{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3087", "width": "1828", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "N O\\nV f o*\\n,v", "height": "2984", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "^V -tHS\\n/x\\n,4?\\n0 K \\\\V J* ^V VV o\\ni n ^p\\nV*^V v^v V^-V\\n^7", "height": "2994", "width": "1758", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs\\nOF THE\\nEmperor Alexander I.\\nAND\\nThe Court of Russia", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "ALEXANDER I.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs\\nOF THE\\nEmperor Alexander I.\\nAND\\nThe Court of Russia\\nBY\\nMadame la Comtesse de Choiseul-Gouffier\\nTranslated from the Original French\\nBy MARY BERENICE PATTERSON\\nWith an Introduction and Notes\\nCHICAGO\\nA. C. McCLURG CO.\\n1900", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEIVED,\\nLibrary of Cursgre\u00c2\u00abifc\\nOffice of fb\u00c2\u00ab\\nM AV 7 1SQU\\niieijlittar of GepSfflgfoiS,\\nSECOND COPY,\\n.Cs4-\\nCopyright,\\nBy A. C. McClurg Co.\\nA.D. 1900.\\n58708", "height": "2984", "width": "1704", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "Introductory Note\\nTO THE AMERICAN TRANSLATION\\nTHE Comtesse de Choiseul-Gouffier, n^e Comtesse\\nde Tisenhaus, was born at Vilna, in Russian\\nPoland, in the closing decade of the eighteenth cen-\\ntury. Her father was a wealthy landed proprietor of\\nPolish descent. Of the family history of the Com-\\ntesse de Tisenhaus we know but little apart from\\nwhat these pages reveal to us. Her family had been\\nintimate in the court circles of Catherine II. and\\nPaul I. and Alexander I., upon his accession to the\\nthrone of Russia, continued to honor the Comte de\\nTisenhaus with his friendship. However, the comte\\nshared the hope of a large number of his countrymen\\nthat Napoleon would recognize the rights of Poland\\nand give it once more an independent, united national\\nexistence. To this end a delegation of Polish nobles\\nwaited on Napoleon at Vilna, on the twenty-eighth\\nof June, 1812. He showed them but scant courtesy,\\nand gave them no hope that he would aid in the\\nrealization of their wishes. Nevertheless, the Poles\\ncontinued to look to Bonaparte as their only friend.\\nIt is stated on undoubted authority that besides the\\nsixty thousand Poles in the French army a hundred\\nthousand implored permission to raise the standard\\nv", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Introductory Note\\nof independence and garrison Poland as the out-\\npost of Europe against Russian aggression. 1 Among\\nthose who thus deserted the Russian emperor was\\nthe Comte de Tisenhaus. In this juncture it fell to\\nthe lot of the author of these Memoirs to preserve\\nthe family estates from sequestration. The comtesse,\\nup to the time of her first meeting with Alexander,\\nshared her father s distrust of the czar; but after\\nmeeting him, she, in common with many others, was\\nimpressed with Alexander s frankness, energy, and\\nnobility of character. This impression, upon a more\\nextended and more intimate acquaintance, deepened\\ninto a loyal and devoted friendship on the part of\\nthe subject, which was returned by the emperor.\\nRefined and delicate sympathy, combined with a\\nsingularly engaging and open mind and a respectful\\nadmiration of the personal qualities of Alexander,\\ngave to the friendship of Comtesse de Tisenhaus the\\nqualities most valued by the czar.\\nThe political intrigues between Napoleon and the\\nPoles, and especially the requirement on the part of\\nBonaparte that Alexander should carry out the Con-\\ntinental blockade against England, from which Russia\\nwas suffering grievously, caused Alexander to ter-\\nminate the peace which had existed between Russia\\nand France since the signing of the treaty of Tilsit,\\nJuly seventh, 1807. 1 To this end he massed his\\ntroops on the western border of Russian Poland in\\nMarch, 181 2, and made his headquarters at Towiany.\\nHere, on April twenty-seventh, Mile, de Tisenhaus\\n1 Russia. Morfill.\\nvi", "height": "2968", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "Introductory Note\\nfirst met Alexander and the volume before us tells\\nus the story of the friendship that existed between\\nthem until his death at Taganrog, December first,\\n1825.\\nThe comtesse married the French savant, M. de\\nChoiseul-Gouffier, and resided thenceforth in Paris.\\nThis gentleman belonged to one of the first families\\nof France. His youth had been passed in various\\nEuropean capitals, where his father, Comte Marie-\\nGabriel-Florens- Auguste-de- Choiseul-Gouffier, had\\nheld important positions notably that of ambas-\\nsador to Constantinople, where he had successfully\\nestablished the influence of France. While there\\nthe comte declined the office of ambassador to the\\nCourt of St. James, preferring to remain at Con-\\nstantinople. At the outbreak of the Revolution\\nhe adhered to the king, and was proscribed by the\\nrevolutionary government. He retired to Russia,\\nwhere he was a favorite with Paul I., who nomi-\\nnated him as Privy Councillor and Director of the\\nAcademie des Beaux Arts, and of the Bibliotheque\\nImperiale. The comte returned to France in 1802,\\nand after the restoration Louis XVIII. appointed him\\nMinister of State and Peer of the Realm. Notwith-\\nstanding the busy life he had lived, the comte found\\nopportunities for exercising his literary tastes, and is\\nremembered as the author of several important\\ntreatises among others a magnificent work entitled\\nA Picturesque Journey in Greece, elegantly illus-\\ntrated, which won him an election to the Academy\\nof Inscriptions and the French Academy.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "Introductory Note\\nA book, as well as a person, has a history, and it\\nis only to be regretted that the first has no means\\nof telling its story. We may imagine what obstacles\\nit encountered before it became a book and entered\\nits own world what vicissitudes it passed through\\nin that world how by some it was valued, and by\\nothers laid on a dark shelf to be covered by dust\\ntill, perchance, a stranger greeted it and recognized\\nits value, or picked it up only to cast it into some\\nother corner. So this volume has had its history.\\nThree years after the death of Alexander, Mme. de\\nChoiseul-Gouffier published in Paris her Memoires\\nHistoriques sur l Empereur Alexandre et la Cour\\nde Russie. From the date of its publication this\\nwork was recognized as an authority on the life\\nof Alexander L, and as a source of reliable and val-\\nuable information on the conditions and customs\\nprevailing in Russia at the time of Napoleon s in-\\nvasion. It was also prized for its descriptions of\\nSt. Petersburg and Csarzko-Selo.\\nIt was not long until the edition was exhausted\\nbut before that time arrived historical and biograph-\\nical writers had made copious extracts from the\\nbook, and had even based their articles on the facts\\ntherein contained. Among others, M. de Lamartine\\ndrew from it liberally in his Histoire de Russie.\\nM. Dumas owned his indebtedness to it in his\\nMaitre d Armes. Not only did students of Russia\\nand her affairs turn to the pages of the Souvenir,\\nbut readers eager for every detail of information\\nabout Napoleon and his ill-fated campaign welcomed", "height": "2968", "width": "1725", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "Introductory Note\\nthe comtesse s contribution. After the first edition\\nhad been exhausted, numerous requests came to\\nher for a new issue of the work. She tells us in\\nthe preface to the new edition that when she finally\\ndetermined to accede to these requests she was un-\\nable to procure a copy of the first edition of the\\nbook either in the Imperial libraries of France and\\nRussia, or to find one in the possession of her family.\\nAs a result of its rarity the work itself has been little\\nknown quoted and referred to it has been by many,\\nbut chiefly at second-hand. This alone can account\\nfor its not having been translated into English at an\\nearlier date, for it is surprisingly interesting, bright,\\nand companionable, and of unquestioned historical\\naccuracy. It gives a lively picture of the thought\\nand manner of a day separated from ours by nearly\\na century. It tells of a nation s hopes rising to vig-\\norous life only to be disappointed and ultimately\\ndestroyed.\\nThe translation here offered to English readers\\nhas been made from the first edition as it came from\\nthe author s hand. The first three chapters as now\\npublished did not appear in the second edition\\nissued in 1862. The reason for this omission was\\nprobably a twofold one. In the first place, the in-\\nformation they contained was not first-hand. The\\naccount of the author s personal reminiscences be-\\ngins with Chapter IV., which, in the second edition,\\nis Chapter I. The second reason lay in the re-\\nmonstrance of those persons who took exception\\nto the author s view that the conspirators led by\\nix", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "Introductory Note\\nComte Pahlen had killed Paul I. For a consider-\\nable period of time after the sudden death of Em-\\nperor Alexander I., the nature of his father s death\\nwas a matter of dispute. Emperor Paul s well-\\nknown infirmity of mind, and consequent physical\\ndebility, caused a party at court to affirm that\\nhis death was the result of a stroke of apoplexy.\\nDefenders of this view quoted the certificate of\\ndeath issued by Alexander s surgeon, Dr. Wylie,\\nwho embalmed the body of the deceased emperor,\\nand stated that he died from the effects of apoplexy.\\nThe surgeon is further quoted as saying that, allow-\\ning for the injuries caused by the mode of death,\\nthe state of his brain rendered it highly probable\\nthat he would have soon died of apoplexy. 1 At\\nthis writing the unanimous opinion of historians is\\nthat Emperor Paul was assassinated, and that the\\nview of the case graphically narrated by the com-\\ntesse is historically correct.\\nThe Publishers consider it a privilege to present\\nthe first translation into the English language of these\\nremarkable Memoirs, and they do so with the con-\\nfident hope that the public will welcome the lively\\nand noble picture which is here given of one who\\ndid not a little to deserve the title of Restorer of\\nthe Peace of Europe.\\nChicago, February, 1900.\\n1 Life and Times of Alexander I. By C. Joyneville.", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "Publisher s Note\\nTO THE FIRST FRENCH EDITION\\nHISTORICAL memoirs have been the fashion\\nfor about ten years. This has become a fixed\\nphenomenon, and a phenomenon the more remark-\\nable on account of the countless volumes which, to\\nuse the expression of a modern writer, show history\\nen deshabille and are generally written on the same\\nplan, woven from the same material, produced by the\\nsame passions, and, one might say, formed in the\\nsame mould.\\nThe long convalescence from that delirious fever\\ncalled the French Revolution the brilliant period of\\nmilitary glory which followed the first years of a\\nrestoration which has not given all it promised,\\nsuch is the theme which a thousand writers of our day\\nhave seen fit to amplify, almost always with talent,\\nbut which they have often misrepresented without\\nscruple. These memoirs have been sought after and\\ndevoured, because nearly all, with very few excep-\\ntions, were clever, and wit is a seasoning which will\\nalways overcome satiety and nausea. The readers of\\nthis kind of literature may well repeat from Parney\\nNous rebrodons de vieux habits,\\nDont l e toffe est toujours la meme.\\nxi", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "Publisher s Note\\nBut the brilliancy of the embroidery is attractive;\\nand the publishers do not weary of selling the repe-\\ntitions which the public are never tired of buying.\\nBut here is the reverse, the other side of the medal,\\nwhich we print to-day.\\nThe Memoirs of the Comtesse de Choiseul-Gouffier\\nare written in our language by a Polish hand. They\\nare not even our own inspirations. One feels that\\nthis work is of a different stamp, that it gives other\\nopinions, reflects other manners, in a word, it has\\nquite a different physiognomy. Not that the hyper-\\nborean influence of the forests of Lithuania is felt.\\nMadame de Choiseul has known how to find at Vilna\\nthat delicate touch which distinguishes the produc-\\ntions of the fair sex under all latitudes. Her pictures\\npossess no less warmth than charm of originality.\\nThe affection perhaps we ought to say the ten-\\nderness which the author of these Memoirs avows\\nfor the Emperor Alexander is carried almost to ado-\\nration. One might believe that Madame de Choiseul\\nin painting the Russian autocrat had drawn her ad-\\nmiration from the same source from which M. de Las\\nCases drew his colors for his panegyric on Napoleon.\\nTo praise men thus, even when they have been\\ncrowned, doubtless savors of exaggeration; but in\\nthe work which we present to the public we find\\nthat praise is kept constantly subservient to the strict\\ntruth.\\nThe Emperor Alexander is kept constantly before\\nus, and by his own utterances he paints his own por-\\ntrait in the Memoirs of which he is the hero. After\\nhaving read them one will retain an exact idea of the\\ncharacter of this prince, whom the bold audacity of a\\nxii", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "Publisher s Note\\nvery illustrious man has placed in the very first rank\\nof modern celebrities.\\nThis book of Madame de Choiseul-Gouffier s will\\nbe read with avidity in the salons of the Faubourg\\nSaint-Germain, where one lives on old aristocratic\\nmemories. Young France will, nevertheless, be satis-\\nfied with the concessions which the author has made\\nto new ideas, and especially with the romantic touch\\nhappily imparted by her style.\\nFinally, history may gather many a fact thus far\\nunknown from these Memoirs which we publish.\\nThey contain new details concerning the assassination\\nof Paul I.; the conduct of Alexander during and\\nafter the conspiracy which gave him the empire;\\nwhat took place during the campaign of 1812; the\\nattitude of the Congress of Vienna when it learned\\nthat in the month of March, 181 5, Napoleon had\\nescaped from the Island of Elba and returned to\\nFrance; and concerning the tragic death of Alex-\\nander, which the author leaves covered with a\\ntransparent veil.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "Author s Preface\\nTHREE years have hardly passed since that\\nevent occurred which plunged Russia into\\nsorrow and mourning, and already two lives of the\\nEmperor Alexander have appeared.\\nWithout pretending to attack the merit of those\\nworks, I will take the liberty of saying that, being\\ndevoted almost entirely to the description of political\\nevents and of the memorable struggle between two\\nof the greatest powers of Europe, they have done\\nlittle to show the character of the monarch who played\\nso important a role in those events. They have given\\nonly an imperfect view of Alexander, the august\\nadversary of a man who showed himself only in a\\nfew respects greater than his virtuous rival.\\nIn the first transport of grief with which I was\\ninspired by the death of my sovereign, that prince\\nwhose noble and touching character I have had the\\nhappiness to know and to admire, I attempted to\\nrecall the virtues whose loss I deplore. But whether\\nan acute and recent sorrow excited my imagination\\ntoo much, or I was carried away by the grandeur of\\nthe subject, I soon saw that the tone adopted in the\\nwork could not be sustained by my feeble talents, and\\nwould not even be suitable to the history.\\nxv", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "Author s Preface\\nAbandoning this fruitless effort, how I wished that\\nthe distinguished writer whose gifted pen alone is\\nworthy of interpreting the religion of kings would\\nundertake a subject so worthy of him Certain har-\\nmonious accents which reached my ear gave me\\nhope that my prayers would be heard. But the voice\\nwas stilled, and my desires were changed to regrets.\\nStill, in meditating, whether in the silence of soli-\\ntude or amid the commotion of cities and of courts,\\nupon the beautiful life of Alexander, I have felt that\\nI could render little justice to the eminent virtues of\\nthat prince in supposing that great talent alone was\\nworthy of rendering homage to them and of making\\nthem known to posterity. Facts speak for them-\\nselves and those which pertain to the fame of this\\naugust personage have a charm so pathetic that a\\ngrateful heart is pained in recording them. There-\\nfore I venture to flatter myself that sensitive minds\\nupon whom the cold influence of the times have not\\nexerted a blasting influence may read with interest\\nmy recollections of the noble and generous qualities\\nof the sovereign who merited the love and gratitude,\\nnot only of his own subjects, but of all Europe.\\nxvi", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "Table of Contents\\nPage\\nIntroductory Note to the American Translation v\\nPublishers Note to the First French Edition xi\\nAuthor s Preface xv\\nList of Illustrations xxi\\nChapter\\nI. The First Years of Alexander. Con-\\nspiracy in the Palace. Death of\\nPaul 1 23\\nII. Alexander s Ascension to the Throne of\\nRussia. First Years of his Reign 43\\nIII. Return of Alexander to St. Petersburg\\nafter the Treaty of Tilsit. The In-\\nterview at Erfurt 60\\nIV. Events of the Campaign of 1812 in Russia.\\nSojourn of Alexander in Lithuania.\\nAnecdotes 66\\nV. Marbonne. Festivities Given at Vilna\\nin Honor of Alexander. Several\\nEpisodes 84\\nVI. Entrance of the French Army into\\nVilna. Anecdotes. The Situation in\\nLithuania 96\\nVII. Presentation of Lithuanian Ladies to\\nNapoleon the Author is one of the\\nNumber. Conversation with that Sov-\\nereign. Festivities 106\\nxvii", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "Table of Contents\\nChapter\\nvilT\\nIX.\\nx.\\nXI.\\nXII.\\nXIII.\\nXIV.\\nXV.\\nXVI.\\nXVII.\\nXVIII.\\nXIX.\\nPage\\nThe Emperor Alexander Leaves his Army.\\nHis Return to St. Petersburg 113\\nTerrors at St. Petersburg. The Duke\\nof Bassano at Vilna. The Retreat\\nof the French Army 116\\nHorrible Condition of the French Pris-\\noners of War. Cossack Plunderers\\nin a Friendly Country. Anecdote 126\\nReturn of the Emperor Alexander to\\nVilna. Conversations of this Prince\\nwith the Author. Festivities 131\\nFestival in Honor of Alexander. Bar-\\nbarous Homage Declined by the Em-\\nperor 143\\nSolicitude of Alexander for the French\\nPrisoners. The Emperor Leaves\\nVilna 146\\nParticulars. Vain Hopes of the Poles.\\nDeath of Kotousoff. Military\\nEvents 158\\nInvasion of France, Entrance of the\\nAllies into Paris. Generous Con-\\nduct of Alexander 164\\nSingular Proofs of Confidence Given to\\nAlexander by the Parisians. Various\\nParticulars 170\\nJourney of Alexander to England and\\nHolland after the Treaty of 1814.\\nReturn to St. Petersburg. Solem-\\nnities 181\\nThe Emperor Refuses the Surname of\\nthe Blessed. Honors and Rewards\\nto the Russian Soldiers and to the\\nCitizens. Prudent Measures 188\\nCongress of Vienna. Diplomatic In-\\ntrigues. Amazement Caused by the\\nReturn of Napoleon to Paris 193\\nxviii", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "Table of Contents\\nChapter Page\\nXX. Campaign of 1815. Second Invasion of\\nFrance. Alexander s Moderation\\nTOWARD THE FRENCH. He MAKES HIM-\\nSELF their Protector against the\\nCupidity of the other Allies 201\\nXXL Alexander, King of Poland. Festivities\\nat Warsaw. Return of the Emperor\\nto his Capital 206\\nXXII. Expulsion of the Jesuits from the Rus-\\nsian Empire. Example of Great\\nSeverity against Pillage. Journey\\nof Alexander to Warsaw. Festiv-\\nities. Rejoicings and Particulars 220\\nXXIII. Sojourn at Warsaw. Festivities. Con-\\nversations of the Emperor with the\\nAuthor 233\\nXXIV. Departure of the Author for France.\\nEstimate of the French. Fawning\\nPolicy of the French Cabinet.\\nAlexander s Opinion on the Situation\\nof France. Divers Particulars 239\\nXXV. New Journey of Alexander to Vilna.\\nConversations with the Author.\\nPolitical Views and Opinions of the\\nEmperor. One Word Concerning the\\nCongress of Verona and the War\\nwith Spain 248\\nXXVI. Illness of the Emperor. Journey of\\nthe Author to St. Petersburg. De-\\nscription of that Capital and its\\nEnvirons 259\\nXXVII. Princely Hospitality. Renewed Inter-\\nviews with the Emperor. Alex-\\nander s Occupations in the Coun-\\ntry. Portrait of the Empress\\nElizabeth 267\\nxix", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "Table of Contents\\nChapter Page\\nXXVIII. The Empress-Mother.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Illustrious\\nGodfather. The Emperor s Depres-\\nsion of Spirits: its Principal Cause.\\nSad Presentiments. Alexander s\\nDeparture for Siberia 279\\nXXIX. A few New Details regarding the\\nEmpress- M other her Love for Lit-\\nerature and the Arts: her Institu\\ntions 292\\nXXX. A Description of the Inundation of\\nSt. Petersburg. Alexander s Soli-\\ncitude. Journey of the Emperor\\nto Taganrog. His Death. Con-\\nclusion 299\\nINDEX 309\\nxx", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "List of Illustrations\\nAlexander I Frontispiece\\nEmpress Elizabeth To face page 26\\nCount Bennigsen 56\\nGeneral Kotousoff 124\\nGrand Duke Constantine 246", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL MEMOIRS\\nOF THE\\nEMPEROR ALEXANDER I.\\nAND\\nTHE COURT OF RUSSIA\\nCHAPTER I\\nALEXANDER was born in 1777. His earl y\\nyears rapidly developed in this young prince\\nthe happy disposition which he had received from\\nnature. All seemed in harmony in the noble child,\\nwho was destined to occupy one of the most important\\nthrones in Europe and a brilliant place in history.\\nThe remarkable beauty of his person corresponded\\nwith that of his mind and seemed to be an emana-\\ntion from it. The invariable sweetness of his char-\\nacter made him the object of universal adoration\\nfrom his tenderest infancy, and the dearest hopes\\nof that powerful empire of Russia were fixed upon\\nhim.\\nThe Empress Catherine had such a strong affection\\nfor her grandson that it is said she proposed to re-\\nmove her own son, the unfortunate Paul Petrowitz,\\nfrom the throne and to appoint Alexander as her\\nsuccessor. At that time hereditary succession to the\\n23", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthrone of Russia was not the invariable rule, the\\nlaw of primogeniture not having been established till\\nthe following reign. Moreover, nothing could daunt\\nthe genius of Catherine, accustomed to see every-\\nthing bend to her will. She even wished to preside\\nalone over the prince s education. If the rare quali-\\nties which have been seen in Alexander could leave\\nanything more to be desired, it would have been\\nthat the august grandmother of the prince had re-\\ntained the right to watch over the first impressions\\nof her grandson in the midst of a court elegant\\nand polished indeed, but without morals with that\\nvigilant sagacity, that clear firmness of principle, of\\nwhich she has given so many proofs.\\nIt is difficult to say what power such lessons in\\nwisdom would have had over the mind of such a\\nyouth, given by that incomparable princess who\\nconsecrated her life to the welfare of humanity.\\nHowever, the choice which the empress made in\\nthe perspn of Colonel La Harpe 1 as preceptor of\\nthe youn g duke, was calculated to calm maternal\\nsolicitude a;id satisfy the expectations of the nation.\\nThe wise instructor found in the august pupil con-\\nfided to his care the happiest natural gifts. To\\nperfect the work of nature and to accomplish the\\ntask committed to him, he endeavored to cultivate\\nand develop the amiable and charming disposition\\nof his young pupil.\\nPossessed of a warm and affectionate heart, Alex-\\n1 Frederic Cesar de La Harpe (born in the Pays de Vaud 1754,\\ndied 1838). From 1790 to 1800 he was the chief or most powerful\\ndirector of the Helvetic Republic. In 1814 Alexander gave him the\\nrank of general in his army. He wrote several treatises on Swiss\\npolitics.", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nander conceived a devoted attachment for this esti-\\nmable man, who had consecrated his time and care\\nto him, and he always regarded his instructor as a\\nsure and faithful friend.\\nAlexander loved to learn. He had a remarkable\\nmemory and quick, penetrating, and refined percep-\\ntions. In his early years he showed a taste for mili-\\ntary science, occupying himself zealously with what\\nhe was pleased to call his service, following exactly\\nand observing punctually the strictest discipline and\\nsubordination. He possessed in a high degree the\\nlove of order and work. That which one could not\\nhelp most admiring in him was the perfect evenness\\nof his temper, a quality very rare and very valuable\\nin a sovereign, which had for its source the goodness\\nof his heart. Nothing could change the sweet ben-\\nevolence which showed itself in his face as well as in\\nhis actions.\\nAlexander spoke several languages, especially\\nFrench, with elegance and fluency. His manners\\nwere charming. A certain timidity was noticeable\\nin his early youth. No one ever possessed to a\\ngreater degree the happy gift of gaining all hearts\\nand no one, I am sure, could have seen Alexander\\nand heard him speak without saying to himself,\\nHow happy I should be to call this man my\\nfriend\\nWhen Alexander was scarcely more than a youth\\nthe Empress Catherine, fearing for him that danger-\\nous period of life, decided to put a curb on his pas-\\nsions by submitting him, still so young, to the sacred\\nties of marriage, an imprudence which influenced,\\nmore than is generally known, the future and jjx-\\n25", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nward happiness of this prince and of his interesting\\nspouse.\\nAccording to the usage established at the Rus-\\nsian court, three young German princesses were\\nbrought and submitted to the critical scrutiny of\\nCatherine, who was to choose from them a consort\\nfor her grandson. The choice was determined, it\\nis said, in a very singular manner, and simple chance\\nserved Catherine as happily as the clear judgment\\nof that princess could have done after a thorough\\ninvestigation.\\nSeated at a window of the imperial palace, the\\nczarina saw the young princesses arrive, who, by\\nthe way, were all remarkably good-looking. Cath-\\nerine observed that the first one to leave the car-\\nriage descended with too much haste; she augured\\nill from such precipitation. The next caught her\\nfoot in the train of her dress and almost fell. How\\nstupid how awkward exclaimed the empress.\\nFinally the third descended with perfect composure\\nand dignity. That is she who will be the grand\\nduchess exclaimed Catherine.\\nThis was Elizabeth of Baden. 1 Her face confirmed\\nthe empress in her first impression, and charmed the\\nyoung grand duke.\\nVery much in love with his young bride, Alex-\\nander enjoyed in her society and cultivated mind\\nand the tenderness which she felt for him all that\\ncould ameliorate the hard lot to which he was con-\\n1 Elizabeth Alexievna (born 1779, died 1826). Her maiden name\\nwas Louisa Maria Augusta. In 1793 sne became the consort of\\nAlexander. Her character is represented as having been very\\namiable.\\n26", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "EMPRESS ELIZABETH.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\ndemned after the death of the Empress Catherine,\\nand the accession of his father to the throne. Long\\ncontinued mental suffering had hardened the char-\\nacter of Paul I., although he was naturally possessed\\nof a clear mind and a sensitive heart.\\nThe fatal disposition of his mind to suspicion, and\\nthe excessive irritability of his temper so long held\\nin passive submission, knew no restraint after he had\\nattained sovereign power. Time only increased his\\nunhappy passions, and in those moments when every-\\nthing was to be feared from their violence, from\\nwhich even his family fled, Alexander, who alone\\nknew how to oppose with respectful firmness the\\nwill of the emperor, sometimes succeeded in calm-\\ning the mind suffering from an incurable disease.\\nDevoured by that ardent and suspicious imagina-\\ntion which pictured to him constant dangers and\\nsecret enemies, the unfortunate monarch was his\\nown greatest enemy, and he ended by making him-\\nself the victim of his own morbid suspicions.\\nExiles increased to a frightful extent. Terror\\nreigned everywhere, at court, in the towns, in the\\narmy, and even in the most remote provinces of\\nthe empire. No one could flatter himself that on\\naccount of the prudence of his conduct he was safe\\nfrom arrest. No one could count on the morrow.\\nThe arrival of a courier of the cabinet in the most\\ndistant part of the country caused universal terror.\\nEach one, trembling, asked himself, Is this fatal\\norder for me? and thought he saw the kibitka\\nready to transport him to Siberia.\\nAn involuntary forgetfulness of the rigorous eti-\\nquette observed at court, the neglecting to wear a\\n27", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ncostume prescribed by the emperor, the least negli-\\ngence in military service was sufficient to bring\\ndown upon one s self the displeasure of the emperor\\nand the pain of banishment; and Siberia was being\\npeopled by exiles of illustrious names.\\nAmong the foreigners of distinction to be found\\nat St. Petersburg was Count Choiseul-Gouffier, for-\\nmerly ambassador at Constantinople; and he had\\nbeen loaded with favors by the Emperor Paul, whose\\ngenerosity also knew no limit. This count suddenly\\nreceived an order to retire to Lithuania, to those\\nestates which he held through the munificence of\\nthe emperor, and to leave St. Petersburg within\\ntwenty-four hours. Not being able to explain to\\nhimself the cause of his disgrace, Count Choiseul\\nsent his son to ask Pahlen, governor of St. Peters-\\nburg, for a passport. Pahlen was at the parade\\nwhen the messenger arrived, but returned soon.\\nPerceiving Mons. Choiseul, he pushed the servant\\nwho came to take his hat and sword brusquely\\naside, and exclaimed in an agitated voice, My\\ndear sir, I am in despair at what has happened\\nto your family. This cannot go on It is time to\\nput an end to it. M. de Choiseul, although ex-\\ntremely young, was much struck by this imprudent\\nspeech, and by the singular expression of Pahlen s\\nface as he allowed those remarkable words to\\nescape him. Eighteen months later, the Emperor\\nPaul was dead, was assassinated.\\nIt would perhaps not be out of place to introduce\\nhere that profound dissembler who played such an\\nimportant role in this conspiracy that it might be\\nsaid he was the author of it.\\n28", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCount Pahlen, 1 a gentleman of Courland, entered\\nthe Russian army very young, and during the reign\\nof Catherine II. reached the rank of major general.\\nHe owed the place of civil governor of Riga to the\\nprotection of the favorite Zouboff. The Emperor\\nPaul, some time after ascending the throne, passed\\nthrough Riga, was pleased with Pahlen, and ordered\\nhim to come to St. Petersburg. Paul, with that precip-\\nitancy which characterized all his actions, loaded the\\nnew favorite with dignities, gifts, and honors. He ap-\\npointed him chief of his guards and governor of St.\\nPetersburg, decorated him with the highest orders of\\nthe empire, and presented him with large estates in\\nCourland, his own country.\\nThe soul of Pahlen knew too well how to forget\\nbenefits received. He kept up secret relations with\\nthe Zouboffs, his old protectors, and concerted with\\nthem the fall of the prince who had been so generous\\nto him, and who had elevated him to so high a posi-\\ntion. The motive to such black ingratitude is found\\nin the immoral character of Pahlen he loved pleasure\\nto excess. He was a bad officer, moreover, and suc-\\ncumbed under the weight of the military details with\\nwhich the emperor charged him, as well as under the\\ntedium of the minute reports he was obliged to make\\nevery day concerning the private life, actions, and\\nwords of the inhabitants of St. Petersburg.\\nBeing as prudent as he was perfidious, he tried to\\nrun as little risk as possible in the conspiracy, and to\\nput himself at the head of it with great circumspec-\\n1 Count Pierre de Pahlen (born in Livonia, 1744, died at Mittau,\\n1826), was at one time Ambassador to Stockholm, and Governor of\\nCourland.\\n29", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ntion he therefore associated in the enterprise only\\nfriends upon whom he could rely with perfect confi-\\ndence. Platon Zouboff, 1 the bitterest enemy of Paul,\\nto whom that prince had had the imprudence to leave\\nthe immense possessions acquired in the preceding\\nreign, seemed to Pahlen the fittest instrument to\\nemploy in a plot in which the former favorite of\\nCatherine found an opportunity to satisfy his feelings\\nof personal hatred and revenge moreover, Zouboff\\nhaving been a long time in favor, had preserved\\nmany of his relations with the court, and his brother\\nValerian was always surrounded by unprincipled\\npersons ready to serve in all sorts of crimes.\\nPahlen, being pretty sure of ZoubofFs readiness to\\nsecond his views, showed a desire to form an alliance\\nwith him, and that he might be released from exile\\nto his estates, to which he had been condemned,\\nPahlen advised him to feign a wish to marry the\\ndaughter of Koutaisoff, another favorite of Paul s.\\nThe emperor had suddenly raised this Koutaisoff, a\\nlittle Turkish slave, his barber, to be one of the most\\nimportant personages of the empire, giving him the ti-\\ntle of count, and loading him with favors. Koutaisoff\\nsoon received a letter from Zouboff, asking his daugh-\\nter in marriage. Delighted with the honor, he carried\\nthis epistle to the emperor and throwing himself at his\\nfeet, begged the emperor not to put any obstacle in\\nthe way of his daughter s good fortune by refusing\\nZouboff permission to return to St. Petersburg.\\n1 Platon Zouboff (Zubov) (born 1767, died 1822) became, in 1791,\\na favorite of Empress Catherine II., who appointed him Grand\\nMaster of the Artillery. He was the most powerful Russian subject\\nuntil the death of Catherine (1796), after which he was disgraced.\\n30", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nPaul accorded this favor without hesitation, saying\\nthat this project of Zouboffs was the only sensible\\nidea of his whole life.\\nZouboff agreed perfectly with Pahlen s plans. The\\nlatter first made himself sure of a part of the guards\\nfor, unfortunately, Paul, by imposing excessive duty,\\nby painful reproaches, and by severe punishments,\\nhad alienated that corps, which had seen many a de-\\nfection take place in the palace without the shedding\\nof blood.\\nThe real purpose of the conspiracy, at least so the\\nconspirators pretended, did not go so far as to de-\\nprive the emperor of his life. It was proposed, they\\nsaid, to compel him to sign an act of abdication, by\\nwhich he should consent to resign the crown into the\\nhands of the heir, the Grand Duke Alexander, reserv-\\ning to himself the liberty to fix his residence either\\nin the environs of St. Petersburg, or in one of the\\nprovinces of the empire, or even out of Russia in\\nwhatever country he should choose.\\nPahlen and the other conspirators knew perfectly\\nwell that to remove the ruler of a vast empire, with-\\nout assuring it of a successor, was an impossible proj-\\nect, and not to be thought of. Knowing, on the\\nother hand, the noble character of Alexander, they\\nhad little hope that he would accept the regency.\\nPahlen believed that the only means to reach his\\nend was to cause a division in the imperial family,\\nbetween father and children, between husband and\\nwife, and to induce the emperor to subject his own\\nfamily to cruelty, injustice, and persecution.\\nAt length one of the conspirators, stung by re-\\nmorse or perhaps apprehensive of the consequences\\n3i", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nof an enterprise so horrible, without wishing to be-\\ntray his accomplices, revealed the conspiracy by an\\nanonymous letter. Filled with the greatest alarm,\\nPaul sent immediately for Pahlen. The latter, who\\nwas prepared for this interview (some say that it was\\nPahlen himself who revealed the secret) and had his\\nanswer ready, presented himself before his master\\nwith the most perfect coolness, listened without show-\\ning the slightest emotion to the violent words of\\nmenace, anger, and fury which Paul poured forth, the\\nsound of which would have terrified a culprit less\\nhardened. At these words of the emperor, A con-\\nspiracy has been formed against me, and you, the\\ngovernor of St. Petersburg, you are ignorant of it\\nPahlen answered, Pardon me, sire, I am not only\\nnot ignorant of it, but I am the more certain that it\\nexists as I have a part in it. At these astonishing\\nwords the emperor s countenance showed anxiety,\\ndoubt, and surprise. Yes, sire, continued Pahlen,\\nwith the same imperturbability, all the members of\\nthis conspiracy are known to me. I am of their\\nnumber, but it is to serve you, to protect your life.\\nNone of those guilty ones can escape my vigilance\\nor the justice of your Imperial Majesty. These\\nmadmen rush to their own ruin in meditating\\nyours.\\nWho are they? cried Paul, whose excitement\\nincreased with each word of his perfidious confidant.\\nSire, prudence forbids me to name them, but\\nafter that which I have had the honor to reveal to\\nyour Majesty, dare I flatter myself that you will ac-\\ncord me your entire confidence and rely upon my\\nzeal to guard your safety?\\n32", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "Emp\\neror Alexander I.\\nThis mysterious language had only the effect of\\nexciting still more the ardent curiosity of the em-\\nperor, whose mind, misled by mistrust, presumed to\\nfix his odious suspicion on his virtuous spouse, on\\nhis respectful and submissive son. Who are they\\nrepeated Paul, with vehemence. Who are they? I\\nwill know Sire, said Pahlen, bowing his head,\\nreverence prevents me from revealing the illustrious\\nnames I understand, replied Paul, in a muffled\\nvoice, and as if suffocated with painful emotion. The\\nempress continued he, fixing his penetrating eyes\\non Pahlen. Pahlen did not reply. The Grand\\nDukes Alexander and Constantine Pahlen an-\\nswered only by silence. The emperor was also\\nsilent; but silence on his part portended a storm.\\nAn order to arrest the heir to the throne and his\\nroyal brother was the first act of the father, who be-\\nlieved himself betrayed by all whom he had held\\nmost dear. As to the Empress Marie, 1 added Paul,\\nin a menacing tone, I will dispose of her Majesty\\nmyself. The grand dukes were to be conducted to\\nthe fortress of and the empress shut up in a\\nmonastery.\\nIn depriving himself thus of the surest supports of\\nthe throne and of his own life, this unfortunate prince\\ndelivered himself with blind confidence into the hands\\nof the traitor who was to decide his fate. Good\\nand faithful Pahlen, he said to the latter, I leave\\neverything to thee watch over thy master, I pray\\nthee. Saying these words, he opened his arms, and\\n1 Marie Feodorovna (born 1725, died 1828) was a princess of\\nWiirtemberg. Her maiden name was Sophia Dorothea. In 1776\\nshe married Paul.\\n3 33", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nPahlen had the assurance to receive that mark of\\naffection from his confiding sovereign, whose days\\nwere already numbered in the depths of his heart.\\nAfter leaving the emperor, Pahlen hastened to\\njoin the other conspirators, and having assembled\\nthem, he said to those of the band who were the least\\nhardened, in order to revive their fury The secret\\nis out. He is still ignorant, however, of the names of\\nthose connected with our enterprise but who can tell\\nif a new traitor may not reveal to him the whole plan\\nof our undertaking? If life is dear to you, believe\\nme we must hasten to finish our work, hasten to effect\\nthe deliverance of our country That traitor of\\nwhom he spoke was no other than himself. This\\nman, it has been proved, cherished the double proj-\\nect of betraying either his sovereign or the accom-\\nplices of his treason, according to the chances offered\\nhim. In case of some unforeseen event, and if at the\\ndecisive moment fortune declared itself against the\\nconspirators, his plan was to arrest the culpable and\\nsay to the emperor, Sire, you are saved. My task\\nis accomplished\\nAfter agreeing upon some measures dictated by\\nprudence, the conspirators decided upon a time to\\naccomplish their crime.\\nHaving taken leave of them, Pahlen, armed with\\nthe fatal order which the emperor had just given\\nhim, went to the palace of the Grand Duke Alexan-\\nder. Being introduced immediately into the presence\\nof the young prince, he bowed profoundly, feigning\\ndespondency, and informed the grand duke of the\\ndecree of the emperor. What cried Alexander,\\nhis Imperial Majesty, my father, will deprive me of\\n34", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nmy liberty What crime have I committed to bring\\nthis punishment upon myself? Your Imperial\\nHighness is not ignorant of the fact, said Pahlen, bow-\\ning again, that here, unfortunately, one sometimes\\nincurs the chastisement without having committed the\\noffence. At these words the grand duke gave Pah-\\nlen a severe look. After a few moments of silence,\\nAlexander said The emperor is master of my fate\\nI submit to him. Show me the order. Pahlen\\npresented the order.\\nHardly had Alexander glanced at the paper, when\\nhe exclaimed mournfully, And my brother too\\nPahlen, in order to make the blow as severe as possi-\\nble, informed him what would be the fate of his inno-\\ncent mother also. Ah this is too much said\\nthe grand duke, covering his face to hide from the\\nattendants the spectacle of his grief.\\nPahlen then threw himself at the feet of the\\nprince. Monseigneur, he said, deign to listen\\nto me. It is necessary, in order to prevent a great\\nmisfortune, to put an end to the frightful vagaries of\\nyour august father. To-day he aims at your liberty\\nonly, but who knows, in the storm of his passions,\\nwhich often deprive him of his reason, where his\\nimperious and masterful will may carry him? Think\\nof the unfortunate Alexis Petrowitz J\\n1 Alexis Petrowitz (born 1690, died 17 18) was the son of Peter\\nthe Great and his first wife, Eudoxia, and is said to have been a\\nstudious youth, averse to martial pursuits. In 1716 he retired to\\nVienna and Naples for refuge from the dreadful ire of the Czar.\\nThis act was treated as a crime by his father, and Alexis was induced\\nto return. After renouncing his rights to the throne he was con-\\ndemned to death on a charge of meditated rebellion in 17 18. He was\\nfound dead in prison ten days after his sentence was pronounced.\\n35", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nPahlen, you outrage my father\\nAh Monseigneur, it is not his heart that I ac-\\ncuse that is full of generosity and of the most noble\\nsentiments. But the violence of his temper excites\\nhim continually. You know, as well as I, that the\\nemperor seeks the good without being able to attain\\nit. What will become of the imperial family? What\\nwill be the fate of the nation, with its immense pop-\\nulation, which heaven has destined you to govern\\nand to protect, if your father, left to his excited\\nimagination, turning from one opinion to another,\\npunishing, pardoning, recompensing without meas-\\nure, without reflection, retain the reins of govern-\\nment in his own hands? There is no longer time to\\nhesitate, Monseigneur. The senate, the entire empire\\nwishes to throw off this intolerable yoke, and confide\\nits destinies to you. I am here only as the faithful\\ninterpreter of that wish.\\nWhat cried Alexander, retreating from Pahlen.\\nThey wish me to usurp the sovereign power, to\\nsnatch the sceptre from the hands of my father?\\nNever I will be the victim of his errors if need be,\\nwithout regret! Save only my mother! save the\\nempress\\nPahlen then, with atrocious duplicity, tried to\\nmake the grand duke understand how greatly the\\nuniversal exasperation among all classes against the\\nemperor himself was to be feared. Then he cited\\nEngland for example, where they were disposed to\\nconfide the direction of the government to the Prince\\nof Wales, although the mental condition of George\\nIII. was less alarming perhaps, in a country where\\nsovereign authority was more restrained and was\\n36", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nlimited by laws, than in Russia where the will of the\\nmonarch was absolute.\\nThe grand duke, continued Pahlen, employ-\\ning the same moderation, could, without mounting\\nthe throne, take the reins of government, always\\nbeing ready to return them to his father as soon as\\nthe health of the emperor is restored, and when he\\nhas recovered that calmness necessary for the per-\\nformance of his important duties. Such are the\\nviews of the senate, of the army, and of the whole\\nnation, repeated the adroit courtier.\\nThey shall never have my consent replied\\nAlexander. The will of my father alone can direct\\nhis destiny and mine. Then, drawing a crucifix from\\nhis bosom, he made Pahlen swear upon that sacred\\nobject that the life of the emperor should be\\nrespected and his will left free.\\nMonseigneur, replied Pahlen, three days will\\nwithout doubt decide the fate of your Imperial\\nHighness, that of your august mother, and of all\\nRussia.\\nOn quitting the grand duke, Pahlen placed several\\nguards at his door with an officer. The same day,\\nthe Emperor Paul, who had for a long-time aban-\\ndoned his family, went to pass the evening with the\\nPrincess Gagarin. 1 He was melancholy and his feat-\\nures were altered. During the conversation he let\\nfall these terrible words, which his heart without doubt\\ndid not indorse, which he could never have fulfilled,\\nand which a violent passion alone could have made\\n1 Princess Gagarin, n e Princess Anna Lapouchine (born 1777,\\ndied 1850), at one time mistress of Paul I., was the wife of Prince\\nPaul Gavrilovitch Gagarin.\\n37", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nhim utter In a few days heads shall fall which\\nhave been very dear to me\\nThe Princess Gagarin, being terrified, thought it\\nher duty to warn the Grand Duke Alexander of the\\ndanger. One can imagine the cruel anxieties and the\\nmental tortures which Alexander must have suffered.\\nAfter his interview with the grand duke, Pahlen felt\\nthat there was no time to be lost to insure the success\\nof the conspiracy. Assembling the conspirators, he\\naddressed them in the language of all revolutionists,\\nancient and modern Let us not hesitate to show\\nourselves worthy of our country by declaring our-\\nselves her liberators\\nThe appointed rendezvous was at Platon ZoubofFs.\\nInvoking the shade of Brutus, the conspirators stim-\\nulated their courage by copious draughts of wine.\\nDuring that same evening Pahlen saw the emperor,\\nand in language adroitly prepared he persuaded him\\nthat the conspiracy was at an end he succeeded also\\nin tranquillizing him, and in pouring the balm of con-\\nsolation into the heart of the ill-fated monarch.\\nFinally, when night had come, the conspirators,\\nwrapped in their cloaks and almost all having their\\nbrains filled with the fumes of the wine which they\\nhad drunk, took their way in silence toward the\\nPalace Michaelovski. As they crossed the garden\\nwhich surrounds the palace, a flock of crows roosting\\non the trees flew up, uttering their inauspicious cries.\\nThe croaking of these birds, which is considered a\\nbad omen in Russia, frightened the conspirators, and\\nthey considered for a moment whether they should\\nnot give up the enterprise.\\nPahlen had changed the guards of the palace and\\n38", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nin their place had stationed as sentinels officers be-\\nlonging to the conspirators. The entire Imperial\\nGuard was under arms in different parts of the city-\\naccording to his orders. One single sentinel, having\\nbeen overlooked, seeing the group which was ap-\\nproaching, cried, To arms and was about to rush\\nout, when he was immediately recalled by the accom-\\nplices of Pahlen. The conspirators, having arrived\\nwithout hindrance, mounted the steps of the grand\\nstaircase, where reigned, as in the entire palace, a\\nmelancholy silence.\\nIt was midnight. Paul, having passed the evening\\nwith the Princess Gagarin, slept peacefully, relying on\\nthe trustworthiness of Pahlen. No trace was to be\\nseen of those precautions which unrestful and sus-\\npicious tyranny invents and multiplies. After trav-\\nersing the long suite of apartments without anything\\nhaving arrested their steps, the conspirators were\\nabout to enter the sleeping-room of the emperor.\\nPahlen, scarcely breathing, watched the expression and\\ncountenance of each conspirator, listened intently to\\neach sound, when suddenly in the chamber which\\npreceded that of the emperor, a body-guard, a\\nPole by birth, who was on watch, wrapped in his\\nmantle, perceiving the troop at that hour of the\\nnight, and suspecting evil intentions, sprang in front of\\nthe conspirators. Upon their refusing to retire, he\\ndrew his pistol, upon which they fell upon him and\\nthrew him down. At this noise the emperor awoke.\\nBelieving himself betrayed, he sprang out of bed and\\nran to a trap-door which served as means of commun-\\nication with the apartments on the ground-floor. By\\nsome mischance, for the first time perhaps, the\\n39", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nspring did not respond to the pressure of the foot.\\nWhere should he flee What should he do The\\nonly door in the room besides the main entrance led\\nto the apartment of the empress, but that was locked.\\nThe unhappy prince, victim of his own folly, had\\nhimself cut off all chance of escape.\\nAt length the principal door opens, and Paul has\\nonly time to hide himself behind a corner of the\\nchimney. The conspirators rush into the chamber.\\nTheir first look is toward the emperor s bed it is\\nempty. Finally they discover the emperor, who, be-\\nlieving flight impossible, calls Pahlen as his last\\nhope. But the traitor does not answer to that voice.\\nHe was not in the room he was watching each move-\\nment of the conspirators from the outside. Assuming\\na courage which perhaps did not exist in his heart,\\nPaul spoke to the conspirators.\\nPaul Petrowitz, answered the traitors, you see\\nin us the organ of the senate and of the empire.\\nTake this paper, read it, and decide your own fate.\\nAt these words the emperor, terribly agitated, re-\\nceived the act of abdication presented him by Zouboff.\\nBy the pale light of the night-lamp which flickers\\nupon the troubled features of the emperor and upon\\nthe gloomy and ferocious faces of the conspirators,\\nPaul reads the fatal document, reads it again and as\\naccusations of tyranny, specifications of his faults,\\nexpressions the most insulting and the least respect-\\nful constantly recur to strike the eye, and still more\\nto wound the pride of the monarch, the dignity not\\nonly of the sovereign but of the man in him revolts.\\nHe throws the paper down. No he cries rather\\ndeath than dishonor\\n40", "height": "3007", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nHe seeks again to escape the fury of the assassins,\\nif not by flight, at least by a desperate defence he\\nseizes a weapon Then commences a scene of horror\\nand outrage which the pen refuses to describe.\\nThe stifled cries and groans, the muffled menacing\\nsounds the voice of crime reach the ear of the\\nalarmed wife. The empress hastily rises and runs to\\nthe door, but all efforts to open it are vain. Without\\nloss of time she makes the tour of the apartments,\\nand arrives trembling, despairing, on the staircase,\\nwhich is filled with the assassins of her husband.\\nBennigsen, 1 who had been drawn into the plot, and\\nwho alone that night had been able to preserve the\\nunalterable calmness of his demeanor, naturally very\\ngentle, Bennigsen advanced toward the empress\\nand respectfully opposed her design to enter the\\nchamber of the emperor. He showed her that she\\nwould only uselessly expose her own life, and that\\nthe days of Paul were ended. The empress was\\ncarried fainting to her own apartment.\\nThe emperor in fact breathed his last as Pahlen\\nentered, sword in hand, undecided still whether to\\nuse it to save the life of his master, or to participate\\nin the crime. The sight of his dead benefactor really\\nmade some impression upon that atrocious and per-\\nfidious soul. He was obliged to support himself\\nagainst a pillar, and remained there immovable for\\nsome moments, his sword hanging at his side and\\n1 Count Levin August Theophil Bennigsen (born 1745, died 1826)\\nwas a celebrated commander in the Russian service. In 1788 he\\nfought against Turkey, and in 1798 against the Poles. He com-\\nmanded at the battle of Eylau. In 1813 he was in command of the\\narmy of the reserve and was soon after created count.\\n4 1", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nhis face covered. The other conspirators imitated\\nhis silence. Finally Bennigsen represented to them\\nthe necessity of going to pay homage to the new\\nsovereign.\\nThe tumult, noise, and disorder always attendant\\non such a tragic event resounded even to the palace\\nof Alexander, where he reposed by the side of his\\nyoung wife. Struck with terror and filled with the\\nmost dreadful presentiments, when he heard the\\ndeath of his father proclaimed he fainted. Upon\\nrecovering his senses, Alexander saw the conspira-\\ntors kneeling about him, trying to justify their deed\\nby a thousand incoherent words, and attempting to\\nattribute the death of Paul to a stroke of apoplexy,\\na natural consequence of his extreme violence.\\nMonsters cried Alexander, I will not accept\\na crown stained with the blood of my father and\\nhe fled and shut himself up in the most remote part\\nof the palace.\\n42", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER II\\nAN immense crowd of people and bodies of sol-\\ndiers having assembled under the walls of the\\npalace, they called with loud cries for their new sov-\\nereign. The conspirators, appalled and in consterna-\\ntion, did not know what to do. Finally Bennigsen\\nagreed to go to the emperor, who, not believing him\\nculpable, allowed him to come into his presence.^\\nBennigsen, throwing himself at the feet of Alexander,\\nbegged him to yield to the wishes of the people, and\\nnot to excite the murmurs and license of the Imperial\\nGuard by longer resistance, and by leaving in such\\ncruel anarchy this powerful empire which destiny\\nhad called him to govern.\\nConquered at last by the representations of Ben-\\nnigsen, and still more by the tears of his mother and\\nhis wife and by the prayers of his beloved brother,\\nthe Grand Duke Constantine, Alexander yielded, and\\nconsented to show himself to the multitude.\\nPale and exhausted, the new monarch was carried\\nalmost inanimate into the presence of his soldiers,\\nwhere he received their oaths of allegiance, which,\\nrepeated by thousands of voices, seemed to make the\\ndeath of his father a thousand times more tragic.\\nThe conspirators, ignorant still of what treatment\\nthey had to expect, retired to their own homes,\\nstrong, if not by the approval of their own con-\\nsciences, at least by the approbation of public opinion,\\nwhich they believed to be entirely on their side, by\\n43", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthe approbation of their country, of which they called\\nthemselves the liberators, and above all by that of\\ntheir party, which was as extensive as powerful.\\nPahlen was soon condemned to exile on his estates.\\nI expected it, he said, and my trunks are all\\npacked in advance. The other conspirators were\\nalso exiled to different provinces of the empire, and\\nin spite of the mildness of the punishment, they all\\nconsidered themselves persecuted heroes, victims\\nand martyrs to their patriotism.\\nPerhaps many will, on the contrary, be astonished\\nthat Alexander did not act with greater severity\\nagainst the assassins of his father. It must be re-\\nmembered that the penalty of death did not exist at\\nthat time in Russia. Exile, confiscation of property,\\nimprisonment, and disgrace were the only punish-\\nments known. Such a deed merited without doubt\\na law for itself, but no such law existed. Let us\\nrepresent to ourselves, if possible, the situation in\\nwhich Alexander found himself. Ascending the\\nthrone so young, he had only hopes and promises to\\noffer his people, for the restraint and dependence in\\nwhich his father had held him had never given him\\nan opportunity to show the public the extent of his\\nabilities, his aptitude for work, and the clearness of\\nhis mind and judgment.\\nIn the first years of his reign, Alexander could\\nonly oppose with gentleness, perseverance, and con-\\nciliation, the dangerous fermentation with which the\\nunhappy death of Paul filled the minds of the nation.\\nThat death seemed to be the victory of license over\\ndespotism, and was expected to lead to great con-\\ncessions of autocratic power. An aristocratic con-\\n44", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nstitution was already talked of, in which, without\\ndoubt, the interests of the people would have little\\nweight in the balance, and in which the only endeavor\\nwould be to restrain sovereign authority. Con-\\nspiracy had struck deep root, especially in the army\\nand among the Imperial Guards, and Alexander saw\\nfor a long time the sword of Damocles hanging over\\nhis head. Many of the conspirators, who had be-\\nhaved with such atrocious barbarity, were in league\\nwith some of the most important personages of the\\nempire. Moreover, it must be confessed, unfortu-\\nnately, there reigned at St. Petersburg a universal\\nsatisfaction, and people spoke with an audacious\\nfreedom extolling the guilty.\\nWe are acquainted with persons still living attached\\nby sentiments of gratitude and affection to the\\nmemory of the ill fated Paul I., whose frailties they\\nhad at the same time to acknowledge and deplore\\nthese persons voluntarily banished themselves from\\nsociety, because they could not meet certain in-\\ndividuals, and see them received with general good-\\nwill, without a feeling of horror. Who had passed\\nsentence on the guilty? Who had led them to the\\nscaffold? The emperor was obliged to restrain a\\ndesire for just vengeance, and to yield to the solicita-\\ntions of a few faithful servants, strangers to the con-\\nspiracy, who placed clearly before his eyes the\\ndangers which the State and the imperial family\\nwould incur if they employed rigorous measures\\nagainst that party.\\nWithout openly opposing the new opinions, it was\\nnecessary to lead back the public mind by methods\\nof prudence and moderation into the path of duty.\\n45", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nThis was a work requiring wisdom such as that of\\nwhich Alexander has given so many proofs during\\nthe whole course of his glorious reign. History can\\nnever reproach this prince with having shown a\\nculpable clemency toward the murderers of his father,\\nof having voluntarily left their crime unpunished.\\nWe have seen princes contemporaneous with Alex-\\nander good and pious princes constrained by\\nreasons of state, not only to admit to their presence,\\nbut to honor with their confidence as minister, one of\\nthe criminal promoters of the death of Louis XVI.\\nThe accession of Alexander to the throne was\\nsignalled by many acts of justice and benevolence.\\nIn response to his generous voice the deserts of\\nSiberia sent back numerous exiles, eager to mingle\\ntheir acclamations with those of an entire people\\nfilled with hope and joy.\\nAlexander banished from his court the excessive\\nand rigorous etiquette which had been introduced in\\nthe preceding reign among others, the custom of\\ndescending from one s carriage when one met the*-\\nemperor. No person had been exempted from this\\nusage either on account of age, sex, or rank. The\\nfirst round hat which appeared in the streets of St.\\nPetersburg is said to have created quite a sensation.\\nFreedom to travel outside the country was granted\\nto every one in the empire, without distinction. The\\nsystem of employing spies and informers was no longer\\nfeared. Art and literature, being no longer in fetters,\\nhastened to render homage to their august protector.\\nSubmitted to fixed rules and to wise and well-conceived\\ndiscipline, the army commenced finally to breathe\\nfreely, although Alexander showed perhaps too much\\n46", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nlove of minor details, and attached too much im-\\nportance to small outside matters, often imperceptible\\nto a less experienced eye than his own. But it\\nwould be difficult to blame his methods, remember-\\ning that they proceeded from a sense of order and\\nexactness, and that it is to him especially that the\\nRussian army owes its fine military bearing, and\\nthat perfect discipline which has justly made it the\\nadmiration of all Europe, and that it owes also to him\\nthose successes of which Russia has a right to be\\nproud.\\nPeople living in the country, sure of finding in\\ntheir young sovereign justice and protection, were\\nhappy to see him honor agriculture and interest him-\\nself in its progress, by establishing on his own estates\\nsettlements of foreign workmen, whose efforts he\\nencouraged in the hope of propagating and extend-\\ning true prosperity throughout the whole empire.\\nThe towns found also an assured guarantee of pros-\\nperity in the love of Alexander for the arts, and in the\\nprotection he gave to commerce. The young em-\\nperor gave all his attention at first to putting in order\\nthe finances of the State, which the luxurious pro-\\nfusion of the Empress Catherine and the prodigal\\ngenerosity of Paul I. had cruelly deranged. He\\nsoon reaped the fruits of his labor, by re-establishing\\nthe national credit\\nSuch was the happy beginning of the reign of\\nAlexander. This prince accorded and assured to\\nhis subjects all the liberty which they could reason-\\nably expect; and in all his attempts one recognizes\\nthe wise teachings of the philosopher La Harpe.\\nSome people, filled with the new ideas of the age,\\n47", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ntry to see in the intentions of Alexander a secret\\ntendency to advanced liberal ideas, toward which his\\nold instructor had directed the mind of the young\\nprince destined to command one day fifty millions\\nof people but Russia, happy and satisfied, found\\nusing a clever expression of Mme. de StaeTs a\\nperfect constitution in the character of her sover-\\neign. Every one knows the charming reply which\\nAlexander made to that celebrated woman, a reply\\nwhich so well expressed his sentiments. I shall be,\\nin any case, he said, only a fortunate accident.\\nNotwithstanding his youth, his inexperience, and\\nhis natural inclination to philanthropic sentiments,\\nAlexander had too much wisdom, too much depth\\nof mind, not to see that Russia was, if one may be\\nallowed to use the comparison, still too young a tree\\nto receive the graft of new institutions. He hoped\\nmuch from the future, from his care and persever-\\nance, and above all from time, which alone could\\naccomplish and establish a great change in the form\\nof government; but time, inexorable time, would not\\ntarry for him, and madmen, monsters, ungrateful\\ncowards have hastened its course Ah forbid the\\nthought; its bitterness mingles itself in the recital\\nof the events of these beautiful years of Alexander\\nLet us turn to the young monarch visiting the\\ndifferent parts of his vast empire, appearing every-\\nwhere to his subjects as the amiable, benevolent\\nprince, the future great man, destined by Providence\\nto be the arbiter of Europe, and to overthrow that\\ncolossus of power which was to weigh upon her in\\nthe person of Napoleon Bonaparte.\\nEverywhere brilliant festivals and entertainments\\n48 y", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nmarked the passage of the young emperor. Alex-\\nander honored with his presence those which were\\ngiven at that time at Vilna, the capital of Lithuania.\\nBeing then too young, I had not the happiness of\\nseeing him, but I learned even then to honor his\\nroyal name.\\nI remember that in the programme of solemnities\\nwhich took place on that occasion, the municipal\\nauthorities planned to have the carriage of the\\nemperor drawn into the town by men. Several\\npersons of the prince s suite who had preceded him\\nto Vilna tried to make it understood that such\\nhomage was unpleasant to his Majesty but to no\\neffect. The town authorities did not wish to lose the\\nexpense of the costumes which had been made for\\nthe twenty men chosen from the burghers, who were\\nto form that singular team. These poor people ran\\ntherefore with great zeal to attach themselves to the\\ncarriage of the emperor at the place a little distance\\nfrom Vilna where the prince had just received the\\ndifferent deputations from the town and starting off\\nwith redoubled speed they arrived at the castle,\\ndrawing, instead of the emperor, his Majesty s valet\\nand his coachman, who, gravely seated on the box,\\ndrove them like real horses. Feeling a natural re-\\npugnance to letting himself be drawn by his fellow-\\nmen, the emperor had entered the carriage of one\\nof his aides-de-camp.\\nOn leaving Vilna, Alexander crossed the river in\\na ferry boat. One of the boatmen wounded, himself\\nso :iously as to cause anxiety to those who were\\nwitnesses of the accident, especially to his Majesty,\\nwho regarded himself in a measure as the cause of\\n4 49", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthe misfortune to the poor man. He insisted upon\\ndressing the wound with his own hands, and tore his\\nhandkerchief into bandages. This scene took place\\non the boat, and this mark of feeling in the prince\\nwas immediately immortalized by the brush and\\npencil of every artist in the country.\\nIn going from Vilna to Grodno the emperor\\nstopped to change horses at one of my father s\\nfarms. While they were harnessing the new relay,\\nAlexander, walking about among the stables which\\nwere of rather remarkable architecture, noticed a large\\ncoachman s-whip freshly painted and varnished.\\nHe had the fancy of a young man to try the\\nwhip. A little stable-boy who was there, not recog-\\nnizing the emperor, and probably finding his pleasant\\nand prepossessing countenance infinitely less formida-\\nble than that of the big-moustached coachman, owner\\nof the whip, tried to take the whip from the hands of\\nAlexander, saying, Don t touch that whip, for it\\nbelongs to Mr. Theodore. The emperor, amused\\nat the boldness of the little chap, who had a waggish\\nmanner and a pretty face, asked him if Mr. Theodore\\nwould take a ducat for his whip. The little boy\\nundertook the negotiation and promised to remit the\\nprice to the owner. The business having been con-\\ncluded, the emperor rolled up the whip handily and\\nput it in his carriage, saying it was for his favorite\\ncoachman, the faithful Houchka.\\nThe emperor, in travelling, generally had himself\\ndriven, for safety, by his own coachmen. He who\\nwas driving the imperial carriage at this time wished\\nto try the horses before the emperor got in. They\\nwere large, strong stallions. No sooner had they\\n50", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nfelt the reins and the Russian whip to which they\\nwere not accustomed, than they began to kick and\\nrear, and would have broken the carriage in pieces if\\nthe people from the stables had not run to the\\nrescue. My father s equerry having begged to be\\nallowed to have the horses driven in the Polish\\nfashion, Mr. Theodore took the reins, and the em-\\nperor was driven without accident to the next\\nrelay.\\nThe philanthropic character of the emperor seemed\\nto promise uninterrupted peace to his happy sub-\\njects. No idea of conquest or ambition had thus\\nfar entered the head of this young sovereign, to the\\ngreat astonishment of all who surrounded him, and\\nto that of all Europe, no doubt. That which was\\nnot less remarkable was the admiration which he\\ninvoluntarily felt for the man whose character could\\nin no way be in sympathy with his own. But it\\nmust be admitted that that prestige of glory and\\npower which then surrounded Napoleon was well\\ncalculated to seduce the imagination with all the\\nfascination of the marvellous.\\nAlexander could not consider as a usurper the\\nextraordinary man who, having rescued France from\\nthe abyss of revolution, continued still to direct her\\ndestiny under the modest title of consul. Later,\\nNapoleon said that he found the crown of France\\non the ground and took it up. He would have\\nbeen without doubt more just, more noble, in tak-\\ning it up, to have restored it to the Bourbons, who\\nhad not let it fall, since it had been wrested from\\nthem; but the soldier of fortune found the crown\\nand made himself emperor.\\n5i", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nAlexander, wishing to hold amicable relations\\nwith France, followed up the negotiations cut off in\\nthe preceding reign, and sent Count Markoff to\\nParis. The principal object of Markoff s mission\\nwas to come to an understanding with the French\\ngovernment upon the system of indemnities in favor\\nof the German princes who had been stripped or\\nrobbed by the last treaty with Austria, whether by\\nmeans of exchange or by the secularization of the\\ngoods of the ecclesiastics. It appeared also in his\\ninstructions that Markoff should do all in his power\\nto establish and maintain good feeling between\\nFrance and England. It was thought that a war\\nbetween those two countries would necessarily dis-\\nturb the peace and prosperity of all Europe. Markoff\\nhad been employed during the reign of Catherine\\nonly in negotiations with the Turks, who were al-\\nways the conquered, or with the Poles, who, though\\ncourageous, were always obliged to yield to force.\\nHe was lacking in tact and circumspection. Every-\\nthing about him was disagreeable, his tone, his man-\\nner, and his character. He inspired the confidence\\nof neither France, England, nor Germany. When\\nEngland broke the treaty of Amiens and declared\\nwar against France, Markoff was so sure that Lord\\nMitford would accept the conditions of the first\\nconsul that he risked and lost a considerable sum\\nof the public funds.\\nFinally, Bonaparte, tired of the presence of that\\ndiplomatic personage, had him recalled to St. Peters-\\nburg. The Emperor Alexander showed a good\\ndeal of character on this occasion he sent Markoff\\nthe order of St. Andrew, leaving him at liberty to\\n52", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nreturn to St. Petersburg or remain in Paris. But\\nMarkoff, instead of imitating the firmness of his\\nroyal master, hastened his departure, saying he did\\nnot dare to prolong his stay in Paris for fear of being\\npoisoned. Oubril replaced him as charge d affaires\\nuntil that disastrous event happened which destroyed\\nthe harmony that had existed between the govern-\\nments of France and Russia. The assassination of\\nthe unhappy Due d Enghien proved, even to the\\nadmirers of Napoleon, of what terrible excesses\\nambition could render him capable. All Europe\\nshuddered with horror at that deed by which the\\nmost sacred rights were violated.\\nSharing that just indignation, Alexander, as prince\\nof the empire, sent a note to the diet of Ratisbon to\\ndemand reparation for the violation of the territory\\nof the electorate of Baden. But what reparation is\\npossible when the wrong is without remedy The\\nDue d Enghien was dead.\\nAustria and Russia declared war against France.\\nThe successes of Napoleon in that campaign are\\ntoo well known for me to recount them. Austria\\nremembers them only too well. The Emperor Alex-\\nander had confided the command of his troops to\\nKotousoff j 1 but he was present himself at the battle\\n1 Michael Laurionovitch Golenitchef Kotousoff (Kutusov) (born\\n1745, died 1813) served against the Poles and Turks, and rose to\\nbe lieutenant-general in 1789. In 1793 he was ambassador to Con-\\nstantinople, and on the accession of Paul I. was charged with a\\nmission to Berlin. After the assassination of the czar he was ap-\\npointed governor-general of St. Petersburg, and in 1805 was created\\ncommander-in-chief of the first corps of the Russian army against\\nthe French. He gained a victory at Durrenstein, and soon after\\ncommanded the Allied Army under the Emperor Alexander at\\nAusterlitz. In 1812, a few days before the battle of Borodino, he\\n53", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nof Austerlitz, lost through the non-arrival of the\\ncorps of the Russian army commanded by Bennig-\\nsen, and the army of the Archduke Charles coming\\nfrom Italy.\\nIt is said that at the beginning of the battle a\\nRussian colonel made prisoner by the French was\\nbrought to Napoleon, who asked him where the\\nEmperor of Russia was. The Russian having satis-\\nfied the curiosity of Napoleon, the latter set him at\\nliberty, charging him to beg the emperor on his part\\nto change his position, as he was about to make a\\ngrand discharge of artillery on the side where Alex-\\nander had stationed himself.\\nI will not attempt to describe this battle, so glori-\\nous for the French army. I will only say that the\\nyoung emperor showed great personal courage, ex-\\nposing his life in several encounters where he had\\na horse killed under him in pushing to the midst\\nof the retreat to rally his old grenadiers, who had\\nfled, crying Sire, no one is in command here\\nflee, do not expose your life The emperor was\\nthen obliged to quit the field of battle with the mor-\\ntification of a defeat, and with that which was still\\nmore painful to his sensitive heart, of having fruit-\\nlessly shed the blood of his subjects. You must\\nbe in my place, said he one day, you must be\\nin my place to know the responsibility of a sovereign,\\nand what I feel in thinking that I must one day give\\naccount to God for the life of each one of my sol-\\ndiers. These beautiful words are worthy to be\\nwas appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army. For his\\nvictories the emperor bestowed upon him the title of Prince of\\nSmolensk.\\n54", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nengraved on marble and on brass, and to serve as a\\nlesson to all the kings of the earth.\\nIn passing through Prussian Poland on his return\\nto Russia, the emperor was separated from his at-\\ntendants and lost his way one winter night near the\\nlittle village or borough of Miendsirzecz. Learning\\nthat the lands belonged to Prince Constantine Czar-\\ntoryski, whom, as well as his wife the Princess Ange-\\nlique, nee Radzivil, 1 he had known very well at St.\\nPetersburg, he had himself conducted to the castle.\\nArriving almost alone in a little sledge, the emperor\\nannounced himself as an old friend of the prince,\\nand asked to see him at once. The servants at first\\nmade some objections, judging from the modest\\nappearance of the equipage induced finally to yield,\\nin spite of themselves, to the influence of the sov-\\nereign manner of him to whom they spoke, they\\nwent to waken their master and to inform him of\\nthe arrival of the unknown friend, who would not\\ntell his name. Very much surprised in his turn,\\nPrince Czartoryski rose, put on his dressing-gown,\\nand descended to the salon, where he recognized\\nthe friend. The emperor would not allow them to\\nwaken the princess; he took only a cup of tea,\\naccepted some linen, of which he was in need be-\\nfore he could reach his carriages, and departed at\\nonce for St. Petersburg. Upon his arrival at the\\ncapital of the empire, the senate saw fit to offer the\\n1 The Princess Radzivil, palatine of Vilna, mother of the princess\\nCzartoryski, and my aunt, a person of fine mind and graces of im-\\nagination, had made long sojourns at St. Petersburg. She was\\nequally well received by the Empress Catherine II., who overwhelmed\\nher with honors and gifts, by Paul I., and by Alexander I.\\n55", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nemperor the grand order of St. George but Alex-\\nander refused that reward of valor, saying modestly\\nthat he did not at all deserve it.\\nAfter this campaign Oubril, the Russian charge\\nd affaires at Paris, made a treaty disadvantageous to\\nRussia, which Alexander had the firmness not to\\nratify. In the meantime Prussia, which before had\\nrefused to enter into the coalition with Austria and\\nRussia, alone and with extreme imprudence declared\\nwar against France. The battle of Jena, the death of\\nthe valiant prince Louis, and the taking of Berlin,\\nwere among the sad, results of an undertaking in\\nwhich without doubt there was more heroic exalta-\\ntion than real and healthy policy. The beautiful\\nQueen Louisa of Prussia, after having stimulated the\\ncourage of the Prussian soldiers, was obliged to flee\\nand being enceinte was transported on bales of cotton\\nto the frontier of the country, to Memel, where\\nshe remained, as well as the king, during the whole\\nof this disastrous campaign. So it was in Prussia,\\nand she would have suffered, perhaps, by a just retri-\\nbution from Heaven, the fate of Poland, if her noble\\nally, the generous Alexander, had not come to her\\nrescue.\\nThe Russian army commanded by general Bennig-\\nsen held back the impetuous French troops accus-\\ntomed to march from victory to victory. The success\\nof the battles of Pultusk and of Preussich-Eylau were\\ndoubtful for the one as well as for the other army.\\nBennigsen closed the entrance of Lithuania against\\nNapoleon. No general fighting against this great\\nmilitary genius had been able to claim such an\\nadvantage.", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "COUNT BBNNIGSHN.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0071.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0072.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nA great number of French prisoners were trans-\\nported at that time to the interior of Russia and\\npassed through Vilna. Their appearance excited\\namong the Poles a sort of patriotic effervescence,\\nwhich fortunately had no unhappy results, owing\\nto the moderation and prudence of the governor-\\ngeneral and commander of Lithuania, Rymsky\\nKorsakoff. 1\\nWarsaw, at that epoch already occupied by the\\nFrench, was regarded as the nucleus of a new Poland,\\nand all the patriotic feelings, all the hopes of the\\nPoles fastened themselves upon Napoleon as the only\\nsovereign who had, not only the power, but the wish\\nto re-establish the ancient kingdom of Poland. Mis-\\ntaken in the crafty character of Bonaparte, the Poles\\nbelieved they saw in each French soldier the instru-\\nment of the re-establishment of their nation. As such\\nthe prisoners of whom I have just spoken were re-\\nceived throughout Lithuania, and especially at Vilna,\\nwith such lively and exaggerated marks of interest\\nthat it was impossible to attribute it to humanity\\nalone. They deprived themselves of clothes, linen,\\nmoney, everything, for them. The market-women\\ngave the French soldiers their provisions for nothing.\\n1 Alexander Michailovitch Rymsky Korsakoff (Korsakov) (born\\n1753, died 1840). In his youth he entered the army, taking part in\\nthe campaign against France in the Low Countries. Later he served\\nwith distinction under Zubov in the war against Persia. On the\\naccession of Paul I. he was named lieutenant-general and sent with\\n30,000 men to support Souvarof in Switzerland. Before he could\\neffect a union he was overwhelmingly defeated by Massena at Zurich\\n(1799). Two years later he was promoted to general of infantry,\\nand a little later was named Governor-general of Moscow. By the\\nkindness and humanity of his administration he won the. respect and\\nfriendship of all.\\n57", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0073.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nPeople went to visit the officers, who were always in\\nsight. On the day of their departure everybody was\\neager to send them an abundance of provisions, and\\na crowd assembled at the house which they occupied\\nto see them off. The inhabitants conducted them on\\nfoot for several stages of the journey, and a livery-\\nstable-keeper furnished gratuitously thirty horses\\nand sledges to carry the French several miles from\\nVilna.\\nThe battle of Friedland in the spring of 1807 ter-\\nminated the Prussian campaign. The treaty of Tilsit,\\nin fixing the boundaries of the grand- duchy of War-\\nsaw, disappointed the hopes of the Poles, without\\nsucceeding, however, in extinguishing them entirely.\\nThe interview between the two sovereigns took place,\\nit is said, upon a boat in the middle of the Niemen,\\nin the presence of both armies drawn up in most\\nbrilliant array on opposite sides of the river. It is\\nsaid also that Napoleon on perceiving Alexander,\\nstruck with the beauty of that prince, exclaimed, It\\nis Apollo It was at this interview that Alexander\\nfor the first time gave Napoleon the title of emperor,\\nand majesty, whom until then he had not recognized\\nas the ruler of the French nation.\\nThe boat belonged to Napoleon. After the first\\ncompliments and the reciprocal presentations of the\\nGrand Duke Constantine and Murat, then Grand\\nDuke of Berg, Napoleon naturally wished to do the\\nhonors of the meeting-place for the conference to\\nthe Emperor of Russia. Alexander claimed that he\\nwas on his own shore, Napoleon that he was on his\\nown boat. To put an end to ceremonious contro-\\nversy, Alexander said, Very well, we will enter to-\\n58", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0074.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\ngether. As the door was very narrow, the two sov-\\nereigns were obliged to squeeze themselves together\\nto enter at the same time. It was observed that\\nthey were very animated as they left the place of this\\nconference, whose results were known later. Upon\\nhis return to his own shore, Napoleon, in compliment\\nto the Emperor of Russia, made the whole French\\narmy cry, Hourra In response to this politeness,\\nthe Emperor Alexander made sign to his own to cry,\\nVive V Empereur Napoleon The officers who\\nknew French cried as they were ordered, but the\\nRussian soldiers responded by their accustomed cry,\\nand the two banks of the Niemen resounded with\\nhourras.\\nThe conference lasted a number of days, during\\nwhich the sovereigns visited each other reciprocally.\\nAlexander even dined several times with Napoleon,\\nwho would never in his turn show the same proof of\\nconfidence, saying, to justify his fear: I am not as\\ngood as you, sire, and I fear the people by whom\\nyou are surrounded. Once only he had the fancy\\nto ask for tea. You are so near China, he said to\\nthe Russian emperor, you ought to have excellent\\ntea. But when it was brought, he pretended to put\\nthe cup to his lips, then put it down without having\\ntasted a drop.\\nWhen the Emperor Alexander dined at the French\\ncamp with several persons of his suite, the servants\\ncarried the dishes of gold and placed them on\\nNapoleon s table, passing through two lines of grena-\\ndiers, who allowed no one to approach for fear they\\nmight throw poison into the food.\\n59", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0075.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER III\\nIN acceding to the continental system which\\nNapoleon attempted to force upon Europe as\\nthe only means of opposing England, that power\\nthat was so proud of her impregnable position and\\nalways jealous of the glory of the great captain, the\\nEmperor Alexander bought the peace of Tilsit at the\\nprice of a sacrifice much more costly for his empire\\nthan an unsuccessful campaign would have been.\\nLittle it mattered to Napoleon if all Europe suffered,\\nso long as his hate and ambition were satisfied.\\nTranquil in regard to Russia, which he had now placed\\nunder the yoke of his policy, Bonaparte turned his\\nambitious looks towards Spain.\\nThe Russian emperor at this time received the King\\nand Queen of Prussia at St. Petersburg. On this\\noccasion he displayed a grandeur, magnificence, and\\ngenerous hospitality like that shown by Louis XIV.\\nin receiving the unfortunate James II. and his family,\\nwhen banished from England. Sumptuous equipages\\nand furs of great price were prepared for their Majes-\\nties and their followers, and awaited them on the\\nfrontier of the country. The King and Queen of\\nPrussia made their entry into St. Petersburg in a\\nstate carriage.\\nNotwithstanding the intense cold, the troops were\\nunder arms before five o clock in the morning. All\\nthe most illustrious and distinguished personages of\\nSt. Petersburg awaited the royal travellers at court.\\n6q", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0076.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nIt is related that the Emperor Alexander, giving his\\narm to the Queen of Prussia, encountered in one of\\nthe galleries of the palace the beautiful Madame N., 1\\nclothed in a simple gown of white crape, and with\\nno ornament on her magnificent black hair except\\na wreath of those flowers called forget-me-nots. This\\nlady then and for a long time after occupied the\\nheart of Alexander, without any other merit in his\\neyes than the charm of her beauty. In recalling a\\nweakness unhappily too well known, we attempt not\\nto justify it, if it can be justified, but to prove\\nthat the virtues of Alexander have effaced its\\nmemory.\\nMarried so young, and naturally endowed with\\nlively passions, friendship alone was not enough to\\nfill a heart too warm and too open to the dangerous\\nimpressions of love. Perhaps, also, the pride of a\\nmore constant heart, wounded in its dearest affections,\\ndid not permit Elizabeth to employ those means\\nwhich reason alone would have suggested to her, to\\nbring back the love of her husband. While she sup-\\npressed her complaints and affected a calm and\\nserene manner, she was often surprised bathed in\\ntears, contemplating the portrait of that Alexander, so\\nlovable and so unfaithful. Ah to find him less\\nculpable, let us turn our regards from the sorrows of\\ni Madame Narishkin was the prima donna of St. Petersburg in\\nbeauty, talents, and accomplishments. Her husband was the Grand\\nHuntsman of the court, and through the mother of Peter the Great\\nclaimed relationship to the imperial family. Her father, a Polish\\nnobleman, claimed descent from the ancient royal family of Russia,\\nand her mother was more nearly related to the imperial house. She\\nhad no influence in politics and never mixed in them. Her triumph\\nover Alexander was of short duration.\\n61", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0077.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthe angelic Elizabeth As man, Alexander had the\\nweaknesses of men. Perfection without blemish is not\\ncompatible with human nature. If Alexander did\\nnot attain to it in all respects in his private life, what\\nother mortal dare hope to attain to it? But, at least,\\nno one will accuse him of having attempted to seduce\\ninnocence. He always knew how to respect and\\nhonor merit and virtue, and he avoided scandal.\\nHe was never known to squander the revenues of the\\nState in mad profligacy, or to allow any favorite to\\ngain a dangerous influence over his mind. Finally,\\nhe renounced his errors at an age when the passions\\nstill preserve a fatal power, at the age when Louis\\nXIV. was under the influence of Madame de Montes-\\npan and the beautiful Fontanges, and much younger\\nthan Henri IV. when that king, so great in spite of\\nhis weaknesses, disguised as a lackey ran after the\\ncarriage of the charming Princess of Conde.\\nNot only were the King and Queen of Prussia as\\nwell as their suite entertained during their stay at St.\\nPetersburg by the emperor, but they were constantly\\nmade the objects of the most delicate attention and\\nroyal courtesy. Sumptuous festivities were given on\\nthat occasion at the winter palace, among which were\\nfire-works which cost immense sums, and a ball at\\nwhich there were twenty thousand persons dressed in\\nfancy costumes. The Queen of Prussia appeared in a\\nsuperb Russian costume worth one hundred thousand\\nrubles, which she found on her toilet just before the\\nball. It was thus that Alexander honored and\\nrespected the royal unfortunates.\\nAmbition, which was the food of Napoleon s genius,\\nled him to ask of the Emperor Alexander a second in-\\n62", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0078.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\ntervievv. Their meeting took place this time at Erfurt.\\nIt was there, it is said, that this unscrupulous man,\\ninsatiable of glory and conquests, unrolled to the\\neyes of the wise and moderate monarch his gigantic\\nplan for the division of the world, in renewing the\\nempire of the East and of the West. If that project\\ndid not succeed, its failure must be attributed to the\\nmoderation of Alexander. What a formidable union\\nthat would have been, with the military genius of\\nNapoleon united with the forces of Russia! The\\ninfatuation of Alexander for Napoleon, the fascination\\nwhich he exercised, kept up by that victorious career\\nto which all yielded, was not yet dissipated.\\nIt is said that during this conference at Erfurt,\\nAlexander was present with Napoleon at a repre-\\nsentation of CEdipus, and suddenly at this line,\\nL amitie d un grand homme est un bienf ait des dieux,\\nhe rose and kissed Napoleon. I cannot vouch\\nfor the truth of this anecdote, but I have heard\\nthe Emperor Alexander say that during his stay\\nat Erfurt he had been overwhelmed with contin-\\nual representations of tragedies, and that he attrib-\\nuted this melancholy taste to the sombre and tragic\\ncharacter of Napoleon.\\nA short time after the interview at Erfurt, Napoleon,\\nhaving had his marriage with Josephine dissolved,\\nand desiring to strengthen and perpetuate his dy-\\nnasty on the throne by a brilliant and durable alli-\\nance, asked of the Emperor of Russia his sister the\\nGrand Duchess Catherine l in marriage. Alexander\\n1 Catherine Paulowna (born 1788, died 1819). She was a daughter\\nof Paul I., and in 1809 married Prince George, Duke of Oldenburg,\\n63", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0079.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nseemed disposed to accede to these views of Napo-\\nleon, but the dowager Empress Marie and the young\\nprincess herself both women of great character, and\\nwho had always disapproved of the continental sys-\\ntem, which Alexander had adopted in spite of him-\\nself showed in this affair such firmness and resist-\\nance that Alexander was forced to yield, and Napoleon,\\nfor the first time since his elevation, had to submit to\\na refusal. Here was also his first experience of the\\ninconstancy of fortune. His brilliant marriage with\\nthe Archduchess Marie Louise effaced for the time\\nhis sense of humiliation, and filled his heart with\\nnew pride in making him believe in the stability of\\nhis fortune. However, its limit was already marked\\nby Providence it was in the wilds of Russia, it was\\nby the light of the burning of Moscow, in the midst\\nof the snows and frosts of the North, that misfortune\\nwas to seize its illustrious prey, to pour upon his own\\nhead the evils which his ambition had inflicted upon\\nthe world, and to make him submit to a slow and\\ncruel death upon a rock, in the midst of the ocean,\\nhim who complained that he suffocated in old Europe.\\nFinally, the Emperor Alexander, after three years\\nof peace, uncertain as to results, determined, if not to\\ndeclare war against the French, at least to renounce\\nthe continental system. One could scarcely flatter\\nhimself that Napoleon would be tractable on this\\nimportant point of his policy.\\nIt was equally impossible for Alexander to close\\nwho died in 1812. She was married in 1816 to the Prince of Wiir-\\ntemberg, who became King Wilhelm I. She was a favorite sister of\\nAlexander and is said to have been endowed with noble and amiable\\nqualities.\\n64", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0080.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nhis eyes any longer to the sad condition to which the\\nabsolute cessation of commerce had reduced the\\nempire. What limit, moreover, could any one assign\\nto this system, even more oppressive for those who\\nhad undertaken it than for those against whom it\\nwas directed? Had not England her colonies, her\\nships, all the seas at her disposition? Was not her\\npolicy of constantly opposing France far superior to\\nthat of Napoleon, who only knew how to act with\\nbombs and cannon and with millions of men?\\nFinally, as a last resource, had she not Spain and\\nWellington?\\n65", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0081.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER IV\\nTHE year 1812 saw the most memorable events\\nwhich history has ever recorded.\\nThe Emperor Alexander, who since his accession\\nto the throne had only once honored Vilna with his\\npresence, announced suddenly that he chose that\\ntown as his headquarters. The different corps of\\nthe army from all parts of Russia were gathered\\ntogether at different points of Lithuania. The em-\\nperor had just terminated the conquest of Finland,\\nand his friendly relations with Marshal Bernadotte,\\nthen prince royal of Sweden, reassured him against\\nany kind of dangerous diversion on the North. Ko-\\ntousoff, conqueror of Moldavia, had terminated a\\nglorious campaign in concluding a favorable treaty\\nwith the Turks.\\nAlthough the secrets of the cabinet were well\\nguarded, it was easy to see that France was the\\nobject of all these movements, that war was about\\nto break out but where would be the theatre of it\\nThat was what no one could foresee, for no news\\nwhatever from without was brought into the interior\\nof the country, not even to the headquarters. With\\nhis ordinary prudence the emperor had thought that\\nhis abode in Lithuania, the attraction of his presence,\\nhis affability and kindness would draw to him the\\nhearts of all the Lithuanians, and would be to them a\\ncertain antidote against the allurements which Napo-\\nleon seemed disposed to offer to their patriotism.\\n66", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0082.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander L\\nAlexander arrived at Vilna at the beginning of\\nMarch, 1812. It is principally with this time that\\nmy recollections of this excellent prince are con-\\nnected. I beg my readers in advance to spare me\\nthe reproach of vanity if, in speaking of the empe-\\nror, I find myself obliged to speak of myself. You\\nwill only see the humble lily of the fields beside the\\nstately cedar\\nMy father, having to give up to his Highness the\\nGrand Duke Constantine the house which he occupied,\\nchanged his quarters and sent me to a country place\\nnot far from Vilna, to stay with friends. In going\\nout of the town I was struck with the misery of the\\ncountry people, whom privation of the absolute\\nnecessities of life by the interruption of trade, the\\nbad harvests of the preceding year, and the continual\\npassage of troops and transports had entirely ruined.\\nThe trades-people were obliged to furnish the maga-\\nzines of the army with provisions, and were paid in\\npromises made in very uncertain terms. The evil, as\\nis always the case, weighed most heavily on the poor.\\nThe peasants lost their horses, and even their cattle.\\nThis sad spectacle, I remember, put me in bad humor\\nwith the emperor, as if he had been the cause of the\\nevils which are always the forerunners of war, not to\\nspeak of the plagues which are the inevitable fol-\\nlowers of it. It was the time of Lent, which is ob-\\nserved rigorously throughout the empire, even by the\\nemperor himself. It was not possible to celebrate\\nthe presence of the emperor by brilliant entertain-\\nments, but the emperor often accorded to certain\\npersons of the nobility of Vilna the honor of dining\\nwith them. In the morning his Majesty occupied\\n67", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0083.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nhimself with the affairs of state, received or sent off\\ncouriers, was present at the parade and military ex-\\nercises, and took long rides on horseback into the\\ncountry about Vilna, which he found delightful.\\nIn a lovely retreat, made beautiful by friendship\\nand all that art could devise, my friends and I\\nlearned that the emperor was about to inspect a\\nbody of troops quartered at Scawle and Semogitie,\\nand that we should have the pleasure of seeing him,\\nas he must necessarily pass Towiany, a place re-\\nmarkable for the beauty of its castle and its Eng-\\nlish gardens, and for having several times had the\\nhonor of the presence of its sovereign. Forty\\nhorses were sent and kept there for his Majesty.\\nNot knowing whether the emperor would only\\nchange horses or remain to dine there, Count Mori-\\nconi and his wife made preparations accordingly.\\nI acknowledge that the great stir and bustle which\\nalways announces and precedes the arrival of a\\nsovereign, the news no sooner received than denied,\\nthe comings and goings, the orders and counter-\\norders, the movements of the couriers, valets de\\nchambre, lieutenants of the police, the directors of\\nthe post, generals, etc., which followed each other\\nlike lightning, all this was very amusing. I never\\nlaughed so much, and must acknowledge that I was\\nwell seconded by my young friends, and that very\\nlittle was sufficient to excite our mirth.\\nFinally, on the 27th of April, 18 12, the emperor\\narrived at Towiany, about seven o clock in the even-\\ning, in an open calash. He always travelled thus,\\nin all kinds of weather by night as well as by day.\\nHe was received on the steps by Count Moriconi.\\n68", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0084.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nOn seeing this venerable old gentleman, dressed in\\nthe uniform of a commander of Malta, who was\\nhardly able to stand (for he had been paralyzed\\nfor several years), the emperor perceived at once\\nthat he was suffering, and with an air of kindness\\nand solicitude sustained the count as they ascended\\nthe steps. Seeing the mistress of the house, her\\ntwo nieces and myself, his Majesty excused himself\\nmost politely for appearing in undress uniform, not\\nexpecting to see ladies. Then giving his arm to\\nthe Countess Moriconi to enter the drawing-room,\\nthe emperor offered to kiss her hand. Madame de\\nMoriconi, out of respect, would not allow that mark\\nof politeness, which she had not expected, and as\\nshe was very short and courtesied very low, the em-\\nperor on his side bowed almost to the ground, which\\ngave me again such a desire to laugh that I could\\nhardly restrain myself.\\nMadame de Moriconi then presented her two\\nnieces, Mademoiselle Grabowska, now Princess Rad-\\nzivil, 1 Mademoiselle Dorothee Moriconi, now Countess\\nLopacinska, and me. The emperor asked the ladies\\nto sit down, and compelled the old count to do so,\\nplacing him himself in an arm-chair with touching\\ncare. He remained standing, spoke of Vilna, and\\nsaid many polite things of the society he found\\n1 Radzivil was one of the oldest, wealthiest, and most influential\\nfamilies in Poland. The family was a large one and was united in\\nits devotion to the existence of the kingdom. Charles Radzivil (died\\n1790) supported a small army out of his own purse. Michel Geron\\nRadzivil (born 1778, died 1850) was enrolled in the Polish army\\nunder Kosciusko. In 1812 he fought against Russia, and after the\\nbattles of Smolensk and Witepsk he was made a general of brigade\\nby Napoleon. When Paris was occupied by the Allies he returned\\nto Poland. He took an active part in the revolution of 1830.\\n69", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0085.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthere and the ball they had given him on the eve\\nof his departure. In answer to these compliments\\nwe felt it our duty to speak of St. Petersburg; the\\nemperor asked us if we knew it, and upon our nega-\\ntive answer, Well, ladies, he said, I invite you\\nto come there, and I hope it will answer to the\\nopinion you have already formed of it. He re-\\npeated several times that he was ashamed to be in\\nsuch dress in the presence of ladies, and related a\\nsimilar thing which had happened to him on his\\narrival near Warsaw, at Willanow, the ancient habi-\\ntation of King John Sobieski. I arrived there\\nsound asleep, said the emperor. What was my\\nastonishment and confusion when, on wakening, I\\nfound myself surrounded by charming and beauti-\\nful ladies, in a brightly illuminated castle filled with\\nsouvenirs of King John.\\nThe emperor complimented Madame Moriconi\\nvery much upon the beauty of the castle and park,\\nupon which she asked him to look at the view from\\nthe window. The spring was late that year, and at\\nthe end of April there was no appearance of verdure.\\nThe hour for dinner had already passed, but his\\nMajesty would only take a cup of tea, and soon,\\nlearning that the carnages were ready, he begged\\nMadame Moriconi not to accompany him, and salut-\\ning each person of the house, ranged along his\\npassage, he mounted his carriage with the grand\\nmarshal of the court, Count Tolstoi.\\nI acknowledge that I was very much struck, at\\nfirst sight, with the good looks of the emperor,\\nwhose charm consisted especially in the mildness\\nand expression of an open and pleasant counte-\\n7\u00c2\u00b0", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0086.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nnance. I must say also, in all simplicity, that I\\ncould not imagine a sovereign in an overcoat.\\nFinally, if I may say it, I found him too amiable,\\nnot imposing enough, making one forget his rank\\ntoo easily. I could not accustom myself to those\\nexaggerated expressions of politeness, respect, and\\nhomage which he employed with ladies, which sur-\\npassed in my ideas all that is left us of the exquisite\\ngallantry of Louis XIV.\\nWe were told by General Armfeldt, 1 at that time\\ncommander in Finland, and by M. Czernischeff, aide-\\nde-camp to his Majesty, that the emperor would\\nreturn by Towiany. M. Czernischeff to whom\\nhis journeys to Paris, and the secret messages with\\nwhich he had been charged gave a sort of celebrity,\\nto which he was not indifferent seemed to worship\\nthe emperor, to whom he had given the surname\\nthe Seduisant. Three days after the departure of\\nhis Majesty a courier arrived from Scawle bringing a\\nletter from Prince Wolkonski, 2 which announced that\\n1 Gustav Mauritz Armfeldt (born 1759, died 1814) was a favorite\\nof Gustavus III., and just before the death of that king in 1792 was\\nappointed governor of Stockholm. In 1794 he was charged with\\ntreason by the regent, who, during the absence of Armfeldt on a mis-\\nsion to Naples, procured a sentence of death against him. He was\\nrestored to his former dignities by Gustavus IV. in 1799. Six years\\nlater he was appointed governor-general of Finland. In 1808 he\\ncommanded an army which was unsuccessful in its attempt to con-\\nquer Norway. Owing to persistent persecution by his enemies he\\nentered the Russian service in 1810, and was appointed to several\\nhigh offices by Alexander.\\n2 Prince Pierre Mikhailovitch Wolkonski (Volkonsky) (born 1776,\\ndied 1852) was one of the most eminent generals in Russia, and his\\nstrong moral character gave him great influence. He was appointed\\naide-de-camp to the Grand Duke Alexander in 1797, and served with\\ndistinction in the brilliant campaigns of 1805, 1812, 1813, and 1814.\\nAfter the peace of Tilsit, Alexander presented him to Napoleon,\\n71", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0087.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthe emperor proposed to come the next evening to\\nask Countess Moriconi for a cup of tea.\\nAs the emperor was to stop at Vilkomir to be\\npresent at a review, the director-general of the post\\nhinted that the countess would do well to ask his\\nMajesty to pass the night at Towiany, where he would\\nbe incomparably better lodged than in a dirty little\\ncountry town filled with Jews. He assured her that\\nthe emperor would gladly accept her invitation.\\nCountess Moriconi, an elderly woman, not liking the\\nconstraint and trouble of etiquette, suffering also from\\na neglected cold, while answering that she did not\\ndeserve so much honor, gently pinched my arm to\\nshow me how much she was annoyed. It was neces-\\nsary immediately to evacuate the apartments of the\\ncountess, of her nieces and their maids, to put them in\\norder for the reception of the emperor. A crowd of\\nmaids old and young came and went, screaming,\\ncarrying, and upsetting everything; the confusion was\\nmost laughable. His Majesty s valet de chambre, who\\nwas filling a yellow morocco bag with hay, the ordi-\\nnary bed of Alexander, who always slept on a hard\\nbed, told us gravely that the emperor never allowed\\npeople to disturb themselves for him, and finally as-\\nsured us condescendingly that everything would do\\nvery well. In the evening, as the lamps were being\\nlighted, I saw from the window a company of peasants,\\nmen and women, returning from their work to their\\nhumble cottages, singing their plaintive Lithuanian\\nairs. The simplicity and calmness of these good\\nwho invited him to visit France and study the details of the organiza-\\ntion of the army. Accordingly he lived abroad in the years 1808 and\\n1809. He was Russian ambassador to the court of Charles X.\\n72", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0088.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\npeople formed a contrast to the bustle and commo-\\ntion in the castle which struck me, and I spoke of it\\nto Madame Moriconi. As we stood there chatting\\nsome one came to say that the emperor had arrived.\\nThe mistress of the house rushed in quite out of\\nbreath we made her sit down a moment, then ran all\\ntogether to receive the emperor.\\nThis time Alexander was in general s uniform em-\\nbroidered with gold, with the scarf. It was no longer\\nthe sovereign in an overcoat. He had stopped to\\ndress at a farmhouse which belonged to the castle.\\nRemembering that Madame Moriconi had been in-\\ndisposed, he asked after her health and addressed a\\npolite word to each of us. He said he had tried to\\nreach Towiany in time for dinner, but the bad roads\\nhad made him late. Then Madame Moriconi made\\nbold to ask the emperor if he would not do her the\\nhonor to accept her hospitality for the night. His\\nMajesty replied that he would not give her that\\ntrouble, that he had his quarters at Vilkomir. Upon\\nthis, new entreaties, for we saw that the refusal came\\nfrom delicacy. We now called Count Tolstoi to our\\naid who, having learned that he was a relative of\\nMadame Moriconi (his daughter married Prince\\nLubomirski, a nephew of that lady), immediately ap-\\nproached the emperor with that familiar tone which\\nhe allowed himself with him, and said Sire, you will\\nhave to consent to remain here, for I am to do the\\n1 Count Ivan Ostermann Tolstoi (born 1770, died 1857) was a\\nbrilliant Russian general of artillery. In the bloody battle of\\nOstrowna, July 25, 1S12, he showed great courage and skill when\\nhe was placed immediately opposite the troops of Murat and Prince\\nEugene; and again showed marked bravery at Bautzen. His last\\nyears were passed in strict retirement near Genoa,\\n73", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0089.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nhonors as a relation. As the emperor seemed sur-\\nprised, Tolstoi hastened to explain. Then his Majesty\\nturning to Madame Moriconi said, Madame, I am at\\nyour service, but I beg you not to disturb yourself for\\nme.\\nWe all sat in a circle. The emperor asked Madame\\nMoriconi if she had not used a remedy for her cough\\nvery well known at St. Petersburg, which his physi-\\ncian would get for her, if she had n t it. Count\\nTolstoi said he could cure a cold with jujube lozenges.\\nThe emperor made some joke about his doctoral\\npropensities adding that it would not always be safe\\nto follow his advice. What sire, I have given those\\npastilles to your mother answered Tolstoi. The\\ndowager empress never takes anything else when she\\nhas a cold.\\nThe emperor then spoke of his tour in Lithuania,\\nof several beautiful views on the river Niemen, of\\nagriculture in general, etc. Madame Moriconi sus-\\ntained the conversation very well. The emperor\\ncomplimented her upon her knowledge of agriculture.\\nHe asked if we were musicians; Madame Moriconi\\nsaid that her niece sang. He expressed a wish to\\nhear her everybody rose and Alexander placed him-\\nself near the piano. Mademoiselle Dorothee said to\\nhim she could hardly breathe for fear. I beg you,\\nhe said, just put the emperor aside. While she\\nsang Alexander turned the leaves for her, and when\\nthe song was finished he complimented her on her\\ntalent. Then turning to me he asked me if I also was\\nmusical, but I hastened to say that I possessed only\\nvery moderate talent. He then talked for some time\\nabout music and singing, and spoke of Madame Frank,\\n74", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0090.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nwhose method he admired and whose voice was very\\nbeautiful and of great compass. He liked Romberg, 1\\nRode, 2 Steibert, 3 and the opera Romeo and Juliet;\\nto the last I had the boldness to prefer Zingarella.\\nHis Majesty regretted that the Empress Catherine\\nhad never allowed him to learn the violin, in spite of\\nthe taste he had for that instrument, that princess\\nfearing with reason the loss of her grandson s time\\nwhich the study of music would necessitate. The\\nemperor told us also that at St. Petersburg, during\\nLent, they have only concerts, and never balls, our\\nrite being more severe than yours, he said. He then\\nbegged Mademoiselle Dorothee, if it was not impos-\\ning too much on her patience, to sing a national air.\\nIn the meantime Prince Wolkonski arrived with\\nMr. Wylie. 4 The emperor joked them about their\\ndelay, saying that they must have travelled like snails.\\nHis Majesty can laugh at us with good grace,\\nsaid the prince to me; he takes the best horses for\\nhis relays, leaving us only the poor ones.\\nDo you know, Wylie, said Alexander to his\\nphysician, Tolstoi is going to infringe upon your\\n1 Andreas Romberg (born 1767, died 1821) was a celebrated\\nGerman violinist and composer. In 181 5 he became director of\\nmusic at Gotha. He produced several sacred pieces and operas, and\\nset to music Schiller s Song of the Bell and other poems.\\n2 Pierre Rode (born 1774, died 1830). A French violinist who\\ncomposed concertos, which are much admired.\\n3 Daniel Steibelt (born 1756, died 1S23) was a celebrated pianist\\nand composer for the piano. He was patronized by Frederick the\\nGreat and became Imperial Chapel-Master at St. Petersburg.\\n4 James Wylie (bom 1768, died 1S54) was a Russian physician of\\nScotch origin. He was Physician to the Emperor, Member of the\\nP,rivy Council, President of the Military Sanitary Commission, and\\nMember of the Academy of Surgery. He wrote several works on\\nmedicine,\\n75", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0091.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nrights, and thinks of giving medical advice. The\\nEnglishman was puzzled, not knowing anything of the\\npreceding conversation. Then followed an explana-\\ntion in a form of pleasantry, which was very lively and\\nagreeable.\\nWhile my friend sang I chatted with the new ar-\\nrivals, of whom nobody thought, every one being\\noccupied with the emperor. Approaching the piano\\nI found the conversation had turned on foreign\\nlanguages, of which the emperor maintained that\\nthe Poles spoke the most. He added that he liked\\nPolish very much and also spoke it. I said that the\\nGrand Duke Constantine was supposed to speak it\\nperfectly, and even to write it. Yes, replied the\\nemperor, my brother boasts about it, but I have\\nnever seen any of his writings, and he does not speak\\nit very correctly.\\nThe ^question of the analogy of the Russian and\\nPolish languages was referred to, and the similarity\\nof certain words, and the emperor, smiling, made me\\nrepeat some Russian words, which I did not pro-\\nnounce very well.\\nSoon after Alexander proposed to retire, saying\\nthat he feared he was taxing us too much, and that\\nwe without doubt would like to rest. Seeing that\\nno one dared to detain his Majesty, it occurred to\\nme to say, Your Majesty, then, takes us for real\\ncountry people? The good-natured prince com-\\nmenced laughing, and turning to me No, certainly,\\nI do not think that, but I believe it is a very good\\nhabit in the country to go to bed early. Then\\nTolstoi whispered a few words in his ear about sup-\\nper. The emperor asked Madame Moriconi if she\\n76", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0092.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nsupped, and upon her answer in the affirmative he\\nsaid, I never sup, but I will conform to the usages\\nof the house. In chatting with Madame Moriconi\\nhe wanted to know if she passed the winters in town\\nor in the country. She answered that formerly she\\nwent to Vilna, but that present circumstances forced\\nevery one to curtail expenses. Yes, replied the\\nemperor, and the consequences are still more to be\\nfeared a remark which made us think That is\\nwhat makes me envy the good fortune of my family,\\nwho live in the depths of White Russia, said Ma-\\ndame Moriconi. Without doubt, that is farther from\\nthe frontiers, but I hope still all will be arranged,\\nsaid his Majesty.\\nGod grant it, said the countess.\\nSupper was served, and the emperor gave his arm\\nto the mistress of the house to go to the dining-room,\\nwhich, as well as the table, was ornamented with\\nflowers. He refused to take the place of honor which\\nhad been prepared for him, changing the whole ar-\\nrangement of the table with charming vivacity. I\\nbeg you, he said, let me be only a man, then I\\nshall be so happy. That is a recreation for your\\nMajesty, said Madame Moriconi the elder. He sat\\nbetween these two ladies and busied himself in serv-\\ning them. Taking a glass of Hungarian wine, he\\ndrank the health of his hostess, saying, Is this not\\ncalled in Polish Stare wino (old wine)\\nHe said he and his three companions were doing\\njustice to the supper. Pointing to Wolkonski, See\\nwhat an appetite one would n t think he had dined,\\nto see him eat, he said. Prince Wolkonski said\\nto me, with a little temper, And what a dinner\\n77", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0093.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nan egg and half a chicken. Yes, added Count\\nTolstoi, the emperor will never have either cooks\\nor provisions in travelling. He is satisfied to eat\\nwhat he finds and then addressing Alexander he\\nasked, Well, sire, are you sorry to stay here, in-\\nstead of going in to our bad quarters at Vilkomir?\\nNo, indeed, answered the emperor; it is a long\\ntime since I passed such a delightful evening.\\nSome one spoke of the remarkable memory of the\\nemperor, who recalled with accuracy all the names\\nof persons and places which he had seen in his\\ndifferent journeys in Lithuania his Majesty said\\nI must have memory for the marshal and for my-\\nself, for he has none at all. When he speaks to me\\nhe always says, Sire, you know, it is Mr. So-and-so,\\nand then tells me the story. The marshal agreed\\nthat it was true. I put him to the proof and asked\\nhim about the last journey. I do not remember,\\nhe said, but I will ask the emperor, which he\\ndid.\\nAfter supper Alexander approached me and asked\\nif the marshal was going to be my physician also,\\nhaving chatted with me so long at table. In fact, I\\nhad remarked that the emperor had observed us\\nwith one of those little lorgnettes which he always\\nkept in the sleeve of his uniform, and so often lost.\\nI answered that it was I, on the contrary, who had\\ntaxed the patience and especially the memory of the\\nmarshal. On what subject? Oh, on his travels,\\nand unfortunately I have always found him in fault.\\nOh it would be a miracle if any one should suc-\\nceed in making the marshal remember anything,\\nsaid the emperor.\\n78", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0094.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nAt the moment of retiring, the emperor took\\nMadame Moriconi aside and said he had a favor to\\nask of her. We were very curious to know what it\\nwas. Alexander asked that no one would disturb\\nhimself or herself to be present at his departure in\\nthe morning. Madame Moriconi insisted, but the\\nemperor retired bowing. We then asked Count\\nTolstoi and Prince Wolkonski if we might not dis-\\nobey. They answered that they could not take it\\nupon themselves to authorize us to do so, but that\\nthey would go and negotiate a permission from\\nthe emperor. His Majesty reappeared, assuring\\nher that he would have it on his conscience if he\\nallowed Madame Moriconi, with her cold, to get up\\nso early. She insisted that it would disturb her still\\nmore not to do her duty, and I added that we had\\ndecided to run the risk of disobedience. Made-\\nmoiselle Dorothee Moriconi said in her turn that\\nwe would be up before the regiments at Vilkomir.\\nWe all spoke together. The emperor looked from\\none to another, smiled, made amiable motions of\\nimpatience, left us, and returned again. The little\\nscene seemed to amuse him, and there was a charm\\nand liveliness in all his movements. Finally, after\\nhaving kissed the hand of each of us, he retired to\\nhis apartment.\\nThe next morning at six o clock we were all assem-\\nbled in the drawing-room, our eyes fixed upon the\\ndoor by which his Majesty should enter. We had\\nnot long to wait till the emperor appeared. He ad-\\nvanced with much grace and dignity toward the mis-\\ntress of the mansion. Madame, he said, I come\\nto reproach you; you have not received me as a\\n79", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0095.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nfriend, as an old acquaintance; you have put your-\\nself out for me you have given up your rooms. I\\nwould never have allowed it if I had known. In fact,\\nyou have received me too well. He then asked\\nwhen we had gotten up. About two hours ago,\\nsomebody said. He shook his head. Madame\\nMoriconi said to his Majesty that the impressions of\\nthe evening had banished sleep.\\nAt the moment of departure the emperor said\\nmore pleasant things to Madame Moriconi, begged\\nher to remember him, and asked if she had no com-\\nmissions for Vilna. He would not have us conduct\\nhim to his carriage, but as soon as he had gone out,\\nwe all followed him to the steps, when he laughingly\\nhid himself behind a pillar to put on his overcoat.\\nThe emperor sprang from the ground into his calash,\\nand was obliged himself to arrange a quantity of\\npackages which prevented him from sitting down\\nhe did this good-humoredly while waiting for the\\ngrand-marshal, who finally arrived, having, not with-\\nout trouble, gotten into the sleeves of his overcoat,\\nwhose torn lining would not let his hands pass\\nthrough. This incident made us laugh after the\\ndeparture of his Majesty.\\nAlexander left a thousand rubles for the servants\\nin the house. Knowing that the priest of the parish\\nhad awaited the emperor on his passage, we went\\ninto the village to speak to him. This good old man\\ncame to meet us, and related with much feeling that\\nthe emperor, having seen him coming from the church\\nclothed in his priestly robes and carrying the cruci-\\nfix, had stopped his horses and springing to the\\nground advanced toward him to take the cross,\\n80", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0096.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nwhich he kissed. When the curate wished to kiss\\nhis hand he drew it back, and kissed the hand of the\\npriest with great respect, and departed overwhelmed\\nwith blessings. This simple, touching mark of re-\\nspect for age and religion brought tears to my eyes\\nwhen I heard it.\\nPerhaps it will be thought that the pleasure of re-\\ncording these memories which are dear to me has\\ndrawn me into too long and too minute details.\\nHowever, to make known these persons who have\\nplayed an important role in the world s theatre and\\nhave left a name honored among men, it is not suf-\\nficient to recall the great actions which have made\\nthem illustrious; it is necessary, so to speak, to fol-\\nlow them step by step in their private life. It is\\nthere that the man is found. Why does one find\\nsuch a great charm in the historical romances of\\nWalter Scott, who often conducts us with admirable\\nart from room to room, from boudoir to boudoir,\\neven to the bed-chamber of the hero or heroine? It\\nis because he carries us in fancy into the presence of\\nthe people whose actions he relates, and the illusion\\nis such that we seem to see and to speak with them.\\nWhy is the reading of mtmoires so universally enjoyed\\nand sought? It is because it admits of a thousand de-\\ntails of circumstance, which the severe tone of history\\nmust reject.\\nThe Emperor Alexander, at the time of which I\\nspeak, was thirty-five years old, but he looked much\\nyounger. I remember asking Count Tolstoi how the\\nhealth of the emperor could stand these long jour-\\nneys. Look at him, said the count, and you will\\ncease to wonder.\\n6 81", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0097.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nNotwithstanding the regularity and delicacy of his\\nfeatures, the brightness and freshness of his com-\\nplexion, his beauty was less striking, at first sight,\\nthan that air of benevolence and kindness which cap-\\ntivated all hearts and instantly inspired confidence.\\nHis tall, noble, and majestic form, which often stooped\\na little with grace, like the pose of an antique statue,\\nalready threatened to become stout, but he was per-\\nfectly formed. His eyes were blue, bright and ex-\\npressive; he was a little short-sighted. His nose\\nwas straight and well shaped, his mouth small and\\nagreeable. The rounded contour of his face, as well\\nas his profile, resembled that of his august mother.\\nHis forehead was somewhat bald, but this gave to\\nhis whole countenance an open and serene expres-\\nsion, and his hair, of a golden blond, carefully\\narranged as in the heads on antique cameos or\\nmedallions, seemed made to receive the triple crown\\nof laurel, myrtle, and olive. He had an infinity of\\nshades of tone and manner. When he addressed\\nmen of distinguished rank, it was with dignity and\\naffability at the same time to persons of his retinue,\\nwith an air of kindness almost familiar to women of\\na certain age, with deference and to young people,\\nwith an infinite grace, a refined and attractive man-\\nner, and a countenance full of expression.\\nThis prince in his early youth had had his hearing\\nseriously impaired by the report of a discharge of\\nartillery, in consequence of which his left ear was\\nsomewhat deaf, and he usually turned the right\\ntoward the speaker to hear better. No painter, with-\\nout exception has ever been able to catch the likeness\\nof his features, especially the expression and refine-\\n82", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0098.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nment of his countenance moreover, Alexander never\\nliked to be painted, and his portraits have generally-\\nbeen made stealthily.\\nMore fortunate than his brother artists, Gerard ob-\\ntained several sittings of the Emperor Alexander. In\\nhis portrait of that prince, as in all his chefs-d asiivre,\\nhe has shown great talent and a beautiful touch, but\\nstill it is not Alexander. Gerard would give to this\\npacificator of Europe, to the prince who had come\\nto restore, not to conquer the French monarchy, a\\nconquering air, a martial bearing, which did not\\nsuit his features. Gerard has succeeded, in making\\nonly a beautiful picture. Sculpture this time, as well\\nas many others, has succeeded better than her sister,\\npainting, and we have seen a bust of Alexander, ex-\\necuted by an artist of Berlin, which leaves nothing to\\nbe desired. Thorwaldsen has also made a bust of\\nthe prince, which, it is said, is worthy of the chisel of\\nthat celebrated artist.\\n83", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0099.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER V\\nIT was only a short time after the return of the\\nEmperor Alexander to Vilna, that Count Nar-\\nbonne arrived there, sent by Napoleon, it seemed,\\nless to avoid a rupture and to conciliate than to\\nthrow a furtive glance over the Russian army, its\\nstrength, its plans, etc.\\nA man of fashion and of pleasure With a bril-\\nliant and agreeable but changeable mind ashamed of\\nthe many different parts which he had performed,\\nand of the role which he even yet played absolutely\\nwanting in that balance and that justice of aim which\\nare never found in a false position, Count Narbonne\\nwas poorly fitted to fill a diplomatic mission.\\nHe had commenced his career in his youth by\\nbeing knight of honor to the royal princesses of\\nFrance, who overwhelmed him with kindness, and\\nmore than once came to his help for he was with-\\nout fortune and had a decided weakness for dissipa-\\ntion. Narbonne showed little gratitude toward these\\nprincesses at the time of the Revolution. Led away\\nby Madame de Stael and others, he adopted revolu-\\ntionary ideas. As minister to Louis XVI. he took\\nmeasures against the foreign troops who came to\\nLouis s aid. Suspected by the revolutionary party\\nand despised at the same time by the royalists, he\\nquitted France during the Reign of Terror. After\\nhaving been a wanderer a number of years, he re-\\n84", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0100.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nturned to France at the moment when Napoleon\\ntook the reins of government.\\nCount Narbonne, after many attempts and solici-\\ntations, obtained of Napoleon, first, the place of min-\\nister to Munich, afterwards that of adjutant-general.\\nNapoleon had let his choice fall upon Narbonne on\\nthis occasion because he was the only one, perhaps,\\nin that military court who had preserved the old\\nmanners, and a manner of expressing himself which\\nrendered him worthy of being heard by a sovereign\\nso refined and polite as Alexander. However, in\\nspite of the elegant facility of his language, Nar-\\nbonne could adduce no argument in favor of his new\\nmaster, in the audience which the Emperor Alex-\\nander accorded to him. That prince explained with\\nso much clearness and noble eloquence the modera-\\ntion of his conduct, his just causes of complaint, and\\nthe impossibility of conciliating the propositions\\nmade to him with the honor of his crown, the in-\\nterests of the empire, and his desire to avoid the\\nshedding of human blood, that Narbonne, dazzled\\nand confounded, could find no answer to this speech.\\nIn passing out from his audience he said to one of\\nhis acquaintances: The emperor was so secure on\\nhis own ground, his reasoning had so much force\\nand logic, that I could only intrench myself behind a\\nfew trite court phrases.\\nNarbonne was present the same day at a grand\\nreview, and dined with the emperor, who sent him a\\nvaluable present of diamonds and a snuff-box orna-\\nmented with his portrait.\\nThis envoy wishing to communicate with the Poles,\\nto whom he had letters, wanted to prolong his stay\\n85", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0101.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nbut the day after his audience the emperor sent him\\nby one of his stewards the provisions for a most lux-\\nurious journey, and immediately after, Count Cotch-\\nubey and Count Nesselrode came to make him a\\nfarewell visit, after which Narbonne felt that he\\ncould no longer defer his departure; especially\\nwhen a courier came to announce that the horses\\nwere ordered for six o clock in the evening. The\\nprofound admiration of Narbonne for Alexander, and\\nthe astonishment which the bearing and strength of\\nthe Russian army caused him were the only results\\nof this mission.\\nI had not been long at Towiany before I learned\\nthat his Imperial Majesty had deigned to name as\\nladies of honor at the court, Mademoiselle Dorothea\\nMoriconi, Mademoiselle Marie Grabowska, and my-\\nself; also two other young persons who were then at\\nVilna: Mademoiselle Giedroyc, who was afterwards\\nlady in waiting to the Empress Josephine, and\\nMademoiselle Wilehouska. The emperor himself sent\\nthe packet to Towiany which contained the three\\norders in diamonds with the united crests of the\\ndowager empress and the Empress Elizabeth, charg-\\ning my father, in the most amiable manner, to pay\\nfor him the debt which he said he had contracted at\\nTowiany.\\nMy father came to take me back to Vilna. The\\nnext day after my arrival I went to the chapel of\\nthe emperor. It was Sunday and the assembly\\nthere was numerous and brilliant. It was the first\\ntime that I had been present at a grand service of\\nthe Greek ritual. I found that the dress of the\\narchbishops, the wide violet robes, the long, float-\\n86", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0102.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\ning hair and anointed beard covering the breast,\\nthe incense which perfumed the air, the golden\\ndoors which opened and closed at marked inter-\\nvals, all had a kind of harmony with the majesty\\nof the Christian religion. The chant especially,\\nwithout any instrumental accompaniment, seemed to\\nme to have a celestial beauty and simplicity. It\\nwas executed by the singers of his Majesty s chapel\\nat St. Petersburg.\\nThe same day, my father dining at court, the\\ngrand-marshal came to say Does your daughter\\ngo out this evening? For his Majesty proposes to\\ngo and see her, and has written to the empress that\\nhe will make a visit to one of the maids of honor\\nand it may be, added Tolstoi, smiling, that the\\nemperor has counted without his host.\\nMy father wrote me a note in pencil to inform me\\nof the proposed visit, and sent it by a court messen-\\nger. The emperor arrived in the evening in a dor-\\nochka. My father received him at the foot of the\\nstaircase, while I awaited him at the door of the\\nantechamber, where I expressed in a few words how\\nhappy I was that his Majesty deigned to come him-\\nself to receive my most respectful thanks. The em-\\nperor said that I owed him none that on the contrary\\nit, was for him to thank me for all those marks of\\ncourtesy which I had shown him at Towiany; finally,\\nthat he had come to present me his most humble\\nrespects.\\nI only quote these words to give an idea of the\\nchivalrous tone of this prince. Entering the draw-\\ning-room he insisted that I should sit on the sofa,\\nwhile he took a chair, and put his hat on the floor.\\n87", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0103.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nAs my father remained standing in spite of the invi-\\ntation of his Majesty to sit, the emperor rose sud-\\ndenly, saying, Well, Count, if you do not take a\\nseat, I will remain standing also. My father was\\nforced to obey.\\nThe emperor spoke of Towiany, and said, smiling,\\nto my father that I had accused him of taking me for\\na countrywoman. Then with a tone of entreaty while\\nit remained only with him to command, he asked me\\nif I would not come to St. Petersburg. As I lowered\\nmy eyes without responding to this proposition, by\\nwhich I felt a little agitated, That is, then, impos-\\nsible? said he, with an air of gentleness quite charm-\\ning. Sire, I replied at last, I will take it as a\\nholiday some day. In fact, continued the em-\\nperor, it is not the time to go to St. Petersburg\\nbut I hope you will come there later, and we will do\\nthe best we can to procure you all sorts of amuse-\\nments. His Majesty praised the environs of Vilna\\nvery much, and as I spoke of the beautiful country\\nhouses which surround St. Petersburg, and the beauty\\nof the Neva, Oh, yes, said the emperor, art has\\ndone all she could to conquer nature; for St. Peters-\\nburg is situated in the midst of an uncultivated morass.\\nWe will show you all that when you come. Our cli-\\nmate is horrible added he. When we have fifteen\\nfine days in a season we say that the summer has\\nbeen superb. The emperor said he had just bought\\nZakret, the estate of General Bennigsen, half a league\\nfrom Vilna, and that he was now a citizen of the town\\nand had the right to wear its uniform. I expressed\\nmy regret that his Majesty had not given preference\\nto Werki, the ancient and beautiful residence of the\\n88", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0104.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nBishop of Vilna, Prince Massalski, 1 whose vast castle\\nbuilt in the Italian style of the better period, is sit-\\nuated upon a wooded mountain and commands an\\nextensive view over the country about, including\\nVilna which is a mile distant, and the Vilia which\\nflows at the foot of the mountain. The emperor re-\\nplied that that would have been a fancy too expen-\\nsive for him, and added by way of a jest, that my\\nfather ought to make that acquisition. The Count\\nobjected that he was father of a family. So much\\nmore the reason, replied his Majesty; you could\\ngive it to your daughter, who would do the honors of\\nthe castle, and that would be charming.\\nThe conversation soon took a graver turn, and\\npolitics became the subject of it. Without touching\\nupon actual circumstances, the emperor assured us\\nthat he had only pacific intentions that he had\\nmade every sacrifice to maintain peace that he was\\nresolved in any case not to commence hostilities\\nand, finally, that he had only the good of his subjects\\nat heart, and that the calamities of the times made\\nhim suffer intensely.\\nMy father said that the Lithuanians regretted that\\nthese unfortunate circumstances did not allow them\\nto show all their zeal for his Majesty, and that they\\nall knew that the emperor wished to be the father of\\nhis subjects. The emperor answered that he would\\n1 Prince Ignace Massalski (born 1729, died about 1800) was\\ndescended from a long line of Russian princes. They were one of\\nthe most influential families in Lithuania when the two rival houses\\nof Radzivil and Massalski contended for supremacy. He supported\\nStanislaus for the Polish throne. In 1762 he was consecrated Bishop\\nof Vilna. His contemporaries describe him as a learned scholar,\\nerudite and gifted with a quick and lively intelligence.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0105.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nendeavor to meet the confidence which they placed\\nin him. In quitting us, Alexander, with his amiably\\nextravagant politeness, asked my pardon for having\\nwearied me with politics and for having abused my\\npatience.\\nMy friends from Towiany had also come to Vilna\\nto thank the emperor, who paid them a visit at which\\nI was present. I remember a remark of the em-\\nperor s which made a great sensation among the\\nPoles of his retinue to whom I related it, and who\\nwere pleased to give it a different interpretation,\\nperhaps, from the sense which the emperor had\\nmeant. Tea was brought in. The emperor took the\\nglass jug which held the cream and served the ladies.\\nWhen my turn came he asked if I took much. Sire,\\nd Vanglaise I replied. 77 vaut mieux etre Polo-\\nnaise said he, with that quick wit which was natural\\nto him.\\nThey were busy then at Vilna with preparations\\nfor an entertainment which was given at Zakret, the\\nhouse of the emperor. A storm was ready to break\\nover our heads, and yet, in full security, no one\\nthought of anything but pleasure and of the happi-\\nness of having the emperor there. Not only were\\nwe far from foreseeing his departure, and from sus-\\npecting that the troops of Napoleon were near the\\nNiemen, but we were even ignorant of the fact that\\nthe French had crossed Germany. No kind of news\\nwas allowed to arrive or be made known in Lithuania.\\nNever were political plans enveloped in so impene-\\ntrable a veil\\nA long, open gallery supported by pillars was built\\njin the garden of Zakret, designed for a dancing-hall.\\n90", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0106.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nIt was to enclose in its centre a field of flowers. An\\narchitect of the government, Professor Schultz, had\\ncharge of the work.\\nMy father, happening to be at Zakret, called the\\nattention of the architect to the fact that the founda-\\ntions were not deep enough, in proportion to the\\nheight of the gallery and the thickness of the col-\\numns. Schultz acknowledged that the remark was\\nperfectly correct, but said he would remedy that\\ndifficulty by joining the top of the colonnade with the\\nframework of the roof. The next day the whole\\ngallery fell with a terrible crash. Fortunately it\\nwas the workmen s dinner-hour. One, however, was\\nfound crushed under the ruins.\\nAt this misfortune, losing his presence of mind\\nand perhaps fearing that he might be suspected of\\nhaving a secret understanding with the French, too\\nlittle confident in the indulgence of the emperor,\\nthe unhappy Schultz fled. He was pursued, but\\nnothing was found of him but his hat on the bank\\nof the river. The poor unfortunate had drowned\\nhimself. Think what a horrible catastrophe would\\nhave been the result of that event, if it had happened\\ntwo days later The emperor, all his military house-\\nhold, the commanding-generals of the army, a crowd\\nof persons of distinction would certainly have perished\\nin this frightful disaster. It would have been for the\\nFrench a campaign gained without drawing the\\nsword.\\nThe entertainment at Zakret took place, neverthe-\\nless. I never saw one so beautiful, and never was\\nthere a farewell so merry for except those who were\\nin the secret, no one could yet foresee that this ball\\n9i", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0107.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nwas to be the signal for the departure of the emperor\\nand the retreat of the Russians.\\nWe assembled at eight o clock in the park of\\nZakret. The evening was beautiful, the sky a little\\nclouded, as if to shelter us from the heat of the sun.\\nThe ladies, in elegant toilets and covered with flowers,\\nwere seated in a circle on a square of carpets\\nspread upon the grass where the gallery was to have\\nbeen, the whole palace ornamented with orange-trees\\nin full bloom which perfumed the air.\\nA crowd of people, whom curiosity and especially\\nthe desire to see the emperor had attracted from the\\ntown, formed groups in the distance. The musicians\\nof the Imperial Guard played choice bits of music in\\ndifferent parts of the grounds. The sight of this\\nbrilliant assembly of beautifully dressed women and\\nthe military in splendid uniforms with their diamond\\ndecorations this company scattered over the green\\nlawn, the old trees forming masses of verdure; the\\nVilia, which reflected in its winding course the blue\\nheavens and the colors of the setting sun; the\\nmountains, whose tops disappeared in the soft clouds,\\nall offered a scene of enchantment but when the\\nemperor appeared, no one saw anything but him.\\nHis Majesty wore on that day the uniform of the\\nSemenowfski Guards with light blue facings, which\\nbecame him well. Having made the tour of the\\ncircle of ladies, whom he obliged to remain seated in\\nhis presence, even while he spoke to them, the\\nemperor chatted with several of the men of the\\ncompany. The ladies were invited to take refresh-\\nments, and then it was proposed to the emperor\\nthat he should open the ball on the square of carpets,\\n92", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0108.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nthat the assembled crowd might enjoy the spectacle.\\nHe consented with his accustomed good-nature, and\\nengaged for the Polonaise Madame Bennigsen, who\\ndid the honors of the ball. Then he danced with\\nMadame Barclay de Tolly, and afterwards with me;\\nthen we ascended to the dancing-hall which was\\nspacious and brilliantly lighted.\\nI will not repeat all the flattering things which his\\nMajesty said to me on this occasion, as well as to all\\nthe other ladies who were present. It would take\\ntoo long to relate them all, for the emperor s talent\\nfor gallantry, if it may be so called, was inexhaustible.\\nI think no one ever possessed, like this prince, the\\nart of giving a graceful turn to the most indifferent\\nexpressions, and the rare gift of saying appropriate\\nthings, which may be attributed not only to quick-\\nness of wit, but to a rare goodness and kindness of\\nheart. Wishing to know whether I intended to return\\nto Towiany or remain with my father, he said, If I\\nwere the count, I would not let you leave me\\nHis Majesty retired during the supper, which was\\nserved without formality at little tables in the open\\nair. The weather was so mild and still that the lights\\ndid not go out, and the brilliant illumination of a\\npart of the park, the cascades, the river, and the\\nislands, vied with the moon and stars to make it a\\nscene of enchantment.\\nWho would have thought, in seeing the grace and\\nbrilliancy which Alexander displayed on that evening,\\nthat it was during the ball that he received the news\\nthat the French had crossed the Niemen, and that\\ntheir advanced guards were not more than ten miles\\nfrom Vilna? Six months later I heard Alexander\\n93", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0109.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nsay that he had suffered intensely in being obliged\\nto show a gaiety which he was far from feeling.\\nThree days after the entertainment at Zakret, the\\nemperor left Vilna to go into his headquarters at\\nSventsiani. Hoping that the stay of his Majesty\\nwould be prolonged, and not foreseeing the events\\nwhich awaited us, my father had prepared to give a\\nfete for Alexander.\\nIt was at the moment of his departure that the\\nmonarch made that beautiful proclamation which\\nexcited universal enthusiasm in the Russian army,\\ndelighted that their sovereign consented to command\\nhis own soldiers. shall be with you, he said,\\nand God will be against the aggressor These\\nwords were an inspiration. What a difference between\\nthe noble and religious tone of the proclamations of\\nAlexander, who always placed his confidence in the\\njustice of his cause, and above all, in the protection\\nof Heaven, and the tone of domination which per-\\nvaded the proclamations of Napoleon, who seemed\\nto recognize no divinity except that to which he had\\nchained his chariot, the goddess Fortune\\nNot only did the Russian troops evacuate Vilna,\\nbut also the few Russians who had lived there for a\\nnumber of years hastened to depart, with their wives\\nand children and all that they possessed. All the\\nhorses in the town were put in requisition in this\\nurgent necessity, except those of my father, who,\\nmoreover, had not taken the precaution to hide them,\\nas did several persons, who put their horses in their\\ngranaries, where the police did not think to go in\\nsearch of them.\\nThere was the interval of only two days between\\n94", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0110.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nthe departure of Alexander and the entry of the\\nFrench, but the disturbance and anxiety made them\\nseem of mortal length. Whenever the sound of a\\nhorse was heard in the streets, some one ran to tell\\nsome alarming news, which was almost always false.\\nSome said the French would fire upon the town, and\\nadvised me to flee into the mountains, as the cannon-\\nballs would make the church-towers fall on our\\nhouse others came running with pale and frightened\\nfaces to announce that the Russians in retiring had\\nset fire to the town others, finally, asserted that they\\nhad seen the Emperor Alexander running through\\nthe streets, without uniform, trying to reassure the\\ninhabitants and promising not to abandon them.\\nThe governor-general, Korsakoff, as he was depart-\\ning, assured my father that there was nothing to be\\nfeared. The astonishment and perplexity which the\\nexpectation of such great events inspired left no\\nplace in my mind for vain terrors, which, moreover,\\nare no help against danger, and only weaken the\\ncourage so necessary in all the circumstances of\\nlife.\\n95", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0111.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER VI\\nTHE night of June 15 and 16, new style, the Rus-\\nsian troops went off in good order and in a\\nsilence most imposing. It was not a flight, although\\nit has been called so. At eight o clock in the morn-\\ning a detachment of French cavalry dashed into the\\ntown, galloping to the defence of the bridge, to which\\nthe Russians had set fire. Nothing can express the\\nemotion I felt on seeing Poles the Poles, who rode\\nwith loose rein and sabres bare, waving the flags of\\ntheir lances and bearing my country s colors, which\\nI now saw for the first time.\\nI was at an open window, and they saluted me as\\nthey passed. At the sight of these compatriots, my\\nheart was moved, and I felt that I too was born a\\nPole, and was to become one again. Tears of joy and\\nenthusiasm poured down my cheeks. It was a de-\\nlightful moment, but it did not last long\\nThe intoxication of joy was universal. The town\\nresounded with cries of triumph. All rushed to arms.\\nThe Russians had thrown a great many in the river\\nVilia men of all ranks, even from the dregs of the\\npeople, hastened to get them out. Ridiculously\\narmed, they ran through the streets in their working-\\nclothes, and assembled in front of the town hall,\\nthrowing their hats in the air with noisy exclamations\\nof patriotism. My father, being wiser and more pru-\\ndent, was alarmed at these popular demonstrations.\\nFools madmen he cried the Russians are\\n96", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0112.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nonly a few steps distant who can foresee in which di-\\nrection they will march, and what will be the result of\\nevents I remember that three days after the entrance\\nof the French, seeing the disorder which accompanied\\nthe march of that formidable army, the insubordination\\nof the troops, the improvidence of the commanders,\\ntheir fatalistic confidence in what they called the\\ndestiny, of the emperor (for it was always by this\\ngrand expression that the French officers and the\\nadmirers of Napoleon answered all objections which\\nwere made them on this campaign), my father formed\\nunfavorable expectations as to the issue of the war.\\nSix hundred thousand men of all European na-\\ntions subject to the Napoleonic policy marched in\\ntwo lines, without magazines and without provisions,\\nthrough a country impoverished by the continental\\nsystem, and recently ruined by heavy requisitions.\\nA Russian general had even presented to the Emperor\\nAlexander the plan of totally devastating Lithuania,\\nremoving its inhabitants, and leaving nothing but a\\nvast wilderness to the arms of Napoleon. But the\\nfeelings of Alexander would not allow him to make\\nuse of that measure, which if successful would be\\nviolent and inhumane. They contented themselves\\nby burning all the storehouses of grain and the mills.\\nThe French army, as they entered Vilna, had not\\nhad bread for three days. All the bakers in the\\ntown were immediately employed in the service of\\nthe troops; and in spite of the saying of General\\nJomini, 1 One never dies of famine in a besieged\\n1 Henri, Baron Jomini (born 1779, died 1869) was an able general\\nand writer on strategy. At an early age he entered the French army\\nand became an aide-de-camp to Ney. He presented to Napoleon on\\n7 97", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0113.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ncity, want was cruelly felt by the inhabitants of Vilna,\\nespecially by those who had not taken the precaution,\\nor had not the means of laying in a supply of pro-\\nvisions in advance. The country through which the\\ngrand army had passed had been ravaged and pil-\\nlaged, and its corn had been cut green for the cavalry\\nit could not, therefore, supply the needs of the capital,\\nand the people dared not even expose their convoys\\non the roads, which were infested by marauders.\\nBesides, the disorderly behavior of the army was\\na consequence of the sentiments of its chief, for after\\nhaving crossed the Niemen, Napoleon, in an order of\\nthe day, declared to his troops that they were about\\nto set foot on Russian territory. It was thus that the\\nliberator of Poland, so much desired, announced him-\\nself to the Lithuanians. In consequence of this\\nproclamation Lithuania was considered and treated as\\na hostile country, while its inhabitants, animated by\\nthe field of Austerlitz his Treatise on the Grand Operations of\\nWar a few days after this event he was appointed Chief of the\\nStaff of Ney. For his conduct at Jena (1806) he received the title\\nof Baron, and two years later was employed in Spain. In 181 1 he\\nbecame a general of brigade, and the following year was appointed\\nFrench Governor of Vilna, and later of Smolensk. He rendered\\nvaluable service to the French army during the latter part of their\\ndisastrous retreat from Moscow. He contributed greatly to the\\nvictory of Bautzen. His promotion having been obstructed by the\\nenmity of Berthier, he quitted the French service in 181 2, and entered\\nthat of Russia, with the rank of lieutenant-general, and became aide-\\nde-camp to Alexander. In 181 5 he accompanied the czar to Paris\\nand received the order of St. Louis from Louis XVIII. He was\\nintrusted with the completion of the military education of Nicholas,\\nwho, on his accession to the throne retained him as aide-de-camp.\\nHe organized the Russian military academy. In addition to the\\nabove-mentioned work he was the author of a number of important\\ntreatises on strategy, several of which have been translated into the\\nEnglish language.\\n98", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0114.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\npatriotic enthusiasm, flew to welcome the French.\\nThey were soon to be despoiled and outraged by\\nthose whom they regarded as the instrument of the\\ndeliverance of their country, and compelled to aban-\\ndon their homes and their property to pillage. Many\\ntook refuge in the depths of the forests, carrying\\nwith them that which they held the most dear,\\nthe honor of their wives and daughters.\\nEach day brought the recital of new excesses com-\\nmitted by the French soldiers in the country. Vilna\\nseemed to have become the seat of war. Soldiers\\nbivouacked in the streets, which resounded with the\\nclash of arms, the blare of trumpets, the neighing of\\nhorses, and the confusion of many languages.\\nWhen, wearied with these sights, which presented\\nthemselves constantly to my view, I raised my eyes\\nto the heavens to rest them on a more tranquil scene,\\nI seemed to see, even in the clouds, armies in motion,\\nand my imagination recalled with a sort of terror\\nthe visions of the Apocalypse.\\nIn the mean time French arrogance, astonished at\\nthe discouragement which had taken possession of\\nall minds, expected always all obstacles to be re-\\nmoved, all difficulties to disappear. They demanded\\nsoldiers, bread, and money of Lithuania. They or-\\nganized in haste a temporary government; they\\nreawakened the national pride with sharp words.\\nThere is no patriotism among you, said the French,\\nno energy, no vigor; and the Lithuanians replied,\\nto revive their drooping courage, We shall be\\nruined, but we will still be Poles And what could\\nbe more certain, since the French Mahomet did not\\ndeign to guarantee their hopes and sacrifices?\\n99\\nL.ofC.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0115.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nNapoleon entered Vilna anxious and discontented.\\nThe easiness of this victory dismayed him he had\\ntoo much judgment not to see that the retreat of the\\nRussians was not inspired by the fear of his name,\\nbut covered deep designs. I had believed that the\\ntaking of Vilna would cost me twenty thousand men\\nat least, he said.\\nNapoleon was furious when he learned that Russia\\nhad made peace with Turkey, and that he could no\\nlonger hope for a favorable diversion either toward\\nthe north or toward the south. The scarcity of food,\\nthe disorder of the army, the mistakes made by Prince\\nJerome, the continual losses among the cavalry, all\\ncombined to make him look the sad result of this\\ncampaign in the face as a thing inevitable. But the\\nfatal genius of Napoleon pushed him forward, and it\\nwas thus that, from illusion to illusion, he rushed to\\nhis ruin, rejecting the truth as an apparition whose\\npresence he could not endure.\\nAt a general audience in the imperial castle, Napo-\\nleon declared in vague and obscure phrases that he\\nwas come to restore Poland, that a diet was assembled\\nat Warsaw for the election of a king but that this\\ndiet was still ignorant who should be king. Count\\nNarbonne, who was then at Vilna in Napoleon s\\nretinue, said to some one who asked him who was\\ndestined for the throne of Poland that the emperor,\\nhaving a mania for crowns, would probably take that\\nof Poland also. I remember that one day, in a large\\ncompany, some of the French amused themselves by\\nhaving the ladies make the election. One of them\\ndid not fail to let her choice fall on Napoleon himself;\\nothers elected his brother Jerome, the King of Naples,\\nioo", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0116.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nand even Marshal Davoust. 1 I was silent. And you,\\nmademoiselle, said some one to me whom do you\\nchoose I have not the honor to know all these\\ngentlemen, answered I, in a negligent and absent-\\nminded manner. The ladies seemed to be struck by\\nthe stupidity of my reply, but I think that he who\\nasked me that question was not altogether of their\\nopinion on that point. On another occasion a very\\nstupid remark escaped me. I had just received news\\nfrom the country, where my brother was. He had\\nsent me provisions and flowers, and at the same time\\nthe news that the army had not passed that way.\\nDelighted with this good news, and forgetting the\\npresence of a Frenchman attached to the diplomatic\\nmission of the minister of the interior, I said to my\\ncompanion, who also was French, Ah, Mademoiselle\\nT., how fortunate they are at R. They have not seen\\none Frenchman The gentleman could not help\\n1 Louis Nicholas Davoust (born 1770, died 1823). At the age of\\nfifteen he was appointed second lieutenant of cavalry. He served\\nbrilliantly in the Armies of the Rhine under Moreau, and distin-\\nguished himself greatly at Aboukir. In 1S00 he was appointed\\ngeneral of division, and the next year Commander of the Consular\\nGuard, and in 1804 Marshal of the Empire. He took a distinguished\\npart in the victories of Ulm and Austerlitz. For a great victory he\\nwon over the Prussians at Auerstadt (1806), he was rewarded with\\nthe title of Duke of Auerstadt, and in 1809 he was made Prince of\\nEchmuhl for his part in a battle of that name. After Wagram he\\nwas appointed military commander in Poland, where his tyrannical\\ncruelty made him detested by Poles and Germans alike. Having\\nserved through the Russian campaign and been wounded at Boro-\\ndino, he established himself at Hamburg, whence the Allies in vain\\ntried to dislodge him. On Napoleon s escape from Elba he was\\nappointed Minister of War, and in three months he had the army\\norganized on its former basis. After Waterloo he took command of\\nthe army at Paris, and would have offered battle to the Allies had\\nnot the Provisional Government ordered him to come to terms.\\nIOI", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0117.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nsaying, Oh how you do love us here A little\\nconfused at my exclamation, and hoping to repair it,\\nI said, It is not the French, it is the army. Yes,\\nyes, I understand perfectly; they are plunderers.\\nIn the midst of all these evils which weighed upon\\nour unhappy country, without speaking of those which\\nmenaced it, one ray of hope, one glimmer of peace,\\ncame to shine upon us. It was from that angel whom\\nwe almost regretted to have known, because we be-\\nlieved we should never see him again, Alexander,\\nwho, wishing to try one more last and generous effort\\nto spare humanity a bloody struggle, had sent General\\nBalacheff to offer propositions of peace most advan-\\ntageous to France and to Poland.\\nNapoleon commenced by saying that after the\\ndeclaration of war he would consider each diplo-\\nmatic agent as a spy. He consented, however, to\\naccord a private audience to Balacheff, received him\\npolitely, and expressed his astonishment that the\\nEmperor Alexander took the trouble to command\\nhis armies in person. That is well enough for an\\nold corporal like me, he said.\\nHe rejected all ideas of pacification, letting it be\\nunderstood that the Rubicon was crossed, and that\\nfortune alone should decide the result of the war.\\nAs he was about to dismiss the Russian envoy, Napo-\\nleon asked him which was the best way to Moscow.\\nThere are several roads which lead thither, replied\\nBalacheff, with remarkable presence of mind, and\\nyou can even go by way of Pultawa. 1\\n1 Pultawa (Poltava), a city in southern Russia where, June 27,\\n1709, Peter the Great gained a decisive victory over Charles XII.,\\ntotally destroying his army and causing him to seek an asylum in\\nTurkey. lQ9", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0118.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nAn old French emigrant of a name very well\\nknown, who had made several journeys to France\\nsince Napoleon had come into power, and who had\\nnever been presented to him, was at Vilna at the\\ntime of the invasion of the French. Indebted for his\\nlife and that of his family to the sovereign of Russia,\\nwho had received him in his troubles with the most\\nnoble generosity, this Frenchman felt a just repug-\\nnance at the idea of rendering any homage whatever\\nto the dominator of Europe, the enemy of Alexander.\\nHowever, forewarned by an old friend of his family\\nattached to Napoleon, that he would be called upon\\nin an imperious manner to submit to a species of ex-\\namination from the mouth of Napoleon himself, the\\nemigrant decided to present himself.\\nAt the hour appointed for the audience, he was\\nintroduced by the lackey, who called his name with\\na loud voice in the room where, a few days before,\\nthe Emperor Alexander had received. Napoleon re-\\nceived the emigrant with a kind smile, said that he\\nhad heard of his last visit to Paris, and commenced\\nwalking up and down the room with him while he\\nput the following questions\\nHave you seen the Emperor Alexander here?\\nI have had the honor to present myself to\\nhim.\\nDoes he really govern?\\nHe does a great deal of work with his ministers\\nall the important details of the government are placed\\nunder his eyes.\\nThat is not what I ask. Has he really all the\\npower in his hands? Is he not influenced or con-\\ntrolled by the senate\\n103", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0119.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nThe senate in Russia is scarcely more than the\\nhighest judiciary body, a tribunal of final appeal. I\\ndo not know that it has any means, or even any wish,\\nto struggle against sovereign authority.\\nWhy did the Russians retire so suddenly, and\\nwhy have they not been willing, here or in the en-\\nvirons, to test their arms? They had a position near\\nVilna, which would have cost me twenty thousand\\nmen.\\nThe rapid march of the French army, guided by\\nsuch able generals, has no doubt surprised the Rus-\\nsian army, who have not believed it to be their duty\\nto show resistance.\\nAh! you are entirely mistaken; our march has\\nnot been rapid. I have been made to lose much\\ntime. I have commenced this war with regret, and\\nit will cause a great loss of blood. The Emperor\\nAlexander has driven me to it by not observing the\\nconditions of the Treaty of Tilsit. The prince had\\nhis mind badly directed in his early youth. He re-\\nceived false ideas of philanthropy from his tutor, one\\ncalled La Harpe. Will you believe me that in our\\nconversations at Erfurt I found myself obliged to\\noppose the opinion he had that an elective govern-\\nment was more favorable to the happiness of a\\npeople than hereditary power? To govern men, it\\nis necessary to be a god. Hereditary chance serves\\nmen better than their own choice could do.\\nSuch language in the mouth of such a man was\\nindeed surprising, if it is possible that he was at the\\nsame time sincere. He continued in the same strain\\nThe Emperor Alexander does not like etiquette\\nhe is almost always without a retinue. My brother-\\n104", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0120.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nin-law, the Emperor of Austria has the same manners,\\nand he has often manifested his astonishment to see\\nme surrounded by a numerous court. I have told\\nhim that the French need to be impressed, even by\\nthe externals of power, and that, besides, my position\\nis different.\\nIn speaking of the Lithuanian nobility, he used\\na coarse expression which I will not repeat here;\\nand in general he did not think much of the Poles,\\nwho were sacrificing their fortunes and their lives to\\nhim. He wrote from Moscow to the Duke of Bassano 1\\nthat the women alone in Poland had any spirit or\\ncharacter. In the instructions which he gave to an\\narchbishop, M. de Pradt, 2 he recommended him, above\\nall things, to look after the women of Poland, because\\nthey were all there was in that country.\\n1 Hugues Bernard Maret, Duke of Bassano (born 1763, died\\n1839). An able French statesman and diplomatist. He studied law\\nin Paris and under the new regime he was rapidly advanced in the\\ndepartment of Foreign Affairs. In 1793 ne was sent on missions to\\nEngland and Naples. From 1800 to 181 1, ar Secretary of State, he\\ndirected the Home Department with great credit, and had a large\\nshare of Bonaparte s confidence, whom he accompanied on his cam-\\npaigns. In 181 1 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and\\nreceived the title of Duke of Bassano. He was in Napoleon s suite\\nduring the Russian campaign, and was employed by him in various\\ndiplomatic missions. The Duke married his cousin, Mademoiselle\\nLejeas, a daughter of the mayor of Dijon, who was distinguished at\\nthe imperial court for her beauty and wit.\\n2 Abbe Dominique Dufour de Pradt (born 1759, died 1837) a\\nFrench diplomatist and political writer. In 1804 he became the\\nalmoner of Napoleon, and the following year Bishop of Poitiers,\\nand 1S08 Archbishop of Malines. In 181 2 Napoleon sent him as\\nambassador to Warsaw, hoping that he might stir up the patriotic\\nzeal of the Poles and turn it to his account.\\nio 5", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0121.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER VII\\nNAPOLEON, during his stay at Vilna, exacted\\na presentation of the ladies at the castle.\\nSuffering mentally as well as physically, I thought I\\ncould excuse myself from going, but my father\\nobjected on account of the position in which he\\nfound himself. Some evil-minded persons had rep-\\nresented him as a partisan of the Russians, and\\nwithout the King of Naples he would not even have\\nbeen put on the list of citizens which was placed\\nunder the eyes of Napoleon. Seeing that I could\\nnot avoid the presentation, I declared my intention\\nof showing myself with my order}\\nMy father hesitated at first, and said he must find\\nout if Mademoiselle G., the only one of my associates\\nthen at Vilna, would wear hers also. I begged him\\nto do nothing of the kind. I dressed myself then\\nin haste, and in a very bad humor; for they had\\nwakened me at five o clock in the morning, to invite\\nme, by order of the police, to present myself at court\\nbefore noon. These military manners displeased me\\nto the last degree, especially in comparison with the\\ngraciousness and exquisite politeness of Alexander\\nand his court. Never had I put on my decoration\\nwith so much pleasure, and, to speak the truth, with\\nso much pride.\\n1 The reader will remember the decoration in diamonds which the\\nauthor had received from the court of Russia.\\n1 06", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0122.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nI having joined several ladies of my acquaintance,\\nto go with them to the castle, they did all in their\\npower during the drive to persuade me to take off\\nmy decoration, and thought they would frighten me\\nby saying that Napoleon was a terrible man, and that\\nhe would certainly say something disagreeable to me.\\nAs I expressed somewhat freely my way of thinking,\\nIn the name of Heaven, hush they said do\\nyou not know that the walls have ears and will re-\\npeat to him all you have said about him?\\nNothing could make me change my resolution. I\\nanswered that perhaps I should see myself forced to\\nconform to the will of him to whom all yielded, but,\\nas long as that will was unknown to me, I would act\\nas I was now doing. In fact, there would have been\\nas much cowardice as ingratitude on my part in\\nrejecting thus, in the presence of his fortunate and\\ntriumphant adversary, the proofs of the kindness of\\na sovereign so worthy to be loved, at the instant even\\nwhen that sovereign seemed to be persecuted by\\nfate. My heart revolted at that idea. I acknowledge\\nthat I expected rudeness on the part of Napoleon,\\nand I prepared myself to answer with firmness; but\\nI had not that satisfaction. He only addressed me,\\nas will be seen, questions to which very insignificant\\nanswers could be made. All those which have been\\nattributed to me on that occasion are not exact.\\nWhen I was named to Napoleon, his attention was\\nimmediately attracted by the diamond coat of arms,\\nand the blue ribbon which I wore.\\nWhat decoration have you there? he asked.\\nThe crests of their Majesties the Empresses of\\nRussia, I replied.\\n107", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0123.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nYou are, then, a Russian lady?\\nNo, sire, I have not that distinction.\\nLater at a ball that was given him, perceiving\\nMademoiselle G- beside me, Napoleon asked her,\\nbeing also a lady of the palace at the Russian court,\\nwhy she did not put on her decoration. Mademoiselle\\nG. replied that she had not thought she ought to\\nwear it in the present circumstances. Why not?\\nreplied Napoleon; it is a court distinction which\\nsignifies nothing; the Emperor Alexander is very\\namiable to have given it to you. One can be a good\\nPole, and wear the crest, added he, turning to me\\nwith a pleasant smile.\\nNapoleon knew how to appreciate a trait of char-\\nacter, even in a woman. When it was seen that the\\nthing had turned out well I was much praised for\\nthe firmness which I had shown on that occasion, but\\nI only wished that the Emperor Alexander might be\\ninformed of it some day, and I saw little chance of\\nthat desire being soon fulfilled.\\nAt the same presentation, Napoleon, after having\\nspoken to several ladies, and, according to his custom,\\nasking singular questions, Are you married How\\nmany children have you? Are they big and fat,\\nhey he addressed the whole circle and said The\\nEmperor Alexander is exceedingly amiable, he has\\ngained all hearts here are you good Poles A\\ngeneral smile served as response.\\nNapoleon affected to show in public sentiments of\\nesteem and friendship for the prince whose empire he\\ncame to ravage. In the audience which he gave to\\nthe corps of the University of Vilna, he commenced\\nby saying to the members of the academy, You\\n108", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0124.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nare all papists, hey? I forget what the answer was.\\nThen he continued The Emperor Alexander is a\\ngood prince, a philosopher on the throne. Does he\\nprotect you? The rector replied that the academy\\nwas greatly indebted to the munificence of the\\nEmperor of Russia.\\nNapoleon had nothing imposing either in his face\\nor manners. I was astonished not to feel in his\\npresence that emotion which one usually cannot pre-\\nvent at the sight of a celebrated personage. All that\\nglory bought with the price of men and blood could\\nnot inspire me with enthusiasm. The glory of con-\\nquerors is made to shine in history, but it is goodness\\nalone which conquers the hearts of men. I had often\\npictured to myself the face of Napoleon with a coun-\\ntenance sparkling with genius. What was my sur-\\nprise and disappointment on seeing only a little,\\nshort, fat, waddling man, with sleek, plastered-down\\nhair, with good enough features but little expression\\nin his face, not even that of hardness which is found\\nin all his portraits, with the exception of that by\\nDavid On the contrary, there was something pleas-\\nant in his smile, which showed very handsome teeth.\\nFrom a distance, I confess, his sallow, white face\\nwithout a tinge of color, and his antique profile took\\non a character of severity, which disappeared as soon\\nas it was examined near.\\nEight days had passed since the entrance of\\nNapoleon to Vilna. In this trouble and disaster\\ncaused by an undisciplined army composed mostly\\nof a collection of foreigners, all making war in spite\\nof themselves, and detesting him who led them (for\\nit would be unjust to attribute to the French alone\\n109", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0125.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthe excesses committed in their name), in these\\ncircumstances people had little heart for pleasures\\nand entertainments. The Duke of Bassano, however,\\npersuaded my cousin, Count P., to give a ball at his\\nhouse on the day of the Polish confederation.\\nThis entertainment, honored by the presence of\\nNapoleon, was as brilliant as the circumstances and\\nthe extreme poverty succeeding such devastation\\nwould permit. In the midst of cries of Vive I Em-\\npereur! the sounds of military music, the light of\\nallegoric transparencies, brilliant illuminations, and\\nthe prodigality of a splendid repast, a man died of\\nhunger in the street A frightful contrast, but\\nworthy of the presence of the man who was to bury\\nhis armies under the snows of Russia\\nAs soon as the arrival of Napoleon had been an-\\nnounced at the ball, several ladies were chosen to go\\nand receive him at the foot of the stairs, and I was of\\nthe number. The marshals of the empire, grand\\ndignitaries, not to mention the grand chamberlains,\\nrushed out of the hall at the name of the emperor,\\nas if an enemy awaited them on the battle-field.\\nThe grand equerry, Caulincourt, presented steps\\nto his sovereign, to aid him in descending from the\\ncarriage, as if the earth were not worthy to be touched\\nby his imperial foot.\\nWithout deigning to salute the ladies who had\\ncome to meet him, and turning his back on them,\\nNapoleon ascended the steps covered with silk stuffs\\nto the cries of Vive V Empereur! cries of which his ear\\nwas never weary. Far from taking offence at his\\nimpoliteness, I only thought we had been foolish to\\nexpose ourselves to it.\\nno", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0126.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nAfter having chatted with several ladies in the\\nball-room, Napoleon seated himself on a kind of\\ntemporary throne which they had arranged with an\\narm-chair, a carpet, and a cushion, which latter, he\\nkicked away after trying it. Then in a commanding\\ntone, he cried, Let the ladies be seated! and the\\nladies sat down and the ball was opened.\\nFor a few minutes Napoleon looked at the dancers,\\naddressed a few words to the persons who formed his\\ncourt, to the marshals, and to him who gave the en-\\ntertainment then, rising, he made once more the\\ntour of the circle of ladies, and departed accompanied\\nby the usual acclamations, leaving the French ecstatic\\nover the amiability of their sovereign. This was\\na characteristic to which he certainly made no\\npretensions, and which it was difficult for him to\\nunite with the titles of grand captain, conqueror,\\nand founder of an empire. Men and women wore\\nthat day the national cockade, a patriotic plaything\\noffered to the hopes of the Poles, hopes never\\nto be realized, since he who had it in his power\\nhad never shown the will or the desire to gratify\\nthem, and they were entirely dependent on his tor-\\ntuous policy.\\nExpressing my astonishment one day that the\\nambition of Napoleon could not be satisfied with the\\npossession of one of the most beautiful thrones of\\nEurope, and that he was always making war against\\nus, and against every other nation, I was told that\\nit was not alone the thirst for conquest which guided\\nNapoleon, but the necessity of extirpating the Jaco-\\nbin party in France. The remedy was at least as\\nviolent as the evil.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0127.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nA few days after the ball I was riding with Madame\\nB., and several other persons, when we met Napoleon,\\nwho was returning from Zakret with a brilliant and\\nnumerous escort. He stopped to speak to us and\\nasked us if we liked to ride and if we were good\\nhorsewomen. A few steps farther, and we came to\\nZakret, a fortnight before so brilliant in all the\\nsplendor of a festival and the presence of the most\\namiable of sovereigns it was in ruins Our horses\\nmounted to the lawn where I had danced with the\\nEmperor Alexander. The orange-trees were over-\\nturned and broken the mansion, furnished not long\\nsince with the greatest elegance, was entirely de-\\nvastated the fine conservatories filled with exotic\\nplants had been destroyed and pillaged, not only by\\nthe soldiers, but by people from the town. A sad\\nsilence reigned everywhere in those places where I\\nhad heard the sounds of music and the notes of joy\\nand pleasure. The birds alone made their songs\\nheard and had not deserted their groves the water-\\nfalls were drained; in a word, Zakret had been\\nturned into a military hospital.\\n112", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0128.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER VIII\\nHAVING given up all hope of peace, strong in\\nhis own conscience, and filled with a pious\\nconfidence in the help and protection of Providence,\\nAlexander quitted his headquarters at Sventsiani\\nand started for Moscow. The arrival of the emperor\\nat the former capital of the empire, his presence, his\\nspeeches, and his proclamations excited universal\\nenthusiasm and a species of fervor and zeal among\\nthe patriotic nobility, and the Russian people, so\\nreligious and so loyal. As the emperor was dining\\none day with the Countess Orloff, an immense crowd\\ngathered round the palace and gardens, desirous,\\neager, to see their adored sovereign. In order to\\nsatisfy that desire\u00c2\u00bbso natural, the countess had all the\\ngates of the garden opened so as to give free entrance\\nto the people, who, mad with joy and love, swore in\\nthe presence of Heaven to consecrate their strength,\\ntheir lives, and all they possessed to their emperor.\\nThis oath was religiously kept, and Moscow in ashes\\nhas well attested it.\\nHow the sensitive heart of Alexander must have\\nbeen touched These spontaneous impulses on the\\npart of a people, impulses which can neither be\\ncounterfeited nor provoked, are grand and sublime.\\nThey can exist only among those nations whose\\nhearts are still near to nature and who are deeply\\nimpressed with religious ideas; who, accustomed to\\nsee in their sovereign the representative of God\\n8 113", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0129.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nwhom they adore, build their hopes of future happi-\\nness on the sentiments of obedience and fidelity to\\nwhich they have consecrated themselves. What a\\nconstitution is that which has for its foundation celes-\\ntial faith and recompense What could be substi-\\ntuted for it? It would be necessary to commence\\nby changing the primitive character of the Russian\\nnation. I repeat it, one will never encounter the\\ntouching spectacle of these scenes of love and affec-\\ntion between a sovereign and his subjects among\\nfrivolous and sensual nations, for a long time cor-\\nrupted by habits of luxury, idleness, effeminacy,\\negotism, and cupidity.\\nThe Emperor Alexander stopped only a short\\ntime at Moscow. Confiding the command of his\\narmies to General Barclay de Tolly, 1 he returned to\\nSt. Petersburg. This prudent prince knew how\\nuseful his presence and the example of his firmness\\nwould be at that capital and at the court in this for-\\nmidable crisis. Napoleon had quitted Vilna, and\\nused every effort to pursue an enemy who always\\nescaped him by following a plan cleverly conceived\\nand contrived, it is said, by the prince royal of\\nSweden.\\n1 Michael, Prince Barclay de Tolly (born 1755, died 1818) was\\na celebrated Russian field-marshal of Scotch extraction, who early\\ndistinguished himself in the wars against Turkey, Sweden, and\\nPoland. He was made lieutenant-general after the battle of Eylau,\\nand in 18 10 was appointed Minister of War. Two years later he\\nobtained the command of the Army of the West, but after the battle\\nof Smolensk he was superseded by Kutusov. At Borodino he\\ncommanded the right wing, and by his skilful retreat contributed\\nto save the remnant of the Russian army. He subsequently held\\nthe chief command at Bautzen, Culm, and Leipsic, and in 1814 was\\ncreated field-marshal. A short time before his death he was made\\na Prince of the Empire.\\n114", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0130.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "a\\nEmperor Alexander I.\\nKnowing well the military genius of Napoleon,\\nwhich led him to finish his campaigns rapidly by\\ndecisive actions, it is stated that Bernadotte coun-\\nselled the Emperor of Russia not to risk an engage-\\nment with the great winner of battles, but, on the\\ncontrary, to draw him by simulated retreats into the\\ndepths of the deserts of Russia.\\nTherefore St. Petersburg and Moscow was the\\nwatchword of the French soldier, who, always care-\\nless and light-hearted, without caring for the result\\nof the campaign, coolly asked his way, regarding the\\none or the other of these rich cities as the aim, the\\nglorious end, of a long and painful march. It was at\\nSmolensk that, astonished at the persevering retreat\\nof the Russians, Napoleon said, My brother Alex-\\nander wants to make me play the role of Charles\\nXII. 1 Since he had the presentiment, why did he\\nnot stop? But his ungovernable pride, on the con-\\nrary, made him reject the advice of the King of\\nNaples and of Prince Poniatowsky, who proposed\\nto go into winter quarters at Smolensk and to\\nmarch upon Volhynia and Ukraine. But Napoleon\\nwas seized with that mania which is the forerunner\\nof the fall of kings, and Providence had marked the\\nlimits of his prosperity.\\n1 Constant says, in his Private Life of Napoleon, At this\\nperiod I saw that the Emperor usually had on his night table\\nVoltaire s History of Charles XII.\\n5", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0131.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER IX\\nI SHALL not attempt to describe this campaign in\\nRussia, so often treated of by abler pens. The\\nmarch of the French army, seeming to be directed\\ntoward St. Petersburg, caused a feeling of general\\nand extraordinary uneasiness in that city. Every-\\nbody wished to leave and go to the interior of\\nRussia. People packed up their most precious be-\\nlongings, to be ready at the shortest notice. The\\ndowager empress, a strong minded and courageous\\nwoman, fearing, not for herself, but for the young\\nand tender objects of her maternal solicitude, wished\\nalso to leave St. Petersburg and take with her all\\nthose young persons who were being educated in\\nthe numerous establishments founded and directed\\nby her benevolent care.\\nThe Emperor Alexander naturally feared that the\\ndeparture of the empress would only alarm the\\npeople, and said to his mother with respectful firm-\\nness Madame, I have begged you as a son, and\\nnow I command you as emperor, to remain.\\nShutting up his cruel anxieties in the depths of\\nhis own breast, he continued to show a calm and\\nserene front, and declared publicly that he would be\\nthe last one to leave St. Petersburg. This prudent\\nconduct had the desired effect, and tranquillity was\\nsoon restored in all classes of society.\\n116", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0132.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nAfter the departure of Napoleon from Vilna,\\nthe French commenced to raise troops in Lithuania,\\nand to form regiments. One of my brothers was\\nmade colonel of infantry, and my eldest brother\\nformed a company of mounted artillery at his own\\nexpense. But for want of pecuniary means this\\narmament was formed slowly, and Napoleon wrote\\nfrom his headquarters to the Duke of Bassano I have\\njust received a considerable reinforcement from Lith-\\nuania. Oginiski 1 has arrived with twelve men of the\\nnew guards\\nThe French who remained at Vilna with the dip-\\nlomatic corps all expected a happy and speedy con-\\nclusion of the war. I remember that the Duke of\\nBassano, whose kindness toward my father and my-\\nself I am happy to record here, announced to me\\none day that General Kotousoff had taken com-\\nmand of the Russian army, and he said, Now we\\ncan hope for peace soon, for Kotousoff has a talent\\nfor fighting.\\nThe Russian policy seemed to count for nothing,\\nand yet had it not also its hopes of victory? The\\nbattle of Mozhaish or of the Moskowa in promising the\\ncapture of Moscow was, in the eyes of all the French,\\na certain presage of peace. Already the Duke of\\nBassano was constantly expecting to leave for Mos-\\n1 Count Michel Cleophas Oginiski (born 1765, died 1833). At\\nthe time of Napoleon s invasion of Italy, Oginiski succeeded in\\nawakening his interest in Poland. While awaiting Bonaparte s ac-\\ntive interference in behalf of the kingdom he resided in Hamburg,\\nand afterwards in Berlin. After the treaty of Tilsit he was again on\\na friendly footing with the czar, and in 1810 he was a senator and\\nPrivy Councillor. The later part of his life was spent in Italy. He\\nis the author of an interesting work entitled, Memoirs of Poland.\\n117", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0133.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ncow to arrange the preliminaries of peace, and the\\nyoung exquisites who surrounded him seemed very-\\nanxious about the cold they would have to endure\\nin that latitude. Finally the news came that the\\nFrench had entered Moscow, and was celebrated as\\nusual by a Te Deurn.\\nThat evening there was a dance at the Duke of Bas-\\nsano s, and I was astonished to see a shade of gloom\\nand anxiety on the diplomat s face which nothing\\ncould dissipate. Nothing was talked of but the\\ndeparture. The minister only waited for further\\ndetails, they said. These details were the burning\\nof Moscow, a terrible and perhaps unique example\\nof devoted patriotism\\nAfter this disaster, the French policy hid itself\\nunder an impenetrable veil. We learned only that\\nNapoleon had decided to quit Moscow and return\\nacross a ravaged country; but soon all communica-\\ntion was cut off. Minsk, in Lithuania, fell again into\\nthe hands of the Russians. Several detachments of\\nlight cavalry, Cossacks, approached Vilna. Finally,\\nat the end of three weeks, the diplomatic corps was\\nstill ignorant of the fate of the army of the new\\nCambyses, of the grand army. And still they con-\\ntinued to dance and act comedies, for above all\\nthings the French must have pleasure.\\nThe Duchess of Reggio, wife of Marshal Oudinot, 1\\n1 Eugenie de Coucy, Marechale Oudinot, Duchesse de Reggio\\n(born 1780, died 1868), was a daughter of a captain in the Artois\\nregiment and a knight of St. Louis. In 1812 she married the Due\\nde Reggio. In 181 5 she was appointed Mistress of the Robes to\\nthe Duchesse de Berri. She survived the duke for a number of\\nyears and occupied her time composing the Memoirs of Marshal\\nOudinot, Due de Reggio.\\n118", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0134.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\narrived suddenly at Vilna to nurse her husband, who\\nhad been wounded in a duel. I shall never forget\\nthe expression with which the marechale said, after\\nhaving asked me if I had brothers in service, Your\\ntroubles have only commenced These words\\nwere a prophecy only too true\\nOne of my relatives, who had left the French troops\\nat Smolensk, gave us unheard-of details of the grand\\narmy. It reminded him, he said, of the Carnival of\\nVenice, or the Toledo at Naples on Mardi-Gras but\\nhe was regarded as a madman and a visionary.\\nOn the 3rd of December, 1812, there was another\\nball at the house of the governor-general, Count\\nHogendorp, 1 to celebrate the anniversary of the acces-\\nsion of Napoleon to the throne, him who, abandon-\\ning his army, had fled, repeating the well known\\nwords, There s but a step from the sublime to the\\nridiculous He travelled under the name of Count\\nCaulincourt, and the French soldiers, to whom the\\nnecessity to make a joke is compatible with the\\ngreatest misfortunes, said, Oui, c est Colin qui court\\n(it is Colin who is running away).\\nThe passage of Napoleon near Vilna was an open\\nsecret. The Duke of Bassano spoke to me of it the\\nsame day, and said he had found the emperor very\\nwell and very cheerful.\\nNapoleon breakfasted near Vilna, almost at the\\ngates, chatting and joking with the members of his\\n1 Count Thieny Van Hogendorp (born 1761, died 1830). A Dutch\\ngeneral who was minister of war under King Louis in 1806, and the\\nfollowing year ambassador to Vienna, and in 1809 to Berlin. Two\\nyears later he became general of division and aide-de-camp to Napo-\\nleon, whom he followed in the Russian campaign. After the battle\\nof Waterloo he went to Brazil, where his last years were spent,\\n119", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0135.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nsuite and with the Duke of Bassano, while the pos-\\ntilion who had driven his horses fell frozen to death.\\nBut what was such an incident in the eyes of a man\\nwho had seen three quarters of his army perish with\\ncold or hunger, or who in contemplating the plains\\nof Mozhaish, covered with the dead, exclaimed with\\ntransport, How beautiful is the field of battle\\nThe saying of Vitellius is nothing in comparison\\nWe soon had a spectacle that excited pity and\\nsecret terror, in the remnants of that army so trium-\\nphant and formidable six months earlier, whose rapid\\nmarch and destiny had been like that of a brilliant\\nmeteor. During three or four days the streets of Vilna\\nwere filled again with a throng of men, I cannot say\\nsoldiers, since it was impossible to recognize them in\\nthat character under the grotesque garments which\\ncovered them. One had thrown away his helmet\\nand was muffled up in a woman s velvet hood and\\nblack satin mantle, under which you could see his\\nspurs. Another had enveloped himself in the orna-\\nments and vestments of the church, stoles, chasubles,\\nand altar-cloths all piled one upon another to keep\\nout the cold, from which nothing could really protect\\nthe men. Others, more fortunate in their booty, had\\nthrown about their shoulders ladies fur dressing-\\ngowns, with the sleeves tied about their necks.\\nOthers, again, trailed woollen blankets after them, or,\\nlike shades from that place from which one never\\nreturns, they advanced in grave-clothes and winding-\\nsheets. These sombre liveries, these gloomy tokens\\nof death figured in that historical masquerade, the\\nexpiring glory of a great conqueror.\\nInfantry, horse, and artillery, no longer recognizing", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0136.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nauthority, without order, without disclipine and\\nalmost without arms, their faces blackened by the\\nsmoke of the bivouac, deprived by privations and\\nphysical suffering of nearly every sentiment except\\nthat of courage, which never deserts the Frenchman,\\nthey marched in confusion, imploring help and pity.\\nMy father gave shelter to a number of them, particu-\\nlarly to General Jumilhac, 1 the brother-in-law of the\\nDue de Richelieu 2 and an old acquaintance of my\\nAunt Radzivil. In this disastrous retreat, of all his\\nequipment he had kept only his horse. This poor\\ngeneral could hardly contain himself for joy to be in\\na well-warmed room and have sufficient covering.\\nHe said to us while eating like a starving man, Mes-\\ndames, you do not know what pleasure it is to eat\\nonce more seated at a table We could not help\\nsmiling at his black hands, which he assured us were\\nquite clean.\\nM. de Jumilhac did nothing but sigh after Acadia\\nand his good princess. He constantly asked us if\\n1 Antoine Pierre Joseph Chapelle, Marquis de Jumilhac (born\\n1764, died 1826), entered the French army in 1777; two years later\\nhe was appointed by Louis XVI. lieutenant-colonel of his guard.\\nFor his bravery in the Russian campaign he received the Cross of\\nthe Legion of Honor. In 1815 he was appointed commander of the\\nOrder of St. Louis.\\n2 Armand Emmanuel Duplessis, Due de Richelieu (born 1766,\\ndied 1822) was active as an agent of the French royal family during\\nthe Revolution entered the Russian civil service was governor of\\nOdessa under Alexander I. He refused to serve under Napoleon,\\nand was prime minister under Louis XVIII. He succeeded in pro-\\ncuring from the Great European Powers, at the Congress of Aix-la-\\nChapelle (1818), terms much less severe than they had required from\\nthe French government in 1815. Though poor, he refused a national\\nrecompense from the Chambers, and when a pension of 50,000 francs\\nwas conferred on him he gave it to found a hospital at Bordeaux.\\n121", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0137.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthis extreme cold would last long and as we assured\\nhim in good faith that cold at 26 or 28 degrees\\nReaumur seldom lasted more than three days in that\\nintensity, he thanked us as if for some veritable gift.\\nBut it seemed at this time that, to protect Russia,\\nHeaven hurled all the rigours of an extraordinary\\nwinter upon her enemies.\\nOwing to the improvidence of the heads of the\\nFrench government, and the demoralization of the\\nemployees of the army, all the stores of provisions\\nand clothes, sent partly from France and partly fur-\\nnished on the spot, instead of being distributed among\\nthe French soldiers, remained intact to the advantage\\nof the Russians.\\nVilna and all Lithuania prepared lint and linen in\\nlarge quantities for the hospitals, but all this was sold\\nto the paper-makers, and the soldiers were bandaged\\nwith wadding and hay.\\nI have these details from a hospital director, who,\\nmore honest than his colleagues, complained bitterly\\nof these abuses, and with reason.\\nMy father, being a member of the provisory gov-\\nernment, was obliged to follow the French army. At\\nthe moment of his departure he gave me a few words\\nof advice as to the course of conduct I was to pursue\\nto save at least a remnant of his fortune for all who\\nleft on this occasion expected to see their property\\nconfiscated.\\nMy father said I would do well to go to St. Peters-\\nburg if the emperor did not come to Vilna, and he\\npromised to return if I should succeed in giving him\\nreassuring intelligence as to his own personal safety.\\nHe departed. My brothers had left before him. I\\n122", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0138.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nhad seen a great number of the ladies of my acquaint-\\nance depart. I remained alone. It was a gloomy\\nand overwhelming moment. I remained alone, not\\nyet knowing what would be the fate of the town,\\nwhat Vilna had to expect from the clemency of the\\nRussians, and ignorant of the designs of the French\\ngovernment. It was proposed to the King of Naples,\\nwho commanded the remnant of the army, to defend\\nVilna. He refused this proposition, using a compari-\\nson so indecent, in describing the position of the\\ntown, that it is impossible for me to repeat it here.\\nHe refused also to set fire to the arsenal and powder\\nmagazines. The explosion of these two buildings\\nwould have destroyed the greater part of the town.\\nOn the day of the retaking of Vilna by the Rus-\\nsian troops, I was awakened by the sound of cannon.\\nThey were knocking at the doors of the town in the\\nmountain gorge called Ponary, where such a great\\nnumber of the French perished. The combat was\\nneither long nor doubtful, and soon I saw the long\\nlances, the pointed caps, the shaggy mantles, and\\nthe long beards of my old acquaintances, the Cos-\\nsacks. This sight filled me with joy, none the less\\nwhen several of them, not to lose the opportunity\\nfor, or the habit of, pillage, under the pretext of\\nsearching for French equipages, came to take my\\ncarriage. My people, greatly alarmed, came to tell\\nme. I succeeded in intimidating the Cossacks by\\nspeaking firmly, and made them all leave the house.\\nI was very well satisfied with my success neverthe-\\nless, I took the precaution to ask the brave General\\nCzaplic for protection. He was the first man to\\nenter Vilna.\\n123", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0139.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nMarshal Kotousoff entered in triumph two days\\nlater and came to see me. I had known him for a\\nlong time. He praised my conduct at my presenta-\\ntion to Napoleon, and said he would take care to\\ninform the emperor of it. He told me also that\\nmy father had done very wrong to leave Vilna and\\nthus show his want of confidence in the generous\\ncharacter of his Majesty.\\nThe marshal gave a soiree for me, where he pre-\\nsented all his generals to me, saying This is the\\nyoung countess who wore her decoration a la barbe\\n(in the very beard) of Napoleon. The reports of\\nthat action, so simple, so natural, were so exagger-\\nated that it was rumored abroad that I had followed\\nmy brothers to the French army; that I had been\\nseen on the route to Moscow, playing the heroine,\\nand riding a gray horse in the midst of the ranks,\\nclad in a blue amazon. Several Russian military\\nmen assured me that they had been ordered to take\\nme prisoner.\\nThe marshal seemed almost weighed down with\\nhis successes and the honors which he had received\\nand the distinctions which came in from all direc-\\ntions. He had just been made Prince of Smolensk.\\nHe had a decoration with the portrait of the em-\\nperor set in diamonds upon the blue cockade. The\\ngrand order of St. George had been promised him.\\nNevertheless he was unsatisfied, he said, for not\\nhaving been able to make himself master of the\\nperson of Napoleon. I observed on his table a\\nsuperb ministerial portfolio of black velvet, having\\nthe arms of France embroidered in gold on one\\nside, and the crest of Napoleon on the other. The\\n124", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0140.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "GENERAL KOTOUSOFF.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0143.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0144.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nmarshal destined this portfolio for the Princess\\nKotousoff.\\nA person of the company having hazarded some\\nremark about the disasters of Moscow, What\\ncried the grand marshal, the road from Moscow\\nto Vilna is worth two Moscows\\n125", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0145.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER X\\nLITTLE by little tranquillity was again restored\\nin the town of Vilna but what tranquillity\\nIt is true that the chances of war were no more to\\nbe feared, but the picture of suffering humanity was\\nconstantly before our eyes. We could not stir into\\nthe streets without encountering the dead bodies of\\nthe French soldiers, either frozen to death or mur-\\ndered by the Jews, who had killed them to get their\\nwatches, money, or any other articles which they\\nhad about them. The slightest thaw showed traces\\nof blood on the pavements and even in the portes\\ncochhes of some of our houses. Jewish women and\\neven children were seen robbing the dead soldiers,\\nor if they were not quite dead, killing them by kicks\\nwith their iron-bound shoes.\\nThe bodies of these unfortunates were to be seen,\\nfrozen stiff in the attitudes in which death had found\\nthem, some sitting, some bent forward with their\\nfaces in their hands, others leaning against a wall\\nwith the fist closed in a menacing attitude. One\\nwould have thought them asleep, but it was the\\nsleep of death.\\nIn the search made by the police in the town\\nand its environs, the bodies of about forty thou-\\nsand French soldiers were found. In entering our\\ncountry the French had brought disorder and pil-\\nlage, in quitting it they left disease and death. A\\ncontagious fever, known as hospital fever, broke\\nout and caused unheard-of ravages, destroying a\\n126", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0146.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nlarge part of the population on the path of the\\ngrand army. The hospitals of Vilna were infected,\\nand a great number of the inhabitants of the town\\nfell victims to this new scourge. And still the\\nFrench prisoners wandered freely about the city.\\nNothing can ever efface from my memory these\\nwalking spectres. I can see them still with wan,\\nemaciated features, and eyes of which only the\\nwhites could be seen, as they sat and warmed them-\\nselves at the fires which were kindled before our\\nhouses to keep away the infection. I have often\\nseen them searching in the garbage of the street\\nfor something to satisfy their hunger, which was not\\nthe least of their sufferings. One could apply to\\nthem the line of La Fontaine,\\nlis ne mouraient pas tous, mais tous dtaient frappds.\\nOne day I was going out of a convent where my\\naunt was abbess. They had given me a quantity of\\ncakes, gingerbread, etc. At the door I saw several\\nprisoners who asked charity, and I gave them all\\nthe cakes. They fell upon them with such voracious-\\nness that I was frightened. My companion, who could\\nnot rid herself of the contents of her bag as quickly as I,\\nstood stifled, if I may use that word, in the midst of\\nthe unfortunates who pressed around her, until I sent\\nmy servant, who succeeded in rescuing her from their\\nhands, and she rejoined me pale and trembling.\\nI had taken into my house one of these poor\\ncreatures, whose mental faculties had been destroyed\\nby suffering. As I asked him if he wanted anything,\\nhe answered with a wan smile I need nothing. I\\nam a dead man. It was impossible to get any\\n127", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0147.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nother answer from him. I cannot tell how that\\nsmile haunted me. The poor man escaped one\\nday, and no one ever knew what became of him.\\nI had a whole family of prisoners at my house after-\\nwards a man, his wife and child. The man was\\nfrom Genoa and had been a shoemaker for the\\ntroops; his wife was from Nice. In speaking of\\nthe horrors of the hospital she said, in her soft\\nSouthern accent, Madame, you would have been\\nsorry to see it The child, with his golden hair\\nand large dark eyes, reminded one of Raphael s\\ncherubs. This poor little unfortunate was not yet\\ntwo years old. He did not recover from his suffer-\\nings. He died in the country, where I had sent him\\nwith his parents. I kept them a long time in my house.\\nThese poor people, in the midst of the snows and frosts\\nof this terrible winter, used to talk of the flowers and\\nperfumes of their own country, and of the balmy air\\nof the nights on the sea-coast at Genoa la superb a.\\nMisfortune had destroyed in the poor prisoners\\neven the love of life and the desire to live. In their\\nabstraction they would kindle a fire on the floor in\\nthe middle of a room and sitting round it would let\\nthemselves be slowly consumed by the flames. It\\nwas in this way that the military hospital at Zakret\\nwas burned down, and similar accidents occurred\\nseveral times in different villages.\\nIn contrast to this picture of misery, we saw the\\nCossacks, enriched by pillage, selling wedges of gold\\nand silver, strings of pearls, watches, and jewels for\\na very small price in paper money. They also con-\\ntinued to pillage in the country. I had constantly\\nto ask the marshal for safeguards for my acquaint-\\n128", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0148.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nances, and he used to say to me, You see these\\nrascals never have enough, but I will make them\\ndisgorge and he really did oblige the Cossacks\\nto furnish a certain number of ingots of silver for\\nthe statues of the twelve apostles, at the church of\\nSaint Mary of Kazan 1 at St. Petersburg. The Cos-\\nsacks sold at Vilna several children of the unfor-\\ntunate French, who had left Moscow to follow the\\ngrand army. These poor little creatures, passing\\nfrom the maternal breast to the strong arms of their\\nstrange protectors, having only voice enough still\\nto cry, could not even tell the names of their parents,\\nwho had perished, no doubt, in the retreat.\\nAn Italian singer, Soprano Torquinio, whom I had\\nformerly known at Vilna where he had given sing-\\ning lessons, was at Moscow at the time of the French\\noccupation. He sang every evening for Napoleon,\\nwho always asked for the music of Paesiello. 2 He\\n1 Church of St. Mary of Kazan, one of the oldest churches in St.\\nPetersburg. Its interior is in the shape of a cross. It is especially\\nrich in trophies of the war with Persia and France. The baton of\\nDavoust and the keys of many fortresses are suspended against the\\npillars of this military looking cathedral. Among the keys are those\\nof Hamburg, Leipsic, Dresden, Rheines, Breda, and Utrecht. The\\ntomb of General Kutusov is here. He lies buried on a spot where\\nhe knelt in prayer before setting out to meet the enemy in 1812.\\nThe ikonostas and the balustrade in front of the altar are of silver,\\nbeing the zealous offering of the Don Cossacks after the campaign\\nof 181 2. The silver weighs nearly half a ton.\\n2 Giovanni Paesiello, or Paisiello (born 1741, died 1816), an\\nItalian composer. At the age of twenty he was a prolific composer\\nof masses, psalms, motets, etc. In 1776 he accepted an invitation\\nfrom Catherine II. to establish himself at St. Petersburg, where he\\nremained nine years, producing several operas and oratorios. Some\\nof his best works belong to this period, particularly 77 Barbiere di\\nSiviglia. Going to Vienna he produced operas for the Emperor\\nJoseph II. On his return to Naples (1785) he was appointed Royal\\n9 129", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0149.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nwas taken prisoner by the Cossacks and brought\\nto Vilna, where he obtained his liberty. Torquinio\\ntold me very curious stories about his captors.\\nEvery evening when they returned to camp after a\\npillaging expedition, the Cossacks amused them-\\nselves by dressing up like French marshals and\\ngenerals in the clothes which they had taken during\\nthe day. Poor Torquinio and his companion Nina,\\nalso a good musician, were obliged to sing to earn\\ntheir supper. The Cossacks, seated on the hard\\nfrozen snow around a fire whose flame lighted up\\ntheir savage faces, dressed in the rich costumes\\nwhich were strikingly incongruous with those who\\nwore them, the Cossacks, I say, seemed to take\\na never-ending delight in the harmonious language\\nand songs of the South.\\nA thousand such recitals formed the subjects of\\nconversation in the society of Vilna that winter.\\nHow we hated the author of all these evils and suf-\\nferings I remember one day at a party we were\\ninventing different kinds of torture for Napoleon.\\nWhen my time came I said, I would have Napoleon\\ndrowned in the tears he has caused to be shed\\nAmong these scenes of desolation, I had a trouble\\nwhich was entirely personal. I received no news\\nwhatever from my father and brothers. I was often\\ntold that they had been made prisoners, which was\\nthe happiest thing in these circumstances.\\nChapel Master. In 1802 he accepted an invitation by Bonaparte to\\ngo to Paris; two years later he returned to Naples. Paisiello s\\nworks comprise twenty-seven grand, fifty-one buffo operas, eight in-\\nterludes, and a vast collection of cantatas, oratorios, masses, etc.\\nOne authority says He is superior to his rivals in the suavity of\\nhis melody and the charm of his expression.\\n13\u00c2\u00b0", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0150.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XI\\nA FORTNIGHT had not yet passed since the\\nreturn of the Russians to Vilna. I awoke one\\nmorning with that sadness, that heaviness of the\\nheart which had become habitual to me. In that\\nfirst instant of wakening I could not tell whether I\\nwas suffering from a present misfortune or only the\\nexpectation of a new calamity, when suddenly some\\none came to announce that the emperor had arrived\\nthat night. Ah, I cried, bursting into tears, the\\nangel of deliverance has come we shall be saved\\nDuring the morning I received a visit from the\\ngood Count Tolstoi, whom I saw again with real pleas-\\nure. He brought me the thanks of our beloved\\nsovereign. We talked a long time of the calamities\\ncaused by the war, and consoled ourselves mutually\\nfor the past by the hopes of a happier future. Count\\nTolstoi was about to leave, when suddenly on the\\nstairs he remembered the real object of his visit, and\\nreturning hastily, he said: I beg ten thousand par-\\ndons, but I had forgotten to say that his Majesty\\ncharged me to ask you, if he could come and see you\\nthis evening, if you would allow him that pleasure.\\nI could not help laughing when he had gone, prom-\\nising myself to tell the emperor this new trait of\\nmemory in the grand marshal.\\nHappy to see the emperor, I felt nevertheless an\\ninexpressible anxiety in thinking of my father and\\nbrothers. They had left their country to follow a\\n*3*", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0151.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nfaction opposed to their sovereign. To be sure, they\\nhad been compelled to do it, in a measure, but the\\nfact remained. What should I say to him? What\\nwould he say to me? How extremely embarrassing\\nand perplexing But the presence of Alexander, the\\nkind expressions of that which he chose to call grati-\\ntude, and the thankfulness which I felt that he seemed\\npleased with a slight proof of devotion on my part,\\nsoon dissipated the doubts which had arisen in my\\nmind, and left me calm to enjoy in security the pleas-\\nure of seeing him again. Finally, with that delicacy\\nof perception which he possessed in a high degree,\\nhe seemed to guess my sufferings, and introduced\\nthe painful subject himself with the following words\\nI owe no grudge against the Lithuanians. They\\nwere obliged to yield to force. The secret of our\\noperations was unknown to them. They could not\\nforesee either the course or the tendency of events.\\nMoreover, it was but natural that they should wish to\\nrecover their country. Nevertheless, the Emperor\\nNapoleon had no intention of realizing their hopes\\nin that respect, since he refused positively all the\\npropositions which I made him, through the agency\\nof Balachefif, at the beginning of the campaign. I\\nwas resolved to make great sacrifices to maintain\\npeace and the liberty of commerce, without which\\nmy States, owing to their geographical position,\\ncould not maintain themselves.\\nOne real proof, continued Alexander, that\\nNapoleon never thought of re-establishing Poland is,\\nthat he would not accept the concessions that I was\\nready to make to him. I should only have lost a\\nconquered territory. The empire would have re-\\ni3 2", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0152.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nmained intact. He would not accept it, and I was\\nforced, in consequence, to follow a plan whose suc-\\ncess has been the result of our perseverance and the\\nprotection of Heaven.\\nWe could not risk the chances of war against\\nskilful generals, against an army for twenty years\\naccustomed to conquer, and commanded by a great\\ncaptain whose military genius was never disappointed\\nuntil now. Rather than relinquish this plan and\\naccept the conditions which Napoleon wished to im-\\npose on me, I had decided to make a sacrifice, not\\nonly of Moscow, but of St. Petersburg, and to retire\\nto Kazan in the depths of Russia, as far as the fron-\\ntiers of Asia, if it were necessary. I should still\\nhave lost nothing of the original territories of Russia,\\nfor St. Petersburg is built on Swedish territory and\\nMoscow is an old conquest.\\nBut, added the prince, smiling, at all events\\nI should have reserved the possibility of returning.\\nI repeat, continued he, I have nothing against the\\nLithuanians it is we who have abandoned them, but\\nthat shall not happen again.\\nHis Majesty then told me that he had passed many\\nsad moments since his sojourn at Vilna and during\\nthe six months of the campaign.\\nI have suffered much, I have felt great anxiety,\\nsaid he. There was much agitation among the\\ngreat minds at St. Petersburg, the greater number of\\nwhom were not satisfied with the military operations\\nat the beginning of the campaign. Under the pre-\\nceding reign and under that of the Empress Catherine\\nnobody troubled himself about the affairs of the State,\\nbut to-day everybody must be initiated into the mys-\\n133", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0153.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nteries of the government. And how can I satisfy all\\nthese opinions? I do not possess the happy philos-\\nophy of Napoleon, and this unfortunate campaign\\nhas cost me ten years of my life. Unfortunate and\\nyet victorious He was triumphant But his mag-\\nnanimous heart could not rejoice over his successes\\nwhile he saw humanity suffer.\\nTo spare the emperor s feelings from the sight of\\nthe miseries caused by this cruel war, a new road had\\nbeen made, which kept him off the route which the\\narmies had followed. But one could not prevent his\\nmeeting some poor, wandering French soldiers. He\\neither gave them help or took them on his sledge.\\nHe brought thus a sick French soldier to the castle of\\nPostawy, belonging to my father. The emperor passed\\nthe night there, left money for the poor fellow, and\\nbegged them to take care of him. Such was the con-\\nduct of this prince toward his enemies they ceased\\nto be enemies as soon as they were unfortunate.\\nNapoleon s conduct was very different: he aban-\\ndoned, in their distress, his own soldiers, the instru-\\nments of his fortune and glory.\\nThe Emperor Alexander was three days in coming\\nfrom St. Petersburg to Vilna, travelling in an open\\nsledge, which is much worse than to pass the night in\\ncamp. He said, laughing, It has cost me the end\\nof my nose to come to Vilna\\nTea was served. The emperor liked tea and took\\na great deal. Mademoiselle F., who made it, presented\\na cup to his Majesty, who refused to take it before\\nme, saying, Although a Northern barbarian, I know\\nwhat I owe to ladies.\\nThe emperor asked me a great many questions\\n*34", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0154.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nabout my presentation to Napoleon. I related simply\\nwhat had happened on that occasion. His Majesty\\nsaid I had shown astonishing courage in not fearing\\nhim, before whom even men trembled. I answered\\nthat I was very happy to be able to give the only\\nproof of devotion which was in my power, and that I\\nhad never expected to receive such a recompense as\\nthe approbation of my sovereign. He asked what\\nimpression Napoleon had made on me. I answered\\nthat his physique had not corresponded with the\\nexpectation which his genius had given me.\\nThat is exactly the impression he made on me,\\nsaid the emperor. Did you notice his clear gray\\neyes, which are so piercing that you can hardly bear\\nhis look?\\nI found nothing at all imposing in the person of\\nNapoleon, I said and I acknowledge, even, that in\\nspite of the exceeding goodness of your Majesty, I\\nfeel more timidity in your presence than I felt when\\nI was presented to Napoleon, of whom I knew little\\nthat was amiable, and only the total want of gracious-\\nness in his intercourse with ladies.\\nHow is it possible that I should inspire fear?\\nsaid the emperor.\\nYes, sire, that of displeasing you.\\nThese words received very graceful thanks.\\nThe emperor asked me also if I had seen the King\\nof Naples. 1 I answered that I had only seen him from\\n1 It is an historical fact that the King of Naples greatly awed\\nthese barbarians [i. e. Russians]. It is certain that there was a\\ntouch of the theatrical in the appearance of the King of Naples\\nwhich fascinated their eyes. He was always very richly dressed.\\n(The Private Life of Napoleon, Memoirs of Constant.)\\n135", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0155.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nmy window, and that he had seemed to me like a\\ntheatre king, with his yellow boots and his big plumes\\na la Henri IV.\\nYes, said the emperor, he has adopted the\\ndress, but not the sentiments of Henri IV. I am sorry\\nyou did not hear him speak. He has a Gascon\\naccent. At my first interview with Napoleon I saw\\nnear him a young Turk, who was presented to me\\nunder the name and title of Grand Duke of Berg,\\nbrother-in-law of the emperor. Upon another occa-\\nsion he appeared in a rose-colored uniform with green\\nfacings and Spanish slashings.\\nWhen I mentioned a new favor which Napoleon\\nhad just accorded to his brother-in-law, his Majesty\\nsaid He is too good to him he ought to have him\\nshot, for it is to him he owes his ruin in having de-\\nstroyed the French cavalry.\\nHis Majesty laughed when I told him what Na-\\npoleon had said at the presentation The Emperor\\nAlexander is very amiable. He has won you all here.\\nLadies, are you good Poles\\nWhile we chatted I scraped lint, and the emperor\\nsaid such a pleasant thing about it that I must repeat\\nit, to show the grace and delicacy of his wit even in\\nthe most trifling matters. One would almost be\\nwilling to be wounded for the privilege of using the\\nlint, he said.\\nSpeaking of certain particulars relating to Napo-\\nleon s stay at Vilna and the services which he re-\\nquired of his grand dignitaries, such as Caulincourt\\nholding the steps for him to descend from the car-\\nriage, the emperor exclaimed How could he thus\\ndegrade the person of an ambassador? What\\n136", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0156.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\npleasure could he find in being thus served by his\\nchamberlains and grand equerries Am I not better\\nwaited on by my servant than by all these court carpet-\\nsweepers? Then he added Happily, we are com-\\ning to the opinion that a place at court is an honor-\\nable career, and that those who fill it have other\\nduties, either military service or the administration\\nof the government.\\nThe philosopher on the thro7ie, as Napoleon called\\nhim, appeared in those words, especially in his indif-\\nference to the pomp with which sovereign power usu-\\nally surrounds itself. Mademoiselle F. acknowledged\\nthat for her part she found all that very fine. It is a\\nvain kind of splendor which pleases you, answered\\nthe emperor. Then he spoke those beautiful words\\nwhich I have already quoted, which, however, may be\\nrepeated again One must be in my place to form\\nan idea of the responsibility of a sovereign, and to\\nknow what I feel in thinking that I must one day\\nrender an account to God for the life of each one of\\nmy soldiers. No, the throne is not my vocation, and\\nif I could honorably change my condition I would do\\nit gladly. How surprising was this language at such\\na moment, and from the lips of the prince who had\\ntriumphed over his most terrible adversary, the ruler\\nof Europe.\\nI am badly seconded in my views for the happi-\\nness of my people, continued he in fact, sometimes\\nI should like to break my head against the wall, on see-\\ning myself surrounded by such egoists, who neglect\\nthe good and the interests of the State, and think only\\nof their own fortune and elevation. What beautiful\\nsentiments What an angelic soul this prince showed,\\nJ 37", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0157.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nin his love of peace, in his contempt for luxury and\\nambition, and for courtiers in general.\\nThen he said Why could not all the sovereigns\\nand nations of Europe agree among themselves to live\\nlike brothers, aiding each other in their need and\\ncomforting each other in their adversity? Commerce\\nwould become the common property of this great\\nsociety, whose several members would without doubt\\ndiffer in religious belief, but a spirit of toleration\\nwould unite all churches. It matters little to the All-\\nPowerful, I believe, whether we pray to him in Latin\\nor in Greek, so long as we do our duty toward him\\nand toward our fellow-men. It is not always the\\nlongest prayers which touch him most.\\nSire, I said, I have made many long prayers\\nfor you.\\nHe seemed moved, and thanked me with his ac-\\ncustomed graciousness The prayers of a person as\\ninnocent as you ought to be granted. I ventured\\nto observe that if all men followed the teachings of\\nthe gospel, teachings so gentle, so well adapted to\\neach one, they could dispense with other laws, in\\nadopting the principles contained in that Book\\ndivine. The emperor approved of my idea.\\nI could wish that all kings had been in my place,\\nto hear and remember the words of this prince and\\nto make them the rule of their conduct.\\nHis Majesty then turned the conversation to the\\nworks of the philosophers of the eighteenth century\\nVoltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, D Alembert, and others.\\nOf the first, I was acquainted only with the tragedies,\\nhistorical works, and the Henriade, and I knew\\nalmost nothing of the second. The emperor assured\\n138", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0158.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nme that the philosophy of Rousseau was not so dan-\\ngerous to religion as the writings of Voltaire. Many\\nof the ideas of that philanthropic and eloquent writer\\nseemed to be to the taste of the prince, and to suit the\\nturn of his mind. I thought I observed also a certain\\nresemblance between the ideas of the emperor upon\\nuniversal peace, and the works of De Sainte-Pierre\\non that subject. His Majesty spoke with great\\npraise of The Genius of Christianity, a produc-\\ntion, he said, as justly celebrated as its author. He\\nreferred to the philosophy of Kant, so deep and so\\nabstract that one might regard it as incomprehen-\\nsible. Perhaps Kant himself did not possess the key\\nto it.\\nSuddenly, in the midst of this grave conversation,\\nthe emperor interrupted himself, laughing. I have\\nemployed my time well, he said, in delivering a\\nlecture on moral philosophy to a pretty woman If\\nany one could hear me, I should certainly be laughed\\nat. I hastened to reply that I would endeavor to\\nprofit by the lecture, and would be the better for it,\\nthanks to his Majesty s patience. Ah, you have no\\nneed of it; you are already better than we. Besides,\\nsaid he, this kind of conversation is not suitable to\\nall women. There are those who must always have\\nonly stories.\\nThe conversation returned to Napoleon. Alex-\\nander was with reason astonished at the improvi-\\ndence which had led this great warrior to risk himself\\nwith six hundred thousand men, without supplies,\\nwithout any kind of provisions, in a devastated coun-\\ntry, in the midst of the deserts of Russia. This want\\nof foresight had necessarily led to marauding and\\n139", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0159.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ninsubordination in the army. Napoleon said himself\\nto persons who begged him to use severe measures\\nto prevent pillage, What will you have me do\\nThey must live.\\nThe emperor continued: Napoleon thought he\\ncould make the Russians revolt by offering them, in\\ndivers proclamations, the allurement of liberty. He\\nwas, however, impolitic to wound the religious feelings\\nof the Russian people, by letting the French soldiers\\ncommit acts of impiety in churches and sacred\\nplaces. Seeing the objects of their worship out-\\nraged and spoiled, the Russians saw only a snare in\\nthe offers made them, and instead of running to meet\\ntheir pretended liberators, they, ever faithful to God\\nand to their sovereign, retired to the depths of the\\nforests with their wives, children, and cattle, setting\\nfire to their own homes and never ceasing to harass\\nthe hostile troops. Oh, my Barbary horse ex-\\nclaimed the emperor, with a sort of enthusiasm.\\nThey were worth more than we were It is there\\nthat we find once more the morals of patriarchal\\ntimes, a profound respect for religion, the love of\\nGod, and a complete devotion to the sovereign\\nAlexander then spoke of the service which the\\nJews had rendered in the campaign by burning a\\nbridge to retard the march of the French. They\\nhave shown a wonderful attachment, said he.\\nYes, very wonderful, I repeated, only thinking\\nin that instant of the cruelties practised by the Jews\\nin Vilna; then, perceiving immediately that my ex-\\nclamation was a little more than naive, I corrected\\nmyself and added, Not at all, sire, if I may judge\\nfrom my own experience.\\n140", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0160.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nThe emperor spoke again of the person of Napo-\\nleon, his short stature, etc. Sire, I said, it is very\\nseldom that a sovereign unites all these advantages.\\nBut that is not without example, said Mademoi-\\nselle F.\\nAh without doubt, replied I.\\nGuessing the application at once, he covered his\\nface with both hands, and laughing said, A truce\\nto compliments, I beg of you.\\nThe town was to give a grand ball on the mor-\\nrow in honor of the emperor s birthday, but his\\nMajesty refused the homage. He said to me with\\nreference to this refusal I thought that in these\\ncircumstances dancing or even the sound of music\\ncould not be agreeable. I hastened to applaud a\\nthought so just and so right.\\nAt the moment of quitting me his Majesty renewed\\nhis kind assurances of interest and good-will. I con-\\nducted him as far as the antechamber, where his\\nfavorite coachman, Ilia, awaited him. The latter had\\ntaken tea with my servants while, by my order, some\\none attended to the emperor s horses. This man was\\ndelighted with the evening he had passed, which had\\nbeen rather noisy; for bursts of loud and prolonged\\nlaughter could be heard as far as the drawing-room\\nwhere I was with the emperor, who paid no attention\\nto it.\\nIlia assured my people that he made a part of the\\nfriendly reception to his master, whom, he said, it\\nwould not fail to please. This servant merited the\\nunlimited attachment which the emperor had for\\nhim. A very touching anecdote is told of him. The\\nemperor was accustomed to go about the streets of\\n141", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0161.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nSt. Petersburg in a dorochka, or a sledge if it was in\\nwinter, drawn by one horse driven by Ilia.\\nOne day, as he made the circuit, Ilia drove him into\\na side street, dirty and badly built. Why do you\\nbring me into this quarter? asked the emperor.\\nIlia turned back immediately. Another day he\\ndrove the emperor again to the same place. His\\nMajesty, greatly surprised, said It is not without a\\ndesign that you always drive me into this street\\nIlia answered If your Majesty will permit, I will\\ntell him why, a little farther on. The emperor\\nconsented. When they had come to a small cottage\\nIlia stopped. Sire, said he, here is the house\\nbelonging to the widow of my old master, of him who\\nceded me to your Majesty. The emperor did not\\nreply, but when he had returned to the palace, he\\nsent Ilia a sum of money for his old mistress, with\\nthe promise of a pension for the rest of her life. The\\nhusband of this lady had lost his entire fortune, and\\ndied leaving his widow in extreme poverty. 1\\n1 At the death of the Emperor Alexander, nothing could induce\\nIlia to leave the body of his beloved master. He conducted it from\\nTaganrog to St. Petersburg, and every night, in spite of the intense\\ncold and his advanced age, he slept on the hearse which carried\\nthat precious relic.\\n142", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0162.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XII\\nTHE Emperor Alexander had a reception of the\\ngentlemen at court on his birthday. Several\\npersons of the small number of the Lithuanian nobil-\\nity still remaining at Vilna came to see me on leaving\\nthe castle. These gentlemen were struck with the\\nemperor s imposing manner and with the words with\\nwhich he addressed them. Gentlemen, said the\\nprince, looking round at the company, I must com-\\nplain of a great many Lithuanians; I am pleased with\\nvery few among them but I like to pass the sponge\\nover the past, hoping that you will not place your-\\nselves again in the position to have recourse to my\\nindulgence.\\nIn the morning I received an invitation to pass the\\nevening at Marshal Kotousoff s. The emperor had\\ndined there, and they said vaguely that he would\\nreturn in the evening. I was surprised, on arriving\\nat the marshal s to find preparations for dancing,\\nmusicians, and a crowd of young officers. At the\\nmoment of the arrival of the emperor they threw the\\nflags lately taken from the enemy at his Majesty s\\nfeet. I saw that he recoiled with a modest motion\\nfrom this ovation. An instant later he entered the\\ncabinet of the marshal. The latter soon returned and\\nsaid to me, We have just been doing some work\\nfor you. Not understanding what the marshal\\nmeant, I asked an explanation.\\nIt referred to an act of amnesty in favor of the\\ni43", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0163.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nLithuanians which the emperor had just signed; a\\nbeautiful act, to signalize the day of his birth by the\\npardon of offences\\nWhen the emperor came to ask me to dance he\\nsaid You will be surprised, after what I said yester-\\nday, to find me here at a ball. But what could I do?\\nI had to give pleasure to this old fellow. It was\\nthus that the emperor designated the marshal.\\nThis old fellow ought to be contented. The cold has\\ndone him good service He had just given the old\\nfellow the order of St. Andrew in diamonds, and a\\nmagnificent sword of honor, also set in large diamonds,\\nand a wreath of laurels in emeralds, of which the\\nmarshal found the stones too small, laughingly saying\\nhe would have to call the emperor s attention to it.\\nThis ball, where I saw only Russian officers, with\\nthe exception of two or three Lithuanians, trans-\\nported me in imagination to St. Petersburg and the\\nillusion would have been complete, had it not been\\nin the room where I had seen Napoleon and the\\nFrench. I said to the emperor that in the space\\nof six months, without having quitted Vilna, I had\\nseen nearly all |the nations of Europe, and that they\\nhad produced on me the effect of a magic lantern.\\nThe emperor made a very just observation, saying,\\nNapoleon has shown himself the best ally of Russia,\\nin making his own army perish. The marshal pre-\\nsented to his Majesty a Russian lady who had followed\\nher husband to the war, and into the thickest of the\\nfight. I do not approve of that kind of courage\\nin a woman, said the emperor when she had moved\\naway. There is another way in which they can\\ndistinguish themselves, in a manner more worthy of\\n144", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0164.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nthemselves, and more becoming to their sex, added\\nhe, giving me a pleasant look.\\nEvery day the Emperor Alexander, followed by\\nhis staff, went on foot to the parade in the square of\\nthe H6tel-de-Ville nearly opposite my windows. I\\ncould hear him say to the soldiers, Zdarowa,\\nrabiata that is to say, How are you, my children\\nAnd the soldiers would reply, We are all well, sire\\nand your Majesty?\\nThis affection between the sovereign and the army,\\nbetween the father and the children of his adoption,\\nand the murmur of all these manly voices was solemn\\nand touching.\\nAs I complimented the emperor upon the good\\ncondition of his troops, who had never been in want\\nduring the whole campaign, he said with a sigh:\\nThey have also suffered very much. One sees here\\nonly the bright side. Alexander found it unjust that\\nin France the Imperial Guards received better pay\\nthan the regular infantry.\\nMarshal Kotousoff offered to take charge of a letter\\nto my father, in which I should try to induce him to\\nreturn to Lithuania. He promised to send the letter\\nby a Jewish spy and courier to the army. My father\\nreceived it at Warsaw, which was still in the hands of\\nthe French. This letter, written with great circum-\\nspection, and which had been under the eyes of the\\nemperor and of the marshal, made a great sensation\\namong the agents of the French government. They\\nthought that my father was keeping up secret intelli-\\ngence with the Russians. He was obliged to promise\\nto follow the French, and only succeeded with great\\ndifficulty in helping the poor unfortunate Jew to escape.\\n10 145", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0165.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER XIII\\nTHE Emperor Alexander, during his six weeks\\nstay at Vilna, consecrated every moment that\\nhe could spare from the affairs of the government\\nand military details to the relief of suffering human-\\nity. Always accompanied by General Saint-Priest,\\nhe went through the hospitals in person, with a fear-\\nlessness of contagion which made us all tremble for\\nhis life. Everywhere order was re-established at his\\nword, and hope returned to the hearts of the miser-\\nable prisoners. One poor French woman, with two\\nlittle children, came and threw herself at the feet of\\nthe emperor as he returned from the parade one day.\\nThe tears of these poor unfortunates caused his own\\nto flow, and he hastened to give them help.\\nA soldier to whom I had given shelter related to\\nme that, seeing a young and handsome Russian\\nofficer passing by, who had a good face he stopped\\nhim to ask charity; and that the handsome young\\nman ordered him to go to the kitchen of the imperial\\npalace and to say that the brother of the grand duke\\nhad sent him there that he might get something to\\neat. I did it, said the soldier, just as he told me,\\nand I had a famous good chaw J The soldier did\\nnot know, till I told him, that the brother of the grand\\nduke was no other than the emperor.\\nThe news of the death of the Duke of Oldenburg,\\nthe brother-in-law of Alexander, a victim to the\\nhospital fever, redoubled our fears for the life of the\\n146", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0166.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nemperor. The day before his departure, his Majesty\\nhaving come to pass the evening with me, I ventured\\nto tell him my fears, and to beg him to take care of a\\nlife which was so precious and dear to us all. One\\nhas nothing to fear from these contagious diseases,\\nanswered the emperor, as long as one has no appre-\\nhension, if one has a healthy constitution. Unfortu-\\nnately that was not the case with my brother-in-law,\\nand he has succumbed.\\nI had myself experienced what the emperor said.\\nI was daily with persons attacked by the hospital\\nfever in my own house, yet I enjoyed perfect health.\\nI never felt any unpleasant consequences. I asked\\nthe emperor if it was true that he had been recog-\\nnized on his visits to the hospitals. Yes, said\\nhe, in the officers ward, but generally they have\\ntaken me for the aide-de-camp of General Saint-\\nPriest. The emperor related a story in this connec-\\ntion which touched him very much, and me equally.\\nA Spanish officer lay dying on his bed of straw. He\\nhad finished dictating a letter to his comrade, when\\nGeneral Saint-Priest, followed by the emperor, ap-\\nproached to speak to him. Monsieur, said the\\nSpaniard, with a feeble voice, addressing Alexander,\\nwhom he took for the aide-de-camp of the Russian gen-\\neral, have the goodness to take charge of this letter.\\nIt is the last farewell which I address to my wife in\\nSpain. I will send the letter, said the emperor. He\\nthen had all the Spanish prisoners assembled, and sent\\nthem at his own expense by sea to their native country.\\nThe picture which the emperor drew of the French\\nhospital which he had visited in the university build-\\nings made us shiver with horror and froze the blood\\n147", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0167.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nin our veins. It was in the evening, said his\\nMajesty. One single lamp lighted the high vaulted\\nroom, in which they had heaped up the piles of\\ncorpses as high as the walls. I cannot express the\\nhorror I felt, when in the midst of these inanimate\\nbodies, I suddenly saw living beings. And now,\\ncontinued he, nobody will follow me in my visits\\nto the hospitals. My young people, who are en-\\nchanted to go to a duel or an assault, hasten to find\\nsome plausible reason for not accompanying me\\nwhen I go to do my duty.\\nIn speaking of the disorder which prevailed in the\\nFrench administration, his Majesty said I wish\\nthat the Emperor Napoleon could be informed to\\nwhat a degree he has been badly served by all those\\nwho possessed his confidence.\\nThe conversation turned naturally to the insatiable\\nambition of the great captain, to the excesses and\\nevils which that ambition had drawn down upon\\nFrance and the whole of Europe. Good heavens\\nsaid Alexander, placing both hands on his forehead,\\nWhat a brilliant career that man could still run\\nHe could give peace to Europe. He could, and he\\nhas not done it Now the charm is broken We\\nshall see which will succeed best, to make one s sel-f\\nfeared, or to make one s self loved.\\nWhat noble emulation in these words To make\\none s self loved Yes, that was the secret of Alexan-\\nder s policy. During the whole course of his reign,\\nit was always as friend to friend that he treated with\\nthe sovereigns of Europe.\\nThen I said, It is not Napoleon who will have the\\nglory of bringing peace to Europe.\\n148", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0168.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nWhat difference does it make, answered he,\\nwhether it is he or I or another who makes peace,\\nso long as it is done? When I said I hoped it\\nwould take place in the spring, Why not this\\nwinter? The sooner the better, he replied with\\nmuch warmth.\\nThe emperor so desired the accomplishment of\\nthis peace, the object of all his wishes and thoughts,\\nthat he felt he was losing time at Vilna. Not that\\nI am not pleased to be here, added the prince,\\nbut on account of the march of political events\\nwhich it is so important to hasten, to prevent Na-\\npoleon from reuniting his forces on the Vistula. We\\nhave been obliged to give the troops some rest after\\nthose hard marches.\\nThe Emperor Alexander s modesty made him ab-\\nsolutely suffer when any one addressed him with words\\nof eulogy, even if these were true. I told him we\\nhad lately been looking into history to find a prince\\nwhom we could place on a level with his Majesty.\\nHe would not allow me to continue. A truce to\\ncompliments, I beg of you, he said, bowing.\\nI do not remember in what connection we spoke\\nagain of the family of Napoleon. Mademoiselle F.\\npraised the character of Lucien Bonaparte. No,\\nsaid the emperor, coldly, I should not like to re-\\nsemble him then suddenly he cried with enthusiasm,\\nbut I should like to be Moreau. There, is a really\\ngreat man Then he enumerated the merits and\\ntalents of that able general. One might suppose\\nthat Alexander had already chosen, in his own mind,\\nthis French patriot for the execution of his political\\nand warlike designs.\\n149", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0169.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nI spoke to the emperor of a portrait of Napoleon s\\nson, then the King of Rome, which promised a strong\\nresemblance to his father. That is very fortunate\\nfor him, if we may believe all that is said in regard\\nto his birth, said the emperor. Then he continued\\nHow much it is to be regretted that the French\\nsacrifice themselves thus for a man who despises them\\nfrom the bottom of his heart, at the same time\\naccomplishing such grand things through them and\\nby them. In my interview with Napoleon at Erfurt,\\nin reference to some remarks which I had made upon\\nthe manner of governing that nation, he said to me\\nYou do not know the French. They must be\\ndriven, as I do it, with a rod of iron. I recognize\\nto-day the truth of what Talleyrand then said to me,\\nthat peace was necessary to France. I generally\\nmistrust all these gray-beards in politics. Being\\ninfluenced, besides, by the great military power of\\nthe French and the talents of their chief, I believed\\nthat, in talking to me in this strain, Talleyrand\\nwanted to ensnare me and to prejudice my mind.\\nTo-day, results prove that the diplomat was right,\\nand that after so disastrous a campaign in Russia,\\nand the great reverses which France has just met\\nwith in Spain, she must be entirely drained of men\\nand of money.\\nIn hearing the emperor speak of Napoleon s con-\\ntempt for his compatriots, Mademoiselle F. said it\\nwas a great pity that France could not be enlightened\\nas to the disasters of the war, and the lies with which\\nNapoleon had the army bulletins filled. We have\\nhad the precaution, said the emperor, to have\\nprinted intelligence thrown in on all sides of France,\\n15\u00c2\u00b0", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0170.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nand in all the ports, to deliver that country from the\\nblindness in which she is plunged, and in which\\nevery effort is made to keep her. We know, more-\\nover, that De Malet s 1 conspiracy is far from being\\nsuppressed, and that there are many malcontents in\\nFrance. We must hope that all these events will\\nunite in promoting the result desired, a solid peace\\nin Europe. After the violent blows which she has\\nreceived during the last thirty years, Europe has\\ngreat need of repose.\\nIt woulcKbe difficult for me to say, from the differ-\\nent ideas thrown into the conversation, whether the\\nEmperor Alexander then really desired the fall of\\nNapoleon, or even believed that fall possible but in\\nspeaking of Napoleon he repeated several times an\\nexpression which was very remarkable, The charm\\nis broken. Perhaps he thought only of that whose\\ninfluence he himself had felt.\\nThe Emperor Alexander said that in adopting\\nrevolutionary language the French had forgotten\\ntheir own tongue. It is very astonishing, added\\nhe, but they no longer speak French.\\nThe emperor had a right to be a little difficult to\\nplease on that point, as he always used the choicest\\nand most elegant expressions.\\n1 Claude Francois de Malet (born 1754, died 1812), a French general\\nand conspirator. About 1806 he was dismissed from the service and\\nwent to Paris, where he plotted against Napoleon; and for this he\\nwas imprisoned from 1806 to 181 2. Having formed another con-\\nspiracy, he announced at the barracks in Paris, October 24, 1812,\\nthat Bonaparte had died in Russia, and that he (De Malet) had been\\nappointed Governor of Paris by the Senate. By forged orders he\\nimposed on the prefect of Paris, made Savary prisoner, and shot\\nGeneral Hullin. At this crisis he was made a prisoner and shot after\\na summary process.\\n151", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0171.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nI do not know where his Majesty had become ac-\\nquainted with Marshal Oudinot, the Duke of Reggio,\\nbut he spoke of him as a man of intelligence, and\\nshowed his satisfaction at the behavior of the mar-\\nshal at Smolensk or at Witepsk, where he persuaded\\nthe inhabitants not to revolt against their rightful\\nsovereign.\\nAlexander, in speaking of the defects of modern\\neducation, said Our young people think they\\nknow everything when they have learned to dance\\nand to speak French. You can form no idea, he\\nadded, to what an extent the morals of our people\\nare corrupted. No one believes it possible to have a\\nreal friendship, a disinterested affection, for a woman\\nwho is not our mother, our wife, or our sister.\\nHis Majesty then spoke with wisdom and sagacity\\nof the different systems adopted in Europe to sim-\\nplify the mode of instruction, among others the\\nsystem of Pestalozzi, which seemed too mechanical\\nand artificial to the emperor, and little adapted to\\ndevelop the mind.\\nTo smooth away the difficulties of study by dint\\nof force, they make nothing but machines out of the\\nyoung people, said the prince.\\nI do not know upon what foundations the authors\\nof the two histories of Alexander have been pleased\\nto attribute to the exalted imagination of Madame\\nKriidener 1 the idea of the Holy Alliance and a uni-\\n1 Juliane de Vietinghoff, Baroness Kriidener (born 1764, died\\n1824). She was carefully educated in the house of her father, one of\\nthe wealthiest proprietors in Livonia, and she was early remarkable\\nfor her intelligence and for a tendency to revery and melancholy.\\nWhile very young she married a Russian diplomatist, Baron Kriidener,\\nwhom she accompanied to Venice and afterwards to Copenhagen\\nI5 2", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0172.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nversal peace, a noble project, which could only have\\nhad birth in the mind of Alexander himself.\\nNeither at that time nor afterwards, when on sev-\\neral occasions he conversed with me, did the emperor\\npronounce the name of the author of Valerie, although\\nhe often spoke of the celebrated literary men of past\\ntimes and of the present, and even of women dis-\\ntinguished for their wit and intelligence, such as\\nMadame de Sta\u00c2\u00a3l, whose great talents he admired.\\nI was surprised that he passed in silence the name of\\nMadame de Genlis, whose pen, equally harmonious\\nand productive, has written so many useful and inter-\\nesting works on religion and morals, works which\\nwill always assure to her the gratitude of all mothers.\\nHis Majesty having deigned to ask me about my\\nfamily, I told him that I had heard that my brothers\\nhad remained in Lithuania.\\nand Paris. Of a singularly naive and romantic character, she was\\nguilty of numerous indiscretions which led to a separation from her\\nhusband in 1791. In 1803 she published her romance, Valeria.\\nReturning to Rigi she resolved to change her manner of life and\\ndevote herself solely to the conversion of sinners and the consola-\\ntion of the wretched. At Paris in 1814 she held religious assemblies\\nin her house, which were frequented by the most important person-\\nages. Her spiritual exaltation assumed the character of prevision,\\nand in a letter she foretold in vague terms the escape and return of\\nNapoleon from Elba, and his triumphant return to Paris. This letter\\nwas communicated to Alexander, in whom it awakened great interest\\ntoward her. She met him at Heilbronn in May, 1815, and accom-\\npanied him to Heidelberg, the headquarters of the Allies, and after\\nWaterloo, to Paris. In 18 18, she returned to Russia, where the em-\\nperor continued his interest in her romantic views, but forbade her\\nto preach publicly. She formed a scheme for founding a colony in\\nthe Crimea, which was to consist of her disciples. Not long after\\nher arrival at the site selected, the malady which had afflicted her\\nbefore her arrival caused her death. The sincerity of Mme. de\\nKrudener in her mysticism and her apostolic labors has not been\\nquestioned.\\n*53", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0173.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nAh I am greatly pleased, said he, with an\\naccent of such sincere kindness that I was much\\nmoved by it. Then he asked me several questions\\nwith reference to their military service and the regi-\\nments which they had raised against his troops, with\\na simplicity and kindness which were really charming,\\nas it showed that he could not entertain resentment.\\nI really believe I should rather have preferred to see\\nAlexander in a rage against my brothers. I should\\nhave had at least the courage to defend them, while\\nhis indulgence made me find them almost culpable.\\nThis conversation was extremely painful to me, and\\nI could scarcely speak.\\nIt was with the same generosity and indignation\\nthat the prince rejected all derogatory reports that\\nwere made to him on his arrival at Vilna, reports\\noften false and always malicious, and which, when\\ntrue, could only distress and irritate his sensitive\\nand generous feelings. He declared he would hear\\nnothing he had come to pardon.\\nThere was, however, in the act of amnesty one\\narticle which caused me great anxiety. It contained\\na clause that at the end of March, 1813, the time\\nallowed for the return of the Lithuanians, all the\\nproperty of those who had not returned at that time\\nwould be confiscated.\\nI ventured to express my fears to the emperor.\\nI said that it was possible that my letter had not\\nreached my father at Warsaw, and that he would\\ntherefore not be able to enjoy the benefit of the\\namnesty. The emperor asked me where I supposed\\nmy father had gone. I said at random, To Vienna.\\nMy mother was there at that time. Very well,\\n154", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0174.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nsaid the emperor, give Tolstoi a letter for him, and\\nwe will send it surely this time for, he added, smil-\\ning, we have always had, during the entire campaign,\\nopen communication with Austria. Moreover, you\\nmay be quite easy; we shall not use such very rigor-\\nous measures. They were announced to prevent\\nmoney from going out of the country for the sup-\\nport of hostile ^ar-mies.\\nThis assurance from the lips of his Majesty seemed\\nquite sufficient. The emperor then asked me what\\nwere my own plans. I told him I was going to retire\\nto the country. He wanted to know in which direc-\\ntion the estate was situated where I intended to go, and\\nif it was on the route of the soldiers; for, he said,\\nmy troops are not all angels either, and any of these\\nknaves in the army can commit depredations.\\nAs he showed such kind solicitude, I said, I fear\\nnothing, sire, since I put myself under your protec-\\ntion. His Majesty seemed pleased with my confi-\\ndence, and deigned to say that he would seek to\\njustify it, and would give orders to the governor-\\ngeneral to look after my safety.\\nAfter a moment s silence, I have a little favor to\\nask of you, said the emperor. Somewhat aston-\\nished, I raised my eyes. It is that you will think\\nof me sometimes.\\nAh, mon Dien! I replied, every instant of my\\nlife We were much moved. Such was the in-\\nfluence of that expansive soul, which attached so\\nmuch importance to the affection of all who came\\nnear him.\\nAs the emperor was about to leave, he rose, and I\\nsaw him looking carefully on the floor in every\\n155", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0175.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ndirection and in all the corners of the room, without\\nsaying what he was looking for. I placed a candle\\non the carpet and commenced also to search for the\\nlost article, which proved to be the little eye-glass\\nwhich he constantly used, and which had fallen under\\nthe table. To-day I regret not having appropriated\\nit, as it had no value except that of having belonged\\nto Alexander it was made of plain shell and without\\nornament.\\nA very amusing incident occurred that evening.\\nAs the emperor arrived, he entered the drawing-\\nroom preceded by a large greyhound which sprang\\naround him. Knowing little of his Majesty s senti-\\nments toward dogs, I was surprised that he had\\nbrought the greyhound, but I did not show it, and\\nsoon forgot all about the presence of the dog.\\nIt was only after the departure of the emperor\\nthat I remembered that the animal had not remained\\nin the room, and I asked what had become of it.\\nMy servants said that they had taken good care of it,\\nand had fed it with biscuits and milk. After making\\nevery inquiry we found that the dog so feasted did\\nnot belong to the emperor or even to his coachman\\nIlia, and I never could ascertain who its master was.\\nI had the pleasure of seeing Alexander again at\\nthe court chapel on Christmas. He left Vilna im-\\nmediately after mass, almost alone, and without\\nescort. Some one said to Kotousoff that prudence\\nseemed to require the emperor to be better attended\\nin times of war. Oh, mon Dieu cried the marshal,\\nwho would have the courage to harm that angel?\\nAnd yet it did happen, and one cannot think of it\\nwithout horror. It did happen, and it was only by\\n156", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0176.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nchance that it failed, and not in the midst of ene-\\nmies, not in time of war, but in peace, in his own\\ncountry, among his ungrateful subjects who deserved\\nthe wrath and vengeance of Heaven\\nIt is easy enough to .remember and repeat the\\ninteresting conversation of Alexander, and the noble\\nthoughts which fell from his lips; but who could\\nreproduce his expression, his accents, or his counte-\\nnance? One feels a melancholy regret in the midst\\nof the sweet illusions which delight the heart, in\\ntracing these memories, when one is forced to say to\\none s self: This kind and gentle being is no more;\\nnothing can bring him back to us Ah in such\\nmoments we can but lift our eyes to heaven to seek\\nhis abiding-place.\\ni5", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0177.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER XIV\\nI ARRIVED at my retreat in the country with\\nmy escort of Cossacks a useless precaution, as\\nthe roads were safe and tranquillity was established\\neverywhere. Full of confidence in the last words of\\nthe emperor, I felt no anxiety during the month of\\nMarch. But the managers of my father s estates did\\nnot share my security. They said that since I had\\nobtained no order contrary to the general sequestra-\\ntion, the government would act in conformity thereto.\\nMy father not returning, it was necessary to take\\nnew measures. I wrote to the emperor, giving the\\nworst reasons in the world for my father s prolonged\\nabsence from Russia. I said that if it were necessary\\nI would go myself in search of him, and I ended by\\nbegging his Majesty to exempt my father s property\\nfrom confiscation and sequestration. I sent this\\nletter by an old and faithful equerry to the head-\\nquarters, at Johannisberg in Prussia. My courier,\\nthough not very nimble, arrived, nevertheless, with\\nall possible speed, and gave my despatch to Count\\nTolstoi.\\nMy messenger waited three days, during which he\\nconstantly besieged the good Count Tolstoi, who,\\nevery time he saw him, had him go to his room and\\ntold him to have patience, and recommended him to\\nthe servants of the court, so that he should not want\\nanything. Finally he was sent back with the most\\nfavorable answer, to wit a passport for me to join\\n158", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0178.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nmy father, of which I made no use, as my request\\nhad had the desired result, and an order to the\\ngovernor-general not to confiscate our estates.\\nI hastened to communicate this good news to my\\nfather; but I learned soon after that he had left\\nVienna for Dresden, to join the other members of\\nthe provisional government of Lithuania. They had\\nenticed him there by flattering him with vain hopes,\\nin the firm conviction that Napoleon, in the treaty\\nwhich he was about to conclude at Vienna, would\\noccupy himself definitely with the case of Poland.\\nWith a courage and a perseverance worthy of a\\nbetter fate, far from their country, deprived, by the\\nvoluntary relinquishment of their fortunes, of all\\nmeans of existence, not receiving any help at all\\nfrom the French government, the Poles and Lithu-\\nanians decided still to follow blindly the tottering\\nfortunes of Napoleon, which, like an expiring flame,\\nstill attracted and fascinated with their deceptive\\nglimmer.\\nWarsaw was occupied by the Russians, but the\\nresult of the war was still uncertain. Marshal\\nKotousofT was attacked by a contagious fever, and\\nhis great age and the hardships he had endured\\nduring the last campaign rendered all the help of\\nart and medical science useless. Marshal Kotou-\\nsoff terminated his career at Buntzlau, in Silesia.\\nKotousofT had consecrated his life to the service\\nof his sovereigns. At the age of eighteen he re-\\nceived a wound at the taking of a Turkish fort which\\ndeprived him of the sight of one of his eyes. He\\noften commanded the Russian armies, gaining sev-\\neral victories, and suffering also many reverses, but\\nJ 59", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0179.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nhe always knew how to prevent among his soldiers\\nthat discouragement so fatal to armies.\\nThe Russian soldiers vanquished at Austerlitz and\\nat Borodino never despaired of the safety of the\\nempire, and respected their old general even when\\nhe was unfortunate. He was a keen and skilful\\ndiplomatist, and filled the post of ambassador ex-\\ntraordinary at Constantinople under the reign of the\\nEmpress Catherine II. We have seen him nego-\\ntiate ably with Lauriston, in 1812, in hopes of se-\\ncuring peace, which, however, were not yet to be\\nrealized. He improved the opportunity of the ar-\\nmistice by collecting his enormous resources of\\nmen, horses, provisions, and munitions of war.\\nThe gratuitous offers of the different Russian\\nprovinces were so considerable that I have heard\\nthe marshal say that, not only was his army abun-\\ndantly supplied, but that he was obliged to stop\\nmany of the convoys.\\nI will not dwell on the important events of the\\nGerman campaign, which, in spite of a few brilliant\\nfeats of arms, the last favors of inconstant fortune,\\nprepared the way for the fall of the man who had\\nbeen the arbiter of the thrones of Europe, and who\\nwas about to descend from the throne where his\\nvictories and his genius had placed him. These\\nevents belong to history and to politics. The pen\\nof the modern Titus Livius, the rival of Richard-\\nson and Fielding, has just recorded them with a\\ntalent which crowns his literary successes, in the\\nwork entitled, Vie de Napoleon, etc. 1\\n1 It is probable that the author refers here to M. Arnault, author\\nof Vie de Napoleon.\\n160", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0180.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nThe Emperor Alexander distinguished himself in\\nthese memorable circumstances, not only by his firm-\\nness and his conciliating spirit, but by his personal\\ncourage also. Every one knows that at that engage-\\nment near Dresden, where the celebrated General\\nMoreau had both legs shot off, the same ball which\\nstruck the French general passed so near the Em-\\nperor of Russia that it covered him with dust. In\\none important action, General Wittgenstein sent one\\nof his aides-de-camp to the emperor to beg him to\\nretire and not to expose his life, and to say that\\nhis presence deprived him entirely of the coolness\\nnecessary for military operations.\\nStill, the political designs of Alexander were di-\\nrected solely to the peace of Europe and the inde-\\npendence of Germany. A congress, preceded by\\nan armistice, was held at Prague. The sad result is\\nwell known. The hostilities which followed cost\\nhumanity rivers of blood, and caused incalculable\\nlosses to France. Count Narbonne, then ambassa-\\ndor at Vienna, served the interests of his master\\nvery badly there. He brought to the Austrian court\\ncustoms which were little befitting his age and the\\nrank he held, and which were very displeasing to\\nthe gravity of the German character. Narbonne\\ncould not discern the real intentions of the Austrian\\ncabinet, or the force of opinion which manifested\\nitself openly in Austria, and which finally com-\\npelled its sovereign to declare war against France.\\nSoon an Austrian army advanced upon the flanks\\nof Napoleon s army, and rendered his position very\\ncritical. We shall not here enter into the details of\\nthe successes and reverses of the great soldier. At\\n161", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0181.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthe famous battle of Leipzig, where Prince Ponia-\\ntowski, the last hope of the Poles, perished, one of\\nmy cousins, Colonel P., was dangerously wounded\\nand made prisoner by the Prussians. His wife, a\\nvery interesting and gifted woman, wrote to the\\nEmperor Alexander, asking permission to join her\\nhusband at Berlin, and return with him to Lithu-\\nania. The emperor granted her an audience, and\\nreceived her kindly, and when, emboldened by this\\nsuccess, Madame P. asked that her own personal\\nfortune might be saved from sequestration, the em-\\nperor added, And that of your husband also.\\nIn the same manner he treated his rebel subjects\\ntaken with arms in their hands. Unfortunately the\\npeople were so accustomed to his magnanimous\\ncharacter that, far from feeling gratitude and admira-\\ntion, they regarded his generosity as a duty. Such,\\nin general, is the human heart that there are few\\nmen for whom gratitude is not a painful duty.\\nThe remark of the Emperor Alexander, We shall\\nsee which will succeed best, to make one s self feared, or\\nto make one s self loved, seemed to be verified each\\nday by the confidence which the chivalrous character\\nof this prince generally inspired, and the union of the\\nGerman and Russian forces.\\nAt the head of these united forces, and pursuing\\nthe remnant of the French army, ready to cross the\\nRhine, whose banks were covered with his triumphant\\nensigns, Alexander addressed his brave troops in\\na proclamation, of which a few passages will not\\nbe found out of place here, to show the great soul of\\nthe prince and the noble sentiments which governed\\nhim:\\n162", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0182.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nSoldiers, your valor has conducted you from the banks\\nof the Oka to the borders of the Rhine. In invading\\nour empire, the enemy whom we fight to-day has caused\\ngreat disaster; but a terrible punishment has fallen on\\nhis own head. The vengeance of God has burst upon our\\nenemies. Let us not imitate them, let us forget their deeds.\\nLet us not carry hatred and vengeance into France, but a\\nhand extended in token of peace. The glory of Russia is\\nto conquer the enemy who attacks, and to treat as a brother\\nthe enemy who is vanquished. Our revered faith teaches\\nus from the mouth of God to love our enemies and to do\\ngood to those who hate us. Soldiers, I am convinced that,\\nby the moderation of your conduct in that hostile land\\nwhich we are about to enter, you will conquer as much by gen-\\nerosity of conduct as by the force of arms, and that, uniting\\nthus the valor of the soldier with the humanity of the Chris-\\ntian, you will put the seal to your great deeds, by preserving\\nthe renown which you have acquired of being a brave and\\nenlightened people. I am also persuaded that your chiefs\\nwill neglect no means to keep our honor spotless.\\n163", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0183.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER XV\\nIN the mean time, Napoleon had succeeded in\\nextorting new sacrifices from France. He had\\nonce more struck his foot upon the earth, and from\\nit had arisen this time, not men, but children, who\\nhardly knew how to use the weapons which were\\nput into their hands. Yet the French army, whose\\nvalor was sustained by a remnant of the old troops\\naccustomed to warfare, proved by its skilful ma-\\nnoeuvres the great military genius of him by whom\\nit was led.\\nThe allied generals, not being able to maintain\\nthemselves longer in a ruined country, thought at\\none time that retreat was inevitable. At Paris, the\\nNational Guard took a warlike attitude, which it will\\nnot be denied might have caused the ruin of that\\ncapital, if Marie Louise had displayed, in these cir-\\ncumstances, the grand character of Maria Theresa.\\nAlexander, far from approving the plan of the\\nallies, induced them to adopt his own, which was, to\\nmarch rapidly upon Paris, while a corps of the army\\nheld Napoleon in check; and this was, even in the\\nopinion of the commanding-generals, a stroke of\\ntrue military genius, to which one must attribute the\\nhappy and brilliant result of the campaign.\\nWhile Napoleon persisted in fighting the Russian\\nGeneral Wintzingerode, 1 the Emperor Alexander ad-\\n1 Baron Ferdinand von Wintzingerode (born 1770, died 1818) a\\nGerman officer who entered the Russian army and served in the\\n164", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0184.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nvanced upon Paris at the head of an army whose\\nstrength was so considerable that Marshal Marmont\\ndid not dare to oppose him and to risk exposing,\\nin the defence of Paris, the population of that city to\\nthe horrors of pillage. This capitulation, with which\\nthe marshal has been reproached, and which has\\nbeen regarded as the work of treason by Napoleon\\nand his partisans, was inevitable. 1\\nParis saw with terror upon the heights of Mont-\\nmartre the immense army ready to plunge itself into\\nher bosom. Marie Louise and her son having left\\nParis, the Parisians, who were no longer sustained by\\nany great patriotic impulse, thought only of their\\nown safety, and saw France and their country only\\nwithin the boundaries of Paris. Fearing just repri-\\nsals and not knowing yet the extent of the generosity\\nof Alexander s character, the greater part of the\\ninhabitants hastened to flee, and to get rid of all that\\nthey possessed at ridiculously small prices.\\nThe choicest libraries, rich galleries of pictures,\\na thousand objects of art and vertu were exposed in\\nthe shops of the dealers, who, trembling for the\\ntreasures which a moment could rob them of, hast-\\nened to put them out of sight. Anxiety and conster-\\nnation reigned in that immense city, which was still\\nignorant of the fate which the justice or the clemency\\nof the allied sovereigns had reserved for them. The\\ncampaigns of 1809 and 181 2, and greatly distinguished himself in\\nthe battles of Leipsic, Lutzen, and Saint Dizier. In 1812 he was\\nmade general of cavalry by Alexander.\\n1 The author is mistaken here. It is not in the capitulation of\\nParis that Napoleon and his partisans have seen a reprehensible\\ndeed, but in abandoning their position at Essones, after the capitu-\\nlation of Paris.\\n165", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0185.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\npartisans of the Bourbons alone, filled with confidence\\nin the generous character of the august confederation,\\nwere filled with hope and wore publicly the white\\ncockade, as a sign of rallying for the good cause.\\nOn the thirtieth of March, the day memorable for\\nMarshal Marmont s capitulation, the aldermen of the\\nCity of Paris repaired to the headquarters of the\\nEmperor of Russia, and were admitted to an audience\\nwith the prince, who addressed them in the following\\nkind words\\nIt is not against France that we are making war,\\nbut against the man who, calling himself our friend,\\nour ally, has betrayed us three times; who has\\ncome to attack and ravage our dominions, and has\\nleft there traces of his passage which time only can\\nefface. I love the French, and I recognize as enemy\\namong them only Napoleon. Paris can count on\\nmy protection. Only the picked of our troops shall\\nenter within the walls of this city.\\nI will return good for evil. France needs a\\nstable government which can assure her own repose\\nand that of Europe.\\nDelighted with their reception, the aldermen car-\\nried back to Paris the kind and pacific words of the\\nconqueror and friend of the French. Finally, the\\npresence of Alexander succeeded in restoring con-\\nfidence. On the thirty-first of March the allied troops\\nentered Paris. Several squadrons of cavalry led\\nthe march then Alexander advanced, accompanied\\nby the King of Prussia, followed by the Grand Duke\\nConstantine, the Prince of Schwarzenburg, 1 and a\\n1 Karl Philipp, Prince von Schwarzenburg (born 1775, died 1815).\\nHe entered the Russian army at an early age and served against\\n166", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0186.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nbrilliant staff. Then marched, in the finest military\\norder, a long column composed of the picked in-\\nfantry, cavalry, and artillery of the Imperial Guards.\\nFavored with superb weather, this brilliant cortege\\ndefiled through the faubourg Saint-Martin, the Boule-\\nvard, the Place Louis XV., and stopped at the\\nChamps-FJysees, greeted by the cries of Vive\\nAlexandre Vive le roi de Prussie Vivent les\\nBourbons\\nAlexander entered Paris as conqueror, at the head\\nof his triumphant armies and yet, to judge from the\\neagerness of the people, who assembled in crowds\\nupon his route to see and admire the majestic grace\\nand the gentle and benevolent countenance of this\\nhero of humanity, one would have said he was a\\nbeloved monarch, re-entering his own capital upon\\nhis return from a fortunate and glorious campaign,\\nand receiving the homage of his subjects.\\nWhat a moment what a triumph An instant\\nof intoxication might have been pardonable in these\\ncircumstances, but Alexander s heart, inaccessible to\\npride, gave all this glory to Him from whom all glory\\nproceeds, blessing Providence for having guided his\\nfootsteps.\\nthe Turks in 1789, and through the earlier campaigns of the war of\\nthe French Revolution. In 1809 he fought brilliantly at Wagram.\\nHe conducted the negotiations which preceded the marriage of\\nNapoleon to Marie Louise. In 181 2 he commanded the Austrian\\ndetachment sent to aid Napoleon in the Russian campaign, and\\ntook care not to render him very efficient assistance. He saved the\\nPrussians from absolute defeat on the first day of the battle of\\nLeipsic. After Bliicher s victory at Laon he met Napoleon at Arcis-\\nsur-Aube, March 20, 1814, and then fought a drawn battle which\\npractically brought the campaign to an end. In 181 5 he was march-\\ning to the rescue of the Prussians and English at the head of the\\nRussians and Austrians, when he heard of Waterloo.\\n167", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0187.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nOn the day of his entry to Paris, Alexander pub-\\nlished the following proclamation:\\nThe armies of the allied Powers have occupied the\\ncapital of France. The allied sovereigns respect the\\nwishes of the French nation. They declare that if the con-\\nditions of peace are to have the strongest guarantees the\\nambition of Bonaparte must be curbed and the prospect\\nfor a lasting peace will be most hopeful when, by a return\\nto a wise government, France herself offers the assurance\\nof that peace. The sovereigns proclaim, therefore, that\\nthey will not treat with Napoleon Bonaparte or with any\\nmember of his family that they respect the integrity of\\nancient France, such as she was under the legitimate\\nkings. They can do even more, as they always profess\\nthe principle that, for the welfare of Europe, France\\nmust be great and strong, and they will recognize and\\nguarantee that constitution which France shall adopt.\\nThey invite the senate, therefore, to form a provisionary\\ngovernment which shall provide for the needs of the ad-\\nministration and prepare a constitution which will be agree-\\nable to the French people. The intentions which I have\\njust expressed are shared by the other Powers.\\nAlexander.\\nNesselrode.\\nParis, March 31, 3 o c. p. m.\\nThe senate, which until recently had always been\\npassive and pliant under the despotic will of Napo-\\nleon, at last shook off the yoke that oppressed it,\\ndeclared Napoleon and his family dethroned, and\\nabsolved the nation from the oath of allegiance.\\nThe Emperor Alexander gave audience to a deputa-\\ntion from the senate. Sire, we have been waiting\\na long time for your Majesty, said one of the mem-\\n168", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0188.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nbers of the deputation. Nothing could have been\\nhappier than Alexander s reply: You owe this\\ndelay only to French valor.\\nAlexander repeated that he was a friend of the\\nFrench that justice as well as reason demanded of\\nFrance that she should choose a constitution con-\\nformable to the lights of the century; that he as\\nwell as the other allied sovereigns assured his pro-\\ntection to the wise and just views of the French\\nnation.\\n169", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0189.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER XVI\\nAS the combined troops entered Paris, fifteen\\nhundred men of the French army, who had\\nbeen made prisoners in the environs of that city,\\nwaited on the boulevard till their fate, or rather their\\ndestination, should be decided, when Russian officers\\narrived in haste, crying to them Frenchmen, you\\nare free The Emperor Alexander gives you liberty\\nin the name of your king, Louis XVIII. You can\\nreturn to your homes. This was a very noble and\\ndelicate manner of insinuating to the French nation\\nthe choice which it had already pronounced without\\ndoubt in the depths of its own heart, after the fall of\\nNapoleon. The French soldiers cried at once, Vive\\nle roi! and asked for the white cockade. Then ladies\\nof the highest distinction brought a white flag, upon\\nwhich the soldiers swore the oath of allegiance to\\nLouis XVIII.\\nAs Alexander crossed the Place Vendome, his\\nattention was suddenly attracted by the beautiful\\nmonument erected to pride, victory, and power united\\nin the person of Napoleon of that monarch so\\ndreaded, of that conqueror so haughty, who, through\\nthe vicissitudes of human affairs, was signing the act\\nwhich was to pluck from him grandeur and supreme\\npower in a word, his abdication at the very mo-\\nment perhaps when his successful and modest rival\\nwas contemplating his pompous effigy. Addressing\\nsome persons who stood near, Alexander said, smil-\\n170", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0190.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\ning If I had attained such a height, my head would\\nhave been turned.\\nThe mob, which is always ready to overthrow the\\nidols which yesterday it worshipped, having mani-\\nfested a desire to demolish the statue of Napoleon,\\nthe police published an order declaring that his\\nMajesty the Emperor of Russia had taken this chef-\\nd oeuvre under his protection, and that it should be\\nimmediately replaced by the statue of Peace. He\\nforbade insulting or outraging the members of the\\nold government by any writings whatever. The mag-\\nnanimity of the Emperor Alexander forgot nothing.\\nIt is said that when the chief of the coalition, upon\\nhis entry into Paris, declared to the deputation of the\\nsenate, in the name of the allied sovereigns, that they\\ndid not wish to influence the French nation in the\\nchoice of their sovereign, this choice, dictated by\\nadmiration as well as by confidence, would have pro-\\nclaimed the name of Alexander, if the natural equity\\nof his character had permitted him to accept that\\nsplendid token of respect. The interest and consid-\\neration which Alexander showed to Josephine, Napo-\\nleon s first wife, and to Prince Eugene, her son, are\\nwell known.\\nAlexander stopped in Paris at the house of Prince\\nTalleyrand. This was a proof of confidence which\\nhe believed he owed to the devotion and zeal which\\nthis man had shown for the cause of the Bourbons.\\nCharmed by the graciousness, the intelligence, and\\nthe affability of Alexander, the French believed they\\nhad found their Henri IV. in this sovereign of the\\nNorth and new songs, which fashion soon made\\nnational, celebrated these two august names together.\\n171", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0191.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nThe French daily besieged the doors of Talley-\\nrand s house. They came to converse with Alex-\\nander, not only upon the great interests of France,\\nbut upon their own personal affairs, calling upon the\\njustice of this prince to settle even their family differ-\\nences. Alexander, always accessible, smiled at these\\nremarkable proofs of confidence, and no importunity\\ncould ever weary or exhaust the kindness of this\\nsovereign.\\nAt last, Count Nesselrode, the minister of the\\nEmperor of Russia, found himself obliged to publish\\na note, in which he declared, in the name of his sov-\\nereign, that his Imperial Majesty, during his stay in\\nParis, having to look after the interests of Europe,\\ncould not undertake to exercise any influence over\\nthe affairs of private individuals in reference to the\\nlaw, or to the policy of the government, and therefore\\nhe asked them to apply in such circumstances to\\nthe authorities of the country.\\nAlexander also insisted with the allied sovereigns\\nupon the most advantageous terms and conditions for\\nthe enemy, whose glory and misfortunes he could\\nnot help considering. He wished that Napoleon\\nmight retain the title of emperor, with which he had\\nbeen invested, which the church had sanctioned, and\\nwhich all the powers of Europe (with the exception\\nof England) had recognized finally, that he should\\nenjoy his liberty, the sovereignty of the island of\\nElba, and all his riches. Alexander s generosity\\ncould not calculate or foresee the results and dangers\\nof such liberality.\\nThe good order and discipline established among\\nthe allied troops inspired the Parisians with such con-\\n172", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0192.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nfidence that the same day that the armies entered\\nParis all the shops were opened, and among an infi-\\nnite number of curiosities, services of porcelain were\\ndisplayed, representing the entrance of the allied\\nsovereigns into Paris. This would lead one to sup-\\npose that the artists, as able politicians, had foreseen\\nthis event.\\nMilitary discipline was so rigorously observed in\\nthe Russian army that a soldier was punished by\\ndeath for having stolen a loaf of bread from a baker s\\nshop, in entering Paris, though no doubt pressed by\\nhunger. The officer who surprised him in the act\\nblew his brains out on the spot. The Russian troops\\ngave also a remarkable example of orderliness on\\nthat day. The Emperor Alexander was at the theatre.\\nSome one came to inform him that the Imperial\\nGuards, encamped at the Champs-Elysees had not\\nyet received their rations, and that the soldiers were\\nbeginning to complain. The emperor left his box at\\nonce, sent for the French authorities, and made them\\nfeel that he would not be responsible for disorders if\\nthey left his soldiers in want of provisions. Immedi-\\nately all the cabs of Paris were put into requisition to\\ncarry food of every kind to the Champs-Elysees.\\nThough now victorious in France, and suffering\\nfrom fatigue and hunger, these Russian soldiers, who\\nhad seen their own country ravaged by the French,\\nhad passed the entire day without committing the\\nleast excess. What men what an army and how\\ngreat was the prince who had made of his soldiers\\nmen fit to conquer the world if he would\\nThe Polish troops, who had been until then in the\\nservice of France and Napoleon, now desired to\\ni73", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0193.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nre-enter the service of Alexander, in whom they\\nplaced all the hopes for which these brave soldiers had\\nso long and so vainly shed their blood. The emperor\\nreceived their homage with satisfaction, gave them\\nhis own brother for their leader, as guaranty of his\\nprotection and of the promises which he made them\\nrelating to the future fate of their country.\\nIt is a thing worthy of observation that it was the\\nEmperor of Russia who obliged the French govern-\\nment to pay his Lithuanian subjects drawn into the\\nservice of Napoleon the arrears of their military pay.\\nHe gave audience to a great many of them, spoke to\\nthem kindly, and permitted them to return to their\\nown homes, but would not consent to receive the\\nmembers of the provisional government of Lithuania,\\nsaying that he had never heard of such a government\\nin his dominions.\\nMy father, on his return from Paris, related to me\\nthat the secretary of this government had composed\\na letter which was to be signed by all the members,\\nwhich was a species of compact or treaty between\\nthem and their sovereign. With singular inconsist-\\nency, said my father, who declared that he would\\nnever sign such a letter, and dictated another more\\nbefitting the circumstances, they had ended this with\\nthe ordinary formula, very humble, very obedient,\\nvery faithful subjects, etc.\\nThe emperor permitted all these gentlemen to\\nreturn to Lithuania and to take possession of their\\nproperty.\\nThe Emperor Alexander, in visiting all the master-\\npieces and other interesting objects which decorate\\nand adorn Paris, lost no time in seeing that which\\ni74", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0194.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nimmortalizes the memory of Louis XIV., and which in\\nmy opinion proves best the grandeur and truly royal,\\nbenevolent, and serviceable munificence of that great\\nking. I speak of the Hotel des Invalides. It was\\nthe second time that a Russian sovereign had been\\nseen there. The emperor found these old children of\\nvictory deeply afflicted. The trophies of their glory,\\nthe cannon taken at Jena, Austerlitz, and Wagram,\\nhad just been carried away.\\nBe consoled, my brave fellows, said the prince to\\nthem, whose heart always vibrated to noble emotions\\nI will intercede with the sovereigns, my allies, that\\nthey may leave you some of your glorious souvenirs.\\nIn quitting them he ordered that twelve Russian\\ncannon should be left at the Invalides. Everywhere,\\non all occasions he showed the same nobility of\\nfeeling.\\nThe French offered to change the name of the\\nbridge of Austerlitz. No, said the emperor, it is\\nenough that it is known that the Emperor of Russia\\nhas passed over it with his armies.\\nIn the audience accorded to the French Institute,\\nAlexander responded to the speech of M. Lacretelle 1\\nthus that he was always glad to do justice to the\\nprogress of the French in science and art, that he\\nwas far from attributing the misfortunes of France to\\nher learned men, and that he rejoiced with them that\\nthey had regained their liberty of thought. My\\nhappiness, continued Alexander, and my one de-\\nsire is to be able to be useful to the human race.\\n1 Pierre Louis de Lacretelle (bom 1751, died 1824), a distinguished\\nFrench lawyer, and a successful author. He was admitted to the\\nFrench Academy in the place of De La Harpe about 1802.\\n175", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0195.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nThe emperor and the King of Prussia honored the\\nInstitute by their presence at one of its public sittings,\\nand listened to a eulogy on Peter the Great and one\\non Frederic the Great, in which the president adroitly\\nmingled the praises of their august successors. His\\nMajesty afterwards entered into conversation with\\nseveral members of the Institute, and with M. Ville-\\nmain, who did not yet belong to that illustrious body,\\nbut who was already admired for his youthful and\\nbrilliant talents.\\nThe emperor received also a deputation from the\\nsociety for the encouragement of useful arts and\\ntrades, at the head of which was M. Chaptal. He\\nthanked his Majesty for the protection which he had\\naccorded to the industries of the city on his entry\\ninto Paris. The emperor responded: M. Chaptal,\\nI desire greatly that the useful arts and trades may\\nbe extended over the whole world, and I esteem\\nexceedingly all those who endeavor to bring about\\nthat noble end.\\nIt was with an enthusiasm filled with real interest,\\nmuch more than with a sentiment of curiosity that\\nAlexander visited all those places in Paris consecrated\\nto science, the fine arts, industries, and humanity.\\nEverywhere his presence, his affability, and his ad-\\ndresses excited astonishment mingled with admira-\\ntion, and inspired the tenderest veneration for his\\nperson.\\nThe learned men of all classes and the most distin-\\nguished men of letters could but admire that fine\\nand delicate perception, and that clear judgment\\nwhich shone in each response of the prince, and\\nwondered at the noble, elegant, and natural eloquence\\n176", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0196.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nwith which the Russian sovereign expressed himself\\nin a style which was for themselves a constant study.\\nWhen Alexander visited the Mint, a medal was\\nstruck off in his presence, which bore on one side\\nthe first letter of his name, A., with this inscription\\naround it To the restorer of peace in Europe on the\\nreverse, the arms of France with these words In the\\nmonth of April, 1814, France joined the grand confed-\\neration of the Powers of Europe.\\nThe emperor also honored the institution of Fxouen\\nwith his presence. In passing through the apartments\\nof the Louvre and the Tuileries he paused a moment\\nin the salon called de la Paix, saying to those who\\nfollowed him, What use could Napoleon find for\\nthis room?\\nOn the day of the entry into Paris, the good Bishop\\nof Troyes, Abbot of Boulogne, was, by order of the\\nemperor, delivered from the imprisonment into which\\nthe irascible pride of Napoleon had thrown him,\\nbecause that worthy prelate had said in his presence\\nthat no menace could intimidate him.\\nAlexander invited the director of the institute for\\nthe deaf and dumb to dine with him, the Abbe Sicard,\\nwho had been previously decorated by that prince\\nwith the cross of St. Vladimir, which Napoleon had\\nforbidden him to wear.\\nAlexander loved to acknowledge and reward merit\\nin all classes of society. To the widow of his old\\ninstructor La Harpe he showed many tokens of\\nkindness and in a visit which he made to that lady,\\nhe spoke with pleasure of the gratitude he felt for\\nthe careful training of him whose loss he still\\nmourned.\\n12 I77", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0197.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nProud of the protection extended to them by\\nAlexander, the French artists hastened to reproduce\\nthe noble features of the author of peace, and soon a\\nbust of him appeared with this inscription\\nAlexandro Russiarum omnium imperatori\\nmemores galliarum populi.\\nJura pater populo, diademata regibus ultor,\\nEuropean pacem, templis sua numina reddit.\\nWishing to show to the Poles who were in Paris\\nthe interest he felt for them, Alexander induced the\\nPrincess Jablonowska to give a ball in order to bring\\nthem all together in his presence. In that assembly,\\nwhere there were to be found many Lithuanian emi-\\ngrants, Alexander displayed all the graces he pos-\\nsessed, wishing to prove by his generous conduct\\nthat to love and to pardon was his motto. The\\nhappiness of the human race is my happiness, he\\nsaid.\\nMonsieur (le Comte d Artois), or as the emperor\\ngracefully called him, un Frangais de plus had\\nalready arrived in Paris, where his presence produced\\nthe liveliest excitement and the Emperor Alexander\\nwished to give in that city a grand example of the\\ngratitude which one owes for the support and pro-\\ntection of Providence. Upon the Place Louis XV., a\\nplace ever memorable in the bloody pages of the\\nhistory of the French revolution, a grand celebration\\nwas prepared by order of Alexander seven priests\\nof the Greek church, assisted by the singers of the\\nimperial chapel, celebrated the divine office with all\\n178", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0198.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nthe pomp appropriate to such a grand ceremony,\\nand before the richly decorated altar the troops\\nmarched on their return from a brilliant review. An\\nimmense throng assembled to witness this spectacle\\nwhose novelty excited the curiosity of the Parisians.\\nAs the sovereigns ascended to the altar a Te Deum\\nwas sung and incense perfumed the air, and the\\nprinces as well as their soldiers bent the knee to\\nreceive the divine benediction and to humble them-\\nselves before Him who rules over kings.\\nAs soon as Louis XVIII. had returned to France,\\nand to the throne of his ancestors, Alexander hastened\\nto go to him in Compiegne. He arrived without\\nretinue, accompanied only by his aide-de-camp,\\nCzernischeff. The Prince de Cond6 1 received his Im-\\nperial Majesty at the top of the staircase, and con-\\nducted him into a salon where the King of France\\nawaited him. The meeting of the two monarchs was\\nas touching as affectionate. The conversation which\\nfollowed was the overflowing of two noble hearts.\\nAt the request of the King of France, Alexander at\\nonce granted liberty to one hundred and fifty thou-\\nsand French prisoners of war in Russia.\\nNo matter, said Louis XVIII., under what flag\\nthey have fought They are unfortunate, and we\\nmust regard them as our children\\nAt the entry of the king into the capital of his\\nkingdom, the sovereign allies dined at the Tuileries,\\n1 Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Conde (born 1736, died\\n1818). At the Restoration he returned to France, and Louis XVIII.\\nappointed him colonel-general of infantry and master of the royal\\nhousehold. On the occasion of Alexander s visit to the king the\\nPrince de Conde was attended by his son, the Due de Bourbon, who\\nwas the last of the distinguished race of the Condes.\\n179", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0199.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nand the king, probably in conformity with some\\nancient rule of etiquette at the court of France, passed\\nfirst into the banqueting-hall. The Emperor Alex-\\nander, a little surprised, said, smiling, to some persons\\nnear him, We barbarians of the North are more\\npolite when we are at home.\\n180", "height": "2975", "width": "1704", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0200.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XVII\\nAFTER having guaranteed the tranquillity and\\nindependence of the French people, and the\\nintegrity of the boundaries of their territory, by a\\ntreaty of peace more advantageous to France than\\nshe had dared to expect after her reverses, the allied\\nsovereigns quitted Paris and France to go to Eng-\\nland.\\nAlexander and the King of Prussia embarked at\\nBoulogne, where a fleet awaited them commanded by\\nthe grand admiral, the Duke of Clarence. Their rapid\\npassage was made amid the sound of salutes fired by\\nthe English and Russian fleets, and an immense\\nthrong of people covered the shores of England to\\nwitness the landing of the two sovereigns.\\nThe princes mounted the carriages destined for\\nthem, and the people, by a spontaneous movement, to\\nwhich all resistance would have been useless, de-\\ntached the horses and drew the carriages as far as\\nDover, amidst the wildest acclamations and cries of\\nLong live the Emperor Alexander Long live\\nthe King of Prussia\\nOn the morrow the two monarchs, to evade the\\nenergetic demonstrations of the English people, and,\\nto use an English expression, greatly to their disap-\\npointment, left incognito in post-carriages. They\\narrived without accident and without demonstration\\nin London. The Emperor of Russia stopped at\\nthe house occupied by her Highness the Imperial", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0201.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nGrand Duchess Catherine, his sister, who had pre-\\nceded him to England. To satisfy the demands of\\nthe crowd assembled, eager to see the features of\\nthe restorer of peace in Europe, and of a conqueror\\nendowed with the love of humanity and greatness\\nof soul, Alexander, upon his arrival, was obliged to\\nshow himself upon the balcony and to receive the\\nhomage of the sons of Albion.\\nIn the streets where the cortege of the sovereigns\\nwas to pass, the roofs of the houses were removed to\\nmake places for the curious. Even before the house\\nwhich the emperor occupied seats and platforms were\\nerected where ladies came with tickets to see the\\nEmperor Alexander on his passage to and from his\\nhouse.\\nThe emperor gave audience, in his rooms of cere-\\nmony at St. James Palace, to the lord-mayor of Lon-\\ndon, accompanied by the principal aldermen in grand\\ncostume.\\nWill you allow us, said the lord-mayor, to show\\nyour Imperial Majesty how we feel ourselves honored\\nto-day, when Great Britain has the happiness to re-\\nceive a monarch so great by the high rank which he\\nfills, and greater still by the qualities of his heart,\\nwhich is noble, generous, good, and just?\\nAlexander responded in English Receive my\\nthanks, gentlemen, for the very flattering address\\nwhich you have just made me. I have for a long\\ntime wished to see England, and now I find myself\\nhere with so much the more satisfaction since, after\\nthis memorable war, Europe has gained a peace\\nwhich I hope will conduce to the happiness of the\\nhuman race. Say to your compatriots from me that\\n182", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0202.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nthe English nation has every right to my esteem.\\nHer conduct in this last and painful struggle has ex-\\ncited my admiration, and that of the whole world.\\nDuring the war I have always shown myself a faith-\\nful ally of Great Britain, and in peace I will be her\\nconstant friend.\\nI will not undertake to describe the brilliant festivi-\\nties for which they had been for a long time prepar-\\ning in England balls where there were three thousand\\nguests sumptuous dinners given by the city of Lon-\\ndon with numerous toasts, always accompanied by\\nthe beloved refrain, God save the king, or Rule\\nBritannia. There were spectacles and naval festi-\\nvals at Woolwich and at Portsmouth, and nothing\\nwas wanting in the succession of rejoicings and cele-\\nbrations.\\nThe Emperor Alexander visited with interest the\\nenvirons of London as well as the public establish-\\nments of that great city among others the Bank of\\nEngland, to which he gave particular attention, say-\\ning that all he had observed confirmed him in the\\nopinion that England, by the extent of her commer-\\ncial relations, her enormous wealth, and the estimable\\ncharacter of her people, was well worthy of the\\nrenown which she enjoyed.\\nAlexander went also, with his sister the Grand\\nDuchess Catherine, to Oxford, where he visited most\\ncarefully the famous university; and he, as well as\\nthe King of Prussia, accepted the degree of Doctor\\nof Civil Law. This ceremony took place with great\\npomp in the presence of a great number of spectators\\nof both sexes, the students in the black gown. The\\nprince regent, in cap and gown, having already been\\n183", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0203.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\npromoted to the dignity of doctor, received the two\\naugust candidates in the great reunion hall. The\\norator of the university delivered an oration in Latin\\nfilled with eulogies of the two monarchs then sev-\\neral students declaimed pieces of poetry on the burn-\\ning of Moscow, the fall of Napoleon, the constancy\\nand magnanimity of the allies, the wisdom of the\\nprince regent, etc., etc.\\nThe emperor honored Blenheim with his presence,\\nand the Countess of Jersey 1 gave a magnificent ball\\nin his honor. He visited Richmond, Greenwich,\\nChelsea, and other public places.\\nAfter a sojourn of nearly four weeks, which passed\\nlike enchantment in the midst of all this magical\\ndisplay of wealth and power, Alexander quitted\\nEngland for Holland, where he made a pilgrimage\\nto the house in which Peter the Great had lived at\\nSaardam.\\nHe then joined the Empress Elizabeth at Brussels.\\nAfter an absence of one year and after a war ever\\nglorious and memorable, Russia was to see her\\nsovereign once more. The letter from this prince\\nto WiazmintofT, Commander-in-chief at St. Peters-\\nburg, is an example of that spirit of modesty and\\npiety which distinguished the Emperor Alexander\\nBeing informed of the preparations which are being\\nmade for our reception upon our return, and having al-\\nways felt a repugnance for that kind of homage, I consider\\n1 Sarah Sophia, eldest child of John, tenth Earl of Westmore-\\nland, succeeded by bequest to the immense fortune of her maternal\\ngrandfather. In 1804 she married George, the fifth Earl of Jersey.\\nHe was twice Lord Chamberlain to William IV., and twice Master\\nof the Horse to Queen Victoria.\\n184", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0204.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nit to-day more superfluous than ever. The All Powerful\\nalone has brought about the great events which have put\\nan end to a bloody war in Russia. Therefore make my\\nirrevocable will known, to stop all kinds of shows and\\nceremonials relative to our return into our states. Send\\norders to the governors of the provinces that they must\\nupon no pretext whatever leave the capitals of their govern-\\nments. I hold you responsible for the execution of this\\norder.\\nIn returning to St. Petersburg the emperor travel-\\nled rapidly through Lithuania, not stopping at Vilna.\\nI record a few anecdotes which will show that pros-\\nperity, success, and glory had not changed his ami-\\nable character.\\nTravelling as usual without retinue, or else separated\\nfrom them, the emperor stopped at a country church\\nto hear a mass when it was finished he approached\\nthe priest to kiss his hand, a mark of respect which\\nis always accorded to ministers of our religion. The\\nvicar, not knowing the emperor (I have the story\\nfrom the emperor himself), kissed his forehead. In\\nleaving the church, which was empty, he perceived\\nonly one woman, who was waiting for her carriage.\\nHe bowed, asking her where she was going. She\\nanswered, to Vilkomir. It was the town where\\nhis Majesty was to change horses. As the lady s\\ncarriage did not arrive, the emperor proposed that\\nshe should get into his chaise. Thinking that he was\\na simple Russian officer, she consented gladly and\\nexplained to the emperor that she was obliged to go\\nto Vilkomir to attend a lawsuit, which she feared she\\nwould lose although her case was just; for, added\\nshe, what justice can a poor widow without protec-\\nts", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0205.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ntion expect She had been advised, she said, to\\napply to the governor-general of Lithuania, but she\\nhad not the honor of his acquaintance, and had no\\nmeans of attracting the interest of the secretary of\\nthe government.\\nThe conversation amused the emperor extremely,\\nand he hastened to offer his influence for the lady\\nwith M. Korsakoff. The poor widow thanked him\\nfor his kindness, but did not seem to attach much\\nimportance to the offers of the services of an officer\\nof low rank.\\nFinally they arrived at Vilkomir. What was the\\nsurprise of the followers of the emperor to see him\\narrive seated at the side of a woman who was neither\\nyoung, pretty, nor in any way distinguished in her\\nappearance. But nothing could equal the confusion\\nand astonishment of the poor woman, when she saw\\nby the signs of respect which were shown to her\\ntravelling companion, that she had been so long\\nwith the emperor, her sovereign. The most fortu-\\nnate part of this meeting for her was that she gained\\nher suit, thanks to the influence in which, at first, she\\nhad had so little confidence.\\nThe emperor liked very much to travel incognito.\\nHe often entered private houses which he found on\\nthe way, chatted with the inmates, attracted their\\nconfidence by his agreeable manner, asked questions,\\nand discovered by this means many abuses of power\\nwhich were hidden from him, and which were in-\\njurious to the welfare of his subjects.\\nOne day he entered in this way the house of a\\ncountry gentleman, a very good man, who re-\\nceived him cordially, and who, charmed by the\\n186", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0206.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nfriendly manner with which his guest responded to\\nhis hospitality in taking the beer which he offered,\\nexclaimed\\nIf all your comrades only resembled you Un-\\nfortunately the greater part of them, especially the\\nofficers of the guards, are hard and insolent and make\\nus fear the passage of the troops through the country\\nlike the plague. And now, my dear friend, he\\nsaid, becoming more and more friendly with each\\nglass of beer which he drank, tell me, I beg of you,\\nyour name, that I may know whom I have the honor\\nto receive under my roof.\\nThe emperor, a little embarrassed, answered that\\nhe was called an honest man. Very well, my dear\\nhonest man replied the gentleman, embracing the\\nemperor heartily, the blessings of Heaven be with\\nyou Just then several persons of the imperial\\nretinue arrived; the incognito was discovered and\\nthe gentleman trembling and confused fell at the\\nfeet of the emperor, who raised him kindly, and at\\nparting left a token of remembrance.\\n187", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0207.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER XVIII\\nIF the modesty of Alexander led him to suppress\\nthe pomp of public homage at the time of his\\nreturn to the capital of his empire, it could not sup-\\npress the sentiments of love and admiration which\\nhis presence inspired.\\nWhat a moment was that for the heart of a mother,\\nwhen the Empress Marie held in her arms a son so\\nworthy of her for his virtues, so worthy for his wis-\\ndom this prince, the honor and glory of Russia, the\\npeacemaker of Europe He alone, by the influence\\nof his character, guided and inspired by religion, had\\ndestroyed the works of a mighty genius, and had\\nrobbed Napoleon of the glorious fruit of twenty years\\nlabor and many victories. After vain and unsuccess-\\nful attempts to resist him, the sovereigns of Europe\\nhad finally submitted to the fatal charm exerted over\\nthem by him whom they regarded as the scourge of\\nGod, against which there was no protection. But\\nAlexander came and said, He is not invincible let\\nus put our confidence in Providence.\\nSatisfied with having established the standing of\\nRussia, and with having made known the noble char-\\nacter of the people whom he governed not attribut-\\ning any of the successes to himself; showing as much\\nmoderation in prosperity as he had shown steadfast-\\nness in adversity, Alexander not only succeeded in\\nwinning the admiration of the allied sovereigns, but\\nhe knew how to inspire their sincere affection, and\\n188", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0208.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nfor the rest of his life he remained their counsellor\\nand friend.\\nThe blessing of the Almighty alone could have\\naccomplished the great deeds which Alexander had\\ndirected, and the synod, the Council of State, and\\nthe Senate, wished to immortalize the great events of\\nthe Russian nation and the glory of their sovereign.\\nThey sent, therefore, a deputation, composed of Prince\\nKourakine, 1 private counsellor, General TormasofF, and\\nCount Sottikoff, to offer his Imperial Majesty the sur-\\nname of the Blessed, a glorious title without doubt,\\nbut one which it seemed could not wound the mod-\\nesty of the emperor, since it indicated that all the\\ngreat things which he had accomplished were ratified\\nby the seal of Providence. The deputation begged\\nhis Majesty in the name of the State to consent to\\ntheir raising a monument in St. Petersburg to immor-\\ntalize such glorious memories, with this inscription\\nTo Alexander the Blessed, Emperor of all the Rus-\\nsias, magnanimous restorer of the Powers of Europe.\\nGrateful Russia!\\nThe emperor received the deputation with his ac-\\ncustomed graciousness, and replied to the address\\nwhich they made him as follows: In receiving the\\npetition of the Sacred Synod, the Council of State,\\nand the Senate, to raise a monument to our memory\\nin the capital of our empire, offering us the surname\\nof the Blessed, I have felt, to the depths of my heart\\nthe most lively satisfaction, recognizing on the one\\nhand the blessings of Providence, and on the other\\n1 Prince Alexandre Kourakine (born 1752, died 1818) was a favorite\\ncourtier of Paul I. and was greatly esteemed by Alexander. From\\n1S08 to 181 2 he was Russian ambassador to Paris.\\n189", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0209.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthe sentiments of the united empire. They offer me\\na title which seems to me the more flattering as all\\nmy thoughts, all the desires of my soul, all my prayers\\nare for the benediction of the Most High upon the\\npeople whom he has confided to me, and that I may\\nbe a blessing to my faithful subjects.\\nBut in desiring to attain this end, I cannot flatter\\nmyself that I have attained it I cannot allow myself\\nto accept and bear this name, for by so doing I should\\ngive my subjects an example contrary to the sen-\\ntiments of moderation and to the spirit of humility\\nwhich I endeavor to inspire in them. Therefore, in\\nshowing them my gratitude I ask the departments of\\nState to regard this thing as not having been pro-\\nposed. Elevate for me a monument in your hearts\\nlike the one I bear in my heart for you As my\\npeople bless me, so I bless them May Russia be\\nhappy, and may the blessing of God be with her and\\nwith me\\nAlexander did not seek repose from the labors of\\nthe long campaign except in untiring and constant\\napplication to his duties as ruler, and in mitigating\\nthe ills which his empire had undergone in conse-\\nquence of the war. Forced to quit the country once\\nmore to attend the Congress of Vienna, he hastened\\nto bring to these evils the promptest and most effi-\\ncacious remedies. He commenced by ordering as-\\nsemblies to be held in all parts of the empire to\\nreturn thanks to Providence for the safety of Russia.\\nHe instituted a cross of honor for the clergy with the\\ndate 1 8 12. The army received a medal with the date\\nof its entrance to Paris. He ordered also a medal\\nwith the ribbon of St. Vladimir for the Russian nobil-\\n190", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0210.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nity who had distinguished themselves by so many\\nheroic sacrifices for the country, and he gave to the\\nheads of families the honor of wearing this badge of\\ndistinction. The commercial class obtained also a\\nrecognition of its services, a medal with the ribbon\\nof St. Anne.\\nHis Majesty remitted all arrearages of taxes\\nthroughout the whole empire, from the year 1813,\\nalso all fines, expenses, and penalties accruing there-\\nfrom. He granted pardon to all prisoners not guilty\\nof murder or robbery. Finally, he extended his clem-\\nency to all those who, from various motives, had\\nallowed themselves, against their natural inclinations,\\nto be led over to the side of the enemy. At the\\nsame time he ordered repayment to be made to those\\nprovinces of the empire which had made considerable\\nadvances to the government during the war.\\nThe emperor addressed a letter to the committee\\nfor the education of the clergy, which closed with the\\nfollowing religious sentiments\\nIn confirming all that has been presented to me by\\nthis commission, I think it necessary to express my opinion\\nin regard to the education of young ecclesiastics. Educa-\\ntion is, properly speaking, only the extension of enlighten-\\nment. It ought, therefore, to seek to extend and spread\\nthat light which lightens the darkness and which the dark-\\nness has not known. The pupils should be directed to the\\nreal sources of good, by those means which the Evangelist\\nhas taught us with so much simplicity and wisdom in these\\nwords, Jesus is the way, the truth, and the light? The\\nspirit of Christianity is therefore, and ought to be, the\\nfoundation of Christian and public instruction, particularly\\nthat which concerns young men destined for the church,\\n191", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0211.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nsince it serves to guard them from error, by submitting\\nthemselves to the Divine wisdom. I am persuaded that\\nthe commission, by imploring the help of the Saviour, will\\ndirect all their efforts toward that end without which no\\none can look for the real fruit of his labors.\\nIQ2", "height": "2980", "width": "1747", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0212.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XIX\\nIN passing through Poland on his way to Vienna,\\nthe emperor was pleased to admit into his pres-\\nence a deputation of Poles from Warsaw, whose chief,\\nSenator Kicki addressed his Majesty, expressing in\\nthe name of his compatriots their sentiments of grati-\\ntude and devotion, as well as their unlimited confi-\\ndence in the generous protection of Alexander. The\\nemperor replied in terms flattering to the Poles. He\\nsaid he was going to Vienna to accomplish a great\\nwork which he had undertaken in their favor. I\\nhope, added the emperor, that its success will\\njustify the confidence of your nation the happiness\\nof Poland will be my reward.\\nThe emperor passed by Pulhawy, a chateau of the\\nprinces Czartoryski, which several years previously had\\nhad the honor of receiving his Majesty. The sojourn\\nof about a fortnight at that time had left ineffaceable\\nremembrances in the minds of his noble hosts, loaded\\nas they were with marks of an august friendship.\\nBeside the numerous family of Princess Czartory-\\nska, 1 composed of her two sons, the Princess of Wur-\\n1 Princess Isabella Fortunee Czartoryska (born 1743, died 1835)\\nwas the daughter of Count Fleming of Saxony. She married the\\nPolish statesman, Prince Adam Casimir Czartoryski. Her beauty and\\nmental endowments gained her celebrity and much political influence.\\nPrince Czartoryski had joined Napoleon s invading army, and had\\nbeen appointed field-marshal of the Polish Diet; he therefore thought\\nit wise not to obtrude himself on the Emperor Alexander.\\nMarie Czartoryska, the daughter of the preceding, was married\\n13 193", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0213.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ntemberg, and the Countess Zamoyska, her daughters,\\na great number of people of distinction, among others\\nmy Aunt Radzivil, her son the Prince Antoine,\\nCountess Rzewuska, General Krasinski, Senator Nov-\\nosiltzoff, 1 vice-president of the council, and a new\\ndeputation from Warsaw, were assembled at Pulhawy\\nto enjoy the pleasure of seeing Alexander, and of\\noffering their homage. The kindness of the emperor,\\nwhich made itself felt in the slightest words which he\\nspoke, and which came from a heart which neither\\npower nor prosperity could change, this kindness\\ninspired enthusiasm, gratitude, devotion, and confi-\\ndence. Alexander said to the Polish deputies, As-\\nsure the people of Warsaw of my solicitude for them\\nand if I delay my arrival at Warsaw, it will only be\\nto consolidate their fortune.\\nAt the moment of his Majesty s departure, and\\nafter having received his adieux, Princess Czartory-\\nska, her children, and the whole company preceded\\nthe emperor to the boat in which he and his suite\\nwere to cross the Vistula, a short distance from the\\nchateau. The emperor seemed agreeably surprised\\nby this zeal which had no other end than to enjoy\\nhis presence a few moments longer, and he acknowl-\\nedged it with his accustomed grace. By an excess\\nof gallantry, in spite of the coolness of the evening\\naugmented by that of the water, the emperor would\\nnot keep on his cloak in the presence of the ladies.\\nOctober 27, 1784, to Prince Louis of Wiirtemberg. When he declined\\nto fight against Russia in behalf of Poland, he lost his command in\\nthe Polish army, and his wife refused to live with him.\\n1 Baron Nicholas de Novosiltzoff, a Russian diplomat who enjoyed\\nthe favor of Emperor Alexander, and was sent by him on several\\nimportant missions to Germany and England. He died in 1838.\\n194", "height": "2996", "width": "1720", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0214.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nEncouraged by the amiable remarks which he ad-\\ndressed them, Princess Czartoryska, and other ladies\\nbegged to be allowed to take a few feathers from\\nhis plume. Apparently amused by this demand, he\\ninstantly hastened to satisfy their wish.\\nThe sovereigns of Europe having agreed to meet at\\nVienna, either in person or through their ministers,\\nto discuss the rights and interests of the nations, the\\nquestion of the order of precedence was immediately\\nagitated. With his usual modesty, far from demand-\\ning the pre-eminence which was due him, wishing on\\nthe contrary to avoid all discussion capable of caus-\\ning ill feeling, Alexander proposed that the council\\nshould be admitted alphabetically, which would place\\nhim far from the first place; always magnanimous\\nin council and where important interests were at\\nstake, Alexander was the amiable prince, the agree-\\nable man in all the reunions where he appeared.\\nHis august sisters, the Grand Duchess Catherine,\\nafterwards the Queen of Wiirtemberg, and the Grand\\nDuchess of Weimar were also at Vienna. It was\\nespecially in their society that the etiquette of the\\nsovereign disappeared, and gave place to amiable\\npleasantries.\\nThere was a great resemblance between the Grand\\nDuchess Catherine and the emperor, and to make it\\nmore striking Alexander conceived the idea, one\\nevening, of dressing himself in the clothes and the\\ncoiffure of her Imperial Highness.\\nOn the birthday of the Emperor of Austria, Alex-\\nander and the King of Prussia proposed to surprise\\nhim on rising in the morning, and to present him, the\\none a superb dressing-gown of sable, the other a\\ni9S", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0215.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nsilver basin and jug of beautiful Berlin workmanship.\\nOne often met the Emperor Alexander and the King\\nof Prussia walking together in the streets of Vienna\\nin citizen s dress.\\nThe reunion of the men most illustrious and most\\ndistinguished by rank, talent, and genius whom\\nEurope possessed, was celebrated by brilliant and\\ningenious festivities, allegorical tableaux in which the\\nmost beautiful women of the court took part, operas,\\namateur plays, balls, and tournaments. In fine,\\nsaid the Prince of Ligne, 1 nothing was wanting but\\nthe funeral procession of a certain marshal of the\\nempire.\\nThe Poles awaited with patience the result of the\\nconferences of the Congress and the fulfilment of\\nAlexander s promises. In spite of numberless obsta-\\ncles and hindrances raised by the council of Vienna\\nagainst the just and liberal views of Alexander, he\\nwas declared King of Poland. He announced the\\nnews himself in a letter written by his own hand to\\nCount Ostrowski, 2 the president of the senate.\\nIt is with great satisfaction that I announce to you, he\\nsaid, that the fate of your country is at last decided by the\\n1 Prince Charles Joseph Ligne (born 1735, died 1814), an able\\nAustrian general and witty writer. He served with distinction in\\nthe Seven Years War and was made a major-general in 1765. In\\n1782 he was Ambassador to Russia, and was highly favored by\\nCatherine II. He obtained the rank of field-marshal in 1808. His\\ngenerous and chivalrous character rendered him the idol of his army.\\nHe was the author of a number of works. Speaking of him, Mme.\\nde Stae l said, He was the only foreigner that became a model in\\nthe French style, instead of an imitator.\\n2 Count Jean Antoine Ostrowski (born 1782, died 1845) was a\\nPolish patriot and statesman, who took an active part in the affairs\\nof Poland until its partition. He then removed to Paris,, where the\\nlast years of his life were passed.\\n196", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0216.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nunanimous voice of all the Powers united in this congress.\\nIn accepting the title of king, I shall endeavor to satisfy the\\nwishes of the nation. The kingdom of Poland will be\\nunited to the empire by the bonds of its own constitution,\\nupon which I shall endeavor to found the welfare of the\\nnation. If the great interest of universal peace has not\\npermitted the whole of Poland to remain united under the\\nsame sceptre, I will at least try to soften as much as possi-\\nble the rigor of their separation and to obtain for them\\neverywhere the peaceable enjoyment of their national\\nliberty. Before the necessary formalities permit the pub-\\nlishing of the details relating to the arrangement of the\\naffairs of Poland, I have wished that you should be the\\nfirst informed of them by me in substance, and I authorize\\nyou to inform your compatriots of the contents of this\\nletter.\\nReceive the assurance of my sincere esteem,\\nAlexander.\\nVienna, April 30, 1815.\\nNothing can give an idea of the joy with which\\nthis news filled the hearts of the true Poles; but\\nin the midst of this universal rejoicing, while they\\nwere awaiting the arrival of their desired monarch,\\nevents occurred which changed the face of the whole\\nof Europe. General Pozzo di Borgo, 1 minister of\\nRussia in France, arrived at Vienna from Paris, an-\\n1 Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo (born 1764, died 1842), an eminent\\nFrench diplomatist who in 1803 entered the service of Russia and\\ndevoted himself to diplomacy, for which he was qualified by his\\npenetration and address. He regarded Napoleon as a personal\\nenemy, and contributed to his overthrow. In 1813 he took a promi-\\nnent part in the Congress of Frankfort, and composed the famous\\ndeclaration of the Allies. He acted as Russian Commissioner with\\nthe army of the Allies in 181 5, and signed the Treaty of Paris. From\\n1815 to 1835 ne was Russian ambassador at Paris.\\n197", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0217.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nnouncing to the congress that the Bourbons were\\nmore firmly seated than ever upon the throne of\\nFrance and a fortnight later, in the midst of a great\\nfestival where all the divinities of Olympus and\\nParnassus were represented, the news arrived, like\\na clap of thunder Napoleon has escaped from the\\nisland of Elba; Napoleon is in France! The per-\\nson from whom I have these details, and who was\\nan eye-witness of them, Count Salmour, said there was\\ngreat alarm among the gods of the Empyrean and\\namong those of the earth. Alexander was so wise\\nas to retire immediately from the festival to hide his\\nfeelings from the public.\\nThe next day, when they had recovered a little\\nfrom the violent shock which an event of this kind\\nnaturally produced, reflection came to calm this\\nsudden surprise and terror. He is a madman he\\nis an adventurer they said of Napoleon. Out-\\nraged by the sharp reproaches which were addressed\\nto him from all sides, on account of his ignorance of\\naffairs in France, which it had been difficult to fore-\\nsee, Pozzo di Borgo out-did every one in protesta-\\ntions, and said that Napoleon would be hanged on\\nthe first tree as soon as he entered France.\\nHowever, this madman, this adventurer, or rather\\nthis incomprehensible being who had escaped from\\nthe island of Elba upon a small brig, and had passed\\nmiraculously through the midst of the English ves-\\nsels, landed in France with a handful of soldiers, and\\ntwenty days later entered Paris at the head of an\\narmy, declaring in his vauntful language that he\\nalone was able to re-establish peace, and that he had\\ncome to restore it to Europe.\\n198", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0218.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nThe Bourbons were dispersed Louis XVIII. was\\nforced for a second time to quit the country and to\\nabandon the throne of his fathers to the usurper.\\nLouis XVIII. retired to Ghent; but what was to\\nbecome of France, and of Europe?\\nThe well attested news of the presence of Napoleon\\nin Paris and the re-establishment of his power with-\\nout a blow having been struck, filled the councils of\\nthe congress with terror and consternation. After\\nso many generous efforts, such immense sacrifices,\\nso much bloodshed, it was necessary to commence\\nagain, to renew the past efforts and sacrifices as if\\nthey had ne /er been made. This idea was enough\\nto fill the h arts of the sovereign allies with discour-\\nagement an I dismay.\\nThe Emperor Alexander declared that he was\\nweary of war, and, above all, tired of exposing the\\nlives of his soldiers. Other personal and just mo-\\ntives were joined to that repugnance. Prince Talley-\\nrand had been sent by Louis XVIII. to bespeak the\\ninterest of the congress in behalf of France. It is\\ndifficult to discover what were the intentions of that\\nable diplomat, working in apparent concord with all\\nthe Powers for the pacification of Europe, and, at the\\nsame time negotiating a treaty with Austria opposed\\nto the political interests of Russia, a treaty which\\ntended to destroy that influence to which France\\nowed her deliverance.\\nWhile Talleyrand, full of confidence in his influ-\\nence in Paris, sought to prolong his engagement,\\nhe heard of the descent of Napoleon upon Paris and\\nhis entrance into the capital, and was informed that\\nAlexander would no longer ignore the double-dealing\\n199", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0219.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nof the French royalist ministry. How should he\\nward off this last blow It was fatal Talleyrand\\nwas too wise, his knowledge of politics was too ex-\\ntended for him not to feel that the Emperor Alex-\\nander alone could save France, by the immense forces\\nat his command and by his influence over the other\\nallied Powers.\\nTalleyrand, therefore, knowing Alexander s gener-\\nosity, built upon it his last political hopes, and the\\nhope of his own safety. He went and throwing himself\\nat the feet of that prince, assured him that, blinded\\nby patriotism, he had not been able to see the real\\ninterests of France and the bands of alliance which\\nshe ought to contract then he begged the emperor\\nto pardon him and not to abandon a cause which was\\nthat of all kings.\\nAfter a few moments of silence and reflection the\\nemperor replied The question has nothing to do\\nwith me or with any personal offence which might\\naffect me, but with the safety of France.\\nIt must be acknowledged that without the extreme\\nand indefatigable zeal which Talleyrand employed at\\nthis critical time, the congress would have been dis-\\nsolved without having decided anything in favor of\\nFrance.\\nWith his usual magnanimity Alexander, putting\\naside all personal resentment, and thinking only of\\nthe interests of the common cause, ordered a con-\\nsiderable body of troops to march under the com-\\nmand of Marshal Barclay de Tolley, not against the\\nFrench, but to the succor of the Bourbons against\\nthe army of Napoleon.\\n200", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0220.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XX\\nI WILL not enter into the details of the campaign\\nof 1815, marked by such great military deeds\\nand terminated by the battle of Waterloo. The\\nEmperor of Russia did not go to Paris until after\\nthe return of Louis XVIII. to the capital. Ever\\n^animated by generous thoughts and a peaceable\\nspirit, Alexander showed himself in Paris under\\nthe conciliating character of a mediator ready to\\nward off the blows which the policy of the other\\npowers was disposed to deal to France.\\nAs the ministers plenipotentiary were preparing a\\nnew treaty of peace whose conditions seemed hard\\nfor France, Alexander went to the camp Les Vertus\\nto inspect the troops in presence of the sovereign\\nallies and gave the order of the day\\nTreason and the perfidious designs of the enemy of\\npublic peace have met you again, brave soldiers, upon\\nthe same fields where you were conquerors. Thanks to\\nthe Almighty your valor need not display itself again. The\\nmeasures employed by the allies have overthrown the\\naudacious Napoleon before you were able to take part in\\nthe fray. He has been taken prisoner. But your march\\nfrom the Dwina and Dniester to the Seine will sufficiently\\nprove that Russia is not opposed to the peace of Europe,\\nand that in spite of the great distance you are always ready\\nto march in the cause of justice wherever the voice of your\\ncountry and that of your sovereign shall call you.\\n201", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0221.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nIn leaving you here far from your native land which is\\nso dear to you, it gives me pleasure, my dear companions in\\narms, to show you my appreciation of the zeal and exact-\\nness which I have found in your ranks. May the blessings\\nof the Most High accompany you to your firesides. His\\nall-powerful hand has protected you in war and will guide\\nyou to your homes. Let us thank him for his goodness to\\nus and never forget his sacred laws and that his mercy has\\nassisted us because we have put our trust in him.\\nThe inhabitants of Champagne assembled in crowds\\nin the environs of Les Vertus to see the prince whom\\nthey regarded as their protector. Learning that\\nsome French ladies were assembled at a farm-house\\nto see the review, the Emperor Alexander sent them\\nall sorts of refreshments. After the review was over,\\nthe Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia\\napproached Alexander to compliment him upon the\\nfine military appearance of a corps of forty thousand\\nRussians who had manoeuvred in their presence with\\nexcellent precision and perfect order. The emperor,\\nstill animated by the exercise which he had just had,\\nplaced his hand on his sword and answered I can,\\nif it is necessary and if I am forced to do so, assemble\\nhere in two months two hundred thousand such\\ntroops. This he said, wishing to have it understood\\nthat he was disposed to take up arms for France.\\nSince it was to be desired that France should regain\\ncalmness and tranquillity in place of hei continued\\ninternal dissensions, the policy of Europe demanded,\\nin the interest of the balance of power, that France\\nshould remain great and strong.\\nThanks to the active intervention of Alexander,\\nFrance was permitted to preserve her old boundaries\\n202", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0222.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nbut to satisfy the severe justice of the allied Powers,\\nshe saw herself condemned to pay a large indemnity,\\nand to the support of one hundred and fifty thousand\\nforeign troops. Nations by their mistakes draw\\nupon themselves terrible responsibilities, of which\\ntime alone can efface the traces.\\nIt was against the advice of Alexander that the\\nworks of art acquired through the valor of the French\\nat different times were taken away from Paris. A\\nvery wise idea and one very favorable to the study\\nof art led Alexander to propose that these master-\\npieces, instead of being dispersed to different\\ncountries, should continue to ornament the beautiful\\npalace where they were united, giving to the museum\\nof the Louvre the name of Museum of Europe. The\\nApollo of the Belvedere and the Venus de Medicis\\nwould certainly have received more homage at Paris\\nthan elsewhere. This proposition, however, did not\\nmeet the views of the other Powers.\\nThe Emperor Alexander felt himself compelled to\\ndeclare his opposition to prevent the destruction of\\nthe bridges of Austerlitz and Jena. His views were\\ntoo broad, his mind too great for him not to see that\\nit was not alone to a monument of stone that the\\nmemory of French glory was attached. But it was\\nnot given to all the world to think and feel as he did.\\nDuring his sojourn in France Alexander was con-\\nstantly occupied in alleviating the misfortunes of the\\ninhabitants. He had a list made of the widows and\\norphans of agriculturists whose homes had been\\ndestroyed during the war, and all those who wished\\nto emigrate to the Crimea received from imperial\\nmunificence the necessary succor and passports.\\n203", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0223.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nAlexander displayed such perfect confidence in\\nthe French that he refused the escort which they\\noffered him, saying it was unnecessary in France,\\nand that he was in a friendly country. Some one in\\nParis wishing to know where the Emperor of Russia\\nresided, he answered: Upon the field of Virtue\\n4- {plaine des Verlus), at the hotel of Magnanimity.\\nThis is not much in the style of Mademoiselle\\nScuderi s novels.\\nIn the short space of one hundred days, events\\nfollowed each other with the rapidity of thought.\\nWe saw Napoleon land in France and reascend the\\nthrone; Louis XVIII. retire to Ghent; the combined\\narmies march, attack, and conquer Napoleon; the\\nlatter flee and confide his destinies to the waves, less\\nperfidious than the English, to whom this second\\nThemistocles, this new Hannibal surrendered finally,\\nLouis XVIII. reassume the crown and enter his\\ncapital.\\nThe destroyer of the peace of Europe, this new\\nPrometheus who had not stolen celestial fire, but\\nwho would possess the universe, Napoleon had been\\nbanished to a rock in the midst of the ocean, where\\nhe was to endure the torment of a devouring ambition\\nwhich he was not permitted to gratify.\\nThe history of Alexander and Napoleon affords a\\nstriking example of divine justice. How had Alex-\\nander been able to triumph over that man whose\\nsuperior genius seemed invincible? Because God\\nwas on his side, because he never gloried in his\\nsuccess; while Napoleon, who placed all his confi-\\ndence in the strength of his arms, had twice seen his\\nformidable armies dissolve away, and his power vanish\\n204", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0224.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nlike a dream. Unhappy the man who rests upon an\\narm of flesh\\nI made this prayer at that time, for the Emperor\\nof Russia: May the good Providence always pro-\\ntect Alexander. May God help him in battle by His\\nstrength, and in his councils by His wisdom Deign\\nabove all, O God, to preserve him from the intoxica-\\ntion of success, so fatal to princes and so prejudicial\\nto the happiness of their subjects Deign to lend\\nhim Thy light in all that he does in Thy name\\nBless all his undertakings and hold his heart always\\nin Thy powerful hands Amen\\n205", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0225.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER XXI\\nSATISFIED with having terminated this memo-\\nrable campaign of 1815 advantageously for the\\nhappiness of Europe, and to reap as a reward for his\\nlabors a long and settled peace, Alexander turned\\ngladly from the horrors of war and the cares of State,\\nand occupied himself in the affairs of his people. He\\nwas expected at Warsaw to be crowned King of\\nPoland, and finally arrived there after having cele-\\nbrated at Berlin the wedding of his brother the\\nGrand Duke Nicholas with the princess royal of\\nPrussia, strengthening his alliance with that power\\nby the double ties of blood and political bonds.\\nThe Emperor Alexander arrived at Warsaw on the\\n26th of October, 1815. He made his entrance on\\nhorseback, wearing the Polish uniform and the deco-\\nration of the White Eagle. All the windows and\\nstreets on his Majesty s route were decorated with\\nflowers, draperies, and mottoes. The various depu-\\ntations met him under a triumphal arch which bore\\nthis inscription Hie ames did pater atque princeps.\\nThe emperor would not accept the keys of the\\ntown, which were offered him by the president of\\nthe municipality, and responded thus to the speech\\nof the magistrate I do not accept the keys, be-\\ncause I am not come here as a conqueror, but as\\na protector and friend who desires to see you all\\nhappy. But I will accept bread and salt as the\\n206", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0226.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nmost useful gift of God. The Poles had finally\\nfound a king, a father. On the evening of that\\nmemorable day the town was illuminated with alle-\\ngorical transparencies, and an innumerable crowd\\ncirculated through the streets shouting the name\\nof their king, Alexander. The emperor was touched\\nby these proofs of attachment and enthusiasm, upon\\nwhich he had not reckoned, believing with his usual\\nmodesty that the Poles preferred Napoleon.\\nAlexander gave the Poles a constitution, founded\\npartly on the Code of Napoleon, a senate, and the\\nright to assemble diets. He named General Zaion-\\nczek x to the first place in the kingdom, that of lieu-\\ntenant-general, and apprised him himself of his\\nnomination. The old general said to the emperor\\nthat his fortune was too limited to permit him to\\naccept this position. That is one merit the more\\nin my eyes, answered the emperor, assigning to\\nhim a revenue of 200,000 florins, and conferring\\nupon him later the title of prince.\\nThe emperor and king having admitted into his\\npresence a deputation of the departments and towns\\nof the kingdom, the palatine Malachowski expressed\\nin the name of his compatriots the feelings of love,\\nveneration, and gratitude with which they were\\n1 Joseph Zaionczek (Zajaczek) (born 1752, died 1826), a Polish\\ngeneral, the descendant of a poor but noble family who by industry\\nand study rose to positions of honor and influence. After the decla-\\nration of war against Russia by Napoleon he assisted in the raising\\nof an army of 80,000 to aid him. After the Peace of Paris, when\\nAlexander re-organized the army in Poland, he appointed Zaionczek\\ngeneral of infantry; and when in 181 5 the Czar gave Poland a new\\nconstitution, Zaionczek was named viceroy of the new kingdom,\\nand the Grand Duke Constantine was given the command of the\\narmy.\\n207", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0227.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\naffected for the noble conqueror who had given to\\ntheir country a new political existence.\\nThe emperor answered I receive the expression\\nof the sentiments which you manifest for me with\\ndeep emotion. I know that this country has borne\\ngreat reverses, the traces of which must be effaced.\\nTo help to do this promptly, I have given orders\\nthat the Russian armies retire from the country.\\nIn occupying yourselves with that interesting class,\\nthe cultivators of the soil, you have done that which\\nis the most agreeable to me. All that you under-\\ntake in that direction will meet with my heartiest\\napproval. I shall always be ready to consider all\\nrequests which are presented to me, whether by\\nindividuals or departments, and will give them my\\nserious attention. My desires shall always be for\\nthe prosperity of your country and the good of its\\ninhabitants.\\nCount Oginiski (the same who has published\\nMemoirs very favorably received by the public)\\ncame to Warsaw at the head of a Lithuanian depu-\\ntation to offer their respects to the new King of\\nPoland. The emperor received him in the throne\\nroom. M. Oginiski observed that during his conver-\\nsation when he compared the rapid victories of the\\nemperor with the lightning, the emperor s counte-\\nnance took on an imposing expression, and that\\ntears came into his eyes when he spoke of the\\ngratitude of the Lithuanians. Yet there are persons\\nwho suspect this noble character of falseness; and\\nNapoleon said, in speaking of Alexander, that he was\\nthe most beautiful, the most refined, and the falsest of\\nthe Greeks. It is not necessary to refute such calum-\\n208", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0228.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nnies. The entire life of Alexander is an answer to\\nthem.\\nDuring the emperor s stay at Warsaw brilliant\\nentertainments were given by General Krasinski,\\nthe Count Palatine Potocki, 1 and the Princess of Wiir-\\ntemberg. There was also a fancy-dress ball given\\nby the town, where there was an assemblage of all\\nthat taste, riches, grace, and beauty could show.\\nMy mother, who on account of ill-health could not\\nattend these festivities, had the honor to be presented\\nto his Majesty at the house of her sister the Countess\\nRadzivil, and to thank the emperor for all the kind-\\nness which he had shown her family. The emperor\\nauthorized my mother to announce his arrival at\\nVilna, and he deigned to speak of me with his usual\\nindulgence. The emperor stopped only ope day at\\nVilna, sleeping at Towiany.\\nMy father formed the project of leaving as soon as\\nthe ball which was to take place on the arrival of his\\n1 Count Stanislas-Kotska Potocki (born 1757, died 1821) organ-\\nized the grand duchy at the time of the French invasion, and was\\nrewarded by being appointed Senator Palatine and Chief Counsel\\nof the Minister of State. He was constant in his loyalty to Alex-\\nander; when the emperor elevated him to the dignity of Minister\\nof Public Instruction and Worship, the appointment was received\\nwith universal applause, and Potocki was diligent in proving himself\\nworthy of the honor. He created the University, the Observatory,\\nthe Botanical Garden, the Museum of Natural History, the different\\nschools of surgery, and many smaller institutions. In all ways he\\nshowed himself the friend of learning and the protector of science.\\nIn 1818 he was named President of the Senate and his discourses are\\nregarded as models of oratory. His death was considered a public\\ncalamity, and his family were the recipients of testimonials from all\\nparts of the empire for by his singularly affectionate nature, culture,\\nand elevated character he had attached to himself all who knew\\nhim.\\nT 4 209", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0229.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nMajesty was over, and going with me and several\\nother persons to Towiany. He hoped to be able to\\nspeak with the emperor of different abuses which had\\ncrept into the government, and of the manner in\\nwhich certain agents in power responded to the ideas\\nof equity and moderation of so good a monarch.\\nThere were disquieting rumors at Vilna.\\nIt was said that there had been formed at St.\\nPetersburg a party of Russians discontented with the\\ninterest which the emperor took in the Poles, and all\\nhe did for the kingdom of Poland. The emperor\\nhimself made no allusion to this matter, as he had\\nasked the Poles at Warsaw not to compromise him\\nwith his own people in their patriotic speeches. I\\nlearned later at Paris, and I have it from a person\\nworthy of confidence, that in 1815 Marshal Soult\\nfound papers which divulged horrible designs. The\\nmarshal hastened to make them known to the Em-\\nperor Alexander, who thanked him, saying that the\\ndanger was not so real as he thought. What a fatal\\nsecurity, which it is difficult to understand How\\nthe Emperor Alexander, with that rare sagacity\\nwhich distinguished him, that clearness of judgment\\nwhich led him with reason to desire to extinguish the\\nfires of revolution in other countries of Europe,\\ncould not see the embers that smouldered in his own\\nStates We must believe that his heart deceived his\\njudgment, and refused to believe in such monstrous\\ningratitude on the part of his subjects. Several\\nyears ago M. de C. and I were terrified by sedi-\\ntious rumors which came to our ears, and we told\\nour fears to certain agents of the government, who\\ntreated them as exaggerated ideas aristocratic\\n210", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0230.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nchimeras. Experience has proved that our fears\\nwere but too well founded.\\nThe Emperor Alexander arrived at Vilna at night,\\nwhere they had made preparations in advance for a\\nball, illuminations, etc. My father had a transpar-\\nency placed over the door of his house representing\\nVilna with its picturesque environs, and these words\\nLe retour de I Aurore nous promet des jours sereins. I\\nwas notified in the morning by an aide-de-camp of\\nPrince Wolkonski, of the visit of his Majesty at one\\no clock in the afternoon. There was in the mean\\ntime a presentation of the gentlemen at the palace.\\nThe emperor on perceiving my father said, Ah, it\\nis you, Count and when my father would have\\nsaid something to justify himself in the eyes of his\\nMajesty, the emperor interrupted him, saying: All\\nis forgotten, the past is forgotten. My father, who\\nhad infinite tact, felt that the word forgotten meant\\nrather pardoned; my sister and I felt it also in admir-\\ning this noble and refined character, who could pardon\\nbut not forget the wrongs that had been done him.\\nMy father admired and really loved the emperor he\\nwould never have been drawn into the other party\\nexcept by the force of circumstances he did not\\ndare to be at my house when Alexander came there,\\nand it was my sister this time who aided me in re-\\nceiving the emperor, whom she had had the honor of\\nknowing at the time of his Majesty s first visit to\\nVilna.\\nAfter the first compliments, I asked his Majesty if\\nhe had been satisfied with his visit at Warsaw. The\\nemperor answered that Warsaw had not quite met\\nhis expectations, on account of the irregularity of its\\n211", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0231.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nbuildings and the filth of its streets but he thought\\nthat it was susceptible of embellishment. Then he\\nsaid some pleasant things about Polish society and\\nthe Poles in general. He said I have not kept all\\nmy promises to them I have done nothing for the\\nPoles, but in working for them I have had great ob-\\nstacles to overcome in the congress. The other sov-\\nereigns were opposed as much as possible to my\\nprojects in regard to Poland. However, we have\\nmade the first step.\\nI could not accustom myself to hear the em-\\nperor speak of the kingdom. The kingdom, he\\nsaid, has suffered greatly. One does not notice it\\nin the towns during these great festivities, but the\\ncountry feels the war cruelly. Alexander praised\\nthe fine appearance of the Polish troops. They will\\nhave a little trouble in forgetting the old regime and\\nin learning the new, but that will come. There must\\nbe subordination among the soldiers, and exact dis-\\ncipline for when the army reasons the State is lost.\\nIt is thus that Napoleon has been the cause of his\\nown downfall, by permitting the absence of discipline\\namong his troops.\\nThe emperor then spoke of France and the French,\\nto whom he did not spare the epithets mean, avari-\\ncious, filthy, and frivolous. Paris, he said, is\\ndirty, morally as well as physically. I could not\\nresist answering this attack. Sire, I said, I rec-\\nognize one merit in the French, their knowing\\nhow to appreciate the goodness of your Majesty.\\nAt these words the emperor colored, then said\\nwith a smile I confess, mademoiselle, that I have\\nbut done my duty. It was frightful to see the", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0232.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nevils about me, the Austrians and the Prussians\\nfury and cupidity, which it was difficult to control.\\nThey wanted to use the right of reprisal, but that\\nright has always been revolting to me, for one ought\\nnever to take vengeance except by doing good for\\nevil.\\nWith what sad pleasure I recall these words. Since\\nthen I have always kept a careful journal, and my\\nreaders can be assured not only of the exactness\\nof my account of events, but that there is nothing\\naltered in the emperor s expressions which are found\\nin this work. How beautiful indeed were these\\nwords in the mouth of the greatest sovereign in the\\nworld It was plain to see that the emperor spoke\\nwith satisfaction, although always with modesty, of his\\nsuccesses, and of his work during the three years of\\nhis absence. He had grown much thinner in figure,\\nwhich gave him a very young appearance. You\\nsaw no longer that charm of sensibility which the\\nmisfortunes of the year 1812 had given his face, but\\nalways the same grace, kindness, and affability. Still,\\none could see a little change of manner in his inter-\\ncourse with men.\\nI asked his Majesty if it was true that he pre-\\nferred London to Paris. I acknowledge it, he\\nsaid one does not see in London the beautiful edi-\\nfices which adorn Paris, but there is infinitely more\\norder, regularity, and cleanliness. He insisted very\\nstrongly on the last point, making the inhabitants of\\nPetersburg observe strict cleanliness. He said he\\nfeared they had grown lax on that point during his\\nabsence.\\nThe emperor spoke with admiration of the English\\n2I 3", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0233.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nparks, and told us that nowhere was the art of gar-\\ndening so well understood as in England. As my\\nsister seemed to take a lively interest in the details\\nwhich the emperor gave on this subject, his Majesty\\nasked her if she had fine gardens, and expressed\\ngreat regret that, on account of the bad weather, he\\nwas not able to visit Arcadia when he had passed the\\nnight at the chateau of my Aunt Radzivil, not far\\nfrom Warsaw.\\nThe frost had been very severe for several days,\\nand our apartment was cold. The emperor, who\\nnoticed it, said he feared he should not be able to\\nbear the climate of St. Petersburg after having passed\\nthree winters in France and England moreover, the\\nbeautiful Parisian ladies, in the midst of their elegance\\nand luxury, nearly died of cold in their apartments.\\nThe emperor expressed his regret that he could not\\nremain longer at Vilna.\\nThe ball commenced at eight o clock. The em-\\nperor waltzed for a long time with me and with other\\nladies. He danced with grace and dignity. In danc-\\ning the Polonaise with Prince Wolkonski, who then\\nreplaced Count Tolstoi about his Majesty, I told him\\nof our plan to go to Towiany, a project, I added,\\nwhich it was not possible to carry out, as his Majesty\\nwas to leave in the morning to go there himself. The\\nprince said Your project is charming you must not\\ngive it up. Leave immediately after the ball you\\nwill arrive in time, and I will retard the departure of\\nhis Majesty. The emperor, who followed us in the\\ndance, would absolutely know what we were talking\\nabout, and we were obliged to explain, adding that\\nwe could no longer think of the project, although our\\n214", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0234.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nfriends at Towiany, knowing our intention, had ordered\\na relay of horses on the route; but the lightning\\nspeed with which the emperor travelled would not\\npermit us to reach there in time. Thanking me with\\nthe most amiable vivacity, the emperor maintained,\\nwith Prince Wolkonski, that by leaving at eleven\\no clock in the night, putting myself in a good car-\\nriage with a good pelisse to insure me against the\\ncold, and having good horses, I could make the\\njourney from Vilna to Towiany very easily. More-\\nover, said his Majesty, I shall not leave so very\\nearly. I repeated this conversation to my father\\nand sister, who decided that I must go to Towiany.\\nBut my father, after the somewhat cold reception he\\nhad had from the emperor, decided that it was best for\\nhim not to go. My sister, who was just recovering from\\nan illness, could not expose herself to the great cold.\\nMy aunt, Countess Corvin Kossakowska, nee Potocka,\\ndecided to go with me, and my brother-in-law, Count\\nGunther, would accompany us. We changed our\\ndresses and started at once. Before our departure,\\nmy father charged me particularly to speak a few\\nwords of justification for him and my brother to the\\nemperor. Our carriage broke down on the way.\\nFortunately, we procured another in the neighbor-\\nhood and continued our journey to Towiany, where\\nwe arrived at dawn, dying with laughter. After Vil-\\nkomir, which is about four miles from Towiany,\\nthey had taken us for the emperor, and had ren-\\ndered us homage in consequence, the guard present-\\ning arms, the couriers rushing ahead to announce\\nthe arrival of the monarch and at Towiany the whole\\nsociety of the town, assembled at the palace, pressed\\n215", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0235.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nforward to receive his Majesty. The emperor did\\nnot arrive till an hour later, and smiled upon perceiv-\\ning my aunt and me. He seemed annoyed at having\\narrived so late, and complained that they had made\\na summer road in winter. The fact is that, not know-\\ning that his Majesty travelled in a sleigh, they had\\nswept the snow from the road all along the route and\\ncovered it with pine branches and leaves. We knew\\nalso that the emperor had been dissatisfied with the\\nparade at Vilna. As it was not known till the morn-\\ning that he would give the order for it, the troops\\nwere not ready at the hour indicated. The emperor\\nbeing obliged to wait on the spot, he severely repri-\\nmanded General P., and afterwards the garrison.\\nAfter the usual compliments and presentations, the\\nemperor went to change his dress in his old apart-\\nment. He soon returned and approaching my aunt\\nand me thanked us gracefully for our amiable\\nattention, asking if we had had any accident on the\\nway, and expressing his surprise that, having travelled\\nall night in the open air, we looked so fresh and\\nuntired. As forme, he said, my face burns like fire.\\nThe conversation then became general, or rather\\nthe emperor alone took the burden of it in the most\\ninteresting manner. He spoke much of England, of\\nthe magnificence of its parks, of English agriculture,\\nof the machinery newly invented, and above all of the\\nwise institutions of the country and the welfare of its\\ninhabitants. What a happy country, said he,\\nwhere the rights of each individual are respected\\nand inviolable In speaking of Napoleon the\\nemperor said I predicted to him what has hap-\\npened but he would not believe me.\\n216", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0236.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nThe company was not the same as at the first visit\\nof his Majesty to Towiany. The old Count Moriconi\\nwas dead. The Mesdemoiselles Grabowska and Mor-\\niconi were married and gone but the sister of the\\nlatter, the amiable Countess Felicie Plater was there\\nwith her excellent and worthy mother. The emperor\\nspoke much of those who were absent by death, and\\nof those who were separated by distance.\\nHis Majesty consented to sup with the whole com-\\npany. In leaving the table he came to speak to me\\nof my mother, and described a pleasant little scene\\nwhich took place between his Majesty and her.\\nHaving made her acquaintance at your aunt s, said\\nthe prince, I wished to kiss her hand, a natural\\nhomage which one offers to women but she refused\\nit, and I had to insist every time I tried to take her\\nhand she drew it away finally it grew too amusing\\nLet your aunt tell you about it, and Prince Antoine,\\nwho was present. They laughed so much.\\nAt the moment of retiring the emperor said: I\\nmust insist that the ladies will not give themselves\\nthe trouble to rise early in the morning, but I fear\\nthat they will not do me that favor. We answered\\nthat we would endeavor to make use of every\\nmoment that we were allowed to enjoy his presence.\\nAlthough very much fatigued by the preceding\\nnight, my aunt and I must still describe to the ladies of\\nthe house the ball, and the toilets of the ladies at Vilna.\\nMoreover, at six o clock, though it was not yet light,\\nwe must be dressed and in the drawing-room. The\\nemperor was not late, and asked how we had all\\npassed the night. He asked me if I had any commis-\\nsions for St. Petersburg. Instead of answering, I\\n217", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0237.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nasked orders of his Majesty for Vilna. The emperor\\nturning to the circle of ladies (everybody was stand-\\ning). Mademoiselle will not give me commissions\\nfor Petersburg, and asks me for them for Vilna. I\\ndo not know why these words hurt me. I had hoped\\nthat his Majesty would say something to me about\\nmy father. The remembrance of his former kindness\\nto him compared with his present coldness, gave me\\nthe idea that my father would perhaps be displeased\\nthat I had not attempted to excuse him or my brothers\\nto the emperor.\\nBut always surrounded, I had not an opportunity\\nto speak moreover, what could I have said What\\nuse would it have been to recall the past? And\\nfinally, the fatigue of two nights without sleep had\\nunstrung my nerves and agitated me to such a degree\\nthat I felt ill, and I went into the adjoining room to\\nrecover myself. The emperor, struck by the sudden\\nchange of my face, followed me to ask me if I was not\\nwell. I said that the heat of the stoves had overcome\\nme, but it would soon pass, and I would return to the\\nsalon with Countess Moriconi. The emperor told\\nthe ladies what had made me ill, saying that the heat\\nof our houses in winter was very bad for the health.\\nHe added that he had been obliged to open the\\nwindows of his bedroom. I saw the kindness of the\\nemperor in all that he said, but I was at the same\\ntime so troubled at the idea of having made myself\\nridiculous in his eyes that I felt very much annoyed\\nwith myself. I could not control myself; I felt suffo-\\ncated. Countess Plater, who was near me, drew me\\nout of the salon. In the name of God, said this\\ngood friend, control yourself; think that twenty\\n218", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0238.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\npersons have their eyes on you Then she added\\nsome pleasantry, and I burst out laughing. Finally I\\nsucceeded in calming myself, but my eyes were red\\nfrom weeping, and I was very much confused at\\nhaving made such a scene. The emperor returned\\nto us and anxiously asked me if I was subject to such\\nattacks. I answered that I had often suffered from\\nnervous troubles. Oh, very often repeated my\\ngood friend. His Majesty then said his good-byes\\nand we followed him into the drawing-room where he\\nbegged me to remain sentinel over Countess Mori-\\nconi to prevent her from going out. But no sooner\\nhad the emperor departed than the countess followed\\nhim to the steps. His Majesty, already seated in his\\nsleigh, made me a sign of reproach, saying, The\\nsentinel has not done her duty. I answered, laugh-\\ning, that I had been obliged to give up my prisoner.\\n219", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0239.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER XXII\\nA LITTLE time after his return to St. Peters-\\nburg, the emperor made a stroke of authority\\nwhich caused great excitement in the capital. He\\nexpelled the order of Jesuits from St. Petersburg,\\nlater from Pototsch, and finally from the whole em-\\npire, declaring that it was with justice that all the\\nsovereigns had driven that dangerous and intriguing\\norder from their States. Perhaps the Jesuits have\\njustly been reproached with too much zeal for con-\\nversion, which was dangerous to the religion of the\\ncountry. They attracted to their sermons numbers\\nof persons of distinction, and a great many ladies of\\nthe court changed their religion without the knowl-\\nedge of their families.\\nThe Jesuits abandoned without a murmur their for-\\ntunes, their houses, and their flourishing establish-\\nments, considering the decree which had fallen upon\\nthem as sent from heaven, and bending, in appearance\\nat least, under a Divine hand. A Jesuit of the house of\\nRiga, whose establishment was venerated even by the\\nLutherans, replied to a person who commiserated\\nhim on his lot I shall find everywhere five feet of\\nearth, and death, toward which I hasten.\\nThe emperor did several remarkable acts of justice\\nat this same time. He degraded General Tutchlof\\nto the rank of a common soldier because he had\\nallowed pillage in Lithuania, in the campaign of 1812.\\nHe punished crime with a severity which inspired a", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0240.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\njust fear throughout the whole empire. The emperor\\nproved, in a word, that it is possible to join to that\\nkindness and excessive sensibility with which he has\\nbeen reproached, both firmness and justice, qualities\\nindispensable in a sovereign. There was a manifesto\\npublished in the name of the emperor about this time\\nwhich seems to us full of piety and noble sentiments.\\nIn it Alexander speaks of godlike St. Louis, and of his\\nsuccess, and his triumphs as never sovereign before\\nspoke, and with a moderation of which history shows\\nfew examples. I remarked, however, that having\\ntriumphed over Napoleon in this world he seemed to\\nwish to pursue him to the other, and arraign him\\nbefore the tribunal of God.\\nIn the year 1816 I made a journey to Carlsbad,\\nwith my father and one of my relatives. Upon our\\nreturn we stopped at Warsaw, where the emperor was\\nexpected on the 30th of September. We lodged\\nwith my mother in the most beautiful street in War-\\nsaw, in a large house, but so full of people on ac-\\ncount of the arrival of the emperor, that I could only\\nobtain two small rooms on the ground-floor under\\nthe porte cochkre.\\nThe emperor arrived at night and I knew it at\\nonce by the movement of the soldiers rushing\\nthrough the streets. Nothing is more amusing than\\nto watch the scenes of the outside world from behind\\na curtain, provided one has a taste for observation\\nand a total lack of self-consciousness.\\nThe same day a grand parade took place in the\\nsquare of Saxony. I saw the emperor pass through\\nthe street on horseback in the Polish uniform with\\nthe blue and white plume on his cap. This was the\\n221", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0241.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nfirst time I had seen him wear the Polish colors.\\nThe first ball took place at the viceroy s. My Aunt\\nRadzivil took me there. She had already seen his\\nMajesty, and among other things had told him of my\\narrival. The emperor deigned to speak to my aunt\\nof me in terms which I will not write down here.\\nMy aunt conducted me to the middle of the ball-\\nroom to present me to his Majesty, who addressed\\nme saying he hoped it was not on account of my\\nhealth that I had visited the baths.\\nWhile dancing with me Alexander spoke of the\\nindisposition which I had had at Towiany, and asked\\nme if I had had any returns of such attacks. The\\nemperor having shown a desire to visit me, I took\\nthe liberty of saying to his Majesty that I was too\\nbadly lodged to have the honor of receiving him,\\nbut that I would try to get my mother to help me in\\nthat matter. The emperor called my attention to\\nthe Polish uniform which he wore, and I said I had\\nhad the pleasure already of seeing him in that dress.\\nHe asked where. When your Majesty passed\\nthrough the street to go to the parade. But, he\\nsaid, I looked everywhere and I did not see you.\\nThe emperor left the ball at eleven o clock. He\\nkept early hours, rising very early in the morning,\\neither to be present at the drilling of the soldiers\\nor to work with his ministers. The next day he\\nhad a grand review of the Polish army, on the plain\\nof Povonski, which was covered with an immense\\nthrong of people in carriages, on foot, and on horse-\\nback, all come to witness this brilliant military\\nspectacle.\\nAt the arrival of his Majesty the soldiers cried", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0242.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nhourra, and the band struck up the favorite air of\\nGod Save the King. His Imperial Highness the\\nGrand Duke Constantine seemed enchanted to do the\\nhonors of so fine and well drilled an army before his\\naugust brother. At the end of the manceuvres the\\ntroops defiled in good order, the officers making\\ntheir war horses prance, and saluting with the point\\nof the sword in presence of his Majesty, who stood\\ncap in hand, as the army passed by. The following\\nSunday, after the parade, the emperor was present at\\na mass celebrated in the church of the Sacred Cross\\nfor the soldiers, and there I renewed my prayers for\\nthat excellent prince.\\nHaving returned home, I had hardly changed my\\ndress when my maid suddenly cried, There is the\\nemperor I looked out and, to be sure, there was his\\nMajesty at the door of his carriage just driving into\\nthe porte coctere. A little annoyed at a visit which\\nhad not been previously announced, I hoped that he\\nwould go up to my mother and as I went out to assure\\nmyself of this, I saw the emperor spring from his\\ncarriage and come directly into the room which\\nopened into mine, laughing a little at my confusion,\\nasking pardon for his indiscretion, and saying that\\nit was his servant who had shown him where I lodged.\\nFinally, seeing that I hesitated, his Majesty gave me\\nhis hand, begging me to show him the way, and\\nnolens volens I had to show him into the room where\\nstill reigned the disorder of my toilet. In my em-\\nbarrassment I did not know whether I ought to occupy\\nmyself with the emperor or arrange the room. Vic-\\ntoire, my maid, arrived with her deliberate air and\\nsaved me that trouble. Alexander liked to visit ladies\\n223", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0243.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthus in the morning without being announced. He\\nsurprised one in a Chinese dressing-gown; another\\nputting on her bonnet awry to hide her disordered\\nhair. The wife of the viceroy got a cold from com-\\ning too suddenly out of her bath when it was\\nannounced that the emperor had come. All this\\ntrouble and confusion amused the emperor exceed-\\ningly; for at this epoch of his life he was very fond\\nof fun. When we were seated he made a joke by\\noffering a chair to my little dog, saying that it was\\nquite right that she should be one of the company\\nalso.\\nThen his Majesty spoke of the review, asked me\\nif I was there, and what I thought of it. Then\\nmy mother, having been told that his Majesty was\\nthere, hastened downstairs. I announced her, and\\nthe emperor said, Now you are going to see a repe-\\ntition of the scene I told you about. And truly, the\\nemperor going to my mother attempted to take her\\nhand and remove her glove. But my mother respect-\\nfully resisted. The emperor said, laughing But,\\nmadame, do you think I have the pest? What is\\nthere so extraordinary in kissing a lady s hand\\nThen he kissed mine to give the example. But my\\nmother maintained that, in spite of the difference in\\ntheir ages, she could not help considering the em-\\nperor as a father. This little contest made us all\\nlaugh very much.\\nThe emperor asked me many questions about my\\njourney. I mentioned a number of persons whom\\nhe had known at Vienna, among others, the Land-\\ngravine of Furstenberg, a woman of great intelli-\\ngence, educated in France. She was a sister of\\n224", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0244.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nPrince Schwarzenberg, whom Alexander called his\\nbrother in arms. I told his Majesty that the land-\\ngravine never called him otherwise than Henri IV.\\nThe emperor made a little face and shrugged his\\nshoulders I guessed why. They say that the Em-\\nperor Alexander, during his stay at Vienna was very\\nmuch pleased with the society of Princess Gabrielle\\nD., a niece of Prince Schwarzenberg, a person even\\nless remarkable perhaps for the charms of her face\\nthan for the estimable qualities of her character.\\nYou go everywhere, said his Majesty. You\\ngo everywhere, and will not come to St. Petersburg.\\nI will prove mathematically that you have just made\\na longer journey than you would to go to St. Peters-\\nburg, where you would be received with open arms.\\nThe emperor spoke to my mother of my conduct\\nduring the campaign of 1812, and said that he and\\nhis entertained a feeling of great respect for me.\\nHis Majesty inquired about my sister and asked\\nme what news there was from Vilna, assuring me\\nthat the last time he was there it was to see me, for\\nhis most direct road was by Kowno. But let that\\nremain entre nous, I beg of you, or I should be in\\nbad repute with the Lithuanians. This idea amused\\nus. Then he continued I have seen nothing in\\nthe foreign armies which surpasses them. It is possi-\\nble that there are as handsome soldiers, but none so\\nimposing as the Polish troops and it must be true,\\nfor I am very difficult to please. I could not help\\ntaking up this word difficult, and said laughing that\\nthe difficulty was only feigned.\\nWhat, said his Majesty, do you believe that I\\nam not particular, and that I do not know how to get\\niS 225", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0245.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ninto a temper? (A pretended ill-temper, thought\\nI.) However, I made a grand row at Vilna, about\\nthe garrison. Did they tell you about it?\\nOh, yes, sire, I know that that scene was played\\nadmirably, with incomparable gravity. I only re-\\ngretted not having been a witness.\\nThe emperor turned to my mother and said,\\nYou see how mademoiselle laughs at me.\\nSire, that is because you have spoiled her, an-\\nswered my mother.\\nThen I added After having heard General P.\\nreprimanded for form s sake, the public knew also\\nthat your Majesty took particular pains to assure the\\npoor man that a mistake would not make his long\\nand faithful service forgotten. The emperor smiled.\\nI said we were expecting my aunt to dinner, and\\nshe would set up a loud scream when she found his\\nMajesty there. This was a habit of Madame de\\nRadzivil when anything astonished hen She did it\\nwith a particular grace, which has been celebrated by\\nthe Prince de Ligne in the portrait he has made of\\nher under the name of Armidowska.\\nI hope she will not scream too loud, said the\\nemperor, or I will tell how she came to me by a\\nprivate staircase. I was walking one evening on the\\nterrace of the chateau, when suddenly I saw a woman\\nat the windows in the apartments of the marshal of\\nthe palace, who was making signs to me. I had not\\nthe impudence to suppose that it was one of the\\npretty daughters of the marshal. Finally I ap-\\nproached, and recognized your aunt. She came\\ndown on the terrace, and I had her go upstairs to my\\napartments.\\n226", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0246.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nAs the emperor finished speaking, the door burst\\nopen, and my aunt entered upon the arm of her\\nson, Prince Antoine Radzivil, followed by her niece,\\nthe charming Isabelle B., making the little scream\\nwhich I had foretold. How is it? she said to the\\nemperor, before coming to see me You see what\\nconduct. Then commenced some good-natured\\nbadinage between the emperor and her.\\nWhy should I go to see you, since you come to\\nsee me? said the emperor.\\nAnd in such a mean little room said my aunt.\\nBut I did not come to admire the rooms, said\\nhis Majesty.\\nPrince Antoine offered to kiss the hand of the em-\\nperor, who embraced him cordially. My cousin had\\njust arrived from Berlin, and was the bearer of com-\\npliments for his Majesty from the King of Prussia.\\nEverybody spoke at the same time in that little\\nroom one laughed, another screamed, and another\\nembraced. All etiquette was put aside one would\\nhave thought it was a family reunion. Presently the\\nemperor, who was very merry, commenced to do the\\nhonors by offering chairs to the ladies. We all sat\\ndown. The Grand Duke Nicholas and Princess Char-\\nlotte of Prussia were spoken of. I said I had seen\\na bust of the princess at Posen which was lovely.\\nYes, said the emperor, and her character is like\\nher face. My aunt asked about the young grand-\\ndukes, whom she had known when they were children.\\nThe emperor said they were very handsome, a head\\ntaller than he and slender in proportion to their age.\\nMy aunt then recounted her interview with the em-\\nperor on the terrace. It would require a Tasso to\\n227", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0247.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ndescribe it, said she, in an amusingly exalted tone.\\nHe was so handsome by the light of the moon he\\nhad the air of a Renaud, and I, was I not Armida\\nShe said a hundred other nonsensical things, which\\nAlexander took as compliments which in fact they\\nwere when addressed to that prince. Finally he in-\\nterrupted her. Please stop your poetry I have\\nnever read any of those things they have written\\nabout me. I like your prose better. Let us talk of\\nthe review. How do you like my soldiers? My\\naunt complimented them. Well, said the emperor,\\nmaliciously, touching my hand to call my attention\\nto the expression of my aunt s face, you ought not\\nto regret for them your Garenne (a charming country-\\nhouse about a league from Warsaw).\\nMy aunt immediately exclaimed that she was not\\nthe least displeased that this house which she had\\njust bought had been taken for military quarters.\\nAfter a few pleasantries of this kind the emperor asked\\nher Are you never coming to St. Petersburg\\nagain? You must come and bring your niece, and I\\nwill give you some little stones, as I did before.\\nThese little stones were an obelisk of rose-colored\\ngranite, on a base of porphyry, which is placed in\\nArcadia. Oh, said my aunt, I would not ask any-\\nthing better than to go there with her, but they will\\nnot let me go; you must send me an oukase.\\nVery well, said the emperor, I will send a little\\nmandate; only come.\\nHis Majesty then rose, saying: There is never\\ncompany so good that it must not separate. I must\\ngo home. My children wait dinner for me. These\\nchildren were the generals and colonels of the Polish\\n228", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0248.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\narmy, who had the honor of dining with the emperor\\nthat day. My aunt followed him, saying she had a\\nthousand things to say to him and among others\\nshe spoke to him of one of her proteges, for whom\\nshe solicited the key of chamberlain. For, she\\nsaid, in that tone which she knew so well to make\\ncomic without derogating from the nobility of her\\nmanners, as long as he has n t that wonderful key,\\nhe is like the /ox without a tail.\\nWe conducted the emperor to his carriage, and my\\naunt, watching him mount, said Is n t he hand-\\nsome, is n t he adorable, is n t he unique Two\\ndays later, as my aunt was dining again with my\\nmother, she received a note from M. de Novosiltzoff,\\nthe minister of his Majesty at Warsaw, which said to\\nmy aunt that the angel of angels having deigned\\nto consent to dine with him the next day, he begged\\nher to bring her niece also, as the emperor wished to\\nhave the pleasure of seeing her. The tone of this\\nnote, so flattering as far as it concerned me, pleased\\nas much as it surprised me for I hardly knew M. de\\nNovosiltzoff at that time. We immediately guessed\\nthe source from which this graceful attention came,\\nwhich was another proof of goodness and kindness\\nthat I had never deserved, and for which I was grate-\\nful, as I ought to have been.\\nMy aunt came to take me to this dinner. M. de\\nNovosiltzoff received us with the politeness for which\\nhe was distinguished, thanking my aunt for having\\nbrought me. She answered for me, for I was too\\nembarrassed to make words and compliments. The\\nentire household of the emperor, the ministers, and a\\nfew persons of distinction were already assembled.\\n229", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0249.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nThere were no other ladies except the wife of the\\nviceroy, the wife of the secretary of state, and Madame\\nSobolewoska, a very distinguee woman in every re-\\nspect, and also the niece of M. de Novosiltzoff, a very\\ncharming person. I immediately made the acquain-\\ntance of these two ladies and made common cause\\nwith them, for all three of us, I especially, had never\\nbeen to a grand dinner of ceremony. Madame N.\\nsaid I was afraid without reason for, she said,\\nwhen my uncle asked permission to invite ladies,\\nyou were one of the first whom his Majesty named.\\nWhen the emperor was announced, M. de Novo-\\nsiltzoff and his niece went out to receive him. Then\\nthe emperor approached the ladies. He made his\\nexcuses to Madame Sobolewoska for having disturbed\\nher by coming to see her in the morning (she was\\ndressing). Alexander spoke of her son, who, very\\nyoung, had just entered service, and who the emperor\\nsaid was very handsome. He resembles his mother,\\nthen, said I. Oh, no, not at all, said that lady,\\nwith vivacity. The emperor laughed then he asked\\nme if I had been to the review, and I said Morpheus\\nhad prevented my going. He wanted to know also if I\\nknew the environs of Warsaw. I replied that the bad\\nweather had prevented me from exploring them, but\\nin general I preferred those of Vilna. The emperor,\\nguessing my thought, smiled and said he shared my\\nopinion in that regard.\\nThe dinner was very grand. At table the Grand\\nDuke Constantine saluted me, but unfortunately I did\\nnot see it. His Imperial Highness said to my aunt,\\nwho was placed next to him, Your niece is very\\nsparing of her bows My aunt repeated to me\\n230", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0250.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nword for word what the prince had just said. Then I\\nmade haste, laughing, to make two or three deep\\nreverences.\\nAfter leaving the table, the company was grouped\\nwithout order in the salon. The emperor commenced\\ntalking with my aunt near the fireplace. I heard him\\ncall me and I approached. He said to me Ask\\nyour aunt to take you to see her houses. You will\\nbe pleased with them. You will see what good order\\nreigns there. I thought he was speaking again of\\nGarenne, but it was of two houses at Warsaw which they\\nhad taken for military quarters. The emperor said\\nlaughingly that my aunt had made a gratuitous gift\\nof them to the country, and as a recompense for it he\\nand his brother would give the princess a cap and\\nriding-habit of military cloth. My aunt did not relish\\nthis joke very much, but she pretended to laugh be-\\ncause she had a request to make of his Majesty. She\\ncommenced by saying to M. de Novosiltzoff in Rus-\\nsian, Tell him to do all that Madame de Radzivil\\nwants The emperor said to me, See how she\\nspeaks Russian It is impossible, I said, to\\nask more in fewer words. The emperor repeated\\nwhat I had said to M. de Novosiltzoff, adding that it\\nwas quite true. Certainly, said the latter, for if\\nyour Majesty ordered it I would have to do all that\\nit may please the princess to ask. The emperor then\\nwanted to know what the request was. It concerned\\na certain extension of land which my aunt wished to\\nget from the crown to enlarge her Arcadia. It is\\nnot my fault, said she, that I have never been able to\\nend this business. I have bargained with three bish-\\nops and with Davoust, who owned this domain, but\\n231", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0251.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nthey have all haggled over the price. But you, sire,\\nI hope you will not haggle.\\nThis expression addressed to a sovereign was so\\nperfectly ridiculous that it had its effect. The em-\\nperor assured her that he would do his best not to do\\nthat. But, said he, of what extent is this land?\\nFour versts square. What exclaimed his Maj-\\nesty. The half of it would be sufficient for the whole\\nPolish army to manoeuvre on And what will you\\ngive me for it? Sire, you shall have two hundred\\nand fifty florins rent annually. The affected avidity\\nof my aunt on the one side, and the pretended avar-\\nice of the emperor, who seemed to be afraid of being\\ncheated, on the other, were very amusing. The par-\\nties separated without having concluded anything.\\n532", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0252.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XXIII\\nOF all the beautiful entertainments which took\\nplace during the stay of the Emperor Alexan-\\nder at Warsaw, the most delightful and the best\\narranged, I think, was that given by the senator\\npalatine, Count Stanilaus Potocki. As I was dancing\\nthe Polonaise with the emperor he made many jokes\\nabout an Englishman who was staying at Warsaw on his\\nway north; his Majesty said I had done wonders in mak-\\ning him waltz in time, a thing that had never before\\nhappened to an Englishman since the world began.\\nI asked his Majesty if he had been satisfied with\\nthe manoeuvres he said yes, and asked me if they had\\ninterested me. I said assuredly as a good Pole I\\nhad much pleasure in being there, but as a good\\nLithuanian I had suffered a feeling of pain, even of\\nenvy. He understood my idea in a moment, for he\\nwas gifted with remarkable perspicacity in grasping\\nthe most obscure sense of a phrase vulgarly speak-\\ning, he understood half a word. Pressing my hand\\nkindly he said Be reassured, the thing is already\\narranged and then fearing that he would be heard\\nby those who preceded or followed us in the dance,\\nAlexander spoke in my ear assuring me that we were\\nto have a similar corps of troops in Lithuania, a\\nregiment at Vilna and a regiment at Minsk in fact,\\nthe same internal organization as in Warsaw. I as-\\nsured the emperor that he would find there the same\\nzeal, also, and that the Lithuanians would not fall\\n233", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0253.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nshort of the Poles in anything. You will already\\nfind changes in the government of Lithuania, said\\nhis Majesty. Many of the places are already oc-\\ncupied by people of the country.\\nMy heart was so full of what the emperor had told\\nme that I could not find words to thank him yet I\\ntold him that the idea which he perhaps entertained\\nthat his Majesty was less appreciated in Lithuania\\nthan at Warsaw pained me. He hastened to reassure\\nme on that subject. A few moments later, when he\\ncame to take me for a waltz, I said, laughing, that\\nhis Majesty apparently wished to assure himself if it\\nwas really I who had made Mr. Wentworth waltz in\\ntime. The emperor answered in the same tone, that\\nhe flattered himself that he could waltz as well as he,\\nand after a few turns he asked me what I thought. I\\nanswered that if Mr. Wentworth knew it, he would\\nprobably feel himself very much honored by such\\nemulation. I asked the emperor, in the intervals of\\nthe waltz, if he intended to return by way of Vilna.\\nNo, said he, that detour would take two days, and\\nI am obliged to return to St. Petersburg for my\\nmother s birthday moreover, I have seen at Warsaw\\nall that I could wish to see at Vilna.\\nThe emperor and I then amused ourselves passing\\nin review all the beautiful women at the ball, and\\nthere were many beauties at Warsaw. We remarked\\nespecially Madame Zamoyska, wife of the president\\nof the senate, who was no longer in her first youth,\\nbut who had so well preserved its charms that every-\\none who saw her for the first time took her for a\\nyoung girl. She had the most beautiful eyes in the\\nworld, and a fairy figure.\\n234", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0254.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nAmong the beautiful women, the charming Princess\\nMaximilian Sablonowska, nie Lubominska, was to be\\nreckoned, as fresh as a rose Princess Dominique\\nRadzivil also, who has since married General Czerni-\\nscheff; and the three daughters of the marshal of the\\npalace, who were called the three Graces. The\\neldest of these, who is now Princess Lowiez, danced\\nwith such perfection that when Duport came to War-\\nsaw and she wished to take lessons of him, he said he\\nwas able to teach her nothing more.\\nThe day before his departure, Alexander did me\\nthe honor of coming to say good-bye. With his\\nusual elegant and chivalric politeness he had asked\\nmy permission without exactly indicating the day.\\nBut I was ready at the moment of his Majesty s\\narrival, as it was the hour when we dined. On enter-\\ning, the emperor said he had come to thank me for\\nmy kindness and to beg me always to consider\\nhim as an old friend. Those who have not had the\\nhappiness of knowing Alexander will perhaps wonder\\nat such language but in this prince it was the simple\\nexpression of politeness and kindness.\\nHis Majesty then said We are going to stay\\nhere, are we not, and we can go afterwards to\\nMamma f When we were seated, the emperor\\nasked me if I had been to the parade. I said I had\\nnot. He said it was a pity I had not tried to see it;\\nthat it was very fine, and that the Austrian general,\\nCount Walmoden, who had been sent to Warsaw by\\nthe Emperor Francis, could not admire enough the\\nfine troops which had been organized in so short a\\ntime. And, continued his Majesty, though I\\nshould not wish to break the good understanding\\n2 35", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0255.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nwhich exists between us, if necessity required it, I\\nthink they would fight well.\\nThe emperor asked me one question for which I\\nwas not prepared, and which embarrassed me very\\nmuch, though I knew that it was inspired by the kind\\ninterest which he had shown for me ever since I had\\nhad the honor to become acquainted with him. He\\nasked me if there were no projects of marriage for\\nme. I have spoken of this to your aunt, continued\\nhis Majesty, but she tells me you have refused all\\nthe offers that have been made you. You are per-\\nfectly right in being particular; but is there no one\\nwho will be so fortunate as to suit you? I wish I\\ncould see you happily settled in life as you deserve\\nto be. I did as one usually does in such circum-\\nstances; I made the stupidest answer in the world.\\nThe emperor did not reply, but renewed his invitation\\nfor me to come to St. Petersburg. In case your\\naunt should not go, could you not induce your sister\\nto make the journey? I objected that my sister\\nhad a numerous family. Well, said his Majesty,\\ndo you suppose there is a curse on children at St.\\nPetersburg? I laughed, and explained to him the\\nreal ground of my answer, seizing this opportunity to\\nrecommend my brother-in-law, Count Gunther of\\nHildesheim to his Majesty. I said everything good\\nabout him that it was possible to say, as can well be\\nbelieved, and solicited for him the place of vice-gov-\\nernor either of Minsk or of Vilna. Unfortunately\\nthese places were just filled his Majesty regretted it\\nexceedingly. He offered me as an equivalent that of\\nGrodno, but this position would not have suited my\\nbrother-in-law.\\n236", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0256.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nNothing could equal the attention with which\\nAlexander listened to all the demands that were\\nmade upon him. He put even in his refusals such a\\nkind graciousness and so much interest that it seemed\\nthat it was he whom the refusal hurt instead of the\\nperson who was refused.\\nIn speaking of the pleasure of serving his Majesty,\\nI told him I had often felt a regret that I was such a\\nuseless creature. If I had been a man I could have\\nconsecrated my whole life to his service, and could\\nhave employed whatever talent I possessed in being\\nuseful to him. Ah you are wrong to call yourself\\nuseless, said the prince virtuous conduct assures a\\nnoble career to a woman. She can do so much good\\nin the world by the influence of her example. A\\ngood woman exerts a charm so that one breathes a\\nbetter moral atmosphere in her presence, while the\\nwoman who is only amiable is always repellent to\\nme.\\nHis Majesty then added a few serious reflections\\nupon the benefits derived from religion, its consola-\\ntions, and the strength it gives in times of trouble and\\nmisfortune. Alexander had doubtless his weaknesses,\\nlike many other great men, but his heart was filled\\nwith the purest moral and religious sentiments.\\nWhen the emperor rose to go I asked permission\\nto call my mother, but his Majesty said he would go\\nup to her and gave me his arm. My mother came\\nto meet the emperor, who chatted with her a few\\nminutes standing, and then made his adieux, renewing\\nhis assurances of friendship and remembrance. That\\ngood-bye was not for me, as I had the pleasure of\\nseeing him again at a ball at Princess Czartoryska s.\\n2 37", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0257.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nAs the emperor danced more than usual I took the\\nliberty of saying that it was a good deal of fatigue to\\nincur at the moment of departure. Yes, said his\\nMajesty, especially as I rose at four o clock this\\nmorning; but it can t be helped. I must try to keep\\nup the life of the ball.\\nThe excellent health of the emperor, which seemed\\nto promise a long life, helped him to bear easily these\\nfatigues, and one of his aides-de-camp, Count Ojarow-\\nski, told us that after leaving the ball he had spent\\nthe rest of the night in writing, sending off couriers,\\nreading and signing memoranda, and after all this\\nhard work at the moment of his departure, he con-\\nversed with the members of his suite with the same\\nfreshness of ideas and the same vivacity which he\\nordinarily showed. It is true that he was hardly in\\nhis carriage before he went to sleep, and he did not\\nwaken till he was forty miles from Warsaw.\\n238", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0258.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XXIV\\nTHE year following, when my marriage was agreed\\nupon, according to the custom at the court of\\nRussia I wrote to the grand mistress, Comtesse de\\nLitta, 1 to obtain permission from their Imperial Maj-\\nesties to marry. M. de Choiseul made the same\\nrequest at Moscow, where the court passed the winter\\nof 1818. He was presented to the emperor, who\\nspoke with him about his approaching marriage,\\ncharged him with compliments for me, and gave him\\npermission to return to France to fulfil his duties\\nthere as a peer of the realm. I did not think it\\nnecessary to write directly to the emperor on that\\noccasion. But the same year, Alexander being at\\nWarsaw, and having met my mother, he deigned to\\ntell her that he had offered up prayers for my happi-\\nness and that I had his best wishes. His Majesty\\nadded that he feared, not having received any direct\\nnews from me, that I had been offended because he\\nhad sent me his compliments by a Jew (it was the\\nsame who had carried a letter from me to my father\\nin 1812). He came to Vilna in my absence. He\\nhad received an order, if I gave him a letter to his\\n1 Comtesse de Litta, nfa Engelhardt, was a niece of Prince Po-\\ntemkin. She once shone as a celebrated beauty at the court of\\nCatherine II. She was first married to Count Scavrowsky, who\\nwas Russian ambassador at Naples. When a widow she became\\nacquainted with Count Litta, a commander of the Order of Malta,\\nwho had first won fame as admiral of the Russian fleet, and subse-\\nquently became Lord High Chamberlain of the court of Alexander.\\n239", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0259.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nMajesty, to bring it to him at Warsaw. A few\\nmonths later, finding that I was at Vilna, this Jew\\ncame to tell me he was going to rejoin the emperor at\\nMinsk, and asked me for a letter for his Majesty. I\\nwrote in consequence that the Israelite, the bearer\\nof the gracious remembrance of my sovereign, had\\nseemed a very welcome messenger. I added that I\\nwas about to leave for France, and that the remem-\\nbrance of the kindness with which his Majesty had\\nhonored me would follow me to that country and\\ncontinue there to add to my happiness.\\nThe Jew returned soon and brought me the gra-\\ncious answer which I transcribe here.\\nI am very happy, madame, to be authorized to offer\\nyou in writing my most sincere thanks for the charming\\nletter which I have just received from you and which has\\ngiven me great pleasure. My wishes for your happiness\\nare only too natural at a time like that of your marriage.\\nAllow me to repeat them again as well as for the journey\\nyou are about to undertake. May Providence guide your\\nfootsteps and protect you wherever you may go. Will you\\nkeep a place for me in your memory and accept the hom-\\nage of respectful attachment which I owe you.\\nAlexander.\\nThis letter, written by his own hand, and a very\\ngood hand it was, was for me in France like a talis-\\nman against the intolerant prejudices and the mali-\\ncious false reports. A short time after my arrival in\\nthat country, after the first illusion was dissipated, I\\nbegan to recognize the truth of the picture which\\nAlexander had drawn in strong lines, which at the\\ntime had seemed to me to be too highly colored.\\n240", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0260.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nI could not help comparing this cold egoism, this\\nicy indifference which reigns in Parisian society, the\\nartificial necessities born of frivolity, the insatiable\\ndesires of cupidity, the antagonism of political\\nopinions, and the circumscribed etiquette of the\\ncourt with that affectionate and friendly good-\\nheartedness (to use an old-fashioned word) which\\nis so natural to the Russians and Poles. Each day\\nmade the contrast more bitter to me.\\nAlthough I greatly desired to leave France, yet I\\nwished to leave it in a manner honorable to M. de\\nC. They spoke of naming him for the embassy to\\nRussia, and the choice of ambassador was subject to\\nthe approval of the Emperor Alexander. M. de C.,\\nhaving no one in the ministry of sufficient influence\\nto place his name on the list, consented that I should\\nwrite to the emperor and ask for that place, though\\nit was less gratifying to our amour propre than to\\nthe feelings of our hearts to approach his august\\nperson in this way. When my letter reached its\\ndestination, M. de La Ferronays had just been ap-\\npointed ambassador to Russia, a choice which could\\nnot be otherwise than universally approved. In 1820\\nI made a journey to Lithuania, and M. de C. being\\nengaged in defending himself against a very unjust\\nlawsuit, I decided to go to Warsaw where his Majesty\\n1 Pierre Louis Augusta Ferron, Count Ferronnays (born 1777,\\ndied 1842). While Louis XVIII. was living in exile, the count was\\ninterested in his cause, and in 1S15 Louis gave him a peerage. In\\n1817 he was ambassador to the court of Denmark, whence he was\\npromoted to St. Petersburg. There he became a favorite with\\nAlexander and was intrusted with important diplomatic missions.\\nHe was recalled in 1S28 by Charles X., and at the special request of\\nthe Sacred College the count was appointed ambassador to Rome.\\n16 241", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0261.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nwas at that time, and ask justice and protection from\\nhim.\\nI saw the emperor at a ball at Marshal de La\\nDiette s and as he was not aware of my arrival, on\\nseeing me he showed the most amiable surprise, and\\nproved his continued interest by coming to see me\\nthe day after, in the morning, calling my attention\\nhimself to this eagerness, which filled me with the\\ndeepest gratitude. I received his Majesty in my\\nmother s drawing-room, and the emperor asked me\\nif I was not occupying my old rooms on the ground-\\nfloor, fearing that he had disturbed my mother.\\nThen he expressed his regret at not having been\\nable to grant the request which I had made of him\\nfor M. de C. Your letter, said the emperor, was\\na long time in reaching me I did not receive it until\\nafter M. de La Ferronays had been nominated for\\nthe place. Besides, upon my first visit to Paris, I\\nhad already given my word to the king, who had\\nasked me if M. de La Ferronays would suit me for\\nambassador to St. Petersburg, and when they sent\\nme a list, it was impossible not to choose from among\\nthe names that it contained M. de La Ferronays,\\nwhom I had known formerly during his emigration,\\nand who is a very good man.\\nThe emperor then asked me a number of questions\\nconcerning my sojourn in France, my new family\\nrelations, and so forth. He asked me if I was happy,\\nand said some very pleasant things about M. de C.\\nI answered his Majesty that the antagonism of polit-\\nical parties in France made trouble and bitterness,\\nnot only in society but in families.\\nWhat do the French want? asked Alexander.\\n242", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0262.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nThey have everything to make a people happy;\\nHeaven has given them a beautiful country, and a\\nclimate favorable to all kinds of products. They\\nenjoy as much liberty as it is reasonably possible\\nfor them to have, and, alas, they are not content\\nWhen I spoke of the liberal party Oh, that is\\na name they give themselves, a kind of mantle with\\nwhich to cover their audacious designs. There is\\nnothing less liberal in the true acceptation of the\\nword than this demagogue party in France. You\\nbelong, continued the emperor, by your marriage\\nand by your family connections to the most distin-\\nguished Parisian society. Among them all there\\nare those doubtless who think rightly, but there are\\nalso firebrands which (I guessed the idea of the\\nemperor, but I kept silence.) I urged and conjured\\nthem to act firmly in the beginning of the restoration\\nof the monarchy; but they would not believe me,\\nand they see to-day the sad results in the tragic death\\nof the Due de Berri. This event is the more deplor-\\nable as the character of the duke, which had changed\\nto his advantage, began to give great hopes. Alex-\\nander attributed this terrible event and all the mis-\\nfortunes of France in general to the influence of\\nM. Decazes over Louis XVIII. He admired M. de\\nRichelieu very much, and hoped he would remain\\nin the ministry. The emperor spoke of Monsieur, the\\nbrother of the king, now his Majesty Charles X.,\\nwith great esteem, saying that the character of this\\nprince had been tried in the school of adversity.\\nHe praised also the courage of the Duchesse de\\nBerri, and said he awaited with impatience the\\ndesired event which would tranquillize France and\\n243", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0263.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nall Europe. Alexander seemed disturbed, and gave\\nme to understand that he was not satisfied with the\\nlast news from France.\\nThe emperor having asked me why M. de C. had\\nnot accompanied me to Warsaw, I explained the\\nannoying affair which had prevented him from doing\\nhomage at the feet of his Majesty, and I took the\\nopportunity to speak of the lawsuit. His Majesty\\nasked me to give him a few notes relating to the\\ncase, assuring me that he would be my attorney with\\npleasure. When I attempted to express my gratitude\\nfor his kindness, he said that I owed him none at all,\\nand that there was no merit in rendering me justice.\\nI made a short memorandum of the case, but I\\ndid not know how to convey it to the emperor. I\\nhoped to speak to him at the ball given at the vice-\\nroy s, but I arrived so late, on account of the crowd\\nof carriages which formed in line before the door,\\nthat the emperor was retiring as I entered the ball-\\nroom, and he did not see me. The next morn-\\ning just as I was relating my disappointment to my\\nmother, a servant from the court was announced, who\\ncame from his Majesty to ask news of me and to\\ninquire if I was ill, as the emperor had not seen\\nme at the ball What a kind attention was this,\\ndictated only by a sentiment of good-feeling.\\nAs I proposed to stay only a few days at Warsaw,\\nhis Majesty, learning that I was on the eve of my\\ndeparture, deigned to come and receive my respect-\\nful adieux, saying that he had hoped that I would\\nprolong my stay at Warsaw until the term fixed for\\nhis Majesty s own departure, twelve days later, when\\nhe was to go to the conference of Troppan in Silesia.\\n244", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0264.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nI answered that I had promised M. de C. to return\\nat a fixed time, and that I always kept my word. I\\npresented my memorandum to his Majesty, who\\ncommenced to read it at once, then suddenly stop-\\nping he said, It is not very polite to read in pres-\\nence of ladies, I believe. I answered that on the\\npart of a sovereign it was, on the contrary, a favor,\\nas it was a proof that he really wished to understand\\nthe question presented to his judgment.\\nAfter the emperor had read the notes he placed\\nthe paper under his uniform, saying that he liked my\\nhandwriting very much, and that I could be quite\\ntranquil, he would be my advocate. And never\\ncould a cause be placed in better hands! I ex-\\nclaimed. Where could one hope to find justice if\\nnot in the heart of our beloved sovereign?\\nMy mother asked permission to read a passage\\nfrom a letter from her sister Madame de Radzivil,\\nwho was in the country and who charged her with\\nher adorations. The emperor received this homage\\nwith his usual modesty, saying that he was always\\nsensible of the kindnesses offered him. His Majesty\\nthen spoke to us of the marriage of his august\\nbrother Duke Constantine, which took place that\\nyear.\\nI had to overcome many obstacles, he said, to\\nassure my brother s happiness, but finally he is happy\\nin the right way. I did not like his other way of\\nbeing happy, added the prince, with a smile. He\\npraised the character of the princess and her an-\\ngelic sweetness.\\nHis Majesty wished to know if M. de C, aside from\\nhis duties as a peer, had no other occupation, either\\n245", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0265.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nmilitary or civil. I seized the opportunity to ask a\\nnew favor for M. de C. Obliged to live in France,\\nand possessing nothing there; having estates in\\nRussia laden with heavy charges and with a large\\nnumber of relatives to maintain, he lacked the means\\nnecessary not only to keep up a state suitable to\\nhis rank, but to provide for the simple necessities\\nof life. After having solicited without success some\\nplace in the government, he hoped to obtain one in\\nRussia through influence brought to bear upon M.\\nde Richelieu. In begging his Majesty to give me a\\nfavorable word to his ambassador at Paris, I said\\nhow happy I should be to feel myself under his\\nprotection even in France, and to owe to him per-\\nhaps all the prosperity which I might there enjoy.\\nAlexander answered that he should be glad to\\ncontribute to it and that he was going to give me\\na letter longer than my memory.\\nAfter the emperor had left us, my mother and I\\ntalked of the goodness of that angel and a feeling\\nof tenderness mingled with sadness came over us\\nwhich I now regard as a presentiment only too\\ntrue. We thought that beings so good and so per-\\nfect do not remain long on the earth, because heaven\\nalways hastens to reclaim those who belong there.\\nThe same day, seeing the emperor pass rapidly\\nin an open caleche, my mother said Really it\\nwas very foolish for us to give ourselves trouble on\\nthat subject. He is young and enjoys such perfect\\nhealth. God will preserve him and we laughed\\nat our fears.\\nYet one found no longer in Alexander that frank\\ngaiety which he had had before. He seemed discon-\\n246", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0266.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "GRAND DUKE CON9TANTINB.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0269.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "i", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0270.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\ntented with the Polish government, with the business\\ndone by the diet, with the expenses, which exceeded\\nthe means of the State. He seemed to seek solitude.\\nOften, without giving notice to any of his retinue, he\\nwent alone to walk in the environs of Warsaw and\\nhad his dinner brought there. Nevertheless he en-\\njoyed good health; his prestige in Russia and in\\nEurope remained^the same always preponderant.\\nSoon after I returned to Lithuania I received a\\ndespatch from the court containing a letter for the\\nRussian ambassador at Paris, inclosing a copy for me.\\nI had the satisfaction to learn at the same time that\\non account of an express recommendation from his\\nMajesty the lawsuit had been arrested.\\n247", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0271.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER XXV\\nWHEN I returned to France a great event was\\nagitating the public mind, which promised to\\ncause important changes in Europe and perhaps\\nbring back the times of the crusades and reawaken\\nthe spirit of chivalry. I speak of the Greeks and\\nthose heroic efforts which called forth not only the\\ninterest of the religious world, but the enthusiasm of\\nall lovers of the beautiful, of the marvellous, and of\\nall that awakens and exalts the imagination by the\\ncharm of the memories connected with that land\\nonce so illustrious.\\nIt was expected that the Emperor Alexander, as\\nthe head of the Greek Church in Russia, would de-\\nclare himself the protector of his brethren in religion,\\nand that he could not resist the desire to succor the\\nGreeks, expel the Turks from Europe, and make\\nhimself master of the Grecian peninsula.\\nI own that, without thinking of other considerations,\\nin my heart I wished for him this new glory, added\\nto all that he had already won. But the policy of\\nthe sovereigns of Europe took another view of the\\nsubject. In this desire and effort of the Greeks to\\nthrow off the shameful yoke which weighed upon\\nthem and to recover a just independence, a danger-\\nous revolutionary spirit was seen, the same which for\\nforty years had been working to undermine the\\nthrones of Europe, and to overthrow the powers\\nestablished by law and by divine sanction. The\\n248", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0272.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nGreeks were abandoned, and the Emperor Alexander\\nwas obliged to renounce all those personal advan-\\ntages, and the glory which such a noble enterprise\\npromised, that the peace of Europe and that equi-\\nlibrium, of which he himself held the balance, might\\nbe maintained.\\nFrance had her own reasons for anxiety. Spain,\\nher neighbor and ally, on the eve of a bloody and\\ndestructive revolution, attracted the attention of\\nEurope and particularly the solicitude of the French\\ngovernment.\\nIn the spring of 1822 I made a journey to Vilna\\nto make arrangements with my family about my\\nfortune. The emperor came there to review an army\\ncorps of sixty thousand men. He arrived on the sec-\\nond of June, traversed the boulevard the entire length\\nof Vilna, and struck by the want of enthusiasm in the\\ninhabitants, he said afterwards to Princess Troubetz-\\nkoy that they would never see him again at Vilna.\\nThe next day, surrounded by his three august\\nbrothers, he was present at a brilliant review on the\\nplains of Werki.\\nLearning that I was at Vilna the emperor ex-\\npressed his pleasure, and sent to ask if he would dis-\\nturb me by coming to see me. I shall never forget\\nhow my French servant (to whom I had given a\\nlesson how to receive the emperor, when his Majesty\\ninquired if I was at home) answered, Oui, monsieur.\\nAlexander immediately asked me a few questions\\nabout my child, asking me why I had not brought\\nhim with me. I answered that I was afraid of expos-\\ning him to the fatigue of such a long journey (he was\\nonly six months old) and that my greatest regret\\n249", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0273.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nin the midst of the joy I felt in seeing my sovereign\\nagain was in not being able to place my child at his\\nfeet. The emperor, seeing how I was moved in\\nspeaking to him, said in a tone of real feeling:\\nAh I understand the pain you felt in leaving\\nhim. His Majesty deigned to remember M. de C.\\nI said he was obliged to be present at the sittings of\\nthe Chamber of Peers and had not been able to\\naccompany me and I added, I really fear your\\nMajesty is surprised to see me travel thus, always\\nalone, yet my whole desire as well as my ambition is\\nto preserve the esteem with which your Majesty has\\nhonored me. Alexander assured me that neither\\ntime nor absence nor distance could change the feel-\\nings of esteem which he entertained for me.\\nHis Majesty wished to know the obstacles which\\nhad prevented the baptism of my child from taking\\nplace at Paris. (He was to have been named for the\\nemperor.) I related what had taken place at that\\ntime, and frankly avowed that it had been my own\\nfault. After the birth of my son I had written to the\\nEmperor Alexander to tell him that a subject had been\\nbom to him in France, and to ask him, not out of\\nvanity but for the future good of my child, to stand\\nsponsor for him. The emperor, with his usual kind-\\nness, consented to grant me this favor, sent a hand-\\nsome present, and charged Count Schouvaloff, who\\nwas then in Paris, to represent him in the ceremony,\\nas I had asked in my letter to his Majesty that the\\nchoice might fall upon a good and true Russian, and\\nnot upon the ambassador, whom I could not consider\\nas such. It is just that which caused the opposition\\non the part of the French clergy, opposition which\\n250", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0274.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nwould not have taken place if the person named by\\nthe emperor had been of the Roman Catholic Church.\\nThe emperor assured me that, since the misunder-\\nstanding arose out of religious zeal, he saw no reason\\nto be offended at what had happened.\\nThe emperor asked me what business had brought\\nme to Vilna, and if it was the lawsuit for which I had\\ngiven him the memorandum at Warsaw. He re-\\nmembered that still after two years. In general the\\nmemory of this prince was prodigious however, it\\nwas in fault that day. With what pleasure, said\\nhe, do I see you again in this room where I used\\nto see you Here is the same sofa where you used\\nto sit near the same round table. He looked around\\nfor the piano it was not there. I was embarrassed,\\nfor it was my father s apartment, which I was occupy-\\ning in his absence and it was not that one in which\\nI had received his Majesty several times, for my\\nfather had changed his residence to another house.\\nI did not reply. Thus the poor princes are often\\ndeceived in the smallest matters, even by those who\\nare the most devoted to them.\\nThe emperor then touched on graver subjects.\\nHe spoke with interest of the position of France and\\napproved the change of the ministry, which gave him\\noccasion to speak of M. Decazes and M. de Talley-\\nrand. He said that France owed much to M. de\\nRichelieu, for it was he who obtained, at the Congress\\nof Aix-la-Chapelle, the recall of the allied troops out\\nof France. The emperor said that his talent and\\nintelligence might have been greater, but that he was\\nan honest man full of zeal for his country, which in\\nlike circumstances was rare.\\n251", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0275.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nThe Emperor Alexander seemed to have an exag-\\ngerated idea of the ability and oratorical talent of the\\ndemagogue party, as he styled the party on the left\\nin the House of Deputies. I suggested that the royal-\\nists would not yield to them on that point. At\\neach orator on the left that his Majesty named, I\\ncited one on the right to General Foy 1 and Benjamin\\nConstant I opposed Castelbajac 2 and Labourdonnaie\\nand Dalot. I cannot say that I succeeded in con-\\nvincing Alexander, for he seemed greatly struck by\\nthe influence which such talent as the opposition\\npossessed could exert in France upon the mind of\\nthe nation. It was easy to see from the language of\\nthe emperor that he had received disturbing reports\\nof what was happening in France. I ventured to say\\nthat these troubles, incited by discontented and rest-\\nless minds, could not destroy the tranquillity of the\\nmass of the French nation, which, after all the dis-\\nturbances it had suffered, wished for nothing now so\\nmuch as peace and repose.\\nI had brought with me a work which had just ap-\\npeared, upon the revolution in Piedmont. I spoke\\n1 Maximilian Sebastian Foy (born 1775, died 1825). A French\\ngeneral and orator. He was one of those republicans who opposed\\nthe assumption of imperial power by Napoleon. In 18 19 he was\\nelected to the Chamber of Deputies, where he immediately took his\\nplace in the front rank of orators. His past life, his noble character,\\nand his persuasive manner gave him great influence, which he em-\\nployed in favor of liberal and constitutional government.\\n2 Marie Barthelemy, Viscount de Castelbajac (born 1776, died\\n1868), a French politician and orator. He served some time in the\\narmy under Conde. Upon the restoration of the Bourbons he was\\nelected to the Chamber of Deputies, where he was a warm partisan\\nof the interests of the aristocracy. He was elevated to the peerage\\nin 1830.\\n252", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0276.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nof it to his Majesty, who had already read it and\\npraised it much, and told me something which I did\\nnot know, that the foundation of this political ro-\\nmance was a real adventure.\\nThe emperor then spoke of the affairs in Spain.\\nI see only one way to end them, he said, that is\\nby fighting. Spain is the hot-bed of revolution, and\\nfor the peace of other nations that dangerous ele-\\nment must be suppressed and destroyed. I should like\\nto volunteer in such a cause, but how reach Spain\\nwithout passing through France? And would there\\nnot be danger in interesting France in such a war?\\nI did not venture any observation on such impor-\\ntant questions, but changing the subject I said\\nLately in Paris we supposed your Majesty to be\\nalready in Constantinople.\\nYes, said Alexander, smiling, they wanted me\\nto teach that maniac some of my principles, but\\nnothing in the world shall make me go.\\nSire, your Majesty has given an example of un-\\nparalleled moderation and firmness in not allowing\\nyourself to be led by a temptation, which must have\\nbeen strong, to make such a fine conquest and to\\ndeliver Greece from the yoke which oppresses her.\\nNo project for enlarging my territories enters\\ninto any of my political views, said his Majesty;\\ntheir extent is already so great as to excite the\\nattention and envy of the other powers of Europe.\\nI cannot, and I will not, favor the insurrection of\\nthe Greeks, because that step would be contrary to\\nthe system which I have adopted, and it would cer-\\ntainly destroy that peace which I have tried so hard\\nto establish, a peace so necessary to Europe.\\n2 53", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0277.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nMoreover, in giving an ear to the voice of hu-\\nmanity and that of my own heart, which calls me to\\nthe help of the Greeks, I should only engage in an\\nenterprise which would augment the number of vic-\\ntims. The least step that my armies would make in\\ntheir favor would be the signal for a general mas-\\nsacre. You know that the Greek population is scat-\\ntered over the Peninsula of Morea, which would be\\noverrun by the Turks before the Russians could\\nreach Constantinople.\\nAfter this grave but interesting conversation the\\nemperor, changing the subject, began to make sar-\\ncastic remarks about the partiality of the King of\\nFrance for a certain lady of his court. 1 How\\ncan Louis XVIII., at sixty-seven years of age, have\\nmistresses?\\nBut sire, I said, it is only a platonic affection.\\nI do not admit even that, said he. I am forty-\\nfive, while the king is sixty-seven, and I have long\\ngiven up that sort of thing.\\nIn fact for several years Alexander had led a most\\nexemplary life, and Madame N. had for a long time\\nbeen banished to Paris.\\nThe emperor asked me if I had seen his soldiers\\nat the review. I answered that I had seen some\\ngiants. Really, the men and horses in the army\\nappeared to me perfectly gigantic, the horses espe-\\n1 Zoe Victoire Talon, Countess of Cayla (born 1784, died 1852),\\nwas a friend of Queen Hortense. Her husband, with whom she\\nlived unhappily and from whom she was ultimately divorced, was\\na member of the little court of the Condes. She was young, ami-\\nable, and intelligent when she sought Louis XVIII. s protection\\nagainst Count du Cayla, who was seeking to remove her children\\nfrom her care, and the king immediately became fascinated with her,\\n254", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0278.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\ndaily, which were too heavy and too large for cav-\\nalry. His Majesty asked me why in all my journeys\\nI had never come to St. Petersburg. I said that that\\nwas my favorite dream, one of my castles in Spain.\\nWhy only a castle in Spain? said Alexander.\\nWhat do you find so extraordinary in making that\\njourney, you who travel with the rapidity of a cou-\\nrier? (I had come from Paris to Vilna in fourteen\\ndays For you, it is like going from Vilkomir to\\nTowiany.\\nNot quite, sire, I replied but I will do my\\nbest to go there next year, and it will be the happiest\\nday of my life when I see my husband and my\\nchild at your Majesty s feet.\\nWe cannot boast, said Alexander modestly,\\nthat St. Petersburg compares with Paris in the\\nbeauty and resources of all sorts which that great\\ncapital offers, but we will endeavor to give you as\\ngood a reception as we can.\\nI showed his Majesty a portrait of my child. He\\nlooked at it a long time and found him pretty. He\\nthen asked me questions about my father and about\\nthe marriages of my brothers in fine, his attentive\\nand thoughtful kindness was forgetful of nothing\\nwhich could be interesting to me. In taking leave,\\nAlexander deigned to renew his assurance of friend-\\nship, and begged me always to be good and gracious\\nto him. Be assured, added he, that the friendship\\nwhich you inspire in me is pure and disinterested.\\nHis Majesty deigned to accept a ball which was\\ngiven him by the marshal of the nobility at Vilna,\\nat the town hall. Every one remarked that the em-\\nperor, in spite of his calling himself an old soldier,\\n255", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0279.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ndid not look more than thirty years old. He was\\nstill remarkably handsome, and had a surprising\\nbrilliancy. His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke\\nConstantine, while dancing with me, asked if it was\\nsome business which had brought me to Vilna.\\nIt is doubtless some suit in the courts, said he\\nyou Poles do nothing else which unfortunately is\\nonly too true.\\nIt was at this ball that I had the honor of seeing\\nthe Grand Duke Nicholas for the first time (now the\\nemperor). I was struck by the perfect dignity and\\nelegance of his speech and manners, and I must say\\nthat I found in the face of this young man some-\\nthing more imperial still than in that of the emperor\\nhimself, which, however, was handsomer.\\nHis Majesty said good-bye to me at the ball, as he\\nwas to leave very early the next morning. I agreed\\nwith several of my friends, Countess Lopacinska,\\nCountess Plater, and others, to meet on the boulevard\\nwhere he was to pass. The emperor always travelled\\nin an open caleche; he recognized us and bowed.\\nHe was going then to the Congress of Verona, where\\nhe had very interesting conferences with M. de\\nMontmorency and M. de Chateaubriand, both men\\ncapable of understanding and appreciating this\\nprince, and who returned to Paris delighted with his\\nintelligence, his graciousness, and above all with his\\nnoble way of thinking. M. de Montmorency par-\\nticularly gave a strong proof of his devotion by re-\\nsigning his place in the ministry when he saw the\\nimpossibility of carrying out the plan and ideas\\nwhich Alexander had laid before him, and which his\\nreason had led him to approve.\\n256", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0280.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nThe emperor on his return from Verona passed\\nagain through Warsaw, where he honored my mother\\nwith a visit and conversed with her a long time on\\nthe merits of MM. de Montmorency and de Cha-\\nteaubriand. He charged my mother with remem-\\nbrances for me.\\nAt the Congress of Verona Alexander proposed\\nto the French government to send his army at his\\nown cost to the help of Spain, without the participa-\\ntion of France. This proposition, generous in itself,\\ncaused great anxiety in France, especially in Paris.\\nA feeble and timid party, at the head of which was\\nM. de Talleyrand, whose quarters were about the\\nFaubourg Saint-Germain, were of the opinion that\\nthe offer should be accepted without hesitation, and\\nthat they ought to be only too glad that the Emperor\\nof Russia was willing to undertake an enterprise so\\ndangerous to France. M. de Talleyrand made a\\nspeech in which he endeavored to prove that Spain\\nhad once already brought disaster to France that\\nhe had at that time predicted to the government\\nthe fatal results of the Peninsular war; that he con-\\nsidered it his duty to recall them again in the\\npresent circumstances.\\nThe Due de Fitz-James, 1 one of the most dis-\\ntinguished orators in the Chamber of Peers, declaimed\\nloudly against this speech and endeavored to refute\\nit. The strongest and boldest party declared that\\nit would be an ineffaceable stain upon the honor of\\n1 Edouard, Duke Fitz-James (born 1776, died 1838) was the great\\ngrandson of the Duke of Berwick, who was the natural son of\\nJames II. The Duke was an ardent Bourbon; he was first aide-de-\\ncamp to Charles X.\\n17 257", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0281.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nFrance to allow the intervention of a foreign power\\nin the affairs of Spain, which were for France family\\nmatters.\\nThis important question was discussed with much\\ninterest and warmth in all the salons of Paris, and\\nI heard many young and beautiful women express\\nthemselves on that subject with much eloquence and\\ntrue patriotism. Finally, Louis XVIII. decided the\\nquestion with his usual sagacity. He understood how\\nto reconcile French honor and that of the crown with\\nthe tranquillity of France, by the noble confidence he\\nplaced in the valor and fidelity of his armies, and by\\nchoosing for their commander that august prince\\nwho was destined to add new laurels to those which\\nhad adorned his ancestors. 1 It is well known how, as\\nfar as military success is concerned, the result real-\\nized and even surpassed the hopes of the French\\nand the expectations of Europe.\\n1 Due d Angouleme (born 1775, died 1844), son of Comte d Artois,\\nafterwards Charles X. of France.\\n258", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0282.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XXVI\\nTHE Emperor Alexander, who had always enjoyed\\nthe best of health, fell dangerously ill in the\\nwinter of 1824. Family troubles and anxieties which\\nhis lively sensibilities probably exaggerated, added\\nto a sudden cold, developed a violent malady which\\nalarmed the royal family and the entire capital. For\\nsome time the emperor had adopted the habit of\\nretiring often, even in winter, to his favorite residence\\nCzarsko-Selo. He had his ministers come there, and\\nled a very solitary life, without any other diversion\\nthan his long walks in the park, which was two or\\nthree leagues in extent. One day (about the time of\\nthe marriage of his Imperial Highness the Grand Duke\\nMichel) his Majesty had taken a longer walk than\\nusual. He returned to the chateau seized with a\\nchill, and had his dinner brought to his bedroom but\\nhe could not eat anything, and very soon erysipelas\\ndeveloped itself in the leg with frightful rapidity\\nthen followed fever and delirium.\\nThe emperor was transported at once in a closed\\nsleigh to St. Petersburg, where the medical faculty\\nwere assembled, and fearing gangrene, which began\\nto manifest itself, they advised amputating the leg.\\nHowever, the active remedies used having produced\\nthe desired effect, the excellent constitution of the\\nemperor soon led to a happy convalescence. The\\nfirst time that Alexander showed himself in the\\nstreets of St. Petersburg after this illness, the people\\n259", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0283.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\neverywhere on his route threw themselves on their\\nknees, giving touching signs of great joy, and thank-\\ning Heaven for having preserved their father.\\nThis same year I succeeded in carrying out the\\nplan formed so long before, of going to St. Peters-\\nburg and there offering my homage and respect\\nto my august sovereign, in that beautiful city which\\nhad been his cradle and where stood his throne.\\nWe arrived there in the first days of July, the\\nseason when there is no night in those northern\\nregions. During the last stage of our journey from\\nStrelna, a chateau of the Grand Duke Constantine,\\nwhose parks have an extent of three leagues, we\\ndrove over a broad road between two rows of datcha,\\nor country houses, on one side looking upon the sea,\\nand on the other upon the canals or branches of\\nthe Neva. These datcha are separated from each\\nother and from the road by gardens, where the white\\nbirch predominates, whose pale verdure makes a\\nstrong contrast with the dark green of the pines and\\nfirs of the North. Vases of flowers dispersed among\\nthe trees prolong the remembrance of spring to these\\ninhabitants of the North.\\nAll these residences vary in architecture and\\nbeauty. Here, in the midst of a mass of green, you\\nsee a Greek temple with its beautiful peristyle and\\nnoble steps; farther on there is a Chinese pavilion\\nwith its pagodas and silvery tinkling bells again,\\nyou see a Swiss chalet, a modest habitation in appear-\\nance, but under an unpretentious exterior is hidden\\nregal luxury; finally, an Italian belvedere raises its\\nelegant proportions above the trees which surround\\nit, forming a picturesque contrast to a Gothic chateau\\n260", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0284.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nwith its battlemented towers. And everywhere in\\ngigantic hot-houses, protected from a humid or icy-\\natmosphere, fruits and flowers grow which nature has\\nadapted to other climes.\\nIn short, a thousand objects manifest tastes as\\nvaried as ingenious, and vie with one another to\\nattract the attention of the traveller. The environs\\nof Paris offer nothing, with the exception of the\\nroyal palaces, to be compared to the magnificence of\\nthe environs of St. Petersburg, where, moreover, all is\\nthe work of art. These charming creations, born of\\nfancy and wealth, have been constructed upon a\\nsterile soil which was formerly only a vast marsh.\\nI was equally struck with the imposing and sym-\\nmetrical beauty of St. Petersburg, whose streets are\\nvery broad, planted with trees, and embellished with\\npavements of slate. The houses, without having\\nthe imposing appearance of the handsome hotels of\\nParis, are distinguished by the elegance of the win-\\ndows, each consisting of a single pane of glass, and\\nby the freshness of their ornaments. One sees also\\nat St. Petersburg a great number of remarkable\\nedifices.\\nAll the best society had gone for the summer to\\ntheir datcha. The small number of the inhabitants\\nwho remained in the city, and nearly all of them in\\nthe national costume, gave the capital a kind of\\nAsiatic appearance which contrasted singularly with\\nthe perfectly European elegance of the buildings.\\nVery few equipages were to be seen in the long\\nbroad streets or on the immense quays. A few\\nEnglish carriages, or carriages made after English\\nmodels, to which were harnessed, Russian fashion,\\n261", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0285.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nfour horses with long manes, were driven very fast\\nby bearded coachmen and little noisy postilions.\\nVery few pedestrians were to be seen upon the beau-\\ntiful broad pavements.\\nAt night, in the twilight, which resembles neither\\nthe light of the day nor that of the moon, but spreads\\na kind of magic transparency over everything, this\\nbeautiful deserted city looked like a vast panorama.\\nOn arriving at St. Petersburg we stopped for a few\\ndays at the hotel d Angleterre, situated in Admiralty\\nPlace, near the Winter Palace, the residence of his\\nImperial Majesty. This palace is built in the ancient\\nstyle of French architecture. The Admiralty, nearly\\nopposite, is a superb edifice, built by the Emperor\\nAlexander for if Peter the Great founded St. Peters-\\nburg, it is Alexander who has beautified it. This\\nprince had a fine taste for architecture and was very\\nfond of building.\\nA promenade planted with several rows of linden-\\ntrees extends from the imperial palace the whole\\nlength of the Admiralty buildings, and upon the vast\\nspace between this avenue and the Neva a hundred\\nthousand soldiers of the infantry can be reviewed.\\nThe river is bordered by a quay of rose-colored\\ngranite. The Neva, so majestic when calm, so terri-\\nble in a storm, the waters of which are a deep blue,\\nis covered for a part of the year with vessels bearing\\nthe colors of all the nations of the world. There are\\nalso beautiful yachts darting hither and thither in\\ntheir rapid navigation. The Neva is at the same time\\nthe ornament, the glory, the wealth, and the terror of\\nSt. Petersburg.\\nThe Emperor Alexander was not at St. Petersburg\\n262", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0286.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nwhen I arrived there. After returning from a journey\\nwhich he had made through the military stations, his\\nMajesty had gone to be present at the manoeuvres,\\nsome leagues from the capital, and it was not known\\nwhen he would return to Czarsko-Selo. My first\\nhomage was therefore addressed to the statue of the\\ngreat founder of St. Petersburg, a statue of which\\nso many descriptions have been written that I will\\nspare the reader mine. Then I went to admire the\\nbeautiful buildings on the English quay, the Acad-\\nemy, and the Bourse, an immense building where\\nall the products of the four quarters of the globe are\\nto be found. I visited the superb church of St. Mary\\nof Kazan. The exterior of this church is very admi-\\nrable, the architecture noble and imposing, and in the\\ninterior one s eyes are dazzled by the quantity of gold\\nand silver which the church contains at this magnifi-\\ncent display one might imagine he had penetrated\\ninto the temple of the sun which existed in times past\\nat Lima.\\nThe Goscinny-Devor is a kind of Oriental Bazaar\\nwhere everything is to be found, from the rich shops\\nof the gold and silver smiths and the jewellers down\\nto those of the simplest artisans. I have never seen\\neven in Paris such a variety of fruits as I saw in the\\nfruit market at St. Petersburg there was every kind,\\nand among them enormous pineapples at five francs\\napiece.\\nThere are but two promenades at St. Petersburg\\nthe first is the summer garden, remarkable for its\\nbeautiful gilded gates. The second promenade is the\\nEkaterinoslaf garden, situated a little outside the\\ntown, where the people go in crowds on Sundays and\\n263", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0287.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nholidays. The carriages of the rich drive about in\\nthe roads of this park, and here the first of May, which\\nis called the beginning of spring at St. Petersburg, is\\ncelebrated. I noticed curious contrasts, which were\\nnot also pleasing, in the parties gathered about the\\ngames, the tea houses, and the Russian mountains.\\nThe moujyk, the rich merchants of the city, clad in the\\nnational costume so becoming to their tall figures,\\nwearing long beards, which gave them an imposing\\nand patriarchal air, walked gravely along accompa-\\nnied by their wives and daughters dressed in the Eu-\\nropean fashion. There is not the least bit of taste in\\nthe finery of these latter it is a desperate mixture of\\nParisian gewgaws oddly thrown together without re-\\ngard to fashion or becomingness. Then there was a\\nface under a hat loaded with flowers, the Slavonic\\nface with a flat nose and yellow complexion; and\\nunder a beautiful, embroidered dress a horrid pair of\\nbadly made shoes. Beside these caricatures, these\\nparodies of Parisian elegance, were the nurses in the\\npatrician families, dressed in that costume which\\nmakes the ugliest face beautiful, the kakochnik, a\\ngold bonnet covered with stones, very high, giving\\nheight to the figure, the silk caftan which shows the\\nproportions so well, and the rich pelisse thrown over\\nthe shoulders as a protection against the cold in this\\nchangeable climate. This costume is rich, elegant,\\nand graceful. I think if I had the honor to be a sov-\\nereign of Russia I should immediately adopt it, and\\nforever abandon the capricious fashions which Paris\\nimposes upon the whole world. This example would\\nbe followed by the court, the town, and the empire,\\nand would be the same as a sumptuary law; for it is\\n264", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0288.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nacknowledged that a costume, however rich it may\\nbe, which is not subject to the changes of fashion,\\ncosts much less than that which requires constant\\nchange.\\nI visited the interior of the Winter Palace. The\\ngallery of pictures contains many chefs-d oeuvre of the\\ngreat masters; and had recently been greatly en-\\nriched by a beautiful collection which the Emperor\\nAlexander had acquired at Malmaison at the death\\nof the Empress Josephine. The collection of medals\\nwhich formerly belonged to the house of Orleans is\\nalso very valuable.\\nI saw in the Winter Garden at the Hermitage the\\ndescendants of the pigeons fed by the hand of Cath-\\nerine II. We made several expeditions outside town,\\nto Kamenoy-Ostroff, where the daughter-in-law of\\nM. de C. lived, Countess Edward de C, ne e Prin-\\ncess Galitzin, a woman distinguished alike for her\\nbeauty and for her amiable and sweet character.\\nKamenoy-Ostroff is about a league from the city.\\nTo reach it you must cross the Neva on a bridge of\\nboats. The name signifies The Isle of Stones\\nThere are numerous datcha here, all very attractive,\\nscattered about in a wood surrounded by water, and\\nseparated by canals, arms of the Neva and of the little\\nriver Noire. These waters form numerous islands,\\nwhich are united by bridges. The chateau and gar-\\ndens, which are not very extensive, are situated near\\na branch of the Neva where the imperial yacht lies.\\nNot far off and near the river is the beautiful mansion\\nof Greek architecture belonging to M. Laval, and\\nthose of M. Narishkin, Count Strogonoff, and others\\nit would be impossible for me to mention them all.\\n265", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0289.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nI can only say that the beauty of these waters and the\\nfreshness of the verdure make the spot a retreat of\\nveritable enchantment during two or three months\\nof the year.\\nThe island Krestofsky is a large public garden\\nsimilar to the old Jardin Baujou in the Champs-\\nElys^es. Near it is the island Yelagine, where stands\\nthe chateau belonging to the dowager empress. The\\nelegant form and the pure white of this palace, built\\nin the midst of flowering fields surrounded by water,\\nmake it appear like a lily standing in the midst of\\na mass of roses in a crystal vase.\\nI saw also the palace and gardens of Torride,\\nthat ostentatious creation of the pompous Potemkin.\\nThe ball-room, which is also a winter garden, is of\\ngigantic dimensions. They were working on decora-\\ntions and preparing for fireworks for the reception\\nof her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Marie,\\nPrincess of Orange.\\n?66", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0290.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XXVII\\nHAVING heard of his Majesty s return to Czar-\\nsko-Selo, I resolved to go there, although a\\nlittle discouraged by what I had heard, that he never\\naccorded an audience in the country. I was told\\nthat even by writing it was difficult to reach the\\nemperor, as it was doubtful if the letter would be\\ngiven him. Besides the natural desire to offer hom-\\nage to my sovereign, I had a number of petitions to\\nmake to him among others that of having my child\\nchristened at last. I started off with a feeling of\\ntimidity and discouragement, and if I could have\\navoided the journey I would have done so gladly.\\nCzarsko-Selo is three leagues from St. Petersburg.\\nI stopped at an inn called the French Restaurant,\\nwhere I had for myself and my maids only one small,\\nbadly furnished chamber. The host, greatly as-\\ntonished that I was not enchanted with my lodgings,\\nsaid that it was the same that the French ambassador\\nhad when he came to Czarsko-Selo. I decided in\\nthe evening to go and obtain some information from\\nCountess Ojarowska, wife of his Majesty s general\\naide-de-camp, whom I had known for a long time, a\\nvery obliging and amiable woman, and who was one of\\nmy compatriots.\\nMy friends lived in the park. I passed in front of\\nthe palace, an immense edifice in the old French\\nstyle, overloaded with sculpture, gildings, and cupolas.\\nIt seemed to be deserted. There were no sentinels\\n267", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0291.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\non duty in the court. This imperial solitude inspired\\nin me melancholy reflections. No, I said to myself,\\nthe Emperor Alexander of St. Petersburg is no\\nlonger the Emperor Alexander of Towiany, of Vilna,\\nof Warsaw. So it is with princes.\\nWith what joy, with what ardor did I receive his\\nMajesty every time he deigned to come and see me\\nHere, what a difference Perhaps I shall not obtain\\neven so much as a glass of water in this palace, in-\\nhospitable as are all the habitations of the great.\\nHappy are those who never approach them, and\\nmore happy still are those who have nothing to ask\\nof them.\\nOccupied with these sad thoughts, I walked slowly\\nalong without being distracted even by the noise\\nof passing carriages, until I arrived at the Chinese\\nvillage. This is a collection of pretty houses, twenty\\nor more in number, built in the Chinese style, which\\nserve as dwellings for his Majesty s aides-de-camp.\\nEach one of these gentlemen has his house, his stable,\\nhis conservatory, and his garden. In the centre of\\nthis village built in the form of a star, is a pavilion\\nsurrounded by poplar trees, where these gentlemen,\\nthe aides-de-camp, give parties, balls, and concerts.\\nThat part of the park around the village, the\\nbridges, trellises, kiosks, pagodas, etc., is all in\\nstrict Chinese style, and is only a point in the im-\\nmensity of the park.\\nGeneral Ojarowski and his wife received me very\\ncordially. They believed that the emperor would be\\na number of days still at the reviews. However,\\nhaving sent to the palace and learning that his\\nMajesty was to pass the night there, the general\\n268", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0292.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nadvised me to go early in the morning with his wife\\ninto the park, saying that it was the only way of\\nmeeting the emperor, who walked there every morn-\\ning. The idea of pursuing the emperor over a park\\nseveral leagues in extent seemed strange to me how-\\never, I had to submit, in spite of the desire I had to\\nreturn immediately to St. Petersburg. Count O. in-\\nsisted on conducting me back to the inn. In passing\\nthrough an avenue I perceived in a transverse alley\\nan officer in undress uniform. (This was the dress\\nadopted by the court when in the country.) This\\nofficer saluted us. I thought I recognized the em-\\nperor, but he seemed to me slenderer, and it was\\ndark in the avenues. I said nothing, but the little\\nnephew of the general cried out suddenly, There is\\nthe emperor Madame O. said It is your fortu-\\nnate star which brings him, for he never walks in the\\npark at this hour. Then she and I retraced our\\nsteps. When the emperor saw us coming towards\\nhim he also advanced, and when he recognized me\\nhe exclaimed in great surprise: Is it possible that it\\nis you? How long have you been here? Upon\\nmy reply, he reproached me for not treating him as\\na friend, in not letting him know of my arrival by\\na word, for having made him lose a fortnight; and he\\nused many other kind expressions, which were so\\nnatural to this prince. I excused myself by saying\\nI did not wish to importune his Majesty, knowing\\nthat he was at the manoeuvres. I would have made\\nother arrangements, answered the emperor. He\\nreceived the respectful homage which my mother\\nhad charged me to lay at his feet, with his usual\\nkindness, inquired with interest about her health, and\\n269", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0293.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nasked if her rooms were still filled with pictures\\nand birds. His Majesty asked me where I lodged,\\nand said: You must be horribly uncomfortable in\\nthat inn. Let me offer you hospitality. I can\\nanswer for it, you will be more comfortable than\\ndown there. I accepted with the thankfulness be-\\nfitting an act of courtesy so kind and so unexpected.\\nHis Majesty left us to have rooms prepared for me\\nand to send me a guide. Then I returned to the inn\\nwith Madame O., delighted at this unexpected meet-\\ning, and relieved of the fear of not finding the\\nemperor so favorably disposed toward me as for-\\nmerly. I found him on the contrary more gracious,\\nif possible, and full of that incomparable kindness\\nwhich ought to have attached all to him, but for their\\nlack of gratitude.\\nOn returning to the inn I retired immediately, not\\nthinking that I was to be moved the same evening\\nto the palace. Hardly was I in bed when the guide\\nand a carriage arrived to fetch me. The apartment,\\nthe supper, all was ready except me. The next\\nmorning at 7 o clock the emperor s first valet de\\nchambre was at my door with one of those light, ele-\\ngant carriages which were used in driving about the\\npark, to which two superb horses were harnessed.\\nI dressed in haste and started with my child.\\nI was driven to the Palace Alexander, so called\\nbecause it had been built for that prince by the\\norder of the Empress Catherine, according to the\\ndesign and plans of an excellent Italian architect.\\nThis palace is remarkable for the elegance and har-\\nmony of its proportions. The ground-floor is gener-\\nally occupied by the Grand Duke Nicholas and his\\n270", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0294.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\naugust spouse, but they were not there then. The\\napartment which they had allotted to me was on the\\nnext floor, at the end of a long open gallery, which\\nopened on the dining-room and served as choir for\\nthe musicians at the grand dinners. From all the\\nwindows I had charming views of the park and the\\nimperial chateau, which is about a hundred yards\\nfrom the Alexander Palace. A mass of green which\\npartly covers the edifice leaves in view the five gilt\\ncupolas of the chapel surmounted by brilliant crosses,\\nwhich in calm weather are reflected in a bit of\\nwater clearly defined and surrounded by a verdant\\nlawn.\\nAn elegantly served breakfast, with baskets of rare\\nfruits, was already prepared in my apartment. The\\nvalet de chambre left me after asking if I had any\\norders, and if I was satisfied with my rooms. I was\\nabsolutely alone in this great palace, with the excep-\\ntion of my child and the domestics of the court, for\\nmine were still at the inn. With the help of the\\nimagination I could have thought myself in fairyland\\nin some enchanted castle.\\nI descended into the park and soon met Gen-\\neral O., who was coming with his wife to see me.\\nThey told me that they had seen the emperor and that\\nhe had spoken of the christening, saying that he was\\nready to satisfy my wishes in that respect, and that\\nit was only necessary to fix the day. Chatting thus\\nwe approached a new building which the emperor\\nwas amusing himself by having built in the park.\\nIt was perfectly square and very high, called The\\nTower of the Equestrians because there were\\nstatues of equestrians placed in niches in the four\\n271", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0295.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nfaces of the tower. It was to contain apartments\\nfor the young Grand Duke Alexander.\\nHis Majesty, who was watching the workmen, came\\nto meet us, and said graciously that he hoped I was\\nbetter lodged in my new quarters than at the inn.\\nHe asked me why I had not moved the evening before,\\nassuring me that he had lost no time in sending me\\na guide. I presented my child to the emperor, who\\nlaughed heartily at the idea he had formed of him,\\nalways calling him the big soldier. When I returned\\nto the palace I sent back the post-horses to St.\\nPetersburg, and wrote to M. de C, telling him of the\\ngood news of his Majesty and asking him to come\\nand join me.\\nThe emperor s valet de chambve came immediately\\nto announce the visit of his Majesty at noon, and in\\nspite of a pouring rain it took place at the hour\\nindicated. His Majesty, with all the hospitality of the\\nmost amiable lord of the manor, asked me if I was sat-\\nisfied with my rooms and if they would be sufficient\\nto lodge M. de C. comfortably, adding kindly that\\nM. de C. was his old comrade in arms. Then he\\nasked me if I would prefer to be lodged in the\\nChinese village, to be nearer Countess O. Nothing\\nbut kindness could inspire such perfect and delicate\\npoliteness.\\nAlexander then said that the court was about to\\nremove to Peterhof, and asked me if I would also go\\nthere.\\nHaving been informed by my mother of the con-\\ndition of my affairs, he kindly showed an interest in\\nthem. In the short explanation which I made in\\nsoliciting a loan from the imperial bank on terms\\n272", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0296.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nmore favorable than those allowed by the law, I was\\nobliged to state that M. de C. had divided a part of\\nhis property among his children, and I had the rest,\\nwith the understanding that I was to pay the debts\\nwhich he had contracted in carrying out the last\\nwishes of his father. That is to say that M. de C.\\nhas nothing, and you have n t much, said his\\nMajesty. That is only too true, sire, I replied.\\nThe emperor assured me of his constant desire to\\noblige me, and asked me for a memorandum of the\\nbusiness.\\nIn speaking to his Majesty of the impression which\\nSt. Petersburg had made upon me, I praised the\\nbeauty of that capital, as one may imagine. Yes,\\nit is a beautiful city, said he, but after all there are\\nonly walls, and you will not find the society here\\nwhich you have left at Paris. I took the oppor-\\ntunity to repeat what I had already had the honor\\nof saying to his Majesty, that the society of Paris,\\ndivided up by so many interests and differences of\\nopinion, offered little pleasure; that the demon of\\npolitics had taken possession of every head in France\\nthat from the cab driver and match vender, the one\\non his cab and the other on his rounds, there was\\nnot one individual who did not believe it to be to\\nhis interest to understand, or at least to read, the daily\\nnewspaper, especially the Constitutionnel that one\\nheard nothing in the most brilliant salons of Paris\\nbut the debates of the two chambers, and the opera-\\ntions of the ministry finally, that in this conflict of\\nfeelings, prejudices, and opinions on matters of such\\ngrave interest, the tone of conversation necessarily\\nand unfortunately lost that ease, that grace, that\\n18 273", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0297.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nAttic flavor which formerly distinguished France\\nfrom all other nations of Europe.\\nBefore leaving me his Majesty deigned to renew\\nthe strongest assurances of his interest and attach-\\nment, begging me not to regard what he said as\\nempty words.\\nGeneral O. and his amiable wife obligingly offered\\nto show us the park of Czarsko-Selo. The emperor\\nhad made the greater part of it, or at least enlarged\\nand beautified it. He had it kept with a care and\\nscrupulous cleanliness which I have seen nowhere\\nelse. A thousand workmen are employed every day\\nin sweeping the paths and roads, and in cutting,\\nrolling, and raking the grass, which is most beautiful.\\nA few steps from the palace, and even in the presence\\nof the emperor, you can hear the workmen laughing\\nand singing, and the happiness which they seem to\\nenjoy fills your own mind with a feeling of satisfaction.\\nThe most remarkable buildings in the park are\\nWindsor Castle, in small dimensions, but built after\\nthe exact model of that of England, in the midst of a\\ndark forest, the theatre, and the fancy farm. The\\nlast was one of the favorite resorts of the Emperor\\nAlexander, offering him interest, exercise, and rural\\nindustry. This farm is ornamented with trellises and\\na pretty pigeon-house in the French style, and con-\\ntains in its magnificent cowhouses the most beautiful\\ncattle to be found in Europe, cows from the Tyrol,\\nSwitzerland, Hungary, Holland, Kalmogonod, and\\nother places, besides a fine flock of merino sheep\\nwhich graze in the park.\\nThe interior of the farmhouse is Dutch the walls\\nare of blue faience; the closets containing the farm\\n274", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0298.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nutensils have glass doors. They showed me the\\naccount books, magnificently bound, in which his\\nMajesty himself kept the accounts of the produce of\\nthe sheep. He was very proud of wearing a uniform\\nof cloth made from their wool.\\nThese simple occupations, which brought the\\nemperor nearer to nature, relaxed his mind from the\\ncares of State. Not far from the farm is the house\\nof the llamas, kept by a man who brought them from\\nAsia. These animals are never allowed to run free,\\nconsequently they look sad and feeble. The part of\\nthe park which is designed the best is about the lake,\\nwhose extent is considerable, and whose depth is\\nsufficient to bear large yachts and the model of a\\nship. There are charming ruins on its banks after\\ndesigns by Robert, and the trees are artistically\\ngrouped. At the end of the park there is a trium-\\nphal arch bearing this inscription in Russian and in\\nFrench To my dear companions in arms.\\nThey showed me a kind of grotto, called Pansilippe.\\nThis is a rock in the form of a vault, a caprice of\\nnature, as the ground all about is quite even and flat.\\nThey were working on an antique model for a bath-\\nhouse for the Emperor, or rather they were demolish-\\ning it, as it was not large enough to receive an\\nimmense basin cut in a solid block of rose granite\\nlarge enough to swim in.\\nI visited next the apartments of the palace, the\\ngrand gilded hall where the empress held her\\naudiences the apartments of the Emperor Alexander,\\nwhose many rooms were both magnificent and taste-\\nful. The walls are covered with lapis lazuli, porphyry,\\nand amber the floors are incrusted with mother of\\n275", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0299.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\npearl and precious woods. The grand open gallery\\nwhich communicates with the apartment of the em-\\npress, and where one has a beautiful view of the lake\\nand the ruins and the fields of flowers, is ornamented\\nwith bronze busts, mostly of great men of antiquity.\\nThey remind one of chapters of Plutarch one reads\\nthem again on the foreheads of these ancient heroes.\\nAt Czarsko-Selo the Emperor Alexander lived a\\nsimple country life. He had no court and in the\\nabsence of the grand marshal the emperor himself\\nkept the accounts of the household expenses. He\\nreceived his ministers only on certain days of the\\nweek. Alexander rose generally at five o clock,\\nmade his toilet, wrote, and then went into the park,\\nwhere he visited his farm and the new buildings which\\nwere being constructed, gave audiences to those who\\nhad petitions to present, and who often followed him\\nover the whole park, which was always open, night\\nand day. The emperor always walked alone without\\ndistrust, and he had sentinels only at the chateau and\\nat the Palace of Alexander. On account of his health\\nhe was obliged to observe a strict regime. He dined\\nalone in his private apartments, and was accustomed\\nto retire early. At the hour of retiring the band of the\\nguards played under his windows they usually played\\nplaintive airs, which I could hear from my apartment.\\nThe Empress Elizabeth, on her side, lived in strict\\nretirement. She had about her person only one\\nmaid of honor, and received no presentations at\\nCzarsko-Selo. She deigned to make one exception\\nin my favor. I was so fortunate as to have an inter-\\nview with this princess, which left me truly enthusi-\\nastic about her goodness and graciousness. The\\n276", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0300.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nempress was then about forty-five years old. Her\\nfigure was slight, well proportioned, and middle-sized.\\nHer delicate complexion, which, however, had suffered\\nfrom the harshness of the climate, and the fineness of\\nher features showed still what must have been her\\nattractions in the springtime of life. There was\\na certain languor in her language and manners, and\\nher expression was intellectual and gentle her smile\\nwas sad and her voice sweet, in a word, there was\\nsomething angelic about her as of a creature not\\nmade for this world. I shall never forget her cordial\\nreception, and the kind things which she deigned to\\nsay about the manner in which she had come to know\\nabout me in 1812. She spoke to me about my\\nhumble writings, saying she had read them with\\npleasure, and that she was glad I had chosen histori-\\ncal subjects from a nation in which she took a most\\nlively interest. I answered that such flattering ap-\\nprobation made me very proud, since I had never\\ndared hope for her august approval, or even that my\\npoor productions should be placed before her. Her\\nMajesty then asked me if I had begun another work,\\nand what was the subject of it. I explained the plot\\nof Nain Politique, which I had just commenced her\\nMajesty approved of the plan, and said it offered a\\ndouble historical interest for France and for Poland,\\nbesides describing an epoch which was little known.\\nElizabeth spoke of Walter Scott s novels, which she\\nadmired with that keenness of perception and clear-\\nness of judgment which shone in all she said. This\\neminently learned princess devoted nearly all her\\ntime to French and Russian literature. She ques-\\ntioned me about my travels in France and Germany.\\n277", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0301.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nI spoke of the picturesque parts of Germany, espe-\\ncially the banks of the Rhine, where among the\\nbeauties of nature were to be found so many ancient\\nmonuments, Roman structures, Gothic castles, ruins\\nof the feudal times souvenirs of all times/ added\\nthe empress, in her gentle manner. These words said\\nmore than my whole recital, and I showed by my\\nlooks that I understood to what she alluded.\\nIt was impossible to see the Empress Elizabeth\\neven once without feeling for her a respectful attrac-\\ntion and I said this to her maid of honor, with tears\\nin my eyes, adding How happy she deserved to\\nbe I dare not say more.\\nMy Aunt Radzivil, who was honored with many\\nmarks of kindness by the Empress Elizabeth, gave\\nher the surname The Serene. This word character-\\nized that princess perfectly. It showed itself even in\\nthe letters which she wrote to my aunt.\\nThe empress never went out in the park till toward\\nevening, and then on horseback. There I often saw\\nher riding through the dark avenues, accompanied\\nonly by her maid of honor and a groom. There\\nalways seemed to be a shade of melancholy about\\nthis princess. It was said she avoided walking in the\\npark in the morning for fear of annoying the emperor,\\nbut ought she to have had that fear? What a differ-\\nence would it have made in the happiness of both, if\\nthey had been able to understand each other They\\nseemed to have been made the one for the other the\\nsame goodness, the same gentleness and intellectual\\npower. Yet there seemed to have been one point on\\nwhich their hearts could not meet. Why is it that\\ndeath alone has reunited such perfect souls\\n278", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0302.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XXVIII\\nI HAD the honor also to be presented to the\\naugust mother of Alexander, that princess whose\\nvirtues are the example and the glory of her family.\\nThe day that I was presented at Pawlowsky, her sum-\\nmer residence, I followed his Majesty and the court\\nof the empress-mother, which was always numerous\\nand brilliant, to a pavilion called The Roses, where\\ndinner was served. After dinner her Majesty de-\\nscended into the garden and cut roses with the Eng-\\nlish scissors designed for that purpose, distributing\\nthem among the ladies. She gave me two, which I\\nhave preserved as a souvenir of the day, and of the\\nkindness of this princess.\\nThe majestic height and the beautiful proportions\\nof the empress and her imposing carriage strike the\\neye at first sight, and inspire a respect accompanied\\nby a kind of timidity. But the kindness which shows\\nitself in every feature restores confidence and fills\\neach heart with a respectful attachment for this\\nsovereign.\\nThe festivities at Peterhof were not to take place\\nthat year on account of the departure of her Imperial\\nHighness the Grand Duchess Alexandra, who was\\nabout to embark, to return by sea to Prussia. Still,\\ngreat crowds of people arrived to see the fountains\\nplay, which are very fine. We were lodged at Peter-\\nhof in the rooms of the Austrian ambassador, in the\\n279", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0303.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nPalace of Alexander, situated in a park, where the\\nforeign ministers are usually lodged when they are\\nadmitted to court festivities.\\nAs at Czarsko-Selo, our table, equipage, etc., were\\nfurnished from the court. The servants, very good\\npeople who adored their august master, worked by\\nthe quarter and changed every week. As what was\\nleft over was a perquisite to them, they were very\\neager to have us eat. They served us tea, chocolate,\\ncoffee, and all sorts of cakes in the morning; soon\\nafterwards a second breakfast dinner at three o clock,\\nall kinds of ices at dessert and the choicest of wines\\ntea in the evening, and later supper whether we wanted\\nit or not. Moreover, in the intervals between these\\nmeals they would come to ask us if we were not\\nhungry.\\nOn St. Peter s day the imperial family met at the\\nchateau. It was there that I saw the Grand Duchess\\nNicholas for the first time, and I was struck by the\\nelegance of her form and the beauty of her tall\\nfigure. Surrounded by her ladies in waiting, whom\\nshe surpassed by a head, you would have said it was\\nCalypso in the midst of her nymphs.\\nI had the honor to be presented to this princess,\\nand to the Grand Duchess Michel, who deigned to\\naddress a few words to me. The empress-mother\\nreceived also that day. She asked me how I liked\\nPeterhof. This place has a singularly imposing\\nbeauty. The palace, built in the old style, is neither\\nlarge nor handsome, but from the balcony of the\\naudience hall there is a magnificent view of the\\ngardens, and through the interlacing jets of water,\\nresplendent with the sun s rays or with the brill-\\n280", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0304.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\niancy of illumination, one can see the sea covered\\nwith vessels coming from or going to Cronstadt.\\nThey show in the park a favorite pavilion of Peter\\nthe Great, where he had a little kitchen with all the\\nDutch utensils. They show to the curious, the\\ndressing-gown and the night-cap of Peter the Great,\\nand even the slippers of Catherine. Opposite the\\npavilion is a pond, and the old golden carps which\\nPeter the Great used to feed still come at the sound\\nof a bell to get what is thrown to them. Peterhof\\nhas a great paper manufactory where they make\\nvellum, and an establishment for cutting the fine\\nstones which are brought from Siberia, such as\\namethyst, topaz, and malachite.\\nM. de C. obtained a special audience of the em-\\nperor at Peterhof, and a kind reception, which filled\\nhim with admiration for that prince. At the moment\\nof dismissing M. de C. the emperor said I am\\nsorry to be obliged to leave you, but I am going to\\naccompany my sister-in-law to Oranienbaum, where\\nshe embarks to-day for Prussia; and he asked if he\\nhad seen the vessel destined to carry her Imperial\\nHighness. Knowing that his Majesty, as an act of\\nkindness to the Grand Duchess, had had the vessel\\nsupplied with every comfort and luxury, M. de C.,\\nwho had been to see it with me, praised the arrange-\\nments to his Majesty, who, fearing the consequences\\nof the long sea voyage, replied I have done all\\nthat I could to make the voyage less painful, but I\\ncannot prevent seasickness.\\nThis vessel, which had just come from the dock-\\nyard, carried forty-five guns and eight hundred men.\\nThe apartments of her Imperial Highness consisted", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0305.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nof seven rooms and a chapel, and were furnished\\nand hung with green silk. A tent was to be set up\\non deck, where the band was to play. In a word\\nnothing was neglected which could contribute to the\\npleasure of a sea voyage. The captain, who had\\nalready made a voyage round the world, told us he\\nwould rather do it again twice than undertake this\\ncommission, very honorable without doubt, but the\\nresponsibility of which he dreaded.\\nThe court remained only a week at Peterhof. The\\nempress-mother went to the castle of Yelagine and\\nthe emperor to St. Petersburg. There I received\\na note from his Majesty, who wrote to arrange with\\nme the day for the christening. Do not trouble\\nyourself about me, he wrote. I am not a novice\\nin this kind of thing.\\nThe baptismal ceremony was a little longer than\\nis customary, as the abbot, M. Lockman, the com-\\nmander of the chapel of Malta, thought it necessary\\nto read the service in Latin and in French he added\\na very good exhortation, addressed to the godfather,\\nthe father, and the mother, to persuade them to bring\\nup the child in the principles of religion, in order to\\npreserve in him the gifts which he had just received\\nby the rite of baptism. The emperor looked at me\\nand smiled at the moments critical for the child, who,\\nhowever, bore the trials of salt and water very well,\\nas the rich dress of the abbot and his deacon, the\\nornaments of the altar, and the lights were a happy\\ndiversion.\\nAfter the immersion the emperor himself dried the\\nlong curls of the neophyte and addressed a few words\\nof thanks to the abbot, M. Lockman. Then observ-", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0306.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\ning that M. de C. had retired immediately after the\\nceremony, Alexander rose and went to fetch him,\\nsaying he was surprised that M. de C. had not\\nremained and having brought him back to the salon,\\nhe made him sit down in his presence.\\nThe conversation soon turned to politics. His\\nMajesty deprecated the change of ministry in France,\\nattributing it in a great measure to the influence of a\\ncertain lady. He showed regret at the retirement of\\nM. de Chateaubriand, and made some sharp observa-\\ntions on the petty and commercial views of Mr.\\nCanning, of whom he did n t think much.\\nHis Majesty was so kind as to ask us to come and\\ntake our abode at Czarsko-Selo again before his\\ndeparture for Siberia. And may I not have the\\npleasure of finding you here on my return, he said,\\nand of seeing you this winter at St. Petersburg?\\nIn showing our full appreciation of such a kind and\\ngracious invitation, we were obliged to answer that\\nM. de C. s affairs, and especially his duty, called him\\nback to France.\\nThe emperor spoke of the malady of Louis XVIII.\\na malady sufficiently grave to cause anxiety for the\\nlife of the king. I hope, said Alexander, that in\\nany case a change of reign will not bring trouble into\\nFrance, and that Monsieur, who is loved, will know\\nhow to use the necessary firmness.\\nI showed the emperor a ring that my mother had\\nsent me. It had the head of Alexander engraved on\\na turquoise, and I said it was the most acceptable\\npresent she could have made me. The emperor\\nthanked me and said he was greatly indebted to my\\nmother, since the ring would serve to keep his mem-\\n283", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0307.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nory alive, and he begged me to remember him to my\\nmother.\\nWhen his Majesty got into his carriage again the\\ncrowd of people who filled the streets sent up those\\njoyous hurrahs which the presence of their dearly\\nloved sovereign always called forth. The emperor\\nwas about to undertake a two months journey of\\nseven thousand versts to visit the Ural mountains,\\nwhere a rich gold mine had been discovered. That\\npart of the empire was unknown to his Majesty, who\\nproposed to travel over all his States to judge for\\nhimself of the welfare of his subjects and of the means\\nof encouraging national industry, and to promote\\ncommerce by building new roads and channels of\\ncommunication.\\nThe day of the emperor s departure I had gone\\nearly into the park to look at the Tower of the\\nEquestrians. Soon I saw the emperor arrive from\\nthe other side. I hastened to take my portfolio and\\nmake my retreat, but his Majesty, having seen me,\\nfollowed me across the wood, saying that I ran so\\nfast he could hardly overtake me. I excused myself\\nfor having disturbed him. The emperor asked me\\nto guess what time he had gotten up that morning.\\nAt four o clock, said I. No, at half-past three,\\nsaid he. I am overwhelmed with work, continued\\nhe. Every year at this time I make a journey in\\nthe empire. Ah well Every year Yet, as if they\\nexpected to see me no more, everybody will make\\nhaste to finish his business with me. What a strange\\npresentiment! One year later at the same season\\nAlexander made another journey and he was seen\\nno more.\\n284", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0308.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nI asked the emperor, knowing that the wound in\\nhis leg was open again, if his health did not suffer\\nfrom such long journeys. No, he said, the season\\nis favorable for travelling in those countries, where\\nthere is no rain at this time of the year and only\\nslight frosts at night.\\nThen the emperor said that my business relating\\nto the loan was settled, and expressed his regret that\\nhe could not fulfil my other request. M. de C. s\\neldest son had been in the service of Russia since his\\nmost tender youth, or rather since his childhood, and\\nwished to obtain the place of aide-de-camp to his\\nMajesty, and had begged me to ask for it for him. I\\nhad it very much at heart to succeed in this affair, not\\nknowing how difficult it was, and I neglected nothing\\nthat could be done to bring about the desired result.\\nHis Majesty said I must answer you frankly, as\\nto a person whom I love and respect; it is impossible\\nfor me to give this young man, who has never seen\\none day of military duty, a position which is regarded\\nas the reward of long and active service.\\nI insisted on the eleven years which my step-son\\nhad served.\\nEleven years replied Alexander. What is\\nthat? There are many distinguished soldiers in\\nPoland who have served twenty years, and what\\nservice Men who have been much in war and who\\nhave been wounded apply for this place. I cannot,\\nthen, without injustice, give it to this young man.\\nPut yourself in my place as doing them this wrong.\\nI begged his Majesty to put himself for an instant\\nin mine, and to pardon me if I had made an importu-\\nnate demand.\\n285", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0309.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nNothing can be importunate on your part, he\\nreplied, and left me, promising me a visit at noon.\\nWhen he came he renewed his excuses for having\\nrefused me the favor in question. I seized the oppor-\\ntunity to beg him to remember the young man on\\nsome other occasion, speaking of his zeal in his Ma-\\njesty s service. The emperor asked me several ques-\\ntions on the subject which proved his real interest.\\nAlexander then made me some compliments about\\nmy writings. I told him of the little literary war\\nwhich I had waged for him a few years before, over\\na worthless work entitled The Recollections of a\\nFrench Prisoner. The story seemed to amuse him.\\nWhen Alexander was speaking of his journey, I\\nsaid that to make the tour through all his provinces\\nas far as Kamskatka would take more than a year,\\nand that the other day M. de C. and I had amused\\nourselves by making his Majesty take possession of\\nChina to round out his empire. Oh my empire\\nis already too round, and your idea is very impolitic,\\nsaid his Majesty. Russia is already only too large\\nthe great distances between the governments make\\ncommunication too slow; consequently governmental\\naction is often delayed and disturbed.\\nThe emperor then spoke of the revolution which\\nhad just broken out in Portugal. I permitted myself\\nto suggest that it was difficult not to attribute this\\nmovement to English policy. The emperor did not\\nreply, but he nodded his head approvingly.\\nDuring the conversation, my child, who was play-\\ning in the gallery, came every minute to open the\\ndoor of the salon, and then ran away as soon as I\\ncalled him. The emperor said the little chap was\\n286", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0310.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nanxious to see him out of the house, that he might\\nplay alone with his mamma. I went to fetch him,\\nand put him on the table near his Majesty, who\\nkissed him and advised me to let him develop\\nnaturally and never to try to constrain his natural\\ndisposition. Poor prince how he loved children,\\nand how happy he would have been if he could\\nhave kept his own The Empress Elizabeth had\\ntwo daughters, who died in their infancy.\\nI expressed my gratitude to the emperor for the\\nkindnesses which their Imperial Majesties had shown\\nme, and I acknowledged in them a new proof of his\\ngreat indulgence in my favor.\\nYou owe nothing except to yourself, replied his\\nMajesty. The empresses were already advanta-\\ngeously acquainted with you before they saw you.\\nI had an enormous pineapple on my table, which\\nthe emperor had sent me, who every day sent baskets\\nof fruit to the ladies of his acquaintance at Czarsko-\\nSelo. In speaking of the hot-houses and of the\\nespecial taste of the dowager empress for flowers, I\\nsaid that her Majesty also cultivated young plants\\nthat were even more interesting than the beautiful\\nflowers of her gardens. Alexander understood me\\nand replied that the establishments for the young\\nwhich had been founded by the empress had greatly\\ncorrected the morals and had done an enormous\\namount of good among all classes of the society of\\nSt. Petersburg. The emperor adored his mother,\\nand he had a most tender affection for all the\\nmembers of the imperial family, especially for his\\nbrothers, always trying to anticipate their slightest\\nwishes. He was adored by them also.\\n287", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0311.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nHis Majesty left me to go and dine at Pawlowsky\\nwith the empress-mother. In making his adieux he\\nsaid So you are going back to France when can\\nwe hope to see you again? You see that the journey\\nto St. Petersburg is nothing.\\nI answered, knowing that his Majesty proposed to\\ncome to Warsaw the following year, that I would do\\nmy best to come thither also and to have the honor\\nto do him homage. He seemed satisfied, for this\\nprince did not like to be separated from those people\\nin whom he was interested. This reminds me of\\nsomething he had said to me a few days before:\\nPeople always think when I go away that they will\\nnever see me again.\\nWhen I would have kissed his hand, at the moment\\nwhen he offered to take mine, he withdrew it quickly,\\nsaying that we were old friends enough to kiss\\neach other. I followed the emperor as far as the\\ngallery, expressing the wishes which I would never\\ncease to form for his happiness. At the word hap-\\npiness, and as if he did not believe in it, he made a\\nmotion whose sad expression struck my heart, and\\nwhich I shall never forget. He was gone, and I was\\nnever to see him again\\nI am certain, and many other people have made\\nthe same observation, that Alexander entertained\\nthe darkest presentiments for a long time before\\nhis death. It appears that he was particularly op-\\npressed with them before that last fatal journey to\\nTaganrog. It is said that he could not control his\\nfeelings on receiving the adieux of his family and the\\ncourt in leaving St. Petersburg he had the carriage\\nstop, and he turned to look once more on that\\n288", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0312.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nsuperb city. The melancholy expression of his\\ncountenance seemed to address a sad and last fare-\\nwell to that place which had seen his birth.\\nM. de C. and I attributed this sadness to a recent\\ngrief which his Majesty had suffered; he had just\\nlost his daughter, a daughter whom he had never\\nrecognized and who bore the name of her mother.\\nThis interesting young person was attacked by some\\nlung trouble and was brought from Paris to St.\\nPetersburg against the advice of the physicians, but\\nputting faith in certain magnetic charlatans who pre-\\ndicted long life, health, and marriage. Already dy-\\ning she was betrothed to Count C, who magnetized\\nher according to the orders of the clairvoyants at\\nParis and when the magnificent trousseau ordered in\\nParis arrived (it cost 400,000 francs) this interesting\\nchild was dead. The ornaments for the burial and\\nthe funeral crown of the virgin replaced the bridal\\nveil and the brilliant jewels which had been des-\\ntined for days of festivity.\\nThe emperor learned of this cruel event while at\\nthe parade. His face in an instant became deathly\\npale, but he had the courage not to interrupt the\\ndrill, and only let these words escape him I have\\nreceived the punishment for my sins.\\nAnd who consoled Alexander in this trouble?\\nWho wiped away his tears It was an angel it was\\nElizabeth. Unhappy at having lost her own children,\\nshe loved this young girl, and when, in her childhood\\nshe met her by chance, she pressed the child to her\\nbreast, and sadly sought in her childish features a\\nresemblance to him she loved.\\nThe emperor often went alone to the grave of his\\n19 289", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0313.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ndaughter, and had a monument raised to her memory\\nin the church of Saint Sergius at St. Petersburg.\\nOn the eve of his Majesty s departure General\\nHouvaroff brought me a beautiful diamond agraffe\\nfrom his august master. I said that, the emperor\\nhaving certainly forgotten that he had already made\\nme a present on the occasion of the christening, I\\nthought I ought not to accept this but the general\\nsaid that my refusal would displease the emperor. So\\nI dared not refuse.\\nThat day, before leaving Czarsko-Selo I obtained my\\nfarewell audience with the Empress Elizabeth. This\\nprincess received me with her accustomed gentleness\\nand grace. She knew how to combine the dignity of\\na sovereign and the refinement of a gifted woman in\\nher conversation. She spoke of the journey of the\\nemperor, saying, I hope travelling will do the em-\\nperor good. This interview was not so long as the\\npreceding one, a^ the empress was to receive the\\nministers and Alexander s retinue.\\nI trust, said she, that business or family affairs\\nwill soon bring you back to this country; and she\\ndeigned to add that she regretted to have me go.\\nWhen Elizabeth rose I begged her to drive me from\\nher presence, not having the courage to go myself.\\nI told her that the respectful attachment which I felt\\nfor her was a heritage which my Aunt Radzivil had left\\nme, and which I should preserve all my life. Eliza-\\nbeth expressed her sorrow at the loss of my aunt.\\nShe was good, so charming she said. Her Maj-\\nesty would not allow me to kiss her hand, although I\\nsaid I did it from attachment as much as out of re-\\nspect. She bade me kiss her cheek.\\n290", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0314.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nI did not expect to see her again, but in the morn-\\ning, an hour after the departure of the emperor, who\\nhad left Czarsko-Selo at 6 o clock, as I was walking\\nin the park with M. de C, we saw in the grand avenue\\na lady very lightly dressed in spite of the coolness of\\nthe morning, with a veil thrown over her head. She\\nwas accompanied by a woman whom we did not\\nrecognize. M. de C. said, It is the Empress Eliza-\\nbeth\\nWhat an idea I answered. You know that\\nshe never walks in the park at this hour.\\nI had hardly said these words when the lady com-\\ning toward us raised her veil, and I recognized the\\nempress. She addressed us in a few friendly words,\\nsaying to M. de C. that she was charmed with having\\nthe opportunity to say good-bye to him, and expressed\\na kind regret that we could not prolong our stay at\\nCzarsko-Selo.\\nIn speaking of the departure of the emperor she\\nsaid The weather to-day is at least endurable\\nyesterday the whole day it was too depressing. It\\nwas thought that the Empress Elizabeth had no\\nlonger any affection for Alexander. As for me I am\\npersuaded to the contrary. Some words which es-\\ncaped her, the sound of her voice when she spoke of\\nhim, proved to me that I was not deceived. Then the\\ndeath of Elizabeth has proved that she had not ceased\\nto love him, since she could not survive him, and her\\none hope and desire was to rejoin him whom she 3\\nmourned.\\n291", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0315.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nCHAPTER XXIX\\nTHIS last walk in the park at Czarsko-Selo was\\nfilled with sadness. Although the air was soft,\\nthe sky was overcast. This beautiful place which I\\nnever hoped to see again, seemed to have taken on\\na melancholy aspect since the departure of the em-\\nperor. The signs of approaching autumn are always\\nsad. Taking up a dead leaf which had just fallen, I\\nrecalled these lines of Delille\\nDe moment en moment la feuille sur la terre\\nInterrompt en tombant le reveur solitaire.\\nI have always kept that leaf in my book of souvenirs.\\nI was recalling with feelings of deepest gratitude the\\nmany proofs of interest and kindness which the Em-\\nperor Alexander had shown me during the twelve\\nyears that I had known him. As he had said, neither\\ntime nor absence had changed his feelings. This\\ngood and great prince, who owed me nothing, to\\nwhom I was nothing, had made me taste the sweetness\\nof his friendship. Invoking upon him all the bless-\\nings of heaven, I said to myself: This angel, who\\nknows so well how to sympathize in the sorrows of\\nothers (for there was never a family in affliction in\\n,St. Petersburg where he did not appear with words of\\npeace, consolation, and piety), this angel who made\\nthe happiness of all around him, is not happy him-\\nself. He was a father and cannot mourn for his\\ndaughter his daughter, the one hope of his old\\n292", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0316.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "Emp\\neror Alexander I.\\nage, still remote, but which will overtake him one\\nday. I was far from foreseeing that his career\\nwould be so short and that the end was so near, but\\nI was involuntarily troubled by the sadness of his last\\nfarewell.\\nThe day of our departure from Czarsko-Selo, hav-\\ning asked the empress-mother for a farewell audi-\\nence, she commanded me with M. de C. to dinner at\\nPawlowsky. A few minutes before assembling at her\\nMajesty s, I went to visit Princess Lieven, who had\\nbrought up the entire imperial family, whom she\\nadored, and of whom we conversed all the time we\\nwere together. I dare say our hearts were entirely\\nin unison at that time.\\nI followed the princess to the drawing-room, and\\nsoon, in the circle where I was placed, her Majesty\\naddressed me with words of kind reproach, saying it\\nwas very wrong of me to go away so soon. At din-\\nner, the empress complained of the weather, saying:\\nWhat an opinion Madame de Choiseul will have of\\nour climate If I had been near enough I would\\nhave taken the liberty of saying that, seeing the pro-\\nfusion of beautiful fruits and flowers that decorated\\nthe table, it was difficult not to imagine one s self under\\nthe softest of skies.\\nIn leaving the table, her Majesty called M. de C.\\nand me to her, and made us admire, through a large\\nwindow of one pane of glass, a charming view of the\\npark, which was laid out with great taste, and a cas-\\ncade falling over artificial rocks, ornamented with\\nruins. The water which falls from the height of these\\nrocks soon loses itself in a clear lake surrounded by\\na beautiful lawn, with groups of trees here and there,\\n293", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0317.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nbetween which vistas have been left showing the\\nchurch and the villages.\\nThe empress said to M. de C. Your father was\\nvery fond of this room and this view; he used to\\ncome here very often in the time of his late Majesty,\\nthe Emperor Paul. She pronounced these last\\nwords in a sorrowful tone, repeating them twice.\\nThis worthy princess preserved a pious and tender\\nremembrance of her unfortunate husband. Every\\nyear, on the anniversary of his death, she shut herself\\nin the monument where the ashes of this monarch are\\npreserved, there to pray and offer to God the sacrifice\\nof her tears.\\nHer Majesty then took the arm of Madame de\\nLieven, 1 and followed by the whole court passed into\\nthe library, which was in a newly constructed gallery,\\nperfectly lighted and containing glass bookcases\\nfilled with the most beautiful editions. Upon a long\\nmahogany table were a number of boxes and cases\\ncontaining drawings. I noticed under the windows\\nin glass-covered tables a collection of engraved stones,\\nand knowing that her Majesty possessed the talent, so\\nrare in her sex, of engraving on stone, I had a great\\ndesire (but I had not the courage) to ask if among the\\nantique chefs-d oeuvre there were no modern ones.\\n1 Dorothea, Princess Lieven, a Russian lady of German extrac-\\ntion, celebrated for her diplomatic talents. She was born in Riga,\\nand she died in Paris, Jan. 27, 1857. Her father, Christoph von\\nBendendorff, was of humble extraction but his daughter received\\na brilliant education, and at an early age married Christoph Lieven,\\nwho was successively ambassador to Prussia, ambassador to London,\\nand governor of the Czarowitz. She acquired great influence by her\\neminent social qualities and remarkable aptitude for public affairs.\\nAfter 1837 she resided in Paris, where her salon was frequented by\\nmany diplomatists and statesmen.\\n294", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0318.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nThe empress said that she was always pleased to\\nshow her library, which had just been fitted up. She\\ntold M. de C. that he would find there a work of his\\nfather s, the Voyage pittorcsque en Grhe, and then\\nsuddenly addressing me, and to my great confusion,\\nshe said that my two novels were there too, and that\\nshe was awaiting the third, which she had been told\\nwas commenced. I tried to excuse myself, but her\\nMajesty insisted, laughing with me at the distin-\\nguished honor which she said she accorded to my\\nhumble efforts.\\nHer Majesty then made us admire a superb collec-\\ntion of engravings of all kinds and some lithographs\\nfrom Wiirtemberg so beautiful and well done that\\nthe empress made me acknowledge their superiority\\nover the same process done in Paris. She showed\\nus also English engravings colored with a finish and\\nsoftness which approached the perfection of minia-\\nture painting. When the empress was about to retire\\nto her private apartments, as we were making our\\nmost humble adieux, her Majesty said kindly that\\nshe trusted we would carry away an agreeable\\nremembrance of Pawlowsky. I asked her Majesty to\\ngive me permission to visit the monuments of her\\nbeneficence at St. Petersburg. She deigned to con-\\nsent and promised to have orders sent that I should\\nbe received at St. Catherine s and at the monastery\\nof\\nThe activity of this princess in employing her time\\nis truly admirable. Except the hours which she\\ndevotes to the fine arts she is constantly busy in\\ndirecting her benevolent institutions and in keeping\\nherself informed of everything that concerns them.\\n295", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0319.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nBaroness Adalberg, the chief directress of the con-\\nvent, who possesses the entire confidence of her\\nMajesty, being ill, the empress went immediately to\\nthe convent and replaced her in all her duties until\\nshe recovered.\\nI commenced by visiting the institute for the\\ndaughters of the nobility at St. Catherine s. The\\nyoung girls, dressed elegantly but simply, some in\\nbrown, others in green, were in their classes, the\\nmasters and mistresses in their places they were\\nquestioned in turn in history, geography, the ele-\\nments of physics, rhetoric, and philosophy. I was\\nvery much amused on hearing a little girl of ten\\ntalk about Aristotle, and of the sublime. The method\\nadopted to teach these young people to exercise\\ntheir memories seemed to me to be excellent. All\\nthe examinations passed off marvellously. The use-\\nful occupations for women were not neglected.\\nThey showed me very beautiful needle-work done by\\nthe pupils. The dormitories and recreation rooms\\nwere scrupulously white and clean. I was present at\\nthe dinner, which was preceded by a prayer chanted\\nby these pure young voices, giving thanks to God\\nfor his gifts.\\nThe convent of is much larger than that of\\nSt. Catherine. The number of pupils, who are both\\nfrom noble and burgher families, rises as high as\\nfour hundred and sixty. Baroness Adalberg, al-\\nthough unwell, was so kind as to receive me and\\nhave the establishment shown me by an under-\\ndirectress. I was too late to hear the examinations,\\nbut I had a glance at the classes. I passed through\\na corridor which serves as a promenade in winter.\\n296", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0320.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nIt is a thousand steps long and is waxed. The\\nbuildings are handsome and well kept. From the\\nwindows there is a view of the Neva and the Summer\\nPalace.\\nWhile I was visiting the dormitories and the re-\\ncreation halls the pupils assembled in the dining-\\nroom. I was greatly struck by the sight of over four\\nhundred young girls, all dressed alike, standing at the\\ntables arranged in the form of a horseshoe in one\\nimmense vaulted hall. After grace all were seated,\\neach class presided over by a mistress.\\nSome of the dinner was brought me on a tray to\\ntaste. It consisted of a very good soup, small pas-\\nties, beef, and vegetables. As I passed along the\\ntables the young ladies rose politely; I begged the\\ndirectress to prevent them, but as I was leaving they\\nall rose again and made a curtsey. I returned to\\nMadam Adalberg to express my admiration, and she\\npromised to carry my homage to her Majesty.\\nThese young people adore the empress as a pro-\\ntecting deity. Her arrival is always a holiday at the\\nconvent. They throw themselves before her Majesty\\nand press around her like children about their mother\\nand so she is, occupying herself with all that can give\\nthem happiness in this world and in the next. I re-\\ngretted very much not having time to visit another\\ninstitution founded by the empress-mother for the\\npoor daughters of soldiers. They learn there read-\\ning, writing, arithmetic, and the different employ-\\nments of their sex, and when their education is\\nfinished means are given them to establish them-\\nselves in some occupation, or to marry, or they go\\nout to service.\\n297", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0321.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nAn endowment for the foundation of a hospital\\nfor invalid soldiers would be worthy of the grandeur\\nand munificence of the sovereign of Russia, and of\\nthe military glory of so powerful an empire; unfor-\\ntunately, the funds necessary for such an establish-\\nment have not yet been raised.\\n298", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0322.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nCHAPTER XXX\\nTWO months had passed since I left St. Peters-\\nburg. Alexander had returned to his capital,\\nsatisfied with his journey and happy to find himself\\nagain in the bosom of his family. At this time that\\ngreat disaster, the inundation at St. Petersburg, oc-\\ncurred. The waters of the Neva, driven back by the\\nwaves of the sea and a strong wind, broke from their\\nbed with such violence that in an instant a part of\\nthe city was inundated, before any one could prevent\\nor arrest the overflow, or even hear, in the midst of\\nthe hurricane and the noise of the waters, the cannon\\nwhich was fired from the fortress to warn the inhabi-\\ntants to be on their guard.\\nPeople were surprised in the midst of their occu-\\npations by an enemy which they were unable to re-\\nsist; the laborer at his work, the merchant in his\\nshop, and the sentinel at his post; a number of\\npersons driving about the town on business became\\nvictims of the tempestuous flood. The first stories of\\nthe houses were submerged and in a few hours the\\nwater rose in some parts of the town to the height\\nof seventeen feet. The court quarter, by its nearness\\nto the river, was the most exposed, and the imperial\\nyacht was ready to receive the emperor, who with\\nthe royal family had taken refuge in the most ele-\\nvated part of the palace, where he was forced to con-\\n299", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0323.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\ntemplate the disasters of his people, whom he would\\nhave been willing to save at the expense of his own\\nlife.\\nRow-boats traversed the streets of the city and\\npicked up many unfortunates who were being\\ndrowned in trying to reach their homes. A senti-\\nnel was carried in his sentry-box by the current as\\nfar as the Winter Palace. Seeing his sovereign at\\nthe window, the poor soldier, who even at the ap-\\nproach of death could not be made to forget military\\ndiscipline, presented arms. They succeeded in rescu-\\ning him. A funeral cross was transported by the\\nforce of the waters from a cemetery on the other side\\nof the river and deposited opposite the palace. This\\nwas regarded by some as a fatal omen.\\nAs soon as the flood had abated, the emperor has-\\ntened to visit the places devastated by the inundation,\\nand to provide for the most pressing needs of the\\npeople, whose distress was extreme at first. Salt\\nsold for twenty-five francs a pound. The wise meas-\\nures of the emperor, whose sympathies were not\\nconfined to the tears which the sight of this terrible\\ndisaster had drawn from him, soon restored order\\nand tranquillity and effaced every trace of a mis-\\nfortune as unexpected as it was terrible.\\nI returned to France that same year before the\\ncoronation of Charles X. There I received letters\\nfrom my mother telling me that Warsaw was again\\nrejoicing in the presence of her sovereign. Alex-\\nander was so good as to go to see her, who thanked\\nhim for all the kindnesses which he had lavished\\nupon me during my stay at St. Petersburg. The\\n300", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0324.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I\\nemperor kindly inquired if my health had not suf-\\nfered from the climate. He spoke to her also of her\\ngrandson, and said that the child was pretty, and that\\nhe had behaved very well during the christening.\\nMy mother took the opportunity to give his\\nMajesty one of my letters to read, in which I related\\na very good answer of the child. Some one having\\nasked him on his return to France, Your godfather\\nis very handsome, isn t he? And good, an-\\nswered the child without hesitation. The emperor\\nsaid he was too old to be handsome and the child s\\nword was much better.\\nIn speaking to my mother of the Princess of\\nLowitch, the emperor said She is an angel, and has\\na character which one seldom finds. My brother is\\nvery fortunate. On the birthday of his Imperial\\nHighness the Grand Duke Constantine, the emperor\\ngave the princess the grand order of St. Catherine.\\nHe invested her in it himself and begged her to sur-\\nprise her august spouse in that decoration. On the\\nprincess s birthday he presented her with a magnif-\\nicent necklace of pearls.\\nThe emperor s health seemed as perfect as in his\\nbest years on this last journey to Warsaw, that is to\\nsay, in the month of June, 1825. He had never\\nshown himself so gracious to the Poles. He seemed\\nto want to outdo himself in kindness. He was satis-\\nfied with everything he saw, the improvements of the\\ntown, the works undertaken by the government, and\\nwas astonished that with so little money they had\\nestablished several manufactures, made a public\\nroad, etc. He praised, thanked, distributed bene-\\n301", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0325.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nfits, accorded favors, and inquired into the needs of\\nevery one.\\nIn passing through Lithuania the emperor stopped\\nat Towiany, where he showed marked kindness to the\\nPrincess Constantine R. and her husband, who had\\nbecome proprietors of that estate at the death of\\ntheir aunt, whose loss the emperor seemed to feel\\nvery sensibly. He was also so kind as to remember\\nhaving seen me at Towiany.\\nThe health of the Empress Elizabeth, which had\\nfor some time been delicate, decided that fatal jour-\\nney to Taganrog. It is difficult to understand how\\nand why the physicians judged the climate of that\\ntown, situated on the sea-coast and exposed in winter\\nto very cold winds, favorable for a disease of the\\nlungs. Redoubling his solitude for a life which\\nseemed to grow dear when it was menaced, the\\nemperor accompanied his august spouse to Tagan-\\nrog, and there, at the very extremity of their empire,\\ninexorable death waited to strike with one blow its\\ntwo august victims.\\nAlexander, being reassured by a temporary ameli-\\noration in the health of the empress, undertook a\\njourney to Palus-Meotides. Attacked by deep mel-\\nancholy, he spoke often of returning to Taganrog,\\nwhose situation had pleased him. He refused the\\ntreatment of his English physician Wylie, complain-\\ning only of frightful nervousness. Alas, it was the\\nend He died for not having punished his rebel-\\nlious and ungrateful subjects whose horrible designs\\nhe knew. While all about him reposed upon the\\nfaith of a fictitious tranquillity, ignoring the dangers\\n302", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0326.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I,\\n:hat menaced Russia and their sovereign, he suc-\\n;umbed under the weight of that terrible mystery, in\\n:he excess of his pain and the violence of his anguish\\netting only these words escape him Oh, the un-\\ngrateful monsters I wished only their welfare\\n^.fter his death a search was made among the\\nDapers of the emperor, and there the plot was dis-\\n;overed.\\nIt was too late. The blow had been dealt. The\\nperfidy of the conspirators and their mad ingratitude\\nlad served them better, perhaps, than their parri-\\n:idal dagger would have done. The rage of the\\nassassins was disappointed. He was no more\\nGlory, honor, power, grace, amiability, angelic good-\\nness, death, merciless death had consumed them\\nall, had destroyed all\\nAlexander left life without a regret. Could he\\nlove it any longer? His last words after attending\\nto the duties of religion with a resignation inspired by\\ntrue piety and a pure conscience his last words, in\\nasking to see the heaven which seemed already open-\\ning for him, show the calmness of his last moments.\\nWhat a beautiful day said he when they had\\nraised the window blinds. Yes, without doubt it was\\na beautiful day, as it was to bring him eternal happi-\\nness and immortal glory. But it was terrible for\\nthose who were condemned to survive him, for the\\nunfortunate and unhappy Elizabeth, whose only hope,\\nafter having received the last sigh, the last look of\\nher husband, was to follow him to the tomb and re-\\njoin him in heaven. She wrote Our angel is in\\nheaven, and I I vegetate still a little longer on the\\n303", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0327.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nearth but I have the hope to be soon reunited to\\nhim.\\nThis was heart-rending news for a mother, and only\\nreligious faith can help one to bear with fortitude\\nsuch a loss and such a grief. The first letter of the\\nEmpress Elizabeth had been so reassuring, the poor\\nmother, filled with confidence and joy, had gone on\\nfoot to church to offer thanks to the All-Powerful, who\\nseemed at last to lend an ear to the petitions of fifty\\nmillions of people, who in their prayers had asked\\nHim to give them back their sovereign, their father.\\nAll St. Petersburg, wild with joy at the arrival of the\\ncourier who brought the glad message, and retaining\\nby heart each touching word of the beloved empress s\\nletter, went in crowds to the churches. The Te Deum\\nwas not finished when the Grand Duke Nicholas re-\\nceived the last and fatal news.\\nHe returned, to the church, where every one was\\nstruck by the sudden change in his countenance.\\nNot wishing or not being able to strike his mother s\\nheart with such a terrible blow, he thought that relig-\\nion alone could soften its sharpness. Immediately\\nthe priest advanced toward the empress, bearing in\\ntrembling hands the crucifix covered with a black\\nveil. By the slow and solemn step and by the univer-\\nsal sign of grief, the unhappy mother knew what was\\nin reserve for her, and like the divine Mother she fell\\nat the foot of the cross.\\nWhat a heart-rending scene The interior of the\\nsuperb church of Kazan, glittering with gold and\\nlights, the priest at the altar in his rich robes, whose\\nevery feature expressed a grief too deep for words\\n3\u00c2\u00b04", "height": "2975", "width": "1715", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0328.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "Emp\\neror Alexander I.\\nthat tender mother, showing in her countenance the\\nsudden change from joy to sorrow the Grand Duke\\nNicholas divided between the feelings which over-\\nwhelmed him and his anxiety for his beloved mother;\\nthe croups of assistants whose faces expressed a mix-\\nture of doubt, hope, and fear; the mysterious light of\\nthe chapel blending with the melancholy brilliancy of\\nthe candles and lamps all this joyous service changed\\nto a mournful sacrifice; what a subject for another\\nRaphael What material from which to create a\\nmasterpiece\\nEurope learned at the same time of the illness and\\ndeath of that generous prince who had given her\\npeace and repose. There was mourning in every\\nland. The nations were moved in learning that their\\nfriend and liberator was no more the courts put on\\ntrue mourning. The Emperor of Austria, on hearing\\nof the death of Alexander, his faithful ally, exclaimed\\nin an emotion of deep grief which honored himself as\\nmuch as him whose loss he deplored, Alas, I have\\nlost my best friend Touching words in the mouth\\nof a sovereign, and expressive of deep sorrow.\\nAt the Russian embassy in Paris they were prepar-\\ning for a festival in honor of the emperor s birth-\\nday. It was changed to funeral honors. I will not\\nattempt to describe what I felt at this overwhelming\\nevent. There are griefs which only religion can\\ncalm or assuage. I heard of it without preparation,\\nby a letter which was sent me from Paris to the\\ncountry, where we were staying.\\nI had no sooner glanced at the letter than I gave a\\nloud cry. M. de C, much astonished, asked me what\\n20 305", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0329.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "Historical Memoirs of the\\nit was. Sobbing I told him, saying that it could not be\\ntrue. He ran to the newspaper, which he had not yet\\nopened, and came back with tears in his eyes. It\\nwas no longer possible to doubt our misfortune.\\nEven my child felt it. M. de C-, placing his hand on\\nthe head of his son, said, Poor child, he does not\\nyet know what he has lost My Alexander, lifting\\nhis head sadly, said, I have lost my godfather.\\nEach day confirmed the heart-rending news by more\\nsinister details, details which filled the soul with indig-\\nnation and horror. The opinion generally admitted,\\nthat that beautiful life had not been cut short by other\\nhands than those of Providence, was my first conso-\\nlation. Still I was constantly obliged to hear these\\nsad words: The Emperor Alexander died at Tag-\\nanrog and to see them written everywhere. They\\npursued me night and day: but my heart, my im-\\nagination, everything in me refused even this evi-\\ndence, and I saw him as I had seen him the last time,\\nin all his goodness and gentleness. Instead of avoid-\\ning these sad details which the newspapers offered\\ndaily, I read them eagerly. I delighted in this\\nuniversal mourning, in these heart-rending regrets\\nwhich found an echo in my own heart. I loved to\\nsee my sadness shared by the inhabitants of Cham-\\npagne which Alexander had entered as conqueror.\\nThere was not one poor wine-grower in the environs\\nof Epernay or Les Vertus, who did not exclaim when\\nhe heard of the death of Alexander, Ah what a\\nmisfortune He saved France A peasant said\\nto me one day, Alas madame, he was as good as\\nhe was handsome\\n306", "height": "2927", "width": "1720", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0330.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "Emperor Alexander I.\\nRussia and Poland were filled with grief and cov-\\nered with mourning. Woe be to those who did not\\ncarry it in their hearts, and eternal shame be upon\\nthose who dared deny the fidelity which they had\\nsworn to Alexander\\nBut we will turn from these dark thoughts, and\\nbehold rather how the august heirs of the virtues and\\npower of Alexander give a unique example to the\\nworld. Brothers have been seen, sword in hand,\\nfighting over the bloody heritage of their father; but\\nin the noble contest between Constantine and Nicho-\\nlas one sees only disinterestedness, greatness of soul,\\nand generosity. It is well known that, regarding\\nherself as an obstacle to the great destinies of her\\naugust husband, the Princess Lowitch threw herself\\nat Constantine s feet and implored him to forget that\\nshe had ever existed, and to fulfil the destiny that\\nawaited him by accepting the crown to which his\\nbirth entitled him. But Constantine was guided by\\nhis love for her, and the word he had given a dearly\\nloved and venerated brother.\\nNotwithstanding his virtuous resistance, Nicholas\\nascended this desolate throne, where such difficult\\nemergencies were reserved for his wisdom. God has\\nsupported him in the midst of many difficulties may\\nHe sustain him always. If the Emperor Alexander\\nhas merited the surname of the Good, let us hope\\nthat his august follower, in imitation of that prince of\\nimmortal memory, in making his name and power\\nrespected, in preferring the love of his subjects to\\nvainglory and renown, may receive one day from his\\n:ontemporaries and from posterity the surname of\\n3\u00c2\u00b07", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0331.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "Memoirs of Alexander I.\\nthe Irreproachable, a beautiful title, which not only-\\nfew sovereigns, but few men in private life have ever\\nbeen able to merit.\\nI have endeavored in this modest sketch to paint\\nAlexander from life. I shall be only too happy if\\nthose who had the good fortune to know him, to\\napproach him, to love him, and to be devoted to\\nhim, here recognize a few traits of this grand and\\nbeautiful model, so worthy of a better pen and greater\\ntalent.\\n308", "height": "2927", "width": "1720", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0332.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "Index\\nAbdication, Pahlen proposes Paul s,\\n31; Napoleon s, 172,204.\\nAdalberg, Baroness, 296.\\nAdmiralty, The, St. Petersburg, 262.\\nAgriculture, fostered by Alexander,\\n47, 274.\\nAlexander I., Emperor of Russia\\nfriendship for the author, vi; sacri-\\nfices Russian interests by Treaty of\\nTilsit, vi, 60 kept constantly be-\\nfore us, xii; in front rank of celeb-\\nrities, xiii conduct of, at time of\\nassassination of Paul, xiii, 31 tragic\\ndeath veiled by the author, xiii; im-\\nperfect view of, xv birth of, 23\\nLa Harpe tutor of, 24 loved to\\nstudy, 25 solicitude of Catherine II.\\nfor, 25 love for his bride, 26 in-\\nfluence over Paul, 27 besought by\\nPahlen to accept regency, 34-37\\nwarned by Princess Gazarin, 38\\nhorror at the deed of the conspira-\\ntors, 44 trying position at first as\\nczar, 43 acts of justice mark acces-\\nsion to the throne, 46 love of mili-\\ntary details, 47 reply to Mme. de\\nStael, 4S genius of, and destiny of,\\n4S example of the sympathy of,\\n49; first visit to Vilna, 49; his cus-\\ntoms when travelling, 50 war made\\nnot for conquest, 51; sends Markoff\\nto Paris, 52; demands reparation\\nfor murder of D Enghien, 53 ap-\\npoints Kotousoff to command of\\ntroops, 53 arrival at Czartoryski s,\\n55 declines order of St. George, 56\\nrefuses to ratify treaty made by\\nOubril, 56; befriends Queen Louisa,\\n56 interview with Bonaparte 5S\\nreceives King and Queen of Prussia\\n309\\nat his Court, 60-62 Mme. Narish-\\nkin and, 61; Napoleon seeks a\\nsecond interview with, 62, 63 re-\\nnounces the Continental System,\\n64 second visit to Vilna, 66 termi-\\nnates conquest of Finland, 66 daily\\nroutine of, 68; visits Count Mori-\\nconi, 6S gallantry of, 71, jt,; arrival\\nat Towiany, y^ praises attainments\\nof the Poles, 76; departure from\\nTowiany, 80; reverence for holy\\nthings, 82; personal description of,\\nS2; portrait of, by Gerard, 83, 138;\\nbust of, by Thorwaldsen, 83; re-\\nceives Count Narbonne, S4; ap-\\npoints the author lady of honor, 86;\\ncalls on the author at Vilna, Sy\\npurchases Zakret, 88 comments on\\nEuropean affairs, 89 remark of,\\nmisinterpreted by the Poles, 90 at\\nball at Zakret, 92 learns that the\\nFrench had crossed the Niemen,\\n94; leaves Vilna, 94; rejects pro-\\nposal to devastate Lithuania, 97\\nsends Balacheff to Napoleon, 102;\\ncriticism of, by Napoleon, 104; cor-\\ndial reception at Warsaw, 113 en-\\ntrusts command of the army to De\\nTolly, 114; goes to St. Peters-\\nburg, 114; tactics of, criticised by\\nNapoleon, 115; forbids imperial\\nfamily to leave the Capital, 116;\\nreturns to Vilna, 131 exonerates the\\nLithuanians, 132, 143; outlines his\\nwar policy, 133; criticises Napo-\\nleon s treatment of his courtiers,\\n136 appreciation of Voltaire, 139\\nastonishment at rashness of French\\ninvasion, 139 fidelity of Ilia to,\\n142 decorates Kotousoff, 144; visits\\nhospitals at Vilna, 146; anxious to", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0333.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "Index\\nhasten end of the war, 149; praises\\ncharacter of Moreau, 149 Talley-\\nrand and, at Erfurt, 150 commends\\nconduct of Oudinot, 152; mentions\\ndefects in modern education, 152;\\nMadame Kriidener and, 152; re-\\njects all reports derogatory to his\\nsubjects, 154; protects the estate of\\nthe author s father, 159; conduct\\nof, in the German campaign, 161\\nproclamation to his troops on enter-\\ning France, 163 induces the allies\\nto march upon Paris, 164; receives\\nthe aldermen of Paris, 166 enters\\nParis, 166 receives a deputation\\nfrom the French Senate, 168\\ngives assurances of his friendship\\nfor France, 169 declares the French\\nsoldiers free, 1 70 friendship for Jo-\\nsephine, 171 the guest of Talley-\\nrand, 171 insists with the allies on\\nfavorable terms for Napoleon, 1 72\\ncompels France to pay Lithuanian\\nsoldiers, 174; grants an audience to\\nthe French Institute, 174; visits\\nthe Hotel des Invalides, 175; re-\\nsponds to address by Chaptal, 176;\\nreceives a medal, 177; visits the\\nInstitution of itcouen, 177; honors\\nthe memory of La Harpe, 177; bust\\nof, made by French artists, 178;\\nvisits Louis XVIII., 179; visits\\nEngland, 181 honored by Oxford,\\n183; visits Blenheim, 184; visits\\nSaardam, 184; joins the empress,\\n184; letter to Wiazmintoff, 184;\\nincidents of his journey homewards,\\n1S5 declines title of Blessed, 189;\\ntakes steps to advance the welfare\\nof Russia, 190 journey to Vienna,\\n193 declared King of Poland, 196\\nletter to Ostrowski, 196 aware of\\nTalleyrand s duplicity, 199 reluc-\\ntant to again go to war for France,\\n200 delays his return to Paris, 201\\naddresses his troops, 201 welcomed\\nby the inhabitants of Champagne,\\n202; advice ignored and works of\\nart dispersed, 203 encourages emi-\\ngration to the Crimea, 203 crowned\\nKing of Poland, 206; gives Poland\\na new Constitution, 207 festivities\\nat Warsaw, 209; arrives at Vilna,\\n211; difficulties placed in his way\\nat Vienna, 212; compares Paris\\nand London, 213 arrives at Tow-\\niany, 215; prediction concerning\\nNapoleon, 216; his acts of disci-\\npline, 220 returns to Warsaw, 221\\ncommends the Polish army, 235-;\\nsolicitude for the author s future,\\n236 virtuous conduct assures a\\nnoble career, 237; habits of indus-\\ntry of, 238; consents to the author s\\nmarriage, 239; letter of congratula-\\ntion to the author, 240; opinion of\\nthe liberal party in France, 243;\\nwrites a letter in the author s be-\\nhalf, 247; fails to champion Greece,\\n249; lack of enthusiasm for, at\\nVilna, 249; calls on the author,\\n249-256; discusses French politics,\\n251 retains his youthful appearance,\\n255; attends the Congress of Ve-\\nrona, 256 falls dangerously ill, 259\\nreturns to Czarsko-Selo, 263 greets\\nthe author, 269 insists on being\\nher host, 270; agricultural tastes\\nof, 274 habit of life at Czarsko-\\nSelo, 276 is godfather to the\\nauthor s son, 282 solicitude for the\\nhealth of Louis XVIII., 283 starts\\nfor the Ural Mountains, 284 death\\nof his daughter, 289 silent suffer-\\nings of, 292 returns to St. Peters-\\nburg, 299; again visits Warsaw,\\n300; satisfaction with Poland, 301;\\ndeath at Taganrog, 302; grief of\\nthe Emperor of Austria at the\\ndeath of, 305 author s tribute to,\\n306 popularity of, in France,\\n306.\\nAlexander, Palace of, 270.\\nAlexandra, Grand Duchess, 279.\\nAlexis Petrowitz, foot-note on, 35.\\nAnecdotes Empress Catherine and\\nthe German princes, 26 M. Choi-\\nseul and Pahlen, 28; Paul and\\nPahlen, 32 Mme. de Stael and\\nAlexander, 48 burghers of Vilna\\nand Alexander, 49 Mr. Theodore\\nand Alexander, 50, 51; Alexander\\nIO", "height": "2927", "width": "1720", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0334.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "Index\\nat Austerlitz, 54 Alexander at\\nCzartoryski s, 55 Alexander and\\nNapoleon, 5S Alexander at Willa-\\nnow, 70 Tolstoi and Alexander,\\n74 Napoleon and Caulincourt, 119\\nAlexander and Ilia, 142 Alexander\\nand the Spanish prisoners, 147\\nAlexander and a soldier, 14S Alex-\\nander and a petitioner, 1S5-1S7\\nAlexander and Mme. de Radzivil,\\n226, 231.\\nAngouleme, Due d foot-note on,\\n25S.\\nArnault, literary genius of, 160.\\nArmfeldt, Gustav M., Commander of\\nFinland, 71.\\nArmidowska, name given Mme. de\\nRadzivil, 226.\\nArmy, Austrian at Dresden, 161.\\nArmy, French, victorious at Jena,\\n56 held in check by Bennigsen, 56\\noccupies Warsaw, 57; crosses the\\nNiemen, 94 enters Vilna, 96 com-\\nposition of, 97 behavior of, 98,\\n109; apparent destination of, 116\\nrecruits from Lithuania, 117; dis-\\norder of, on retreat, 120; suffering\\nof, 122, 126 declared to be free,\\n170; absence of discipline in, 212.\\nArmy, Russian, alienated by Paul, 27;\\nhails Alexander as czar, 43 con-\\nspiracy had stronghold in, 45 im-\\nproved spirit of, 46; owes its fine\\nbearing to Alexander, 47 under\\nBennigsen checks French advance,\\n56 assembles in Lithuania, 66\\nevacuates Vilna, 94, 96 retakes\\nVilna, 123; occupies Warsaw, 159;\\nvigorous discipline in the, 173;\\nassemble at Les Vertus, 201.\\nArt and literature render homage to\\nAlexander, 46.\\nArtois, Count of, see Charles X.\\nAusterlitz, lost by non-arrival of Ben-\\nnigsen, 54.\\nAustria, declares war against France,\\n53 Talleyrand makes treaty with,\\n199.\\nAustria, Emperor of, criticised by Na-\\npoleon, 105; birthday of, 195; con-\\ngratulates Alexander on Russian\\n3 1\\narmy, 202; grief at death of Alex-\\nander, 305.\\nB.\\nBaden, D Enghien murdered in, 53.\\nBalacheff, General, sent by Alexander\\nto Napoleon, 102, 132.\\nBarthelemy, Marie, foot-note on, 252.\\nBassano, Duke of, see Maret.\\nBeauharnais, Eugene de, Alexander s\\ninterest in, 171.\\nBennigsen, Count Levin, respectfully\\nopposes Empress Marie, 41 urges\\nhomage be paid to Alexander, 42\\nprevails on Alexander to ascend the\\nthrone, 43 responsibility for loss\\nof Austerlitz, 54 checks the French\\nadvance, 56 sells Zakret to the\\nemperor, 88.\\nBennigsen, Mme., 93.\\nBerlin, captured by the French, 56\\nNicholas s wedding at, 206.\\nBernadotte, Marshal, friendly rela-\\ntions with Alexander, 66 advises\\nAlexander not to give Napoleon\\nbattle, 114.\\nBerri, Due de, tragic death of, 243.\\nBerri, Duchesse de, courage of, 243.\\nBlenheim, visited by Alexander, 184.\\nBonaparte, Prince Jerome, suggested\\nfor King of Poland, 100; mistakes\\nmade by, harass Napoleon, 100.\\nBonaparte, Lucien, 149.\\nBorgo, Carlo di, foot-note on, 197.\\nBourbons, Napoleon s duty to the, 51;\\ndispersed by Napoleon, 199; Alex-\\nander marches to the relief of, 200.\\nC.\\nCambyses, Napoleon compared to,\\n1 18.\\nCastelbajac, Viscount de, see Bar-\\nthelemy.\\nCatherine II., Alexander s affection\\nfor, 23 strong will of, 24 solici-\\ntude for Alexander, 25 Zouboff a\\nfavorite of, 30; effects of prodigal\\ngenerosity of, 47 sends Markoff to\\nTurkey, 52; lack of interest in pub-\\nlic affairs during reign of, 133.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0335.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "Ind\\nex\\nCatherine, Grand Duchess, asked in\\nmarriage by Napoleon, 63; visits\\nLondon, 182 visits Oxford, 183\\nvisits Vienna, 195.\\nCaulincourt, serves Napoleon, no;\\nreturns with Napoleon to Paris, 119\\nattentions demanded by Napoleon of,\\n136.\\nCayla, Countess of, favorite of Louis\\nXVIIL, 254.\\nChampagne, inhabitants of, welcome\\nAlexander, 202 grief for the death\\nof, 306.\\nChapelle, Antoine, foot-note on, 121.\\nChaptal, M., delivers address to Alex-\\nander, 176.\\nCharles, Archduke, absence of army\\nof, at Austerlitz, 53.\\nCharles X. arrives in Paris, 178 es-\\nteemed by Alexander, 243.\\nCharles XII., Napoleon refers to, 115.\\nChateaubriand, M. de his appreciation\\nof Alexander, 256; retirement of,\\n281.\\nChoiseul-Gouffier, Comte, sketch of\\nthe life of, vii; banished from St.\\nPetersburg, 28 Empress Marie s\\nremembrance of, 294, 295.\\nChoiseul-Gouffier, M. de, marriage\\nwith the author, vii interview with\\nPahlen, 28 asks imperial consent\\nto his marriage, 239 detained in\\nFrance by his duties, 250; visits St\\nPetersburg, 260; obtains an audi-\\nence with Alexander, 281.\\nChoiseul-Gouffier, Comtesse, early life\\nof, v meets the czar, vi, 69 mar-\\nriage of, vii history of her book, viii,\\nix; a Polish author, xii; compared\\nto M. de La Cases, xii; book of,\\npopular, xiii; grief at death of\\nAlexander, xv, 305 personal recol-\\nlections of Alexander begin, 67;\\noffended with him, 67 reason for\\nwriting her memoirs, 81 descrip-\\ntion of the emperor, 82; appointed\\nlady of honor, 86 attends a grand\\nservice of the Greek Church, 86\\nreceives a message from Tolstoi,\\n87; receives the emperor at Vilna,\\n87, 131-142, 147-156, 211-214,\\n31\\n249; courtesies to the author at\\nZakret, 93 distressed by the French,\\n99; dislike of the French army,\\n101 presented to Napoleon, 107\\ndescribes Napoleon s appearance,\\n109, 135 meets him near Zakret,\\n112; remains in Vilna after family\\njoin the French army, 123 applies\\nto Czaplic for protection, 123 con-\\nduct of, praised, 124 rumored flight\\nof, 124 experiences with the French\\nrefugees, 127; hatred of Napoleon,\\n130 joy at arrival of Alexander, 131\\nattends ball at Kotousoff s, 143;\\nsends letter by him to her father, 145\\nthreatened confiscation of estates of,\\n150; intrusts letter to her father to\\nTolstoi, 155 appeals to Alexander\\nto protect her estates, 155 departs\\nfor the country, 158; receives order\\nfrom Alexander protecting estates,\\n159; prayer offered in Alexander s\\nbehalf, 205 anxiety for his safety,\\n210 begins her journal, 213 goes to\\nTowiany, 215 indisposition of,\\n218 visits Warsaw, 221, 242 in-\\nterview with Alexander, 222, 223-\\n228 guest of M. de Novosiltzoff,\\n230 meets Alexander at Potocki s\\n233 receives him, 235 solicits a\\nplace for Gunther, 236 marriage\\nof, decided upon, 239 receives a\\nletter of congratulation from Alex-\\nander, 240 desires an official posi-\\ntion for her husband, 241 asks\\nemperor s aid, 246 hopes for\\nGreece, 248 arrangements for bap-\\ntism of her son, 250 rapid journey\\nfrom Paris to Vilna, 255 visits St.\\nPetersburg, 260; goes to Czarsko-\\nSelo, 267 sad reflections of, 268\\nunexpected meeting with Alexander,\\n269 accepts his hospitality, 270\\npresents her son to him, 272\\nopinion of Parisian society, 273\\nmeets Empress Elizabeth, 277;\\nmeets the Empress Marie, 279;\\ndescription of imperial yacht, 281\\nbaptism of her son, 282; accounts\\nfor emperor s sadness, 289; fare-\\nwell audience with Empress Eliza-", "height": "2927", "width": "1720", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0336.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "Index\\nbeth, 290; parting gift from Alex-\\nander, 290 accidental meeting with\\nthe Empress, 291 sympathy for\\nAlexander, 292 farewell audience\\nwith Empress Marie, 293 visits her\\nbenevolent institutions, 296, 297\\nreturns to Paris, 300 tribute to\\nAlexander, 306, 307.\\nClarence, Duke of, 181.\\nCommerce protected by Alexander, 47.\\nConde, Princesse de, and Henri IV.,\\n62.\\nConde, Prince de, foot-note on, 179.\\nCongress of Vienna, attitude on learn-\\ning of Napoleon s escape from Elba,\\nxiii sessions of, 195.\\nCongress of Verona, 256.\\nConspiracy, against Paul, 29-41\\nrevealed by anonymous letter, 32\\nsuccess of, 41 against Alexander,\\n210, 302, 303.\\nConspirators, fear Alexander s wrath,\\n43; exiled to the provinces, 44.\\nConstant, Benjamin, 252.\\nConstant, Private Life of Napo-\\nleon, quoted, 115, 135.\\nConstantine, Grand Duke, suspicion\\nof Paul against, 33 urges Alex-\\nander to become emperor, 42 pre-\\nsented to Napoleon, 58 occupies\\nComte Tisenhaus s house, 67; en-\\nters Paris, 166; at Warsaw, 223;\\nmarriage of, 245 at Vilna, 256\\ncountry residence of, 260 Alex-\\nander decorates his wife, 301 de-\\nclines the succession, 307.\\nConstituiionnel, influence of the, 273.\\nContinental system, enforced by Na-\\npoleon, 60 renounced by Alexan-\\nder, 64 effects on Russia, 65.\\nConvent of 296.\\nCossacks, approach Vilna, 118; enter\\nVilna, 123 pillagings of, 12S com-\\npelled to disgorge, 129.\\nCotchubey, Count, 86.\\nCoucy, Eugenie de, foot-note on,\\n11S.\\nCountry residences, near St. Peters-\\nburg, beauty of, 260.\\nCzaplic, General, first Russian to re-\\nenter Vilna, 123.\\n31\\nCzarsko-S61o, Alexander s illness at,\\n259 author arrives at, 267 de-\\nscription of park of, 274.\\nCzartoryska, Princess Isabella, foot-\\nnote on, 193.\\nCzartoryski, Prince Constantine, 55.\\nCzernischeff, M,, aide-de-camp to\\nAlexander, 71 visits Louis X VIII.\\nwith him, 179.\\nD.\\nD Alemeert, 138.\\ndatcka, 260, 261.\\nDavid, portrait of Napoleon by, 109.\\nDavoust, Louis, foot-note on, 101.\\nDecazes, M., influence on Louis\\nXVIII., 243.\\nDeclaration of war by Austria and\\nRussia against France, 53.\\nDelitte, quoted, 292.\\nDe Stael, Mine, see Stael, Mme. de.\\nDiderot, 138.\\nDumas, M., quotes this work, viii.\\nDuplessis, Armand, note on, 121\\nAlexander s appreciation of, 251.\\nE.\\nEducation, defects of modern, 152.\\nEkaterinoslaf Garden, 263.\\nElba, Island of, escape of Napoleon\\nfrom, xiii, 19S his banishment to,\\n172.\\nElizabeth of Baden chosen to be Grand\\nDuchess, 26; suffers from Alex-\\nander s infidelity, 61 meets him at\\nBrussels, 184 life at Czarsko-Selo,\\n276, 27S; author s interview with,\\n277 opinion of Walter Scott s\\nnovels, 277 kindness to the Emper-\\nor s daughter, 289; author s fare-\\nwell audience with, 290 affection\\nfor Alexander, 291 goes to Tagan-\\nrog, 302 grief at Alexander s\\ndeath, 303.\\nEmigrant, Napoleon s interview with\\na French, 103.\\nEnghien, Due d murder of, 53.\\nEngland, Alexander sends Markoff\\nto maintain friendly relations with,\\n52 broke treaty of Amiens, 52", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0337.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "Index\\nNapoleon enforces the Continental\\nSystem against, 60; not dependent\\nupon European commerce for pros-\\nperity, 65 welcomes the sovereign\\nallies, 181 policy of, toward Portu-\\ngal, 286.\\nEnglish carriages in Russia, 261.\\nEquestrians, Tower of the, 271 au-\\nthor visits, 284.\\nErfurt, Napoleon and Alexander at,\\nEugene, Prince, see Beauharnais.\\nEurope, admiration of, for Russian\\narmy, 47; danger of war to pros-\\nperity of, 52, 151; shocked by\\nD Enghien s murder, 53.\\nExiles, increased number of, 27.\\nFerronnays, Count foot-note on,\\n241 appointed ambassador to Rus-\\nsia, 242.\\nFinances (Russian), put in order by\\nAlexander, 47.\\nFinland, conquest of, by Alexander, 66.\\nFitz-James, Due de, foot-note on, 257.\\nFontanges, Mile, de, and Louis XIV.,\\n62.\\nFoy, Maximilian, foot-note on, 252.\\nFrance, young France satisfied with\\nauthor s concessions xiii rescued\\nfrom revolution by Napoleon, 51;\\nAlexander s desire to maintain\\nfriendly relations with, 52; allies ef-\\nforts to correct false reports in, 150\\nmisinformed by Napoleon s bulle-\\ntins, 151 boundaries of, unchanged,\\n202 Alexander speaks of, 212\\nanxiety in, for Spain, 249 Due de\\nRichelieu s services in behalf of,\\n251; anxiety in, by Alexander s\\nattitude to Spain, 257.\\nFrank, Mme. 74.\\nFrench revolution, long convalescence\\nfrom, xi.\\nFrench prisoners, transportation of,\\n57 ravaged by the Jews, 126.\\nFrench secrecy regarding their mili-\\ntary preparations, 66; policy in re-\\ngard to, 118.\\n31\\nFrench artists honor Alexander, 178.\\nFrench at Vilna celebrate entrance into\\nMoscow, 118; hail Alexander as\\ntheir Henri IV., 171.\\nFrench language, spoken with ele-\\ngance by Alexander, 25, 149; for-\\ngotten by the French, 149.\\nFrench honor protected by Louis\\nXVIII., 2S 8.\\nFriedland, battle of, 58.\\nG.\\nGagarin, Princess, Paul s friendship\\nfor, 27 warns Alexander, 38.\\nGenlis, Mme. de, 153.\\nGenoa, la super ba, 128.\\nGeorge III., regency for, 36.\\nGerard, portrait of Alexander by, 83.\\nGerman princesses brought to St.\\nPetersburg, 26.\\nGermany, Markoff fails in, 52.\\nGhent, Louis XVIII. retires to, 199.\\nGiedroyc, Mile., appointed lady of\\nhonor, 86.\\nGoscinny-Devor, description of, 263.\\nGrabowska, Mile., presented to Alex-\\nander, 69 appointed lady of honor,\\n86.\\nGreek, in defence, hopes for, 248.\\nGrodno, 50.\\nH.\\nHarpe, Colonel La, see La Harpe.\\nHenri IV., and the Princesse de\\nCond6, 62 dress of, adopted by\\nMurat, 136 Alexander compared\\nto, 225.\\nHenriade, 138.\\nHistorical Memoirs, history of these,\\nviii popularity of, xi show his-\\ntory en deshabille xi interest in,\\ncompared to novels by Scott, 81.\\nHogendorp, Count, foot-note on, 119.\\nHotel des Invalides, visited by Alex-\\nander, 275.\\nHouchka, gift for, 50.\\nI.\\nIlia, Alexander s favorite coachman,\\n141.\\n4", "height": "2927", "width": "1720", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0338.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "Index\\nJablonowska, Princess, gives a\\nball for Alexander, 17S.\\nJacobin party in France, in.\\nJames II., reception by Louis XIV.,\\n60.\\nJena, battle of, 56.\\nJerome, Prince, see Bonaparte, Prince\\nJeVome.\\nJersey, Countess of, foot-note on,\\n1S4.\\nJesuits, expelled by Alexander s or-\\nder, 220.\\nJews, ravage the French soldiers, 126;\\nconduct of, commended by Alex-\\nander, 140.\\nJomini, Baron Henri, foot-note on, 97.\\nJosephine, Napoleon divorces, 63\\nMile. Giedroyc, lady in waiting to,\\n86; befriended by Alexander, 171.\\nJumilhac, General, see Chapelle.\\nK.\\nKameney-Ostroff, 265.\\nKant, philosophy of, 139.\\nKazan, St. Mary of, 129; author de-\\nscribes, 263; service at, for Alex-\\nander s health, 304.\\nKicki, Senator, welcomes Alexander\\nto Warsaw, 193.\\nKorsakoff, Rymsky, 57; reassures\\nComte Tisenhaus, 95.\\nKotousoff, Michael L. G., appointed\\nto command of Russian troops, 53\\nconcludes treaty with Turks, 66\\nappointed to command against Na-\\npoleon, 117; enters Vilna, 124;\\nmade Prince of Smolensk, 124;\\ngives ball to Alexander, 143 deco-\\nrated by him, 144; forwards au-\\nthor s letter to her father, 145\\ndepreciates possibility of attacks on\\nperson of Alexander, 156 sketch\\nof life of, 159.\\nKourakin, Prince, 189.\\nKoutaisoff, favorite of Paul, 30.\\nKrestofsky, island of, 266.\\nKriidener, Baroness, foot-note on,\\nL.\\nLacretelle, Pierre de, foot-note on,\\ni75-\\nLa Fontaine, quoted, 127.\\nLa Harpe, Colonel, preceptor to Alex-\\nander, 24 influence on the policy of\\nAlexander, 47 criticism of, by Na-\\npoleon, 104 memory honored by\\nAlexander, 177.\\nLamartine, quotes this work, viii.\\nLas Cases, M. de, compared with the\\nauthor, xii.\\nLauriston, Kotousoff s negotiations\\nwith, 160.\\nLeipzig, battle of, 162.\\nLievin, Princess, 293 foot-note on,\\n294.\\nLigne, Prince Charles, foot-note on,\\n196; name given Mme. de Radzivil\\nby, 226.\\nLithuania, influence of, on the author,\\nxii estates of Choiseul-Gouffier\\nin, 28 entrance of the French\\narmy into, checked by Bennigsen,\\n58 recruits from, join French army,\\n7-\\nLithuanians ignorant of Napoleon s\\napproach, 90; despoiled by his\\narmy, 99 reproved by the French,\\n99; forgiven by Alexander, 143;\\ncontinue to trust the French, 159;\\nreturn to the service of Alexander,\\n173 he insists that France pay for\\ntheir services, 174.\\nLitta, Comtesse de, foot-note on, 239.\\nLockman, M., baptizes the author s\\nson, 2S2.\\nLondon, welcomes Alexander, 181;\\nhis preference for, 213.\\nLopacinska, Countess, see Moriconi,\\nDoroth\u00c2\u00a3e.\\nLouis XIV., hospitality to James II.,\\n60; friendship for Montespan and\\nFontanges, 62 gallantry of, com-\\npared with Alexander s, 71.\\nLouis XVI., rewards for promoters\\nof the death of, 46; disloyalty of\\nNarbonne to, 84.\\nLouis XVIH., declared to be king\\n170; returns to France, 179; re-\\nl 5", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0339.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "Index\\ntires to Ghent, 199 sends Talley-\\nrand to Vienna, 199 influence of\\nDecazes over, 243 friendship for\\nCountess of Cayla, 254 sends\\narmy to Spain, 259; malady of,\\n283.\\nLouis, Prince of Prussia, killed in\\nbattle of Jena, 56.\\nLouisa, Queen of Prussia, flight from\\nBerlin, 56; received at St. Peters-\\nburg by Alexander, 60.\\nLowiez, Princess, 235.\\nLowitch, Princess, Alexander praises,\\n300; urges Constantine to succeed\\nAlexander, 307.\\nM.\\nMalet, Claude de, conspiracy of,\\n151.\\nMalta, Commander of, Count Mori-\\nconi, 69.\\nMaret, Hugues, foot-note on, 105 per-\\nsuades Count P. to give a ball to\\nNapoleon, no; speaks of recruits\\nfrom Lithuania, 117; expected a\\nspeedy peace, 117; calls on Napo-\\nleon, 119.\\nMarie Feodorovna, Empress, foot-note\\non, 33 aroused by attack on Paul,\\n41 urges Alexander to succeed\\nhis father, 43 refuses to accede to\\nNapoleon s views for Catherine, 64;\\ncommanded by Alexander to remain\\nat St. Petersburg, 116; author meets,\\n279 influence of institutions founded\\nby, 28 7; receives the author, 293;\\nliterary and artistic interests of, 295\\nlearns of Alexander s death, 304.\\nMarie Louise, Archduchess, marriage\\nto Napoleon, 64; lack of courage of\\n164; compared to Maria Theresa,\\n164; flight from Paris, 165.\\nMaria Theresa, 164.\\nMarkoff, Count, mission to France, 52.\\nMarmont, Marshal, capitulation before\\nParis, 165.\\nMassalski, Prince Ignace, foot-note on,\\n89.\\nMemel, Queen Louisa s flight to, 56.\\nMemoirs of the author, written in\\n3 1\\nFrench by a Pole, xii; unique\\nquality of, xii source for facts\\nhitherto unknown, xiii.\\nMichaelovski, Palace of, conspirators\\nresort to, 38.\\nMichel, Grand Duke, Marriage of, 259.\\nMichel, Grand Duchess, author pre-\\nsented to, 280.\\nMiendsirzecz, Alexander s arrival at,\\n55-\\nMinsk, captured by Russians, 118.\\nMitford, Lord, policy of, as viewed by\\nMarkoff, 52.\\nMontespan, Mme. de, and Louis\\nXIV., 62.\\nMontmorency, M. de, attachment for\\nAlexander, 256.\\nMoreau, character of, admired by\\nAlexander, 149 shot near Dresden,\\n161.\\nMoriconi, Count, receives Alexander.\\n68.\\nMoriconi, Countess, 69; proposed\\nvisit of Alexander to, 72.\\nMoriconi, Mme. de, presents author\\nto Alexander, 69.\\nMoriconi, Dorothee, presented to\\nAlexander, 69; appointed lady of\\nhonor, 86; mention of, 256.\\nMoscow, obstacle to Napoleon s am-\\nbition, 64 Alexander arrives at, 113\\ncapture of, promised peace, 117;\\nFrench at Vilna celebrate entrance\\nto, 118; Napoleon s habits at, 129,\\n130.\\nMoskowa, battle of, 117.\\nMozhaish, battle of, 117, Napoleon s\\nremark after battle of, 120.\\nMurat, Joachim, presented to Alex-\\nander, 58; Napoleon rejects advice\\nof, 115; proposed as commander of\\nFrench army on retreat, 123; im-\\npression made by, 135.\\nN.\\nNaples, King of, see Murat.\\nNaples, Mardi-Gras at, 119.\\nNapoleon, Poles reliance upon, v, 57;\\npolicy towards England, vi, 60 Las\\nCases panegyric on, xii; escape from\\n6", "height": "2927", "width": "1720", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0340.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "Inde:?\\nex\\nElba, xiii, 198; influence of pres-\\ntige of, on Alexander, 5 1 asks\\nMarkoff s recall, 52; responsibility\\nfor murder of D Enghien, 53 suc-\\ncesses in war against Austria and\\nRussia, 53; concern for personal\\nsafety of Alexander at Austerlitz,\\n54 held in check by Bennigsen,\\n56; interview with Alexander, 58;\\nturns his eyes toward Spain, 60\\nmeets Alexander at Erfurt, 63\\nasks Grand Duchess Catherine in\\nmarriage, 63 divorces Josephine,\\n63; marriage with Marie Louise,\\n64 his policy inferior to Eng-\\nland s, 65 sends Narbonne to\\nAlexander, 84; near the Niemen,\\n90; order of the day after crossing,\\nit, 9S; furious because of Turkey s\\ntreaty with Russia, 100; guarded\\npromises to the Poles, 100 consents\\nto receive Balacheff, 102; interviews\\na French emigrant, 103; condemns\\nLa Harpe for Alexander s ideas, 104;\\ncriticism of Poles, 105; presenta-\\ntion of ladies of Vilna to, 106;\\nquestions the author, 107; rudeness\\nto member of University of Vilna\\n10S; at the ball at Vilna, no; quits\\nVilna, 114; decision to leave Mos-\\ncow made public, 1 iS compared to\\nCambyses, 118; passes near Vilna,\\n119; entertainments at Moscow\\nfor, 129; charged with trifling with\\nPolish hopes, 132; badly served\\nby his aids, 14S; son of, 150; attack\\nof the Austrians renders his position\\ncritical, 161 extorts new sacrifices\\nfrom France, 164; persists in fight-\\ning, 164; abdication of, 170; cause\\nof, championed by Alexander, 172;\\nbanished to Elba, 172 re-enters\\nParis, 19S; not a disciplinarian, 212.\\nNapoleon, Code of, basis of Poland s\\nconstitution, 207.\\nNarbonne, Count, calls on Alexander\\nat Vilna, 84 Alexander frustrates\\nplan of, to communicate with Poles,\\n85 admiration of, for Alexander,\\n86; opinion of possible King of Po-\\nland, 100; lack of tact at Vienna, 161.\\n3\\nNarishkin, Madame, foot-note on, 61\\ndeath of daughter of, 289.\\nNational Credit (Russian), re-estab-\\nlished by Alexander, 47.\\nNational Guard, at Paris, attitude of,\\n164.\\nNesselrode, Count, farewell visit to\\nNarbonne, 86.\\nNeva, author s impression of, 262;\\nflood of, 299.\\nNicholas, Grand Duke, marriage of,\\n206; learns of Alexander s death,\\n304; prevailed upon, to ascend the\\nthrone, 307; author s desire for,\\n3\u00c2\u00b07-\\nNicholas, Grand Duchess, author\\npresented to, 280.\\nNiemen, beautiful views of the, 74;\\napproach of, by Napoleon, 90.\\nNovosiltzoff, Baron N. de, foot-note\\non 194.\\nNovosiltzoff, M. de, and Alexander,\\n227.\\nO.\\nCEdipus, quoted, 63.\\nOginiski, Michel, foot-note on, 117;\\nreceived by Alexander, 208.\\nOjarowski, General, aide-de-camp of\\nAlexander s, 268.\\nOldenburg, Duke of, death of, 146.\\nOrloff, Countess, entertains Alex-\\nander, 113.\\nOstrowski, Count Jean, note on, 196.\\nOubril, replaces Markoff at Paris, 53;\\nmakes a treaty disadvantageous to\\nRussia, 56.\\nOudinot, Marshal, conduct at Smo-\\nlensk commended, 152.\\nPaesiello, Giovanni, 129.\\nPahlen, Pierre de, opinion of his re-\\nsponsibility for Paul s death, x\\ninterview with M. Choiseul, 2S\\nfoot-note on, 29; Paul favors, 29;\\nbad character of, 29 plots downfall\\nof Paul, 29-41; reassures Paul, 32,\\nwarns the conspirators, 34 inter-\\nviews Alexander, 34-37 changes\\nguards at the palace, 38 entrance\\n17", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0341.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "Index\\nat time of Paul s death, 41 con-\\ndemned to exile, 44.\\nPalus-Meotides, Alexander visits, 302.\\nPansilippe, grotto of, 275.\\nParis, attitude of National Guard of,\\n164; Alexander induces allies to\\nmarch upon, 164 inhabitants of,\\nflee before allies, 165; aldermen of,\\nwait upon Alexander, 166; allies\\nenter, 166; excitement in, caused\\nby the armies, 167 allied sover-\\neigns quit, 181 Napoleon returns\\nto, 198 suburbs of, inferior to St.\\nPetersburg s, 260.\\nParisian society compared with Rus-\\nsian, 241.\\nParney, quoted, xi.\\nPaul I., certificate of death of, x; as-\\nsassination of, xiii, 28 proposed\\nremoval from the throne, 23 effects\\nof mental suffering on, 27 banishes\\nChoiseul-Gouffier, 28; alienates the\\narmy, 31 proposed abdication of,\\n31 sends for Pahlen, 32 suspi-\\ncion against the royal family, 33;\\nfriendship for Princess Gagarin, 37;\\nreposes confidence in Pahlen, 39\\nrefuses to abdicate, 40; death of,\\n41 effect of his death on the na-\\ntion, 44 attitude of his friends after\\nhis assassination, 45; finances de-\\nranged by, 47.\\nPawlowsky, Palace of, 279.\\nPestalozzi, system of instruction of,\\n152.\\nPeter the Great, pavilion of, 279.\\nPlace Vendome protected by Alexan-\\nder, 171.\\nPlater, Countess Felicie, receives Alex-\\nander at Towiany, 217; at Vilna,\\n256.\\nPoland, Napoleon trifles with hopes\\nof, v, 132 threatened retribution\\nfor the fate of, 56; hopes for the\\nre-establishment of, 57; last hopes\\nof, perish at Leipzig, 162 Alex-\\nander declared King of, 1 96 army\\nof, commended by him, 212; mourn-\\ning for him in, 307.\\nPole, a, threatens to shoot the con-\\nspirators, 39.\\n3\\nPoles, excited by appearance of French\\nprisoners, 57 hopes of, disap-\\npointed by Treaty of Tilsit, 58 con-\\ntinue to favor Napoleon, 66, 159;\\nNarbonne unable to communicate\\nwith, 85 enthusiasm of, at Napo-\\nleon s entering Vilna, 96 welcome\\nAlexander to Moscow, 1 13 desire\\nto return to Alexander s service,\\n173; anxiously await decision of\\nCongress of Vienna, 196 joy of,\\nat election of Alexander king, 197\\nwelcome him, 207.\\nPoniatowsky, Prince, Napoleon rejects\\nadvice of, 115.\\nPortugal, revolution in, 286.\\nPostawy, Alexander brings refugee to,\\n134-\\nPotocki, Count, foot-note on, 209 en-\\ntertainment for Alexander, 233.\\nPoverty of Lithuania, 67.\\nPradt, Abbe, instructions of Napoleon\\nto, 105.\\nPrague, Congress at, 161.\\nPreussisch-Eylau, battle of, 56.\\nPrince of Wales, regent for George\\nIII., 36.\\nProclamations Alexander s, on evac-\\nuating Vilna, 94 to his army on\\nentering France, 163 on entering\\nParis, 168 to the clergy, 191 to\\nhis army at Les Vertus, 201.\\nPrussia, declines to join Austria and\\nRussia, 56.\\nPrussia, King of, enters Paris, 166;\\nattends French Institute, 176 visits\\nEngland, 181; honored by Oxford,\\n183; at Vienna, 195; congratulates\\nAlexander on his army, 202.\\nPrussian soldiers encouraged by Queen\\nLouisa, 56.\\nPulhawy visited by Alexander, 193.\\nPultawa, 102.\\nPultusk, battle of, 56.\\nR.\\nRadzivil, Princess, Alexander s\\nfriendship for, 55, 194 Armidow-\\nska, name given to, 226 Empress\\nElizabeth s friendship for, 278.\\nRadzivil, Princess Dominique, 235.", "height": "2943", "width": "1736", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0342.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "Index\\nRadzivil, Princess, nee Grabowska,\\nsee Grabowska.\\nRatisbon, Diet of, Alexander demands\\nreparation for murder of D Enghien\\nin note to, 53.\\nRegency, proposed by Pahlen, 34-37.\\nReggio, Duchesse de, see Coucy.\\nReign of Terror, Narbonne quits\\nFrance during, 84.\\nReligion, united Alexander and his\\nsubjects, 113.\\nRestoration, brilliant period of, xi.\\nRevolution, French, see French Revo-\\nlution.\\nRichelieu, Due de, see Duplessis.\\nRode, Pierre, foot-note on, 75.\\nRomberg, Andreas, foot-note on, 75.\\nRome, King of, 150.\\nRousseau, philosophy of, contrasted\\nwith Voltaire s, 139.\\nRussia, mourning for death of Alex-\\nander in, xv, 307 hopes fixed on\\nhim, 23 hereditary succession to\\nthe throne of, 24 absence of death\\npenalty in, 44; proud of her army,\\n47 not alarmed by Alexander s\\nliberal ideas, 48 murder of D En-\\nghien destroys harmony of, with\\nFrance, 53 Austria and, declare\\nwar against France, 53 sufferings\\nof, by enforcement of Continental\\nSystem, 60 Napoleon suggests\\nunion of his army with army of, 63\\nTalleyrand negotiates treaty with\\nAustria adverse to, 199 mourns the\\ndeath of Alexander, 307.\\nRussian, court usages, 26 penalty\\nfor their neglect, 27 rigorous eti-\\nquette relaxed, 46 policy seemed\\nworthless, 117; costumes of Rus-\\nsians, 264.\\nSaardam, Alexander visits, 184.\\nSablonowska, Princess, 235.\\nSt. Andrew, Order of, bestowed by\\nAlexander on Markoff, 52 on Ko-\\ntousoff, 144.\\nSt. Anne, Order of, for commercial\\nclasses, 191.\\nSt. Catherine, Order of, bestowed by\\nAlexander on Grand Duchess Con-\\nstantine, 301.\\nSt. Catherine s, institutions of, 296.\\nSt. George, Order of, declined by Alex-\\nander, 56.\\nSt. Petersburg, distinguished foreign-\\ners at, 28 satisfaction in, at death\\nof Paul, 45 welcome King and\\nQueen of Prussia to, 60 Alexander\\nreturns to, from Moscow, 114;\\nMoscow and, watchword of\\nFrench, 114; citizens of, desert at\\nrumored approach of Napoleon, 116\\nnot built on territory originally Rus-\\nsian, 133; party of discontent at,\\n210; Alexander returns to, from\\nCzarsko-Selo, 259; author s impres-\\nsion of, 261 Alexander s last view\\nof, 2S8.\\nSaint-Priest, visits hospitals, 146.\\nSainte-Pierre, writings of, 139.\\nSt. Sergius, Church of, monument to\\nAlexander s daughter in, 290.\\nSt. Vladimir, Order of, for Russian\\nnobility, 190.\\nScawle, Alexander inspects troops at,\\n68.\\nSchultz, death of, 91.\\nSchwarzenburg, Prince von, foot-note\\non, 166.\\nScott, Sir Walter; reasons for inter-\\nest in romances by, 81 the Em-\\npress Elizabeth s appreciation of,\\n277.\\nSeduisant, name given Alexander, 71.\\nSemogitie, Alexander inspects troops\\nat, 68.\\nSenate (French), deputation from,\\nvisits Alexander, 168.\\nSenate (Russian), votes Order of St.\\nGeorge to Alexander, 56.\\nSiberia, peopled with exiles by Paul,\\n28 exiles returned from, 46.\\nSicard, Abb6, visits Alexander, 177.\\nSmolensk Napoleon advised to win-\\nter at, 115 French at, suggest car-\\nnival at Venice, 119.\\nSobieski, King John, ancient palace\\nof, yo.\\nSobolewoska, Mme., 230.\\nSottikoff, Prince, 189.\\n3*9", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0343.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "Index\\nSoult, Marshal, discovers treasonable\\ndesigns, 210.\\nSpain, object of Napoleon s designs,\\n60 Wellington in, 65 on the eve\\nof a revolution, 249.\\nStael, Mme. de, characterization of\\nAlexander, 48; influence over Nar-\\nbonne, 84 talents of, admired by\\nAlexander, 153.\\nSteibelt, Daniel, foot-note on, 75.\\nSventsiani, Russian army headquar-\\nters at, 94; Alexander quits, for\\nMoscow, 113.\\nTaganrog, Alexander s death at,\\n142, 302 he departs for, 302.\\nTalleyrand, Prince, at Erfurt, 150;\\nAlexander the guest of, 171 nego-\\ntiates a secret treaty with Austria,\\n199 entreats Alexander to aid\\nFrance, 200; defends his Spanish\\npolicy, 257.\\nThorwaldsen, bust of Alexander by,\\n83-\\nTilsit, Treaty of, vi, 58.\\nTisenhaus, Mile., see Choiseul-Gouf-\\nfier, Comtesse.\\nTisenhaus, Comte, retreats with\\nFrench army, vi, 122 gives up his\\nhouse to Constantine, 67 assists\\nauthor to receive Alexander, 88 re-\\ngrets Polish enthusiasm for French,\\n96 kindness of Duke of Bassano\\ntoward, 117; shelters the French,\\n121 continued absence from Poland,\\n158; describes letter of Poles in\\nParis to Alexander, 174; receives\\nhim at Vilna, 211.\\nTolly, General Barclay de, given com-\\nmand of Russian army by Alexander,\\n114 ordered to march to aid Bour-\\nbons, 200.\\nTolly, Mme. Barclay de, 93.\\nTolstoi, Count, grand-marshal, 70\\npoor memory of, 78 announces\\nAlexander s return to Vilna, 131\\nat Vilna, 214.\\nTormasoff, General, 189.\\nTorquinio, experiences of, with Na-\\npoleon, 129, 130.\\n3\\nTorride, gardens of, 266.\\nTowiany, Alexander arrives at, vi,\\n68, 73 last visit to, 302.\\nTreaty, of Tilsit, vi, 58; Alexander\\ndeclines to ratify, made by Oubril\\nwith France, 56 Kotousoff makes,\\nwith Turkey, 66; Talleyrand nego-\\ntiates secret, with Austria, 199.\\nTroubetzkoy, Princess, 249.\\nTroyes, Bishop of, released by Alex-\\nander, 177.\\nTuileries, sovereign allies visit, 179.\\nTurks, Markoff s mission to the, 52\\nmake treaty with Russia, 66 Greek\\nantagonism to, 248.\\nU.\\nUkraine, campaign into, suggested\\nto Napoleon, 115.\\nV.\\nVenice, carnival at, 119.\\nVerona, Congress of, 256.\\nVienna, Congress of, 195.\\nVilkomir, Alexander holds a review\\nat, 72.\\nVillemain, 176.\\nVilna the author trained at, xii\\nAlexander s first visit to, 49 French\\nprisoners pass through, 57; the au-\\nthor moves from, 67; Narbonne\\narrives at, 84 Alexander praises\\nsurroundings of, 88 evacuated by\\nRussian troops, 94, 96 French\\narmy enters, 96 resembles seat of\\nwar, 99; Napoleon quits, 114;\\nFrench at, expect prompt end of\\nwar, 117; they celebrate entrance\\nof Moscow, 118; Duchesse de Reg-\\ngio arrives at, 119; disorder of\\nFrench army retreating through,\\n120 Kotousoff enters, 124 tran-\\nquillity restored at, 126; Alexander\\nvisits hospitals at, 146; troops to\\nbe garrisoned at, 233 lack of en-\\nthusiasm for Alexander at, 249\\nnobility of, give a ball for him, 256.\\nVitellius, 120.\\nVolhynia, campaign into, suggested\\nto Napoleon, 115.\\n20", "height": "2943", "width": "1736", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0344.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "Index\\nVoltaire, quoted, 115; philosophy of,\\ncontrasted with Rousseau s, 139.\\nW.\\nWalmoden, Count, at Warsaw, 235.\\nWarsaw, occupied by the French, 57;\\ndiet assembled at, to select a king,\\n100 visited by Alexander, 193, 209,\\n221, 300.\\nWarsaw, Grand Duchy of, boundaries\\nof, fixed by Treaty of Tilsit, 58.\\nWaterloo, battle of, 201.\\nWeimar, Grand Duchess of, 195.\\nWellington, Duke of, in Spain, 65.\\nWentworth, Mr., 234.\\nWerki, estate of Prince Massalski at,\\n89 Alexander holds a review at,\\n249.\\nWiazmintoff, letter from Alexander to,\\n184.\\nWilehouska, Mile., appointed lady of\\nhonor, 86.\\nWillanow, King John Sobieski s habi-\\ntation at, 70.\\nWinter Palace, at St. Petersburg, 262,\\n265.\\nWintzingerode, General, foot-note on,\\n162.\\nWittgenstein, General, solicitude for\\nAlexander, 161.\\nWolkonski, Prince, foot-note on, 71\\nchaffed by Alexander, 77; accom-\\npanies him to Vilna, 211.\\nWiirtemberg, Princess of, foot-note on,\\n194.\\nWylie, James, certificate of, at death\\nof Paul, x; foot-note on, 75; Alex-\\nander declines to be treated by, 302.\\nZaionczek, Joseph, foot-note on, 207.\\nZakret, purchased by Alexander, 88;\\naccident at, 91 turned into a French\\nmilitary hospital, 112, 128.\\nZamoyska, Madame, 234.\\nZouboff, Platon enemy of Paul s, 30;\\nagrees with Pahlen s plans, 31;\\npresents act of abdication to Paul, 40.\\n321", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0345.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2943", "width": "1736", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0346.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "By Mrs. Elizabeth W. Latimer\\nSpain in the Nineteenth Century. Handsomely illustrated. 8vo.\\n$2.50.\\nWith regret one notes that Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer s Spain in the Nine-\\nteenth Century is to be the last of her excellent series of Nineteenth Century\\nHistories. We have come to look upon Mrs. Latimer as quite the most delightful\\npurveyor of historical gossip to be found anywhere. In successive volumes she has\\nsketched the external events of the century in France, Russia, England, Africa,\\nItaly, and Spain and this final volume is perhaps the most timely and the most\\nueeded of all, The Chicago Tribune.\\nItaly in the Nineteenth Century. Handsomely illustrated with\\ntwenty-four full-page half -tone portraits. 8vo. 436 pages. $2.50.\\nItaly in the Nineteenth Century is as fascinating as a romantic novel. Indeed\\nevery chapter is a romance from history made almost in our own day. The Press,\\nPhiladelphia.\\nEurope in Africa in the Nineteenth Century. Handsomely\\nillustrated with twenty-three full-page half-tone portraits. 8vo.\\n456 pages. $2.50.\\nElizabeth Wormeley Latimer has made a valuable condensation of the history of\\nEuropean exploration and conquest. She calls her book a volume of short yarns,\\nbut this modest characterization does not do justice to the skilful summing up of\\nachievement in the Dark Continent. The A dvance.\\nEngland in the Nineteenth Century. Handsomely illustrated\\nwith twenty-five full-page half-tone portraits. 8vo. 452 pages.\\n$2.50.\\nWhat a lot she knows And how brightly she tells it all We seem to be reading\\ncontemporaneous confidential letters to an intimate friend, written not for publica-\\ntion by any means, the style is too good for that, but simply because the writer\\nis interested, and never imagines the reader to be otherwise. The Mail and\\nExpress, New York.\\nRussia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century. Handsomely\\nillustrated with twenty-three full-page half-tone portraits. 8vo.\\n413 pages. $2.50.\\nThere is not a yawn in its four hundred pages. The author deals with the endless\\nstrife between the Ottoman and the Russian in the mood of a painter; and her word-\\npainting is always bright and often brilliant and powerful. Chicago Evening Post.\\nFrance in the Nineteenth Century, 1830=1890. Handsomely\\nillustrated with twenty-two full-page half-tone portraits. 8vo.\\n450 pages. $2.50.\\nMrs. Latimer has written an extremely interesting book, which will be read with\\neagerness. The Daily Advertiser, Boston.\\nMy Scrap Book of the French Revolution. Handsomely\\nillustrated. 8vo. $2.50.\\nMrs. Latimer has brought together an unusually good collection of facts, descrip-\\ntive passages, extracts from rare letters and manuscripts, clippings from higher-grade\\nmagazines, anecdotes that are never snatched unfeelingly from their appropriate set-\\ntings, and translations not only of noteworthy French articles, but of verses by such\\npoets as Victor Hugo and Francois Coppee. The Living Age, Boston.\\nJudea, from Cyrus to Titus, 537 B.C. -70 A.D. Hand-\\nsomely illustrated. 8vo. $2.50.\\nMrs. Latimer has made one innovation that will give to this record of far-off days\\nadded reality that is, she has from time to time reminded us of similar events that\\nhave recently occurred. She has not written in behalf of one or the other of the\\nschools of biblical critics but simply, directly, and eloquently for those who delight\\nin history.\\nSold by booksellers generally, or will be sent, postpaid, on receipt of\\nthe price, by the publishers,\\nA. C. McCLURG CO., CHICAGO.", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0347.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "A GENERAL SURVEY\\nOF AMERICAN LITERATURE\\nBy MARY FISHER\\nGilt top, deckel edges, i2mo. $1.50\\nIn this volume Miss Fisher has treated a subject of vital interest and\\nimportance for all American lovers of literature, and she has accomplished\\nher task with rare feminine appreciation and sympathy, with a clear and\\ndecisive interest, with a catholicity of judgment and a fine sense of dis-\\ncrimination and proportion and with a warmth and delicacy of treatment\\nthat transform these biographical sketches into little gems of portraiture.\\nThe Commercial Advertiser, New York.\\nThe great value of the book lies in the fact that while Miss Fisher has a\\nthorough familiarity with the subjects of her essays, she writes as she might\\nif she were ignorant of the estimation in which they are held by the public or\\nby the critics. She applies discriminating reason and sound principles of\\njudgment to the work of the various writers, without the slightest reference\\nto their personal dignity or their literary fame. The Book Buyer, New York.\\nThe whole range of notable writers are dealt with in a style at once dis-\\ncriminating and attractive. The human touch is pleasingly apparent\\nthroughout the book. The Living Age, Boston.\\nA GROUP OF FRENCH CRITICS\\nBy MARY FISHER\\ni2mo. $1.25.\\nThose who are in the habit of associating modern French writing with\\nthe materialistic view of life and the realistic method, will find themselves re-\\nfreshed and encouraged by the vigorous protest of men like Scherer and other\\nFrench critics against the dominance of these elements in recent years.\\nThe Outlook, New York.\\nA Group of French Critics deserves a friendly welcome from every-\\nbody who desires to know something of the best in contemporary French\\nletters.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Philadelphia Press.\\nSold by all booksellers, or mailed on receipt of price by\\nA. C. MCCLURG CO., Publishers,\\nCHICAGO,", "height": "2943", "width": "1736", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0348.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "A wonderfully useful book for busy people.\\nNATIONAL EPICS.\\nBy KATE MILNER RABB.\\nl2mo, 398 pages, $1.50.\\nMrs. Rabb s treatment of each epic consists of (i) A descriptive sketch of the\\npoem; (2) An outline of the historical narrative embraced in it; (3) Selections, each of\\nwhich narrates a complete incident; (4) A short bibliography of each poem; (5) A list\\nof standard English translations of the foreign epics. The last two of these items\\nmake the book valuable as a work of reference. The author has performed her heavy-\\ntask with such diligence and literary ability as will certainly win much credit to herself,\\nand be the means of edifying and entertaining many a grateful reader.\\nThis is an excellent guide to a knowledge and appreciation of the world s great\\nepic poems. The Hindu, Greek, Roman, Finnish, Saxon, German, French, Spanish,\\nItalian, Portuguese, English, and Persian epics of distinctively national importance\\nare all represented. The compiler has performed a useful service in making accessi-\\nble in the compass of a single volume so much material for the study of these noble\\npoems. The Review of Reviews, New York.\\nThe book is distinguished by unusual merit. The volume may be heartily com-\\nmended as a scholarly and satisfactory piece of work, admirably arranged, and pre-\\nsenting some features which set it apart from similar condensations. Public Ledger,\\nPhiladelphia.\\nKate Miluer Rabb has done a good turn for busy people and for those whose\\nliterary inclinations are not strong enough to sustain a desire to read the epics which\\nare the basis of literature. Tlu Evening Wisconsin.\\nMrs. Rabb succeeds admirably in summarizing the stories of the epics. She has\\nendeavored to retain the characteristic epithets of the originals as much as possible,\\nand to reflect in her diction their essential spirit. It is sufficient proof of her success\\nthat her brief prose paraphrases remind one at times of the so-called Poems of\\nOssian. New York Commercial Advertiser.\\nThe idea is an admirable one, and is well carried out. These short stories cannot\\nfail to awaken a curiosity which will only be satisfied with a larger study of the great\\nepics of the world. The Advance.\\nA wonderfully useful book for busy people. St. Paul Pioneer Press.\\nThe wonder is that it was not done long ago. Chicago Tribune.\\nFor sale by booksellers generally, or will be sent, post-\\npaid, on receipt of tbe price, by the publishers,\\nA. C. McCLURG Gr CO., CHICAGO", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0349.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "H 58 89", "height": "2943", "width": "1736", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0350.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0351.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2943", "width": "1736", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0352.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2930", "width": "1666", "jp2-path": "historicalmemoir01choi_0353.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "V .\u00e2\u0099\u00a6L^L\\n-c\\n*6\\n4?\\n.4 k\\nv \u00e2\u0080\u00a2i^L** a0 v *i 9 i-\\nV\\nA\\nv v t *i^:* aP*\\nsi** 9\\nA I\\nA ^ilf%^\\na^ *%5$S$W. 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