{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4552", "width": "2832", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChap._^-\u00e2\u0080\u009e. Copyright No._\\nSheitZM/.:;\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "4556", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4556", "width": "2848", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4540", "width": "2904", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "ESSENTIALS\\nOF\\nMEDICAL AND CLINICAL\\nCHEMISTRY.\\nWITH LABORATORY EXERCISES.\\nBY\\nSAMUEL E. WOODY, A.M., M.D.\\nFOURTH EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED.\\nILLUSTRATED.\\nPHILADELPHIA\\nP. BLAKISTON S SON CO.,\\n1012 Walnut Street,\\n1900.", "height": "4544", "width": "2844", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "028\\nTWO copita H^c ivfio,\\nLibrary 0/ Congret*\\nOffice of th*\\nJUN8-19G0\\nItffllttr of Copyright*\\nSECOND COPY.\\n62525\\nCopyright, 1900, by P. Blakiston s Son Co.\\nPress of\\nVVickeisham P. in ting Co.,\\nLancaster, Pa.", "height": "4572", "width": "2904", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION.\\nIn this Fourth Edition the text has been largely re-written,\\nespecially the clinical portion, and much new matter added.\\nRealizing the need of a brief text-book that would also serve as a\\npractical laboratory guide, the author has, wherever the directions\\nin the text are not sufficiently explicit, added, as foot-notes, a\\nseries of simple laboratory exercises embodying such experiments\\nas he has had his students perform during his twenty years of med-\\nical laboratory teaching. It will be noticed that the experiments are\\nso simple as to require only such apparatus as the general practi-\\ntioner has, or should have, about his office. In keeping with the\\npresent pharmacopoeia, the old spelling is retained.\\nThanks for valuable assistance is extended to the author s col-\\nleagues, Drs. Solomon, Rominger and Rapp, Professors of Materia\\nMedica, Inorganic Chemistry, and Organic and Clinical Chem-\\nistry, respectively, in the Medical Department of Kentucky\\nUniversity to Dr. Harris M. Kelty, Professor of Chemistry in\\nthe Louisville Medical College, and to Dr. fas. Lewis Howe,\\nProfessor of Chemistry in Washington and Lee University.\\nThis edition is presented with the hope that it may meet as\\ncordial a reception as its predecessors, and that teacher and\\nstudent will find the author s labor has lightened theirs.\\n600 West Broadway, Louisville, June, igoo.\\n(in)", "height": "4564", "width": "2840", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4500", "width": "2848", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nINTRODUCTION 9-17\\nDefinition of chemistry, 9; properties of matter, 11 specific gravity,\\n10; states of matter, 14; table of elements and atomic weights,\\n15; atomic theory, 16; symbols, formulae, equations, 17.\\nPART I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 18-132\\nClassification of the Elements 19\\nI. Preliminary Group I 9~3 I\\nHydrogen, 19; oxygen, 21; ozone, 23; water, 25; natural\\nwaters, 27; purification of water, 29; hydrogen dioxide,\\n30; Radicals, 31 affinities, 32; valences, 34; nomen-\\nclature, 36.)\\nII. Chlorine Group 37~44\\nFluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, 37. (Nomenclature\\nof acids and salts, 40.) Hydracids of chlorine group, 41\\noxysalts of chlorine group, 43.\\nIII. Sulphur Group 44~5 1\\nOxygen, 21; Sulphur, 45 hydrogen sulphide, 46; carbon\\ndisulphide, 48; sulphur dioxide, sulphur trioxide, 49;\\nsulphuric acid, 50; Selenium, Tellurium, 44.\\nIV. Nitrogen Group 5 2_ 7 2\\nNitrogen, 52: the atmosphere, 53: (Argon, Helium, Kryp-\\nton, Neon, 55); ammonia, 55; nitrogen monoxide, di-\\noxide, trioxide, 58; tetroxide, pentoxide, 59. Phosphorus,\\n60: hydride, 61; oxides and oxacids, 62. Arsenic, 63:\\narsine, 64; arsenous iodide, sulphide, oxide, 64; arsenic\\noxide, 65; toxicology of arsenic, 65. Antimony, 69:\\nstibine, 69; oxide, sulphide, 70; tartar emetic, 70; toxi-\\ncology of antimony, 70. Bismuth, 71 nitrate, subnitrate,\\nsubcarbonate, 71.\\nV. Carbon Group 72-86\\nCarbon, 73: monoxide, 74; dioxide, 75; ventilation, 78;\\ncyanogen, 79; cyanides, 80. Silicon, 81 oxide, 81;\\nsilicates, 81; (The Metals, 81). Tin, 82. Lead, 82:\\noxides, nitrate, acetate, 83; chloride, sulphate, carbonate,\\n84; sulphide, iodide, chromate, toxicology of, 85.\\n(v)", "height": "4544", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "VI CONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nVI. Potassium Group 86-97\\nHydrogen, 19; Lithium, 86; Ammonium, 87; hydrate,87;\\nsulphide, carbonate, etc., 88. Sodium, 89 chloride,\\n89; dioxide, bicarbonate, etc., 90. Potassium: carbon-\\nate, acid salts, 91; bicarbonate, bitartrate, hydrate, 92;\\niodide, bromide, nitrate. 93; hypochlorite, 94; tests, 96.\\nCaesium, Rubidium, 96. Acidimetry and Ukalimetry, 96.)\\nVII. Calcium Group 97-102\\nCalcium, 98: chloride, carbonate, oxide, 98; hydrate, hypo-\\nchlorite, sulphate, phosphate, oxalate, 99; carbide, hard-\\nwaters, 100. Strontium, ici. Barium, 10 1.\\nVIII. Magnesium Group 102-106\\nMagnesium, 102: sulphate, 102; citrate, carbonate, oxide,\\nhydrate, phosphates, 103. Zinc, 104: sulphate, chloride,\\n104; carbonate, oxide, sulphide, 105. Cadmium, 106.\\nIX. Aluminum Group 106-109\\nBoron, 106: boric acid, borax, 107. Aluminum, 107:\\noxide, hydrate, chloride, sulphate, alum, ic8; silicates,\\n109. Cerium, 109. Scandium, Gallium, Yttrium, Indium,\\nLanthanum, Neodymium, Praseodymium, Samarium, Er-\\nbium, Ytterbium, Thallium, 106.\\nX. Iron Group 1 10-1 18\\nChromium, no: oxides, chromates, no; bichromates, in.\\nManganese, ill: dioxide, sulphate, ill; sulphide, man-\\nganates, permanganates, 112. Iron, 112: reduced, 113;\\nchlorides, sulphates, 114; hydrates, 115; nitrate, iodide,\\ncarbonate, sulphide, scale preparations, 116. Cobalt,\\nNickel, Molybdemum, Tungsten, Uranium, 117.\\nXL Copper Group 1 18-129\\nCopper, 118: sulphate, hydrates, 119; oxides, subacetate,\\n120. Mercury, 121 iodides, nitrates, sulphates, 122;\\nchlorides, 123; oxides, oleate, sulphides, tests, 124. Silver,\\n126: nitrate, oxide, 126; cyanide, chloride, bromide,\\niodide, 127. Gold, 128. (Platinum, etc., 129.)\\nAnalytical Tables: metallic radicals, 130; acidulous radicals, 131\\nsolubilities, 132.\\nPART II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY *33-i79\\nGeneral Considerations: definition, 133; peculiarities of carbon com-\\npounds, 133; homologous and isologous series, 134; ultimate\\nanalysis, 135; molecular formulae, =36.", "height": "4572", "width": "2904", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. Vll\\nPAGE\\nHydrocarbons 1 37-144\\nTable of classification, 137.\\nMethane Series, 138, 139: petroleum, 138; methane, ethane, 139.\\nMethane Series, 139: ethene, 139.\\nEthine Series, 139: acetylene, 139.\\nTritone Series, 140 volatile oils, resins, 140; camphors, caout-\\nchouc, gutta-percha, 141.\\nBenzene Series: 141 benzene, toluene, naphthalene, 142.\\nHalogen Derivatives, 142: chloroform, 142; bromoform, 143;\\niodoform, 144.\\nAlcuhols and their Derivatives 144-163\\nMethyl Series, 144: table, 144. Alcohols: methyl alcohol, 145;\\nethyl alcohol. 146; amyl alcohol, sulphur alcohols, 148. Ethers,\\n149: definitions, ethyl ether, 149, ethyl chloride, 150: ethyl\\nbromide, ethyl nitrite, pentyl nitrite, 151. Aldehydes, 151\\nmethyl aldehyde, ethyl aldehyde, chloral, 152. Organic Acids,\\n153: formic, acetic, 153; butyric, valerianic, 154; palmitic,\\nstearic, oleic, 155. Table of homologous series of fat acids, 156.\\nMethene Series, 157: oxalic acid, 157; lactic acid, succinic acid,\\nmalic acid, tartaiic acid, citric acid, 158.\\nMethenyl Series, 158: glycerine, 159; nitroglycerine, 159.\\nBenzene Series, 159: Phenol, 159; resorcin, creasote, guaiacol,\\n160; cresol, salol, salophen, saccharin, 161. Aromatic Acids:\\nbenzoic, picric, 161; salicylic, gallic, pyrogallic, 162.\\nCarbohydrates 163-168\\nAmyloses, 163: cellulose, 163; gums, starch, 164; dextrin, gly-\\ncogen, 165.\\nSaccharoses, 166: cane sugar, milk sugar, 166; maltose, 167.\\nGlucoses, 167: glucose, 167; Isevulose, 168.\\nGlucosides 1 68, 1 69\\nAmygdalin, salkin, 168; tannin, myronic acid, indican, etc., 169.\\nAmmonia Substitution Compounds 169-172\\n-Amines and -amides, aniline, 170; trimethylamine, acetan-\\nilide, phenacetine, antipyrine, 171.\\nProteids 1 72-1 75\\nNatural albumins, globulins, 173; derived albumins, 174; fibrins,\\npeptones, albumoses, coagulated proteids, lardacein, 175.\\nAlkaloids 1 75-1 79\\nNatural alkaloids, 175; ptomaines, 176; leucomaines, bacterial\\nproleids, antitoxme, 178; table of alkaloids, 179.", "height": "4548", "width": "2796", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Vlll CONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nPART III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 180-228\\nI. The Urine 180-216\\nDefinition, mechanism, 180; selection of a specimen, 181.\\nPhysical Properties. Description of normal urine, var-\\niability in health and in disease, quantity, 181 transparency,\\n182; fluidity, color, odor, reaction, 183; acid and alkaline\\nfermentations, 185. Specific gravity, 186; estimation of\\nsolids in. urine, 187.\\nNormal Constituents. Urea, 188; methods of estimation,\\n190-192. Kreatine, Kreatinine, Xanthine, Allantoin, Uric\\nacid, 192; Coloring matters, 194; Phosphates, 195; Chlor-\\nides, 196; Sulphates, 197.\\nAbnormal Urine. Albumin, 198; Tests: heat, nitric acid,\\nHowe s, etc., 198; estimation, 199. Globulin, Albumose,\\nPeptone, 200. Mucin, Sugar, 201; Tests: fermentation,\\n201; alkali, alkali-copper, Fehling s, Haines 202; alkali-\\nbismuth, picric acid, indigo-carmine, phenyl-hydrazine, 203;\\nestimation, 204; Acetone, Diacetic Acid, Calcium, Oxalate,\\n205 Calcium Carbonate, Hippuric Acid, Bile, 206 Test\\nfor bile coloring matters, 206; for bile salts, 207; Leucin,\\nTyrosin, Cystin, Blood, 208; Pus, 209; Fat, Epithelia, 210;\\nTube Casts, 211; Spermatozoa, Micro-organisms, 213; Ex-\\ntraneous Bodies, Calculi, 215.\\nII. Milk 216-224\\nDescription, 216; (Colostrum, 216;) Chemical constituents,\\n218. Casein, 218; Fat, Milk Sugar, 219; Salts, 220.\\nAdulteration, 220. Milk Testing, 221 hydrometer, lacto-\\nscope, 221; centrifuge, Werner-Schmidt process, 222; clin-\\nical test, 224. Kumyss, 224.\\nIII. Saliva 224\\nDescription, function, ptyalin, potassium sulpho-cyanate, 224.\\nIV. Gastric Juice 225-228\\nDescription, composition, pepsin, hydrochloric acid, 225.\\nTest-meal, 225. Tests of stomach contents, 226 litmus,\\ncongo-red, 226; free HC1 (Gunzburg s, Boas Uffelman s,\\nrennet ferment, 227; butyric acid, acetic acid, 228; esti-\\nmation of total acidity, of free HC1, of acid salts, 228.\\nFerments 229\\nTable of Metric Measures 230\\nIndex 231", "height": "4572", "width": "2904", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "THE\\nESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL AND\\nCLINICAL CHEMISTRY.\\nINTRODUCTION.\\nChemistry is that branch of science which treats of the com-\\nposition of substances, their changes in composition and the laws\\ngoverning such changes. (Webster.)\\nThe distinctive characteristic of chemical action is change in\\ncomposition} A piece of iron may undergo many and marked\\nchanges it may be made hard or soft, hot or cold, luminous or\\nnon-luminous, magnetized or unmagnetized yet, so long as there\\nis no modification of its composition, the change is not a chemical\\none, and the iron is still iron. But when it combines w T ith other\\nsubstances, as in rusting (combining with the oxygen of the air),\\nthe change is chemical and a new substance is formed which,\\nthough it contains iron, is not iron, but is entirely different in\\ncomposition and properties. 2\\nNbTE. It would be well for the professor or demonstrator at each labora-\\ntory exercise to indicate beforehand, by means of the attached numbers, such\\nof the experiments as he wishes performed. Each student should be required to\\nhave a note-book and make careful and full memoranda of everything he does.\\n1 Heat pieces of platinum and magnesium wire. Note that while the\\nplatinum is unaltered, the magnesium burns (combines with the oxygen of the\\nair) and is converted into a white powder.\\n2 Suspend an ordinary hand-balance (Fig. i) from the upper ring of the\\nretort-stand, so that the pans are about a half inch above a note-book laid on\\nthe lower and larger ring. Weigh out one gram of powdered iron; put it\\ninto a small dish made by bending up the edges and corners of a bit ol thin\\n2 (9)", "height": "4552", "width": "2796", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "IO\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nMatter is that of which the sensible universe is composed. It\\nis Indestructible. Substances may undergo many changes, assume\\na great variety of forms, and even become invisible and fleeting\\ngases; yet in none of these changes and combinations can a\\nparticle of matter be created or destroyed. 8\\nFig. i.\\nFig. 2.\\nAll matter has weight. By\\nbalances in the open air we\\nget the apparent weight of a\\nbody but to obtain the ab-\\nsolute weight it must be\\nweighed in a vacuum where\\nthere is no air to buoy it up. (For measures of weight, see\\ntable at back of book.) But of most importance to the student\\nof chemistry is the specific weight or specific gravity, by which\\nwe mean the weight of a substance as compared with the weight\\nof an equal volume of some other substance specified as a\\nstandard. It is not the weight of any particular body or piece of\\na substance, but the relative weight of that substance or material\\nsheet iron or copper; heat it until it ignites. When combustion is complete,\\npour it again into the scale, and note that a new reddish-brown substance is\\nformed, and that the weight is increased.\\n3 Let the instructor burn a piece of charcoal (carbon) in a jar of oxygen gas\\n(Fig. 2). It disappears, and, so far as we can judge by the senses of sight\\nand touch, is lost, for it has combined with the oxygen to form an invisible\\ngas. Add lime water and shake. The gas combines with the lime and forms\\na white precipitate, which, if gathered and weighed, would exactly represent,\\nbesides the lime, the charcoal burned and the oxygen required to burn it.", "height": "4560", "width": "2964", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. I T\\nwherever found. The standard for liquids and solids is water for\\ngases it is hydrogen or air. To determine the specific\\ngravity of a liquid, divide the weight of a certain volume\\nof it by the weight of an equal volume of water, and\\nthus obtain the ratio. 4\\nIn practice we use (a) The specific gravity flask\\n(Fig. 3), made and marked to contain a certain number\\nof grains or grams of water. Fill it up to the scratch\\non the narrow neck, with the liquid to be investigated, and weigh,\\ndeducting the weight of the flask. Divide the weight of the\\nliquid by the marked capacity of the flask, (b)\\nThe hydrometer (Fig. 4), a hollow glass float\\nwith a graduated neck at the upper end indicat- dp^\\ning the specific gravity by the depth to which it\\nsinks in the liquid. 5 This instrument is often\\ncalled by other names according to its use, as\\nlactometer for milk and urinometer for\\nurine.\\nFor very accurute measurements of specific\\ngravity, the liquids must be at the standard tem-\\nperature, which in this country is 6o\u00c2\u00b0 F. or\\ni5-5 C\\nThe specific gravity of solids is determined on\\nthe principle of Archimedes A body immersed in a liquid\\ndisplaces its own volume, and loses weight equal to the weight\\nof the liquid displaced. Therefore, the weight a body loses when\\nweighed in water is the weight of its own volume of water,\\n4 Procure a light vial or a small flask of 5 or 10 Cc. (1 or 2 drams)\\ncapacity, make a scratch on the neck with a file and weigh. Fill up to the\\nscratch with water and weigh, deducting the weight of the vial, (a) Fill again\\nwith some liquid, as alcohol, lighter than water and weigh, deducting the\\nweight of the vial. Divide the weight of the vialful of alcohol by the weight\\nof the vialful of water. The resulting ratio will be the specific gravity of the\\nalcohol, (b) Repeat the experiment, using sulphuric acid (a heavy liquid)\\ninstead of alcohol.\\n5 Confirm the foregoing by using the hydrometer, first proving its accuracy\\nby testing it in water and other liquids of known specific gravity.\\nG. T/\u00c2\u00a3.VAHfi-CD", "height": "4552", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nand the standard with which the weight of that body must be\\ncompared.\\nIn case the body is lighter than water, a sinker is attached and\\nFig. 5.\\nthe same method pursued, except that the loss of weight of the\\nsinker is also obtained separately, and subtracted from the total\\nloss to ascertain the loss of weight of the lighter body. 7\\n6 Procure a small piece of metal, as a key, or better still, an iron jack,\\nsuch as children play with, and weigh it. Next suspend it by a fine silk thread\\nfrom one pan of the balance (Fig. 5) into a beaker of water, and weigh it\\nwhile completely immersed. For an example we will suppose\\nThe piece of iron weighs 150 grains.\\nSuspended in water it weighs 130\\nLoss (or weight of its volume of water) 20\\nSpecific gravity of the iron (150-^-20) 7.5\\n7 Secure a piece of a small spermaceti candle; weigh it alone, and then", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 1 3\\nA body soluble in water may be weighed in some liquid of\\nknown specific gravity in which it is insoluble.\\nThe specific gravity of a substance in fine particles or powder\\nmay be determined by comparing its weight with the weight of\\nthe water it displaces in a vessel of known capacity. 9\\nMatter exists in one of three states, solid, liquid, or gaseous.\\nIn the solid state the particles are held together so rigidly as to\\ngive the body a definite shape while in the liquid state the attrac-\\ntion is so slight as to allow the particles to move freely upon each\\nother and the body to take the shape of the vessel that contains\\nit. In the gaseous state the mutual attraction of the particles is\\nattach it to the piece of iron used in the previous experiment and weigh the\\ncombination, calculating the specific gravity as in the following example, in\\nwhich we will suppose the candle weighs 85 grains:\\nThe combination (iron 150 grains and candle 85 grains)\\nweighs 235 grains.\\nThe combination weighs in water 125\\nLoss (the weight of the combination s volume of water), no\\nDeduct the weight of the piece of iron s 20\\nThe weight of the candle s volume of water 90\\nWeight of candle divided by weight of its water volume (85-^-90)=\\n0.95\u00e2\u0080\u0094the sp. gr. of spermaceti.\\n5 Make such an experiment as this: Suppose a lump of rock-candy weighs\\nico grains, and in turpentine 45.62 grains. Lcss=icc 4;. 62=54.38 grains.\\n100\u00e2\u0080\u009454.38\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1.84 the sp. gr. as referred to turpentine. Multiply this by .87,\\nthe sp. gr. of the turpentine, and we get 1.6 as the true sp. gr. of rock-candy\\nor crystallized sugar.\\n9 Weigh out 50 grains of fine, clean, dry sand, such as is sold for canary\\nbirds, and pour it into the vial used in experiment 4. Fill with water and\\nweigh: then calculate the specific gravity of sand as in the following example,\\nin which the vial is supposed to hold just 96 grains of water\\nWeight of the sand 50 grains.\\nWeight of a vialf ul of water 96 u\\nTotal 146\\nWeight of the vialf ul of water with the sand 124\\nWeight of the water-volume of the 50 grains of sand 22\\nWeight of the sand divided by the weight of its water-\\nvolume (50^22-2.27) gives the specific gravity of\\nsand 2.27", "height": "4544", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nentirely overcome, and their distance from each other depends\\nupon the pressure to which the gas is subjected. The term fluid\\nis applied to anything capable of flowing, whether liquid o\\ngaseous. It is highly probable that all substances, which are not\\ndecomposed by heat or cold, are capable of existing in all three\\nstates. Heat is absorbed and hence cold produced whenever the\\nattraction between the particles is to be overcome, as in the pass-\\nage of a substance from the solid to the liquid or from the liquid\\nto the gaseous state.\\nWhen the two solids, ice and common salt, are mixed, they\\nform a liquid, and great cold is produced. 10 Perspiration in\\nevaporating assumes the gaseous state, and absorbs in the change\\nso much heat that the body is kept at its normal temperature in\\nspite of the hottest weather. 11\\nOn the other hand, when a substance passes from a rarer to a\\ndenser state it gives out again the heat absorbed in its passage in\\nthe opposite direction.\\nIf we examine the infinite variety of substances upon our earth\\nwe find most of them are compounds, i. e., they can be decom-\\nposed into two or more other substances, distinct in their proper-\\nties from the substance from which they were derived and from\\neach other. There are some substances which have never been de-\\ncomposed. These are called elements. Only about seventy elements\\nare at present known but, as our methods of investigation im-\\nprove, this number may be increased by the discovery of other\\nelements, or decreased by decomposing some of those now con-\\nsidered elements. About one-half of these enter into the materia\\nmedica, and will be noticed in this work.\\n10 Fold tin-foil into the shape of a little dish; add powdered ice and salt.\\nSpill a few drops of water on the table and set the dish in it. Note how\\nquickly it is frozen fast to the table.\\n11 Pour a few drops of ether into the hand and note the cold produced by\\nits rapid evaporation. Or let the instructor put a little water in such a dish as\\nthe one just mentioned, and throw a spray of ether against the sides;, the\\nwater is quickly frozen.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\n15\\nTABLE OF ELEMENTARY BODIES, WITH THEIR SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS.\\n{The more imPorta?it are pri7ited in capitals.)\\nName.\\nAluminum,\\nAntimony (Stibium),\\nArgon,\\nArsenic,\\nBarium,\\nBismuth,\\nBoron,\\nBromine,\\nCadmium,\\nQesium,\\nCalcium,\\nCarbon,\\nCerium,\\nChlorine,\\nChromium,\\nCobalt,\\nColumbium (Niobi-\\num)\\nCopper (Cuprum),\\nErbium,\\nFluorine,\\nGadalinium,\\nGallium,\\nGermanium,\\nGlucinum (Ben- Ilium,\\nBe)\\nGold (Aurum),.\\nHelium,\\nHydrogen\\nIndium,\\nIodine,\\nIridium,\\nIron (Ferrum),\\nLanthanum,\\nLead (Plumbum,\\nLithium,\\nMagnesium,\\nManganese,\\nSymbol.\\nAtomic\\nWeight.\\nAl\\n27\\nSb\\n120\\nA\\n40\\nAs\\n75\\nBa\\n137\\nBi\\n208\\nB\\n11\\nBr\\n80\\nCd\\n112\\nCs\\n*33\\nCa\\n40\\nC\\n12\\nCe\\n132\\nCI\\n35-\\nCr\\n52 5\\nCo\\n59\\nCb\\n93\\nCu\\n634\\nE\\n166\\nF\\n19\\nGd\\n157\\nGa\\n70\\nGe\\n72\\nGl\\n9\\nAu\\n197\\nHe\\n4.26,\\nH\\n1\\nIn\\n114\\nI\\n127\\nIr\\n193\\nFe\\n56\\nLa\\n39\\nPb\\n207\\nLi\\n7\\nMg\\n24\\nMn\\n55\\nName.\\nMercury (Hydrargy-\\nrum)\\nMolybdenum.\\nNeodymium,\\nNickel,\\nNitrogen,\\nOsmium,\\nOxygen,\\nPalladium,\\nPhosphorus,\\nPlatinum,\\nPotassium (Kalium),\\nPraseodymium,\\nRhodium,\\nRubidium,\\nRuthenium,\\nSamarium,\\nScandium,\\nSelenium,\\nSilicon,\\nSilyer (Argentum),.\\nSodium (Natrium),..\\nStrontium,\\nSulphur,\\nTantalum,\\nTellurium,\\nTerbium,\\nThallium,\\nThorium,\\nTin (Stannum),\\nTitanium,\\nTungsten, or Wolfram\\nUranium, c\\nVanadium,\\nYtterbium,\\nYttrium,\\nZinc,\\nZirconium,\\nq tt v 1 Atomic\\nSymbol. Weight\\nHg\\nMo\\nNd\\nNi\\nN\\nOs\\nO\\nPd\\nP\\nPt\\nK\\nPr\\nRh\\nRb\\nRu\\nSm\\nSc\\nSe\\nSi\\nAg\\nNa\\nSr\\nS\\nTa\\nTe\\nTb\\nTl\\nTh\\nSn\\nTi\\nW\\nU\\nV\\nYb\\nY\\nZn\\nZr\\n200\\n96\\n141\\n59\\n14\\n191\\n16\\n106\\n3i\\nJ95\\n39-i\\n144\\n104\\n85\\n101\\nl S\u00c2\u00b0\\n44\\n79\\n28\\n108\\n23\\n87.5\\n32\\n182\\n125\\n160\\n204\\n233\\n118\\n5\u00c2\u00b0\\n184\\n240\\n5 J -2\\n*73\\n90\\n65\\n90\\nTo explain the laws governing chemical phenomena, modern\\nchemistry has adopted and greatly amplified the old atomic\\ntheory a theory advanced certainly as far back as the ancient\\nGreeks, for Democritus, 460 B. C, said The atoms are invisible", "height": "4568", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "1 6 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nby reason of their smallness indivisible by reason of their solid-\\nity; impenetrable and unalterable.\\nWe will take up the theories and laws, not in the order of their\\nenunciation, but of their natural sequence.\\nIt is assumed that matter is composed ultimately of infinitely\\nsmall particles called atoms that each element is composed of\\natoms, all of a certain size, weight, etc. Atoms rarely exist alone,\\nbut in groups called molecules. In an element the molecule is\\ngenerally composed of a pair of atoms of the same kind in com-\\npounds, of two or more atoms of different kinds. It has been de-\\ntermined that equal volumes of all substances in the gaseous state,\\nand under like conditions, contain the same number of molecules.\\nSo a gallon of hydrogen gas and one of oxygen gas contain the\\nsame number of molecules, and those molecules consisting of pairs\\nof atoms, each gallon must contain the same number of atoms.\\nFurthermore, it is found that the gallon of oxygen is sixteen times\\nas heavy as the gallon of hydrogen. So each oxygen atom must be\\nsixteen times as heavy as the hydrogen atom. Hydrogen being the\\nlightest substance known, its atomic weight is taken as i, and con-\\nsequently the atomic weight of oxygen is 1 6. The atomic weights\\nof other elements are determined in a similar way. By atomic\\nweight is not meant the absolute weight of atoms (for that is not\\nknown), but the weight of the atom compared with the hydrogen\\natom. The atomic weight of carbon is 12. If carbon combines\\nwith oxygen, atom for atom, the new substance (CO) resulting\\nfrom that action will consist of molecules, in each of which the\\ncarbon will weigh 12 and the oxygen 16, and, as the whole mass\\nis composed of these molecules, the same proportion obtains\\nthroughout the new compound. So 12 is found to be the com-\\nbining weight of carbon, and 16 of oxygen. If, however, the\\ncombination should occur in the proportion of one atom of\\ncarbon to two atoms of oxygen, then each molecule must consist\\nof 12 by weight of carbon to 32 of oxygen, and that must be the\\nproportion throughout the entire substance.\\nBetween these two compounds of a carbon atom with oxygen", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 1 7\\nno intermediate one can occur, for the carbon atom must take one\\nor two, or more, oxygen atoms. It cannot take a fraction of one,\\nfor atoms are indivisible. Hence, we deduce the following Law\\nSubstances combine in certain fixed proportions (atomic weights)\\nor in multiples of these proportions.\\nSymbols are abbreviations of the names of the elements. They\\nconsist of the initial letter of the Latin name but if the names of\\nseveral elements begin with the same letter, the single-letter sym-\\nbol generally is reserved for the most common element, and for\\nthe others another letter is added. Thus, we have nine elements\\nwhose names begin with C the most common is carbon, whose\\nsymbol is C the others add other letters, as chlorine, CI cobalt,\\nCo j copper (cuprum), Cu, etc. The symbol indicates just one\\natom. When more than one atom is to be represented, the num-\\nber is written just after and below the symbol, thus, C 4\\nFormuloz are to molecules what symbols are to elements. They\\nindicate the kind and number of atoms composing the molecule.\\nWhen more than one molecule is to be indicated, the number is\\nplaced in front of the formula, thus, 5H9O. A parenthesis in-\\nclosing several symbols or formulae should be treated as a single\\nsymbol, thus, 2(NH 4 2 C0 3 N,H 16 C 2 6\\nAn equation is a combination of formulae and algebraic signs to\\nindicate a chemical reaction and its results. As no matter is ever\\nlost or created in a reaction, the number of each kind of atom\\nbefore the equality sign must be the same as after it.", "height": "4560", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "PART I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\nClassification of the Elements. The elements are usually\\ndivided into two great classes (a) Metals, about fifty-five in\\nnumber, possessing a peculiar lustre, good conductors of heat and\\nelectricity, and whose oxides when combined with water, form\\nbases; (b) Non-metals, about fifteen in number, possessing but\\nlittle lustre, relatively poor conductors of heat and electricity, and\\nwhose oxides combined with water form acids. The following\\nclassification is somewhat arbitrary, but convenient, and based\\nmainly on chemical analogies, especially in valences and atomic\\nweights.\\nI. Preliminary Group Hydrogen and Oxygen.\\nII. Chlorine Group: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and\\nIodine.\\nIII. Sulphur Group: (Oxygen) Sulphur, Selenium and Tel-\\nlurium.\\nIV. Nitrogen Group: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Anti-\\nmony and Bismuth.\\nV. Carbon Group: Carbon, Silicon, Tin, Lead, Platinum,\\nIridium, Osmium, Palladium, Ruthenium and Rhodium.\\nVI. Potassium Group: Lithium, Ammonium, Sodium, Potas-\\nsium, Rubidium and Caesium.\\nVII. Calcium Group: Calcium, Strontium and Barium.\\nVIII. Magnesium Group:. Magnesium, Zinc and Cadmium.\\nIX. Aluminum Group: Boron, Aluminum, Scandium, Gal-\\nlium, Yttrium, Indium, Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Praseo-\\ndymium, Samarium, Erbium, Ytterbium and Thallium.\\nX. Iron Group: Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt,\\nNickel, Molybdenum, Tungsten and Uranium.\\nXL Copper Group: Copper, Mercury, Silver and Gold.\\n(,8)", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\nT 9\\nI. The Preliminary Group\\nHydrogen.\\nOxygen.\\nThe elements of this group have but little in common. Oxygen\\nbelongs to the sulphur group, while Hydrogen, the type-element,\\nis a group to itself; but because of their intimate, extensive and\\nimportant relations with the other elements, as well as the\\nfamiliar character of their combinations with each other, we group\\nthem together as a fit beginning of the study of Chemistry.\\nFig. 6.\\nHYDROGEN (H i). It occurs in nature occasionally un-\\ncombined, as in gas-wells and volcanoes but in the combined\\nstate it forms one-ninth of the water on the globe, and is the base\\nof all acids as w T ell as a constituent of nearly all organic matter.\\nPrepared in various ways from its compounds, e. g. 9 (a) by de-\\ncomposing water with the electric current (see Fig. 14) (b) by\\ndisplacing the hydrogen from water by means of metallic sodium l3\\n12 Into a tumbler half filled with water (Fig. 6) drop a piece of sodium the\\nsize of a pea. The metal melts and dances around with a hissing noise, get-\\nting smaller and smaller until it disappears with a sudden snap, the spattering\\nfrom which should be anticipated by covering it with a piece of card-board.\\n13 Repeat the above, except that the sodium is caught in a gauze spoon and", "height": "4568", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nor potassium (H 2 OH-Na^NaHO+H), or by means of other\\nmetals with the aid of heat, or (c) by displacing hydrogen from\\nacids by means of a metal, as zinc 14 (H 2 S0 4 -f Zn=ZnS0 4 +H 2\\nPhysical Properties, A gas, transparent and colorless, and\\nwhen pure, odorless and tasteless the lightest substance known,\\nfourteen and a half times as light as air hence used for bal-\\nloons. 15 Very diffusible hence hard to keep from leaking. Acts\\nin many respects like a metal, displacing metals in chemical com-\\npounds, seeming to form alloys with certain metals, and a con-\\nductor of electricity. Hydrogen was condensed to a liquid in\\n1898, by Dewar. It is by far the lightest liquid known, having a\\nspecific gravity of 0.07 boils at 238 C. 396 F.), at ordinary\\natmospheric pressure, and at 250 C. 418 F.), in vacuo.\\nChemical Properties. Hydrogen does not support ordinary\\ncombustion or animal respiration, but is not poisonous. It burns\\nin air with a pale but very hot flame. With pure oxygen it forms\\nthe oxyhydrogen flame. This is the hottest flame known, and a\\nstick of lime held in it glows with dazzling brilliancy, forming the\\ncalcium or Drummond light. Mixed with air or oxygen, it ex-\\nplodes violently on contact with a spark. 16\\npushed down beneath the mouth of a filled and inverted test-tube, allowing\\nthe gas to bubble up in the tube and displace the water. Tubefuls may then\\nbe studied, e. g., (a) Show its lightness and combustibility by turning up a\\ntubef ul a few inches beneath a flame the gas rising and coming in contact\\nwith the flame, ignites with a slight explosion, (b) To show that it is com-\\nbustible, but not a supporter of combustion, bring a lighted match to the\\nmouth of the tube; the gas ignites and burns quietly at the open end, but the\\nmatch is extinguished when passed farther up into the gas, and is relighted\\nagain as it is withdrawn.\\n14 Fill a side-neck test-tube one-third full of dilute (10 per cent.) sulphuric\\nacid; add several bits of zinc; close its mouth with a cork, and attach\\na delivery-tube as in Fig. 7. Wait until the air is expelled, and then ignite\\nthe gas as it issues, or collect it over water, and test it as in the previous ex-\\nperiment.\\n15 Attach an ordinary clay pipe to the delivery-tube of the hydrogen gen-\\nerator and blow hydrogen soap bubbles; they rise in the air.\\n1H Let the demonstrator fill a bladder or rubber bag with two parts of hydro-\\ngen and one of oxygen or five of air; attach a tube and blow up soap bubbles\\nin a basin. Touched with a flame, they explode.", "height": "4572", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n21\\nOXYGEN (O 16).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Occurrence. Most abundant of the\\nelements, comprising one-fifth of the air, eighth-ninths of water,\\none-half of the crust of the earth, and three-fourths of all\\norganized bodies.\\nPreparation. Made most easily by heating potassium chlorate\\nFig. 8.\\n(Fig. 8), and decomposing it into potassium chloride and oxygen,\\nthus\\nKC10 3 KC1 3O. 17\\nPhysical Properties. A colorless, odorless and tasteless gas, a\\nlittle heavier (t.io times) than air. Under a pressure of 22.5\\natmospheres and at a temperature of 136 C, it condenses into\\n17 Grind in a mortar some potassium chlorate with half as much manganese\\ndioxide, a black powder that facilitates the evolution of the oxygen. Heat this\\n10 a side-neck test-tube as in Fig. 8, or in an open test-tube. Recognize the\\noxygen by the energetic combustion when a match, or even the glow r ing end\\nof the charred stick is introduced.\\nNote. Experiments 18, 19 and 20 are to be performed by the instructor.", "height": "4552", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nFig. 9.\\nFig. 10.\\na colorless liquid (sp. gr. of 0.899). Water dissolves only three\\nvolumes to the hundred, but this is enough to sustain aquatic life.\\nChemical Properties, Intense affinities combines with every\\nelement except fluorine. The product\\nof its action is called an oxide, and the\\nprocess oxidation. Oxidation so rapid as\\nto produce heat and light is called com-\\nbustion; if no\\nlight, slow com-\\nbustion. Sub-\\nstances that\\nburn in air\\nburn more bril-\\nliantly in oxygen, 18 and many sub-\\nstances that do not burn in air will\\nburn in this gas. 19 By this property\\noxygen is usually recognized and dis-\\ntinguished from most other gases.\\nOxygen, especially in its diluted\\nform (air), is the great supporter of\\ncombustion, for which its abundance\\nand universal presence eminently fit it.\\nCombustible and supporter of com-\\nbustion are only relative terms. When\\na combustible substance burns in a\\nsupporter of combustion the union is mutual, one being as much\\na party to the action as the other. A jet of air or oxygen burns\\n18 A bit of phosphorus, dried by pressing between folds of blotting paper, is\\nplaced in a combustion spoon, ignited, and lowered into a jar of oxygen.\\nThe combustion is so intense that the phosphoros volatilizes, and its vapor\\nburns throughout the jar with a brilliancy so dazzling that it is called the\\nphosphorus sun.\\n19 A watch-spring is wound into a spiral, tipped with a bit of tinder or a\\npiece of yarn dipped in sulphur. This is lighted and lowered into a jar of\\noxygen. (Fig. 9.) The iron catches fire and burns with brilliant scintilla-\\ntions, globules of melted iron falling and melting into the glass, unless the\\nbottom be covered with sand or water.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 23\\nas readily in coal gas as a jet of coal gas barns in air or oxygen. 20\\nThe one in greatest abundance is usually called the supporter of\\ncombustion.\\nOxidizing agents are compounds in which oxygen is held so\\nfeebly it is readily given up to substances having greater affinity\\nfor it.\\nUses. The process of respiration is a species of combustion,\\nand, as oxygen is the best supporter of combustion, it is the\\nbest (and only) supporter of animal respiration. Administered\\nin capillary bronchitis, oedema glottidis, etc., when the patient\\ncannot take in a volume of air sufficient to supply the requisite\\namount of oxygen, it has saved many lives.\\nOZONE. If through a portion of air or oxygen, electric sparks\\nbe passed, a part of the oxygen will acquire a pungent odor and\\npeculiar properties. This may be observed about most electrical\\napparatus, especially X-ray machines, or, better still, the Siemens\\nozone tube. 21\\nThe same change may be induced by various chemical pro-\\ncesses, e. g., by mixing permanganate of potassium and sulphuric\\n20 Secure an ordinary lamp chimney (Fig. 10) and a wide cork to fit its lower\\nend. Pass through the cork a narrow tube connected by rubber hose\\nwith the house gas, and a wider one opening into the air. Turn on the coal\\ngas and light it as it issues from the tube. The cork with the flame (not too\\nlarge) is then inserted into the chimney, where it continues to burn, sufficient\\nair entering through the wide tube Upon turning on more gas the air is\\ncrowded out and the chimney filled with coal gas. The gas flame disappears\\nfrom the tube and an air flame appears upon the tube as the entering\\nair burns in the atmosphere of coal gas. The excess of coal gas may also be\\nlighted as it escapes, showing a gas flame above and an air flame within the\\nchimney. On lessening the flow of gas the air will again be in excess, and the\\nflame again appear on the narrow tube (a). In the gas flame above the lamp\\nchimney heat some potassium chlorate in a combustion spoon until it melts\\nand oxygen begins to bubble up. Then lower it into the atmosphere of coal\\ngas within the chimney. The escaping oxygen burns brilliantly, the coal\\ngas being the supporter of the combustion.\\n21 Siemens apparatus for ozoning oxygen (Fig. 11) consists of two tubes,\\nthe inner surface of the inner and the outer surface of the outer tube being\\ncoated with tin -foil, and each connected with the poles of an induction coil\\nor Toepler-Holtz machine. A current of oxygen passing between these tubes\\nmay be ozoned to the extent of fifteen or twenty per cent.", "height": "4560", "width": "2804", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nacid, or when phosphorus partially covered with water is exposed\\nto the air. This modified oxygen is called ozone. It is one and\\nFig. ii.\\nFig. 12.\\na half times as heavy as ordinary oxygen, for its molecule contains\\nthree instead of two atoms. Very energetic, oxidizing substances\\nunaffected by ordinary oxygen. Oxidizes potassium iodide with\\nliberation of iodine, hence its test paper dipped in a solution of\\npotassium iodide and starch is colored blue\\nin the presence of ozone. 2 Ozone is found\\nin the air, especially after thunder storms,\\nand when present in considerable amount\\n(as much as .00005 per cent.) is apt to irri-\\ntate the respiratory tract but by oxidizing\\ninfecting germs, etc., it prevents the spread\\nof infectious diseases.\\nThe various preparations known as ozon-\\nized ether, ozonized water, pyrozone,\\netc., are mainly solutions of hydrogen diox-\\nide.\\nInto a beaker place some crystals of potassium permanganate. Suspend\\non a glass rod, as in Fig. 12, a strip of ozone test-paper, and beside it a strip\\nof plain white paper for comparison. Pour from a pipette on the crystals a\\nfew drops of sulphuric acid. Cover with a card-board, and note the gradual\\nblueing of the test paper by the ozone.", "height": "4544", "width": "2980", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n25\\nCOMPOUNDS OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN. Two\\nof these are known\\nHydrogen Monoxide, H 2 0.\\nHydrogen Dioxide, H 2 2\\nHydrogen Monoxide or Water. Occurrence, Water is seen\\nalmost everywhere in nature, yet much is invisible, as in the air,\\nFig. 13.\\nand hidden, as in crystals, etc. it constitutes the major part of\\nall plants and animals. 23\\nPhysical Properties, Transparent, colorless, odorless, tasteless\\nliquid. Below 32 F. (o\u00c2\u00b0 C.) it is a solid (ice), and above 212\\nF. (ioo\u00c2\u00b0 C.) a vapor (steam or vapor of water). In solidifying,\\n2i Melt a 5-inch piece of glass tubing into two portions, and then heat the\\nclosed ends, and blow them into slight bulbs. Into one introduce a bit of\\nmatch stick and heat. Note (a) water of constitution, residue, and (V)\\nthat this is destructive distillation.", "height": "4556", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nwater expands so ice floats. The boiling-point is higher than\\n2i2\u00c2\u00b0 F. under increased pressure or when it contains solid matter\\nin solution; and lower than 212 F. when the pressure is dimin-\\nished as in vacuum-pans and at high altitudes.\\nChemical Properties. The chemical composition of water\\nmay be proved by {synthesis) combining its constituents\\n(H 2 -f H 2 0) 2i or by {analysis) passing the galvanic current\\nthrough water until it is decomposed into its component gases\\nH 2 H 2 O 25 Neutral in reaction combines with the\\noxides of the metals to form hydrates (bases), and with the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2oxides of the non-metals to form acids.\\nUses. Water is the greatest of all solvents, and thus performs\\nan important function in the economy of nature and human arts.\\nIt is the vehicle by which all foods and drugs must reach the\\ntissues and the waste products leave them. Most chemicals are\\nused in aqueous solutions, and medicines are generally adminis-\\ntered dissolved with water. The watery solution of a fixed sub-\\nstance is called a liquor and of a volatile substance an aqua\\nOne body is said to dissolve in another when they coalesce and\\ntheir particles intimately mingle. This is possible only in the\\nliquid and gaseous states. When a substance dissolves it takes on\\nthe physical state of the solvent, e. g., a solid or gas dissolving in\\nwater becomes a liquid and then mixes with the water, the gas ele-\\nvating the temperature and the solid lowering it. Heat assisting the\\nliquefaction of a solid, and opposing that of a gas, generally hastens\\nthe solution of the one and retards that of the other. Many solid\\nsubstances when separating from a solution take with them, as a\\nnecessary part of the crystal, a certain definite amount of water\\nwater of crystallization. This water does not modify the chemi-\\nNote. Experiments 25 and 26 had best be performed by the instructor.\\n2 A mixture of two volumes of hydrogen and one of oxygen exploded in a\\neudiometer (Fig. 13), produces only water.\\n25 Fill the apparatus shown in Fig. 14 with water acidulated with sulphuric\\nacid. Connect with a battery. The electricity passing through the water\\ndecomposes it into two volumes of hydrogen which collects in one tube and\\none volume of oxygen in the other.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 27\\ncal nature of the substance, but is necessary for maintaining the\\ncrystalline form. If the crystal loses its water of crystallization\\nby heat or exposure, it effloresces into an amorphous powder. 6\\nSome substances when exposed absorb water from the air and\\ndeliquesce (melt down).\\nNatural Waters are never pure, since water dissolves more or\\nless of almost everything it touches the air through which it falls\\nas rain, the surfaces over which it flows and the strata through\\nwhich it percolates, each adding its quota to the contamination.\\nGood, potable (drinkable) water should be cool, clear and odor-\\nless, with just gases and solids enough in solution to give it an\\nagreeable taste, neither flat, salty nor sweetish, and should dis-\\nsolve soap without an appreciable curd. Yet a water may be all\\nthis and be unpotable from the presence of poisonous and in-\\nfectious contamination. Rain and snow water are the purest of\\nnatural waters, except in the neighborhood of large cities where\\nthe air is impure and the roofs dirty. Melted ice is purer than the\\nwater from which it is formed, since most of the dissolved solids\\nremain in the unfrozen water; but the suspended matters are re-\\ntained, many of the bacteria, especially typhoid, passing through\\nthe ordeal uninjured. Like boiled water it has a flat taste from\\nthe loss of dissolved gases. Most cities get water from rivers and\\nlakes, while country people usually obtain theirs from springs and\\nwells. Well water in cities, and even in small towns where the\\nground is more or less saturated with filth from cess-pools, drains\\nand surface accumulations, is always more or less contaminated\\nand dangerous, though its sparkle and agreeable taste often com-\\nmend it to those using it. A well is often what Larrabee used to\\ncall a perpendicular drain, and is especially dangerous if shal-\\nlow. Deep wells are such as are ioo feet or more in depth or\\ndraw their water from beneath a stratum of impervious clay or\\nrock. These waters from contact with the earth contain min-\\n26 Into the other tube drop a small crystal of CuSO^H^O. Pleat gently and\\nnote [a) water condensed in cooler part of the tube and (b) the residue is\\namorphous.", "height": "4564", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "2 8 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\neral matters, especially salts of calcium and magnesium, making\\nthem more or less hard. The character of the mineral impurities\\nis easily determined by their appropriate tests, and the total\\namount estimated by evaporating carefully (over a water-bath) a\\ncertain volume of the water and weighing the residue, which\\nshould never be over 30 or 40 grains to the gallon. But a vastly\\nmore important and dangerous contamination is organic, espe-\\ncially nitrogenous and animal matters; not that these organic\\nmatters are themselves so dangerous, but that they form a favor-\\nable soil, a nidus for the development and growth of various\\ninfecting germs that may be implanted therein, as during epidem-\\nics of cholera, dysentery and typhoid fever. Such water is a\\nprolific source of disease, and its use is never safe. The recog-\\nnition of the presence, number and character of these organisms\\nis the province of the bacteriologist and requires such special care\\nand skill, and offers so many difficulties that chemical methods\\nare usually relied on to show the presence of the organic matter\\nwithout which the germs cannot exist.\\nThe more exact methods of testing for organic contamination\\nare so complex that they are practicable only to the chemist, but\\nthe physician may easily do it m a rough and ready way\\n(a) Half fill a clean bottle with the water; warm, agitate and\\ncritically smell it a foul odor indicates organic impurity.\\n(b) To 100 Cc. of the water add 1 Cc. of sulphuric acid warm\\nand add a few drops of a 1 per cent, solution of potassium per-\\nmanganate the rose color imparted by the latter is destroyed if\\norganic matter be present. 27\\nMineral Waters are such as possess real or supposed special\\ntherapeutic value, and may be classed as follows\\n(a) Carbonated, those charged with carbonic acid (carbon\\ndioxide)\\n27 Various substances other than organic matter will produce the same effect,\\nbut since they are usually produced from the oxidation of nitrogenized and\\nsulphurized organic matter they too point to previous pollution.", "height": "4572", "width": "3024", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 29\\n(b) Sulphur, containing some soluble sulphide, especially\\nhydrogen sulphide.\\n(c) Alkaline, those containing soluble alkalies such as carbon-\\nates or bicarbonates of sodium and potassium.\\n(a) Lithia, such as contain salts of lithium, even when in very\\nsmall amount, and associated with other substances.\\n(e) Saline, those containing neutral salts such as the chlorides,\\nbromides and sulphates of sodium, magnesium, etc. 28\\nChalybeate, which contain some compounds of iron,\\nusually the carbonate held in solution by carbon dioxide and\\ndepositing when that gas is lost on exposure to the atmosphere.\\n(g) Thermal or natural hot waters useful mainly for baths.\\nMany waters belong to more than one class, as alkaline-carbon-\\nated, alkaline lithia, etc.\\nPurification of Water. Natural waters may be purified by\\n(a) Boiling, which sterilizes the water by destroying the living\\norganisms and precipitates the carbonates of calcium, magnesium\\nand iron by driving off the carbon dioxide holding them in solu-\\ntion.\\n(b) Filtration, that is, passing it through some clean, insoluble,\\nporous substance as paper, charcoal, sand, brick, stone or un-\\nglazed earthenware. Some filters, if well made and clean, will\\nremove not only the suspended matters, but a considerable por-\\ntion of the dissolved organic substances. Filters of unglazed\\nporcelain are sold which remove all micro-organisms and yield a\\nwater perfectly sterile. Many cities now have their water sup-\\nplies filtered through clean, sharp sand; and experiments have\\nshown that A sand filter 5 feet thick and filtering two million\\ngallons per acre a day will remove 99.98 per cent, of the bac-\\nteria, and that the most polluted waters can thus be rendered\\nalmost harmless.\\n(c) Distillation in which the water is boiled and its vapor\\n2K Sea water is a saline water containing about 3J P er cent, of mineral\\nmatter, mainly sodium chloride, with smaller quantities of other mineral salts.", "height": "4532", "width": "2824", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "3\u00c2\u00b0\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\npassed through a block-tin or glass condenser as shown in Fig.\\n15, and recondensed and gathered in a clean vessel. 29 Where\\nFig. 15.\\ngreat purity, is required as in the preparation of the officinal dis-\\ntilled water (aqua destillata U. S. P.), the first 10 per cent, is\\nrejected as liable to contain the gaseous impurities, and the last\\n10 per cent, left in the boiler, lest some of the more volatilizable\\nsolids come over with it. so\\nHydrogen Dioxide. Peroxide of Hydrogen (H 2 2 Prepared\\nmost easily by passing C0 2 through barium dioxide in suspended\\nin water, thus\\nBaO a +CO a +H a O=BaC0 3 +H 2 O a\\nor commercially by hydrofluoric acid thus\\nBa0 2 2 HF-BaF 2 H 2 2\\nyy Dissolve 1 Gm. of CuSO in water and boil in a stoppered side-neck test-\\ntube (Fig. 16) introducing the delivery tube into a clean test-tube set in a\\nbeaker of crushed ice. Note the absence of taste, color, etc., in the distillate.\\nx0 If a solid be so treated the process is called sublimation instead of distil-\\nlation; and the product is a sublimate instead of a distillate. When a mixture\\nof two or more liquids is distilled, the one having the lowest boiling point\\ncomes over first, leaving the others behind; and the process is called frac-\\ntional distillation, but the separation is seldom complete.", "height": "4572", "width": "3008", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 3 1\\nThe insoluble barium salt may be allowed to subside, and the\\nclear aqueous solution of H 2 2 poured off. It is sold in various\\nstrengths, according to the number of volumes of oxygen a certain\\nvolume of the solution will yield, the ten-volume solution being\\nmost employed. The so-called u Ozonized ether is made by\\nshaking this solution with ether, which extracts the hydrogen\\ndioxide.\\nProperties. When concentrated, hydrogen dioxide is a color-\\nless, syrupy liquid of pungent odor and taste, and decomposes\\nso easily into H 2 that it must be kept in a cool place, well\\nbottled, in acid solution, away from contact with organic matter,\\nand agitated as little as possible.\\nUses. Being an active oxidizer, 81 it is a valuable bleaching\\nagent, 33 especially for woolen fabrics, and is largely sold as\\nblondine for bleaching the hair. As it destroys bacteria and dis-\\nsolves pus, etc., it is used very abundantly in medicine and surgery\\nto cleanse ulcers and abscesses, and to dissolve the membranes of\\nscarlet fever, diphtheria, etc. As it effervesces with pus, 34 it is\\nused as a test for pus in the urine.\\nRADICALS. Every molecule is composed of two parts,\\ncalled radicals, held together by chemical affinity. Both\\nradicals may be elements, as in H CI, or one may be\\nelementary and the other compound, as H N0 3 or both\\ncompound, as NH 4 N0 3 Some compound radicals can be\\nisolated, e. g n by heat: Hg CN Hg+CN. Others decom-\\npose whenever set free.\\n31 Take a little hydrogen dioxide solution, add a drop each of potassium\\nchromate and sulphuric acid and a little ether, and shake; the potassium\\nchromate is oxidized with the production of blue perchromic acid.\\n32 Secure an old painting darkened with age, or an old engraving yellowed\\nand soiled; wash it with hydrogen dioxide, and note the brightening effect.\\n33 Dip a strip of ozone test paper into a solution of hydrogen dioxide, and\\nnote that it is not blued until a few drops of ferrous sulphate is added to act\\nas an oxygen carrier.\\n34 Add hydrogen peroxide to milk in test-tube and note effervescence, the\\ncells in the milk acting as would pus corpuscles.", "height": "4568", "width": "2836", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nOften when a galvanic current is passed through a com-\\npound, the chemical affinity is overcome by the electricity,\\nand the molecule separates into its two radicals, one of\\nwhich goes to the positive and the other to the negative\\npole. 35 Unlike electrical conditions attract, so the radical\\ngoing to the negative pole must be electro-positive, and the\\none going to the positive pole electro-negative. The metallic\\nradicals are relatively electro-positive and the non-metallic\\nelectro-negative.\\nSome radicals are more intensely electro-negative or\\nelectro-positive than others. In the following list the more\\ncommon elements are so arranged that each is usually posi-\\ntive to those following it and negative to those preceding\\nPositive end -f K, Na, Mg, Zn, Fe, Al, Pb, Sn, Bi, Cu, Ag, Hg,\\nPt, Au, H, Sb, As, C, P, S, N, I, Br, CI, F, O.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Negative end.\\nA radical is electro-positive or electro negative only in its\\nrelation to other radicals for while C is positive to O, it is\\nnegative to K.\\nIn formulas the electro-positive radical is written first and\\nthe electro-negative next.\\nThe greater the difference between the electrical condi-\\ntion of two radicals, the greater the energy with which they\\nunite and the more stable the product, and vice versa; e.g.,\\nO has a strong affinity for K, a weak one for*Cl, and will\\nnot unite with F under any circumstances. An idea once\\nprevailed that the relation of affinities were fixed and con-\\nstant between the same substances, and great pains were\\ntaken to construct tables similar to the above to show what\\n35 Into a jar put some water; add solutions of red litmus, potassium\\niodide, and boiled starch connect with the galvanic battery. The\\nelectric current decomposes the potassium iodide into iodine, which\\ngathers at the positive pole, producing a blue color, with the starch, and\\npotassium at the negative, where it produces alkali, turning the red\\njitmus blue.", "height": "4600", "width": "3008", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 33\\nwas called the precedence of chemical affinities. These\\ntables showed the order of affinities for the circumstances\\nunder which the experiments were made, and nothing else.\\nThe circumstances attending chemical reactions are so\\ncomplicated that in many cases it is impossible to predict\\nthe precedence of affinities and the result of an untried\\nexperiment.\\nAmong these modifying causes may be mentioned\\n1. Temperature, changes of which often reverse chemical\\naffinities. Moderately heated, mercury and oxygen will\\nreadily combine, but when highly heated their affinity is\\ndestroyed, and they will refuse to unite, or, if already com-\\nbined, will separate.\\nOrdinarily free carbon has no affinity for oxygen, but at\\nhigh temperatures it surpasses most other elements in its\\ngreediness for that substance, even taking it from a metal\\nso extremely electro-positive as potassium.\\n2. Volatility. Whenever in a mixture of two or more sub-\\nstances it is possible, by a re-arrangement of the radicals, to form\\na compound volatile at the temperature of the experiment, such re-\\narrangement will occur and the volatile compound be formed.\\nFor example\\nFeS+H 2 SCV=FeS0 4 +H 2 S or,\\n2NH 4 Cl-f CaC0 3 =(NH 4 2 C0 3 +CaCl 2 or,\\nH 3 B0 3 +3NaCl=3HCi+Na 3 B0 3\\n3. Insolubility. Whenever, on mixing two or more substances\\nin solution, it is possible, by re-arrangement of the radicals, to\\nform an insoluble compound, that re-arrangement will occur and\\nthe insoluble compound be formed as a precipitate. For example:\\nCaCl 2 +(NH 4 2 CO s =CaC0 3 +2NH 4 Cl.\\nIt is especially important to remember this principle, for\\nits application in tests, incompatibilities, and antidotes.\\n4. Nascent State. Ordinarily the atoms of an element are", "height": "4556", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\ngrouped in pairs, and hence somewhat indifferent to the\\nattractions of other atoms but just as they are being liber-\\nated (born) from a compound they are alone, and each atom,\\nhaving no fellow, readily enters into combination with any\\natom it meets. This state is called nascent (nasci, to be born).\\n5. Catalysis, This is the name given to the unexplained\\ninfluence exerted by some substances of inducing chemical\\nreactions between other substances without themselves\\nundergoing any change.\\nThe VALENCE of a radical is its combining value, or its\\nvalue in exchange for other radicals. Stt Here again hydro-\\ngen is taken as the standard. A radical that combines with\\nor takes the place of one atom of hydrogen is said to be\\nunivalent (one valued); of two atoms, bivalent; three, triva-\\nlent four, quadrivalent five, quinquivalent six, sexivalent.\\nThe valence is indicated by a Roman numeral just above\\nand after the radical, thus: (NHJ 1 Ca 11 (P0 4 m Si IV As v\\nS VI The two radicals of every saturated compound must\\npossess an equal number of valences. Hence,\\nIn HC1 the radical CI is equivalent to 1 atom of hydrogen;\\nIn H 2 the radical O is equivalent to 2 atoms of hydrogen;\\nIn NH 3 the radical N is equivalent to 3 atoms of hydrogen;\\nIn CH 4 the radical C is equivalent to 4 atoms of hydrogen.\\nTherefore CI is univalent, O bivalent, r trivalent, and C\\nquadrivalent.\\nThe same regard for valence is observed when radicals\\nare made to displace each other, thus: H (S0 4 n requires\\ntwo atoms of K 1 or one of Zn 11 to form K^SOJ 11 or\\nZn n (S0 4 n\\nSome elements exercise more than one valence e. g.,\\nmercury may be univalent, as in Hgl, or bivalent, as in\\n36 The student should bear in mind that valence has nothing to do with\\nthe combining weight or the chemical activity of an element.", "height": "4572", "width": "3008", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n35\\nHgl 2 or iron may be bivalent, as in FeCl 2 or trivalent,\\nas in FeCl 3 The termination -ous is given to those\\ncompounds in which the positive element exercises its lower-\\nvalence, and -iV to those in which the higher valence is\\nexercised, as FeCl 2 ferrous chloride and FeCl 3 ferric\\nchloride.\\nIn the following table the most commonly occurring simple\\nor elementary radicals are arranged according to their\\nvalences\\nTable of Valence.\\nI.\\nII.\\nIII.\\nIV.\\nV\\nVI.\\nF, CI\\nBa, Sr\\nAl\\nC, Si\\nBr, I\\nCa, Mg\\nAu\\nPt\\nH, Ag,\\nCd,Zn\\nO\\nBo\\nK, Na,\\nPb, Sn\\nPb, Sn\\n1\\n(NH 4 Li,\\nS,Se.\\nFe, Cr\\nMn, Co\\nNi\\nFe, Cr\\nMn, Co\\nNi\\nN, P\\nN, P.\\nS,Se.\\nBi, Sb, As.\\nBi, Sb,\\nAs.\\nCu.Hg.\\nCu, Hg\\nThe next table shows the valences, together with the\\nsymbols and formulae, of the most common electro-negative\\n(acidulous) radicals:\\nCI is the negative radical of all chlorides.\\nBr is the negative radical of all bromides.\\nI is the negative radical of all iodides.\\nCN is the negative radical of all cyanides.\\nHO is the negative radical of all hydrates.\\nNOo is the negative radical of all nitrates.\\nC10 3 is the negative radical of all chlorates.\\nC 2 H 3 2 is the negative radical of all acetates (Ac.)\\nM 1", "height": "4572", "width": "2868", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "3 6 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nO is the negative radical of all oxides.\\nS is the negative, radical of all sulphides.\\nS0 3 is the negative radical of all sulphites.\\nj S0 4 is the negative radical of all sulphates.\\nC0 3 is the negative radical of all carbonates.\\nC 2 4 is the negative radical of all oxalates (Ox.).\\nC 4 H 4 6 is the negative radical of all tartrates (T.).\\nf C 6 H 5 7 is the negative radical of all citrates (Cit).\\nf-% P0 4 is the negative radical of all phosphates.\\nHf2 B 3 s the ne S auve radical of all borates.\\nFORMUL/E In constructing formulas, (a) write the positive\\nradical first and the negative second, thus: Ea CI; and (b)\\nmake their valences balance, thus: Ba Cl 2 for in every\\nsaturated compound each radical must possess the same\\nnumber of valences.\\nNOMENCLATURE In naming a formula, give the simple\\nname of the positive radical first, and then the name of the\\nnegative radical with the termination -ide, if the nega-\\ntive radical be an element, thus:\\nNa 1 CI 1 Ca 11 Br x 2\\nSodium Chlor-ide; Calcium Brom-ide\\nA\\\\ m 2 O 3 Pt IV I 4\\nAluminum Ox-ide Platinum \\\\od-ide.\\nBut if the negative be a compound radical, i.e., one in\\nwhich another element, as oxygen, is associated with the\\nleading negative element, the termination is -tie or -ate\\naccording to whether the negative element exercises its\\nlower or higher valence, taking less or more oxygen, for\\nexample:\\nNaCl0 2 NaC10 3\\nSodium Chlor-tfte; Sodium Chlor- ate\\nIf the negative element exercises a still lower or a still\\nhigher valence, and takes still less or still more oxygen? the\\nprefix hypo- is used for the lowest and prefix i( per- for\\nthe highest, thus", "height": "4572", "width": "3016", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 37\\nNa CIO Na C10 2\\nSodium 7iypo h\\\\o-ite Sodium chlov-ite\\nNa C10 3 Na CIO,\\nSodium chlor-tfte; Sodium p^r-chlor-ate.\\nNOTE. The student should refer to the tables of valences on the pre-\\nceding page, and practice combining positive radicals with negative ones\\nuntil he can construct readily all the ordinary inorganic formula?. The\\nteacher should persistently drill the class in this exercise, for its mastery\\nremoves one of the biggest of all bug-bears to the beginner in chemistry.\\nIt is best for the teacher to confine himself for the present to the simple\\nsystem of nomenclature given above, ignoring confusing irregularities\\nand exceptions, and obsolete synonyms, till he shall come to describe the\\nvarious chemical substances themselves.\\nII. The Chlorine Group.\\nName.\\nDerivation of Name.\\nSymbol.\\nAt. Wt.\\nFluorine,\\nFluor spar,\\nF,\\n19\\nChlorine,\\nj/.w/3oc, green,\\nCI,\\n35-5\\nBromine,\\niSptiuGc, stink,\\nBr,\\n80\\nIodine,\\nIwffyf violet,\\nI,\\n127\\nThe members of this group are all univalent and much alike in\\nFig. 16.\\nm\\ntheir sources and physical and chemical properties. They differ\\nin degree rather than in kind, forming a graded series. Hence\\nwe will consider them all together.", "height": "4552", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nSources. Never free in nature. The principal source of fluor-\\nine is fluor spar (CaF 2 while compounds of chlorine, bromine\\nand iodine occur in sea and other salt waters.\\nPreparation. Free fluorine is obtained only with great diffi-\\nculty the others may be prepared by removing the hydrogen\\nfrom their hydrogen salts (hydracids) by means of oxygen derived\\nfrom manganese dioxide, 37 thus\\n4HCI Mn0 2 MnCl 2 2H 2 Cl 2\\n4HBr Mn0 2 MnBr 2 -f 2H 2 -f Br 2\\n4HI MnO a Mnl 2 +2H 2 I 2 38\\nPhysical Properties. Fluorine is a nearly colorless gas, with\\nproperties resembling chlorine, but more intense. Chlorine is a\\nvery irritating yellowish-green gas, two and a half times as heavy\\nas air, slightly soluble in water (three volumes), forming Aqua\\nchlori, U. S. P. Bromine is a red liquid, giving off red vapors of\\na disagreeable, irritating odor; very slightly soluble in water.\\nIodine is a solid, in bluish-gray scales, which, when warmed,\\ngive off violet vapors practically insoluble in water except by the\\nintervention of an alkaline iodide 42 soluble in alcohol irritating,\\neven caustic.\\nChemical Properties. Intensely electro-negative great affinity\\nfor the metals, 40 especially hydrogen. 41 In negativeness, and con-\\nExperiments 40 and 41 had best be performed by the instructor.\\n37 Into a flask standing in a dish of water warmed over a heater and the\\nwhole apparatus (Fig. 16) under a hood, pour several ounces of HC1 and half\\nas much Mn0 2 in lumps, and agitate. The gas passes out, and being heavier\\nthan air, collects in the bottle, where its yellowish green color makes it visible.\\n38 To each of three small test-tubes add a few grains of manganese dioxide.\\nTo the first add a few crystals of Na CI, to the second, of K Br, and to the third,\\nof K I. Add a few drops of strong H. 2 S0 4 and warm. Note the evolution of\\nCI from the first, Br from the second, and I from the third, and study the prop-\\nerties of each, taking care not to inhale them, and stopping the reaction as\\nsoon as the test is finished.\\n9 To a little chlorinated lime (bleaching powder) in a test-tube, add some\\ndilute acid and note the evolution of CI.\\n40 Into a jar of chlorine introduce some copper or bronze foil, or sprinkle\\nsome powdered antimony. They inflame spontaneously.\\n41 (a) Into a jar of chlorine lower a lighted candle. The hydrogen of the", "height": "4572", "width": "3020", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 39\\nsequently in affinity for the metals, F is greatest, CI next, Br next,\\nand I least. Therefore, in compounds with the metals, F will\\ndisplace CI, and CI will displace Br, and either F, CI, or Br will\\ndisplace I. 42 These elements destroy coloring matters and noxi-\\nous effluvia in two ways (i) by abstracting their hydrogen; (2)\\nby abstracting the hydrogen of water, setting free nascent oxygen,\\nwhich oxidizes the matters in question. 43\\nMedical. Chlorine gas and bromine vapor are used for disin-\\nfection. Inhaled they cause severe coryza and bronchitis. Taken\\ninto the stomach, bromine and iodine cause gastro-enteritis. The\\nantidote is boiled starch. Locally bromine is used as an escha-\\nrotic and iodine as a counter-irritant.\\nPharmaceutical. The following preparations are officinal\\nTinctura Iodi (7 per cent.) and Liquor Jodi Compositus (Lugol s\\nSolution) (Iodine 5, potassium iodide to, and water 100). The\\nso-called colorless tincture of iodine is made by adding ammonia-\\nwater to the tincture until it is decolorized by converting the\\niodine into ammonium iodide. 44\\ntallow burns in the chlorine to form hydrochloric acid, and all the carbon is\\nliberated as smoke. Into a similar jar thrust a piece of paper dipped in\\nwarm turpentine. It inflames spontaneously and burns, evolving dense clouds\\nof smoke.\\n42 Take two large test-tubes half full of water. Into one put a grain of po-\\ntassium bromide, into the other potassium iodide; add chlorine-water to each.\\nThe chlorine will liberate the bromine in one and the iodine in the other. This\\nmay be shown (a) by their color; by adding a few drops of carbon bisul-\\nphide or chloroform, which on agitation will gather all the free bromine and\\niodine, and be colored brown with the one and violet with the other; or (c)\\nby adding a few drops of starch -water, which will give brown with bromine\\nand a deep blue with iodine.\\n43 (a) Into one bottle of chlorine gas introduce a piece of dry calico, into\\nanother a moist piece. The moist calico is rapidly bleached, while the dry is\\nbut slowly affected. To a solution of indigo, cochineal, or some aniline\\ncolor, add chlorine water. It is immediately decolorized.\\n44 Put a crystal of iodine in each of three small test-tubes, to the first add\\nsome water, to the second, alcohol, and to the third, a solution of potassium\\niodide; note it is very slightly soluble in water but readily so in alcohol and\\nin a solution of potassium iodide. Put a drop of the alcohol solution (tincture)\\non the hand and note the brown stain. To each of the test-tubes add a few\\ndrops of ammonia water or liquor potassae and note the disappearance of the\\nbrown color.", "height": "4548", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nTests. In the free state chlorine and bromine may be known\\nby their bleaching, color, odor, etc. Iodine is recognized by the\\nblue color it strikes with starch.\\nACIDS. Just as in the world at large, the balancing of\\nforces is due to a general struggle between opposite and\\nantagonistic qualities, as between light and darkness, heat\\nand cold; so the chemical status seems to be a resultant of\\nthe antagonism of the opposing positive and negative\\nwithin the molecule. If the positive radical predominates\\nover the negative, this excess of positiveness gives the com-\\npound an alkaline character while on the other hand a\\npredominance of the negative over the positive gives it an\\nacid character. Thus an excess of negativeness or of\\npositiveness finds expression in the compound as acidity 45 or\\nalkalinity. 46\\nSince H is the weakest of all positive radicals, it is over it\\nthat strong negative radicals predominate most completely\\nso that the hydrogen salts are as a class the most acid 47 in\\nall chemistry, in fact they are called the acids.\\nAcids may be divided into two classes:\\n(a) Hydracids which are the -ide salts of hydrogen, the\\nnegative radicals consisting only of a single element.\\n(J Oxacids in which the negative element has oxygen\\nassociated with it, forming a compound negative radical.\\nThe acids are given a somewhat special nomenclature, the\\nmain portion of which is derived from the name of the\\n45 Acid substances may be recognized by their usually having a sour\\ntaste, by redding certain vegetable coloring matters, such as litmus, and\\nby neutralizing alkalies.\\n46 Alkaline substances generally have a soapy taste and neutralize\\nacids, and restore to the original color vegetable matters reddened by\\nacids.\\n47 Hydrogen hydrate (HHO) or water is one salt of hydrogen that is\\nnot acid. The radical HO being as weakly negative as H is weakly\\nDosltive, neither predominates, and water is neutral.", "height": "4572", "width": "3016", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 4 1\\nnegative element. Hydracids are given the prefix hydro-\\nand the termination -ic. The oxacids conform to the\\nregular nomenclature except that the word acid is used\\ninstead of the name of the positive radical, hydrogen, and\\nthe terminations -ate and -ite become -ic and\\n-ous respectively. These rules are illustrated in the\\nlittle table of chlorine acids given below. The oxacids are\\ngenerally considered as formed by the combination of water\\nwith the oxides of the negative element, the different oxides\\nbeing distinguished by prefixes derived from the Greek\\nnumerals indicating the number of oxygen atoms, thus:\\nCI 2 0\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chlorine Monoxide.\\nC1 2 2 Chlorine Dioxide.\\nC1 2 3 Chlorine Trioxide.\\nC1 2 4 Chlorine Tetroxide.\\n2 5 Chlorine Pentoxide.\\nC1 2 7 Chlorine Heptoxide.\\nThe following table illustrates the formation and nomen-\\nclature of the chlorine acids:\\nCl a O+H 2 0\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2HCIG Hydrogen Hypochlorite\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hypochlorous acid.\\nCl 2 3 -r-H 2 0=2HC10 2 Hydrogen Chlorite\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chlorous acid.\\nCl 2 5 -hH 2 0\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2HOO a Hydrogen Chlorate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chloric acid.\\nCl 2 7 -f H 2 0=2HC10 4 Hydrogen Perchlorate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Perchloric acid.\\nThe Hydracids of the chlorine group are as follows\\nH F II F Hydrogen Fluoride Hydrofluoric acid.\\nH CI HC1 Hydrogen Chloride Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid.\\nH-f Br HBr Hydrogen Bromide Hydrobromic acid.\\nH -j- I HI Hydrogen Iodide Hydriodic acid.\\nPrepared by treating the appropriate salt with H 2 S0 4 thus\\nCaF, H 2 S0 4 CaS0 4 2HF.\\n2NaCl H~S0 4 Na 2 S0 4 2HCI.* 8\\n2KBr H 2 S0 4 K 2 S0 4 2HBr.\\n2KI H 2 S0 4 K 2 S0 4 2HI.\\n48 To prepare hydrochloric acid gas, put several ounces of common salt and\\n4", "height": "4544", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nPhysical Properties. Colorless, irritating gases; sharp, sour\\ntaste 49 very soluble, water dissolving several hundred times its\\nown volume, forming aquae known by the simple name of the acid\\nitself, thus The officinal hydrochloric acid is a solution of the\\nhydrochloric acid gas in water.\\nFig. 17.\\nChemical Properties. Strong acids true acids even without\\nwater.\\nUses. HF attacks silica energetically, hence is used to etch\\nglass very poisonous, and burns made by it heal with difficulty.\\nabout twice as much sulphuric acid into a flask, and warm. The gas comes off\\nin abundance and may be collected in a dry bottle (like chlorine, Fig. 16), or\\nover mercury. The solution of the gas (the ordinary form) is obtained by\\npassing the gas through a series of Wolff bottles containing cold water and\\narranged as shown in Fig. 17. For making HBr or III, phosphoric acid is\\nbetter, since sulphuric is apt to be partially reduced with evolution of S0 2\\n49 Fill a large dry glass tube with HC1 gas and quickly invert it in a dish of\\nwater colored blue with litmus. Note that the gas is instantly dissolved and\\nthat the water rushes up to take its place and the litmus is reddened by\\nthe acid. Let some of the gas pour into the mouth and note sour taste.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 43\\nHCl is very useful in the arts. Aqua regia, or nitro-muriatic\\nacid, is a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It is the\\nbest solvent of gold 50 and platinum. The metals are attacked\\nby the nascent chlorine which is evolved when the H of the HCl\\nis oxidized by the O of the HNO a In medicine HCl is often\\nprescribed as a tonic.\\nHBr, like all bromides, is a sedative. HI, like all iodides, is\\nan alterative.\\nTests.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fluoride H 2 S0 4 etches glass. 51 52\\nChloride -fAgN0 3 white precipitate, soluble in ammonia.\\nBromide AgNO a yellowish-white precipitate, slightly soluble\\nin ammonia.\\nIodide AgN0 3 yellow precipitate, insoluble in ammonia. 53\\nIf to a bromide or iodide some chlorine-water and starch paste\\nbe added, the bromine and iodine will be liberated, the bromine\\nstriking a brown and the iodine a blue color with the starch.\\nOxysai.ts of the Chlorine Group. The members of the chlorine\\ngroup are so electro-negative that they have but little affinity for\\noxygen, it being also strongly electro-negative. Bromine has for\\n50 Take two beakers and put into one 5 Cc. of HCl and into the other 2 Cc.\\nof HNO3. Add to each a sheet of gold-leaf. Note that the gold-leaf is un-\\naffected. Now pour the contents of one beaker into the other and note that\\nthe gold-leaf is dissolved in the mixed acids (aqua regia).\\n51 On a plate of glass coated with wax or copper- plate varnish (six parts of\\nmastic, one of asphalt, and one of wax dissolved in turpentine) draw a design\\nwith a pointed instrument. Invert over a lead dish containing pow T dered\\nCaF. 2 moistened with strong H 2 S0 4 and warm gently. Hydrofluoric acid gas\\nis evolved and attacks the glass wherever the wax has been scratched off.\\nUpon removing the wax the design is found permanently etched on the glass.\\n52 To a small lead dish about the size of a watch crystal, such as any tinner\\ncan stamp out of sheet lead, add 5 grains of CaF. 2 and moisten with strong\\nH 2 S0 4 Cover this with a watch crystal coated with melted paraffin and on\\nwhich the student has drawn a design with a needle or fine pencil point, and\\nwarm gently. Leave during lecture hour and note the etching.\\n53 Take three small test-tubes and add a few drops of a solution of a chloride\\nto the first, of a bromide to the second, and of an iodide to the third. Add to\\neach 5 drops of AgNQ, solution. Note a pure white precipitate of AgCl in\\nthe first, a yellowish white of AgBr in the second, and a yellow of Agl in the\\nthird. Add ammonia water to each and note that the AgCl dissolves easily,\\nthe AgBr with difficulty, and the Agl remains insoluble.", "height": "4552", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nit less affinity than iodine, chlorine less than bromine, and fluorine\\nso little that it never combines with oxygen at all. Hence the\\noxysalts of the group are very unstable substances, decomposing\\neasily, and readily giving up their oxygen. So they are much\\nused in chemistry as oxidizing agents, 54 in medicine as disin-\\nfectants, and in the combustible and explosive mixtures of pyro-\\ntechny, etc. 55\\nIII. Sulphur Group.\\nOxygen (already described) O 16\\nSulphur S 32\\nSelenium Se 79\\nTellurium Te 128\\nThe elements comprising this group are solid at ordinary tem-\\nperatures bivalent and sexivalent possess electro-negative\\naffinities which, as in most other groups, decrease as the atomic\\nweights increase form hydracids as well as oxacids.\\nThe analogy between their compounds is shown in the follow-\\ning table\\nHydro-ic Hypo-ous\\nAcid.\\nDioxide.\\nTrioxide.\\nAcid.\\n-ous Acid.\\n-ic Acid.\\nH 2 S\\nso,\\nso 3\\nH 2 S0 2\\nH 2 S0 3\\nH 2 S0 4\\nH 2 Se\\nSe0. 2\\nSe0 3\\nH 2 Se0 3\\nH 2 Se0 4\\nH 2 Te\\nTe0 2\\nTe0 3\\nH 2 Te0 3\\nH 2 Te0 4\\nSelenium and Tellurium are of no medical interest, and will not\\nbe noticed further.\\n5 Their oxidizing action on combustibles maybe shown by: (a) Mix to-\\ngether a drachm each of powdered potassium chlorate and sugar; place on a\\nbrick, and touch off with a glass rod dipped in sulphuric acid. A vigorous\\ncombustion occurs, (b) Drop some crystals of potassium chlorate into a con-\\nical glass of water; add several bits of phosphorus; then by means of a pipette\\nintroduce sulphuric acid at the bottom of the glass. The phosphorus takes\\nfire and burns at the expense of the oxygen of the potassium chlorate.\\n55 Mix on a sheet of paper 2 grams of powdered potassium chlorate and .5\\ngram of some combustible powder, as sulphur, antimony sulphide, oj tannin.\\nWrap it up in the paper, place upon an anvil, and strike with ahammer. It\\nexplodes violently.", "height": "4600", "width": "3032", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n45\\nSULPHUR occurs free, especially in the neighborhood of vol-\\ncanoes occurs combined as sulphides and sulphates in many\\nvaluable ores, and in small quantity in the animal and vegetable\\nkingdoms.\\nPreparation, The native sulphur, freed from stones, is refined\\nby distillation, as shown in Fig. 18. The crude sulphur is melted\\nin the tank by the hot draft from the fire below, and then runs\\ndown through a pipe into the retort, where it is vaporized. This\\nFig. 18.\\nvapor, entering a large brick chamber, is condensed into fine,\\nfeathery crystals, called flowers of sulphur or sublimed sulphur.\\nIf the chamber be hot, it condenses into a liquid, which is drawn\\noff and moulded into rolls, called roll brimstone. Sublimed sul-\\nphur is apt to contain more or less acid, and is washed (sulphur\\nlotum). Boiled with lime and precipitated with HC1, it forms\\nsulphur precipitatum, U. S. P. This mixed with water is milk of\\nsulphur (lac sulphuris, U. S. P.).", "height": "4564", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nPhysical Properties, A brittle yellow solid insoluble in water,\\nhence tasteless; almost insoluble in alcohol, but very soluble in\\nbenzine, chloroform and carbon disulphide. It occurs in four\\nallotropic modifications. 56\\nChemical Properties. Inflammable, hence called brimstone\\n(burn-stone). Combines with metals, 57 forming sulphides. 58 Sul-\\nphur forms compounds remarkably analogous to those of oxygen,\\nH 2 .KHO C0 2 H 2 C0 3 HCNO.\\nH 2 S KHS CS 2 H 2 CS 3 HCNS.\\nUses. In the arts, to make gunpowder, matches, etc. in med-\\nicine, as a laxative, parasiticide and alterative. We have only\\ntheoretical explanations of the method of its absorption but that\\nit is absorbed is certain, for persons taking it excrete enough to\\nblacken silver carried on the person.\\nHydrogen Sulphide H 2 S Hydro sulphuric Acid or Sulphur-\\netted Hydrogen occurs in sewer gas and other effluvia from de-\\ncomposing organic sulphurized matters, and in the water of sul-\\nphur springs.\\nPrepared in laboratory by decomposing a sulphide, 59 thus\\nFeS -f H 2 S0 4 FeS0 4 H 2 S.\\n56 Melt a tablespoonful of sulphur in a covered porcelain dish or crucible;\\nlet it cool and break the crust that forms and pour the still melted sulphur into\\nwater. Note (a) the prisms remaining in the dish as well as (b) the plastic\\namorpkoussulphm in the water. Dissolve a pinch of sulphur in a few drops of\\nCS 2 allow a drop to evaporate on a slide and examine (c) the rhombic crys-\\ntals under the microscope. Boil a little lime and sulphur in water; decant the\\nclear liquid and add HC1. Note the (d) amorphous white powder of precipi-\\ntated sulphur suspended in the liquid (milk of sulphur).\\n57 In a small glass flask, a little sulphur is heated to boiling. If now a bun-\\ndle of fine copper wire or a piece of sodium, in a combustion spoon, be previ-\\nously heated and then lowered into the vapor, it burns brilliantly.\\n58 Mix in a dish equal parts of iron filings and flowers of sulphur.: moisten\\nwith water and set aside. Within a half hour it gets hot, vaporizes the water,\\nand is converted into a black mass of FeS.\\n59 Into a side-neck test-tube, or better a flask with funnel and delivery tube,\\nFig. 19, put a few lumps of FeS and dilute H 2 S0 4 or HC1 enough to cover the\\nFeS. Note the physical and chemical properties of the gas evolved.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n47\\nPhysical Properties. Colorless gas, having the odor of rotten\\neggs or intestinal flatus slightly soluble in water.\\nChemical Properties, Very feeble acid burns 60 with pale blue\\nflame\\nH 2 S 30 S0 2 H 2 0.\\nForms characteristic precipitates with most metallic salts, 61 hence\\na valuable test reagent.\\nFig. 19.\\nTests. The presence of H 2 S even in minute quantities may be\\n;0 Burn the gas from a jet (a) Hold near the flame a glass rod dipped in\\nammonia; white crystals of ammonium sulphite are formed, (b) Hold a cold,\\ndry bell-glass over the flame; it is bedewed with water.\\n61 To show the action of H 2 S on metallic salts, connect several wash bottles\\nwith the generator as shown in Fig. 20. A dilute solution of lead acetate is\\nput in the first, of tartar emetic (antimony) in the second, of arsenic in the\\nthird, of zinc sulphate in the fourth. The gas in passing precipitates lead sul-\\nphide (black) in the first, antimonicus sulphide (orange) in the second, arsen-\\nous sulphide (yellow) in the third, zinc sulphide (white) in the fourth.", "height": "4564", "width": "2828", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "4\u00c2\u00ab\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\ndetected by its odor, and by its blackening paper moistened with\\na solution of lead acetate.\\nFig. 20.\\nPhysiological. When inhaled, H 2 S is an active poison, combin-\\ning with the hsemgalobulin and destroying its oxygen-carrying\\npower. Even when highly diluted, as in the atmosphere of city\\ndwellings, clumsily fitted with the modern conveniences, it pro-\\nduces a low febrile condition. When concentrated, or even mod-\\nerately diluted (one per cent, and over), the gas proves rapidly\\nfatal.\\nTreatment. Fresh air, artificial respiration, and stimulation.\\nCarbon Bisulphide CS 2 Obtained by bringing S into con-\\ntact with heated charcoal. A colorless, volatile liquid of a fetid\\nodor, unless it is very pure. A valuable solvent for S, P, india-\\nrubber, etc. Dissolved in water (1-400) a useful antiseptic.\\nSulphur Oxides and Acids.\\nDioxide S0 2 +H 2 0==H 2 S0 3 Sulphurous acid.\\nTrioxide S0 3 -|-H 2 0\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H 2 S0 4 Sulphuric acid.", "height": "4572", "width": "2968", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 49\\nSulphur Dioxide, S0 2 occurs whenever sulphur or any of its\\ncompounds are burned in air or oxygen.\\nPrepared in laboratory by decomposing and reducing sulphuric\\nacid by copper or charcoal, 62 thus\\n2H 2 S0 4 +Cu=CuS0 4 +2H. 2 0+S0 2\\n2H 2 S0 4 C =2S0 2 +C0 2 +2H 2 0.\\nPhysical Properties, A colorless gas, with a suffocating odor\\n(of burning matches) dissolves in water to form sulphurous acid\\n(H 2 S0 3\\nChemical Properties. Neither burns nor supports combustion;\\na strong deoxidizer by removing O from coloring matters and\\ninfecting germs it bleaches 63 and disinfects.\\nUses.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sulphur dioxide, sulphurous acid, and the sulphites\\npossess the property of destroying microorganisms and arresting\\nfermentations. A sulphite digested with sulphur forms a so-called\\nhyposulphite, thus\\nNa,S0 3 +S-=Na 2 S 2 3\\nSodium hyposulphite, more correctly called sodium thiosul-\\nphate, has the same uses as the sulphites, and is also a valuable\\nsolvent of the silver salts in photography.\\nSulphur Trioxide, S0 3 Made by oxidizing S0 2 in the manu-\\nfacture of sulphuric acid. This is done upon a large scale by\\npassing S0 2 from burning sulphur into a chamber kept filled with\\n62 To make S0. 2 and study its properties: (a) burn a sulphur match; (b)\\nwarm a mixture of powdered S and H.,S0 4 (c) heat copper wire in strong\\nH. 2 S0 4 (d) add HC1 to sodium sulphite. Note that the gas is colorless and\\nirrespirable, neither burns nor supports combustion, dissolves in water, form-\\ning an acid solution (H 2 S0 3 that tastes sour and bleaches organic colors.\\n63 Some sulphur is ignited beneath a tripod on which fresh flowers are\\nplaced, and the whole covered by a bell-glass. The flowers are bleached.\\nThe color may be restored by washing with some dilute alkali or acid that will\\ncombine with or displace the S0 2 or with very dilute nitric acid, which will\\nrestore the oxygen removed by the S0 2", "height": "4540", "width": "2836", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nvapor of nitric acid, steam and air. 64 The nitric acid gives up a\\npart of its oxygen to oxidize a portion of the S0 2 to S0 3\\n2HN0\u00c2\u00bb 3S0 2 1=\u00c2\u00b1 3SO3 II 2 N 2 2\\nThe S0 3 then combines with the water thus produced (S0 8\\nH 2 0==H 2 S0 4 and more water is supplied by a jet of steam\\nthrown constantly into the chamber.\\nThe N 2 2 has the power of taking up oxygen from the air and\\nbecoming N 2 4\\nN 2 2 2 N 2 4\\nwhich in turn parts with this oxygen to oxidize a new quantity\\nof S0 2\\nN 2 4 2S0 2 N 2 2 2SO a\\nThus the process is kept up as long as the S0 2 air, steam, and\\nN 2 2 are supplied. The acid condenses with the water upon the\\nfloor of the chamber, and is drawn off, concentrated, and sold as\\nSulphuric Acid\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H 2 SQ Oil of Vitriol. 65\\nPhysical Properties. A dense, colorless, oily-looking liquid,\\nwithout odor. 66\\nChemical Properties. Strong acid very avid of water, not\\nonly dissolving in it, but combining with it, the act evolving con-\\nsiderable heat 67 chars organic matters by abstracting H and O\\nto form water. 68\\n61 The manufacture of sulphuric acid may be illustrated on the lecture table\\nby the apparatus shown in Fig. 21. The lead chamber is represented by a\\nlarge flask. Into this are led (a) N 2 2 from the flask on the right; (b) S0 2\\nfrom a mixture of sulphur and manganese dioxide in the flask in the rear; (c)\\nsteam from the other flask, and (d) air or oxygen through the open tubes.\\n65 To make H 2 S0 4 in small test-tubes, (a) Boil a little powdered sulphur\\nand strong HN0 8 carefully heat a pinch of sulphur with a few crystals of\\nKC10 ;H till it ignites; test for H 2 S0 4 by means of BaCl 2 solution.\\n66 Take a reagent bottle of strong H 2 S0 4 and note its appearance, weight,\\ntaste, etc.\\n67 To about 5 Cc. of it in a test-tube add an equal bulk of water and note\\nheat produced.\\n6S Moisten a bit of match, paper, cloth or other organic substance, with the\\nacid and note that it is charred, even the dilute acid doing so if it is warmed;\\nand for this reason be careful not to spill any on the table or your clothes.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\nSi\\nTests. (i) The concentrated acid, if placed on a piece of\\npaper or other organic material, will char it. fi9 If dilute, it will\\nchar the paper only after being warmed and concentrated by the\\nFig. 21.\\nevaporation of its water. (2) Sulphuric acid, or any other sul-\\nphate, will form with a solution of a barium salt a white precipi-\\ntate (BaS0 4 insoluble in nitric or hydrochloric acid. 70\\nUses. So important in the arts that the commercial prosperity\\nof a country may be measured by the amount of H. 2 S0 4 con-\\nsumed. Properly diluted, it is a refrigerant tonic, but concen\\ntrated it is a severe caustic.\\n69 Pour some strong H.,S0 4 on an equal quantity of sugar or strong syrup\\nnote that a mass of charcoal is formed.\\n10 To 5 Cc. of water in a test-tube add a few drops of some sulphate and\\nthen a few drops of BaCl 2 Note white precipitate. Agitate and pour half\\ninto another tube. Add HC1 to the 6rst tube and HN0 3 to second, and note\\nthat the precipitate (BaS0 4 is not dissolved.", "height": "4548", "width": "2820", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nIV. Nitrogen Group.\\nNitrogen, N 14\\nPhosphorus, P 31\\nArsenic, As 75\\nAntimony (Stibium), Sb 120\\nBismuth, Bi 208\\nTrivalent and Quinquivalent. This group, as shown below,\\nforms a graded series from nitrogen at the negative, to bismuth\\nat the positive end\\nN P As Sb Bi\\n14 31 75 120 208\\nSp. gr. 1.83. Sp. gr. 5.67. Sp. gr. 6.7. Sp. gr. 9.8.\\nGas, with full A soft solid. Solid. Dense solid. Very dense solid,\\nnegative ten-\\ndencies. Easily volatiliz- Volatilizable. Difficultly vola- Non-volatil-\\nable. tilizable. izable.\\nDestitute of me- Some metallic Great metallic Full metallic lus-\\ntallic lustre. lustre. lustre. tre.\\nNegative ten- Both negative More positive Full positive ten-\\ndencies, and positive tendencies. dencies.\\ntendencies.\\nThe following will exhibit the relations of some of the most\\nimportant compounds\\nHydrides. Chlorides. Oxides. Sulphides.\\n-otis. -ic. -ous. -z c. -ous. -ic.\\nNH 3 NCI3, N 2 3 N 2 5\\nPH 3 PCI3, PC1 5 P 2 3 P 2 6 P 2 S 3 P 2 S 5\\nAsH 3 AsCl 3 AsCl 5 As 2 3 As 2 5 As 2 S 3 As 2 S 5\\nSbH 3 SbCl 3 SbCl 5 Sb,0 3 Sb 2 5 Sb 2 S 3 Sb 2 S 5\\nBiCl 3 Bi 2 3 Bi 2 5 Bi 2 S 3\\nVanadium, Columbium and Tantalum belong to this group,\\nbut are rare metals and as yet of little importance.\\nNITROGEN occurs uncombined in the atmosphere com-\\nbined in some mineral, and all vegetable and animal bodies,\\nespecially in the more highly organized tissues.\\nPrepared most easily by burning phosphorus in a confined", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n53\\nspace until the oxygen is removed from the air. 71 Prepared in\\nthis way it contains small quantities of other gases found in air.\\nTo prepare it pure, heat ammonium nitrite (NH 4 N0 2\\n2 H,Oi-N 2\\nPhysical Properties. A colorless, tasteless, odorless gas, a little\\nlighter than air.\\nChemical Properties. Little tendency to combine with other\\nelements, and its compounds, once formed, are very prone to\\nFig. 22.\\ndecompose, either with violent decomposition 72 or gradual putre-\\nfaction neither combustible nor a supporter of combustion\\nnegatively poisonous.\\nThe Atmosphere. Air, considered by the ancients one of\\nthe four elements (fire, earth, air and water), is neither an ele-\\nment nor a compound. It is a mixture, 73 mainly of nitrogen and\\n71 A flat piece of cork floating on water supports a capsule containing a bit\\nof phosphorus carefully dried. This is ignited and immediately covered with\\na bell jar. The jar is filled with a dense white cloud from the combustion,\\nwhich ceases only when the oxygen is all consumed. At first the air expands,\\nand some may be forced out. Upon cooling, the water rises to take the place\\nof the oxygen, the white fumes gradually dissolve in the water, and the\\nnitrogen is left clear and comparatively pure, Fig. 22.\\n12 To tincture of iodine add excess of ammonia water. Filter to separate\\nthe precipitated iodide of nitrogen. Put portions of this on separate bits of\\npaper and set aside. When dry they explode on the slightest touch.\\n73 Proofs that air is a mixture: (i) Its constituents are not in atomic pro-", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\noxygen, the function of the former being to dilute the latter. Mil-\\nler gives the average composition of air as follows\\nVolumes.\\nNitrogen 77-95\\nOxygen 20.61\\nCarbon dioxide 03\\nAqueous vapor 1 .40\\nAlso traces of nitric acid, ammonia, sodium chloride, ozone,\\ndust, bacteria, germs, etc. In the neighborhood of large cities\\nvarious other substances are poured into the air from manufactor-\\nies. Yet, owing to the rapid diffusion of gases, the composition\\nof the air is almost the same everywhere.\\nWatery Vapor, The higher the temperature the more water\\nair will hold. A warm, dry, air, when cooled, will appear damp,\\nand the temperature at which it begins to deposit its water is its\\ndew point. A cold, damp air, when heated, becomes capable of\\nholding more water, and appears dry, hence the necessity of sup-\\nplying water to the heated air of our rooms in winter, especially\\nin cases of bronchitis or catarrhal croup. Even in health, a very\\ndry air irritates the air passages, produces dryness of the skin and\\nmalaise while a very moist atmosphere retards evaporation from\\nthe skin and lungs, raises the body temperature and becomes\\noppressive.\\nSuspended Matters in air are of a great variety of substances.\\nThe irritation of dust incident to certain trades may cause chronic\\nbronchitis, emphysema and phthisis. Germs floating in the air\\nare believed to be the cause of many contagious, infectious, and\\nmalarial diseases. The best disinfectants 74 are (a) free ventila-\\nportions; (2) air can be. made by mechanically mixing the gases; (3) sol-\\nvents may remove one gas without affecting the others, each dissolving accord-\\ning to its own solubility.\\n14: Disinfectants destroy the power to infect, whether it be due to germs or\\nother agents.\\nGermicides destroy germs.\\nAntiseptics prevent putrefaction.\\nAntizymotics prevent fermentation.\\nDeodorizers destroy offensive odors.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 55\\ntion and consequent dilution (b) chlorine, bromine, iodine and\\nformaldehyde, sulphur dioxide and formaldehyde.\\nArgon, Helium, c. Argon was discovered in 1894 by Lord\\nRayleigh and Prof. Ramsay, as a residue (1 per cent.) after\\nremoving all the oxygen, nitrogen, etc., from air. A colorless,\\nodorless gas that out-nitrogens nitrogen in its lack of affinity.\\nHelium, (yfaog, the sun) has, from its line in the solar spectrum,\\nlong been known to exist in the sun s atmosphere, but was not\\ndiscovered till 1895, when Ramsay obtained it from certain\\nminerals. Krypton and Neon are two new elements Ramsay and\\nTravers claim to have recently discovered.\\nAMMONIA, NH 3 Occurs in the effluvia from decomposing\\nnitrogenized organic bodies for nitrogen, and hydrogen will not\\ncombine except in the nascent state (see page 33). First\\nobtained from the destructive distillation of camels dung near the\\ntemple of Jupiter-Ammon in Libya; hence called ammonia.\\nLater it was obtained by heating clippings of hides, hoofs and\\nhorns, 75 especially of deer (the hart) in closed iron retorts, and\\nwas called spirit of hartshorn. Coal contains about two per\\ncent, of nitrogen, a part of which in the manufacture (destructive\\ndistillation) of coal-gas comes off as ammonia. In washing the\\ncoal-gas the ammonia dissolves, and this solution is now its com-\\nmercial source.\\nPreparation. Ammonia may be prepared in various ways, as\\nabove suggested. In the laboratory it is usually obtained by driv-\\ning it off from the commercial aqua ammoniee by heat.\\nPhysical Properties. Transparent, colorless gas of an irritating\\nodor condenses under a pressure of about 100 pounds to square\\ninch (6 or 7 atmospheres) at ordinaiy temperatures, into a color-\\n75 Mix some Ca2HO, KHO or XaHO with some nitrogenized organic sub-\\nstance, as albumin, wool or, best of all, and easily obtainable and agreeable,\\nchipped dried-beef. Heat in a test-tube. Ammonia gas is evolved, recog-\\nnized by its odor, alkalinity, or by white fumes when a glass rod is thrust into\\nthe mouth of the tube.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nless liquid. 76 Ammonia is exceedingly soluble, water dissolving\\nfrom 500 to 1000 times its own volume. 77\\nChemical Properties. Ammonia is not ordinarily combustible,\\nthough it may be made to burn if mixed with a small amount of\\noxygen. It is alkaline in solution, and combines with acids to\\nFig. 24.\\nFig. 23.\\nform the well-known ammonium salts which will be considered in\\nanother group.\\nUses. Ammonia, liquefied in iron drums strong enough to\\nresist the pressure, is sold in large quantities for ice-making.\\nWater of ammonia is largely employed in chemistry, pharmacy\\nand medicine, the gas from it being often administered in syn-\\ncope, chloroform narcosis, etc., but care must be taken lest its too\\n76 Make ammonium-silver chloride by passing ammonia gas over silver\\nchloride. Seal this in a bent glass tube (Fig. 23). The end containing the\\ncompound is heated in a water-bath, while the other is cooled in an ice\\nmixture. Ammonia gas is driven off from the compound, and condenses into\\na colorless liquid in the cold end of the tube.\\n77 The absorption of ammonia gas by water may be illustrated by filling a\\nlarge bottle with the gas by upward displacement, and closing the mouth\\nwith a rubber cork through which passes a glass tube sealed at its outer end. If\\nthis sealed end be plunged under water and broken off, the water rushes in\\nforming a beautiful fountain (Fig. 24). If the water be colored red with\\nlitmus, it will become blue as it enters the bottle, showing that the water has\\nbecome alkaline.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n57\\nliberal use on the unconscious patient cause spasm of the glottis\\nor set up a dangerous bronchitis.\\nTests, The gas may be recognized by (a) its smell, white\\nfumes with HO, (c) turning moistened red litmus blue. Its\\ncompounds must be warmed with a strong alkali 78 to liberate the\\nammonia gas, which can then be recognized as just described. A\\nmost delicate test is Nessler s Reagent, 79 which gives a yellowish\\nbrown with ammonia or its compounds.\\nFig. 25.\\nNitrogen Oxides.\\nM onoxide N 2 H 2 2HNO Hyponitrous acid.\\nDioxide N 2 2 No corresponding acid.\\nTrioxide\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N 2 3 H 2 2HN0 2 Nitrous acid.\\nTetroxide N 2 4 No corresponding acid.\\nPentoxide\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N 2 5 -f H 2 2HNO3 Nitric acid\\n78 Mix lime with NH 4 C1 and heat in a test-tube. Test the NH 3 as above de-\\nscribed, and expose to it a paper moistened with CuS0 4 solution, and note the\\ndeep blue ammonio -sulphate of copper formed.\\n79 Nessler s Reagent. Dissolve 35 gm. of Kl in 100 Cc. of water and 17 gm.\\nof HgQ 2 in 300 Cc. of water; add the first to the second until the precipitate\\nfirst formed is almost re-dissolved. Then add 20 per cent. NaHO solution,\\nenough to make one liter.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nNitrogen Monoxide N 2 {Nitrous Oxide Laughing Gas),\\nPrepared by heating ammonium nitrate, 80 as shown in Fig. 25.\\nNH 4 N0 8 N 2 2H 2 0.\\nPhysical Properties. Colorless, odorless gas, of sweetish taste.\\nDentists keep it liquefied under pressure in iron cylinders.\\nChemical Properties. By the ease with which it gives up its O\\nit is a supporter of combustion and life, next to O itself.\\nMedical. Inhaled, diluted with air, it produces exhilaration of\\nspirits, muscular activity, and then complete anaesthesia. Used in\\ndental and other brief minor operations.\\nNitrogen Dioxide N 2 2 {Nitric Oxide). Prepared by action\\nof nitric acid on copper S1\\n3C11 8HNO3 3Cu(N0 3 2/ f- 4H 2 N 2 2\\nA colorless gas, which, when coming in contact with free O, forms\\nred vapors of N 2 8 and N 2 4 hence a test for free O. Unlike\\nN 2 0, it is not a supporter of combustion, except to substances\\nvery avid of oxygen. 82\\nNitrogen Trioxide N 2 3 and Nitrous Acid HN0 2 Ni-\\ntrous acid is known only in its salts, the nitrites. These are pro-\\nduced in nature by the oxidation of nitrogenous organic matter\\nin the presence of certain forms of microscopic life.\\nThis nitrification occurs in waters polluted with organic matter,\\n50 Put 5 Cc. of NH 4 N0 3 in a side-neck test-tube with cork and delivery-tube\\n(Fig. 8). Collect gas over warm water; note that glowing match-stick bursts\\ninto flame when thrust in.\\n81 Copper turnings, clippings, or wires are placed in a flask, and nitric acid\\ndiluted with half its volume of water is poured in, and the flask set in cold\\nwater. Red fumes soon fill the flask, but when these have escaped the gas\\nappears colorless, turning red, however, on reaching the air. The colorless gas\\nis collected over water.\\n82 The student might use the apparatus shown in Fig. 7, but must be exceed-\\ningly careful not to inhale the fume s. Collect two cylinders of N 2 2 (a)\\nInto one introduce burning phosphorus; it burns with great brilliancy,\\nTo the other add a few drops of CS 2 and agitate to mix the vapor and gas;\\nthen ignite with a flame, and note the blinding, bluish-white blaze, remark-\\nably rich in chemical rays.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n59\\nand normally in the soil, where the acid so formed combines with\\nbases. Hence, nitrites in water is evidence of previous contami-\\nnation with nitrogenous matter. Further oxidation forms nitrates.\\nNitrcgfn Tetroxide N 2 4 occurs in company with N 2 3 in\\nthe brown fumes given off whenever nitric acid is decomposed, as\\nin certain laboratory and manufacturing processes.^ The effect of\\nbreathing air thus contaminated is to produce chronic inflamma-\\ntion of the respiratory tract. If the vapor be more concentrated\\nthe effects are more acute and serious. At first there is only a\\ncough, in two or three hours a difficulty in breathing, and in about\\ntwelve hours, death. The remedy is ventilation.\\nNitrogen Pentoxide N 2 5 is of no medical interest.\\nNitric Acid HN0 3 {Aqua Fortis) occurs in traces in the\\natmosphere and as nitrates in the soil. (See Nitrites.)\\nFig. 26.\\nPrepared by distilling a nitrate with sulphuric acid/ 1\\n2KXO3 H 2 SO, K 2 SO, 2HX0 3 S\\n83 In a side-neck test-tube (Fig. 26) strongly heat some dry Pb 2NG 3 and\\ncondense the fumes in a test-tube in a freezing mixture of ice and salt.\\n81 In the laboratory nitric acid may be prepared with the apparatus shown in\\nFig. 15. Equal parts of sodium nitrate and sulphuric acid are heated in the\\nretort A. The nitric acid produced is vaporized by the heat and recondensed\\nin the tube B kept cool by an outer tube C, through which flows a stream of\\nwater from an elevated vessel. The acid is collected in the vessel D.\\n86 The student had better use the apparatus shown in Fig. 26.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nPhysical Properties. Heavy liquid and colorless, but if old and\\nexposed to light it becomes yellow or orange from presence of\\nN,0 2 and N 2 4 Like all nitrates, it is soluble in water.\\nChemical Properties. HN0 3 readily gives up a portion of its\\noxygen, and hence is an energetic oxidizer. Many organic sub-\\nstances, as cotton, glycerine, etc., undergo in contact with HNO*\\na process of nitration in which the radical N0 2 is substituted for\\nH, and they (gun-cotton, nitroglycerine, etc.) are much more un-\\nstable, combustible, and even explosive. HN0 3 coagulates albu-\\nmin and stains albuminoid bodies a permanent yellow. 86\\nMedical Properties. The officinal nitric acid contains 68 per\\ncent, and the dilute 10 per cent of HNO The strong acid is a\\na powerful escharotic, but the dilute is a valuable digestive tonic.\\nPHOSPHORUS (light-bearer) Occurs, combined with oxygen,\\nin the ancient, unstratified rocks. These disintegrate and form\\nsoil, from which the phosphorus passes into the organisms of\\nplants, and thence into the bodies of animals, being present in\\nevery tissue, but mainly stored up in the skeleton. First isolated\\nby Brandt in 1669 from urine, but now obtained exclusively from\\nbones.\\nPhysical Properties. A soft, yellow, solid, resembling un-\\nbleached wax. 87\\n86 Of the acid formed in the preceding experiment\\n(a) Put a drop on white of egg or fresh meat, and note that the albumen is\\ncoagulated.\\n(d) Place a drop on some dry albuminoid substance, as skin, hair, wool, etc.,\\nand note the yellow stain, not discharged by alkalies.\\n(c) Moisten a bit of paper or cloth with the acid and dry gently; note that\\nit burns like tinder.\\n(d) Add a few drops to a solution of indigo or other organic dye, and note\\nthe oxidizing and bleaching effect.\\n(e) To some turpentine warmed in a test-tube, add the strong acid; it in-\\nflames.\\nLay a drop on clean copper or tin, and note the red fumes.\\nMix in a test tube equal volumes of H 2 S0 4 and an aqueous solution of\\nFeSG 4 and when cool, add HNO H or any other nitrate; note a brown colora-\\ntion, disappearing on heating or even shaking.\\nb When heated to 500\u00c2\u00b0 F. in an atmosphere incapable of acting upon it,\\nphosphorus is converted into a reddish-brown powder, which, unlike ordinary\\nphosphorus, is not poisonous, not inflammable, and insoluble in the ordinary\\nsolvents.", "height": "4572", "width": "2964", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 6 1\\nChemical Properties, Very inflammable/ 5 so kept under water\\nexposed to the air, it undergoes a slow combustion, emits the\\nodor of ozone, and is luminous in the dark.\\nPhysiological Liable to inflame from careless handling, and\\nburns by it are difficult to heal. In medicinal doses, a nerve\\ntonic and aphrodisiac in larger quantities a virulent poison and\\ngastro-irritant. Sometimes given with homicidal intent, but more\\nfrequently taken accidentially as rat poison, tips of matches, etc.\\nWorkmen in match factories suffer from irritation of stomach and\\nbowels, caries of teeth, necrosis of bones, especially of lower jaw,\\nand from fatty degeneration of various organs. This maybe pre-\\nvented by using the red allotropic variety, which is harmless.\\nNo good antidote. Evacuate the stomach give copper sul-\\nphate 8 J as emetic and antidote give old turpentine, the ozone of\\nwhich oxidizes the P. Avoid fats, for they dissolve it.\\nTests. (i) Shines in the dark; (2) emits garlicky odor.\\nPhosphine PH 3 (Phosphoretted Hydrogen.) Occurs mixed\\nwith other hydrides of P in the gases arising from decomposing\\nanimal or vegetable matters, especially under w T ater hence seen\\nas the ignis fatuus, or Will-o -the-wisp, over marshes and\\ngraveyards.\\nPrepared by boiling phosphorus in a solution of caustic potash. 90\\nProperties. Colorless gas of a garlicky odor; inflames spon-\\ntaneously upon coming in contact w T ith the air very poisonous,\\n88 Dissolve some phosphorus in carbon disulphide. Pour this on a sheet of\\nfilter paper hung on a retort stand. Soon the solvent evaporates and leaves\\nthe phosphorus in such a fine state of division that it inflames spontaneously.\\n89 Place a clean bit of phosphorus for a minute in a solution of copper sul-\\nphate. Remove, and note the coating of metallic copper.\\n1,0 Into a retort, whose delivery tube dips under water in a dish (Fig. 27),\\nadd liquor potassae and a few bits of phosphorus. Expel the air by passing\\nhydrogen or illuminating gas through the retort, or by adding a few drops of\\nether, the vapor of which does the same thing. On applying heat the hydro-\\ngen or illuminating gas or ether vapor first escapes, then come bubbles of\\nPH.,, each of which, as it bursts into the air, ignites spontaneously, forming\\nbeautiful rings of white smoke rotating on their circular axes. These may\\nascend to the ceiling if the air be still.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\ndestroying the oxygen carrying power of the blood, which after\\ndeath is found to be dark-colored, with a violet tinge.\\nFig. 27.\\nOxides and Oxacids of Phosphorus. These are analogous to\\nthose of nitrogen, except that several members are missing and\\nthat the oxides, in combining with water to form their respective\\nacids, may take three or two or one molecule of H 2 0, and each\\noxide thus form three different acids, distinguished by the pre-\\nfixes, ortho-, pyro- and meta- for example\\nP A 1 3H 2 H S P 2 8 2H 3 P0 4 Orthophosphoric acid.\\nPhosphorus J 2 H 2 H 4 P 2 7 Pyrophosphoric acid. 92\\nPentoxide.- 1 I -f H,0 H 2 P 2 6 2HPO3 Metaphospboric acid.\\nRl A little stand in the middle of a dinner plate supports a capsule in which\\nis put a bit of phosphorus freed from adhering water. This is ignited and\\ncovered with a bell-jar. The jar is filled with clouds of P,0 5 which, aggre-\\ngating, fall into the plate like a minature snow storm.\\n92 Place a few crystals of Na 2 HP0 4 in a dish and heat till it melts and loses\\na part of its water; dissolve the residue (Na 4 P,0 7 in water and test with\\nAgN0 3 solution; note the white precipitate of Ag 4 P 2 7", "height": "4568", "width": "2972", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "PART T. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 63\\nThe ortho- acids and salts are the ones so generally used\\nthat when the pyro- and meta- are not specified, the\\northo- are meant.\\nHypophosphorous Acid. This acid is seldom prescribed, but\\nthe hypophosphites in powder, or better in pill or syrup, are much\\nemployed, especially in anaemia, tuberculosis, etc. It should be\\nremembered in prescribing, especially with reducible metallic\\nsalts, that the hypophosphites are deficient in oxygen and strong\\nreducing agents.\\nPhosphorous Acid and the Phosphites are seldom prescribed\\nin medicine and of but little importance prone to oxidize into\\nphosphoiic acid and phosphates.\\nOrthophosphoric Acid. Never found free, but is widely dis-\\ntributed in its salts, the phosphates, in the tissues of plants and\\nanimals, especially in bones, and in the earth, the phosphate-\\nbeds of our southern sea-coast being its principal source. The\\nofficinal acid is, or should be, made from phosphorus and nitric\\nacid. Being the phosphoric acid most used in medicine (the\\nother two are poisonous) it is usually called simply phosphoric\\nacid. A transparent, sour, syrupy liquid but when free from\\nwater and cold it is in rhombic crystals, the so-called glacial\\nphosphoric acid. Heated above 200 C. (392 F.) it is con-\\nverted into pyrophosphoric and metaphosphoric acid.\\nPhosphoric acid does not coagulate albumin, and in the diluted\\nform is much used as a digestive tonic.\\nIts usual tests are, (a) with AgN0 3j a yellow precipitate soluble\\nin nitric acid and ammonia: (b) with the magnesian fluid of\\nthe U. S. P., a white precipitate soluble in acids. 93\\nARSENIC. Arsenic [arsemttn) occurs mostly as sulphide,\\nusually associated with other metals. The ore is roasted, and the\\nresulting oxide heated with carbon (charcoal) yields the metal.\\nThis is a brittle, steel-gray crystalline, solid possessing a marked\\nmetallic lustre. Pleated out of contact with air it sublimes in\\nBoil some match-heads in a test-tube with dilute nitric acid; neutralize\\nwith ammonia and test this solution as indicated above for H 3 P0 4", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nair it burns with a bluish-white flame emitting the odor of garlic\\nand white clouds of As 2 3 It combines with many elements, its\\ncompounds with metals (arsenides) resembling alloys. Used in\\npyrotechny, the manufacture of shot, pigment and fly-poison.\\nAll its compounds are poisonous.\\nHydrogen Arsenide AsH 3 Arsine is of great practical\\ninterest to the toxicologist, as its formation constitutes one of the\\nbest and most delicate tests for arsenic, for it is formed wherever\\narsenic finds itself in the presence of nascent hydrogen, i.\\nwhenever hydrogen is generated in the presence of an arsenical\\ncompound. It is so extremely poisonous that chemists (e. g.,\\nGehlen, in T815) have lost their lives by inhaling it accidentally.\\nArsenous Iodide Asl 3 Prepared by fusing together atomic\\nproportions of its constituent elements. The official Donovan s\\nSolution (liq. arseni et hydrargyri iodidi) contains 1 per cent,\\neach of Asl 3 and Hgl 2 and is considered the strongest alterative\\nin the materia medica.\\nArsenous Sulphide As 2 S 3 occurs native as orpiment; pre-\\npared by precipitating an arsenous compound with H 2 S a bright\\nyellow powder, insoluble in water and acid solutions, but soluble\\nin alkaline. Another sulphide is realgar, As 2 S 2 Both are used\\nas pigments orpiment as a yellow and realgar as a red.\\nOxides and Oxacids. These are analogous to those of phos-\\nphorus, and like them form ortho-, pyro- and meta- acids.\\nc 3 H 2 2H 3 As0 3 Orthoarsenous acid.\\nAs A J _j_ 2 h 2 H 4 As 2 5 Pyroarsenous acid.\\nArsenous Oxide. nfi _ 2HAs0a M etarsenous acid.\\nr 3H 2 2H 3 As0 4 Orthoarsenic acid.\\nAS A J _|_ 2 h 2 o H 4 As 2 7 Pyroarsenic acid.\\nArsenic Oxide. nQ _ 2HAs q 3 M etarsenic acid.\\nArsenous Oxide As 2 3 Arsenic, White Arsenic, Ratsbane,\\nArsenous Acid, This is not only the most important compound\\nof arsenic, but the most important of toxic agents, whether we\\nconsider the deadliness of its effect or the fatal frequency of its\\njad ministration. When recently made it is in glassy lumps, which", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 65\\non exposure become crystalline and opaque. When sublimed it\\nis deposited again in brilliant octahedral crystals. It is odorless,\\nalmost tasteless slightly sweetish. When powdered arsenic is\\nthrown upon water it does not all sink, notwithstanding its heavi-\\nness, but floats, showing a repulsion of the w r ater. Very slightly\\nsoluble in water even boiling water dissolves less than two per\\ncent. If the water be made acid or alkaline, it dissolves more\\nreadily. When arsenic dissolves in water it forms arsenous acid,\\nH 3 As0 3\\nThere are two officinal solutions, each containing one per cent,\\nof arsenic (i) Liq. acidi arsenosi, in which the water is acidu=\\nlated with HO; (2) Fowler s Solution, liq. potassii arsenitis, in\\nwhich the water is made alkaline by K 2 C0 3\\nArsenic Oxide. Arsenic pentoxide is made when arsenous\\noxide (As,0 3 is treated with an oxidizing agent, as nitric acid.\\nIt is quite soluble in water, with which it forms a series of arsenic\\nacids (ortho-, pyro- and meta-) analogous to the phosphoric acids.\\nToxicology of Arsenic. The deadly effect of arsenical com-\\npounds has been known from remote antiquity, and they have\\nprobably been more used for homicidal purposes than all other\\ntoxic agents combined. Although chemistry has made its detec-\\ntion easy and certain, arsenic is so cheap, so readily administered\\nWHITE ARSENIC (Dry).\\n94 Inspect the powder first with the naked eye and note its color, crystalline\\nform, etc.\\n95 Toss a little on water and note that it does not dissolve but floats, though\\na few larger grains may sink.\\n96 Heat a grain on a knife blade; it volatilizes with a white smoke and leaves\\nno residue. Take care not to inhale the fumes.\\n97 Take a five-inch piece of small glass tubing and melt it into two portions.\\nInto the open end of one, drop a minute grain and heat; the arsenic sublimes,,\\nleaving no residue at the bottom of the tube, but gathering in a ring of octa-\\nhedral crystals (Fig. 28) around the tube in its cooler portion.\\n98 Into the other tube put some arsenic, as above, and also powdered char-\\ncoal a quarter-inch deep; hold the tube in the flame so as to heat the charcoal\\nfirst and then the As.0 3 as it sublimes will give up its oxygen to the charcoal\\n(reduction) and be deposited above the charcoal in a lustrous, bright ring of\\nmetallic arsenic (Fig. 29).", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nto the unsuspecting victim, and so deadly, that it is still a favorite\\nwith the murderer. Owing to the extensive use of arsenical com-\\npounds as insect-powders (Paris green, etc.), and as pigments for\\nwall-paper, toys, confectionery, etc., cases of accidental poisoning\\nare quite common.\\nFew physicians have the training and facilities to undertake an\\nextended analysis, but they should all know the simpler tests, so\\nas to promptly recognize the nature of the poison and combat it\\nintelligently and successfully. Besides, the physician, being early\\nin the case, can by wise precautions prevent breaks in the chain\\n#of evidence protecting the prisoner if innocent, and closing loop-\\nholes of escape if guilty. If foul play is suspected, he should\\ncommit all his observations to writing, for notes to be admitted as\\nevidence must be the original ones taken at the time. Having\\ncollected the urine, faeces, vomit, and the suspected vehicle of the\\nWHITE ARSENIC (in Aqueous Solution). Boil white arsenic (i Cc.) in\\na small flask or large test- tube and submit successive portions of about 5 Cc.\\neach, to the following tests\\n99 Hydrogen Sulphide Test. Pass bubbles of H 2 S (see page 47) and note\\nthe yellow precipitate of As. 2 S 3\\n100 Ammonio- Silver Nitrate Test. Add cautiously ammonia water to\\nAgN0 3 solution until the brownish precipitate first formed is almost all dis-\\nsolved, avoiding excess of ammonia. Add a few drops of this solution to the\\narsenic water, and note yellow precipitate of Ag 3 As0 3\\n101 Ammonio- Copper Sulphate Test. Add ammonia water to CuS0 4 solution\\ntill bluish precipitate first formed is almost dissolved; add a few drops to the\\narsenic water and note the green precipitate of CuHAs0 3 (Scheele s green).\\n102 Repeat these three tests on much more dilute solutions of arsenic, and\\nnote their extreme delicacy, but take care to avoid excess of the alkali which\\nwould hold up the precipitate or redissolve it.\\nARSENICAL MIXTURES. The foregoing tests are applicable to pure\\narsenic or simple solutions, and not to suspected food, stomach-contents, etc.\\nExtemporize a suspected specimen by poisoning some coffee with Rough\\non Rats or other common form of arsenic, and test portions as follows\\nm Plating Test (Reinsch s). Acidulate 5 Cc. of the suspected solution\\nwith 1 Cc. of HC1; add a strip of clean arsenic-free copper (such copper\\nfoil is sold) and boil ten minutes; note the gray deposit of arsenic on the\\ncopper. To prove it is arsenic, remove the copper and wash and dry it,\\nhandling and warming it very gently to avoid removing the plating, and then\\nheat in a clean, dry test-tube. Note a sublimate of As 2 3 which in turn may\\nbe dissolved off by boiling water in the tube, and when cool submitted to the\\nother tests.", "height": "4572", "width": "2968", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n67\\npoison, and having tested some or all of them to verify his suspic-\\nion, he should place them under seal or lock and key. He should\\ncarefully reserve his opinion, lest he do injustice to the innocent\\nor warn the guilty. In case of death, the coroner should be\\nnotified and an autopsy held in the presence of the chemist if\\npossible. The stomach and entire intestinal canal, ligated at both\\nends, half of the liver, the whole brain, spleen, one kidney, and\\nany urine remaining in the bladder should be saved. These, if\\npossible, should be preserved in separate jars, to which a little\\npure chloroform may be added to prevent decomposition. These\\njars must be new and clean, closed with new corks or glass not\\nzinc caps. They are then to be labeled, and also sealed and\\nstamped, so they cannot be opened without detection, and as soon\\nas possible turned over to the chemist or prosecuting officer.\\nThe symptoms of arsenical poisoning are those common to all\\nintense irritants, viz., nausea, vomiting, burning pain in the epi-\\nFig. 28. Fig. 29.\\ngastrium, purging, cramps, thirst, fever, rapid pulse, etc., ending\\nin collapse. Smallest fatal dose is two grains, and death usually\\noccurs in twenty-four hours.\\nTreatment. Remove any unabsorbed poison from the stomach\\nby emetics or stomach-pump. The best antidote {}i is freshly pre-\\n104 Antidote Demonstration. Pour into a beaker an inch of FeCL. solution,\\nadd ammonia water until alkaline, strain the precipitate of Fe3HO on a cloth\\nand wash till clear of ammonia, and then stir fresh precipitate into another\\nbeaker containing an inch of arsenic water. After five minutes, hlter the mix-\\nture and show by the foregoing tests that the filtrate is free of arsenic.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\ncipitated ferric hydrate, made by adding aqua ammoniae to a\\nsolution of a ferric salt. Dialyzed iron, being a solution of\\nferric hydrate, may be used. It should be given at frequent\\nintervals and in tablespoonful doses.\\nTests for Arsenic. The ordinary tests for arsenic are given in\\nthe laboratory notes below. The student should practice until\\nhe can perform them with readiness and accuracy.\\nThe Hydrogen {Marsh s) Test depends on the fact that AsH 3 is\\nalways formed whenever hydrogen is generated in the presence of\\nany arsenical compound. Generate hydrogen (Fig. 30) in the\\nFig. 30.\\nusual way (Zn H 2 S0 4 and if the chemicals are pure (free from\\narsenic), the gas burns with a pale yellowish flame, without odor,\\nand does not stain a porcelain dish held in the flame. Then pour\\ninto the generator some of the suspected solution. If arsenic be\\npresent, there is an odor of garlic the flame becomes bluish-\\nwhite, and a cold porcelain dish held in the jet (Fig. 31) so\\nchills the flame that only the H burns, and the As is deposited on\\nthe porcelain as a brilliant metallic film. If the delivery tube\\nbe heated (Fig. 32), the passing AsH 3 is decomposed, and me-\\ntallic arsenic is deposited farther out in the tube in a film of the\\nthe same character as that on the porcelain.", "height": "4572", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n6 9\\nThis may be distinguished from the film formed by antimony\\nunder similar circumstances by (1) its greater metallic lustre, and\\n(2) by its dissolving on the addition of chlorinated soda (Labar-\\nraque s solution) (3) moisten the spot with nitric acid evapo-\\nrate the acid a white stain is left, which is colored a red by\\nAgN0 3 and yellow by H 2 S. The flame should now be extinguished\\nand the delivery tube made to dip into a solution of AgN0 3\\nFig. 31.\\nThis will be blackened, and if overlaid with aqua ammoniae, a\\nyellow precipitate will appear at the junction of the two fluids.\\nANTIMONY {stibium) occurs native, and usually as a sul-\\nphide. Prepared by roasting the sulphide, and heating with\\ncharcoal the oxide thus obtained.\\nProperties. A bluish-white, crystalline solid, with a brilliant\\nmetallic lustre. Resembles metals and forms alloys. In chemi-\\ncal reactions it plays the role of positive and negative radical\\nwith equal facility.\\nUsed in alloys, as type metal, Babbit s metal, Britannia, etc., to\\nwhich it gives hardness and causes them to expand and fill the\\nmolds on solidifying. The metal is not used in medicine and\\npharmacy, most of the compounds being obtained from the\\nsulphide.\\nHydrogen Aktimonide. SbH 3 {Stibine), corresponding to\\nAsH 3 This gas is formed wherever hydrogen is generated (nas-\\ncent) iu presence of a reducible antimony compound.\\nAntimonious Chloride. SbCL. At ordinary temperatures a\\nyellow semi-solid hence called butter of antimony. On addi-", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\ntion of considerable water it decomposes, precipitating a white\\npowder, the oxychloride (SbO.Cl), 105 formerly called powder of\\nalga roth.\\nAntimony Oxides and Oxacids. These are analogous to those\\nof phosphorus and arsenic, but of little importance either in med-\\nicine or the arts.\\nAntimonious Oxide. Sb 2 Prepared by treating the oxy-\\nchloride with sodium carbonate to remove the chlorine. A whit-\\nish, insoluble, volatilizable powder.\\nAntimony and Potassium Tartrate. Tartar Emetic. Made\\nby boiling 3 parts of Sb 2 Q 3 and 4 parts of cream of tartar in water,\\nfiltering and evaporating.\\n2KHC 4 H 4 6 Sb 2 3 2K(SbO)C 4 H 4 6 H 2\\nPotassium Bitartrate Tartar Emetic\\nColorless crystals of a sweetish, metallic taste soluble in water\\nand slightly so in alcohol. The only officinal salt of antimony,\\nsoluble without decomposition, and therefore more used in medi-\\ncine than the others combined, e. g., in the officinal vinutn anti-\\nmonii, unguentum antimonii and syrupus s cilice compositus.\\nAntimonious Sulphide. Sb 2 S 3 the principal ore of antimony\\noccurs native in black, lustrous masses. It may be precipitated\\nfrom any antimonial solution by H 2 S as an orange powder, which\\nis black when thoroughly dried.\\nMedical. Antimony salts, especially the soluble tartar emetic,\\nare local irritants externally, expectorants in doses of fractions ot\\na grain, emetics in larger doses, and in excessive doses gastro-\\nintestinal irritants; one and a half grains (0.1 Gm.) have killed,\\nthough recovery has occurred from vastly larger quantities, owing\\nto the prompt emesis it produces.\\nAntidote. Tannic acid forms with it an insoluble (and there-\\nfore harmless) compound, but its best antidote is ferric hydrate,\\n105 SbO and BiO, called respectively antimonyl and bismttthyl, are univalent\\nradicals, because two valences of the trivalent element being satisfied by the\\nbivalent O, only one free valent is left.", "height": "4572", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 7 I\\nthe same as for arsenic so one need not wait to determine if the\\npoisoning be by arsenic or antimony.\\nTests. The presence of antimony may be detected by the\\nplating and hydrogen tests just as arsenic, but differentiated 106\\nfrom that element by the sublimate from the plating being amor-\\nphous and the metallic mirror being insoluble in chlorinated soda\\nsolution also by H,S giving an orange-red precipitate soluble in\\nammonium sulphide and in strong HC1, but unlike As,S 3 insoluble\\nin ammonia water.\\nBISMUTH occurs native and as a sulphide. Prepared by\\nroasting the sulphide in air, and reducing the resulting oxide with\\ncharcoal.\\nProperties. A brittle, white metal, 107 with a bronze tint vola-\\ntilizes at a white heat. Forms compounds closely analogous to\\nthose of Sb, but is more positive, and plays the negative role with\\nless facility.\\nUsed in alloys e. g., pewter and stereotyping metal the latter\\nmelts in boiling water.\\nBismuth Nitrate Bi3N0 3 Formed by treating bismuth with\\nnitric acid. 03 Dissolves in a little water, but if much water be\\nadded it decomposes, with precipitation of\\nBismuth Sub ui irate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BiOXO- 6 (Bismuth Oxynitrate) m A\\nwhite, tasteless powder, much used in medicine and as a cos-\\nmetic (pearl white).\\nBismuth Subcai bonate (BiO) 2 CO. s Similar to the preceding\\nin constitution, properties and uses. 110\\n106 Repeat the hydrogen sulphide test (99), the hydrogen test, the plating\\ntest (103), and demo?istration 104, using a solution of tartar emetic instead\\nof arsenic, and note the peculiarities of antimony.\\n107 Metallic Bismuth. Secure a lump of the metal and study its physica\\nproperties.\\n108 Bismuthons Nitrate. Heat an excess of the metal with strong HN0 3 and\\npreserve the solution (Bi3N0 3 for the subsequent experimentation.\\n109 Bismuth Subnitrate. Let fall a few drops of the solution into a beaker\\nof water and note white precipitate of BiOX0 3\\n110 Bismuth Subcarbonate. To a second portion add ammonium carbonate\\nand note white precipitate of (BiO) 2 C0 3", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nBismuth and Ammonium Citrate.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Obtained in pearly scales\\nby dissolving the citrate in dilute ammonia-water, evaporating to\\na syrupy consistence and spreading on glass to dry. Being very\\nsoluble it is the preparation used in making the popular elixirs of\\nbismuth.\\nPhysiological. The bismuth salts are tonic, sedative, mildly\\nastringent and antifermentative. Used to allay gastro-intestinal\\nirritation. Occasionally the irritation is increased from presence\\nof arsenic which unscrupulous manufacturers often fail to remove\\nas the Pharmacopoeia directs.\\nWhen preparations of bismuth are taken, the stools are black-\\nened by the sulphide formed with the H 2 S in the intestines. In\\nsevere cases of diarrhoea, with acid fermentation, this blackening\\ndoes not occur, and its reappearance is a sign of improvement.\\nV. Carbon Group.\\nCarbon (carbo, a coal) C, 12\\nSilicon (si/ex, a flint), Si, 28\\nTin (Stannuni), Sn, 118\\nLead (Plumbum), Pb, 207\\nPlatinum Pt, 195\\nIridium Ir, 193\\nOsmium, Os, 191\\nPalladium, Pd, 106\\nRuthenium, Ru, 101\\nRhodium, Rh, 104\\nEach element is bivalent and quadrivalent. Their dioxides\\nform with water dibasic acids\\nC0 2 H 2 H 2 C0 3 Carbonic acid.\\nSi0 2 H 2 H 2 Si0 3 Silicic acid.\\nSn0 2 H 2 H 2 Sn0 3 Stannic acid.\\nPb0 2 H 2 H 2 Pb0 3 Plumbic acid.\\n11 Bismuthous Sulphide. Through a third portion pass H 2 S and note black\\nprecipitate of Bi 2 S 3\\n112 To another portion add a bit of zinc and note black deposit of metallic\\nBi.", "height": "4572", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n73\\nCARBON occurs free in its three allotropic forms, diamond,\\ngraphite, and coal combined in carbonates and in all animal and\\nvegetable substances. All its forms are probably traceable to\\norganized life.\\nDiamond. Geological history unknown transparent crystal-\\nline body of great brilliancy hardest substance known. Used as\\na gem and for cutting glass, etc.\\nGraphite (to write). Owing to its resemblance to lead it has\\nbeen called black lead or plumbago almost pure carbon. Used\\nfor pencils, crucibles, stove polish, etc., and as a lubricant.\\nCoal. Mineral coal is a black substance, compact in texture,\\nFig. 33.\\nFig. 34.\\nthe remains of vegetable life of past ages. Charcoal is obtained\\nby burning heaps of wood with a limited supply of air. 113 The\\n113 Charcoal by incomplete combustion. Push a lighted match-stick slowly up\\ninto the mouth of a small test-tube. (Fig. 33.) Note the incomplete combus-\\ntion, and that the stick is converted into charcoal.\\n6", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nvolatile constituents pass off, leaving the carbon as a light, porous\\nsubstance, retaining the form and structure of the wood. 114\\nAnimal charcoal is made by heating animal matters in closed\\niron retorts. Charcoal, especially animal, is a valuable absorbent\\nof odorous gases 115 and coloring matters. 116\\nSoot or lampblack is a very finely divided carbon, deposited by\\nthe heavy smoke from the incomplete combustion of tar, oils, or\\nother substances rich in carbon. 117\\nProperties. Free carbon is solid at all temperatures, and in-\\nsoluble in all menstrua. Ordinarily, free carbon is unaffected by\\nchemical agents, but at high temperatures it surpasses most other\\nelements in its avidity for O. Hence it is used to separate the\\nmetals from their oxides. 118\\nCarbon Monoxide CO. Occurs whenever carbon is burned\\nwith an insufficient supply of air, as in anthracite stoves and\\nfurnaces, and in coal-gas, but never occurs in nature.\\nPrepared in the laboratory by heating oxalic acid, 119 or potas-\\n114 Pack match-stick- side by side in the lower part of a small tube and heat\\nas strongly as the glass will stand. Note the gases, vapors and tarry fumes\\nevolved from the destructive distillation. When these have about ceased to\\ncome off, remove the tube from the flame and cork it up. When cool exam-\\nine the charcoal residue.\\n115 Fill a test-tube with ammonia gas over mercury (Fig. 34). Introduce a\\npiece of charcoal recently heated. The gas is absorbed, as is shown by the\\nrapid rise of the mercury.\\n116 To a solution of indigo, cochineal, or potassium permanganate or beer in\\na flask, add some animal charcoal, shake up and filter. The filtrate is colorless,\\nand in case beer is used it has also lost its bitter taste.\\n117 Lampblack. Hold a cold porcelain dish in a candle flame, the flame of\\na gas jet or of a Bunsen burner with the air-holes closed. Note the deposit of\\nlampblack.\\n118 Into a slight depression in a piece of charcoal lay some metallic oxide,\\ne. lead oxids; heat with a blow-pipe. The oxide is reduced by the heated\\ncharcoal around it, and globules of the metal appear which coalesce into a\\nbright button.\\n119 From Oxalic Acid and J7 2 SO v Into a side-neck test-tube put 5 gm. of\\noxalic acid and K 2 S0 4 enough to cover it. Connect a delivery tube and wash-\\nbottle containing KHO, (or use flask as arranged in Fig. 35), and heat strongly\\nH 2 C 2 4 +H 2 SO^H 2 S0 4 C0 2 +H 2 CO.\\nThe C0 2 is absorbed by the KHO in the wash-bottle, and the CO is collected\\nin tubes over water.", "height": "4572", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n75\\nsium ferrocyanide, with sulphuric acid, or by heating a mixture of\\ncharcoal and cupric oxide. 1\\nProperties. Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas burns with a\\npale blue flame very poisonous, combining with the coloring\\nFig. 3^.\\nMaking CO.\\nmatter of the blood corpuscles, and destroying their oxygen-\\ncarrying power. Artificial respiration is of little use. Transfusion\\nof blood is the most promising treatment. After death the blood\\nremains scarlet. The sources of danger are open charcoal fires,\\ndefective draught in stoves and chimneys, and illuminating gas\\nescaping into bed-rooms.\\nCarbon Dioxide COo.\\nC0 2 +H 2 0=H 2 C0 3 Carbonic acid.\\n^Let two students working together prepare carbon monoxide by incom-\\nplete combustion of carbon. Mix equal parts of powdered charcoal and black\\noxide of copper, and put into a side-necked test-tube with delivery tube as in\\nFig. 8; heat as strongly as the glass will stand, and collect the CO in tubes\\nover water. Note the properties of the gas, and search the residue for gran-\\nules of metallic copper.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "J 6 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nOccurs sparingly (.0003) in the atmosphere, as a result of\\nanimal respiration, vegetable decay, and combustion. Plants\\nabsorb it, appropriating the carbon and returning the oxygen to\\nthe air.\\nIt often accumulates in cellars, beer-vats, wells, etc., where it is\\ncalled choke-damp. 127\\nPrepared by burning carbon but most conveniently, in the\\nlaboratory, by decomposing a carbonate with an acid. 121\\nCaC0 3 +2HCl=CaCl 2 +H 2 0+C0 2\\nPhysical Properties. Transparent, colorless gas, of a pungent\\nodor and sour taste. One and a half times as heavy as air. 122\\nWater dissolves its own volume. 123\\nChemical Properties. Neither burns nor supports combus-\\ntion. 124 In water it exists as carbonic acid\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H 2 C0 3 On\\nattempting to concentrate this dilute solution the acid decom-\\nposes again into water and C0 2 hence wet litmus reddened by\\nit becomes blue again on drying.\\nThe carbonates of the potassium group are all soluble, and not\\ndecomposable by heat, all others are insoluble 125 and decompos-\\nable by heat.\\n121 Put about 30 Gm. (one ounce) of marble dust (CaC0 3 in a flask with\\ndelivery tube and pour in HC1 through the funnel; collect the gas by down-\\nward displacement in a good -sized glass jar. Note its color and behavior to\\nmoistened blue litmus paper; taste and smell it by sucking it up through a\\nglass tube.\\n122 To show the weight of carbon dioxide: (1) Pour it from one vessel to\\nanother. (2) Blow soap bubbles and allow them to fall into a wide vessel\\ncontaining this gas. As soon as they reach the surface of the gas they stop\\nand float upon it. (3) Pour a large beakerful of the gas into a light paste-\\nboard box that has been balanced on a pair of scales. The box will at once\\ndescend.\\n123 That water will dissolve a greater quantity of carbon dioxide under pres-\\nsure is shown by the rapid evolution of the gas whenever a bottle of soda or\\nother carbonated water is opened and the pressure thereby removed.\\n124 Set a candlestick, holding several lighted tapers at different heights, in a\\nlarge jar. Carbon dioxide is introduced at the bottom, and extinguishes the\\ntapers one by one as the vessel fills up to their levels.\\n125 To each of four test-tubes add, respectively, solution of CaCl 2 MgS0 4", "height": "4600", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n77\\nUses. C0 2 is the principal food of plants. Combustion 1 6 and\\nthe oxidation of decaying vegetation and the respiration of\\nanimals 127 add vast quantities to the air; plants absorb this and\\nthe green coloring matter (chlorophyl) in their leaves decomposes\\nit, the carbon going into the structure of the plant and the\\noxygen returning to the air. Besides its employment in the\\nmanufacture of carbonates, CO, is extensively used in beverages,\\nmaking them effervescent, sparkling and of an agreeable, pungent\\nFig. 36.\\ntaste. Soda water is simple water charged with about 5 vol-\\numes of C0 2 and flavored with any desired fruit-syrup. For this\\npurpose, C0 2 is now sold liquefied in strong steel cylinders under\\na pressure of 40 atmospheres (600 lbs.). The evaporation of\\nthis liquid is sometimes used in laboratory work for the produc-\\ntion of intense cold no C).\\nFeS0 4 and Pb(C 2 H H 0o) 2 Pass C0. 2 into each and note the precipitation of\\nthe carbonates of these metals. Add a few drops of acid to each and note\\nthat the precipitates dissolve with effervescence of CO.\\n126 Set a short candle into a glass jar and put the cover on. When the\\ncandle is extinguished remove it and add lime-water and shake thoroughly.\\nNote the white precipitate of CaC0 3\\nlil That this gas accumulating in wells can be bailed out in buckets, may be\\nillustrated by dipping it out of a glass jar and pouring it on to a small lighted\\ncandle.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "78 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nTests. (i) The gas (15 per cent, and over) extinguishes a\\nflame (2) precipitates lime-water; (3) carbonates effervesce on\\nadding a strong acid.\\nPhysiological If the gas be undiluted, death is immediate\\nfrom spasm of the glottis. If somewhat dilute (15 to 30 per\\ncent.) there is loss of muscular power, anaesthesia, and death\\nwithout a struggle. If quite dilute (5 to 10 per cent.) headache,\\ngiddiness, muscular weakness, and sometimes vomiting and con-\\nvulsions occur.\\nThe effects are more serious if the C0 2 comes from combustion\\nor respiration, because of the removal of oxygen and the admix-\\nture of the deadly CO and animal exhalations.\\nTreatment. Fresh air, artificial respiration, and stimulation.\\nThe preventive is ventilation.\\nVentilation. More than 7 parts of C0 2 in 10,000 of air is\\noppressive. Taking this as the maximum impurity allowable,\\n3,000 cubic feet of fresh air per hour is needed by each person,\\nand more in case of disease or when lamps are burning. To\\nsecure this in a room containing 1,000 cubic feet (10X 10X10),\\nthe air must be changed three times an hour. This would give a\\ndraught not uncomfortable or injurious. If the draught be prop-\\nerly distributed, a breathing space of 500 cubic feet changing six\\ntimes an hour would be unobjectionable. Ventilation may be\\nsecured in two ways, by diffusion and by draught.\\nDiffusion. Gases mingle more rapidly, liquids more slowly, to\\nmake a mixture of uniform density.\\nWhen two gases of different densities are separated by a porous\\npartition, they mingle, the lighter passing through more rapidly\\nthan the heavier, the rapidity being in inverse ratio to the square\\nroots of their densities. 129\\n12(5 Two Wolff bottles are half filled with lime-water and arranged as in Fig.\\n36. Placing the rubber tube in his mouth, the operator can inspire through\\none bottle and expire through the other. The small amount of carbon dioxide\\nin the inspired and the larger amount in the expired air are shown by a white\\nprecipitate, slight tn the one and dense in the other bottle.\\n129 Cement a porous earthenware battery cup at its open end to the top of a", "height": "4568", "width": "2980", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "Fig. 37.\\nPART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. ^9\\nThis diffusion is more active in winter than in summer, because\\nof the greater difference in density of the warm air within the\\nhouse and the cold air without. Damp walls are\\nunhealthy, mainly because being no longer por-\\nous they prevent this diffusion.\\nCyanogen CN or Cy. Univalent because\\nN m can satisfy only three valences of C TV A\\ncompound negative radical resembling in its\\nchemical behavior the elements of the chlorine\\ngroup.\\nPrepared by strongly heating mercuric cyan-\\nide. 1\\nHg(CN),_-Hg-2CN.\\nA colorless gas, smelling like peach kernels.\\nBurns with a peach-blossom flame; unites with\\nmetals to form cyanides, the most important\\nbeing\\nHydrocyanic Acid H(CN), or HCy\\nPrussic Acid, Hydrogen Cyanide). Occurs in\\nbitter almonds, cherry-laurel water, etc.\\nProperties. Colorless liquid, having an odor\\nlike peach kernels. For medical purposes only\\na dilute (2 per cent.) solution is used, and\\nthe dose is from two to five drops.\\nfunnel tube, the end of which dips into a bottle of colored water, as in Fig. y].\\nBring down over the cup an inverted bell jar of hydrogen. The light H diffuses\\nso much faster into the cup than the air diffuses out of it, that bubbles of gas\\nescape rapidly through the water. Remove the bell jar and the conditions are\\nreversed. The H now diffuses so rapidly out of the cup that the water is sucked\\nup the tube.\\n130 Heat Hg2CN in a side-necked test-tube with delivery-tube, and note the\\nproperties of the CN gas evolved. If mercuric cyanide cannot be obtained, a\\nmixture of two parts of thoroughly dried potassium ferrocyanide and three\\nparts mercuric chloride may be used. Remember Hg2CN is exceedingly pois-\\n131 Experiments 122, 123, 124, 128 and 129 had better be performed by the\\ninstructor in the presence of the class.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "80 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nToxicology, All the cyanides are very poisonous. One drop\\nof the pure acid produces immediate death, and three grains of\\npotassium cyanide kills in a few minutes. The respiratory cen-\\ntres are paralyzed, and the victim falls and dies in convulsions.\\nPoisoning is liable to occur from handling the acid or the cyan-\\nides, which are largely used in the arts, or from eating vegetable\\nproducts, g. peach and cherry seeds containing amygdalin, a\\nsubstance easily decomposing into prussic acid and other pro-\\nducts. Owing to the rapid action of the poison, antidotes are\\nusually impracticable. Use artificial respiration and stimulate.\\nIf the patient survive an hour, the prognosis is good.\\nTests. fi) Its odor; (2) silver nitrate white precipitate sol-\\nuble in boiling HN0 3 3) add ammonium hydrosulphide, evapo-\\nrate to dryness, and then add ferric chloride a blood -red color.\\nCyanates. Cyanic acid (HCyO) and ammonium cyanate\\nNH 4 CyO) are the most interesting. The latter on being heated\\nin aqueous solution forms urea.\\nSulphocyanates are sulpho-salts corresponding to the cyanates\\n(oxy-salts), and are good illustrations of the facility with which S\\nforms series of compounds analogous to those of O. They, espe-\\ncially the potassium and sodium salts, are used as test reagents.\\nCompound Cyanides. Cyanogen shows a great tendency to\\nform complex radicals, especially with iron as ferro cyanogen\\n[Fe II (CN) 6 I IV or (FeCy 6 IV and ferricyanogen [Fe 1II (CN) 6 I VI\\nor (FeCy 6 VI These two radicals contain ferrous and ferric\\niron respectively, and with hydrogen form acids (hydracids)\\nknown as hydro-ferrocyanic acid, H 4 FeCy 6 (tetrabasic), and hydro-\\nferricyanic acid H 3 Fe(CN) 6 or H 3 FeCy 6 (hexabasic) the salts\\nof these acids are termed ferrocyanides and ferricyanides.\\nPotassium Ferrocyanide. K^FeCyg commonly called yellow\\nprussiate of potash, and potassium ferricyanide K 3 FeCy 6 red\\nprussiate of potash, are important test reagents.\\nThe carbon compounds will be further considered under the\\nhead of Organic Chemistry.", "height": "4572", "width": "2964", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 61\\nSILICON (also called silica??i) resembles carbon, and occurs\\nin three allotropic forms corresponding to coal, graphite and dia-\\nmond most abundant element after oxygen. It exists in only a\\nfew compounds, but they constitute the larger part of the earth s\\ncrust. Its principal compound is its oxide.\\nSilicon Oxide Si0 2 Silica occurring as sand, chalcedony,\\nagate, onyx, quartz, etc., and as a constituent of granite and other\\nabundant rocks. Colorless, except when tinted by the oxides of\\ncertain metals as in the amethyst and other gems insoluble and\\nunaffected by most reagents except HF and fused alkalies.\\nSilicic Acid occurs in two varieties\\no.-. j -f- 2H 2 H^SiO.j.orthosilicic acid;\\nHoO H 2 Si0 3 metasilicic acid,\\nWhen sodium silicate is treated with hydrochloric acid\\nN)a,Si 4 -f O4HCI 4NaCl H,Si0 4 and the NaCl dialyzed out\\northosilicic acid remains, colorless, tasteless, and only faintly acid\\nto litmus. If this be evaporated and mildly heated it loses one\\nmolecule of H 2 and becomes metasilicic acid (H,Si0 3 which\\nby further heating gives off the second H 2 and is converted into\\nsilica (Si0 2\\nSilicates of aluminum and magnesium are very abundant, as\\nclay, soapstone, asbestos, etc. Glass is a mixture of several sili-\\ncates, usually of sodium, calcium and sometimes lead. It is made\\nby melting sand (Si0 2 with the carbonates or oxides of the\\nmetals. The addition of certain metallic oxides gives color e.\\ng. 9 cobalt gives a blue, manganese an amethyst, and copper a ruby.\\nIf the glass consist of only an alkaline silicate g. 9 sodium\\nsilicate), it is soluble or water-glass, which is largely used in sur-\\ngical dressings.\\nThe Metals. Occurrence, Some, as gold and copper, occur free, but\\nmost of them are found combined with non-metallic elements, especially sul-\\nphur and oxygen.\\nPreparation. If combined with sulphur the ore is roasted until the sulphur\\nis burned out, leaving the metal as an oxide, which is then heated with carbon\\nto remove the oxygen, thus\\nZnS 3 ZnO S0 2 then, ZnO C CO Zn.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nPhysical Properties. Very opaque, with a metallic lustre (in fine pow-\\nder, a dull black) bluish-gray, varying between the pure white of silver and\\nthe dull blue of lead. Yellow gold and red copper are exceptions. In weight,\\nvarying greatly, as between lithium, specific gravity 0.58, and platinum, specific\\ngravity 21.50. Most are solid, except mercury (liquid) and hydrogen (gas-\\neous). All are absolutely insoluble in water as long as they are in the metallic\\nstate.\\nChemical Properties. Electro-positive, possessing greal affinity for the non-\\nmetals and other electro-negative radicals. When two metals are fused to-\\ngether the product is an alloy. If one of the metals be mercury, it is called\\nan amalgam. Alloys are not chemical compounds, but mixtures, for the\\nmetals do not unite in definite proportions, and the alloy is not a new sub-\\nstance, but one with properties intermediate between those of its constituent\\nmetals.\\nUsed mostly in the arts. Of the fifty-five metals only about twenty-six, or\\nrather compounds of these, enter the materia medica, and merit our notice.\\nTIN. A bluish-white malleable metal, not corroded by air or\\nwater hence used to form a protective coating for iron and cop-\\nper. Tin-ware is usually sheet-iron coated by being dipped into\\nmolten tin. Tin-foil (thin laminae of tin) is used in wrapping to\\nexclude air and moisture. Tin enters into the composition of a\\ngreat many alloys. Alloyed with lead it is easily dissolved, and\\nmay cause lead poisoning, especially in those using cheap canned\\ngoods and tobacco wrapped in tin-foil. Powdered tin is some-\\ntimes used as an anthelmintic.\\nTin forms two classes of compounds the stannous, in which\\nthe atom is bivalent, and stannic, in which the atom is quadriva-\\nlent. These are of importance to the chemist, but of little inter-\\nest to the physician.\\nLEAD. Its principal ore is its sulphide (PbS), called galena.\\nIt is a soft, heavy blue metal, 132 very slowly acted upon by most\\nsubstances hence used to make water-pipes and vessels that are\\nexposed to corrosive liquids.\\nWater containing nitrates or nitrites (from organic matter)\\n1 2 Heat some litharge on charcoal with the reducing flame of the blow-\\npipe, and note globules of metallic lead, and the physical properties of the\\nmetal.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\ndissolves lead slightly but if it contains carbonates or sulphates,\\nthe lead is protected by an insoluble coating of lead carbonate\\nor sulphate.\\nLead enters into the composition of many alloys as pewter,\\nsolder, shot, type-metal, etc. The quadrivalent compounds of\\nlead are of so little importance that the term plumbic generally\\nis applied to the bivalent compounds.\\nLead Oxide. PbO Litharge. A yellow substance, found\\nnative made artificially by heating lead in the air. It is by\\ntreating this with the appropriate acid that most of the lead salts\\nare prepared. When rubbed with oil it decomposes the glycer-\\nylic ethers and combines with the fatty acids to form lead soaps,\\none of which, the oleate, is lead plaster, e?nplastrum plumbi, U.\\nS. P.\\nLead Dioxide, ox puce lead, is a dark-brown powder, 1- 3 forming\\none of the constituents of red lead (Pb-A or 2PbO.PbO,). m\\nPrepared by treating red lead with nitric acid to dissolve out\\nthe PbO.\\nLead Nitrate Pb(K0 3\\nMade PbO 2HNO3 Pb(N0 3 H,0.\\nLedoyen s disinfectant fluid was a solution of Pb(N0 3 2 (one\\ndrachm to the ounce), but is no longer officinal. It corrects\\nfetid odors by precipitating H 2 S and NHJHS.\\nLead Acetate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pb(C 2 LLA),, or PbAc Sugar of lead\u00e2\u0084\u00a2\\nMade PbO 2HAc PbAc 2 4- H 2 0.\\nUsed in medicine more than any other lead salt. Its solution\\nwill dissolve considerable quantities of PbO, forming the solution\\n,M Onto I Gm. of red lead in a test-tube pour 5 Cc. of dilute HXO and\\nnote that the acid attacks and dissolves only the PbO, leaving the Pb0 2 as a\\ndark brown powder.\\n131 Mix a little dry PbO., with pulverized sugar and note that when the\\npestle rubs hard against the side of the mortar, the sugar is oxidized by the\\nPbO., and takes fire.\\nU3 Heat 2 Gm. of litharge with 5 Cc. of acetic acid and filter. Allow a few\\ndrops of the filtrate to evaporate on a watch crystal and note the colorless\\nprismatic crystals of sugar of lead.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nof the sub acetate of lead, the liquor plumbi sub ace talis U. S. P.,\\nGoulard s extract. This is a basic acetate and is sometimes\\ncalled vinegar of lead. It is astringent, and, like all the lead salts,\\nsedative. Much used as a topical application in erysipelas, acute\\neczema, and other skin affections and diluted {lead water), it is\\nused in conjunctivitis and other mucous inflammations.\\nThe following insoluble salts may be made by precipitation\\nfrom solutions of the preceding soluble ones l:56\\nLead Chloride PbCl 2 Made Soluble lead salt added to a\\nsoluble chloride e. g., PbAc 2 2HCI PbCl 2 2HAc. Slightly\\nsoluble in warm water, but in cold it is always precipitated from\\nsolutions of moderate strength hence classed with HgCl and\\nAgCl as one of the three insoluble chlorides.\\nLead Sulphate Pb*30 4 Forms as a white precipitate when-\\never a solution of a lead salt is added to a sulphate solution,\\nthus\\nPbAc 2 ZnS0 4 PbS0 4 ZnAc 2\\nLead Carbbnate PbCO s White Lead.\\nMade: PbAc 2 Na 2 C0 3 PbCO s 2NaAc.\\nCommercially, it is made by some modification of the old Dutch\\nmethod, which consists in covering sheets or bars of lead with the\\nrefuse of the wine-press and barn manure. The acetic fumes from\\nthe grape husks attack the lead, forming lead acetate, which is\\ndecomposed by the carbonic acid (C0 2 4- H 2 0) from the manure.\\nThe acetic acid thus liberated combines with another portion of\\n186 Now test this filtrate for lead, by adding to successive portions the fol-\\nlowing solutions, each containing a negative radical capable of forming an in-\\nsoluble compound with Pb\\nSulphuric Acid. (PbAc, 4- H 2 S0 4 2HAc -f PbS0 4 white precipitate.\\nHydro sulphuric Acid. (PbAc 2 -f H 2 S 2HAc PbS) black precipitate.\\nSodium Carbonate. (PbAc 2 -f- Na 2 C0 3 2HAc -f PbC0 3 white precip-\\nitate.\\nPotassium Iodide. (PbAc 2 -f- 2KI 2HAc 2 Pbl 2 yellow precipitate.\\nPotassium Chr ornate. (PbAc 2 -f K 2 Cr0 4 2H Ac 2 PbCr0 4 yellow pre-\\ncipitate.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 85\\nlead, which is again precipitated by the carbonic acid, and thus\\nthe process continues until all the lead is consumed.\\nUsed for painting, but blackens when air contains ELS.\\nLead Sulphide PbS is formed as a black precipitate when-\\never a lead solution is treated with a soluble sulphide, as ELS or\\nNH.HS,\\nLead Iodide PbL. A bright yellow precipitate on adding a\\nsoluble iodide to a lead solution as,\\nPbAc 2 2KI 2KAc Pbl 2\\nLead Chromate PbCr0 4\\nMade PbAc, K 2 CrO, PbCrO, 2KAc.\\nUnder the name of chrome yellow it is used in painting. Ot\\nlate it has been used to color food products.\\nTests for lead consist mainly in forming precipitates of the fore-\\ngoing insoluble compounds.\\nPhysiological.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All the lead compounds are poisonous. Acute\\npoisoning sometimes occurs from the ingestion of a single large\\ndose of a soluble lead salt. The symptoms are those of gastric\\nirritation. Treatment: Give MgSO. to form the insoluble PbS0 4\\nThe chronic form of lead intoxication, painter s colic, is true\\npoisoning, and is produced by the continued absorption of min-\\nute quantities of lead by the skin of those handling it, and by the\\nlungs and stomachs of those living in painted apartments, or\\nusing food and drink from leaden vessels or soft and contami-\\nnated water conveyed through lead pipes. There is impairment\\nof digestion, constipation, blue line along the edge of the gums,\\ncolic and paralysis, especially of the extensor muscles. Lead\\nonce absorbed is eliminated very slowly, having combined with\\nthe albuminoids, a combination which is rendered soluble by the\\nadministration of iodide of potassium.\\nThe treatment for chronic lead-poisoning is to give MgS0 4 for\\nthe double purpose of overcoming the constipation and precipi-\\ntating any lead remaining unabsorbed in the alimentary canal\\nalso KI to promote the elimination of that which is combined\\nwith the albuminoids. Alum is a favorite treatment, seeming to", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "86 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nperform all accomplished by both the MgS0 4 and KI. The par-\\nalyzed muscles must be treated with electricity, so that when the\\nlead is eliminated and the nerve influence returns, it may not find\\nthem degenerated past redemption.\\nPotassium Group.\\n(Hydrogen H i\\nLithium Li 7\\nAmmonium (NH 4 18\\nSodium (Natrium) Na 23\\nPotassium (Kalium) K 39.1\\nRubidium Rb 85\\nCesium Cs 133\\nGroup Characteristics. Univalent very electro-positive (ex-\\ncept H), so that when combined, unless it be with a strongly\\nelectro-negative (acidulous) radical, they form very alkaline com-\\npounds. The positive affinities, as in the other groups, increase\\nwith the atomic weights. All their compounds are soluble.\\nLITHIUM. Sparingly but- widely distributed in nature, es-\\npecially in the waters of certain springs. Lightest of the solid\\nelements. Its salts closely resemhle those of sodium.\\nPhysiological. Lithium urate being by far the most soluble com-\\npound of uric acid, salts of lithium, especially the very soluble\\ncitrate and the less soluble carbonate/ 7 are given to gouty per-\\nsons to promote the elimination of uric acid, which accumulates\\nin that disease. But much of the lithium seems to go to neu-\\ntralizing the acid sodium phosphate instead of combining with\\nthe uric acid.\\nTest. It colors the flame a beautiful carmine red 138 its phos-\\nphate is insoluble in presence of ammonium hydrate. 139\\n117 Lithium. Tests. Note the taste, reaction and slight solubility (1 in 80)\\nof Li 2 C0 3 dissolve a little in HO, avoiding excess of acid, and test the\\nsolution\\n138 Fla?Jie. Dip end of platinum wire in solution and place in edge of the\\nBunsen flame and note the carmine-red.\\n1{9 Phosphate. Into a test-tube pour some Na 2 HP0 4 solution and half as\\nmuch NH 4 HO and then a few drops of the Li solution, and warm slightly.\\nNote white precipitate of Li 2 HP0 4", "height": "4572", "width": "2964", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 87\\nAMMONIUM. When ammonia gas (NH 3 combines with an\\nacid, it appropriates the basic hydrogen of the acid and forms a\\nsalt in which NIl 4 is the positive radical e. g.:\\nNH 3 HC1 NH 4 C1, corresponding to KC1 or XaCl;\\nNH 3 -HHO=XH 4 HO, corresponding to KHO or NaHO;\\nNH 3 HNOg =NH 4 N0 3J corresponding to KNO a or NaNO s\\n2XH, H 2 S0 4 (NH 4 2 S0 4J corresponding to K,,S0 4 or Xa,S0 4\\nThis radical (NH 4 plays the role of a metal, like K and Na,\\nand is called Ammonium. Does not exist uncomblned, although\\nWey] claims to isolate it as a dark-blue liquid metal. 140 We can\\nobtain it as amalgam by the reaction between sodium amalgam\\nand ammonium chloride. 141\\nAmmonium Hydrate XH 4 HO Caustic Ammonia is formed\\nin solution whenever ammonia gas (NH 3 dissolves in water,\\nthus: NH 3 H 2 NH 4 HO. It has been already stated that\\nthe aqueous solution of a fixed substance is called a liquor of a\\nvolatile substance, an aqua. In like manner alcoholic solutions\\nof fixed substances are called tinctures, and of volatile, spirits.\\nThere are four U. S. P. solutions of ammonia\\nAqua ammonia jo per cent.\\nAqua ammonia fortior 28\\nSpiritus ammonia 10 u\\nSpiritus ammonia aromaticus.\\nll0 XOTE. The siipposed free ammonium. Sodio-ammonium is prepared\\nby heating sodium in a sealed tube with ammcnia gas. This is in turn\\nheated with ammonium chloride in a sealed tube. A dark -blue liquid, with\\nmetallic lustre, is obtained, but soon decomposes into ammonia gas and hydro-\\ngen.\\n141 To some mercury in a test-tube add sodium, small bits at a time. On\\nthis sodium amalgam pour a strong solution of ammonium chloride. wSodium\\nchloride and ammonium amalgam are formed.\\n(Xa Hg) NH 4 Cl NaCl (XH, Hg).\\nThe ammonium amalgam swells up and soon decomposes (NH 4 Hg)\\nXH 3 H-f Hg the gaseous XH, and hydrogen escape, and only the mer-\\ncury remains.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nIn each of these solutions NH 4 HO exists, but has never been\\nisolated, because, whenever we attempt to evaporate the water or\\nalcohol, the NHJHO decomposes into NH 3 4- H 2 0. 142 Ammo-\\nnium hydrate is very alkaline.\\nAmmonium Hydrosulphide NH 4 HS occurs in decomposing\\nnitrogenous, sulphurized organic bodies. Made by saturating a\\nsolution of NH4HO with H 2 S. A yellowish solution; used as a\\ntest reagent.\\nAmmonium Carbonate (NH 4 2 C0 3 Ammonii Carbonas, U.\\nS. P. 143 Sal volatile is prepared by heating a mixture of NH 4 C1\\nand chalk (CaC0 3 up to the temperature at which (NH 4 2 C0 3\\nwould be volatilized, when the following reaction will occur. 144\\n2NH 4 C1 CaCG 3 CaCl 2 (NH 4 2 C0 3\\n(See Volatility, page 33. Very prone to absorb C0 2 from the\\natmosphere and become bicarbonate unless NHJiO be added.\\nOther salts may be made by adding the appropriate acid to\\nthe carbonate or hydrate of ammonium. If we use the carbonate\\nwe can tell when acid enough has been added by the cessation of\\neffervescence. If the hydrate is used there is no effervescence,\\nand our only guide is the point at which the solution becomes\\nneutral in reaction. This is determined by the use of test papers.\\nThese are made of white, unsized paper, steeped in a blue vegeta-\\nble pigment called litmus, which is reddened by acids and restored\\nto its blue by alkalies.\\nPhysiological The hydrate and carbonate are alkaline irritants,\\n^Ammonium Tests. NH 4 HO. Pour aqua ammonise into a test-tube and\\nnote z) the odor and alkalinity of the escaping NH 3 (3) white fumes of\\nNH 4 C1 when a glass rod moistened with HC1 is brought near the mouth of\\nthe tube, and (c) that after boiling, the water has become almost tasteless and\\nneutral.\\n113 The officinal dry salt consists really of ammonium bicarbonate and car-\\nbamate, but the latter on dissolving in water becomes normal ammonium car-\\nbonate.\\nlu Carbonate. Heat a mixture of chalk (CaC0 3 and sal ammoniac\\n(NH 4 C1) and hold an inverted beaker over the mouth of the test-tube. Note\\nthe sublimate in the beaker and its odor, taste, solubility and reaction.", "height": "4572", "width": "2976", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "PART I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 89\\nlike the corresponding K and Na compounds, though in less de-\\ngree. They moreover give off NH 3 which, though irritating to\\nthe respiratory tract, is a valuable stimulant in fainting fits, etc.\\nTwo drachms of aqua ammoniae have killed. The treatment, as\\nfor all alkalies, is to give a dilute acid or some oil.\\nTests. (1) An ammonium salt warmed with liq. potassse gives\\noff NH 3 recognized u (a) by its odor, (b) its forming a white cloud\\nof NH 4 C1 when a glass rod dipped in the HC1 is held over the\\nvessel, and (c) its changing moist red litmus to blue. (2) Heat\\nthe dry ammonium salt and it volatilizes. 146 (3) Platinic chlor-\\nide 147 gives a creamy yellow precipitate, and (4) Nessler s 48 reagent,\\na brown coloration.\\nSODIUM. Occurs very abundantly in sodium chloride, or\\ncommon salt, and from it almost all the other sodium com-\\npounds are now obtained, instead of from the ashes of sea-weeds\\nas formerly. Sodium resembles potassium very closely, except\\nthat sodium is a little less positive and its compounds manifest\\nthe alkaline tendency a little less strongly. As a rule the sodium\\nsalts tend to effloresce and the potassium salts to deliquesce on\\nexposure to the air. But the compounds of the two metals are\\nso alike in their preparation, properties and uses that the physi-\\ncian s or chemist s choice between them is usually determined\\nby such considerations as economy, convenience, solubility, etc.\\nHence of the sodium compounds we will notice only a few as being\\nof particular importance.\\nSodium Chloride. NaCl, or common salt, is very abundantly\\n145 NH^ from Salts. To an ammonium salt in a test-tube add KHO solu-\\ntion and warm. Xote the NH 3 evolved and recognize it as above suggested.\\n146 Sublimation. Heat some impure NH 4 C1 in a large test-tube and note\\nthat it sublimes and collects in pure white masses in the upper part of the tube.\\nU7 Platinic Chloride. To a few drops of ammonium salt on a microscope\\nslide or watch-glass add one drop of HO and a drop of PtCl^ (an expensive\\nreagent), and note the yellow precipitate of PtCl^NH^Cl.\\nJ48 Xessler s. To an extremely dilute solution of an ammonium salt add a\\nfew drops of Nessler s reagent and note the brown coloration and the great\\ndelicacy of the test.\\n7", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "90 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nand widely distributed, occurring in most animal and vegetable\\ntissues, and in all natural waters, especially sea water. Where\\narms of the sea and salt lakes have evaporated hrough ages, de-\\nposits of rock salt are found, often of vast extent, as at Stassfurt in\\nGermany and Petite Anse in Louisiana. When pure it is not\\nhygroscopic, though common salt is usually slightly deliquescent\\non account of the presence of magnesium salts.\\nSodium Dioxide. Na 2 2 peroxide of sodium is a yellow-\\nish, very caustic solid and has recently assumed commercial im-\\nportance as an oxidizing, bleaching and disinfecting agent, for\\nwith water it yields about 20 per cent, of oxygen (Na 2 2 H 2\\n2NaH0 4-0) and with dilute acids produces hydrogen dioxide\\n(Na 2 2 2HCI 2NaCl H 2 2\\nSodium Bicarbonate NaHC0 3 baking soda. Effervescing\\nmixtures such as Seidlitz powders and baking powders generally\\nconsist of sodium bicarbonate and potassium bitartrate mixed dry.\\nIn some cheaper varieties of baking powders alum and acid cal-\\ncium phosphate are used instead of the cream of tartar. On the\\naddition of water the following reaction occurs with evolution\\nof C0 2\\nNaHC0 3 KHQH 4 6 NaKC 4 H 4 6 -f H 2 C0 2\\nSodium Sulphate Na 2 S0 4 .ioH 2 or Glauber s Salt and\\nSodium Phosphate Na 2 HP0 4 are useful saline purgatives and\\nSodium Sulphite Na 2 S0 3 is used in preventing fermentation\\nand as a reducing agent in photography.\\nTests. No good precipitant for all the compounds of sodium\\nare soluble. However, the strong yellow color it gives a flame is\\na very delicate test in fact, often annoyingly delicate, for it\\nshows traces of sodium in almost everything.\\nPOTASSIUM occurs only in compounds. Prepared by heating\\none of its oxygen compounds with charcoal in an iron retort\\n(K 2 C0 3 2C 3CO K 2 The metallic K distills over and is\\ncondensed in a flat receiver.\\nPhysical Properties. Soft as wax lighter than water silvery\\nlustre when freshly cut, but quickly tarnishes.", "height": "4572", "width": "2964", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n91\\nChemical Properties. Intensely electro-positive hence it pos-\\nsesses great affinity for the non-metals; 149 takes O from H 2 0, 150\\neven as ice, 51 setting fire to the escaping H, and giving the flame\\nthe violet color characteristic of K (Fig. 38).\\nFig. 37.\\nFig. 38.\\nPotassium Carbonate. K 2 C0 3 Obtained as an impure solu-\\ntion lye by lixiviating the ashes of plants, especially forest\\ntrees. This, evaporated to dryness, forms concentrated lye or\\npotash. This in turn when purified forms pearl-ash, which\\nFig. 39.\\nKf\\nC(k\\nis further purified for medicinal use. Sometimes made by burn-\\ning cream of tartar and lixiviating the residue hence called salts\\nof tartar. A white semi-crystalline or granular powder. C0 3\\nPotassium. Metal. Let the instructor l49 inflame a bit of metallic K by\\nlowering into a jar of chlorine, Fig. 37, or l5() make an explosion by warming\\nit with iodine or dropping it into bromine, taking care to cover the experiment\\nwith a bell jar. 151 Load a strong toy cannon with gun-powder, lay a small bit\\nof K in the fuse and touch off with a piece of ice. Fig. 39.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "92 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nbeing a weakly acidulous (negative) radical, K 2 C0 3 is very alka-\\nline, even caustic. 152\\nAcid Salts. Salts are formed by a metallic radical displacing\\nthe basic H of an acid. If all the H is displaced, the result is a\\nnormal salt, as, H 2 S0 4 4 K 2 K 2 S0 4 ,-h H 2 But if part of the\\nbasic H of the acid remains, it is called an acid salt, as H 2 S0 4\\nK^KHS0 4 +H. Sometimes acid salts are called bi salts,\\nbecause the proportion of the acidulous radical to the basylous is\\ntwice as great as in the normal e. g., KHS0 4 is called potassium\\nbisulphate, because the proportion of the acidulous radical S0 4 to\\nthe basylous radical K is twice as great as in the normal sulphate,\\nK 2 S0 4\\nPotassium Bicarbonate KHCO3. Although an acid salt in\\nconstitution, it is alkaline in reaction, on account of the weakness\\nof its acidulous radical. Made by passing C0 2 into a solution of\\nK 2 C0 3 The reaction is as follows\\nK 2 CO s H 2 C0 2 2KHC0 3\\nPotassium Bitartrate KH(C 4 H 4 6 or KHT Cream of\\nTartar. Prepared similarly to the above, by adding tartaric acid\\nto a solution of the normal tartrate, thus: K 2 T+H 2 ^2KHT.\\nIt exists naturally in grape juice, and, being insoluble in an alco-\\nholic menstruum, is precipitated on the sides of the wine casks\\nwhenever vinous fermentation sets in. This is its commercial\\nsource.\\nOther Salts. Most salts of K are made by treating the car-\\nbonate with the appropriate acid, e. g.\\nThe chloride\u00e2\u0080\u0094 K 2 CO, 2HCI 2KCI H 2 C0 2\\nThe sulphate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 K 2 CO, H 2 S0 4 K 2 S0 4 H 2 C0 2 etc.\\nThe decomposition is attended with an effervescence of C0 2\\nIt is the formation of this volatile compound that determines the\\nreaction. (See Volatility, page 33.)\\n152 Let the student drop a bit of K into a beaker one-fourth full of water,\\nFig. 38, and cover quickly. Note (a) that the liberated hydrogen ignites in-\\nstantly and burns with a violet flame, exploding at the close; (b) that the\\nwater has a soapy taste and feel; (c) that it is alkaline, and (d) HC1 neutral-\\nizes it without effervescence, showing absence of carbonate.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 93\\nBut the following salts are not made in that way;\\nPotassium Hydrate KHO Caustic Potash may be made\\nexperimentally by the reaction of metallic K on water, thus\\nH 2 K KHO 4-H.\\nBut made in the shops by boiling K 2 C0 3 with slacked lime,\\nthus 153\\nK,C0 3 -f Ca2HO CaC0 3 1 2KHO.\\nThe insoluble CaC0 3 (chalk) sinks to the bottom, and the\\nKHO dissolves in the supernatant liquid, which when clear is\\npoured off (decanted). This watery solution, if of proper\\nstrength (5 per cent.), forms Liquor fotasscv, U. S. P. If this\\nsolution is evaporated to a syrupy consistence and poured into\\nmoulds, it forms the stick caustic potash. KHO is very alkaline,\\nand a powerful caustic. 151\\nExposed to the air it absorbs C0 2 and forms the carbonate\\n2KHO CO, K,C0 3 H 2 0.\\nPotassium Iodide KI\\n6KHO -i- 61 5KI KIO a 3H 2 C\\nThe color disappears because the I goes to form colorless salts.\\nThe iodate 58 being a disagreeable and otherwise undesirable con-\\ntamination, the mixture should be strongly heated to decompose\\nthe iodate (KI0 3 KI O a leaving only KI. The addition of\\ncharcoal facilitates the removal of the oxygen.\\nPotassium Bromide KBr may be made like the foregoing.\\n15j KHO. Boil 100 Gm. of KX0 3 in water in an iron dish and add lime\\nuntil a sample of clear liquid does not effervesce with an acid. Allow the\\nCaC0 3 to subside and then decant the clear solution of KHO.\\n154 Causticity. Add portions of this KHO solution to three test-tubes. 1 :5\\nTo one add some animal matter as wool and boil, noting that the wool is soon\\ndissolved; l56 to another add some vegetable fibre as cotton or paper, and\\nnote that the fibre swells up arfd after considerable boiling dissolves; lhl in\\nthe third boil some fat and note that the fat is soon emulsified and dissolved\\nforming soap, and that it lathers on shaking and that when HC1 is added the\\nfat-acids separate and float on in an oily-looking layer.\\n158 Iodate. To detect the presence of KI0 3 in a commercial specimen of", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "94 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nPotassium Nitrate KN0 3 niter, saltpeter, occurs in nature\\nbut so sparingly that until the introduction of the cheaper Chili\\nsaltpeter (NaN0 3 it was produced in large quantities artificially\\non the so-called saltpeter plantations by mixing wood ashes and\\nmanure in heaps and allowing them to lie for several years and\\nslowly decay. In the presence of air, moisture and certain nitri-\\nfying organisms the nitrogen of the manure is oxidized and com-\\nbines with the potassium in the ashes forming KN0 3 which is\\nseparated by lixiviation or leaching. It is often noticed as a\\nwhite efflorescence on compost-heaps. It is used in medicine\\nand pharmacy and very much in the arts, especially in the manu-\\nfacture of gunpowder and fireworks, on account of the ease with\\nwhich it gives up its oxygen to combustible substances. 161\\nSodio- Potassium Tartrate NaKT Rochelle Salt. A neutral\\nsalt made by boiling acid potassium tartrate with sodium bicar-\\nbonate.\\nKHT NaHC0 3 NaKT H 2 C0 2\\nThis is the reaction that occurs in bread -making with cream of\\ntartar baking powders.\\nPotassium Hypochlorite KCIO. Made by passing chlorine\\ninto a cold solution of KHO. Yields free chlorine. The ordin-\\nary bleaching solutions (Labarraque s Solution or Javelle water)\\nare impure solutions of the hypochlorite of sodium or of potassium.\\nTests for Potassium. (i) If the suspected solution is concen-\\nKI boil a grain of starch in water in a test-tube; add a crystal of the sus-\\npected KI and then a few drops of tartaric acid. If KI0 3 be present iodine\\nis liberated and strikes a blue with the starch.\\n159 Other Hydrates. Add a few drops of the KHO to test-tubes containing\\nrespectively, CaCl 2 FeS0 4 and CuSCX. Note the appearance of the precipi-\\ntated hydrate of each metal and that they all dissolve when acidulated with\\nHNO tS or other strong acid.\\n160 Carbonates. Refill each test-tube and repeat the preceding experiment\\nexcept using K 2 C0 3 instead of KHO solution. Note appearance and be-\\nhavior of the respective carbonates.\\nlftl Nitrate. Carefully neutralize 5 gm of K 2 C0 3 solution with HNO H\\nstopping when effervescence ceases; dip a strip of paper in it and. ignite it\\nwhen dry. Note that it burns like tinder,", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 95\\ntrated, add H 2 T and get a precipitate of KHT. 162 (2) Platinic\\nchloride (PtClJ gives a yellowish precipitate. 165 But the PtCl 4 is\\nvery costly, and all the potassium compounds so soluble that the\\nabove tests are but little used. The most convenient is the (3)\\nflame test; dip 16 the end of a clean platinum wire in the sus-\\npected solution, and hold in the colorless Bunsen or alcohol flame\\nand notice the violet color.\\nCESIUM AND RUBIDIUM. Rare metals, occurring in\\nsmall quantities with potassium. Discovered in i860 by means\\nof the spectroscope, and named from the colors of their lines in\\nthe spectrum cazsius, sky blue, and rubidus, dark red. Of no\\nmedical interest as yet.\\nACIDIMETRY AND ALKALIMETRY.\\nVolumetric Analysis depends on the fact that all substances\\ncombine in certain definite and fixed proportions elements in\\nthe proportions of their atomic weights and compounds in the pro-\\nportions of their molecular weights.\\nKHO KC1 HO\\nh 39.1 1 4- 16 39.1 r 35.5 1 16\\n36.5 56.1 74.6 18\\nSo that by measuring the quantity of one substance entering\\ninto a complete reaction we can readily estimate the others. For\\n162 Bitartrate Test. To a solution of a K salt add a strong solution of tar-\\ntaric acid, first adding a little alcohol to make the more delicate. Note the\\nprecipitate of sodium potassium tartrate.\\nl Platinic Chloride Test. To a few drops of a potassium solution on a\\nglass slide or watch glass add a drop of alcohol and then a drop of PtCl 4\\nand note creamy precipitate of PtCL2KCl.\\n164 Flame Test. Dip tip of a platinum wire into a potassium solution and\\nhold it hi the Bunsen flame, and note the delicate violet color, best observed\\nthrough a piece of blue glass to intercept any yellow from accidental admix-\\nture of sodium salt.\\n165 Analytical. To determine whether a salt be a compound of K, Xa.\\nNH 4 or Li, heat samples of each; the one that volatilizes is the salt of NH 4\\nConfirm this by boiling with KHO and getting the odor of ammonia. To the\\nother three salts apply the flame tests, getting the violet for K, yellow for Na,\\nand carmine for Li.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "96\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nconvenience these measuring (volumetric) solutions are each\\nmade by dissolving in a liter (iooo Cc. or grams) a number of\\ngrams equal to the molecular weight of the substance as com-\\nFig. 40. Fig. 42.\\nFig. 41.\\nQ\\npared to one atomic weight of hydrogen, counting in of course\\nthe water of crystallization, if any, entering into the molecule.\\nSo a certain volume of one solution is exactly the chemical", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 97\\nequivalent of the same volume of another solution. Such solu-\\ntions are called normal volumetric solutions. Whenever a more\\ndilute solution is desired, it is made one-tenth or one-hundredth\\nof the normal strength and called a decinormal or centinormal\\nsolution. The necessary apparatus consists only of a graduated\\npipette Pig. 40, a liter-flask Fig. 41, and a burette Fig. 42. A\\nburette is a long narrow tube with some sort of a stop-cock at its\\nlower end and with accurate graduations by which the amount of\\nliquid drawn ofT can be accurately read.\\nTo estimate the quantity of an alkali or of an acid in a specimen,\\na certain volume of it is measured out and a few drops added of\\nan indicator, usually a dye-stuff that will change color at the\\npoint of neutralization and mark the end of the reaction. Then\\nafter first noting the height in the burette of the test solution,\\nthis is added cautiously, especially towards the end, with con-\\nstant stirring until the color changes (the end of the reaction).\\nThe amount of the test solution used from the burette is read off,\\nand from this the quantity of the opposite substance in the speci-\\nmen is easily calculated. 166\\nCalcium Group.\\nCalcium, Ca 40\\nStrontium, Sr 87.5\\nBarium, Ba 137\\nBivalent their oxides and hydrates are very alkaline, but of an\\nearthy character. Their positiveness or basicity is in the order of\\nthe atomic weights. Their carbonates are decomposable by heat\\nand insoluble in water, unless it contains FLCO3 in solution.\\nTheir sulphates decrease in solubility from the slightly soluble\\ncalcium sulphate to the extremely insoluble barium salt.\\n166 Exercise. Measure into a beaker 5 Cc. of KHO solution and add a drop\\nor two of phenolphthalein, and note that it instantly turns pink. Now add the\\nacid test solution very slowly and with constant stirring until the pink sud-\\ndenly disappears. Then multiply the number of cubic centimeters cf the test\\nsolution used by the factor for KHO (equivalent in icoo being .0561). In a\\nsimilar way titrate solutions of HC1, etc., for practice.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "98 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nCALCIUM. Never free, but its compounds are very abundant,\\nas limestone, 167 gypsum, etc. Calcium salts are necessary to animal\\nlife, the teeth and bones consisting mainly of calcium phosphate.\\nCalcium Chloride CaCl 2\\nMade W8 CaCO a 2HCI CaCl 2 4= H 2 CO,.\\nA white salt very avid of water and deliquescent used to dry\\ngases.\\nCalcium Carbonate CaC0 3 Abundant as limestone, marble,\\ncorals, chalk, and shells of the Crustacea, mollusks, etc. Chalk\\nconsists of microscopic shells. Precipitated chalk is made 169 by\\nadding a soluble carbonate to a soluble calcium salt, as\\nNa 2 C0 3 CaCl 2 2NaCl CaC0 3\\nThe precipitate (CaC0 3 may be separated from the NaCl in\\nsolution, by\\n(a) Filtration. Pouring the mixture into a cone of filter paper\\nplaced in a funnel, when the water with the dissolved salt will\\npass through, leaving the insoluble portion (the precipitate) on\\nthe filter, (b) Decantation. Allowing the precipitate to settle\\nto the bottom, and pouring off the clear fluid. In either case the\\nprecipitate may be freed from any remaining NaCl by adding\\npure water and repeating the process. CaC0 3 is slightly soluble\\nin the presence of free H 2 C0 3\\nCalcium Oxide CaO Lime, quicklime; calx, U. S. P. A\\nwhite solid made by heating limestone m in furnaces called kilns.\\nCALCIUM.\\n167 Flame. Dip a little lump of marble into HC1 and hold it in the Bunsen\\nflame a red flash.\\n168 To an excess of chalk in a test-tube add dilute HC1. Note effervescence\\nof C0 2 and when it ceases filter or decant.\\n169 To the clear solution add some carbonate (as of K, Na or NH 4 and note\\nwhite precipitated chalk.\\n170 In a side-neck test-tube with delivery tube generate C0 2 from HC1 and\\nlump of marble. Conduct the gas into lime-water. Note that CaC0 3 is at\\nfirst precipitated and afterwards redissolved by the C0 2\\n171 Heat a little lump of marble white-hot. Note that it loses its crystalline\\nappearance, and becomes CaO.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0104.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 99\\nCaC0 3 CaO C0 2\\nWhen water is added to CaO there is a violent chemical union,\\ngreat heat is evolved, and a hydrate is formed 17 2 thus\\nCaO II 2 Ca(HO) 2\\nCalcium Hydrate Ca2HO Slacked lime. A white odorless\\npowder very slightly soluble in water, less than one grain to the\\nounce, but enough so to give lime-water {liquor calcis, U. S. P.)\\na decidedly alkaline taste and reaction. The presence of sugar\\ngreatly increases its solubility (liq. calcis saccharatus, Br.).\\nChlorinated Lime Chloride of lime, bleaching powder, calx\\nchlorata, U. S. P. is a mixture of chloride of calcium (CaCL)\\nand calcium hypochlorite (CaCIO 2 It is made by passing\\nchlorine gas over slacked lime until it ceases to be absorbed. It is\\nwhite, moistens on exposure to the air, absorbing C0 2 and giving\\noff CI. It is employed as a source from which to get a gradual\\nsupply of chlorine for disinfecting and bleaching purposes.\\nCalculi Sulphate CaS0 4 173 occurs native as gypsum, which,\\nwhen heated, loses its water of crystallization 171 and forms a white\\namorphous powder called plaster-of -Paris. If this plaster be\\nmixed with water enough to form a creamy liquid, it will re-crys-\\ntalize or set into a hard compact mass. 175 Much used in sur-\\ngery to make casts to hold broken limbs in position. Very\\nslightly soluble in water. 176\\n172 Let the CaO cool, and then drop it into a test-tube and add a few drops\\nof water. Note that it combines with the water, swells up and the tube feels\\nhot.\\n173 To an inch (about 5 Cc.) of CaCl 2 solution add a few drops of MgS0 4\\nand note white precipitate of CaS0.2H 2 0.\\n174 Heat carefully in a test-tube a lump of natural gypsum (CaSO r 2H.,0) or\\nfragment of an old plaster cast. Note that the water of crystallization escapes\\nand condenses on the sides of tube and the gypsum loses its crystalline char-\\nacter.\\n175 Mix some plaster of Paris into a paste with water and pour into a pill\\nbox; press into the surface a greased coin or key. After it sets remove the\\ncoin or key and the pill box, and note the cast and the impressions.\\n176 To water that has been standing on CaS0 4 in a test-tube add BaCl 2 and\\nnote white precipitate of BaS0 4 showing the extent to which CaS0 4 dissolves\\nin water.\\ntf", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0105.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "IOO ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nCalcium Phosphate Ca 3 (P0 4 2 178 It is the most abundant\\nmineral ingredient of the body is in every tissue and fluid, especi-\\nally the teeth and bones, to which it gives hardness and rigidity.\\nA white tasteless powder, soluble in dilute acids. Dissolved by\\nlactic acid, it is given as syrupus calcii lactophosphatis, U. S. P.,\\nin scrofula, rickets, and other diseases of defective nutrition.\\nCalcium Oxalate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CaC 2 4 or CaOx occurs in the juices of\\nsome plants and in the urine. Obtained as a fine white crystal-\\nline powder when a soluble oxalate is added to a calcium solu-\\ntion. 177 Insoluble in water or acetic acid, but soluble in the\\nmineral acids.\\nCalcium Carbide CaC 2 This new compound, 179 important\\ncommercially as a cheap source of the valuable illuminant acety-\\nlene and interesting chemically as bridging over the chasm between\\ninorganic and organic substances, and enabling us to make an\\norganic compound directly from the elements, w T as discovered\\nalmost accidentally a few years ago. A young man was operating\\nan electric furnace in a small aluminum works on the little river\\nSpray, in North Carolina, and happened one day to throw in\\nsome lime and coal. Instantly they fused into a dark lustrous\\nmass, which he soon threw into the mill-pond. The vigorous\\nbubbling of gas which ensued completed the discovery of a new\\nand cheap method of manufacturing acetylene, (CaC 2 2H 2\\nCa(2HO) 2 4- C 2 H 2 Acetylene is exceedingly rich in carbon,\\nand burns with a smoky flame, but with a proper admixture of air\\ngives a light of intense whiteness and power.\\nHard Waters are such as contain mineral matters, especially\\ncalcium (lime) compounds. Often water, in passing through the\\nsoil, becomes highly charged with carbonic acid, and dissolves\\n177 Repeat preceding, adding oxalic acid (H 2 C 2 4 and note white precipi-\\ntate of CaC 2 4 insoluble in alkalies and weak acids but soluble in strong HC1.\\n178 To a calcium solution add Na.,HP0 4 and note white precipitate of\\nCa 3 (POJ 2 soluble even in weak and dilute acids.\\n179 Acetylene. Into a beaker of water drop a small lump of CaC 2 and note\\na copious, white precipitate of Ca(2HO) 2 and a rapid bubbling of C. 2 Ii. 2 which\\nis easily recognized by its pungent odor and bright smoky flame when ignited.", "height": "4572", "width": "2964", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0106.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. IOl\\nconsiderable amounts of CaCO s and is hard. This is called\\ntemporary hardness, because on exposure or boiling, the carbonic\\nacid is driven off, the CaC0 3 is precipitated, and the water be-\\ncomes soft. The solubility of CaSO^ does not depend on the\\npresence of carbonic acid, and so boiling will not precipitate it.\\nSo water impregnated with CaSO^ is said to be permanently hard.\\nDrinking-water should contain a small quantity of lime but very\\nhard water impairs digestion. Hard water is unfit for washing,\\nbecause the soluble alkali soap reacts with the lime salt to form\\nan insoluble lime-soap. 180\\nSTRONTIUM. This is a yellowish lustrous metal, occurring\\nnever free but always in compounds resembling and analogous to\\nthose of calcium, but far less abundant. Through the studies of\\nLaborde, See, Solomon and others, strontium has recently come\\nto be recognized as the best base for iodine, bromine, salicylic\\nacid, etc., as it is non-toxic, sedative to the stomach and is said\\nto have a peculiar nutritive influence. Since strontium colors the\\nflame red 182 its salts, especially the nitrate, are used in pyrotechny\\nto make red fire.\\nBARIUM. Of little interest to the medical student, except\\nla0 Half fill two test-tubes, one with distilled and the other with hard water;\\nadd to each a few drops of soap solution and shake thoroughly. Note that\\nthe distilled water quickly lathers and that the liquid is felt to strike the\\nglass softly; and that the hard water strikes hard and does not lather, but\\nforms a precipitate or curd (calcium soap).\\n181 Estimation of Hardness. To ico Cc. of the water in a clear vial add\\ngradually from a burette the standard soap solution, shaking after each\\naddition and stopping when a permanent lather appears. Each Cc. of soap\\nsolution used represents one degree of hardness, i. e., I part of CaC0 3 in ioo,-\\nooo parts of the water. A water with not over rive degrees of hardness is\\nclassed as a soft water.\\nlc Strontium. Flame. Dip platinum wire into solution of Sr(N0 3 2 and\\nnote the red color it gives the Bunsen flame.\\n183 To solution of CaS0 4 in a test-tube add a strontium solution and note\\nthat SrS0 4 is precipitated, being more insoluble than CaS0 4\\n184 Barium. Carbonate. Add Xa 2 C0 3 to BaCL, solution and note the white\\nprecipitate of BaC0 3\\n185 Heat white-hot a lump of native BaC0 3 (witherite) add the resulting\\nBaO to water and note that it slakes with evolution of heat and dissolves\\nforming a solution of Ba(HO) 2", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0107.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "102 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nthat its compounds are poisonous. Barium sulphate is very in-\\nsoluble; 8 hence (i) the antidote of barium is some soluble sul-\\nphate, and (2) barium solutions (nitrate and chloride) are\\ndelicate tests for sulphates, and vice versa, (See Insolubility}\\nBarium gives the flame a green color; 188 hence used (nitrate) in\\npyrotechny to make the green or Bengal light.\\nMagnesium Group.\\nMagnesium, Mg 24\\nZinc, Zn 65.3\\nCadmium, Cd 112\\nGroup Characteristics. Bivalent bluish white-lustrous metals\\nquite permanent in air, but when highly heated they volatilize\\nand ignite, burning with a bluish-white light very rich in chemical\\nrays. Magnesium is sometimes classed in the calcium group, but\\nit is more closely allied to zinc.\\nMagnesium. Never free; abundant in magnesian limestone\\n(CaC0 3 .MgC0 3 Asbestos, meerschaum, and soapstone are\\nnative silicates. Most natural waters contain its salts. Silvery-\\nwhite metal burns with a brilliant white light, rich in chemical\\nrays, and used in photographing caves and other dark places. 189\\nMagnesium Sulphate MgS0 4 occurs in the waters of various\\nsprings, as those at Epsom hence often called Epsom salts.\\nMade artificially from the native carbonate, thus\\nMgC0 3 H 2 S0 4 MgS0 4 (H 2 CG 2\\nWhite, crystalline, soluble salt, of a nauseous bitter taste. It is\\n186 Sulphate. To a barium solution add a soluble sulphate and note white\\nprecipitate of BaSO Let the precipitate settle, then pour off supernatant\\nliquid and add HN0 3 and boil it does not dissolve.\\n187 To a barium solution add K 2 CrO note yellow precipitate, insoluble in\\nwater but soluble in nitric and hydrochloric acid.\\n188 Flame. Dip platinum into a solution of BaCl 2 and note that it colors\\nthe flame green.\\n189 Magnesium. Metal. Seize a piece of magnesium ribbon with the for-\\nceps; note its properties and then hold it in the Bunsen flame and note that\\nit burns with a blinding bluish-white flame into a white powder of magnesia\\n(MgOj.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0108.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. IO3\\na popular purgative. The nauseous taste and gripirg may be\\nobviated by adding sulphate of iron, as in Crab Orchard salts, or\\naromatics, or acids, by free dilution.\\nMagnesium Citrate is the most pleasant of the saline purga-\\ntives. Usually given as the liquor magnesii citratis, which is\\nprepared by adding a solution of citric acid to MgC0 3 and\\nbottling immediately to retain the C0 2\\nMagnesium Carbonate MgC0 3 occurs native. For medi-\\ncinal purposes it is prepared by precipitation, thus 190\\nMgS0 4 Na 2 C0 3 =s Na 2 S0 4 MgCO s\\nSimilar to chalk in its physical and in its chemical properties.\\nMagnesium Oxide MgO Magnesia. Made like CaO, by\\nheating the carbonate, 191 but is more mildly alkaline than CaO.\\nMgCO a MgO C0 2\\nInsoluble and tasteless (earthy), but its alkalinity is shown by\\nits turning moist red litmus paper blue when the solid MgO is\\ndropped upon it. 19\\nMagnesium Hydrate Mg(HO) 2 Formed by precipitating a\\nmagnesium solution with potassium or sodium hydrate. Insoluble\\nin water, but, like other salts of magnesium, soluble in the pres-\\nence of ammonium compounds with which they form double salts.\\nSuspended in water, it is called milk of magnesia\u00e2\u0084\u00a2*\\nMagnesium Phosphates. These resemble the calcium phos-\\nphates and are associated with them in the body, though in small\\nquantity. The anwionio-magnesium phosphate (MgNH^POJ is\\n190 To a solution of MgS0 4 add a few drops of Na 2 CO s Note the white\\nprecipitate of MgCO s which dissolves on addition of NH 4 C1.\\n191 Heat white-hot a lump of dry MgC0 3 let it cool and note that it is\\nMgO calcined magnesia is alkaline to litmus and on the addition of\\nacid dissolves without effervescence.\\n192 with a dear glass rod rub a bit of this white powder on a bit of mois-\\ntened red litmus paper and note that the litmus gets blue, alkaline.\\n193 Pour 5 Cc. of MgS0 4 solution in each of two test-tubes: to one* add\\nKHO and to the other NH.HO. Note that NH 4 HO precipitates only half as\\nmuch Mg(HO).,, the rest being held in solution by the ammonium salt. Add\\nto the smaller precipitate strong NH 4 C1 solution and it dissolves.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0109.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "104 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nprecipitated whenever a soluble phosphate in neutral or alkaline\\nsolution finds itself in the presence of an ammonium salt, as occurs\\nin the alkaline fermentation of urine. 194\\nPhysiological. Magnesium oxide and hydrate being alkaline\\nand tasteless, are popular antidotes for acids. These and the\\ncarbonate are given to correct acid conditions of the digestive\\ntract, and combining with the acids they form soluble salts that\\nare laxative.\\nZINC. When heated in air, zinc burns with an intense bluish-\\nwhite light, forming clouds of oxide. 195 It tarnishes quickly in air\\nor water, but becomes coated with a film of oxide that protects\\nit from further corrosion. Iron coated with zinc galvanized\\niron will withstand exposure to the weather an indefinite time.\\nAlloyed with copper, zinc forms brass. Pure H 2 S0 4 is unaffected\\nby pure zinc or zinc coated with mercury (amalgamated), unless\\nit forms a galvanic circuit. 196 Commercial zinc is rapidly attacked\\nby most acids.\\nZinc Sulphate ZnS0 4 White Vitriol is made thus\\nZn H 2 S0 4 ZnS0 4 H 2\\nWhite, soluble salt, resembling MgS0 4 in appearance astringent\\nand emetic.\\nZinc Chloride Zx\u00c2\u00a3\\\\ 2 \u00e2\u0080\u0094Made Zn 2HCl-ZnCl 2 f H 2\\nA white deliquescent salt, strongly astringent severe caustic.\\nUsed as an injection or a bath to preserve anatomical subjects.\\n194 A mmonio- Magnesium Phosphate. To a MgS0 4 solution add NH 4 C1 to\\nprevent the precipitation of Mg(HO) 2 and then NH 4 HO and finally Na 2 HP0 4\\nNote the precipitation of ammonio-magnesium phosphate, the so-called\\ntriple phosphate in fern-like crystals.\\n195 Zinc. Metal. After noting the color, lustre, weight, hardness, etc., of\\nzinc, hold it in the Bunsen flame with forceps and see it volatilize and burn.\\n19,i Sulphate. Put bits of zinc in a test-tube and add dilute H 2 S0 4 Note\\nthe heat produced and the vigorous evolution of hydrogen, which test by igni-\\ntion, etc. Pour in a little mercury and agitate the action ceases as soon as\\nthe zinc is amalgamated. Drop in a bit of copper and it begins again.\\n197 Chloride. To bits of zinc in a test-tube add HC1 and note the reaction,\\nevolution of hydrogen. When action ceases, evaporate a few drops of the\\nsolution on a watch-crystal and note crystals of ZnCl 2", "height": "4572", "width": "2972", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0110.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. IO5\\nEach of the following mixtures forms a hard, white mass, used\\nfor filling teeth\\n(a) A strong solution of zinc chloride with zinc oxide.\\nA strong solution of magnesium chloride with magnesium\\noxide.\\n(e) Zinc oxide with phosphoric acid (zinc oxy phosphate).\\nZinc Carbonate ZnC0 3 is a white, insoluble powder made\\nby precipitation\\nZnSO, Na 2 C0 3 Xa 2 S0 4 ZnC0 3\\nUsed in medicine as a dusting powder for excoriated surfaces,\\nand in ointment.\\nZinc Oxide ZnO is prepared either by burning metallic zinc\\nor heating the carbonate, ZnC0 3 ZnO C0 2 198\\nIt is a yellowish-white powder, used externally in ointment in-\\nternally as a tonic and astringent, especially in the night-sweats\\nof phthisis and diarrhoea of children.\\nZinc carbonate and oxide (pearl white) are often used as white\\npigment having the advantage of lead carbonate in not being\\nblackened by sulphur compounds and in not being poisonous.\\nZinc Sulphide ZnS is precipitated 1 whenever a solution of\\na zinc salt is added to the solution of a soluble sulphide, unless\\nthe solution is acid in reaction. It is the only white sulphide,\\ntherefore a test for zinc.\\nPoisoning. All the salts of zinc that are soluble in the digestive\\nfluids act as irritant poisons. Sodium chloride and organic acids\\ndissolve metallic zinc therefore food kept in galvanized iron ves-\\nsels is more or less poisonous, especially since commercial zinc\\nusually contains traces of arsenic. For this reason articles in-\\n198 Oxide. Heat white-hot a lump of ZnC0 3 and note the resulting ZnO,\\nand that it dissolves with acid without effervescence.\\n19? Precipitates. Test successive portions of a solution of a zinc salt (a)\\nadd Na 2 C() 3 white ZnC0 3 [b) add KHO white Zn(2HO).,, redissolved\\nin excess of KHO but not reprecipitated by boiling or by NH C1; (c) add\\nNH 4 HS white ZnS soluble in excess and in acids except acetic; (a 7 add\\nK 4 FeCy 6 white Zn^FeCyg, insoluble in HC1.\\n8", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0111.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "106 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\ntended for toxicological analysis should never be kept in jars with\\nzinc caps.\\nCADMIUM. This is a comparatively rare metal; it is found\\nin certain zinc ores a bluish-white metal softer than zinc 2C0\\nenters into several important alloys. Its salts resemble those of\\nzinc in uses and properties except that some are employed in\\nphotography, and that its sulphide 201 is a bright yellow, insoluble\\nin HC1 and most acid solutions. 202\\nAluminum Group.\\nBoron B n\\nAluminum Al 27\\nScandium Sc 44\\nGallium Ga 70\\nYttrium Yt 90\\nIridium In 113\\nLanthanum La 1 39\\nCerium Ce. 141\\nNeodymium Nd 141\\nPraseodymium Pr 144\\nSamarium Sm 150\\nErbium E 166\\nYtterbium Yb 173\\nThallium Tl 203\\nGroup Characteristics. Trivalent. Boron is so weakly posi-\\ntive that it is a non-metal. The others are rare metals, except\\naluminum, the most abundant of metals. So many of their com-\\npounds, especially the oxides, hydrates and silicates, are of a\\nneutral, insoluble, infusible, inert and earthy character that the\\ngroup is often called the metals of the earths.\\nBORON occurs in the boric acid of the steam-jets in certain\\n200 Cadmium. Metal. After noting the physical properties of a bit of cad-\\nmium, heat it under the blow-pipe and note that it burns, but with the forma-\\ntion of a brown oxide.\\n201 To a solution of CdS0 4 add NH 4 HS and note yellow precipitate of CdS.\\n02 Sulphide. Add HC1 to the cadmium in a test-tube and pass H 2 S and\\nnote yellow precipitate of CdS.", "height": "4572", "width": "2956", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0112.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. IO7\\nvolcanic regions and in deposits of borax, especially in California\\nand Nevada. Boron has two allotropic forms, amorphous and\\ncrystalline, corresponding to the coal and diamond forms of car-\\nbon. Boron colors the flame green. 203\\nBoric Acid (B 2 3 3H 2 2H3BO3 (ortho) Boric acid)\\nwas formerly called boracic acid from its relation to borax, the\\nsodium salt from which the element itself was named pearly\\nscales, 04 soluble in water and alcohol, feebly acid, slightly bit-\\nterish, almost tasteless, and unirritating. Boric acid alone, or\\ncombined with glycerine (boroglyceride) is a very efficient and\\nnon-poisonous antiseptic.\\nBorax is official as sodium borate (Na2BiO7.10H.2O) and often\\ncalled sodium biborate, though it is properly a tetraborate. A\\nsoluble, mildly alkaline salt of some antiseptic power, and so is\\nused as a wash for infectious and parasitic inflammations. When\\nfused it combines with various oxides, and is therefore used to\\nclean off metallic surfaces in soldering, brazing and welding.\\nALUMINUM is never found free, but in the abundance and\\ndistribution of its compounds (clay and many common rocks) it\\nranks next to oxygen and silicon third among the elements and\\nfirst among the metals. It is a very light (sp. gr. 2.6) bluish-\\nwhite malleable metal, practically unaffected by air, water and\\nmany acids, though HC1 and the alkalies attack it energetically/\\nIt is also acted upon by certain vegetable acids, especially in the\\npresence of common salt. Its ores, though abundant, unfortu-\\nnately do not yield the metal on being simply heated with carbon,- 12\\n203 To a crystal of borax add a few drops of H 2 S0 4 and about 5 Cc. of\\nalcohol; ignite and note the green color the H 3 B0 3 gives the flame.\\n201 Boron. Boric Acid. Heat 5 Cc. of water and about 1 Gm. of borax in\\na test-tube; to this saturated hot solution add HC1 and note the separation\\nof white crystals of H 3 B0 3\\n200 Melt 1 Gm. of H 3 B0 3 in an iron spoon (doll tin-spoons can be bought\\nfor a few cents a thousand; and it loses its 3ti 2 and becomes a sticky, glassy\\nmass of B 2 3\\n206 Aluminum. Metal. Note the physical properties of a bit of aluminum;\\nthat it does not dissolve in R 2 S0 4 HNO a or NH 4 HO, but that in HC1 or\\nKHO it dissolves readily with the evolution of hydrogen.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0113.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "108 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nbut recently devised electric methods are now, especially at\\nNiagara and at Neuhausen on the Rhine, increasing and cheap-\\nening the output. The metal is especially valuable in its alloys,\\ngiving to other metals increased strength, incorrodibility and\\nfacility of casting.\\nAluminum Oxide, AI 2 8 occurs native as corundum, which\\nwhen pulverized is emery its finely crystallized forms, the sap-\\nphire and ruby, are now also made artificially.\\nAluminum Hydrate, A!( HO) 3 soluble in acids or excess of\\nof alkalies, falls as a gelatinous precipitate whenever an aluminum\\nsolution is treated with an alkaline hydrate or carbonate. 20 It\\nhas such affinity for organic matters that it is sometimes used to\\npurify water, and is largely employed as a mordant to fix\\norganic colors in dyeing. 211\\nAluminum Chloride A1 2 C1 6 Prepared industrially in the\\nmanufacture of aluminum. A soluble, astringent salt. It absorbs\\nand combines with H 2 S, PH 3 and NH 3 An impure solution is\\nsold as a disinfectant under the name chloralum.\\nAluminum Sulphate A1 2 3S0 4 Made by treating white clay\\nwith H 2 S0 4 It has properties similar to the foregoing.\\nAlum A lumen. An alum is a double sulphate of a trivalent\\nand univalent radical, 212 crystallizing in regular octohedra with 12\\nmolecules of water of crystallization. Its constitution may be\\nexpressed thus\\nR 2 m 3S0 4 .R 2 T SO\u00e2\u0080\u009e or 2R m R (2SO,).\\n207 Hydrate. To an aluminum solution (sulphate or chloride) add KHO\\nand note gelatinous precipitate of aluminum hydrate, redissolving in excess of\\nKHO. Note too that the same precipitate is formed 208 by NH 4 HO; 209\\nby Na,C0 3 with evolution of C0 2 and 210 by NH 4 HS with evolution of\\nII 2 S.\\n211 Mordant. Color an aluminum solution with cochineal and add\\nNH 4 HO; note that the precipitated hydrate takes the coloring matter and\\nsettles in red masses lakes leaving the solution clear.\\n212 Alum. Mix a solution of A1.,(S0 4 8 with one of K. SO and evaporate\\nuntil it crystallizes. Lay some of these alum crystals on a piece of charcoal\\nand heat mildly with the blowpipe; note that they melt and lose their water\\nof crystallization and become an amorphous mass of burnt alum. Next\\nheat as intensely as possible and note that the carbon of the charcoal does\\nnot reduce the aluminum compound to the metallic state.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0114.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. IO9\\nThe trivalent radical (R m may be Al, Fe, Cr, or Mn. The\\nunivalent radical may be K, Na, NH 4 etc. So by different\\ncombinations of these radicals a variety of alums may be formed.\\nThe old potash alum (AL(3S0 4 3 .KoS0 4 is giving place in the arts\\nto the cheaper am monium alu m (AL(3S0 4 3 .(NH 4 )._S0 4 The\\nammonio-ferric alum (Fe. J (3S0 4 3 .(NH 4 )oS0 1 is also much used\\nin medicine. Burnt alum, alu men exsicca/um, is a white amor-\\nphous powder obtained by heating alum until its water of crystal-\\nlization is driven off. Alum, like^other salts in which the acidu-\\nlous radical predominates, is astringent burnt alum, on account\\nof its avidity for water, is a mild escharotic.\\nAluminum Silicates, very abundant in granite, feldspar, etc.,\\nand in the clays resulting from the disintegration of these rocks.\\nClay remaining where formed, is generally quite pure and white\\n(kaolin or china-clay), but if deposited by water it is usually\\nreddish or brown from admixtures of metallic oxides, especially\\niron.\\nKaolin is used in medicine, from its inertness, as a dusting\\npowder and as a vehicle for the application of certain corrosive\\nchemicals. Pottery, earthenware and porcelain are made of\\nclay mixed with some fusible silicate which, on heating, melts\\nand binds the particles of clay together more or less firmly.\\nCERIUM is a rare metal. One of its salts, the oxalate,\\nCe 2 (C 2 4 3 is used as a sedative to irritable stomachs, especially\\nin the vomiting of pregnancy. When pure it is a very efficient\\nremedy; but the commercial article is liable to contain salts of\\nlanthanum, neo- and praseodymium, and other allied metals.\\nThe other members of this group are of little medical interest.\\nThe oxides of some of them the rare earths especially of\\ncerium, together with zirconium and thorium, are used to make\\nthe mantle of the Welsbach burner, which heated in the air-gas\\n(Bunsen) flame gives a strong white light.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0115.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "IIO ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nX. The Iron Group.\\nChromium, Cr 52\\nManganese, Mn 55\\nIron, Fe 56\\nCobalt, Co 59\\nNickel, Ni 59\\nMolybdenum, Mo 96\\nTungsten (Wolfram), W 184\\nUranium, U 240\\nThese are hard metals and all more or less magnetic.\\nBy a variation in valence they form two classes of compounds\\nOne in which the atom is bivalent, as in ferrous chloride (FeCl 2\\nthe other in which the atom is trivalent, as in ferric chloride\\nFeC) 3 With excess of oxygen they form acidulous radicals, which\\nform the chromates, manganates, and ferrates, with the stronger\\nbases.\\nCHROMIUM. So named because all its compounds are\\ncolored. The metal is of but little use. Its compounds are of\\ngreat importance to the chemist and of considerable utility in the\\narts, but few are used in medicine.\\nChromic Oxide, Cr 2 3 chromium sesquioxide, is a bright green\\npowder used in paint as chrome-green. 213\\nChromium Trioxide Cr0 3 is made by treating a strong solu-\\ntion of potassium bichromate with sulphuric acid, thus\\nK 2 Cr 2 7 H 2 S0 4 K 2 S0 4 H 2 Cr0 4 Cr0 3\\nThe Cr0 3 separates in crimson prisms. 214 It is a powerful oxidant\\nand a caustic. Sometimes improperly called chromic acid.\\nChromates. The principal ones are potassium chromate,\\nK 2 Cr0 4 a valuable test reagent, and lead chromate, PbCr0 4 a\\nyellow pigment.\\n2 M Chromium. Sesquioxide. Rub up together about 5 Gm. of K 2 Cr 2 7\\nand 1 Gm. starch; ignite this in an iron spoon; remove the K 2 C0 3 by wash-\\ning and then note the green mass of Cr 2 3\\nm Trioxide. Mix together equal parts of strong H 2 S0 4 and saturated solu-\\ntion of K 2 Cr 2 7 Note as it cools the separation of crimson prisms of Cr0 3", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0116.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Ill\\nBichromates are not regular acid- or bi- salts, but compounds of\\na chromate and chromium trioxide. The most important of\\nthese is potassium bichromate, K 2 Cr 2 7 or K,Cr0 4 .Cr0 3 It\\nforms large, red, soluble crystals. It is added to the sulphuric\\nacid in batteries to oxidize 215 the nascent hydrogen.\\nChromates may be recognized by their color and by the yellow\\nprecipitate on the addition of lead acetate. 222\\nMANGANESE resembles iron in its properties. Used to alloy-\\niron in the preparation of c rtain kinds of steel. Its most abun-\\ndant ore is the\\nManganese Dioxide Mn0 2 Black Oxide of Manganese an\\ninsoluble steel-gray powder that readily gives us its extra atom of\\nO. Used in large quantities in the preparation of chlorine and\\noxygen gas. 224\\nManganous Sulphate MnS0 4\\nMn0 2 H 2 S0 4 MnSO, H 2 O.\\n215 Oxidation. Rinse a beaker with strong alcohol and drop in a crystal ot\\nCr0 3 and note that the thin film of alcohol ignites; 2lh moisten a pledget of\\ncotton with absolute alcohol and lay a crystal of Cr0 3 on it, and it ignites;\\n2lT boil some match-sticks with battery fluid (K 2 Cr 7 10 per cent., water\\n80 per cent., and H 2 S0 4 10 per cent.), and note that they are consumed with\\nevolution of C0 2\\n218 Chromic Salts (green). To some K 2 Cr.,0 7 solution in a test-tube add\\nHC1 and alcohol and boil. Note the odor of aldehyde from oxidation of the\\nalcohol and the green color of CrCL. Iy To some K 2 Cr.,0 7 solution add\\nH. 7 S0 4 and alcohol, and boil; note the green color of Cr.,(S0 4 put a few\\ndrops on a watch-glass and when it dries, note the crystals of chrome alum\\n(Cr,3S0 4 K,S0 4 or KCr(SOJ 2\\n2 Chromates. To a solution of K 2 Cr 2 7 add KHO; note that K 2 Cr0 4 is\\nformed and the solution becomes yellow. To successive portions of this\\nK 2 Cr0 4 add BaCl 2 and note yellow precipitate of BaCr0 4 2i\\nPb(C 2 H 3 2 2 and note yellow precipitate of PbCr0 4 and ;2{ y AgX0 3 and\\nnote deep red of Ag 2 Cr0 4\\nm MANGANESE. Chloride. Warm some MnO., and HC1 in a beaker, under\\na hood or in the open air to avoid inhaling the C l evolved, and filter. As the\\nfiltrate is sure to contain iron, add Na,CO s gradually with constant stirring as\\nlong as reddish brown Fe^HO) s is thrown down and until the flesh-colored\\nMnC0 3 begins to precipitate, then filter and label MnCl 2 To successive por-\\ntions of the MnCl 2 solution 5 add XH t HS and note a pale pink precipitate\\nof MnS, the only flesh-colored sulphide known, and hence characteristic;\\n226 add NH 4 HO and note flesh-colored precipitate of Mn(HO) 2 soluble in\\nexcess of NH 4 HO.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0117.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "I I 2 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nA soluble, rose-colored salt, employed in medicine and also in\\ndyeing.\\nManganous Sulphide MnS is precipitated whenever a solu-\\ntion of a salt of manganese is treated with NH 4 HS. It is the only\\nflesh- colored sulphide hence its formation is a testoi manganese. 225\\nManganates. If a mixture of KHO, KC10 3 and Mn0 2 is\\nheated together, there results a green mass of potassium mangan-\\nate, K 2 Mn0 4 If this is dissolved in distilled water, it forms a\\ngreen solution, which, on boiling, or even standing awhile, is\\nchanged to a purple, owing to the formation of potassium perman-\\nganate, K 2 Mn 2 8 227\\nThe permanganate 2 29 gives up its oxygen so readily to organic\\nmatter, at the same time losing its purple color, that it is used as\\na test for organic impurity in water and as a disinfectant.\\nPhysiological. Associated with iron (i to 20), manganese is a\\nnormal constituent of the blood corpuscles hence its prepara-\\ntions, like those of iron, are blood tonics. Valuable in amenor-\\nrhcea.\\nIRON occurs abundantly in oxide, carbonate, and sulphide\\noccasionally free, as in meteorites.\\nPreparation. The oxides and occasionally the carbonates are\\nthe ones used for the preparation of iron. The oxide is heated\\nin a blast furnace with coal and fluxes (limestone and silicates).\\nThe carbon of the coke removes the oxygen from the iron, which\\nmelts and sinks beneath the melted fluxes. The fused metal is\\n227 Borax-bead. Melt in the flame a lump of borax on the looped end of\\na platinum wire until it loses its water of crystallization and fuses into a clear\\nglass bead; touch this to the manganese solution and again fuse it. Note\\nthat the bead is colored violet or amethystine.\\n228 Manganates. Into a porcelain crucible put equal parts of Mn0 2 KHO\\nand KC10 8 and heat strongly. When quite cool add water and dissolve out\\nthe K 2 Mn0 4 which is a beautiful green. Pour some of this into a beaker of\\nwater and note that it changes to violet, K 2 Mn 2 8 with a precipitate of man-\\nganic hydrate.\\n229 Oxidation. To some powdered K 2 Mn 2 8 in a dish add a few drops of\\nH^SOj. and note the odor of ozone. 2:{0 J Add a few drops of strong alcohol\\nand it ignites.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0118.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n3\\nthen drawn off into sand or iron molds. This is pig, or cast iron,\\ncontaining 4 to 5 per cent, of carbon. Wrought iron contains\\nlittle or no carbon ai and steel an intermediate quantity.\\nProperties. A bluish-gray metal, sp. gr. 7.5 rusts (oxidizes)\\nwhen exposed to moist air or water containing air.\\nReduced Iron. Ferrum Redactum, iron by hydrogen, Que-\\nFig. 42.\\nMaking Reduced Iron.\\nvenne s iron. It is prepared by heating ferric oxide nearly to\\nredness in a tube through which hydrogen is passed i\\nFeA+H 6 Fe 2 3 H 2 0.\\nIt is a very fine, dark gray powder, which, if good and fresh,\\nwill ignite 283 on contact with a lighted taper and burn with a red\\nglow prescribed in pill form.\\n231 Iron. Metal. Pour 10 Cc. of dilute H 2 S0 4 into each of two test-tubes.\\nInto one drop a small fragment of cast iron into the other some wrought\\niron, as tacks; set aside, and when all is dissolved note that the cast iron\\nleaves a residue of graphite carbon and the wrought iron leaves no residue.\\nReduced Iron. In the apparatus shown in Fig. 42 (rather tedious and\\ntroublesome for a class exercise) hydrogen is generated from sulphuric acid\\nand zinc in the Wolff bottle, and dried by passing through the U-shaped tube\\ncontaining calcium chloride. It then passes through the porcelain tube con-\\ntaining ferric oxide (subcarbonate, U. S. P.) which is heated to redness in the\\nfurnace. After the reduction is completed, the iron should not be exposed to\\nthe air until cool, or it will ignite spontaneously.\\nLet the student 233 (Faraday s experiment) pour a mixture of reduced", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0119.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "114 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nCHLORIDES.\\nFerrous Chlortde FeCl 2 Made by adding iron to hydro-\\nchloric acid until effervescence ceases, thus\\nFe 2HC1 FeCl 2 -f H 2\\nLike most ferrous salts, it is green and prone to oxidize with the\\nformation of the ferric compounds.\\nFerric Chloride FeCl 3 is made by first forming the ferrous\\nchloride as above, and then adding nitric and hydrochloric acids.\\nThe nascent chlorine evolved by the nitro-hydrochloric acid con-\\nverts the ferrous into ferric chloride, thus\\n6FeCl 2 -f 6HC1 2IINO, 6FeCl 3 +N 2 2 4H 2 0.\\nThe liq.ferri chlorirfi, U. S. P., is the aqueous solution. This,\\nwhen diluted with alcohol, forms the tinct. ferri chloridi, U. S. P.\\nIf citrate of potassium or sodium is added to this tincture, the\\nsolution loses its styptic taste, does not affect the teeth, and is not\\nincompatible with solutions containing tannin.\\nsulphates.\\nFerrous Sulphate FeS0 4 Copperas, Green Vitriol. Pre-\\npay erf: Fe H 2 SO, FeSO, H 2 235 Soluble, green crystals\\nefflorescing upon exposure. A cheap and excellent disinfectant,\\ndestroying organic matters by abstracting their oxygen. When\\ngiven in pill form it is first exsiccated.\\nFurric Sulphate Fe 2 (S0 4 3 Tersiclphate is made by adding\\niron and gunpowder into alcohol burning m a dinner-plate and note that the\\niron burns with bright scintillations, while the gunpowder falls through the\\nflame and is not ignited uniil the alcohol is burned away to the surface of the\\nplate. Make an iron gunpowder by mixing I Gm. of reduced iron, 2 Grn.\\nof sulphur and 3 Gm. of KN0 3 and note that it burns as quickly and more\\nbrilliantly than ordinary gunpowder.\\n2 5 Ferrous Salts. Dissolve iron filings in warm dilute H 2 SO,. Allow a\\ndrop of the solution to evaporate on a watch-crystal and note greenish crystals\\nof FeS0 4", "height": "4572", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0120.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 115\\nnitrosulphuric acid (HN0 3 H 2 S0 4 to a solution of the ferrous\\nsulphate, 241 thus\\n6FeS0 4 -f- 3H.SO, 2HNO3 Fe 2 (S0 4 3 -f N 2 2 4 H 2 0.\\nIts officinal solution is the liq. ferri tcrsiilphatis. Liq.ferri sub-\\nsulphatis, U. S. P., Monsel s Solution, is prepared similarily to\\nthe above, except using only half the quantity of sulphuric acid.\\nFig. 43.\\nA Dialyzer.\\nFerrous Hydrate Fe(HO) 2 is precipitated on mixing solu-\\ntions of a hydrate and a ferrous salt, 236 as\\nFeSO, 2NaHO Na,SO t 4- Fe(HO) 2\\nA green precipitate, which soon oxidizes and becomes brown.\\nFerric Hydrate Fe(HO) 3 A brownish red, gelatinous mass,\\nprecipitated by soluble hydrates from ferric solutions, 24 2 e. g.\\nFeCl, -f 3NH 4 HO 3NH 4 C1 Fe(HO) 3\\nThis is the favorite antidote for arsenic, for which purpose it\\nmust be freshly prepared and given in large doses. Ferric hydrate\\nFerrous Precipitates. To successive portions of fresh FeS0 4 solution add\\n2: ,6 KHO greenish-white precipitate of Fe(HO) 2\\n2: 7 Na 2 C0 3 greenish-white precipitate of FeC0 3\\n2: ^Nti HS black precipitate of FeS.\\n2 9 K 4 (FeCy 6 pale-blue precipitate of FeK 2 (FeCy 6\\n2;0 K 3 FeCy 6 deep-blue precipitate of Fe 3 (FeCy 6 2\\n241 Ferric Salts. To a solution of FeSO add a few drops each of H 2 S0 4\\nand HX0 3 It turns dark-brown, but on heating changes to a light-red solu-\\ntion of Fe 2 (S0 4 3\\nFerric Precipitates. To successive portions of a ferric solution add\\n242 KHO reddish-brown precipitate of Fe(HO) 3", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0121.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "Il6 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\ndissolves freely in a solution of ferric chloride, forming a dark red\\nliquid of a styptic taste.\\nIf this liquid is put in a dialyzer (Fig. 43), a vessel with a bot-\\ntom of parchment or animal membrane, and suspended in water,\\nthe chloride passes out through the membrane into the water.\\nWhen barely enough ferric chloride remains within the dialyzer to\\nhold the ferric hydrate in solution and the styptic taste has dis-\\nappeared, the liquid is removed and sold under the name of\\nDialyzed Iron.\\nFerric Nitrate Fe(N0 3 3\\nMade: Fe(HO) 3 4- 3 HN0 3 3H./) Fe 3 N0 3\\nLiq. ferri nitratis, U. S. P., is a reddish acid liquid. Used as\\nan astringent, especially in dysentery.\\nFerrous Iodide FeL. Prepared: Fe I 2 Fel 2\\nSometimes given in pill, but better with syrup, which acts as a\\npreservative as well as a vehicle.\\nFerpous Carbonate FeC0 3 is obtained by adding a soluble\\n(alkaline) carbonate to a ferrous salt, 287 thus\\nFeS0 4 K 2 C0 3 K 2 S0 4 FeC0 3\\nIt is insoluble in pure water, but slightly soluble in water con-\\ntaining carbonic acid, as in chalybeate springs. On exposure to\\nthe air it turns red from formation of ferric hydrate so it is pre-\\nserved by mixing with sugar and honey, as in the ferri carbonas\\nsaccharaius, U. S. P.\\nFerrous Sulphide FeS 238 does not occur native, but is made\\nby heating together iron filings and flowers of sulphur. Used in\\nthe preparation of H 2 S. Iron pyrites (FeS 2 is a common ore\\nlargely used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid and copperas.\\nScale Compounds of Iron. These are ferric salts, mostly with\\n2,3 Na 2 C0 3 reddish-brown precipitate of Fe(HO) 3\\n2,4 NH 4 HS black precipitate of FeS.\\n245 K 4 (FeCy 6 deep-blue precipitate of Fe 4 (FeCy 6 3\\n216 K 3 FeCy 6 greenish-brown color.\\n247 K(CyS) deep-red color, discharged by HgCl 2", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0122.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 117\\norganic acids. They do not crystallize readily, but are sold as\\nthin scales. Made by evaporating their solutions to a syrupy\\nconsistence, poured upon plates, and when dry peeled off in\\nscales. Often other bases, as potassium or ammonium, together\\nwith alkaloids, as quinine and strychnine, are incorporated into the\\ncompound.\\nThe following are officinal Ferri citras, ferri et ammonii\\ncitras, ferri et quinice citras, ferri et strychnice citras, ferri et am-\\nmonii tar iras, ferri et potassii tartras, and ferri pyrophosphas.\\nPhysiological. Iron is a normal constituent of the body, espec-\\nially of the blood corpuscles, where it performs an important func-\\ntion, as is shown by the great increase of blood corpuscles and of\\nbodily vigor attending its administration. Many of its salts,\\nespecially the ferric salts of the mineral acids, are astringent and\\nhemostatic. Iron is eliminated by various organs, but is mainly\\ndischarged by the bowels as sulphide, blackening the faeces.\\nCOBALT. Its chief ore is a compound with arsenic, sold\\nunder the name of cobalt ox fly stone, for poisoning flies. Its salts\\nare used in preparing sympathetic ink, 248 for when dried and de-\\nprived of water of crystallization, they are a deep blue, but become\\nalmost colorless (slightly pinkish) on regaining it. Writing done\\nwith a dilute solution of chloride of cobalt is invisible until\\nwarmed, when it becomes blue, the color disappearing when the\\npaper is cooled or moistened, especially in a damp air.\\nNICKEL. This is a hard, grayish-white metal that does not\\ntarnish in the air. 250 Used to electro-plate instruments made of\\nmetals more prone to corrode, and to make cheap coin. Mixed\\nwith brass, it forms German silver.\\n248 Cobalt. Sympathetic ink. Dip a clean pen into a cobalt solution and\\nwrite on paper (better of pinkish tint). Note that the writing is invisible but\\nbecomes deep-blue on carefully drying (avoid scorching) over a lamp, and that\\nit disappears again on cooling by blowing the damp breath on it.\\n249 Touch a borax bead to a cobalt solution and heat; note the deep-blue\\ncolor.\\n250 Nickel. Note the physical properties of the metal and that neither\\nH 2 S0 4 nor HCl affect it much, though HN0 3 attacks it vigorously.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0123.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "Il8 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nMOLYBDENUM, TUNGSTEN, and URANIUM are rare\\nmetals and of little importance except that some of their com-\\npounds have found a limited application in chemistry and the arts.\\nAmmonium molybdate is a valuable test for phosphoric acid and\\nthe alkaloids, and phospho-molybdic acid is a reagent for alka-\\nloids. Sodium tungstate, Na 2 W0 4 has long been used to render\\nfabrics uninflammable, and recently has attained considerable\\npopularity as a test for albumin in urine. Uranium salts are used\\nto color glass and impart to it a remarkable fluorescence.\\nCopper Group\\nCopper Cuprum) Cu 63.4\\nMercury Hydrargyrum) 13 g 2co\\nSilver (Argentum) Ag 108\\nGold {Auruni) Au 197\\nGroup Characteristics. Copper and mercury are both univa-\\nlent and bivalent, forming two classes of compounds, ous and\\nu Silver being only univalent and gold both univalent and\\ntrivalent, they do not strictly belong to this group, yet their\\nchemical behavior is much like that of copper and of mercury.\\nThey are all very weakly positive and indifferent to the negative\\nradicals, and hence quite permanent in air and water, and at or-\\ndinary temperatures but slowly acted upon by most chemicals.\\nCOPPER 255 is usually found combined with sulphur, etc., but\\noften in the metallic state, especially on the southern shores of\\nLake Superior. Being found free, it was among the first metals\\nPrecipitates. To successive portions of a nickel nitrate solution add:\\n201 KHO pale-green precipitate, soluble deep-blue by NH 4 salts.\\n252 NH 4 HO pale-green precipitate, soluble deep-blue by NH 4 HO.\\n253 NH 4 HS black precipitate, slightly soluble in excess of NH 4 HS.\\n254 Borax bead is colored violet while hot and yellowish-brown when cold.\\n055 Copper. Metal. Note the physical properties of a bit of copper and\\nthat it is attacked very slowly by H 2 S() 4 or HC1, but very vigorously by HN0 3\\npart of which decomposes to oxidize the metal with the evolution of the lower\\nnitrogen oxides and the rest attacks the oxide thus formed.", "height": "4572", "width": "2964", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0124.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 19\\nwrought by man, 256 so the bronze preceded the iron age. Cop-\\nper is a red malleable metal an excellent conductor of elec-\\ntricity. It colors the flame green. 257\\nCupric Sulphate CuS0 4 Blue Vitriol, Blue Stone, Obtained\\nas an incidental product from silver refineries, copper mines, etc.\\nmade experimentally by heating copper with strong H 2 S0 4 Forms\\nbeautiful blue crystals, soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol.\\nIf the crystals are heated they lose their water of crystallization\\nand form a white powder, which becomes blue again upon the\\naddition of water. Hence, used as a test for water in alcohol. 258\\nLike other salts in which the acidulous radical predominates,\\ncupric sulphate is astringent and coagulates albumen. A prompt\\nemetic, but not used as much as ZnS0 4 because if, by chance, it\\nbe not all ejected from the stomach, a gastro-enteritis is liable to\\nbe set up.\\nCupric Hydrate. Cu(HO) 2 is formed as a bluish- white pre-\\ncipitate whenever a soluble copper salt is treated with a soluble\\nhydrate, 259 thus\\nCuS0 4 2KHO K 2 S0 4 Cu(HO) 2\\nWhen heated, even under water, it decomposes\\nCu(HO) 2 ==CuO H 2 0.\\nCupric Oxtde CuO Black Oxide. Prepared by heating\\ncopper turnings in air. It gives up its oxygen easily, hence used\\nas an oxidizer in organic analysis.\\nv56 Reduction. Heat 1 Gm. of verdigris mixed with Na 2 C0 3 on a piece of\\ncharcoal in the reducing blowpipe flame and note the globules of metallic\\ncopper set free.\\n2o1 Flame. Dip a platinum wire into a copper solution and note that it\\ncolors the flame green.\\n258 Sulphate. After noting appearance, taste, etc., of a crystal of CuS0 4 put\\nit into a test-tube and heat carefully; note that the salt gets amorphous\\nwhite, losing its water of crystallization. When cool add strong alcohol and\\nshake; note that there is little change. Add to the alcohol a few drops of\\nwater and shake, and note the presence of water is shown by the CuS0 4 tak-\\ning again water of crystallization and becoming blue.\\n259 Oxides. To a solution of CuS0 4 add KHO and note a blue precipitate\\nof Cu(HO) 2 insoluble in excess of KHO. Boil and note that the Cu(OH) 2 de-\\ncomposes into black cupric oxide and water (Cu(HO) 2 CuO +H 2 0).", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0125.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "120 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nCuprous Oxide Cu 2 Suboxide. Made by boiling the\\ncupric oxide 260 with an oxidizable substance, as glucose (copper\\ntests for glucose), which is^oxidized at the expense of the oxygen\\nof the cupric oxide. The precipitate is first yellow (hydrate),\\nbut soon becomes a bright red (oxide).\\nCupric Subacetate or Oxyacetate sometimes called ver-\\ndigris (green-gray) is made industrially by exposing plates of\\ncopper to the acetic fumes of grape husks, etc. It is likely to be\\nformed whenever fruits containing acetic acid are placed in cop-\\nper vessels.\\nPhysiological. Canned fruits, pickles, etc., that have been\\ncolored green with copper, and food, especially if acid, that has\\nbeen cooked or kept in copper vessels, are liable to produce an\\nacute gastro enteritis. Chronic copper poisoning, so called, is\\nperhaps always due to other substances, as lead or arsenic, and\\nshould be treated accordingly.\\nAntidotes for acute copper poisoning Encourage vomiting and\\ngive albumen (white of egg), which combines with the copper\\nsalt to form an insoluble albuminate or iron filings, which will\\nprecipitate the copper in metallic state. 262\\n26 Next add some glucose solution and boil; note that the glucose takes\\npart of the oxygen from the black CuO and reduces it to red Cu 2 G.\\n261 Hydrates. Precipitate Cu(HO) 2 as in preceding exercise. Then add\\nglucose solution and note that it dissolves the Cu(HO) 2 forming a deep-blue\\nsolution. Boil, and note that the glucose deoxidizes the Cu(HO) 2 and pre-\\ncipitates the yellow Cu 2 (HO) 2 which rapidly decomposes (Cu 2 (HO) 2\\nCu 2 -f- H 2 0) into water and red cuprous oxide the mixture having changed\\nfrom a deep blue solution through green to a yellow precipitate, which in turn\\nchanges from yellow through orange to red. This is the alkali-copper test for\\nglucose, as well as the alkali-glucose test for copper; for when substances re-\\nact characteristically, each is a test for the other.\\nOther Tests. Test successive portions of a copper solution as follows\\n262 Dip in a needle or other bright bit of iron, and note it is plated with\\ncopper.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2263 p ass or add NH 4 HS and note black precipitate of CuS.\\n264 Add NH 4 HO and note deep-blue solution of Cu(NH a 2 S0 4\\n265 To the above ammonio-cupric solution, if not too alkaline, add arsenic\\nwater and note bright green precipitate of Paris- green (CuHAs0 3\\n266 Add K 4 (FeCy 6 and a drop of acetic acid and note brownish-red cupric\\nferrocyanide (Cu 2 FeCy 6", "height": "4572", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0126.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 121\\nMERCURY is the only metal liquid at ordinary temperatures,\\nand resembles silver in appearance hence the names hydrargyrum\\n(water silver) and quicksilver (fluid silver). It is so heavy (spe-\\ncific gravity 13.56) that iron and stone float upon it as corks on\\nFig. 44.\\nwater. (Fig. 44 represents a marble and a ball of iron floating\\non mercury.) It does not tarnish in the air unless contaminated\\nwith baser metals dissolves most metals/ 67 except iron, to form\\namalgams. m\\nUses. Metallic mercury is used extensively in the refining of\\nsilver and gold, in thermometers and other instruments, with tin\\nin silvering mirrors, and in many other branches of the arts.\\nMetallic mercury, rubbed up with various excipients until globules\\ncease to be visible, 269 forms several officinal preparations. Rubbed\\nwith chalk, it forms gray powder, hydrargyrum cum creta; with\\nhoney of rose and licorice powder, it forms blue pill, massa\\nhydrargyri; and with lard and suet it forms mercurial ointment,\\nunguentum hydrargyri. The therapeutic activity of these prepara-\\ntions is due not to the metallic mercury they contain, but to small\\nquantities of mercurous oxide formed by the oxidation of the\\nfinely-divided metal. So their strength varies with the thorough-\\nMERCURY. Metal.\\n267 After noting the physical properties of a small vial of mercury, drop a\\nglobule into a dish and add a small shot; note that the mercury and lead\\ncombine, forming an amalgam.\\n268 Drop a globule of mercury into AgNCX solution and watch the growth\\nof the arbor Diana a tree-like formation of silver amalgam.\\n269 Rub up a few drops of mercury in a mortar with a little lard and note\\nhow easily the mercury becomes emulsified, the globules soon becoming so\\nsmall as to be invisible to the naked eye.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0127.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "122 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nness of the rubbing, the extent of the exposure, and the age of the\\npreparation.\\nMercurous Iodide. Hgl. Proto- iodide, yellow iodide\\nof mercury, Hydrargyri iodidum flavum U. S. P., is made by\\nprecipitation m from mercurous nitrate and potassium iodide\\n(Hg(N0 3 )4-KI-KN0 3 +HgI). It was formerly made by\\nrubbing together chemical equivalents, 200 of mercury and 127\\nof iodine. Some of the blue globules of mercury remaining un\\ncombined gave the yellow Hgl a greenish color hence it was\\ncalled green-iodide {hydrargyri iodidui7i viride, U. S. P., 1880).\\nMercuric Iodide. Hgl 2 Red iodide, Hydrargyri iodidum\\nrubrutfty U. S. P., is made by precipitation 270 from mercuric\\nchloride and potassium iodide (HgCl 2 2KI 2KCI Hgl 2\\nThis too was formerly made by rubbing together equivalents of\\nmercury (200) and iodine (254).\\nThe mercuric iodide is dissolved by excess of either the HgCl 2\\nor the KI. In precipitating, mercuric iodide is first yellow, but\\nrapidly becomes red. If some of the dry red powder is placed\\non a sheet of paper and warmed over a lamp, it changes back to\\nyellow, but on shaking or rubbing, the red is restored. These\\nchanges in color are due to changes in crystalline structure.\\nMercurous Nitrate HgN0 8 is formed when mercury is\\ntreated with cold dilute nitric acid.\\nMercuric Nitrate\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hg(N0 3 2 Acid nitrate of mercury is\\nformed if the mercury be boiled with strong nitric acid. Like all\\n270 To a drop of mercury in a test-tube add HC1 and note that it is un-\\naffected; wash out the acid and add HN0 3 and note it gradually dissolved,\\nespecially if warmed.\\n271 Mix a dry salt of mercury with twice the amount of Na 2 C0 3 and heat in\\na dry test-tube. Note that the mercury is reduced and sublimes, forming in\\nthe cooler part of the tube a deposit of minute globules of metallic mercury.\\n272 (Rensch s test.) Boil a strip of bright copper foil in a solution of a salt\\nof mercury; or ilA (galvanic test) drop a few drops of the solution on the\\ncopper foil and with a bit of zinc or iron (a more positive metal) touch the\\ncopper through the fluid. Note in either case a plating of metallic mercury\\non the copper and that the mercury may be distilled off by heating the amal-\\ngamated copper in a dry test-tube.", "height": "4604", "width": "3024", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0128.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 23\\nother nitrates, both of the above are soluble. It enters into the\\nliq. hydrargyri 7iitratis, U. S. P., and citrine ointment, ung.\\nhydrargyri ?iitratis, U. S. P.\\nMercurous Sulphate Hg._S0 4 is made by digesting sulphuric\\nacid with excess of mercury.\\nMercuric Sulphate HgSO, is made by heating mercury\\nwith excess of sulphuric acid. A white, crystalline salt, used in\\nsome forms of galvanic batteries. When diluted with water it\\ndecomposes into an acid salt, which remains in solution, and a\\nyellow precipitate of oxysulphate, HgSO^HgO, called turpeth\\nmineral, hydrargyri subsulphas fiavus, U. S. P.\\nMercurous Chloride HgCl Calomel, mild chloride, Hy-\\ndrargyri Chloridum Mite, U. S. P. is made by heating mercur-\\nous sulphate with sodium chloride (Hg S0 4 -f 2NaCl Na. 2 S0 4\\n2HgCl), when the mercurous chloride sublimes and is condensed\\nin a cool receiver.\\nCalomel is a white, insoluble powder.- 75 Exposed to light it is\\nslowly decomposed (2HgCl Hg HgCl 2 With aqua regia,\\nand more slowly with other soluble chlorides, it is converted into\\nmercuric chloride. Calomel probably passes through the stom-\\nach unaltered, but is converted into the mercurous oxide by the\\nalkaline fluids in the small intestine and slowly absorbed.\\nMercuric Chloride HgCL Bichloride of Mercury, Corrosive\\nSublimate is prepared by sublimation from a mixture of mercuric\\nsulphate and sodium chloride, thus\\nHgSO, 4- 2NaCl Xa,SO, HgCl 2\\nIt is crystalline and soluble, with a disagreeable styptic taste,\\nand is very poisonous much used in antiseptic surgery.\\nMercuric Ammonium Chloride Ammoniated Mercury, White\\nPrecipitate, U. S. P. Formed by adding animonia to a solution\\nMercurous Compounds. Treat successive portions of a solution of a mer-\\ncurous salt HgXO s as follows\\n274 Add KI and note the yellow precipitate of Hgl.\\n175 Add dilute HC1 and note the white precipitate of HgCl; filter and heat\\nsome of the precipitate in a dry test-tube and note it sublimes.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0129.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "124 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nof mercuric chloride 282 mostly used in ointment. It is a double\\nsalt of mercury and NH 2 a derivative of ammonium. Its com-\\nposition is that of NH 4 C1, in which two atoms of H are displaced\\nby one of Hg, forming NH 2 HgCl. The ammonio-sulphate of\\ncopper, previously described has an analogous composition.\\nMercurous Oxide Hg 2 Black Oxide of Me r airy is made\\nby treating a mercurous salt with a soluble hydrate, 276 as\\n2HgCl 2KHO Hg 2 2KCI H 2 0.\\nIt is seldom used in medicine, except in black-wash (Jotio\\nnigra) made by adding calomel to lime water, and much em-\\nployed in eczema, chancroids and other parasitic affections.\\nMercuric Oxide HgO Red or Yellow Oxide. When pre-\\npared by decomposing mercuric nitrate by heat, it is crystalline\\nand of a red color {hydrargyri oxidum rubrum, U. S. P.) but\\nwhen made by precipitating a mercuric solution with a hydrate, 81\\nHgCl 2 2KHO HgO 2KCI H 2 0,\\nit is an amorphous yellow powder {hydrargyri oxidum flavum, U.\\nS. P.). The yellow variety, being amorphous and more finely\\ndivided, is less gritty and has greater therapeutic activity.\\nOleate of Mercury is made by warming the yellow oxide with\\noleic acid. A liquid or semi-solid. It is rapidly absorbed when\\napplied to the skin.\\nMercurous Sulphide Hg 2 S is an unstable compound, which\\nfalls as a black precipitate when a mercurous solution is treated\\nwith a soluble sulphide. 278\\nMercuric Sulphide HgS falls as a black precipitate when a\\nmercuric solution is treated with a soluble sulphide. 283 It is found\\nin nature in crystalline masses called cinnabar. By certain pro-\\ncesses it may be obtained as a deep-red crystalline powder, called\\nvermilion.\\nTests. These consist in adding, to the suspected liquid, solu-\\n276 Add KHO and note black precipitate of Hg 2 0.\\n277 Add NH 4 HO and note black precipitate of mercurous ammonium chlor-\\nide (NH 2 Hg 2 )Cl.\\n278 Pass H 2 S and note black precipitate of Hg 2 S.", "height": "4572", "width": "3000", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0130.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 25\\ntions of salts containing radicals capable of uniting with mercury\\nand of forming precipitates of the foregoing insoluble compounds.\\nBut the galvanic tesf m is perhaps the best for clinical purposes.\\nOn a gold or copper coin put a drop of the suspected solution\\nacidulated with HC1, and touch the coin through the drop of\\nfluid with a piece of baser metal, as a knife blade. Mercury, if\\npresent, will be deposited on the coin in a silvery film.\\nPhysiological. Acute poisoning occurs from swallowing a single\\nlarge dose of some of the mercuric compounds, especially cor-\\nrosive sublimate. The minimum fatal dose of corrosive sublimate\\nis three grains of white precipitate and turpeth mineral forty\\ngrains. Children tolerate mercury much better in proportion to\\ntheir age than adults. The symptoms are those of severe gastro-\\nenteric irritation. Give albumin, with which it forms an insoluble\\ncompound. Iron filings also act as a chemical antidote by\\ndecomposing the salt, taking the acidulous radical and depositing\\nthe mercury in the metallic state.\\nChronic poisoning is often called, from its most prominent\\nsymptom, salivation or ptyalism. It usually occurs from small,\\nbut often repeated doses of the mercurous preparations, as blue\\npill, calomel, etc. One of the first symptoms is a delicate red line\\nalong the margin of the gums then comes a metallic taste, ab-\\ndominal pains, nausea, vomiting, dysenteric diarrhoea, profuse\\nflow of saliva, fetid breath, fever, emaciation, and paralysis.\\nMercuric Compowids. To successive portions (5 Cc.) of a solution of mer-\\ncuric chloride add\\n279 KI and note precipitate, first yellow and then red, of Hgl 2 28 Dissolve\\nthis with excess of Kl and make strongly alkaline with KHO, forming the\\nsolution of potassium-mercuric iodide, called Nessler s reagent. Add a drop\\nof this reagent to the most dilute solution of an ammonium salt and note the\\nbrown precipitate of dimercuric-ammonium iodide (NHg. 2 )I.\\n281 KHO and note the yellow precipitate of HgO.\\n282 NH HO and note the white precipitate of mercuric-ammonium chloride,\\n(NH 8 Hg)Cl.\\n283 H 2 S and note black precipitate of HgS.\\n284 Albumen (white of egg) and note white precipitate of mercuric albu-\\nminate.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0131.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "126 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nSphacelation of the mouth and lips sometimes occurs. The\\ntreatment is to stop the ingestion of poison, and give some\\nastringent, as tannin.\\nSILVER occurs free, but often as a sulphide associated with\\nlead in galena. A white, malleable, ductile metal, capable of a\\nhigh polish best known conductor of electricity dissolved readily\\nby nitric, 285 but not by hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, except by\\nthe aid of heat does not tarnish in air unless ozone or H 2 S be\\npresent. 2\\nUsed to plate mirrors arid articles made of the more corrodible\\nmetals alloyed with copper as coin for tubes, sutures, etc., in\\nsurgery, for it does not corrode and irritate the tissues.\\nSilver Nitrate AgNO a Argenti Mtras, U. S. P., Luna?\\nCaustic. Made by the action of nitric acid on silver. If coin\\nsilver is used, the solution is blue, from the presence of copper.\\nSilver nitrate is a crystalline salt, very soluble. Its taste is acrid,\\nand in large doses it acts as corrosive poison, destroying the tis-\\nsues by coagulating their albumin. For use as a cautery it is\\nfused and moulded into sticks.\\nSilver Oxide\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ag 2 is precipitated as a brown powder on\\ntreating a solution of silver nitrate with caustic potash 290 or soda\\n285 Silver. Metal. After noting the physical properties of the silver in a\\ndime, dissolve it in HNO a with gentle heat, avoiding the inhalation of the\\nfumes. Add HC1 until all the silver is precipitated as AgCl, and filter. Show\\nthat the copper is retained in the (blue) filtrate by a few of the tests already\\ngiven for that element. Wash the precipitate (AgCl) and add to it, in a\\ndish, a little dilute H 2 S0 4 and a bit of zinc allow it to stand until the next\\nday or -next exercise, when the silver will be observed to have separated out\\ninto a dark spongy mass, and may be fused into a bright button.\\nm Heat with the blow- pipe a little AgN0 3 or charcoal and note that it is\\nreduced to a metallic button.\\na8 Provide two bits of white cloth blackened with indelible (silver) ink and\\nboil one with dilute HNO H and the other with KCy and note that in each case\\nthe precipitated silver is dissolved out and the black stain removed.\\nInsoluble Compounds. To successive portions of AgN0 3 solution add\\n288 KCy and note white precipitate of AgCy soluble in excess of KCy,,\\n289 K 2 Cr0 4 and note red precipitate of Ag 2 Cr0 4\\n290 H 2 S or NH 2 HS and note black precipitate of Ag 2 S.\\n291 KHO and note brown precipitate of Ag 2 0.", "height": "4600", "width": "3024", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0132.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. I 27\\n(2AgNO a 2KHO 2KNO3 Ag 2 R.O). Slightly soluble\\nin water. The other salts of silver are insoluble, and made by\\nprecipitating a solution of silver nitrate with a solution contain-\\ning the appropriate radical.\\nSilver Cyanide. AgCN, may be made by mixing solutions of\\nsilver nitrate 288 and potassium cyanide (AgN0 3 KCN AgCN\\nKNO3). A white precipitate soluble in ammonium hydrate and\\nsodium hyposulphite, and in excess of potassium cyanide as in\\nthe silver-plating bath. It is unaffected by light.\\nSilver Chloride AgCl. A white, curdy precipitate, 9 insolu-\\nble in acids, but freely soluble in ammonium hydrate, may be\\nmade by adding a chloride to a silver solution, thus\\nAgNO a HC1 AgCl 4- HN0 3\\nSilver Bromide AgBr is a similar precipitate, 293 except that it\\nis yellowish-white and much less readily soluble in ammonium hy-\\ndrate, and is made by adding a bromide to a silver solution, thus\\nAgN0 3 KBr =/*gBr r KN0 3\\nSilver Iodide is precipitated 9 on mixing an iodide solution\\nand a silver solution (AgN0 3 r- Kf Agl KN0 3 and is yellow\\nand insoluble in ammonium hydrate.\\nEffects of Light. Light decomposes salts of silver, especially if\\norganic matter be present, depositing metallic silver in a fine,\\nblack powder, hence their uses in photography, and in making in-\\ndelible inks, hair dyes, etc. The black stain of silver on the\\nhands or clothes i8T may be removed by potassium cyanide or by\\napplying tincture of iodine and washing in ammonia-water. When\\npersons have taken silver salts for a long time, it sometimes\\noccurs that the tissues, especially the skin, are permanently dark-\\nened. This is due to the decomposition of the silver salt under\\nthe influence of organic matter and light.\\n292 HC1 and note white precipitate of AgCl, soluble in XH t HO.\\n293 KBr and note yellowish-white precipitate of AgBr, slightly soluble in\\nNH 4 HO.\\n294 KI and note yellow precipitate of Agl, insoluble in NH 4 HO.\\n295 Repeat tests 292, 293, 294, but instead of XH 4 HO add sodium hypo-\\nsulphite and note how readily all three precipitates dissolve.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0133.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "128 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nPhotographic sensitized plates, papers, etc., are generally\\ncoated on one side with a film of collodion, gelatine or albumen\\nin which is precipitated in the dark, a fine deposit or emulsion\\nof silver chloride, bromide or iodide. On the least exposure to\\nlight, and in proportion to such exposure, the molecules of these\\nsilver salts are so disturbed that when subjected to the action of\\na reducing agent developer in the dark-room they decom-\\npose, depositing black metallic silver. As soon as the plate is\\nsufficiently developed, it is dropped into a solution of sodium\\nhyposulphite, which dissolves out all the unreduced silver salt 293 but\\nnot the black deposit of metallic silver, and the plate is said to be\\nfixed as there is no more silver salt in it to blacken it further.\\nPoisoning occurs mostly from swallowing the nitrate, which is\\nthe only soluble silver salt. It is a severe corrosive poison, de-\\nstroying the tissues by coagulating their albumin. Its best anti-\\ndote is a soluble chloride, as common salt, which forms the insol-\\nuble silver chloride. Albumin is also a good antidote.\\nGOLD occurs widely, but sparingly distributed always free,\\nmixed with sand and quartz, fwDm which it is separated by agita-\\ntion with water or by dissolving it out with mercury. It is a soft,\\nbright, yellow metal so malleable that it may be beaten into\\nsheets (gold leaf) less than one two-hundred- thousandth of an\\ninch in thickness. These transmit green light. 296 For coinage\\nand general use gold is usually hardened by the addition of cop-\\nper or silver, the amount of which is indicated by the term carat\\nfine. Thus, pure gold is twenty-four carat, and eighteen, sixteen,\\nand twelve carat signify so many twenty- fourths of pure gold.\\nGold does not tarnish in the air is unaffected by alkalies or\\nany single acid, 297 but nitro-muriatic acid (aqua regia) easily dis-\\nsolves it, 298 forming auric chloride, a salt that is easily decom-\\n296 Gold. Metal. After noting the physical properties of a sheet of gold-\\nleaf, lay it between two glass slides, hold it before a strong light and note that\\nit is translucent and green. 297 Divide it in two portions, and drop one into\\nHN0 3 and the other into HC1 in separate beakers. Note that neither acid\\naffects the gold. 98 Pour the contents of one beaker into the other and\\nnote that the gold dissolves.", "height": "4572", "width": "3040", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0134.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 129\\nposed by heat, light, organic matter and various chemicals, 298 with\\nthe deposition of metallic gold in fine powder as in toning\\nphotographic prints. With stannous chloride it yields a beauti-\\nful precipitate (purple of Cassius) used in ornamenting porcelain\\nand glassware.\\nThe Auri ei Sodii Chloridum U. S. P. AuCl ...XaCl, is some-\\ntimes given in doses of .005 Gm. gr.) as a nerve tonic and\\nstimulant in functional impotence and in some of the gold\\ncures for inebriety.\\nPLATINUM occurs free, associated with the allied metals,\\npalladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium and iridium. Owing to its\\nscarcity it is almost as costly as gold. Resembles silver in appear-\\nance m can be melted only with very great difficulty, and very few\\nsubstances corrode it hence it is used to make vessels that are\\nto be exposed to very high heat or to contain corrosive chemicals.\\nPlatinum wire is also used in flame testing.\\nPlatinum readily dissolves in nitro-muriatic acid, forming\\nplatinic chloride, PtCl 4 a valuable reagent for potassium, ammon-\\nium and alkaloids.\\nThe other members of this group are rare elements found in\\nsmall quantities in certain platinum ores. Iridium is used in the\\nhard tip of gold pens and is often added to platinum to increase\\nits hardness and resistance to chemical agents. Osmium and\\npalladium compounds are sometimes used as chemical reagents,\\nand osmic acid (osmic anhydride, Os0 4 is much employed as\\na stain in histology.\\n299 To a gold solution (AuCl,) in a test-tube add FeS0 4 and set aside; a\\nyellow lustrous deposit of gold is precipitated on the inside.\\n300 To some AuCL, solution add a bit of tin-foil and note the formation of\\nthe purple of Cassius.\\n301 Platinum. Metal. Note the physical properties of the metal by exam-\\nining the mounted platinum wire kept on the desk.\\n302 Compound. To a few drops of a platinum solution add a drop of potas-\\nsium or ammonium solution and note the creamv precipitate of K 9 PtCl 6 or\\n(XH t 2 PtCl,,\\n303 j Q a platinum solution add a few drops cf potassium iodide, and note\\nthe dark-red color, giving place to a black precipitate on heating.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0135.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "13\u00c2\u00b0\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nH\\ni-l\\nGO\\n1\\nUh\\nO\\nJ\\nu\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nQ\\ne4\\nu\\nJ\\nu\\nH\\nH\\nO\\nw\\nB\\nQ\\nH\\nU\\nCO\\nr\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\nCO\\nH\\nJ\\nh-l\\nH\\nJ*\\nB\\nO\\n1\\nhH\\nh-|\\nu\\nCO\\nHH\\nO\\nw\\nCO\\nH\\np\\nCO\\nO\\nW\\nC/J\\nID\\nC\\nm\\n2\\nW\\n2\\np4\\nw\\nH\\nw\\nQ\\nCO\\nU\\nB\\no\\nE\\nT3\\nCO\\nE\\nE\\n5\\nC53\\nrt\\n3 o\\nIf no precipi-\\ntate, test orig-\\ninal solution in\\nflame on lcop\\nof Pt wire.\\nLi, crimson.\\nNa, yellow.\\nK, violet.\\nIf neither,\\ntest orig. sol.\\nfor NH 4\\n\u00c2\u00a32\\nG 1 i c\\no H\\nU\\n^E\\nu\\nPhPQ\\n-5 vi\\n\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a73\\nu\\n_5 CK\\n-o\\no N U^Uh\\na;\\n*j o o\\nW3 03 tfJ U\\nH v. ^3 CO\\n.O P.\\nTO\\nPi\\nCO\\nCO\\nB\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2jWOjpX ^o-eiq\\n3\\nc#\\n\u00c2\u00a3pq -dco\\nC/2\\n3\\nrt\\np\\nr.\\nc .a\\nO\\no\\nj\u00c2\u00a3\\n^5^\\nl* t\\nco\\nCO\\nco J P^\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23[0Biq\\nffi o\\nOJ\\n\u00c2\u00ab-9\\nj\\n3 s^^\\nu\\nhhUUBPhPQ\\n03 ptn\\nPi^G U\\nO rTj\\n2 o\\nbJO o\\nB^\\nU o\\nMUri\\ns V a S 3S3.g g\\nOJ rt\\nOJ rt g\\n-O pQ rt\\nBPh", "height": "4600", "width": "3024", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0136.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "PART I. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n131\\nw\\nu\\nZ\\nJ Z\\nPcj J\\nr T l\\nvi a W\\nr-\\n2 z\\ns\\np(S n\\nu\\nH\\n55 H g\\nEd\\nQ j W3\\nU\\nr*\\n2\\nH W\\nz g\\nu\\n4!\\n*n S\\nzE\\ny\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a7\\n2\\n\u00c2\u00a71\u00c2\u00b0\\nK r- Z\\naa\\n3\\nIVE)\\n[VE I\\nTHE\\nU fc\\nS 5 M\\nH ta\\nG\\nas\\nu P\\nz 5\\n~JL r\\nz c\\nw x S\\nS z\\ng Z\\nO\\nn\\nJ H\\nD\\nZP\\n5r\\n,J\\nx\\nH\\nX\\nE 2 w\\nS3\\nX\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a14 J\\nr- x U\\n|k,\\nz\\ngg*\\nX\\nP4\\n2i\\nw\\n3\\ng\\nZ\\nQ\\nX\\nS c\\ns\\nh3\\nT Z\\nz u S\\n^3 o\\n3 Q-\u00c2\u00ab\\nu u\\nCo bfl\\nt/: a w\\nP.\\naw\\na\\ng. S 5 7? 2\\nO -G\\nrellowiah\\nwhile,\\nyellow\\nack.\\n-3 j--\\nc x S\\n5 3 P.\\nv U\\ns 1 -as?\\ns\\n-0\\nc o-c\\n~3-r\u00c2\u00ab o y o\\nPQUUUUOwH DP ^x\\n3-5-g S-^\\nE ua\\nv\\nS\u00c2\u00ab^-\u00c2\u00a3\\na S5\\n2 r 5 in\\nj Co\\nu\\nc: y\\nM 9Sd\\nr-P n \u00c2\u00a3-3 a?\\n-JJ-C/r\\n*i o X c\\nxxO Uh -C-\\no\\nS3 j- o \u00c2\u00abri -fj\\ncd", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0137.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "132\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nP4\\nc\\nw\\n43\\nH\\no\\nt/J\\nc\\nV\\no\\nc\\na\\nrn\\nr^\\nH\\nIfl\\nn\\nhJ\\nrt\\n-rt\\nc/i\\nen\\nIn\\no\\no\\nG\\nO\\nc\\ns\\ng\\nH\\no\\nJ\\no-\\n1\\nffl\\no\\nh5\\nV\\n3\\ncr\\n15\\no\\nrt\\n(/J\\nfl\\nin\\nz\\nrt\\nc\\nl H\\n1 _^\\nrt\\nt/3\\no\\nU\\nw\\nH\\n_\\n42\\nrt\\nH\\nJ]\\npq\\nhe 43\\n_tJJ\\nO\\n0,\\nCAJ\\na\\nCO\\nw\\nW\\nu\\nH\\n4-\\nrt\\n1\\nrQ\\no\\nW\\nt/j\\nTD\\nCQ\\nto\\nU\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2S^JWBX\\nCA V) (fl tfl \u00c2\u00ab/l\u00c2\u00abfl\\nwwww^wwwwww^^^ww^^w ^-in^- in --ininin\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23 5 iqdin S\\n(A (A Cfl (A (A t/\\nr^ V3 M hH rH CO CO CO CO r-( c-- CO hh CO CO c-. o-COCOCOrHCOo-t-Hr-iCO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2apiqdpg\\nhMhWhhWhmhhhhh^hhhhhWhWhhOIh\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23JT3qd{tlg\\n\u00c2\u00abA WW)\\ncococOphcococo:/}cocococa) N i^coc/}c/}cocococ/3c/2cococoi^co\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2alEqdsoqj\\nhWhhhhhhhhhh^hhhhhh^WhMhhhh\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2apixQ\\nCA\\nh^h^hh^hhhhhhhhhhhhhC/}hC/}hh[/)h\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23JB|BXO\\n[A CA\\nH OlHHHMHWHHWC/]^HHHHHHO\u00c2\u00abWHWCfiHHH\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23^J1I|^[\\nww -wwwinininininin inwinwininin win in in win in\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2spipoj\\nww^w^wwww^-wwwwww^^winin^ininininin\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23?BJp^Cf\u00c2\u00a3\\nHHC/:KHC/2HHHHC/3MHH^MHHHHCOMhH N-HMHHOO -.i/)l-ll-HCO\u00c2\u00bb-l\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23pmBA3\\n(N.C/3 -C/) .7)WHHHO\u00c2\u00abHHHS-HW(N.MHy3HCfllN.^y3H\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a231Braojq3\\nCA\\nH C/)s-HHMWHHHHIHO.( .HC/}MCfiHH ^HCfiHHHH\\n*9JBJ3I^)\\nCA CA CA CA CA (fl CA\\nww ^-wwwwwwwww --wWhH *-h*w --w -*in h- in\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0apuomp\\nwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww^www^ininininin\\n3jBuoqaB3\\nH MW WM\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a29;iU9say\\nHHC/2^HH^-H-HH^-HHH^MHHS--MhHl^HHI-Hl-HC-.C/2-HCOHH)-HHHI--l\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a231BIU3Siy hCA1hhhhhhhhhh .hhhhhhhMhW^hhh\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a235B530y\\nwwwwwwwwwwww^-wwwwww^-wininincninw\\ngS |h ;\u00c2\u00a3i H\\nrt5b: g S sSuSdB.MH.\\nlaUUjBlhyi iBBllliJini\\njWpqUUOCJOfefeOhJ\u00c2\u00a7^\u00c2\u00a7^^ip,fccow^a}coN", "height": "4572", "width": "3024", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0138.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "PART II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\nOrganic Chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of car-\\nbon, and this chapter may be considered a resumption of the\\nstudy of that element. The name organic is a relic of an old\\nmisconception.\\nCenturies ago it was observed that substances produced by, and\\ncomposing living organisms differed remarkably from those of\\nmineral origin they were subject to decay, fermentation and\\nputrefaction, and when burned left no residue except such mineral\\nmatters as were incidentally incorporated. Having never seen\\nthem produced except under the influence of organized life, the\\nolder observers assumed that they could not be formed otherwise,\\nand called them u organic. But in 1828, Woehler made urea\\nfrom ammonium cyanate, and soon after Kolbe made acetic acid\\nfrom materials as plainly mineral. Since that time artificial pro-\\nducts, many of them unknown in nature, have become so numerous\\nand complex that it now seems possible to duplicate artificially\\nany organic substance, especially if its chemical constitution be\\nknown. However, chemistry has not, and probably never will,\\nproduce an organized body, i. e. 9 one having an anatomical, cellu-\\nlar structure. Such structures must live and grow; their study is\\nthe orifice of physiological chemistry.\\nCarbon is the constant and characteristic constituent of all the\\norganic compounds, and is responsible for their vast number and\\ngreat complexity. Though carbon forms compounds of infinite\\nnumber and extreme complexity, it is with the aid of a very few\\nother elements, viz hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and occasion-\\nally sulphur, phosphorus and iron, sometimes others but the\\nlarger number of even the artificial compounds contain only the\\nabove-named elements. This is due to the fact that the carbon\\natoms possess, in the highest degree, the power of combining with\\n(*33)", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0139.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "134 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\neach other and interchanging valences, forming groups or chains\\naround which the other elements are arranged. But for this power\\ncarbon could form only one saturated compound with hydrogen,\\nCH 4 Carbon being quadrivalent, the compounds C 2 H 6 and C 3 H 8\\nwould be unsaturated. Experiment, however, proves that they\\nare saturated compounds. The .explanation is that the carbon\\natoms combine with each other, mutually neutralizing one or more\\nvalences, thus\\nH H H H H H\\nI I I III\\nH\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H; H\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H; H\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H.\\nI II ill\\nH H H H H H\\nIt will be observed that these formulae have a common dif-\\nference of CH 2 They are said to form a hoiiiologous series.\\nWhen the carbon remains the same but the hydrogen differs by\\nH 2 the series is said to be is o logons.\\nIn the following examples each vertical column represents a\\nhomologous, each horizontal line an isologous series\\nC H 4 -Methane C H 2 Methene C Methine\\nC 2 H 6 Ethane C 2 H 4 Ethene C 2 H. 2 Ethine\\nQH b Tritane 0***6 Tritene C 3 H 4 Tritine\\nC t II 10 Tetrane QH 8 Tetrene Q\u00c2\u00b1H 6 Tetrine\\nC 6 H 12 Pentane C 5 H 10 Pentene C 5 H Pentine.\\nWithout this arrangement in series, it would be almost impos-\\nsible to remember the composition of organic substances.\\nIn systematic works on organic chemistry, these series form the\\nbasis of classification but as this would necessitate mentioning\\nthousands of bodies of no medical interest, it would be imprac-\\nticable in a work like this and after all, no system of classification\\nyet devised is perfectly satisfactory. We shall therefore adopt\\nthe following\\nHydrocarbons and their derivatives. Organic acids.\\nAlcohols. Carbohydrates (sugars and starches).\\nEthers (including oils and fats). Glucosides.\\nAldehydes. Ammonium substitution products.\\nNatural alkaloids.", "height": "4572", "width": "3016", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0140.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "PART IT. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 35\\nThe ultimate analysis of a carbon compound resolves itself into\\nthe determination of the presence and quantity of carbon, hydrogen\\nand oxygen, and since many of these compounds, especially those\\nfrom the animal and vegetable kingdom, contain nitrogen, and at\\ntimes also sulphur, phosphorus and iron, their presence must also\\nbe proven, and quantity estimated.\\nThe determination of the quantity of oxygen is so difficult, and\\nthe process so complicated, that it is usually computed by differ-\\nence after the other elements have been quantitatively calculated.\\nDeier?nination of carbon. Carbon is known to be present\\nwhen a substance chars on igniting it away from air. The\\nquantity of carbon is estimated by combustion, whereby the car-\\nbon unites with oxygen to form carbon dioxide COo. In the\\nsame experiment the hydrogen unites with oxygen to form water\\nH 2 0, and we thus estimate quantitatively the hydrogen present.^ 04\\nDeter?nination of Nitrogen. Heat the substance in a test-\\ntube. A pungent odor like that of burnt feathers indicates the\\npresence of nitrogen, as does the odor of ammonia when a fixed\\nalkali is also added/ 05\\nThe amount of nitrogen is estimated by collecting and measur-\\ning the ammonia.\\nDetermination of Sulphur. To the substance in a test-tube\\nadd solid KHO, which, with the sulphur, yields potassium\\n30 Mix the substance under examination with copper oxide and heat in a\\nhard-glass tube. Draw the products of this combustion through a series of\\ntubes containing dried, granulated calcium chloride, which will absorb the\\nwater, and through a second vessel (a Liebig bulb) containing potassium\\nhydrate, which absorbs the carbon dioxide. The vessels containing the cal-\\ncium chloride and potassium hydrate are each separately weighed, before and\\nafter the combustion, and the difference in weight represents the amount of\\nwater and carbon-dioxide present. From these weights the carbon and\\nhydrogen are readily estimated.\\n05 To the substance to be examined in a test-tube add some metallic potas-\\nsium, and heat. Potassium cyanide is formed. Add water, and filter. To the\\nfiltrate add ferrous sulphate containing a little ferric salt, and then several\\ndrops of KHO. Heat again and add HC1 in excess. A precipitate of\\nPrussian-blue indicates nitrogen.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0141.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "I36 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nsulphide. Dissolve in a little water, a drop of which, on a clean\\npiece of silver, makes a black stain of Ag^S.\\nDetermination of Phosphorus, (Method of Carius.) Oxidize\\nthe substance by heating it with nitric acid in a sealed tube. If\\nphosphorus be present phosphoric acid is formed, and may be\\nrecognized by the tests already given for the phosphates.\\nDetermination of Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine,, They may\\nbe detected by heating the substance with lime, dissolving in\\nwater, acidifying with nitric acid and testing the filtrate by the\\nappropriate tests. 307\\nMolecular Formula. The analysis of a substance shows only\\nits percentage composition the formula must be deduced by\\ndividing the percentage of each element by its atomic weight to\\nshow how many atoms it represents and then making the formula\\nto correspond to these ratios. For instance, acetic acid shows\\nthis percentage composition Carbon, 40.00 Hydrogen, 6.66\\nOxygen, 53.34.\\n40.00 -5- 12 3.33 atoms of Carbon.\\n6.66 6.66 atoms of Hydrogen,\\n53.34 16 3.33 atoms of Oxygen.\\nThese ratios are seen to bear to each other the proportion of\\none of carbon, two of hydrogen, and one of oxygen; hence the\\nformula, CH 2 0. But formaldehyde, lactic acid and several other\\nsubstances show the same percentage composition. We would\\nthus be still left in doubt as to the correct formula of each were\\nit not for a knowledge of their respective molecular weights, as\\nshown by their vapor densities. Since we know that 30 is the\\nmolecular weight of formaldehyde 60 of acetic acid and 90 of\\nlactic acid; and that CH 2 (12 2+16) represents a molecular\\n0B Add KHO to lead-acetate solution until the precipitate first formed is\\nredissolved. In this boil the sulphurized organic substances (e.g., albumin)\\nand note the blackening by the PbS formed.\\n?(il A delicate test is to place some cupric oxide on a platinum wire, and\\nkeep it in the flame until it appears colorless. Place a little of the substance\\nunder examination on the cupric oxide, and heat in the non-luminous gas\\nflame, when the presence of either chlorine or bromine will be indicated by\\nan intense greenish-blue color.", "height": "4572", "width": "3024", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0142.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n137\\nweight of 30, we see that CH 2 formaldehyde C 2 H 4 0, acetic\\nacid, and C 3 H fi 3 lactic acid.\\nThe above are empirical formulae since they show only the num-\\nber and kind of atoms composing the molecule. The rational\\nformula aims to show also the constitution of the molecule, the\\narrangement of its atoms into radicals. Thus in acetic acid one\\natom of the hydrogen plays the part of the positive radical while\\nthe other atoms of the molecule form its negative radical so the\\nrational formula is HC 2 H 3 2\\nIsomerism. Two or more substances are said to be isomeric\\nwhen they have the same empirical but different rational formulae,\\ndiffer in chemical properties and are hence distinct substances,\\ne.g., aldehyde, C 2 H 4 or CH 3 -CO-H: and ethylene oxide,\\nC 2 H 4 or CH 2 -0-CH Substances whose formulae are simple\\nmultiples of each other are said to be polymeric, e. g., formalde-\\nhyde (CH 2 0), acetic acid (C 2 H 4 Q 2 and lactic acid (C 3 H 6 3\\nWhen elements manifest this same quality it is called allotropism\\nof which we have already noticed instances in coal, graphite and\\ndiamond, and in ordinary oxygen and ozone.\\nHydrocarbons.\\nHydrocarbons are compounds of carbon with hydrogen only.\\nThey are exceedingly numerous and are regarded as derived from\\nCH\u00c2\u00b1 in homologous and isologous series. The following table\\nshows the usual classification\\nSeries\\nRadicles\\nSeries\\nRadicles\\nSeries\\nSeries\\n1\\nGen.\\nGen.\\n2\\nGen.\\nGen.\\n3\\nGen.\\n4\\nGen.\\nFormula\\nFormula\\nFormula\\nFormula\\nFormula\\nFormula\\nCnH2n 2.\\nCnH2n 1.\\nCnH2n.\\nCnH2n 1.\\nCnH2n 2.\\nCnH2n 4.\\nValence\\nValence\\nValence\\nValence\\nValence\\nO\\nI\\nII\\nIII\\nIV\\nMethane.\\nMethyl.\\nMethene.\\nMethenyl.\\nMethim\\nCH 4\\nCH 3\\nCH 2\\nCH\\nC\\nEthane.\\nEthyl.\\nEthene.\\nEthenyl.\\nC0H3\\nEihine.\\nEthone.\\nC 2 H a\\nC. 2 H 5\\nC 2 H 4\\nC 2 H 2\\nC 2\\nTriiane.\\nTrityl.\\nTritene.\\nTritenyl.\\nTritine.\\nTritone.\\nC 3 H 8\\nC 3 H 7\\nC 3 H 6\\nC 3 H 5\\nC 3 H 4\\nC 3 H 2\\nTetrane.\\nTetrvl.\\nTetrene.\\nTetrem 1.\\nTetrine.\\nTetrone.\\nC 4 H 10\\nC/H 9\\nC 4 H S\\nC 4 H 7\\nC 4 H 6\\nC 4 H 4\\nPentane.\\nPentyl.\\nPent-ene.\\nPentenvl.\\nPentone.\\nC 5 H 12\\nC,H 1X\\nC 5 K 10\\nc 5 h;\\nC 5 H 8\\nC 5 H 6\\nHexane.\\nHexyl.\\nHexene.\\nHexenyl.\\nHexine.\\nHexone,\\nC 6 H 14\\nC6-H-13\\nC 6 H 12\\nC 6 Hn\\nC 6 H 10\\nC 6 H S\\netc.\\netc.\\netc.\\netc.\\netc.\\nTritune.\\nTetrune.\\nC 4 H 2\\nPen tune.\\nC 5 H 4\\nHexune.\\nC 6 H 6\\nIO", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0143.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "138 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nThe nomenclature is systematic, but has never been fully\\nadopted. The root of each name is from a Greek numeral and\\nindicates its position in homologous series, while the final vowel\\nindicates its position in isologous series. By successive abstrac-\\ntions of an atom of hydrogen are formed several series of organic\\nradicles, the valences of which depend on the number of atoms\\nabstracted, and thus increase in isologous series. They are given\\nthe general termination of -yl. Being positive, these radicles\\ncombine with negative radicles, just as do K, Na or NH 4 and\\nform analogous compounds.\\nMethane Series, sometimes called the Paraffins {parum, too\\nlittle and affinis, having affinity) on account of their lack of affin-\\nity for chemical reagents, is a class of hydrocarbons derived in\\nhomologous series from CH 4 Being fully saturated, they are\\nvery stable and indifferent to chemical reagents, unaffected usu-\\nally by either acids or alkalies. The natural, crude Petroleum is\\na mixture of mainly these various hydrocarbons 30S as far down as\\nthe sixteenth (C 16 H 34 On account of their boiling-points vary-\\ning with their molecular weights, they can be more or less com-\\npletely separated by fractiomal distillation, those having the light-\\nest molecules passing over first. As all the lighter ones are liable\\nto give off vapors that when mixed with air are explosive, it is\\nforbidden in most states to sell, for use in ordinary lamps, an oil\\nthat flashes below 100 F., or itself ignites below 300 F. Of\\n308 Cymogene, boils about 32 F.; used in ice-machines.\\nRhigolene, boils about 65 F.; as a spray for local anaesthesia.\\nPetroleum Ether, boils about ioo\u00c2\u00b0 F.; used as a solvent and for air-gas.\\nGasolene, boils about 120 F; used as a solvent and for air-gas.\\nNaphtha, A, B and C, boils 180 to 3CO L F.; used as a solvent for fats, etc.\\nBenzine, boils about 150 F. used as solvent in varnishes and paints.\\nKerosene, boils about 350\u00c2\u00b0 F. used in ordinary lamps.\\nMineral Sperm oil, boils about 425 F.; used for lubricating machinery.\\nLubricating oil, boils about 575\u00c2\u00b0 F.; used for lubricating machinery.\\nPetrolatum, U. S. P., used in ointments, etc.\\nParafnne, used in candles.\\n09 Into a large test-tube pour about 20 Cc. of cheap kerosene, insert a ther-\\nmometer and a bent glass tube. Apply a heat so gently that the temperature\\nrises only about a degree a minute. At frequent intervals blow through the\\nglass tube and make a foam on the surface of the oil and apply a flame to the\\nmouth of the test-tube. When the flame flashes down the tube note the read-\\ning of the thermometer and regard that as the flashing-point.", "height": "4572", "width": "3032", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0144.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. I 39\\nthe commercially separated products the Pharmacopoeia recog-\\nnizes as officinal Benzine or petroleum ether, a colorless, volatile\\nliquid Petrolatum Liquidum, a tasteless, oily liquid, called also\\nalbolene Petrolatum Molle, the soft vaseline, and Petrolatum\\nSpissum, the harder vaseline.\\nMethane (CH 4 is a light, colorless gas, occurring in illumi-\\nnating gas formed from the destructive distillation of coal in\\ncoal mines as fire damp, where it often causes frightful explo-\\nsions from decomposition of vegetable matter under water,\\nwhere as marsh-gas it may be seen bubbling up, especially\\nwhen the mud is stirred in natural gas, of which it constitutes\\nover 90 per cent. CH 4 is the starting point for the synthetical\\nproduction of many other organic compounds, and may itself be\\nmade artificially from ethine (acetylene), which is made from the\\nminerals, calcium carbide and water. 810\\nEthane (C 2 H 6 Tritane or propane (C 3 H 8 and Tetrane or\\nbutane (C 4 H 10 escape when crude petroleum is heated. These\\ngases are collected, condensed into a liquid, and sold as cymo-\\ngene for ice making.\\nMethene Series. These were formerly called olefins, be-\\ncause the first member, Ethene (C 2 H 4 happens to form an oily-\\nliquid with chlorine, and was named defiant gas. Ethene is\\nformed in the destructive distillation of coal, and is the most\\nvaluable constituent of illuminating gas, where it is called heavy\\ncarburetted hydrogen. Being unsaturated the olefins are\\nreadily attacked by reagents, especially the acids.\\nEthine Series. These too are unsaturated they act as\\nbivalent or quadrivalent radicles.\\nEthine or acetylene (C 2 H 2 is the most important member and\\nenjoys the distinction of being one of the few, if not the only,\\nhydrocarbon made by the direct union of its elements. It may be\\nproduced by the electric arc between carbons in an atmosphere\\n310 Heat in a test-tube a mixture of 4 parts cf sodium acetate, 4 parts of\\nXaHO and 6 parts of lime; collect the gas; it is methane.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0145.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "140 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nof hydrogen. It is now made industrially as an illuminant, from\\ncalcium carbide 311 and water thus, CaC 2 f 2H 2 Ca(HO) 2\\nC 2 H 2 It is very rich in carbon (92.3 per cent.) and burns with\\na very pure white flame of dazzling brilliancy.\\nTritone Series or Terpenes. These- are unsaturated and\\neither univalent or bivalent and combine readily with the nega-\\ntive radicals. The series begins with Tritone (C 3 H 2 but it is the\\neighth member, Decone or Terpene (C 10 H 16 that possesses most\\nmedical interest, as this formula represents the composition (iso-\\nmeric) of most of the volatile or essential oils, such as those of\\nlemon, orange, cloves, pepper, lavender, bergamot, etc.\\nVolatile oils are found in plants, especially in the flowers, of\\nwhich they are usually the odorous essences (hence called also\\nessential oils). They are obtained by distillation, are very slightly\\nsoluble in water (aquae), but quite soluble in alcohol (spiritus).\\nA cologne is an alcoholic solution of an assortment of volatile\\noils.\\nTurpentine (oleum terebinthinae, U. S. P. obtained from Pinus\\nAustralis) is the most important of the volatile oils obtained as a\\nresinous juice from various coniferae, and may be taken as a type\\nof the class. It is a thin colorless liquid, a valuable solvent of\\noils and resins absorbs oxygen and stores it up as ozone, gaining\\nthereby oxidizing, antiseptic and disinfectant properties. By the\\naction of concentrated sulphuric acid, turpentine is changed into\\nterebene (Ci H 16 a valuable remedy for bronchitis and flatulence.\\nResins and Camphors. On exposure to air the terpenes\\noxidize with the production of resins and camphors, whose for-\\nmula is C 10 H 16 O.\\nResins are a numerous class, many of which are true acids or\\nmixtures of acids. They are soluble in alcohol but insoluble in\\nwater except by the intervention of an alkali with which they will\\n311 Calcium Carbide, CaC 2 The manufacture of this recently discovered\\narticle is remarkably simple and cheap. When a mixture of lime and coke\\nare placed in the electric furnace they fuse into a dark gray crystalline mass\\non which the heat has no further effect. This calcium carbide is packed for\\nthe market in sealed cans to protect it from the water of the air.", "height": "4572", "width": "3032", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0146.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 141\\nunite to form soluble soaps. The official resin (resina, U. S. P.)\\nis formed by the oxidation of turpentine as it exudes from the\\npine trees.\\nSolutions of shellac, mastic, copal and others are used as var-\\nnishes. In the natural state, resins are usually mixed with other\\nsubstances. Mixed with volatile oils they form oleo- resins and\\nbalsams, e. g., benzoin, tolu and balsam of Peru and with gums,\\ngum resins, e. g., ammoniac, myrrh and asafoetida.\\nCamphors, sometimes called stearoptens. These are white,\\ncrystalline, volatile solids of an agreeable, pungent odor slightly\\nsoluble in water (aqua camphorae), freely soluble in alcohol\\n(tinctura camphorae) ether and oils.\\nCommon Camphor is derived from the leaves and branches of\\nthe camphor laurel of China and Japan. It is much used inter-\\nnally, as a stimulant, diaphoretic, carminative and expectorant,\\nand externally, as an antiseptic and analgesic.\\nMonobromated Camphor, C 10 H 15 BrO, is made by adding bromine\\nto a solution of camphor in chloroform, the bromine displacing\\none atom of hydrogen. It is more sedative than ordinary\\ncamphor.\\nMenthol is the camphor of oil of peppermint, and has its odor.\\nIt is much more analgesic than common camphor.\\nThymol is the camphor of oil of thyme and of horsemint. It is\\na stronger antiseptic than carbolic acid, and withal has a pleasant\\nodor.\\nCaoutchouc or India-rubber (Elastica U. S. P.), and gutta-\\npercha. These are terpenes, which, insoluble in water, occur\\nsuspended in the milky juice of certain tropical plants. Caout-\\nchouc is soft and elastic gutta-percha is hard and brittle. Both\\ncan be vulcanized (combined with sulphur), the hardness, etc.,\\ndepending on the amount of sulphur and heat used so that many\\nvaluable articles are made from them. Caoutchouc dissolves in\\npetroleum-ether and carbon disulphide gutta-percha dissolves\\nbest in chloroform (liquor gutta-perchae).\\nBenzene Series. So named because they are all derived from", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0147.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "142 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nBenzene (Hexune) C 6 H 6 and are also called aromatic because\\nof their aromatic odor and taste.\\nBenzene\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 must not be confounded with benzine, one of the\\npetroleum products. Benzene is distilled from coal-tar and is a\\ncolorless, volatile liquid of a peculiar odor, and a valuable solvent.\\nIt is especially interesting to the chemist for the great number\\nand diversity of its derivatives. Treated with strong nitric acid,\\nit yields Nitrobenzene or oil of mirbane\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 a very poisonous sub-\\nstance used as a cheap perfume, especially in soaps.\\nToluene (heptune), C 7 H 8 is another member of -this series, but\\nof little medical interest, except sometimes used locally in diph-\\ntheria.\\nNaphthalene is the so-called coal-tar camphor, and is em-\\nployed in the form of moth-balls.\\nHalogen Derivatives of the Hydrocarbons. The hydrogen\\nin the hydrocarbons is replaced by the halogens, viz., by chlorine,\\nbromine, and iodine, forming halogen derivatives. They are for\\nthe most part colorless, ethereal smelling liquids, insoluble in\\nwater. If nascent hydrogen is allowed to act upon these deriva-\\ntives, it combines with the halogen atom and returns the deriva-\\ntives to their previous state, thus, CHC1 3 3H 2 CH 4 -f 3HCI.\\nChloroform (trichlormethane) CHC1 3 is made 314 by distilling\\na strong solution of chlorinated lime and ordinary alcohol. Of\\nlate it is being manufactured more economically by a patented\\nprocess from acetone, a bi-product in certain manufactures.\\nChloroform is a colorless, volatile liquid of a sweetish taste and\\nan agreeable, ethereal odor. It is heavier than water and does\\nnot dissolve in it, but soluble in alcohol and ether. It is a sol-\\nvent for phosphorus, iodine, india-rubber, the alkaloids, and\\n312 Benzene. Heat a mixture of dry benzoic acid and quicklime and pass\\nthe vapor of the benzene evolved into a test-tube set in ice, Fig. 26.\\n313 Nitrobenzene. Mix two parts of H 2 S0 4 and one of HN0 3 let cool. Add\\nbenzene a drop at a time, shaking and cooling each time until I or 2 Cc. are\\nadded. Then pour into water and note the essence of mirbane sinking as\\na brownish-yellow oil to the bottom.\\niU Chloroform. In the apparatus shown in Fig. 26 distil 5 Gm. of chloral\\ncovered with KHO solution, and examine distillate for chloroform.", "height": "4572", "width": "3040", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0148.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "PART n. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 43\\nmany other substances. Its vapor is heavier than air, but is not\\neasily ignited. Yet it should not be administered it too near a\\nflame, for fear of the poisonous, irritating fumes from its decom-\\nposition.\\nChloroform is sometimes given by the stomach as a sedative\\nbut most frequently administered by inhalation as an anaesthetic,\\nfor which purpose it should be of undoubted purity.\\nTest of Purity Pure chloroform is not colored by an equal\\nvolume of pure sulphuric acid the specific gravity should not be\\nbelow 1.480.\\nIf chloroform be taken by the stomach, it being almost insolu-\\nble, is absorbed very slowly, and its principal action is the local\\nirritation of the mucous surfaces. Recovery has followed a dose\\nof four ounces, and death has been caused by one drachm taken\\ninto the stomach. The vapor acts more energetically and seems\\nto owe its potency for evil to its paralyzing influence on the nerve\\ncenters, especially these of the heart. For this reason chloroform\\nshould never be administered except by a capable physician, It\\nshould be well diluted with atmospheric air. However, death has\\noccurred from the inhalation of moderate quantities of chloroform\\nproperly diluted and at the hands of careful physicians, and where\\nthe autopsy revealed no heart lesion. There is no chemical anti-\\ndote for chloroform. When it has been swallowed evacuate the\\nstomach when inhaled, lower the head, give fresh air, employ\\nartificial respiration, apply the induced current, and administer\\nhypodermic injections of strychnine and whiskey. Chloroform\\nshould be kept in dark amber-colored bottles, and carefully corked\\nto prevent evaporation.\\nIn cases of intentional poisoning by chloroform the odor of the\\nchemical is usually sufficient for recognition.\\nBromoform CHBr b is a colorless liquid of agreeable odor,\\nformed by the action of bromine and potassium hydrate upon al-\\ncohol. It has been used as an anaesthetic, the advantage claimed\\nbeing that both pulse and respiration remain about normal, even\\nin prolonged narcosis. It is a valuable sedative in whooping", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0149.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "144\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\ncough. It is, however, poisonous when taken internally in large\\namounts. In the case of two children, one four, the other four\\nand one-half years old, recovery is reported after the ingestion of\\nabout 20 grains. In both cases ether and camphor were injected\\nhypodermically to antagonize the bromoform.\\nIodoform CHI 3 is formed by the action of iodine and potas-\\nsium hydrate on ordinary alcohol. It is a yellow, crystalline body,\\nsoluble in alcohol and ether, but insoluble in water. In spite of\\nits disagreeable odor it is much used for its antiseptic effects\\neffects due not to the iodoform as such, but to traces of iodine\\nliberated in its decomposition by the living tissues. The other\\ntherapeutic properties of iodoform are alterative, anaesthetic and\\nanti-tubercular.\\nAlcohols and their Derivatives.\\nAn alcohol is generally regarded as the hydrate of a hydrocar-\\nbon radical since its formula always has a hydrocarbon radical at\\nits positive end, and the radical HO at the negative end. It might\\nbe regarded as formed by substituting the radical HO for an atom\\nof hydrogen in the molecule of a saturated hydrocarbon and\\nagain from H 2 in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced by\\na hydrocarbon radical.\\nMethyl Series. The alcohols of most interest to the physician\\nare those of the Methyl series ot hydrocarbon radicals. They are\\noften called the monatomic alcohols because all this series of radi-\\ncals are univalent (monad.) The following table shows a few of\\nthem and their derivatives\\nExamples of Com-\\npound Ethers.\\nRadicals.\\nAlcohols\\n(Hydrates).\\nEthers\\n(Oxides)\\nAlde-\\nhydes.\\nAcids.\\nNitrates.\\nSulphates.\\nMethyl, CH 3\\nCH 3 HO\\n(CH 3 2\\nCH 3 N0 3\\n(CH,)oS0 4\\nCHoO\\nCH 2 2\\nEthyl, C,H,\\nC 2 H 5 HO\\n(C\u00e2\u0080\u009eH 5 2\\nC,H 5 N0 3\\n(C 2 H 5 )\u00e2\u0080\u009eS0 4\\nCoH 4\\nCoH 4 Oo\\nPropyl, C 3 H 7\\nC3H.HO\\n(C 3 H 7 2\\nC 3 H 7 N0 3\\n(C 3 H 7 2 S0 4\\nC 3 H\u00c2\u00ab0\\nC 3 H G 2\\nButyl, C 4 H 9\\nC 4 H 9 HO\\n(C 4 H 9 2\\nC 4 H 9 N0 3\\n(C 4 H 9 2 S0 4\\nC 4 H s O\\nC 4 H 8 2\\nAmyl. C 5 H tl\\nC 5 H n HO\\n(C B H 1]L 2\\nCsH^NOg\\n(C 5 H X1 2 S0 4\\nC B H 10\\nC 5 H 10 O 2\\nHexyl,C 6 H 13\\nC 6 H 13 HO\\n(C 6 H 13 2\\nC 6 H 13 N0 3\\n(C 6 H 13 2 S0 4\\nC 6 H 12\\n^6^-1 2^2\\netc.\\netc.\\netc.\\netc.\\netc.\\netc.\\netc.", "height": "4600", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0150.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 45\\nIn the formation of these compounds the starting point is not\\nthe radicals, but their hydrates, the alcohols. When an alcohol\\nis oxidized with a limited supply of oxygen, two atoms of hydro-\\ngen are removed and no oxygen is added. This forms the alde-\\nhyde, thus\\nMethyl Methyl\\nAlcohol. Aldehyde.\\nCH3HO O CH 2 H 2 0.\\nIf there is a full oxidation, an atom of oxygen takes the place of\\nthe two atoms of hydrogen removed, and forms the corresponding\\nacid, as\\nMethyl Formic\\nAlcohol. Acid.\\nCH 3 HO 2 CH 2 2 H 2 0.\\nIn the formation of aldehydes and acids the radical supplies\\npart of the hydrogen removed and loses its identity. As part of\\nthe hydrogen in an acid forms the positive radical it is written\\nfirst e. g., formic acid is written HCH0 2 (rational formula) in-\\nstead of CH 2 (X (empirical formula). The various other com-\\npounds of these radicles are called ethers the oxides being called\\nsimple ethers, the others compound ethers. They are generally\\nformed by treating the appropriate alcohol with the appropriate\\nacid.\\nA Ketone is an organic compound consisting of the unsaturated\\nradicle CO united to two univalent radicles, as in (CH 3 2 CO,\\ndimethylketone, commonly called aceto?ie.\\nMethyl Alcohol (CH 3 HO), the so-called wood spirit, wood\\nnaphtha, wood alcohol, or pyroligneous spirit, is obtained from the\\ndestructive distillation of wood; it does not exist in nature.\\nWhen pure it resembles ordinary alcohol in its properties and\\nphysiological action, but the commercial article has a disagreeable\\nodor and taste from the presence of tarry matters, etc. It is not\\nused in medicine, but is employed widely in the arts as a substi-\\ntute for ordinary alcohol, which, though cheaper to manufacture,\\ncannot be sold as cheaply because of the tax imposed on alcoholic", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0151.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "146 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nbeverages. In England ordinary alcohol is relieved of this tax\\nand made available to the arts by mixing with it 10 per cent, of\\ncommercial methylic alcohol, which makes it unfit to drink.\\nEthyl alcohol, C 2 H 5 HO, also called spirits of wine, vinic alco-\\nhol and alcohol, is obtained in the spirituous fermentation of sev-\\neral varieties of sugar, such as grape-sugar, maltose, etc.\\nGlucose. Alcohol. Carbon dioxide.\\nC 6 H 12 6 2C 2 H 5 HO 2C0 2\\nLiquids (wines, etc.), containing alcohol, have been known and\\nused as beverages from the remotest antiquity.\\nFrom these the alcohol is separated by distillation, for being\\nmore volatile than the water it passes over first. 815 Commercial\\nalcohol always contains water, and when pure, or absolute alco-\\nhol is required, the commercial article is mixed with some sub-\\nstance, which is very avid of water (as quick lime), and then again\\ndistilled. Ethyl alcohol may also be obtained experimentally from\\nethyl chloride (C 2 H 5 C1), bromide (C 2 H 5 Br), or iodide (C 2 H 5 I),\\nby replacing the halogen with HO. This is best accomplished\\nby the agency of freshly precipitated silver oxide and water (prac-\\ntically silver hydrate) in the presence of heat, thus C 2 H 5 Br\\nAgHO C 2 H 5 HO AgBr.\\nAlcohol is a light, colorless liquid of a pleasant, pungent odor\\nand burning taste. It has great affinity for water, which fact\\nprobably accounts for its preserving animal tissues and coagulat-\\ning the albuminoids. At minus 194 F. it is a thick liquid and at\\nminus 266 F. a solid white mass. It boils at 173. 6\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nTest for Parity. Absolute alcohol is soluble without turbidity\\nin a small amount of benzene. If 3 per cent, or of more water is\\npresent in the alcohol cloudiness appears on adding the benzene.\\nAnalyses for traces of alcohol in a solution are best made by\\noxidizing the alcohol into an aldehyde, or by converting the alco-\\n815 Alcohol. Distil some wine in apparatus shown in Fig. 26 [side neck\\ntest-tube distilling apparatus] and test distillate for alcohol by odor, taste and\\niodoform test.", "height": "4612", "width": "3040", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0152.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 47\\nhol, by means of dilute KHO (or NaHO) and iodine, into iodo-\\nform. 16\\nIt is largely used in the arts and in pharmacy, principally as a\\nsolvent and also in the manufacture of various substances, as\\nvinegar, chloral, chloroform, iodoform, ether, etc. as a fuel when\\na hot and smokeless flame is needed and as a menstruum in\\nthe preparation of tinctures and spirits. Alcoholic solutions of\\nfixed medicinal substances are called tinctures those of vola-\\ntile principles, spirits. Alcohol is used in many forms and of\\nvarious degrees of concentration. Absolute alcohol is rarely em-\\nployed, except in chemical analyses. Alcohol, U. S. P., is the\\nordinary rectified spirit, and contains 91 per cent, of alcohol.\\nAlcohol dilulum, U. S. P., diluted alcohol, is made by mixing\\nwater and alcohol equal parts. Spiritus frumenti, U. S. P.,\\nwhisky, and spiritus vini gallici, U. S. P., brandy, are obtained by\\ndistillation the former from fermented grain, and the latter from\\nfermented grape juice. They contain about 50 per cent, of\\nalcohol. Both are colored by the addition of caramel (burnt\\nsugar). Their flavor is due to small quantities of other alcohols,\\nproduced in the fermentation, and to certain ethers formed from\\nthese alcohols, especially as the liquor ages. A large class of\\nalcoholic beverages are made by fermenting various liquids con-\\ntaining sugar or some substance capable of conversion into sugar.\\nBeer, ale and porter are infusions of malted grain fermented\\nand flavored with hops. They, therefore, contain the soluble\\nconstituents of the grain. Their alcoholic strength is about 5 per\\ncent. Wines are prepared by allowing grape juice to ferment.\\nVarious wines are used but the pharmacopoeia recognizes only\\ntwo classes, White and Red, each with an alcoholic strength of 10\\nto 14 per cent. Cider is the fermented juice of the apple and\\ncontains about 5 per cent, of alcohol. It is very prone to acetous\\nfermentation and liable to produce colic and diarrhoea.\\n316 Warm the solution supposed to contain alcohol; add a few scales of\\niodine, and then caustic potash until the color is discharged. On cooling,\\nyellow scales of iodoform are deposited.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0153.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "148 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nAlcohol when concentrated abstracts water from the tissues\\nand coagulates their albuminoid constituents and is a poison.\\nIn full doses (always best with food) alcoholic liquors produce a\\nsense of warmth in the stomach, general comfort and exhilaration\\nfollowed by incoherence of ideas and impairment of muscular co-\\nordination.\\nTaken habitually, in any of its forms, it impairs the mental and\\nmoral force of its victim, and produces in the various organs,\\nespecially the liver and kidneys, the degenerative changes charac-\\nteristic of chronic alcoholism. It should never be taken in\\nhealth, but as a medicine it is the most valuable of stimulants.\\nIn cases of acute poisoning by alcohol, the stomach and bladder\\nshould be evacuated and the depression (coma) counteracted by\\nstrong coffee, the cold douche, and other stimulants.\\nTriiyl (propyl) alcohol and tetryl (butyl) alcohol need only to\\nbe mentioned here in fact, the only other alcohol of this series\\npossessing medical interest is pentyl alcohol.\\nAmyl alcohol, pentyl alcohol, C 5 H n HO, /z^/ oil, This is a\\nheavy liquid, soluble in alcohol but not in water, hence incor-\\nrectly called an oil. It is produced in fermentation of grain,\\npotatoes and other starchy substances, and is the most deleterious\\nimpurity in common whisky, before it has undergone the refining\\nprocess (rectification). It has a penetrating, disagreeable odor,\\nresembling that of mean whisky. Although not fragrant itself,\\nits ethers, when dissolved in ethyl alcohol, have the taste and\\nodors of various fruits, and are used in the preparation of artificial\\nessences. 317\\nSulphur alcohols or mercaptans. It was noted in discussing the\\nsulphur group (inorganic) that sulphur had the faculty, in a marked\\ndegree, of playing the same roles as oxygen and forming analo-\\ngous compounds. The sulphur alcohols and ethers are strong\\nsmelling, irritating bodies, some of which are derived from ani-\\n;sl7 To a half drachm of fusel oil in a test-tube add some sodium acetate,\\nand a few drops of sulphuric acid. Warm the mixture, and the pentyl (amyl)\\nacetate, essence of pear will be recognized by its odor.", "height": "4604", "width": "3064", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0154.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 49\\nmals and plants, g., ichthyol and the oils of garlic and mustard.\\nEthyl mercoptcui is ethyl sulphydrate, C 2 H 5 HS, a volatile liquid\\nwith a powerful odor of garlic Sulphonal, a white, tasteless\\npowder and valuable hypnotic is derived indirectly from it.\\nETHERS. An ether is an oxide of a hydrocarbon radical, for\\nexample, CH 3 s O here it is noticed that O being bivalent, must\\nunite with two molecules of the univalent methyl. These two\\nmolecules methyl) being alike, (CH 3 2 (di-methyl oxide) is a\\nsimple ether. Where the two hydrocarbon radicals are unlike, it\\nis a mixed ether, as (CH 3 ,C,H 5 O (methyl ethyl oxide). Other\\ncompounds (except hydrates and oxides) of hydrocarbon radicles\\nare called compound ethers, as CELXO,, C.H-C1, (C 5 H 11 )C. 2 H ,0_,\\nand CHaCoH-SO^, in which hydrocarbon radicals are made to dis-\\nplace the hydrogen of nitric, hydrochloric, acetic and sulphuric\\nacids respectively. The simple and mixed ethers (oxides; are\\ngenerally made by dehydrating the appropriate alcohols with\\nsome suhstances very avid of water, as sulphuric acid, and dis-\\ntilling the resulting ether. The compound ethers generally, may\\nbe made by treating the appropriate alcohol with the appropriate\\nacid, and distilling off the ether produced in the reaction.\\nEthyl Ether (C 2 H 5 2 0, Diethyl Oxide, Ether, U. S. P. It is\\nformed by abstracting H 2 from alcohol, usually by means of\\nsulphuric acid, 31 and hence often given the misnomer, sulphuric\\nether.\\nThe reaction is as follows C 2 H 5 HO rHoSO^CHJiSO^-HoO\\nand then again, QH 5 HSO, C 2 H 5 HO (C 2 H 5 2 H 2 S0 4\\nTo manufacture ether: Take of ethyl alcohol 1^80 to 90 per\\ncent.) five, parts of sulphuric acid, 9 parts mix, and warm in a\\nflask w 7 ith a condenser connection. A thermometer passes\\nthrough a cork and into the liquid. When the temperature has\\nreached 284\u00c2\u00b0 F., pour slowly more alcohol into the flask through\\n318 Into a large test-tube pour alcohol and half as much sulphuric acid;\\nwarm, and note the odor of ether evolved. Xext adapt a cork with delivery\\ntube and slowly distil the ether into a cool test-tube. By adding more alco-\\nhol the operation may be repeated again and again.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0155.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "150 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\na second tube, opening through the cork. Keep the temperature\\nat 284 The ethyl-sulphate produced in the beginning reacts\\nat 284 upon the alcohol as it enters, forming sulphuric acid\\nand ether, which latter distils over with the water formed in the\\nreaction. The distillate is a mixture of ether, water and alcohol.\\nShake with soda to get rid of the acid. The lighter layer of ether\\nis siphoned off and distilled over lime. The alcohol is removed\\nby distilling over sodium, un il hydrogen is no longer evolved.\\nThe sulphuric acid, being unaltered in the reaction, a small quan-\\ntity is capable of converting a large amount of alcohol into ether\\nin fact, the process might go on indefinitely but for the acid be-\\ncoming so diluted with the water derived from the alcohol as\\nto finally stop the reaction.\\nEther is a colorless, very volatile liquid of a very peculiar odor*\\ncalled ethereal and is highly inflammable. It burns easily, and\\nits vapor mixed with air or oxygen explodes when ignited. 819 So\\nether should never be used near, especially above, a flame. Ether\\nis a valuable solvent, and as it evaporates very rapidly, it is used\\nto produce cold. 820 But its chief use in medicine is as an anaes-\\nthetic, the vapor being inhaled. Being less liable to paralyze the\\nnerve centers, it is safer than chloroform. As a solvent of carbon\\ncompounds, such as fats, resins, etc., it has a very extended use.\\nCommercial ether contains 94 per cent, of ether and is only\\nemployed as a solvent.\\nTest for purity of ether Water in ether is detected by a\\nturbidity when the ether is shaken with an equal volume of CS 2\\nAlcohol is detected by shaking with aniline violet which, if\\nalcohol is present, causes a coloring of the ether.\\nEthyl chloride C 2 H 5 C1, hydrochloric ether, must not be con-\\nfounded with the so-called chloric ether, which is an alcoholic\\nsolution of chloroform.\\n319 Put a drachm of ether in a dish and apply a flame. The vapor, having\\nmixed with air, explodes; the rest of the ether burns rapidly.\\n320 Set a test-tube of water in a beaker of ether. Blow air briskly through\\nthe ether; the water will freeze.", "height": "4600", "width": "3056", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0156.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 151\\nEthyl bromide C 2 H 5 Br, hydrobromic ether, a valuable anaes-\\nthetic, but not much used. It is of great importance to have a\\npure article for internal use, since with an impure one alarming\\nafter-effects have occurred- Externally, ethyl bromide is useful\\nas a spray in neuralgia.\\nEthyl nitrite C 2 H 5 N0 2 nitrous ether If nitric acid is treated\\nwith copper or starch it loses part of its oxygen, and is converted\\ninto nitrous acid (HN0 2 If alcohol also is added it is\\nattacked by the nascent nitrous acid and converted into nitrous\\nether and water, 321 thus C 2 H 5 HO HN0 2 C 2 H 5 N0 2 H 2 0.\\nNitrous ether is a yellowish liquid of an apple-like odor and\\nsweetish taste. It is inflammable and is exceedingly volatile. It\\nis used diluted with alcohol, forming the spiritus etheris nitrosi,\\nU. S. P., commonly called sweet spirits of nitre.\\nPentyl nitrite C 5 H n N0 2 Called commonly amy I nitrite.\\nMade like ethyl nitrite except that pentyl alcohol (fusel oil) is\\nused. 32 Nitrite of arnyl is a volatile, oily liquid of peculiar odor,\\nresembling that of bananas and is unstable. It is given by inha-\\nlation, especially in angina pectoris, asthma, syncope, tetanus,\\nepilepsy, etc. It is the antidote to cocaine. Put up in glass tubes\\nand given in doses of two to four drops in brandy, or one to\\nthree drops by inhalation on the handkerchief. Amyl nitrite is\\nso volatile that it is almost impossible to keep it in stoppered\\nbottles without loss, especially in warm weather or where it is\\noften agitated.\\nALDEHYDES. These constitute the first step in the oxida-\\ntion of alcohols to acids, viz. the removal of hydrogen hence\\nthe name. Since nothing has taken the place of the hydrogen\\nremoved, they are unsaturated and very prone to change, especially\\nto take on oxygen and form acids. The lower aldehydes are\\nvolatile liquids, having a peculiar odor the higher are solids.\\n321 Nitrous Ether. Distil a mixture of 1 Cc. of H. 2 S0 4 and 2 Cc. of HN0 3\\nand 10 Cc. of alcohol, and note odor of ethyl nitrite m the distillate.\\n322 Amy I Acetate. Distil a mixture of 2 Gm. of sodium acetate, 5 Cc. of\\namyl alcohol and 2 Cc. of H 2 S0 4 and note pear-like odor of amyl acetate.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0157.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "152 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nMethyl Aldehyde (CH 2 0), commonly called formaldehyde, is\\nmade by the oxidation of methyl alcohol. It is of great practical\\nas well as theoretical interest, for besides being a valuable re-\\nducing agent, it is a most powerful antiseptic and preservative,\\nespecially of the albuminoids, which it attacks, even in vapor,\\nwith great avidity, making them insoluble, imputrescible and even\\nindigestible. A 40 per cent, solution of it is sold under the\\nname of formaline, for preserving and hardening anatomical\\nspecimens.\\nEthyl Aldehyde, C 2 H 4 0, acetic aldehyde, or simply aldehyde,\\nmade by the partial oxidation of ethyl alcohol, 323 is a colorless,\\nvolatile, acid liquid of a pungent, disagreeable odor and taste. It\\nis hungry for oxygen and therefore a powerful deoxidizer. 32\\nParaldehyde is a modified or polymeric form of aldehyde, its\\nformula being C 6 H 12 3 instead of C 2 H 4 0. It is produced by the\\naction of small quantities of an acid on ethyl aldehyde, slight\\nheat being employed. Paraldehyde is a colorless liquid, and a\\nhypnotic, anti-spasmodic stimulant and exhibits some diuretic\\nproperties. It has none of the depressing effects of chloral, nor\\nthe unpleasant after-effects of morphine, the chief objection to its\\nuse being its odor and taste.\\nChloral. If chlorine displaces three atoms of hydrogen in\\nethyl aldehyde, it forms tri-chlor- aldehyde, or chloral (C 2 HC1 3 0),\\na colorless, heavy liquid. With a molecule of water, this forms a\\nwhite crystalline solid, called chloral hydrate, having a pungent\\nbut an agreeable odor and taste. Warmed with an alkali, it\\ndecomposes thus\\nChloral. Sod. Formate Chloroform.\\nC 2 HC1 3 NaHO NaCH0 2 CHC1 3\\nLiebreich thought this reaction would occur in the warm alka-\\n323 To a little bichromate and sulphuric acid mixture in a test-tube, add a\\nlittle alcohol; or hold a hot glass rod in a beaker containing a little ether.\\nThe peculiar, pungent odor is that of aldehyde.\\n324 To 2 Cc. of aldehyde in a test-tube add a weak solution of ammonio-\\nnitrate of silver; the silver salt is deoxidized (reduced) and the metallic\\nsilver deposits on the sides of the vessel, forming a mirror.", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0158.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "PART n. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 53\\nline blood and the sedative action of chloroform be obtained.\\nHe mistook as to this, but found chloral hydrate a valuable\\nhypnotic dose, grains 5 to 20. The chloral habit is difficult to\\ncure. In overdoses, chloral is a poison, and cases are multiplying\\nas its powers become better known. No chemical antidote.\\nEvacuate the stomach, give stimulants, and maintain the respira-\\ntion and bodily warmth. Chloral hydrate prevents decomposition\\nand is therefore a good preservative of animal tissue.\\nCroton Chloral, chloral butylicum, is a crystalline body, re-\\nsembling chloral. Its action is much feebler than that of chloral.\\nThe dose is about the same.\\nAcetone or di- methyl ketone, C 3 H 6 0. Acetone is a typical mem-\\nber of a class known as ketones, produced in various reactions, but\\nespecially in destructive distillation. Acetone is a colorless, in-\\nflammable liquid of a fragrant, mint-like odor and a sharp, biting\\ntaste. It is given in doses of from 5 to 15 drops, in water, as an\\nalterative and anthelmintic. In acute alcoholism and in certain\\nfevers, but more especially in the latter stages of diabetes meilitus,\\nacetone appears in the blood (acetonaemia), and is attended with\\nlowered temperature, and pulse-rate and general depression, until\\nthe patient finally dies in coma.\\nORGANIC ACIDS. These are, in general, the products of the\\ncomplete oxidation of certain alcohols. But many of them, be-\\ning discovered long before this relation to the alcohols was known,\\nwere given names that refer, not to the alcohols from which they\\nare derived, but to some source, quality, use or fancied resem-\\nblance. For example, the oxidation-product of ethylic alcohol\\nbeing first found in vinegar (acetum), was, and is still, called acetic\\nacid, though ethylic acid would be a more appropriate name.\\nFormic Acid occurs in the red ant (formica ritfa hence its\\nname), in stinging- nettle and pine-needles. It is the oxidation\\nproduct of methyl alcohol, but it is best made by distilling a mix-\\nture of concentrated glycerine and dry oxalic acid. It is a color-\\nless liquid with a very sour taste.\\nAcetic Acid. HC 2 H 3 2 This is the acid of vinegar. Formed\\n11", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0159.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "154 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nin a great many reactions, but made mainly by the destructive\\ndistillation of wood, or by the oxidation of ordinary alcohol. If\\nwine, cider, or other alcoholic liquor is exposed to the air, a\\nfungus {my coder ma aceti) called mother of vinegar forms on\\nthe surface and acts as an oxygen carrier, and the alcohol is con-\\nverted into acetic acid, thus\\nC 2 H 5 HO 2 HC 2 H 8 2 H 2 0.\\nA more rapid process is to pass the alcohol through barrels\\nfilled with beech shavings covered with mother of vinegar.\\nAcetic acid is a colorless liquid, of a pungent, sour taste and\\nsmell. When free from water (glacial) it crystallizes at tempera-\\ntures below 6o\u00c2\u00b0 F. Acetic acid in dilute solution (vinegar) is\\nmuch used for domestic purposes. For medicinal use the crude\\nvinegar is purified by distillation, forming acidum aceticum\\ndilutum, U. S. P.\\nAs all the acetates are soluble, their best test is to add a strong\\nacid and recognize by its odor, the acetic acid set free. 825\\nButyric (te try lie) Acid occurs in rancid butter, human per-\\nspiration, faeces, etc., and pathologically in urine, sputum, etc.\\nIt is formed by the oxidation of tetryl alcohol, but is best made by\\nfermentation of a mixture of sugar, cheese and chalk calcium\\nbutyrate being formed, from which the acid can easily be ob-\\ntained on adding sulphuric acid and distilling. It is a colorless\\nliquid with the odor of rancid butter.\\nValerianic (pentylic) Acid was first obtained (and named) from\\nvalerian root, but is now made artificially by oxidizing amyl\\n(pentyl) alcohol with sulphuric acid and potassium bichromate/ 26\\nIt is a thin oily liquid, of a sour taste and disagreeable and per-\\nsistent odor of rotten cheese or rats nests.\\nFat Acids. Of this series of organic acids, the higher members,\\nH25 Test for acetic acid. To a strong solution of an acetate add H 2 S0 4 and\\na little alcohol. Warm and note fragrant odor of ethyl acetate.\\n;r26 Valerianic acid. Distil (Fig. 26 [side neck test-tube, etc.]) a mixture\\nof 10 Gm. of K 2 Cr 2 7 1 Cc. of H 2 S0 4 and 4 Cc. of amyl alcohol. Redistil the\\ndistillate and note odor, etc., of valerianic acid.", "height": "4572", "width": "3008", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0160.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 155\\nsuch as Palmitic Stearic, together with Oleic (which belongs to\\nanother series), exist in most of the natural fats which are\\ncompound ethers of various hydrocarbon radicles, especially\\nGlyceryl (C 3 H 5 with the above-mentioned and other fat-acids. 327\\nThe natural fats are generally a mixture of several fats. Those\\ncontaining mostly oleate of glyceryl (olein) are liquid those\\ncontaining the palmitate or stearate are solid at ordinary\\ntemperatures. So the cold-blooded animals have liquid fats\\n(largely olein) while warm-blooded, yield mostly the solid\\nfats. Many fats partially decompose and oxidize on exposure,\\nproducing free acids and becoming rancid. Especially is this\\ntrue of butter which, in addition to palmitine, stearine and other\\nfats, contains also a certain quantity of cheese-curds, etc. Oleo-\\nmargarine, or artificial butter, is made from purified fat (mainly\\npalmitine and oleine) by churning it in milk and adding some\\ncoloring. Drying oils are such as absorb oxygen from the air and\\nbecome resinous, e. g., linseed oil. The fats are fixed (not easily\\nvolatilized), insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, etc.\\nIf a metallic radicle is made to replace the positive (hydrogen)\\nradicle of the fat-acid, we obtain, especially with the higher mem-\\nbers of the series, a class of substances called soaps The\\nsoaps then are compounds of the metallic radicles with fat-acids.\\nThe soaps of the alkali-metals (K, Na, NH 4 etc.) are soluble and\\nconstitute the true and useful soaps. The soaps formed with the\\nother metallic radicals are insoluble, and are usually called\\nplasters lead plaster 882 is officinal. The curding of soluble\\nsoaps in hard water or water containing salts of metals other than\\n327 To 5 Cc. of soap solution add HC1, and note the separation of oily\\nglobules of fat acids.\\nPlasters. Add to successive portions of a soap solution and water\\n328 MgS0 4 and note white precipitate of magnesium soap.\\n329 FeS0 4 and note greenish precipitate of ferrous soap.\\n330 FeCL and note brown precipitate of ferric soap.\\n331 CuS0 4 and note blue precipitate of copper soap.\\n331 Pb(C 2 H 3 2 2 and note white precipitate of lead soap.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0161.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "i56\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\n.5 \u00c2\u00abj J\u00c2\u00ab\\na gp\\n^s\\nU G rt\\nSo 3\\nO C rt\\no\\nG rt\\n(A O O\\na s\\nrt 5 2\\nr-\u00c2\u00a3 _5\\nTJ -m\\n3J o r\\nR^,\\nX, ~-i yj m v\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00ba3 O PQ\\n3\\na\\nV4 (-i o rs\\nl 5 w o\\n2 U S3 H H\\nPQOPQ\\n-2 a .{2\\na\\nu o\\n\u00c2\u00a3q\\nC^ JH\\no o\\no o\\n23\\n5-1 v-\\nW) fcJO\\ni O T3\\nfc)\\nO ca O O\\n43 3\\nS ^5\\n0000 d 5q\\n43 *c3\\no S 013\\n1/1 73 w 43\\na ^3 +5 C43 u\\nrt n i; ro 72\\non 1a ^\u00c2\u00bbto T 1\\nui u rG w\\n11\\nl 3 c3 .s\\nS3 *S tm\\npqCM\\nvO 00 vO\\nLO00 w\\nfit!\\ncS cS\\nO 43\\nSo\\n5?\\nu\\ncoo 00\\noco\\n\u00c2\u00abC QO i-(\\nl_i_i hU hh ^G hh 3-1\\nJuud 9 u^ u\\nx a -1\\nffi K ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi K\\nuuuuuuWuu\\ns a\\nV\\ns\\no\\n.id 43\\nP-44 Ph\\ng 5-. fcj cs\\n^T3 _CJ\\n3\\ns a o 5", "height": "4608", "width": "3000", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0162.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 157\\nthe alkali-metals is due to the precipitation of insoluble soaps or\\nplasters. Soaps are made by the saponification of a fat with a\\ncaustic alkali. For example\\nStearine. Sodium Stearate. Glycerine.\\n(C 3 H 5 (C 18 H 35 2 3 3NaHO 3 XaC 18 H 35 2 C 3 H 5 (HO) 3\\nWhen soap dissolves in cold water, it probably decomposes into an\\nacid salt which makes the soapsuds 3 1 and a small quantity of\\nfree alkali which does the cleaning by dissolving and, to some\\nextent, by emulsifying by the fats.\\nMethene Series. This series of radicles is bivalent, so that\\ntheir alcohols or acids are diatomic or dibasic. Their alcohols\\nare unimportant except, perhaps, ethene alcohol or glycol\\nC 2 H 4 (HO) 2 which though of some chemical interest, has no\\npractical application in medicine. Most of the acids of this\\nseries are Diatomic or Dibasic,\\nOxalic Acil, H 2 C 2 4 occurs in many plants, mainly as potas-\\nsium binoxalate, especially in the sorrel (oxalis) grasses, and in\\nthe animal economy appearing in the urine, occasionally forming\\ncalculi of calcium oxalate. It is largely and cheaply made from\\nsugar or saw-dust by the oxidizing action of nitric acid or caustic\\nalkalies. It is a crystalline solid and closely resembles Epsom\\nsalts, for which it is sometimes taken by mistake. It is a power-\\nful irritant poison and being cheap and largely used for removing\\nink- stains, cleaning copper, etc., poisoning by oxalic acid is by no\\nmeans rare. Its best antidote is chalk or some ether compound\\nof calcium, with which it forms a very insoluble compound. Its\\nbest test is some calcium solution, as chloride, forming a white\\nprecipitate insoluble in acetic but soluble in hydrochloric acid.\\n333 HgCl 2 and note white precipitate of mercuric soap.\\n334 Lather. Pour 1 Cc. of soap solution into some soft water in a test-\\ntube; shake and note lather.\\n33i Lime soap. Next add CaCl 2 and shake; note no lather, but a curd of\\nlime soap.\\n336 Softening hard water. To a portion of soap solution add XaXO s and\\nthen CaCl 2 Shake and note that CaC0 3 is precipitated and a lather forms.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0163.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "158 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nLactic Acid, H 2 C 3 H 4 Q3 {lactis, of milk) This is the acid of\\nsour milk, where it is formed by the fermentation of the sugar of\\nmilk through the agency of the casein. It is also formed in the\\nbody by the decomposition of glucose, thus\\nC 6 H 12 6 2H 2 C 3 H 4 3\\nIt is a syrupy liquid, of a very sour taste.\\nSuccinic Acid, H 2 QH 6 4 is found in amber (succinum),\\nlignite, resins, and in certain animal fluids. When fats are oxidized\\nwith nitric acid, succinic acid is formed. It is now usually made\\nby fermenting malic acid.\\nColorless, odorless prisms, soluble and with an acrid taste used\\nas an anti-spasmodic and diuretic.\\nMalic Acid, H 2 C 4 H 4 5 (malum, an apple\\\\ exists in many sour\\nfruits and plants, as apples, cherries and garden rhubarb, but may\\nbe made artificially from succinic acid. The acid and its salts\\nare mostly soluble.\\nTartaric Acid, H 2 C 4 H 4 6 or H 2 T. Tartrates exist in the juices\\nof many fruits. Grape juice contains much acid tartrate of potas-\\nsium (KHT), which, being very insoluble in an alcoholic men-\\nstruum, is precipitated on the sides of the cask whenever the wine\\nferments. This forms argol, the principal source of cream of tar-\\ntar and tartaric acid. Tartaric acid forms colorless crystals, very\\nsoluble, and of a sharp, agreeable, sour taste.\\nIt is used in the manufacture of baking powders, in Seidlitz\\npowder, and in effervescent drinks.\\nCitric Acid is closely related to tartaric acid in its sources pro-\\nperties and uses, but it is triatomic or tribasic. It exists in the\\njuices of many fruits, especially the lemon. Forms colorless crys-\\ntals which are very soluble, and possess a sour taste. Many of\\nits salts are used in medicine.\\nMethenyl Series. These are trivalent radicles, and form tria-\\ntomic alcohols and acids. The most important member of the\\nseries is tritenyl, C 3 H 5 sometimes called propenyl, and more\\ncommonly glyceryl. Its alcohol is", "height": "4608", "width": "3000", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0164.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 159\\nGlycerine, ox glycerol, C 3 H 5 (HO) 3 Being made from fats, in\\nthe manufacture of soaps and candles, it has been called (Scheele,\\n1779) the sweet principle of fats but it has no chemical anal-\\nogy with those ethers, since it is the hydrate of tritenyl, and\\ntherefore an alcohol. Glycerine is produced in the saponification\\nof fats, whereby the fats are broken up into fat acids and glycerol,\\nthus\\nTritenyl Stearate. Sodium Stearate. Glycerol.\\n(QH 5 (C 18 H 82 2 )s 3NaHO 3 NaC 18 H S5 2 C 3 H 5 (HOj 3\\nIt is a colorless, odorless, sweet, viscid liquid, avid of water, neu-\\ntral in reaction, soluble in all proportions in water and in alcohol,\\nand a solvent of a great many mineral and organic substances,\\nthe solutions being called glycerites. On account of its hygro-\\nscopic property, it has a wide scope of usefulness in therapeutics\\nas a laxative, as a depletant and emollient.\\nTritenyl Nitrate, C 3 H 5 (N0 3 3 usually called nitroglycerine.\\nWhen glycerine is added drop by drop to a mixture of equal\\nvolumes of strong nitric and sulphuric acid, until the glycerine\\nno longer dissolves, and the liquid is then poured into water,\\nnitroglycerine separates as a colorless, heavy, oily-looking sub-\\nstance of a peculiar odor and sweet taste. It is a powerful ex-\\nplosive, and to prevent its accidental explosion on percussion, it\\nis usually mixed with some inert dry powder, as silica, sawdust or\\npowdered charcoal, and sold as dynamite or giant powder. Ni-\\ntroglycerine is much used in medicine (dose, t -J-q gr.) as a pow-\\nerful and quick heart stimulant.\\nPhenol, phenyl alcohol (hydroxybenzene), C 6 H 5 HO, is gener-\\nally called Carbolic Acid, also phenic, or phenylic, acid called\\nan acid because it combines with bases to form salts, the carbo-\\nlates, or phenates. It belongs in the class of benzene, or aromatic\\nalcohols.\\nCarbolic acid is formed in a number of reactions, but the com-\\nmercial article is obtained exclusively from coal tar. It has a\\nstrong, disagreeable odor; stains skin and mucous membranes\\nwhite by coagulating their albumin and is a corrosive poison.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0165.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "l6o ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nCare should be exercised in its local application over large sur-\\nfaces, even in dilute solution, especially on infants, as poisoning\\nmay occur by absorption. Injections of carbolic acid are used\\nto abdrt boils and carbuncles and also in the treatment of hemor-\\nrhoids and many fatalities are recorded. Antidote any soluble\\nsulphate as MgS0 4 then albumin (milk, egg, etc.) in abundance;\\nbut the most efficient antidote has recently been found to be al-\\ncohol. For burns by carbolic acid, glycerine is an excellent\\nremedy.\\nSulphocarbolates. Carbolic acid will unite with sulphuric acid\\nand form sulphocarbolic acid, C 6 H 5 HS0 4 (phenyl-bisulphate)\\nfrom which are formed the sulphocarbolates, a class of astringent,\\nantiseptic salts, much used in medicine.\\nResorcin, C 6 H 4 (HO) 2 closely related to phenol, but a stronger\\nantiseptic and much less poisonous. It is obtained from various\\nresins or prepared from benzene.\\nCreasoteis a complex mixture obtained from wood-tar closely\\nallied to carbolic acid in its properties and uses, but may be\\nreadily distinguished from it by being insoluble in glycerine.\\nThe best creosote is obtained from beech-wood. It is a colorless,\\nor faintly yellow, oily liquid, of a characteristic odor and caustic,\\nburning taste. It is at present a popular remedy in pulmonary\\ntuberculosis, and has long been used as a sedative and astringent\\nin vomiting and diarrhoea, and as a local anaesthetic. Large\\ndoses are poisonous and the antidote is the same as for carbolic\\nacid.\\nGuaiacol is a constituent of creasote and is prepared from it\\nby fractional distillation. It is a colorless, limpid, oily liquid of\\na characteristic, aromatic odor and taste; extensively used in\\ntuberculosis, both pulmonary and intestinal. Guaiacol carbonate\\nis better adapted for internal medication, since it is neutral, odorless\\nand tasteless, and therefore less irritating. Dose, 2 to 5 grains\\ngradually increased to a drachm or more a day. Both guaiacol\\nand its carbonate must be given for quite a time in tuberculosis\\nbefore their full effects are obtained.", "height": "4608", "width": "3012", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0166.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. l6l\\nCresol occurs in several modifications in coal-tar, creasote,\\nphenol, etc., and is also made artificially. Though more power-\\nfully antiseptic than phenol, it is much less caustic and poisonous.\\nUnder the trade names of creolin, lysol, etc., it is sold for\\ndomestic use as an antiseptic.\\nSalol is phenyl salicylate, C 6 H 5 C 7 H 5 3 and is an ether. It is\\na white powder, tasteless and insoluble in neutral and acid media,\\nbut in the presence of the fixed alkalies it breaks up into phenol\\naud a salicylate. 337 When taken, it passes through the stomach\\nunchanged, to be decomposed and made available in the bile and\\nintestines hence used as an intestinal antiseptic and antirheu-\\nmatic.\\nSalophen resembles salol in its physical, chemical and physio-\\nlogical properties and therapeutic uses.\\nSaccharin is a white powder, slightly soluble in water, but at\\nleast 200 times as sweet as sugar, from which its name is derived.\\nIt has no chemical analogy to the sugars, but is closely related to\\nthe phenols. It is used as a substitute for sugar in sweetening,\\nbut has the disadvantage of disturbing digestion.\\nBenzoic Acid. HC 7 H 5 2 occurs in benzoin, from which it may\\nbe sublimed in silky needles slightly soluble in water and of\\na pleasant, balsamic odor/ 38 Much is now made from hippuric\\nacid, obtained from the urine of herbivorous animals but such\\nbenzoic acid has a urinous odor. It is made industrially by\\nthe oxidation of benzene. Is given in doses of 15 grains, as an\\nexpectorant and as an antiseptic in cystitis, its presence in the\\nurine destroying the germs of the alkaline fermentation. This\\nand the following acids belong the class of Aromatic Acids.\\nPicric or Carbazotic Acid is trinitro-phenol, C 6 H 2 (N0 2 3 HO,\\nu e. 9 phenol in which three molecules of (N0 2 have replaced\\n337 Salol 7 est, U. S. P. Warm 1 Grn. of salol with liq. potassse enough to\\ndissolve it; supersaturate with HC1, and note the precipitation of silky needles\\nof salicylic acid, and the odor of phenol.\\n338 Benzoic acid. Warm a small lump of benzoin in a test-tube, and note\\nsublimate (needles) of benzoic acid.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0167.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "1 62 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nthree atoms of hydrogen and is made by treating phenol with\\nnitric acid. 339 It crystallizes in a yellow powder slightly soluble\\nin water and is much used as a dye. If warmed carefully it may\\nbe sublimed, but if heated suddenly, explodes with violence. It\\nbehaves as a monobasic acid, and its salts are mostly solid yellow,\\ncrystalline bodies, some of which are: used in medicine. Vast\\nquantities are now used in the manufacture of explosives, as\\nlyddite. It may be recognized by its bitter taste and yellow\\ncolor by its coagulating albumin and peptone and by a blood-\\nred with glucose and a dilute alkali.\\nSalicylic Acid (monobasic). Formerly prepared from salicin,\\nbut now made by a patented process from carbolic acid. A very\\npure acid is obtained from oil of wintergreen, which consists\\nmainly of methyl-salicylate. 340\\nSalicylic acid is almost insoluble in cold water hence the\\nsodium salicylate is usually prescribed, which is also less irritat-\\ning, though not so bland as the corresponding strontium salt. It\\nhas antiseptic, antipyretic and antirheumatic properties and a\\nwide range of usefulness as an application in skin diseases. Test\\nintense violet with a ferric salt.\\nGallic Acid. When galls are moistened and exposed to the\\naction of the atmosphere, the tannin they contain is converted\\ninto gallic acid. It resembles tannin but does not precipitate\\ngelatin. So the gradual conversion of tannin into gallic acid inci-\\ndental to leather manufacture is a source of constant loss to the\\ntanners, since gallic acid does not tan.\\nPyrogallic Acid sublimes as white, feathery crystals when gallic\\nacid is heated. Combined with an alkali, it is used in gas-analysis\\n389 pi cr i c acid. Mix 5 Cc. of dilute nitric acid and 2 Cc. of carbolic acid\\nand let it cool; boil with 10 Cc. of strong HN0 3 for several minutes, adding\\nmore HN0 3 drop by drop, as long as carbolic acid floats on top. Finally\\ncast into 25 Cc. of cold water. Note the yellow crystals of picric acid, and\\nthat when they are dried and dropped into a fire they explode.\\n3,0 To 1 Cc. of oil of wintergreen in a test-tube add 5 Cc. of liq. potassae;\\nheat until saponification and solution is complete; add HC1 and note the\\nmass of silky, white crystals of salicylic acid.", "height": "4608", "width": "3004", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0168.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 63\\nto absorb oxygen in photography as a deoxidizer externally\\nin psoriasis and other skin diseases and also as hair-dye. Test\\na blue with ferrous and a red with ferric solutions.\\nThe Carbohydrates.\\nThese substances are closely related to the alcohols, being prob-\\nably aldehydes. They are called carbohydrates because they\\ncontain carbon (six or twelve atoms) and the hydrogen and oxy-\\ngen they contain are in the exact proportion to form water. They\\nconstitute the bulk of all plants. They are divided into three\\ngroups Amyloses, C 6 H 10 O 5 saccharoses, C 12 H 22 0n, and glucoses,\\nC 6 H 12 6\\nAMYLOSES, C 6 H 10 O 5 This class includes cellulose, gums,\\nstarch, dextrin and glycogen.\\nCellulose (cellulin, lignin) forms the cell-walls and tissues of\\nplants, and is a distinctive characteristic of the vegetable king-\\ndom. Woody fibre, cotton, linen and unsized paper are almost\\npure cellulose. It is insoluble in almost every 341 reagent except\\na solution of cupric oxide in ammonia-water. 3 5 Acids precipi-\\ntate it as a white mass. 346 Unsized paper dipped into moderately\\nstrong sulphuric acid, washed and dried, has its fibres aggluti-\\nnated, loses its porosity, becomes very tough, and is sold as arti-\\nficial parchment for dialyzers, diplomas, etc. Nitrocellulose or\\ngun-cotton, a powerful explosive, is cotton that has been\\ndipped into a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and then\\n841 Cellulose. Put bits of filter paper in three test-tubes.\\n342 To one add water and boil; no effect.\\n848 To the second add KHO solution; the fibres swell and become gelatinous.\\n844 To the third add H 2 S0 4 and note that it turns black.\\n345 To the fourth add cupric hydrate solution (made by dissolving Cu(HO) 2\\nin aqua ammonise), and note that the paper is dissolved.\\n8,6 To the solution add HC1 until the ammonia is neutralized and the deep\\nblue color discharged, and note that the cellulose is precipitated as a gelatinous\\nmass.\\n3i7 Artificial parchment. Immerse a sheet of filter paper in strong H 2 S0 4\\nfor about 15 seconds; wash thoroughly and dry. Note that the fibres have\\nbecome agglutinated and the paper made stronger.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0169.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "164 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nwashed and dried. Mixed with camphor and compressed it is\\ncelluloid. Its solution in ether, or in a mixture of alcohol and\\nether, is collodion\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 The flexible collodion contains a little\\nturpentine and castor oil the styptic collodion contains 20\\nper cent, of tannin.\\nGums are amorphous, odorless, tasteless, sticky substances\\nfound in many plants soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol.\\nSome, as gum-arabic, make clear solutions (mucilages) with\\nwater, while others, like gum-tragacanth, only swell up and form\\na paste.\\nStarch (amylum), the most important member of the carbo-\\nhydrates, and a valuable food, is found in the roots, 351 stems or\\nseeds 349 of all plants. Starch is a white powder consisting of\\ngranules formed of concentric layers, like an onion. 351 These\\ngranules all have a similar appearance, yet those from different\\nkinds of plants differ enough to enable one by microscopic\\nexamination to determine the source of any starch (Fig. 39).\\nWhen starch is boiled the granules swell and burst, casting starch\\ninto the water, appearing to dissolve 353 and forming mucilage of\\n348 Collodion. Immerse a pledget of absorbent cotton 15 minutes in a mixt-\\nure of 2 parts of strong H 2 S0 4 and 4 of HN0 3 wash thoroughly and dry.\\nNote that it burns with a flash, and is soluble in a mixture of ether and alcohol.\\n349 Starch. Grind some rice in a mortar, adding water from time to time,\\nand strain the milky fluid through a cloth. Separate the starch by subsidence\\nand decantation, and finally dry it on filter paper.\\n350 Granules. Mount a drop of the milky fluid above mentioned under a\\ncover glass on a slide for examination later, when the peculiar structure of the\\ngranules can be noted.\\n351 Starchy tissue. Mount a microtome section of potato, and note, under a\\npower of about 3C0 diameters, the granules arranged in cells, and that on ad-\\ndition of reagents, such as iodine, the granules are blued and the cell walls\\n(cellulose) unaffected. Note also the difference between potato and corn\\nstarch granules.\\n352 Starch Faste. (1) To 1 Gm. dry starch add KHO solution, and note\\nthat, even in the cold, the granules swell and the milky mixture becomes\\ntranslucent; and\\n353 (2) Boil another 1 Gm. of starch with plain water, and note same change.", "height": "4608", "width": "2984", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0170.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n165\\nstarch, 354 which is used for laundrying and for surgical dressings.\\nStarch is a very valuable food. Its best test is iodine, with\\nwhich it forms a blue, which is somewhat lost on heating and re-\\ngained on cooling. 55\\nDextrine is the gum used on postage stamps, and by book-\\nbinders, and is made from starch in various ways, one of which\\nFig. 39.\\nArrowroot.\\nIndian Corn.\\nPotato.\\nis to heat it to 300 F. for some hours. It is more soluble than\\nstarch, 360 and this explains the digestibility of crusts and toasted\\nbread. It gives no blue with iodine, but a reddish, or wine color/ 61\\n304 Dissolve a few drops of starch paste in water, and add a drop of iodine\\nsolution. Note blue color.\\nDivide this blue solution between four test-tubes.\\n355 Heat one and note that the blue color disappears, but re-appears on\\ncooling, unless heated so strongly that the iodine is drawn ff\\n356 To the second add KHO solution, and note the blue is discharged, but\\nis restored on adding HC1.\\n357 To the third add AgNO a solution, and note that the blue disappears.\\n153 To the fourth add HgCL solution, and note again that the blue\\ndisappears.\\n359 Filter some diluted starch paste, and nota that it still responds to the\\ntests for starch.\\n360 Dextrin. Take about I Gm. of commercial dextrin purchased by the\\ndemonstrator at the book-binder s. Add it to water, and note that it is\\nsoluble, sticky and sweet.\\n361 Add a drop of this solution to alcohol, and note that it falls as a white\\nprecipitate, dissolving again on addition of water. To some dextrin solution\\nadd iodine and note reddish (claret) color.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0171.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "1 66 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nGlycogen (generator of glucose) is a mealy, soluble powder\\nfound in the animal economy, especially in the liver. Like dex-\\ntrin it is a derivative of starch, but differs from it in being soluble\\nand giving only a wine-color with iodine. It seems to be the\\nform in which the carbohydrates are stored up in the liver to be\\nused by the system as necessity arises.\\nSACCHAROSES, C^H^On. This group includes cane-sugar,\\nmilk-sugar and maltose.\\nCane-sugar, beet-sugar, sucrose {saccharum U. S. P.) is found\\nchiefly in sugar cane and also in beet roots as w r ell as in sugar\\nmaple. Cane-sugar occurs in the juice of many plants, especially\\nin the stalks but in the fruit, unless very sweet, the glucoses occur\\noftener. Jt is made commercially as follows The sap of sugai\\ncane or the juice of beet-root is expressed by pressure or extracted\\nwith warm water and boiled with milk of lime, which saturates the\\nacids and precipitates the albuminoid substances. The juice is\\nthen saturated with carbon dioxide to precipitate the lime, filtered\\nthrough animal charcoal and concentrated in the Robert s\\nmachine. By further evaporation in vacuum pans a thick syrup\\nis obtained, and on cooling the solid sugar separates. This is raw\\nor unrefined sugar, which when purified with a pure sugar solu-\\ntion in a centrifugal machine becomes refined sugar. It is the\\nmost soluble, perfectly crystallizable and sweetest of the sugars,\\nand the one most used in domestic economy. Its aqueous solu-\\ntion is officinal as simple syrup (syrupus simplex). It does not\\nrespond to the tests for glucose. 362\\nMilk-sugar, as its name implies, occurs in milk, though occa-\\nsionally elsewhere, as in the liquor amnii of the cow and in certain\\npathological secretions. Prepared by evaporating whey until the\\nsugar crystallizes out, and is purified by repeated crystallization.\\nIt is harder, less soluble and less sweet than cane-sugar and used\\nH6i Cane Sugar, (a) Apply Fehling s test to a solution of cane-sugar, and\\nnote that there is no reduction.\\n363 (b) Boil with 5 per cent. H 2 S0 4 or HC1, and, after neutralizing the acid\\nwith an alkali test for the presence of glucose.", "height": "4600", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0172.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "TART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 167\\nin the trituration of medicines. 866 As it is less prone to fermenta-\\ntion than other sugars, it is preferred in infant feeding. On fer-\\nmentation, it forms lactic acid and not alcohol and acetic acid as\\ndo other sugars.\\nMaltose is a sugar formed by the action of malt diastase upon\\nstarch, as in the mash of whiskey and beer also produced by\\nthe action of animal ferments on glycogen. In its power to re-\\nduce Fehling s solution, 61 parts of maltose equal ioo of glucose.\\nGLUCOSES, C 6 H 12 6 Of this group we need mention only\\nglucose and laevulose.\\nGlucose, or grape-sugar, occurs in most sweet fruits, especially\\nin the grape, and in honey. It is the sugar of the animal\\neconomy and the one that appears in the urine in diabetes\\nmellitus. It is formed in nature largely by the action of acids and\\nferments 8,T_: 71 in conjunction with warmth and moisture on the\\namyloses, saccharoses, glucosides, etc., adding H 2 and breaking\\nup their more complex molecules, thus\\nStarch, water, glucose cane-sugar, water, glucose.\\nC 6 H ]0 O 6 H 2 C 6 H 12 6 and C 12 H. 22 O n H 2 2C 6 H ]2 6\\n64 (c) Heat it dry and note that it melts into a yellowish mass, barley-\\nsugar, and afterwards becomes brown caramel, with some glucose.\\n365 (d) Add H 2 S0 4 and KHO to successive portions of dry cane sugar and of\\nglucose, and note that the acid blackens the cane sugar first, and the alkali\\ndiscolors only the glucose.\\n66 Lactose. Taste it and dissolve it in w r ater, and note its sweet taste and\\nthat it responds to Fehling s and other tests for glucose.\\n167 Ferment. To successive portions of thin starch paste add (a) a few\\ncrushed grains of malt.\\n368 (b) Some saliva, obtained by chewing paraffine. Towards the end of the\\nhour note the sweet taste and test for glucose.\\n369 Diastase. To some starch paste in a test-tube add some commercial\\ndiastase, and set in water not too warm for the finger to be held in it indefi-\\nnitely. After a few minutes test for glucose.\\n370 Corn Syrup. Add 5 Cc. of H 2 SO to a beaker of thin starch paste,\\nand boil for an hour, or until a drop ceases to be blued by iodine. Add ex-\\ncess of marble-dust to neutralize the acid and filter. Note its sweet taste;\\ntest a portion for glucose; evaporate the rest to a syrup, and allow it to cool.\\nNote that it does so promptly and perfectly as cane-sugar.\\n371 Skirt-tail sugar. Let the demonstrator boil some rags with dilute\\n(5 per cent.) H 2 S0 4 for several hours, and at the laboratory hour neutralize\\nwith marble dust, filter and distribute to the students to test for glucose.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0173.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "1 68 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nVast quantities of glucose are made commercially by boiling\\namyloses, such as starch, 370 or even cellulose 371 with dilute sul-\\nphuric acid. Unless the cheap acid used be contaminated with\\nlead, arsenic, etc., this artificial glucose (corn-sugar) 370 is as val-\\nuable for food as the natural. Glucose is sometimes called dex-\\ntrose from its turning polarized light to the right. It is a strong\\nreducing agent, upon which fact depend most of its tests (for\\nthese tests see article on urine).\\nLaevulose occurs in fruits, etc. in association with glucose, and\\ndiffers from it in turning the ray of polarized light to the left\\n(hence its name). It may be obtained pure by separating it from\\nthe glucose of the invert-sugar made by heating cane-sugar with\\nacids.\\nGlucosides.\\nThis group includes a numerous class of substances, mainly of\\nvegetable origin, mostly soluble in water and in alcohol and\\nthough differing greatly among themselves, possessing one common\\nproperty, viz. When acted upon by a ferment or a dilute acid,\\nthey decompose, producing, among other things, glucose\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 Their\\nchemical constitution is not thoroughly understood, but probably\\nthey are ethers of glucose. They generally have marked physio-\\nlogical action, and are therefore the active principles of the drugs\\nin which they occur. Their names generally refer to their origin\\nand terminate with re -in A few of the most important are\\nAmygdalin, found in the bitter almond (amygdala), in the\\nleaves of cherry laurel, and in the seeds of peaches, cherries and\\nplums, associated with an albuminoid ferment, emulsin or synap-\\ntase, which in the presence of heat and moisture decomposes the\\namygdalin into hydrocyanic acid, benzaldehyde and glucose.\\nSalicin is the bitter principle in the bark of the willow (sa/ix).\\nIt has been employed as a substitute and adulterant of quinine,\\nfrom which it may be known by the blood-red it gives with sul-\\nphuric acid.\\n372 Boil I Gm. of salicin for 15 minutes in 10 Cc. of dilute (5 per cent.)\\nH 2 S0 4 and neutralize with excess of marble dust. Filter and test for glucose.", "height": "4600", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0174.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. I 69\\nTannin. This, in several varieties, constitutes the active prin-\\nciple of vegetable astringents. Having an acid reaction and\\ncombining with various bases, organic and inorganic, it is\\noften called tannic acid. With gelatin it forms an insoluble and\\nimputrescible compound hence used from time immemorial to\\ntan leather. It precipitates various metals, especially iron, with\\nwhich it forms a blue-black, much used in inks and dyes, and\\nmaking all vegetable astringents incompatible with solutions con-\\ntaining iron.\\nMyronic Acid exists in black mustard, associated with myrosin,\\nan albuminous ferment capable of converting the myronic acid\\ninto glucose and allyl sulphocyanate, to which latter the mustard\\nowes its virtue. Hot water, by coagulating this ferment, renders\\na mustard plaster inert.\\nIndican occurs in various plants, the indigofera; also in urine,\\nbeing derived from indol, a weak base produced by the pancreas\\nand taken up from the alimentary canal. It is a brownish, bitter,\\nsyrupy liquid, which, when fermented or treated with dilute acid,\\nforms indigo-blue and a kind of glucose.\\nOther important glucosides are Arbutin, cathartic acid, colo-\\ncynthin, digitalin, elate rin, gentia?iin, glycyrrhizin (from licorice),\\njalapin, santonin, saponin, solanin, etc.\\nBodies of the Arnmonia Type.\\nTaking the molecule of ammonia, NH 3 as a basis, and by substi-\\ntuting for one or more atoms of its hydrogen one or more organic\\nradicals or combinations of radicals, we can obtain a large num-\\nber of interesting and important substances and the number is\\nstill further increased by polymerism, i. e., the faculty of the\\nmolecules duplicating themselves, so that one set of compounds\\nmay be formed on the type of NH 3 and another on that of N 2 H 6\\nand so on. Many of these substances have trade names alluding\\nto some use or property, or in abbreviation of their chemical\\nnames, but their use is almost without excuse, as we have for them\\na very complete and systematic chemical nomenclature, the most\\n12", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0175.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "I70 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nsatisfactory, perhaps, in all chemistry. They bear the names of\\nthe radicals entering into their own composition, and end in\\n-amine when those radicals are electro-positive, or in -amide\\nwhen electro-negative and containing oxygen. For example\\nAmines\\nAmmonia. Ethylamine. Phenylamine. Trimethylamine.\\nH f C 2 H 5 (ethyl) C 6 H 5 (phenyl) f CH 3 (methyl)\\n3\\netc.\\nH f C 2 H 5 (ethyl) f QH 5 (phenyl) CH\\nn^h; n^ h n^ h; n ch,\\n(h (h (h (ch;\\nLike ammonia, these bodies are alkaline, and combine with acids\\nto form salts, appropriating instead of displacing their hydrogen,\\ne. g. NH 3 -f- HC1 NH 4 C1, ammonium chloride or ammonia hy-\\ndrochloride j in like manner NH a (C 2 H 5 )+HCl=NH a C 2 H B )HC1,\\nethylamine hydrochloride.\\nAmides\\nAmmonia\\nAcetamide.\\n(Amine).\\nC 2 H 3 (acetic rad.)\\nf H f H\\n1SN H; INN H\\nlH (C 2 I\\nAcetanilide.\\nCarbamide\\n(Phenyl Acetamide).\\n(Urea).\\nf H\\nf H\\nC 2 H 3\\nNJ H\\nC 6 H 5 (.phenyl)\\n1 co\\nAniline, 873 phenylamine, amidobenzene, made by the action\\n!C H 5 \u00c2\u00b0f nascent hydrogen (from HC1 and iron filings) on\\nH nitrobenzene. It is a colorless liquid, but its com-\\nH pounds, the aniline dyes, are coloring matters of great\\nbrilliancy. 374 376\\n373 Aniline from acetanilide. Crush together 1 Gm. each of NaHO and\\nacetanilide; warm in a test-tube until they coalesce. Then invert the test-\\ntube and continue heating as long as oily globules of aniline run out. Gather\\nthese in another test-tube and compare with the commercial article.\\nAcetanilide. Aniline. Sodium acetate.\\n(C,H 8 )NH(C 1 H 8 0)+NaHO=C 6 H ft NH 2 4-NaC J II s O J\\n374 Rosaniline. To about 2 Gm. of HgCl 2 add 3 drops of aniline, and warm\\nuntil it turns green and then purple. When cool, add a little alcohol and a\\ndrop or two of HC1. Stir into a beaker of water, and note the purple rosan-\\niline hydrochlorate.\\n375 Nitro aniline. Shake a drop of aniline in a test-tube of dilute H 2 S0 4\\nmix a few drops of this with a few drops of strong H 2 S0 4 in a porcelain dish,\\nand then add a trace of nitric acid, and note dark red color; a delicate test\\nfor nitric acid.", "height": "4572", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0176.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 171\\nWhen taken or inhaled, aniline is an active poison, but some of\\nits salts have found a place in therapeutics, especially the sulphate\\none grain doses for chorea and epilepsy.\\nTrimethylamine is sometimes confounded with propylamine.\\nr qh 3 It is a colorless, volatile alkaloid, with an ammoniacal,\\nN CH 3 fishy odor. It is found in many animal and vegetable\\nCH 3 substances, but is obtained from pickled herring. The\\nhydrochloride is the salt used. Dose, ten to fifteen grains.\\nAcetanilide. This is a derivative of aniline, in which the acetic\\n!C 6 H 5 radical, minus O, is made to displace an atom of\\nH hydrogen. A crystalline, odorless solid, slightly sol-\\nC 2 H 8 u ble in warm water, very soluble in alcohol made\\nby the action of glacial acetic acid on aniline. In doses of five\\nto ten grains, repeated every two or three hours, it is an antipy-\\nretic and sedative. It is said not to affect the healthy tempera-\\nture, but to rapidly lower a fever. Its copyright name is anti-\\nfebrin.\\nTest: a yellow-green color with a green fluorescence when\\nheated for some time with an equal weight of zinc chloride.\\nPhenacetine. The formula shows that this substance is closely\\n!C 6 H 4 O C 2 H- allied to acetanilide. A white crystalline\\nH powder, only slightly soluble in water. In\\nC 2 H 3 doses of fifteen grains it causes a fall of\\ntemperature and a profuse sweat. Its effect is more persistent,\\nand perhaps more dangerous than antipyrine, and may produce\\nsymptoms of aniline poisoning with hsemoglobinuria and jaundice,\\nespecially if an impure drug be used. Like acetanilide, it is used\\nas a substitute for iodoform on painful ulcers, relieving pain and\\npromoting healing.\\nAntipyrine, C n H 12 N 2 0, a derivative of the artificial alkaloid,\\nchinoline, is a white crystalline powder, soluble in water and in\\n376 Dissolve a few drops of this anilin in water in two test-tubes. To one\\nadd solution of chlorinated lime a purple color is produced; to the other\\nadd some sulphuric acid and potassium chromate mixture a blue color\\nappears.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0177.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "172 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nalcohol, of a slight tarry taste and odor. With nitrous acid, it forms\\na green precipitate, and is therefore incompatible with spirits of\\nnitrous ether. This green color is a test, not only for antipyrin,\\nbut for the presence as well of nitrous ether, e. g. 9 in any specimen\\nof sweet spirits of nitre. In doses of ten to fifteen grains it is\\na valuable antipyretic and anodyne. The hydrochloride is the\\nsalt used.\\nProteids.\\nThe name proteid is given to a numerous and varied class of\\nbodies in allusion to their occupying first (protos, first) rank\\namong the proximate principles of animal and vegetable tissues.\\nThey are all highly nitrogenous, and are the only substances cap-\\nable of living. They originate only in plant life, and are appropri-\\nated by animals and constitute the major part of the solid portion\\nof their tissues and fluids, except the sweat, urine and bile.\\nTheir ultimate analysis shows about 50 per cent, carbon, 7 per\\ncent, hydrogen, 23 per cent, oxygen, 16 per cent, nitrogen and 4\\nper cent, sulphur. The empirical formula, C 72 H 112 N 18 S0 2 2 has\\nbeen suggested but of their rational formula we know almost\\nnothing, except that their molecules must have great weight and\\ncomplexity. They are amorphous, colorless, odorless, colloid\\n(uncrystallizable) bodies; and, except peptones, are not osmotic\\ndo not dialyze do not diffuse through animal membranes.\\nSome are soluble, others insoluble. Some are rendered insoluble\\nby heat or by certain acids, alcohols and metallic salts, these\\nserving as tests for the proteids, and the proteids as antidotes to\\nthem.\\nTests (1) They are all precipitated by alcohol, and, in time,\\ncoagulated.\\n(2) Heated with strong nitric acid (xanthoproteic test) they\\nturn yellow, owing to the formation of xanthoproteic acid and on\\nthe addition of an alkali, become orange.\\n(3) Biuret test Add a few drops of dilute copper- sulphate\\nsolution and an excess of KHO a violet color appears.", "height": "4600", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0178.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 73\\n(4) Millorrs reagent colors the proteids purple-red on heating.\\nThis reagent is composed of mercury one part, nitric acid one\\nparts, plus two volumes of water.\\nClassification of the Proteids The physiologists divide the\\nproteids into eight classes 1, native albumins; 2, globulins; 3.\\nderived albumins; 4, fibrins: 5. peptones: 6, albumose 7,\\ncoagulated proteids: 8. lardacein. The latter (lardacein) is an\\namyloid substance found as a pathological infiltration in various\\norgans.\\n1. Natural Albumins are so called because they occur natur-\\nally in the blood, lymph, chyle, etc., also in the whites of eggs\\nand in plants. Natural albumins comprise (a) serum albumin,\\negg albumin, (c) vegetable albumin.\\nAs a class these albumins are soluble in water not coagulated\\nby dilute acid unless heated above 167 F. coagulated by strong\\nacids and by heat.\\nrum albumin in solution is a white or pale yellow fluid, 577\\nslightly alkaline, and is coagulated by heat and by acids. It is\\nnot readily coagulated by alcohol or ether.\\nEgg albumin (found in solution in the white of ?gg)~~~ is co-\\nagulated by ether and very rapidly by alcohol otherwise has the\\nsame characteristics as serum albumin.\\ngetable albumin (found in nearly all vegetable juices) is co\\nagulated by heat and by acids.\\nParalbumin and Jfefalbumin, found in ovarian cysts, belong\\nto this class of natural albumins.\\n2. Globulins are, as a class, insoluble in pure water; soluble in\\ndilute but precipitated by strong sodium chloride solution co-\\nagulated by heat, and precipitated when carbon dioxide gas is\\npassed through them.\\n377 1 Maybe easily obtained from blood,\\nfrom which it separates in coagulation, but is sold dried for calico printing\\nand sugar refining.\\nof Egg Albumin. Through a small hole in the end of an\\negg pour out the white, leaving the yolk in the shell. Break up the white\\nwith a glass rod and strain through wet muslin.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0179.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "174 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nGlobulins comprise (a) para- or serum-globulin, found in blood-\\nserum and in lymph (b) fibrinogen found in blood-plasma,\\nlymph, chyle, etc.; (c) myosin, 319 found in muscle, and, by its\\ncoagulation, responsible for the condition known as rigor mortis\\n(d) crystalling found in the crystalline lens (e) vifellin, 381 found\\nin the yolk of egg.\\n3. Derived albumins (albuminates) are as a class insoluble in\\nwater and in dilute sodium chloride solution, but soluble in dilute\\nacids and alkalies; not coagulated by heat. Derived albumins\\ncomprise (a) acid albumin\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 formed by treating natural albumin\\nwith dilute acid (HC1) for a considerable while; (b) syntonin,\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 5\\nmade by digesting myosin with weak HC1, and precipitating with\\nan alkali, when it appears as a pasty, whitish mass (c) alkali\\nalbumin, made by treating natural albumin with an alkali 384 is\\nslightly soluble in water and in sodium chloride solution, differ-\\ning therefore from acid albumin; (d) casein, made by diluting\\nmilk with four volumes of water and acidulating with acetic acid\\nuntil the milk contains about T per cent. (e) Legumin (vege-\\n379 Preparation of Myosin. Chopped lean beef is soaked in water, and the\\nwater expressed through a cloth, and the process repeated until all albumin is\\nremoved. The residue is then soaked in 10 per cent, salt solution, which when\\nexpressed is found to contain the myosin.\\n380 Preparation of Crystallin {globulin). Grind up with 10 Cc. of water in\\na mortar, the crystalline lens of an ox, and filter off the water, which removes\\nthe albumin. Rub up the residue with 10 Cc. of 10 per cent, salt solution\\nwhich dissolves the crystallin.\\n38i Preparation of Vitelin. Wash the yolk free from the white, and shake\\nit with ether in a test-tube to remove the fats. Pour off all the ether possible,\\nand let the rest evaporate. Impure vitellin remains. Water does not dissolve\\nit, though salt water makes a milky solution.\\n382 Preparation of Acid Albumin. Stir 20 drops of glacial acetic acid with\\nthe white of one egg until it forms a gelatinous mass of acid albumin. This\\nis then dissolved in a beaker of warm water for use.\\n383 Preparation of Syntonin. Chopped beef is repeatedly soaked in water,\\nand the water expressed to remove the serum albumin. The residue is then\\ndigested in a 0.2 per cent, solution of HC1, and the solution expressed con-\\ntains the syntonin or muscle acid-albumin.\\n384 Preparation of Alkali Albumin. With the white of one egg, stir 3 Cc.\\nof KHO solution. Dissolve the gelatinous mass in a beaker of water to use\\nas a solution of alkali albumin.", "height": "4604", "width": "3020", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0180.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 1 75\\ntable casein), found in the seeds of peas and beans, also in\\nalmonds, and reacting like milk casein.\\n4. Fibrins are, as a class, insoluble in water, difficultly soluble\\nin strong acids and alkalies, whereby they are changed to de-\\nrived albumins; coagulated by heat. Fibrins comprise (a)\\nblood fibrin; produced by the action of fibrin ferment upon the*\\nfibrinogen and fibrinoplastin of blood, lymph, chyle, etc., whereby\\na clot is formed insoluble in water, alcohol or ether, but slowly\\nsoluble in dilute acid; (b) Glutin (vegetable fibrin) existing in\\nvegetables and probably a mixture of several proteids insoluble\\nin water, alcohol or ether.\\n5. Peptones, as a class, are soluble in water, acids, alkalies and\\nsodium chloride solution. They are precipitated by alcohol,\\ntannic acid, bichloride and potassium-mercuric chloride. With\\nC11SO4 solution (a few gtt.) and KHO in excess, peptones give\\na red color. Pepsin of the gastric juice and the trypsin of pan-\\ncreatic juice, in the process of digestion, act upon proteids to con-\\nvert them into peptones, which are diffusible (osmotic).\\n6. Albumoses are soluble in dilute sodium chloride solutions\\nand in water, give a red color, as do the peptones, with CuS0 4\\nand an excess of KHO. Albumoses are intermediate between\\nacid-albumin and peptone.\\n7. Coagulated proteids are as a class, insoluble in water, sod-\\nium chloride, dilute or alkali. They are the result of the action\\nof heat, acids, alcohols, etc., on true albumins or globulins.\\n8. Lardacein, as stated above, is found as an amyloid infiltra-\\ntion in various organs and tissues in persons long suffering from\\nwasting disease. In composition, it is a proteid, but is not di-\\ngested by pepsin and HC1 and with iodine it strikes a red or a\\nblue, if previously treated with sulphuric acid.\\nAlkaloids.\\nAlkaloids (alkali-like) are organic alkalies, a class of bodies of\\nalkaline reaction and capable of neutralizing acids and forming\\nwith them distinct and crystallizable salts. They are undoubtedly\\namines or amides, u e., ammonia in which one or more atoms of", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0181.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "176 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nhydrogen in the molecule, NH 3 are replaced by one or more or-\\nganic radicles or combinations of organic radicles, but the mole-\\ncules seem to be far more complex than those artificial alkaloids.\\nOf late years chemists have made a number of amines, some of\\nthem similar, if not identical with certain natural alkaloids and\\nthe time seems not far distant when our most costly and complex\\nalkaloids will be made artificially in fact, all that seems to pre-\\nvent it now is not knowing the exact constitution of such complex\\nmolecules. In plants alkaloids are not found free, but combined\\nwith some vegetable acid forming a salt. Their salts (except\\ntannates) are usually soluble and intensely bitter; the free alka-\\nloids, being much less soluble, are much less bitter. Those alka-\\nloids (as conine and nicotine) that contain no oxygen are liquid\\nbut the great majority of them are white powders.\\nAlkaloids are so seldom prescribed in the free state that when\\nthe simple name of an alkaloid is written in a prescription the\\ndruggist puts up its most common salt. The names of alkaloids\\nend in -ine and are derived from the names of the plants in\\nwhich they exist or from some characteristic property.\\nThe intense effect alkaloids exert on the animal organism makes\\nthem generally the active principles of the drugs in which they\\nare found. But the active principle of a drug is not always an\\nalkaloid. The alkaloids include the majority of our most potent\\nremedies and powerful poisons. Tannin is a common antidote,\\nbut most important is the prompt evacuation of the stomach and\\nthe intelligent use of physiological antagonists.\\nThe alkaloids, even those of medical interest, are so numerous\\nthat to give each separate consideration would cover a great por-\\ntion of the materia medica. We can mention but a few of the\\nmost important. See Table, page 178.\\nPtomaines are putrefactive alkaloids, The word ptomaine\\nwas first used by an Italian, Francesco Selmi, who discovered in\\ndecomposing organic matter certain basic, alkaloidal bodies. He\\nrecognized their resemblance to the vegetable alkaloids, and called\\nthem in contradistinction ptomaines (n-ra^a, a corpse) or cadaver", "height": "4616", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0182.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "PART n, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. I 77\\nalkaloids. Later study has taught us that the various bacteria act\\nupon organic matter, and with the requisite amount of heat and\\nmoisture, cause its decomposition with the production of pto-\\nmaines. As a rule, bacteria will cause these putrefactive changes\\nonly in dead animal or dead vegetable matter, but in pathological\\nstates it is possible for germs to flourish and multiply in the living 1\\norganism, causing the same putrefaction, and hence the same pro-\\nduction of ptomaines. The different bacteria produce different\\nptomaines thus the typhoid bacillus produces typhotoxine, the\\ntetanus bacillus produces tetanine. It is generally accepted to-\\nday tnat the symptoms of infectious diseases and specific fevers\\nare due solely to the poisons produced by bacterial growth in the\\nliving organism and since analogous conditions and symptoms\\nmay be brought about by the administration of the ptomaine ob-\\ntained from any given bacteria, this view is evidently correct.\\nThe poisoning that frequently results from eating spoiled meat,\\nfish, etc., is due to ptomaines. The symptoms of poisoning by\\nptomaines resemble those by the vegetable alkaloids, except that\\nthere is usually more gastro-intestinal irritation. The resemblance\\nof the physiological effects and chemical tests to those of such\\nalkaloids as strychnine, morphine, conine, nicotine, atropine and\\nveratrine, is apt to, and doubtless has often led to the escape of\\nthe guilty and the condemnation of the innocent. Among the\\npoisonous ptomaines may be mentioned, besides typhotoxine and\\ntetanine, tyrotoxicon. a very poisonous alkaloid, discovered and\\ndescribed by Vaughan. It is found in spoiled milk and in ice\\ncream and cheese made from it. Tyrotoxicon poisoning is char-\\nacterized by a chill, with nausea and vomiting, epigastric pains,\\ngriping, purging and perhaps collapse and death. Spasmatoxine is\\nobtained from the bacillus of tetanus, and like tetanine, which is\\nobtained from the same bacillus, produces decided convulsions.\\nOther poisonous ptomaines are, isoamylamine, a very poison-\\nous, and rapidly fatal alkaloid, found in decomposing yeast and\\nin cod- liver oil tetanotoxine, susotoxine, neurine, coline and mus-\\ncarine (obtained from poisonous mushroom), are decidedly\\npoisonous ptomaines.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0183.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "178 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nAmong the non-poisonous ptomaines may be mentioned Neu-\\nridine, methylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine and diethylamine,\\npyocyanine (from bacillus pyocyaneus), mydine, etc.\\nPutrescine and cadaverine are only slightly poisonous. Since\\nsome ptomaines are not poisonous and others are decidedly\\ntoxic, it has been considered best to invent the term toxines\\nfor the poisonous ones.\\nLeucomaines are a class of alkaloidal substances produced in\\nthe living body as a result of fermentative changes or of the\\nprocesses of retrograde metamorphosis, as, for example, urea.\\nThey are eliminated in the various excreta. If retained, as in\\nuraemia, or produced in abnormal quantity, as in dyspepsia, they\\nact deleteriously on the nerve-centers, causing vertigo, lassitude,\\ndrowsiness, vomiting, purging and coma. Some elevate, while\\nothers lower the temperature. Of the more important leucomaines\\nmay be mentioned Kreatine, kreatinine, xanthine, hypoxanthine,\\nparaxanthine, heteroxanthine, pseudoxanthine, spermine, sala-\\nmandarine, etc. Most of the leucomaines are non-poisonous\\nsome few are decidedly toxic.\\nBacterial Proteids. Very little is known of bacterial proteids\\nsince they quickly decompose. The bacterial proteid poison of\\ndiphtheria, of tetanus, of cholera and of typhoid have been iso-\\nlated. These proteids, or toxalbumins, as they are sometimes\\ncalled, are formed by the action of bacteria on albuminous\\nmaterial and their effect upon the animal organism, when\\nadministered internally or hypodermatically, is to produce\\nsymptoms identical with those of the bacterial infection.\\nAntitoxine. A few words must be said about antitoxines It\\nhas been found that when an animal has recovered from certain\\ninfectious diseases, there is present in the serum of that animal s\\nblood something which confers partial or complete immunity to\\nthe animal against further attacks from the same disease and\\nthis serum, when injected into other animals exhibits the same\\nprotective power. The composition of this substance is un-\\nknown, but on account of its antitoxic effects it has been called\\nantitoxine. We have already a diphtheria antitoxine, a tetanus", "height": "4604", "width": "3008", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0184.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "PART II. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.\\n179\\nantitoxine, a streptococcus antitoxine, etc. Clinical results have\\nshown conclusively that a new field of therapy is open here to\\nthe physician. Let us hope that this serum-therapy of Behring\\nwill do as much in other infectious diseases as has already been\\naccomplished in variola by Jenner s discovery of vaccine.\\nTABLE OF COMMON ALKALOIDS.\\nName.\\nFormula\\nSource\\nRemarks.\\nr\\nCrystalline morphia gives a blue\\nMorphine\\nCodeine\\nNarcotine\\nNarceine\\nC 17 H 19 N0 3\\nC, s H 21 N0 3\\nC,,H., 3 N0 7\\nOpium\\n1\\nj\\nwith FeCl.^, and a red with\\nHNO s These alkaloids and\\nseveral others exist in opium in\\ncombination with meconic acid,\\nwhich gives with Fe.,Cl 6 a red\\ncolor not discharged by HgCl.,.\\nApomorphine\\nC 17 H 17 N0 2\\nMorphine\\nMade by heating morphine with\\nHC1; a systemic emetic.\\nQuinine\\nC 20 H 2i N 2 O 2\\n1\\nQuinidine\\nf\\nAll crystalline except quinoidine,\\nQuinicine\\nt(\\n1 Cinchona J\\nhark\\nwhich is a resinous mass. To\\nQuinoidine\\nit\\ntest for quinine, add chlorine\\nCinchonine\\nC 19 H 22 N 2\\nwater, shake, and then add aq.\\nCinchonidine\\na\\nI\\nammonia; a green color.\\nCinchonicine\\na\\nJ\\nStrychnine\\nC 21 H,,N,0 2\\nNux vomica\\nCrystals; gives a purple with\\nH,S0 4 K,Cr.,0 7 or MnO.,.\\nBrucine\\nCjgH^NA\\nu\\nCrystals; gives a red with HN0 3\\nAconitine\\nc; h;.no 7\\nAconite\\nColchicine\\nC 17 H 19 N0 5\\nColchicum\\nV Crystals; very poisonous.\\nVeratrine\\nC 32 H 52 N 2 8\\nVeratrum\\nJ\\nAtropine\\nC 17 H.\u00e2\u0080\u009eNO,\\nBelladonna\\nHyoscyamine\\nc 15 h.;no 3\\nHyoscyamus\\ny Crystals; used to dilate the\\nHomatropine\\nC 16 H 22 N0 3\\nAtropine\\npupils.\\nHyoscine\\nC 1T H 2l N0 4\\nHyoscyamus\\nSedative and hypnotic; crys-\\ntals.\\nCrystals; soluble in water.\\nCaffeine\\nC 6 H I0 N O 2\\nCoffee\\nTheine\\nit\\nTea\\nCrystals; soluble in water.\\nTheobromine\\nC 7 H 8 N,0 2\\nChocolate\\nStimulant, crystals.\\nCocaine\\nCoca leaves\\nCrystals; soluble in water;\\nweakly basic local anaesthetic.\\nPhysostigmine\\nC 15 H. 21 N,0 2\\nPhysostigma\\nCrystals; contracts the pupils.\\n(Eserine)\\n(Calabar bean)\\nPilocarpine\\nC n H 16 N 2 2\\nJaborandi\\nCrystals; a powerful diaphoretic.\\nUrea\\nCH 4 N 2\\nUrine\\nCrystals; may be made artifi-\\ncially by heating NH 4 CNO.\\nNicotine\\no 5 h 7 n\\nTobacco\\nLiquid; powerful poison.\\nConine\\nC 8 H 15 N\\nHemlock\\n(t a a", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0185.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "PART III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.\\nTHE URINE.\\nThe urine is a fluid secreted continuously by the kidneys, and\\nis the chief means by which the nitrogenous waste of the body is\\ndischarged; 385\\nA specimen, to be representative, should be a portion of the\\nwhole twenty-four hours urine, for considerable variation in cora-\\n85 The rationale of its secretion is one of transudation, osmosis, and elabo-\\nration. Owing to the resistance encountered by the blood in its exit through\\nthe efferent vessel, there is an increase of blood pressure in the Malpighian\\ntuft and a transudation of the water of the blood with some dissolved salts\\ninto the capsule. From loss of water the blood is very much thickened when\\nit reaches the second capillary system surrounding the convoluted tubes, which\\ncontain the thin, watery transudation from the Malpighian bodies. Here are\\nthe essential elements of a complete osmometer an animal membrane, com-\\nposed of the thin wall of the capillary and the delicate basement membrane\\nof the tube, with a dense fluid (the thickened blood) on one side and a thin\\nsaline solution on the other. An interchange now takes place of the water\\nfrom the tube to the blood, and of the products of retrograde metamorphosis\\n(urea, etc.), and salts from the blood to the tubes, concentrating the fluid in\\nthe latter, making it urine, while the albuminous constituents of the blood, not\\nbeing osmotic, are retained. An elaborative function has long been attrib-\\nuted to the epithelial cells lining the convoluted tubes, for it was observed\\nthat whenever the tubes lost their epithelial lining (as in some forms of\\nBright s disease), urea, etc., failed to be eliminated. This function of the\\ncells may be demonstrated by injection into the veins of a rabbit a solution of\\nsulph-indigotate of sodium. If the animal be killed within a few minutes,\\nnone of the coloring matter will be found in the capsules, while the cells\\nlining the tubes will be stained blue. If, however, an hour be allowed to\\nelapse, even the cells will be found colorless and the coloring matter will be\\nseen only in the urine. Our conclusion drawn from this is that the production\\nof urine is chiefly an elaborating or secreting process, regulated in its fluidity\\nby the glomerular system; that the water and some of its salts are secreted\\nby the glomeruli, the peculiar anatomical construction of which permits a\\nvarying degree of activity corresponding chiefly with the varying degree of\\nblood pressure and blood fluidity; while in the main, the solid excretory pro-\\nducts of the urine are elimated by the epithelium of the renal tubules, through\\ntheir vital, selective or secretory power, as in all other glandular structures of\\nsimilar anatomical construction.\\n(180)", "height": "4612", "width": "2976", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0186.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. l8l\\nposition and properties may occur during the day. Especially is\\nthis true of traces of albumin and sugar. When this is impractic-\\nable, that passed before breakfast is generally preferable, because\\nfarthest from a meal. When significant variations during the day\\nare suspected, several specimens may be taken\\n33^ at different hours. For microscopical exami-\\nnation, a few ounces of the urine in a stop-\\npered vial, or covered conical glass, Fig. 44,\\nare set aside for several hours until the sedi-\\nment, having settled to the bottom, can be\\nexamined. A much more improved and satis-\\nfactory method is by the use of the centrifuge,\\nas thereby the precipitate can be obtained at\\nonce from fresh urine.\\nPhysical Properties.\\nNormal urine is a transparent, aqueous fluid, of a pale yellow\\ncolor, characteristic odor, faint acid reaction, and of a specific\\ngravity of 10 20 when passed in the average quantity of about 1500\\nCc. {48 fl. ounces) in the twenty four hours. This description is\\nto be taken with much allowance, for very wide variations occur\\neven in health. With these variations the student must become\\nthoroughly familiar before he is capable of interpreting a speci-\\nmen.\\nQuantity. hi health, the average adult secretes about 1500 Cc.\\n(48 fl. ounces) a day, most in the afternoon and least at night;\\nbut the quantity may vary widely (from 500 Cc. to 5000 Cc.) de-\\npending upon, (a) the quantity of liquids ingested, and (b) its\\nvicarious elimination by the skin, lungs and bowels.\\nIn disease, it may be increased (polyuria) or diminished (olig-\\nuria) or even suppressed (anuria).\\nPolyuria occurs in (a) diabetes mellitus or insipidus; (b) con-\\ntracted and amyloid kidney; (c) pyelitis; (d) cardiac hyper-\\ntrophy; (e) after the crisis of acute diseases; during rapid\\nabsorption of exudates and transudates (g) in nervous excite-", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0187.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "152 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nment, as epileptic and hysterical attacks or even fright and an-\\nxiety (h) after administration of diuretics.\\nOliguria occurs in {a) fevers and inflammatory affections; (b)\\nacute nephritis (V) excessive elimination of water by other chan-\\nnels, as in sweating, diarrhoea, etc. (d) conditions of lowered\\narterial tension as in heart failure, exhaustion, shock, etc.\\nAnuria or suppression of urine differs from oliguria only in\\ndegree and should not be confounded with retention, in which\\ncase the urine is secreted, but retained in the bladder.\\nTransparency. Normal urine is not always transparent, nor is\\ntransparent urine always normal. Some degree of opacity may\\nbe due to (a) Mucus, which, with entangled epithelial cells, may\\nbe observed as a slight cloud in many specimens of healthy urine,\\nespecially of females because of the larger area of mucous surface\\nin that sex. This faint cloud may be seen floating at any depth\\nand is unaffected by most chemicals except acetic acid, which\\nmay slightly increase the opacity by coagulating the mucin. The\\nmucus is usually removed by filtration (b) Urates (of Na, K,\\nCa, and Mg), which often form a precipitate in the urine, especi-\\nally when allowed to cool, as in standing over night in a cold\\nroom. The test for this sediment is heat, which quickly dissipates\\nit. (Y) Earthy phosphates (of Ca and Mg), which may give an\\nopacity to normal urine if it is alkaline or even ceases to be acid.\\nThe test for this sediment is that it promptly clears up, on the\\naddition of a few drops of any acid, while heat would only in-\\ncrease it. (d) Fungi (bacteria, penicillia, sarcinae, etc.), especi-\\nally in decomposing urine.\\nA urine may be abnormally opaque or cloudy from the above-\\nmentioned causes, or from the presence of blood, pus, epithelia,\\ntube casts, fat globules/ 86 etc. When due to blood, pus or organ-\\nized detrita, the opacity is increased by heat or acids because of\\n38(i In chyluria the urine is mixed with chyle, the fat being in a state of\\nemulsion, and is milky, and if alkaline, is even viscid. I have seen it only a\\nfew times in this country, but it is common in the tropics, and is due to the\\npresence of the filaris sanguinis hominis.", "height": "4612", "width": "3008", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0188.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 1 83\\nthe precipitation of albumin which is always present in liquor san-\\nguinis and liquor puris, and is usually associated with tube- casts,\\netc.\\nFluidity. Healthy urine is neYer otherwise than an aqueous\\nfluid, flowing and dripping with ease but in certain diseased\\nconditions, abnormal quantities of mucus, or the presence of pus\\nor fat, especially if the urine be allowed to decompose and be-\\ncome very alkaline, may make it more or less viscid.\\nColor. Healthy urine is of a pale yellow, or amber color, the\\ndepth of which varies greatly according to the quantity of water\\npresent and the consequent degree of concentration or dilution.\\nAside from abnormal degrees of the above, pathological variations\\nin color may be the result of (a) a diminution of the normal color-\\ning matters, as in anaemia, diabetes and certain forms of kidney\\ndisease; (5) an increase of the normal coloring matters, as in\\nfever and other diseases destructive of blood and tissue (c) by\\nthe presence of abnormal substances, as biliary and blood color-\\ning matters.\\n(a 7 Moreover, the urine may be colored after the administra-\\ntion of certain drugs, as senna, santonin, rhubarb, carbolic acid,\\nprickly pear, etc.\\nOdor Urine has a charactetistic odor, the strength of which\\ndepends mainly on its concentration. When freshly passed, it\\nhas also an aromatic fragrance, due to certain volatile ethers.\\nThe more concentrated the urine, the stronger the odor because\\nof the larger quantity of urea it contains.\\nDiabetic urine exhales a sweetish and fruity smell, owing to the\\npresence of acetone. In certain forms of dyspepsia and of liver\\ntrouble, the odor of the urine is almost pathognomonic. Medi-\\ncines and certain articles of food often impart a peculiar odor, as\\nturpentine the odor of violets, asparagus and cauliflower a rank,\\ndisgusting smell also cubebs, copaiba, sandalwood-oil, garlic,\\ntolu and salol, impart their characteristic odors.\\nReactio?i. Normally the urine of the whole twenty-four hours\\nwill average an acid reaction but great variations occur during", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0189.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "1 84\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nthe day. Before meals it will have a high degree of acidity, but\\nafter meals becomes nearly neutral or even alkaline. This is due\\nto the ingestion of food, which is largely alkaline, and to the ab-\\nstraction of acidulous principles from the blood to form acid gas-\\ntric juice. It has also been observed that urine passed on rising in\\nthe morning is especially acid. This is probably owing to the fact\\nthat during sleep less carbonic acid is exhaled from the lungs, and\\nless perpiration (acid) given off by the skin.\\nThe urine is especially acid whenever the albuminoid tissues are\\nbeing rapidly oxidized as in fever, diabetes, carcinoma, etc. It is\\nespecially alkaline after the ingestion of alkaline salts or of neutral\\nsalts of vegetable acids and alkali metals, the acidulous radicals\\nof which are oxidized in the blood, so that the salts appear in the\\nurine as carbonates. This explains the alkaline urine of vegeta-\\nrians and herbiverous animals.\\nFig. 45.\\nSediment from a urine in acid fermentation. (a) Fungus; (b) amorphous sodium urate;\\n(c) uric acid; (d) calcium oxalate.\\nThe reaction of urine is important to the physician, as it may\\nfavor or prevent irritations of the kidneys and bladder or the for-\\nmation of sediments and concretions. The acidity of urine is", "height": "4616", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0190.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.\\n185\\ndue, not to free acid, but to acid sodium phosphate (NaH 2 P0 4\\noccurring in consequence of carbonic, uric and hippuric acids,\\nseizing on to a portion of the sodium of the phosphate (Na 3 P0 4\\nThe degree of acidity is best measured by a decinormal alkaline\\nsolution (see Acidimetry, page 96).\\nAn acid fermentation, attended by a decomposition of mucus\\nand coloring matters and a production of acetic and lactic\\nacids, sometimes occurs in urine that has stood for some at a mod-\\nerate temperature (Fig. 45). After a while, more quickly in\\nwarm weather, the alkaline fermentation begins, caused by the\\ndevelopment of the micrococcus ureae (Pasteur). The urea is con-\\nverted into ammonium carbonate, thus: (NH 2 2 CO^ 2H 2\\n(NH 4 2 C0 3 This gives the urine an ammoniacal odor and alka-\\nline reaction, and it becomes opaque from the precipitation of\\nurate of ammonium (Fig. 46), and the earthy phosphates and the\\nSediment from a urine in the alkaline fermentation. {a) Ammonium urate; (b) ammo-\\nnio-magnesium phosphate; (c) bacterium ureae.\\ndevelopment of bacteria. Pus and blood or vessels tainted with\\nurine previously fermented greatly hasten this change. The re-\\naction is recognized by litmus paper. If acid, the blue litmus is\\n13", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0191.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "i86\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nturned red if alkaline, the red litmus is turned blue if neutral\\nthere is no change in either. If alkalinity be due to ammonia\\n(volatile alkali) the blued paper gets red again on drying.\\nSpecific Gravity. Though the average specific gravity is 1020,\\nit exhibits, even in health, great variations, the extremes being\\n1002 after copious use of water and diuretics, and 1040 after ab-\\nstinence from fluid and the elimination of water through other\\nmeans, as profuse perspiration or copious diarrhoea. The amount\\nof solids varying but little in health, fluctuations in specific gravity\\nare due mainly to variations in the amount of water so, as long\\nas the inverse proportions between specific gravity and volume of\\nurine is preserved, variations need cause no alarm. Marked de-\\npartures, however, from this inverse ratio are of the gravest\\nimport. A specific gravity too small for the volume of urine indi-\\ncates renal defect and heralds uraemia a specific gravity too\\nhigh would indicate glycosuria or excessive tissue waste, as in\\nfevers.\\nFig. 47.\\nFig. 48.\\n30\\n40\\nDiagram.\\nSpecific gravity is usually measured by an instrument called a\\nhydrometer or urinometer (Fig. 47), which is a hollow, glass float,\\nweighted with mercury and having a long, graduated neck. The\\ngraduation begins above at 1000, because the heavier the urine", "height": "4572", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0192.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 187\\nthe less deeply will the instrument sink and the further ne neck\\nwill protrude from the surface. It is well to test a new urino-\\nmeter by immersing it in water at 6o c F. (15.5 C), when it\\nshould sink to o, or 1000, on the scale. Urinometers are usually\\nprovided with a cylinder, or jar, as shown in the figure, but a large\\ntest-tube will answer. This is about three-fourths filled the\\nurinometer is then introduced, and when still, the specific gravity\\nis read off. The cylinder or test-tube should not be too narrow,\\nlest the urinometer be attracted to and catch against the sides,\\nand not rise as high or sink as low as it should. One of the\\nbest urinometers on the market is Squibb s, in which the jar is\\nsharply fluted inward near the middle and the bulb of the float\\nis made oval so as to present little surface for contact. A ther-\\nmometer is also provided. For every seven degrees of tem-\\nperature above the normal (6o\u00c2\u00b0 F. or 15 .5\u00c2\u00b0 C.) one degree of\\nspecific gravity should be added to the reading. The fluid being\\nattracted up around the stem, the reading should be made not\\nalong the line c d y as in the diagram (Fig. 48) suggested by Dr.\\nLeffmann, of Philadelphia, but along a b, which represents the\\ntrue level of the liquid.\\nTo approximate the amount of solids in any urine; {a) the\\nlast two figures of the specific gravity represent the number\\nof grains of solids to the fluid ounce (b) doubling the last two\\nfigures of the specific gravity, gives the per cent. Thus, if the\\nurine be of the specific gravity 1020, and the daily volume fifty\\nounces (a) 20 (grains per fluid ounce), multiplied by fifty\\n(ounces daily volume) gives 1000 grains of solids per diem; (b)\\n.020 X 2 .040 or 4 per cent, which multiplied by fifty (ounces\\ndaily volume) gives 2 ounces of solids per diem.\\nThe solids of the urine may be accurately determined by tak-\\ning a certain volume of urine, e. g., 100 Cc. and evaporating it in\\na previously weighed porcelain dish over a water-bath, until it no\\nlonger loses weight, when it is finally weighed and the weight of\\nthe dish subtracted.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0193.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "155 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nChemical Constituents.\\nThe average composition of a thousand parts of urine is about\\nas follows\\nf Water 950.00\\nUrea 26.20\\nOrganic J Creatine an kreatinine, xanthine and allantoine .80\\nI Urates of sodium and potassium 1.45\\nI Hippurates of sodium and potassium 70\\nL Mucus and coloring matters .35\\np Phosphates of sodium and potassium 3.75\\nIno anic j Phosphates of calcium and magnesium 90\\nj Chlorides of sodium and potassium I2 \u00c2\u00ab55\\nSulphates of sodium and potassium 3.30\\n1000.00\\nPathologically there may be present also albumin, glucose,\\nblood, bile, etc., besides various other sediments.\\nUrea, J: CO, or carbamide, is the most constant and\\nabundant organic constituent of the urine, and being the main\\nnitrogenous excretion, is the index of nitrogenous waste, whether\\nof food or of tissue. Its average amount is about one ounce per\\ndiem. Urea may be obtained by extracting it from the urine, or\\nartificially by heating cyanate of ammonium, with which it is iso-\\nmeric [(NH 4 CNO= (NH 2 2 CO).]\\nIt crystallizes in colorless prisms, very soluble in water, and\\nbehaves like an alkaloid, combining readily with nitric and oxalic\\nacids to form salts. Both of these salts may, by adding nitric or\\noxalic acid, be precipitated from concentrated urine as colorless,\\nrhombic or hexagonal plates. 387 (Fig. 49.)\\nIt was formerly believed that the kidneys were the seat of the\\n387 Test for urea. On a glass slide place a drop or two of suspected fluid,\\nadd a drop of nitric acid, warm over a spirit lamp; if urea is present the\\ncharacteristic rhombic or hexagonal crystals of nitrate of urea can be seen\\nwith a microscope.", "height": "4572", "width": "2984", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0194.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.\\n189\\nformation of urea, but this has been proved an error, from the\\nfact that after complete extirpation of the kidneys, urea continues\\nto be formed. It is believed now that the liver, and perhaps also\\nthe spleen, and the lymphatic and secretive glands, take active part\\nin the formation of urea. Its formation is markedly diminished\\nin degenerative changes in the liver, as in acute yellow atrophy of\\nthe liver. Urea is abundantly formed in diabetes the activity of\\nthe hepatic cells being much increased, sugar and urea are\\nformed in great quantities, and after being passed into the blood\\nare excreted by the kidneys. In suppression of the urine, due to\\ndiseases of the kidney, the formation of urea continues and is\\naccumulated in the system, giving rise to uraemia. A meat diet\\nincreases the quantity of urea and a vegetable diet diminishes it.\\nFig. 49.\\n(a) Prisms of urea; (5) hexagonal plates; and (c) rhombic plates of nitrate of urea.\\nIn the course of many diseases it is important to estimate the\\namount of urea excreted day by day. A rough estimate may be\\nbased on the specific gravity. For, since urea is the largest solid\\ningredient in urine, it follows that if sugar be absent, albumin in", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0195.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "T90\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nsmall amount or removed, and the quantity of chlorides normal,\\nvariations in specific gravity must be due mainly to variations in\\nthe amount of urea.\\nThe exact methods most generally employed consist in decom-\\nposing the urine into nitrogen and carbon dioxide, by means ot\\nsodium hypochlorite or hypobromite, and measuring either the\\nvolume of gas evolved or the specific gravity lost by the decom-\\nposition.\\nDavy s Hypochlorite Method. A graduated tube closed at one\\nend is one-third filled with mercury. A measured quantity of the\\nurine (a drachm or half drachm, according to capacity of tube)\\nis then added, and the tube is next filled to the brim with the\\nFig. 50.\\nFig. 51.\\nni w\\nDoremus\\nDavy s.\\nhypochlorite solution (liq. sod. chloratse, U. S. P.). Closing the\\nopening with the thumb, the tube is inverted over a strong solu-\\ntion of common salt in a dish (Fig. 50). The mercury runs out\\nand the salt water rises to take its place, while the urine and soda\\nmixture, being lighter, remain in the upper part of the tube.\\nHere the gas from the decomposing urea collects. The decom-\\nposition is complete in three or four hours, when the amount of", "height": "4572", "width": "3012", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0196.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 191\\nthe gas may be read off by the graduations upon the tube, every\\ncubic inch representing .64 grain (or 1 cubic centimetre repre-\\nsenting 2.5 milligrams) of urea. This method is now but little\\nused.\\nDoremus* Hypobromite Method. The sodium hypobromite is\\nprepared by adding 1 cubic centimetre of bromine to 10 cubic\\ncentimetres of sodium hydrate solution (100 grammes to 250\\ncubic centimetres of water, or 6 ounces to one pint) and diluting\\nwith 10 cubic centimetres of water. Tilt the ureometer (Fig.\\n51), and pour the hypobromite into the long arm, completely\\nfilling it. Draw the urine to be tested into the pipette to the\\ngraduation. Pass the pipette into the ureometer as far as the\\nbend, and compress the nipple slowly. The urine will arise\\nthrough the hypobromite, and the gas evolved will collect in the\\nupper part of the tube. The ureometer is graduated to indicate\\neither the number of milligrams of urea to the cubic centimetre\\nof urine or the number of grains to the fluid ounce. This method\\nis so quick and simple that it is the one generally employed by\\nphysicians.\\nSquibb s Apparatus is similar to the foregoing, but has the ad-\\nvantage of employing the easily obtained liquor sodae chloratae\\nU. S. P.\\nFowler s Method. The specific gravity of the urine is carefully\\ndetermined as well as that of the liq. sodae chloratae (U. S. P.) to\\nbe used. One volume of the urine is mixed with exactly seven\\nvolumes of the liq. sod. chlor. and set aside for two hours, or\\nuntil effervescence ceases. The specific gravity is again taken.\\nAs the reaction begins immediately on mixing the fluids, the spe-\\ncific gravity of the mixture must be determined by calculation.\\nThis is done by adding to the specific gravity of the urine seven\\ntimes that of the liq. sod. chlor. and dividing the sum by eight.\\nEach degree of difference in specific gravity of the mixture before\\nand after the decomposition represents three and a half grains\\nof urea to the fluid ounce of the day s urine, or seven grams to\\nthe liter.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0197.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "192 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nExample\\nQuantity of urine in twenty-four hours 46 oz.\\nSp. gr. of the urine 1020\\nSp. gr. sod. chloratse 1042\\n^/..jx ,1042 X 7 I02\\n(Calculated) sp. gr. mixture 1039.2+\\no\\n(Actual) sp. gr. mixture after reaction 1036.2\\n1939.2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1036.2 3 3 X 3^ 103^ grs. of urea to the ounce\\nof urine 10*^ X 46 483 grs. of urea passed in the twenty-four\\nhours.\\nKreatine and Kreatinine, occur in normal urine, but so spar-\\ningly as to be of little practical importance. They are closely\\nallied chemically and physiologically with urea appearing in acid\\nurine as kreatinine, C 4 H 7 N 3 0, and in alkaline as kreatine,\\nC 4 H 9 N 8 2 differing in composition only by the molecule, H 2 0.\\nXanthine and Allantoin are substances closely allied to uric\\nacid occur in normal urine so sparingly as to be of little practical\\nimportance, and need only be mentioned in this connection.\\nUric Acid (H 2 C 5 H 2 N 4 3 formerly called lithic acid, is\\nfound in the urine of carnivora in that of herbivora it is largely\\nreplaced by an analogous substance hippuric acid. Gout is\\ncharacterized by an increased production of uric acid, and the\\nso-called chalk-stone deposit in the joints during that disease\\nis sodium urate. Free uric acid is so very insoluble that when-\\never it exists in urine it is always a precipitate. It appears as\\nminute reddish grains, which under the microscope are seen to\\nbe modifications of rhombic crystals, always stained with the\\ncoloring matter of the urine. They often deviate widely from the\\ntypical rhomb, as shown in Figs. 52 and 53, but an experienced\\neye will readily recognize them. Normally, uric acid as soon as\\nformed unites with the alkaline bases to form urates. These are\\nvery soluble in warm water, but more sparingly so in cold.\\nTherefore a urine, though clear when freshly passed and warm,\\nmay exhibit a copious precipitate upon becoming cold, as on a\\nwinter night This precipitate is easily recognized by its dis-", "height": "4620", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0198.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.\\n193\\nsolving upon warming. Urates of sodium and magnesium gener-\\nally appear under under the microscope as amorphous powders\\nin moss-like aggregations, but occasionally as bundles of small\\nFig. 52.\\nFig. 53.\\nmm\\nUric acid.\\nUric acid.\\nneedles, as shown in Fig. 54. The urate of ammonium, a result\\nof the alkaline fermentation, occurs as opaque, brown spherules,\\nsmooth or with spiculae like a thorn apple (Fig. 46).\\nFig. 54.\\nUrates in bundles of small needles. Calcium oxalate.\\nUric acid, being dibasic, can form both normal and acid salts.\\nIf much acid is present in a urine, the normal urates give up one", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0199.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "194 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\natom of their metallic base and become acid urates. These are\\nless soluble than the normal, and often precipitate when the\\nurine is very acid [see Fig. 45 (b)~\\\\ or when an acid is added, as\\nin the nitric acid test for albumin.\\nThe murexid test for uric acid and the urates is one of great\\nbeauty. Place some of the sediment in a porcelain dish, add a\\ndrop or two of nitric acid, and carefully evaporate almost to dry-\\nness. Add a few drops of ammonia; or, better still (Earp) in-\\nvert the dish over another in which a dry ammonium salt is vola-\\ntilized. If uric acid is present, a beautiful purple color will\\nappear.\\nColoring Matters. Our unsatisfactory knowledge of these\\nsubstances and their clinical significance is to be regretted, since\\nsome of them possess an importance next to albumin and sugar.\\nThe existence of at least two distinct substances has been\\ndemonstrated\\n1. Urobilin {Urohcematin) a brown, resinous substance, de-\\nrived from the coloring matter of the bile, and hence indirectly\\nfrom the coloring matter of the blood.\\nIt occurs in normal urine, and in larger quantity in the urine\\nof patients suffering from any disease which causes disintegration\\nof the blood copuscles.\\n1. Uro-indican (uroxanthin) a substance closely related to,\\nbut not identical with, the glucoside indican, and, like that sub-\\nstance, capable of conversion into indigo-blue. It seems to be\\nderived from the indol formed in the fermentation of albuminous\\nmatters, especially in the alimentary canal. It is therefore in-\\ncreased in obstructive troubles and in certain diseases character-\\nized by decomposition of albuminoids or impairment and per-\\nversion of general nutrition; so that its presence is not patho-\\ngnomonic of any one disease.\\nTo roughly estimate the coloring matters, put the urine in a\\nbeaker and render it strongly acid with nitric or hydrochloric\\nacid. Let it stand six hours for the color to be developed. Then\\nnote the depth of color by transmitted light.", "height": "4608", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0200.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMTSTRY. 1 95\\nA striking method, especially for indican, is that of Jaffe.\\nTake equal quantities of the urine and fuming HC1, and then add\\ndrop by drop with constant stirring, a fresh sat. sol. of calcium\\nhypochlorite until the maximum of blue is produced. This is\\nthen shaken with chloroform, which seizes the freshly-formed\\nindigo and soon settles to the bottom as a blue liquid, the depth\\nof color indicating the amount of indican in the urine.\\nPhosphates. The phosphates are derived mainly from the\\nfood, but to some extent also from oxidation of phosphorized\\ntissues\\n1. Earthy Phosphates (Ca and Mg). Being soluble only in\\nacid solutions, the earthy phosphates are precipitated when the\\nurine is made or becomes alkaline. Furthermore, being less sol-\\nuble in warm than in cold urine, heat often precipitates them, as\\nin the heat test for albumin. Deposits of calcium and magnesium\\nphosphates are generally amorphous, and may be distinguished\\nfrom the amorphous urates, (a) by absence of color and by not\\ngathering in mossy forms j (a) by a drop of acetic acid added\\nto the sediment on a glass slide under the microscope phos-\\nphates dissolve, while urates gradually lose their base and assume\\nthe characteristic forms of uric acid. In ammoniacal urine\\n(alkaline fermentation) the ammonio-magnesium phosphate\\n(MgNH P0 4 the so-called triple phosphate is formed and de-\\nposited in large prismatic, coffin-lid crystals; sometimes also, in\\nragged stellate or aborescent crystals, resembling those of snow.\\n(Fig. 55.) In cases of cystitis this may occur within the bladder\\nhence other calculi often have one or more white layers of the\\nmixed phosphate.\\n2. Alkaline Phosphates. These constitute the greater portion\\nof the phosphates, and are made up mainly of acid sodium phos-\\nphate, with traces of potassium phosphate. Being very soluble,\\nthey never form a precipitate.\\nTests (a) The earthy phosphates may be detected by the\\naddition of any alkali e. g. liquor potassae, and gently warming.\\nThe normal amount produces only a whitish cloud, or opales-\\ncence.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0201.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "196\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\n(b) To detect and estimate the alkaline phosphates the pre-\\nceding should be filtered and the filtrate treated with magnesia\\nmixture. U. S. P. 388\\n(V) The total phosphates are best detected and estimated\\nAmmonio-magnesium Phosphate.\\nby precipitation with the magnesia mixture. If the precipitate\\nis thick and creamy, the phosphates are increased if milky,\\nthey are normal and if translucent, they are diminished.\\n(a 7 Centrifugal Test. Fill graduated tube to 10 Cc. mark\\nwith fresh urine add 5 Cc. of magnesia mixture, mix and then\\nrotate for three minutes at the usual speed of one turn of the\\nhandle to the second. Normally the sediment should occupy ten\\nper cent.\\nPathologically the phosphates are decreased in gout and most\\ninflammatory diseases, especially in nephritis. This is a very\\nvaluable and almost constant symptom. They are increased in\\nwasting diseases of the osseous and nervous systems and markedly\\nso in the so-called phosphatic diabetes, a disease attended\\nby the various symptoms of denutrition.\\nChlorides. These, normally about 15 Gm. a day, consist\\n388 Magnesia Mixture, U. S. P. Magnes. Sulph., 10 Gm.; Ammon. Chlor-\\nide, 20 Gm.; Water, 80 Cc; Ammonia water, 42 Cc.", "height": "4616", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0202.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 197\\nalmost entirely of sodium chloride, the quantity depending mainly\\non what is taken in with the food. However, in many fevers,\\nespecially in pneumonia, the chlorides may be diminished in the\\nurine or may even disappear from it, much being eliminated by\\nsputa. Their reappearance in the urine is often the earliest indi-\\ncation of convalescence. Hence their detection and estimation\\nare important.\\nSilver-Nitrate Test, First add a few drops of nitric acid to\\nprevent the precipitation of the phosphates. Then, on adding\\nsilver-nitrate solution (i to 500), the chlorides will fail as a white\\nprecipitate of silver chloride. If the precipitate is in curdy\\nmasses, the chlorides are not diminished if only a milkiness is\\nproduced, they are greatly diminished and if no cloudiness, they\\nare entirely absent.\\nCentrifugal Test. To 10 Cc. of the urine in the graduated tube\\nadd a few drops of nitric acid and fill to the 15 Cc. mark with a\\nsolution of silver nitrate (1 to 500), mix and then rotate as in the\\npreceding. The amount, if normal, should occupy about 15 per\\ncent.\\nSulphates. These consist mainly of sodium sulphate, with a\\nlittle of the potassium salt. They are derived principally from\\nthe food and in small quantity from oxidation of albuminoid sul-\\nphurized tissues, especially in fevers.\\nTests. {a) Barium Test. First add a few drops of nitric or\\nhydrochloric acid to hold the phosphate in solution then add\\nbarium chloride test-solution U. S. P. (12.2 per cent.) until pre-\\ncipitation is complete. If the precipitate is creamy, the sulphates\\nare increased if milky, normal and if only opalescent, dimin-\\nished.\\n(b) Centrifugal Test. To 10 Cc. of urine add a few drops of\\nnitric acid and fill up to the 15 Cc. mark with the barium chloride\\ntest-solution after rotation the volume of the precipitate is nor-\\nmally one per cent.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0203.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "198 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nAbnormal Urine.\\nUrine may be abnormal from excess or diminution of the fore-\\ngoing normal constituents or from the presence of various sub-\\nstances that are never found in healthy urine. Of these, the most\\nimportant are the proteids, namely, albumin, globulin, albumose\\nand peptone.\\nAlbumin. By this is generally meant serum albumin which, it\\nnot being osmotic, appears in the urine only in pathological con-\\nditions and in certain functional disturbances, due to abnormal\\ndifTusibility of the blood s albumin or to excessive blood pressure\\nin the kidneys, or oftenest, to lesions in the renal tissues them-\\nselves.\\nHeat Test. A test-tube is one -third filled with the suspected\\nurine and held in the flame of a spirit-lamp, or over the chimney\\nof an ordinary lamp, until it boils. If an opacity occurs, it must\\nbe either atbumin or earthy phosphates. If earthy phosphates, it\\nclears up on addition of nitric acid, but if albumin, it is slightly\\nincreased.\\nNitric Acid Test. This consists in under-laying the urine with\\nnitric acid. Take a test-tube one-fourth full, and, holding it\\naslant, gently pour in an equal volume of the acid, allowing it to\\ntrickle down the inside of the tube and pass beneath the urine.\\nOr, the acid may be put in first and the urine added afterward.\\nHowe s method of applying this test is Pour about 5 Cc. of\\nthe urine into a test-tube and warm it to about ioo\u00c2\u00b0 F. Through\\na funnel pipette, reaching to the bottom of the test-tube, add an\\nequal volume of nitric acid. If albumin is present, there will ap-\\npear at the junction of the two liquids a narrow white band, best\\nseen in a strong light, against a black back-ground.\\nAn opacity at the junction of the two liquids is either albumin\\nor urates. Ifurates, it clears up on heating, but if albumin, it is\\npermanent. Either the heat or nitric acid test, singly, is unsatis-\\nfactory, but both performed together are conclusive. However,\\nthe following sources of error should be borne in mind (a) if\\nthe urine is very alkaline and the quantity of albumin small, heat", "height": "4572", "width": "2992", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0204.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 1 99\\nwill cause no opacity (b) If only a drop or two of nitric acid be\\nadded, the acid may hold a small quantity of albumin in solution\\n(V) urea may be precipitated from a concentrated urine by nitric\\nacid, but heat dissolves it; (d) decomposed urines, containing,\\nas they do, ammonium carbonate, effervesce on addition of an\\nacid; often after taking turpentine, copaiba, etc., nitric acid\\nprecipitates the resin in yellowish flakes, re-dissolved on addition\\nof alcohol.\\nOther Tests. Among them may be mentioned (a) saturated\\nsolution of picric acid; (b) potassio-mercuric iodide solution,\\nmade as follows mercuric chloride, 1.35 Gm. potassium iodide,\\n3.32 Gm. acetic acid 20 Cc. water, 80 Cc. the chloride and\\niodide are dissolved separately in water, and then mixed and the\\nacetic acid added afterward, (c) A mixture of equal parts of\\nthe saturated solutions of sodium tungstate arid of citric acid, (d)\\nThe potassium ferrocyanide test-solution U. S. P. is mixed with\\nthe urine, and a few drops of acetic acid added, (e) Acidulated\\nbrine test a saturated solution of common salt to which 5 per\\ncent, of hydrochloric acid is added. Tablets of these chemicals\\nor strips of filter paper steeped in them and dried are sometimes\\ncarried for use at the bedside.\\nQuantitative Estimatio7i. During the progress of a disease it\\nis often important to estimate the quantity of albumin. The\\nexact method, by drying and weighing the precipitated albumin, is\\ntoo tedious for the busy practitioner.\\nThe easiest approximative method is to precipitate the albumin\\nby heat, set it aside for twelve hours or until next visit, and\\nthen note the proportion of volume occupied by the precipitate,\\ne. g., one-fourth, one-eighth, a trace, etc.\\nEsbach s Albuminometer (Fig. 56), is a graduated test-tube.\\nFill it to U with the urine, and to R with the reagent, which\\nis composed of 10 grams of picric acid, 20 grams of citric acid,\\nand water sufficient to make a litre. Gently mix the liquids and\\nset aside for twenty-four hours to allow the precipitate to subside,\\nthe depth of which by the scale indicates the number of parts\\nper thousand or grams of albumin in a litre.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0205.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "200 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nCentrifugal Test Purdy s method is to add to 10 Cc. of the\\nurine in the graduated tube, 3.5 Cc. of the potassium ferro-\\ncyanide solution and 1.5 Cc. of acetic acid. After mix-\\ning and the usual rotation, all the albumin is precipi- FlG# s6,\\ntated, and each .1 Cc. represents 1 per cent, bulk measure\\nof albumin.\\nGlobulin is sometimes associated with albumin in urine,\\nbeing held in solution by the chlorides. When these be-\\ncome very much diluted, as on allowing a few drops of the\\nurine to fall into a glass of water, the globulin is precipi-\\ntated as a white cloun, which dissolves on addition of\\nacetic acid.\\nAlbumose, which is an intermediate product in the di-\\ngestion of albumin into peptone, occurs in some cases of\\nalbuminuria and in osteomalacia. It may be detected by\\nacidifying the urine with acetic acid, adding a saturated\\nsolution of common salt, boiling and filtering to remove\\nthe albumin and globulin. Albumose will separate as a white\\ncloud as the filtrate cools, dissolving again on heating and reap-\\npearing on cooling.\\nPeptone is never found in normal urine, but sometimes occurs\\nwith albumin or independent of it. It differs from albumin and\\nalbumose in not being coagulated by heat, nitric acid or many\\nother substances that coagulate albumin. It is precipitated, how-\\never, by tannin and phospho-tungstic acid. 389\\nTo detect peptone, the albumin should be first removed, e.g., by\\nacetic acid and potassium ferrocyanide and filtering. It is well\\nalso to remove the urinary pigments by acetate of lead and filter-\\ning. If phospho-tungstic acid is added to this filtrate a white\\nprecipitate is formed if peptone be present.\\nA simpler but less reliable test is to float the urine over Fehl-\\n889 Phospho-tungstic acid is made by treating a hot solution of sodium\\ntungstate with phosphoric acid till decidedly acid, and then strongly acidify-\\ning with acetic acid. Filter after standing several hours.", "height": "4612", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0206.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 201\\ning s solution and look for the rose-red zone (biuret reaction)\\nindicative of peptone.\\nClinically peptonuria indicates the disintegration and absorp-\\ntion of pus corpuscles somewhere in the body and so is a valuable\\nsymptom in the differentiation between purulent and nonpurulent\\ndiseases, e. g., between hydro- and pyothorax or between tuber-\\ncular and cerebro-spinal meningitis, the latter being purulent and\\nattended with peptonuria.\\nMucin. In moderate quantity, mucin is a normal constituent of\\nurine but may be abnormally increased in irritation of the\\ngenito-urinary mucous membrane. It is closely related chem-\\nically to albumin but not coagulated by heat or strong\\nmineral acids but is precipitated by alcohol and organic acids.\\nMucin is one of the most frequent sources of error in searching\\nfor small quantities of albumin. It is easily detected by its form-\\ning, on standing, a sediment slightly opalescent from entangled\\nepithelia and floating near the bottom of the urine. It may be\\ndetected also by floating the urine over acetic acid and noting\\nthe slight coagulation in the zone of contact.\\nSugar {Glucose). It has been proved (Dr. Pavy, 1879) that\\nhealthy urine may contain traces of glucose but that quantities,\\nappreciable by the ordinary tests and of chemical significance,\\nconstitute glycosuria, which is the most prominent and some-\\ntimes the only symptom of diabetes mellitus a serious patho-\\nlogical condition, associated with disturbance of the glycogenic\\nfunction of the liver.\\nA temporary glycosuria may occur after the administration of\\nanaesthetics and other drugs, and in certain nerve and brain\\nlesions, especially those involving the floor of the fourth ventricle.\\nHigh specific gravity in a urine, pale and copious, suggests sugar.\\nBefore testing, albumin, if present, should be removed by boiling\\nand filtration.\\nFermentation Test. Two vials, one for comparison, the other\\nfor fermentation, are partly filled with the urine. Into one is put\\na bit of baker s yeast about the size of a pea. Both vials are\\n14", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0207.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "202 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nloosely plugged with some pervious material, as cotton, and set\\naside where they will keep warm (6o\u00c2\u00b0 or 70 F. until next day\\nor next visit. If sugar is present, fermentation will occur in the\\nvial treated with yeast, and C0 2 bubbles up and passes off\\nthrough the cotton plug and on taking the specific gravity of\\neach, there will be a difference, owing to the loss of sugar in the\\nvial fermented.\\nAlkali Test. Boil the urine with liquor potassae or sodae, and\\nif glucose is present, it will be oxidized and form a molasses-like\\ncoloration, the depth of which indicates the quantity of sugar\\npresent. On adding nitric acid a molasses-like odor is developed\\nand the coloration is discharged.\\nAlkali- Copper Test. This depends on the power glucose has\\nof reducing the cupric to the cuprous oxide. There are several\\nmethods of performing this test\\n(1) Trommels. A drop or two of a weak (about 1 to 30)\\nsolution of cupric sulphate is added to an inch of urine in a test-\\ntube, and then an equal bulk of liquor potassae or of liquor\\nsodae. Immediately there falls in addition to the earthy phos-\\nphates, a bluish precipitate. If sugar is present, this precipitate\\ndissolves on agitation, forming a blue solution, which, on boiling,\\ndeposits a yellow, orange or red precipitate of cuprous oxide.\\n(See page 120.)\\n(2) Fehling s. This differs from Trommer s in that tartaric\\nacid or some tartrate is added to dissolve the blue precipitate.\\nFurthermore, the ingredients are in definite proportion, so as to\\nmake the solution available for quantitative analysis. Below are\\ngiven the two formulae in general use, one in the French and the\\nother in the English measures\\nFehling s Solution. Pavy s Solution.\\nCupric sulphate 34*64 grams. 320 grains.\\nPotassium tartrate 173.20 grams. 640 grains.\\nCaustic potash 80.00 grams. 1280 grains.\\nWater, enough to make 1 liter. 20 ounces.\\n(3) Haines* differs from Fehling s in that glycerine is used", "height": "4572", "width": "2920", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0208.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 203\\ninstead of the tartrate, and that it does not spoil. Dissolve\\n34.64 gm. of cupric sulphate in 200 Cc. of water and add 175 Cc.\\nof glycerine. Dissolve 130 gm. of caustic potash in 500 Cc. of\\nwater. Mix the two solutions and dilute to one liter.\\nAlkali- Bismuth Test. 1) To some urine in a test tube add a\\npinch of bismuth subnitrate and then an equal volume of liquor\\npotassae. Boil about two minutes. If sugar be present, the bis-\\nmuth will be reduced and deposited as a black metallic deposit\\non the sides and bottom of the tube. (2) A bismuth test solu-\\ntion, corresponding to Fehiing s, is made by warming a scruple\\neach of bismuth subnitrate and tartaric acid in two ounces of\\nwater, and adding liquor potassae until a clear solution is obtained.\\nThis boiled with a urine containing glucose gives the black bis-\\nmuth precipitate.\\nThe elements of the foregoing tests put up in pellets or tablets,\\nwhile more convenient, are less reliable and spoil sooner than the\\nsolutions.\\nPicric Acid Test, This is an extremely delicate test for glu-\\ncose, and depends on the fact that glucose in the presence of a\\nstrong alkali will reduce yellow picric acid solution into blood red\\npicramic acid. It has the practical advantage of being as good a\\ntest for albumin. To the suspected urine add an equal volume\\nof a saturated solution of picric acid. A cloudy precipitate in-\\ndicates albumin. Next add a few drops of liquor potassae and\\nwarm gently. A deep red color indicates sugar, though a lighter\\ncoloration may occur in urine free from glucose.\\nIndigo- Carmine Test. To the urine add a solution of indigo-\\ncarmine rendered alkaline by sodium carbonate. Boil, and if\\nsugar is present the blue mixture changes to violet-red and yel-\\nlow. On agitation, oxygen is absorbed from the air, and the\\nabove changes of color are reversed.\\nPhenyl-hydrazin Test. A very certain though somewhat tedious\\ntest is made by mixing in a dish 25 Cc. of suspected urine, 1 gm.\\nof phenyl-hydrazine hydrochlorate, .75 gm. of sodium acetate and,\\nunless the urine is already sufficiently diluted, 10 Cc. of water", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0209.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "204\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nHeat the dish on a water-bath for an hour when removed and\\nallowed to cool there will appear, if sugar is present, a yellowish\\ndeposit of phenyl-glucosazon, which under the lens is seen to con-\\nsist of bundles of needle-like crystals radiating from a common\\ncenter.\\nQuantitative. (i) Fermentation. Each degree of specific\\ngravity lost in fermenting represents one grain of sugar to the\\nounce of the twenty-four hours urine.\\n(2) Fehling s. Two hundred minims of the solution is decolor-\\nized by one grain of sugar. Two hundred minims (grains) of the\\ntest solution are measured off into a small flask, diluted with\\ntwice its bulk of water, and gently boiled (Fig. 57). A gradu-\\nFig. 57.\\nated burette (also shown in figure) is then filled to zero with the\\nurine. To the boiling test solution, the urine is added drop by\\ndrop till the blue color is discharged. By the graduations on the\\nburette the quantity of urine added is easily read. As that repre-\\nsents one grain of sugar, the amount of sugar in the entire urine\\nis easily calculated.\\n3. Alkali Test. A light yellow indicates one per cent. dark\\namber, two per cent. sherry wine, three per cent. dark Jamaica\\nrum, five per cent. and dark, almost opaque, ten per cent.", "height": "4600", "width": "3000", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0210.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 205\\nAcetone is found in the urine in cases where there is great de-\\ncomposition of tissue albumin, as in high fevers, diabetes mellitus,\\ncarcinoma (in the stages of breaking down), inanition, mania and\\nintestinal auto-intoxication. It is said to be a constituent of nor-\\nmal urine, but only as a trace. It often precedes a more danger-\\nous symptom, namely, diaceturia. It is acetone that gives\\ndiabetic urine its fruit-like odor.\\nLichen s Test. Add to urine a solution of sodium hydrate in\\nexcess and then a few drops of a solution of iodine and potassium\\niodide. If acetone is present there occurs a precipitate of iodo-\\nform with its characteristic odor.\\nDiacetic Acid. Since it never occurs in normal urine, its pres-\\nsure must always be regarded as a dangerous symptom. It has\\nbeen observed that it is always of more significance when found\\nin adults than in children. In diabetes millitus it is preceded by\\nacetonuria and is generally followed by coma (diacetic coma\\nusually known as diabetic coma) and by death.\\nIn children there sometimes occurs an idiopathic diaceturia\\nor an auto-intoxication, attended by malaise, thickly coated\\ntongue, generally constipation, slight or no fever, vomiting,\\ndyspnoea, jactitation, coma and death. In other cases, however,\\nthe symptoms last two or three days and then recovery takes\\nplace. Diaceturia may also occur during the high temperature\\nof some of the acute diseases, as typhoid, pneumonia, miliary\\ntubercolosis and others.\\nTest. Solution of ferric chloride with urine containing diacetic\\nacid gives a red color, but caution must be used since certain\\ndrugs, as the cinchona salts, acetic, formic, carbolic and salicylic\\nacids, may cause the same reaction in the urine.\\nCalcium Oxalate occurs in extremely small amounts in normal\\nurine, but more abundantly in the so-called oxalic diathesis and\\nin certain forms of dyspepsia, or after eating rhubarb or other\\nthings containing it. If persistently present, it may form a (mul-\\nberry) calculus. It occurs in both acid and alkaline urine, and\\nalways as a light, delicate precipitate, which under high powers is", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0211.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "2O0\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nseen to consist of small, brilliant, octahedral crystals, but some-\\ntimes dumb-bells. (Fig. 54). In certain aspects the smaller\\noctahedra appear as squares crossed by two bright diagonal lines.\\nCalcium Carbonate is a very rare deposit in human urine,\\nbut abundant in that of cattle. It occurs in small spherules\\n(Fig. 58) sometimes coalescing; acetic acid dissolves it with\\neffervescence.\\nHippuric Acid {Horse-uric Acid) largely replaces uric acid in\\nthe urine of herbivorous animals, and, to some extent, in that of\\nman, especially after a vegetable diet. It occurs in pointed, four-\\nsided prisms and acicular crystals, insoluble in acetic acid but\\nsoluble in alcohol. (Fig. 58.)\\nFig. 58.\\nCarbonate of Calcium. Hippuric Acid.\\nBile. In certain conditions, especially those attended with\\njaundice, the urine contains bile coloring matters and usually\\nsmaller quantities of the bile-acids. Such urine is yellowish-\\nbrown, forms a yellow froth on agitation, and white paper or cloth\\nN wet with it is stained yellow.\\nTests for Bile Coloring Matters\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 Underlay the urine with\\n390 Bilirubin oxidizes so easily that icteric urine often gives only the green\\ncoloration, or, if kept long, fails to respond at all. Hence, if fresh icteric urine\\ncannot be obtained and bile urine must be prepared for demonstration, fresh\\nbile from a recently killed animal, and not the inspissated, must be used.", "height": "4612", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0212.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.\\n207\\n(a) yellow nitric acid (that containing nitrous acid) f 9] or (b) a\\nmixture of nitric and sulphuric acids or (c) tincture of iodine.\\nIf bile is present, there is observed at the junction of the liquids a\\nplay of colors in which green is prominent and characteristic. If\\nthe acid and urine are placed adjacen on a white plate, the colors\\nare more plainly visible. Another method of performing these tests\\nis to shake the urine with chloroform, which dissolves out the bile\\ncoloring matter and shows more slowly and plainly the play of\\ncolors produced with the foregoing reagents.\\nTests for Bile Acids. Add a few grains of cane sugar or glucose\\nFig. 59.\\nLeucin Spherules and Tyrosin Needles.\\nto the urine and underlay it with sulphuric acid. At the junction\\nof the liquids a reddish-purple color appears. As other substances\\nthan bile-acids may produce this reaction, we must, in cases of\\ndoubt, before applying the test, evaporate the urine to dryness,\\n391 If a yellow (decomposed) nitric acid is not at hand, an efficient one may\\nbe made by adding a bit of zinc to some pure, fresh nitric acid.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0213.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "208\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\ndissolve in alcohol, filter, again evaporate to dryness, and redis-\\nsolve in water.\\nLeucin and Tyrosin occur only in bile urine, for they attend\\ndestructive liver disease, especially acute, yellow atrophy and\\nphosphorus-poisoning. They form yellowish crystalline deposits\\n(Fig. 59) \u00e2\u0080\u0094leucin as spherules, with concentric striae, and tyrosin\\nas sheaf-like bundles of fine needles.\\nCystin is a rare urinary sediment, a yellowish deposit of\\nhexagonal plates (Fig. 60), not dissolved by heat or acetic acid,\\nbut readily by ammonia. It is a highly sulphurized body whose\\nformation in the system is obscure. It sometimes forms calculi.\\nBlood. Hematuria (blood in urine) may occur as the result\\nFig. 60.\\nFig. 61.\\nCystin.\\nBlood Corpuscles.\\nof (a) some disease or injury of the genito-urinary tract, as\\nacute nephritis, calculus, parasites, cancer, wounds, etc. (b) a\\ndepraved condition of the blood, as in scurvy, purpura and cer-\\ntain infectious diseases (c) of a disturbance of the renal circula-\\ntion, as in mental emotions, malarial paroxysms and cardiac ob-\\nstructions.\\nBloody urine, if acid, is of a smoky hue, or even of a dark red-\\ndish brown if alkaline, of a brighter red. If coming from the\\nkidneys the blood corpuscles are diffused through the urine but if", "height": "4616", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0214.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 2O0\\nfrom the bladder or urethra, they may be in rouleaux, or even\\nclots. Owing to the biconcavity of the corpuscles, their centers\\nand peripheries alternate in brightness and shadow, as the object-\\nglass is made to approach or recede. Their color and smaller\\nsize also serve to distinguish them them from pus corpuscles. In\\ndoubtful cases a minute drop of blood, taken from the finger\\nwith a needle, may be used for comparison. After urine con-\\ntaining blood has stood for some time, the corpuscles lose their\\nregular outline and become shrivelled and angular. (See a in\\nfigure.) If the corpuscles are disintegrated and dissolved, we\\nmust test for blood coloring matters.\\nThe spectroscope offers the best means for their detection, but\\nas physicians are seldom provided with that instrument, the fol-\\nlowing is the usual test Place the urine in a test-tube and shake\\nup with equal volumes of tincture of guaiacum and ozonized\\nether or old oil of turpentine. If blood coloring matters are\\npresent, the precipitated resin is blue, instead of a dirty greenish-\\nyellow.\\nPus occurs in the urine whenever there is suppurative inflam-\\nmation in any part of the genito-urinary tract such urine is al-\\nways more or less turbid and albuminous. This turbidity may\\nbe distinguished from that due to urates or earthy phosphates,\\nsince heat, that would clear up the urates, and acids the phos-\\nphates, only serve to increase the turbidity of purulent urine by\\ncoagulating its albumin. This turbidity is due to pus corpuscles,\\nrounded, colorless, very granular cells, a little larger than red\\nblood corpuscles and practically identical with mucous corpuscles\\nand leucocytes, except that pus corpuscles oftener have more\\nthan one nucleus (Fig. 63.)\\nIf the urine is greatly diluted, or, better still, treated with\\nacetic acid, the cells swell up, lose their granular appearance and\\nbecome transparent (Fig. 63, a). Pus may be distinguished from\\nmucus by (a) it is always attended with albumin (b) treated\\nwith an alkali it forms a gelatinous mass (Donne s test; (c) it\\neffervesces on addition of hydrogen peroxide.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0215.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "2IO\\nESSENTIALS OE CHEMISTRY.\\nPus is most conveniently estimated by sedimentation, especially\\nwith the centrifuge and noting its percentage of volume.\\nFat in such quantities as to float on the urine generally comes\\nfrom the introduction of a catheter, or from foreign admixture.\\nFatty degeneration of kidneys, or leakage of a lymph vessel, or\\nthe opening of an abscess into the urinary tract may cause Lip-\\nuria (fat in the urine). It occurs as minute, highly refracting\\nglobules of various sizes (see a in figure 62) but sometimes, es-\\nFig. 62.\\nFig. 63.\\nFat Globules.\\nPus Corpuscles.\\npecially in chylous urine, in more intimate emulsion (as at\\nthe globules appearing under the microscope as mere specks. Pat\\nmay be recognized by its dissolving on addition of ether.\\nEpithelia in the urine may come from any part of the genito-\\nurinary tract. The accompanying cut shows the typical forms of\\ncells coming from various situations. It is generally impossible to\\nlocate the origin of an epithelial cell beyond the vagina and blad-\\nder, for their distinctive differences, but slight at best, are rendered\\nstill fainter by maceration in the urine. Renal epithelium comes\\nfrom the uriniferous tubules, and are rounded and granular, and,\\nunlike pus cells, they show their nuclei without acetic acid. They\\nare usually associated with albumin and tube casts (Fig. 65),\\nand therefore point to kidney disease. Though we cannot know", "height": "4612", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0216.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.\\n211\\nfrom what site the epithelia come, we can judge fairly well the\\ncondition of the mucous membrane by the number and character\\nof the cells thrown off. For in acute diffuse inflammation of the\\nkidneys, they appear in great numbers, often adhering to renal\\ncasts, or to each other. In the more chronic lesions, these cells\\nFig. 64.\\n(a) Epithelium from the human urethra; (5) vagina; (c) prostate; (d Cowper s glands;\\n(e) Littre s glands _/ female urethra; (j? bladder.\\nare much disintegrated and more or less filled with oil globules.\\nTube Casts. In hemorrhage from or inflammation of the kid-\\nney the urine usually contains microscopic casts, or moulds of the\\nuriniferous tubules, formed by exudation, into the tubules, of coagu-\\nlable material, which afterwards contracts, becomes loose, and is\\nwashed out with the urine. As these casts imbed and bring away\\nepithelial cells, granular matter, fat globules, blood disks, etc., they\\nare a valuable index to the condition of the tubules. They are de-\\nscribed by clinicians as i) Epithelial casts (see upper portion of", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0217.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "212 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nFigure 65), are those bearing renal epithelium. They indicate\\ndesquamative nephritis. (2) Hyaline casts (shown in left-hand\\npart of figure) are transparent and comparatively free from en-\\ntangled material. They come from tubules whose epithelium is\\nsound and adherent, or from those bereft of epithelium. In the\\nlatter case they are more solid in appearance {waxy casts) and\\nindicate serious nephritis. (3) Granular caste are opaque from\\npresence of granular debris. (4) Fatty casts (see largest cast in\\nfigure) are such as carry oil globules, either free or contained in\\nFig. 65.\\nEpithelial Cells and Tube Casts.\\nepithelial cells. They are proof of fatty degeneration of the kid-\\ndeys. (5) Blood casts contain blood corpuscles, and show that\\nthe haematuria is of renal origin. (6) Bacterial casts are com-\\nposed of micrococci and show the nephritis to be of septic\\ncharacter.\\nCasts, especially in a urine of high specific gravity, subside\\nso very slowly that hours are required for them all to reach the\\nbottom, and the urine may, in the meantime, especially in sum-\\nmer, undergo such marked changes as to make them unrecogniz-\\nable or they may become obscured with clouds of micro-organisms\\nor other newly formed precipitates. Much of this difficulty is", "height": "4616", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0218.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 213\\nnow avoided by the use of the centrifuge, which does, and does\\nbetter, in a few minutes what formerly required as many hours.\\nThe sediment should be removed with a pipette, placed in a\\nshallow cell upon a glass slide, and examined under a cover-\\nglass the clear hyaline casts are especially difficult to find and\\nshould be looked for under oblique illumination. Some advise\\nthe use of staining agents to better differentiate these from the\\nclear urine.\\nSPERMATOZOA occur in urine as a result of spermatorrhoea,\\nnocturnal emissions, or coitus. They are liable to escape obser-\\nFig. 66.\\nSpermatozoa.\\nvation, for they subside slowly, and are very small and transparent.\\nUnder a high power they are seen to consist of a small oval cell\\nwith a tail-like prolongation. Iheir tadpole-like appearance is\\nshown in Figure 66. They are motionlesss in urine, and remain\\nfor days unaltered.\\nMicro-organisms. The urine, though generally sterile when in\\nthe bladder, becomes, as soon as voided, a ready medium for the\\ngrowth of the lower forms of life, the germs of which get in from\\nthe air or unclean vessels. Among others we may mention i)\\nyeast fungus which is usually seen during sporule stage as\\ntransparent oval cells, sometimes arranging themsselve in", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0219.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "214\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nbranches. It grows only in saccharine urine, though spores\\nclosely resembling it are seen in acid urine containing neither\\nsugar nor albumin. (2) Sai cina is a fungus seldom found in\\nurine, but more frequently in matters vomited during certain dis-\\neases of the stomach. The cells are arranged in cubes, resem-\\nFig. 67.\\nb\\n(a) Micrococci in short chains and groups; (6) sarcinae; (c) fungi from acid fermentation;\\n{d) yeast cells from diabetic urine; (e) mycelium of a fungus.\\nbling bales bound with cross-bands. The sarcinae shown at b in\\nFig. 67 are from the urine, smaller than those from vomited\\nmatters.\\n3. Bacteria {little rods). This is the general term given to the\\nminute, moving organisms invaiiably present in putrefying animal\\nand vegetable matter. They consist of simple cells filled with a\\ncolorless fluid and presenting several varieties of form {a)\\nmicrococci appearing as trembling points, distinguished from\\nother particles by their progressive motion; (b) rods about the", "height": "4616", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0220.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 215\\nlength of the diameter of blood disks, sometimes at rest, but\\nusually vibrating across the field, (c) Vibriones, consisting of\\nseveral rods joined together and moving with greater rapidity\\nand (d) ZooglecE, aggregations of bacteria held together by gela-\\ntinous material and resembling masses of amorphous urates or\\nphosphates. These various forms are shown in Figures 45 and\\n46. Bacteria not only cause decomposition outside, but may set\\nit up in urine while yet within the bladder, provided they are in-\\ntroduced from without. This may be done by dirty catheters\\nand sounds, or they may work their way down the urethra in the\\npus of a gleet. The ammoniacal fermentation thus set up soon\\ninduces cystitis. The characteristic microbes of various diseases\\nhave been observed. The bacillus tuberculosis is most fre-\\nquently found and easily demonstrated by staining the sediment\\nin the ordinary way and is of great clinical importance, as it is\\ncertain evidence of tubercular ulceration of the bladder or other\\nportions of the urinary tract.\\nExtraneous Bodies, such as hair, wool, or fragments of feathers,\\nare often found in urinary deposits, and ludicrous mistakes have\\nbeen made by observers not on their guard for such casual ad-\\nmixtures.\\nUrinary Calculi. Urinary calculi (calculus, a pebble) are\\ncomposed of urinary sediments which have gathered around some\\nnucleus (usually calcium oxalate or uric acid crystals or some for-\\neign body) within the bladder, and being slowly deposited, par-\\nticle upon particle, and layer upon layer, the concretion becomes\\nas hard as stone. Calculi are not always composed of the same\\nmaterial throughout, but often consist of successive layers of dif-\\nferent sediments deposited during varying conditions of the urine.\\nThe qualitative analysis of calculi is easy. Saw the stone\\nthrough the middle, and see whether it is composed of the\\nsame material throughout or of successive layers of different sed-\\niments. If the former, take the sawdust; if the latter, chip off a\\nspecimen from a single layer. This should be pulverized very\\nfine (for it is dissolved much less readily than fresh sediments),", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0221.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "2l6 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nand then tested by means of heat, acetic and hydrochloric acids\\nfor in the great majority of cases it will be found to consist of\\nurates, phosphates, calcium oxalate or uric acid. Place the pow-\\nder in a test-tube, and add 5 Cc, of water; boil, and if it dis-\\nsolves it is urates. If not, add acetic acid, and warm again if it\\ndissolves it is phosphates. If not, boil with hydrochloric acid; if\\nit dissolves, it is calcium oxalate. If not, it is uric acid, which\\nmay be confirmed by the murexid test.\\nThe following method is easier and surer\\nI. Heat to redness on a piece of platinum foil. If no residue,\\nsee II if a residue, see III.\\nII. To a fresh portion apply the murexid test. If it responds\\nit is ammonium urate, or uric acid if it does not respond, it is\\ncystin or xanthin, see IV.\\nIII. To the residue, when cool, add hydrochloric acid. If it\\neffervesces it is an oxalate or urate, which may be determined by\\nthe murexid test if it does not effervesce, it is a phosphate.\\nIV. Dissolve some of the powder in nitric acid. If the solution\\nis yellow it is xanthin if dark brown it is cystin.\\nMILK.\\nFemale mammalia all possess certain glands (mammary) that\\nsecrete, for the nourishment of their young, an opaque white fluid\\ncalled milk. 590 It possesses a peculiar odor, often quite character-\\nistic of the animal from which it is derived. Its opacity is due to\\nminute globules of fat, or butter, each more or less surrounded by\\nan albuminoid envelope and suspended in the fluid and presenting\\nunder the microscope m the appearance shown in figure 68.\\nIn the colostrum, which is the name given to the milk secreted\\n390 procure a liberal supply of ordinary milk at least three hours beforehand\\nand let it stand. Siphon off the lower two-thirds and label it skim milk\\nand the residue cream. Procure another supply of fresh milk just before\\nthe exercise opens.\\n391 Examine a drop of milk with a microscope.", "height": "4604", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0222.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.\\n217\\nduring the first few days after parturition, these albuminoid en-\\nvelopes are seen to be large epithelial cells (colostrum cells)\\nundergoing fatty degeneration and completely enclosing the fat\\nglobules.\\nFig. 68.\\nMilk.\\nColostrum.\\n(Holland.)\\nThe reaction 392 of cow s milk is often acid, but that of woman s\\nmilk should be feebly alkaline. Milk, when exposed to the air,\\nsoon undergoes the lactic acid fermentation (sours), thus,\\nC 12 H 22 O n H 2 4 H 2 C 3 H 4 3\\nThe specific gravity :m varies from 1029 to 1035. The quan-\\ntity of milk an animal will secrete depends upon the health, food,\\ndrink, etc. A woman should secrete about one liter, while a good\\ncow should produce about ten times as much.\\nComposition. The milk of all animals consists of water hold-\\ning in solution casein, albumin, sugar and mineral salts, and sus-\\npending globules of fat. It is the only perfect food, especially\\nfor the young.\\n892 Test the reaction with red and blue litmus papers.\\n39H The specific gravity may be measured with the ordinary urinometer dis-\\ntributed to the students, but the teacher should exhibit a lactometer, Fig. 69.\\nis", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0223.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "2l8 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nThe composition of milk varies with the species and breed of\\nthe animal and with the individual. Even in the same individual\\nit varies with the health, food, manner of living, period of lac-\\ntation and many other circumstances.\\nWoman s and cow s milk are the most important. The follow-\\ning table (Konig shows their comparative composition\\nAnalysis of Human Milk and Cow s Milk (Kcnig).\\nWoman s Milk. i Cow s Milk.\\nMean. Minimum. Maximum. Mean. Minimum. Maximum\\nWater 37.09 83.69 90.90\\nTotal solids 12.91 9.10 16.31\\nFat 3.90 1. 71 7.60\\nMilk sugar 6.04 4.11 7.80\\nCasein 0.63 0.18 1.90\\n87.41 80.32 91.50\\n11.59 8.50 19.68\\n3.66 1. 15 7.09\\n4.92 3.20 5.67\\n3.01 1. 17 7.40\\nAlbumin 1.31 0.39 2.35 0.75 0.21 5.04\\nAlbuminoids 1.94 0.57 4.25 3.76 1.38 12.44\\nAsh 0.49 0.14 0.70 0.50 0.78\\nProteids. Of these by far the most important and interesting\\nis casein, though there is a small amount of albumin and globu-\\nlin but these latter are so similar to serum albumin and serum\\nglobulin as to need no special description.\\nCasein. It is claimed that the casein is not in actual solution\\nbut if not, it is suspended in such a loose, thin, liquid condition\\nthat it flows and drips as a solution. The casein seems to be held\\nin solution by calcium phosphate, and some call it caseinogin,\\nreserving the name casein for the coagulated substance. It does\\nnot coagulate on boiling, 394 the scum foiming on the surface being\\ncoagulated albumin. It dissolves readily in alkalies and is often\\ncompared with alkali-albumin is easily coagulated by acids, 395 and\\nmost easily by the stomach ferment, known to cheese-makers as\\nSB Boil a sample of skim milk and note that the casein is not coagulated,\\nbut a scum of albumin forms.\\n395 To another sample add a few drops of acetic acid and note that the casein\\nis coagulated, but that it dissolves on addition of an alkali; to be reprecipi-\\ntated on addition of more acid, and so on.", "height": "4608", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0224.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "PART in. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 219\\nrennet, 896 one part of which will coagulate several hundred thous-\\nand parts of casein.\\nIn mother s milk the coagulum is flocculent and easier of diges-\\ntion while in cows milk it is in firmer clots and more indigestible,\\nbut it may be made somewhat easier of digestion if the milk is\\npreviously boiled or alkalinized or diluted with some gelatinous\\nsubstance.\\nThe clear fluid that separates from the coagula is known as\\nwhey\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 and is of considerable nutritive value, since it contains all\\nthe constituents of the milk except the casein and entangled fat\\nglobules. 397\\nFat. The fat globules of milk contain also traces of cholester-\\nine, of lecithin and of a yellow coloring matter closely allied to the\\nlutein of yolk of tgg. The albuminoid envelopes previously men-\\ntioned are broken in the process of churning, and the fat globules\\ncoalesce in lumps, forming butter.\\nThe butter may be also extracted with ether, 399 and without\\nchurning, provided the milk be previously treated with alkali or\\nacetic acid to dissolve away the albuminoid envelopes.\\nMilk Sugar. (Lactose.) 400 This has already been mentioned\\nwith the other carbohydrates it differs from them, however, in\\nfermenting into lactic acid, a reaction that occurs spontaneously\\nwhenever milk is exposed to contamination from the air and al-\\nlowed to stand at ordinary temperatures. The lactic acid thus\\n396 Warm some milk in a beaker to blood-heat and add a few drops of ex-\\ntract of rennet or essence of pepsin, and note that in a few moments the milk\\nis coagulated and that a clear liquid separates from the curd.\\n397 Remove the fluid by filtration and label whey.\\n:i98 Take successive portions of the whey and test with the xanthoproteic\\nreaction, Millon s reagent, etc.\\nTake some milk in a test-tube, add a little alcohol and caustic potash, and\\nshake with ether. Pour off the ether into a dish and evaporate it; butter is\\nleft behind. Notice also the characteristic smell of butyric ether, especially if\\na few drops of H 2 S0 4 be added.\\n400 Test the whey for lactose by the alkali-copper and other tests described\\nelsewhere. The teacher should show some practical work with the creamo-\\nmeter and lactoscope.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0225.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "2 20 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nproduced quickly coagulates the casein and the milk sours and\\nbecomes clabber.\\nThis fermentation is due normally to the implantation of the\\nbacillus acidi lactis; which rapidly proliferates unless the milk is\\nkept very cold or treated with antizymotics. Occasionally milk\\nis contaminated with other bacteria, especially the bacillus cyano-\\ngenus, and, turning blue, slimy and bitter, developes tyrotoxicon,\\nthe poisonous alkaloid which has been responsible for so many\\ndeaths.\\nTo prevent these fermentations various methods have been\\nused that of refrigeration has been employed since time imme-\\nmorial and milk kept cold will remain sweet for days, but in\\nspite of the greatest care the ferment will gain access and remain\\nto set up fermentation in the child s stomach and disturb its di-\\ngestion. To prevent this, the milk may be boiled sterilized\\nmilk 401 but the high heat coagulates the albumin and globulin,\\nand impairs the casein and children fed on this milk do not\\nthrive. By heating the milk to not over 75\u00c2\u00b0 C, or 167 F. pas-\\nteurization these changes in the proteids do not occur, though\\nmany of the organisms are destroyed, and others so weakened\\nthat the milk does not readily spoil, and is much less likely to\\ndisagree with the infant.\\nSalts. These consist mainly of phosphates of calcium, magne-\\nsium, sodium and potassium, with the chlorides of sodium and\\npotassium and a trace of iron.\\nAdulteration. Of the many ways of adulterating milk, the\\nmost common methods are, (a) chemicals, employed mainly as\\npreservatives, such as salicylic acid, sodium carbonate or borate\\nthe two latter neutralizing the lactic acid and delaying the coagu-\\nlation (b) skimming off the cream, or fatty layer, that gathers at\\nthe top of milk when allowed to stand. This not only deprives\\n401 Let the student boil some milk in a test-tube, then close it with a plug of\\ndry absorbent cotton and set it aside to note that it remains sweet and unaltered\\nfor days and weeks. The teacher should also show some standard sterilizer, as\\nArnold s.", "height": "4608", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0226.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.\\n221\\nthe milk of a valuable constituent, but, unless the new and rapid\\ncentrifugal process is used, delays its delivery for at least half a\\nday, thus increasing the danger of contamination and decompo-\\nsition (c) dilution?\u00c2\u00ae 1 which is a very common practice, but less\\ndangerous to health, unless the water is contaminated with\\ntyphoid or other infectious germs.\\nMilk Testing. The specific gravity of good milk should not\\nbe below 1029 unless the milk is unusually rich in fats, which being\\nlighter than the rest of the milk, lowers the specific gravity and\\nif it rises above 1035 the milk has probably been skimmed.\\nFig. 69.\\nFig. 70.\\nd\\nj\\nIro- Creamo-\\n:er. meter.\\n(Starr.)\\nFeser s Lactoscope.\\n(Queen.)\\nSkim milk, however, may be so diluted as to bring its specific\\ngravity within the ordinary limits, but an experienced eye can\\nreadily see that instead of being white, the milk assumes a bluish\\ntinge, or in other words loses the natural opacity imparted by\\nthe suspended oil globules. So the measurements of the specific\\n402 Let the student dilute a specimen of milk in a test-tube or beaker, and\\nnote the bluish tint produced.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0227.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "2 22 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\ngravity are not conclusive unless the opacity be also observed This\\nis easily done by the lactoscope (Fig. 7o), 40H which consists of a\\ncylinder of clear glass (A), containing at the lower part a smaller\\ncylinder of white glass (resembling that shown at x, fig. 70), upon\\nwhich are a few black lines. In testing, 4 Cc. of the milk are intro-\\nduced from the graduated pipette {B)^ and the black lines are en-\\ntirely concealed by the opaque milk pure water is then gradually\\nadded with shaking until the milk is clear enough for the black lines\\nto be visible. The level of the diluted milk in the cylinder is then\\nread off in the graduations as percentage of fat in the original sam-\\nple. This method is quick, accurate and reliable, unless the milk\\nbe adulterated with some suspended white powder, as chalk or\\nstarch, in which case the microscope will disclose its nature.\\nA simple but rough estimate of the cream may be made by\\nallowing the milk to stand over night in a graduated cylinder\\nsuch as the creamometer shown in Fig. 69. 404\\nWit centrifuge (Figs. 71 and 72) with milk-tubes and a volume-\\npipette (Fig. 73) affords a very quick and fairly accurate method\\nof estimating the quantity of fats. Add to each milk-tube 5 Cc. of\\nthe milk, 1 Cc. of the HC1 solution (hydrochloric acid, 50 vol-\\numes methyl alcohol, 13 volumes fusel oil, 37 volumes) shake\\nwell and add strong sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1.83) drop by drop\\nwith constant shaking until tube is filled to the zero mark. Ro-\\ntate for two minutes and read the percentage of fats directly from\\nthe scale. As the graduations extend only to 5 per cent., a milk\\nricher than this must be diluted, and the reading multiplied ac-\\ncording to the dilution.\\nThe above methods of estimating the amount of fat, although\\nvery useful, are not sufficiently reliable and accurate for official\\ninspection. Milk may vary in consistence as well as in composi-\\ntion, so that one specimen may furnish more cream than another\\n40i The teacher should show actual work with a creamometer and lactoscope.\\n404 Let each student chew a piece of paraffine and collect the saliva in a\\nbeaker.", "height": "4612", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0228.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.\\n223\\ncontaining twice as much fat. For accurate work, the Werner-\\nSchmidt process is very convenient, viz., take 10 Cc. of the milk\\nand 10 Cc. of strong HO pour into a long test-tube of about\\n50 Cc. capacity. Bring the mixture to a boil when cool add 10\\nCc. of ether and shake well as soon as the ether has all risen to\\nFig. 71.\\nFig. 72.\\nFig. 74.\\nfi=*\\nIf\\nFig. 73.\\nthe top, remove the cork and insert the perforated cork and tube,\\nas shown in figure 74.\\nBy sliding the exit tube down until it opens just above the line\\nof separation, the ether solution of the fat can be blown into a\\npreviously weighed beaker another portion of ether is added to\\nthe test-tube, shaken and blown out as before, repeating the pro-\\ncess two or three times. The ethereal solution is now evaporated\\nover a water-bath and the beaker weighed. The amount of fat\\nthus obtained represents that contained in 10 Cc. of milk and\\nshows the percentage.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0229.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "224 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nClinical Test of breast milk is generally neglected by the prac-\\ntitioner, though it has been long recognized that the milk of dif-\\nferent women, or even of the same woman under different condi-\\ntions, health, diet, exercise, etc., often disagrees with the nursling.\\nDr. Emmet Holt, of New York, who has made extensive studies\\nalong this line, has shown that these clinical variations are attended\\nby, and possibly caused by, variations of specific gravity, reaction\\nand percentage composition. The specific gravity of human\\nmilk should range from 1028 to 1033 and the quantity cream\\nfrom 3 to 4 per cent.\\nKumyss is the name given to milk fermented under the influ-\\nence of a peculiar ferment, originally imported from Southern\\nRussia. The lactose is made to undergo the vinous fermentation,\\nproducing alcohol and carbon dioxide in the presence of the\\nyeast plant. It is a valuable stimulant and food stuff in malnu-\\ntrition and wasting diseases.\\nSALIVA.\\nHuman saliva is a viscid, tasteless, opalescent, alkaline fluid, the\\nproduct of the salivary glands. 404 Its active principle is pty aline,\\nthe function of which is to convert starches into glucose. 405\\nIt acts best in neutral reaction strong alkalies or acids retard or\\neven destroy it. Saliva also contains potassium sulpho-cyanate, 406,\\nthe function of which is unknown.\\n405 Put some saliva with a few drops of starch solution in four test-tubes and\\nlabel a, b, c and d. To a add two drops of HC1; to b five drops of liquor\\npotassse; boil c. Set all four test-tubes in a beaker of water; warm no hotter\\nthan the hand can easily bear. After ten minutes remove and test each tube\\nfor starch and sugar. It will be found that only in d has the ptyaline con\\nverted the starch into glucose, for acids and alkalies restrain the ptyaline, and\\nboiling destroys it.\\n406 To some saliva in a test-tube add a drop of ferric chloride, a blood-red\\ncolor indicates potassium sulpho-cyanate.", "height": "4572", "width": "2980", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0230.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 225\\nGASTRIC JUICE.\\nGastric juice is a thin, yellowish, sour licruid, of specific gravity\\nseldom over ioio, and of somewhat variable composition. It may\\nbe obtained fairly pure from man and other animals, through gas-\\ntric fistulae or more usually the stomach-pump, or stomach-tube.\\nIt is secreted and reabsorbed in surprising quantity, a man pro-\\nducing from fifteen to thirty pounds a day.\\nIts composition may be stated as\\nWater 99-44\\nPepsin and other organic matter 32\\nHydrochloric acid 25\\nSodium chloride 14\\nPotassium chloride 05\\nCalcium chloride 006\\nCalcium and magnesium phosphates 015\\n100.221\\nPepsin is a ferment that in connection with acids has the prop-\\nerty of converting, by a process of hydration, the albuminoids into\\nalbumoses and finally into peptones, making them osmotic and\\ncapable of being taken up by the vessels of the stomach. It\\ndigests only nitrogenous food, the oils, fats, starches and sugars\\nbeing unaffected by it. The process is retarded by too little or\\ntoo much acid and by alcohol. The pepsin does not seem to be\\ndestroyed in the process, but continues to act almost indefinitely,\\ndigesting large quantities of the proteids. Its acidity is due\\nmainly to hydrochloric and certain organic acids, as lactic,\\nbutyric and acetic, but these latter are incidental and mainly the\\nresult of fermentative action.\\nClinical examination of gastric juice is becoming each year a\\nmore and more important means of diagnosis in stomach diseases.\\nThe usual method is, first to thoroughly wash out the stomach\\nwith warm water and, some hours afterward, administer a test-\\nmeal. This is usually a light breakfast consisting of an ounce\\nand a-half of dry roll and eight ounces of water, or weak tea", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0231.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "2 26 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nwithout milk or sugar. To insure thorough mastication and sali-\\nvation twenty minutes should be occupied in consuming the meal,\\nand the water or tea stfould be drunk last. One hour afterwards,\\nthe secretion of HCl (one of the two chief agents in proteid di-\\ngestion) being at its maximum, the remains of the liquefied food\\nare drawn off and examined, first ocularly to determine the degree\\nof disintegration and solution. Normally, all of the nine and one-\\nhalf ounces of the test-breakfast, with the exception of one and\\none-third ounces, should be absorbed, or passed into the small\\nintestines at the end of an hour. If a larger amount is found it\\nindicates slow absorption if a smaller, more rapid absorption\\nthan normal. The stomach contents, light yellow in color, are\\nthen filtered, and the filtrate examined according to the following\\nscheme\\nFiltrate of stomach contents after a test-bteakfast. Color clear\\nyellow.\\nQualitative Tests.\\n(i) Litmus test\u00e2\u0080\u0094 7 reaction acid (red).\\n(2) Free acid, Congo-red, test very delicate, reaction blue.\\n(3) Free HCl, Gunzburg s test, Boas s test reaction car-\\nmine red.\\n(4) Lactic acid, Uffelman s test reaction greenish yellow.\\n(5) Rennet ferment, Milk test coagulation.\\n(6) Butyric acid decolorizes Uffelman s reagent.\\n7) Acetic acid, odor test.\\nQuantitative Tests.\\n(8) Estimation of total acidity by saturation.\\n(9) Esti?nation of free HCl by Leo s method.\\n(10) Estimation of acid salts by Leo s method.\\n1 Litmus test. Tested with litmus paper, the reaction should\\nbe acid, turning the paper red.\\n(2) Congo-red test. Add a few drops of this dye to a portion\\nof the stomach fluid. Free acids if present change it to sky-blue j\\nacid salts produce no change.", "height": "4608", "width": "2944", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0232.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 2 2^\\n(3) Free HCL To determine the presence or absence of this\\nis of great importance to the physician, as it is as necessary for\\ndigestion as the pepsin itself, and its variation more important in\\ndiagnosis, e. g., between cancer, in which it is diminished, and\\ngastric ulcer, in which it is increased.\\nr Phloroglucin 2 gr.\\n(a) Gunzburg s reagent 1 Vanillin 1 gr.\\n(.Absolute alcohol 30 gr.\\nA drop of this solution is added to a few drops of gastric juice\\nand gently warmed. If free HC1 be present in the smallest\\namount a red color is produced, and cherry-red crystals de-\\nposited.\\nc Resorcin (resublimed) 5 gr.\\n(b) Boas s reagent -j Sacchar. alb 3 gr.\\nL Spiritus dilut 100 gr.\\nThis test is about as delicate as the preceding and its ingre-\\ndients not so rare and expensive. A few drops of the solution\\nadded to a little gastric juice in a dish and gently warmed pro-\\nduces a red color if free HC1 be present.\\n4. Uffelman s test. Add to 5 or 10 Cc. of a 2 to 5 per cent,\\nsolution of carbolic acid, 1 or 2 drops of ferric chloride solution\\nand dilute with water till the solution assumes a beautiful\\namethyst-blue color to this add a portion of the stomach fluid\\na change to canary or greenish-yellow indicates lactic acid.\\nThis test is extremely delicate, holding for a 1 in 20,000 solution\\nof lactic acid. Be careful to ascertain whether the patient has\\ntaken any wine or alcohol preceding the test, as either of these\\nwill give the same reaction.\\n(5) Rennet ferment, milk test. Take a small quantity of boiled\\nmilk, say 10 Cc, having a neutral reaction, and add an equal\\namount of carefully neutralized filtered stomach contents. The\\nmixture is then placed in a warm chamber at 100 F., and in 10\\nor 15 minutes the milk has coagulated and separated into a cake\\nof casein and clear whey.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0233.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "2 28 ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\n(6) Butyric acid decolorizes Uffelman s reagent. If present in\\nlarge quantities, its acrid, rancid odor is manifest.\\n(7) Acetic acid. The best practical test for this acid also is\\nthe nose. If present in considerable quantity it has an unmistak-\\nable odor.\\n(8) Total acidity. The method of measuring this is simple.\\nA burette is filled with a decinormal solution of caustic soda 5\\nor 10 Cc. of filtered stomach contents are poured into a small\\nglass beaker, and 1 or 2 drops of a (1 per cent.) alcohol solution\\nof phenol-phthalein are added. The solution in the burette is\\nvery gradually added until the red color is just permanent. The\\nnumber of Cc. of the alkaline solution used represents the acidity\\nof the quantity of stomach contents employed. Normally the\\nacidity of 10 Cc. of the stomach contents, obtained one hour after\\nthe test breakfast, is from 4 to 6 Cc. results below or above this\\nare pathological.\\n(9) Estimation of free HC/.\u00e2\u0080\u0094This, provided no other free\\nacids are present, is determined by adding pure chalk, which will\\nneutralize the acidity if due to free acid, but has no effect on acid\\nsalts. The difference in acidity before and after the addition of\\nthe chalk represents the physiologically active HC1. To separate\\nthe organic acids, first extract with ether, by thoroughly shaking\\nabout 5 to 10 Cc. of the stomach contents in a medicine bottle\\nwith alcohol-free ether let the ether separate, which usually\\noccurs very rapidly, and pour off in a small glass beaker. This is\\nrepeated until about 30 to 60 Cc. of ether has been used. The\\nethereal extract contains the organic acids.\\n(10) Acid Salts. The last determination of acidity in the pre-\\nceding test represents the quantitative estimate of acid salts.", "height": "4600", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0234.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "PART III. CLINICAL CHEMISTRY. 229\\nFERMENTS. These are certain nitrogenous bodies, animal and vegetable,\\nof unknown constitution, which by some means, not clearly understood, cause\\nmany organic compounds to decompose, with the production of other and\\nsimpler substances, the ferments themselves being unaffected. Ferments are\\nof two classes Organized and Unorganized Ferments.\\n1. The Unorganized or Soluble Ferments. Among these are: (a)\\ndiastase or malti?i, appearing in the sprouting of grain, and formed from the\\ngluten; it serves to convert the starch of the seed into glucose. Malt, which\\nis sprouted barley, contains it in abundance, and is used to convert meal\\n(starch) into glucose for fermentation in the manufacture of alcoholic liquors,\\nand in medicine as a digestive agent. The ptyalin of saliva and a pancreatic\\nferment act like diastase, (b) pepsin, of the gastric juice, and (c) trypsin, of\\nthe pancreatic fluid, both of which serve to convert the albuminoids into pep-\\ntones, the one in acid and the other in alkaline solution.\\nFig. 75.\\nYEAST CELLS.\\n2. Organized Ferments. When their spores are carried by the atmos-\\nphere, or otherwise, into a suitable fermentable liquid, viz., one containing\\nalbuminoid substance, and kept warm (68 to 105 F.), these ferments grow and\\nproliferate wiih great rapidity, inducing fermentative changes in a few hours.\\nThe most important of these ferments are (a) Yeast (torula cerevisice, or\\nsaccharomyces eerevisice), shown in figure t This converts glucose into\\nalcohol and carbon dioxide (vinous fermentation); (b) acetic acid fer?nent\\n(ijiycoderma aceti), commonly called mother of vinegar, grows on solutions\\ncontaining alcohol, which it helps to oxidize into acetic acid; (c) mucor\\nmucedo, which causes alcoholic fermentation; (d) thrush fungtis (oidium\\nalbicans) grows within the mouths of ill-kept children. It induces a slight\\nalcoholic fermentation; (e) lactic and butyric ferments go together, the one\\npreceding and the other closely following. These fermentations occur in\\nintestinal indigestion, and the gas evolved produces flatulent colic.\\nPutrefaction (the spontaneous decomposition of nitrogenous organized\\nbodies) is accompanied, if not caused by micro-organisms, usually bacteria.\\nDecay, on the other hand, is the gradual decomposition of organic bodies by\\nthe slow action ot oxygen, and does not depend on living organisms.\\nFer?nentation Experime7it. Before leaving the laboratory exercise, make a\\nmixture of thin starch paste, crushed malt grains, and a bit of yeast. Put into\\na side-necked test-tube with its mouth corked, and the delivery tube dipping\\ninto a bottle of lime water. Next day note that the mixture has fermented, or\\nis fermenting, and that the CO., evolved has bubbled out through the lime\\nwater, precipitating CaC0 3 and that the mixture is now alcoholic.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0235.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "230\\nESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY.\\nTABLE OF METRIC MEASURES.\\nFig. 76.\\npm\\nIIIII1II I HI\\ntlll[lt-||ltlM!ll|IMIIIllll. i |tll l |llll| l ll i| iiii |ii iijjiii|jiij|\\nmum\\nw\\n10\\nThe Decimetre.\\nMEASURES OF LENGTH.\\nMillimetre\\nCentimetre\\nDecimetre\\nHetre\\nDecametre\\nHectometre\\nKilometre\\nMyriametre\\n0.001 of a metre.\\n0.010 of a metre.\\n0.100 of a metre\\n1.000 Hetre\\n10.000 metres.\\n100,000 metres.\\n1000.000 metres\\n10,000.000 metres\\nabout 4 inches.\\n39.37 inches.\\nabout of a mile.\\nabout 6% miles.\\nCentaire\\nAre\\nHectare\\nMEASURES OF SURFACE.\\n1 square metre about i\u00c2\u00a3 square yards\\n100 Square Metres.\\n10,000 Square metres. about 2%, acres.\\nMEASURES OF VOLUME.\\nCubic centimetre 0.001 of a litre.\\nLitre (cubic decimetre) 1000. cubic centimetres.\\nCubic metre 1000. cubic decimetres.\\nCubic metre tooo. litres, or 1 kilometre.\\nCubic metre 1 stere.\\nMEASURES OF WEIGHT.\\n1 Milligramme 0.001 of a gramme about -Q-g of a grain.\\n1 Centigramme 0.010 of a gramme.\\n1 Decigramme o. too of a gramme.\\n1 Gramme 1.030 Gramme about 15% grains.\\n1 Decagramme 10.000 grammes.\\n1 Hectogramme 100 000 grammes.\\n1 Kilo(gramme) 1000.000 grammes about 2! lbs.\\n1 Tonneau ic\\nkilos\\nabout 1 ton.", "height": "4572", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0236.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nAbsolute weight, 10\\nAcetamide, 170\\nAcetanilide, 171\\nAcetic aldehyde, 152\\nAcetone, 145, 205\\nAcetylene, 100, 139\\nAcid, acetic, 153, 228\\nantimonic, 70\\nantimonious, 70\\narsenic, 63\\narsenous, 64\\nbenzoic, 161\\nboric or boracic, 107\\nbutyric, 154, 228\\ncathartic, 169\\ncarbazotic, 161\\ncarbolic, 159\\ncarbonic, 75\\nchloric, 41\\nchlorous, 41\\nchromic, no\\ncitric, 158\\ncyanic, 80\\ndiacetic, 205\\ndiatomic, 157\\ndiabasic, 157\\nformic, 145, 153\\ngallic, 162\\nhippuric, 192, 206\\nhydriodic, 41\\nhydrobromic, 41\\nhydrochloric, 41\\nhydrocyanic, 41\\nhydroferri cyanic, 80\\nhydroferrocyanic, 80\\nhydrofluoric, 41\\nhydrosulphuric, 46\\nhypochlorous, 41\\nhyponitrous, 57\\nhypophosphorous, 63\\nlactic, 158, 219\\nlithic see Uric), 192\\nmalic, 158\\nmecomic, 179\\nmetaphosphoric, 62\\nmuriatic, 41\\nmyronic, 169\\nnitric, 59\\nnitrohydrochloric, 41\\nnitromuriatic, 43, 128\\nnitrous, 58\\noleic, 155\\northophosphoric, 63\\nosmic, 129\\noxalic, 157\\npalmitic, 155\\nAcid, pentylic, 154\\nperchloric, 41\\nphenic, 159\\nphenvlic, 159\\nphosphoric, 63\\nphosphorous, 63\\npicric, 161\\nprussic, 79\\npyrogallic, 162\\npyrophosphoric, 62\\nsalicylic, 162\\nsilicic, 81\\nsodium phosphate, 90 185, 195\\nstearic, 155\\nsuccinic, 158\\nsulphocarbolic, 160\\nsulphocyanic, 80\\nsulphuric, 50\\nsulphurous, 49\\ntannic, 169\\ntartaric, 158\\ntetrylic, 154\\nuric, 192\\nvalerianic, 154\\nxanthoproteic, 172\\nAcidimetry, 96\\nAcid salts, 91\\nAcids, aromatic, 161\\ndefinition of, 40\\nfatty, 154\\norganic, 153\\nAconitine, 179\\nAffinity, chemical, 32\\nprecedence of, 32\\nAgate, 81\\nAging of liquors, 147\\nAir, S3, 77\\nAlbumin, 198\\nacid, 174\\nalkali, 174\\nderived, 174\\negg, 173\\nserum, 173\\nvegetable, 173\\nAlbuminates, 174\\nAlbumins, natural, 173\\nAlbumoses, 175, 200\\nAlcohol, 144\\nabsolute, 146\\namylic, 148\\nbutyl, T48\\nderivatives, 144\\nethene, 157\\nethyl, 146\\nglyceryl, 159\\nmethyl, 145\\n(*3", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0237.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "232\\nINDEX.\\nAlcohol, pentyl, 148\\npropyl, 148\\nradicals, 157\\nsulphur, 148\\ntetryl, 148\\ntrityl, 148\\nvinic, 146\\nwood, 145\\nAldehyde, 152\\nacetic, 152\\nethyl, 152\\nform-, 152\\npar-, 152\\nAldehydes, 145, 151\\nAle, 147\\nAlgaroth, powder of, 70\\nAlkalies, organic, 175\\nAlkalimetry, 96\\nAlkaloids, 175\\nAllantoin, 192\\nAlloys, 82\\nAllotropic forms, 81\\nAllylsulphocyanate, 168\\nAllotropism, 137\\nAluminum, 107\\nchloride, 108\\ngroup, 106\\nhydrate, 108\\noxide, 108\\nsilicates, 109\\nsulphate, 108\\nAlum, 108\\nAlumen, 108\\nexsiccatum, 109\\nAmalgam, 82, 121\\nAmber, 158\\nAmethyst, 81\\nAmides, 169, 175\\nAmines, 169, 175\\nAmmonia, 55\\nfountain, 56\\nliquefied, 56\\ntype, 169\\nAmmoniac, 141\\nAmmoniated mercury, 123\\nAmmonii carbonas, 88\\nAmmonio-citrate of iron, 117\\nferric alum, 109\\nmagnesium phosphate, 103, 195\\nnitrate of silver, 66\\nsulphate of copper, 66\\ntartrate of iron, 66\\nAmmonium, 87\\nbicarbonate, 88\\ncarbonate, 88\\ncyanate, 80, 133, 188\\nhydrate, 87\\nhydrosulphide, 88\\nmolybdate, 118\\nnitrate, 58, 87\\nnitrite, 53\\nAmygdalin, 80, 168\\nAmy! acetate, 154\\nhydrate, 148\\nnitrite, 151\\nAmyl alcohol, 148\\nAmyloses, 163\\nAmylum, 164\\nAnalysis, 26\\nacidulous radicals, 131\\ndefinition of, 26\\nmetallic radicals, 130\\nultimate, 135\\nAniline, 170\\nAnimal charcoal, 74\\nAntifebrin, 171\\nAntimonious chloride, 69\\nhydride, 69\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2oxychloride, 70\\noxide, 70\\nsulphide, 70\\nAntimoniuretted hydrogen, 69\\nAntimony, 69\\nAntimony and potassium tartrate,\\n70\\nAntimony, butter of, 69\\nAntimonyl, 70\\nAntipyrine, 171\\nAntiseptics, 54\\nAntitoxine, 178\\nAntizymotics, 54\\nAnuria, 182\\nApomorphine, 179\\nAqua, 26, 87\\nammonia, 87\\nammoniae fortior, 38\\nchlori, 38\\ndestillata, 30\\nfortis, 59\\nregia, 43, 128\\nArbutin, 169\\nArchimedes, principle of, n\\nArgenti nitras, 126\\nArgol, 158\\nArgon, 55\\nArsenic, 63\\noxide, 65\\npentoxide, 65\\ntoxicology of, 65\\nwhite, 64\\nArsenical mixtures, 66\\npoisoning, 66\\nArsenous hydride, 64\\niodide, 64\\noxide, 64\\nsulphide, 64\\nArseniuretted hydrogen, 64\\nArsenum, 63\\noxides and acids, 64\\nArsine, 64\\nArtificial parchment, 163\\nproducts, 133\\nAssafoetida, 141\\nAsbestos, 81, 102\\n-ate, 36\\nAtmosphere, 53\\nAtomic theory, 15\\nweight, 16\\nAtoms, 16\\nAtropine, 179\\nAuric chloride, 129\\nAuri et sodii chloridum, 129\\nBabbitt s metal, 69\\nBacillus acidi lactis, 220\\ncyanogenus, 220", "height": "4572", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0238.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n2 33\\nBacteria, 214\\nBacterial proteids, 178\\nBaking powders, 90\\nBaking soda, 90\\nBalloons, 20\\nBalsam of Peru, 141\\nBalsams, 141\\nBarium, 101\\nchromate, 102\\nsulphate, 101\\nBases, 18\\nBasylous radicals, 32\\nBeer, 147\\nBeet sugar, 166\\nBengal light, 101\\nBenzaldehyde, 168\\nBenzene, 142\\nseries, 141\\nBenzine, 138\\nBenzoin, 141\\nBichloride of mercury, 123\\nBichromates, in\\nBile in urine, 206\\nBilirubin, 206\\nBismuth, 71\\nammonio-citrate, 72\\nnitrate, 71\\noxynitrate, 71\\nsubcarbonate, 71\\nsubnitrate, 71\\nBismuthyl, 70\\nBiuret reaction, 172, 201\\nBlack lead, 73\\noxide of copper, 119\\noxide of manganese. 21, 38, in\\noxide of mercury, 124\\nBlack wash, 124\\nBleaching, 31, 39, 90\\npowder, 99\\nBlondine, 31\\nBlood, 208\\nBlood casts in urine, 212\\nBlue ointment, 121\\npill. 121\\nvitriol, 119\\nBluestone, 119\\nBoas reagent, 227\\nBoiling point of water, 26\\nBoroglyceride, 107\\nBorax, 107\\nBoron, 106\\nBrandt, 60\\nBrandy, 147\\nBrass, 104\\nBrazing, 107\\nBrimstone, 45\\nBritannia metal, 69\\nBritish gum, 164\\nBromides, test for, 43\\nBromine, 37, 136\\nBromoform, 143\\nBromum, 37, 136\\nBronze, 118\\nBrucine, 179\\nBurette, 97\\nButter, 219\\nof antimony, 69\\nButyl, 144\\nCadaverine, 178\\nCadmium, 106\\nCaesium, 96\\nCaffeine, 179\\nCalcined magnesia, 103\\nCalcium, 98\\ncarbide, 10c, 140\\ncarbonate, 98, 206\\nchloride, 98\\ngroup, 97\\nhydrate, 99\\nhypochlorite, 99\\noxalate, 99, 205\\noxide, 98\\nphosphate, 99\\nsulphate, 99\\nCalculi, urinary, 205, 215\\nCalomel, 123\\nCalx, 98\\nchlorata, 99\\nCamphor, coal tar, 142\\nmonobromated, 141\\nCamphors, 140, 141\\nCane sugar, 166\\nCaoutchouc, 141\\nCaramel, 165\\nCarat fine, 128\\nCarbamide, 170, 188\\nCarbohydrates, 163\\nCarbon, 73, 133, 135\\ndioxide, 75\\ndisulphide, 48\\ngroup, 72\\nmonoxide, 74\\nCarbonates, 76\\nCarburetted hydrogen, heavy, 139\\nCasein, 174, 218\\nCaseinogen, 218\\nCast-iron, 113\\nCasts, 212\\nCatalysis, 34\\nCaustic ammonia, 87\\npotash, 92\\nCellulin, 163\\nCelluloid, 164\\nCellulose, 163\\nCentrifuge, 181, 196, 197, 200, 213, 222\\nCerium, 109\\nChalcedony, 81\\nChalk, 98\\nChalybeate water, 29, 116\\nCharcoal, 73\\nanimal, 74\\nChemical action, 9\\naffinity, 32\\nChemistry, definition of, 9\\ninorganic, 18\\norganic, 133\\nChloral, 252\\nbutylicum, 153\\ncroton, 153\\nhydrate, 152\\nChloralum, 108\\nChloric ether, 150\\nChloride of gold, 29\\nof lime, 99\\nChlorides in urine, 196\\nChlorides, test for, 43, 196", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0239.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "234\\nINDEX.\\nChlorinated lime, 99\\nChlorophyl, 77\\nChlorine, 37, 99, 136\\ngroup, 37\\noxides, 41\\noxysalts, 43\\nwater, 38\\nChloroform, 142\\nChoke-damp, 75\\nChromates, no\\nChrome-yellow, 85\\nChromic, oxide, no\\nsalts, in\\nChromium, no\\ntrioxide. no\\nChyluri.i, 182, 210\\nCider, 147\\nCinchona alkaloids, 179\\nCinchonicine, 179\\nCinchonidine, 179\\nCinchonine, 179\\nCinnabar, 124\\nCitrine ointment, 122\\nClabber, 220\\nClassification of elements, 18\\nClay, 81, 109\\nCoal, 73\\nmineral, 73\\nCoal-tar camphor, 142\\nCobalt, 117\\nCocaine, 179\\nCodeine, 179\\nColchicine, 179\\nCold, production of, 14, 76\\nColine, 177\\nCollodion, 164\\nflexible, 164\\nstyptic, 164\\nColocynthin, 169\\nCologne, 140\\nColoring matters, urinary, 183, 194\\nColostrum, 216\\nColumbium, 52\\nCombining weight, 16\\nCombustible, 22\\nCombustion, 22\\nsupporter of, 22\\nCompounds, 14\\nConcentrated lye, 91\\nConine, 179\\nCopal, 141\\nCopper, 118\\nammonio-sulphate, 66\\narsenite, 66\\nblack oxide, 119\\ngroup, 118\\nsuboxide, 120\\nCopperas, 114\\nCorals, 89\\nCorundum, 108\\nCorrosive sublimate, 123\\nCotton, 163\\nCow s milk, 219\\nCrab Orchard salts, 102\\nCream, 222\\nof tartar, 92\\nCreamometer, 222\\nCreasote, 160\\nCreatine, 178, 192\\nCreatinine, 178, 192\\nCresol, 161\\nCreta preparata, 98\\nCroton chloral, 153\\nCrystallin, 174\\nCrystallization, water of, 27\\nCupric hydrate, 119\\noxide, 119\\nsubacetate, 120\\nsulphate, 119\\nCuprOus oxide, 120\\nCurding, 155\\nCyanates, 80\\nCyanide, mercuric, 79\\nCyanides, compound, 80\\nCyanogen, 79\\nCymogene, 138\\nCystin, 208\\nDavy s method, 190\\nDecantation, 98\\nDecay, 229\\nDecone, 140\\nDeliquescence, 27\\nDeodorizers, 54\\nDestructive distillation, 26\\nDeveloper, 128\\nDewar, 20\\nDew-point, 54\\nDextrin, 165\\nDiabetic sugar, 167, 201\\nurine, 201\\nDialyzed iron, 116\\nDialyzer, 116\\nDiamond, 73\\nDiastase, 229\\nDiethylamine, 178\\nDiffusion, 78\\ngases, 78\\nDigitalin, 169\\nDisinfectants, 54\\nDistillation, 30\\ndestructive, 26\\nfractional, 30\\nDonne s test, 209\\nDonovan s solution, 64\\nDoremus method, 191\\nDraught in ventilation, 78\\nDrummond light, 20\\nDynamite, 159\\nEarthenware, 109\\nEarths, metals of the, 106\\nEarthy phosphates, 182, 195\\nEfflorescence, 27\\nElastica, 141\\nElaterin, 168\\nElectrolysis, 26, 32\\nElectro-positive and negative, 32\\nElements, 14\\nclassification of, 18\\ncable of, 15\\nEmpirical formulae, 137\\nEmplastrum plumbi, 83\\nEmery, 108\\nEmulsin, 168\\nEpithelial casts, 211", "height": "4604", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0240.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n235\\nEpithelium, 210\\nEpsom salts, 102\\nEquation, 17\\nErbium, 106\\nEsbach s albuminometer, 199\\nEserine, 179\\nEssence of pear, 148\\nartificial, 148\\nEssential oils, 140\\nEstimation of free HC1, 228\\nEtching, 42\\nEthane, 139\\nEthene, 139\\nalcohol, 157\\nEthine, 139\\nEther, 149\\nbutyric, 219\\nchloric, 150\\nethyl, 149\\nhydrobromic, 151\\nhydrochloric, 150\\nnitrous, 151\\nozonized, 31\\nsulphuric, 149\\nEthers, compound, 145, 149\\nmixed, 149\\nsimple, 145, 149\\nEthyl, alcohol, 146\\naldehyde, 152\\nbromide, 151\\nchloride, 150\\nhydrate, 144\\nmercaptan, 149\\nnitrite, 151\\noxide, 149\\nEthylamine, 178\\nEudiometer, 26\\nEvaporation, 14\\nExtraneous bodies in urine, 215\\nFat, 219\\nin urine, 210\\nFats, 155\\nFatty casts, 212\\nFehling s test, 202\\nsolution, 202\\nFeldspar, 109\\nFerments, 229\\nFerri citras, 117\\ncarbonas saccharatus, 116\\net ammonii citras, 117\\net ammonii tartras, 117\\net potassii tartras, 117\\net quininae citras, 117\\net strychniae citras, 117\\npyrophosphas, 117\\nFerric chloride, 114\\nhydrate, 115\\nnitrate, 116\\nsulphate, 114\\nFerricyanides, 80\\nFerricyanogen. 80\\nFerrocyanogen, 80\\nFerrous chloride, 114\\ncarbonate, 116\\nhydrate, 115\\niodide, 116\\nsulphate, 114\\nFerrous sulphide, 116\\nFerrum redactum, 113\\nFibrin, 175\\nFibrinogen, 174, 175\\nFibrinoplastin, 175\\nFiltration, 98\\nFire-damp, 139\\nFixed oils, 154\\nFlashing point, 138\\nFlint, 81\\nFlowers of sulphur, 45\\nFluid, definition of, 14\\nFluorides, tests for, 45\\nFluorine, 37\\nFluorspar, 38\\nFlystone, 117\\nFormaldehyde, 152\\nFormulas, 17, 137\\nmolecular, 136\\nFowlers method for urea, 191\\nsolution, 65\\nFractional distillation, 30\\nFruit essences, artificial, 148\\nFungi, 182\\nFusel oil, 148\\nGalena, 82\\nGalls, oak, 161\\nGalvanized iron, 104\\nGas, definition of, 13\\nilluminating, 75, 139\\nlaughing, 58\\nmarsh, 139\\nnatural, 139\\nGasoline, 138\\nGastric juice, 225\\ncomposition of, 225\\nGentianin, 169\\nGerman silver, 117\\nGermicides, 54\\nGiant powder, 159\\nGlass, 81\\nGlauber s salt, 90\\nGlobulin, 173, 200\\nGlucose, 167. 201\\nGlucosides, 168\\nGhitin, 175\\nGtycerine, 159\\nGlvcerites, 159\\nGlycerol, 159\\nGlyceryl, 158\\nGlycol, 157\\nGlycyrrhizin, 169\\nGlyceryl alcohol, 159\\nGlycogen, 166\\nGold cures. 129\\nleaf, 128\\nGoulard s extract, 84\\nGout, 192\\nGranite, 109\\nGrape sugar, 167. 201\\nGraphite, 73\\nGravity, specific, 10\\nGray powder, 121\\nGreek numerals, 41\\nGreen fire, 101\\nGreen vitriol, 114\\nGroups of the elements, 18", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0241.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "236\\nINDEX.\\nGuaiacol, 160\\ncarbonate, 160\\nGum-resins, 141\\nGums, 164\\nGun cotton, 163\\nGun powder, 94\\nGunzburg s reagent, 227\\nGuttapercha, 141\\nGypsum, 99\\nHsematuria, 208\\nHaines test, 202\\nHair dye, 127\\nHartshorn, 55\\nspirits of, 55\\nHeavy carburetted hydrogen, 139\\nHelium, 55\\nHeteroxanthine, 178\\nHolt, Dr. L. Emmet, 224\\nHomatropine, 179\\nHomologous series, 134\\nHowe s method, 198\\nHydracids, 40\\nHydrates, 26\\nHydrargyri,\\nchloridum mite, 123\\niodidum flavum, 122\\niodidum rubrum, 122\\nviride, 122\\noxidum flavum, 124\\noxidum rubrum, 124\\nsubsulphas flavus, 123\\nHydrargyrum, 121\\ncum creta, 121\\nHydrobromic ether, 157\\nHydrocarbons, 137\\nHydrochloric ether, 150\\nHydrogen, 19\\nantimonide, 69\\narsenide, 64\\ncarburetted, 139\\ncyanide, 79\\ndioxide, 30\\nmonoxide, 25\\n-oxide, 25\\nperoxide, 30, 208\\nsulphide, 46\\nHydroxybenzene, 159\\nHyoscyamine, 179\\nHydrometer, n\\nHyoscine, 179\\nHypo-, 36\\nHyposulphite of sodium, 49\\nHyposulphites, 49\\nHypoxanthine, 178\\nic, 41\\nIce, 25\\nide, 36\\nIgnis fatuus, 61\\nIlluminating gas, 75\\nIndestructibility, 10\\nIndia rubber, 141\\nIndican, 169, 194\\nIndicators, 97\\nIndol, 169\\nInk, 169\\nblack, 116\\nInk, indelible, 127\\nsympathetic, 117\\nInorganic chemistry, 18\\nInsolubility, influence of, 33\\nIodide of nitrogen, 53\\nof starch, 39, 163\\nIodides, test for, 43\\nIodine, 37, 136\\nIodoform, 144\\nIridium, 129\\nIronj 112\\nage, ir8\\nby hydrogen, 113\\ncast, 113\\ndialyzed, 116\\ngalvanized, 104\\ngroup, no\\nPig,, it 3\\npyrites, 116\\nQuevenne s, 113\\nreduced, 113\\nsalts (see Ferrous and Ferric),\\n114\\nscale, compounds of, 116\\nspecific gravity of, 12\\nwrought, 118\\nIsoamylamine, 177\\nIsologous series, 134\\nIsomerism, 137\\nite, 3 6\\nJalapin, 169\\nJavelle water, 95\\nKalium, 90\\nKaolin, 109\\nKerosene, 138\\nKetone, 145\\nKolbe, 133\\nKonig, 218\\nKreatine, 178, 192\\nKreatinine, 178, 192\\nKrypton, 55\\nKumyss, 224\\nLabarraque s solution, 95\\nLac sulphuris, 45\\nLactometer, n\\nLactoscope, 222\\nLactose, 219\\nLsevulose, 168\\nLamp black, 74^\\nLana philosophica, 104\\nLanthanum, 106\\nLaughing gas, 58\\nLardacein, 175\\nLarrabee, 27\\nLeachins:, 94\\nLead, 82\\nacetate, 83\\ncarbonate, 84\\nchloride, 84\\nchromate, 85\\ndioxide, 83\\niodide, 85\\nnitrate, 83\\noxide, 83\\nplaster, 83, 155", "height": "4608", "width": "2928", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0242.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n237\\nLead, puce, 83\\nred, 83\\nsubacetate, 84\\nsugar of, 83\\nsulphate, 84\\nsulphide, 85\\nwater, 84\\nwhite, 84\\nLedoyen s disinfectant fluid, 83\\nLeffmann, 187\\nLegumin, 174\\nLeucin, 208\\nLeucomaVnes, 178\\nLicorice, 169\\nLieben s test, 205\\nLignin, 163\\nLime (see Calcium) 98\\nchlorinated, 99\\nkilns, 98\\nquick, 98\\nslaked, 99\\nwater, 99\\nLimestone, 98\\nmagnesian, 102\\nLinen, 163\\nLinseed oil, 155\\nLiquid, definition of, 13\\nLiquor, 26, 87\\nacidi arsenosi, 65\\narseni et hydrargyri iodidi, 64\\ncalcis. 99\\nsaccharatus, 99\\ndefinition of, 26\\nferri chloridi, 114\\nnitratis, 116\\nsubsulpl atis, 115\\ntersulphatis, 115\\ngutta-perchae, 141\\nhydrargyri nitratis, 122\\niodi compositus, 39\\nmagnesii citratis, 103\\nplumbi subacetatis. 84\\npotassae, 93\\npotassii arsenitis, 65\\nLiter flask, 97\\nLitharge, 83\\nLithium, 86\\nurate, 86\\nLitmus, 40, 88\\nLixiviation, 94\\nLotio nigra, 124\\nLubricating oil, 138\\nLugol s solution, 39\\nLunar caustic, 126\\nLustre, metallic, 82\\nLyddite, 162\\nLye, 91\\nMagnesia, 103\\ncalcined, 103\\nmilk of, 103\\nMagnesian fluid, 196\\nlimestone, 102\\nMagnesium, 102\\ncarbonate, 103\\ncitrate, 103\\ngroup, 102\\nhydrate, 103\\nMagnesium oxide, 103\\nphosphate, 103\\nsulphate, 102\\nMalt, 229\\nMaltin, 229\\nMaltose, 167\\nManganates, 112\\nManganese, n 1\\nblack oxide of, 21, 38, in\\nchloride, in\\ndioxide, 21, 38,111\\nManganous sulphate, 111\\nsulphide, 112\\nMarble, 98\\nMarsh gas, 139\\nMarsh s test, 68\\nMassa hydrargyri, 121\\nMastic, 141\\nMatter, 10\\nstates of, 13\\nMeasures, 230\\nMeerschaum, 102\\nMenthol, 141\\nMercaptans, 148\\nMercurial ointment. 121\\nMercuric ammonium chloride, 123\\nchloride, 123\\ncyanide, 79\\niodide, 122\\nnitrate, 122\\noxide, 124.\\nsuiphate, 122\\nsulphide, 124\\nMercurous chloride, 123\\niodide, 122\\nnitrate, 122\\noxide. 124\\nsulphate, 122\\nsulphide, 124\\nMercury, 121\\nacid nitrate, 122\\nammoniated, 123\\nbichloride, 123\\nbiniodide, 122\\nblack oxide, 124\\ngreen iodide, 122\\nmild chloride, 123\\noleate, 124\\nproto-iodide, 122\\nred iodide, 122\\nred oxide, 124\\nyellow iodide, 122\\nyellow oxide, 124\\nMeta, 62\\nMetalbumin, 173\\nMetallic lustre, 82\\nMetals, 18, 81\\nMethane, 138, 139\\nMethene, 157\\nMethenyl, 158\\nMethyl alcohol, 145\\naldehyde, 152\\namine, 178\\nMethylated spirit, 146\\nMetric measures, 230\\nMicrococci, 214\\nMicrococcus urea, 185\\nMircro iganisms, 213", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0243.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "2 3 8\\nINDEX.\\nMilk, 216\\nadulteration of, 220\\ncomposition of, 217\\ncow s, 218\\nof magnesia, 103\\nof sulphur, 45\\npasteurization of, 220\\nsalts, 220\\nskim, 221\\nsterilized, 220\\nsugar, 166. 219\\ntesting, 221\\nwoman s, 218\\nMillon s reagent, 173\\nMineral coal, 73\\nsperm oil, 138\\nMirbane, oil of, 142\\nMirrors, 121\\nMolecular formulae, 136\\nMolecules, 16\\nMolybdenum, 117\\nMonobromated camphor, 141\\nMonsel s solution, 115\\nMordants, 108\\nMorphine, 179\\nMother of vinegar, 154, 229\\nMucilage of starch, 163\\nMucin, 201\\nMucor mucedo, 229\\nMucus, 182, 200\\nMulberry calculus, 205\\nMurexid test, 194\\nMuscarine, 177\\nMushroom, 177\\nMustard, 169\\nMycoderma aceti, 154, 229\\nMydine, 178\\nMyosin, 174\\nMyronic acid, 169\\nMyrosin, 169\\nMyrrh, 141\\nNaphtha, 138\\nNaphthalene, 142\\nNarceine, 179\\nNarcotine, 179\\nNascent state, 133\\nNatrium, 89\\nNatural gas, 139\\nNegative radicals, 132\\nNeon, 55\\nNessler s reagent, 57, 89\\nNeuridine, 178\\nNeurin, 177\\nNickel, 117\\nNicotine, 179\\nNitre, 93\\nsweet spirits of, 151\\nNitrates, 60\\nNitration, 60\\nNitric oxide, 58\\nNitrification, 58\\nNitrite of amyl, 151\\npentyl, 151\\nNitrites, 58\\nNitro-aniline, 170\\nNitrobenzene, 142\\nNitro-cellulose, 163\\nNitrogen, 52, 135\\ndioxide, 58\\ngroup, 52\\nhydride, 55\\niodide of, 53\\nmonoxide, 58\\noxides, 57\\npentoxide, 59\\ntetroxide, 59\\ntrioxide, 58\\nNitro- glycerine, 159\\nNitrous ether, 151\\noxide, 58\\nNomenclature, 36\\nNon-metals, 18\\nNormal salts, 91\\nNux vomica alkaloids, 179\\nOi dium aldicans, 229\\nOil, fusel, 148\\nlinseed, 155\\nof mirbane, 142\\nof peppermint, 141\\nof vitriol, 50\\nOleate of mercury, 124\\nOlefines, 139\\nOlein, 155\\nOleomargarine, 155\\nOleo-resins, 141\\nOleum terebinthtnae, 140\\nOliguria, 182\\nOils, essential, 140\\nfixed, 154\\nvolatile, 140\\nOnyx, 81\\nOpium alkaloids, 179\\nOrganic acids, 153\\nalkalies, 175\\nchemistry, 133\\nOrganized bodies, 133\\nOrpiment, 64\\nOrtho-, 62\\nOrthosilicic acid, 81\\nOsmic acid, 129\\nOsmium, 129\\nous, 41\\nOxacids, 40\\nOxalate ot lime, 99, 205\\nOxidation, 22\\nOxide, definition of, 22\\nOxidizing agents, 23\\nOxyacetate, 120\\nOxychloride of antimony, 70\\nOxygen, 21\\nOxygenated water, 30\\nOxy hydrogen flame, 20\\nOxysulphate, 123\\nOzone, 23\\ntest for, 24\\nOzonized ether, 31\\nPainter s colic, 85\\nPalladium, 129\\nPancreatin, 229\\nPaper, 162\\nParaffine, 138\\nParalbumin, 173\\nParaldehyde, 152", "height": "4608", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0244.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "I\\\\DEX.\\n239\\nParaxanthine, 178\\nParchment, artificial, 163\\nParenthesis, 17\\nParis green, 66, 120\\nPasteurization, 221\\nPavy s solution, 202\\nPearl ash, 91\\nwhite, 71, 105\\nPentyl acetate, 148\\nnitrite, 151\\nPeppermint, oil of, 141\\nPepsin, 225, 229\\nPeptones, 175, 200, 225\\nPer-, 36\\nPermanganates, 112\\nPeroxide of sodium, 90\\nPerspiration, 141\\nPetrolatum, 138\\nliquidum, 139\\nmolle, 139\\nspissum, 139\\nPetroleum, 138\\nPewter, 71, 83\\nPhenates, 159\\nPhenacetine, 171\\nPhenol, 159\\nPhenolphthalein, 97\\nPhenyl alcohcl, 159\\nbi-sulphate, 160\\nPhenylamine, 170\\nPhloroglucin, 227\\nPhosphates in urine, 195, 182\\nPhosphine, 61\\nPhosphites, 63\\nPhosphoretted hydrogen, 61\\nPhosphorus. 60, 136\\nhydride, 61\\noxides and oxacids, 62\\npentoxide, 62\\nred, 60\\nsun, 22\\nPhospho-tungstic acid, 200\\nPhotography, 127\\nPicric acid, 161, 203\\ntest for glucose, 203\\nPhysostigmine, 179\\nPig iron, 113\\nPilocarpine, 179\\nPilula hydrargyri, 121\\nPipette, 97\\n14 ?laster-of-Paris, 99\\nPlasters, 155\\nPlatinic chloride, 89, 129\\nPlatinum, 129\\nPlumbago, 73\\nPlumbum, 82\\nPolymerism, 137\\nPolyuria, 181\\nPorcelain, 109\\nPorter, 147\\nPotassium, 90\\nacid carbonate, 92\\nbicarbonate, 92\\nbichromate, in\\nbitartrate, 92\\nbromide, 93\\ncarbcnate, 91\\nchlorate, 21\\nPotassium chromate, in\\nferricyanide, 80\\nferrocyanide, 80\\ngroup. 86\\nhydrate, 94\\nhypochlorite, 94\\niodate, 93\\niodide, 93\\nmanganate, 112\\nnitrate, 93\\nper nanganate, 112\\nred chromate, n 1\\n-sodium tartrate, 94\\nsulphocyanate, 80, 224\\nPotato starch, 165\\nPottery, 109\\nPowder of Algaroth, 70\\nPrecedence of affinities, 73\\nPrecipitated chalk, 93\\nPreliminary group, 19\\nPropane, 137\\nPropenyl, 158\\nPropyl, 144\\nPropylamine, 169\\nProteids, 172, 178\\nProto-iodide of mercury, 122\\nPrussiate of potash, red, 80\\nyellow, 80\\nPseudoxanthine, 178\\nPtomaines, 176\\nPtyalin, 125, 229\\nPtyalism, 125\\nPurple of Cassius, 129\\nPus in urine, 209\\ntest for, 31, 209\\nPutrefaction, 229\\nPutrefactive alkaloids, 176\\nPutrescine, 178\\nPyocyanine, 178\\nPyro- 62\\nPyroligneous spirit, 145\\nPyrozone, 23\\nPyuria, 209\\nQuartz, 81\\nQuevenne s iron, 113\\nQuicklime, 98\\nQuicksilver, 121\\nQuimcine, 179\\nQuinidine, 179\\nQuinine. 179\\nQuinoidine, 179\\nRadicals, definition of, 31\\nthe alcohol, 144\\nRamsay, Prof., 55\\nRancidity of fats, 155\\nRational formulae, 137\\nRatsbane, 64\\nRayleigh, Lord, 55\\nRealgar, 64\\nRed fire, 101\\nprussiate of potash, 80\\nReduced iron, 113\\nRennet, 219\\nReinsch s test, 123\\nResina, 141\\nResins, 140", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0245.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "240\\nINDEX.\\nResorcin, 160\\nRespiration, 23\\nRhigoline, 138\\nRochelle salt, 94\\nRock crystal, 81\\nsalt, 90\\nRoll sulphur, 44\\nRosaniline, 170\\nRosin (see Resin), 140\\nRubber, India, 141\\nvulcanized, 141\\nRubidium, 96\\nSaccharin, 161\\nSaccharomyces cerevisiae, 229\\nSaccharum, 166\\nSaccharoses, 166\\nSalamandarine, 178\\nSalicin, 168\\nSaliva, 224\\nSalt-peter, 93\\nSalts, acid, 91\\nbi-, 9x\\nCrab-orchard, 102\\nEpsom, 102\\nnormal, 91\\nof tartar, 91\\nSalivation, 125\\nSalol, 161\\nSalophen, 161\\nSalt, common,\\nSal-volatile, 88\\nSamarium, 106\\nSand, 81\\nspecific gravity of, 13\\nSantonin, 169\\nSaponification, 157\\nSaponin, 169\\nSapphire, 108\\nSarcina, 214\\nScale compounds of iron, ri6\\nScandium, 106\\nScheele s green, 66, 120\\nSecretion of urine, 180\\nSelenium, 44\\nSerum-therapy, 179\\nSewer gas, 46\\nShellac, 141\\nSiemen s ozone tube, 23\\nSilica. 81\\nSilicates, 81\\nSilicic oxide, 81\\nSilicon, 81\\nSilver, 126\\naction of light on, 127\\nammonio-nitrate, 66\\narsenite, 66\\nbromide, 127\\nchloride, 127\\ncyanide, 127\\nGerman, 117\\niodide, 127\\nnitrate, 126\\noxide, 126\\nSlaked lime, 99\\nSoaps, 155^\\nSoap solution, 100\\nSoapstone, 81, 152\\nSoda, baking, 90\\nwater, 77\\nSodio-potassium tartrate, 94\\nSodium, 89\\namalgam, 87\\nbicarbonate, 90\\nborate, 107\\nchloride, 89\\ndioxide, 90\\nhypobromite, 191\\nhyposulphite, 49\\nphosphate, 90\\nsalicylate, 161\\nsulphate, 90\\nsulphite, 90\\nsulphocarbolate,\\nthiosulphate, 49\\ntungstate, 118\\nSolder, 83\\nSoldering, 107\\nSolid, definition of, 13\\nSolanin, 169\\nSolomon, Dr. Leon L., 101\\nSoluble glass, 81\\nSolution, Donovan s, 64\\nLabarraque s, 95\\nSolution, rationale of, 26\\nSoot, 74\\nSpasmotoxine, 177\\nSpecific gravity, 16, 186\\nflask, 11\\nweight, 16\\nSpectroscope, 209\\nSpermatozoa, 213\\nSpermine, 178\\nSpirit, methylated, 146\\npyroligneous, 145\\nwood, 145\\nSpirits, 87, 147\\nof hartshorn, 55\\nof wine, 146\\nSpiritus setheris nitrosi, 151\\nammonise, 87\\nammoniae aromaticus, 87\\nfrumenti, 147\\nvini gallici, 147\\nSquibb s, 187, 191\\nStannic salts, 82\\nStannous salts, 82\\nStannum, 82\\nStarch, 164\\nSteam, 25\\nSteel, 113\\nStereotyping metal, 71\\nSterilized milk, 220\\nStibine, 69\\nStibium, 69\\nStomach contents, 226\\nStrontium, 101\\nStrychnine, 179\\nStyptic collodion, 164\\nSublimation, 30\\nSublimed sulphur, 44\\nSuboxide of copper, 120\\nSugar, beet, 166, 201\\ncane, 166\\ncorn, 168\\ndiabetic, 167", "height": "4608", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0246.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "IXDEX.\\n2 4 1\\nSugar, grape, 167\\nin urine, 201\\nmilk, 166, 219\\nof lead, 83\\nspecific gravity of, 13\\nSulphates, test for, 51, 197\\nSulphites, 49\\nSulphocarbolates, 160\\nSulpho-cyanates, 80\\nSulphonal, 149\\nSulph-indigotate of sodium, 18c\\nSulphur, 44, 45, 135\\ndioxide, 49\\nflowers of, 45\\ngroup, 44\\nlotum, 45\\nmilk of, 45\\noxides, 48\\nprecipitatum, 45\\nsublimatum, 45\\ntrioxide, 49\\nSulphuretted hydrogen^ 46\\nSulphuric ether, 149\\nSupporter of combustion, 22\\nSusotoxine, 177\\nSweet spirits of nitre, 151\\nSymbols, 17\\nSympathetic ink, 117\\nSynaptase, 168\\nSynthesis, 26\\nSyntonin, 174\\nSyrupus calcii lactophosphatis, 99\\nSyrupus scillse compositus, 70\\nsimplex, t66\\nTable,\\nof alkaloids, 179\\nof elements, 15\\nof metric measures, 230\\nof solubilities, 132\\nto determine acidulous radicals, 131\\nto determine metallic radicals, 130\\nof valences, 35\\nTannin, 169\\nTanning, 169\\nTantalum, 52\\nTartar, cream of, 92\\nemetic, 70\\nTeeth, filling for, 105\\nTellurium, 44\\nTemperature, influence of, 33\\nTerebene, 140\\nTerpenes, 140\\nTersulphate of iron, 114\\nTest-meal, 225\\nTests,\\nalcohol, 147\\nalkali-bismuth, 203\\nalkoli-copper, 202\\nammonia, 57\\nammonium salts, 88, 89\\nantimony, 71\\narsenic, 67, 68\\nbarium, 197\\nbile acids, 207\\nbile coloring matters, 206\\nbismuth, 72\\nbiuret, 172\\nTests,\\nblood, 209\\nboron, 107\\nbromides. 43\\nbromine, 40\\nbrucine, 179\\ncadmium, 106\\ncalcium, 100\\ncarbonates, 78\\ncarbon dioxide, 78\\ncarbonic acid, 78\\nchlorides, 43, 196\\nchlorine, 40\\nchloroform, 143\\nchromates, 84\\ncobalt, 117\\ncoloring matters, urinary, 194\\nCongo-red, 226\\ncopper, 119\\ncyanides, 80\\nDonne s, 209\\nfats, 154\\nFehling s, 202\\nfluorides, 43\\ngallic acid, 162\\nglucose in urine, 201\\nHaines 202\\nhard water, 100\\nheat for albumin, 198\\nhydrocyanic acid, 80\\nhydrogen sulphide, 47\\nindigo-carmine, 203\\niodides, 43\\niodoform, 147\\niodine, 40, 165\\niron, 116\\nlead, 85\\nLieben s, 205\\nlithium, 86\\nmanganese, 107\\nMarsh s, 68, 71\\nmercury, 125\\nmetallic radicals, 130\\nmorphine, 179\\nmurexid, 194\\nnickel, 117\\nnitrates, 60\\nnitric acid, 60\\nnitrogenous bodies, 135\\norganic matter in water, 38\\noxalic acid, 157\\noxygen, 58\\nozone, 24\\nphenyl-glucosazone, 204\\nphenyl-hydrazine, 203\\nphosphates, 63\\nphosphoric acid, 63\\nphosphorus, 61\\npicric acid, 203\\nplatinic chloride, 94\\npotassium, 36\\npus, 31\\npyrogallic acid, 163\\nquinine, 179\\nReinsch s, 66\\nrennet, 227\\nsalicylic acid, 162\\nsilver, 196", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0247.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "242\\nINDEX.\\nTests,\\nsilver nitrate, 127, 197\\nsodium, 90\\nstarch, 163\\nstrychnine, 179\\nstrontium, 101\\nsugar, 167, 201\\nsulphates, 51, 197\\n.sulphuric acid, 51\\ntannic acid, 167\\nTrommer s, 201\\nUffelman s, 227\\nurates, 182, 191, 194\\nurea, 188, 190\\nuric acid, 194\\nurinary calculi, 215\\nurinary sediments, 215\\nwater in alcohol, 119\\nzinc, 105\\nTetanine, 176\\nTetanotoxine, 177\\nTheine, 179\\nTheobromine, 179\\nTheory, atomic, 15\\nTin, 82\\nTinct. ferri chloridi, 114\\niodi, 39\\nTinctures, 87, 147\\nTin-foil, 82\\nTin-ware, 82\\nTolu, 141\\nToluene, 142\\nTorula cerevisise, 229\\nToxicology of arsenic, 65\\nToxines, 178\\nTetrane, 139\\nTrichloraldehyde, 142\\nTrichlormethane, 142\\nTrimethyl amine, 171, 178\\nTriple-phosphates, 195\\nTritane, 139\\nTritenyl, 158\\nnitrate, 159\\nTritone, 140\\nTrityl, 148\\nTrommer s test, 202\\nTrypsin, 229\\nTube-casts, 211\\nTungsten, 117\\nTurpentine, 140\\nTurpeth mineral, 123\\nType-metal, 83\\nTyphotoxine, 177\\nTyrotoxicon, 177, 220\\nTyrosin, 208\\nUltimate analysis, 135\\nUnguentum antimonii, 70\\nhydrargyri, 121\\nhydrargyri nitratis, 122\\nUranium, 117\\nUrates, 182, 191\\nUrea, 80, 170, 179, 181, 188\\nestimation of, 189\\nnitrate, 188\\nquantitative analysis, 190\\nUric acid, 192\\nUrinary calculi, 215\\nUrinary casts, 211\\nUrine, 180\\nabnormal, 198\\nacid fermentation, 185\\nacidity, 184\\nalkaline fermentation, 185\\nchemical constituents, 188\\ncolor, 183\\ncoloring matters, 183, 194\\nfluidity, 183\\nmucus, 182\\nnormal, 181\\nodor, 183\\nopacity, 182\\nphysical properties, 181\\nquantity, 181\\nreaction, 183\\nspecific gravity, 186\\ntransparency, 182\\nUrinometer, n, 186\\nUrobilin, 194\\nUrohaematin, 194\\nUroindican, 194\\nUroxanthin, 194\\nValence, 34\\ntable of, 35\\nValerian, 154\\nVanadium, 52\\nVanillin, 227\\nVapor, 25\\nVapor-densities, 136\\nVarnishes, 141\\nVaseline, 139\\nVeratrine, 179\\nVentilation, 78\\nVerdigris, 120\\nVermilion, 124\\nVibriones, 215\\nVinegar, 154\\nmother of, 154, 230\\nVinum antimonii, 70\\nVinum rubrum, 147\\nVitellin, 174\\nVitriol, blue, 119\\ngreen, 114\\noil of, 50\\nwhite, 104\\nVolatile oils, 140\\nVolatility, influence of, 33\\nVulcanized rubber, 141\\nVolumetric solutions, 96\\nWater, 25\\nalkaline, 29\\nanalysis, 28\\nchalybeate, 29\\ncarbonated, 28\\ndistilled, 30\\ndrinkable, 27\\nfiltration, 29\\nglass, 81\\nhard, 100\\nimpure, tests for, 28\\nmineral, 28\\nnatural, 27\\nlithia, 29\\nof crystallization, 27", "height": "4572", "width": "2916", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0248.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n243\\nWater, oxygenated, 30\\npotable, 27\\npurification of, 29\\nsaline, 29\\nsulphur, 29\\nthermal, 2,)\\nWaxy casts, 212\\nWeight, 10\\nabsolute, 10\\napparent, 10\\natomic, 16\\ncombining, 16\\nspecific, 10\\nWelding, 107\\nWells, 27\\nWelsbach burner, 109\\nWerner-Schmidt process, 223\\nWhey, 219\\nWhiskey, 147\\nW T hite arsenic, 64\\nlead, 84\\nprecipitate, 123\\nvitriol, 104\\nWill-o the wisp, 61\\nWines, 147\\nWoehler, 133\\nWoman s milk, 218\\nWood alcohol, 145\\nnaphtha, 145\\nspirit, 145\\nWoody fibre, 163\\nWrought iron, 113\\nXanthine, 178, 192\\nXanthoproteic, 172\\nYeast, 146, 201, 213, 229\\nYellow, chrome, 85\\niodide of mercury, 122\\nprussiate of potash, 80\\nYtterbium, 106\\nYttrium, 106\\nZinc, 104\\ncarbonate, 105\\nchloride, 104\\noxide, 105\\nsulphate, 104\\nsulphide, 105\\nwhite, 105\\nZoogleae. 215", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0249.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4572", "width": "2916", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0250.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "NO. 8 APRIL, 1900\\nA Classified Catalogue of\\nBooks on Medicine and the\\nCollateral Sciences, Phar-\\nmacy, Dentistry, Chemistry,\\nHygiene, Microscopy, Etc.\\ne^\\nP. Blakiston s Son Company, Pub-\\nlishers of Medical and Scientific Books,\\n1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0251.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "SUBJECT INDEX.\\nSpecial Catalogues of Books on Pharmacy, Dentistry,\\nChemistry, Hygiene, and Nursing will be sent free upon\\napplication. All inquiries regarding prices, dates of edition,\\nterms, etc., will receive prompt attention.\\nSUBJECT. PAGE\\nAlimentary Canal (see Surgery) 19\\nAnatomy 3\\nAnesthetics 14\\nAutopsies (see Pathology) 16\\nBacteriology (see Pathology).. 16\\nBandaging (see Surgery) 19\\nBlood, Examination of 16\\nBrain 4\\nChemistry 4\\nChildren, Diseases of 6\\nClimatology 14\\nClinical Charts 6\\nCompends 22, 23\\nConsumption (see Lungs) n\\nCyclopedia of Medicine 8\\nDentistry 7\\nDiabetes (see Urin. Organs).. 21\\nDiagnosis 17\\nDiagrams (see Anatomy) 3\\nDictionaries 8\\nDiet and Food 14\\nDissectors 3\\nEar 9\\nElectricity 9\\nEmergencies (see Surgery) 19\\nEye 9\\nFevers 9\\nGout 10\\nGynecology 21\\nHay Fever 20\\nHeart 10\\nHistology 10\\nHospitals (see Hygiene) 11\\nHydrotherapy 14\\nHygiene 11\\nInsanity 4\\nLatin, Medical (see Miscella-\\nneous and Pharmacy) 14, 16\\nLife Insurance 14\\nLungs 12\\nMassage 12\\nMateria Medica 12\\nMedical Jurisprudence 13\\nMicroscopy 13\\nMilk Analysis (see Chemistry) 4\\nSUBJECT. PAGE\\nMiscellaneous 14\\nNervous Diseases 14\\nNose 20\\nNursing 15\\nObstetrics 16\\nOphthalmology 9\\nOrganotherapy 14\\nOsteology (see Anatomy) 3\\nPathology 16\\nPharmacy 16\\nPhysical Diagnosis 17\\nPhysical Training (see Miscel-\\nlaneous) 14\\nPhysiology 17\\nPneumotherapy 14\\nPoisons (see Toxicology) 13\\nPopular Medicine 10\\nPractice of Medicine 18\\nPrescription Books 18\\nRefraction (see Eye) 9\\nRheumatism 10\\nSanitary Science 11\\nSkin 19\\nSpectacles (see Eye) 9\\nSpine (see Nervous Diseases) 14\\nStomach (see Miscellaneous)... 14\\nStudents Compends 22, 23\\nSurgery and Surgical Dis-\\neases 19\\nSyphilis 21\\nTechnological Books 4\\nTemperature Charts 6\\nTherapeutics 12\\nThroat 20\\nToxicology 13\\nTumors (see Surgery) 19\\nU. S. Pharmacopoeia 16\\nUrinary Organs 20\\nUrine 20\\nVenereal Diseases 21\\nVeterinary Medicine 21\\nVisiting Lists, Physicians\\n{Send for Special Circular.)\\nWater Analysis 11\\nWomen, Diseases ot 21\\nThe prices as given in this Catalogue are net. Cloth\\nbinding, unless otherwise specified. Postpaid^ upon receipt\\nof advertised price", "height": "4572", "width": "2912", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0252.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "SUBJECT CATALOGUE OF MEDICAL BOOKS. 3\\nSPECIAI* NOTE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The prices given in this catalogue are\\nabsolutely net, no discount can be allowed retail purchasers under any\\nconsideration. This rule has been established in order that everyone\\nwill be treated alike, a general reduction in former prices having been\\nmade to meet previous retail discounts. Upon receipt of the advertised\\nprice any book will be forwarded by mail or express, all charges\\nprepaid.\\nANATOMY.\\nMORRIS. Text-Book ot Anatomy. 2d Edition. Revised and\\nEnlarged. 790 Illustrations, 214 of which are printed in colors.\\nJust Ready. Cloth, $6.00; Leather, $7.00; Half Russia, $8.00\\nTaken as a whole, we have no hesitation in according very high\\npraise to this work. It will rank, we believe, with the leading Anato-\\nmies. The illustrations are handsome and the printing is good.\\nBoston Medical and Surgical Journal.\\nSample pages and illustrations will be sent free to any address.\\nBROOMELL. Anatomy and Histology of the Human Mouth\\nand Teeth. 284 Illustrations. $450\\nDEAVER. Surgical Anatomy. A Treatise on Human Anatomy\\nin its Application to Medicine and Surgery. With about 400 very\\nHandsome full-page Illustrations Engraved from Original Drawings\\nmade by special Artists from dissections prepared for the purpose.\\nThree Volumes. Royal Square Octavo.\\nCloth, $21. 00 Half Morocco or Sheep, $24.00; Half Russia, $27.00\\nECKLEY. Practical Anatomy. A Manual for the use of Students\\nin the Dissecting Room. Based upon Morris Text-Book of Anatomy\\nand Including a Section on the Fundamental Principles of Anatomy.\\nWith 347 Illustrations, many of which are in colors.\\nCloth, $3 50; Oil Cloth, $4.00\\nGORDINIER. Anatomy of the Central Nervous System.\\nWith 271 Illustrations, many of which are original.\\nCloth, $6.00; Sheep, $7.00\\nHEATH. Practical Anatomy. 8th Edition. 300 Illus. $4.25\\nHOLDEN. Anatomy. A Manual of the Dissections of the Human\\nBody. Carefully Revised by A. Hbwson, m.d., Demonstrator of\\nAnatomy, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. 300 Illustrations.\\n7th Edition. In Press.\\nHOLDEN. Human Osteology. Comprising a Description of the\\nBones, with Colored Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles.\\nThe General and Microscopical Structure of Bone and its Develop-\\nment. With Lithographic Plates and numerous Illus. 8th Ed. $5.25\\nHOLDEN. Landmarks. Medical and Surgical. 4th Ed. $1 00\\nMACALISTER. Human Anatomy. Systematic and Topograph-\\nical, including the Embryology, Histology, and Morphology of Man.\\nWith Special Reference to the Requirements of Practical Surgery and\\nMedicine. 816 Illustrations. Cloth, $5.00; Leather, $6.00\\nMARSHALL. Physiological Diagrams. Life Size, Colored.\\nEleven Life-Size Diagrams (each seven feet by three feet seven\\ninches). Designed for Demonstration before the Class.\\nIn Sheets, Unmounted, $40.00; Backed with Muslin and Mounted\\non Rollers, $60.00; Ditto, Spring Rollers, in Handsome Walnut Wall\\nMap Case, $100.00; Single Plates Sheets, $5.00; Mounted, $7.50.\\nExplanatory Key, .50. Purchaser must j ay freight charges.\\nPOTTER. Compend of Anatomy, Including Visceral Anatomy.\\n6th Ed. 16 Lith. Plates and 117 other Illus. .80 Interleaved, $1.25\\nWILSON. Human Anatomy, nth Edition. 429 Illustrations, 26\\nColored Plates, and a Glossary of Terms. $5 oo\\nWINDLE. Surface Anatomy. Colored and other Illus. $1.00", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0253.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "SUBJECT CATALOGUE.\\nBRAIN AND INSANITY (see also\\nNervous Diseases).\\nBLACKBURN. A Manual of Autopsies. Designed for the Use\\nof Hospitals for the Insane and other Public Institutions. Ten full-\\npage Plates and other Illustrations. $1.25\\nGORDINIER. The Gross and Minute Anatomy of the Central\\nNervous System. With many full-page and other Illustrations.\\n8vo. Cloth, #6.00; Sheep, $7.00\\nGOWERS. Diagnosis of Diseases of the Brain. 2d Edition.\\nIllustrated. $1.50\\nHORSLEY. The Brain and Spinal Cord. The Structure and\\nFunctions of. Numerous Illustrations. $2.50\\nLEWIS (BEVAN). Mental Diseases. A Text-Book Having\\nSpecial Reference to the Pathological Aspects of Insanity. 26 Litho-\\ngraphic Plates and other Illustrations. 2d Ed. Just Ready. $7.00\\nMANN. Manual of Psychological Medicine and Allied\\nNervous Diseases. $3.00\\nREGIS. Mental Medicine. Authorized Translation by H. M.\\nBannister, m.d. $2.00\\nSHUTTLEWORTH. Mentally Deficient Children. New\\nEdition. $1.50\\nSTEARNS. Mental Diseases. With a Digest of Laws Relating\\nto Care of Insane. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.75 Sheep, $3.25\\nTUKE. Dictionary of Psychological Medicine. Giving the\\nDefinition, Etymology, and Symptoms of the Terms used in Medical\\nPsychology, with the Symptoms, Pathology, and Treatment of the\\nRecognized Forms of Mental Disorders. Two volumes. $10.00\\nWOOD, H. C. Brain and Overwork. .40\\nCHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY.\\nSpecial Catalogue of Chemical Books sent free upon application.\\nALLEN. Commercial Organic Analysis. A Treatise on the\\nModes of Assaying the Various Organic Chemicals and Products\\nEmployed in the Arts, Manufactures, Medicine, etc., with concise\\nmethods for the Detection of Impurities, Adulterations, etc. 8vo.\\nVol. I. Alcohols, Neutral Alcoholic Derivatives, etc., Ethers, Veg-\\netable Acids, Starch, Sugars, etc. 3d Edition, by Henry Leff-\\nMANN, M. D. #4-50\\nVol. II, Part I. Fixed Oils and Fats, Glycerol, Explosives, etc.\\n3d Edition, by Henry Leffmann, m. d. #3 .50\\nVol. II, Part II. Hydrocarbons, Mineral Oils. Lubricants, Be nzenes,\\nNaphthalenes and Derivatives, Creoscte, Phenols, etc. 3d Edition,\\nby Henry Leffmann, m.d. $3-5\u00c2\u00b0\\nVol. II, Part III. Terpenes, Essential Oils, Resins, Camphors, etc.\\n3d Edition, by Henry Leffmann, m.d. Preparing.\\nVol. Ill, Part I. Tannins, Dyes and Coloring Matters. 3d Edition.\\nRevised by J. Merritt Matthews, ph.d., of the Philadelphia\\nTextile School. Illustrated. In Press.\\nVol. Ill, Part II. The Amines, Hydrazines and Derivatives,\\nPyridine Bases. The Antipyretics, etc. Vegetable Alkaloids, Tea,\\nCoffee, Cocoa, etc. 8vo. 2d Edition. $4 .50\\nVol. Ill, Part III. Vegetable Alkaloids, Non-Basic Vegetable Bitter\\nPrinciples. Animal Bases, Animal Acids, Cyanogen Compounds,\\netc. 2d Edition, 8vo. #4.50\\nVol. IV. The Proteids and Albuminous Principles. 2d Ed. \u00c2\u00a34.50", "height": "4572", "width": "2916", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0254.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL BOOKS.\\nALLEN. Albuminous and Diabetic Urine. Illustrated. $2.25\\nBARTLEY. Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. A\\nText-Book for Medical, Dental, and Pharmaceutical Students. With\\nIllustrations, Glossary, and Complete Index. 5th Edition, carefully\\nRevised. Cloth, $3.00 Sheep, $3.50\\nBARTLEY. Clinical Chemistry. The Examination of Feces,\\nSaliva, Gastric Juice, Milk, and Urine. $1.00\\nBLOXAM. Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic. With Experi-\\nments. 8th Ed., Revised. 281 Engravings. Clo., $4.25 Lea., $5.25\\nCALDWELL. Elements of Qualitative and Quantitative\\nChemical Analysis. 3d Edition, Revised. $i-5\u00c2\u00b0\\nCAMERON. Oils and Varnishes. With Illustrations. $2.25\\nCAMERON. Soap and Candles. 54 Illustrations. $2.00\\nGARDNER. The Brewer, Distiller, and Wine Manufac-\\nturer. Illustrated. $1-5\u00c2\u00b0\\nGARDNER. Bleaching, Dyeing, and Calico Printing. $1.5\u00c2\u00b0\\nGROVES AND THORP. Chemical Technology. The Appli-\\ncation of Chemistry to the Arts and Manufactures.\\nVol. I. Fuel and Its Applications. 607 Illustrations and 4 Plates.\\nCloth, $5.00; Half Morocco, $6.50\\nVol.11. Lighting. Illustrated. Cloth, \u00c2\u00a34.00; Half Morocco, $5.50\\nVol. III. Lighting Continued. In Press.\\nVol. IV. Electric Lighting. In Press.\\nHOLLAND. The Urine, the Gastric Contents, the Common\\nPoisons, and the Milk. Memoranda, Chemical and Microscopi-\\ncal, for Laboratory Use. 6th Ed. Illustrated and interleaved, $1.00\\nLEFFMANN. Compend of Medical Chemistry, Inorganic\\nand Organic. Including Urine Analysis. 4th Edition, Rewritten\\nand Revised. .80; Interleaved, $1. 25\\nLEFFMANN. Analysis of Milk and Milk Products. Arranged\\nto Suit the Needs of Analytical Chemists, Dairymen, and Milk Inspec-\\ntors. 2d Edition. Enlarged, Illustrated. $1.25\\nLEFFMANN. Water Analysis. For Sanitary and Technic Pur-\\nposes. Illustrated. 4th Edition. $1.25\\nLEFFMANN. Structural Formulae. Including 180 Structural\\nand Stereo-Chemical Formulae. i2mo. Interleaved. $1.00\\nMUTER. Practical and Analytical Chemistry. 2d American\\nfrom the Eighth English Edition. Revised to meet the requirements\\nof American Students. 56 Illustrations. $1.25\\nOETTEL. Exercises in Electro-Chemistry. Illustrated. .75\\nOETTEL. Electro-Chemical Experiments. Illustrated. .75\\nRICHTER. Inorganic Chemistry. 4th American, from 6th Ger-\\nman Edition. Authorized translation by Edgar F. Smith, m.a.,\\nph.d. 89 Illustrations and a Colored Plate. l I -75\\nRICHTER. Organic Chemistry. 3d American Edition. Trans,\\nfrom the 8th German by Edgar F. Smith. Illustrated. 2 Volumes.\\nVol. I. Aliphatic Series. 62s Pages. $3.00\\nVol. II. Carbocyclic Series. 671 Pages. $3.00\\nSMITH. Electro-Chemical Analysis. 2d Edition, Revised. 28\\nIllustrations. #1-25\\nSMITH AND KELLER. Experiments. Arranged for Students\\nin General Chemistry. 3d Edition. Illustrated. .60", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0255.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "SUBJECT CATALOGUE.\\nSUTTON. Volumetric Analysis. A Systematic Handbook for\\nthe Quantitative Estimation of Chemical Substances by Measure,\\nApplied to Liquids, Solids, and Gases. 8th Edition, Revised. 112\\nIllustrations. In Press.\\nSYMONDS, Manual of Chemistry, for Medical Students.\\n2d Edition. $2.00\\nTRAUBE. Physico-Chemical Methods. Translated by Hardin.\\n97 Illustrations. $1.50\\nTHRESH. Water and Water Supplies. 2d Edition. $2.00\\nULZER AND FRAENKEL. Chemical Technical Analysis.\\nTranslated by Fleck. Illustrated. $1.25\\nWOODY. Essentials of Chemistry and Urinalysis. 4th\\nEdition. Illustrated. In Press.\\nSpecial Catalogue of Books on Chemistry free upon application\\nCHILDREN.\\nCAUTLIE. Feeding of Infants and Young Children by Nat-\\nural and Artificial Methods. $2.00\\nHALE. On the Management of Children. .50\\nHATFIELD. Compend of Diseases of Children. With a\\nColored Plate. 2d Edition. .80 Interleaved, $1.25\\nMEIGS. Infant Feeding and Milk Analysis. The Examination\\nof Human and Cow s Milk, Cream, Condensed Milk, etc., and\\nDirections as to the Diet of Young Infants. .50\\nPOWER. Surgical Diseases of Children and their Treat-\\nment by Modern Methods. Illustrated. #2.50\\nSHUTTLEWORTH. Mentally Deficient Children. New\\nEdition. $1.50\\nSTARR. The Digestive Organs in Childhood. The Diseases of\\nthe Digestive Organs in Infancy and Childhood. With Chapters on\\nthe Investigation of Disease and the Management of Children. 2d\\nEdition, Enlarged. Illustrated by two Colored Plates and numerous\\nWood Engravings. $2.00\\nSTARR. Hygiene of the Nursery. Including the General Regi-\\nmen and Feeding of Infants and Children, and the Domestic Manage-\\nment of the Ordinary Emergencies of Early Life, Massage, etc. 6th\\nEdition. 25 Illustrations. #1.00\\nSMITH. Wasting Diseases of Children. 6th Edition. $2.00\\nTAYLOR AND WELLS. The Diseases of Children. Illus-\\ntrated. A New Manual. 746 pages. $4.00\\nCLINICAL CHARTS.\\nGRIFFITH. Graphic Clinical Chart for Recording Temper-\\nature, Respiration, Pulse, Day of Disease, Date, Age, Sex,\\nOccupation, Name, etc. Printed in three colors. Sample copies\\nfree. Put up in loose packages of fifty, .50, Price to Hospitals, 500\\ncopies, $4.00; 1000 copies, $7.50. With name of Hospital printed\\non, .50 extra.\\nKEEN S CLINICAL CHARTS. Seven Outline Drawings of the\\nBody, on which may be marked the Course of Disease, Fractures,\\nOperations, etc. Pads of fifty, \u00c2\u00a31.00. Each Drawing may also be\\nhad separately, twenty-five to pad, 25 cents.", "height": "4612", "width": "2936", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0256.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL BOOKS.\\nSCH REINER. Diet Lists. Arranged in the form ot a chart.\\nWith Pamphlets of Specimen Dietaries. Pads of 50. .75\\nDENTISTRY.\\nSpecial Catalogue of Dental Books sent free upon application.\\nBARRETT. Dental Surgery for General Practitioners and\\nStudents of Medicine and Dentistry. Extraction of Teeth,\\netc. 3d Edition. Illustrated. Nearly Ready.\\nBROOMELL. Anatomy and Histology of the Human Mouth\\nand Teeth. 284 Handsome Illustrations. $4.50\\nFLAGG. Plastics and Plastic Filling, as Pertaining to the Filling\\nof Cavities in Teeth of all Grades of Structure. 4th Edition. $4.00\\nFILLEBROWN. A Text-Book of Operative Dentistry.\\nWritten by invitation of the National Association of Dental Facul-\\nties. Illustrated. $2.25\\nGORGAS. Dental Medicine. A Manual of Materia Medica and\\nTherapeutics. 6th Edition, Revised. Cloth, $4. 00; Sheep, $5.00\\nHARRIS. Principles and Practice of Dentistry. Including\\nAnatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Therapeutics, Dental Surgery,\\nand Mechanism. 13th Edition. Revised by F. J. S. Gorgas, m.d.,\\nd.d.s. 1250 Illustrations. Cloth, $6.00; Leather, #7.00\\nHARRIS. Dictionary of Dentistry. Including Definitions of Such\\nWords and Phrases of the Collateral Sciences as Pertain to the Art and\\nPractice of Dentistry. 6th Edition. Revised and Enlarged by Fer-\\ndinand F. S. Gorgas, m.d., d.d.s. Cloth, $5.00 Leather, $6.00\\nHEATH. Injuries and Diseases of the Jaws. 4th Edition 187\\nIllustrations. $4-5\u00c2\u00b0\\nHEATH. Lectures on Certain Diseases of the Jaws. 64\\nIllustrations. Boards, .50\\nRICHARDSON. Mechanical Dentistry. 7 th Edition. Thor-\\noughly Revised and Enlarged by Dr. Geo. W. Warren. 691 Illus-\\ntrations. Cloth, #5.00; Leather, $6.00\\nSMITH. Dental Metallurgy. Illustrated. $1.75\\nTAFT. Index of Dental Periodical Literature. $2.00\\nTALBOT. Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Treatment.\\n2d Edition. 234 Illustrations. $3 00\\nTOMES. Dental Anatomy. Human and Comparative. 263 Illus-\\ntrations. 5th Edition. $4.00\\nTOMES. Dental Surgery. 4th Edition. 289 Illustrations. $4.00\\nWARREN. Compend of Dental Pathology and Dental Medi-\\ncine. With a Chapter on Emergencies. 3d Edition. Illustrated.\\n.80; Interleaved, $1.25\\nWARREN. Dental Prosthesis and Metallurgy. 129 Ills. $1.25\\nWHITE. The Mouth and Teeth. Illustrated. .40\\nSpecial Catalogue of Dental Books free upon application.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0257.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "SUBJECT CATALOGUE.\\nDICTIONARIES.\\nGOULD. The Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology,\\nand Allied Sciences. Being an Exhaustive Lexicon of Medicine\\nand those Sciences Collateral to it: Biology (Zoology and Botany),\\nChemistry, Dentistry, Parmacology, Microscopy, etc., with many\\nuseful Tables and numerous fine Illustrations. 1633 pages. 5th Ed.\\nSheep or Half Dark Green Leather, $10.00; Thumb Index, $11.00\\nHalf Russia, Thumb Index, $12.00\\nGOULD. The Medical Student s Dictionary. Including all the\\nWords and Phrases Generally Used in Medicine, with their Proper\\nPronunciation and Definition, Based on Recent Medical Literature.\\nWith Tables of the Bacilli, Micrococci, Mineral Springs, etc., of the\\nArteries, Muscles, Nerves, Ganglia, and Plexuses, etc. 10th Edition.\\nRewritten and Enlarged. Completely reset from new type. 700 pp.\\nHalf Dark Leather, $3.25 Half Morocco, Thumb Index, $4.00\\nGOULD. The Pocket Pronouncing Medical Lexicon. 4th Edi-\\ntion. (30,000 Medical Words Pronounced and Defined.) Containing\\nall the Words, their Definition and Pronunciation, that the Medical,\\nDental, or Pharmaceutical Student Generally Comes in Contact\\nWith; also Elaborate Tables of the Arteries, Muscles, Nerves,\\nBacilli, etc., etc., a Dose List in both English and Metric Systems,\\netc., Arranged in a Most Convenient Korm for Reference and Memor-\\nizing. A new (Fourth) Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 838\\npages. Just Ready.\\nFull Limp Leather, Gilt Edges, $1.00; Thumb Index, $1.25\\n100,000 Copies of Gould s Dictionaries Have Been Sold.\\nGOULD AND PYLE. Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine and\\nSurgery. Seventy-two Special Contributors. Illustrated.\\nOne Volume. A Concise Reference Handbook, Alphabetically\\nArranged, of Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics, Materia Medica,\\nTherapeutics, and the Various Specialties, with Particular Reference\\nto Diagnosis and Treatment. Compiled under the Editorial Super-\\nvision of George M. Gould, m.d., Author of An Illustrated\\nDictionary of Medicine Editor Philadelphia Medical Journal,\\netc.; and Walter L. Pyle, m.d., Assistant Surgeon Wills Eye\\nHospital formerly Editor International Medical Magazine, etc.,\\nand Seventy-two Special Contributors. With many Illustrations.\\nLarge Square Octavo, to correspond with Gould s Illustrated\\nDictionary. Full Sheep or Half Dark-Green Leather, $10. co\\nWith Thumb Index, $11.00; Half Russia, Thumb Index, $12.00 net.\\nSample Pages and Illustrations and Descriptive Circulars of\\nGould s Dictionaries and Cyclopedia sent free upon application.\\nHARRIS. Dictionary of Dentistry. Including Definitions of Such\\nWords and Phrases of the Collateral Sciences as Pertain to the Art\\nand Practice of Dentistry. 6th Edition. Revised and Enlarged by\\nFerdinand J. S. Gorgas, m.d., d.d.s. Cloth, $5.00; Leather, $6 00\\nLONGLEY. Pocket Medical Dictionary. With an Appendix,\\ncontaining Poisons and their Antidotes, Abbreviations used in Pre-\\nscriptions, etc. Cloth, .75 Tucks and Pocket, $1.00\\nMAXWELL, Terminologia Medica Polyglotta. By Dr.\\nTheodore Maxwell, Assisted by Others. $3.00\\nThe object of this work is to assist the medical men of any nationality\\nin reading medical literature written in a language not their own.\\nEach term is usually given in seven languages, viz. English, French,\\nGerman, Italian, Spanish, Russian, and Latin.\\nTREVES AND LANG. German-English Medical Dictionary.\\nHalf Russia, $3.25", "height": "4600", "width": "2960", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0258.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL BOOKS. 9\\nEAR (see also Throat and Nose).\\nBURNETT. Hearing and How to Keep It. Illustrated. .40\\nDALBY. Diseases and Injuries of the Bar. 4th Edition. 38\\nWood Engravings and 8 Colored Plates. $2.50\\nHOVELL. Diseases of the Ear and Naso-Pharynx. Includ-\\ning Anatomy and Physiology of the Organ, together with the Treat-\\nment of the Affections of the Nose and Pharynx which Conduce to\\nAural Disease. 122 Illustrations. 2d Edition. Preparing.\\nPRITCHARD. Diseases of the Ear. 3d Edition, Enlarged.\\nMany Illustrations and Formulae. $1.50\\nWOAKES. Deafness, Giddiness, and Noises in the Head.\\n4th Edition. Illustrated. $2.00\\nELECTRICITY.\\nBIGELOW. Plain Talks on Medical Electricity and Bat-\\nteries. With a Therapeutic Index and a Glossary. 43 Illustra-\\ntions. 2d Edition. #1.00\\nHEDLEY. Therapeutic Electricity and Practical Muscle\\nTesting. 99 Illustrations. Just Ready. $2.50\\nJACOBI. Electrotherapy. Illustrated. In Press.\\nJONES. Medical Electricity. 3d Edition. 112 Illus. In Press.\\nMASON. Medical Electricity. Numerous Illustrations. .75\\nEYE.\\nA Special Circular of Books on the Eye sent free upon application\\nDONDERS. The Nature and Consequences of Anomalies of\\nRefraction. With Portrait and Illustrations. Half Morocco, $1.25\\nFICK. Diseases of the Eye and Ophthalmoscopy. Trans-\\nlated by A. B. Hale, m. d. 157 Illustrations, many of which are in\\ncolors, and a glossary. Cloth, #4.50 Sheep, #5.50\\nGOULD AND PYLE. Compend of Diseases of the Eye and\\nRefraction. Including Treatment and Operations, and a Section\\non Local Therapeutics. With Formulae, Useful Tables, a Glossary,\\nand in Illus., several of which are in colors. 2d Edition, Revised.\\nCloth, .80; Interleaved, $1.25\\nGOWERS. Medical Ophthalmoscopy. A Manual and Atlas\\nwith Colored Autotype and Lithographic Plates and Wood-cuts,\\nComprising Original Illustrations of the Changes of the Eye in Dis-\\neases of the Brain, Kidney, etc. 3d Edition. $4.00\\nHARLAN. Eyesight, and How to Care for It. Illus. .40\\nHARTRIDGE. Refraction. 104 Illustrations and Test Types.\\n10th Edition, Enlarged. Just Ready. #1.50\\nHARTRIDGE. On the Ophthalmoscope. 3d Edition. With\\n4 Colored Plates and 68 Wood-cuts. $1.50\\nHANSELL AND REBER. Muscular Anomalies of the Eye.\\nIllustrated. I -5o\\nHANSELL AND BELL. Clinical Ophthalmology. Colored\\nPlate of Normal Fundus and 120 Illustrations. $1.50\\nJESSOP. Manual of Ophthalmic Surgery and Medicine. Col-\\nored Plates and 108 other Illustrations. Cloth, $3.00", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0259.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "10 SUBJECT CATALOGUE.\\nMORTON. Refraction of the Eye. Its Diagnosis and the Cor-\\nrection of its Errors. 6th Edition. $1.00\\nOHLEMANN. Ocular Therapeutics. Authorized Translation,\\nand Edited by Dr. Charles A. Oliver. $*-75\\nPHILLIPS. Spectacles and Eyeglasses. Their Prescription\\nand Adjustment. 2d Edition. 49 Illustrations. $1.00\\nSWANZY. Diseases of the Eye and Their Treatment. 6th\\nEdition, Revised and Enlarged. 158 Illustrations, 1 Plain Plate,\\nand a Zephyr Test Card. $3.00\\nTHORINGTON. Retinoscopy. 3d Edition. Illustrated. |i.oo\\nTHORINGTON. Refraction and How to Refract. 200 Illustra-\\ntions, 13 of which are Colored. 301 pages. Just Ready. #1.50\\nWALKER. Students Aid in Ophthalmology. Colored Plate\\nand 40 other Illustrations and Glossary. $150\\nFEVERS.\\nCOLLIE. On Fevers. Their History, Etiology, Diagnosis, Prog-\\nnosis, and Treatment. Colored Plates. $2.00\\nGOODALL AND WASHBOURN. Fevers and Their Treat-\\nment. Illustrated. J.00\\nGOUT AND RHEUMATISM.\\nDUCKWORTH. A Treatise on Gout. With Chromo-lithographs\\nand Engravings. Cloth, $6.00\\nGARROD. On Rheumatism. A Treatise on Rheumatism and\\nRheumatic Arthritis. Cloth, $5.00\\nHAIG. Causation of Disease by Uric Acid. A Contribution to\\nthe Pathology of High Arterial Tension, Headache, Epilepsy, Gout,\\nRheumatism, Diabetes, Bright* s Disease, etc. 4th Edition. $3.00\\nHEART.\\nSANSOM. Diseases of the Heart. The Diagnosis and Pathology\\nof Diseases of the Heart and Thoracic Aorta. With Plates and other\\nIllustrations. $6.00\\nTHORNE. The Schott Methods of the Treatment of Chronic\\nHeart Disease. Third Edition. Illustrated. Just Ready. $1 75\\nHISTOLOGY.\\nSTIRLING. Outlines of Practical Histology. 368 Illustrations\\n2d Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With new Illustrations. #2.00\\nSTOHR. Histology and Microscopical Anatomy. Translated\\nand Edited by A. Schaper, m.d.. Harvard Medical School. Second\\nAmerican from 7th German Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 292\\nIllustrations. $3.00", "height": "4600", "width": "2916", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0260.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL BOOKS. 11\\nHYGIENE AND WATER ANALYSIS.\\nSpecial Catalogue of Books on Hygiene sent free upon application.\\nCANFIELD. Hygiene of the Sick-Room. A Book for Nurses\\nand Others. Being a Brief Consideration of Asepsis, Antisepsis, Dis-\\ninfection, Bacteriology, Immunity, Heating, Ventilation, etc. $1.25\\nCOPLIN. Practical Hygiene. A Complete American Text-Book.\\n138 Illustrations. New Edition. Preparing\\nERNST. Prophylaxis and Personal Hygiene. In Press.\\nHARTSHORNE. Our Homes. Illustrated. .40\\nKENWOOD. Public Health Laboratory Work. 116 Illustra-\\ntions and 3 Plates. $2.00\\nLEFFMANN. Examination of Water for Sanitary and\\nTechnical Purposes. 4th Edition. Illustrated. $1-25\\nLEFFMANN. Analysis of Milk and Milk Products. Illus-\\ntrated. Second Edition. $1.25\\nLINCOLN. School and Industrial Hygiene. .40\\nMACDONALD. Microscopical Examinations of Water and\\nAir. 25 Lithographic Plates, Reference Tables, etc. 2d Ed. $2.50\\nMcNEILL. The Prevention of Epidemics and the Construc-\\ntion and Management of Isolation Hospitals. Numerous Plans\\nand Illustrations. $3\u00c2\u00ab5o\\nNOTTER AND FIRTH. The Theory and Practice of Hygiene.\\n10 Plates and 135 other Illustrations. 1034 pages. 8vo. $7-oo\\nPARKES. Hygiene and Public Health. By Louis C. Parkes,\\nm.d. 5th Edition. Enlarged. Illustrated. #2.50\\nPARKES. Popular Hygiene. The Elements of Health. A Book\\nfor Lay Readers. Illustrated. $1 .25\\nSTARR. The Hygiene of the Nursery. Including the General\\nRegimen and Feeding of Infants and Children, and the Domestic\\nManagement of the Ordinary Emergencies of Early Life, Massage,\\netc. 6th Edition. 25 Illustrations. $1.00\\nSTEVENSON AND MURPHY. A Treatise on Hygiene. By\\nVarious Authors. In Three Octave Volumes. Illustrated.\\nVol. I, $6.00; Vol. II, $6.00; Vol. Ill, $5.00\\nEach Volume sold separately. Special Circular upon application.\\nTHRESH. Water and Water Supplies. 2d Edition. $2.00\\nWILSON. Hand-Book of Hygiene and Sanitary Science.\\nWiih Illustrations. 8th Edition. $3- 00\\nWEYL. Sanitary Relations of the Coal-Tar Colors. Author-\\nized Translation by Henry Leffmann, m.d., ph.d. $1.25\\nLUNGS AND PLEURiE.\\nHARRIS AND BEALE. Treatment of Pulmonary Consump-\\ntion. $2.50\\nKNOPF. Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Its Modern Prophylaxis\\nand Treatment in Special Institutions and at Home. Illus. $3.00\\nPOWELL. Diseases of the Lungs and Pleurae, including\\nConsumption. Colored Plates and other Illus. 4th Ed. $4.00", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0261.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "12 SUBJECT CATALOGUE.\\nMASSAGE.\\nKLEEN. Hand-Book of Massage. Authorized translation by\\nMussey Hartwell, m.d., ph.d. With an Introduction by Dr. S.\\nWeir Mitchell. Illustrated by a series of Photographs Made\\nEspecially by Dr. Kleen for the American Edition. $2.25\\nOSTROM. Massage and the Original Swedish Move-\\nments. Their Application to Various Diseases of the Body. A\\nManual for Students, Nurses, and Physicians. Fourth Edition, En-\\nlarged. 105 Illustrations, many of which are original. $1.00\\nMITCHELL AND GULICK. Mechanotherapy. Illus. In Press.\\nWARD. Notes on Massage. Interleaved. Paper cover, $1. 00\\nMATERIA MEDICA AND THERA-\\nPEUTICS.\\nBIDDLE. Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Including Dose\\nList, Dietary for the Sick, Table of Parasites, and Memoranda of\\nNew Remedies. 13th Edition, Revised. 64 Illustrations and a\\nClinical Index. Cloth, $4.00 Sheep, #5.00\\nBRACKEN. Outlines of Materia Medica and Pharmacology. #2.75\\nCOBLENTZ. The Newer Remedies. Including their Synonyms,\\nSources, Methods of Preparation, Tests, Solubilities, Doses, etc.\\n3d Edition, Enlarged and Revised. $1.00\\nCOHEN. Physiologic Therapeutics. Mechanotherapy, Mental\\nTherapeutics, Electrotherapy, Climatology, Hydrotherapy, Pneumo-\\ntherapy, Prophylaxis, Alimentotherapy, etc. In Press.\\nDAVIS. Materia Medica and Prescription Writing. $150\\nGOROAS. Dental Medicine. A Manual of Materia Medica and\\nTherapeutics. 6th Edition, Revised. $4.00\\nGROFF. Materia Medica for Nurses, with questions for Self Exam-\\nination and a complete Glossary. $1-25\\nHELLER. Essentials of Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and\\nPrescription Writing. #1.50\\nMAYS. Theine in the Treatment of Neuralgia. bound, .50\\nPOTTER. Hand-Book of Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and\\nTherapeutics, including the Action of Medicines, Special Therapeu-\\ntics, Pharmacology, etc., including over 600 Prescriptions and For-\\nmulae. 7th Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With Thumb Index in\\neach copy. Cloth, $5.00; Sheep, $6. co\\nPOTTER. Compend of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and\\nPrescription Writing, with Special Reference to the Physiologi-\\ncal Action of Drugs. 6th Edition. .80; Interleaved, $1.25", "height": "4600", "width": "2916", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0262.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL BOOKS. 13\\nSAYRE. Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy. An\\nIntroduction to the Study of the Vegetable Kingdom and the Vege-\\ntable and Animal Drugs. Comprising the Botanical and Physical\\nCharacteristics, Source, Constituents, and Pharmacopeial Prepara-\\ntions, Insects Injurious to Drugs, and Pharmacal Botany. With\\nsections on Histology and Microtechnique, by W. C. Stevens.\\n374 Illustrations, many of which are original. 2d Edition.\\nCloth, $4.50\\nWARING. Practical Therapeutics. 4th Edition, Revised and\\nRearranged. Cloth, #2.00; Leather, $3.00\\nWHITE AND WILCOX. Materia Medica, Pharmacy, Phar-\\nmacology, and Therapeutics. 4th American Edition, Revised by\\nReynold W. Wilcox, m.a.. m.d., ll.d., Professor of Clinical\\nMedicine and Therapeutics at the New York Post-Graduate Medical\\nSchool. Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.50\\nThe care with which Dr. Wilcox has performed his work is con-\\nspicuous on every page, and it is evident that no recent drug possess-\\ning any merit has escaped his eye. We believe, on the whole, this is\\nthe best book on Materia Medica and Therapeutics to place in the\\nhands of students, and the practitioner will find it a most satisfactory\\nwork for daily use. The Cleveland Medical Gazette.\\nMEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND\\nTOXICOLOGY.\\nREESE. Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology. A Text-Book\\nfor Medical and Legal Practitioners and Students. 5th Edition.\\nRevised by Henry Lkffmann, m.d. Clo.,^3.00; Leather, $3.50\\nTo the student of medical jurisprudence and toxicology it is in-\\nvaluable, as it is concise, clear, and thorough in every respect. The\\nAmerican Journal of the Medical Sciences.\\nMANN. Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. Illus. $6.50\\nTANNER. Memoranda of Poisons. Their Antidotes and Tests.\\n7th Edition. .75\\nMICROSCOPY.\\nCARPENTER. The Microscope and Its Revelations. 8th\\nEdition. 800 Illustrations and many Lithographs. Preparing.\\nLEE. The Microtomist s Vade Mecum. A Hand-Book of\\nMethods of Microscopical Anatomy. 887 Articles. 5th Edition,\\nEnlarged. In Press.\\nREEVES. Medical Microscopy, including Chapters on Bacteri-\\n\u00c2\u00b0l\u00c2\u00b0gy Neoplasms, Urinary Examination, etc. Numerous Illus-\\ntrations, some of which are printed in colors. $2.50\\nWETHERED. Medical Microscopy. A Guide to the Use of the\\nMicroscope in Practical Medicine. 100 Illustrations. $2.00", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0263.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "14 SUBJECT CATALOGUE.\\nMISCELLANEOUS.\\nBRAMWELL. Anaemia. #2.50\\nBURNETT. Foods and Dietaries. A Manual of Clinical Diet-\\netics. 2d Edition. $i-5o\\nBUXTON. Anaesthetics. Illustrated. 3d Edition. $1.50\\nCOHEN. Organotherapy. In Press.\\nDAVIS. Alimentotherapy. In Press.\\nFEN WICK. Ulcer of the Stomach. 42 Illustrations. #3.50\\nGOULD. Borderland Studies. Miscellaneous Addresses and\\nEssays. i2mo. $2.00\\nGREENE. Medical Examination for Life Insurance. Illus-\\ntrated. In Press.\\nHAIG. Causation of Disease by Uric Acid. A Contribution to\\nthe Pathology of High Arterial Tension, Headache, Epilepsy, Gout,\\nRheumatism, Diabetes, Bright s Disease, etc. 4th Edition. $3.00\\nHAIG. Diet and Food. Considered in Relation to Strength and\\nPower of Endurance. 2d Edition. Just Ready. $1.00\\nHEMMETER. Diseases of the Stomach. Their Special Path-\\nology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. With Sections on Anatomy, Diet-\\netics, Surgery, etc. 2d Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Illustrated.\\nJust Ready. Cloth, $6.00; Sheep, $7.00\\nHENRY. A Practical Treatise on Anemia. Halt Cloth, .50\\nMARSHALL. History of Woman s Medical College of Penn-\\nsylvania. 1 -5\u00c2\u00b0\\nNEW SYDENHAM SOCIETY S PUBLICATIONS. Circulars\\nupon application. Per Annum, $8.00\\nOSGOOD. The Winter and Its Dangers. .40\\nPACKARD. Sea Air and Sea Bathing. .40\\nPARRISH. Alcoholic Inebriety. $1.00\\nRICHARDSON. Long Life and How to Reach It. .40\\nST. CLAIR. Medical Latin. $1.00\\nTESSIER. Pneumotherapy. In Press.\\nTREVES. Physical Education Its Effects, Methods, Etc. .75\\nTURNBULL. Artificial Anaesthesia. 4 th Edition. Illus. $2.50\\nWEBER AND HINSDALE. Climatology. In Press.\\nWILSON. The Summer and Its Diseases. .40\\nWINTERNITZ. Hydrotherapy. In Press.\\nNERVOUS DISEASES.\\nBEEVOR. Diseases of the Nervous System and their Treat-\\nment. $2.50\\nDERCUM. Rest, Hypmotism, Mental Therapeutics. In Press.\\nGORDINIER. The Gross and Minute Anatomy of the Cen-\\ntral Nervous System. With 271 original Colored and other\\nIllustrations. Cloth, $6.00; Sheep, $7.00\\nGOWERS. Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System. A\\nComplete Text-Book. Revised, Enlarged, and in many parts Re-\\nwritten. With many new Illustrations. Two volumes.\\nVol. I. Diseases of the Nerves and Spinal Cord. 3d Edition, En-\\nlarged. Cloth, $4.00 Sheep, $5.00\\nVol. II. Diseases of the Brain and Cranial Nerves General and\\nFunctional Disease. 2d Edition. Cloth, $4.00; Sheep, $5.00\\nGOWERS. Syphilis and the Nervous System. $1.00\\nGOWERS. Clinical Lectures. A New Volume of Essays on the\\nDiagnosis, Treatment, etc., of Diseases of the Nervous System. $2.00", "height": "4616", "width": "2912", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0264.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL BOOKS. 15\\nGO WERS. Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases.\\n2d Edition. In Press,\\nHORSLEY. The Brain and Spinal Cord. The Structure and\\nFunctions of. Numerous Illustrations. $2.50\\nORMEROD. Diseases of the Nervous System. 66 Wood En-\\ngravings. $1.00\\nOSLER. Chorea and Choreiform Affections. $2.00\\nPRESTON. Hysteria and Certain Allied Conditions. Their\\nNature and Treatment. Illustrated. $2.00\\nWOOD. Brain Work and Overwork. .40\\nNURSING (see also Massage).\\nSpecial Catalogue of Books for Nurses sent free upon application.\\nBROWN. Elementary Physiology for Nurses. .75\\nCANFIELD. Hygiene of the Sick-Room. A Book for Nurses and\\nOthers. Being a Briet Consideration of Asepsis, Antisepsis, Disinfec-\\ntion, Bacteriology, Immunity, Heating and Ventilation, and Kindred\\nSubjects for the Use of Nurses and Other Intelligent Women. #1.25\\nCUFF. Lectures to Nurses on Medicine. New Edition. $1.25\\nDOMVILLE. Manual for Nurses and Others Engaged in At-\\ntending the Sick. 8th Edition. With Recipes for Sick-room Cook-\\nery, etc. .75\\nFULLERTON, Obstetric Nursing. 41 Ills. 5th Ed. gi.oo\\nFULLERTON. Surgical Nursing. Comprising the Regular\\nCourse of Instruction at the Training-School of the Woman s Hos-\\npital, Philadelphia. 3d Edition. 69 Illustrations. $i.co\\nGROFF. Materia Medica for Nurses. With Questions for Self-Ex-\\namination and a very complete Glossary. $1.25\\nIt will undoubtedly prove a valuable aid to the nurse in securing a\\nknowledge of drugs and their uses/ The Medical Record, New\\nYork.\\nHORWITZ. Duties of the Surgical Nurse. In Press.\\nHUMPHREY. A Manual for Nurses. Including General\\nAnatomy and Physiology, Management of the Sick Room, etc.\\n17th Ed. Illustrated. $1.00\\nIn the fullest sense, Dr. Humphrey s book is a distinct advance on\\nall previous manuals. It is, in point of fact, a concise treatise on\\nmedicine and surgery for the beginner, incorporating with the text the\\nmanagement of childbed and the hygiene of the sick-room, its value\\nis greatly enhanced by copious wood -cuts and diagrams of the bones\\nand internal organs. British Medical Jour nal London.\\nSTARR. The Hygiene of the Nursery. Including the General\\nRegimen and Feeding of Infants and Children, and the Domestic Man-\\nagement of the Ordinary Emergencies of Early Life, Massage, etc. 6th\\nEdition. 25 Illustrations. $1.00\\nTEMPERATURE AND CLINICAL CHARTS. See page 6.\\nVOSWINKEL. Surgical Nursing. Second Edition, Enlarged.\\n112 Illustrations. $1.00\\nWESTLAND. The Wife and Mother. $1.50", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0265.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "16 SUBJECT CATALOGUE.\\nOBSTETRICS.\\nCAZEAUX AND TARNIER. Midwifery. With Appendix by\\nMund6. The Theory and Practice of Obstetrics, including the Dis-\\neases ot Pregnancy and Parturition, Obstetrical Operations, etc.\\n8th Edition. Illustrated by Chromo- Lithographs, Lithographs, and\\nother full-page Plates, seven of which are beautifully colored, and\\nnumerous Wood Engravings. Cloth, $4.50 Full Leather, $5.50\\nDAVIS. A Manual of Obstetrics. 3d Edition. Preparing.\\nLANDIS. Compend of Obstetrics. 6th Edition, Revised by Wm.\\nH. Wells, Assistant Demonstrator of Clinical Obstetrics, Jefferson\\nMedical College. With 47 Illustrations, .80 Interleaved, $1.25.\\nWINCKEL. Text-Book of Obstetrics, Including the Pathol-\\nogy and Therapeutics of the Puerperal State. Authorized\\nTranslation by J. Clifton Edgar, a.m., m.d. With nearly 200 Illus-\\ntrations. Cloth, $5.00 Leather, #6.00\\nFULLERTON. Obstetric Nursing. 5th Ed. Illustrated. $1.00\\nPATHOLOGY.\\nBARLOW. General Pathology. 795 pages. 8vo. $5.00\\nBLACK. Micro-Organisms. The Formation of Poisons. .75\\nBLACKBURN. Autopsies. A Manual of Autopsies Designed for\\nthe Use of Hospitals for the Insane and other Public Institutions.\\nTen full-page Plates and other Illustrations. $1-25\\nCOPLIN. Manual of Pathology. Including Bacteriology, Technic\\nof Post-Mortems, Methods of Pathologic Research, etc. 275 Illus-\\ntrations, many of which are original. 3d Edition. Nearly Ready.\\nDA COSTA. Clinical Pathology of the Blood. Ilius. In Press.\\nGILLIAM. Pathology. A Hand-Book for Students. 47 Illus. .75\\nHALL. Compend of General Pathology and Morbid Anatomy.\\n91 very fine Illustrations. 2d Edition. Preparing.\\nHEWLETT. Manual of Bacteriology. 75 Illustrations. $3.00\\nVIRCHOW. Post-Mortem Examinations. A Description and\\nExplanation of the Method of Performing Them in the Dead House\\nof the Berlin Charity Hospital, with Special Reference to Medico-\\nLegal Practice. 3d Edition, with Additions. .75\\nWHITACRE. Laboratory Text-Book of Pathology. With\\n121 Illustrations. J -5\u00c2\u00b0\\nWILLIAMS. Bacteriology. A Manual for Students. 78 Illus-\\ntrations. $1.50\\nPHARMACY.\\nSpecial Catalogue of Books on Pharmacy sent free upon application.\\nCOBLENTZ. Manual of Pharmacy. A Complete Text-Book\\nby the Professor in the New York College of Pharmacy, -zd Edition,\\nRevised and Enlarged. 437 Illus. Cloth, $3.50; Sheep, $4.50\\nBEASLEY. Book of 3100 Prescriptions. Collected from the\\nPractice of the Most Eminent Physicians and Surgeons English,\\nFrench, and American. A Compendious History ot the Materia\\nMedica, Lists of the Doses of all the Officinal and Established Pre-\\nparations, an Index of Diseases and their Remedies. 7th Ed. $2.00", "height": "4620", "width": "2924", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0266.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL BOOKS. 17\\nBEASLEY. Druggists* General Receipt Book. Comprising\\na Copious Veterinary Formulary, Recipes in Patent and Proprietary\\nMedicines, Druggists Nostrums, etc. Perfumery and Cosmetics,\\nBeverages, Dietetic Articles and Condiments, Trade Chemicals,\\nScientific Processes, and many Useful Tables, ioth Ed. $2.00\\nBEASLEY. Pharmaceutical Formulary. A Synopsis of the\\nBritish, French, German, and United States Pharmacopoeias. Com-\\nprising Standard and Approved Formulae for the Preparations and\\nCompounds Employed in Medicine. 12th Edition. $2.00\\nPROCTOR. Practical Pharmacy. Lectures on Practical Phar-\\nmacy. With Wood Engravings and 32 Lithographic Fac-simile\\nPrescriptions. 3d Edition, Revised, and with Elaborate Tables of\\nChemical Solubilities, etc. $3-oo\\nROBINSON. Latin Grammar of Pharmacy and Medicine.\\n3d Edition. With elaborate Vocabularies. $!-75\\nSAYRE. Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy. An\\nIntroduction to the Study of the Vegetable Kingdom and the Vege-\\ntable and Animal Drugs. Comprising the Botanical and Physical\\nCharacteristics, Source, Constituents, and Pharmacopeial Prepar-\\nations, Insects Injurious to Drugs, and Parmacal Botany. With\\nsections on Histology and Microtechnique, by W. C. Stevens.\\n374 Illustrations. Second Edition. Cloth, $4.50\\nSCOVILLE. The Art of Compounding. Second Edition, Re-\\nvised and Enlarged. Cloth, $2.50\\nSTEWART. Compend of Pharmacy. Based upon Reming-\\nton s Text-Book of Pharmacy. 5th Edition, Revised in Accord-\\nance with the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, 1890. Complete Tables of\\nMetric and English Weights and Measures. .80 Interleaved. $1.25\\nUNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 1890. 7 th Decennial\\nRevision. Cloth, $2.50 (postpaid, $2.77); Sheep, $3.00 (postpaid,\\n$3.27) Interleaved, $4.00 (postpaid, $4.50); Printed on one side oi\\npage only, unbound, $3.50 (postpaid, $3.90).\\nSelect Tables from the U. S. P. (1890). Being Nine of the Most\\nImportant and Useful Tables, Printed on Separate Sheets. Care-\\nfully put up in patent envelope. .25\\nPOTTER. Hand-Book of Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and\\nTherapeutics. 600 Prescriptions. 7th Ed. Clo.,$5.oo; Sh., \u00c2\u00a36.00\\nPHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS.\\nBROWN, Medical Diagnosis. A Manual of Clinical Methods.\\n4th Edition. 1T2 Illustrations. Cloth, $2.25\\nDA COSTA. Clinical Examination of the Blood. Illustrated.\\nIn Press.\\nFENWICK. Medical Diagnosis. 8th Edition. Rewritten and\\nvery much Enlarged. 135 Illustrations. Cloth, $2.50\\nMEMMINGER. Diagnosis by the Urine. 2d Ed. 24 Illus. $1.00\\nTYSON. Hand-Book of Physical Diagnosis. For Students and\\nPhysicians. By the Professor of Clinical Medicine in the University\\nof Pennsylvania. Illus. 3d Ed., Improved and Enlarged. With\\nColored and other Illustrations. $*-5\u00c2\u00b0\\nPHYSIOLOGY.\\nBIRCH. Practical Physiology. An Elementary Class Book.\\n62 Illustrations. $i-75\\nBRUBAKER. Compend of Physiology. 9th Edition, Revised\\nand Enlarged. Illustrated. .80; Interleaved, $1.25\\n2", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0267.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "18 SUBJECT CATALOGUE.\\nLondon. 661 Illustrations, some of which are printed in colors.\\nCloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.75\\nLANDOIS. A Text-Book of Human Physiology, Including\\nHistology and Microscopical Anatomy, with Special Reference to\\nthe Requirements of Practical Medicine. 5th American, translated\\nfrom the 9th German Edition, with Additions by Wm. Stirling,\\nm.d.,d.sc. 845 Ulus., many of which are printed in colors. In Press.\\nSTARLING. Elements of Human Physiology. 100 Ills. $1.00\\nSTIRLING. Outlines of Practical Physiology. Including\\nChemical and Experimental Physiology, with Special Reference to\\nPractical Medicine. 3d Edition. 289 Illustrations. #2.00\\nTYSON. Cell Doctrine. Its History and Present State. $1.50\\nPRACTICE.\\nBEALE. On Slight Ailments; their Nature and Treatment.\\n2d Edition, Enlarged and Illustrated. $1.25\\nFOWLER. Dictionary of Practical Medicine. By various\\nwriters. An Encyclopaedia of Medicine. Clo.,$3.oo; Half Mor. $4.00\\nGOULD AND PYLE. Cyclopedia of Practical Medicine and\\nSurgery. A Concise Reference Handbook, Alphabetically\\nArranged, with particular Reference to Diagnosis and Treatment.\\nEdited by Drs. Gould and Pyle, Assisted by 72 Special Con-\\ntributors. Illustrated, one volume, Sheep or Half Morocco, $10 00;\\nwith Thumb Index, $11.00; Half Russia, Thumb Index, $12.00.\\nJKtf* Complete descriptive circular with sample pages and illustra-\\ntions of this book will be sent free upon application.\\nHUGHES. Compend of the Practice of Medicine. 6th Edition,\\nRevised and Enlarged. Just Ready.\\nPart I. Continued, Eruptive, and Periodical Fevers, Diseases of the\\nStomach, Intestines, Peritoneum, Biliary Passages, Liver, Kid-\\nneys, etc., and General Diseases, etc.\\nPart II. Diseases of the Respiratory System, Circulatory System,\\nand Nervous System; Diseases of the Blood, etc.\\nPrice of each part, .80; Interleaved, $1.25\\nPhysician s Edition. In one volume, including the above two\\nparts, a Section on Skin Diseases, and an Index. 6th Revised\\nEdition. 625 pp. Just Ready. Full Morocco, Gilt Edge, \u00c2\u00a32.25\\nROBERTS. The Theory and Practice of Medicine. The\\nSections on Treatment are especially exhaustive. 9th Edition,\\nwith Illustrations. Cloth. $4.50; Leather, $5.50\\nTAYLOR. Practice of Medicine. 5th Edition. Cloth, $4.00\\nTYSON. The Practice of Medicine. By James Tyson, m.d.,\\nProfessor of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania. A Com-\\nplete Systematic Text-book with Special Reference to Diagnosis and\\nTreatment. Illustrated. 8vo.\\nCloth, $5.50 Leather, $6.50 Half Russia, $7.50\\nPRESCRIPTION BOOKS.\\nBEASLEY. Book of 3100 Prescriptions. Collected from the\\nPractice of the Most Eminent Physicians and Surgeons\u00e2\u0080\u0094 English,\\nFrench, and American. A Compendious History of the Materia,\\nMedica, Lists of the Doses of all Officinal and Established Prepara-\\ntions, and an Index of Diseases and their Remedies. 7th Ed. $2.00", "height": "4604", "width": "2908", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0268.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL BOOKS. 19\\nBEASLEY. Druggists General Receipt Book. Comprising\\na Copious Veterinary Formulary, Recipes in Patent and Proprie-\\ntary Medicines, Druggists Nostrums, etc. Perfumery and Cos-\\nmetics, Beverages, Dietetic Articles and Condiments, Trade Chem-\\nicals, Scientific Processes, and an Appendix of Useful Tables,\\nioth Edition, Revised. $2.00\\nBEASLEY. Pocket Formulary. A Synopsis of the British, French,\\nGerman, and United States Pharmacopoeias and the chief unofficial\\nFormularies. 12th Edition. $2.00\\nSKIN.\\nBULKLEY. The Skin in Health and Disease. Illustrated. .40\\nCROCKER. Diseases of the Skin. Their Description, Pathol-\\nogy, Diagnosis, and Treatment, with Special Reference to the Skin\\nEruptions of Children. 92 Illus. 3d Edition. Preparing.\\nIMPEY. Leprosy. 37 Plates. 8vo. $3.50\\nSCHAMBERG. Diseases of the Skin. 99 Illustrations. Being\\nNo. 16? Quiz-Compend? Series. Cloth, .80; Interleaved, $1.25\\nVAN HARLINGEN. On Skin Diseases. A Practical Manual\\nof Diagnosis and Treatment, with special reference to Differential\\nDiagnosis. 3d Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With Formulae\\nand 60 Illustrations, some of which are printed in colors. $2.75\\nSURGERY AND SURGICAL DIS-\\nEASES (see also Urinary Organs).\\nBUTLIN. Operative Surgery of Malignant Disease. 2d Edi-\\ntion. Illustrated. Octavo. Just Ready. $4- 50\\nCRIPPS. Ovariotomy and Abdominal Surgery. Illus. $8.00\\nDEAVER. Surgical Anatomy. A Treatise on Human Anatomy\\nin its Application to Medicine and Surgery. With about 400 very\\nHandsome full-page Illustrations Engraved from Original Drawings\\nmade by special Artists from Dissections prepared for the purpose.\\nThree Volumes. Royal Square Octavo.\\nCloth, $21.00; Half Morocco or Sheep, $24.00 Half Russia, $27.00\\nComplete descriptive circular and special ter?ns tipon application.\\nDEAVER. Appendicitis, Its Symptoms, Diagnosis, Pathol-\\nogy, Treatment, and Complications. Elaborately Illustrated\\nwith Colored Plates and other Illustrations. 2d Edition. In Press.\\nDULLES. What to Do First in Accidents and Poisoning.\\n5th Edition. New Illustrations. $1.00\\nFULLERTON. Surgical Nursing. 3d Edition. 69 Illus. $1 00\\nHAMILTON. Lectures on Tumors, from a Clinical Stand-\\npoint. Third Edition, Revised, with New Illustrations. $1.25\\nHEATH. Minor Surgery and Bandaging, nth Ed., Revised\\nand Enlarged. 158 Illustrations, 62 Formulae, Diet List, etc. $1.25\\nHEATH. Injuries and Diseases of the Jaws. 4th Edition.\\n187 Illustrations. $4-5o\\nHEATH. Lectures on Certain Diseases of the Jaws. 64 Illus-\\ntrations. Boards, .50", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0269.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "20 SUBJECT CATALOGUE.\\nHORWITZ. Compend of Surgery and Bandaging, including\\nMinor Surgery, Amputations, Fractures, Dislocations, Surgical Dis-\\neases, and the Latest Antiseptic Rules, etc., with Differential Diagno-\\nsis and Treatment. 5th Edition, very much Enlarged and Rear-\\nranged. 167 Illustrations, 98 Formulae. Clo.,.8o; Interleaved, $1.25\\nJACOBSON. Operations of Surgery. Over 200 Illustrations.\\nCloth, $3.00 Leather, $4.00\\nJACOBSON. Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation.\\n88 Illustrations. $6.00\\nLANE. Surgery of the Head and Neck, no Illustrations.\\n2d Edition. $5.00\\nMACREADY. A Treatise on Ruptures. 24 Full-page Litho-\\ngraphed Plates and Numerous Wood Engravings. Cloth, $6.00\\nMAYLARD. Surgery of the Alimentary Canal. 97 Illustrations.\\n2d Edition, Revised. Just Ready. #3-\u00c2\u00b0o\\nMOULLIN. Text-Book of Surgery. With Special Reference to\\nTreatment. 3d American Edition. Revised and edited by John B.\\nHamilton, m.d., ll.d., Professor of the Principles of Surgery and\\nClinical Surgery, Rush Medical College, Chicago. 623 Illustrations,\\nover 200 of which are original, and many of which are printed in\\ncolors. Handsome Cloth, $6.00; Leather, $7.00\\nROBERTS. Fractures of the Radius. A Clinical and Patho-\\nlogical Study. 33 Illustrations. $1.00\\nSMITH. Abdominal Surgery. Being a Systematic Description ot\\nall the Principal Operations. 224 Illus. 6th Ed. 2 Vols. Clo., $10.00\\nSWAIN. Surgical Emergencies. Fifth Edition. Cloth, $1.75\\nVOSWINKEL. Surgical Nursing. Second Edition, Revised and\\nEnlarged, in Illustrations. $1.00\\nWALSHAM. Manual of Practical Surgery. 6th Ed., Re-\\nvised and Enlarged. With 410 Engravings. $3.00\\nTHROAT AND NOSE (see also Ear).\\nCOHEN. The Throat and Voice. Illustrated. .40\\nHALL. Diseases of the Nose and Throat. Two Colored\\nPlates and 59 Illustrations. New Edition Preparing.\\nHOLLOPETER. Hay Fever. Its Successful Treatment. \u00c2\u00a31.00\\nKNIGHT. Diseases of the Throat. A Manual for Students.\\nIllustrated. Nearly Ready.\\nMACKENZIE. Pharmacopoeia of the London Hospital for\\nDis. of the Throat. 5th Ed., Revised by Dr. F. G. Harvey. $1.00\\nMcBRIDE. Diseases of the Throat, Nose, and Ear. A Clinical\\nManual. With colored Illus. from original drawings. 2d Ed. $6.00\\nPOTTER. Speech and its Defects. Considered Physiologically,\\nPathologically, and Remedially. $1.00\\nURINE AND URINARY ORGANS.\\nACTON. The Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive\\nOrgans in Childhood, Youth, Adult Age, and Advanced Life,\\nConsidered in their Physiological, Social, and Moral Relations.\\n8th Edition. $i-75", "height": "4612", "width": "2908", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0270.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL BOOKS. 21\\nBEALE. One Hundred Urinary Deposits. On eight sheets,\\nfor the Hospital, Laboratory, or Surgery. Paper, #2.00\\nHOLLAND. The Urine, the Gastric Contents, the Common\\nPoisons, and the Milk. Memoranda, Chemical and Microscopi-\\ncal, for Laboratory Use. Illustrated and Interleaved. 6th Ed. $1.00\\nJACOBSON. Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation. 88\\nIllustrations. $6.00\\nKLEEN. Diabetes and Glycosuria. $2.50\\nMEMMINGER. Diagnosis by the Urine. 2d Ed. 24 Iilus. $1.00\\nMORRIS. Renal Surgery, with Special Reference to Stone in the\\nKidney and Ureter and to the Surgical Treatment of Calculous\\nAnuria. Illustrated. $2.00.\\nMOULLIN. Enlargement of the Prostate. Its Treatment and\\nRadical Cure. 2d Edition. Illustrated. Jtist Ready. $*-75\\nMOULLIN. Inflammation of the Bladder and Urinary Fever.\\nOctavo. $i-5o\\nSCOTT. The Urine. Its Clinical and Microscopical Examination.\\n41 Lithographic Plates and other Illustrations. Nearly Ready.\\nTYSON. Guide to Examination of the Urine. For the Use of\\nPhysicians and Students. With Colored Plate and Numerous Illus-\\ntrations engraved on wood. 9th Edition, Revised. $1-25\\nVAN NUYS. Chemical Analysis of Healthy and Diseased\\nUrine, Qualitative and Quantitative. 39 Illustrations. $1.00\\nVENEREAL DISEASES.\\nCOOPER. Syphilis. 2d Edition, Enlarged and Illustrated with\\n20 full-page Plates. $5.00\\nGOWERS. Syphilis and the Nervous System. 1.00\\nVETERINARY.\\nBALLOU. Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology. 29 Graphic\\nIllustrations. .80; Interleaved, #1.25\\nTUSON. Veterinary Pharmacopoeia. Including the Outlines of\\nMateria Medica and Therapeutics. 5th Edition. $2.25\\nWOMEN, DISEASES OF.\\nBYFORD (H. T.). Manual of Gynecology. Second Edition,\\nRevised and Enlarged by 100 pages. With 341 Illustrations, many\\nof which are from original drawings. $3-oo\\nDUHRSSEN. A Manual of Gynecological Practice. 105\\nIllustrations. 1 -S\u00c2\u00b0\\nFULLERTON. Surgical Nursing. 3d Edition, Revised and\\nEnlarged. 69 Illustrations. $1.00\\nLEWERS. Diseases of Women. 146 Illus. 5th Ed. $2.50\\nMONTGOMERY. Gynecology. A Text-Book. Abe ut 5c o Illus-\\ntrations. 8vo. In Press.\\nWELLS. Compend of Gynecology. Illustrated. 2d Edition.\\n.80; Interleaved, $1. 25", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0271.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "22 SUBJECT CATALOGUE.\\nCOMPENDS.\\nFrom The Southern Clinic.\\nWe know of no series of books issued by any house that so fully\\nmeets our approval as these ?Quiz-Compends?. They are well ar-\\nranged, full, and concise, and are really the best line of text-books that\\ncould be found for either student or practitioner.\\nBLAKISTON S PQUIZ-COMPENDS?\\nThe Best Series of Manuals for the Use of Students.\\nPrice of each, Cloth, .80. Interleaved, for taking Notes, $1.25.\\n4 These Compends are based on the most popular text-books\\nand the lectures of prominent professors, and are kept constantly re-\\nvised, so that they may thoroughly represent the present state of the\\nsubjects upon which they treat.\\nj tf The authors have had large experience as Quiz-Masters and\\nattaches of colleges, and are well acquainted with the wants of students.\\nMS They are arranged in the most approved form, thorough and\\nconcise, containing over 6oo fine illustrations, inserted wherever they\\ncould be used to advantage.\\n4S* Can be used by students of way college.\\nThey contain information nowhere else collected in such a\\ncondensed, practical shape. Illustrated Circular free.\\nNo. i. POTTER. HUMAN ANATOMY. Sixth Revised and\\nEnlarged Edition. Including Visceral Anatomy. Can be used\\nwith either Morris s or Gray s Anatomy. 117 Illustrations and 16\\nLithographic Plates of Nerves and Arteries, with Explanatory\\nTables, etc. By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.d., Professor of the\\nPractice of Medicine, Cooper Medical College, San Francisco late\\nA. A. Surgeon, U. S. Army.\\nNo. 2. HUGHES. PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. Part I. Sixth\\nEdition, Enlarged and Improved. By Daniel E. Hughes, m.d.,\\nPhysician-in-Chief, Philadelphia Hospital, late Demonstrator ot\\nClinical Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Phiia.\\nNo. 3. HUGHES. PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. Part II.\\nSixth Edition, Revised and Improved. Same author as No. 2.\\nNo. 4. BRUBAKER. PHYSIOLOGY. Ninth Edition, with\\nnew Illustrations and a table of Physiological Constants. Enlarged\\nand Revised. By A. P. Brubaker, m.d., Professor of Physiology\\nand General Pathology in the Pennsylvania College of Dental\\nSurgery Adjunct Professor of Physiology, Jefferson Medical\\nCollege, Philadelphia, etc.\\nNo. 5. LANDIS. OBSTETRICS. Sixth Edition. By Henry G.\\nLandis, m.d. Revised and Edited by Wm. H. Wells, m.d.,\\nInstructor of Obstetrics, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.\\nEnlarged. 47 Illustrations.\\nNo. 6. POTTER. MATERIA MEDICA, THERAPEUTICS,\\nAND PRESCRIPTION WRITING. Sixth Revised Edition\\n(U. S. P. 1890). By Samuel O. L. Potter, m.d., Professor of\\nPractice, Cooper Medical College, San Francisco late A. A. Sur-\\ngeon, U. S. Army.", "height": "4572", "width": "2912", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0272.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "MEDICAL BOOKS. 23\\nPQUIZ-COMPENDS Continued.\\nNo. 7. WELLS. GYNECOLOGY. Second Edition. ByWM.H.\\nWells, m.d., Instructor of Obstetrics, JeffersoD College, Philadel-\\nphia. 140 Illustrations.\\nNo. 8. GOULD AND PYLE. DISEASES OF THE EYE\\nAND REFRACTION. Second Edition. Including Treatment\\nand Surgery, and a Section on Local Therapeutics. By George\\nM. Gould, m.d., and W. L. Pyle, m.d. With Formula, Glossary,\\nTables, and 109 Illustrations, several of which are Colored.\\nNo. 9. HORWITZ. SURGERY, Minor Surgery, and Bandag-\\ning. Fifth Edition, Enlarged and Improved. By Orville\\nHorwitz, b. s., m.d., Clinical Professor of Genito-Urinary Surgery\\nand Venereal Diseases in Jefferson Medical College Surgeon to\\nPhiladelphia Hospital, etc. With 98 Formulae and 71 Illustrations.\\nNo. 10. LEFFMANN. MEDICAL CHEMISTRY. Fourth\\nEdition. Including Urinalysis, Animal Chemistry, Chemistry of\\nMilk, Blood, Tissues, the Secretions, etc. By Henry Leffmann,\\nm.d., Professor of Chemistry in Pennsylvania College of Dental\\nSurgery and in the Woman s Medical College, Philadelphia.\\nNo. 11. STEWART. PHARMACY. Fifth Edition. Based upon\\nProf. Remington s Text-Book of Pharmacy. By F. E. Stewart,\\nm.d., ph.g., late Quiz-Master in Pharmacy and Chemistry, Phila-\\ndelphia College of Pharmacy Lecturer at Jefferson Medical\\nCollege. Carefully revised in accordance with the new U. S. P.\\nNo. 12. BALLOU. VETERINARY ANATOMY AND PHY-\\nSIOLOGY. Illustrated. By Wm, R. .Ballou, m.d., Professor\\nof Equine Anatomy at New York College of Veterinary Surgeons\\nPhysician to Bellevue Dispensary, etc. 29 graphic Illustrations.\\nNo. 13. WARREN. DENTAL PATHOLOGY AND DEN-\\nTAL MEDICINE. Third Edition, Illustrated. Containing\\na Section on Emergencies. By Geo. W. Warren, d.d.s., Chiet\\not Clinical Staff, Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery.\\nNo. 14. HATFIELD. DISEASES OF CHILDREN. Second\\nEdition. Colored Plate. By Marcus P. Hatfield, Profes-\\nsor of Diseases of Children, Chicago Medical College.\\nNo. 15. HALL. GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND MORBID\\nANATOMY. 91 Illustrations. By H. Newberry Hall, ph.g.,\\nm.d., late Professor of Pathology, Chicago Post-Graduate Medi-\\ncal School. Second Edition. Preparing.\\nNo. 16. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. By Jay T. Schamberg,\\nm.d., Professor of Diseases of the Skin, Philadelphia Polyclinic.\\nWith 99 handsome Illustrations.\\nPrice, each, Cloth, .80. Interleaved, for taking Notes, $1.25.\\nIn preparing, revising, and improving Blakiston s Quiz-Com-\\npends the particular wants of the student have always been kept in\\nmind.\\nCareful attention has been given to the construction of each sentence,\\nand while the books will be found to contain an immense amount of\\nknowledge in small space, they will likewise be found easy reading\\nthere is no stilted repetition of words the style is clear, lucid, and dis-\\ntinct. The arrangement of subjects is systematic and thorough there\\nIs a reason for every word. They contain over 600 illustrations.", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0273.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "Morris\\nAnatomy\\nSecond Edition,\\nRevised and Enlarged.\\n790 Illustrations, of which many\\nare in Colors.\\nRoyal Octavo. Cloth, $6.00 Sheep, $7.00\\nHalf Russia, $8.00.\\nfrom The Medical Record, New York.\\nThe reproach that the English language can boast of no\\ntreatise on anatomy deserving to be ranked with the masterly\\nworks of Henle, Luschka, Hyrtl, and others, is fast losing\\nits force. During the past few years several works of great\\nmerit have appeared, and among these Morris s Anatomy\\nseems destined to take first place in disputing the palm in\\npnatomical fields with the German classics. The nomencla-\\nture, arrangement, and entire general character resemble\\nstrongly those of the above-mentioned handbooks, while in\\nthe beauty and profuseness of its illustrations it surpasses\\nthem. The ever-growing popularity of the book\\nwith teachers and students is an index of its value, and it\\nmay safely be recommended to all interested.\\nHandsome Descriptive Circular, with\\nSample Pages and Colored Illustrations,\\nwill be sent free upon application.", "height": "4608", "width": "2916", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0274.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0275.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "1900", "height": "4624", "width": "2912", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0276.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4540", "width": "2812", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0277.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4760", "width": "3117", "jp2-path": "essentialsofmedi00wood_0278.jp2"}}