{"1": {"fulltext": "J 209\\nG82\\nopy 1\\nCARROTS,\\nMangold Wurtzels\\nAND\\nSUGAR BEETS.\\nHOW TO RAISE THEM, HOW TO KEEP\\nTHEM AND HOW TO FEED THEM.\\nBy JAMES J. H. GREGORY,\\nAUTHOR OF ONION RAISING, CABBAGE RAISING, ETC.\\nLINOTYPED AND PRINTED BY J. J. ARAKELYAN,\\n295 CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON.", "height": "3609", "width": "2342", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "CABBAGES:\\nHOW TO RAISE THEM.\\nPrice, 30 Cents, by Mail.\\nSQUASHES:\\nHOW TO GROW THEM\\nPrice, 30 Cents, by Mail.\\nEach of these treatises is amply illustrated and\\ngives full particulars on every point, includ-\\ning keeping and marketing the crops.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "CARROTS,\\nMangold Wurtzels\\nAND\\nSUGAR BEETS.\\nHOW TO RAISE THEM, HOW TO KEEP\\nTHEM AND HOW TO FEED THEM.\\nBy JAMES J. H. GREGORY,\\nAUTHOR OF ONION RAISING. CABBAGE RAISING, ETC.\\nLINOTYPED AND PRINTED BY J. J. ARAKELYAN,\\n295 CONGRESS STREET, BOSTON.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEIVED.\\nLibrary of Cofigrei*\\nOffice of the\\nMM H 1800\\nBogUttr of Copjrt\u00c2\u00abMli\\na.\\nSECOND COPY,\\nwtm\\nEntered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1930, by\\nJAMES J. H. GREGORY.\\nAt the Clerk s Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nThe Argument for the Raising of roots 3\\nTHE CARROT 5\\nThe Location and Soil 5\\nThe Manure and its Application .7\\nPreparing the Bed 12\\nWhen to Plant 13\\nThe Seed and the Planting of it 15\\nQuantity to the Acre .16\\nVarieties, and What Kinds to Grow 17\\nEarly Very Short Scarlet 19\\nEarly Short Scarlet Horn .19\\nShort Horn 19\\nDanvers Carrot 21\\nGuerande Carrot 21\\nLong Orange, or Long Surry .21\\nLarge White Belgian .22\\nThe Cultivation, and the Implements needed 23\\nGathering and Storing the Crop .26\\nRaising Carrots with Onions 29\\nMarketing and Feeding 30\\nTHE MANGOLD WURTZELS 32\\nVarieties -34\\nThe Long Varieties 35", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "The Round Varieties\\nThe Ovoid Varieties\\nWhat Kinds to Grow\\nThe Soil and its Preparation\\nThe Manure and its Application\\nSalt as an Auxiliary Manure\\nPlanting the Seed and Tending the Crop\\nGathering and Storing the Crop\\nFeeding the Crop\\nThe Cost of the Crop\\n35\\n35\\n35\\n38\\n39\\n48\\n49\\n52\\n56\\n61", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "CARROTS\\nIn nutritious value roots compare with hay in about\\nthe average proportion of one to three. If now we\\nconsider that thirty-four tons. of Swedes nearly forty\\ntons of Carrots and seventy-four tons of Mangold\\nroots have been raised in Massachusetts, to the acre,\\nand that to each of these crops should be added at\\nleast 15 per cent, for the fodder value of the yield of\\nleaves, which were not included in these estimates,\\nwe have a demonstration of how immensely more is\\nthe nourishment that can be obtained from an acre of\\nroots than from an acre in hay. Such an immense in-\\ncrease in the nourishing products of the farm, if fed\\non the premises as it should be, unless the farmer is\\nso located that he can buy manure cheaper than he\\ncan make it, means a great increase in the manure\\nproducts, and consequently a great increase in the\\ncrops, so that it has been wisely said, root culture\\nlies at the basis of good husbandry.\\nCarrots and Mangolds are subject to but few dis-\\neases. In discussing the nutritious value, chemists\\ndiffer somewhat, according as they measure this by\\nthe nitrogen they contain, their per cent, of dry mat-\\nter or sugar, but they agree in ranking them much\\nsuperior to the early varieties of turnip and somewhat\\nsuperior to the Ruta Baga or Swede class, particularly\\nwhen fed to full grown cattle. Prof. Johnson ranks\\nCarrots with Cabbage when fed to oxen, for nour-\\nishment. Experiments appear to have proved that", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "A CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nwhen equal measures of each are fed, Mangolds will\\ngive a greater increase of milk than potatoes, by about\\na third. For some reason not fully understood (per-\\nhaps the depth they penetrate the soil has something\\nto do with it) Onions will do better after Carrots than\\nafter any other crop, the yield being larger, the bulb\\nhandsomer, while the crop will bottom down earlier,\\nand better. Unlike Turnips or Swedes, with high\\nmanuring the crop can be profitably grown for years\\non the same piece of land. Swine prefer Mangolds to\\nany root except the parsnip, and both in this country\\nand in England store hogs, weighing from 125 lbs.\\nand upwards have been carried through the winter in\\nfine condition, when fed wholly on raw Sug ar Beets or\\nMangolds. Chemists rank Carrots, when compared\\nwith oats, with reference to their fat and flesh form-\\ning qualities, as 1 to 5.\\nNot only have roots a value in themselves as food,\\nbut they have a special office, taking to a large degree\\nthe place of grass and preventing the constipation that\\ndry feed sometimes causes. While practice proves\\nthat they should not be relied upon to entirely super-\\nsede hay or grain, still they increase the value of\\neither of these to a large degree; and for slow work-\\ning stock they may be fed with profit in place of from\\na third to half the grain usually given. Carrots add\\nnot only to the richness of the color, but also to the\\nquality of the milk, while the flavor of the butter made\\nfrom such milk is improved. Carrots fed in moderate\\nquantities to horses give additional gloss to their hairy\\ncoats, and have not only a medicinal value when given\\nto such as have been over-grained, but aid them in di-\\ngesting grain, as may be seen in the dung of horses\\nfed on oats with Carrots, and that of those fed on oats", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nwithout Carrots. When cooked they are sometimes\\nfed to poultry, and either cooked or raw to swine. In\\nthe family economy they have their place, particularly\\nwhen young and fresh, while in Europe they enter\\nlargely into the composition of the well-known vege-\\ntable soups of the French.\\nTHE CARROT.\\nThe Carrot, (Daucus Carota) says Burr in his\\nField and Garden Vegetables of America, 1 a book\\nworthy a place in every farmer s library, in its cul-\\ntivated state is a half-hardy biennial. It is indigenous\\nto some parts of Great Britain, generally growing in\\nchalky or sandy soil, and to some extent has become\\nnaturalized in this country; being found in gravelly\\npastures and mowing fields, and occasionally by road-\\nsides, in loose places, where the surface has been dis-\\nturbed or removed. In its native state the root is\\nsmall, slender and fibrous or woody, of no value, and\\neven of questionable properties as an article of food.\\nThe average result of several analyses of the Carrot\\nas given by Dr. Voelcker, is as follows:\\nWater,\\nAlbuminous Compounds,\\nFat,\\nPectine,\\nCellular Fiber,\\nSugar,\\nAsh,\\n87.0\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a07\\n.2\\n1.2\\n3-5\\n6-5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a29\\nTHE LOCATION AND SOIL.\\nIt is important in selecting a location for the Carrot", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nbed that the land should be nearly level, as otherwise\\nthe seed will be liable to wash out after heavy showers,\\nand the plants while young be either washed out or\\ncovered with soil and killed. The land should be, as\\nfar as possible, clear of all stones. The presence of\\nlarge rocks in place, as the geologists say, would in-\\nterfere with the continuity of the rows, while the loose\\nstones are not only always in the way while raking\\nand planting the bed, but are also in the way of the\\nslide or wheel hoes which are apt to knock them\\nagainst the young plants to their injury. The strong-\\nest objections to a stony soil, for Carrots, are that it\\nterferes with the growth of the roots and greatly in-\\ncreases the labor of digging them. It is important that\\nthe piece of ground selected for a crop that will re-\\nquire so much manure and labor should have every\\nadvantage possible in its favor; it should not only be\\nlevel and comparatively free from stones, but if pos-\\nsible should have been previously under high cultiva-\\ntion, that it may come to Carrots when in high con-\\ndition.\\nThe best soil, particularly for the Long Orange\\nvariety, is a loam mellow to the depth of two feet or\\nmore. On such soil the Carrot will perfect itself,\\ngrowing straight and altogether beautiful to look\\nupon, as they stretch from side to side of the bushel\\nboxes. On some market gardens near critical mar-\\nkets, farmers find it for their interest to ascertain by\\nactual experiment on what part of their grounds the\\nroot will grow longest and straightest, and when such\\nplot is found make it a permanent bed. If the soil\\ndoes not naturally, grow a long Carrot and they are\\ndesired, the end may be attained by trenching deep\\nand adding sand. The difference in the shape of the", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS\\n7\\nLong Orange, when grown on a deep mellow loam,\\nand on a heavy soil with a compact sub-soil, is so re-\\nmarkable that it would be almost impossible to make\\nan inexperienced person believe each lot was from\\nthe same seed, those grown on the heavy soil, rest-\\ning on a compact sub-soil, oftentimes so closely re-\\nsembling the Intermediate varieties as not to be dis-\\ntinguished from them. Though the course is not on\\nthe whole to be advised, yet Carrots can be raised on\\nfreshly turned sod. Such land will be very free from\\nweeds, and by making good use of the wheel harrow,\\nand applying manure in a very fine state, should the\\nseason be a moist one, fair crops may be raised. Re-\\nclaimed meadows in a good state of cultivation, which\\nare well-drained to the depth of thirty inches, will\\noftentimes grow crops, large in bulk, but the individ-\\nual roots are oftentimes inclined to sprangle, and\\nunless such meadows have been well drained, and lib-\\nerally covered with sand or gravelly loam, they are\\napt to be spongy and inferior. When grown on land\\ninclining to clay, they are apt to be small and woody\\nin structure; still, such land, if made friable by good\\nunderdraining and the application of sand, may be\\nmade fair Carrot ground.\\nTHE MANURE AND ITS APPLICATION.\\nAll root crops delight in most liberal manuring and\\nthe highest of cultivation. Carrots are no exception\\nto this rule. With every crop, other conditions being\\nequal, it is the last half of the manure gives the pro-fits;\\nand the more costly the cultivation required the more\\nimportant it is that this golden fact be borne in mind.\\nThough chemical analysis shows difference in the", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "g Carrots, mangolds and sugar beets.\\ncomposition of all roots, and that there is therefore an\\noffice for special manures, yet their general composi-\\ntion is so nearly alike, and animal manures, most of\\nwhich contain in greater or less proportion, all the ele-\\nments required, are so difficult to handle in just the\\nproportions that would be required from the chemical\\nstandpoint, particularly when we consider that soils\\non which root crops are grown are usually rich in\\nmanures, varying in their chemical constituents, left\\nover from, former crops; for this reason I treat of\\nmanure by the cord and with reference to its compara-\\ntive strength, bulk for bulk, rather than of its chemi-\\ncal elements.\\nEight cords of good stable manure; nine cords of a\\ncompost made of one part night soil to two parts\\nmuck or loam; eight cords of muscle mud; six or\\neight cords of rotten kelp either of these applied to\\nan acre of land in good condition by previous high\\ncultivation would be sufficient for a good crop of Car-\\nrots. Other manures might be mentioned, but these\\nwill serve as a pretty good measure of value for any\\nkind accessible to farmers in general. To produce a\\nvery large crop, such as one would like to be able to\\npoint to when premium crops are called for, add from\\none-quarter to one-half to the above quantities. The\\ncondition of the manure is a matter of importance; the\\nstable manure should be good; not half bedding, not\\nburnt, neither too coarse nor too new; the night soil\\nshould have been well mixed with the soil in the com-\\npost heap, and have been pitched over twice with suf-\\nficient intervals between to allow it to develop some\\nheat. The muscle mud should be rich in dead mus-\\ncles. In all farming, it is important that the manures\\napplied should be in a fine condition mechanically,", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. g\\nand particuarly is this true of root crops. For the\\nroots of all plants can take up only such parts of the\\nmanures as are dissolved in water, and the firmer the\\nmanure is the more readily can water penetrate it.\\nA man who is unfortunately short of manures can\\nmaterially increase the capacity of what he has by work-\\ning it over until it is very fine.\\nWhen short of a supply of animal manure, where\\nthe soil is already in good condition, a good fertilizer\\ncan be used with success. Apply fifteen hundred\\npounds to the acre. The famous fertilizer formulas\\nof Prof. Stockbridge have generally done so well I\\nshould be willing to try them on an acre of Carrots,\\nwere I short of other manures.\\nThere is another matter concerning our manures\\nwhich requires attention; if they are too fresh or crude\\nthey will be apt, if applied to our long growing varie-\\nties, to drive the growth too much into the top of the\\nCarrot, to the loss of the root, giving us tops to our\\nknees with roots about the size of a hoe handle. It is\\nimportant therefore, when used liberally, that they\\nshould be somewhat decomposed that the mixtures\\nshould be composts, as far as the time will allow, and\\nnot mere mixtures. To the shorter varieties the crude\\nmanure may be applied with a degree of safety. Here\\nlet me note a fact that I think is of general application\\nin farming, viz.: that a style of manuring that will\\ndrive tall growing varieties of vegetables nearly all to\\ntops or vine, with dwarf varieties of the same kind will\\nwork admirably. The Pea is a very good illustration\\nto get a good crop of a dwarf variety, manure liber-\\nally, but the same quantity applied to the taller sorts\\nwould drive them excessively into vine at the expense\\nof the crop.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "IO CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nDon t make your compost heap on the ground\\nwhere the crop is to grow, for the result will be no\\ncrop where the heap stands. For the same reason it\\nis bad policy to cart out any strong manure to stand\\non the land in heaps, no matter how small, over win-\\nter. There will be nothing lost by spreading the\\nmanure over the surface before the ground is frozen.\\nIn getting it into the soil, keep it as near the surface as\\npossible without its interfering with the planting of the\\nseed, bearing in mind the nitrogen, that element in\\nmanures, about the loss of which by evaporation there\\nis much uncalled for anxiety, tends to work down into\\nthe soil. If the manure is coarse it may be applied to\\nthe surface in the Fall and be deeply ploughed in, and\\nin the Spring again brought to the surface by plough-\\ning equally deep, having meanwhile received the\\nbenefits of frost and moisture.\\nIn applying fertilizers keep them near the surface,\\nscattering them broadcast and raking or harrowing\\nin. It is better not to apply these all at once.\\nApply about two-thirds at the time of sowing, the\\nremainder when the crop is about one-third grown-\\nfollowing it with the slide hoe, which will tend to\\nwork it in just under the surface. In applying all fer-\\ntilizers in the Spring time, it is well to do so early in\\nthe day, as winds are apt to rise as the day advances,\\nwhich seriously interfere with the economical applica-\\ntion and even distribution. Fertilizers tend to hasten\\nthe maturity of the crops to which they are applied.\\nThere is one condition that has a very important bear-\\ning on the cost of Carrots and all roots, viz.: that\\nboth the ground and manure should be as free from\\nall weed seed as possible. For this reason ground re-\\ncently from the sod, the third year, provided it has", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nbeen kept under a high state of cultivation, and such\\nmanures which from their very nature must be com-\\nparatively free from the seed of weeds, such as fish\\ncomposts, night soil, or barn manure a year old, are\\nto be preferred.\\nDr. Voelcker gives the result of 10 analyses of the\\nashes of the root and 2 of the ashes of the leaves of\\nthe Carrot, and from these deduces the following as\\nthe number of pounds of mineral matter taken from\\nan acre of land, by 10 tons of roots and 4 tons of tops.\\nPotash, Soda, Lime, Phosphoric Acid,\\n116 tbs. 86 lbs. 101 ibs. 31 tbs.\\nSulphuric Acid, Chlorine,\\n34 lbs. 31 tbs.\\nTo those who desire to experiment with mineral\\nmanures this table will be interesting as showing the\\nkinds and proportion of each needed. The potash is\\nfound in unleeched ashes, from two to five pounds to\\nthe bushel; or in the German Potash salts; the soda\\nand chlorine in common salt, (chloride of sodium);\\nlime in the common lime of the mason, the Phos-\\nphoric acid in the phosphates offered in the markets,\\nand the Sulphuric acid in that directly or in common\\nfinely ground plaster known by chemists as Sulphate\\nof Lime.\\nI shall have occasion to present some very valuable\\nsuggestions of the learned Professor, under the head\\nof The Manure in my article on Mangolds, to which\\nthey more especially apply.\\nThe greatest single item in the cost of any crop is\\nthe manure, but this is an exceedingly varying ele-\\nment. Farmers near cities, and particularly if they\\nalso reside near the sea-coast, as an off-set for the\\ngreater cost of farming-land and expenses of living,", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "j 2 CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nhave the advantages of a city market and special facili-\\nties for collecting manures, at a cost to them, much\\nbelow the standard value of stable manure. Night\\nsoil to almost an unlimited extent can be obtained for\\nthe cost of collecting it, while the waste material of the\\nfisheries, Kelp, Rock Weed, Muscle Mud, Glue Waste,\\nSugar House Waste, and the products of the distil-\\nleries, these and other rich fertilizers can be procured\\nat so low a figure, in proportion to their value, that\\nroot crops can be raised considerably cheaper than in\\nfarming districts not so favored. Many a man can be\\nfound in these favored districts who thinks he is mak-\\ning a good business at farming, yet could he but sell\\nthe manure he gathers so cheaply, at its market value,\\nbarn manure being the standard, he would make\\nmoney by doing so and folding his arms the rest of\\nthe year. The fact is he is really losing money at\\nfarming;* but through his crops he is selling what cost\\nhim but a trifle at a price, indeed, below its real value,\\nbut still so far in advance of cost as to leave a profit.\\nSuch a man does wisely in the course he pursues\\nthough he makes a mistake in the debtor and creditor\\nside of the account, for it is most decidedly wiser to be\\nat work than idle, though the result makes no differ-\\nence in the dollars in a man s pocket.\\nPREPARING THE BED.\\nThe great object here should be to get the soil\\nthoroughly fine that the small, thread-like fibers, and\\nthe roots themselves, may waste the least possible\\nvital power in permeating the earth in search of food,\\nor in pushing downwards. The vitality wasted in this\\nway is just so much taken from growth, and may", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "Carrots, mangolds an\u00c2\u00a3 sugar reets.\\n13\\nmake the sole difference between a good crop and a\\npoor one. If it is necessary that the first ploughing\\nshould be a very deep one, better apply the manure\\n(as previously stated, the liner mechanical condition\\nthis is in the better) afterwards. Should the manure\\nbe to any degree coarse after spreading, run the brush\\nor wheel harrow over it, one or both. This will also\\nbreak up the clods and fine up the soil and incorporate\\nthe manure with it. If still at all lumpy, follow with a\\nplank drag. Next plow shallow a few furrows, and\\nhave men, with wooden-toothed hand rakes, rake at\\nright angles, pulling- all coarse stones and lumps of\\nearth and manure into the last furrow made. In brief,\\nproceed to make as fine a seed bed as for onions.\\nIf any one, depending on the apparent fineness of\\nthe surface, concludes to dispense with the final rak-\\ning and let the work of the brush harrow answer, he\\nwill be apt to repent it before the season closes should\\nhe try it let him be sure to double the quantity of seed\\nplanted in that portion of the land so treated. When\\nthe land is loamy and free from stones an implement\\nknown as the Meeker Harrow, will be found to be a\\ngreat time-saver in preparing the seed bed; by actual\\ntest on my own farm, I find that it will do the work of\\nmore than a dozen hands with rakes. If the bed has\\nits first ploughing early in the season, much of the\\nweed seed will germinate before planting time, then\\nan occasional use of the cultivator will destroy many\\nof the pests.\\nWHEN TO PLANT.\\nSome of our best farmers advocate planting about\\nthe middle of May, others equally successful in root", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "24 CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nculture claim that the middle of June is the best time.\\nThere are arguments for both early and late planting.\\nIn New England we usually have the weather suffi-\\nciently moist towards the close of May to insure the\\ngermination of the seed and protect the plants when\\nthey break ground, from sun-scald/ Those planted\\nas late as the middle of June are more liable to be so\\naffected by the dry weather usual at that period as not\\nto veg-etate as well; and should the heat be very great\\njust after they push through the ground, sometimes\\nin a single day nearly the entire crop will disappear by\\nsun-scald. But on the other hand, by planting late\\nwe about get rid of one weeding, assuming that the.\\nground is stirred by the cultivator occasionally, up to\\nthe time of planting. Again, this brings the crop in\\nfull vigor in October, the month of all others most fa-\\nvorable for the growth of the root, and the Carrots\\nbeing dug while the tops are in fair growing condi-\\ntion, keep better than when dug fully ripe. The argu-\\nment for late planting holds especially good tor the\\nShort Horn varieties, as these require a shorter time\\nto mature than the long kinds. If the crop is planted\\ntoo early, sometimes the roots, having matured, will\\nattempt to push seed shoots; when this is so they will\\nbe found woody in their structure, with numberless\\nthread-like roots, while their quality and keeping pro-\\nperties are greatly injured. This crop on rich land is\\nsometimes planted as late as the first week in July,\\nand with great success, should the Fall prove excep-\\ntionably mild, yet, as a rule, I would not recommend\\nplanting later than the middle of June. If it so hap-\\npens, from press of work, or the dry weather, the\\nfarmer has to plant later than this, then by all means\\nlet him confine himself to the earlier varieties.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nTHE SEED AND THE PLANTING OF IT.\\nThe seed grows with a covering of small, short, stiff\\nhairs, which makes them adhere together; these must\\nbe very thoroughly removed before the seed can be\\nrelied upon to flow freely from the machine. Much of\\nforeign grown seed reaches this country not properly\\ncleaned. To remove this furze, either thrash the seed\\nwith the flail very thoroughly, when the weather is\\nquite cold and dry, or warm the seed slightly and rub\\nit with the hand against the wires of a sieve, of a right\\ndegree of fineness to let the hairs fall through. Either\\nwinnow or sink in water, to remove all impurities. If\\nsunk, be careful to dry the seed at a very moderate\\ntemperature. As Carrot seed vegetates somewhat\\nslowly and the plants are quite small when they first\\nappear, weeds are apt to get the start of them before\\nthe rows can be seen with sufficient distinctness to\\nmake it safe to use the slide hoe. For this reason\\nsome farmers practice soaking the seed in water and\\nkeeping it at a temperature that will nearly develop the\\nsprout, before planting. This may be done by soak-\\ning the seed from 36 to 48 hours in milk warm, or\\nrather strong manure water, then removing it to\\nwhere the air is of about the same temperature. Stir,\\nit slightly for a few days, and finally dry it sufficiently\\nto drop freely from the machine by adding plaster,\\ncharcoal or dust. Camphor has a wonderful effect in\\nstimulating the vitality of seed, and the addition of a\\nsmall quantity of it to the manure water would doubt-\\nless be of advanage. This process should not be car-\\nried so far as to develop the sprout. Should the sur-\\nface of the ground be very dry when the seed is sown,\\nthis soaking process may be fatal, for if the germ is", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "j/t OAltllOTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nonce started it will not live in a dormant state; it must\\neither grow or die: whereas, seed that have not\\nbeen soaked will vegetate after rains wet the dry sur-\\nface. Be sure that the seed planter has a good roller\\nattached to it, and not a mere coverer, as this will help\\nconfine the moisture and thus materially aid in de-\\nveloping the seed.\\nQUANTITY OF SEED TO THE ACRE.\\nTables vary greatly some advising as high as four\\npounds to the acre. If the design is to raise small-\\nsized roots for early marketing, possibly this might\\nnot be an excess of seed, but to advise so heavy seed-\\ning for ordinary field crops, means that much of the\\nseed is poor trash, probably old and worthless, and\\nput in as a make-weight.\\nSome years ago a party wrote me, offering a variety\\nof garden seed at a very low figure, and stated that it\\nwas of his own raising. As it was a kind that I was in\\nthe habit of raising, 1 had the curiosity to write and\\nask how he could afford to raise it at such a price. He\\nreplied that it was of his own growing, but so old as\\nto be good for nothing and therefore he sold it to\\nseedsmen at a very low figure, to mix with their good\\n.seed to help make weight! When four pounds of Car-\\nrot seed are advised to the acre, for a .field crop, 1\\nthink that some of this kind of seed must somehow\\nhave got into the mixture. With everything fa-\\nvoring, and the farmer by experience having his seed\\nsower under perfect control, rather less than a pound\\nof seed will be sufficient for an acre. The great object\\nto aim at is, while having the plants thick enough, not\\nto have much of any thinning to do, as it costs about\\nas much to thin a crop as it does to weed it, with the", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. j\\ndrawback that the plants left in the ground are more\\nor less started, and so put back by the thinning. As a\\ngeneral rule I would advise one and one-half pounds\\nof seed to the acre, and this the farmer can reduce in\\nproportion as he is favored by circumstances and ad-\\nvances in experience.\\nTwelve inches is a sufficient distance between the\\nrows of the two small, early varieties, and fifteen be-\\ntween the rows of all other sorts. With the greatest\\nof care the seed will not come up with mathematical\\nprecision. Some advocate leaving a plant to about\\nevery inch of row others, to thin to four inches apart.\\nWith the exception of the shorter variety including\\nthe Guerande, which are somewhat like Onions in\\ntheir aptitude to grow to a good size when crowded,\\npushing out either side of the rows, as a rule I advise\\nthinning to four inches, leaving them thicker near\\nthe vacant places.\\nVARIETIES, AND WHAT KINDS TO GROW.\\nForeign catalogues give lists of about two dozen\\nvarieties, which differ in earliness, size, color, form,\\ntermination of root, characteristic of growing entirely\\nunder or partly above ground, and in the size of the\\ncore or heart. In foreign catalogues, what we call\\nOrange/ are known as Red Carrots. From a test\\nof these varieties I have thus far found two, viz.: he\\nGuerande and the Chantenay worthy of being added\\nto the kinds already grown to a greater or less extent\\nin the United States. The yellow-fleshed sorts are\\nrepudiated in New England by general consent; yet\\nthe Yellow Belgian, on a limited trial has proved with\\nme to be an exceptionally good keeper. The Purple\\nor Blood-Red is of a deep purple color, a poor cropper", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "jg CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND. SUGAR BEETS.\\nand by no means attractive to the eye. The remain-\\ning- varieties may be classed as follows :-^Early, mid-\\ndling early and late. The first class is made up of the\\nEarly Very Short Scarlet, the Early Scarlet Horn and\\nGuerande. The second class of all the half-long or\\nshort-horn varieties, and the third, of the long varie-\\nties, such as Long Orange, Belgian and Altringham\\nsorts.\\nIn addition to about one-half of these foreign varie-\\nties, cultivated more or less generally in this country,\\nthere are several kinds catalogued by seedsmen, all\\nof which are but improved strains made by careful\\nselections through a series of years, from what was\\noriginally imported stock. These strains usually bear\\nthe name of some person. A brief discussion of the\\nmore valuable varieties will now be in order. Here I\\nwill lay down three general facts, viz.: 1st, that of\\nthe various orange colored varieties, the shorter\\ngrowing kinds are, as a rule, the darker colored and\\nsweeter flavored. 2d, that the proportion of dark,\\norange-colored roots in any crop, while it will depend\\nlargely on the care that has been used in the selection\\nof seed stock for a series of years, does not turn\\nwholly on this, but soil, season or manure, one or all,\\nhave some influence in this direction. 3d, that the\\nfact that more or less of the Carrots tend to push seed\\nshoots the first year, while with the long varieties it\\nmay prove that the seed has been allowed to mix with\\nthe wild varieties, yet the probability (marked cases\\nexcepted) is decidedly the other way; while with the\\nshort horn varieties this tendency to push seed shoots\\nthe first season, so as to make something of a show\\nwhen an acre is glanced over, is quite a common\\ncharacteristic with seed of the very purest strain.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR RKETS.\\n*9\\nEARLY VERY EARLY SHORT\\nSHORT SCARLET. SCARLET.\\nSHORT HORN.\\nLONG ORANGE.\\nEarly Very Short Scarlet; see engraving.)\\nEarly Short Scarlet Horn see engraving). These\\ntwo varieties are the shortest grown and are raised\\nat times in forcing beds, for an early market, the\\nformer very generally so. They are of a very rich\\norange color, fine-grained, sweet, and of excellent\\nflavor, heading the list for quality. Their rich color\\nmakes them valuable above all other kinds for color-\\ning- butter. Though quite short, yet the Early Short\\nScarlet Horn can be grown to yield a great bulk of\\nroots, from the fact that from the smallness of their\\ntops the roots can be grown very thick, two or three\\nabreast all along the rows. When the small, handy\\nsize of this variety is considered in connection with", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20\\nCARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nthe superior quality, it stands foremost as a table Car-\\nrot, and I therefore recommend it in preference to all\\nothers for family use.\\nShort Horn. (S ee engraving.) This variety inter-\\nmediate between the Early Forcing and Long\\nOrange, with but slight variations in form, is shown\\nunder various names, as Intermediate, Nantes, Half\\nLong, James Improved, Stump-Rooted, etc. It is\\ncharacterized by a darker color than the average of\\nthe Long Orange, finer grain, and a sweeter and\\nricher flavor. In part from the more solid structure\\nof the Carrot, and in part from its better stowage,\\nthirty-six measured bushels of this variety make a ton,\\nwhile of the larger varieties forty bushels are required.\\nThe best strain of this variety is doubtless the kind\\nknown as the Danvers Carrot.\\nDanvers Carrot. i n the town of Danvers, Mass.,\\nthe raising of Carrots on an extensive scale has for\\nyears been quite a business the farmers finding a\\nlarge market in the neighboring cities of Salem, Lynn\\nand Boston. After years of experimenting they set-\\ntled upon a variety which originated among them (as\\ndid the Danvers Onion) known in their locality as the\\nDanvers Carrot. It is in form about midway be-\\ntween the Long Orange and Short Horn class, grow-\\ning very generally with a stump root. The great\\nproblem in Carrot growing is to get the greatest bulk\\nwith the smallest length of root, and this is what the\\nDanvers growers have attained in their Carrot. Un-\\nder their cultivation they raise from twenty to forty\\ntons to the acre. This Carrot is of a rich, dark orange\\nin color, very smooth and handsome, and from its\\nlength, is easier to dig than the Long Orange. It is\\na first-class Carrot for any soil.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR REETS.\\n21\\nGhierande or Ox Heart. This variety is a great fa-\\nvorite with many who raise Carrots for stock. It is\\nGUERANDE CARROT.\\nshort and chunky in\\nbuild, of a rich orange\\ncolor, and of excellent\\nquality, and the crop\\ncan be hand pulled.\\nLong 1 Orange, or Long\\nSurry. This is a stand-\\nard variety, and in its\\nvarious strains is doubt-\\nless more generally\\ngrown than any other\\nkind. The chief objec-\\ntion to it is the depth to\\nwhich it penetrates the\\nground, and hence the\\nextra work of digging\\nit; while the end of\\nthe root which causes the extra work is of inferior\\nquality when compared with the body, differing in\\nIMPROVED\\nLONG ORANGE.\\nDANVEIIS\\nCARROT.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22\\nCARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nthis respect from the shorter varieties, which are of\\nthe same quality throughout. The heart is larger in\\nproportion than in the shorter varieties, which is con-\\nsidered an objection. The keeping properties are ex-\\ng m** cellent, and in this respect it is\\nsuperior to the earlier kinds. On\\nlight soil the roots grow long,\\nstraight and make a fine show in\\nthe market.\\nAltringham. This is a Carrot\\nof excellent quality for the table,\\nthe flesh being of a rich orange\\ncolor, crisp and sweet, *but as a\\ncropper it is inferior to the Inter-\\nmediate or Long Orange varie-\\nties, and hence is but little cul-\\nvated.\\nLarge White Belgian. This is\\nthe largest of all varieties and will\\nyield at least a quarter more than\\nany other sort. The roots grow\\nseveral inches out of ground, and\\nall can be readily pulled by the\\nhand. Analysis shows that it is\\nnearly as sweet as the Mangold\\nWurtzel, rather sweeter than the\\nSwede Turnip, and about two\\nthirds as sweet as the Sugar Beet.\\nThe two objections to it are its\\ncolor and its keeping properties;\\nit being rather a poor keeper,\\nwhile the color has made it a car-\\nrot for horses rather than cows.\\nIf farmers have but a small quantity of manure, the\\nLARGE WHITE BEL-\\nGIAN.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. 2\\nWhite Belgian is a good variety for them to raise for\\nfeeding early in the winter.\\nTHE CULTIVATION, AND THE IMPLE-\\nMENTS NEEDED.\\nJust as soon as the young plants can be detected\\nbreaking round, the prudent farmer will push the slide\\nhoe, and have his boy weeders follow immediately\\nafter it on hands and knees. Boys that have had a lit-\\ntle experience, with their nimble fingers can do more\\nwork than men, while their wages are only about half\\nas much. On the sea-coast we hire boys who make a\\nbusiness of weeding, for from seventy-five cents to a\\ndollar a day. The one great danger in hiring boys is\\nthat careless ones are apt to break off the weeds in-\\nstead of pulling them up by the roots. To ascertain\\ntheir comparative faithfulness, it is well to quietly\\nmark a few rows of the different weeders, at their first\\nweeding, and by the time for the second weeding the\\ndifference between a good and a bad one will be very\\nplainly visible.\\nDon t accept that theory of the shiftless man, that it\\nis well to have the weeds grow pretty tall before the\\nfirst weeding, that the plants may be protected from\\nhe sun. I have noticed that oftentimes those who act\\non this theory give over their weeding, and plough up\\nthe bed before they have half finished it. Promptness\\nin the first hoeing and weeding is exceedingly im-\\nportant in the management of all root crops, and it is\\nwhere the greatest mistake is apt to be made in their\\ncultivation.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24\\nCARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nThere are a few implements that\\nSLIDE HOE.\\nare specially\\nneeded in\\nthe culti-\\nvation of\\nroot crops,\\nand of\\nthese,\\nattainable,\\nthe Hand\\nevery wise farmer will get the very best\\nThese implements are the Seed Sower,\\nWeeder, the Slide Hoe, the common Wheel Hoe,\\nand one for weeding both sides of a row at the same\\ntime. Of these there are a great many varieties, each\\nof which are more or less popular among a class of\\ngrowers. The engravings illustrate such as are in use\\nin my own section of country, where root culture\\nforms a very important part of the agriculture of farm-\\ners. Both the slide and the wheel hoe, for rapid work,\\nfar surpass the common hand hoe, while they cut up\\nthe weeds\\ne q u a .1 1 y\\nclear. The\\ndouble\\nwheel hoe\\nis used un-\\ntil the tops\\nof the\\ncrops be-\\ncome so large as to be in the way, when the\\nsingle wheel hoe or slide hoe takes its place. Fuller s\\nUnique Hoe having a single wheel is preferred, to any\\ndouble wheeled implement by many g-ardeners, es-\\npecially so by reason of its stiffness. Each should be\\ntwo inches narrower than the space between the rows.\\nA slide hoe is an amazing handy implement about a\\nWHEEL HOE.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\n25\\nfarm for many uses other than between the rows of\\nroot crops. A\\nnew class of\\ni mpl ements\\nhave been in-\\ntroduced with-\\nin a few years\\nwhich, to a de-\\ngree, supersede\\nthe use of the\\ncommon wheel\\nor slide hoe,\\nthough there is\\nyet a valuable mcgee cultivator.\\nsphere for each of them; I refer to the weeders which\\ncut each side of the row at the same time I have tested\\nevery variety of these and have found nothing now in\\nthe market superior to the McGee Garden Cultivator.\\nThese hoes which take each side of the row at once\\ncannot safely be made to go over the ground as fast as\\nthose designed for use between the rows, but working\\nclose home to the growing crop, they save a large\\nportion of the cost\\nof hard weeding.\\nOf seed drills there\\nare a dozen or\\nmore in the mar-\\nket, several of\\nwhich I have used\\non my farms. Michigan seed sower.\\nI prefer the Michigan over all others. Among\\nother advantages it can be relied upon to drop\\nalmost any variety of small seed, while it is a good", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26\\nCARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\ncoverer and having a roller attached, it packs the\\nearth over the\\nseed, which, as\\nevery farmer\\nknows, tends to\\nkeep the moisture\\nin and thus hast-\\nens their germi-\\nnation. The hand\\nweeder is an ex-\\nitate the laborious\\nthe surface is baked\\nLANG S\\nHAND\\nWEEDER\\nTOOL\\nPrePaid\\nLANG S HAND WEEDER.\\ncellent little implement to facil\\nwork of weeding, especially when\\nand therefore rather hard on the\\nfingers.\\nGATHERING AND STORING THE CROP.\\nOne of the greatest outlays attending the raising\\nof Carrots is in the gathering and topping of the crop.\\nThe common process of digging with a fork and\\nthrowing into piles to be afterwards topped is labor-\\nious and costly. Where the crop is to be consumed on\\nthe farm. The labor and consequent cost may be\\ngreatly lessened by first cutting off the tops by a\\nsharp shovel, spade or common hoe, or a slide hoe\\nwhich has been weighed by a piece of lead pipe, or\\nsome similar heavy article, slid down the handle and\\nfastened where that unites with the hoe. Should a\\nslice be taken off the tops of the roots it will do no\\nharm, as Carrots differ in this respect from other\\nroots, in that, when the tops are cut they are not apt\\nto rot; indeed, some practice cutting off a slice of the\\ntop when topping, to keep them from sprouting so\\nreadily when stored. The common way of gathering\\nthe crop, by loosening with spades or forks and then", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\npulling- out by the tups, throwing into heaps or scat-\\ntering over the ground and afterwards topping with a\\nknife, is a long and eostly job. An improvement on\\ndigging is to run a plough close to the row and then\\npull out as many as possible by hand and dig up the\\nremainder. Still a better course particularly when\\nthe Danvers variety is grown, is beginning in the mid-\\ndle of the piece, to run a subsoil plough close home\\nto the roots, when, if run sufficiently deep it will lift\\nthe Carrots a little out of the ground. Follow with\\nforks or hoes and draw the roots inward on the\\nploughed portion, so far as to give room for the horse\\nto walk. Let the roots remain a few hours scattered\\nover the surface, w T ben in picking up and tossing them\\ninto carts or baskets, any earth adhering will be jarred\\noff.\\nLet the crop remain out as late .as it can be risked\\nwithout freezing; and if they are in good growing\\ncondition this will be well towards November, in the\\nlatitude of central New England, and even into the\\nfirst week of that month in the milder temperature of\\nthe sea-coast. Roots not fully matured will keep bet-\\nter than those fully ripe when dug, on the principle\\nthat the varieties of apples we call winter apples are\\nsimply those kinds that do not ripen on the tree\\nthey are not winter apples, because they are Baldwins,\\nor Greenings, for these same kinds in the South where\\nthe ripening season is longer, are Fall apples. If the\\nCarrots have been planted too early they will ripen be-\\nfore digging, and be apt to send out roots and prove\\npoor keepers, besides losing the advantage of October\\nweather which is the Carrot month, doing more for\\nthe weight of the late planted crop than all the season\\nbesides.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "2 8 CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nRake the tops off the bed but do not waste them,\\nfor they are highly relished by animals, and if the Car-\\nrots are harvested when they ougiit to be, to keep\\nwell, that is, when in good growing condition, there\\nwill be a great weight of tops, sometimes as high as a\\nquarter of the weight of roots and this mass of green\\nfodder, coming at a time when the fields are usually\\nbare of grasses, will prove very valuable and accept-\\nable food for the cows.\\nIn storing, one fact must be borne in mind; that\\nCarrots will heat, sprout and rot, under circumstances\\nin which Mangolds would keep sound and uninjured.\\nI have several times lost quantities when buried in\\nthe ground where Mangolds and common table Beets,\\nunder precisely the same conditions, have kept per-\\nfectly sound. If the crop is to be fed at once, they may\\nbe dumped into the cellar or barn floor in the most ex-\\npeditious way but if to be fed into the winter, then all\\ndepth of the heap above two and a half feet means a\\nproportionate increase of danger of heating, sprouting\\nand rotting, and so much greater care to air the cellar\\nin cool, dry weather. I need hardly state that cellars\\nfor keeping Carrots and all roots should be free from\\nstanding water, and as cool as possible without\\nactually freezing. They should not be put directly on\\nthe cellar floor, but on a platform to admit air\\nunder them and it is an excellent plan to scatter a lit-\\ntle sand among them. I find that Carrots keep ex-\\nceedingly well if poured (not placed.) in a trench 14\\ninches wide and 21-2 feet deep, to be covered slightly\\nat first and more as cold increases, so that they have\\nfirst a little coarse litter, then a foot of earth, and on\\nthis about 18 inches of waste or cheap hay. When the\\nroots are large they will keep sufficiently better to pay", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. 2Q\\nfor the extra trouble, if they are piled heads and\\npoints to the height of two and a half feet, with a\\nslight space for air between tne piles. If there are not\\ncellar conveniences for storing the entire crop, with a\\ngood protection of hay under and around them, a few\\ntons may be stored, for early feeding, in the barn, pro-\\nvided it is not so cold as to freeze them.\\nRAISING CARROTS WITH ONIONS.\\nI transfer from my Treatise on Onions, a paragraph\\nrelative to growing Carrots with onions.\\nThe plan of raising Carrots with onions is con-\\nsidered an improvement by some who have adopted it,\\nas the yield of Carrots is thought to be clear gain,\\ndiminishing but little or none the yield of onions.\\nCarrots are planted in two ways one by sowing them\\nin drills between every other row of onions, and the\\nother, which is considered an improvement, called the\\nLong Island plan, by planting the onions in hills from\\nseven to eight inches from center to center, dropping\\na number of seed in each hill, and from the first to the\\ntwelfth of June, planting the Carrot seed, usually by\\nhand, between these hills in two rows then skipping\\none, and thus on through the piece. The onions, as\\nthey are pulled are thrown into every third row, the\\nCarrots being left to mature. By his method from\\ntwo to six hundred bushels of Carrots are raised per\\nacre in addition to the crop of onions. More manure\\nis required for the two crops than for the onions alone.\\nThe machine used for sowing in drills has two\\nboxes attached to the axle at equi-distance from the\\nwheels; there are three or four holes in the axle that\\ncommunicate with the seed in the boxes, and as these", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "o CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nholes pass under the boxes they are filled with seed,\\nand as they turn the seed are dropped into the earth.\\nScrews are sunk into the holes, which can be sunk\\nmore or less at pleasure, and the quantity of seed\\nwhich the holes will contain is thus graded.\\nThe machine should first be tested, and so regulated\\nthat on a barn floor it will drop from eleven to twelve\\nseed from each hole. When so regulated, on using- in\\nthe field it will drop but from seven to twelve, owing\\nto the more uneven motion.\\nMARKETING AND FEEDING.\\nIn the cities there is a large market for Carrots as\\nfeed for horses, it being very generally accepted that\\na few given daily or every other day, aids the diges-\\ntion of grain-fed animals, adds to the gloss of the hair,\\nand are of special medicinal value. The largest,\\nsmoothest and darkest orange colored roots sell the\\nbest in the market. The price varies all the way from\\nten to twenty dollars a ton of 2,000 pounds, depending\\nin part on the value of hay. Where the quantity fed\\ndaily is small, a large knife or a shovel will answer to\\ncut them up in pieces of suitable size; but if the quan-\\ntity amounts to several bushels daily, then a root-cut-\\nter will be needed. There are two classes of these,\\none for sheep, and the other for large stock, the essen-\\ntial difference being that those designed to cut roots\\nfor sheep cut into smaller pieces. Of those designed\\nto cut roots for large stock, the Whittemore machine\\nis as good a machine as any, having a capacity to cut\\nup a bushel in about half a minute. Among farmers\\nthere is much unnecessary fear about the danger of\\nanimals choking while feeding on apples, potatoes and", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. T\\nroots. For the last ten years I have fed to my cows\\nnot far from three hundred tons of squashes, potatoes\\nand roots, (mostly squashes) and never yet lost an ani-\\nmal or had any very serious trouble from choking.\\nMy habit is to feed them while quietly in their stalls,\\nwith a division board between the feed of each. All\\ncases of choking- that have come to my notice have\\noccurred where the animal was suddenly disturbed while\\neating. There is a great difference of opinion as to\\nhow many roots can be fed to stock daily without in-\\njuring them. The proportion will depend somewhat\\non the constitutional peculiarities of individual cows,\\nbut when the bowels are all right the appetite of the\\nanimal is probably the safest guide. I have had a\\nlarge and extended experience in feeding squashes to\\nmilch cows, the Boston Marrow, Hubbard and\\nother varieties beginning with a half a bushel to\\neach animal, I increase the quantity until the daily\\nconsumption has averaged a hundred pounds a day\\nto each. Under such heavy feeding, after a while\\ntheir appetites clog somewhat, but I am inclined to\\nthe opinion that beginning with a moderate feed, they\\nwould soon readily eat seventy-five pounds daily with\\na relish, for as long a period as they might last.\\nWhen feeding Carrots or any roots, the most eco-\\nnomical method is to give meadow or salt hay, with a\\nsmall quantity of flax-seed or cotton-seed meal. The\\neffect of the roots and these rich meals is to give to\\nthese inferior varieties of hay, the nutritious value of\\nthe best upland Englsh.\\nCarrots fed too liberally to horses, will make\\nthem soft, and cause them to sweat at the least exer-\\ntion. The manure made by animals fed on Carrots or\\nany other roots is of poor quality and therefore for", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "00 CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nthe farm s (as well as the animal s) sake a proportion\\nof grain, or its equivalent, should always be fed with\\nthem.\\nMANGOLD WURTZELS.\\nWhat is a Mangold Wurtzel? A number of years\\nago I raised a piece of Early Turnip Beet seed in a\\nvery isolated location; there was not another piece of\\nBeet seed growing within half a mile, at least. A\\ngood deal of the seed wasted, as is usual when the\\nseed is allowed to ripen well on the stock before cut-\\nting. From this waste seed thousands of young plants\\nsprang up, many of which survived the winter, by the\\nhelp of the protection of chickweed and snow. They\\nhad got so far along when ploughing time came, I left\\nthe piece unploughed, thinning them out that they\\nmight produce early beets. As the season advanced a\\ngood many of them pushed seed shoots and ripened\\na crop of seed. Some of the seed I gathered and the\\nnext season planted it to see what it would produce.\\nThe crop was everything; all the way from a nice,\\ndark colored Early Turnip Beet, through different\\nsizes, colors and forms, up to a light-fleshed Mangold\\nWurtzel! As the original Beets were a very pure", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nTurnip Beet, and during several years of careful cul-\\ntivation for seed purposes had shown no admixture\\nwith any other variety, the experiment proved either\\nthat the coarse variety of Stock Beet, which we call\\nMangold Wurtzel are but sports from our fine-\\ngrained table Beets, or that the Beets class are sports\\nfrom Mangolds, most probably the former.\\nMangold Wurtzels differ from table Beets in their\\ngeneral coarseness of structure, and the larger size to\\nwhich they grow, the elements which enter into the\\ncomposition of each being the same in kind.\\nWhat is a Sugar Beet? The term Sugar Beef is\\nan unfortunate one, as the word Sugar had already\\nbeen appropriated to express the sweet flavor of the\\nvarieties of Beets raised for table use, while the word\\nBeet is strictly a misnomer, the vegetable Sugar Beet\\nbeing in reality a Mangold Wurtzel. A generation\\nago our fathers used the term Sugar as a familiar\\ndesignation for any sweet variety of beet raised for\\ntable use, and at the present by the great majority of\\nthe public the term is still so used. As the new in-\\ndustry of manufacturing sugar from the beet grew on\\nthe continent of Europe, seedsmen were called upon\\nto supply for commerce seed of the best variety for\\nthis purpose. It was necessary that this variety should\\nbe as free as possible from all coloring substance as\\nthis would, as a matter of course, give a stain to the\\njuice, and impose on the manufacturer the labor of\\npurifying it. The ones at first selected were the long,\\nwhite Mangold Wurtzel, and these were called the\\nSugar Beet in commercial parlance. These white\\nMangolds were not entirely white, the portion that\\ngrew above ground being usually colored a light\\ngreen by exposure to the sun s rays; it became there-", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "~a CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nfore an object for the manufacturer to still improve on\\nthem to the end that all the coloring should be elimi-\\nnated. The intelligence and enterprise of the seeds-\\nmen of Europe responded to this want, and in the\\ncourse of a few years two prominent varieties were\\nproduced, that have nearly completely satisfied it,\\none of these was sent out by the estimable house of\\nVilmorin Andrieux Co., of Paris, and is named\\nViimoriri s New Improved White, and the other\\nWhite Imperial Extra, by the distinguished Ger-\\nman house of Ernest Benary.\\nThese improved Sugar Beets of commerce grow\\nnearly entirely under ground, and when grown these\\nbeets define themselves to be the Mangold variety, by\\nthe coarser structure of the root, the stouter ribs and\\nthe greater coarseness of the leaves, which spring m\\nlarger masses directly from the crown, than is the case\\nwith beets for the table.\\nThe moral of all this for my farmer friends is, that\\nif you want a beet for table use do not order Sugar\\nBeet or you will be very likely to find a Mangold\\ngrowing in your garden, a return, but not a recom-\\npense for the sweat and toil of the husbandman.\\nVARIETIES.\\nAbout twenty varieties are catalogued by seeds-\\nmen, many of which are but strains of the same kind,\\nbearing the name of the grower, who by careful cul-\\ntivation has endeavored to improve it. Classified by\\nform they come under three classes, viz. the long,\\nthe round and the ovoid or intermediate varieties.\\nClassified by color we have the red or scarlet, the\\npink, the yellow or orange, and the white varieties.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\n35\\nThe Long Varieties.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Among the more prominent of\\nthese are the Ox Horn, the common Long- Red,\\nNorbition Giant, Carter s Orange Globe, and the\\nSilesian varieties of Sugar Beet.\\nThe Ox Horn is a very crooked\\ngrowing variety, as its name\\nwould imply, with a small di-\\nameter in proportion to its great\\nlength. Growing almost wholly\\nout of ground it curves about so\\nin the row as to be decidedly in\\nthe way, is apt to break when\\npulled and in addition to these\\ndefects, storing very badly, it is\\nnot in any way desirable. The\\nNorbiton Giant, Long Red, Gate\\nPost, and Tankard are improve-\\nments over the common Long\\nRed in a greater uniformity in\\ntheir habit of growth, their size,\\nand a less liability to grow hol-\\nlow at the top at the advanced\\nstage of growth.\\nThe Round Varieties. In these\\nare included the common Red\\nand Yellow Globe, Gate Post and\\nTankard, with some of the under-\\nground varieties of the Sugar\\nBeet.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2v-:,\\nLONG RED MANGOLD.\\nOvoid are either red or yellow\\nin color and are intermediate in\\nform between the long and the round kinds.\\nWhat Kinds to Grow.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I n this country the Long Red", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nare the most popular, particularly the Norbiton Giant\\nvariety. While travelling\\nin England, Ireland and\\nFrance, for inquiry and\\nobservation, I found that\\nthe round and ovid varie-\\nties were more generally\\ncultivated than the long\\nsorts. In my experience\\nthe ovoid varieties incline\\nto grow smoother than\\nthe long kinds and hence\\nare likely to bring up less\\nearth with them, which on\\nheavy soil is a matter of\\nsome moment. I think of\\nthe two kinds the yellow,\\nunder the same circum-\\nstances, makes the larger\\nroot. The long varieties\\npile better in the cellar,\\nwhile the round or ovoids\\ncut up rather more readily, appear less inclined to rot\\nat the top, and are firmer fleshed. The globe and ovid\\nvarieties appear to be best adapted to hard and shal-\\nlow soils, and of these the Yellow Globe anct Ovoid\\nare especially valuable, as they are better keepers than\\nmost sorts and remain sound, without sprouting, until\\nlate into the spring, and with special care may be kept\\neven into the summer season.\\nThe long Silesian varieties of Sugar Beet vary from\\neach other only in the color of the part exposed above\\nground, being green, grey or red. The kind intro-\\nOVOID MANGOLD.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\n37\\nduced to the American public a lew years ago, under\\nthe name of Lane s Improved American Sugar Beet,\\nis a strain of Long White Mangold. The improved\\nvarieties of Germany and France yield about double\\nthe percentage of sugar that is found in the common\\nMangold, in some crops the\\nproportion being as high as\\nsixteen per cent. This would\\nmake the Sugar Beets of\\ndouble the value of Man-\\ngolds for stock, but unfortu-\\nnately, the roots under like\\nconditions of\\naverage but half\\nof Mangolds.\\nThe average\\nof sugar found in analysis of\\nbeets grown in this country\\nis exceptionably high. Hav-\\ning land free from alkalies,\\nof unbounded fertility, read-\\nily accessible, and atainable\\nat almost nominal cost, it is a serious question why\\nwe do not follow the example of other countries and\\nraise our own sugar rather than import it. Our in-\\nducement is the home market that the sugar factory\\nwould afford for unlimited areas of beets, while the re-\\nfuse pulp would enable farmers to increase greatly\\nthe number of their neat stock, to the advantage of\\nthe manure pile and enlargement of their area of till-\\nage. The great draw back is the price of labor in our\\nown prosperous country.\\ncultivation,\\nthe weight\\npercentage\\nGLOBE MAXGOLD.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "og CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nTHE SOIL AND ITS PREPARATION.\\nIn the matter of soil, Mangold Wurtzels will accept\\na greater latitude than any other root; thriving on\\nevery variety, all the way from light loam to muck,\\nand from that to as strong* a clay as is sufficiently fria-\\nble for tillage. Muck (properly drained) and a strong\\nloam are best suited to develop pounds of crop.\\nThough the crop grown in the lighter soil is not so\\ngreat it is much sweeter than when grown on heavy\\nsoil and when extraordinary quantities of manure\\nhave been applied, some of the heaviest crops on\\nrecord have been grown on light loam. The great\\ncrop of Mr. Fearing of Hingham, of over sixty tons\\nto the acre, was raised on a sandy loam. Some years\\nago I took a purchaser into 1 the field where two lots of\\nMangolds were growing; he selected at once the large\\nroots on the low land. I asked him to taste a slice of\\nthose on the upland, when he at once changed his\\npreference. As a rule it will be found that those\\ngrown on warm upland soil are decidedly the sweeter\\nand this fact has an important bearing on the feeding\\nvalue of the crop.\\nIf the soil is in good heart for a foot in depth,\\nplough it to that depth before putting on the manure.\\nAfter putting on the manure, if coarse, it will be well\\nto cut it up with Randall s wheel-harrow before\\nploughing under. After cross ploughing the manure\\nfour or five inches beneath the surface the aim should\\nbe to make a good seed bed by getting the surface\\nlevel and the soil light and fine. On most soils this\\ncan be accomplished by a liberal use of the wheel-\\nharrow followed by a fine-toothed smoothing harrow\\nand that by a plank drag. An old barn door will", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR REETS. ^g\\nsometimes answer for this, but as it is an excellent im-\\nplement on the farm it will be well to have one. It\\nshould be about three feet wide and six long, with one\\nside about ten inches high, meeting the bottom at an\\nangle of forty-five degrees; the planks had better over-\\nlap slightly, as they will the better break the lumps of\\nearth. The team is to be hitched to the turned up\\nside, and the driver is to stand on the drag, driving\\nit sideways over the land. The effect of such a drag\\nMEEKER HARROW.\\nin breaking up lumps and generally pulverizing the\\nsoil, will be found to be much superior to that of any\\nroller. Should the soil be of such a character or in\\nsuch a condition that the harrow and drag process\\nwill not make a good seed bed, there remains no re-\\nsource other than to prepare it as for onions, either\\nraking over the entire surface, or running over it three\\nor more times with the Meeker Harrow.\\nTHE MANURE AND ITS APPLICATION.\\nThe kind and quantities of food needed to grow any\\nvegetables is found by an analysis of that vegetable.\\nHaving thus learned the kind and quantity needed for\\nany crop, the next step of the wise farmer will be to\\nascertain what manures contain the necessary consti-\\ntuents and which of these contain them in the cheap-\\nest form. A little knowledge of Chemistry, in its ap-\\nplication to manures, is of incalculable value to the\\nhusbandman and no amount of experience and tradi-\\ntonary knowledge can serve as a substitute for it. I be-", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "^q CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nlieve that it is in this direction that the great advance\\nin agriculture will be made, and were there no other\\nargument for Agricultural colleges the fact that they\\nare prepared to give thorough instruction in this one\\ndepartment would be a sufficient reason for their ex-\\nistence, and for their liberal patronage by their sev-\\neral states. Prof. Voelcker, an excellent authority in\\neverything that pertains to chemistry, in its applica-\\ntion to agriculture, gives the following table as the\\naverage composition of the ash of the principal root\\ncrops.\\nAVERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE ASH OF\\nROOTS.\\nO oj\\nSh\\nsi\\nw\\nO\\no\\nw\\n6\\nB\\n3\\n4-i\\no\\no\\no\\nPh\\no\\nIs\\nO\\n53\\n6\\n.5\\no\\nS\\no\\nTURNIPS.\\n38\\n49.8\\n7.8\\n11.7\\n2.6\\n0.9\\n10.3\\n11.8\\n1.2\\n5.0\\nSWEDES.\\n7\\n38.9\\n14.0\\n12.8\\n4.2\\n0.8\\n10.4\\n13.7\\n1.9\\n4.2\\nMANGOLDS.\\n12\\n46.6\\n18.4\\n5.9\\n4.8\\n0.8\\n8.3\\n3.7\\n4.0\\n9.9\\nSUGAR BEET.\\n40\\n48.0\\n10.4\\n6.4\\n9.5\\n1.0\\n14.4\\n4.7\\n3.8\\n2.3\\nCARROTS.\\n10\\n37.0\\n20.7\\n10.9\\n5.2\\n1.0\\n11.2\\n6.9\\n2.0\\n4.9\\nPARSNIPS.\\n4\\n46.7\\n2.7\\n15.7\\n6.0\\n1.3\\n15.8\\n5.6\\n2.4\\n4.0\\nLEA\\nF ASH.\\nTURNIPS.\\n37\\n27.6\\n5.1\\n33.2\\n2.6\\n2.0\\n7.3\\n13.1\\n35\\n7.7\\nSWEDES.\\n3\\n21.9\\n12.3\\n30.2\\n3.2\\n2.0\\n6.4\\n10.6\\n4.8\\n11.0\\nMANGOLDS.\\n4\\n25.5\\n23.3\\n10.4\\n9.7\\n1.2\\n5.4\\n7.2\\n3.3\\n17.8\\nSUGAR BEET.\\n7\\n21.9\\n16.6\\n19.5\\n18.1\\n1.3\\n7.3\\n7.9\\n3.1\\n5.7\\nCARROTS.\\n7\\n17.6\\n18.2\\n32.1\\n3.9\\n3.0\\n3.8\\n8.2\\n5.2\\n8.9\\nThis table shows us that the Mangolds require the\\nmineral ingredients of manure in the following order,\\nwhen arranged with reference to their importance\\nPotash, Soda, Chlorine, Lime, Phosphoric Acid,\\nMagnesia, Sulphuric Acid, Silica. In addition to", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nthese minerals other substances enter into the com-\\nposition of Mangolds, the most important of which is\\nNitrogen. Barn-yard manure contains about all the\\nelements needed by vegetation, but not always in the\\nright proportion, therefore, when applying it, it is\\nalways profitable to know the proportions of the min-\\nerals which enter into crops that the deficiency may\\nbe supplied from other sources. It is perhaps hardly\\nnecessary to say that unleached wood ashes and the\\nGerman Potash Salts, Sulphate and Muriate, are the\\ncheapest sources for Potash at present known, while\\nSoda and Chlorine are obtained from Muriate of Pot-\\nash or from the waste salt of the fisheries. Of this I\\nshall have more to say presently when treating of salt\\nas an auxiliary fertilizer. Lime is. obtained form the\\ncommon Carbonate of Lime of the mason, either\\nwater or air slacked, and this usually contains more\\nor less of Magnesia, or from wood ashes which is\\nlargely one-third lime. The great source of Phos-\\nphoric Acid is the bones of animals or corprolites, by\\nwhich is meant the fossilized bones and dung of ex-\\ntinct animals; Sulphuric Acid is most cheaply ob-\\ntained from Plaster, which is Sulphate of Lime.\\nSome hold great benefit is derived by the crop of\\nthe following year, from ploughing under the leaves\\nas soon as the roots are topped; the value of this is\\njust what the analyses of our table shows. The large\\ncrops reported as raised in this country, have been\\nraised on soil ranging from light to a friable clay\\nloam and have received all the way from eight to fif-\\nteen cords of barn-yard manure to the acre. In some\\ninstances this has been all ploughed in; in others half\\nspread broadcast and ploughed in and the other half\\nput in the furrows. When coarse and unfermented I", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nwould advise a deep ploughing of it under, in the Fall\\nas with Carrots; other waste substances can be used as\\nsubstitutes for barn-yard manure, care being taken\\neither that such waste substances are specially rich in\\nPotash, Soda and Chlorine, or that these substances\\nbe added. The equivalents given are roughly esti-\\nmated under the article treating of the manure for\\nCarrots and will be sufficient for practical purposes;\\nI therefore make no- further allusions to these cheap\\nwastes as sources for manure, further than to mention\\nthat sea manures are specially rich in potash and soda.\\nOf all roots Mangolds are the rankest feeders, re-\\nmoving more plant food from the soil than any other\\nroot crop. The crop of Mr. Albert Fearing, of Hing-\\nham, Mass., was sixty tons of roots, and if the tops\\nwere in the usual proportion, of about one-third, they\\nweighed twenty tons more, giving the enormous yield\\nof eighty tons of green food from one acre of ground.\\nThe crop raised on Deer Island, in Boston harbor,\\nwas about seventy tons to the acre; with a like pro-\\nportion of tops the total yield must have been over a\\nhundred tons. In the sewage farms of England eighty\\ntons of roots have been raised on an acre of ground.\\nFearing applied fifteen cords of manure to his acre of\\nground; of the quantity applied to the Deer Island\\ncrop I regret I have not the data at hand.\\nIf the mere bulk alone was to be aimed at in the\\ncrop, the problem would be a very simple one, but\\nthere are three points to be considered: first, how to\\nget a crop that shall be great in bulk and at the same\\ntime give us the second desirable point, viz.: ripeness,\\nand thus insure the third desirable point, viz.: the\\nhighest percentage of sugar it is possible for the roots\\nto acquire.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "OAK ROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. a?\\nThis matter of the value of Mangolds, for feeding-\\npurposes, being in about the same proportion as the\\nsugar present, though appertaining to that part of\\nthis Treatise which treats of Feeding to Stock, yet\\nhas so direct a bearing on the manuring of the crops\\nthat I will take it up at this place. The recent re-\\nsearches of that distinguished chemist, Prof. Voelcker\\nof England, than whom there is iiO better authority,\\nhas thrown much light on the question of manure in\\nits application to this crop. The Professor takes the\\nposition that the nutritious value of roots is in propor-\\ntion to the amount of dry matter in them, and that the\\npercentage of sugar present coincides with that of\\ndry matter, the proportion of sugar rising or falling\\nwith the percentage of dry matter in the roots. That\\nthe feeding value does not depend on the proportion\\nof nitrogen they contain, is proved theoretically, by the\\nfact that the percentage is very much higher in the\\nearly stages of growth, before the crop is matured,\\nthan it is later in the season, while in the experiments\\nof Mr. Lawes in feeding sheep, the lot containing the\\nmost nitrogen in the way of nutrition gave the poorest\\nresults.\\nAssuming with Prof. Yoelcker that bulk should not\\nbe sought at a disproportionate sacrifice of sugar in\\nthe crop, and that certain soils and certain manures\\nand certain methods of cultivation are more favorable\\nthan others to the development of this desirable pro-\\nportion. I present extracts from his valuable article\\non Root Crops as affected by Soil and Manures.\\nLand highly manured with rich dung from the fat-\\ntening boxes or stables, induces luxurious and vigor-\\nour growth in root crops, and, as is well known, has a\\ntendency to develop over-luxuriance in the tops. This", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nis the case more particularly if the dung is derived\\nfrom fattening beasts, liberally supplied with oil-cake\\nand artificial food, rich in nitrogenous constitutents.\\nIf the Autumn turns out fairly dry and warm, the\\nroots in highly manured land continue to grow vig-\\norously, the bulbs swell to a large dimension, and if\\nthe weather in September and October continues\\nwarm and dry, a heavy weight, and fairly ripe roots,\\nresult from the liberal use of rich dung. But should\\nthe Autumn be cold and wet, too liberal application\\nof good, well-rotten dung is apt to maintain the lux-\\nuriant tops in a vigorous, active-growing condition,\\nat a period of the year when the crop has to be taken\\nup, and the result is an immature root crop, of a low\\nfeeding value. Although the bulbs may be of a good\\nsize, they turn out, when grown under such condi-\\ntions, watery, deficient in sugar, and not nearly as\\nnutritious as they would have been had a more mod-\\nerate dressing of dung been put upon the land. The\\nmain cause of the immature condition and low-feed-\\ning quality of Mangolds grown with an excessive\\nquantity of rich dung is the comparatively large\\namount of ammonial and nitrogenous constituents in\\nthe dung; for numerous field experiments have shown\\nthat the peculiar tendency of ammonia salts, and of\\nreadily available nitrogenous substances is to induce\\nluxuriant leaf-development and vigorous and pro-\\nlonged growth, which results frequently in a more or\\nless immature condition of the roots. There is thus\\ndanger of over-manuring crops and the desire to pro-\\nduce heavy crops of Mangolds not unfrequently leads\\npractical men not to appreciate sufficiently this dan-\\nger. It is quite true Mangolds are very greedy feed-\\ners, and no doubt some soils will swallow up almost", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS\\n45\\nany amount of dung; but at the same time it has to be\\nborne in mind that all land is not alike, and that there\\nare many naturally rich clay loams containing im-\\nmense stores of plant food which requires only to be\\nbrought into play by good cultivation in order to be-\\ncome available to plants. I am much inclined to\\nthink that it is a mistake to manure soils of the latter\\ndescription too liberally with dung, even for Man-\\ngolds, and that in many cases a more economical re-\\nsult, and certainly a better quality of Mangolds, al-\\nthough not so heavy a crop, would be given, if in-\\nstead of all the enormous dressings of dung which are\\noften applied to that crop, the lands were manured in\\nAutumn with only half the quantity of dung, and the\\nseed drilled in with three to four cwt. of superphos-\\nphate or dissolved bones, which manures, as we shall\\nsee presently have a tendency to produce early matur-\\nity in roots. We frequently hear of complaints that\\nMangolds scour, or do not keep well. Complaints of\\nthis kind are only expressions in other words for the\\nimmature condition of the roots, and in many cases\\nthe cause of this undesirable condition has to be\\nsought in the excessive amount of ammonial or nitro-\\ngenous constituents which are applied to the Man-\\ngolds in the shape of heavy dressings of dung. The\\nsame remarks apply with equal force to the exclusive\\nand to abundant use of sulphate of ammonia, nitrate\\nof soda, and nitrogenous manures in general. The\\nspecial effect of all ammonial and nitrogenous ma-\\nnures in general, as already stated, is to produce lux-\\nuriant leaf development, to induce prolonged and vig-\\norous growth, resulting in an immature and watery\\ncondition of the bulbs.\\nLarge roots, generally speaking, are far less nutri-", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "4 6 CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\ntious than better matured roots of a moderate size.\\nFor illustration of this fact I quote the following com-\\nparative analyses:\\nm\u00c2\u00a3\\n6\\nsf,\\nrQ\\nCD +3\\nbftfl\\n+3 C\\nC/lu\\n0)\\nzu\\n0H\\no\\nMangolds lbs.\\n91.85\\n1.84\\n2 86\\n2.54\\n1.41\\n7 12 lbs.\\n89.48\\n1.24\\n3.95\\n4.51\\n.82\\n4 lbs.\\n89.77\\n0.73\\n7.68\\n.89\\n.93\\n1 to 2 lbs.\\n86.90\\n0.61\\n1051\\n1.07\\n.91\\nSmall Mangolds approach Sugar Beets in com-\\nposition, whilst large Sugar Beets are hardly better\\nthan common Mangolds, and monster beets are even\\nless nutritious than well-matured Mangolds of fair\\naverage size. Monster roots, as is well known, are\\nalways very watery, poor in sugar, and almost useless\\nfor feeding purposes.\\nBig Berkshire beets, one weighing 16 pounds\\nand the other 12 1-4 pounds, contained only 3.89 or\\n4 per cent, of sugar respectively, and in round num-\\nbers as much as 91 1-2 per cent, of water. This high\\npercentage of water is accompanied by a larger\\namount of albuminous compounds and of mineral\\nmatter, than the proportions in roots, containing very\\nmuch more solid feeding matter. A large amount of\\nalbuminous matter and of ash, indeed indicates imma-\\nturity and poverty in sugar, a characteristic of big,\\nexcessively manured roots.\\nGenerally speaking, all nitrogenous manure, either\\nshould not be used at all, or only sparingly, for roots,\\non stiffish land, and all soils which contain a good\\ndeal of clay, are naturally cold and unfavorable to a\\nvigorus and rapid growth. Light land, like most pro-\\nductive sandy soils and friable turnip loams, favors", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. aj\\nthe quick and vigorous growth of roots, and is condu-\\ncive to early maturity.\\nNitrate of soda has the same general effect upon\\nroot crops as nitrogenous manures, but it appears to\\nbe more energetic in its action, and, on the whole, to\\nbe a useful addition to home manures, and to increase\\nthe produce in roots more considerably than sulphate\\nof ammonia. Its effect is specially marked upon Man-\\ngolds, and, to my knowledge, heavy crops of Man-\\ngolds have been produced upon rather light land by\\ni 1-2 cwt. of Nitrate of Soda, two cwt. of common salt,\\nsown broadcast, and four cwt. of dissolved bones\\ndrilled in with the seed.\\nPotash salts in some field experiments which I\\nhave tried in different parts of the country, have\\nshown that Potash has a decidedly beneficial effect\\nupon root crops, on poor, sandy soils; while on the\\nmajority of land, and notably upon clays or clay\\nloams, or soils in a good agricultural condition, Salts\\nof Potash do not increase the produce. The special\\neffect of superphosphates, dissolved bones and similar\\nphosphatic manures, is to produce early maturity;\\nand hence phosphatic manures are employed in prac-\\ntice very largely, and with much benefit, by root\\ngrowers. In free-growing, light soils, it is desirable\\neither to use dissolved bones in addition to half dress-\\ning of farm-yard manure, as a manure for roots, or to\\nspread broadcast 2 or 3 cwt. of salt, or 2 cwt. of\\np-uano and 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda and 2 cwt. of com-\\nmon salt, and to drill with the seed 3 to 4 cwt. of dis-\\nsolved bones. On the heavier description of soils it\\nis preferable to use mineral superphosphate for roots,\\nespecially if the land has been dressed in Autumn\\nwith a moderate quantity of dung.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": ",g CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nSALT AS AN AUXILIARY MANURE.\\nIt will be seen by the table of analysis of roots, that\\nthe Mangold has in it a remarkably large percentage\\nof Chlorine and Soda, the roots yielding respectively\\n9.9 and 184, while the tops give, 17.8 and 23.3. Salt\\nbeing a combination of Chlorine and Soda, known to\\nchemists as Chloride of Sodium, must therefore be a\\nvaluable auxiliary manure for Mangolds, that is, one\\nto be used in connection with other manures. Prac-\\ntice proves what chemistry indicates. Prof. Voelcker\\ntells us that salt tends to check over-luxuriance in\\nthe tops, wmile it prolongs the period of active growth.\\nIn consequence of this specific action it may be em-\\nployed with benefit as an auxiliary manure upon\\nlight land, in quantities not greater than five bushels\\nto the acre. Mr. Lewes, of New York, believes that\\nby scattering over the surface, when the Mangolds de-\\nvelop the fourth leaf,, four or five bushels of the refuse of\\nthe Syracuse salt works, which is about equal parts of\\nsalt and plaster, he has increased his crop ten tons to\\nthe acre. Mr. Lewes finds that salt tends to prevent a\\ndisease which sometimes attacks the leaves, known as\\nrust. He states that it can be obtained at the works\\nfor about $3.50 per ton. Prof. Voelcker believes it\\nwould be injurious rather than beneficial on heavy\\nland.\\nThe quantity to be applied to the acre as given by\\npractical growers, varies from four to twenty-five\\nbushels. The effect is not always the same; one sea-\\nson the increase may be very striking and the next,\\nunder the same application, not be perceptible, the\\ncause of which is not very clear, though it appears to\\ngive better results in dry seasons than in wet. The", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. Q\\nmust striking- effect from the application of large\\nquantities, in my experience, has been on the borders\\nof meadow land. A number of years ago I manured\\nin the furrow with refuse herring bait, salt and all,\\njust as taken from the fish barrels. The crop of Man-\\ngolds grown from this manuring was one of the\\nlargest and smoothest I ever raised. The next season\\nthe land was planted to Oats. In the Fall, while laying\\na heap of this oat straw in the barn, I chanced to use\\none as a tooth-pick. It tasted as though it had been\\npickled; thinking it was the result of some accident, I\\ntook another; that also was salt. This aroused my\\ncuriosity and on examination I found farther, to my\\ngreat surprise, that all the straw tasted as though it\\nhad been dipped in pretty strong brine. Certainly\\nthis tremendous salting, over and above what the crop\\nof Mangolds could use, to all appearance, had not\\nlessened the bulk of roots. On meadow land, Mr.\\nWare of this town, thinks that in a dry season he\\ndoubled his crop by the application of refuse salt, at\\nthe rate of twenty-five bushels to the acre. In pur-\\nchasing waste salt for this or any other agricultural\\ncrop, it is best to get the dirtiest lot possible, for this\\ndirt is the waste of the fish on which it has been used,\\nand consists mostly of fish scales, which for manuring\\npurposes is decidedly the most valuable part of the\\nfish. For this reason the waste from salted herring is\\nprobably the most valuable of all.\\nPLANTING THE SEED AND TENDING THE\\nCROP.\\nOur ground being now ready the next step is to\\nplant it: How much seed shall we need and how far\\napart shall we have the rows? The very best of seed", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "r Q CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nis often disappointing in the matter of vegetating, and\\nit is therefore best to plant with a liberal hand, for it\\nis better to have to thin out than not have plants\\nenough. From six to ten pounds of seed is the quan-\\ntity used, the larger quality when planted for sugar\\npurposes, the object in view being to get an even\\nstand with all the roots the same distance apart, to at-\\ntain which a great deal of thinning is necessary. As\\nto the proper distance between the rows, practical\\ngrowers will give various replies; 18, 20, 22, 24, 30\\ninches. The thirty inch men are those who expect to\\ndepend on the cultivator to do about all their weeding.\\nThat the crop does not require so much room to yield\\nthe greatest bulk, is shown by the experience of other\\ncultivators, who have raised from forty to over sixty\\ntons to the acre, with their rows from eighteen to\\ntwenty-two inches apart, while the greatest, crop on\\nrecord, viz.: of over eighty tons to the acre, was\\nraised with the rows twenty-four inches apart.\\nPlanting on ridges is often advised, but as far as I\\nhave observed, those who begin this way generally\\nchange to the system of level culture as they advance\\nin experience. The only advantages I have found in\\nthe system of ridge cultivation have been that the\\nMangolds appear to grow with fewer roots, and are\\nrather more easily weeded. These advantages in prac-\\ntice are more than off-set by the extra labor of making\\nthe ridges and preparing them for planting. Man-\\ngold seed is apt to come up badly. In France, where\\nland is cut up into small areas and labor is cheap, one\\nwould expect to find as little waste as possible, but\\nwhile travelling there I noted in their fields that the\\nMangolds were quite scattering. Mangold seed, like\\nthose of beets, are enclosed in a porous shell which", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. a\\nitself is usually called the seed. By cracking these\\nseeds the real seed will be found within, at the an-\\ngles, from one to four in number, and when broken,\\nif fresh, appear as white as flour. One reason why a\\nportion of the seed fails to vegetate, is, I infer, from\\nthe quantity of moisture necessary to reach and swell\\nthe encased seed. For this reason, if planted during\\ndry spells, care should be taken to get them down to a\\ngood depth, say an inch and a half deep, and then to\\npack the fine earth closely over them so that it may\\nhold the moisture. Any machine, therefore, that is\\nused for planting should have a good roller. To\\nfacilitate and hasten the vegetation, some cultivators\\npractice soaking the seed, by pouring on water when\\nalmost at a scalding temperature, and letting the\\nseed remain in it from thirty-six to forty-eight hours,\\nbeing careful to keep it where the water will not fall\\nbelow blood heat, then rolling plaster or dry soil, until\\nit is sufficiently dry to drop readily from the machine.\\nSome prefer to plant by hand, believing that the\\ngreater certainty of getting the seed up and the\\ngreater regularity of the plants in the row is more\\nthan an off-set to the additional labor. In doing this\\nsome growers will drop the seed on the surface by\\nthe machine, and then follow and push them under to\\nthe depth requisite, with the thumb and finger; others\\nuse a strip of plank about four inches wide and three\\nfeet in length, on the under side of which are inserted\\nwooden pins, every seven inches, the pins being one\\nand a quarter inches in diameter and projecting two\\ninches. The holes having been made, the seed are\\ndropped in, and covered by the hand. Where blanks\\nare found they may be profitably filled by transplant-\\ning the young Mangolds, care being taken to break", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "GAIIROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\noff the tops of the larger leaves, and also to loosen\\nthe ground a little when planting them. If a time\\njust after a shower is selected, the result will be very\\nsatisfactory. The transplanted roots when gathered\\nin the Fall will usually be found with several small\\nroots in place of a single tap root.\\nAll root crops require prompt and thorough atten-\\ntion in the matter of weeding, and to lessen this\\ncostly department of labor they should not be raised\\non land abounding- in the seed of weeds. Mangolds\\nwill require two or three hand weedings, besides as\\nmany slidings with the scuffle or wheelhoe. If too\\nthick they should be thinned rather early in their\\ngrowth, for I have oftentimes noticed that if this is left\\nuntil the roots begin to develop, those left standing\\nare apt to be dwarfed. It is best to give two thin-\\nnings. The plants should be left from ten to twelve\\ninches apart; the crop of eighty tons was thinned to\\ntwelve inches apart and as the roots are more apt to\\ngrow coarse and prongy, and with less sugar in them,\\nwhen far apart, I am inclined to ten or twelve inches\\nas far enough. The object aimed at should be, as\\nProf. Voelcker has shown, to get the weight in many\\nroots of medium size rather than in fewer roots of\\nlarge size.\\nGATHERING AND STORING THE CROP.\\nUnlike other roots, the keeping qualities of Man-\\ngolds are destroyed by a temperature low enough to\\nbut little more than freeze the surface of the ground.\\nIn the late Fall when the growth is about completed,\\nthese much exposed roots have but few leaves to pro-\\ntect them and hence, where freezing weather is feared,\\nthe provident farmer will always give them the bene-", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. r-i\\nfit of the doubt. If he is so unfortunate as to have his\\ncrop injured, let him at once get the most he can out\\nof them, in the way of food, for though the injury at\\nfirst may appear to be but trivial, the part frozen will\\nbecome first corky and afterwards turn black, and\\nultimately rot. If but slightly frozen the frost may be\\ntaken out by at once covering the roots temporarily\\nwith earth, but such roots must be fed early or they\\nwill rot. Where the globe or ovoid varieties are\\ngrown, on land where they pull hard they may be\\nlifted by running a subsoil plough with care. In pull-\\ning these, or any roots that are to be topped on the\\nfield, don t do, as is usually done, either scatter them\\non the surface, without any system, or throw them\\ninto heaps, as in either way the cost of removing the\\ntops is increased. If thrown in piles the tops become\\nmore or less intermingled, and the small amount of\\nextra labor therby caused in topping each individual\\nroot becomes great in the aggregate, when thousands\\nare handled. Still it oftentimes happens that the\\nweather takes a sudden, unexpected turn, threatening\\ntoo low a temperature for the safety of the crop;\\nunder such circumstances the question is how to get it\\nout of danger in the most expeditious way possible.\\nThe quickest way is to pull and throw into heaps,\\nroots in, tops out, by which arrangement, should there\\nbe considerable of a freeze up, the tops would shield\\nthe roots. To protect them still more effectually earth\\nmay be shovelled over the heaps, so as barely to cover\\nthem, and when protected in this way they may be al-\\nlowed to remain quite awhile awaiting the leisure of\\nthe farmer. Here let me say that this plan of protec-\\ntion will not answer for all crops, as I have learnt with\\nCabbages, to my sorrow, for when coyered up this", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "r* CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nway, but for a few days, when taken out they will be\\nfound to be almost cooked by the great heat which\\nthey have developed.\\nIn gathering all roots the great object is to have as\\nfew handlings as possible, hence, if the tops are not\\ntwisted off as the Mangolds are pulled, they should\\nbe laid in rows, tops in and roots out, four or more\\nrows being put in one. It will be best to have two\\nhands work together, and so make two of these rows,\\nleaving a small passage-way between them, the roots\\nbeing on the inside. Now let the topper follow with\\na large and sharp knife, and lop off the leaves to his\\nright and left as he goes, being careful to so top the\\nroots that each individual leaf will fall separately,\\nwhich means that he is not to cut the top of the root\\nitself, for unlike Carrots, Mangolds so cut are apt to\\ndecay when stored. For economical work the knife\\nshould be a large and somewhat heavy one, the blade\\neight or nine inches in length. A small grit stone for\\nthe use of the hands engaged in topping any kind of\\nroots is always a good investment is saves running to\\nthe barn for an occasional touch on the grindstone.\\nIf the roots are to be marketed they will need to be\\nleft to have the earth on them dry, that it may fall off\\nwhen loading, but if for use on the farm it will be\\nrather of an advantage, as it will help keep them from\\nwilting. The portion of the crop to be fed before Spring\\nshould be stored as near to the place of feeding as\\npossible. The great object should be to keep them\\nsufficiently covered and cool to prevent wilting. As\\nall the beet family are good keepers, there need be but\\na small per cent, of loss. Store them in a cool, rather\\nmoist cellar, provided it has no standing water. The\\nheap may be three or four feet in depth, and should", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nbe covered with earth that is rather moist than other-\\nwise, to prevent evaporation. The long varieties may\\nbe piled cordwood fashion. Those to be fed after\\nSpring opens can be kept in a pit, dug in gravelly soil,\\non a hill-side, or where there is no danger from stand-\\ning water; the pit may be three or four feet in depth,\\nand be filled to the surface. In covering there are two\\nmethods: one, to throw the earth directly on the\\nroots, and the other to first cover them with corn-\\nstalks, or some dry, coarse litter before throwing on\\nthe earth. In practice I find that when the litter is\\nused the roots in immediate contract with it are apt to\\nmould, more or less, and be affected with a dry rot,\\nthough it is an excellent plan to throw over coarse lit-\\nter up to severe freezing weather. Which ever course\\nis pursued it is best not to throw on more at first than\\nis sufficient to barely cover them, and to add the re-\\nmainder, making a covering of about two feet in depth\\nin all; to which is to be added a foot of coarse hay as\\nthe weather becomes cold. The process of thatching\\nwith straw and so piling that there shall be a roof-like\\nslant to the heap, with furnace-like ventilators open-\\ning from it at intervals, I have never found necessary\\nin actual practice, the elevation of the earth above the\\nbed being a sufficient water shed, while the cold\\nnature of the root prevents heating. Rats are the\\ngreat enemies of root pits. I have had galleries cut\\nby these vermin through a bed of roots, utterly des-\\ntroying them for seed purposes. The best way of kill-\\ning them- in my experience, has been to drop a little\\narsenic on buttered bread and put it conveniently near\\ntheir holes, but so far hidden that no neighbor s dog-\\nwould be likely to suffer by it.\\ntore.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56\\nCarrots, mangolds and sugar beets\\\\\\nFEEDING THE CROP.\\nBesides arguments which are of weight for cultiva-\\ntion of all kind of roots, there are special ones for the\\nraising of Mangolds. The vast bulk of yield exceeds\\nthat of any annual crop as high as eighty tons of roots\\nhaving been raised to the acre on the sewerage farms\\nof England and when to this is added the weight of\\nleaves that such a crop would carry, it will be safe to\\nsay that a hundred tons have been given to the acre.\\nTaken as a whole the Mangold has less enemies and\\nis less apt to fail than any other root. Compared with\\nthe Turnip family, it has several marked advantages,\\nbeing more reliable in dry seasons and less liable to\\ndisease;. and in flesh-forming heat-giving and fat-pro-\\nducing elements it surpasses it. While the Turnip\\nfamily cannot be raised repeatedly on the same land,\\nindeed on most soil can be raised only intervals of\\nthree or four years, Mangolds can be raised many\\nyears in succession, as Mr. Mechi, the distinguished\\nEnglish agriculturist, has proved by raising sixty\\ntons per annum on the same tract of land of six acres\\narea, for six successive years. They will keep longer\\nin good condition than any other root, under favor-\\nable circumstances even as late as July. Experiments\\nin feeding steers made with care, proved that while a\\nton of Mangolds increased their weight sixty-five\\npounds, a ton of Swede increased their weight but\\nforty-eight pounds, equal quantities of hay having\\nbeen fed in each experiment. Other experiments\\nhave established about the same proportionate value\\nbetween these two roots, though the general result\\nwas not as favorable. Mangolds, like fruit, undergo", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. r~\\na ripening change after they are gathered, and until\\nthis is effected they are not in the best condition for\\nfeeding. The ripening process for the most part con-\\nsists in a change of starch into sugar, and makes the\\nMangolds both more healthful and more nutritious\\nfood. Before this change is effected they are apt to\\nscour stock if fed to any degree liberally. The time\\nwhen this chemical change takes place will depend on\\nthe degree of ripeness of the crop when stored; and\\nthis, as has been clearly shown, is affected by both the\\nsoil on which they grew and the manure with which\\nthey were fed; other conditions equal, those grown on\\nupland ripen earlier than those on lowland, while\\nrank manures tend to prolong the period of growth\\nand crops so grown come into condition for feeding\\nlater in the season. In England, a common practice\\nis to begin feeding the Mangolds at Christmas, while\\nin this country the middle of January is considered\\nearly enough. Experiments carefully made have\\nproved that when fed to fattening animals they should\\nfollow and not precede Turnips. It is a good rule in\\nfeeding this as with other roots or tubers, to begin\\nwith a small quantity and gradually increase the\\namount up to the limit which the appetite of the cow,\\nher general health and the tale of the milk pail indi-\\ncate. Every farmer who feeds a dairy needs a root\\ncuttter. There are several of these in the market,\\nsome designed for sheep only, which cut the roots into\\nsmall pieces, others for neat cattle, while some manu-\\nfactured by our Canada neighbors can be arranged to\\ncut for either class of stock. As good a one as I know\\nof for stock purposes, cheapness, durability and effec-\\ntiveness combined, is one sometimes known as the\\nAmes machine of which I present an engraving.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58\\nCARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nAMES CUTTER.\\nas\\nthey\\nare more apt\\nThis machine\\nis capable of\\ncutting about\\ntwo bushels a\\nminute. Ex-\\nperiments in\\nEngland have\\nshown that 59\\npounds of\\ncooked M a n-\\ngolds are equal\\nto 70 of un-\\ncooked. Leaves\\nof Mangolds\\nshould be fed\\nto scour than\\nwith care\\nthose of any other root. The reason of this is\\nthat they contain comparatively a large quantity of a\\npoisonous acid known by chemists as oxalic acid,\\nthe same that is developed in Rhubarb leaves, when\\nslightly wilted, and which sometimes causes death\\nwhen such leaves are eaten as greens.\\nThe practice sometimes followed in Europe, of\\nfeeding the leaves of the growing crop, where labor is\\nvery cheap, is thought to pay, as the leaves are gath-\\nered just as they begin to drop from their upright\\nposition and when their usefulness as nourishers of\\nthe root have ended. But with labor as cheap as may\\nbe, there is no economy in this, for, aside from the\\ndeleterious effects to animals, when fed too liberally,\\nby actual experiment it has ben found that the wear\\nand tear to the crop, incidental to the plucking of\\nthese leaves by an average farm hand, injures it more\\nthan the value of the leaves after they are gathered.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\n59\\nWere it riot for the enormous bulk that an acre will\\nproduce in roots when compared with its yield in hay\\nor grain, there would be a serious argument against\\nthe growing of them to any extent beyond what might\\nbe needed for medicinal purposes, in the fact that the\\nmanure made from them is of so low a value; and the\\npractical weight of this argument would grow in pro-\\nportion as farmers acquire a knowledge of the most\\nimportant department of farming. To most farmers a\\ncord or load of manure of cow or horse, is a cord or\\nload of equal value now this is far, very far from be-\\ning the fact, as will be seen by the following table\\nwhich I take from the Scientific Farmer, compiled by\\nthe celebrated Mr. Lewes, who, by his careful experi-\\nments, has laid the agricultural world under lasting-\\nobligation. In this table a ton of English hay is taken\\nas the standard and were all the manure saved, both\\nsolid and luquid, from a ton of each of these varieties\\nof food, the ingredients at the market value of the\\nAmmonia, Potash and Phosphoric Acid would be\\nworth as follows:\\nHay,\\nClover Hay,\\nOat Straw,\\nWheat Straw,\\nBarley Straw,\\nDecorticated Cotton Seed Cake,\\nLinseed Cake,\\nMalt Dust,\\nMalt,\\nOats,\\nWheat,\\nIndian Corn,\\n$10.00\\n15.00\\n4-5o\\n4.16\\n3-50\\n43-33\\n30.66\\n28.33\\n10.50\\n11.50\\n11.00\\n10.50", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "6o\\nCARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nBarley,\\n9.83\\nPotatoes,\\n2.33\\nMangolds,\\n1.66\\nSwedes,\\n1. 41\\nTurnips, (common,)\\ni-33\\nCarrots,\\ni-33\\nThis table is very suggestive in many ways by it\\nwe see that there are varieties of food, the manure\\nfrom which is worth more than the cost of the food\\nitself. In its application to the feeding of Mangolds,\\nit at a glance suggests the wisdom of feeding at the\\nsame time a portion of something richer and more\\nconcentrated. By so doing the quality of the manure\\nis vastly improved and the crops will not be slow to\\ndiscover it. There is still another reason for feeding\\nthese rich foods while using roots; it enables the\\nfarmer to feed with profit his straw or inferior varie-\\nties of hay. Says Prof. Stockhardt, The full benefit\\nto animals derivable from feeding roots is secured\\nonly when the proper proportion of substances rich\\nin nitrogen are fed with them; accordingly, about two\\npounds of oil-cake should be fed with each hundred\\npounds of beet root, or other foods may be substi-\\ntuted in the same proportion as they are rich in nitro-\\ngen.\\nRecent researches have determined a fact of great\\nvalue to agriculture: that to get the most profitable\\nresults from food the Albuminoid and Carbohydrate\\nelements should bear a certain proportion to each\\nother, and that while a decrease in either of them\\nfrom this proper proportion means insufficient food,\\nand a consequent loss of flesh, fat or milk, an excess\\nof either means money wasted. The proportion for", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "Carrots, mangolds ami sugar beets,\\n6 i\\ncows that are dry and oxen when not at work is\\nabout one of Albuminoids to eight of Carbohydrates;\\nfor oxen at work and cows in milk, one of Albumi-\\nnoids to from four to six of Carbohydrates.\\nThe following table taken from Prof. Johnson s\\nexcellent work, How Crops Grow, gives the pro-\\nportion of the Albuminoids, Carbohydrates and other\\nelements in roots and tubers.\\n5\\nSjg\\nMs\\nA\\no\\n2\\n-n\\n5\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a09 ee\\nSri:\\nf2\\n6\\na\\nfa\\nROOTS AND TUBERS.\\nPOTATO.\\n95.0\\n24.1\\n0.9\\n2.0\\n21.0\\ni.i\\n0.3\\n1 JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.\\n80.0\\n18.9\\n1.1\\n2.0\\n15.6\\n1.3\\n0.5\\nKOHL-RAB1.\\n83.0\\n10.8\\n1.2\\n2.3\\n7.3\\n1.2\\n02\\nFIELD BEETS (3 lbs. weight).\\n88.0\\n11.1\\n0.9\\n1.1\\n9.1\\n0.9\\n0.1\\nSUGAR BEETS (1 to 2 lbs.).\\n81.5\\n17.7\\n0.8\\n1.0\\n15.4\\n1.3\\n0.1\\nRUTA BAGAS (about 3 lbs)\\n87.0\\n12.0\\n1.0\\n1.6\\n9.3\\n1.1\\n0.1\\nCARROT (about 1-2 lb.).\\n85.0\\n14.0\\n1.0\\n1.5\\n10.8\\n1.7\\n0.2\\nGIANT CARROT (1 to 2 lbs.)\\n87.0\\n12.2\\n0.8\\n1.2\\n9.8\\n1.2\\n0.2\\nTURNIPS.\\n92.0\\n7.2\\n0.8\\n1.1\\n5.1\\n1.0\\n0.1\\nPARSNIP.\\n88.3\\n11.0\\n0.7\\n1.6\\n8.4\\n1.0\\n0.2\\nPUMPKIN.\\n94.5\\n4.5\\n1.0\\n1.3\\n2.8\\n1.0\\n0.1\\nTo give the tables necessary to develop this inter-\\nesting subject to its full capacity, would be altogether\\nbeyond the scope of my little treatise. I will refer my\\nreaders to the appendix of that excellent work by\\nProf. Johnson, How Crops Grow.\\nTHE COST OF THE CROP.\\nAn average crop of Mangolds may be set down at\\n22 tons. To grow this crop would cost the farmer\\nwho depends on barn manure mainly, about as fol-\\nlows", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62\\nCARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nDEBTOR.\\nPloughing twice, harrowing and dragging, $9.00\\nSeed, 10 l bs., 3.50\\nPlanting, 1.00\\nSliding, weeding and thinning crop, 16.00\\nGathering, topping and storing, 12.00\\nManure, and handling of 7 cords, 38.00\\nRefuse salt, 16 bushels, at $1.25 per hogs-\\nhead, 2.50\\nInterest, taxes and wear and tear of imple-\\nments and teams, 15.00\\nTotal cost, $97.00\\nCREDITOR.\\nBy crop of 22 tons roots, at $8.50 per ton, $187.00\\ntops, 4 tons, at $5.00, 20.00\\nvalue of manure left in soil, 14.00\\n$22 1 .00\\nBalance, $123.00\\nIn the above estimate I have assumed most of the\\nlabor to be by boys, who at hand weeding, if they are\\nreliable, can get over the ground faster than men. I\\nhave made no allowance for the cost of cutting up the\\nroots when feeding, as this does not belong under this\\nhead. Should the land be old the item of weeding\\nwould have to be increased one-half. The salt I have\\npriced at its cost along the sea-coast. I have esti-\\nmated the value of the crop at tne average value of\\nseveral years past, while the manure charge is higher\\nthan it should be where farmers have access to the\\nfertilizing wastes of great cities.\\nNow, if instead of being contented with a crop of 22", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\n63\\ntons to the acre, the farmer strives for double that\\nquantity, he will get it by additional expense in but\\ntwo directions, viz.: his manure bill and the cost of\\ngathering and storing. If we now double the cost of\\neach of the latter, and credit the results with double\\nthe crop, which every practical farmer who has had\\nexperience in root culture will allow is but reasonable,\\nwe shall have the following results:\\nExtra cost of crop of 44 tons over one of 22\\nManure, 7 cords, $38.00\\nGathering, topping -and storing, 12.00\\n$50.00\\nNow adding the credit side we shall have for\\nExtra 22 tons roots, $187.00\\nSix tons tops, 30.00\\nValue of manure left in ground,. 14.00\\n$231.00\\nDeduct extra cost, 50.00\\nProfits cleared, $181.00\\nIn other words, by investing $68.00 for six months,\\nwe clear $163.00, which, as any farmer boy can figure,\\nis at the rate of about five hundred- per cent, a year.\\nMr. Fearing of Hingham, with the same amount of\\nmanure raised over sixty tons to the acre, and the\\ninstances are numerous where over forty tons have\\nbeen the crop when even a less quantity has been\\nused. Can any farmer who has accumulated a small\\nsurplus of money do better than invest it in manure?\\nThere is altogether too much money, for the pros-\\nperity of their farming, invested by farmers in Say-", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "fr. CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS.\\nings Banks. These banks pay from four per cent, on\\nmoney, but here is an instance where an investment\\nmade in manure pays over four hundred per cent.\\nMerchants don t do so foolish a thing as to put their\\nearnings into Savings Banks. No; they invest in\\ntheir business and so keep it and its money making\\ncapacity under their own control; when will farmers\\nbe as wise and become their own bankers? Let me\\nremark that the farmer who is so wise as to attempt\\nto get the most from his land will do well to follow\\nProf. Voelcker s advice and drill in four or five hun-\\ndred weight of dissolved bone to the acre, in place of\\nthe same value in stable manure.\\nIn the above estimates of the value of Mangolds we\\nhave assumed that the farmer sold his crop. Now it\\nis true of this as of every other crop that the farmer\\ncan use on his premises, that it is of more value to\\nhim than the general market price indicates.\\nUnder this head an intelligent farmer of large ex-\\nperience writes:\\nFrom experiments made in feeding beets, their\\nvalue has been made to range from 13 to 20 cents per\\nbushel, with hay at twenty dollars per ton. An exact\\nestimate of the practical value of beets for cattle food,\\nis a difficult matter, as it is now, and ever will be, hid\\nfrom mortal ken. The improved condition of the cow\\n(when fed to cows during the winter), her increased\\nusefulness during the entire season, her lessened liabil-\\nity to sickness and disease which high feeding with\\nany one of the different kinds of grain induces, her\\nlengthened lease of life, her evident satisfaction and\\nperfect contentment, which is so plainly manifested\\nwhile eating her daily ration of roots, are each and\\nevery one legitimate items to be taken into the ac-", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CARROTS, MANGOLDS AND SUGAR BEETS. (j^\\ncount in estimating the practical, the actual value of\\nbeets as food for dairy stock.\\nAfter carefully looking at the subject in all its\\nbearings, so far as my experience has given me op-\\nportunity to do so, I have come to the conclusion that\\nbeets for cattle food are well worth fully as many\\ncents per bushel as good hay is worth dollars per ton,\\nwithout taking into consideration the increase of the\\nmanure and that the average cost, when stored in the\\ncellar or put into pits, with every item of expense in-\\ncluded, need not exceed eight cents per bushel.\\nI will close my little treatise by remarking that\\nwhile I cannot expect to have exhausted so prolific a\\nsubject, yet I hope and trust that it may prove of value\\nas a guide and a stimulus to some of my many friends\\nin the great community of farmers.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "I\\n000 930 964", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "ONION RAISING.\\nWHAT KINDS TO RAISE\\nAND\\nThe Way to Raise Them.\\nThis work, issued by me in 1865, has been\\nrecommended by some of the best authorities in\\nthe country and has gone through sixteen editions.\\nPRICE BY MAIL, 30 CENTS.\\nJAMES J. H. GREGORY,\\nMARBLEHEAD.", "height": "3473", "width": "2159", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "OUR LARGE ILLUSTRATED\\nt\\nCATALOGUE\\nOF\\nVEGETABLE III FLOWER SEEDS,\\nJ\\nSENT FREE TO ALL APPLICANTS.\\nJames J. H. Gregory Son,\\nMARBLEHEAD, MASS.", "height": "3663", "width": "2367", "jp2-path": "carrotsmangoldwu01greg_0072.jp2"}}