 418\\nA\u00c2\u00bbKiri-aMc 426, 483\\nAg-a-mem-non 248\\nAg-a-ri\u00c2\u00ab-te 160\\nA-gatA-o-cles 289, 298\\nA-ges-l-la-us ...126,202-219\\nA-ge-slj?-o-liB 126,209\\n4-gi\u00c2\u00bb 124,185-280\\nA-go-ra 150\\nAg-rl-gen-tuto 859, 860\\nA-gri/ -pa 405\\nAg-rip-pi-na 406, 408\\nA/-a-ric 430, 431\\nAl-b^i-nus 419^22\\nAl-ci-bi-a-des 175-198\\nAlc-mcB-on 113-124\\nAl-e-ma7i-nl 424\\nAl-ex-an-der 237-270\\nAMi-a 845\\nA-ma-sIs 12, 18,29-58\\nA-men-o-phis 21\\nAm-phic-ty-on. 98-883\\nAm-phii)-o-lIs. .174, 224-274\\nAm-phi\u00c2\u00ab-8a 234, 235\\nAm-phi-trt-te 93\\nA-my-it 13\\nA-mw-li-us 820, 821\\nA-myn-tas 73,208, 223\\nAn-a-cyn-dar-ax-es 246\\nAn-ax-a(7-o-ra8 160\\nAn-chi-a-lus 246\\nAn-cus 825-828\\nAn-cy-n 24\u00c2\u00ab\\nAn-dros 191,193\\nAn-ta^ci-das 82, 207\\nAn-ti-och 419, 428\\nAn -tiflr-o-n us. 271, 272- 274\\nAn-tt-o-chns 191, 284-374\\nAn-tip-a-ter 242, 270-276\\nAn-to-ni-a 418, 414\\nAn-to-ni-us 418, 419\\nAn-to-ny .303-811, 889-402\\nA-ny-sIs 25\\n^-pis 13,17,56,56,84\\nA-poZ-lo 118,122\\nAj9-pl-us 839^^1, 855\\n^-pri-es 13, 29,80,81\\nA-p\u00c2\u00ab-li-a 367\\nAq-ui-le-I-\u00c2\u00ab 633\\nA-ro-bi-a 18, 20, 22, 46\\nA-ra\u00c2\u00ab-pes 40, 48,45\\nAr-a-tns 278-282\\nAr-ba-ces 9-11, 35\\nAr-b\u00c2\u00ab-la 84,251-254\\nAr-co-di-a. .110-186, 191-241\\nAr-co-dl-us .88,429\\nAr-che-la-us 104, 223\\nAr-chl-aa 209, 210, 211", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0497.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "442\\nINDEX AND PRONUNCIATION.\\nAr-\u00c2\u00abW-da-mM. 12T, 159, 170\\nAr-chl-m\u00c2\u00ab-deB 870\\nAr-e-op-a-gns 120, 160\\nAr-gi-a 104\\nAr-gl-ni\u00c2\u00bb-88e 192, 193, 198\\nAr-gi-yes 191,277\\nAr-gaf\u00c2\u00bb-u\u00c2\u00bb 224\\nAr-go8 110,168,196,288\\nAr-go-li\u00c2\u00bb 89\\nAr-i-da-us 223, 270-273\\nA-ri-ma-ni-:i\u00c2\u00bb 84\\nA-ri-\u00c2\u00bb-us 77, 78,79\\nAr-ls-taer-o-ras. 62, 68, 124\\nA-ri8-to-b\u00c2\u00ab-luB 8S6\\nA-ri8-to-d\u00c2\u00ab- mus 104\\nAr-is-to-gt-ton 122, 253\\nAr-ls-tOTn-e-nes.. 110-113, 159\\nAr-is-ton-i-u 58\\nAr-is-tot-le. .14, 231, 237, 238\\nAr-lB-ti-de8.128, 182,143-175\\nAr-me-n i -a 7, 895, 403\\nAr-ta-ba-nuE 70, 71\\nAr-ta-ba-zu8 72, 148, 149\\nAr-ta-pher-ne8.62, 63, 123-127\\nAr-to-ieriB-es 71-85, 155\\nAr-te-mia-l-a 245\\nAr-8a-c\u00c2\u00ab8 74, 292\\nAr-8in-o-e 289, 305\\nA\u00c2\u00ab-dru-bal 870\\nAsA-dod 27\\nAs-pa-8l-a 175\\nAs-pen-dns 245\\nA8\u00c2\u00ab-hur 7,18,14,35\\nAs-syr-l-a 7-15, 26-39\\nAs-tj^-a-ges 87-40, 85\\nA\u00c2\u00ab-y-chi8 25\\nAU-ena 36, 62-430\\nAt-ta-lus 8^8,430\\nA\u00c2\u00ab-ti-la. 837, 432,433\\nAt-to\u00c2\u00ab-Ba 66,57, 64\\nA -ro-poB 93\\nAu-ga#-tu-lu8 430\\nAu-gn#-tu8 810, 899^04\\nAu-le-te8 297, 803, 804\\nAa-r\u00c2\u00ab-liaB 419,421\\nAu-ro-ra 92\\nA-zo-tuB 27\\n6a-bel 7,19\\nBa6-y-lon -15, 2S-59\\nBac-chu8 26(S 806\\nBao-tri-a 8, 72-267\\nBa-go-as 83, 84\\nBeZ-\u00c2\u00ab-8lB 9, 10\\nBel-Bha\u00c2\u00ab-zar 14, 15, 49\\nBc-lua. 247,253\\nBer-e-ni-ce is91, 297-803\\nBes-Bus 254-258\\nBez-6-ta 418\\nBi-thyn-i-a 184, 198\\nB\u00c2\u00ab-o-tia 70, 76. 89-218\\nB3-re-aB 187, 139\\nBos-pho-ruB 60, 189, 427\\nBnw-i-dafl 178,174\\nBren-nu8 344-847\\nB^i^aiQ 418, 421, 426\\nBii-tan-nl-cuB 408\\nBrnn-di*-8l-am 890, 402\\nBm-tU8 881-882, 38*^01\\nBu-cepA-a-lua...238, 252, 261\\nBu-sen-ti-nuB 431\\nBu-B\u00c2\u00bb riB 20\\nBy-san-ti-am..80, 81, 168-427\\nCEd-m\u00c2\u00ab-ia 98, 209, 211\\nCcB-8ar 804-812, 888-898\\nCiL-sar (OctaviuB).... 399-405\\nCai-ro 19, 24,81\\nCa-li^-a-la 407-416\\nCal.li6 -the-nes 18, 259\\nGal-lic-ra -i-da8 192, 193\\nGam-bj^-ses 30-85\\nCam-pa-ni-a 869, 874, 435\\nCa-naan 7\\nCan-nae 868\\nCap-i-to-line 814, 323\\nCap-rfE-a 412\\nCap-u-a 390\\nCar-a-caZ-la 422, 423\\nCar-thage 53-434\\nCas-i-li-num 367\\nCa-si-num 867\\nCas-san-der 272-275\\nCa\u00c2\u00ab-si-u8 889-401\\nCaM-line 385\\nCa^a-na 177-179, 182\\nCa-to 285,375,889-396\\nCe-dron 413\\nCe-phren-i-u8 24\\nCe-raw-nu8 289, 290\\nCer-be-ru8 98, 95\\nCe-th\u00c2\u00ab-gU8 886\\nChal-c\u00c2\u00ab-don 188-195,207\\n(JhaZ-chis 284\\nChal-cld-i-ce 68, 208\\nChal-d\u00c2\u00ab-a 12-29\\nCham-poMion 20, 21\\nChar-i-d\u00c2\u00ab-mu8...225, 242, 247\\nChar-i-la-us 104, 105\\nChar-mi-on 812\\nCha-ron. .93, 95, 210, 211, 320\\nCher-o-ne-a 89, 205-24?\\nCher-so-ne-sus 61, 100,127-276\\nCht-o8 184,185,191\\nOhiMlin 801\\nChrist 404,428\\nChry-sos 118\\nCic-e-ro 886-400, 432\\nCi-li-ci-a 9,44,76\\nC*-mon 153-162\\nCln-cin-na-tuB 837, 838\\nCi7i-e-as 854, 855, 856\\nCin-na 381\\nCir-rha 118,196-227\\nCi-th*-on 146, 147\\nClaw-dl-ufl 408,409\\nCle-ar-chuB. .76, 76, 78, 201\\nCle-o7?i-bro-tu8 126, 209\\nCle-077i-e-no8 123-282\\nCl\u00c2\u00ab-on 17^17-5\\nClo-o-pa-tra 804-^01\\nCli\u00c2\u00ab-the-iie8 123, 160\\nCli-tu8 244,258\\nClo-tho 99\\nCly-tem-ne\u00c2\u00ab-tra 99-104\\nCo-dni8 102, 109-114\\nCo^chi8 23, 99,895\\nCol-la-tt-nu8 830-833\\nC!ol-08-8\u00c2\u00ab-am 416\\nCotn-mo-duB 419\\nCo-non 192-203\\nCoii-8tan-tin\u00c2\u00ab 426-428\\nCoii-8tan-tt-no-p)e.... 426^34\\nCon-\u00c2\u00bbUn-ti-u8 425-482\\nCor-cy-ra Ifi6-11\\\\\\nCor-lnth 70-lM\\nCo-rl-o-la-nuB 885-88T\\nCor-n\u00c2\u00ab-lia 802, 877-894\\nCo-ra-boB 108\\nCras-8UB 888-889\\nCr\u00c2\u00ab-te 90, 100,105,116\\nCri\u00c2\u00ab-8a 117-118\\nCrlM-as 198-200\\nCr \u00c2\u00bb-8U8 14-48, 244\\nCu-naw-a 81,201\\nCu-ra-ti-1 326\\nCur-tl-oB 85)\\nCy-aa5-a-reB 11, JT-51, 8t\\nCy-lon 118,166\\nCyn-o-cepA-a-le 282, 878\\nCyn-o-sar-ges 180, 150\\nCy-r\u00c2\u00ab-ni-u8 404\\nCy-ru8 14, 16, 29, 84-^\\nDa-cl-a 417,418\\nDa-ma\u00c2\u00ab-cu8 10\\nDan-lel 12-16,260,276\\nDar-da-nn8 100\\nDa-ri-us 1 67-64\\nDa-ri-uB II T8, 74, 186\\nDa-ri-uBllI 84,248\\nDa-ti8 68, 127,180\\nDa-v1d 12\\nD\u00c2\u00ab-ci-uB 862\\nDe;-o-ce8 85, 86, 86\\nD\u00c2\u00ab-l08..149, 161, 168, 168, 201\\nDelphi 80, 69, 88-16(1\\nDem-a-ra-tuB. .68, 126, 121\\nDe-iiie-trl-U8. .282, 285, 281\\nDe-m4}-trl-U8 1 272-27*\\nDe-m\u00c2\u00ab-tri-U8 11.290, 294, 802\\nDe-inos-the-nes LI 72, 180-188\\nDe-mo\u00c2\u00ab-the-neB II. .225-270\\n)Qn-ta-tu6 888, 889\\nDeu-ca-11-on 98\\nDl-a-na 871\\nDid-l-uB 421\\nDi-do 858,434\\nDl-o-cl\u00c2\u00ab-8l-an 426, 426\\nDl-oj7-e-ne8 284\\nDl-o-do-ru8....20, 21, 78, 219\\nDl-o-ny\u00c2\u00ab-l-U8. ...221, 297, 804\\nDi-o-m\u00c2\u00ab-de8 92\\nDo-dona 96, 9T\\nDo-mi-a-an 416, 420\\nDo-ri-anB 102, 169-228\\nDo-ru8 98,101\\nDra-co 114,116\\nDru-8U8 405\\nDu-iMl-UB 869\\nDyr-racA-1-um 89?\\nEo-baf-a-na 86, 204,254\\nE-g\u00c2\u00ab-an 68-67, 100-181\\nE-gt-na 70, 186-161\\n-fi^-gypt 191\\nE-lam 86\\nE-la-te-a 285\\nE-lc-a-zar 418,414\\nif-lis 216^218\\nE-mlM-UB 868, 874, 876\\nE-o-ll-a 207, 267\\nE-o-luB 94,98\\nE-pam-ia-on-daa. 211-220\\nEp-l-dar7\u00c2\u00bb-nuB 168,164\\nEpA-\u00c2\u00ab-Baa", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0498.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "INDEX AND PRONUNCIATION.\\n443\\nEph-o-ti IH 18S, 204-280\\nB-pipA-aoes 290-301\\nE-plc-o-lsB 180-182\\nt-pi-rva 88, 22T-\u00c2\u00ab57\\nE-M-tria 128\\nE-sar-luki-doa 11\\nE-thl-o-pl-* 9-28,63-65\\nK-to:-i-\u00c2\u00bbn 281-292\\nE-tri*-ri-a 8:il-S62\\nSa-ba-a 226, 284\\nta-eli-df 199\\nEa-do-cla 484\\nEa-dcKB-i-a 482, 484\\nEo er-ge-tes 291-80\\nE\u00c2\u00ab me-nes 272-274\\nE\u00c2\u00ab-pa-tor 290, 294\\nEuphr3-t\u00c2\u00aba....T 66,201-247\\nEa-rlp-1-dea 188, 259\\nBa-ro-taa 214\\nEa-r7-W-a-dei..l41, 148,143\\nEn-rjm-fl-don 157-245\\nEu-rv\u00c2\u00ab-the-ne8 104, 126, 126\\nEuxlne (Yaaj-in) 207\\nE-TOf^-o-ras 196,206\\nS-tH Mer-o-dach. .14, 15, 89\\nFa-bl-us Ca-mlMus 848\\nro-bi-ua Ma v-i-maa. 8C6\\nFa-bri-cl as 856, 357\\nFaiu-ta-lu8 821\\nFla\u00c2\u00ab-cu8 379\\nFla-mln-I-na 288, 284, 873\\nFlo-rus 410\\nFranks 424,482\\nFn^Ti-a 806, 807, 402\\nGa^ba 878, 411, 412\\nGa-da-tea 48, 49\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acta-l\u00c2\u00ab-rl-as 425, 426\\nGa^-l-lee 412, 415\\nGa/-Ia 429\\n6al-lI-\u00c2\u00ab-nns 424\\nGaul 418,432,431,432\\nGa-*a 260\\nGe-ne\u00c2\u00ab-a-reth 416\\nGan-ae-rlc 482, 4S4\\nG\u00c2\u00abr-ma-iiy 417, 428, 480\\nG\u00c2\u00abr-nia\u00c2\u00ab-l-\u00c2\u00abu8 405, 466\\nG\u00c2\u00ab-U 422\\nGo-bry-aa 48-68, 78\\nGo-mor-rah 85\\nGo-na-tos 277\\nGor-dl-am 246\\nG\u00c2\u00abr-di-aa 246\\nGoths 42a-482\\n6rac-\u00c2\u00abhus 877, 878, 879\\nGraw-I-cus 84, 248,268\\nGra-tlan 439\\nGreece 87\\nGryMns\\ny-li\u00c2\u00bb-pa* 179-184\\nGia-cha-la 418\\nHal-!-ear-iia\u00c2\u00ab-Biis 246\\nHam 7,8,19\\nHa-mU-car 868\\nHa\u00c2\u00bb-ni-bal 292, 868, 874\\nHar-mo-diOB. 123, 253\\nHeo-tor 101\\nHei-en 99,100\\nHeM-\u00c2\u00aboii 88,102\\nH\u00c2\u00bb-I1 -o-irai-a-las 438\\nHe-ll-op-o-Hs 21, 23, 250\\nHeZ-len 24, 97,98,103\\nHeMe 99\\nHellas 89,215-273\\nHel-les-pon/ 60-191\\nH\u00c2\u00ab-lot 10 -111, 136-173\\nHer-a-cl*-d\u00c2\u00ab 102, 280\\nHer-a-cll-dffi 102, 104\\nHer-cu-la-ne-um 415\\nHer-cu-le8...28-110, 176-264\\nHer-\u00c2\u00abd 404\\nHe-ro f-o-tu8 16-73, 187\\nReJt-l-od 90\\nHez-e-kt-ah 10,11\\nHi-e-ro 868,870\\nHi-emp-sal 379\\nHlp-par-chus 122, 127\\nHip-pi-aa 62-64, 122-180\\nHip-poc-ra-tes 160\\nHi8-t\u00c2\u00ab-8B-u8 61, 62, 63\\nHoMand 418\\nHo-mer 24, 95-105\\nHo-no-rl-a 432, 433\\nHo-nt)-rl-ii8 429-432\\nHuns 429-435\\nH7-da\u00c2\u00ab-pe8 260, 261, 263\\nHjr-ca-ni-an 42, 44, 73\\nHy-per-bo-luB 175\\nHyr-ca-niu8 8S5\\nH78-ta -pes 57, 68, 71, 72\\nI-dom-e-neoa 100\\n/-Ina, or I/-i-um 67, 99\\nIl-lyr-i-a 88, 224-240\\nIn-a-chus 97\\nIn-a-roa 72.161\\nI\u00c2\u00bb-di-a 9-44, 251-267\\nIn-dua 88^,61,260\\nI-o-ni-a 98-206\\nIpA-i-tuB 102,103\\nIp-soa 274-276, 989, 291\\nI\u00c2\u00ab-ra-el 10, 11,26,27\\n/-sis. 810\\nI-8oc-ra-tes 221\\nI\u00c2\u00ab-8Q8 261,262\\nI^a-l7 176-480\\nItA-a-ca 100\\nI-tbo-me 214\\nJa-nu8 826, 862, 404, 416\\nJapA-eth 7, 97\\nJo-van 7, 97\\nJaaj-ar-thea 257\\nJi*-ba 895,896\\nJu-dah 10, 26,29\\nJu-d\u00c2\u00ab-a 10, 58, 298, 415\\nJu-gTir-tha 879, 880\\nJulia 888,389\\nJtt-11-an 428\\nJu-no 91, 108, 278-347\\nJtt-pl-ter Am-mon. 9-108\\nJtt-plter 418\\nJe-ho-a-ha* 28\\nJe-hot-a-klm 12-28\\nJer-o- bo-am\\nJe-ru-Ba-lem 418, 428\\nJob 44\\nJohn 418,414\\nJo-nah 9\\nJo-Bfcph 21\\nJo-8\u00c2\u00ab-phu8. 51, 249, 414\\nJo-vl-an 436\\nLa-bor o\u00c2\u00ab-oar-akod 14-44\\nLflcA-e-sla 38\\nLa-co-ni-a 105-284\\nLac-e-d\u00c2\u00ab-mon 104-1?^\\nLa-gus 29d\\nLam-a-chas 176\\nLamp-aa-cua. 194, 195\\nLa-od-i-ce .291\\nLatA-y-ru8 297, 802, 808\\nLen-tu-lu8 868, 88i|\\nLe-on-i-das I .68-126-161\\nLe-on-idaa II 280\\nLe-o-tycA-I-daa. 125-149, 203\\nLe-on-o-tu8 237\\nLe?)-i-du8 399, 400-4.-^\\nLe\u00c2\u00ab-bo8 184-207, 891, eS3\\nLe-uc -ra 89, 218- iJO\\nLl-cin-i-an 850\\nLit\u00c2\u00bb-l-a 407\\nLltJ-y 78\\nLu-cr\u00c2\u00ab-tl-a 880, 881\\nLu-cuMne. 884, 485\\nLua3-or 31\\nLyW-a 22-72\\nLyc-l-a 246-298\\nLy cur-gus 104-121, 190\\nLyd-l-a 14,87-267\\nLy-san-der 74, 190-206\\nLys-an-dra 289\\nLy-sim-a-chaL 272, 275, 289\\nLo-cris .186,216,274\\nMac-e-do-nl-a... ..1M81-229\\nMa-cr -nu8 428\\nMa-na\u00c2\u00ab-8eh 11\\nMan-da-ne 88,89\\nMan-li-u3 ,...847-869\\nMan-ti-ne-a 216-283\\nMar-a-thon 64-202\\nMar-ceMns 862-869\\nMar-do-nl-na. 70-228\\nMar-cus 419\\nMa-rl-us 880\\nMaa-i-nI\u00c2\u00ab-Ba 876\\nMar-ei-a 419\\nMaaj-i-mua 488,434\\nMe-di-a 13-84\\nMedea 11,14,88-61\\nMeg-a-by-sna 59, 72, 161\\nMeflT-a-cfes 118-166\\nMe(7-a-ra 167, 169, 209, 278\\nMe^l-tus 200\\nM\u00c2\u00ab-lon 810-211\\nMew-phls 7-80, 62-251\\nHem- non 31\\nMen-e-Io-na ..24,99,100\\nM\u00c2\u00ab-ne8 17,19\\nMen-tor 88\\nMer-cc-ry 31\\nMe-saft-a-tes 7T, 81\\nMe8-8\u00c2\u00ab-ni-a 109-313\\nM -8hach 13\\nMe8-o-po-ta-mi-a.267, 291, 889\\nMe-tho-ne 225-231\\nMi-cip-sa 211\\nMI-l\u00c2\u00ab-tUB 61-75, 124- J45\\nMll-tt-a-des 61, 127-160\\nMi-ner-T\u00c2\u00bb 9i^287\\nM*-no8 94, lOe\\nMlz-ra-im 7, IS\\nMIth-ri-da-tes 81, 88f\\nMn\u00c2\u00ab-tr 91201", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0499.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "444\\nINDEX ANP PRONUNCIATION\\nMarls 80, 26,887\\nMo-lo#-8Ut 155\\nMoors 434\\nMount 8\u00c2\u00bb-on 418, 418\\nMount ^-ora 418\\nMount of OMres 418\\nMount \u00c2\u00a3^na 418\\nMam-Di4-us 286\\nMi*-tl-UB 883\\nMyo-a-le 182,149,160\\nM7-o6-nae 186\\nMyn-(la-ru8 187, 188\\nSa-hlB 288,284\\nS* bo-poIiW-WM-.ll, 15, 28, 38\\nNa-haa. 88\\nNe- r-chu8 264, 2(i5, 268\\ncJeb-u-chad-nes-zar. .11-87\\nNe-bro8 118\\nN\u00c2\u00ab-cho 12,28-81,264\\nNer-e-gli\u00c2\u00bb-8ar 14, 15\\nNep-tnne. .92, 103, 149, 287\\nN\u00c2\u00ab-ro 409-411,412-418\\nNer-va 416\\nNi-ca-tor 290,291\\nNic-i-as 172-183\\nN -ger 419,421,422\\nNifn-rod 8, 10\\nNln-e-veh 7-14, 85-48\\nNi-nu8 8,9,10,247\\nNifi-y-as 9\\nNo-ah 7,19\\nNo-la 495\\nNo-thu8 74\\nNtt-bl-a 16,19,22\\nVu-ma 824-826, 849-419\\nN\u00c2\u00ab-mi-tor 820, 821\\nJc-ta-via 806, 807, 402\\n5c-ta-viu8 399\\nO-cLua 78,88,84,85\\nOd-e-na-tu8 424\\nOd-o-o-cer 435\\nO-lym-pl-as. 95-109, 134-273\\n0-ly\u00c2\u00abi-pu8 88-91, lOi-231\\n0-lyn-thu8. 178-210, 223-232\\n0-re\u00c2\u00ab-te8 104-485\\nOr-phe-u8 94\\nOn-o-mHr-cha8 229\\nOp-pi-as 841\\n0\u00c2\u00ab-Ba .....88,135\\n0-8i-ri8 16,17,19,25\\n0\u00c2\u00ab-tl-a 410, 484\\n0\u00c2\u00ab-y-man-dy-as 20, 54\\nO-to-nes 56, 57\\nC -tho 409,412\\nOx-y-ar-tes 268\\nP\u00c2\u00bbcto-lu8 48\\nPal-la-dlum 92\\nPal-ea-tln* 12-28, 249-821\\nPal-my-ra .424, 425\\nPam-phy W-a 157, 245\\nPan-do-ra 92\\nPan-th\u00c2\u00ab-a 48, 46, 48\\nPa\u00c2\u00bb-the-on 90\\nPan- t-tes 139\\nPaph-la-go-nl-an 246\\nPa-rls. 24,99, 100\\nPar-na\u00c2\u00ab-Blan. .88-91, 118, 140\\nPar-thl-a.. .292, 806, 897, 402\\nPar-thl-ans 417-422\\nPa-ry a-tls 74\\nPa-ro8 181\\nPar-a-lu8 171,195,261\\nPar-e-to-nl-um 250\\nPar-me-ni-a 281-259\\nPa\u00c2\u00ab-ro-clu8 422\\nPaM-lu8 286,868\\nPatt-8ft-nl-a8 126-155\\nPa-vi-a. 488,435\\nPe-la\u00c2\u00ab-gi 97\\nPe-li-on 88,139\\n^6-lop-i-da8 210-224\\n^\u00c2\u00ab-lop8 98, 99,101\\nPol-o-pon-ne-8U8 89-159\\nPe-ltt-8i-um 21-52, 250, 310\\nPer-dic-cas 223-275\\nPer-1-cles 160-188, 228\\nPer-ga-mu8 878\\nPer-8ej9-o-lia. .253, 264, 265\\nPer-8e-u8 286, 374\\nPer-Bi-ans 417-428\\nPer-ti-nax 419, 420,421\\nPe-trce-a 386\\nPhal-e-rum 70, 130\\nPharaoh. 19, 25\\nPhar-na-ba-ces 74\\nPha-ro8 299\\nPbar-na-ces 886, 395\\nPhar-n\u00c2\u00ab-a8 876\\nPhar-sa-lla 891, 392, 395\\nPha-yl-lu8 229, 230\\nPhe-ni-ci-a 7, 12, 29-61\\nPhil -a-dei-phus 291-298\\nPhi-l\u00c2\u00ab-mon 298\\nPhiMp 223-227\\nPhil-llp-pl 226,400\\nPhil-o-ine-ter 297,801\\nPhil-o-ni\u00c2\u00ab-lu8 228, 229\\nPhi-lo-p(B-men.. 282-285, 874\\nPhi-loj9-a-ter 290-800\\nPhi-lo-taa 255,256\\nPhlt-U8 136\\nPho-cls 88,205,266\\nPho-ci-OD... 187-191, 2 27-230\\nPhy-li-das 210, 211\\nPha-bl-das 209,227\\nPhra-ur-te8 86, 85\\nPhry(y-l-an 98-246\\nPhrycc-us 99\\nPhy\u00c2\u00bb-con 297, 801, 802\\nPl-rcB-ua 150-189\\nPi-8i(i-i-an 75\\nPi-8is-tra-tl-dae..l21, 123, 160\\nPi-8l\u00c2\u00ab-tra-tU8 120-127\\nP4-IO 406\\nPi-thom 21\\nPla-cld-1-a 431,432\\nPla-t\u00c2\u00ab-a 88, 89,129-153\\nPlato 198,220,221\\nPlat*-cu8 806\\nPlia-tar-chus 126\\nPlie-the-nes ...99\\nPlis-to-nax 146\\nPlti-tarch. ..186, 219, 890-417\\nPli*-to 93-95,188\\nPo-li-or-c\u00c2\u00ab-te8 275\\nPo/-lux 99,259\\nPo^y-carp 419\\nPo 480\\nPo-ly -l-U8 285\\nPo-ly 8-per-chon 272 -274\\nPom-p\u00c2\u00ab-lI .416\\nPom-pey 884, 888-8W\\nPowi-pey (Sextus) 403\\nPoin-pi/-i-u8 878\\nPon-U-ua 846\\nPop-p\u00c2\u00ab-a 409,410\\nPor-seTi-na 83S\\nPo-ru8 260. 261,268\\nPot-i-dce-a 165^174, 20\u00c2\u00ab\\nPo-tipA-e-ra 41\\nPrex-a\u00c2\u00ab-pe8. 65. 66, ffj\\nPri-am 100,101\\nPro-bua 424\\nPr\u00c2\u00bb-tor8 818\\nPro-clea 104, 126, 126\\nPro-m\u00c2\u00ab-the-U8 92\\nPro-port-tia 158, 248\\nProp-y-lcB-a 180\\nPro-te-ua 24\\nProu;-e-nu8 ..201\\nPry^-a-nes 285\\nP8am-me-n*-tu3.80, 81, 62, 68\\nPsam-meM-chu8.. .27, 28, 81\\nPsam-mia 29, 81\\nPtoZ-e-my 271-298\\nPub-llc-o-la 888, 886\\nPul 9\\nPyd-n 156, 225-278\\nPy r-e-ueea 432\\nPytA-i-a. .118, 124, 188, 186\\nPyr-rhu8. .276-278, 868-856\\nPy-thagr-o-ras 124\\nPj^-thon 91\\nPy-thon-ess 69, 96\\nQu\u00c2\u00abB\u00c2\u00ab-tor8 818\\nQuin-de-cem-vl-rl 816\\nQuin-tl-ua 282, 288, 887\\nQui-ri-tea 819,828\\nRav-en-na 480,488\\nKs-raa-aes 21\\nllegf-u-lu8 869-862\\nRe-ho-bo-am 25\\nR\u00c2\u00ab-mu3 821-822\\nRhad-a-maTi-thuB 94\\nRh\u00c2\u00ab!-a Si^vl-a 820\\nRh^-gl-uin 112, 176, 214\\nRnine 482\\nRho-di-an... .83, 118, 262, 282\\nRome 814\\nRom-u-lu8...814r-849, 427-485\\nRox-a-na...228, 258, 269, 270,\\n271, 278, 274\\nRtt-bf-oon 890\\n8a -a-chu8 25\\n8a-gun-tum 868\\nSaid 20\\n8a^a-ml8 TO, 114-141\\nSal-ma-na\u00c2\u00ab-\u00c2\u00abr 14\\n8a-lem 411\\n8a-ma-ri-a .H\\nSam-ni-tes 851-868\\n8a-mo8 191, 192,197\\nSa-f)or 424\\n8ar-dan-a-pa-luB.9, 10, 11, 246\\nSar-a-cuB 11,88\\nSa-ron-lc 142\\n8ci^-l-o 866,896\\n8cy-lax 61\\n8cytA-i-a 8T-480\\n8\u00c2\u00ab-ja-n\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bb 4M", "height": "3451", "width": "2218", "jp2-path": "ancienthistory00blos_0500.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "ini5ex and pronunciation.\\n445\\nS\u00c2\u00a9-l\u00c2\u00a9\u00c2\u00ab-cl-d\u00c2\u00abe 275, 290, 291\\nSe-l\u00c2\u00a9w-cuB 272-808\\nSel-eu-c\u00c2\u00bb-a 422\\n6o-mlr-8-mi8 8, 9, 13, 424\\nSen-e-cft 410\\nSen-na-ch\u00c2\u00ab-rib 10, 11, 26\\nSep-tim-i-u8 894\\n8e-ra-pl8 422\\nSer-vi-us 828, 829\\nSe-80\u00c2\u00ab-tri8 21,22,23\\n8e\u00c2\u00ab-t09 194\\n6e-T\u00c2\u00ab-nis 419,421,422\\nSea5-tnB 880\\n8ha-drach..,. 12\\nShem 7, 85\\nShi-shak. 25\\n8 c5-il-y 418,431\\n8i-don 29, 248,249\\n8ic-y-on 89,97,278,307\\nJ Sic-o4-u8 338\\nSi-lo-am 413\\nSi-mon 413, 415\\nSi-on 413\\nSis-y-gaw-biB 255, 269\\nSmer-di8....55, 56, 57, 68, 85\\nSoc-ra-te8....79, 175, 193-221\\nBod-om 80\\nSog-di-a- na 73, 85, 254-258\\n8o^o-mon 12, 25, 414\\n8o-lon 80,199,220,839\\nSoph-ro-ni\u00c2\u00ab-cu5 200\\n8p .In 94,178,863-432\\nBpar-ta 64-123\\nSpho-dri-as .212\\nSpi-ta7?i-\u00c2\u00ab-ne8 258\\n8ta-gi-ra 237\\n8ta-ti-ra 1 75,81, 82\\n8ta-ti-ra II 265, 269, 271\\n8try-mon 71, 149\\n8M-ea 267\\n8w-ni-urD 70\\n8u-si-a-na 48, 44, 292\\nSyMa 880,422\\nSyr-a-cuse 858\\nByr-i-a 10-424\\nTao-i-tus 78, 415-425\\nTa\u00c2\u00bbnwqull 823-829\\nTan-gler 432\\nTa\u00c2\u00bb-ta-lus 99\\nTar-quin 1 825-327\\nTa\u00c2\u00bb -quin II 828-339\\nTa-ren-tam 857, 858, 370\\nTar-8U8 246, 805, 401\\nTar-ta-rus.. 90\\nTa-ti-U8 823,824\\nTa-yj;-e-tu8 158\\nTe-c^-ans 149\\nTeMu8 119\\nTem-pe 88, 135\\nTer-mi-nu8 825\\nTha/ -Ba-cu8 251\\nTha7 -8U8 895\\nThe6-a-i8 19\\nTh\u00c2\u00ab-be8 19-209\\nThe-mi\u00c2\u00ab-to-cle8 70-188\\nThe-o-do-6i-u8 426-434\\nTher-aw\u00c2\u00bb-e-ne8 193-198\\nTher-moi?-y-lae.6 -98,126-205\\nTh\u00c2\u00ab-8e-u8 95\\nThe\u00c2\u00ab-pi-ftn8 136, 138, 241\\nThe\u00c2\u00ab-8a-ly 70-98, 100-217\\nThes-sa-lo-ni-ca 271-275\\nThrace 289\\nThra-cl-ans 28-280\\nThras-y-btt-luB 192-207\\nThraB-y-me-nus 366\\nThywi-bria 44-45\\nThu-cyd-i-de8 122-183\\nTi-ber 423-484\\nTi-b -ri-U8 405-407\\nTi-cl7i-l-um S72\\nTl-gra-ncB 384\\nTi-gri8 .8,88,267,417\\nTi-man-dra 198\\nTis-sa-pher-nes74-82, 134-202\\nTir-i-ba-zu8 207, 208\\nTi-thrau\u00c2\u00ab-tes 205\\nTi-tu8 282-434\\nTo-ro-ne 209, 224\\nTra-jan 417,418,480\\nTrii9-o-li.... 432\\nTro-pho-ni-U8 96\\nTroy 92-101, 243-343\\nTnMia. 329\\nTuMi-U6 ,..826,828\\nTuMus 885-887\\nTyn-da-ru8 99, 100\\nTy-re 12, 58, 61, 248-868\\nU-cho-re-uB 20\\nU-ly\u00c2\u00ab-Be8 9S5, 94, IW\\nVa-l\u00c2\u00ab-ri-an 424\\nVa-l -ri-u8 881, 882. 888\\nVa-le?i8 42J\\nVan-dais 419, 480 484\\nVar-ro 8M\\nVj-i-ans 824, gr* UX\\nV\u00c2\u00ab-i-i o4d-fc4S\\nV\u00c2\u00ab-nuB 24, 91 9A\\nVen-ice 438\\nVeB-pa-si-an 412-415\\nVe-8M-vi-U8 415\\nVe-ttt-ri-a 836\\nVi-en-na 419\\nVir-gin-1-a 840, 841\\nVir-giw-i-u8 840\\nVi-ke/-ll-u8 411,412, 415\\nVo^8ci-i 830-838\\nVui-can 26,27,92\\nWallia 481\\nXan-thip-pu8....181, 149-160\\nXan-ti/ -pe 200\\nXenB-esI 64,71,181\\nXeraj-es II 78\\nXen-o-phon... 48-81, 19^-218\\nXtt-ther 98\\nYork 422,426\\nZa-cyn-thu8 172\\n2Sa-ma 878\\nZan-cle 112\\nZech-a-r\u00c2\u00ab-ah 58\\nZed-e-ki-ah 12, 29\\nZe-no-bi-a 424, 425\\nZep/i-y-ru8 92\\nZe-rah 261\\nZoj9-y-ru8 59, 7S\\nZor-o-M-ter 52, fK\\nZo-ro-ba-b6l..... 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