{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3043", "width": "1990", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class .__^J7:^\\nBook\\nC)OipghtN\u00c2\u00b0^\\n5^\\nCOPYWGHT DEPOSIT.", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "fo7", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "Father and Sons for Liberty", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "BARNES S HISTORICAL SERIES\\nBRIEF HISTORY\\nUNITED STATES\\nBY\\nJOEL DORMAN STEELE, Ph.D., F.G.S.\\nESTHER BAKER STEELE, Lit.D.\\nNEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO\\nAMERICAN BOOK COMPANY", "height": "2937", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "63289\\nBarnes s History Shries.\\nPrimary History of the United States, $0.60\\nBrief History of the United States, i.oo\\nBrief History of France, i.oo\\nBrief History of Ancient Peoples, i.oo\\nBrief History of Modern Peoples, i.oo\\nBrief General History of the ^A^orld, 1.60\\nBrief History of Greece, 75\\nBrief History of Rome, i.oo\\nSent, postatje paid, on receipt of price.\\nCopyright, 1871, 1879, 1S80, and 1885, by A. S. Barnes Co.\\nCopyright, 1898 and 1900, by American Book Company.\\nUr. U. S.\\nw. p. 26\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2NDO^PY,\\n6289\\nJUN 13 1900\\n0*\u00c2\u00bbOi.l DIVISION\\niUN 16 1900", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "Confederate Leaders of the Civil War.", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "Federal Leaders of the Civil War,", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "This -work has been prepared with\\nthe following design, viz. to state only\\nthose important events in our history which every American citizen should know,\\nand to tell them in such a way as to arouse the pupil s interest and inspire enthu-\\nsiasm for the study. In carrying out this idea, the author has sought to avoid all\\nsectional and partisan statements to explain, from the standpoint of the Union,\\nthose principles which, coming to an issue at different times, have been decided\\nby the progress of events and, incidentally, to inspire, by the sweep of the story,\\na love for our common country, and an intelligent solicitude for her destiny.\\nExperience has taught the value of certain general methods of teaching this\\nstudy.\\n1. To divide the history into Epochs, giving each a characteristic name.\\n2. To precede each Epoch by a map and questions in order to familiarize the\\npupil with the localities of the events about which he is to read and to follow each\\nEpoch with a Chronological Table and a list of Reading References for further\\nstudy.\\n3. To furnish copious notes containing collateral facts, minor events, sketches of\\nthe lives of presidents and noted men, and, especially, those anecdotes of heroism\\nand devotion that so brighten the record of our national growth.\\n4. To give each paragraph a distinct title to aid the pupil in learning, and the\\nteacher in hearing, the lesson and to arrange these topics in such a way as to form\\na systematic analysis of the subject.", "height": "2947", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "2 PREFACE.\\n6. To make the great battles easy of remembrance by associating with, the\\ndescription of each the pivotal point on which its issue turned.\\n6. To introduce something of the philosophy of history by stating the plan of\\neach campaign, and the objects sought bj and the results of, important engage-\\nments, thus leading pupils to appreciate the fact that events hinge upon each\\nother.\\n7. To stimulate flagging interest, and also induce a more comprehensive study\\nof history, by means of review questions like the Historical Recreations of this\\nseries.\\nThe constantly-increasing adoption of this book, since its appearance in 1871,\\nhas shown the excellence of the plan on which it was prepared. New plates and\\nilliistrations being now called for, the author has seized the opportunity to revise\\nthe text carefully, and to introduce blackboard analyses, additional chapters on\\ncivilization, and fresh material on manners and customs. It is his hope that his\\nfellow teachers will liud the book as much more useful as it is attractive.\\nThis work is offered to American youth in the confident belief that, as they study\\nthe wonderful history of their native land, they will learn to prize their birthright\\nmore highly, and treasure it more carefully. Their patriotism must be kindled\\nwhen they come to see how slowly, yet how gloriously, this tree of liberty has\\ngrown, what storms have wrenched its boughs, what sweat of toil and blood has\\nmoistened its roots, what eager eyes have watched every out-springing bud, what\\nbrave hearts have defended it, loving it even unto death. A heritage thus sanc-\\ntified by the heroism and devotion of the fathers can not but elicit the choicest\\ncare and tenderest love of the sons.\\nJ. D. S.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "PAGE\\nIntroduction 9\\nRemains of Prehistoric Peoples 9\\nThe Mound Builders 10\\nThe Indians and their Characteristics 10\\nThe Coming of the Northmen 15\\nThe Division of American History into Six Great Epochs 16\\nReferences for Reading 17\\nBlackboard Analysis of the Introduction 18\\nFIRST EPOCH.\\nBably Discoveries and Settlements 19\\nThe Commercial Problem of the Fifteenth Century 19\\nChristopher Columbus and his Voyages 20\\nNaming the New Continent 24\\nThe Cahots and their Discoveries 25\\nSome Spanish Explorers. 26\\nSome French Explorers 30\\nSome English Explorers 34\\nNew Netherland 39\\nSettlements at the End of the Sixteenth Century 40\\nSea-Ufe in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 41\\nTable of Contemporary European Sovereigns 42\\nChronological Summary 42\\nReferences for Reading 43\\nBlackboard Analysis of the First Epoch 44\\nSECOND EPOCH.\\nDevelopment of the Colonies 45\\nSettlement of the Thirteen Colonies 45\\nThe Foui Inter-Colonial Wars 77-90", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPAOB\\nColonial Civilization 01\\nGeneral Condition of the Colonies 91\\nManners and Customs 03\\nEducation 06\\nTable of Contemporary European Sovereigns 97\\nClironological Summary 97\\nReferences for Reading 09\\nBlackboard Analysis of the Second Epoch 100\\nTHIRD EPOCH.\\nThe Revolutionary War 101\\nCauses of the Separation from Great Britain 101\\nThe Seven- Yeai-s Struggle for Independence 106-14^\\nCondition of the Country at the Close of the War 142\\nAdoption of Federal Constitution and Formation of Parties 143\\nRural Life One Hundred Years Ago 144\\nChronological Summary 146\\nReferences for Reading 147\\nBlackboard Analysis of the Third Epoch 148\\nFOURTH EPOCH.\\nDevelopment of the States 140\\nWashington s Administration 149\\nAdams Administration 164\\nJefferson s Administration 155\\nMadison s Administration 150\\nSecond War with Great Britain 160\\nMonroe s Administration 172\\nJohn Quincy Adams Administration 174\\nJackson s Administration 175\\nVan Buren s Administration 178\\nHarrison and Tyler s Administration 180\\nPolk s Administration 185\\nWar with Mexico 185\\nTaylor and Fillmore s Administration 191\\nPierce s Administration 104\\nBuchanan s Administration 106\\nSecession of the South 108\\nNew States 200\\nCivilization 210\\nDistinctions of Dress\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Five Classes 210\\nThe liaborer 210\\nThe Schools 210\\nThe Middle of the Century 211\\nChronological Summary 211\\nReferences for Reading 213\\nBlackboard Analysis of the FoTirth Epoch 214", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS. O\\nFIFTH EPOCH.\\nPAGE\\nThe Civil War 215\\nLincoln s Administration 215\\nThe Eive-Years Struggle for National Unity 216\\nWliat the War Cost 275\\nAssassination of the President 275\\nNew States 277\\nChronological Summary 277\\nReferences for Reading 279\\nBlackboard Analysis of the Fifth Epoch 280\\nSIXTH EPOCH.\\nReconstruction and Passing Events 281\\nJohnson s Administration 281\\nGrant s Administration 287\\nHayes Administration 294\\nG-arfleld and Arthur s Administration 295\\nCleveland s First Administi ation 297\\nHarrison s Administration 299\\nCleveland s Second Administration 301\\nMcKinley s Administration 303\\nNew States 322\\nProgress in Civilization 323\\nBlackboard Analysis of the Sixth Epoch 332\\nAPPENDIX.\\nQuestions for Class Use i\\nHistorical Recreations xvi\\nDeclaration of Independence xxii\\nConstitiition of the United States, with Questions, and Notes xxvi\\nTable of States xl\\nTable of Presidents xlii\\nIndex xliii\\nLIST OF MAPS.\\nEarly Voyages and Discovkeies Opposite 18, 19\\nDevelopment of Colonies 45\\nRevolutionary War The Colonies 101\\nRevolutionary War Campaigns North and South 120, 121\\nWar of 1812, and War with Mexico 149\\nCampaigns in War of 1812, and War with Mexico.. 160, 161\\nThe Civil War 215\\nCampaigns of the Civil War 222, 223\\nPeninsular Campaign 236\\nVicinity of Vicksburg 245\\nVicinity of Chattanooga 247\\nVicinity OF Gettysburg 252\\nGrant s Campaign around Richmond 261\\nTerritorial Development of the United States Opposite 281\\nHawaiian Islands 302\\nCuba and Puerto Rico 306\\nUnited States and Outlying Possessions 317\\nPhilippine Islands Opposite 320, 321", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "L r. U S T R A T I O N S\\nFather axd Sons for Liberty,\\nFixnitiKiiitce.\\nPreface (Illustrated IleiuliiiK) 1\\nTable ok Contents (lUusti-ated\\nHeadiiiK) 3\\nIntrodiction (Illvistrated Heading). 9\\nRelics of Early Amoriean Raees. 11\\nScene in Indian Life 13\\nIndian Hierojjlyphics 14\\nI^inding of Xinthnien 15\\nEi ocn I. (Illustrated HeiulinK) 19\\nPortrait of Columbus 20\\nTomb of Columbus 2-1\\nBurial of De Soto 28\\nLa Sjille at the Mouth of the\\nMississippi 34\\nEpoch II. (Illustrated Heading) 45\\nSmith Ti-ading with Indians 47\\nThe Ruins of Jamestown 52\\nPuiitjins Going to Church 54\\nCanonicus Receivin.i, Powder\\nand Shot 55\\nMorning Attack l)y Indians 58\\nThe (niarter Oak 6:?\\nDutch Trad ing at New York 66\\nPorti-ait of Penn 71\\nMr. Dustin Defending his Chil-\\ndren fi-om the Indians 78\\nAn Incident of Washington s Re-\\nturn 82\\nQuebec in Early Times 88\\nA Scold Gagged 92\\nNew England Kitchen Scone 94\\nEpoch IIL (Illustrated Heading) ICl\\nRetreat from Le.xi ngton 107\\nPi-ayer before Bunker I Fill 109\\nCapture of Ticonderoga 110\\nSurrender of Rail 117\\nPortrait of T^n Payette 119\\nArnold at Saratoga 12;?\\nIn amp at Valley Forgo 126\\nPortrait of Franklin 127\\nCapture of Stony Point 131\\nPortrait of Marion i:U\\nDevelopment of the Flag 138\\nCapture of a Redoubt at York-\\ntown 141\\nEpoch IV. (Ulustratctl Heading) 149\\nPortraits of Wiv^hington, Hamil-\\nton. and Jefferson 151 I\\nBattle of Tippecanoe 159\\nConstitution an l Guerriere 162\\nAmerican Leaders, Rev. 1812-\\nPutnam, Perry, Greene, Jones,\\nMontgomery, Hull\\nDeath of Lawrence\\nBattle of New Orleans\\nPortrait of Jackson\\nPortrait of Taylor\\nView of Salt Lake City\\nHomes of Eminent Americans..\\nTaylor at Buena Vistii\\nW:i.sliing out Gold\\nPortraits of Clay, Calhoun, and\\nAVcbster\\nPortrait of Lincoln\\nPortrait of Da\\\\-is\\nSan Francisco Bay and City\\nEpoch V. (Illustrated Heading)\\nJackson at Bull Run\\nAtt;ick on Fort Donelson\\nFederal Leaders Sheridan,\\nFoote, Grant, Farragut, Sher-\\nman, Porter\\nMonitor and Mcrrimac\\nConfederate I^eaders Jackson,\\nJohnston, Lee, Ixingstreet, Bu-\\nchanan, Mitchell\\nBiittle of Missionary Ridge\\nGrant Writing the Telegram\\n(ruarding a Ti-ain\\nSheridan at Cedar Creek\\nSinking the Alabama\\nSherman s Mai-ch to the Sea\\nDeath of J. B. Stuart\\nEpoch ^T. (niu.strated Heading)...\\nLanding the Atlantic Cable\\nPortrait of Greeley\\nCuster s Death\\nRiot at Pittsburgh, Pa\\nPortrait of Garfield\\nPortrait of Cleveland\\nPortrait of Hanison\\nPortrait of McKinley\\n^V^eck of the Maine.\\nPortrait of Schley\\nPorti-ait of Sajnps n\\nRittle of Manila Biiy\\nPortrait of Dewey\\nPortrait of Shaffer\\nThe Oregon off Santin^ o. .luly 3.\\nPortrait of Miles.\\nPortraitof Otis\\nPix gress of Inventions 32.\\n164\\n167\\n170\\n176\\n177\\n182\\n184\\n186\\n191\\n192\\n198\\n199\\n207\\n215\\n219\\n224\\n227\\n232\\n238\\n249\\n250\\n257\\n.261\\n268\\n271\\n270\\n281\\n285\\n290\\n293\\n204\\n296\\n298\\n300\\n303\\n308\\n309\\n310\\n311\\n312\\n313\\n314\\n314\\n320\\n320", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "fji f-fs^aUlU\\nThe following method of using this work has been successfully employed by\\nmanj- teachers. At the commencement of the study, let each pupil bo required\\nto draw an outline map of North America, at least 18x24 inches in size. This\\nshould contain only phj^sical featui es, viz., coast-line, mountains, lakes, and rivers.\\nIf desired, they may be marked very faintly at first., and shaded and darkened\\nwhen discovered in the progress of the histoiy. As the pupils advance in the text,\\nlet them mark on their mai s, day by day, the places discovered, the settlements,\\nbattles, i oUtical di\\\\-isions, etc., with their dates. Tlioy will thus see the coxmtiy\\ngi o W ing :if i-esh under their hand and eye, and the geogi-aphy and the history will\\nbe indissolubly linked. At the close of the term, their maps will show what they\\nhave done, and each name, mth its date, will recall the history which clusters\\nai ound it.\\nRecitations and examinations may be conducted by ha^dng a map di-awn upon\\nthe blackboanl with coloi-ed ci-ayons, and requiring the class to fill in the names\\nand dat ?s, describing the historical facts as they proceed. In tiirn, during review,\\nthe pupil should be able, when a date or place is pointed out, to state the event\\nassociated with it.\\nIt will be noticed that the book is wiitten on an exact plan and method of\\narrangement. The topics of the epochs, chapters, sections, and paragraphs form\\na full analj-sis thus, in each Presidential Administration, the order of subjects\\nis uniform, ^-iz. Domestic Affaire, Foreign Affairs, and Political Parties\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the sub-\\nsidiary topics being grouped imder these heads. The teacher is therefore recom-\\nmended to place on the board the anaiysis of each Epoch, and, when possible, conduct tAe\\nredtation from that without the use of the book in the da^^.\\nSpecimen Analyses are given at the close of each Epoch. These are merely\\nsuggestions, and should be used to elicit other and more elaborate ones from the", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "8 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.\\npupils. In these analyses may also be inserted the titles of additional material\\ngathered by teacher and class. Good analyses thus, incidentaUy, serve as pigeon-\\nholes for classifjing as well as preserving one s knowledge.\\nThe Reading References at the end of each Epoch contain a list of books that\\nwill be found valuable for additional information. It is not the intention to make\\nthe References a mere catalogue of United States Histories and biographies of\\ncelebrated Americans, but simply to name a few works to interest a class and\\nfurnish matter for collateral i-cading. Bancroft s and Hildreth s Histories, Irving s\\nLife of Washington, and Sparks American Biogi-aphies are supjKsed to be in\\nevery school library. They are, therefore, not referred to in these lists. The\\nLives of the Presidents, the Histories of the different States, and all works of local\\nvalue are useful, and should be secured, if possible. The Magazine of American\\nHistory will be found serviceable for reference on disputed points of American\\nHistory and Biography. The recent volumes of Harper s Magazine, and the\\nCentury abound in excellent articles on special subjects. The American Cyclo-\\npedia and Thomas Dictionary of Biography will afford material for preparing\\nessays. With a little effort, a poem, a prose selection, or a composition on some\\nhistorical topic may be offered by the class each day to enliven the recitation.\\nFormal debates, oral or written, should be held, to stimtilato research, upon\\nsuch subjects as the tai-iff, ci\\\\il service reform, treatment of the Indians, etc.\\nFor Courees of Reading, and for information concerning the value and char-\\nacter of various historical works, refer to Adams Manual of Historical Literature\\na most reliable and excellent bibliography. Hall s Methods of Teaching History\\nwill also furnish the teacher with suggestive ideas.\\nThe Tables of Contemporary European Sovereigns, inserted at the end of the\\nearly Epochs, should be used to link American history to that of the old world,\\nin which it had its origin.\\nThe Suggestions on page i of the appendix, about topical recitation, are com-\\nmended by universal experience. At each recitation, let some of the pupils write\\na few of the paragraphs on their Blates, on paper, or on the blackboard after-\\nward, let other pupils criticise the language, spelling, punctuation, use of capitals,\\netc. Remember, however, that the chief end of class-work is to kindle an interest\\nin history. The reading of a beautiful poem, or the narration of a curious cir-\\ncumstance, a noble sentiment, or a deed of heroism, in some way connected with\\nan event, will arouse attention and fix the fact permanently in the mind. For\\nexample, the third attack on Charleston (page l. i!2), is a dry, dull statement, but\\nhow it brightens when we read the reply of Colonel Moultrie, who was there\\ntaken prisoner, to the offer of money and the command of a British regiment in\\nJamaica, if he would desert the American cause Not the fee simple of all\\nJamaica would induce me to part with my integrity. The class may care little\\nabout the former way of choosing the Vice-President but they will be eager to\\nsee how Adams, the federalist, and Jefferson, the repubhcan, came to be elected\\ntogether. The inauguration of Van Burcn will take on a new meaning when the\\npupil is told that Van Buren, with General Jackson at his side, rode to the\\nCapitol in a carriage made of wood from the ship Constitution, and, as they\\npassed, the crowd shared its cheers between Old Hickory and Old Ironsides\\nJust so, Stedman s, Oh, e\\\\il the black shroud of night at Chantilly in-ill stir\\na class when reading the second Bull Run campaign; while WTiittier s Angela\\nof Buena Vista will temper the patriotic ardor aroused by that bloody victory.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "Who first\\nsettled Amer-\\nica This con-\\ntincnt was\\nprobably first peopled from Asia, the\\nbirthplace of man. In what way it\\nhappened, we do not know. Chinese\\nvessels, coasting along the shore according to the custom\\nof early voyagers, may have been driven by storms to\\ncross the Pacific Ocean, while the crews were thankful\\nto escape a watery grave by settling an unknown coun-\\ntry; or, parties wandering across Bering Strait in search\\nof adventure, and finding on this side a pleasant land,\\nmay have resolved to make it their home,\\nAmerican Antiquities. In various parts of the con-\\ntinent, are found remains of the peoi)le who occupied\\nthis country in prehistoric times. Through the Mississippi\\nvalley, from the Lakes to the Gulf, extends a succession\\nof defensive earth-works.* The largest forest trees are\\nIt is a singxilar fact that banks of earth grassed over are more enduring than\\nany other work of man. The grassy mounds near Nineveh and Babylon have\\nremained unchanged for centuries. Meantime, massive buildings of stone have been\\nerected, have served long generations, and have crumbled to ruin.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "10 INTRODUCTION.\\noften found growing upon them. The Indians have no\\ntradition as to the origin of these structures. They gen-\\nerally, crown steep hills, and consist of embankments,\\nditches, etc., indicating considerable acquaintance with\\nmilitary science. At Newark, Ohio, a fortification exists\\nwhich covers an area more than two miles square, and\\nhas over two miles of embankment from two to twenty\\nfeet high.\\nMounds, seemingly constructed as great altars for\\nreligious purposes or as monuments, are also numerous.\\nOne, opposite St. Louis, covers eight acres of ground,\\nand is ninety feet high. There are said to be 10,000 of\\nthese mounds in Ohio alone.\\nA peculiar kind of earth-work has the outline of gi-\\ngantic men or animals. An embankment in Adams\\nCounty, Ohio, represents very accurately a serpent 1,000\\nfeet long. Its body winds with graceful curves, and in\\nits wide-extended jaws lies a figure which the animal\\nseems about to swallow. In Mexico and Peru, still more\\nwonderful remains have been discovered. They consist\\nnot only of defensive works, altars, and monuments,\\nbut also of idols, temples, aqueducts, and paved roads.\\nThe Mound Builders is the name given to the people\\nwho erected the mounds of North America. The old pits\\nwhere the Mound Builders dug copper are still found in\\nthe mining region of Lake Superior. They seem, also,\\nto have occupied Central America, and there to have\\ndeveloped a high civilization. They built cities, wove\\ncotton, worked in gold, silver, and copper, labored in the\\nfields, and had regular governments.\\nThe Indians who were found on this continent east\\nof the Mississippi, by the first European settlers, did not\\nexceed 200,000 in number. In Mexico, Peru, and the", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\n11\\nIndies, however, there was an immense population. The\\nIndians were the successors of the Mound Builders, and\\n1. CLIFF-DWELLERS OF NEW MEXICO. 2. SCULPTURED HEAD FROM TUCATAN. 3. INDIAN\\nVASE. 4. INCENSE BUENEE. 5, 6. STONE HATCHET AND VASE FEOM MEXICO. 7. FOKTIFIED\\nONONDAGA VILLAGE. 8. MOUNDS AT SPRING CREEK, TENNESSEE. 9. TEMPLE IN TUCATAN.\\nwere by far their inferiors in civilization.* We know not\\nwhy the ancient race left, nor whence the Indians came.\\nThis view was generally accepted until recently. Many now hold that all the\\naboriginal inhabitants of this country were of one race and that the agriculture,\\npottery, and other arts of the Mound Builders, as well as of the Indians, came from\\nthe superior civilization of Centi al America and Mexico, illustrating what is termed\\nthe northern drift of civilization on this continent.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "12 INTRODUCTION.\\nIt is supposed that the former were driven southward by\\nthe savage tribes from the north.\\nIndian Characteristics.* Arts and Inventions. The\\nIndian has been well termed the Red Man of the For-\\nest He built no cities, no ships, no churches, no school-\\nhouses. He constructed only temporary bark wigwams\\nand canoes. He made neither roads nor bridges, but\\nfollowed foot-paths through the forest, and swam the\\nstreams. His highest art was expended in a simple\\nbow and arrow.\\nProgress and Education. He made no advancement,\\nbut each son emulated the prowess of his father in the\\nhunt and the fight. The hunting-ground and the battle-\\nfield embraced every thing of real honor or value. So the\\nson was educated to throw the tomahawk, shoot the\\narrow, and catch fish with the spear. He knew nothing\\nof books, paper, writing, or history.\\nDomestic Life. The Indian had neither cow, nor\\nbeast of burden. He regarded all labor as degrading, and\\nfit only for women. His squaw, therefore, built his wig-\\nwam, cut his wood, and carried his burdens when he\\njourneyed. While he hunted or fished, she cleared the\\nland for his corn by burning down the trees, scratched the\\nThe chief exceptions to this description of the Indians within the present limits\\nof the United States were the Mobiliam, who lived along the Soxith Atlantic and the\\nGulf the Iroquois Conj e.deracy or the Five Nations of Central New York and the\\nPueblos or VUlage Indians o:. New Mexico and Arizona. (1.) The Mobilians worshiped\\nthe sun; built timber houses, sometimes clustered in towns and fortified ^v^th a\\nditch and wall made pottery, and cultivated corn, hemp, and flax. (2.) The Irogruois\\nConfederacy was styled the Long House because these Indians dwelt in wigwams\\noften 250 feet in length and 30 feet wide, and each holding 20 or 30 families. This\\nleague formed, in fact, a republic, with a chief magistrate, a cabinet, and a congress\\nof the sachems of the different tribes. Pierce blood-thirsty, and fond of conquest,\\nthe Iroquois woiild probably have subdued the continent if the white man had not\\ncome. Early travelers called them the Romans of the new world. (3.) The Pueblo\\nIndians lived in huge stone or adobe buildings, a single one often containing several\\nthousand people. They tilled the laud, and dressed in cloth of their own maniifacture.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\n13\\nground with a crooked stick or dug it with a clam-shell,\\nand dressed skins for his clothing. She cooked his food by\\ndropping hot stones into a tight wiUow basket containing\\nmaterials for soup. The leavings of her lord s feast sufficed\\nfor her, and the coldest place in the wigwam was for her.\\nSCENE IN INDIAN LIFE.\\nDisposition. In war, the Indian was brave and alert,\\nbut cruel and revengeful, preferring treachery and cun-\\nning to open battle. At home, he was lazy, improvident,\\nand an inveterate gambler. He delighted in finery and\\ntrinkets, and decked his unclean person with paint and\\nfeathers. His grave and haughty demeanor repelled the\\nstranger but he was grateful for favors, and his wigwam\\nalways stood hospitably open to the poorest and meanest\\nof his tribe.\\nEndurance. He could endure great fatigue, and in", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "14\\nINTRODUCTION,\\nhis expeditions often lay without shelter in the severest\\nweather. It was his glory to bear the most horrible tort-\\nures without a sign of suffering.\\nlieligfoii. If he had any ideas of a Supreme Being,\\nthey weie vague and degi*aded. His dream of a Heaven\\nwas of happy hunting-grounds or of gay feasts, where his\\ndog should join in the dance. He worshiped no idols,\\nbut peopled all nature with spirits, which dwelt not only\\nin birds, beasts, and reptiles, but also in lakes, rivers, and\\nm\\n5 1 Z I 1\\nk k\\nW\\n8PP:(nMEN OF INDIAN HIEUOGLYPIIICS.\\nwater-falls. As he believed these had power to help or\\nharm men, he lived in constant fear of offending them.\\nHe apologized, therefore, to the animals he killed, and\\nmade solemn promises to fishes that their bones should\\nbe respected. He placed great stress on dreams, and his\\ncamp swarmed with sorcerers and fortune-tellers.\\nThe Indian of the Present.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Such was the Indian two\\nhundred years ago, and such he is to-day. He opposes\\nThis cut represents a species of picture-writing occasionally \\\\ised by the Indians.\\nSome Indian guides wished to inform their comrades that a company of fourteen\\nwhites and two Indians hud spent the ni\u00c2\u00abht at that point. Nos. 9, 10 indicate the\\nwhite soldiers and their arms; No. 1 is the captain, wilh. a sword No. 2 the secre-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "INTEODUCTION,\\n15\\nthe encroachments o^ the settler, and the building of\\nrailroads. But he can not stop the tide of immigration.\\nUnless he can be induced to give u^d his roving habits\\nA\\nLANDINU UK NORTHMEN.\\nand cultivate the soil, he is doomed to destruction. It\\nis to be earnestly hoped that the red man may yet be\\nChristianized, and taught the arts of industry and peace.\\nThe Northmen (inhabitants of Norway and Sweden)\\nclaim to have been the discoverers of America. Accord-\\ning to their traditions, this continent was first seen about\\nthe year 1000, by one Biorne (be ern who had been\\ntary, with the book No. 3 the geologist, witli a hammer Nos. 4, 5, 6 are attend-\\nants; Nos. 7, 8 are the guides, without hats; Nos. 11, 12 sliow what they ate in\\ncamp Nos. 13, 14, 15 indicate how many fires they made.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "16 INTRODUCTION.\\ndriven to sea by a tempest. Afterward, other adventurers\\nmade successful voyages, established settlements, and bar-\\ntered with the natives. Snor ri, son of one of these settlers.\\nis said to have been the first child born of European parents\\nupon our shore.* The Northmen claim to have explored\\nthe coast as far south as Florida. How much credit is\\nto be given to these traditions is uncertain. ]\\\\fany his-\\ntorians reject them, while others still think there are\\ntraces of the Northmen remaining, such as the old tower\\nat Newport, R. I., and the singular inscriptions on the\\nrock at Dighton, Mass. Admitting, however, the claims\\nof the Northmen, the fact is barren of all results. No per-\\nmanent settlements were made, the route hither was lost\\nand even the existence of the continent was forgotten.\\nThe true history of this country begins with its dis-\\ncovery by Columbus in 1492. It naturally divides itself\\ninto six great epochs.\\nFirst Epoch. Ear^ly Disojvevies and Settlements.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThis epoch extends from the discovery of America in\\n1492, to the settlement at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. Dur-\\ning this period, various European nations were exploring\\nthe continent and making widely scattered settlements.\\nSecond Epoch. Development of the Colonies. This\\nepoch extends from the settlement at Jamestown, Va., in\\n1607, to the breaking out of the Revolutionary War in\\n1775. During this period, the scattered settlements grew\\ninto thirteen flourishing colonies, subject to Great Britain.\\nThird Epoch. lievolutionary War. This epoch ex\\ntends from the breaking out of the Revolutionary War\\nSnorri was the founder of an illustrious family. One of his descendants is said\\nto have been Albert Thorwaldscn, the great Danish sculptor of the present century.\\nThe beautiful photof?raphs of Thor wald sen s Day Night and The Seasons\\nwhich hang in so many American parlors, thus acquire a new interest by being\\nlinked with the pioneer boy born on New England shores so many centuries ago.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 17\\nin 1775, to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787.\\nDuring this period, the colonies threw off the govern-\\nment of England and established their independence.\\nFourth Epoch. Development of the States. This\\nepoch extends from the adoption of the Constitution in\\n1787, to the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861.\\nDuring this period, the States increased in number from\\nthirteen to thirty-four, and grew in population and wealth\\nuntil the United States became the most prosperous\\nnation in the world.\\nFifth Epoch. Tlie Civil War. This epoch extends\\nfrom the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861, to the\\nsurrender of Lee s army in 1865. During this period, a\\ngigantic strife was carried on between the Korthern and\\nthe Southern States, the former struggling for the per-\\npetuation of the Union, and the latter for its division.\\nSixth Epoch. Reconstruction and Passing Events.\\nThis epoch extends from the close of the Civil War in\\n1865, to the present time. During this period, the\\nseceding States have been restored to their rights in the\\nUnion, peace has been fully established, and many inter-\\nesting events have occurred.\\nREFERENCES FOR READING.\\nBeamisKs Discovery of America by the Northmen.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bradford s American Antiquities.\\nBaldwin s Ancient America.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Squier and Davis American Antiquities, and Discoveries in the\\nWest.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Binding s History of Scandinavia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Catlin s North American Indians.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thatcher s In-\\ndian Biography.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stone s Life and Times of Bed Jacket, and lAfe of Brandt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cooper s Leather\\nStocking Tales.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Morgan s League of the Iroquois.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Schoolcraft s Memoirs of Residence Among\\nthe Indians, and other works by the same author.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Foster s Prehistoric Races of the United States\\nof America.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bancroft s Native Races.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lowell s Chippewa Legend {Poetry).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Whittier s Bridal\\nof Pennacook {Poetry),\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jones Mound Builders of Tenticssee.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ancient Monuments in ATnerica,\\nHarper s Magazine, vol. 21 The First Americans, The Pueblos, and Visit of the Vikings, vol.\\n65; also many excellent articles in vols. 66 and 67. The Old Mill at Newport, Scribner s\\nMonthly, vol. 17 \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Beginning of a Nation, Century Magazine, Nov., 1882 Prehistoric Re-\\nmaim in t/ie Ohio Valley, and The Serpent Mound of Ohio, March and April, 1890.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "18\\nBARNES BKIKF HISTOKY,\\nBLACKBOARD ANALYSIS.\\n1, Who flrst settled America.\\nil. MoandB.\\n2. Earthworks.\\n3. Peruvian and Mexican Ruins.\\n3. The Mound Builders.\\n4. The Indians.\\n5. The Northmen.\\n6. Natural Divisions of\\nUnited States History.\\n1. Their Number.\\n2. Indian Characteristics.\\n8. The Indians of To-day.\\n1. Who were they\\n2. Story of Biomi.\\n3. Who was Snorri\\n4 Traces of Northmen.\\n5. The Results.\\n1. First Epoch.\\n2. Second Epoch.\\n3. Third Epoch.\\n4. Fourth Epoch.\\n6. Fifth Epoch.\\n0. Sixth Epoch.\\na. Arts and Inven-\\ntions.\\nb. Progress and Edu\\ncation.\\nc. Domestic Life.\\nd. Disposition.\\ne. Endurance.\\nReligion.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "X,S O U T H\\nA M E K I C A\\nMap to Illustrate\\nEARLY VOYAGES and DISCOVER I\\n]VORTH AMERIC.\\nScal e of Milel\\n5T; iuio\\n83 West fmm W\u00c2\u00bbshjiiir", "height": "2885", "width": "1737", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "EARLY 1DIS(?0VERIES\\nAI\\\\l0\\nSCTTkE MONTHS\\n1\\nGeographical Knowledge\\nin the Fifteenth Century.\\nThe people of Europe had then\\nnever heard of America. About\\nthat time, a great desire for geo-\\ngraphical knowledge was awak-\\nened. The compass and the astro-\\nlabe an instrument for reckoning\\nlatitude had given a new impulse to navi-\\ngation. Voyagers were no longer compelled\\nto creep along the shore, but began to strike out boldly\\ninto the open sea. The art of printing had just come into\\nuse, and books of travel were eagerly read. Marco Polo\\nQuestions on the Geography of the First Epoch. In the accompanying map\\nthere are no divisions of the continent, as none existed at that time. When they are\\ncalled for in the following questions, the object is to test the pupil s knowledge.^\\nLocate the West Indies. San Salvador, [now called Gruanahani (gwah nah hah ne),\\nthough many assert a neighboring island to be the true San Salvador]. Cuba.\\nHispaniola or Hayti (ha ti). Cape Breton. Roanoke Island. Manhattan Island.\\nDescribe the Orinoco River. Mississippi River. St. Lawrence River. James\\nRiver. Ohio River. Colorado River. Columbia River.\\nWhere is Labrador? Central America Florida? Mexico? Xew Mexico? Cali-\\nfornia? Oregon? Peru?\\nLocate St. Augustine. Santa F6 (sahn tah fa). New York. Montreal. Quebec.\\nAlbany. Jamestown. Port Royal. Isthmus of Darien. Cape Henry. Cape Charles.\\nCape Cod. Chesapeake Bay. Hudson Bay.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "20\\nEPOCH I.\\n[1474\\nand other adventurers returning from the East told won-\\nderful stories of the wealth of Asiatic cities.\\nGenoa, Florence, and Venice, commanding the commerce\\nof the Mediterranean, had become enriched by trade with\\nthe East. The costly shawls, spices, and silks of Persia and\\nIndia were borne by caravans to the Red Sea, thence on\\ncamels across the desert to the Nile, and lastly by ship over\\nthe Mediterranean to Europe.\\nThe great problem of the age was how to reach the East\\nIndies by sea, and thus give a cheaper route to these rich\\nproducts.\\nColumbus conceived that\\nby sailing west he could reach\\nthe East Indies. He believed\\nthe earth to be round, which\\nwas then a novel idea. He,\\nhowever, thought it much\\nsmaller than it really is, and\\nthat Asia extends nmch far-\\nther round the world to the\\neast than it does. Hence, he\\nargued that by going a few\\nhundred leagues west, he would\\nChristopher Columhus was bom in Genoa, Italy, about 1435. He was trained for\\nthe sea from his childhood. Being the eldest of four children, and his father a poor\\nwool-comber, much care devolved upon him. It is said that at thirty his hair was\\n^hito from trouble and anxiety. His kind and lovinjj disposition is proved by the\\nfact that in his poorest days he saved part of his pittance to educate his young\\nbrothers and support his aged father.\\nColumbus was determined, shrewd, and intensely religious. He believed himself\\nto be divinely called to carry the true faith into the uttermost parts of the earth\\nInspired by this thought, no discouragement or contumely could drive him to de-\\nspair. It was eighteen years from the concepti n to the accomplishment of his plan.\\nDuring all this time his life was a marvel of patience, and of brave devotion to his\\none purpose. His sorrows were many his triumph was brief. Evil men maligned\\nhim to Ferdinand and Isabella. Disregarding their promise that he should be gov-\\nernor-general over all the lands he might discover, the king and queen sent out an-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "1482.] COLUMBUS. 21\\ntouch the coast of Eastern Asia.* He was determined to\\ntry this new route, but was too poor to pay for the neces-\\nsary ships, men, and provisions.\\nColumbus at the Court of Portugal. He accordingly\\nlaid his plan before King John of Portugal, who, being\\npleased with the idea, referred it to the geographers of his\\ncourt. They pronounced it a visionary scheme. With a\\nlurking feeling, however, that there might be truth in it, the\\nking had the meanness to dispatch a vessel secretly to test\\nthe matter. The pilot had the charts of Columbus, but\\nlacked his courage. After sailing westward from Cape Verde\\nIslands for a few days, and seeing nothing but a wide waste\\nof wildly tossing waves, he returned, ridiculing the idea.\\nColumbus at the Court of Spain. Columbus, disheart-\\nened by this treachery, betook himself to Spain. During\\nseven long years, he importuned King Ferdinand for a reply.\\nAll this while, he was regarded as a visionary fellow, and\\nwhen he passed along the streets, even the children pointed\\nto their foreheads and smiled. At last, the learned council\\ndeclared the plan too foolish for further attention. f Turn-\\ning away sadly, Columbus determined to go to France.\\noth.er governor, and by his order Colximbus was taken home in chains I No\\nwonder that the whole nation was shocked at siich an indignity to such a man. It\\nis sad to know that although Ferdinand and Isabella endeavored to soothe his\\nwounded spirit by many attentions, they never restored to him his lawful rights.\\nFrom fluent promises they passed at last to total neglect, and Columbus died a\\ngrieved and disappointed old man. At his request, his chains were buried with\\nhim, a touching memorial of Spanish ingratitude.\\nSeveral facts served to strengthen the faith of Columbus in the coiTectness of\\nhis theory. The Azores and the Madeira, Canary, and Cape Verde islands being the\\nmost westerly lands then known, were the outposts of geographical knowledge.\\nThere had been washed on their shores by westerly winds, pieces of wood curiously\\ncarved, trees, and seeds of unknown species, and especially the bodies of two men of\\nstrange color and visage. _\\nIt is absurd said those wise men. Who is so foolish as to believe that tnere\\nare people on the other side of the world, walking with their heels upward, and their\\nheads hanging down? And then, how can a ship get there? The torrid zone,\\nthrough which they miist pass, is a region of fire, where the very waves boil. And", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "22 EPOCH I. [1492.\\nColuinhus Successful. His friends at the Spanish court,\\nat this juncture, laid the matter before Queen Isabella, and\\nshe was finally won to his cause. The king remained\\nindifferent and pleaded the want of funds. The queen in\\nher earnestness exclaimed I pledge my jewels to raise\\nthe money. But her sacrifice was not required. St.\\nAngel, treasurer of Aragon, advanced most of the money,\\nand the friends of Columbus the remainder. Columbus\\nhad succeeded at last, after eighteen years of waiting.\\nColumbus Equipment. Though armed with the king s\\nauthority, Columbus obtained vessels and sailors with the\\ngreatest difficulty. The boldest seamen shrunk from such a\\ndesperate undertaking. At last, three small vessels were\\nmanned the Pinta (pin ta), Santa Maria (mfi ri a), and\\nNina (nin ya). They sailed from Palos, Spain, Aug. 3, 1492.\\nIncidents of the Voyage. When the ships struck out\\nboldly westward on the untried sea, and the sailors saw the\\nlast trace of land fade from their sight, manj^, even of the\\nbravest, burst into tears. As they proceeded, their hearts\\nwere wrung by superstitious fears. To their dismay, the com-\\npass no longer pointed directly north, and they believed that\\nthey were coming into a region where the very laws of nature\\nwere changed. They came into the track of the trade-wind,\\nwhich wafted them steadily westward. This, they were sure,\\nwas carrying them to destruction, for how could they ever re-\\nturn against it Signs of land, such as flocks of birds and\\nfresh, green plants, were often seen, and the clouds near\\nthe horizon assumed the look of land, but they disappeared,\\nand only the broad ocean spread out before them as they\\nadvanced. The sailors, so often deceived, lost heart, and in-\\neven if a ship could perchance get around there safely, how could it ever get backf\\nCan a ship sail up hill f All of which sounds very strange to us now, when hun-\\ndreds of travelers make every year the entire circuit of the globe.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "1492.] COLUMBUS. 23\\nsisted upon returning home, Columbus, with wonderful tact\\nand patience, explained all these appearances. But the more\\nhe argued, the louder became their murmurs. At last, they\\nsecretly determined to throw him overboard. Although he\\nknew their feelings, he did not waver, but declared that he\\nwould proceed till the enterprise was accomplished.\\nSoon, signs of land silenced their murmurs. A staff artifi-\\ncially carved, and a branch of thorn with berries floated near.\\nAll was now eager expectation. In the evening, Columbus\\nbeheld a light rising and falling in the distance, as of a torch\\nborne by one walking. Later at night, the joyful cry of\\nLand rang out from the Pinta. In the morning, the\\nshore, green with tropical verdure, lay smiling before them.\\nTh,e Landing. Columbus, dressed in a splendid military\\nsuit of scarlet embroidered with gold, and followed by a reti-\\nnue of his officers and men bearing banners, stepped upon the\\nnew world, Friday, Oct. 12, 1492. He threw himself upon\\nhis knees, kissed the earth, and with tears of joy gave thanks\\nto God. He then formally planted the cross and took posses-\\nsion of the country in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella.\\nThe wondering natives, who crowded the shore, gazed on\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2the spectacle with awe. They supposed the ships to be huge\\nwhite-winged birds, and the Spaniards to have come from\\nheaven. How sadly and how soon these simple people were\\nUndeceived\\nFurther Discoveries. Columbus found the land to be an\\nisland, which he named San Salvador, He supposed that he\\nhad reached the islands lying off the eastern coast of India,\\nand he therefore called the dark-hued natives, Indians.\\nCareful inquiries were also made concerning the rich prod-\\nucts of the East, such as spices, precious stones, and espe-\\ncially gold. But the simple people had only a few golden\\nornaments. These they readily bartered for small bells.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "24\\nEPOCH I.\\n[1493.\\nCuba, Hayti, and other islands were discovered and visited\\nin the vain hope of securing Oriental treasures. Columbus\\neven sent a deputation into the interior of Cuba, to a famous\\nchief, supposing him to be the great king of Tartary\\nAt last, urged by his crew, he relinquished the search\\nand turned his vessels homeward.\\nHis Reception, on his return, was flattering in the ex-\\ntreme. The whole nation took a holiday. His appearance\\nwas hailed with shouts and the ringing of bells. The king\\nand queen were dazzled by their new and sudden acquisi-\\ntion. As Columbus told them of the beautiful land he had\\ndiscovered, its brilliant birds, its tropical forests, its delightful\\nclimate, and above all, its natives waiting to be converted\\nto the Christian faith, they sunk upon their knees, and\\ngave God thanks for such a signal triumph.\\nSithsequetit Voyages. Colum-\\nbus afterward made three voy-\\nages. In 1498, he discovered\\nthe mainland, near the Orinoco\\nRiver. He never, however, lost\\nthe delusion that it was the\\neastern coast of Asia, and died\\nignorant of the grandeur of his\\ndiscovery.\\nHow the Continent was\\nnam e d Americus Vesputius\\n(a mer i -etis vSs pvj shl Gs), a\\nfriend of Columbus, accompa-\\nnied a subsequent expedition to\\nthe new world. A German named Waldsee-Muller published\\nThe body of Columbus was buried at Valladolid. It was thence transported, in\\n1513, to the Carthusian Monastery of Seville, where a monument was erected by Fer-\\ndinand bearing the famous inscription\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To Castile and Leon, Colon gave a new\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^orl4. In 153C, his body was removed to the city of Sq,iut Domjngo, Hayti. Put, i\u00c2\u00a9\\nTOMB OF COLUMBUS AT HAVANA.*", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "1499.] THE CABOTS. 25\\na spirited account of this mariner s adventures, and sug-\\ngested that the country should be called America. This\\nwork, being the first description of the new world; was very\\npopular, and the name was soon adopted by geographers.\\nJohn Cab ot, a navigator of Bristol, England, by studying\\nhis charts and globes, decided that since the degrees of longi-\\ntude diminish in length as they approach the pole, the short-\\nest route to India must be by sailing north-west instead of\\nwest, as Columbus had done. He easily obtained authority\\nfrom King Henry VII., to make the attempt. After a pros-\\nperous voyage, he came in sight of a sterile region, prob-\\nably Labrador,* and sailed along the coast for many\\nleagues. This was in 149 7, fourteen months before\\nColumbus discovered the continent. Cabot supposed that\\nhe had reached the territory of the Great Cham, king\\nof Tartary. Nevertheless, he landed, planted a banner,\\nand took possession in the name of the king of England.\\nOn his return home, he was received with much honor,\\nwas dressed in silk, and styled the Great Admiral.\\nSebastian Cabot continued his father s discoveries.\\nDuring the same year (p. 24) in which Columbus reached\\nthe shore of South America, and Vasco da Gama found\\nthe sea-route to India (p. 41), Sebastian, a youth of twenty-\\none, discovered Newfoundland and coasted as far south as\\n1796, the remains, as was supposed, were taken to Havana with imposing ceremo-\\nnies. The tomb in the Cathedral is inscribed in Spanish\\nO, rest thou, imago of the great Colon,\\nThousand centuries remain, guarded in the urn,\\nAnd in the remembrance of our nation.\\nIn 1877, however, while excavating near the Cathedral in Saint Domingo, the vault\\nwas opened and a leaden coffin foiind containing human bones, and inscribed in\\nSpanish\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Illustrious and renowned man, Christopher Columbus It is therefore\\nthought that the body carried to Havana was not that of the great admiral.\\nVery little is definitely known of John Cabot, and even the time and place of\\nhis birth and death are matters of conjecture. Sebastian went with his father on\\nthe first voyage, and some give him the credit of all that is attributed above to John\\nCabot.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "26 EPOCH I. [1498.\\nCape Cod. As he found neither the way to India, nor\\ngold, precious stones, and spices, his expedition was consid-\\nered a failure. Yet, by his discoveries, the English acquired\\na title to a vast territory in the new world. Though he\\ngave to England a continent, no one knows his burial-place.\\nWe shall ntnv follow the principal explorations made\\nwithin the limits of the future United States, by the\\nSpanish, French, English, and Dutch. The Spanish ex-\\nplored mainly the southern portion of North America the\\nFrench, the northern and the English, the middle portion\\nalong the coast.\\nSPANISH EXPLORATIONS.\\nFeeling in Spain. America, at this time, was to the\\nSpaniard a land of vague, but magnificent promise, where the\\nsimple natives wore unconsciously the costliest gems, and the\\nsands of the rivers sparkled with gold. Every returning ship\\nbrought fresh news to quicken the pulse of Spanish enthu-\\nsiasm. Now, Cortez had taken Mexico, and reveled in the\\nwealth of the Montezumas; now,Pizarro had conquered Peru,\\nand captured the riches of the Incas now, Magellan, sailing\\nthrough the strait which bears his name, had crossed the\\nPacific, and his vessel returning home by the Cape of Good\\nHope, had circumnavigated the globe. Men of the highest\\nrank and culture, warriors, adventurers, all flocked to the\\nrew world. Soon, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, and Ja-\\nmaica were settled, and ruled by Spanish governors.\\nAmong the Spanish explorers of the sixteenth century we\\nnotice the following\\nPonce de Leon (pon ti-ra da la on was a gallant soldier,\\nbut an old man, and in disgrace. He coveted the glory of\\nconquest to restore his tarnished reputation, and, besides, he", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "1512.] SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 27\\nhad heard of a magical fountain in this fairy land, where one\\nmight bathe and be young again. Accordingly, he equipped\\nan expedition, and sailed in search of this fabled treasure.\\nOn Easter Sunday (Pascua Florida, in Spanish), 1512,* he\\ncame in sight of a land gay with spring flowers. In honor of\\nthe day, he called it Florida. He sailed along the coast, and\\nlanded here and there, but returned home at last, an old\\nman still, having found neither youth nor glory.\\nBal bo a crossed the Isthmus of Darien the next year, and\\nfrom the summit of the Andes beheld a wide expanse of the\\nPacific Ocean. Wading into its waters with his naked sword\\nin one hand, and the banner of Castile in the other, he sol-\\nemnly declared that the ocean, and all the shores which it\\nmight touch, belonged to the crown of Spain forever.\\nDe Narvaez (nar va eth) received a grant of Florida,\\nand (1528) with 300 men attempted its conquest. Striking\\ninto the interior, they wandered about, lured on by the hope\\nof finding gold. Wading through swamps, crossing deep\\nrivers by swimming and by rafts, fighting the lurking Indians\\nwho incessantly harassed their path, and nearly perishing\\nwith hunger, they reached at last the Gulf of Mexico.\\nHastily constructing some crazy boats, they put to sea.\\nAfter six weeks of peril and suffering, they were shipwrecked,\\nand De Narvaez was lost. Eight years afterward, four per-\\nsons the only survivors of this ill-fated expedition reached\\nthe Spanish settlements on the Pacific coast.\\nFerdinand de Soto, undismayed by these failures, under-\\ntook anew the conquest of Florida. He set out with 600\\nchoice men, amid the fluttering of banners, the flourish of\\nEight years afterward, De Ayllon (da ile yon made a kidnapping expedition to\\nwhat is now South Carolina. Desiring to obtain laborers for the mines and planta-\\ntions in Hayti, he invited some of the natives on board his vessels, and, when they were\\nall below, suddenly closed the hatches and set sail. The speculation did not, how-\\never, turn out profitably. One vessel sunk with all on board, and many of his cap-", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "28\\nEPOCH J,\\n[1539.\\ntrumpets, and the gleaming of helmet and lance. For month\\nafter month, this procession of cavaliers, priests, soldiers, and\\nIndian captives strolled through the wilderness, wherever\\nthey thought gold might be found. They traversed what is\\nnow Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, In the third year\\nBriilAL OK i h l.\\nof their wanderings (1541), they emerged upon the bank of\\nthe Mississippi. After another year of fruitless explora-\\ntions, De Soto died. At the dead of night, his followers\\nsunk his body in the river, and the sullen waters buried his\\nhopes and his ambition. He had crossed a large part of\\nthe continent, says Bancroft, and found nothing so re-\\nmarkable as his burial-place. De Soto had been the soul\\nof the company. When he died, the other adventurers were\\ntives, preferring starvation to slaverj died on the voyage. History tells us that in\\n1525, when Do Ayllon went back with the intention of settling the countrj the\\nIndians practiced upon him the lesson of cruelty ho had taught them. His men\\nwere lured into the interior. Their entertainers, falling uprm them at night, slew\\nthe larger part, and Uc .^yllou was only too glad to escape with his life.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "1565.] SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 29\\nanxious only to get home in safety. They constructed\\nboats and descended the river, Httle over half of this gallant\\narray finally reaching the settlements in Mexico.\\nMenendez (ma nen deth), wiser than his predecessors, on\\nlanding (1565), forthwith laid the foundations of a colony.\\nIn honor of the day, he named it St. Augustine. This is the\\nOLDEST TOWN IN THE UNITED StATES.*\\nExplorations on the Pacific. Calif umia, in the six-\\nteenth century, was a general name applied to all the region\\nnorth-west of Mexico. It is said to have originated in an old\\nSpanish romance very popular in the time of Cortez, in\\nwhich appeared a queen whose magnificent country bore\\nthis name. The Mexicans told the Spaniards that most of\\ntheir gold and precious stones came from a country far to\\nthe north-west. Cortez, therefore, turned his attention in\\nthat direction and sent out several expeditions to explore\\nthe Californias. All these adventurers returned empty-\\nhanded from the very region where, three centuries after-\\nward, the world was startled by the finding of an El Do ra do\\nsuch as would have satisfied the wildest dreams of Cortez\\nand his credulous followers.\\nCdbrillo (ka brei yo) made the first voyage along what is\\nN now the California coast 1 5 4 2 he died in San Diego harbor,\\nbut his pilot went north past the present limits of Oregon.\\nJ\\\\Cew Mexico was explored and named by Espejo (es pa ho)\\nwho (1582) founded Santa Fe, which is the second oldest\\ntown in the United States. This was seventeen years after\\nthe settlement of St. Augustine.\\nExtent of the Spanish Possessions, f Spain, at the close\\nof the sixteenth century, held possession not only of the\\nMany Spanish remains still exist. Among these is Port Marion, once San Marco,\\nwhich was founded in 1565 and finished in 1755. It is built of coquina (ko ke na)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094a curious stone composed of small shells.\\nt The conquests of the new world enriched Spain, which became the wealthiest", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "80 EPOCH I. [1600.\\nWest Indies, but of Yucatan, Mexico, and Florida.* The\\nSpanish explorerH liad traversed a large portion of the present\\nSouthern States, and of the Pacific const. All this vast\\nterritory t]^ey claimed by the rights of discovery and pos-\\nsession.\\nf\\nFRENCH EXPLORATIONS.\\nThe Frciicli wore eager to share in tin; prdlits which Spain\\nwas a( (inii iiig in the new world. Within seven years after\\ntlie discovery of the continent, the fisheries of Newfound-\\nland were frequented by their mariners.f\\nVerrazani (za ni), a Florentine, was the first navi-\\ngator sent by the French king to find the new way to the\\nIndies. Sailing westward from Madeira (1524), he reached\\nland ni ar the i)resent harbor of Wilmington. He supposed\\nthis had never been seen by Europeans, although we know\\nthat Cabot had discovered it nearly thirty years before. He\\ncoasted along the shores of Carolina and New Jersey, entered\\nthe harbors ot New York and Newport, and returned with\\na glowing description of the lands he had found, lie named\\nthe country New France.\\nCartier (uar tya ascended the River St. Lawrence J\\n(ir 5 5 to th(^ Indian village of Plochelaga (ho shs Ifi gs), the\\npresent site of Montreal. The town was pleasantly situated\\nand most powerful country in ICuropo. This made other nations all the more anxioua\\nto And the western iiassaj^o to India. The routes by the Cajw of Good Hope and by\\nthe Strait of MuKelliin were Umg and diingei-ous. To discover the shorter north\\nwestern route now lieeanie the gi-eat wish of all luuritinio nations, an\u00c2\u00bbl h;ia been\\nanxiously sought down Ui the present time.\\nA writer of that lin)e locate-s Quebec in Florida; indeed, the Spaniards applied\\ntho name, Florida, to all North Amurieu, tis far tis Oiuiadu and Newfoundland.\\nt Capo Breton O^rit iin) wiw named by tho tlshormen in remembrance of their\\nhomo in llrittany, France.\\nTho name, St. Lawi-enco, was that of the day on which Curtior entered the gulf-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "1535.] FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 31\\nat the foot of a lofty hill, which Cartier climbed. Stirred\\nby the magnificent prospect, he named it Mont Real\\n(mong ra al Regal Mountain.\\nJohn Ribaut (re bo led the first expedition (1562) under\\nthe auspices of Coligny (ko len ye ).t The company landed at\\nPort Royal, S. C. So captivated were they, that when volun-\\nteers were called for to hold the country for France, so many\\ncame forward with such a good wiU and joly corage wrote\\nRibaut, as we had much to do to stay their importunitie\\nThey erected a fort, which they named Carolina in honor of\\nCharles IX., King of France. The fleet departed, and this\\nlittle band of thirty were left alone on the continent. From\\nthe North Pole to Mexico, they were the only civilized men.\\nFood became scarce. They tired of the eternal solitude of\\nthe wilderness, and finally built a rude ship, and put to sea.\\nHere a storm shattered their vessel. Famine overtook them,\\nand, in their extremity, they killed and ate one of their\\nnumber. A vessel at last hove in sight, and took them on\\nboard, only to carry them captives to England. J Thus per-\\nished the colony, but the ,name still survives.\\nLaudonniere (lo do ne er), two years after, built a fort, also\\ncalled Carolina, on the St. John s River. Soon the colonists\\nJoan Ribaut, as his name is given in Coligny s MS. and in his own journal.\\nt Coligny was an admiral of Prance, and a leader of the Huguenots (hH ge nOz),\\nas the Protestants were then called. He had conceived a plan for founding an\\nempire in America. This would furnish an asylum for his Huguenot friends,- and\\nat the same time advance the glory of the Prench. Thus religion and patriotism\\ncombined to induce him to send out colonists to the new world.\\nt The most feeble were landed in France. It is said that Queen Elizabeth, while\\nconversing with those sent to England, first thought of colonizing the new world.\\nThe history of this colony records an amusing story concerning the long life of\\nthe natives. A party visited a chief in the midst of the wilderness, who gravely\\nassured them that he was the father of five generations, and had lived 250 years.\\nOpposite him, in the same hut, sat his father, a mere skeleton, whose age was so\\ngreat that the good man had lost his sight, and could speal: one onelyword but with\\nexceeding great paine The credulous Frenchmen gazed with awe on this wonder-\\nftil pair, and congratulated themselves on having come to such a land,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 where cer-\\ntainly there would be no need of Ponce de Leon s fabled fountain.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "S2 Kl OClt I. \u00c2\u00a31564.\\nwere reduced to the verge of starvation.* They were on the\\npoint of leaving, when they were reinforced by Kibaut.\\nTho French now seemed fairly fixed on the coast of Florida.\\nThe Spaniards, however, claimed the country. Mcnendez,\\nabout this time, had made a settlement in St. Augustine.\\nLeading an expedition northward through the wilderness,\\nin the midst of a fearful tempest, he attacked Fort Carolina\\nand massacred almost the entire population.\\nChamplain (shSm plan at the beginning of tho seven-\\nteenth century, crossed the Atlantic in two pigmy barks\\none of twelve, the other of fifteen tons and ascended the\\nSt. Lawrence on an exploring tour. At Ilochelaga all was\\nchanged. Tho Indian town had vanished, and not a trace\\nremained of the savage population which Cartier saw there\\nseventy years before. f Champlain was captivated by the\\ncharms of the now world, and longed to plant a French\\nempire and the Catholic faith amid its savage wilds.\\nDe Monts (mong) received a grant of all the territory be-\\ntween the fortieth and forty-sixth parallels of latitude.^ This\\ntract was termed A ca di a, a name afterward confined to New\\nBrunswick and the adjacent islands, and now to Nov^a\\nScotia. With Champlain, ho founded Port Royal, N. S., in\\n1605, THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO FOUND AN AGRICULTURAL COLONY\\nIN America. It was three years before a cabin was built in\\nCanada, and two before the James River was discovered.\\nChamplain returned in 1608, and established a trading\\nTheir sufferings were horrible. Weak and emaciated, they fed themselves with\\nroots, sorrel, pounded fish-bones, and even i*oasted snakes. Oftentimes, says\\nIjiUKlonnloro, our iKH r soldioi-s were constrained to give away the very shirts from\\ntheir backs to got one fish. If at any time they shewed imto the savages the exces-\\nsive price which they ttjoke, these villaines wo\\\\ild answer them roughly If thou\\nmake so great account of thy merchandise, eat it, and wo will eat our fish then fell\\nthey out a laughing, and mocked us with open throat.\\nThis fact illustrates tho frequent and rapid changes which took place amoui;\\nthe aboriginal tribes.\\nt Between the 8lt.os of Plilladelphia and Montreal.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "160P.J, FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 83\\npost at Quebec. This was the first permanent French\\nSE i ELEMENT IN CANADA. The next summer, in his eager\\ndesire to explore the country, he joined a war party of the\\nHurons against the Iroquois, or Five Nations of Central New\\nYork,* On this journey he discovered the beautiful lake\\nthat bears his name. Amid discouragements which would\\nhave overwhelmed a less determined spirit, Champlain\\nfirmly established the authority of France on the banks of\\nthe St. Lawrence. The Father of New France as he has\\nbeen termed, reposes in the soil he won to civilization.\\nThe Jesuit Missionaries. The explorers of the Missis-\\nsippi valley were mostly Jesuit priests. The French names\\nwhich they gave, still linger throughout that region. Their\\nhope was to convert the Indians to the Christian faith. They\\npushed their way through the forest with unflagging energy.\\nThey crept along the northern shore of Lake Ontario. They\\ntraversed the Great Lakes. In 1668, they founded the mis-\\nsion of St. Mary, the oldest European settlement in Michigan.\\nMany of them were^ murdered by the savages some were\\nscalped some were burned in rosin-fire some scalded with\\nboiling water. Yet as soon as one fell out of the ranks, an-\\nother sprung forward to fill the post. We shall name but\\ntwo of these patient, indefatigable pioneers of New France.\\nFather Marquette (mar kef), hearing from some wander-\\ning Indians of a great river which they termed the Father\\nof Waters determined to visit it. He floated in a birch-\\nbark canoe down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi (1673),\\nand thence to the mouth of the Arkansas (ar kan s^^A7\u00e2\u0080\u00a2).t\\nThe interference of Champlain with the Indians secured the inveterate hostility\\nof the Iroquois. Not long after, they seized the missionaries who came among them,\\ntortured and put them to death. This cut oflf any further explorations toward the\\nsouth. The French, therefore, turned their attention toward the west. The Iro-\\nquois afterward made an alliance with the English (see p. 77).\\nt Soon after, while on another expedition, he went ashore for the purpose of quiet", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "84\\nEPOCH I.\\n[1682.\\nLa Salic (sal) was ed-\\nucated as a Jesuit, but had\\nestablished a trading-post at\\nthe outlet of Lake Ontario. In-\\nflamed with a desire to find the\\nmouth of the Mississippi, he made\\nhis way (1682) to the Gulf of\\nMexico. lie named the country\\nLouisiana, in honor of Louis\\nXIV., King of France.\\nResults of French Enterprise,\\nseventeenth century, the French had explored the Great\\nLakes, the Fox, Maumee (ma mee Wabash (wa bSsh),\\nWisconsin, and Illinois rivers, and the Mississippi from the\\nFalls of St. Anthony to the Gulf. They had traversed a\\nvast region extending from Newfoundland to Texas and\\ndevotion. After waiting long for his return, his men, seeking him, found that he\\nhad died while at praj^er. lie was huined near the mouth of the Marquette. Years\\nafter, when the tempest raged, and the Indian was tossing on the angry waves, he\\nwould seek to stil he storm by invoking the aid of the pious Mai-quette.\\nAs wo ^a l SCO hereafter, the English at this time clung to a nari ow strip along\\nthe Atlaiitlo coast, but their colonies contained 300,000 inhabitants.\\nLA SALLE AT THE ilOL Tll OF THE\\nUIS8ISSIFFI.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Before the close of the", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "1576.] ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 85\\nplanted, here and there in the wilderness, rude settlements\\nthe beginnings of civilization. In 1688, New France pos-\\nsessed a population of 11, 000.\\nENG-LISH EXPLORATIONS.\\nWe have seen how the Cabots, sailing under an English\\nflag, discovered the American continent, exploring its coast\\nfrom Labrador to Albemarle Sound, Though the English\\nclaimed the northern part of the continent by right of this\\ndiscovery, yet during the sixteenth century they paid little\\nattention to it. At the close of that period, however, mari-\\ntime enterprise was awakened, and British sailors cruised on\\nevery sea. Like the other navigators of the day, they were\\neager to discover the western passage to Asia.\\nFrobisher (frob ish er) made the first of these attempts\\nto go north of America to Asia Cabot s plan repeated. He\\npushed through unknown waters, threading his perilous\\nway among icebergs, until (1576) he entered Baffin Bay.\\nHere he heaped a pile of stones, declared the country an\\nappendage of the British crown, and returned home.*\\nSir Francis Drake was a famous sailor. In one of his\\nexpeditions on the Isthmus of Panama, he climbed to\\nthe top of a lofty tree, whence he saw the Pacific Ocean.\\nLooking out on its broad expanse, he resolved to sail\\nan English ship on those seas. Returning to England,\\nhe equipped a squadron. He sailed through the Strait of\\nMagellan, coasting along the Pacific shore to the south-\\nern part of Oregon, Having refitted his ship, probably\\nOne of the sailors brought hack a stone which was thought to contain gold. A\\nfleet of fifteen vessels was forthwith equipped for this new El Dorado. The north-\\nwest passage to Cathay was forgotten. After innumerahle perils incident to Arctic\\nregions, the ships were loaded with the precious ore and returned, Unrortunately,\\nhistory neglects to tell us what became of the cargo 1", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "36 EPOCH I. [1579- 80.\\nin Bodega Bay (1579), lie sailed westward, and returned\\nhome by way of the Cape of Good Hope.*\\nSir Humphrey Gilbert was not a sailor, but he had studied\\nthe accounts of American discoveries and concluded that,\\ninstead of random expeditions after gold and spices, com-\\npanies should be sent out to form permanent settlements.\\nHis attempts to colonize the new world, however, ended\\nfatally. Sailing homo in a bark of onl}^ ten-tons burden, in\\nthe midst of a fearful storm the light of his little vessel sud-\\ndenly disappeared. Neither ship nor crew was ever seen\\nagain.\\nSir Walter Raleighf (ra^?v a half-brother of Gilbert,\\nadopted his views of American colonization. Being a great\\nfavorite with Queen Elizabeth, he easily obtained from her a\\npatent of an extensive territory, which was named Virginia\\nin honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen.\\nBaleigh s first attempt to pldiit a culony was on Roanoke\\nIsland. The settlers made no endeavor to cultivate the soil,\\nbut spent their time in hunting for gold and pearls.J At\\nHe was thus the first Englishman who explored the Pacific coast, and the second\\nEuropean who circumnavigated the glohe.\\nRaleigh was not only a man of dauntless courage, hut he also added to a hand-\\nsome person much learning and many accomplishments. Meeting Queen Elizabeth\\none day while she was walking, he spread liis mantle over a wet place in her path.\\nShe was so pleased with his gallantry that she admitted him to court, and he con-\\ntinued a favorite during her entire life-time. Conversing with her once upon the\\nsingular properties of tobacco, the new Indian weed which was coming into use, he\\nassured her that he could tell the exact weight of smoke in any quantity consumed.\\nThe incredulous queen dared him to a wager. Accepting it, Raleigh weighed his\\ntobacco, smoked it, and then carefiilly weighing the ashes, stated the difference.\\nPaying the bet, Elizabeth remarked that she had before heard of turning gold into\\nsmoke, but he was the first who had turned smoke into gold This incident illus-\\ntrates the friendly relations between Raleigh and the queen. After her death, he\\nwas acc\\\\ised by James I. of treason, was imprisoned for many years, and finally,\\nexecuted. On the scafl old, ho asked for the ax, and feeling the edge, observed, with\\na smile, This is a sharp medicine, but a sound cure for all diseases. Then com-\\nposedly lajing his head on the block, and moving his lips as in prayer, he gave the\\nf attil signal.\\nX They were told that the Roanoke River had its head-waters in golden rocks, by", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "1586.] ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 87\\nlast, they were nearly starved, when Drake, happening to\\nstop there on one of his exploring tours, took jDity on them\\nand carried them home. (See page 42.)\\nThey had lived long enough in America to learn the use\\nof tobacco from the Indians. This they introduced into\\nEngland. The custom of drinking tobacco as it was\\ncalled, soon became the fashion.*\\nRaleigh s Second Attempt. Raleigh,undiscouraged by this\\nfailure, still clung to his colonizing scheme. The next time,\\nhe sent out families, instead of single men. John White\\nwas appointed governor of the City of Raleigh, which they\\nwere to found on Chesapeake Bay. A granddaughter of\\nGov. White, born soon after they reached Roanoke Island,\\nwas the first English child born in America. The governor,\\non returning to England to secure supplies, found the public\\nattention absorbed by the threatened attack of the Spanish\\nArmada. It was three years before he was able to come back.\\nMeanwhile, his family, and the colony he had left alone in\\nthe wilderness, had perished. How, we do not know. The im-\\nagination can only picture what history has failed to record.\\nRaleigh had now spent about $200,000, a great sum for\\nthat day, on this American colony and, disheartened, trans-\\nferred his patent to other parties (1589).\\nTrading Voyages. Fortunately for American interests,\\ntrading ventures were more profitable than colonizing ones.\\nEnglish vessels frequented the Banks of Newfoundland, and,\\nprobably, occasionally visited Virginia. Q-os nold,t a master\\nthe Pacific Ocean, and that the -walls of a great city near its fountain were thlcldy\\nstudded with pearls.\\nAn amusing story is told of Raleigh while he was learning to smoke. One morn-\\ning his servant on entering the room with a cup of ale for his master, saw a cloud\\nof smoke issuing from Sir Walter s mouth. Frantically dashing the liquor in his\\nface, he rushed down stairs imploring help, lest his master should be burned to ashes\\nThe English ships were at that time accustomed to steer southward along the\\ncoast of Spain, Portugal, and Africa, as far as the Canary Islands then they followed", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "88 EPOCH I. [1602.\\nof a small bark, discovered (1602) and named Cape Cod and\\nsome of the islands about Martha s Vineyard. Loading his\\nvessel with sassafras-root, then highly esteemed as a medi-\\ncine, he returned home to publish the most favorable reports\\nof the region he had visited. Some British merchants ac-\\ncordingly sent out the next year a couple of vessels under\\nCaptain Pring. He discovered several harbors in Maine, and\\nbrought back his ships loaded with furs and sassafras.\\nAs the result of these various explorations, many felt an\\nearnest desire to colonize the new world. James I. accord-\\ningly granted the vast territory of Virginia, as it was called,\\nto two companies, the Lcmdon and the Plymouth.\\nThe London Company, whose principal men resided at\\nLondon, had the tract between the thirty-fourth and thirty-\\neighth degrees of latitude. This was called South Virginia.\\nThey sent out a colony in ICO 7 under Captain Newport.\\nHe made at Jamestown* the first permanent English\\nSETTLEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES.\\nThe Plymouth Company, whose principal men resided\\nat Plymoutli, had the tract between the forty-first and forty-\\nfifth degrees of latitude. This was called North Virginia.\\nThe Charter granted to these companies was the first\\nunder which English colonies were planted in the United\\nStates. It is therefore worthy of careful study. It contained\\nno idea of self-government. The people were not to have the\\nelection of an officer. The king was to appoint a council,\\nthe track of Columbus to the West India Islands, and thence past the coast of Florida\\nnorthward to the point they wished to reach. Navigators knew this was a round-\\nabout Wiiy, but they were afraid to try the northern route straight across the\\nAtlantic. Gk)snold made the voyage directly from England to Massachusetts, thus\\nshortening the route .1,000 miles. This gave a great impulse to colonization, since it\\nwas in olTect bringing America 3,000 miles nearer England.\\nThe river was called James, and the town Jamestown, in honor of the King of\\nEngland. The headlands received the names of Cape Henry and Cape Charles from\\nthe king s sons and the deep water for anchorage which put the emigrants in good\\ncomfort gave the name Point Comfort.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "1606.] DUTCH EXPLORATIONS. 39\\nto reside in London and have general control of all the col-\\nonies and also a council, to reside in each colony and have\\ncontrol of its local affairs. The Church of England was the\\nestablished religion. Moreover, for five years, all the pro-\\nceeds of the colonial industry and commerce were to be ap-\\nplied to a common fund, no person being allowed the fruit\\nof his individual labor.\\nDUTCH EXPLORATIONS.\\nDuring all this time, the Dutch manifested no interest in\\nthe new world. In the beginning of the seventeenth cen-\\ntury, however, Caj)tain Henry Hudson, an English navi-\\ngator in the Dutch service, entered the harbor of New York.\\nHoping to reach the Pacific Ocean, he afterward ascended\\nthe noble river which bears his name (1609).*\\nOn this discovery, the Dutch based their claim to the\\nregion extending from the Delaware River to Cape Cod.\\nThey gave to it the name of New Netherland.\\nEXTENT OF THESE EXPLORATIONS.\\n1. The Spanish confined their explorations to the West\\nIndies and the adjacent mainland, and in the United States\\nmade settlements only in Florida and New Mexico.\\n2. The French claimed the whole of New France and\\nmade their first settlements in Acadia and Canada.\\n3. The English explored the Atlantic coast at various\\npoints, and claimed this vast territory, which they termed\\nVirginia, having made their first settlement at Jamestown, f\\nIt is now believed that Verrazani (p. 30) was the true discoverer of this stream,\\nover three quarters of a century before.\\nAfter this time, the English is the only nation that directly influences the his-", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "40 EPOCH I. [1613.\\n4. The Dutch laid claim to New Netherland, but made\\nno settlement till 1613.\\nThe Rival Claims. These four claims overlapped f one\\nanother and necessarily produced much confusion. While\\nthe first few settlements were separated by hundreds of miles\\nof savage forests, this was of little account. But as the set-\\ntlements increased, the rival claims became a source of con-\\nstant strife and were decided principally by the sword.\\nThe Permanent Settlements. At the close of the six-\\nteenth century, neither the English nor the French had\\nplanted a single stable colony, and the only permanent\\nsettlements, north of the Gulf of Mexico, were those of\\nthe Spaniards at St. Augustine and Santa Fe. In the\\nbeginning of the seventeenth century, permanent settle-\\nments multiplied. They were made, as we have seen, by\\nThe French at Port Royal, N. S., in 1 605\\nThe English at Jamestown, in 1607\\nThe French at Quebec, in 1608\\nThe Dutch at New York, in 1 6 1 3 ;t\\nThe English at Plymouth, in 1620.\\ntory of the United States. The country was settled mainly by emigrants from\\nGreat Britain, and in the next epoch all the colonies became dependencies of\\nthat empire.\\nt It is noticeable that the English grants extended westward to the Pacific Ocean\\nthe French, southward from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf and the Spanish, north-\\nward to the Arctic Ocean. None of the European nations had any idea of the im-\\nmense territory it was donating.\\nt Here lay the shaggy continent from Florida to the Pole, outstretched in savage\\nslumber along the sea. On the bank of the James River was a nest of woe-begone\\nEnglishmen, a handful of fur-traders at the mouth of the Hudson, and a few shiver-\\ning Frenchmen among the snow-drifts of Acadia; while, deep within the wild\\nmonotony of desolation, on the icy verge of the great northern river, Champlain\\nupheld the banner of France over the rock of Quebec. These were the advance\\nguard of civilization, the messengers of promise to a desert continent. Yet,\\nnot content with inevitable woes, they were rent by p)etty jealousies and miser-\\nable quarrels, while each little fragment of rival nationalities, just able to keep\\nup its own wretched existence on a few square miles, begrudged to all the rest\\nthe smallest share in a domain which all the nations of Euroi)e could not have\\neufflced to ftil.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Farhrnan.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "1789.] EARLY NAVIGATORS. 41\\nSEA -LIFE IN THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH\\nCENTURIES.\\nAt the opening of modern history, the known world comprised only Europe, south-\\nwestern Asia, and a strip of northern Africa. The southernmost point in Africa then\\ndiscovered was Cape Non (Nun), so called because it was considered the limit of navi-\\ngation. The most absurd ideas prevailed with regard to the regions beyond. The\\nwater at the equator was thought to be boiling hot the tropic sun, it was said, would\\npermanently blacken the sMn of any white man who ventured farther south while\\nthe unknown seas were supposed to be peopled by terrible sea-monsters.\\nTo the Portuguese belongs the glory of having dissipated many of these errors,\\nand opened the way to the discovery of new lands. In the fifteenth century, they\\nwere the most enlightened and enterprising people in Europe. Prince Henry devoted\\nhimself to the study of astronomy, founded an observatory and a naval college, col-\\nlected aU existing information concerning the earth s surface, and prepared new and\\nmore accurate charts for navigators. His father, John I., and his grand-nephew,\\nJohn II., encouraged maritime explorations. Under such auspices, the Portuguese\\nsailors discovered the A zores and Cape Verde Islands, crossed the dreaded equator,\\nand finally descried the southern extremity of Africa. Diaz (dee ath), the discov-\\nerer, weU named it the Stormy Cape but the king, believing the long-desired route\\nto India was now found, rechristened it the Cape of Good Hope. His hope was\\nrealized fifteen years later, when Vasco da Gama rounded the cape and reached\\nIndia. The problem of a sea-route (p. 20) was solved. The Portuguese quickly\\nestablished settlements and opened a direct trade by sea between India and Europe.\\nThe old land-routes to India across the Mediterranean and the Levant being aban-\\ndoned, Venice and the other Italian cities lost the profitable Eastern trade.\\nThe sixteenth century, however, had already dawned. The discoveries of Colum-\\nbus had kindled the zeal and fired the imagination of Spain,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 then fast becoming the\\nleading nation of Europe. Pope Alexander VT. had apportioned the unknown\\nregions of the Earth to the Portuguese a,nd the Spaniards, giving to the former all east\\nand to the latter all west of an imaginary line running north and south 100 leagues\\nwest of the Azores. Spanish warriors who united the valor of the knight-errant\\nwith the rapacity of pirates flocked to the new world. The West Indies, Mexico,\\nPeru, and Chili were discovered and conquered, and the spoils were sent to Europe.\\nSoon, the coffers of Spain were running over with American gold and silver. While\\nthe Spanish flag was planted, step by step, on the eastern coast of America, from the\\nSt. John s to the river Platte the whole western coast of South America fell into\\nSpanish hands. The Spanish explorations in America surpassed the Portuguese in\\nAfrica. Portugal was too busy with her discoveries to turn aside, except to possess\\nthe territory of Brazil, and Spain was left unmolested to prosecute her conquests.\\nWTiile Spain was thus building up an empire in the western world, English sea-\\nmen were content with a humbler harvest in the Newfoundland fisheries. During\\nthe reign of Elizabeth, however, English navigators began to dispute with Spain the\\nsovereignty of the sea. The British Channel swarmed with privateers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 sea-dogs\\nThe explorers were accustomed to take formal possession of the country they discovered.\\nThus Cartier (p. 30) erected a cross thirty feet high, on which he hung a shield containing the\\narms of Prance and the inscription, Vive le Roi Gilbert (p. 36) raised a pillar in Newfound-\\nland with a lead plate, on which were engraved the queen s arms. A piece of tnrf and a bit of\\ntwig were presented to him, and he received these symbols of possession with a hazel wand.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "4^\\nEPOCH 1.\\n[1577.\\nas they were called\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and it was a lucky galleon that could run the gauntlet of these\\nswift cruisers. The greed of gold, the love of adventure, a chivalrous contempt of\\ndanger, and the bitter hatred then existing between Protestant England and Catho-\\nlic Spain, combined to inspire the sea-dogs to the most daring deeds. In 1577, Drake\\nset sail with five ships, his own scarcely larger than a channel schooner, the others\\nBtiU smaller, resolved to fly the English flag in waters where it had never been seen.\\nThe first of Englishmen to pass through the Strait of Magellan, he swept along the\\ncoast of Chili and Peru, plundering towns and vessels, and capturing the great gal-\\nleon that yearly sailed from Lima to Cadiz with precious stones, gold dvist, and silver\\ningots. Finding a squadron was stationed in the Strait of Magellan to intercept\\nhim on his return (p. 3.5), he took the bold resolution of crossing the Pacific and going\\nhome via the Capo of Good Hope. His venture succeeded, and he reached Pljinouth,\\nEngland, after an absence of three years. Though he had escaped with only one\\nship\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Golden Hind\u00e2\u0080\u0094 it was laden with treasure to the amount of \u00c2\u00a3800,000. The\\nqueen received a large share of the spoils, knighted the freebooter, wore liis jewels\\nin her crown, and ordered the Golden Hind to be preserved in memory of this\\nremarkable voyage. Open war ha\\\\ ing at last broken out between England and Spain,\\nDrake again went to the West Indies, plundered the towns of St. Domingo and Car-\\nthagena, burned Ports San Antonio and St. Augustine, and,visiting Virginia, brought\\nback the remains of Raleigh s colony (p. 37). The success of these adventures, lured\\nother freebootei s to the Spanish Main Cavendish fitted out a fleet and sailed\\nthither (1586) he roamed about for months, burning villages and capturing coast-\\ning vessels, until at last he overhauled the Santa Anna, a merchantman loaded with\\na rich cargo of gold, silver, and spices, from the Manillas. Returning ^^a the cape,\\nhe was the second Englishman to circumnavigate the globe.\\nThe English privateers, however, could fight for their country as well as for gain,\\nand Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher were in the very front of the little fleet that\\ndestroyed the Invincible Armada (1588) and broke the Spanish power.\\nCONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS.\\nEngland.\\nHenry \\\\TI.... 1485\\nHenry \\\\TII... 1509\\nEdward VT... 1547\\nMary 1553\\nElizabeth 1558\\nJames 1 1603\\nPranoe.\\nCharles Vm.. 1483\\nLouis XH 1498\\nFrancis 1 1515\\nHenry n 1547\\nFrancis II 1559\\nCharles IX.... 1560\\nHenry ni 1574\\nHenry IV 1589\\nGermany.\\nFrederick in.. 1440\\nMaximilian I. 1493\\nCharles V 1520\\nFerdinand I... 1556\\nMaxirailianII.1564\\nRudolph n. 1576\\nMatthias 1612\\nSpain.\\nFerdinand\\nIsabeUa 1479\\nCharles 1 1516\\nPhilip n 1556\\nPhilip m 1598\\nCHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.\\n1492. Columbus discovered the new world, October 12 23\\n1497. The Cabots discovered Labrador, June 24 25\\n1498. The Cabots explored the Atlantic Coast 25\\nSouth America was discovei-ed by Columbus, August 10 24\\nVasco da Gama sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and discovered a\\npassage to India 41", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "1512.]\\nCHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.\\n48\\nPAGE\\n1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida, March 27 87\\n1513. Balboa saw the Pacific Ocean, September 26 27\\n1519- 21. Cortez conquered Mexico 26\\n1520. Magellan discovered and sailed through the strait which bears his\\nname, into the Pacific Ocean his vessel rettirning home by the\\nCape of Good Hope, made the first circumnavigation of the globe. 26\\n1524. Verrazani explored the coast of North America 30\\n1528. Narvaez explored part of Plorida 27\\n1534:- 35. Cartier explored the Q-ulf of St. Lawrence and ascended the river 30\\n1539- 41. De Soto rambled over the Southern States and in 1541 discovered\\nthe Mississippi Eiver 28\\n1542- 43. Cabrillo explored California and sailed along the Pacific Coast. 29\\n1562. Ribaut attempted to plant a Huguenot colony at Port Royal 31\\n1564. Laudonniere attempted to plant a Huguenot colony on the St.\\nJohn s River. It was destroyed by the Spaniards 31\\n1565. Menendez founded a colony at St. Augustine, Florida first perma-\\nnent settlement in the United States 29\\n1576- 77. Frobisher tried to find a rorth-west passage entered Baffin Bay,\\nand twice attempted to found a colony in Labrador, but failed 34\\n1578- 80. Drake sailed along the Pacific Coast to Oregon, and circumnavi-\\ngated the globe 35\\n1582. Espejo founded Santa Fe second oldest town in the United States, 29\\n1583. Gilbert was lost at sea 36\\n1584- 87. Raleigh twice attempted to plant a colony in Virginia 36\\n1602. Gosnold discovered Cape Cod, May 15 37\\n1605. De Monts estabUshed a colony at Port Royal, Nova Scotia first\\nattempt to found an agj^-icultural colony in America 32\\n1607. The English settled Jamestown; first permanent English settle-\\nment in America, May 13 38\\n1608. Champlain planted a colony at Quebec; first permanent French\\nsettlement in Canada, Jiily 3 32\\n1609. Hudson discovered the Hudson River 39\\nChamplain discovered Lake Champlain 33\\n1613. Settlement of New York by the Dutch 39\\n1620. Pilgrims settled at Plymouth; first English settlement in New\\nEngland, December 21 40\\nREFERENCES FOR READING.\\nIrving^s Columbus.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ParkTnan 8 Pioneers of France, Jesuits in North America, and Dis-\\ncovery of the Great West.\u00e2\u0080\u0094LonqfeUow^s Sir Humphrey GUbert {Poem).\u00e2\u0080\u0094De Vere s Rom,ance of\\nAmerican History.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AbbotVs Biography of lUustrious Men and Women.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. Irving s De Soto in\\nFlorida.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Help s Spanish Conquest of Amsrica.\u00e2\u0080\u0094BiddWs Sebastian Cabot.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NichoUs John\\nCabot.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barlow s Vision of Columbus (Poem), and Poems on Columbus by Samuel Rogers and\\nJ. R. Lowell.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Simms Damsel of Darien {Poem).\u00e2\u0080\u0094PrescotVs Ferdinand and Isabella (Colum-\\nbus).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hawks History of North Carolina (Lost Colony of Roanoke) \u00e2\u0080\u00948hea s Discovery and\\nExploration of the Mississippi Valley.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wallace s Fair God (Fiction).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barnes Popular History\\nof the United States.- Harper s Magazine, Vol. 49, The First Century of the Republic Vol. 65,\\nOverthrow of the French Power in America, and The Spanish Oiscoverers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Scribner s Monthly,\\nYqI. 9, Pictures from FU/rida.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Weise s Discoveries qf America to the Tear 1525.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "44\\nBARNES BRIEF HISTORY,\\nBLACKBOARD ANALYSIS.\\n1. Geographical Knowledge in the Fifteenth Century.\\n1. His Views.\\n2. At Court of Portugal.\\n3. At Court of Spain.\\n4. His Success.\\n5. His Equipment.\\n2. Columbus.\\n0. His V oy^e.\\n7. The LaiuRng.\\n8. Further Discoveries.\\n9. His Reception Home.\\n10. Subsequent Voyages.\\n3. How America was Named.\\n4. The Cabot.s.\\n5. Spanish Explorations.\\n6. French Explorations.\\n8. Dutch Explorations.\\nExtent of these Ex-\\nplorations.\\n1. John Cabot.\\n3. Sebastian Cabot.\\n1. The Feeling in Spain.\\n2. Ponce dp Leon.\\n3. Balboa.\\n4. De Narvaez.\\n5. Ferdinand de Soto.\\nMenendez.\\nI a.\\n7. Explorations on Pacific. b.\\nCalifornia.\\nCabnllo.\\nNew Mexico.\\n8. Extent of the Spanish Possessions.\\n1. Newfoundland Fisheries.\\n2. Verrazaiii.\\n3. Cartiir.\\n4. John Ribaut.\\n5. Laudonnidre.\\n6. Chaniplain.\\n7. De Monts and Port Royal,\\ni a. Their zeal,\\nVieit to Hochelaga.\\nFounds Quebec.\\n8. Jesuit Missionaries\\n9. Results of Fi-ench Enterprise\\nb. Marquette.\\nc. La Salle.\\n7. English Explorations.\\n1. British Claim and Maritime Zeal.\\n2. Frobisher.\\n3. Francis Drake.\\n4. Humphrey Gilbert.\\n5. Raleigh.\\n6. Trading Voyages.\\n7. Companies formed.\\nj 1. Henry Hudson.\\na. Dutch Claim.\\nFirst attempt to plant\\na Colony.\\nSecond attempt.\\na. London Co.\\nb. Hymouth Co.\\nc. Their Charter.\\nf a. The Spanish.\\n1. Claims of the Four J b. The French.\\nNations. 1 c. The English.\\nd. The Dutch.\\n2. Result of these Rival Claims.\\n3. Permanent Settlements at the End of the Sixteenth\\nCentury and the Beginning of the Seventeenth\\nCentury.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2926", "width": "1707", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "C ii.*ei\u00c2\u00bb Tori.", "height": "2916", "width": "1863", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "GH II\\nFROM 1607\\nTO 1775\\nr:| E:.iildin /h Jjlon ies.\\nTHIS Epoch\\ntraces the\\nearly his-\\ntory of the thirteen colonies\\nVirginia, Massachusetts, New\\nHampshire, Connecticut, Rhode\\nIsland, New York, New Jersey,\\nPennsylvania, Delaware^, Mary-\\nland, South Carolina, North\\nCarolina, and Georgia. The Cavaliers land in Virginia,\\nand the Puritans in Massachusetts. Immigration increases\\nand the settlements multiply along the whole coast. The\\ncolonies, however, have little history in common. Each\\nby itself struggles with the wilderness, contends with the\\nIndian, and develops the principles of liberty.\\nQnrfifions on flic Geor/mpJii/ of the Second TJjioch. Liocate Janiestown. Salem.\\nBoston. Swansea. Providence. Bristol. Hadley. Hatfield. Portsmouth. Dover.\\nHartford. Wethersfield. New Haven. Windsor. Saybrook. New York. Albany.\\nSchenectady. Elizabethtown. Wilmington. Philadelphia. St. Mary s. Charleston.\\nSavannah. Haverhill. Deerfleld. St. Augustine. Quebec. Louisbiu-g.\\nLocate Port Venango. Oswego. Presque Isle. Port Be Boeuf Crown Point. Port\\nTiconderoga. Port Niagara. Port Duquesne. Fort William Henry. Port Edward.\\nDescribe the Ohio Biver. Monongahela Biver. Prench Creek. Chowan Biver.\\nAshley Biver. Cooper Biver. Biver St. John. Potomac Biver. James Biver.\\nHudson Biver. Connecticut Biver. Mohawk Biver. Delaware Biver. Kennebec\\nBiver. Penobscot Biver. Miami Biver. St. Lawrence Biver.\\nLocate Manhattan Island. Alleghany Mountains. Cape Breton. Massachusetts\\nBay. Chesapeake Bay.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "46 EPOCH II. [1C07\\nI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 VIRGINIA.\\nThe Character of the colonists was poorly adapted to en-\\ndure the hardships incident to a life in a new country. The\\nsettlers were mostly gentlemen by birth, unused to labor.\\nThey had no families, and came out in search of wealth or\\nadventure, expecting, when rich, to return to England. The\\nclimate was unhealthy, and, before the first autumn, half of\\ntheir number had perished.\\nJohn Smith saved the colony from ruin. First as a mem-\\nber of the council, and afterward as president, his services\\nwere invaluable. He persuaded the settlers to erect a fort,\\nand to build log huts for the winter. He made long voyages,\\ncarefully exploring Chesapeake Bay, securing the friendship\\nof the Indians, and bringing back boat-loads of supplies. He\\nCaptain John Smith was born to adventxire. WTiile yet a boy he leaves his home\\nin Lincolnshire, England, to engage in Holland wars. After a four-years service he\\nbuilds a lodge of boughs in a forest, where he hunts, rides, and studies military\\ntactics. Next we hear of him on his way to fight the Turks. Before reaching France\\nhe is robbed, and escapes death from want only by begging alms. Having embarked\\nfor Italy, a fearful storm arises he, being a heretic, is deemed the cause, and is\\nthrown overboard, but he swims to land. In the East, a famous Mussulman wishes\\nto flght some Chi-istian knight to please the ladies Smith offers himself and slays\\nthree champions in succession. Taken prisoner in battle and sold as a slave, his head\\nis shaved and his neck bound with an iron ring he kills his master, arrays himself\\nin the dead man s garments, mounts a horse and spurs his way to a Russian camp.\\nHaving returned to England, he embarks for the new world. On the voyage, he ex-\\ncites the jealousy of his fellows and is landed in chains but his worth becomes so\\napparent that he is finally made president of the colony. Ilis marvelous escapes\\nseem now more abundant than ever. A certain fish inflicts a dangeroiis wound, but\\nhe finds an antidote, and afterward eats part of the same fish with great relish. He\\nis poisoned, but overcomes the dose and severely beats the poisoner. His party of\\nfifteen is attacked by Opechancanough (Op e kan ka no), brother and successor of\\nPowhatan, with seven hundred warriors Smith drags the old chief by his long hair\\ni nto the midst of the Indian braves, who, amaaed at such audacity, immediately sur-\\nrender. He is shockingly burned on a boat by the explosion of a bag of jKDwder at\\nhis side but he leaps into the water, where ho barely escapes death by drowning.\\nThese and many other wonderful exploits he published in a book after his return to\\nEngland. Historians very generally discredit them. His services were, however, of\\nunquestionable value to Virginia and his disinterestedness apjiears from the fact\\nthat he never received a foot of land in the colony his wisdom had saved.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "1607.]\\nDEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES.\\n47\\ntrained the tender gentlemen till they learned how to swing\\nthe ax in the forest. He declared that he who would not\\nwork, might not eat. He taught them that industry and\\nself-reliance are the surest guarantees to fortune.\\nSmith s Adventures were of the most romantic character.\\nIn one of his expeditions up the Chickahom iny* he was\\nSMITH TRADING WITH THE INDIANS.\\ntaken prisoner by the Indians. With singular coolness, he\\nimmediately tried to interest his captors by explaining the\\nuse of his pocket compass, and the motions of the moon and\\nstars. At last, they allowed him to write a letter to James-\\ntown. When they found that this informed his friends of\\nhis misfortune, they were filled with astonishment. f They\\nThis was undertaken by the express order of the company, to seek a passage to\\nthe Pacific Ocean, and thus to India. Captain Newpoi t, before his return to England,\\nmade a trip up the James River for the same purpose, but on reaching the falls con-\\ncluded that the way to India did not lie in that direction. These attempts show\\nwhat inadequate ideas then prevailed concerning the size of this continent.\\nt As another evidence of the simplicity of the Indians, it is said that having seized", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "48 EPOCU II. [1607.\\ncould not understand by what magical art he made a few\\nmarks on paper express his thoughts. They considered him\\na being of a superior order and treated him with the utmost\\nrespect. He was carried from one tribe to another* and at\\nlast brought to the great chief, Pow ha tan by whom he was\\ncondemned to die. His head was laid on a stone, and the\\nliuge war-(. lul) of the Indian executioner was raised to strike\\nthe fatal blow. Suddenly, Po ca hon tas, the young daughter\\nof the chief, who had already become attached to the pris-\\noner, threw herself upon his neck and pleaded for his pardon.f\\nThe favorite of the tribe was given her desire. Smith was\\nreleased, and soon sent home with promises of friendship.\\nHis little protector was often thereafter to be seen going to\\nJamestown with baskets of corn for the white men.\\nA Second Charter (1609) was now obtained by the com-\\npany. This vested the authority in a governor instead of\\na local council. The colonists were not consulted with re-\\ngard to the change, nor did the charter guarantee to them\\nany rights.\\nThe Starving Time. Unfortunately, Smith was dis-\\nabled by a severe wound and compelled to return to England.\\nHis influence being removed, the settlers became a prey to\\ndisease and famine. Some were killed by the Indians. Some,\\nin their despair, seized a boat and became pirates. The winter\\nof 1609-10 was long known as the Starving Time. In six\\nmonths, the colonists were reduced from 4 9 to 6 0. At last,\\nthey determined to flee from the wretched place. None\\ndropped a tear, for none iiad enjoyed one day of happiness.\\na quantity of gunpowder belonging to the colonists, they planted it for seed, expect-\\ning to reap a full harvest of ammunition for the next contest.\\nHis route was over the peninsula, since made famous by McOlellan s camp)aign.\\nThis incident has been discredited because Smith did not mention it in his first\\naccount (1608) of his adventures, but describes it in the second one, published 16\\nyears later. It should be remembered, however, that this conduct of Pocahontaa", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "1610.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 49\\nThe next morning, as they slowly moved down with the tide,\\nto their great joy they met their new governor. Lord Dela-\\nware, with abundant supplies and a com.pany of immigrants.\\nAll returned to the homes they had just deserted, and James-\\ntown colony was once more rescued from ruin.\\nThe Third Charter. Up to this time, the colony had\\nproved a failure and was publicly ridiculed in London. To\\nquiet the outcry, the charter was changed (1612). The coun-\\ncil in London was abolished, and the stockholders were given\\npower to regulate the affairs of the company themselves.\\nThe Marriage of Pocahontas (1613). The little Indian\\ngirl had now grown to womanhood. John Rolfe, a young\\nEnglish planter, had won her love and wished to marry her.\\nIn the little church at Jamestown, rough almost as an\\nIndian s wigwam, she received Christian baptism, and, in\\nbroken English, stammered the marriage vows according to\\nthe service of the Church of England.\\nThree years after, with her husband, she visited London.\\nThe child-like simplicity and winning grace of Lady Rebecca,\\nas she was called, attracted universal admiration. She was\\nintroduced at court and received every mark of attention.\\nAs she was about to return to her native land with her hus-\\nband and infant son,* she suddenly died.\\nFirst Colonial Assembly. Governor Yeardley (yeerd it)\\nbelieved that the colonists should have a hande in the gov-\\nerning of themselves He accordingly called at Jamestown,\\nJuly 30, 1619, THE FIEST LEGISLATIVE BODY THAT EVER ASSEM-\\nBLED IN America. It consisted of the governor, council, and\\ndeputies, or burgesses as they were called, chosen from\\nthe various plantations, or boroughs Its laws had to be\\nwas entirely in accord with Indian usage, while it does not seem wise to drop out of\\nour early history such a characteristic and beautiful legend.\\nThis eon became a man of distinction. Many of the leading families of Virginia\\nJiave been proud to say that the blood of Pocahontas coiirsed through their veins.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "60 EPOCH II. [1619.\\nratified by the company in England but, in turn, the orders\\nfrom London were not binding unless ratified by the colonial\\nassembly. These privileges were afterward (1621) embodied\\nin a WRITTEN CONSTITUTION the first of the kind in America.\\nA measure of freedom was thus granted the young colony,\\nand Jamestown became a nursery of liberty.\\nProsperity of the Colony. The old famine troubles had\\nnow all passed. The attempt to work in common had been\\ngiven up, and each man tilled his own land and received the\\navails. Tobacco was an article of export. The colonists\\nwere so eager in its cultivation that, at one time, they planted\\nit even in the streets of Jamestown. Gold-hunting had\\nceased,* and many of the former servants of the company\\nowned plantations. Settlements lined both banks of the\\nJames for 1-10 miles. Best of all, young women of good\\ncharacter were brought over by the company. These sold\\nreadily as wives to the settlers. The price, at first, was fixed\\nat the cost of the passage 100 pounds of tobacco but\\nwives were in such demand that it soon went up to 150\\npounds. Domestic ties were formed. The colonists, having\\nhomes, now became Virginians. All freemen had the right\\nto vote. Religious toleration was enjoyed. Virginia be-\\ncame almost an independent republic.\\nSlavery Introduced. In 1619, the captain of a Dutch\\ntrading vessel sold to the colonists twenty negroes. f They\\nwere employed in cultivating tobacco. As their labor was\\nfound profitable, large numbers were afterward imported.\\nIndian Troubles. After the death of Powhatan, the firm\\nIn the early life of this colony, jmrticles of mica glittering in the brook were\\nmistaken for gold dust. There was no talk, no hope, but dig gold, wash gold, refine\\ngold, load gold. Newport carried to England a ship-load of the worthless stuff.\\nSmith remonstrated in vain against this folly.\\nt From this circumstance, small as it seemed at the time, the most momentous\\nconsequences ensued, consequences that, long after, rent the republic with strife,\\nand moistened its soil with blood.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "1622.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 51\\nfriend of the English, the Indians formed a plan for the ex-\\ntermination of the colony. So secretly was this managed\\nthat on the very morning of the massacre (March 22,1622),\\nthey visited the houses and sat at the tables of those whose\\nmurder they were plotting. At a preconcerted moment, they\\nattacked the colonists on all their widely-scattered planta-\\ntions. Over three hundred men, women, and children fell in\\none day. Fortunately, a converted Indian had informed a\\nfriend whom he wished to save, and thus Jamestown and\\nthe settlements near by were prepared. A merciless war\\nensued, during which the colony was reduced from 4,000 to\\n2,500 but the Indians were so severely punished that they\\nremained quiet for twenty years. Then came a fearful mas-\\nsacre of five hundred settlers (1644), which ended in the\\nnatives being expelled from the region.\\nVirginia a Royal Province. The majority of the stock-\\nholders gladly granted to the infant colony those rights for\\nwhich they were struggling at home. King James, becoming\\njealous of the company, because of its republican sentiments,\\ntook away the charter (1624), and made Yirginia a royal\\nprovince. Henceforth, the king appointed the governor and\\ncouncil, though the colony still retained its assembly.\\nA Period of Oppression. The British Parliament en-\\nforced the Navigation Act (1660), which ordered that the\\ncommerce of the colony should be carried on in English ves-\\nsels, and that their tobacco should be shipped to England.\\nBesides this, their own assembly was composed mainly of\\nroyalists, who levied exorbitant taxes, refused to go out of\\noffice when their term had expired, fixed their salary at\\nabout 9 per day (equal to 3 6 at the present time), restricted\\nthe right of voting to freeholders and housekeepers and\\nimposed on Quakers a monthly fine of one hundred dollars\\nfor absence from worship in the English Church. Two parties", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "52\\nEPOCH II.\\n[1676.\\ngradually sprung up in their midst: one, the aristocratic\\nparty, was composed of the rich planters and the office-hold-\\ners the other comprised the liberty-loving portion of the\\npeople, who felt themselves deprived of their rights.*\\nBacon s Rebellion. These difficulties came to a crisis in\\n1 676 a century before Independence Day when Governor\\nBerkeley failed to provide for the defense of the settlements\\nagainst the Indians. At this juncture, Nathaniel Bacon, a\\npatriotic young lawyer, rallied a company, defeated the\\nIndians, and then turned to meet the governor, who had\\ndenounced him as a traitor. During the contest which fol-\\nlowed, Berkeley was driven out of Jamestown and the village\\nitself burned.f In the midst of this success, Bacon died. No\\nleader could be found worthy to take his place, and the people\\nTt is a curioxis fact that the royalists who fled from England in Cromwell s time\\ntook refuge in Virginia, and were\\nM. I i i^ v^ X hospitably entertained, while the\\nregicides (the judges who con-\\ndemned Charles 1.) fled to Massa-\\nV; v^ chusetts and were concealed from\\niM e7i; _\u00c2\u00ab_Mii*i\u00c2\u00bbjt their pursuers.\\nt Going up the James River,\\njust before reaching City Point,\\none sees on the right-hand bank\\nthe ruins of an old church. The\\ncrumbling tower, with its arched\\ndooi ways, is almost hidden by the\\nprofusion of shrubbery which sur-\\nrounds it. Its moss-covered walls,\\nent svined with i\\\\ y planted by\\nloving hands which have since\\ncrumbled into dust, look desolately\\nout upon the old church-yard at\\nits back. Here, pushing aside the\\nrank \\\\ines and tangled bushes\\n\\\\^M which conceal them, one finds a\\ni^ few weather-beaten tombstones. A\\nhuge button-wood-tree, taking root\\nbelow, has burst apart one of these\\nold slabs, and now, with its many fellows, spreads its lofty branches high over the\\nBolitarj dead. And this is all that remains of that Jamestown whose straggles we\\nhav^e here recorded.\\nTHE KUIKS AT JAUESTOWi;.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "1630.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 53\\ndispersed. Berkeley revenged himself with terrible severity.\\nOn hearing of the facts, Charles II. impatiently declared,\\nHe has taken more lives in that naked country than I did\\nfor the murder of my father.\\nII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MASSACHUSETTS.\\nThe Plymouth Company made several attempts to\\nexplore North Virginia. Captain John Smith, already so\\nfamous in South Virginia, examined the coast from Penob-\\nscot to Cape Cod, drew a map of it, and called the country\\nNew England. The company, stirred to action by his\\nglowing accounts, obtained a new patent (1620) under the\\nname of the Council for New England. This authorized\\nthem to make settlements and laws, and to carry on trade\\nthrough a region reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific\\nand comprising over a million square miles. New England,\\nhowever, was settled with no consent of king or council.\\n1. PLYMOUTH COLONY.\\nSettlement. Land lag of the Pilgrims.^ One stormy\\nday in the autumn of 1620, the Mayflower, with a band of\\nThey were called PUgrims because of their wanderings. About seventy years\\nbefore this time the state religion of England had been changed from Catholic to\\nProtestant but a large number of the clergy and people were dissatisfied with what\\nthey thought to be a half-way policy on the part of the new church, and called for a\\nmore complete purification from old observances and doctrines. For this, they were\\ncalled Puritans. They still believed in a state church, i. e., that the nation of England\\nwas the church of England and that the queen, as the head of both, could appoint\\nchurch officers and prescribe the form of religious worship. They, however, wanted\\na change, and desired the government to make it to suit them. The government not\\nonly refused, but punished the Puritan clergy for not using the prescribed form of\\nworship. This led some of them to question the authority of the government in\\nreligious matters. They came to believe that any body of Christians might declare\\nItself a church, choose its own officers, and be independent of all external authority.\\nWhen they began to form these local churches, they separated themselves from the\\nChurch of England, and for this reason are called Sepaj^atists and Independents. One\\nof these churches of Separatists was at Scrooby, in the east of England. Not being\\nallowed to worship in peace, they fled to Holla,nd (1G08), where they lived twelve", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "64 EPOCH II. [1620.\\na hundred pilgrims, came to anchor in Cape Cod harbor.\\nThe Httle company,* gathering in the cabin, drew up a\\ncompact, in which they agreed to enact just and equal laws,\\nwhich all should obey. One of their exploring parties landed\\nat Plymouth, t as it was called on Smith s chart, December\\n2 1 .t Finding the location suitable for a settlement, they all\\ncame ashore and, amid a storm of snow and sleet, com-\\nmenced building their rude huts\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nThe Character of the Pilgrim settlers was well suited to\\nthe rugged, stormy land which they sought to subdue. They\\nhad come into the wilderness with their families in search\\nof a home where they could educate their children and wor-\\nship God as they pleased. They were earnest, sober-minded\\nmen, actuated in all things by deep religious principle, and\\nnever disloyal to their convictions of duty.\\nTheir Sufferings during the winter were severe. At one\\ntime, there were only seven well persons to take care of the\\nsick. Half of the little band died. Yet when spring came,\\nnot one of the company thought of returning to Englanc^.\\nThe Indians, fortunately, did not disturb them. A pesti-\\nlence had destroyed the tribe inhabiting the place where they\\nlanded. They were startled, however, one day in early spring\\nyears. But evil influences stirrounded their children, and they longed for a land\\nwhere they might worship Gtod in their own way, and save their families from\\nworldly follies. America offered such a home. They came, resolved to brave every\\ndanger, tnisting to God to shape their destinies.\\nThe exact number of the pilgrims was 102.\\nt The little shallop sent out to reconnoiter before landing, lost, in a furious storm,\\nits rudder, mast, and sail. Late at night, the party sought shelter under the lee of a\\nsmall island. They spent the next day in cleaning their rusty weapons and dr ing\\ntheir wet garments. Every hour wa.s precious, as the season was late and their com-\\npanions in the Majrflower were waiting their return but being y\u00c2\u00ab last day of y*\\nweek, they prepared there to keepe y\u00c2\u00ab Sabbath No wonder that the influence of\\nsuch a people has been felt throughout the country, and that Forefathers Kock\\non which they flrst stepjied, is yet held in grateful remembrance.\\nt This was Dec. 11, Old Style. In 1752, eleven days were added to correct an error\\nin the calendar, thus making this date the 22d. Only 10 days should be allowed foi\\n1620, and the correct date is the 21st, New Style. (Steele s New Astronomy, p. 269.)", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "Puritans Going to Church.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Thank3 be to God for winter time I That bore the Mayflower up,\\nTo pour amid New England snows the treasures of its cup.\\nTo fold them in its icy arms, those sturdy Pilgrim sires.\\nAnd weld an iron brotherhood around their Christmas Bres. B. F. Tivloe", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "1621.]\\nDEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES.\\n55\\nby a voic O in tluni- village cryiuy in brokou English, Wel-\\ncome 1 It was the sahitatioii of Sam o set, an Indian,\\nwhose chief, JVIas sa soit, soon after visited them. The\\ntreaty then made lasted for lifty years. Canon ions, a\\nNarragansett chief, once sent a bundle of arrows, wrapped in\\na rattlesnake skin, as a token of detiance. Governor Brad-\\nvi:i;\\\\oi; r.i;.\\\\nKour..\\nford rotnnuHl the skin filled with powder and shot. This\\nsignificant hint was effectual.\\nThe Progress of the Colony was slow. Their harvests\\nwere insulTicient to feed themselves and the new-comers.\\nDuring the famine of 102 3, the best dish they could set\\nbefore their friends was a bit of fish and a cup of water.*\\nAfter four years they numbered only IS-i. The plan of\\nworking in common having failed here as at Jamestown,\\nAs an ilhistration of their pio\\\\is content, it is said that Elder Bi^wsterwas wont,\\nover a meal consisting only of oliuus, to I ^tnrn thanks to Ck)d, who had given them\\nto suck the abundance of the seas, and of the treasiires hid in the sands.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "56 EPOCH II. [1627.\\nland was assigned to each settler. Abundance ensued. The\\ncolony was never organized by royal charter therefore they\\nelected their own governor and made their own laws. In\\n1692, Plymouth was united with Massachusetts Bay Colony,\\nunder the name of Massachusetts.\\n2. MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY.\\nSettlement. John Endicott and five associates obtained\\na grant of land about Massachusetts Bay (1628). Having\\nsecured from King Charles I. a charter giving authority to\\nmake laws and govern the territory, the company afterward\\ntransferred all its rights to the colony. This was a popular\\nmeasure, and many prominent Puritan families flocked to\\nthe land of liberty. Some gathered around Governor Endi-\\ncott, who had already started Salem and Charlestown, some\\nestablished colonies at Dorchester and Watertown, and some,\\nunder the new governor, Winthrop, founded Boston (1 330).\\nReligious Disturbances. The people of Massacb.usetts\\nBay, while in England, were Puritans, but not Separatists.\\nHaving come to America to establish a Puritan Church, they\\nwere unwilling to receive persons holding opinions differing\\nfrom their own, lest their purpose should be defeated. They\\naccordingly sent back to England those who persisted in\\nusing the forms of the Established Church, and allowed\\nonly members of their own church to vote in civil affaii*s.\\nRoger JWUaDis. an eloquent and pious young minister,\\ntaught that each person should think for himself in all\\nreligious matters, and be responsible to his own conscience\\nalone. He declared that the magistrates had, therefore, no\\nright to punish blasphemy, perjury, or Sabbath-breaking.\\nThe clergy and magistrates were alarmed at what they con-\\nsidered a doctrine dangerous to the peace of the colony, and\\nhe was ordered (1 636) to be sent to England. It was in the", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "1636.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 57\\ndepth of winter, yet he fled to the forest where he found\\nrefuge among the Indians. Canonicus, the Narragansett\\nsachem, gave him land to found a settlement, which he\\ngratefully named Providence.\\nMrs. Anne Hutchinsoii, during the same year, aroused a\\nviolent and bitter controversy. She claimed to be favored\\nwith special revelations of God s will. These she expounded\\nto crowded congregations of women, greatly to the scandal\\nof the clergy and people. Finally she, also, was banished.\\nThe Quakers, about twenty years after these summary\\nmeasures, created fresh trouble by their peculiar views. They\\nwere fined, whipped, imprisoned, and sent out of the colony\\nyet they as constantly returned, glorying in their sufferings.\\nAt last, four were executed. The people beginning to con-\\nsider them as martyrs, the persecution gradually relaxed.\\nA Union of the Colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plym-\\nouth, New Haven, and Connecticut, was formed (1643)\\nunder the title of The United Colonies op New England.\\nThis was a famous league in colonial times. The object\\nwas a common protection against the Indians, and the en-\\ncroachments of the Dutch and French settlers.\\nKing Philip s War. During the life of Massasoit, Plym-\\nouth enjoyed peace with the Indians, as did Jamestown\\nduring that of Powhatan. After Massasoit s death, his son,\\nPhilip, brooded with a jealous eye over the encroachments of\\nthe whites. With profound sagacity, he planned a confed-\\neration of the Indian tribes against the intruders. The first\\nblow fell on the people of Swansea, as they were quietly going\\nhome from church on Sunday (July 4, 1675). The settlers\\nflew to arms, but Philip escaped, and soon excited the savages\\nto fall upon the settlements high up the Connecticut valley.*\\nAt Hadley, the Indians surprised the people during a religious service. Seizing\\ntheir muskets at the sound of the savage war-whoop, the men rushed out of the", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "58\\nEPOCU II.\\n[1675.\\nThe colonists fortified their houses with paUsades, carried\\ntheir arms with them into the fields when at work, and\\n./c^;:-\\\\^\\nEARLY MOKNINO ATTACK BY INDIANS.\\nstacked them at the door when at church. The Narragansett\\nIndians favored Philip, and seemed on the point of joining\\nmeeting-house to fall into line. But the foe was on every side. Confused and be-\\nwildered, the settlers seemed about to give way, when suddenly a strange old man\\nwith long white beard and ancient garb appeared among them. Ringing out a quick,\\nshai-p word of command, he recalled them to their senses. Following their myste-\\nrious leader, they drove the enemy headlong before them. The danger i)assed, they\\nlooked around for their deliverer. But he had disappeared as mysteriously as he had\\ncome. The good people believed that God had sent an angel to their rescue. But\\nhistory reveals the secret. It was the regicide, Colonel Qoffe? Fleeing from the\\nvengeance of Charles IT., with a price set upon his head, he had for years wandered\\nabout, living in mills, clefts of rocks, and forest caves. At last, he had found an asy-\\nlum -nnth the Hadley minister. Prom his window he had seen the stealthy Indians\\ncoming down the hill. Fired with desire to do one more good deed for God s x^eople,\\nhe rushed from his hiding-place, led them on to victory, and then returned to his\\nretreat, never more to reappear. One learns with regret that recent research throws\\ndoubt over the truth of this thrilling story. It is curious to notice, also, that there\\nIs no proof that Philip possessed any eloquence or was even present in any flght,\\nthough all these statements have hitherto been made by reliable historians.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "1676.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 59\\nhis alliance. They had gathered their winter s provisions,\\nand fortified themselves in the midst of an almost inacces-\\nsible swamp. Fifteen hundred of the colonists accordingly-\\nattacked them in this stronghold. The Indian wigwams and\\nsupplies were burned, and one thousand warriors perished.\\nIn the spring, the war broke out anew along a frontier of\\nthree hundred miles, and to within twenty miles of Boston.\\nNowhere fighting in the open field, but by ambuscade and\\nskulking, the Indians kept the whole country in terror.\\nDriven to desperation by their atrocities, the settlers hunted\\ndown the savages like wild beasts. Philip was chased from\\none hiding-place to another. His family being captured at\\nlast, he fled, broken-hearted, to his old home on Mt. Hope,\\nnear Bristol, R. I., where he was shot by a faithless Indian.\\nNew England a Royal Province.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Navigation Act\\n(p. 51), which we have seen so unpopular in Virginia, was\\nexceedingly oppressive in Massachusetts, which possessed\\na thriving commerce. In spite of the decree, the colony\\nopened a trade with the West Indies. The royalists in\\nEngland determined that this bold republican spirit should\\nbe quelled. The colony, stoutly insisting upon its rights\\nunder the charter, resisted the officer sent over to enforce the\\nNavigation Act and the authority of the king whereupon,\\nthe charter was annulled, and Massachusetts made a eoyal\\nPROVINCE (1684). Charles II. died before his plan was com-\\npleted, but James II. sent over Sir Edmund Andros, as first\\nroyal governor of New England (1686). He carried things\\nwith a high hand. The colonies endured his oppression for\\nthree years, when, learning that his royal master was de-\\nthroned,* they rose against their petty tyrant and put him\\nin jail. With true Puritan sobriety, they then quietly re-\\nsumed their old form of government. This, also, lasted for\\nThe English Revolution of 1688. See Barnes General History, p. 510J", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "60 EPOCH II. [1692.\\nthree years, when Sir William Phipps came as royal gov-\\nernor over a province embracing Massachusetts, Maine, and\\nNova Scotia. From this time till the Revolution, Massa-\\nchusetts remained a royal province.\\nSalem Witchcraft (1692). A strange delusion known\\nas the Salem witchcraft,* produced an intense excitement.\\nThe children of Mr. Parris, a minister near Salem, per-\\nformed pranks which could be explained only by supposing\\nthat they were under Satanic influence. Every effort was\\nmade to discover who had bewitched them. An Indian\\nservant was flogged until she admitted herself to be guilty.\\nSoon, others were affected, and the terrible mania spread\\nrapidly. Committees of examination were appointed and\\ncourts of trial convened. The most improbable stories were\\ncredited. To express a doubt of witchcraft, was to indicate\\none s own alliance with the evil spirit. Persons of the high-\\nest respectability, clergymen, magistrates, and even the gov-\\nernor s wife, were implicated. At last, after fifty-five persons\\nhad been tortured and twenty hanged, the people awoke to\\ntheir folly.\\nIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nThese Colonies were so intimately associated with Mas-\\nsachusetts that they have almost a common history. Gorges\\n(gor j6z) and Mason, about two years after the landing of the\\nA belief in witchcraft waa at that time universal. Sir Matthew Hale, one of the\\nmost enlightened judges of England, repeatedly tried and condemned persons\\naccused of witchcraft. Blackstone himself, at a later day, declared that to deny\\nwitchcraft was to deny Revelation. Cotton Mather, the most prominent minister of\\nthe colony, was active in the rooting out of this supposed crime. He pubUshed a\\nbook full of the most ridiculous witch stories. One judge, who engaged in this per-\\nsecution, was afterward so deeply penitent that he observed a day of fasting in each\\nyear, and on the day of general fast rose in his place in the Old South Chur h at\\nBoston, and in the presence of the congregation handed to the pulpit a written con-\\nfession acknowledging his error and pra^ang for forgiveness.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "1623.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 61\\nPilgrims, obtained from the Council for New England the\\ngrant of a large tract of land which lay between the Merri-\\nmac and Kennebec rivers. They established some small\\nfishing stations near Portsmouth and at Dover. This patent\\nbeing afterward dissolved, Mason took the country lying\\nwest of the Piscataqua, and named it New Hampshire\\nGorges took that lying east, and called it the province of\\nMaine.* Massachusetts, however, claimed this territory, and,\\nto secure it, paid about six thousand dollars to the heirs of\\nGorges. Maine was not separated from Massachusetts till\\n1820. The feeble settlements of New Hampshire also placed\\nthemselves under the protection of Massachusetts. Three\\ntimes, either by their own consent or by royal authority,\\nthey were joined in one colony and as often separated,\\nuntil 1741, when New Hampshire finally became a distinct\\nroyal province and so remained until the Revolution.\\nIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CONNECTICUT.\\nSettlement. About eleven years after the Pilgrims\\nlanded. Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others, obtained\\nfrom the Earl of Warwick a transfer of the grant of the Con-\\nnecticut t valley, which he had secured from the Council for\\nNew England. The Dutch claimed the territory, and, before\\nthe English could take possession, built a fort at Hartford,\\nand commenced traffic with the Indians. Some traders from\\nPlymouth sailing up the river were stopped by the Dutch,\\nwho threatened to fire upon them. But they kept on and\\nTo distingtdsh it from the islands along the coast, this country had been called\\nthe Mayne (main) land, which perhaps gave rise to its present name. New Hamp-\\nshire was 80 called from Hampshire in England, Mason s home. The settlers of\\nNew Hampshire were long vexed with suits brought by the men into whose hands\\nMason s grant had fallen.\\nt This State is named from its principal river\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Connecticut being the Indian\\nword for Lrnig River.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "62 EPOCH II. [1633.\\nestablished a post at Windsor (win zer). Many people from\\nBoston, allured by the rich meadow lands, settled near. In\\nthe autumn of 1635, John Steele, one of the proprietors of\\nCambridge, led a pioneer company out west, as it was then\\ncalled, and laid the foundations of Hartford. The next year,\\nthe main band, with their pastor Thomas Hooker, an elo-\\nquent and estimable man came, driving their flocks before\\nthem through the wilderness. In the meantime, John Win-\\nthrop established a fort at the mouth of the river, and thus\\nshut out the Dutch. Here he planted a colony, named\\nSaybrook, in honor of the proprietors.\\nThe Pequod War. The colonists had no sooner become\\nsettled in their new home than the Pequod Indians endeav-\\nored to persuade the Narragansetts to join them in a general\\nattack upon the whites. Roger Williams hearing of this\\nand forgetting all the injuries he had received, on a stormy\\nnight set out in his canoe for the Indian village. Though\\nthe Pequod messengers were present, he prevailed upon the\\nold Narragansett chief to remain at home. So the Pequods\\nlost their ally and were forced to fight alone. They com-\\nmenced by murdering thirty colonists. Captain Mason,\\ntherefore, resolved to attack their stronghold on the Mystic\\nRiver. His party approached the fort at day-break (June 5,\\n1637). Aroused by the barking of a dog, the sleepy sentinel\\nshouted Owanux Owanux (the Englishmen but it was\\ntoo late. The troops were already within the palisades. The\\nIndians, rallying, made a fierce resistance, when Captain ]\\\\Ia-\\nson, seizing a fire-brand, hurled it among the wigwams. The\\nJohn Winthrop appears in history -nnthout blemish. Highly educated and\\naccomplished, he wiis no less upright and generous. In the bloom of life, he left his\\nbrilliant pi\\\\\u00c2\u00abpect8 in the old world to follow the fortunes of the new. When his\\nfatlier had made himself poor in nurti.ring the Mtissachusetts colonj this noble son\\ngave up voluntarily his own largo inheritance to fiu-ther the good work It was\\nthrough his ix rsonal influence and popularity at court that the liberal charter was\\nprocured from Cluirlea II. which guaranteed freedom to Connecticut,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "10.37.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 63\\nflames quickly swept through the encampment. The\\nEnghsh themselves barely escaped. The few Indians who\\nfled to the swamps were hunted down. The tribe perished\\nin a day.\\nThe Three Colonies. 1. The New Haven Colony was\\nfounded (1638) by a number of wealthy London families.\\nThey took the Bible for law, and only church members could\\nvote. 2. The Connecticut COlony, proper, comprising Hart-\\nford, Wethersfield, and Windsor, adopted a written constitu-\\ntion in which it was agreed to give to all freemen the right\\nto vote. This was the first instance in history of a writ-\\nten CONSTITUTION FRAMED BY THE PEOPLE FOR THE PEOPLE.\\n3. Tiie Saybrook Colony was at first governed by the pro-\\nprietors, but was afterward sold to the Connecticut Colony,\\nThis reduced the three colonies to two.\\nA Royal Charter was obtained (1662) which united both\\nthese colonies and guaranteed to all the rights upon which\\nthe Connecticut colonists\\nhad agreed. This was a\\nprecious document, since it\\ngave them almost independ-\\nence, and was the most fa-\\nvorable yet granted to any\\ncolony. Twenty-five years\\nafter. Governor Andres\\nmarching from Boston over\\nthe route where the pious charter oak.\\nHooker had led his little flock fifty years before, came\\nglittering with scarlet and lace into the assembly at\\nHartford, and demanded the charter. A protracted debate\\nensued. Tradition loves to relate that, as the people\\ncrowded around to take a last look at this guarantee of\\ntheir liberties, suddenly the lights were extinguished on", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "64 EPOCH II. [1687.\\ntheir being relighted, the charter was gone; Captain\\nWadsworth had seized it, escaped through the crowd and\\nhidden it in the hollow of a tree, famous ever after as the\\nCharter Oak. However, Andros pronounced the charter\\ngovernment at an end. Finis was written at the close\\nof the minutes of their last meeting.\\nWhen the governor was so summarily deposed in Boston,\\nthe people brought the charter from its hiding-place, the\\ngeneral court reassembled, and the finis disappeared.*\\ny v.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 RHODE ISLAND.\\nSettlement. Roger Williams f settled Providence Planta-\\ntion in 1636, the year in which Hooker came to Hartford.\\nOther exiles from Massachusetts followed, J among them the\\ncelebrated Mrs. Hutchinson. A party of these purchased\\nthe island of Aquiday and established the Rhode Island Plan-\\ntation. Roger Williams stamped upon these colonies his\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Another attempt to infringe upon charter rights occurred in 1693. Governor\\nFletcher ordered the militia placed under his own command. Ha^^ng called them\\nout to listen to his royal commission, he began to read. Immediately, Captain Wads-\\nworth ordered the drums to be beaten. Fletcher commanded silence, and began again\\nDrum, drum I cried Wadsworth. Silence! shouted the governor. Drum,\\ndrum, I say 1 repeated the captain and then tui ning to Fletcher, with a meaning\\nlook, he added If I am interrupted again, I will make the sun shine through you.\\nThe governor did not press the matter.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The story of the Charter Oak is denied by\\nsome, who claim that contemporary history does not mention it, and that probably\\nAndros seized the charter, while the colonists had previously made a copy.\\nt William Blackstone, being as dissatisfied M ith the yoke of the lords brethren\\nin Boston as with that of the lords bishops in England, some time before this\\nremoved to the banks of what is now called the Blackstone, near Providence. He,\\nhowever, acknowledged the jurisdiction of Massachusetts.\\ni Persecuted refugees from evei-j quarter flocked to Providence and Williams\\nshared equally with all, the lands he had obtained, reserving to himself only two\\nsmall fields which, on his first arrival, he had planted with his own hands.\\nAn island of a reddish appearance was observed lying in the bay. Tliis was\\nknown to the Dutch as Rood or Red Island. Hence the name of the island and\\nState of Rhode Island. (Brodhead.) The price paid was 40 fathoms of white wam-\\npum, 20 hoes, and 10 coats.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "1643.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 65\\nfavorite idea of religious toleration, i. e., that the civil\\npower has no right to interfere with the religious opinions\\nof men.\\nA Charter. The colonists wished to join the New En-\\ngland Union, but were refused on the ostensible plea that\\nthey had no charter.* Williams accordingly visited England\\nand obtained a charter uniting the two plantations. On his\\nreturn, the people met, elected their officers, and (1647)\\nagreed on a set of laws guaranteeing freedom of faith and\\nworship to all, the first legal declaration of liberty of con-\\nscience ever adopted in Europe or America.\\nVI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NEW YORK.\\nSettlement. Soon after the discovery of the Hudson,\\nDutch ships began to visit the river to traffic in furs with the\\nIndians. Afterward, the West India Company obtained a\\ngrant of New Netherland, and under its patronage perma-\\nnent settlements were made at New Amsterdam f and at\\nFort Orange (Albany). The company allowed persons who\\nshould plant a colony of fifty settlers to select and buy land\\nof the Indians, which it was agreed should descend to their\\nheirs forever. These persons were called patroons (patrons)\\nof the manor. J\\nThe Four Dutch Governors (1626- 64).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The early his-\\nPlymouth, in virtue of its charter, claimed to have jurisdiction over the Rhode\\nIsland territory\\nSome huts were built by Dutch traders on Manhattan Island in 1613, and a\\ntrading-post was established in 1615. In the latter year, Port Nassau was completed,\\nsouth of the present site of Albany. In 1624, a party of Walloons (Belgian Protest-\\nants) was brought over by the company. About the same time, Port Orange was\\nerected, and eighteen families built their bark huts under its protection. In 1626,\\nMinuit, the first governor, arrived in New Amsterdam, and purchased Manhattan\\nIsland of the Indians for about $24, nearly 1 mill per acre.\\nt Some of the old Dutch manors remain to this day. The famovis anti-rent diffl-\\nculties (p. 182) grew out of such titles.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "66\\nEPOCH II.\\n[1636.\\ntory of New York is only an account of Indian butcheries,\\nvaried by difficulties with the Swedes on the Delaware, and\\nthe English on the Connecticut.* These disturbances are\\nmonotonous enough in the recital, but doubtless thrilled the\\nblood of the early Knickerbockers. Peter Stuyvesant was the\\nlast and ablest of the four Dutch governors. He agreed with\\nConnecticut upon the boundary line (1650), and, taking an\\niTTi-H t;^a:\\nwrm THE rNDIANS AT NEW YORK\\narmed force, marched upon the Swedes, who at once sub-\\nmitted to him. But the old governor hated democratic in-\\nstitutions, and was terribly v^xed in this wise. There were\\nsome English in the colony, and they longed for the rights\\nof self-government which the Connecticut people enjoyed.\\nThey kept demanding these privileges and talking of them\\nto their Dutch neighbors. At this juncture, an English fleet\\nThese disputes arose from the fact that the Dutch claimed the territory lying\\nbetween the Delaware and the Connecticut.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "1664.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 67\\ncame to anchor in the harbor and demanded the surrender\\nof the town in the name of the Duke of York. Stout-hearted\\nold Peter pleaded with his council to fight. But in vain. They\\nrather liked the idea of English rule. The surrender was\\nsigned, and at last the reluctant governor attached his name.\\nIn September, 1664, the English flag floated over Manhat-\\ntan Island. The colony was named New York in honor of\\nthe proprietor.\\nThe English Governors disappointed the people by not\\ngranting them their coveted rights. A remonstrance against\\nbeing taxed without representation was burned by the hang-\\nman. So that when, after nine years of English rule, a Dutch\\nfleet appeared in the harbor, the people went back quietly\\nunder their old rulers. But the next year, peace being re-\\nstored between England and Holland, New Amsterdam be-\\ncame New York again. Thus ended the Dutch rule in the\\ncolonies. Andros, who twelve years after played the tyrant\\nin New England, was the next governor but he ruled so\\narbitrarily that he was called home. Under his successor,\\nDongan, an assembly of the representatives of the people\\nwas called, by permission of the Duke of York (1683). This\\nwas but a transient gleam of civil freedom, for two years\\nafter, when the Duke of York became James II., King of En-\\ngland, he forgot all his promises, forbade legislative assem-\\nblies, prohibited printing-presses, and annexed the colony to\\nNew England. When, however, Andros was driven from\\nBoston, Nicholson, his lieutenant and apt tool of tyranny in\\nNew York, fled at once. Captain Leisler (iis ler), supported\\nby the democracy but bitterly opposed by the aristocracy,\\nthereupon administered affairs until the arrival of Governor\\nSlough ter (sia^A^ ter), who arrested him on the absurd charge\\nof treason. Sloughter was unwilling to execute him, but\\nLeisler s enemies, at a dinner party, made the governor", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "68 EPOCH II. [1691.\\ndrunk, obtained his signature, and before he became sober\\nenough to repent, Leisler was no more.*\\nFrom this time till the Revolution, the struggles of the\\npeople with the royal governors for their rights, developed\\nthe spirit of liberty and paved the way for that eventful\\ncrisis.\\nVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NEW JERSEY.\\nSettlement. The present State of New Jersey was em-\\nbraced in the territory of New Netherland, and the Dutch\\nseem to have had a trading-post at Bergen as early as 1 6 1 8.\\nSoon after New Netherland passed into the hands of the Duke\\nof York, he gave the land f between the Hudson and the Dela-\\nware to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. In 1 604, a\\ncompany from Long Island and New England settled at\\nElizabeth town, which they named after Carteret s wife. This\\nwas the first permanent English settlement in the State.\\nEast and West Jersey. Lord Berkeley sold his share to\\nsome English Quakers. This part was called West Jeksey.\\nA company of Quakers soon settled at Burlington. Others\\nfollowed, and thus West Jersey became a Quaker colony. Sir\\nGeorge Carteret s portion was called East Jersey. After\\nFor many years, the Atlantic Ocean was infested by pirates. A little after the\\nevents narrated above, William Kidd, a New York ship-master, was sent out to cruise\\nagainst these sea-robbers. He turned pirate himself and became the most noted of\\nthem all. Returning from his cruise, he was at length captured while boldly walking\\nin the streets of Boston. He was carried to England, tried, and hanged. His name\\nand deeds have been woven into popular romance, and the song My name is Cap-\\ntain Kidd, as I sailed, as I sailed is well known. He is believed to have buried his\\nill-gotten riches on the coast of Long Island or the banks of the Hudson, and these\\nlocalities have been oftentimes searched by credulous persons seeking for Kidd s\\ntreasure.\\nt This tract was called New Jersey in honor of Carteret, who had been governor\\nof Jersey Island in the English Channel.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "1682.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 69\\nhis death, it was sold to William Penn and eleven other\\nQuakers.*\\nNew Jersey United. Constant disputes arose out of\\nthe land titles. Among so many proprietors, the tenants\\nhardly knew from whom to obtain their titles for land. The\\nproprietors finally (1702) surrendered their rights of govern-\\nment to the English crown, and the whole of New Jersey\\nwas united with New York under one governor, but with a\\nseparate assembly. Thirty-six years after, at the earnest\\nrequest of the people, New Jersey was set apart as a distinct\\nroyal province.\\nVIII., IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE.\\nSettlement. The first permanent settlement in Dela-\\nware was made near Wilmington (1638), by the Swedes,\\non a tract which they called New Sweden. They also estab-\\nlished the first settlement in Pennsylvania, a few miles\\nbelow Philadelphia. The Dutch subsequently conquered\\nthese settlements, but they continued to prosper long after\\nthe Swedish and the Dutch rule had yielded to the con-\\nstantly-growing English power.\\nWilliam Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was a cele-\\nbrated English Qiiaker.f He obtained from Charles II. a\\ngrant of the land lying west of the Delaware. This tract,\\nIt was settled, however, largely by Puritans and Scotch Presbyterians. The\\nlatter, having refused to accept the English form of religion, had been bitterly perse-\\ncuted, rieeioig their native country, they found an asylum in this favored land.\\nThe Quakers, avoiding unmeaning forms, aim to lead purely spiritual lives.\\nTheir usual worship is conducted in solemn silence, each soul for itself. They take\\nno oath, make no compliments, remove not the hat to king or ruler, and thee and\\nthou both friend and foe. Every day is to them a holy day, and the Sabbath\\nsimply a day of rest. We can readily see how this must have scandalized the\\nPuritans.\\nWilliam Penn became a Quaker while in college at Oxford. Refusing to wear the\\nctistomary student s surplice, he with others violently assaulted some fellow-students", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "70 EPOCH II. [1683.\\nPenn named Sylvania, but the king insisted upon calling it\\nPennsylvania* (Penn s woods). The Duke of York added\\nto this grant the present State of Delaware, which soon\\ncame to be termed the Three lower counties on the Dela-\\nware Penn wished to form a refuge for his Quaker\\nbrethren, who were bitterly persecuted in England. He at\\nonce sent over large numbers, as many as two thousand in\\na single year. In 1682, he came himself, and was received\\nby the settlers with the greatest cordiality and respect.\\nPhiladelphia Founded. The year following (16 8 3), Penn\\npurchased land of the Swedes and laid out a city which he\\nnamed Philadelphia, signifying brotherly love. It was in\\nthe midst of the forest, and the startled deer bounded past\\nthe settler who came to survey his new home Yet within a\\nyear, it contained one hundred houses in two years, it nimi-\\nbered over two thousand inhabitants and in three years, it\\ngained more than New York had in half a century.\\nThe Great Law was a code agreed upon by the legisla-\\ntive body which Penn called from among the settlers soon\\nafter his arrival. It made faith in Christ a necessary quali-\\nfication for voting and office-holding but also provided that\\nno one believing in Almighty God should be molested in\\nhis religious views. The Quakers, having been persecuted\\nthemselves, did not celebrate their liberty by persecuting\\nand stripped them of their robes. For this he ^ras expelled. His father would not\\nallow him to return home. Afterward i-elentinj;, he sent him to Paris, Cork, and\\nother cities, to soften his Quaker peculiarities. After several unhappy quarrels, his\\nfather proposed to overlook all else if he would only consent to doflf his hat to the\\nking, the Duke of York, and himself. Penn still refusing, he was again turned out\\nof doors. He was several times imprisoned for his religious extremes. On tlie death\\nof his father, to whom he had once more been reconciled, he became heir to quite a\\nfortune. He took the territory which forms Pennsylvania in pa Tiient of a debt of\\n\u00c2\u00a310,000 due his father from the crown.\\nPenn offered the secretary who di-ew \\\\ip the charter twenty jruineas to leave off\\nthe prefix Penn This request being denied, the king was appealed to, who com-\\nmanded the ti-act to be cidled Pennsylvania, in honor of William Penn s father.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "1683.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES.\\n71\\nothers. Penn, himself, surrendered the most of his power\\nto the people. His highest ambition seemed to be to\\nadvance their interests. He often declared that if he knew\\nanj^ thing more that could make them happier, he would\\nfreely grant it.\\nPenn s Treaty with the Indians* possesses a romantic\\ninterest. He met them un-\\nder a large elm-tree f near\\nPhiladelphia. The savages\\nwere touched by his gentle\\nwords and kindly bearing.\\nWe will live in love with\\nWilliam Penn and his chil-\\ndren, said they, as long\\nas the sun and moon shall\\nshine. t\\nPenn s Return. Penn\\nreturned to England (1684),\\nleaving the colony fairly\\nestablished. His benevo-\\nlent spirit shone forth in\\nhis parting words, Dear friends, my love salutes you\\nall.\\nDelaware. The three lower counties on the Delaware\\nWILLIAM PKNN\\nWe meet said Penn, on the broad pathway of good faith and good will no\\nadvantage shall be taken on either side, bxit all shall be openness and love. The\\nfriendship between yon and me I will not compare to a chain for that the rains\\nmight mst or the falling tree might break. We are the same as if one man s body\\nwei-e to be di\\\\-ided into two parts we are all one flesh and blood.\\nThis ti-ee was carefully preserved until 1810, when it was blo^\\\\-n down. A mon-\\niiment now marks the spot.\\nt The simple-minded natives kept the history of this treaty by means of strings\\nof wampum, and they would often count over the shells on a clean piece of bark and\\nrehearee its pro^ isions. It was the only treaty never sworn to, and the only one\\nnever broken. On every hand the Indians waged relentless war with the colonies,\\nbut they never shed a drop of Quaker blood.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "72 EPOCH II. [1691.\\nbeing greatly offended by the action of the council which\\nPenn had left to govern in his absence, set up for themselves.\\nPenn sorrowfully consented to their action, appointed a\\ndeputy governor over them and afterward granted them an\\nassembly. Pennsylvania and Delaware, however, remained\\nunder one governor until the Revolution.\\nPenn s Heirs, after his death (1718), became proprietors\\nof the flourishing colony he had established. It was ruled\\nby deputies whom they appointed but, in 17 79, the State\\nof Pennsylvania bought out their claims by the payment of\\nabout half a million of dollars.*\\nX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MARYLAND.\\nSettlement. Lord Baltimore f (Cecil Calvert), a Catholic,\\nwas anxious to secure for the friends of his church a refuge\\nfrom the persecutions which they were then suffering in\\nEngland. t He accordingly obtained from King Charles a\\ngrant of land lying north of the Potomac. The first settle-\\nment was made (16o-l) by his brother, at an Indian village\\nwhich he called St. ]\\\\[ary s, near the mouth of the Potomac.\\nThe Charter was ^-ery different from that granted to Vir-\\nA difficulty ha\\\\-ing arisen with Maryland about boundaries, it was settled by\\ntwo surveyors named Mason and Dixon, who ran the line in 1763- 67. This Mason\\nand Dixon s Line afterward became famous as the division between the slave and\\nthe free States.\\nt His father, G^eorge Calvert, the flret Lord Baltimore, with this same design had\\nattempt ?d to plant a colony iii Newfoundland. But ha\\\\ ing failed on account of the\\nseverity of the climate, he visited Virginia. When he found that the Catholics were\\nthere treated with great hai-shness, ho returned to England, took out a gnvntof land,\\nand bestowed upon it, in honor of the queen, the name Mary s land (Terra Mariit).\\nBefore the patent liad received the gi*oat seal of the king. Lord Bjiltimore died. His\\nson, inheriting the father s noble and benevolent xnews, sectired the grant himself,\\nand carried out the philanthropic scheme.\\nt It is curious to observe how largely this country %vas peopled in its earlier days\\nby refugees for religious faith. The Huguenots, the Puritans, the Walloons, the\\nQuakers, the Pi-esbN-terians, the Catholics, the persecuted of every sect and creed,\\nftll flocked to this home of the free", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "1634.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 73\\nginia, since it gave to all freemen a voice in making the laws.\\nAn Assembly,called in accordance with this provision, passed\\n(1649) the celebrated Toleration Act, which secured to all\\nChristians liberty to worship God according to the dictates\\nof their own conscience. Maryland, like Rhode Island,* be-\\ncame an asjdum for the persecuted.\\nCivil Wars.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. Clayhovnes i?^ ?Z7o;i, (1635).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Vir-\\nginia colon}^ claimed that Lord Baltimore s grant covered\\nterritory belonging to them. Clayborne, a member of the\\nJamestown council, was especially obstinate in the matter.\\nHe had already established two trading-posts in Maryland,\\nwhich he prepared to defend by force of arms. A bloody\\nskirmish ensued, in which his party was beaten. Clayborne,\\nhowever, fled to Virginia, and, going to England, appealed\\nto King Charles I. for redress. But the final decision fully\\nsustained the rights of Lord Baltimore under the charter.\\nIn 1645, however, Clayborne came back to Maryland, raised\\na rebellion and drove Governor Calvert, in his turn, out of\\nthe colon} The governor, at last, raised a strong force,\\nand Clayborne fled. This ended the contest.\\n2. Tlie Protestants and the Catholics. The Protestants,\\nhaving obtained a majority in the Assembly, made a most\\nungrateful use of their power. They refused to acknowledge\\nthe hereditary rights of the proprietor, assailed his religion,\\nexcluded Catholics from the Assembly, and even declared\\nthem outside the protection of the law. Civil war ensued.\\nFor years, the victory alternated. At one time, two govern-\\nments, one Protestant, the other Catholic, were sustained.\\nIn 1691, Lord Baltimore was entirely deprived of his rights\\nas proprietor, and Maryland became a royal province. The\\nTwo years before, Rhode Island had passed an act protecting every kind of\\nreligious faith and worship. Maryland extended protection to aJl forms of Chris-\\ntianity alone.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "74 EPOCH 11. [1691.\\nChurch of England was estabUshed, and the Catholics were\\nagain disfranchised in the very province they had planted.\\nIn 1715, the fourth Lord Baltimore recovered the govern-\\nment, and religious toleration was restored. Maryland re-\\nmained under this administration until the Revolution.\\nXI., XII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE CAROLINAS.\\nSettlement. Lord Clarendon and several other noble-\\nmen obtained (1663) from Charles II.* a grant of a vast tract\\n\u00c2\u00abouth of Virginia, which was called in honor of the king,\\nCarolina. Two permanent settlements were soon made.\\n1. The Albemarle t Colony. This was a name given to\\na plantation already settled by people who had pushed\\nthrough the Vv^ilderness from Virginia. A governor from their\\nown number was appointed over them. They were then left\\nin quiet to enjoy their liberties and forget the world.J 2. The\\nCarteket Coloxy was established (16 70) by English imiiii-\\ngrants. They first sailed into the well-known waters where\\nRibaut anchored and the fort of Carolina was erected so long\\nbefore. Landing, they began a settlement on the banks of the\\nAshley, but afterward removed to the ancient groves cov-\\nered with yellow jessamine which marked the site of the\\npresent city of Charleston. The growth of this colony was\\nrapid from the first. Thither came ship-loads of Dutch from\\niSTew York, dissatisfied with the English rule and attracted\\nby the genial climate. The Huguenots (French Protest-\\nThis in I^tin is Carolus II. hence the name Carolina. It was the same that\\nRibaut (p. 31) gave his fort, in honor of Charles IX. of Franco.\\nBoth colonies were named after prominent proprietoi-s of the grant.\\nt Except when rent day came. Then they wei-c called upon lo pay to the Rnglish\\nproprietors a half-penny per acre.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "1686.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 75\\nants), hunted from their homes, here found a southern\\nwelcome.*\\nThe Grand Model was a form of government for the\\ncolonies prepared by Lord Shaftesbury and the celebrated\\nphilosopher, John Locke. It was a magnificent scheme. The\\nwilderness was to be divided into vast estates, with which\\nhereditary titles were to be granted. But the model was\\naristocratic, while the people were democratic. It granted no\\nrights of self-government, while the settlers came into the\\nwilderness for the love of liberty. This was not the soil\\non which vain titles and empty pomp could flourish. To\\nmake the Grand Model a success, it would have been neces-\\nsary to transform the log-cabin into a baronial castle, and\\nthe independent settlers into armed retainers. The attempt\\nto introduce the scheme arousing violent opposition, it was\\nat length abandoned. (Seepage 96.)\\nNorth and South Carolina Separated. The two colonies,\\nthe northern, or Albemarle, and the southern, or Car-\\nteret, being so remote from each other, had from the begin-\\nning separate governors, though they remained one province.\\nThere was constant friction between the settlers and the\\nproprietors. The people were jealous. The proprietors were\\narbitrary. Rents, taxes, and rights were plentiful sources of\\nirritation. Things kept on in this unsettled way until (1729)\\nthe discouraged proprietors ceded to the crown their right\\nof government and seven eighths of the soil. The two col-\\nIn Ch.arleston alone there were at one time as many as 16,000 Huguenots. They\\nadded, whole streets to the city. Their severe morality, marked charity, elegant\\nmanners, and thrifty habits made them a most desirable acquisition. They brought\\nthe mulberry and olive, and established magnificent plantations on the banks of the\\nCooper. They also introduced many choice varieties of pears, which still bear illus-\\ntrious Huguenot names. Their descendants are eminently honorable, and have\\nborne a proud part in the establishment of our Republic. Of seven presidents who\\nwere at the head of the Congress of Philadelphia during the Revolution, three were\\nof Huguenot parentage.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "76 EPOCH II. [1732.\\nonies were separated, and they remained royal provinces\\nuntil the Revolution.\\nXIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GEORGIA.\\nSettlement. The same year in which Washington was\\nborn (1732), this last colony of the famous thirteen whith\\nwere to fight for independence under him, was planned.\\nJames O gle thorpe, a warm-hearted English officer, having\\nconceived the idea of founding a refuge for debtors burdened\\nby the severe laws of that time, naturally turned to America,\\neven then the home of the oppressed. George 11. granted\\nliim in trust for the poor a tract of land which, in honor\\nof the king, was called Georgia. Oglethorpe settled at Savan-\\nnah in 1733.*\\nA general interest was excited in England, and many\\ncharitable people gave liberally to promote the enterprise.\\nMore emigrants followed, including, as in the other colonies,\\nmany who sought religious or civil liberty.f The trustees\\nlimited the size of a man s farm, did not allow women to\\nHe made peace with the Indians, conciliating them by presents and by his\\nkindly dispt sition. One of the chiefs gave him in return a buffalo s skin with the\\nhead and fcathere of an eagle painted on the inside of it. The eagle, said the\\nchief, signifies swiftness; and the buffalo, strength. The English are swift as a\\nbird to fly over the vast seas, and as strong as a beast before their enemies. The\\neagle s feathere ai-e soft and signify love the buffalo s skin is warm and means pro-\\ntection therefore love and protect our families.\\nThe gentle Mora\\\\ians and sturdy Scotch Highlanders were among the number,\\nand proved a valuable acquisition to the colony. The former had fled hither from\\nAustria, for conscience sake. Lutheran Salzburgers founded a colony in the\\npine forests and named it Ebenezer, taking as their motto Hitherto hath\\nthe L/ord helped us. U^lcn John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, came to\\nAmerica as a raissionarj- with his brother Charles, he was greatly charmed with\\nthe fervent piety of this simple people. The celebrated George Whitefield afterward\\nfounded at Savannah an orphan asylum, which he supp orted by contributions from\\nthe immense audiences which his wonderful eloquence attracted. On or.? occasion\\nsixty thousiind were gathered to hear him, and his open-air meetings ^ere often\\nattended by from twenty thousand to forty thousand people.\\nI", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "1753.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 77\\ninherit land, and forbade the importation of rum,* or of\\nslaves. These restrictions were irksome, and great discon-\\ntent prevailed. At last, the trustees, wearied by the fre-\\nquent complaints of the colonists, surrendered their charter\\nto the crown. Georgia remained a royal province until\\nthe Revolution.\\nXIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INTER-COLONIAL WARS.\\n1. KING W^ILLIAM S WAR (1689-97).\\nCause. War having broken out in Europe betw-een\\nEngland and France, their colonies in America took up the\\nquarrel. The Indians of Canada and Maine aided the\\nFrench, and the Iroquois assisted the English,\\nAttacks upon the Colonists. In the depth of winter,\\nwar parties of the French and Indians, coming down on their\\nsnow-shoes from Canada through the forest, fell upon the\\nexposed settlements of New York and New England, and\\ncommitted horrible barbarities. Schenectady, unsuspect-\\ning f and defenseless, was attacked at midnight. Men,\\nwomen, and children were dragged from their beds and\\ntomahawked. The few who escaped, half-naked, made\\ntheir way through the snow of that fearful night to\\nAlbany. I\\nRum was obtained in exchange for lumber in the West Indies. Hence this law\\nprevented that trade and cut otf a valuable source of profit.\\nt The garrison felt so secure that it is said they had placed at the gate two snow\\nimages for sentinels.\\nt The histories of the time abound in thrilling stories of Indian adventure. One\\nday in March, 1697, Haverhill, Mass., was attacked. Mr. Dustin was at work in the\\nfield. Huri ying to his house, he brought out his seven children, and bidding them\\nrun ahead slowly retreated, keeping the Indians back with his gun. He thus\\nbrought off his little flock in safety. His wife, who was unable to escape with him,\\nwas dragged into captiAity. The party who had captiired Mrs. Dustin marched many\\ndays through the forest, and at length reached an island in the Merrimac. Here she\\nresolved to escape. A white boy, who had been taken prisoner before, found out\\nfrom his master, at Mrs. Dustia s request, how to strike a blow that would produce", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "78\\nEPOCH II.\\n[1889.\\nAttacks by the Colonists. Aroused by these scenes of\\nsavage ferocity, the colonists organized two expeditions;\\none under Pliipps (soon after, Governor of Massachusetts,\\np. 5 9), against Port Royal, Acadia and the other, a combined\\nland and naval attack on Canada. The former was successful,\\nMB. UUSTIN DEFENDING HIS CHILUKEN FROM THE SAVAOE8.\\nand secured, it is said, plunder enough to pay the expenses\\nof the expedition. The latter was a disastrous failure.\\nPeace. The war lasted eight years. It was ended by\\nthe treat} of Ryswick (rlz \\\\v!k), according to which, each\\nparty held the territory it had at the beginning of the\\nstruggle.\\ninstant death, and how to take off a scalp. HaNnng learned these facts, in the night\\nshe awoke the boy and her nui-se, and arranged their ix\u00c2\u00bbrts. The task was soon done.\\nSoizang each a tomahawk, they killed ten of the sleeping: Indians; only one escaped.\\nShe then scalped the dead botlies, in oi-der to prove her story when she should reach\\nhome, and hastened to the bank, where, finding a canoe, they descended the river\\nand soon rejoined her family.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "1702.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 79\\n2. QUEEN ANNE S WAR (1702- 13).\\nCause. England having declared war against France\\nand Spain, hostilities broke out between their colonies. The\\nFive Nations had made a treaty with the French, and so\\ntook no part in the contest. Their neutrality protected\\nNew York from invasion. Consequently, the brunt of the\\nwar fell on New England.\\nAttacks upon the Colonists. The New England\\nfrontier was again desolated.* Remote settlements were\\nabandoned. The people betook themselves to palisaded\\nhouses, and worked their farms with their guns always at\\nhand.\\nAttacks by the Colonists.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. M the South. ^outh\\nCarolina made a fruitless expedition against her old enemies\\nat St. Augustine (1702).t\\n2. At the ,\u00c2\u00a5orth. Port Royal was again wrested from the\\nFrench by a combined force of English and colonial troops.\\nOn the last night of February, 1704, a part5^ of about three hundred and fifty\\nFrench and Indians reached a pine forest near Deerfield, Mass. The snow lay four\\nfeet deep on the level, but it was covered by a thick crust, while the drifts reached\\nnearly to the top of the palisades of the town. The stealthy invaders, watching an\\nopportunity, slvulked about till the iinfaithful sentinels deserted the morning\\nwatch, when they rushed upon the defenseless slumberers, who awoke from their\\ndi eams to death or captivity. Leaving the blazing village with forty-seven dead\\nbodies to be consumed amid the wreck, they then started back with their train of one\\nhundred and twelve captives. The horrors of that march through the wilderness can\\nnever be told. The groan of helpless exhaustion, or the wail of suffering childhood,\\nwas instantly stilled by the pitiless tomahawk. Mrs. Williams, the feeble wife of the\\nminister, had remembered her Bible in the midst of surprise and comforted hereelf\\nwith its promises, till, her strength failing, she commended her five captive children\\nto God, and bent to the savage blow of the war-ax. One of her daughter grew up\\nin captivity, embraced the Catholic faith, and became the wife of a chief. Years\\nafter, she visited her friends in Deerfield. The whole village joined in a fast for her\\ndeliverance, but her heart loved best her own Mohawk children, and she went back\\nto the fires of her Indian wigwam.\\nFour years after, the French and Spanish in Havana sent a fleet against\\nCharleston. The people, however, valiantly defended themselves, and soon drove\\noff their assailants.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "80 EPOCH II. [17ia\\nIn honor of the queen, its name was changed to Annapolis.\\nAnother expedition sailed against Quebec, but many of the\\nships were dashed upon the rocks in the St. Lawrence, and\\nnearly one thousand men perished. Thus ended the second\\nattempt to conquer Canada.\\nPeace. The war lasted eleven years. It was ended by\\nthe treaty of Utrecht u tpgkt), according to which, Acadia\\nwas ceded to England.\\n3 KING GEORGE S WAR* (1744- 48).\\nCapture of Louisburg. War having again broken out\\nbetween England and France, the flame was soon kindled in\\nthe new world. The only event of importance was the capt-\\nure of Louisburg f on the island of Cape Breton, by a com-\\nbined force of English and colonial troops. The latter did\\nmost of the fighting, but the former took the glory and the\\nThis \u00e2\u0080\u00a2war was preceded by \u00e2\u0096\u00a0what is kiiowii as the Spanish War \u00e2\u0080\u00a2which grew\\nout of difficulties then existing: between England and Spain. It w is marked by no\\nimportant event in the colonies. Governor Oglethori e invested (1740) St. Augus-\\ntine with a force of t wo thousand men, but the strength of the Spanish garrison, and\\nthe loss by sickness, caiised the attempt to be abandoned. The Spaniards, in their\\nturn, sent (1742) an expedition against Oeorgia. By means of a letter which Gov-\\nernor Oglethorpe caused to fall into the hands of the Spaniaivls, they were made to\\nbelieve that ho expected large reinforcements. Being frightened, they burned the\\nfort they had captured, and fled in haste. The colonies, also, furnished about four\\nthousand men for an expedition against the Spanish settlements in the West Indies\\nbut only a few hundi-ed i-eturned fi\\\\ m this disastrous enterprise.\\nLouisbiirg was called the Gibraltar (gi bral tar) of America Its fortifications\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2were extensive, and cost upward of $5,000,000. The siege was conducted in the most\\nunscientific way, the colonial troops laughing at military terms and discipline. When\\nthe place was captured, they were themselves astonished at what they had done. The\\nachievement called forth great I ^joicing over the country, esi eciany in New En-\\ngland, and had an influence on the Revolutionary War, thirty yeai-s after. Colonel\\nGridley, who planned Genei al Poppei-cH s batteries in the siege, laid out the Amer-\\nican intrenchments gn Bunker Hill. The same old drums that beat the triumphal\\nentrance of the New Englandere into Louisburg, Jxme 17, 1745, beat at Bunker nill.\\nJune 17, 1775. \u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\\\\\\\Tien General Gage was erecting intrenchments on Boston Neck,\\nthe pro\\\\-incials sneeringly remarked that his mud walls were notMng compared to\\nthe stone walls of old Louisburg.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "1748.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 81\\nbooty. Peace being made in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la-\\nChapelle (aks la sha p^lO, England gave back Louisburg to\\nthe French. The boundaries between the French and the\\nEnghsh colonies were left undecided, and so the germ of a\\nnew war remained.\\n4. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754- 63).\\nCause. The English occupied at this time a narrow strip\\nalong the coast, one thousand miles in length. It was like a\\nstring to the great bow of the French territory which reached\\naround from Quebec to New Orleans. Both nations cla^imed\\nthe region west of the Alleghany Mountains, along the Ohio\\nRiver. The three previous inter-colonial wars had engen-\\ndered bitter hatred, and occasions of quarrel were abundant.\\nThe French had over sixty military posts guarding the long\\nline of their possessions. They seized the English surveyors\\nalong the Ohio.* They broke up a British post on the Miami\\n(me a mej.f They built a fort at Presque Isle (presk el near\\nthe present town of Erie, Penn. another, Fort le Boeuf\\n(I6h bar), at the present town of Waterford and a third,\\nFort Venango (vg nang go), about forty miles south, at the\\nmouth of French Creek. These encroachments awakened\\nthe liveliest solicitude on the part of the colonists.\\nWashington s Journey. Dinwiddle, Lieutenant-Gov-\\nernor of Virginia, accordingly sent a message by George\\nWashington, then a young man of twenty-one, to the French\\ncommander of these forts, asking their removal. Washing-\\nton, the very day he received his credentials, set out on his\\nThe claims of the real proprietors, the Indiajis, were overlooked by both the En-\\nglish and the French. The Indians, feeling this, sent to the agent of the Ohio Com-\\npany the pertinent query, Where is the Indian s land The English claim all on\\none side of the river, the French all on the other. Where does our land lie f\\nThe Indian allies of the French having captured the Miami chief who defended\\nhis English friends, killed and ate him, in true savage style.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "82\\nEPOCH II.\\n[1753.\\nperilous journey through the wilderness from Williamsburg\\nto Lake Erie. He found the French officer at Fort Venango\\nloud and boastful. At Fort le Boeuf, the commandant,\\nSt. Pierre (sSn pe er treated him with great respect but,\\nlike a true st)ldier, refused to discuss theories, and declared\\nAN ixciDENT OF \u00e2\u0096\u00a0Washington s return.\\nhimself under orders which he slioukl obey. It was clear\\nthat France was determined to hold the territory explored\\nby the heroic La Salle and Marquette. The shore in front\\nof the fort was even then lined with canoes ready f(^r an\\nintended expedition down the river. AVashington s return\\nthrough the Avildorness, a distance of four hundred miles,\\nwas full of peril.* At last, he reached home luiharmed, and\\ndelivered St. Pierre s reply.\\nThe streams were swollen. The snow was falling and freezing as it fell. The\\nhorses gave out, and he was forooil to proceed i n foot. With only one companion,\\nhe quitted the usual path, and, with the compjiss as his guide, t;truck boldly out\\nthi ough the forest. An Indian, lying in wait, tiivil at him only a few paces off, but", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "1754.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 88\\nWar Opens. Early the next spring, the French, at the\\nfork of the Monongahela and the Alleghany, drove off a\\nparty of English traders and erected a fort, vp-hich was called\\nDuquesne (du kan Soon, among the blackened stumps,\\ncorn and barley were growing on the present site of Pitts-\\nburgh. In the meantime, a regiment of Virginia troops,\\nunder Colonel Frye, Washington being second in com-\\nmand, had been sent to occupy this important point. Learn-\\ning that the French had anticipated them, Washington\\nhastened forward with a reconnoitering party. Jumonville\\n(zh(5o nion vei who was hiding among the rocks with a\\ndetachment of French troops, waiting an opportunity to\\nattack him, was himself surprised and slain.* On the death\\nof Colonel Frye, soon after, Washington assumed command\\nand collected the troops at the Great Meadows, behind a\\nrude stockade, aptly named Fort Necessity. Here he was\\nattacked by a large force of French and Indians, and, after\\na severe conflict, was compelled to capitulate.\\nThe Five Objective Points of the War. 1. Fort Du-\\nquesne was the key to the region west of the AUeghanies,\\nand so long as the French held it, Virginia and Pennsyl-\\nvania were exposed to Indian attacks. 2. The possession of\\nLouiSBURG and Acadia threatened New England, while it\\ngave control over the Newfoundland fisheries. French\\nprivateers harbored there, darted out and captured English\\nships, and then returned where they were safe from pursuit.\\n3. Crown Point and Ticonderoga controlled the route to\\nmissing, was captiired. Attempting to cross the Alleghany on a mde raft, they\\nwere caught between large masses of ice floating down the rapid current of the mid-\\nchannel. Washington thrust out his pole to check the speed, hut was jerked into\\nthe foaming water. Swimming to an island, he barely saved his life. Fortunately,\\nin the morning the river was frozen over, and he escaped on the ice.\\nWashington s word of command to fire upon that skulking foe (May 28,\\n1754), was the opening of the campaign. Washington himself, it is said, fired the\\nfirst gun of that long and bloody war.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "84 EPOCH II. [1755.\\nCanada by the way of Lake George and Lake Champlain,\\nand also offered a safe starting-point for French expeditions\\nagainst New York and New England. 4. Nla.gara lay on the\\nportage between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and thus pro-\\ntected the great fur trade of the upper lakes and the West.\\n6. Quebec being the strongest fortification in Canada, gave\\ncontrol of the St. Lawrence, and largely decided the posses-\\nsion of that province.\\nWe thus see why these points were so pei-sistently at-\\ntacked by the English, and so obstinately defended by the\\nFrench. We shall speak of them in order.\\nI. Fort Duquesne. Tlie First Expedition (1755) was\\ncommanded by General Braddock, Washington acting as an\\naidKle-i ainp (ad de k6ng). The general was a British officer,\\nprouil and conceited. Washington warned him of the dan-\\ngei*s of savage warfare, but his suggestions were received\\nwith contempt.* The column arrived within ten miles of the\\nfort, marching along the Monongahela in regular array,\\ndrums beating and coloi-s flying. Suddenly, in ascending a\\nlittle slope, with a deep ravine and thick underbrush on each\\nside, they came upon the Indians lying in ambush. The terri-\\nble war-whoop resounded on every hand. The British regu-\\nlars huddled together, and, frightened, fired by platoons, at\\nrandom, against rocks and trees. The yirginia,troops alone\\nsprung into the forest and fought the savages in Indian\\nstyle. Washington seemed every-where present. An Indian\\nchief with his braves specially singled him out.f Four balls\\npassed through his clothes. Two hoi-ses were shot under\\nhim. Braddock was mortally wounded and borne from the\\nThe Indians, suiid Braddook, may f rijihten continental troops, but they can\\nmake no iniprtvssion on the king s ifsriilars\\nt Fiftoon years after, this old Indian chief came a loivsi wsiy to see the Virginia\\nofficer at whom he flred a rifle fifteen tinies without hitting him, during the Monon-\\ngahela fi^ht. Washington never receiveil a wound in bjittle.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "1755.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 85\\nfield. At last, when the colonial troops were nearly all\\nkilled, the regulars turned and fled disgracefully, abandon-\\ning every thing to the foe. Washington covered their flight\\nand saved the wreck of the army from pursuit.\\nSecond Expedition (1 7 58). General Forbes led the second\\nexpedition, Washington commanding the Virginia troops.\\nThe general lost so much time in building roads that, in\\nNovember, he was fifty miles from the fort. A council of\\nwar decided to give up the attempt. But Washington re-\\nceiving news of the weakness of the French garrison, urged\\na forward movement. He himself led the advance guard,\\nand by his vigilance dispelled all danger of Indian surprise.\\nThe French fired the fort, and fled at his approach. As the\\nflag of England floated out over the ruined lamparts, this\\ngateway of the West was named Pittsburgh.*\\n2. Acadia and Louisburg. 1. Acadia. Scarcely had\\nthe war commenced, when an attack was made on the\\nAca dian boundary. The French forts at the h^ad of the\\nBay of Fundy were quickly taken, and the entire region\\neast of the Penobscot fell into the hands of the English. f\\n2. Louishurg (1757). General Loudoun (low don) col-\\nlected an army at Halifax for an attack on Louisburg. After\\nspending ail summer in drilling his troops, he gave up the\\nThis was in libnor of WiUiam Pitt, prime minister of England, whose true friend-\\nship for the colonies was warmly appreciated in America. He came into power in\\n1758, and from that time the war took on a different aspect. (Barnes Q-en. Hist,\\np. 534.)\\nt This victory was disgraced by an act of heartless cruelty. The Acadians were a\\nsimple-minded, rural people. They readily gave up their arms and meekly submitted\\nto their oontiueroi-s. But the English authorities, knowing their sjnnpathy with the\\nFi-eneh, drove old and young on boai-d the ships at the point of the bayonet, and dis-\\ntributed them among the colonies. Families were broken up, their homes burned,\\nand the broken-hearted Acadians met every-where only insult and abuse. Longfel.\\nlow pathetically describes the misfortunes of these exiles, in his world-famous poem\\nEvangeline Parkman, in Harper s Magazine, Nov., 1884, gives another version,\\nand claims that the expulsion was justified on the part of the English and the\\ncolonistj3.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "86 EPOCH II. [1758.*\\nattempt on learning that the French fleet contained one\\nmore ship than his own The next year, Generals Amherst\\n(am erst) and Wolfe captured the city after a severe bom-\\nbardment, and took possession of the entire island.*\\n3. Crown Point and Ticonderoga. 1. Battle of Lake\\nGeorge. About the time of Braddock s expedition, another\\nwas made against Crown Point. The French under Dies-\\nkauf (des ko^A^) were met near the head of Lake George, t\\nFortunately, General Johnson, being slightly wounded, early\\nin the action retired to his tent, whereupon, General Lyman,\\nwith his provincial troops, regained the battle then nearly\\nlost. This victory following closely on the heels of Brad-\\ndock s disaster, excited great joy. Johnson was given a\\nbaronetcy and $25,000 Lyman, the real victor, received\\nnothing. This battle ended the attempt to take Crown\\nPoint. Johnson built Fort William Henry near the battle-\\nfield and, when winter set in, dismissing the New England\\nmilitia, went to his fortified stone mansion on the Mohawk.\\n2. Attack on Ticonderoga. On a calm Sunday morning,\\nabout four months before the fall of Fort Duquesne, a thou-\\nsand boats full of soldiers, with waving flags and strains\\nAbandoning Louisburg, the English made Halifax, as it is to-day, their rendez-\\nvous (ren de vdb) in that region.\\nt The brave Dieskau was severely wounded. In the pursuit, a soldier found him\\nleaning against a stump. As he fumbled fur his watch to propitiate his enemy, the\\nsoldier, thinking him to be searching for his pistol, shot him.\\nJohnson, the English commander, received word of the approach of the enemy,\\nand sent out Colonel Williams with twelve hundred men to stop them. In the skir-\\nmish, Williams was kiUed. He was the real founder of Wilhams College, haWng by\\nhis wiU, made while on his way to battle, bequeathed a sum to found a free school\\nfor Western Massachusetts.\\nS Two years after, Montcalm (mdnt kam), the new French general, swept down\\nfrom Canada and captured this fort with its garrison, although Webb was at Fort\\nEdward, fourteen miles below, with six thousand men lying idly in camp. The vic-\\ntory is noted for an illustration of savage ti-eachery. The English had been guaran-\\nteed a safe escort to Fort Edward. But they had scarcely left the fort when the Indians\\nfell upon them to plunder and to slaughter. In vain did the French officers peril their\\nUvea to save their captives from the lawless tomahawk. Kill me, cried Montcalm,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "1758.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 87\\nof martial music, swept down Lake George to attack Ticon-\\nderoga. General Abercrombie (ab er krum bi) ordered an\\nassault before his artillery came up, and while the battle raged\\nlay hid away in the rear. A disastrous repulse was the result.*\\n3. Capture of both Forts. The next year (1759), at the\\napproach of General Amherst with a large army, both Ti-\\nconderoga and Crown Point were evacuated.\\n4. Niagara. 1. About the time of Braddock s expedition,\\nGeneral Shirley marched to capture Niagara. But reaching\\nOswego and learning of that disastrous defeat, he was dis-\\ncouraged. He simply built a fort and came home.f\\n2. Nothing further was done toward the capture of this\\nimportant post for four years, when it was invested by Gen-\\neral Prideaux (prid o).J In spite of desperate attempts made\\nto relieve the garrison, it was at last compelled to surrender\\n(1759). New York was thus extended to Niagara River,\\nand the West was secured to the English.\\n5. Quebec (1759). The same summer in which Niagara,\\nCrown Point, and Ticonderoga were occupied by the En-\\nglish, General Wolfe anchored with a large fleet and eight\\nthousand land troops in front of Quebec. Opposed to him\\nwas the vigilant French general, Montcalm, with a command\\nin desperation, but spare the English, who are under my protection. The Indian\\nfury, however, was implacable, and the march of the prisoners to Eort Edward be-\\ncame a flight for life.\\nWhile the main army was delaying after this failure, Colonel Bradstreet obtained\\npermission to go against Eort Frontenac, on the present site of Kingston. Crossing\\nthe lake, he captured the fort and a large quantity of stores intended for Port Du-\\nquesne. The loss disheartened the garrison of the latter place, frightened off their\\nIndian allies, and did much to cause its evacuation on the approach of the English.\\nt The next year, that indefatigable general, Montcalm, crossed the lake from\\nCanada and captured this fort with its garrison and a large amount of piiblic stores.\\nt Prideaux was accidentally killed during the siege, but his successor, Johnson,\\nsatisfactorily carried out his plans.\\nIt was expected that the two armies engaged in the capture of these forts would\\njoin Wolfe in the attack on Quebec but, for various reasons, they made no attempt\\nto do so, and Wolfe was left to perform his task alone.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "EPOCH II,\\n[1759.\\nequal to his own. The Enghsh cannon easily destroyed the\\nlower city next the river, but the citadel being on higher\\nground, was far out of their reach. The bank of tlif i i\\\\er.\\nr^Js*-\u00c2\u00ae^^\\nQTTEBEO IN EAKT-T TIMES.\\nfor miles a high craggy wall, bristled with cannon at every\\nlanding-place. For months, Wolfe lingered before the citj\\nvainly seeking some feasible point of attack. Carefully re-\\nconnoitering the precipitous bluff above the city, his sharp\\neyes at length discovered a narrow path winding among the\\nrocks to the top, and he determined to lead his army up this\\nascent.* To distract the enemy s attention, he took his men\\nseveral miles up the river. Thence dropping down silently\\nGteneral Wolfe was a ^eat admirer of the poet Oraj As he went the rounds for\\nfinal inspection on the beautiful starliiirht evening before the attack, he remarked to\\nthose in the boat with him, I would rather bo the author of The Eleg:j in a Coun-\\ntry Church-yard than to have the glory of beating the French to-morrow and\\namid the rippling of the water and the dashing of the oars, he repeated\\nThe boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,\\nAnd all that beauty, all that wealth e er gave,\\nAwait alike the ine\\\\ itable hour;\\nThe paths of glory letid but to the grave.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "1759.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 89\\nby night with the ebb-tide, they landed, clambered up the\\nsteep cliff,* quickly dispersed the guard, and, at day-break,\\nstood arrayed in order of battle on the Plains of Abraham.\\nMontcalm, astonished at the audacity of the attempt, could\\nscarcely believe it possible. When convinced of its truth, he\\nat once made an impetuous attack. Wolfe s veterans held\\ntheir fire until the French were close at hand, then poured\\nupon them rapid, steady volleys. The enemy soon wavered.\\nWolfe, placing himself at the head, now ordered a bayonet\\ncharge. Already twice wounded, he still pushed forward.\\nA third ball struck him. He was carried to the rear. They\\nrun They run exclaimed the officer on whom he leaned.\\nWho run? he faintly gasped. The French, was the\\nreply. Now God be praised, I die happy, murmured the\\nexpiring hero. Montcalm, too, was fatally wounded as he\\nwas vainly trying to rally the fugitives. On being told by\\nthe surgeon that he could not live more than twelve hours,\\nhe answered, So much the better. I shall not see the sur-\\nrender of Quebec.\\nFive days afterward (September 18, 1759), the city and\\ngarrison capitulated.\\nClose of the War.f Peace. The next year, an attempt\\nwas made to re-capture Quebec. But a powerful fleet arrived\\nfrom England in time to raise the siege. A large army\\nmarched upon Montreal, and Canada soon submitted. The\\nEnglish flag now waved over the continent, from the Arctic\\nOcean to the Mississippi. Peace was made at Paris in 1763.\\nSpain ceded Florida to England. France gave up to En-\\nAlthough Wolfe rose from a sick-bed to lead his troops, he was the first man to\\nland. The shore was lined with French sentinels. A captain who understood\\nFrench and had been assigned this duty, answered the challenge of the sentinel\\nnear the landing, and thus warded off the first danger of alarm.\\nThe five points which were especially sought by the English were now all capt-\\nured. Canada itself, worn out, impoverished, and almost in famine, because of the\\nlong war, was ready for peace.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "90 EPOCH II. [1763.\\ngland all her territory east of the Mississippi, except two\\nsmall islands south of Newfoundland, retained as fishing\\nstations while, to Spain she ceded New Orleans, and all\\nher territory west of the Mississippi.\\nPontiac s War. The French traders and missionaries\\nhad won the hearts of the Indians. When the more haughty\\nEnglish came to take possession of the western forts, great\\ndiscontent was aroused, Pon ti ac, a chief of the Ottawas,\\nPhilip-like, formed a confederation of the tribes against the\\ncommon foe. It was secretly agreed to fall upon all the\\nBritish posts at once. Eight forts were thus surprised and\\ncaptured.* Thousands of persons fled from their homes to\\navoid the scalping-knife. At last, the Indians, disagreeing\\namong themselves, deserted the alliance, and a treaty was\\nsigned. Pontiac, still revengeful, fled to the hunting-grounds\\nof the Illinois. He was killed (1769), at Cahokia, by an\\nIndian, for the bribe of a barrel of liquor.\\nEffects of the French and Indian War. During this war,\\nthe colonists spent $16,000,000, and England repaid only\\n$5,000,000. The Americans lost thirty thousand men, and\\nsuffered the untold horrors of Indian barbarity. The taxes\\nsometimes equaled two thirds the income of the tax-payer\\nVarious stratagems \u00e2\u0096\u00a0were employed to accomplish their designs. At Maiimee, a\\nsquaw lured forth the commander by imploring aid for an Indian woman d -ing out-\\nside the fort. Once without, ho was at the mercy of the ambushed savages. At\\nMackinaw, hundreds of Indians had gathered. Commencing a game at ball, one\\nparty drove the other, as if by accident, toward the fort. The soldiers were attracted\\nto watch the game. At length, the ball was thrown over the pickets, and the Indians\\njumping after it, began the terrible butchery. The commander, Major Henry, writ-\\ning in his room, heard the war-cry and the shrieks of the victims, and, rushing to his\\nwindow, beheld the savage work of the tomahawk and the scalping-knife. Amid un-\\ntold perils, he himself escaj)ed. At Detroit, the plot was betrayed by a squaw, and\\nwhen the chiefs were admitted to their proposed council for brightening the chain\\nof friendship they found themselves surrounded by an armed garrison. Pontiac\\nwas allowed to escape. Two days after, he commenced a siege which lasted several\\nmonths. In payment of the supplies for his army, he issued birch-bark notes signed\\nwith the figure of an otter. These primitive government bonds were promptly\\npaid when due.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "1763.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 91\\nbut were paid, without murmur, because levied by the colo-\\nnists themselves. The men of different colonies and diverse\\nideas fought shoulder to shoulder, and many sectional jeal-\\nousies were allayed. They learned to think and act independ-\\nently of the mother country, and thus came to know their\\nstrength. Democratic ideas hkd taken root, legislative bodies\\nhad been called, troops raised, and supplies voted, not by En-\\ngland, but by themselves. They had become fond of liberty.\\nThey knew their rights and dared maintain them. When\\nthey voted money, they kept the purse in their own hands.\\nThe treatment of the British officers also helped to unite\\nthe colonists. They made sport of the awkward, provincial\\nsoldiers. The best American-officers were often thrust aside\\nto make place for young Britibh subalterns. But, in spite of\\nsneers, Washington, Gates, Montgomery, Stark, Arnold,\\nMorgan, Putnam, all received their training, and learned\\nhow, when the time came, to fight even British regulars.\\n15. COLONIAL CIVILIZATION.\\nThere were now thirteen colonies. They numbered nearly 2,000,000 people. The\\nlargest city was Philadelphia, which contained about twenty -five thousand inhab-\\nitants. There were slaves in all the colonies, those at the North being chiefly house\\nservants. Three forms of government existed charter, proprietary, and royal.\\nMassachusetts, Ehode Island, and Connecticut had charter governments. Mary-\\nland and Pennsylvania (with Delaware) were proprietary that is, their proprietors\\ngoverned them. Georgia, Virginia, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, and\\nthe Carolinas were directly subject to the crown. The colonies were all Protestant.\\nThe intolerant religious spirit of early days had moderated, and there had been a\\ngradual assimilation of manners and ctistoms. The people of all the colonies had\\nbecome Americans.\\nIn accordance with the customs of the age, the laws were severe. Thus in\\nNew England, at one time, there were twelve, and in Virginia seventeen, offenses\\npunishable by death. The affairs of private life were regulated by law in a manner\\nthat would not now be endured. At Hartford, for example, the ringing of the\\nwatchman s bell in the morning was the signal for every one to rise; and in Massa-\\nchusetts a scold was sometimes gagged and placed near her door (see the picture on\\nthe next page), while for other minor oflfenses the offender was confined in the\\nBtocka or the pillory.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "92\\nEPOCH II,\\nSocial prejudices brought over from England still survived. Even in New\\nEngland, official jxjsitions were monopolized by a few leading families, and often de-\\nscended from father to son. The catalogues of Harvard and Yale wore long arranged\\naccording to the family rank of the students.\\nSeveral colleges had been established,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Harvard (1636), \\\\Villiara and Mary (1692),\\nYale (1700), Princeton (1746), University of Pennsylvania (1749), Columbia (1754),\\nBrown University (1764), Dartmouth (1769), and Rutgers (1770). Educational inter-\\nests, however, were not fostered by the English government. Only one donation\\nwas given to fovmd a college in the colonies\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that of William and Mary, an institu-\\ntion named in honor of these sovereigns.\\nAgriculture was the main dependence of the people, though manufactures, even\\nat this early p)eriod, received much attention at the North. Hats, paper, shoes, house-\\nhold furniture, farming utensils, and the coarser kinds of cutlery were made to some\\nextent. Cloth weaving had been introduced, though most tnrifty people dressed\\nin homespun. It is said of Mrs. Washing+on that she kept sixteen spinning-wheela", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 93\\nrunning. Commerce had steadily increased\u00e2\u0080\u0094 principally, however, as coast trade, in\\nconsequence of the oppressive laws of Great Britain. The daring fishermen of New\\nEngland already pushed their whaling crafts far into the icy regions of the north.\\nMoney was very scarce. In 1635, musket-bullets were made to pass in place of\\nfarthings, the law providing that not more than twelve should be given in one\\npayment. Trade was generally by barter.\\nThe first printing-press was set up at Cambridge, in 1639. Most of the books of\\nthat day were collections of sermons. The first permanent newspaper, The Boston\\nNews Letter, was published in 1704. In 1750, there were only seven newspapers.\\nThe American Daily Advertiser, the first daily paper, was not issued till 1784. There\\nwas a pulilic Library in New York, from which books were loaned at four and a half\\npence per week.\\nThe usual mode of travel was on foot or horseback. People journeyed largely by\\nmeans of coasting sloops. The trip from New York to Philadelphia occupied three\\ndays if the wind was fair. There was a wagon running bi-weekly from New York\\nacross New Jersey. Conveyances were put on in 1766, which made the unprecedented\\ntime of two days from New York to Philadelphia. They were, therefore, termed\\nflying machines\\nThe first stage route was between Providence and Boston, taking two days for the\\ntrip. A post-office system had been effected by the combination of the colonies, which\\nunited the whole country. Benjamin Franklin was one of the early postmasters-\\ngeneral. He made a gi-and tour of the country in his chaise, perfecting and maturing\\nthe plan. His daughter Sally accompanied him, riding sometimes by his side in the\\nchaise, and sometimes on the extra horse which he had with him. It took five months\\nto make the rounds which could now be performed in as many days. A mail was\\nstarted in 1672, between New York and Boston, by way of Hartford, according to\\nthe contract the round trip being made monthly. (See j). 306.)\\nManners and Customs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The colonists had brought with them the ideas and\\ntastes of the mother country, and these long siirvived in spite of the leveling ten-\\ndencies and the free spirit of the new world. Distinctions of dress, to mark the\\nhigher and the lower ranks of society, as in Europe, were sedulously preserved\\nthroughout even democratic New England. Calf-skin shoes, up to the time of the\\nRevolution, were the exclusive property of the gentry the servants wore coarse\\nneat s leather Farmers, mechanics, laborers, and working-men generally were\\nclothed in red or green baize jackets, leather or striped ticking breeches, and a\\nleather apron. On Sundays and holidays, a white shirt took the place of the\\nchecked one the stiff, hard leather breeches were greased and blacked, and the\\nheavy cow-hide shoes, home-made, were set off by huge brass buckles. The com-\\nmon laborer, even after independence was achieved, received only about two\\nshillings per day, and, in rare cases, two-and-six-pence\\nHired women wore short gowns of green baize and petticoats of linsey-woolsey.\\nTheir yearly wages never exceeded ten pounds\\nThe colonial gentleman, however, was gay in his morning costume of silk or\\nvelvet cap and dressing-gown, and his evening attire of blue, green, or purple\\nflowered silk or handsomely embroidered velvet, enriched with gold or silver lace,\\nbuttons, and knee-buckles. Wide lace ruffles fell over his hands his street cloak\\nglittered with gold-kice while a gold-headed cane, and a gold or silver snuff-box\\nwere indispensable signs of his social position.\\nThe New England people were strict in morals. Governor Winthrop prohibited\\ncards and gaming-tables. A man was whipped for shooting fowl on Sunday. No", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "94\\nEPOCH II.\\nman was allowed to keep tavern who did not bear an excellent character and\\npossess proi)erty. The names of drunkards were posted up in the ale-houses, and\\nthe keepers forbidden to soil them liquor. By order of the colony of Connecticut,\\nno i)erson under twenty years of ago could use any tobacco without a physician s\\norder; and no one was allowed to use it oftener than once a day, and then not\\nwithin ten miles of any house.\\nAll conduct was sliai)ed by a literal interpretation of the Scriptures. The min-\\nisters had, at first, almost entire control. A church reproof was the heaviest\\nM:\\\\\\\\ KNCl.AMI KIlrllKN SCENE.\\npunishment, and knotty points in thcolopj- caused the bitterest discussions. Articles\\nof dress were limited or regulated by law. No person whose estate did not exceeo\\n\u00c2\u00a3200, could wear gold or silver lace, or any lace above 2s. per yard The select-\\nmen were required to take note of the apparel of the people, especially their\\nribbands and gi eat boots Only the gentility, including ministers and their\\nwives, received the prefix Mr. and Mm. to their names. Others, above the rank\\nof servant, were called Goodman and Goodicife.\\nIn the early Plymouth days, every house opem-d on Sunday morning at the tap\\nof the drum. The men and the women, the former armed to the teeth, assem-\\nbled in front of the captain s house. Three abreast, they marched to the meet-\\ning-house, where ovi ry i: an set down his muskit within easy reach. The elders", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 95\\nand deacons took their seats in front of the preacher s desk, facing the congrega-\\ntion. The old men, the young raen, and the young women each had their separate\\nplace. The boys were perched on the pulpit-stair or in the galleries, and were\\nkept in order by a constable. The light came straggling through the little dia-\\nmond-shaped window-panes, weirdly gilding the wolf -heads which hung upon the\\nwalls\u00e2\u0080\u0094 trophies of the year s conquests. The services began with the long prayer,\\nand was followed by reading and expounding of the Scriptures, a psalm\u00e2\u0080\u0094 lined by\\none of the ruling elders\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and the sermon. Instrumental music was absolutely\\nproscribed, as condemned by Amos v. 23. The sermon was often three or four\\nhours long, and at the end of each hour the sexton turned the hour-glass which\\nstood upon the desk. A\u00c2\u00a5oe to the youngster whose eyelids drooped in slumber 1\\nThe ever-vigilant constables, with their wands tipped on one extremity with the\\nfoot, and on the other with the tail of a hare, brought the heavier end down on\\nthe nodding head. The care-worn matron who was betrayed into a like offense,\\nwas gently reminded of her duty by a touch on the forehead with the softer end\\nof the same stick. After the sermon, came the weekly contribution the congre-\\ngation, marching to the front, and depositing their offerings in the money-box\\nheld by one of the elders. After dismissal, the people returned home in as orderly\\na way as they came.\\nThe Middle C oto/u\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab. The manners of the New York people were essentially\\nDutch. Many customs then inaugurated still remain in vogue. Among these is\\nthat of New Year s Day visiting, of which General Washington said, New York\\nwill in process of years gi-adually change its ancient customs and manners, but\\nwhatever changes take place, never forget the cordial observance of New Year s\\nDay. To the Dutch we owe our Christmas visit of Santa Claus, colored eggs\\nat Easter, doughnuts, crullers, and New Year s cookies.\\nThe Dutch mansion was built, usually, of brick. Its gable-end, receding in\\nregular steps from the base of the roof to the summit, faced the street. The\\nfront-door was decorated with a huge brass knocker, burnished daUy. While the\\nConnecticut mistress spun, wove, and stored her household linens in crowded\\nchests, the Dutch matron scrubbed and scoured her polished floor and wood- work.\\nEvery family had a cow that fed in a common pasture at the end of the town,\\nand their tinkling bells, as they came and went, of their own accord, at night\\nand morning, proclaimed the milking-hour. The happy burghers breakfasted at\\ndawn, dined at eleven, and retired at sunset. On dark evenings, as a protection\\nfor belated wanderers, lighted candles were placed in the front windows.\\nAlong the Hudson, the great patroons, supported by their immense estates\\nand crowds of tenants, kept up the customs of the best European society of the\\nday.\\nPhiladelphia was not only the largest city in the United States, but it was\\nfamous for its flagged side-walks\u00e2\u0080\u0094 then a rare luxury in any city, the regularity\\nof its streets, and the elegance of its brick and stone residences. The trees bor-\\ndering the can-iage-ways and the gardens and orchards about the houses made it\\njust such a fail greene country town as Penn wished it to be.\\nThe Southei-n Colonists differed widely from the Northern in habits and style of\\nliving. In place of thickly-settled towns and villages, they had large plantations,\\nand were surrounded by a numeroiis household of servants. The negro quarters\\nformed a hamlet apart, with its gardens and poultry yards. An estate in those\\ndays was a little empire. The planter had among his slaves men of every trade,\\nand they made most of the articles needed for common use upon the plantatiou.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "96 EPOCH II.\\nThere were larpro shods for curinR tobacco, and mills for prrindlnR com and wheat.\\nThe tobacco was put up and consitjiicd directly to England. The flour of the Mount\\nVernon estate wa.s packed under the eye of Washington himself, and we are told\\nthat barrels of flour bearing his brand, passed in the West India market without\\ninspection.\\nUp the Ashley and the Cooper, there were remains of the only botia Jide nobility\\never estiiblishcd on our soil. There the descendants of the landgraves, who received\\ntheir titles in accordance Avith the Grand Model (p. 75), occupied their manorial\\ndwellings. Along the banks of the James and the Rappaliannock, the plantation\\noften passed from father to son, according to the law of entail.\\nThe heads of these great Southern families lived like lords, keeping their packs\\nof choice hunting dogs, and their stables of blooded horses, and rolling to church\\nor town in their coach and six, with outriders on horseback. Their spacious\\nmansions .were sometimes built of imported brick. AVithin, the grand staircases,\\nthe mantels, and the wainscot reaching in a quaint f;xshion from floor to ceiling,\\nwere of solid mahogany, elaborately carved and paneled. The sideboards shone\\n^vith gold and silver plate, and the tables were loaded with the luxuries of the\\nold world. Negro servants thronged about, ready to perform every task. All\\nlabor was done by slaves, it being considered degrading for a white man to work.\\nEven the superintendence of the plantation and slaves was generally committed\\nto overseei-s, while the master dispensed a generous hospitality, and occupied\\nhimself with social and political life.\\nKdiiciiUoii.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1. The Fasfern Colonic.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Scxt to their religion, the Puritans prized\\neducation. A\\\\Tien Boston was but six years old, $3,000 were appropriated to the\\nseminary at Cambridge, now known as Harvard Univereity. Some years after, each\\nfamily gave a peck of corn or a shilling in cash for its support. Common schools had\\nalready been provided, and in 1647, every town was ordered to have a free school,\\nand, if it contained over one hundred families, a grammar school. In Connecticut,\\nany town that did not keep a school for three months in the year was liable to fv flne.\\nIn 1700, ton ministers, having x i eviously so agreed, brought together a number of\\nbooks, each saying as ho laid down his gift, T give these books for founding a\\ncollege in Connecticut. This was the beginning of Yale College\u00e2\u0080\u0094 named from Gov-\\nernor Yale, who befriended it most generously. It was first established at Say brook,\\nbut in 1716 was removed to New Haven.\\nThe town -meetings as they were styled, were of inestimable value in cultivat-\\ning democratic ideas. The young and old, rich and poor, here met on a perfect\\nequality for the discussion of all local questions. In Hartford, every freeman who\\nneglected to attend the to wm -meeting was fined sixpence, unless he had a good\\nexcuse.\\n2. T/i\u00c2\u00a3 Middle Cdonws already had many schools scattered through the towns. In\\nNew York, during the Dutch period, it was customary for the school-master, in order\\nto increase his earnings, to ring the church-bell, dig graves, and act as chorister and\\ntown-clerk. In the English period, some of the schools were kept by Dutch masters,\\nwho taught English {is an accomplishment. As early as 1702, an act was passed for\\nthe Encouragement of a Grammar Free School in the City of New York In 1795,\\nGhjorge Clinton laid the foundation of the common-school system of the State, and\\nwithin three yeai-s nearly 60,000 children were receiving instrijction. At Lewiston,\\nDel., is sjiid to have been estiiblishcd the first girls school in the colonies. The first\\nschool in Pennsylvania wa.s started about 1683, where reading, vvi iting, and cast-\\ning accounts were taught for eight English shillings per anniun. The Orrery", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES.\\n97\\ninvented by Dr. Rittenhouse, in 1768, is stiU preserved in Princeton College. No\\nEuropean institution had its equal.\\nChurches were established by the varioiis denominations. The Swedes had a\\nmeeting-house erected even before the landing of Penn. Ministers salaries were\\nmet in different ways, generally with produce\u00e2\u0080\u0094 wheat, com, beans, bacon, wood, etc.\\nIn New York, the Dutch dominie was paid sometimes in wampum. The dominie of\\nAlbany on one occasion received one hundred and fifty beaver skins.\\n3. The Southern Oolonies met with gi eat difficulties in their efforts to establish\\nschools. Though Virginia boasts of the second oldest college, yet her English gov-\\nernors bitterly opposed the progress of education. Governor Berkeley, of whose\\nhaughty spirit we have already heard, said, I thank God there are no free schools\\nnor printing-presses here, and I hope wo shall not have them these hundred yer.rs.\\nThe restrictions iipon the press were so great that no newspaper was published in\\nVirginia until 1736, and that was controlled by the government. Free schools were\\nestablished in Maryland in 1696, and a free school in Charleston in 1712. Private\\nschools were early established by the colonists in every neighborhood.\\nA farm of one hundred acres was sot apart by law for each clergyman, and also a\\nportion of the best and first gathered corn and tobacco. Absence from church\\nwas fined. In Georgia, masters were compelled to send their slaves to church, under\\na penalty of \u00c2\u00a35.\\nCONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS.\\nEngland.\\nJames 1 1603\\nCharles 1 1625\\nCom nwealth .1649\\nCharles n 1660\\nJames II 1685\\nWilliam and\\nMary 1689\\nAnne 1702\\nGeorge 1 1714\\nGeorge U 1727\\nGeorge m 1760\\nPi{AN(;k.\\nLouis Xm.... 1010\\nLouis XrV.... 1643\\nLouis XV 1715\\nLouis X^T:....1774\\nGkbmany.\\nMatthias 1012\\nFerdinand n..lG19\\nFerdinand III.1037\\nLeopold 1 1658\\nJoseph 1 1705\\nCharles VT.... 1711\\nCharles Vn... 1742\\nFrancis I* ....1745\\nJoseph n+ ....1765\\nSpain.\\nPhilip in 1.598\\nPhilip T^ 1621\\nCharles H 1665\\nPhilip V 1700\\nFerdinand VT.1746\\nCharles nL...1759\\nPrussia.\\nFrederick I.... 1701\\nWilliam 1 1713\\nFrederick II.\\n(The Great).. 1740\\nHusband of Maria Theresa,\\nt Son of Maria Theresa.\\nCHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.\\nPAGE\\n1607. Jamestown founded by the London Company. First permanent En-\\nglish settlement in America, May 13 38, 46\\n1609. Virginia received its second charter, June 2 48\\n1610. Starving Time in Virginia 48\\n1612. Virginia received its third charter, March 23 49", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "98\\nEPOCH II.\\n[1613.\\n1613.\\n1614.\\n1615.\\n1619.\\n1620.\\n1022.\\n1623.\\n1629.\\n1630.\\n1632.\\n1634.\\n1633- 36.\\n1635.\\n1636.\\n1637.\\n1638.\\n1641.\\n1643.\\n1644.\\n1655.\\n1660.\\n1662.\\n1663.\\n1664.\\n1670.\\n1675- 76.\\n1676.\\n1679.\\n[1680.\\n1682.\\n1683.\\n1686.\\n1689.\\n1690.\\n1692.\\n1697.\\nPAOE\\nPocahontas married Rolfe, April 49\\nSettlement of New York by the Dutch 65\\nSmith explored the New England Coast 53\\nCulture of tobacco commenced in Virginia 50\\nFirst Colonial Assembly, July 30 49\\nSlavery introduced in the English colony at Jamestown 50\\nPilgrims landed at Plymouth. First permanent English settlement\\nin New England, December 21 53\\nIndian massacre in Virginia, March 22 51\\nNew Hampshire granted to Gorges and Mason, August 10 60\\nNew Hampshire settled at Dover and Portsmouth 61\\nCharter granted to Massachusetts Bay Colony, March 4 56\\nNew patent for New Hampshire granted to Mason, November 7 61\\nFirst house built in Boston, under Governor Winthrop, July 56\\nMaryland granted to Lord Baltimore, June 20 72\\nMaryland settled at St. Mary s 72\\nConnecticut settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield 61\\nClayborne s rebellion in Virginia and Maryland 73\\nRhode Island settled at Providence, June 64\\nPequod War 62\\nNew Haven Colony founded 63\\nDelaware settled near Wilmington by the Swedes, April 69\\nNew Hampshire united to Massachusetts 61\\nUnion of the New England Colonics, May 29 57\\nSecond Indian massacre in Virginia, April 18 51\\nCharter granted to Rhode Island. Providence and Rhode Island\\nplantations united, March 14 65\\nCivil War in Maryland 73\\nNew Sweden conquered by the Dutch, October 66\\nNavigation Act, passed in 1651, now enforced 51\\nCharter granted to Connecticut, April 20 63\\nAlbemarle Colony formed, March 24 74\\nNew Netherland conquered by the English and called New York,\\nSeptember 67\\nNew Jersey settled at Elizabethtown 68\\nSouth Carolina settled on the Ashley River 74\\nKing Philip s War 57\\nBacon s rebellion, April 52\\nNew Hami)shire made a royal province 61\\nCharleston, S. C, founded 74\\nPennsylvania settled 69\\nDelaware granted to William Penn by the Duke of York, Aug. 31 70\\nPhiladelphia founded by William Penn, February 70\\nAndros arrived in Boston as governor of New England, Dec. 20 59\\nKing William s War 77\\nAndros dopwsed 59\\nSchenectady burned by the Indians and the French 77\\nSalem witchcraft .00\\nPeace of Ryswick terminated King William s War t 78", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "1703.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 99\\nPAGE\\n1703. Queen Anne s War commenced 79\\nDelaware secured a separate legislative assembly 72\\n1710. Port Royal, N. S., captured by the English and named Annapolis 79\\n1713. Queen Anne s War closed by the treaty of Utrecht 80\\n1732. Washington born, February 22 76\\n1733. Georgia settled by Oglethorpe at Savannah, February 12 76\\n1739. The Spanish War began 80\\n1744. King George s War began 80\\n1745. Louisburg captured by the English, June 17 80\\n1748. King George s War ended by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle 81\\n1753. Washington sent with a letter by Dinwiddle to St. Pierre, Oct. 31 81\\n1754. Battle at Great Meadows,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fort Necessity captured by French 83\\n1755. The French driven from Acadia, June\u00e2\u0080\u0094 December 85\\nBraddock defeated in the battle of Monongahela, July 9 .84\\nThe British defeated Dieskau at Lake George, September 8 86\\n1756. War first formally declared by the English against the French 83\\nFrench under Montcalm captured Fort Oswego, August 14 87\\n1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm, August 9 86\\n1758. Abercrombie repulsed at Fort Ticonderoga, July 8 87\\nLouisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe, July 27 86\\nFort Frontenac captured by the colonists, August 27 87\\nFort Duquesne taken by the English, November 25 85\\n1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French 87\\nNiagara surrendered to England, July 25 87\\nBattle of Plains of Abraham,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Quebec surrendered 89\\n1760. Montreal surrendered to the English, September 8 89\\n1761. William Pitt, the Great Commoner resigned\\n1763. Peace of Paris 89\\nPontiac s War 90\\nREFERENCES FOR READING.\\nPalfrey s History of New England.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Parkman s Conspiracy of Pontiac.\u00e2\u0080\u0094NeaTs History of\\nthe Puj-itans. Holmes EoMnson of Leyden {Poem). Mrs. Hemans^ Landing of the Pilgrims\\n(Poem).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Martyn s Pilgrim Fathers of New England.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Elliott s Histoi^y of New England.\\nHopkins Youth of the Old Dominion. Simfns Smith and Pocahontas. Mrs. 8igoumey s Poca-\\nhontas (Poem).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Longfellow^ s Courtship of Miles Standish, and Evangeline {Poems). Holland 8\\nBay Path.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Irving s Knickerbocker s History of New York, and King Philip s War {Sketch\\nBook).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cooper s Last of the Mohicans.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 James Ticonderoga.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hubbard s History of Indian Wars\\nin New England.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hall s Puritans and their PriruAples.\u00e2\u0080\u0094BandaU s School History of New\\nYork. Paulding s Ode to Jamestown {Poem), and his Dutchman s Eire-Side {a novel). Streefs\\nFrontenac {a romance). Mrs. Childs Hobomok {a novel). Margaret Smith s Journal {by Whit-\\ntier). \u00e2\u0080\u0094Harper s Magazine, Vol. 52, Up the Ashley and Cooper {Life in Colony of S. C.) Vol.\\n66, Maryland and tfis Far South, The Middle Colonies, New England in Colonial Period, and\\nThe French Voyageurs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sanborn s History of New Hampshire. Holland s History of Western\\nMassadmsetts. Greene s History of Blwde Island.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hollister s History of Connecticut. Cooky s\\nStories of the Old Dominion. Eggleston s Pocahontas, TM American Commonwealths\\nSeries.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Towle s Baleigh, Vasco da Gami,, etc.\\nL, tf c.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "100\\nBARNES BRIEF HISTORY.\\nBLACKBOARD ANALYSIS.\\nIntroduction.\\n1. Virginia.\\nWhat is told in this Epoch\\n1. Character of the Colonists.\\n2. John Smith.\\n3. The Second Charter.\\n4. The Starving Time\\nThe Third Charter.\\n6. Marriage of I ocahontas.\\n7. First Colonipl Ai^sembly.\\n8. I^ospentv of tlie Colony.\\n9. Slavery Introduced (1619).\\n10. Indian Troubles.\\n11. Virginia Becomes a Royal F*rovince.\\n12. Period of Oppression.\\n13. Bacon s Rebellion.\\n2. Massac iiusetts.\\n1. PhTuouth Colony.\\n2. Mass. Bay Colony.\\n1. Landing of Pilgrims.\\n2. Character of Pilgrims.\\n3. Sufferiiig.s of Pilgrims.\\n4. The Indians.\\n6. Progress of Colony.\\n1. Settlement.\\n2. Religious Disturbances.\\n3. Union of Colonies.\\n4. King Philip s War.\\n5. N. E. a Roval Province.\\n6. Salem Witchcraft.\\n3. Maine and Xew Hampshire.\\n1. Settlement.\\n2,\\ni. Connecticut.\\n5. Rhode Island.\\n6. Ne w^ York.\\nXeTv Jersey.\\n8, 9.\\nPennsylvania\\nand Delaware.\\n10. Maryland.\\n11, 12. The Carolinas.\\n]l\\n13. Georgia.\\nInter-Colonial\\nWars. (1689-1763.)\\nPequod War.\\n3. Three Colonies.\\n4. Royal Charter.\\n1. Settlement.\\n2. A Charter.\\nSettlement.\\nFour Dutch Governors.\\nThe English Governors.\\nSettlement.\\nEast and West Jersey.\\nJersey United.\\n1. Settlement.\\n2. Philadelphia Founded.\\n3. The Great Law.\\n4. Penn s Treaty.\\n5. Penn s Return to England.\\n6. Delaware.\\n7. Penn s Heirs.\\n1. Settlement.\\n2. The Charter.\\n3. Civil Wars.\\nSettlement.\\nThe Grand Model.\\nNorth and South Carohna Separated.\\n1. Settlement.\\n2. The Trustees.\\n1. King William s\\nWai\\naC89- 97.)\\nQneen Anne s\\n(1702- 13.)\\nKng George s\\n(1744- 6.\\nWar. I\\nWar.\\n4. French and Indian War.\\na754- 63.)\\n15. Colonial Civilization.\\na. Cause.\\nb. Attacks u| on the Colonists,\\nc. Attaclis by the Colonists.\\nd. Peace.\\na. Cause.\\nb. Attacks upon the Colonists,\\nc Attacks by the Colouistji.\\nd. Peace.\\na. Cause.\\n6. Washington s Journey.\\nc. War Opens.\\nd. Five Objective Points.\\ne. Peace.\\nPontlac s War.\\nf EOeota.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1673", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "^y A.S.Bame\u00c2\u00bb Co. Aeiv Tork\u00c2\u00bb", "height": "2916", "width": "1873", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "Remote Causes. En-\\ngland treated the settlers as an inferior\\nclass of people. Her intention was to make and keep the\\ncolonies dependent. The laws were framed to favor the\\nEnglish manufacturer and merchant at the expense of\\nthe colonist. The Navigation Acts compelled the Amer-\\nican farmer to send his products across the ocean to En-\\ngland, and to buy his goods in British markets. American\\nmanufactures were prohibited. Iron works were denounced\\nQtiestions on the Geography of the Third Epoch. Xiocate Boston. Portsmouth.\\nITewport. Philadelphia. Salem. Concord. Lexington. Whitehall. Cambridge.\\nNew London. Charleston. Charlestown. Brooklyn. New York. White Plains.\\nNorth Castle. Cherry Valley. Elizabethtown. Trenton. Princeton. Gemiantown.\\nAlbany. Oriskany. Bennington. Yorktown. Monmouth C. H. Quebec. Dan-\\nbury. Savannah. Augusta. Norfolk. Norwalk. Pairfield. New Haven Elmira.\\nCamden. Hanging Rock. Cowpens. Guilford C. H. Wilmington, Eutaw Springs.\\nLocate Crown. Point. Port Ticonderoga. Port Edward. Port Griswold. Port\\nMoulti-ie (Port Sullivan). Port Washington. West Point. Port Schuyler (Port\\nStanwix). Stony Point. Port Lee. Port Miflfhn. Port Mercer.\\nDescribe the Brandywine Creek. Mohawk River. Waxhaw Creek, Catawba\\nRiver. Yadkin River. Dan River. Delaware River,\\nLocate Valley Porge. Ninety Six. Dorchester Heights. Morristown. !5ing 8\\nMountain. Bemis Heights. Wyoming.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "102 EPOCH HI. [1765.\\nas common nuisances Even William Pitt, the friend of\\nAmerica, declared that she had no right to manufacture even\\na nail for a horseshoe, except bj- permission of Parliament.*\\nThe Direct Cause was an attempt to tax the colonies in\\norder to raise money to defray the expenses of the recent\\nwar. As the colonists were not represented in Parliament,\\nthey resisted this measure, declaring that taxation without\\nREPRESENTATION IS TYRANNY. Tlio British government, how-\\never, was obstinate, and began first to enforce the odious\\nlaws against trade. Smuggling had become very common,\\nand the English officers were granted\\nIFrifs of Assistance, as they were called, or warrants au-\\nthorizing them to search for smuggled goods. Under this\\npretext, any petty custom-house official could enter a man s\\nhouse or store at his pleasure. The colonists believed that\\nevery man s house is his castle and resisted such search\\nas a violation of their rights. f\\nTlie Stamp Act (1765), which ordered that stamps bought\\nof the British government, should be put on all legal docu-\\nments, newspapers, pamphlets, etc., thoroughly aroused the\\ncolonists. J The houses of British officials were mobbed.\\nProminent loyalists were hung in effigy. Stamps were seized.\\nThe exportation of hats from one colony to another was prohibited, and no\\nhatter was allowed to have more than two apprentices at a time. Tlie importation\\nof sugar, rum, and molasses was burdened with exorbitant duties and the Cai\\nlinians were forbidden to cut down the pine-trees of their vast forests, in order to\\nconvert the wood into staves, or the juice into turpentine and tar for commercial\\npurposes. To print an English Bible would have been an act of piracy.\\nThe matter was brought before a general court, held in Boston, where James\\nOtis, advocate-general, coming out boldly on the side of the people, exclaimed, To\\nmy djing day I will oppose, with all the powers and faculties Gk)d has given me, all\\nsuch instruments of slaverj on the one hand and \\\\illainy on the other. Then and\\nthiTe Siiid John Adams, the trumpet of the Revolution was sounded.\\nThe assembly of Virginia was the first to make public opposition to this odious\\nlaw. Patrick Henry, a brilliant young lawj-er, intn^xiuced a resolution denjing the\\nright of Parliament to tax America. He boldly asserted that the king had played the\\ntyrant and, alluding to the fate of other tyrants, exclaimed, Cfesar had his Brutus,\\nCharles I. his Cromwell, and Gh-orge m. here pausing till the cry of Treason I", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "1766.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 108\\nThe agents were forced to resign. People agreed not to use\\nany article of British manufacture.* Associations, called the\\nSons of Liberty ,t were formed to resist the law. Delegates\\nfrom, nine of the colonies met at New York and framed a\\nDeclaration of Rights, and a petition to the king and Parlia-\\nment. The 1st of November, appointed for the law to go\\ninto effect, was observed as a day of mourning. Bells were\\ntolled, flags raised at half-mast, and business was suspended. J\\nSamuel and John Adams, Patrick Henry, and James Otis,\\nby their stirring and patriotic speeches, aroused the people\\nover the whole land.\\nAlarmed by these demonstrations, the English govern-\\nment repealed the Stamp Act (1766), but still declared its\\nright to tax the colonies. Soon, new duties were laid upon\\ntea, glass, paper, etc., and a Board of Trade was established\\nat Boston to act independently of the colonial assemblies.\\nMutiny Act. Anticipating bitter opposition, troops were\\nsent to enforce the laws. The Mutiny Act as it was called.\\nTreason I from several parts of the house had ended, he deliberately added\u00e2\u0080\u0094 may\\nprofit by their examples. If this be treason, make the most of it. John Ashe,\\nspeaker of the North Carolina Assembly, declared to Governor Tryon, This law\\nwill be resisted to blood and to death.\\nThe newspapers of the day mention many wealthy people who conformed to this\\nagreement. On one occasion, forty or fifty young ladies, who called themselves\\nDaughters of Liberty brought their spinning-wheels to the house of Rev. Mr.\\nMorehead, in Boston, and during the day spun two hundred and thirty-two skeins\\nof yarn, which they presented to their pastor. Within eighteen months wrote a\\ngentleman at Newport, R. I., four hundred and eighty-seven yards of cloth and\\nthirty-sis pairs of stockings have been spun and knit in the family of James Nixon,\\nof this town. In Newport and Boston, the ladies, at their tea-drinkings, used,\\ninstead of imported tea, the dried leaves of the raspberry. The class of 1770, at\\nCambridge, took their diplomas in homespun suits.\\nt This name was assumed from the celebrated speech of Barre on the Stamp Act,\\nin which he spoke of the colonists as Sons of Liberty (Bancroft s U. S., m., 100.)\\nAt Portsmouth, N. H., a coffin inscribed Liberty, aged CXLV years was\\nborne to an open grave. With mufBed drums and solemn tread, the procession moved\\nfrom the State House. Minute guns were fired until the grave was reached, when a\\nfuneral oration was pronounced and the cofHn lowered. Suddenly it was proclaimed\\nthat there were signs of life. The coffin was raised, and the inscription Liberty\\nRevived added. Bells rang, trumpets sounded, men shouted, and a jubilee ensued.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "104 EPOCH III. [1768.\\nordered that the colonies should provide these soldiers with\\nquarters and necessary supplies. This evident attempt to\\nenslave the Americans aroused burning indignation. To be\\ntaxed was bad enough, but to shelter and feed their oppress-\\nors was unendurable. The New York assembly, having re-\\nfused to comply, was forbidden to pass any legislative acts.\\nThe Massachusetts assembly sent a circular to the other\\ncolonies urging a union for redress of grievances. Parlia-\\nment, in the name of the king, ordered the assembly to re-\\nscind its action but it almost unanimously refused. In the\\nmeantime, the assemblies of nearly all the colonies had de-\\nclared that Parliament had no right to tax them without\\ntheir consent. Thereupon, they were warned not to imitate\\nthe disobedient conduct of Massachusetts.\\nBoston Massacy-e. Boston being considered the hot-bed\\nof the rebellion. General Gage was ordered to send thither\\ntwo regiments of troops. They entered on a quiet October\\nmorning, and marched as through a conquered city, with\\ndrums beating and flags flying. Quarters were refused, but\\nthe Sons of Liberty allowed a part to sleep in Faneuil Hall,\\nwhile the rest encamped on the Common. Cannon were\\nplanted, sentries posted, and citizens challenged. Frequent\\nquarrels took place between the people and the soldiers.\\nOne day (March 5, 17 70),^ a crowd of men and boys, mad-\\ndened by its presence, insulted the city guard. A fight en-\\nsued, in which three citizens were killed and eight wounded.\\nThe bells were rung the country people rushed in to help\\nthe city and it was with difficulty that quiet was restored.*\\nBoston Tea Party (Dec. 16, 1773). The government,\\nalarmed by the turn events had taken, rescinded the taxes,\\nThe soldiers were tried for murder. John Adanis and Josiah Quincy, who stoml\\nforemost in opposition to British aggression, defended them. All were acquitted\\nexcept two, who were fouad guilty of manslaughter.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "1773.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 105\\nexcept that on tea which was left to maintain the principle.\\nAn arrangement was made whereby tea was furnished at so\\nlow a price, that, with the tax included, it was cheaper in\\nAmerica than in England. This subterfuge exasperated\\nthe patriots. They were fighting for a great principle, not\\nagainst a paltry tax. At Charleston, the tea was stored\\nin damp cellars, where it soon spoiled. The tea-ships at\\nNew York and Philadelphia were sent home. The British\\nauthorities refused to let the tea-ships at Boston return.\\nUpon this, an immense public meeting was called at Fan-\\neuil (fanli) Hall,* and it was decided that the tea should\\nnever be brought ashore. A party of men, disguised as\\nIndians, boarded the vessels and emptied three hundred\\nand forty-two chests of tea into the water. f\\nThe Climax i^eacT^e^.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Retaliatory measures were at once\\nadopted by the English government.^ General Gage was\\nappointed governor of Massachusetts. The port of Boston\\nbeing closed by act of Parliament, business was stopped\\nand distress ensued. The Virginia assembly protested\\nagainst this measure, and was dissolved by the governor.\\nFaneuil Hall, the Cradle of Liberty, was too small to hold the crowds, and\\nthe meeting adjourned to Old South Meeting House.\\nt On their way home from the Boston Tea Party the men passed a house at\\nwhich Admiral Montague was spending the evening. The officer raised the window\\nand cried out, Well, boys, you ve had a fine night for your Indian caper. But,\\nmind, you ve got to pay the fiddler yet. O, never mind replied one of the\\nleaders, never mind, squire 1 Just come out here, if you please, and we ll settle\\nthe bill in two minutes. The admiral thought it best to let the bill stand, and\\nquickly shut the window.\\nI The public feeling in England was generally against the colonies. Every\\nman wrote Dr. Franklin, seems to consider himself as a piece of a sovereign\\nover America seems to jostle himself into the throne with the king, and talks\\nof our subjects in the colonies.\\nMarblehead and Salem, refusing to profit by the niin of their rival, offered the use\\nof their wharves to the Boston merchants. Aid and sympathy were received from all\\nsides. Schoharie, N. Y., sent 525 bushels of wheat. The people of Georgia donated 63\\nbarrels of rice and $720 in money.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Paul Revere rode on horseback to New York\\nan/i Philadelphia, scattei ing copies of the port-bill printed on mourning paper.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "106 EPOCH HI. [1774\\nParty lines were drawn. Those opposed to royalty were\\ntermed Whigs, and those supporting it, Tories. Every-where\\nwere repeated the thrilling words of Patrick Henry, Give\\nme liberty or give me death. Companies of soldiers, termed\\nMinute men were formed. The idea of a continental\\nunion became popular. Gage, being alarmed, fortified Boston\\nNeck, and seized powder wherever he could find it. A rumor\\nhaving been circulated that the British ships were firing on\\nBoston, in two days thirty thousand minute men were on\\ntheir way to the city. A spark only was needed to kindle\\nthe slumbering hatred into the flames of war.\\nThe First Continental Congress (Sept. 5, 1774) was held\\nin Philadelpliia. It consisted of men of influence, and rep-\\nresented every colony except Georgia. As yet, few members\\nhad any idea of independence. The Congress simply voted\\nthat obedience was not due to any of the recent acts of\\nParliament, and sustained oVIassachusetts in her resistance.\\nIt issued a protest against standing armies being kept in the\\ncolonies without the consent of the people, and agreed -to\\nhold no intercourse with Great Britain.\\n1775.\\nBattle of Lexington (April 19). General Gage, learning\\nthat the people were gathering military stores at Concord,\\nsent about eight hundred men, under Colonel Smith and\\nMajor Pitcairn, to destroy them. The patriots of Boston, how-\\never, were on the alert, and hurried out messengers to alarm\\nthe country.* When the redcoats, as the British soldiers\\nwere called, reached Lexington, they found a company of\\nPaul Revere caused two lights to be hung up In the steeple of Christ Church.\\nThey were seen in Charlestown messengers set out, and he soon followed on his\\nfamous midnight ride CRead Longfellow s poem.)", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "1775.]\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR,\\n107\\nminute men gathering on the village green. Riding up,\\nPitcairn shouted, Disperse, you rebels; lay down your\\narms I They hesitated. A skirmish ensued, in which\\nTHE BRITISH RETREATING FROM LEXINGTON.\\nseven Americans the first martyrs of the Revolution\\nwere killed.\\nThe British pushed on and destroyed the stores. But\\nalarmed by the gathering militia, they hastily retreated. It\\nwas none too soon. The whole region flew to arms. Every\\nboy old enough to use a rifle hurried to avenge the death of\\nhis countrymen. From behind trees, fences, buildings, and\\nrocks, in front, flank, and rear, so galling a fire was poured,\\nthat but for reinforcements from Boston, none of the British\\nwould have reached the city alive. As it was, they lost\\nnearly three hundred men.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "108 EPOCH III. [1775,\\nEffects of the Battle. The news that American blood had\\nbeen spilled flew like wild-fire. Patriots came pouring in\\nfrom all sides. Putnam,* without changing his working\\nclothes, mounted his horse, and, keeping the saddle for\\neighteen hours, rode to Boston, over 100 miles distant. Soon,\\n20,000 men were at work building intrenchments to shut up\\nthe British in the city. Congresses were formed in all the col-\\nonies. Committees of safety were appointed to call out the\\ntroops and provide for any emergency. The power of the\\nroyal governors was broken from Massachusetts to Georgia.\\nBattle of Bunker Hill (June 17).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The patriot leader,\\nGeneral Ward, having learned that the British intended to\\nfortify Bunker Hill, determined to anticipate them. A body\\nof men, under Colonel Prescott,was accordingly assembled\\nat Cambridge, and, after prayer by the president of Harvard\\nCollege, marched to Charlestown Neck. Breed s Hill was\\nthen chosen as a more commanding site than Bunker Hill.\\nIt was bright moonlight, and they were so near Boston that\\nthe sentinel s All s well was distinctly heard. Yet so\\nquietly did they work that there was no alarm. At daylight,\\nthe British officers were startled by seeing tlie redoubt which\\nhad been constructed. Resolved to drive the Americans f ron\u00c2\u00ab\\nIsrael Putnam, familiarly known as Old Put was bom in Salem, Mass., 171 J.\\nMany stories are told of his great courage and presence of mind. His descent into\\nthe wolf s den, shooting the animal by the light of her own glaring eyes, showed his\\nlove of bold adventure his noble generosity wtis displayed in the rescue of a comrade\\nBcout at Crown Point, at the imminent peril of his owm life. He came out of one\\nencounter with fourteen bullet-holes in his blanket. At Fort Edward, when all others\\nfled, he alone fought back the fire from a magazine in which were stored three hun-\\ndred barrels of gunpowder, protected by only a thin pirtition. His face, his hands,\\nand almost his whole body, wore blistered and in removing the mittens from hia\\nhands, the skin was torn oflf with them. In 1758, a party of Indians took him pris-\\noner, bound him to a stake, and made ready to torture him with flre. The flames\\nwere already scorching his limbs, and death seemed certain, when a French officer\\nburst through the crowd and saved his life. The British offered him money and\\nthe rank of major-general if he would desert the American cause but he could\\nneither be daiuited by toil and danger, nor bribed by gold and honors.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "1775.]\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n109\\ntheir position, Howe crossed the river with three thousand\\nmen, and formed them at the landing. The roofs and steeples\\nof Boston were crowded with spectators, intently watching\\nTHE PRAYER BEFORE THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL,\\nthe troops as they slowly ascended the hill. The patriot ranks\\nlay quietly behind their earth-works until the redcoats were\\nwithin ten rods, when Prescott shouted Fire Ablaze of\\nlight shot from the redoubt, and whole platoons of the British\\nfell. The survivors, unable to endure the terrible slaughter,\\nbroke and fled. They were rallied under cover of the smoke\\nof Charlestown, which had been wantonly fired by Gage.\\nAgain they were met by that deadly discharge, and again\\nthey fled. Reinforcements being received, the third time\\nthey advanced. Only one volley smote them, and then the\\nfiring ceased. The American ammunition was exhausted.\\nThe British charged over the ramparts with fixed bayonets.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "no\\nEPOCH III.\\n[1775.\\nThe patriots gallantly resisted with clubbed muskets, but\\nwere soon driven from the field.*\\nTJie effect upon the Americans of this first regular battle\\nwas that of a victory. Their untrained farmer soldiers had\\nput to flight the British veterans. All felt encouraged, and\\nthe determination to fight for liberty was intensified.\\nCapture of Ticonderoga (May 10). Ethan Allen f and\\nBenedict Arnold k d a small company of volunteers to sur-\\nprise this fortress. As Allen rushed into the sally-port, a sent i-\\nnel snapped his gun at hira and fled. Making his way to the\\ncommander s quartere, Allen, in a voice of thunder, ordered\\nhim to surrender. By whose authority? exclaimed the\\nfrightened officer. In the name of the Great Jehovah and\\nthe Continental Congress shouted Allen. No resistance\\nwas attempted.\\nGeneral Warren\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was among the last to\\nleave. As ho wtis try-\\ning to rally the troops,\\na British officer, who\\nknew him, seized a\\nnuisket and shot him.\\nWaiTen had just i-e-\\nI L-ived his appointment\\nas major-general, but\\nhad crossed Charlos-\\ntown Neek in the\\nmidst of flying balls,\\nreaehed the redoubt,\\nand offered himself as\\na volunteer. lie was\\nburied near the spot\\nwhere he died. By his\\ndeath, Ameriea lost one\\nof her truest sons. Gage\\n8;iid that his fall was\\nworth that of tivo hun-\\ndred oi dinary rebels.\\nt Ethan Allen was a\\nnative of Connecticut. With several of his brothers, he emigrated to what is\\nnow known iw Vermont. A violent controversy had ai iseu between the colony\\nCAi lLltb. Of to it I XICOMUiiiiuaA.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "1775.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Ill\\nLarge stores of cannon and ammunition, just then so\\nmuch needed, by the troops at Boston, fell into the hands\\nof the Americans, without the loss of a man. Crown Point\\nwas soon after as easily taken. (Map opp. p. 1 2 0.)\\nThe Second Continental Congress (May 10) met at\\nPhiladelphia in the midst of these stirring events. It\\nvoted to raise 20,000 men, and appointed General Wash-\\nington Commander-in-Chief. A petition to King George\\nIII, was prepared, which he refused to receive. This\\ndestroyed all hope of reconciliation.\\nCondition of the Army. On Washington s arrival before\\nBoston, the army numbered but 14,000 men.* Few of them\\nwere drilled many were unfit for service some had left\\ntheir farm.s at the first impulse, and were already weary of\\nthe hardships of war; all were badly clothed and poorly\\narmed, and there were less than nine cartridges to each\\nof New York, on the one hand, and the colonies of New Hampshire, Massa-\\nchusetts, and Connecticut, on the other, with reference to the territory. The gov-\\nernor of New Hampshire, regardless of the claims of New York, issued grants of land\\nso extensively that the region became known as the New Hampshire Grants. New York\\nhaving obtained a favorable decision of the courts, endeavored to eject the occupants\\nof the land. Ethan Allen became conspicuous in the resistance that ensued. The\\nGreen Mountain Boys made him their colonel, and he kept a watchful eye on the\\nofficers from New York, who sought by form of law to dispossess the settlers of farms\\nwhich had been bought and made valuable by their own labor. The Revolutionary\\nWar caused a lull in these hostilities, and the Green Mountain Boys turned their\\narms upon the common enemy. Allen subsequently aided Montgomery In his\\nCanadian expedition, but, in a fool-hardy attempt upon Montreal, was taken pris-\\noner and sent to England. After a long captivity he was released, and returned home.\\nGenerous and frank, a vigorous writer, loyal to his country and true to his friends,\\nhe exerted a powerful influence on the early history of Vermont.\\nAt Cambridge (July 3), beneath the spreading elm, ever since famous in\\nsong and story, Washington assumed command. He was a tall, finely-formed,\\ndignified man, with a noble air, and dressed, according to the fasliion of the time,\\nin a blue broadcloth coat, buff small clothes, silk stockings, and a cocked hat. As\\nhe wheeled his horse and drew his sword, a shout of joy went up from the crowd.\\nMrs. Adams wrote\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tliese lines of Dryden instantly reciirred to me\\nMark liis majestic fabric His a temple\\nSacred by birth, and built by hands divine;\\nHis soul s the Deity that lodges there\\nNor is the pile unworthy of the God", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "112 EPOCH III. [1775.\\nsoldier. Washington made every exertion to relieve their\\nwants, and, meanwhile, kept Gage penned up in Boston.\\nExpedition against Canada. Late in the summer,\\nGeneral Montgomery, leading an army by way of Lake\\nChamplain, captured St. John s and Montreal, and then\\nappeared before Quebec. Here he was joined by Colonel\\nArnold with a crowd of half -famished men, who had ascended\\nthe Kennebec and then struck across the wilderness.\\nAttach upon Quebec. Their united force was less than\\none thousand effective men. Having besieged the city for\\nthree weeks, it was decided to hazard an assault. In the\\nmidst of a terrible snow-storm, they led their forces to the\\nattack. Montgomery advancing along the river, lifting at\\nthe huge blocks of ice, and struggling through the drifts,\\ncheered on his men. As they rushed forward, a rude block-\\nhouse appeared through the blinding snow. Cliarging upon\\nit, Montgomery fell at the first fire, and his followers, dis-\\nheartened, fled. Arnold, meanwhile, approached the oppo-\\nsite side of the city. While bravely fighting, he was severely\\nwounded and borne to the rear. Morgan, his successor,\\npressed on the attack, but, unable either to retreat or ad-\\nvance against the tremendous odds, was forced to surrender.\\nThe remnant of the army, crouching behind mounds of\\nsnow and ice, blockaded the city until spring. At the ap-\\nproach of British reinforcements, the Americans were glad\\nto escape, leaving f Canada in the hands of England.\\n1776.\\nEvacuation of Boston (March 1 7). Washington, in order\\nlO compel th(^ British to fight or run, sent a force to fortify\\nDorchester Heights by night. In the morning, the English\\nwere once more astonished by seeing intrenchments which", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "1776.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 113\\noverlooked the city. A storm prevented an immediate\\nattack a delay which was well improved by the provin-\\ncials. General Howe, who was then in command, remem-\\nbering the lesson of Bunker Hill, decided to leave, and\\naccordingly set sail for Halifax with his army, fleet, and\\nmany loyalists. The next day, Washington entered Bos-\\nton amid great rejoicing. For eleven months, the inhabit-\\nants had endured the horrors of a siege and the insolence\\nof the enemy.* Their houses had been pillaged, their\\nshops rifled, and their churches profaned.\\nAttack on Fort Moultrie (June 28). ^Early in the sum-\\nmer, an English fleet appeared off Charleston, and opened\\nfire on Fort Moultrie. f So fearful was the response from\\nMoultrie s guns, that, at one time, every man but Admiral\\nParker was swept from the deck of his vessel. General\\nClinton, who commanded the British land troops, tried to\\nattack the fort in rear, but the fire of the riflemen was too\\nsevere. The fleet was so shattered that it sailed for New\\nYork. This victory delighted the colonists, as it was their\\nfirst encounter with the boasted Mistress of the Seas\\nThe boys in Boston were wont to amuse themselves in winter by building snow-\\nliouses and by skating on a pond in the Common. The soldiers having disturbed\\nthem in their sports, complaints were made to the officers, who only ridiculed their\\npetition. At last, a number of the largest boys waited on General Gage. What 1\\nsaid Gage, have your fathers sent you here to exhibit the rebellion they have been\\nteaching you Kobody sent us answered the leader, with flashing eye we have\\nnever injured your troops, but they have trampled down our snow-hUls and broken\\nthe ice of our skating-pond. We complained, and they called us young rebels, and\\ntold us to help ourselves if we could. We told the captain, and he laughed at us.\\nYesterday our works were destroyed for the third time, and we will bear it no\\nlonger. The British commander could not restrain his admiration. The very\\nchildren said he, draw in a love of liberty with the air they breathe. Go, my\\nbrave boys, and be assured, if my troops trouble you again, they shall be punished.\\nt Fort Sullivan, as it was first called, was christened Fort Moultrie, after its gal-\\nlant defender. It was built of palmetto logs, which are so siwngy that balls sink into\\nthem without splitting the wood. Here floated the first republican fiag in the South.\\nEarly in the action, the staff was struck by a ball, and the flag fell outside the fort.\\nSergeant Jasper leaped over the breastwork, caught up the flag, tied it to a sponge-\\nStaff (an instrument for cleaning cannon^, ^nd hoisted it to its place. The next day,", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "114 EPOCH III. [1776.\\nDeclaration of Independence (July 4). During the\\nsession of Congress this summer, Richard Henry Lee, of\\nVirginia, moved that The United Colonies are, and ought\\nto be, free and independent States John Adams, of Massa-\\nchusetts, seconded the resolution. This was passed (July\\n2). The report of the committee* appointed to draw up a\\nDeclaration of Independence, was adopted, July 4.t\\nCampaign near New York. General Howe, after evacu-\\nating Boston, went to Halifax, but soon set sail for New\\nYork. Thither, also, came Admiral Howe,t his brother, with\\nreinforcements from England, and General Clinton from\\nthe defeat at Fort Moultrie. The British army was thirty\\nthousand strong. Washington, divining Howe s plans, now\\ngathered his forces at New York to protect that city. He\\nhad, however, only about seven thousand men fit for duty.\\nBattle of Long Island (Aug. 2 7). The British army\\nlanded on the south-west shore of Long Island. General\\nGovernor Butledge offered him a lieutenant s commission. He refused, saying, I\\nam not fit for the company of officers I am only a sergeant.\\nThomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Hoger Sherman, and\\nRobert B.. Livingston composed this committee. (See pp. 336-339.)\\nt During the day, the streets of Philadelphia were crowded with people anxious to\\nlearn the decision. In the steeple of the old State House, was a bell on which, by a\\nhappy coincidence, was inscribed, Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all\\nthe inhabitants thereof. In the morning, when Congress assembled, the bell-ringer\\nwent to his post, having placed his boy below to announce when the Declaration was\\nadopted, that his bell might be the first to peal forth the glad tidings. Long he\\nwaited, while the deliberations went on. Impatiently the old man shook his head\\nand repeated, They \\\\vill never do it I They will never do it 1 Suddenly he heard\\nhis boy clapping his hands and shouting, Ring I Ringl Grixsping the iron\\ntongue, he swung it to and fro, proclaiming the glad news of liberty to all the land.\\nThe crowded streets caught up the sound. Every steeple re-echoed it. All that night,\\nby shouts, and illuminations, and booming of cannon, the people declared their joy.\\nX Parliament authorized the Howes to treat with the insurgents. By proclamation\\nthey offered pardon to all who would return to their allegiance. This document was\\npublished by direction of Congress, that the people might see what England de-\\nmanded.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An officer was sent to the American camp ^vith a letter addressed to\\nGJeorge Washington, Esq. Washington refused to receive it. Tlie address was\\nthen changed to George Washington, c. But Washington declined all commu-\\nnications which did not recognize his position as commander of the American army.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "me.] THE KEVOLUTlONARr WAR. US\\nPutnam, with about eight thousand men, held a fort at\\nBrooklyn and defenses on a range of hills south of the city.\\nThe English advanced in three divisions. Two of these\\nattacked the defenses in front, while General Clinton, by a\\ncircuitous route, gained the rear. The patriots were fxght^\\ning gallantly, when, to their dismay, they heard firing be-\\nhind them. They attempted to escape, but it was too late.\\nOut of about four thousand Americans engaged, one thou-\\nsand were lost.* (Map opposite p. 120.)\\nHad Howe attacked the fort at Brooklyn immediately,\\nthe Americans would have been destroyed. Fortunately, he\\ndelayed for the fleet to arrive. For two days, the patriots lay\\nhelpless, awaiting the assault. On the second night after\\nthe battle, there was a dense fog on the Brooklyn side, while\\nin New York the weather was clear. At midnight, the\\nAmericans moved silently down to the shore and crossed\\nthe river.f In the morning, when the sun scattered the fog,\\nHowe was chagrined to find his prey escaped.\\nWashington s Itetreat. The British, crossing to New\\nYork t moved to attack Washington, who had taken post on\\nMany of the captives were consigned to the Sugar House on Liberty Street, and\\nthe prison-ships in Wallabout Bay. Their hard lot made the fate of those who per-\\nished in battle to be envied. Dui-ing the course of the war, over 11,000 American\\nprisoners died in these loathsome hulks. Their bodies were buried in the beach,\\nwhence, for yeara after, they were washed out from the sand by every tide. In 1808,\\nthe remains of these martyrs were interred with suitable ceremonies near the Navy\\nYard, BrooMyn and, in 1873, they were finally placed in a vault at Washington Park.\\nThe Americans embarked at a place near the present Eulton Perry. A woman\\nsent her negro servant to the British to inform them of the movements of the Ameri-\\ncans. He was captured by the Hessians, who were Germans from Hesse Cassel, hired\\nto fight by the British government. These, not being able to understand a word of\\nEnglish, detained him until the morning. His message was then too late.\\nX Washington desiring to gain some knowledge of Howe s movements, sent Cap-\\ntain Nathan Hale to visit the English camps on Eong Island. He passed the Unea\\nsafely, but on his way back was recognized and arrested by a tory relative. Being\\ntaken to Howe s head-quarters, he was tried, and executed as a spy. No clergyman\\nwas allowed to visit him even a Bible was denied him, and his farewell letters to\\nhis mother and sister were destroyed. His last words were, I regret only that I\\nhave but one life to give to my country.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "116 EPOCH III. [1776.\\nHarlem Heights. Finding the American position too strong,\\nHowe moved up the Sound in order to gain the rear. Wash-\\nington then withdrew to White Plains. Here Howe came\\nup and defeated a part of his army. Washington next\\nretired into a fortified camp at North Castle. Howe, not\\ndaring to attack him, returned to New York and sent the\\nHessians to take Fort Washington, which they captured\\nafter a fierce resistance (Nov. 16).\\nFliglit through Jfew Jersey. Washington had now re-\\ntired into New Jersey in order to prevent the British from\\nmarching against Philadelphia. CornwaUis, with six thou-\\nsand men, hurried after him, and for three weeks pursued\\nthe flying Aiuericans. Many of the patriots had no shoes,\\nand left their blood-stained foot-prints on the frozen ground.\\nOftentimes, the van of the pursuing army was in sight of\\nthe American rear-guard. At last, Washington reached the\\nDelaware, and, all the boats having been secured, crossed\\ninto Pennsylvania.* Howe resolved to wait until the river\\nshould freeze over, and then capture Philadelphia, mean-\\nwhile quartering his troops in the neighboring villages.\\nCondition of the Country. It was a time of deep\\ndespondency. The patriot army was a mere handful of\\nragged, disheartened fugitives. Many people of wealth\\nand influence went over to the enemy. New York and\\nNewport the second city in size in New England were\\nalready in the hands of the British, who were likely soon to\\nseize Philadelphia.\\nBattle of Trenton. Washington thought it time to\\nDuring this retreat, Washington repeatedly sent orders to General Loo, who was\\nthen at North Castle, to join him. Lee hesitated, and at last moved very slowly.\\nFive days after this, while quartered in a small tavern at Baskingridgc, remote from\\nhis troops, he was taken prisoner by the English cavalry. His capture was con-\\nsidered .1 great misfortune by the Americans, who thought him the best officer\\nin the army. The British were rejoiced, and declared they had taken the Amer-\\nican Palladium", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "1776.]\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n117\\nstrike a daring blow\u00e2\u0080\u009e On Christinas night, in a driving\\nstorm of sleet, amid drifting ice, that threatened every\\nmoment to crush the boats, he crossed the Delaware\\nwith twenty-four hundred picked men, fell upon the\\narUREXDEU OF RALL AT TRENTON.\\nHessians at Trenton, in the midst of their festivities,*\\ncaptured one thousand prisoners, slew their leader,f and\\nHunt, a trader with friends and foes, a neutral, had invited Rail, the Hessian\\ncommander, to a Christmas supper. Card-playing and wine-drinking were kept up\\nall night long. A messenger came in haste, at early dawn, with a note to the colonel.\\nIt was sent by a tory to give warning of the approach of the American forces. The\\nnegro servant refused admittance to the bearer. Knowing its importance, he bade\\nthe negro to take the note directly to the officer. The servant obeyed, but the\\ncolonel, excited by wine and the play, thrust it unopened into his pocket. Soon after\\ndayUght, the roll of drums was heard, and before the pleasure-loving officer could\\nreach his quarters the Americans were in pursuit of his fleeing soldiers.\\nt Before leaving Trenton, Washington and Greene visited the dying Hessian. It\\nhad been a time of splendid triumph to the American commander, but as he stood by\\nthe bedside, the soldier was lost in the Christian, and the victorious general showed\\nhimself m that hour only a sympathizing friend.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "118 EPOCHIII. [1777.\\nsafely escaped back to camp, with the loss of only four\\nmen two killed and two frozen to death. (Map opposite\\np. 120.)\\nThe effect of this brilliant feat was electrical. The fires\\nof patriotism were kindled afresh. New recruits were re-\\nceived, and the troops whose term of enlistment was expir-\\ning, agreed to remain. Howe was alarmed, and ordered\\nCornwallis, who was just setting sail for England, to return\\nand prepare for a winter s campaign.\\n1777.\\nBattle of Princeton (Jan. 3). Wasliington soon crossed\\nthe Delaware again, and took post at Trenton. Just before\\nsunset, Cornwallis came up. His first onset being repulsed,\\nhe decided to wait till moj-ning. Washington s situation\\nwas now most critical. Before him was a powerfid army\\nbehind him, a river full of floating ice. That night,* leaving\\nhis camp-fires burning to deceive the enemy, he swept by\\ncountry roads around the British, fell upon the troops near\\nPrinceton, routed them, took over two hundred prisoners,\\nand by rapid marches reached Morristown Heights in safety.\\nCornwallis hoard the firing and hiu ried to the rescue, but\\nhe was too late. The victory was gained, and the victoi-s\\nwere beyond pureuit.\\nWashington had forty cannon. At night-fall, the pronnd wbs so soft that he\\ncould not move them but, while the ooxincil wsis in session, the wind changed, and\\nin two hours the roads were as hard as pavement. Erskine urged Cornwallis to\\nattack the Americans that night, but he said he could catch the fox in the morn-\\ning On the morrow, the tires were still burning, but the array was gone. None\\nknew whither the ivitriots had fled. But at sunrise ther\u00c2\u00bb was a sound of firing in the\\ndiiivtion of Princeton. The repK^rt of the cannon through the keen frosty air couid\\nbe distinctly heard, but Cornwallis believed it to be distant thunder. Erskine, how-\\never, exclaimed, To arms, general 1 Washington has outgeneraled us. Let us fly\\nto the rescue at Princetou I", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "1777.]\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n119\\nThese exploits won for Washington universal praise,*\\nand he was declared to be the saver of his country.\\nCampaign in Pennsylvania. Howe, having spent the\\nnext summer at New York, where he was closely watched by\\nWashington, finally took the field, and maneuvered to force\\nthe patriot army to a general\\nfight. Finding the American\\nFabius too wary for him, he\\nsuddenly embarked eighteen\\nthousand men on his brother s\\nfleet, and set sail. Washington\\nhurried south to meet him. The\\npatriot army numbered only\\n11,000, but when Washington\\nlearned that the British had\\narrived in the Chesapeake, he\\nresolved to hazard a battle for\\nthe defense of Philadelphia.\\nBattle of Brandy I vine (Sept. 11). ^The Americans took\\nposition at Chad s Ford, on the Brandywine. Here they\\nwere attacked in front, Avhile Cornwallis stole around to the\\nrear, as Clinton had done in the battle of Long Island. Sul-\\nlivan, Stirling, La Fayctto,t Wayne, and Count Pulaski, in\\nMAEQUIS DE LA FAYETTE.\\nFrederick the G-roat of Prussia is said to have declared that the achievements\\nof Washington and liis little band, during the six weeks following Christmas, were\\nthe most brilliant recorded on the pages of military history.\\nt La Fayette s full name was Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier Marquis\\nde La Fayette. At a banquet in honor of the brother of the English king in 1775 he\\nheard of the uprising in New England. He was won by its arguments, and from that\\ntime joined his hopes and sympathies to the American cause. Yet, how was he to aid\\nit? The French nobility, though disliking England, did not indorse the action of her\\ncolonies. He was not yet twenty years of age he had just maiTied a woman whom\\nhe tenderly loved his prospects at home for honor and happiness were bright to\\njoin the patriot army would take him from his native land, his wife, and all his cov-\\neted ambitions, and lead him into a struggle that seeme l as hopeless as its cause was\\njust. Yet his zeal for America overcame all these obstacles. Other difficulties now\\narose. His family objected the British minister protested the French king with-", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "120 EPOCH III, [1777.\\nvain performed prodigies of valor. The patriots were\\nrouted, Philadelphia was taken, and the British army went\\ninto quarters there and at Germantown.*\\nBattle of Gemiantou ii (Oct. 4). Washington would not\\nlet the enemies of his country rest in peace. A few weeks\\nafter they had settled down for the winter, he made a night\\nmarch, and at sunrise fell upon their troops at Germantown.\\nAt first, the attack was successful, but a few companies of\\nBritish desperately defending a stone house caused delay.\\nThe co-operation of the different divisions was prevented by\\na dense fog, which also hid the confusion of the enemy, so\\nthat the Americans retreated just at the moment of victory.\\nConclusion of the Campaign in Pennsyli ania. After\\nthese battles, Howe turned his attention to the forts on the\\nDelaware, which prevented his bringing supplies iip to\\nPhiladelphia. The gallant defenders were soon forced by a\\nsevere bombardment to evacuate. Washington now retired\\nto Valley Forge for winter quarters.\\nCampaign at the North. While the British had been\\nthus successful in Pennsylvania, their victories were more\\nthan counterbalanced by defeats at the North. An attempt\\nto cut off New England from New York by an expedition\\nalong the old traveled French and Indian war route up Lake\\nChamplain, ended in disaster, f\\nheld his permission. Still undaunted, he purchased a vessel, fitted it out at his own\\nexpanse, and, escaping the officers sent to detain him, crossed the ocean. As soon aa\\nhe reached Charleston, he hastened to Philadelphia, and ofifering himself to Congress\\nasked permission to serve as a volunteer without pay. A few days after, his acquaint-\\nance with Washington began, and it soon ripened into a tender and intimate friend-\\nship. ITis valor won for him a commission as major-general before he was twenty-one.\\nThe British army was sadly demoralized by the festiWties of their winter quar-\\nters. Franklin wittily Siiid, Howe has not taken Philadelphia so much as Philadel-\\nphia has taken Howe.\\nt Besides the capture of Burgoyne s army (p. 125), several minor events occurred\\nduring the year, which served to encourage the people.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (1.) Howe sent G^ene^al Tryon\\nwith two thousand men to destroy the American stores at Danbury, Conn. Having\\naccomplished his work, and set flre to the town, he began his retreat, plundering the", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "Say a\\nCAMPAIGNS IN THE NORTH\\nTHE\\nREVOLUTIONARY WAR\\nScaUi.\\n10\\nAmerican\\n20\\n30\\nBritisk\\nJ Miles\\nJamaica\\nX natlandaj==^ Bay\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Graveaendl//\\nlandlnaJSiS- BATTLE\\n00 OF\\nCune,/!. l,ONG ISLAND", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "1777.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 121\\nBurgoyne s Invasion. In June, Burgoyne marched south\\nfrom Canada with an army of over eight thousand British\\nand Indians. Forts Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Edward,\\nand the supphes at Whitehall, successively fell into his\\nhands. General Schuyler, having but a small force, could\\nonly obstruct his path through the wilderness, by felling trees\\nacross the road and breaking down bridges. The loss of so\\nmany strongholds caused general alarm. Lincoln with the\\nMassachusetts troops, Arnold noted for his headlong valor,\\nand Morgan with his famous riflemen, were sent to check\\nBurgoyne s advance. Militiamen gathered from the neighbor-\\ning States,* and an army was rapidly collected and drilled.\\nSo much dissatisfaction, however, arose with Schuyler that\\npeople and devastating the country on his way. But the militiamen under Wooster,\\nArnold, and Silliman, handled his forces so roughly that they were glad to reach their\\nboats. General Wooster, who was mortally wounded in the pursuit, was nearly\\nseventy years of age, but fought with the vigor of youth. Two horses were shot\\nunder Arnold, and he received the fire of a whole platoon at a d istance of thirty yards,\\nyet escaped uninjured.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (2.) Colonel Meigs avenged the burning of Danbury. With\\nabout two hundred men he crossed in whale-boats to Long Island, destroyed a great\\nquantity of stores, including twelve ships at Sag Harbor, took ninety prisoners, and\\nescaped without losing a man.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (3.) The Americans were anxious to offset the\\ncapture of General Lee. General Prescott, who then held command in Rhode Island,\\nfinding himself surrounded by ships and a superior British force, became very negli-\\ngent. Accordingly, Colonel Barton formed a plan to capture him. Dexterously\\navoiding the enemy s vessels, he rowed ten miles in whale-boats and with about forty\\nmilitia landed near Prescott s quarters. Seizing the astonished sentinel who guarded\\nhis door, they hurried off the half-dressed general. A soldier escaping from the\\nhouse gave the alarm, but the laughing guard assured him he had seen a ghost.\\nThey soon, however, found it to be no jesting matter, and vainly pursued the exult-\\nant Barton. This capture was very annoying to Prescott, as he had just offered a\\nprice for Arnold s head, and his tyrannical conduct had made him obnoxious to the\\npeople. General Howe readily parted with Lee in exchange for Prescott.\\nThe outrages of the Indians along the route led many to join the army. None of\\ntheir bloody acts caused more general execration than the murder of Jane McCrea.\\nThis young lady was the betrothed of a Captain Jones, of the British army. She lived\\nnear Fort Edward, in the familyof her brother, who, being a whig, started for Albany\\non Burgoyne s approach. But she, hoping to meet her lover, lingered .\\\\t the hovise of\\na Mrs, McNeil, a stanch loyalist, and a cousin of the British general, iYaser. Early\\none morning, the house was surprised by Indians, who dragged out the inmates and\\nhurried them away toward Burgoyne s camp. Mrs. McNeil arrived there in safety.\\nSoon, another party came in with fresh scalps, among which she recognized the long", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "122 EPOCH III. [1777.\\nhe was superseded by Gates just as he was ready to reap the\\nresult of his well-laid schemes. With noble-minded patriot-\\nism, he made known to Gates all his plans and generously\\nassisted liim in their execution. The army was now stationed\\nat Bemis Heights, where fortitications were thrown up\\nunder the direction of Kosciusko* (kds si Cis ko}.\\nBuro oijTw s DifficuJfics. In the meantime, before Gates\\ntook command, two events occurred which materially de-\\nranged the plans of Burgoyne.\\n1. St. Leger had been sent to take Fort Schuyler,t thence\\nto ravage the Mohawk Valley and join Burgo nie s army at\\nAlbany. General Arnold being dispatched to relieve that\\nfort, accomplished it by stratagem. A half-witted tory boy\\nwho had been taken prisoner, was promised his freedom, if\\nhe would spread the report among St. Leger s troops that a\\nlarge body of Americans was close at hand. The boy, having\\ncut holes in his clothes, ran breathless into the camp of the\\nbesiegei s, showing the bullet-holes and describing his narrow\\nescape from the enemy. AMien asked their number, he mys-\\nteriously pointed upward to the leaves on the trees. The\\nIndians and British were so frightened that they fled pre-\\ncipitately, leaving their tents and artillery behind them.\\nglo^y hair of her friend. The savages declared t3\\\\at she had been killed by a chance\\nshot from a piirs\\\\iins jxirty whei-eupon they had scalped her to secure the bountj-.\\nThe pi e\u00c2\u00ab.ise truth has never lictni knowni. Captjiin Jones secvired the Siui memento\\nof his iH-nvthetl, and resi^ineii. The government refusing his i-osignation, he de-\\nsertetl, and for over flt ty yejvrs live*.! remote from society, a heart-brviken man.\\nThis general wsis a Pole of noble birth. While in France he formed the acquaint-\\nance of Fnuiklin, who recommendeti him to Washington. He came to America and\\noffered himself to t\\\\ght as a volunteer for American independence ^Vhat can\\nyou do? asked the commander. Tr me was Kosciusko s laconic reply. Wash-\\nington was greatly pleaseii with him, and made him his aid. He became a colonel in\\nthe erurinecr corjis, and superintended the construction of the works at West Point,\\nAfter the w;\\\\r he returned home and leii the Poles in their struggles for independ-\\nence. At Cra\u00c2\u00ab.\\\\iw,is a mound of earth, 150 feet high, raised in his raemorj*. It is\\ncompoeeil of s iil brought from the bjittle-tlelds on which the Poles fought for\\nliberty. In the new world, his ntune is i^erjieruate*.! by a monument at West Point,\\nt Foft Stauwix, on the site of Rome, X. Y., in 17T0 was named after G\u00c2\u00abu. Schuyler.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "1777.]\\nTHE KK VOLUTION ARY WAR.\\n123\\n2. Burgoyue sent a detachment under Colonel Baum\\nto seize the supplies the Americans had collected at Ben-\\nnington, Vt. General Stark with the militia met him\\nthere. As Stark saw the British lines forming for the\\nattack, he exclaimed. There are the redcoats; we mus^\\nARNOLD AT sai;ati i;a..\\nbeat them to-day, or Betty Stark is a widow. His pa-\\ntriotism and bravery so inspired his raw troops that\\nthey defeated the British regulars and took over six\\nhundred prisoners.*\\nTlic Two Battles of Saratoga (Sept. 19 and Oct. 7).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dis-\\nappointed in Ills expectation of supplies and reinforcements\\nfrom both these directions, Burgoyne now moved south-\\nOne old man had five sons in the patriot army at Bennington. A neighbor, just\\nfrom the field, told him that one had been unfortunate. Has he proved a coward or\\na traitor? asked the father. Worse than that, was the answer he has fallen,\\nbut while bravely fighting. Ah, said the father, then I am satisfied.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "I i-l EPOCH III. [1777.\\nward and attacked Gates army at Bemis Heights near Sara-\\ntoga. The armies surged to and fro through the day, like\\nthe ebbing and flowing of the tide. The strife did not cease\\nuntil darkness closed over the battle-field. For two weeks\\nafterward, both armies lay in camp fortifying their positions,\\nand each watching for an opportunity to take the other at a\\ndisadvantage.* Burgoyne, finding that his provisions were\\nlow and that he must either fight or fly, again moved out to\\nattack the Americans. Arnold, who had been unjustly de-\\nprived of his command since the last battle, maddened by\\nthe sight of the conflict, rushed into the thickest of the fight, f\\nGates, fearing that he miglit win fresh laurels, ordered Major\\nArmstrong to recall him, but he was already out of reach.\\nHe had no authority to fight, much less to direct but, dash-\\ning to the head of his old command, where he was received\\nwith cheers; he ordered a charge on the British line. Urging\\non the fight, leading every onset, delivering his orders in\\nperson where the bullets flew tliickest, he forced the British X\\nto their camp. Here the Hessians, dismayed by these terrific\\nattacks, fired one volley and fled. Arnold, having forced an\\nentrance, Avas Avounded in the same leg as at Quebec (p. 112),\\nThe British camp was kept in continual alarm. Officers and soldiers were con-\\nstantly dressed and ready for action. One night, twenty young farmere residing near\\nthe camp, resolved to capture the enemy s-advance picket-guard. Armed with fowl-\\ning-pieces, they maiched silently through the woods until they were within a few\\nyards of the picket. They then ruslied out fi-om tlie bushes, the captain blowing an\\nold horse-trumpet and the men yelling. There was no time for the sentinel s hail.\\nGround your arms, or you are all dead men cried the patriot captain. Thinking\\nthat a large force had fallen iipon them, the picket obeyed. The young fannere, with\\nall the parade of regulars, led to the American camp over thirty British soldiers.\\nSo fierce was the battle, that a single cannon was takeii and retaken five times.\\nFinally, Colonel Cilley leaped on it, waved liis swoi*d, and dedicating the gun to\\nthe American cause opened it ujwn the enemy with their own ammunition.\\nGeneral Fraser was the mind and soul of the British army. Morgan soon saw\\nthat this brave man alone stood between the Americans and victory. Calling to him\\nsome of his best men, he said, That gallant officer is General Fraser. I admire and\\nhonor him but he must die. Stand among those bushes and do your duty. In five\\nminutes Fraser fell, mortally wounded.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "1777.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 125\\nand borne from the field, but not until he had won a victory\\nwhile Gates stayed in his tent.\\nEffects of these Battles. Burgoyne now fell back to Sara-\\ntoga. Hemmed in on all sides, there was no hope of escape.\\nIndians and tories were constantly deserting. Provisions\\nwere low and water was scarce, as no one, except the women,\\ndared go to the river for it. The American batteries\\ncommanded the British camp. While a council of war,\\nheld in Burgoyne s tent, was considering the question of\\nsurrender, an 1 8 -lb. cannon-ball passed over the table around\\nwhich the officers sat. Under these circumstances, the\\ndecision was quickly made. The entire army, nearly six\\nthousand strong, laid down their arms, and an American\\ndetachment marched into their camp, to the tune of Yankee\\nDoodle. General Burgoyne handed his sword to General\\nGates, who promptly returned it.\\nA shout of joy went up all over the land at the news of\\nthis victory. From the despair caused by the defeats of\\nBrandywine and Germantown, the nation now rose to the\\nhighest pitch of confidence.\\n1778.\\nWinter in Valley Forge (1777- 78).^The winter passed\\nin Valley Forge was the gloomiest period of the war. The\\ncontinental paper money was so depreciated in value that an\\nofficer s pay would not keep him in clothes. Many, having\\nspent their fortune in the war, were compelled to resign, in\\norder to get a living. The men were encamped in cold, com-\\nfortless huts, with little food or clothing. Barefooted, they\\nleft on the frozen ground their tracks in blood. Few had\\nblankets, and straw could not be obtained. Soldiers, who\\nwere enfeebled by hunger and benumbed by cold, slept on", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "126\\nEPOCH III,\\n[1778.\\nthe bare earth. Sickness followed. With no change of cloth-\\ning, no suitable food, and no medicines, death Avas the only-\\nrelief. Amid this terrible suffering, the fires of patriotism\\nburned brightly. Washington felt that his cause was just,\\nand inspired all around him with his sublime faith.*\\nIN CAMP AT VALLET FORGE.\\nAid from France. In the spring, the hearts of all were\\ngladdened by the news that, through the efforts of Frank-\\nDuring this winter, Washington was quartered at the house of Isaac Potts. One\\nday, while Potts was on his way up the creek near by, he heartl a voice of prayer.\\nSoftly following its direction, he soon discovered the Greneral upon his knees, his\\ncheeks wet with tears. Narrating the incident to his wife, ho added with mucli\\nemotion, If there is any one to whom the Lord will listen, it is George Washington,\\nand under such a commander, our independence is certain. Besides all the perils\\nof want and famine which ho shared with his soldiers, Washington was called upon\\nto siiffer from envy and calumny. Greneral Conway, a cunning, restless intriguer,\\nformed a cabal of officers against Washington. Their plan was to wound his feelings\\nso that he would resign. lu that event. Gates, whoso reputation was very high,\\nwould succeed to the command. Pennsylvania sent to Congress a remonstrance cen-\\nsuring Washington. The same was done by members from Massachusetts. Eort-\\nunately, the army and the best citizens knew the inspiration of the movement to bo\\njealousy, and their indignation was unbounded. Neither Conway nor Adams dared\\nshow himself among the soldiers, and the attack recoiled on the heads of its instiga-\\ntors.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Soon after this, England sent commissioners \\\\rith liberal proposals, which, be-\\nfore the war commenced, would have been accepted but that day was past. Next,\\nbribery was tried. Among those approached was General Reed, of Pennsylvania,\\nlie was offered ten thousand guineas and high honore if he would exert his influence\\nto effect a reconciliation. I am not worth purchasing, said the honest patriot,\\nbut such as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to buy me.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "1778.]\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n127\\nlin,* France had acknowledged the Independence of the\\nUnited States, and that a fleet was on its way to help them\\nin their struggle.\\nBattle of Monmouth (June 28). Howe having returned\\nto England, Clinton succeeded him. The British govern-\\nment, alarmed by the sending of the French fleet, ordered\\nClinton to concentrate his forces at New york. Washing-\\nton rapidly followed the English across New Jersey and\\nBenjamin Pranklin was born in Boston, 1706 died in Phlladelpliia, 1700. His\\nfather was a soap and candle maker, with, small means, and Benjamin, being the\\nyoungest boy among 17 children, had little\\nopportunity to gratify his desire for knowl-\\nedge. By abstaining from meat, he man-\\naged to buy a few books, which he diligently\\nstudied. At seventeen years of age, he\\nlanded in Philadelphia with a silver dollar\\nand a shilling in copper. As, with his extra\\nshirts and stockings stuffed in his pockets,\\nhe walked along the streets, eating the roll\\nof bread which served for his breakfast,\\nhis future wife stood at her father s door\\nand smiled at his awkward appearance,\\nlittle dreaming of his brilliant future, or of\\nits interest to her. He soon obtained em-\\nployment as a printer. Being induced by\\nfalse representations to go to England, he\\nfound himself almost penniless in a strange\\nland. With his tisual industry, he went to work, and soon made friends and a living.\\nReturning to Philadelphia, he established a newspaper, and in 1732 commenced to\\npublish Poor Richard s Almanac which for twenty years was quite as popular in\\nEurope as in America. Its common-sense proverbs and useful hints are household\\nwords to this day. Retiring from business with a fine fortune, he devoted himself\\nchiefly to science. His discoveries in electricity are world-renowned. (See Steele s\\nPopular Physics, p. 350.) Eranklin was an unflinching patriot. While in England\\nhe defended the cause of liberty with great zeal and ability. He helped to draft the\\nDeclaration of Independence, and was one of its signers. Having been appointed\\nambassador to Prance, he first invested all his ready money, $15,000, in the conti-\\nnental loan, a practical proof of his patriotism, since its repayment was extremely\\nimprobable. His influence at the French court was unbounded. He was revered for\\nhis wit, his genius, his dignity, and his charming conversation. He became to the\\nAmerican cause in the old world what Washington was in the new. On his return,\\nhe was elected president of Pennsylvania for three successive years. He gave the\\nwhole of his salary, $30,000, to benevolent objects. In his eighty-second year, he\\nwas member of the Constitutional Convention. At his death, twenty th.ousan(J\\npersons assembled to do lioaor to his memory,\\nBENJAMIN FRANKLIN.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "128 EPOCH III. [1778.\\novertook them at Monmouth. General Lee,* who conducted\\nthe attack, ordered a retreat. The men, entangled in a\\nswamp, were becoming demoralized as they retired from the\\nfield, when Washington, riding up, bitterly rebuked Lee, by\\nhis personal presence rallied the men, and sent them back\\nagainst the enemy. The fight lasted all that long sultry\\nday.f In the darkness of night, Clinton stole away with\\nhis men to New York.\\nCampaign in Rhode Island. A combined attack on\\nNewport was arranged to be made by the French fleet under\\nD Estaing (d6s t ng and the American army under General\\nSullivan. Soon after the French entered Narragansett Bay,\\nHowe arrived off the harbor with the English fleet. D Estaing\\nwent out to meet him. A storm came on, which so shattered\\nboth iieets that they were compelled to put back for repairs.\\nGeneral Sullivan, being thus deserted, retreated just in time\\nto escape Clinton, who came from New York with rein-\\nforcements. The French gave no further aid during the year.\\nThe Wyoming Massacre. In July, a band of tories and\\nIndians, undtn* Butler, entered the beautiful valley of the\\nWyoming. Most of the able-bodied men had gone to the war.\\nThe old men and the boys armed for the defense. The\\nwomen and children fled for refuge to a fort near the present\\nsite of Wilkesbarre. Taking counsel of their courage and\\ntheir helpless mothers, wives, and children, a handful of\\nCharles Lee, for his conduct at Monmouth, and disrespectful letters to Washing-\\nton, and to Conffreas, Wiis dismissed the army. He i-ctired to his estate in Virjrinia,\\nwhere he lived, with his dogs, in a rude house whose pixrtitions were chalk marks on\\nthe flo(Ti an inipi-ovement uix n walls on which he prided himself.\\nt Diu-ingr the day, an artilU r nnan was shot at his ptist. His wife, Mary Pitcher,\\nwliilo bringing water to her husband fr\u00c2\u00bb)m a sprins, saw him fall and heanl the com-\\nmander oi-der the piece to be i-emoved from the field. Instantly dwppiny the pail,\\nshe hasteneil to the cannon, seized the rammer, and with great skill and courage per-\\nformed her husbaiul s duty. The soldiei-s gave her the nickname of Major Molly,\\nCongi-ess voted her a sergeant s commissiou warrant with haK-pay through life,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "1778.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 129\\nmen sallied out to meet the invaders, but were quickly de-\\nfeated. All that night, the Indians tortured their prisoners in\\nevery way that savage cruelty could devise. The fort hav-\\ning been surrendered on promise of safety, Butler did his\\nbest to restrain his savage allies, but in vain. By night, the\\nwhole valley was ablaze with burning dwellings, while the\\npeople fled for their lives through the wilderness.\\n1779.\\nCampaign at the South. At the close of the preceding\\nautumn, the war was transferred to Georgia, and the South\\nbecame henceforth the principal seat of conflict. Savannah\\nand Augusta were captured, and soon the entire state was\\nconquered. The English governor being restored, England\\ncould once more boast of a royal province among the colo-\\nnies. The British general, Prevost (preh vo next marched\\nagainst Charleston. He had scarcely summoned the city\\nwhen he heard that Lincoln, his dreaded foe, was after him\\nwith the militia, and he was glad to escape back to Savannah.\\nFrench-American Attach on Savannah. In September,\\nD Estaing joined Lincoln in besieging that city. After\\na severe bombardment, an unsuccessful assault was made,\\nin which a thousand lives were lost. Count Pulaski* was\\nmortally wounded. The simple-hearted Sergeant Jasper\\ndied grasping the banner presented to his regiment at Fort\\nMoultrie. D Estaing refused to give further aid thus again\\ndeserting the Americans when help was most needed.\\nCount Pulaski was a Polish patriot who, having lost his father and brothers in\\nthe hopeless defense of his country, and being himself outlawed, came to fight for\\nthe freedom of America. At first, he served as a volunteer. He fought valiantly at\\nthe battle of Brandywine. During the second year, he commanded an independent\\ncorps, called Pulaski s Legion He was buried in the Savannah River. The corner-\\nstone of a monument raised to his memory in Savannah, was laid by La Fayette while\\nvisiting that city during his triumphal progress through the United States.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "180 EPOCH 111. [1779.\\nCampaign at the North. Clinton did little except to\\nsend out predatory parties. Norwalk, Fairfield, and New\\nHaven, Conn, were either burned or plundered. Tryon,\\nwho commanded the Connecticut expedition,* boasted of\\nhis clemency in leaving a single house standing on the\\nNew England coast.\\nT1i6 Capture of Stony Point, by General Wayne, was\\none of the most brilliant exploits of the war. The\\ncountersign, which, curiously enough, was The fort is\\nours was obtained from a negro who was in the habit of\\nselling strawberries to the British. He guided the troops\\nin the darkness to the causeway leading over the flooded\\nmarsh around the foot of the hill, on which the fort\\nwas situated. The unsuspicious sentinel, having received\\nthe countersign, was chatting with the negro, when he was\\nsuddenly seized and gagged. Wayne s men passed over the\\ncauseway and reached the base of the hill undiscovered.\\nForming in two divisions, with unloaded muskets and fixed\\nbayonets, they commenced the ascent of the steep and nar-\\nrow path which led to the top. They had nearly reached\\nthe picket before they were discovered. Fire was at once\\nopened upon them. Wayne was wounded, but commanded his\\naids to carry him that he might die at the head of the column.\\nThe rush of his men was irresistible. An instant more, and a\\ndeafening shout told that the fort w^as won. The British lost\\nin killed, wounded, and prisoners, about six hundred men.\\nGeneral Sullivan s Expedition. The atrocities of the\\nIndians had kept the inhabitants of the Wyoming and\\nMohawk valleys in continued terror. In the summer, Gen-\\nGeneral Piitnam was at Horse Neck when Tryon was in the vicinity. Hastily\\ngathering a few militia, he annoyed the British as long as possible, and then, com-\\npelled to flee before the enemy s overwhelming force, his men hid themselves in the\\nadjacent swamp, while he, spiirring his spirited horse over a precipice, descended a\\nzigzag path, where the British dragoons did not dare to follow.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "1779.]\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR,\\n131\\neral Sullivan led an expedition into the Genesee country.\\nNear Elmira, N. Y., he fought a fierce battle with the\\nIndians and their tory allies. The savages, being defeated,\\nfled in dismay, while Sullivan inarched to and fro through\\nthat beautiful region, laying waste their corn-fields, felling\\ntheir orchards, and burning their houses.*\\nINT liV WAYNE.\\nNaval Exploits. No American successes caused more\\nannoyance to the British than those of the navy. In\\n1775, Washington fitted out several vessels to cruise\\nalong the New England coast as privateers. In the same\\nyear, Congress established a naval department. Swift\\nsailing vessels, manned by bold seamen, infested every\\navenue of commerce. Within three years they captured\\nThe Indians, in the fertile country of the Cayugas and Senecas, had towns and\\nvillages regularly laid oiit framed houses, some of them well finished, painted and\\nhaving chimneys and broad and productive fields, with orchards of apple, pear, and\\npeach trees. (See note, p. 1^.)", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "182 EPOCH III. [1779.\\nfive hundred ships. They even cruised among the British\\nIsles, and, entering harbors, seized and burned ships\\nlying at English wharves.\\nPaul Jones is the most famous of these naval heroes.\\nWhile cruising with a squadron of five vessels off the north-\\neast coast of England, he met the Serapis and the Countess\\nof Scarborough convoying a fleet of merchantmen. At half-\\npast seven in the evening of September 2 3, he laid his own\\nvessel, the Bonhomme Richard,* alongside the Serapis, and\\na desperate struggle ensued. In the midst of the engage-\\nment, he lashed the ships together. f The crews then fought\\nhand to hand. The Richard was old and rotten. Water\\npoured into the hold. Three times both vessels were on fire.\\nAbout ten o clock, the Serapis surrendered. The Pallas,\\none of Jones squadron, captured the Countess of Scar-\\nborough, but his other ships gave no aid. Instead, Cap-\\ntain Landis, of the Alliance, treacherously fired into the\\nRichard, hoping to force Jones to surrender, that he him-\\nself might have the glory of taking the Serapis and recov-\\nering the Richard. After the battle, Jones transferred his\\ncrew from the fast sinking vessel to the captured frigate,\\nand sailed for Holland.\\n1780.\\nCampaign at the South. Georgia having been subdued,\\nthe war was now renewed in South Carolina. Charleston\\nwas attacked by land and sea. General Lincoln, after\\nenduring a siege of forty days and a terrible bombardment,\\nJones had given this name (Goodman Richard) to his ship in honor of Dr.\\nFranklin, whose saying s us Poor Richard he warmly admired.\\nAt this point, the contest had been raping an hour, and the ships had\\ntwice fallen foul of each other. The first time, the Serapis hailed the Richard,\\nasking if she had struck her colors I have not yet begun to fight was the\\nreply of Jones.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "1780.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 133\\nwas forced to surrender. Marauding expeditions* were\\nsent out which soon overran the whole State. Clinton\\nreturned to New York, leaving Cornwallis in command.\\nBattle of Camden (Aug. 16). General Gates, the\\nconqueror of Burgoyne now taking command of the\\ntroops at the South, f marched to meet the enemy under\\nCornwallis near Camden. Singularly, both generals had\\nappointed the same time to make a night attack. While\\nmarching for this purpose, the advance guards of the\\ntwo armies unexpectedly encountered each other in the\\nwoods. After some sharp skirmishing, the armies waited\\nfor day. At dawn, Cornwallis ordered a charge. The\\nmilitia, demoralized by the fighting in the night, fled at\\nthe first fire, but De Kalb, with the continental regulars,\\nstood firm. At last, he fell, pierced with eleven wounds.\\nHis brave comrades for a time fought desperately over\\nhis body, but were overwhelmed by numbers. The army\\nwas so scattered that it could not be collected. A few\\nof the officers met Gates eighty miles in the rear with\\nno soldiers. All organized resistance to British rule now\\nceased in the South.\\nPartisan Corps. The Carolinas were full of tories.\\nMany of them joined the British army others organized\\ncompanies that mercilessly robbed and murdered their whig\\nneighbors. On the other hand, there were patriot bands\\nwhich rendezvoused (ren da vood) in swamps, and sallied\\nout as occasion offered. These partisan corps kept the\\nOne of these, under the command of the brutal Tarleton, at Waxhaw Creek, over-\\ntook a body of four hundred Continental troops and a small party of cavalry, xinder\\nColonel Buford. The British gave no quarter, and after the Americans surrendered,\\nmercilessly maimed and butchered the larger portion of them. Tarleton s Quarter\\nbecame, henceforth, a proverb at the South.\\nt Lee met Q-ates on his way to join the southern army. His well-worded caution,\\nBeware your northern laurels do not turn to southern willows seems almost pro-\\nphetic of the Camden disaster.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "134\\nEPOCH III.\\n[1780.\\ncountry in continual terror. Marion,* Sumter, f Pickens,\\nand Lee were noted patriot leaders. Their bands were\\nstrong enough to cut off Brit-\\nish detachments, and even\\nsuccessfully attack small gar-\\nrisons. The cruel treatment\\nwhich the whigs received\\nfrom the British I drove\\nmany to this partisan war-\\nfare. The issue of the con-\\ntest at the South was mainly\\ndecided by these bold citizen\\nsoldiers.\\nContinental Money had new\\nbeen issued by Congress to the\\nA British officer sent to negotiate concerning an exchange of prisoners, dined\\nwith Marion. The dinner consisted of roasted potatoes, served on pieces of bark.\\nSurprised at this meager diet, he made some inquiries, when he found thi\u00c2\u00bbt this\\nwas their customary fare that the patriot general received no pay and that this\\nBayard of the South as Marion was called, had then neither blar.koC nor hat.\\nThis devotion to liberty so affected the officer that he resigned his commission.\\nt At Hanging Bock (Aug. C), Sumter gained a victory over a strong body of British\\nand tories. He began the action with only two rounds of ammunition, but soon sup-\\nplied himself from the fleeing tories. Frequently, in these contests, a portion of the\\nbands would go into a battle without guns, arming themselves with the muskets of\\ntheir comrades as they fell. At Kirifj s ilountain (Oct. 7), a large body of independent\\nriflemen, each company under its own leader, attacked Ferguson, who had been\\nsent out to rally the tories of the neighborhood. Ferguson and four hundred and\\nfifty-six of his men were killed or severely wounded, and the rest taken prisoners.\\nX An event which occurred in Charleston aroused the bitterest resentment. When\\nthat city was captured by the British, Colonel Isaac Hayne, with others, was paroiea,\\nbut was afterward ordered into the British ranks. At this time, his wife and several\\nof his children lay at the point of death ^^^th small-pox. The choice was given him\\nto become a British subject or to be placed in close confinement. Agonized by\\nthoughts of his dying family, he signed a pledge of allegiance to England, with the\\nassurance that he should never be required to fight against his countrj men. Being\\nafterward summoned by T^ord Rawdon to join the British army, he considered the\\npledge annulled, and raised a partisan band. He was captured, and -vsithout being\\nallowed a trial, was condemned to death. The citizens of Charleston vainly implored\\npardon for him. I^ord Rawdon allowetl him forty-eight houi b to take leave of his\\nchildren, when he was hanged.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "1780.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 1S5\\namount of $200,000,000. At this time, it was so much de-\\npreciated that $40 in bills were worth only $1 in specie. A\\npair of boots cost $600 in continental currency. A soldier s\\npay for a month would hardly buy him a dinner. To make\\nthe matter worse, the British flooded the country with\\ncounterfeits, which could not be told from the genuine.\\nMany persons refused to take continental money. The\\nsufferings of the soldiers and the difficulty of procuring\\nsupplies may readily be imagined.* The Pennsylvania\\nregiments in camp at Morristown, claiming that their\\ntime had expired, demanded their discharge. At last,\\n1,300 strong, they set out for Princeton to secure redress\\nat the point of the bayonet, but a committee of Congress\\nsucceeded in satisfying them.f\\nArnold s Treason. The English did little at the North,\\nand the condition of Washington s army prevented his\\nmaking any movement. Meanwhile, the cause of liberty\\nsuffered a terrible blow from one who had been its gallant\\ndefender. General Arnold, whose bravery at Quebec and\\nSaratoga had awakened universal admiration, was stationed\\nat Philadelphia while his wound was healing. He there\\nmarried a tory lady, and lived in great extravagance. By\\nvarious acts of oppression, he rendered himself so odious\\nthat on one occasion he was publicly mobbed. Charges\\nbeing preferred against him, he was convicted and sen-\\ntenced to be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief.\\nWashington performed the duty very gently and consider-\\nately but Arnold, stung by the disgrace and desperate in\\nfortune, resolved to gratify both his revenge and love of\\nIn this crisis, Robert Morris, of Philadelphia, sent three million rations. Sol-\\ndiers relief associations were organized by the women of that city. They made\\ntwenty-two hundred shirts, each inscribed with the name of the lady who sewed it.\\nClinton s agents went among the troops and offered large rewards for desertion.\\nThe emissaries mistook their men, for the soldiers gave them up as spies.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "136 EPOCH III. [1780.\\nmoney by betraying his country. He accordingly secured\\nfrom Washington the command of West Point, at that time\\nthe most important post in America. He then proposed to\\nClinton, with whom he had previously corresponded, to\\nsurrender it to the British. The offer was accepted, and\\nMajor Andre appointed to confer with him. Andre ascended\\nthe Hudson, and on the night of September 2 1 went ashore\\nfrom the English ship Vulture to meet the traitor. Morn-\\ning dawned before they had completed their plans. In the\\nmeantime, fire ha^ang been opened on the Vulture, she had\\ndropped down the river. Andre, now left within the Amer-\\nican lines, was obliged to make his way back to New York\\nby land. He had reached Tarrytown in safety, when, at a\\nsudden turn in the road, his horse s reins were seized, and\\nthree men sprung before him. His manner awakening sus-\\npicion, they searched him, and, finding papers which seemed\\nto prove him a spy, carried him to the nearest American\\npost. Arnold was at breakfast, when he received a note\\nannouncing Andre s capture. He called aside his wife,\\nand told her of his peril. Terrified by his words, she\\nfainted. Kissing his boy, who lay asleep in the cradle,\\nArnold darted out of the house, mounted a horse, by an\\nunfrequented path reached the river, jumped into his boat,\\nand was rowed to the Vulture. He received, as the reward\\nof his treachery, \u00c2\u00a36,315, a colonelcy in the English army,\\nand the contempt of everybody. The very name, Arnold\\nthe Traitor will always declare his infamy. f Andre was\\ntried and hanged as a spy. Every effort was made to save\\nhim, and his fate awakened universal sympathy.\\nThe names of these men were Paulding, Van Wart, and Williams. Andre offered\\nthem his horse, watch, purse, and any sum they might name, if they would release\\nhim. The incorruptible patriots declared that they would not let liim go for ten thou-\\nsand guineas. Congress voted to each of them a silver medal and a pension for life.\\nt Arnold was thoroughly despised by the British officers, and often insulted. Many", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "1781.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 137\\n1781.\\nCampaign at the South. General Greene, who was ap-\\npointed to succeed General Gates, found the army to consist\\nof only two thousand half -clothed, half-starved men. A part\\nof his force, under Morgan, was attacked (January 1 7) at\\nCowPENS* by Tarleton. The militia fleeing, the continentals\\nfell back to secure a better position. The British mistook\\nthis for a retreat, and were rushing on in confusion, when the\\ncontinentals suddenly faced about, poured in a deadly fire at\\nonly thirty-yards distance, and drove them in utter rout.\\nTarleton fled to Cornwallis, who set out in hot haste, eager\\nto punish the victors and recapture the prisoners. Morgan\\nstarted for Virginia, and crossed the Catawba just before\\nCornwallis appeared in sight. Night came on, and with it\\nrain, which raised the river so high as to keep the impatient\\nCornwallis waiting three days.\\nGreene s Retreat, General Greene now joined Morgan,\\nand conducted the retreat. At the Yadkin, just as the Amer-\\nicans had reached the other side, it began to rain. When\\nCornwallis came up, the river was so swollen that he could\\nnot cross. He, however, marched up the stream, effected a\\nstories are told illustrative of English sentiment toward Mm. A member of Parlia-\\nment, about to address the House of Commons, happening, as he rose, to see Arnold\\nin the gallery, said, pointing to the traitor, Mr. Speaker, I will not speak while that\\nman is in the house. George the Third introduced Arnold to Earl Balcarras, one of\\nBurgoyne s officers at Bemis Heights. Sire said the proud old Earl as he turned\\nfrom Arnold, refusing his hand, I know General Arnold, and abominate traitors.\\nWhen Talleyrand was about to come to America, he sought letters of introduction\\nfrom Arnold, but received the reply, I was born in America I lived there to the\\nprime of my life but, alas I can call no man in America my friend.\\nColonel William A. Washington, in a personal combat in this battle, wounded\\nTarleton. Months afterward, the British officer, while conversing with Mrs. Jones, a\\nwitty American lady, sneeringly said, That Colonel Washington is very illiterate.\\nI am told that he can not write his name. Ah, Colonel, replied she, you bear\\nevidence that he can make his mark. Tarleton expressing, at another time, his\\ndesire to see Colonel Washington, the lady replied, Had you looked behind you at\\nCowpens, you might have had that pleasure.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "138 EPOCH III. [1781.\\npassage, and was soon in full pursuit again. Now came a\\nrace, on parallel roads, thirty miles per day, for the fords of\\nthe Dan. Greene reached them first, and Cornwallis gave up\\nthe chase. This signal deliverance of Greene s exhausted\\narmy awoke every pious feeling of the American heart, and\\nwas a cause for general thanksgiving.*\\nCampaigji Closed. Having rested his men, Greene again\\ntook the field, harassing the enemy by a fierce partisan war-\\nfare. At Guilford Court-House (March 15), he hazarded\\na battle. The militia fled at the first fire, but the conti-\\nnental regulars fought as in the time of De Kalb. The\\nAmericans at last retired, but the British had bought their\\nvictory so dearly that Cornwallis also retreated. Greene\\nagain pursuing, Cornwallis shut himself up in Wilmington.\\nThereupon Greene turned into South Carolina, and, with\\nthe aid of Marion, Sumter, Lee, and Pickens, nearly deliv-\\nered this State and Georgia from the English. f In the battle\\nof EuTAW Springs (Sept. 8), the British were so crippled\\nthat they retired toward Charleston. Cornwallis, refusing\\nto follow Greene into South Carolina, had already gone\\nnorth into Virginia, and though a fierce partisan warfare\\nDuring this retreat. General Greene, aftor a hard day s ride in the rain, alighted\\nat the door of Mrs. Elizabeth Steele, in Salisburj-, N. C, announcing himself as\\nfatigued, himgry, cold, and penniless Quickly proN-iding the honored guest with\\na warm supper before a cheerful flre, this patriotic woman brought forth two small\\nbags of specie, her earnings for years. Take these she said; you will want\\nthem, and I can do ^\\\\^thout them. Never says his biographer, did relief come\\nat a more needy moment the hero resumed his dangerous journey that night with\\na lightened heart. Another story illustrative of the patriotism of the southern\\nwomen is told of Mrs. Motte. The British had taken possession of her house, forti-\\nfied and garrisoned it On Colonel Lee s advance, she furnished him a bow and\\narrows, by means of which he threw fire upon the shingled roof. Her mansion\\nwas soon in flames, and the occupants, to save their lives, surrendered.\\nCongress voted the highest honors to General Greene, who, by his prudence,\\nwisdom, and valor, had, with such insignificant forces and miserable equipments,\\nachieved so much for the cause of liberty. He never gained a decided \\\\nctory, yet\\nhis defeats had all the effect of successes, and his very retreats strengthened the\\ngoufld^oce of his men aud weatceaed th\u00c2\u00bbt of the eiiem^.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "THE GROWTH OF OR\\n1 Colonial F \\\\g. used chiefly by Colonies of New England previous to Revolutiona W:\\n3. Pine-tree Flag cf the Navy, used by the American ships early in Revolutionar}-\\n5. First National Flag, used in 1776, before the Declaration cl\\n6. The present Star Spangled Banner. The stripes signify", "height": "3000", "width": "1874", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "NATIONAL FLAG.\\nfas. 2. Bunker Hill Flag, used by New England troops at battle of Bunker Hill.\\n4. Rattlesnake Flag, used early in Revolutionary War.\\nependence. The thirteen stripes signified the thineen colonies,\\noriginal thirteen colonies and the stars, the present number of States.", "height": "2990", "width": "1978", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "1781.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 139\\nstill distracted the country, this engagement closed the\\nlong and fiercely fought contest at the South.*\\nCampaign at the North. The traitor Arnold, burning\\nwith hatred, led an expedition into Virginia. He conducted\\nthe war with great brutality, burning private as well as public\\nproperty. La Fayette was sent to check him, but with his\\nsmall force t could accomplish little. Cornwallis, arriving\\nfrom the South, now took Arnold s place, and continued\\nthis marauding tour. Clinton, however, fearing Washing-\\nton, who seemed to threaten New York, directed Cornwallis\\nto keep near the sea-coast so as to be ready to help him.\\nCornwallis, accordingly, after having destroyed ten million\\ndollars worth of property, fortified himself at Yorktown.\\nSiege of Yorktown. It was arranged to attack Corn-\\nwallis at this place by the combined American J and French\\nforces. Washington, by a feint on New York, kept Clinton\\nin the dark regarding his plans until he was far on his way\\nAt the battle of Eutaw, Manning, a noted soldier of Lee s legion, -was in hot\\npursuit of the flying British, when he suddenly found himself surrounded by the\\nenemy, and not an AiTierican within forty rods. He did not hesitate, biit, seizing an\\nofficer by the collar, and wresting his sword from him by main force, kept his body\\nas a shield while, under a heavy fire, he rapidly backed off from the perilous neigh-\\nborhood. The frightened British officer when thus summarily captured, began im-\\nmediately to enumerate his titles I am Sir Henry Barry, deputy adjutant-general,\\ncaptain in 52d regiment, etc., etc. Enough, interrupted his captor; you are\\njust the man I was looking for.\\nLa Payette s men, being chiefly from New England, dreaded the Southern climate,\\nbut when their beloved general appealed to their honor and offered to discharge any\\nwho wished, not one would abandon him. At Baltimore, he borrowed $10,000 to buy\\nhats and shoes, and linen from which the Baltimore women made summer garments\\nfor his troops.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Among those who now joined La Payette, was Baron Steuben, who had\\nbeen active in organizing the Virginia militia to beat back the British. Steuben was\\na veteran from the army of Frederick the Great, and tendered his services as a volun-\\nteer at Valley Forge. With indefatigable zeal, he sought to introduce thorough disci-\\npline and European tactics among the ragged patriots.\\nt During the preceding winter, Robert Morris sent to the starving army several\\nthousand barrels of floiu-. He now issued his own notes for $1,400,000 to furnish sup-\\nplies for this expedition. It is sad that this patriot, so often the resource of Washing-\\nton, lost his fortune in his old age, and was confined in prison for debt.\\nWashington, while en route, visited Mount Vernon, which he had not seen for\\nnearly six years and a half, yet he remained only about two da,ys.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "140 EPOCH III. [1781\\nsouth -with the continental army.* On the 2 8th of Septem-\\nber, the joint forces, sixteen thousand strong,t took up their\\nposition before Yorktown. Batteries were openedj upon the\\ncity, and the vessels in the harbor tired b} red-hot shells.\\nTwo redoubts were carried one by the Americans, the other\\nby the French. The most hearty good-will prevailed. The\\npatriots slept in the open air that their allies might use their\\ntents. Breaches having been made in the walls, Cornwallis\\nsaw no hope of escape and capitulate! (Oct. 19).\\nThe Scene of the Surrender was imposing. The army\\nwas drawn up in two lines, extending over a mile the\\nAmericans on one side with General Washington at the\\nhead, and the French on the other with Count Rochambeau\\n(ro sh6ng bo The captive army, about 7,000 men, with\\nslow step, shouldered arms, and cased colors, marched be-\\ntween them. A prodigious crowd, anxious to see Cornwallis,\\nhad assembled; but the haughty general, mortified at his de-\\nfeat, feigned illness, and sent his sword by General O Hara.\\nTlie Effect. Both parties felt that this surrender virtu-\\nally ended the war. Joy pervaded every patriot heart. All\\nthe hardships of the past were forgotten in the thought\\nClinton sent Arnold on a pillaging tour into Connecticut in order to force Wash-\\nington to return. He, however, was not to be diverted from his great enterprise, and\\nleft New England to take care of herself. New London was pillaged and burned,\\nArnold watching the fire from a church steeple. At Fort Griswold, the commander\\nand half the garrison were butchered. After this fort had been taken, a British\\noflficer entering asked, ^Vho commands here? I did, said Colonel Ledyard, as\\nhe advanced to surrender his sword, but you do now. With fiendish malignity,\\nthe officer seized the weapon and thrust it into the bosom of the brave colonel.\\nt There were present about 5,500 continentals, 7,000 French, and, in addition,\\nabout 3,500 Virginia militia under Governor Nelson.\\nX Governor Nelson commanded the battery that fired first upon the British. Corn-\\nwallis occupied the governor s fine stone mansion. The patriot pointed one of his\\nheaviest guns toward his house, and ordered the gunner to fire upon it with vigor.\\nThe British could not make even the homo of the noble Nelson a shield against his\\npatriotic efforts. The house still betu-s the scsirs of the bombiu-dment.\\nWith a fine delicacy of feeling, Washington dii-ected the sword to be deUvei-ed to\\nGeneral Lincoln, who, eighteen mouthf before, had surrendered at Charleston.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "1781.]\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n141\\nthat America was free. The news reached Philadelphia\\nat the dead of night. The people were awakened by the\\nwatchman s cry, Past two o clock and Cornwallis is\\ntaken. Lights flashed through the houses, and soon the\\nstreets were thronged with crowds eager to learn the glad\\nnews. Some were speechless with delight. Many wept,\\nCAPTURE OF A REDOUBT AT YOEKTOWN.\\nand the old door-keeper of Congress died of joy. Con-\\ngress met at an early hour, and that afternoon marched\\nin solemn procession to the Lutheran church to return\\nthanks to Almighty God.\\nAll hope of subduing America was now abandoned by the\\npeople of England, and they loudly demanded the removal of\\nthe ministers who still counseled war.* The House of Com-\\nWlien Lord North, prime minister of Oreat Britain, heard the news of the\\ndefeat, he was greatly excited. With looks and actions indicating the deepest\\ndistress, he again and again exclaimed, O God it is all over.", "height": "2916", "width": "1926", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "142 EPOCH III. [1781.\\nmons voted that whoever advised the king to continue\\nhostilities should be considered a public enemy.\\nDifficulties of the Country and Army.- The situation\\nof the United States at this time was perilous. Commerce\\nhad been destroyed by the war. The currency was worth-\\nless. War had been the main business of the country for\\nyears, and all trade, manufactures, and agriculture had been\\nneglected. Villages had been burned, ships destroyed, and\\ncrops laid waste. The British held Charleston and Savan-\\nnah about a year, and New York about two years after\\nthe surrender at Yorktown. George III. was obstinate, and\\nwar might be resumed. Yet the American army was in\\nalmost open rebellion. The soldiers, afraid they should be\\ndisbanded and sent home without pay, petitioned Congress,\\nbut received no satisfaction. The treasury was empty. At\\nthis crisis, Washington was invited to become king. The\\nnoble patriot spurned the proposal indignantly. A paper\\nhaving been circulated advising violent measures, Washing-\\nton addressed the officers, and besought them not to mar\\ntheir fair record of patriotic service by any rash proceed-\\nings.* His influence prevailed, both with the army and\\nwith Congress, and the difficulties were amicably settled.\\nPeace. A treaty was signed at Paris (September 3,\\n1783) acknowledging the independence of the United\\nStates. Soon after, the army was disbanded. Washington\\nbade his officers an affecting farewell, and retired to Mount\\nVernon, followed by the thanksgiving of a grateful people.\\nWeakness of the Government. During the war, the\\nthirteen States had agreed upon Articles of Confederation,\\nbut they conferred little power on Congress. It could recom-\\nmend, but not enforce it could only advise action, leaving\\nAs he rose, he took off his spectacles to wipe them, sajing, My eyes have grown\\ndim in the service of my country, but I have never doubted her justice.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "1783.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 143\\nthe States to do as they pleased. Bitter jealousy existed\\namong the several States, both with regard to one another\\nand to a general government. The popular desire was to let\\neach State remain independent, and have no national author-\\nity. A heavy debt had been incurred by the war. Congress\\nhad no money, and could not levy taxes. It asked the\\nStates to pay, but they were too jealous of Congress to heed\\nits requests. We are said Washington, one nation to-\\nday, and thirteen to-morrow. In New England, large\\nbodies of men assembled, refusing to pay their taxes\\nand threatening to overturn the government. This insur-\\nrection, known as Shays Rebellion, from the name of its\\nleader, was put down by militia under General Lincoln.\\nConstitution Adopted. In these circumstances, many\\nof the best men of the land felt the need of a stronger na-\\ntional government. A convention was called in Philadel-\\nphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. Washington\\nwas chosen president. After much deliberation,* an en-\\ntirely new constitution was adopted (September 17, 1787).\\nIn the ensuing year, the government was organized, and\\nin 1789 it went into operation.\\nDuring the next Epoch, we shall notice the growth of\\nthe country under the wise provisions of this constitution.\\nThe new constitution met with the most violent opposition. The people were\\ndivided into two parties\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Federalists and the anti-Federalists. The former favored\\nthe constitution and sought to increase the powers of the national government, and\\nthus strengthen the Union at home and abroad. The latter opposed the constitution,\\nwere jealous of Congress, and feared too much national power, lest a monarchy should\\nbe established. The nation was agitated by the most earnest and thoughtful as\\nwell as the most virulent speeches on both sides. Within a year more than nine\\nStates ratified the constitution. This was the number necessary to make it binding.\\nNorth Carolina ratified it in 1789, and Rhode Island in 1790. Presidential elections\\nwere held in each of the eleven States that had then adopted the constitution,\\nexcept New York, where the Legislature had made no provision for the election.\\nThe ten States gave George Washington 69 electoral votes, and John Adams 34.\\nAt that time, the electors voted for two persons, the one who received the highest\\nTiumber being declared President, and the next highest Vice-President. (See p. 352.)", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "144 EPOCH III.\\nRURAL LITE ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO.\\nNe-w England Farm and Village Life in the 18th century presented a strange\\ncontrast to that with which wo are familiar. The house of the settler was built\\nof logs, the chinks daubed with clay, and the roof thatched with long grass. In\\nthe later and better class of dwellings, the logs were hewn square so as to need\\nno chinking or a frame was made of heavy oak timbers, some of them eighteen\\ninches in diameter, and all mortised and braced together in a noanner that would\\nbe bewildering enough to a carpenter of to-day. The sides were covered with split\\noak clapboards, and the roof with split cedar shingles, fastened with large vn-ought-\\niron nails. The windows consisted of two small lead frames, set with a few tiny,\\ndiamond-shaped panes of glass (or, sometimes, oiled paper), and hinged so as to\\nopen outward against the house. As the building stood exactly facing the south,\\nthe sun shone square in at noon, and gave warning of the dinner hour.\\nThe doors were of oak plank doubled and nailed together with spikes arranged\\nin the form of diamonds. They were often hung on wooden hinges, and were\\nsecurely fastened at night by heavy wooden cross-bars. In the center of the house,\\nor, externally in the poorer dwellings, rose a stone or brick chimney, about twelve\\nfeet square at the base,* affording a fire-place large enough for seats to be placed\\nat the side, where the children could sit in the winter evening and look up at\\nthe stars. To lay the fire was no small matter for the back, a huge back-\\nlog perhaps four feet long, was rolled in then on the andirons was placed a\\nfront log between these were piled enormous quantities of smaller wood.\\nThe kitchen and the best room were the chief apartments. In the former,\\nthe center of attraction was the great flre-place with its roaring fire, its high-\\nbacked wooden settle, and its swinging crane with jxjt-hooks to hold the iron pots\\nfor cooking. The ceiling of the room was rarely seven feet high, and the sturdy\\nfarmer often bnished against it with his bear-skin cap. Prom the bare joists\\noverhead, hung bunches of herbs, sced-com, and long strings of drjing apples.\\nThe walls of the room, in the better buildings, were plastered and whitewashed.\\nThe furniture was plain a tall wooden clock a dresser set out with the cher-\\nished pewter dishes brought over from England a spinning-wheel and, perhaps,\\na loom for weaving. (See pages 93, 94.)\\nThe best room was used only on state occasions. Ordinarily, it was carefully\\nclosed and locked to keep out the flies and preserve its sacred precincts from\\nunlawful intruders. The andirons were of brass that shone like gold, and the fire-\\nplace in summer was garnished with asparagus branches. On the mantel-shelf,\\nstood the high brass candlesticks, and the accompanying tray-and-snuffers. There\\nwas no carpet, but the floor was sanded and marked off by the housewife in many\\na quaint design. Against the walls, hung the family paintings, fondly cherished\\nnot only as mementos of the departed, but, also, of the life beyond the seas.\\nHere, too, was the library containing a few well-read books,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for books were scarce\\nand costly, and reading was a serious matter, taken up for improvement and not\\nIn the better houses, a brick oven was built in the chimney. This was heated by a Are of\\nfine kindlings then swept clean, and the bread or beans set in to bake. The bricks\\nretained the high temperature for a long time, and the rye-and-Indiau bread, for which our\\nItew England grandmothers were noted, was left in the oven all night.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 145\\nfor pastime. Among those few books were sure to be found the family Bible,\\nYoung s Night Thoughts, Watts Improvement of the Mind, Fox s Lives of the\\nMartyrs, Addison s Spectator, and Milton s Paradise Lost.\\nAs the tiny windows gave little light by day, so by night the home-made tallow\\ncandles, or the pine-knot on the hearth, shed but a faint or flickering illumination.\\nIn cold weather, the lire was heaped high\u00e2\u0080\u0094 for wood was abundant\u00e2\u0080\u0094 but through\\nnumerous chinks and crevices, the winter air poTired in, so that, as an old writer\\nremarks, while one side of the inmate was toasting, the other was freezing.\\nTo make matters still worse, the smoke escaping into the room by no means favored\\nstudy, or any employment requiring the use of the eyes.\\nThe food was served generally on wooden platters. It was plentiful but coarse.\\nEresh meat was rarely seen, except when game was taken. Salt pork or beef, salt\\nfish, vegetables, and rye-and-Indian bread or bannocks composed the staple\\ndiet. The farmer s breakfast often consisted mainly of bean porridge seasoned\\nwith savory herbs. Tea and coffee were unknown during the 17th century. The\\nminister, we are told, had white bread provided for him as a special favor.\\nFriction matches had not been invented, and the fire was carefully kept over\\nnight in the ashes. If it unfortunately went out it was rehghted by sparks\\nfrom the flint-and-steel, or by live coals brought from a neighbor s hearth.\\nSeveral vegetables and fruits now common were then unknown, or were unused\\nas food. Tomatoes, or, as they were called, love apples were thought to be poi-\\nsonous, and were cultivated only in the flower-garden for the beauty of the bright\\nred fruit. Rhubarb, sweet corn, cantaloupes, head-lettuce, and aU the newer and\\nfiner varieties of pears, grapes, peaches, etc., have enriched the diet of a later\\ngeneration. The fox-grape, which we consider a sour, iU-flavored fruit, was then\\na luxury to be attained only by the well-to-do. Ice in summer was unheard of,\\nand the careful housekeeper cooled her butter for use by hanging it in a pail\\ndown the well.\\nGeraniums and verbenas were not seen in the flower-gardens of our great-grand-\\nmothers, who delighted their eyes with hollyhocks, sunflowers, lilacs, pinks, sweet-\\nwilliams, peonies, etc. Narrow beds of these posies bordered the path leading\\nfrom the front door, through the little front yard, which was carefully fenced off\\nfrom the portion of the premises to which ordinary people had access. The front\\nyard, the front door, and the best room were all considered too good for every-\\nday use.\\nThere were no wheeled carriages or wagons until the middle of the 18th cen-\\ntury, and few until after the Revolution. Everybody went on foot or rode on\\nhorseback, as his means permitted and the bridegroom, gentleman or workman\\nalike, who sought a wife in a distant town, rode on horseback and brought home\\nhis bride on a piUion behind him. So little travel was there in those days, that\\na journey that now attracts no attention, then made one an object of public\\nciiriosity. So late as 1795, it is stated that a person who had been across the\\nocean was pointed out in the streets as a man who had been to Europe\\nBannocks were eoniewhat like the present hoe-cake of the South\u00e2\u0080\u0094 merely flat cakes of\\nIndian meal, or rye, wet with water and baked over the hot coals on the hearth.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "146 EPOCH III. [1765.\\nCHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.\\nPAGE\\n1765. The Stamp Act passed, March 8 102\\n1766. The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, March 18 103\\n1767. A tax imix)8ed on tea, etc., June 29 103\\n1768. The British troops arrived at Boston, September 27 104\\n1770. Boston Massacre, March 5 104\\nAll duties except on tea repealed, April 12 105\\n1 773. The tea thrown overboard in Boston harbor, December 16 105\\n1 774. Boston Port Bill passed, March 31 105\\nFirst Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, September 5 100\\n1 775. Battle of Lexington, April 19 lOG\\nTiconderoga taken by Allen and Arnold, May 10 110\\nCrown Point taken. May 12 -Ill\\nWashington elected commander-in-chief, June 15 Ill\\nBattle of Bunker Hill, Juno 17 108\\nWashington took command before Boston, July 2-3 Ill\\nMontreal surrendered to Montgomery, November 13 112\\nBattle of Quebec\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Montgomery killed, December 31 112\\n1776. Boston evacuated by the British troops, March 17 112\\nAttack on Fort Moultrie, June 28 113\\nDeclaration of Independence, July 4 114\\nBattle of Long Island, August 27 114\\nBattle of \\\\ATiite Plains, October 28 116\\nFort Washington taken, November 16 116\\nAVashington s retreat through New Jersey -116\\nBattle of Trenton, December 26 116\\n1777. Battle of Princeton, January 3 118\\nMurder of Miss McCrea, July 27 121\\nBattle of Bennington, August 16 123\\nBattle of Brandywine, September 11 119\\nFirst battle of Saratoga, September 19 124\\nPhiladelphia captured by the British, September 26 120\\nBattle of G-ermantown, October 4 120\\nSecond battle of Saratoga, October 7 124\\nSurrender of Burgoync, October 17 125\\n1778. American Independence acknowledged by France, February 6 127\\nBattle of Monmouth, June 28 127\\nMassacre of Wyoming, July 3 128\\nFrench fleet arrived in Narragansett Bay, July 29 128\\nBritish captured Savannah, Ga., December 29 129\\n1779. Stony Point captured by General Wayne, July 15 130\\nSullivan defeated the Indians near Elmira, August 29 131\\nPaul Jones victory, September 23 132\\nD Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, October 9 129\\n1780. Charleston surrendered to the British, May 12 133\\nBattle of Hanging Rock, S. C, August 6 134\\nBattle of Camden, August 16 133", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "1780.]\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.\\n147\\nFAQB\\n1780. Andre executed, October 2 136\\nBattle of King s Mountain, October 7 134\\n1781. Richmond burned by Arnold, January 5\\nBattle of the Cowpens, January 17 137\\nGreene s celebrated retreat, January and February 137\\nBattle of Guilford Court-House, March 13 138\\nBattle of Eutaw Springs, September 8 138\\nSurrender of Cornwallis, October 19 140\\n1782. Charleston, S. C, evacuated, December 14 143\\nSavannah evacuated by the British, July 11 142\\n1783. Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, September 3 142\\nNew York evacuated by the British, November 25 142\\nWashington resigned his commission, December 23 142\\n1787. Shays Rebellion in Massachusetts 143\\nConstitution of the United States adopted, September 17 143\\n1788. Constitution adopted by nine States 143\\nREFERENCES FOR READING.\\nLossing s Field Book of the Revolution.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Garden s Anecdotes of the Revolution.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Grace\\nGreenwood s Forest Tragedy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Campbell s Gertrude of Wyoming (Poem). Halleck s Wyoming\\n(Poem).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Simms Life of Marion,- also his Series of Historical Tales.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BryanVs Song of Mar-\\nurn s Men, and Seventy-six (Poems).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Magoon s Orators of American Revolution.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Readley s\\nWashington and his Generals. Wirfs Life of Patrick Henry. G. W. Greene s Historical View\\nof Ai?iencan Revolution, and Life of General Greene.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Parton s Life of Benjamin Franklin.\\nLongfellow s Paul Revere s Ride, and PulaskVs Banner (Poems).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Headley ^s Life of La Fayette.\\nHaiothome s Ticonderoga (Twice Told Tales). Mrs. ElleVs Women of the American Revolu-\\ntion.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Watson s Camp Fires of the Revolution. Raymond s Women of the South. Sabine s\\nLoyalists of the American Revolution.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lee s War in the Southern Department.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Drake s Amer-\\nican Flag (Poem). Streefs Corvcord, Bennington, and American Independence (Poems).\\nDwighVs Columbia (Poem). Washington s Farewell Address. Sears History of the American\\nRevolution. Freneau s Poems. Life of General Joseph Reed, by Wm. B. Reed.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cooper s novels\\n(The Spy, The Pilot, and Lionel Lincoln).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Motley s Mortem s Hope, and Paulding s Old Conti-\\nnental (novel).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Winthrop Sargenfs Life of Andre and Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution.\\nMoore s Songs and Ballads, and Diary of the Revolution.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Whittier s Rangers (Poem). Haw-\\nthome s Septimius Fdton (Fiction). Winthrop s Edwin Brothertoft (Fiction).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barnes Brief\\nHistory of France.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Barnes Popular History of United States.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Harper s Magazine, Vol. 50,\\nThe Concord Fight; Vol. 51, Echoes of Bunker Hill; Vol. 53, Virginia in the Revolution\\nVol. 55, Battle of Bennington Vol. 67, The Swamp Fox. Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 37, Siege\\nof Boston.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Martin s Civil Government.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Carrington s Battles of the Revolution.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Carrington s\\nBattle Maps and Charts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lamb s History of the City of New Tork.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Lossing s Our Country.\\nDoyle s History of United States.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 McMaster s History of tlie People of the United States,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBryant and Gay s Popular History of United States.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "148\\nBARNES BlUEF HISTORY,\\nBLACKBOARD ANALYSIS.\\nCauses of the\\nAmerican\\nRevolution.\\n1. Remote Causes.\\n2. Direct Causes.\\nKnulhh Trealmonl.\\nNavigation Act.i.\\nLaws of Trade aud MaDubotora.\\nTaxation.\\nWrit\u00c2\u00ab of Aseiatance.\\nStamp Act.\\nllatinj Act.\\nBoston M s.tacr\u00c2\u00ab.\\nBoston Tea Parly.\\nClimax Kcachcd.\\n2. First Continental Conprress (1774).\\n3. Events of 177ri.\\n(1st Year of War.)\\n4. Events of 1776.\\n(2d Year of War.)\\ne. Events of 1777.\\n(3d Year of War.)\\n6. Events of 1778.\\n(4th Year of War.)\\n7. Events of 177i\\n(5th Year of War.)\\nr 1. Battle of Lexii\\n2. Battle of Bunk\\n3. Capture of Tic\\nBattle of Lexington. I i-^^i^P\\nikor Hill,\\napture of Ticonderoga.\\n4. Socomi Continental Congress.\\n5. Condition of Wiij-liingtou s Army.\\na. Montnomery.\\n6. Expedition agiiinst Can. b. Arnold.\\nL c. Attac-k on Quebeo.\\n1. Evacuation of Boston.\\n2. Attack on Fort Moultrie.\\n3. Declaration of Independence.\\no. Battle of Long Island.\\n_ -KT 1 J The EseaiH?.\\n4. Campaign near N. -j c. WashinRtons Retreat.\\nFlight through New Jersey.\\n5. Condition of the Country.\\n6. Battle of Trenton. f. JS\\n1. Battle of Princeton.\\n2. Campaign in Penn.\\n8. Campaign at the North.\\ni b.\\nC a.)\\n1. Winter at Yalley Forge.\\n2. Aiti from France.\\n3. Battle of Monmouth.\\n4. Campaign in Rhode Island.\\n5. Wyoming Massacre.\\nHowe and the American Fabius\\nBattle of Brandywine.\\nBattle of Germanuiwn.\\nConclusion.\\na. Condition of Affairs.\\n6. Burgoyne s Invasion,\\nc. Burgoyne s Difficulties.\\na. DfteriptUm.\\ni b. BfftcU.\\nBattle of Saratoga.\\n1. Campaign at the South.\\n2. Campaign at the North.\\n8. Naval Exploita\\n8. Events of 1780.\\n(6th Year of War.)\\nCampaign at the South.\\na. Conquest of Georgia.\\nh. Attack on Charleston,\\nc. Death of Pula.s|[i aud Jasper.\\na. In Connecticut.\\nb. Capture of Stony Point.\\nc. Sullivan s Expeilltinn.\\no. Privateers.\\n6. Paul Jones.\\na. Capture of Charleston.\\n6. Clinton and CornwalUs.\\nc Battle of Camden.\\nd. Partisan Warfare^Marion, Sumter,\\nPickens, Lee. etc.\\nj 2. Continental Money.\\n3. Arnold s Treason.\\n9. Events of 1781.\\n(7th Year of War.)\\n1. Campaign at the South.\\n2. Campaign at the North.\\n3. Siege of Yorktown.\\n10. Difficulties of the Army and Country\\n11. Peace (1783).\\n12. Weakness of the Government.\\nI\\nf a. D\\ni h. Si\\nI e. Kl\\nBattle of the Cowpens.\\nGreene s Retreat.\\nCampaign Closetl.\\nArnold. La Fayette. CornwAlli\\nClinton,\\niption.\\nnder.\\nffeeta.\\n13.\\nConstitution\\nAdoptetl.\\n1. The Convention.\\n2. Fedenilists and Anti Federalists.\\n3. Katitlcntion.\\n4. First Presidential Election.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "Wubington\\nMAP TO illust:\\nWARwiTuME\\nSCALE Op MILES\\nZ.Zumpanffo\\n..r -^-v y~\\\\iaJt\u00c2\u00ab Tezcuco\\nKuruhH4n\\nVol.rbi oeatti.tll /I ueVU\\nROUTE OF GEN.SCOTjT BETWEEN VERA CRUZ ANC", "height": "2937", "width": "1727", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "jLS. iamet i Co. J/tui Tork^il,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "FOgH IV\\nOFTHEST ATES.\\nf(\\\\OM 1787.\\nTO 1861.\\nWashington s Inauguration\\n(April 30, 1789).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the choice\\nof the first President of the\\nUnited States, all hearts turned\\ninstinctively to Washington.\\nWith deep regret, he left his\\nb it quiet home at Mount Vernon for\\nthe tumults of political life. His journey to New York\\nwas a continual ovation. Crowds of gayly-dressed people\\nbearing baskets and garlands of flowers, and hailing his\\nappearance with shouts of joy, met him at every village.\\nQuestions on the Geography of the Fotirth Epoch. Locate New York. Phila-\\ndelphia. Baltimore. Detroit. York. St. John s. Montreal. Plattsbnrg. Sackett s\\nHarbor. Erenchtown. Chippewa. New Orleans. Sacramento. San Francisco.\\nSanta Pe. Q ueenstown Heights. Chrysler s Field. Horseshoe Bend. Lundy sLane.\\nLocate Port Maiden. Fort Erie. Fort Meigs. Port Stephenson. PortMimms.\\nCMims). Port McHenry. Fort Brown. Port Schlosser.\\nDescribe the Maumee River. Hudson River. Tippecanoe River. Niagara River.\\nSt. Lawrence River. Raisin River. Thames River. Rio Grande River. Nueces\\nRiver. Locate Sandusky Bay. Lake Champlain.\\nLocate Palo Alto. Point Isabel. Resaca de la Palma. Matamoras. Monterey.\\nBuena Vista. Vera Cruz. Puebla. Cerro Gordo. The Cordilleras. Mexico.\\nThe following names of places can be found on map, Epoch VI. Locate Ston-\\nington, Conn. Palmyra, N. Y. Nauvoo, m. Moiuit Vernon. Port King. Coliunbia\\nRiver. Tampa Bay. Cuba. Havana.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "150 EPOCH IV. [1789.\\nOn the balcony of old Federal Hall, New York City,* he\\ntook the oath to support the Constitution of the United\\nStates, t\\nNew York was only temporarily the capital. At the second session of Congress,\\nthe seat of government was transferred to Philadelphia, where it was to i-emain for\\nten years, and then (1800) be removed to the District of Coliimbia, a tract of land ten\\nmiles square ceded for this pui-pose by Maryland and Virginia. Hero a city was laid\\nout in the midst of a wilderness, containing only here and there a small cottage.\\nThe Father of his Country laid the corner-stone of the capitol (1793). The part of\\nthis District on the Virginia side of the Potomac was ceded back to that State (1840).\\nt George Washington was born February 22, 1732 died December 1-t, 1 799. Left\\nfatherless at eleven years of age, his education was directed by his mother, a woman\\nof strong character, who kindly, but firmly, exacted implicit obedience. Of her,\\nWashington learned his first lessons in self-conmiand. Although bashfid and hesi-\\ntating in his speech, his language was clear and manly. Ha\\\\ang compiled a code of\\nmorals and good manners for his o^vn use, he rigidly observed all its quaint and\\nformal rules. Before his thirteenth year he had copied forms for all kinds of legal\\nand mercantile papers. His manuscript school-books, which still e.xist, are models of\\nneatness and accuracy. His favorite amusements were of a military character he\\nmade soldiers of his playmates, and officered all the mock parades. He inherited\\ngreat wealth, and the antiquity of his family gave him high social rank. On his\\nPotomac farms he had hundreds of slaves, and at his Mount Vernon home he\\nwas like the prince of a wide domain, free from dependence or restraint. He was\\nfond of equipage and the appurtenances of high life, and although Tie always rode on\\nhorseback, his family had a chariot and four -with black postilions In scarlet and\\nwhite livery This generous style of li ving, added perhaps to his native reserve,\\nexposed him to the charge of aristocratic feeling. While at homa, he spent much\\nof his time in riding and hunting. He rose early, ate his breakfast of corn-cake,\\nhoney, and tea, and then rode about his estates his evenings he ptisscd with his\\nfamily around the blazing hearth, retiring between nine and ten. He loved to linger\\nat the tiible, cracking nuts, and relating his adventures. In personal appearance,\\nWashington was over six feet in height, robiist, graceful, and perfectly erect. His\\nmanner was formal and dignified. He was more solid than brilliant, and had more\\njudgment than genius. He had great dread of public life, cared little for books, and\\npossessed no librarj A consistent Christian, he was a vestryman and regular\\nattendant of the Episcopal Church. A firm advocate of free institutions, he still\\nbelieved in a strong government and strictly enforced laws. As Presideat, he care-\\nfully weighed his decisions but, his jxilicy once settled, pursued it with steadiness\\nand dignity, however great the opposition. As an officer, he was brave, enterprising,\\nand cautious. His campaigns were rarely startling, but always judicious. He was\\ncapable of great endurance. Calm in defeat, sober in victorj^, commanding at all\\ntimes, and irresistible when aroused, he exercised equal authority over Idmself and\\nhis army. His last illness was brief, and his closing hours were marked by his usual\\ncalmness and dignity. I die hard said he, but I am not afi-aid to go. Europe\\nand America \\\\ied in tributes to his memory. Said Ixird Brougham, Until time shall\\nbe no more, a test of the progress which our race has made in wisdom and virtue will\\nbe derived from the veneration paid to the immortal name of Washington. Wash-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "1780.]\\nWASUINOTON S ADMINISTRATION,\\n151\\nDifficulties beset the new government on every hand.\\nThe treasury was empty, and the United States had no\\ncredit. The Indians were hostile. Pirates from the Bar-\\nbary States attacked our ships, and American citizens were\\nlanguishing in Algerine dungeons. Spain refused us the\\nnavigation of the Mississippi. England had not yet con-\\nHAiIIL,TON.\\nWASHINGTON.\\nJEFFEKSON.\\ndescended to send a minister to our government, and had\\nmade no treaty of commerce with us. We shall see how\\nwisely Washington and his cabinet* met these difficulties.\\nDomestic Affairs. Finances. By the advice of Alexan-\\nder Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, Congress agreed to\\nassume the debts contracted by the States during the Revolu-\\nington left no children. It has been beantlfully said, Providence left him childless\\nthat his country might call him Father.\\nThree executive departments were now established\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Department of Foreign\\nAffairs (now the Department of State), the Department of War, and the Department\\nof the Treasurj^ The heads of these departments were called Secretaries, and, with\\nthe Attorney-General, formed the President s cabinet.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "152 EPOCH IV. [1790.\\ntion, and to pay the national debt in full, including the Con-\\ntinental money. To provide funds, taxes were levied on\\nimported goods and the distillation of spirits. A mint and\\na national bank were established at Philadelphia. By these\\nmeasures, the credit of the United States was put upon a\\nfirm basis.*\\nMliiskey Rebellioiv (1 794). Great opposition was made to\\nraising money by taxation. In western Pennsylvania, it was\\nagreed that no tax should be paid on whiskey. The rioters\\nwere so numerous and so thoroughly organized that fifteen\\nthousand of the militia were ordered out to subdue them.\\nFinding the government in earnest, the malcontents laid\\ndown their arms.\\nIndian Wars. Two armies sent against the Indians\\nof the north-west were defeated. At last, General Wayne\\nMad Anthony was put in command. Little Turtle,\\nthe Indian chief, now advised peace, declaring that the\\nAmericans had a leader who never slept But his coun-\\nsel was rejected, and a desperate battle was fought on\\nthe Maumee (Aug. 20, 1794). Wayne routed the Indians,\\nchased them a great distance, laid waste their towns for\\nfifty miles, and compelled them to make a treaty giving\\nup about 25,000 square miles of land north of the Ohio.\\nForeign Affairs. England. Hardly had the war closed\\nwhen complaints were made in England that debts could not\\nbe collected in America. On the other hand, the Americans\\ncharged that the British armies had carried off their negroes,\\nthat posts were still held on the frontier, and that our seamen\\nThe credit of these plans belongs to Hamilton. Daniel Webster has eloquently\\nsaid of him, He smote the rock of the national resources, and abundant streams of\\nrevenue burst forth. He touched the dead corpse of public credit, and it sprung\\nupon its feet.\\nt He told them, it is said, that if they ever violated this agreement he would rise\\nfrom his grave to fight them. He was long remembered by the western Indiana.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "1794.] WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 153\\nwere impressed. Chief Justice Jay was sent as envoy ex-\\ntraordinary to England. He negotiated a treaty, which was\\nratified by the Senate (1795), after a violent opposition.*\\nSpain and Algiers. The same year, a treaty was made\\nwith Spain, securing to the United States the free naviga-\\ntion of the Mississippi, and fixing the boundary of Florida,\\nstill held by that nation. Just before this, a treaty had\\nbeen concluded with Algiers, by which our captives were\\nreleased and the Mediterranean commerce was opened to\\nAmerican vessels.\\nFrance. The Americans warmly sympathized with\\nFrance, and when war broke out between that country and\\nEngland, AVashington had great difficulty in preserving\\nneutrality. He saw that the true American policy was\\nto keep free from European alliances. Genet (zhSh na\\nthe French minister, relying on the popular feeling, went\\nso far as to fit out, in the ports of the United States,\\nprivateers to prey on British commerce. He also tried to\\narouse the people against the government. At length, at\\nWashington s request. Genet was recalled. But, as we\\nshall see, the difficulty did not end.\\nPolitical Parties. During the discussion of these vari-\\nous questions, two parties had arisen. Jefferson, Madison,\\nand Randolph! became leaders of the republican party,\\nwhich opposed the United States Bank, the English treaty,\\nand the assumption of the State debts. Hamilton and\\nAdams were the leaders of the federalist party, which sup-\\nTMs treaty enforced the payment of the English debts, but did not in turn forbid\\nthe impressment of American seamen. Its advocates were threatened with violence\\nby angry mobs. Hamilton was stoned at a public meeting. Insults were offered to\\nthe British rainister, and Jay was burned in eflBgy.\\nJohn Randolph of Roanoke was not prominent in the republican (or demo-\\ncratic-republican, as it was often called) party until a later administration, being\\nelected representative in 1799. About 1806, however, he became estranged from\\nJefferson, and opposed the election of Madison. He was a descendant of Poca-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "15-4 EPOCH IV. [1796.\\nported the administration.* Washington having decUned to\\nserve a thii-d terra, issued his famous Farewell Address. So\\nclose was the contest between the rival parties that Adams,\\nthe federalist candidate, was elected President by a major-\\nity of only two electoral votes over Jefferson, the repub-\\nlican nominee, who became Vice-I*resident.\\nADAMS ADMINISTRATION, t\\n(SECOND PRESIDENT: 1797-1801.)\\nDomestic Affairs. AJieii and Sedition Lnirs. Owing to\\nthe violent denunciations of the government by the friends\\nand emissaries of France, the alien and sedition laws were\\nhontas, of which fact he often boasted, and was noted for his keen retorts, reck-\\nless wit, and skill in debjite. His toll, slender, and cadaverous form, his shril) and\\npiping voice, and his long skinny fingers -ix inting towanl the object ol his\\ninvective\u00e2\u0080\u0094 matle him a conspicuous speaker. Vov thirty years, says Benton, he was the\\npolitical meteor of Congress (see A Thirty Years View, by Thomas Hart Bt nt,on).\\nThe federalists favored the granting of power to the general government, which\\nthey thought should be made strong. The repubhcans, fearing lest the republic\\nshould become a monarchy, and the President, a king, opposed this idea and advo-\\ncated state rights. In this election, the republicans were accused of being friends\\nof France, and the federalists of being attaclied to Great Britain and its institutions.\\nThis Republican ixirty was the forerunner of the present Democratic party (p. 1 TS),\\nand must not be confounded with the present Republican ixirty.\\nt John Adams w;is bom 1735 died 1826. He was a member of the first and the\\nsecond Congress, and nominated Washington as commander-in hief. JeflFerson\\nwrote the Declai ation of Independence, but Adams secui-ed its adoption in a three-\\ndaj-s debate. He was a tireless worker, and had the reputation of haNTng the clear-\\nest head and firmest heart of any man in Congress. As President, he lost the reputa-\\ntion he had gained as Congressman. His enemies accuseil him of being a bad\\njudge of men, of clinging to old unpopulai notions, and of having little control over\\nhis temper. They also ridiculed his egotism, which they declared to be inordinate.\\nHe lived, however, to see the prejudice against his mlministi-ation give place to o\\njuster estimate of his great worth and exaltod integrity. As a delegate to the Con\\nstitutional Convention, he was honored as one of the fathers of the republic.\\nAdams and Jefferson were firm friends during the Revolution, but political strife\\nalienated them. On their return to private life they becmne reconciled. They died\\non the Siime day\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the fiftieth anniversary of American independence Adams last\\nwords were, Thomas Jefferson still surs-ives. Jefferson was, however, already\\nIj-ing dead in his Virginia home. Thus, b the passing away of these two remarkatle\\nmen, was made memorable the 4th of July, ZQ.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "1798.] JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 155\\npassed. Under the former, the President could expel from\\nthe country any foreigner whom he deemed injurious to the\\nUnited States under the latter, any one libeling Congress,\\nthe President, or the government, could be fined or impris-\\noned. This was a most unpopular measure, excited the\\nbitterest feeling, and was soon re^3aled.\\nForeign Affairs. Fi-ancc. French affairs early assumed\\na serious a spec t. Our flag was insulted, our vessels were capt-\\nured, and our envoys were refused audience by i\\\\\\\\Q French\\nDirectory unless a bribe should be paid.* The news of this\\ninsult aroused the nation, and the friends of France were\\nsilenced. Orders were issued to raise an army, of which\\nWashington was appointed com luandor-in-cliief. Hostilities\\nhad commenced on the sea, when Napoleon became the First\\nConsul of Franco, and the war was happily arrested.\\nPolitical Parties. An intense party feeling prevailed\\nduring the entire administration. The unpopularity of the\\nahon and sedition laws reduced the vote for Adams and\\nPinckney, the federal candidates. The republican nominees,\\nJefferson and Burr, received the majority of votes; but, as\\neach had the same number, the election went to the House\\nof Representatives, which chose Jefferson for President,\\nantl Burr for Vice-President.\\nJEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION.f\\n(THIRD PRESIDENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TWO TERMS: 1801-1800.-)\\nDomestic Affairs. Purchase of Louisiana (1803). The\\nmost important event of Jefferson s administration was the\\nCharles C. Pinckney\u00e2\u0080\u0094 our minister to France is reported to have replied to\\nthis insulting demand, Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.\\nThomas Jefferson was born 1743 died 18 -i6. Of all the public men who have\\nfigured in the United States, says Parton, he was incomparably the best scholar", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "15t EPOCH IV. [1808.\\npurchase of Louisiana from Napoleon. Over one niillion\\nsquai e miles of land and the full possession of the Mississippi\\nwere obtained for $15,000,000 (see Map, Vlth Epoch).\\n.lanm Burr, the ice-President, was Alexander Hamil-\\nton s bitter rival, both in law and in politics, and at laist chal-\\nlenged him to a duel. c/Iamilton accepted. The affair took\\nplace at Weoha wken Jidy 11,18 04). I lamilton fell at the\\ntii st tire, on the very spot where his eldest son had been killed\\nshortly befoi-e in the same manner. His death produced the\\nmost profound sensation. Burr afterward went west and or-\\nganized an expedition witli the avowed object of forming a\\nsettlement in northern ^Mexico. Being suspected, however,\\nof a design to break up the Union and found a separate con-\\nfederacv bevond the Alleghanies, he was arrested and tried\\nami the iin st variously aitx niplished luan. Ho w;\u00c2\u00bbs a bold horseman, a skillfiil\\nhimter, an eleinint penman, a fme violinist, a brilliant talker, a suj^erior classical\\nschohu-, ami a pivticient in the nn.xlem l!Uisi \u00c2\u00bb^*J\u00c2\u00bb^s. On account of his talents he was\\nstyKxl The Sa^^ of Monticello That immortal document, the Declsiration of In-\\ndeiiendence, was, with the exception of a few wonls, entirely his work. He w.i\u00c2\u00bbs an\\narilent supix^rter o he divtrine of State rights, and lotl the opix sition to the fetler-\\nalists. After he became Pivsident, however, he found the difficulty of mlministeriug\\nthe j^ vernment ujxm that thixn-y. The executive authority had to be stretched\\nuntil it cracked, to c\u00c2\u00ab.ivcr the piuvhase of Ix^uisiana and he btx-ame con^nnced on\\nother ixviksions that the fe^loral government, to use his own expiv\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bbion, must show\\nits teeth Like Washin^on, he Wiis of tu-istoci-atic birth, but his principles were in-\\ntensely demiH-ratic. He hateil ceremonies and titles even Mr. wjjs distjisteful to\\nhim. These tmits weix\u00c2\u00bb the more remarkable iii one of his stiperior birth and educa-\\ntion, and peculiarly endeaiv*.! him to the comnion people. Coming into pnjwer on a\\nwave of iKijnihu-ity, he stvidio\\\\isly sOtight to i\\\\ tain this favor. There were no more\\nbrilliant leroes or courtl.v ceremonies as in the daj-s of Washington and Adanis. On\\nhis inaugun\u00c2\u00bbtion day, he divsseil in plain clothes, rode unattendoil down to Congress,\\ndismounted, hitched his horse, and went into the chamber to resid his fifteen-minutes\\ninaug\\\\iR\\\\l. Some of the sentences of that short but memorable juidress have passed\\ninto prv\u00c2\u00bbverb8. The unostentatious example thus set by the nation s President w:vs\\nwise in its effects. Soim, the iiubiic debt wsis diminished, the treasury was replen-\\nished, and the army and na\\\\T were re*iuced. A man of such marked character neces-\\nsarily m. ule bitter enemit s, b\\\\it Jeflrers*m commanded the respect of even his oppo-\\nnents, while the admiration of his fiiends wsis unU.iundtxi. The last seventeen years\\nof his life were iias*^\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abi at M\u00c2\u00ab nticelU neju- the pla\u00c2\u00ab.f of his birth. By his prvifuse hos-\\npitality, he had, long K^foiv liis doatli. six nt his vast estates. He died p\u00c2\u00ab.x r in money,\\nbut rich in honor. His last words weiv, Tliis is the fourth day of July.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "1807.] JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION, 157\\n(1807) on a charge of treason.* Although acquitted for\\nwant of proof, he yet remained an outcast. t\\nFiiUoii s Steaui-hoat. The year 180 7 was made memo-\\nrable by the voyage from New York to Albany of Robert\\nFulton s steam-boat, the Clermont. For years, the Hudson\\ncould boast of having the only steam-boat in the world.\\nForeign Affairs. War vdth, Tripoli. The Barbary\\nStates, of which Tripoli is one, i or many years sent out\\ncruisers which captured vessels of all Christian nations,\\nand held their crews as slaves until ransomed. The United\\nStates, like the European nations, was accustomed to pay\\nannual tribute to these pirates to secure exemption from\\ntheir attacks. The Bashaw (ba shaw of Tripoli became so\\nhaughty that he declared war (1801) against the United\\nStates. Jefferson sent a fleet which blockaded J the port\\nand repeatedly bombarded the city of Tripoli. The fright-\\nened Bashaw was at last glad to make peace.\\nEngland aii l France. During this time, England and\\nFrance were engaged in a desperate struggle. England tried\\nto prevent trade with France, and, in turn, Napoleon forbade\\nall commerce with England. As the United States was\\nneutral, we did most of the carrying trade of Europe. Our\\nWhile awaiting his trial, Burr was committed to the common jail. There,\\namong its wretched inmates, stripped of all his honors, lay the man who once lacked\\nbut a single vote to make him President of the United States.\\nt Closely connected with Burr s conspiracy is the romantic story of Blennerhassett\\nand his beautifiU wife. Having settled on an island in the Ohio lliver, they had\\ntransformed the wilderness into a garden of beauty, and had clustered about their\\nhome every luxury which wealth could procure. Into this paradise. Burr came, win-\\nning their confidence, and engaging thorn in his plans. On Burr s downfall, Blenner-\\nhassett was arrested, and, before his release, every thing had been sold by his creditors,\\nthe grounds turned into a hemp-field, and the mansion converted into a store-house.\\nX During this blockade, a valiant exploit was performed by Lieutenant Decatur.\\nThe frigate Philadelphia had unfortunately grounded and fallen into the enemy s\\nhands. Concealing his men below, he entered the harbor with sr small vessel, which\\nho warped alongside the Philadelphia, in the character of a ship in distress. As the\\ntwo vessels stnick, the pirates first suspected his design. Instantly he leaped aboard,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "158 EPOCU IV. [1807.\\nvessels thiis became the prey of both the hostile nations. Be-\\nsides, England claimed the right of stopping American ves-\\nsels on the high seas, to search for seamen of English birth,*\\nand press them into the British nav} The feeling, already-\\ndeep, was intensified when the British frigate Leopard fired\\ninto the American frigate Chesapeake, off the coast of Vir-\\nginia. The American vessel, being wholly unprepared for\\nbattle, soon struck her colors. Four of the crew, three being\\nAmericans by birth, were taken, on the pretense that they\\nwere deserters. Jefferson immediately ordered all British\\nvessels of war to quit the waters of the United States.\\nThough England disavowed the act, no reparation was made.\\nCongress then passed an Embargo Act forbidding American\\nvessels to leave port. This was so injurious to our com-\\nmerce that it was removed, but all intercourse with England\\nor France was forbidden.\\nPolitical Parties. While the country was in this feverish\\nstate, Jefferson s second term expired. James Madison, the\\nrepublican candidate, who was in sympathy with his views,\\nwas elected as his successor by a large majority. The repub-\\nlicans generally favored a war with England, f while the\\nfederalists bitterly opposed the war policy.\\nMADISON S ADMINISTRATION, t\\n(FOURTH PRESIDENT -TWO TERMS: 1809-1817.\\nDomestic Affairs. Battle of Tippecmioe (November 7,\\n1811). Britisli emissaries had been busy arousing the In-\\nwlth his men, swept the tififrighted crew into the sea, set the ship on fire, and, amid a\\ntremendous cannonade from the shore, escaped without losinj; a man.\\nThe American doctrine wtis that a foi-eijjner natui-alized became an American\\ncitizen the British, Once an Englishman, always an Englishman.\\nMadison and Monroe both followed Jefferson s poliry; Josiah Quincy once\\ncalled thcra James I. and James 11.\\nt James Madison was born in Virginia in 1751 died 183G. In the Convention", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "1811.]\\nMadison s administration.\\n159\\ndians to war. Te cum seh, a famous chief, seized the opportu-\\nnity to form a confederacy of the north-western tribes. Gen-\\neral Harrison, who was sent against them with a strong force,\\nwas treacherously attacked by night near the Tippecanoe.\\nThe Indians, however, were routed with great slaughter.\\nBATTLE OF TIPPECANOE.\\nof 1787, he was one of the strongest advocates of the Constitution, and did much to\\nsecure its adoption. I rom his political principles he was obliged, though reluctantly,\\nto oppose Washington s administration, which he did in a courteous and temperate\\nmanner. He led his party in Congress, where he remained till 1797. The next year\\nhe drafted the famous 1798- 99 Resolutions enunciating the doctrine of State\\nrights, which, with the accompanying Report in their defense, have heen the\\ngreai text-book of the democratic party. He was Secretary of State to Jefferson.\\nAfter his Presidential services, he retired from public station. Madison s success\\nwas not so much the result of a great natural ability as of intense application and\\nse vere ac curacy. His mind was strong, clear, and well-balanced, and his memory\\nwas wonderful. Like John Quincy Adams, he had laid up a great store of learning,\\nwhich he used in the most skillful manner. He always exhausted the subject upon\\nwhich he spoke. When he had finished, nothing remained to be said. His private\\ncharacter was spotless. His manner was simple, modest, and uniformly courteous\\nto his opponents. He enjoyed wit and humor, and told a story admirably. His\\nsunny temper remained with him to the last. Some friends coming to visit him\\ndiiring his final illness, he sunk smilingly back on his couch, saying I always talk\\nbetter when I /i\u00c2\u00ab. It has been said of him It was bis r^re good fortune to have a\\nwhole nation for his friends.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "160 EPOCH IV. [1812.\\nForeign Affairs. Ejiglaml. This war aroused the people\\nof the West against England. The impressment of our sea^-\\nmen and the capture of our ships continued. The British\\ngovernment went so far as to send war vessels into our waters\\nto seize our ships as prizes. The American frigate President\\nhaving hailed the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, received a\\ncannon-shot in reply. The fire was returned, and the sloop\\nsoon disabled a civil answer was then returned. The British\\ngovernment refusing to relinquish its offensive course, all\\nhope of peace was abandoned.* Finally (June 19, 1812),\\nwar was formally declared against Great Britain.\\nSECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN (1812- 14).\\nSurrender of Detroit (August 16, 1812). As in the pre-\\nvious wars, it was determined to invade Canada. General\\nWilliam Hull accordingly crossed over from Detroit and en-\\ncamped on Canadian soil. While preparing to attack Fort\\nMaiden (ma A^i den), he learned that the enemy were gather-\\ning in force, and had already captured Fort Mackinaw. He,\\ntherefore, retreated to Detroit. The British under General\\nBrock and the Indians under Tecumseh followed thither,\\nand, landing, advanced at once to assault the fort at that\\nplace. The garrison was in line, and the gunners were\\nstanding with lighted matches awaiting the order to fire,\\nwhen Hull, apparently unnerved by the fear of bloodshed,\\nordered the white flag a table-cloth to be raised. Amid\\nthe tears of his men, it is said, and without even stipulating\\nfor the honors of war, he surrendered not only Detroit, with\\nits garrison and stores, but the whole of Michigan.\\nMadison, whose disposition was very pacific, hesitated so long, that one of the\\nfederalists declared in Congress that he could not be kicked into a light Thia\\nexpression passed into a proverb.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "VICINITY OF THE\\nCITY OF MKXICO", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "1812.] YTAR OF 1812- 14. 161\\nBattle of Queenstown Heights (October 13).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Late in\\nsummer, another attempt was made to invade Canada. Gen-\\neral Van Rensselaer (ren se ler), finding that his men were\\neager for a light, sent a small body across the Niagara River\\nto attack the British at Queenstown Heights. The English\\nwere driven from their position, and General Brock was\\nkilled. General Van Rensselaer then returned to the Ameri-\\ncan shore to bring over the rest of the army but the militia,\\ndenying the constitutional right of their commander to take\\nthem out of the State, refused to embark. Meantime, their\\ncomrades on the Canadian shore, thus basely abandoned,\\nafter a desperate struggle, were compelled to surrender.\\nNaval Victories. These signal disgraces by land were\\nin striking contrast to the successes on the sea.\\nConstltiitjoJh and Giicrricre (August 1 9). The fight off the\\nBanks of Newfoundland, between the American frigate Con-\\nstitution (popularly called Old Ironsides) and the Guerriere\\n(gare e areO is memorable. The latter vessel opened fire first.\\nCaptain Isaac Hull* refused to answer until he had brought\\nhis ship into the exact position he desired, when he poured\\nbroadside after broadside into his antagonist, sweeping her\\ndeck, shattering her hull, and cutting her masts and rigging\\nto pieces. The Guerriere soon became unmanageable, and\\nwas forced to surrender.! She was so badly injured that she\\nNephew of General Hull. His bravery retrieved the name from its disgrace.\\nt Captain Hull sent an officer to take possession of the Guerriere. When he\\narrived alongside, he demanded of the commander of the English frigate if he had\\nstruck. Dacres was extremely reluctant to make this concession in plain terms;\\nbut, vrith a shi-ewdness which would have done honor to a Yankee, endeavored to\\nevade the question. I do not know that it would be prudent to continue the en-\\ngagement any longer said he. Do I vmderstand yoti to say that you have struck?\\ninquired the American lieutenant. Xot precisely- returned Dacres but I don t\\nknow that it will be worth while to fight any longer. If yoti can not decide, I will\\nreturn aboard replied the Yankee, and we will resume the engagement. Why,\\nI am pretty much hors de combat ah-eady s;iid Dacres I have hardly men enough\\nleft to work a gun, and my ship is in a sinking condition. I wish to know, sir", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "162\\nEPOCH IV.\\n[1813.\\ncould not be brought into port while the Old Ironsides, in\\na few hours, was ready for another fight.\\nFrolic and Wasp (October 13). The next noted\\nachievement was the defeat of the English brig Frolic\\nby the sloop-of-war Wasp, off the coast of North Carolina.\\nWhen the former was boarded by her captors, her colors\\nCAl Tl KK OF THK OlKUKiKKE BY THE CONSTiTL I lON.\\nwere still fl3ing, there being no one to haul them down.\\nThe man at the helm was the only sailor left on deck\\nunharmed.\\nOther victories followed. Privateers scoured every sea,\\ninflicting untold injury on the British commerce. During\\nthe year, over three hundred prizes were captured.\\nperemptorily demanded the American officer, whether I am to consider you as a\\nprisoner of war or an enemy. T have no time for fiirther parley. I believe there is\\nnow no alternative. If T could fight longer, I would with pleasure but I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 must\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nsurreoder\u00e2\u0080\u0094 myself\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a prisoner qf warT", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "1813.] WAR OF 1813- 14. 163\\nThe Effect of these J^aval Victories was to arouse enthu-\\nsiasm and inspire confidence. Volunteer corps were rapidly\\nformed. Madison was re-elected, thus stamping his war\\npolicy with the popular approval.\\n1813.\\nPlan of the Campaign. Three armies were raised: (1)\\nthe Army of the Center, under General Dearborn, on the\\nNiagara River (2) the Army of the North, under General\\nHampton, along Lake Champlain and (3) the Army of the\\nWest, under General Harrison, of Tippecanoe fame. All three\\nwere ultimately to invade Canada. Proctor was the British\\ngeneral, and Tecumseh had command of his Indian allies.\\nThe Armies of the Center and North did but little. Gen-\\neral Dearborn attacked York, General Pike gallantly lead-\\ning the assault. Unfortunately, in the moment of success\\nthe magazine blew up, making fearful havoc. Pike was\\nmortally wounded, but lived to hear the shouts of his men as\\nthey hauled down the British ensign. At a sign from him,\\nthe captured flag was placed under his head, when he died,\\nas he had wished, like Wolfe, in the arms of victory Dear-\\nborn soon after resigned. Wilkinson, his successor, tried to\\ndescend the St. Lawrence, and join General Hampton in an\\nattack on Montreal. A sharp action occurred at Chrysler s\\nField, but news coming that Hampton had gone back to\\nPlattsburg, the expedition was abandoned. (Map opp. p. 1 6 0.)\\nThus ingloriously ended the campaign of these two armies.\\nArmy of the West. A detachment of General Harrison s\\nmen was captured at Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, by\\nWhen the British heard that Dearborn had sailed away from Sackett s Harbor\\nwith the fleet, they immediately made an attack on that place. They were bravely\\nrepulsed by Gteneral Brown and a few regulars.\\nThis party was stationed on the Maumee, under General Winchester. Having", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "164 EPOCH IV. [1813\\nProctor, who then besieged Harrison himself at Fort Meigs\\n(mSQz). Repulsed here, Proctor stormed Fort Stephenson,\\ngarrisoned by only one hundred and sixty men, under Majo\\nCroghan, a young man of twenty-one. Beaten again, h\\nreturned to Maiden. As yet, however, the British held\\nMichigan and threatened Ohio, and tlie Americans had\\nbeen as unsuccessful this year as they were the preceding,\\nwhen a glorious triumph on liake Erie gave a now aspect\\nto the canipaign.\\nPerry s Victory (September 10). When Captain Perry,\\nthen only twenty-seven years old, was assigned the command\\nof the flotilla on Lake Erie, the British were undisputed\\nmasters of the lake, while his lieet was to be, in part, made\\nout of the trees in the forest. By indefatigable exertion he\\ngot nine vessels, carrying fifty-four guns, ready for action,\\nwhen the British fleet of six vessels and sixty-three guns\\nbore down upon his little squadron.* Perry s flag-ship, the\\nLawrence,! engaged two of the heaviest vessels of the enemy,\\nand fought them till but eight of his men wore left. lie\\nlearned that the people of Frenohtown feared an attack fi-om the Indians, ho allowed\\nhia niilit-siry jiidKnient to yield to his humanity, and maivhed to tlicir relief. lie de-\\nfeated the enemy, but wjis soon attacked by a body of llfteen hundred British and\\nIndiana under PiYictor. Winchester, boinjj captured in tlio course of the battle, agreed\\nto the surrender of his men under the solemn pivmise that their lives and property\\nshould be safe. Pix ctor, however, immediately returned to Maiden with the British,\\nlea\\\\injr no puaixl over the American wounded. Thcrcuixm, the Indians, maddened\\nby liquor and the desire for revenge, mei-cilessly tomah.awked many, set Are to the\\nhouses in which othera lay, and carried the survivoi-s to Dcti-oit, where they were\\ndragged through the sti-eots and offered for solo at the dooi-s of the inliabitants.\\nAfany of tlic women of that iilace gave for their ransom every ai-ticle of value which\\nthey possessed. The troops were Kentuckians, and the w;ir-cry of their sons was\\nhenceforth Remember the lljiisiu The great object of the Indians in battle was\\nto get scalps, Pix ctor pa.sing a regular bounty for every one. They wore therefore\\nloth to tjike prisoners. Proctor, brutiil and haughty, was a fit leader under a govern-\\nment that would employ savtvgos in a ci\\\\ilized warfaiv.\\nPerry ha l never .seen a naval battle, while Captain Barclay, the British com-\\nmander, was one of Nelson s veterans, and had lost an arm in the service.\\nt Prom its nuist^head lloatod a blue pennant, bearing the wonls of the dying liaw-\\nrcnce, Don t give up the ship (See p. IGG.)", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "MuN n.iuiyii5H)i.\\nUULL.\\nAmerican Leaders\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wars of the Revolution, and of 1812.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "1813.] WAR OF 1813- 14. 165\\nhelped these to fire the last gun, and then leaping into a boat\\nbore his flag to the Niagara. He had to pass within pistol-\\nshot of the British, who turned their guns directly upon him\\nand though he was a fair mark for every shot, he escaped\\nwithout injury. Breaking through the enemy s line, and\\nfiring right and left, within fifteen minutes after he mounted\\nthe deck of the Niagara the victory was won. Perry at once\\nwrote to General Harrison, We have met the enemy, and\\nTHEY ARE OURS. This lacouic dispatch produced intense ex-\\ncitement throughout the country. Upon the result of this\\nbattle depended, as we shall see, important issues.\\nBattle of the Thames.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Proctor and Tecumseh were at\\nMaiden with their motley array of British and Indians, two\\nthousand strong, waiting to lay waste the frontier. Harrison,\\nat Sandusky Bay, was nearly ready to invade Canada, and at\\nthe news of this victory pushed across the lake. Landing at\\nMaiden, which he found deserted, Harrison hotly pursued the\\nflying enemy and overtook them on the River Thames (temz).\\nHaving drawn up his troops, he ordered Colonel Johnson,\\nwith his Kentucky horsemen, to charge the English in front.\\nDashing through the forest, they broke the enemy s line, and\\nforming in their rear, prepared to pour in a deadly fire. The\\nBritish surrendered, but Proctor escaped by the swiftness\\nof his horse. Johnson then pushed forward to attack the\\nIndians. In the heat of the action, a bullet, fired by\\nJohnson himself, struck Tecumseh. With his death, the\\nsavages lost all hope, and fled in confusion.\\nEffect. This victory, with Perry s, relieved Michigan,\\ngave control of Lake Erie, and virtuallj^ decided the war.\\nGeneral Harrison returned amid the plaudits of the nation.\\nNaval Battles. The American navy achieved some\\nbrilliant successes, but was not uniformly victorious.\\nChesajjeahe and Shannon. Captain Lawrence, of the", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "166 KPOCH IV. [1813.\\nHornet, having captured the British brig Peacock, on his\\nreturn was placed in command of the Chesapeake, the ill-\\nstarred frigate which struck her flag to the Leopard off the\\ncoast of Virginia. While refitting his vessel at Boston, a\\nchallenge was sent him to fight the Shannon, then lying off\\nthe harbor. Lawrence, although part of his crew were dis-\\ncharged, and the unpaid remainder were almost mutinous,\\nconsulted only his own heroic spirit, and put to sea. The\\naction was brief. A hand-grenade bursting in the Chesa-\\npeake s arm-chest, the enemy took advantage of the confu-\\nsion, and boarded the vessel. A scene of carnage ensued.\\nLawrence, mortally wounded, was carried below. As he left\\nthe deck he exclaimed, Don t give up the ship But the\\nfeeble crew were soon overpowered, and the colors hauled\\ndown.\\nWar with the Creeks. Tecumseh had been (1811)\\namong the Alabama Indians, and had aroused them to take\\nup arms against the Americans. They accordingly formed a\\nleague (1813), and fell upon Fort Mimms, massacring the gar-\\nrison and the defenseless women and children. (Map opp. p.\\n160.) Volunteers flocked in from all sides to avenge this\\nhorrid deed. Under General Jackson, they drove the Indians\\nfrom one place to another, until they took refuge on the\\nHorseshoe Bend, where they fortified themselves for the last\\nbattle* (March 2 7,1814). The soldiers, with fixed bayonets,\\nscaled their breastwork. The Creeks fought with the energy\\nof despair, but six hundred of their number were killed, and\\nthose who escaped were glad to make peace on any terms.\\nAn event occurred on Jackson s march which illustrates his iron will. For a\\nlong time his soldiers suffered extremely from famine, and at last they mutinied.\\nGeneral Jackson ix de before the ranks. His left arm, shattered by a ball, was dis-\\nabled, but in his right he held a m\\\\isket. Sternly ordering the men back to their\\nplaces, he declared he would shoot the first who advanced. No one stirred, and soon\\nall returned to their duty.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "1814.]\\nWAR OF 1812- 14.\\n167\\nRavages on the Atlantic Coast. Early in the spring the\\nBritish commenced devastating the Southern coast.* Ad-\\nmiral Cockburn, especially, disgraced the British navy by\\nconduct worse than that of Oornwallis in the Revolution.\\nAlong the Virginia and Carolina coast, he burned bridges,\\nfarm-houses, and villages robbed the inhabitants of their\\ncrops, stock, and slaves plundered churches of theii com-\\nmunion services, and murdered the sick in their beds.\\nDON T GIVE UP THE SHIP. DEATH OF LAWRENCE,\\n1814.\\nBattle of Lundy s Lane (July 25). The American army,\\nunder General Brown, crossed the Niagara River once more,\\nand for the last time invaded Canada. Fort Erie having\\nfri\\nd was spared because of a belief that the Northern States were un-\\nar, and would yet retiim to their allegiance to Great Britain.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "168 EPOCH IV. [1814.\\nbeen taken, General Wirifield Scott, leading the advance, atr-\\ntacked the British at Chip pe wa (July 5), and gained a brill-\\niant victory. A second engagement was fought at Lundy s\\nLane, opposite Niagara Falls. (Map opp. p. 160.) Here,\\nwithin sound of that mighty cataract, occurred one of the\\nbloodiest battles of the war. General Scott had only one\\nthousand men, but he maintained the unequal contest until\\ndark. A battery, located on a height, was the key to the\\nBritish position. Calling Colonel Miller to his side. General\\nBrown, who had now arrived, asked him if he could take it.\\nI ll try, sir was the fearless reply. Heading his regiment,\\nhe steadily marched up the height and secured the coveted\\nposition. Three times the British rallied for its re-capture,\\nbut as many times were hurled back. At midnight they\\nretired from the field. This victory, though glorious to\\nthe American army, was barren of direct results.\\nBattle of Lake Champlain (September 11). All but fif-\\nteen hundred of the troops at Plattsburg had gone to rein-\\nforce General Brown. Prevost (pre vo the commander of\\nthe British army in Canada, learning this fact, took twelve\\nthousand veteran soldiers, who had served under Welling-\\nton, and marched against that place. As he advanced to\\nthe attack, the British fleet on Lake Champlain assailed\\nthe American squadron under Commodore MacDonough\\n(d6n o).* The attacking squadron was nearly annihilated.\\nThe little army in Plattsburg, by their vigorous defense, pre-\\nvented Prevost from crossing the Saranac River. When he\\nfound that his ships were lost, he fled precipitatelv^ leaving\\nhis sick and wounded, and large quantities of military stores.\\nRavages on the Atlantic Coast. The British blockade\\nextended this year to the north. Commerce was so com-\\nOne of his vessels he had built in twenty days, from trees growing on the bank\\nof the lake.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "1814.] WAR OF 1813- 14. 169\\npletely destroyed that the lamps in the light-houses were\\nextinguished as being of use only to the English. Several\\ntowns in Maine were captured. Stonington, Conn., was\\nbombarded. Cockburn continued his depredations along the\\nChesapeake. General Ross marched to Washington (Aug. 24)\\nand buriied the capitol, the Congressional library, and other\\npublic buildings and records, with private dwellings and\\nstore-houses. He then sailed around by sea, to attack Balti-\\nmore. The army having disembarked below the city (Sept.\\n12), moved against it by land,* while the fleet bombarded\\nFort McHenry from the river. The troops, however, met\\nwith a determined resistance and, as the fleet had made no\\nimpression on the fort,t soon retired to their ships.\\nG-reat excitement was produced by these events. Every\\nsea-port was fortified the militia were organized, and citi-\\nzens of all ranks labored with their own hands to throw up\\ndefenses. Bitter reproaches were cast upon the adminis-\\ntration because of its mode of conducting the war. Delegates\\nfrom New England States met at Hartford (December 1 5) to\\ndiscuss this subject. The meeting was branded with odium\\nby friends of the administration, and to be called a Hartford\\nConvention Federalist was long a term of reproach.\\nPeace, as afterward appeared, was made even before the\\nconvention adjourned. The treaty was signed at Ghent,\\nDecember 24. Before, however, the news reached this\\ncountry, a terrible and, as it proved, unnecessary battle\\nhad been fought in the South.\\nBattle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815). A powerful\\nfleet and a force of twelve thousand men, under General Pak-\\nWMle the British troops were marching toward Baltimore, General Ross rode\\nforward to reconnoiter. Two mechanics, who were in a tree watching the advance,\\nfired, and Eoss fell mortally wounded. The two patriots were instantly shot.\\nDuring the bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis S. Key, an American de-\\ntained on board an English vessel, wrote the song, The Star Spangled Banner", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "170\\nEPOCH 1 V.\\n[181S.\\nenliani, undertook the capture of New Orleans. General\\nJackson, anticipating this attempt, had thrown up intrench-\\nments* several miles below the city. The British advanced\\nstoadily. in solid rolunms, heedless of the artillery tire\\nwhich swept their ranks, until they came within range of\\nthe Kentucky and Tennessee ritlemen, when they wavered.\\nTheir officere rallied them again and again. General Pak-\\nenham fell in the arms of the same othcer who had caught\\nGeneral Ross as he fell at Baltimore. Neither discipline, nor\\nJaokson at tli-st luado his intronohnionts, in part, of ootton-lwlos, bxit a red-hot\\ncannon-l all havins; llitnl tlio ootton ami soatteitvl the buniinij frajrinents among the\\nbarivls of tninixnvdor, it was found nooi- ssjvry to i-emovo the ft tton cntiivly. The\\nonly defense of the Auiericans durins: tl e luittlo w;k a Iwmk of earth, five feet hinh,\\nand a ditch in fivnt. The British werw tried and disoiplinetl tixwjis. wliile very few\\nof the Anierieans had e%-er seen tlyhting. liosides, the Britisli wei-e i\\\\eiU ly double\\ntheir iminber. But o\\\\ir men weiv aocustonied to the use of the rifle, and were the\\nbes* marksmen in the world.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "1815. J MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 171\\nbravery could prevail. General Lambert, who succeeded to\\nthe command, drew off his men in the night, hopelessly\\ndefeated, after a loss of over two thousand while the\\nAmerican loss was but seven killed and six wounded.\\nResults of the War. The treaty left the question of im-\\npressment unsettled, yot it was tacitly understood, and was\\nnever revived. The national debt was $12 7,000,000, but\\nwithin twenty years it was paid from the ordinary revenue.\\nThe United States had secured the respect of European\\nnations,* since our navy had dared to meet, and often suc-\\ncessfully, the greatest maritime power in the world. The\\nimpossibility of any foreign ruler gaining a permanent foot-\\nhold on our territory was shown. The fruitless invasion\\nof Canada by tlie militia, comjjixrcd witli tlie bravo dcifcmse\\nof their own territory by the same men, proved that the\\nstrength of the United States lay in defensive warfare. Ex-\\ntensive manufactories were established to supply the place\\nof the English goods cut off by the l)lockade. This branch\\nof industry continued to thrive? after peace, though for a\\ntime depressed by the quantity of English goods thrown (jn\\nthe market. The immediate evils of the war were apparent\\ntrade ruined, commerce gone, no specie to be seen, and a\\ngeneral depression. Yet the wonderful resources of the\\ncountry were shown by the rapidity with which it entered\\nupon a new career of prosperity. During the next six years,\\na new State was added each year (p. 202).\\nPolitical Parties.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 When Madison s term of office ex-\\npired, the federalist party had been broken up by its opposi-\\ntion to the war. James Monroe, the Presidential candidate of\\nThe Algerines had taken advantage of the war with England to renew their\\ndepredations on American commerce. Decatur (1815) was sent with a squadron to\\nAlgiers, Tunis, and TripoU. He obtained the liberation of the American prisoners,\\nand full indemnity for all losses, with pledges for the future. The United States was\\nthe flrst nation ellcctually to resist the demauda of the Barbaiy pirates for tribute.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "172 EPOCH IV. [1816.\\nthe republican party, was almost unanimously elected. He\\nwas generally beloved, and all parties united in his support.\\nMONROE S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(FIFTH PRESIDENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TWO TEHMS: 1817-1825.)\\nMonroe s administration was one of general prosperitj^\\nIt is known as The era of good feeling After the ravages\\nof war, the attention of all was turned to the development\\nof the internal resources of the country and to the build-\\ning up of its industries.\\nDomestic Affairs. Tite Missouri Comjn onilse. When\\nthe admission of Missouri as a State was proposed, a violent\\ndiscussion arose as to whether it should be free or slave. f\\nJames Monroe was born 1758 died 1831. As a soldier under Greneral Washing-\\nton, he distinguished himself in the battles of Brandj-Avinc, Germantown, and Mon-\\nmouth. Afterward, he studied law, and entered political life. Having been sent\\nby Washington as Minister to France, he showed such marked sjnnpathy with that\\ncountry as to displease the President and his cabinet, who were just concluding a\\ntreaty with England, and wished to preserve a strictly ijeutral policy he was there-\\nfore recalled, lender .TetTcrson, who was liis warm f riend,.he was again sent to France\\n(1803), when he secured the purchase of LiOiiisiana. He is said to have alwaj^ taken\\nparticular pride in tliis transaction, regarding his part in it as among the most im-\\nportant of his public ser\\\\nces. Soon after his inaugiiration as President, he visited\\nall the military posts in the north and east, with a ^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2icw to a thorough acquaintance\\nwith the capabilities of the country in the event of future hostilities. He wore a blue\\nmilitary coat of homespun, light-colored breeches, and a cocked hat, being the un-\\ndress uniform of a Revolutionary olTicer. The nation was thus reminded of his for-\\nmer militarj scI\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^iccs. This, with his plain and unassuming manners, completely won\\nthe hearts of the people, and brought an overwhelming majority to the support of the\\nadministration. !Monroe was a man more prudent than brilliant, who acted with a sin-\\ngle ej-e to the welfare of his country. Jefferson said of him If his soul were turned\\ninside oiit, not a spot would bo f oiind on it. Like that loved friend, ho died poor in\\nmoney, but rich in honor and like him also, he passed away on the anniversary of\\nthe independence of the countrj he had served so faithfully.\\nt The question of slavery was already one of vast importance. At first, slaves\\nwere owned in the Northern as well as the Southern States. But at the North, slave\\nlabor was unprofitable, and it had gradually died out while at the South, it wius a\\nsuccess, and hence had steadily increased. In 1793, Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts,\\ninvented the cotton-gin, a machine for cleaning cotton from the seed, an operation", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "1831.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 173\\nThrough the efforts of Henry Clay, it was admitted as a slave\\nState (1821), under the compromise that slavery should be\\nprohibited in all other territories west of the Mississippi and\\nnorth of parallel 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 the southern boundary of Missouri.\\nLa Fayette s Visit to this country (1824) as the nation s\\ngTiest was a joyous event. He traveled through each of the\\ntwenty-four States, and was every-where welcomed with de-\\nlight. His visit to the tomb of Washington was full of affec-\\ntionate remembrance. He was carried home in a national\\nvessel, the Brandy wine, named in honor of the battle in which\\nLa Fayette first drew his sword in behalf of the colonies.\\nForeign Affairs. Florida. By a treaty (1819), Spain\\nnow ceded Florida to the United States. (See p. 304.)\\nMonroe Doctruie. In one of President Monroe s messages\\nhe advocated a principle since famous as the Monroe Doc-\\ntrine, He declared that any attempt by a European nation\\nto gain dominion in America would be considered by the\\nUnited States as an unfriendly act.\\nPolitical Parties. Divisions now became apparent in the\\ngreat party which had twice so triumphantly elected Monroe\\nas President. The whig party, as it came to be called in Jack-\\nson s time, was forming in opposition to the republican\\nthenceforth known as the democratic party.* The whigs\\nwere in favor of a protective tariff, and a general system of\\ninternal improvements f the democrats opposed these meas-\\nbefore performed by hand, and very expensive. This gave a new impulse to cotton-\\nraising. Sugar and tobacco, also great staples of the South, were cultivated ex-\\nclusively by slave labor.\\nJohn Quincy Adams and Henry Clay were the champions of the whigs Andrew\\nJackson and John C. Calhoun, of the democrats. In 1835, the democrats began to be\\ncalled Locofocos because, at a meeting in Tammany Hall (Oct. 29), the lights hav-\\ning been put out, were relighted with locofoco matches, which several persons,\\nexpecting such an event, had carried in their pockets.\\nt A protective tariff is a duty on imported goods for the purpose of encouraging\\nhomo manufactures. By the term internal improvements is meant the improving of\\ntjie navigatioji of rivers, the building of railroads, the dredging of harbops, etc.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "174 EPOCH IV. [1825.\\nures. No one of the four candidates obtaining a majority,\\nthe election went to the House of Representatives, where\\nJohn Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, was chosen.\\nJ. Q. ADAMS ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(SIXTH PRESIDENT: 1825-1829.)\\nThis was a period of great national prosperity. During\\nthis term, the Erie Canal was opened (1825), and the first\\nrailroad in the United States was completed (1826). The\\ndebt was diminishing at the rate of over $6,000,000 a\\nyear. A protective tariff, known as the American Sys-\\ntem reached its height. It was popular at the East, but\\ndistasteful to the South.t Adams was a candidate for re-\\nelection, but Andrew Jackson the hero of New Orleans,\\nand the democratic nominee was chosen. The principle\\nof a protective tariff was thus rejected by the people.\\nJohn Quincy Adams was born in Massachvisetts, 1767 died 1848. He was a hian\\nof learning, blameless reputation, and unquestioned patriotism, yet as President he\\nwas hardly more successful than his father. This was, doubtless, owing greatly to\\nthe fierce opposition which assailed him from the friends of disappointed candidates,\\nwho at once combined to weaken his measures and prevent his re-election. Their\\ncandidate was Andrew Jackson, a man whose dashing boldness, energy, and decision\\nattracted the common people, and hid the more quiet virtues of Adams. To add to\\nhis perplexities, a majority of the House, and nearly one half of the Senate, favored\\nthe new party, his own Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, being most active in the\\nopposition. To stem such a tide was a hopele s effort. In two years, Adams w;is re-\\nturned to Congress, where he remained until his death, over sixteen ycare afterwai-d.\\nTen years of public service were thus rendered after he had passed his three-score\\nyears and ten and so great was his ability in debate at this extreme age, that he\\nwas called the old man eloquent Like his father, he was a wonderful worker,\\nand his mind w: a a store-house of facts. He lived economically, and left a large estate.\\nHe was the congressional advocate of anti-slavery, and a bitter opponent of secret\\nsocieties. His fame increased with his age, and he died a trusted and revered cham-\\npion of popular rights. He was seized with apoplexy while occupjing his seat in\\nCongress, after which ho lingered two days in partial unconsciousness. His last\\nwords were\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This is the last of earth I am content.\\nThe Southern States, devoted to agricultural pursuits, desired t i have foreign\\ngoods brought to them as cheaply as possible while the eastern States, engaged iu\\nmanufactures, wished to have foreign competition shut off by heavy duties.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "1829.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 175\\nJACKSON S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(SEVENTH PRESIDENT TWO TERMS: 1829-1837.)\\nPresident Jackson commenced his administration with\\nan inflexible honesty that dehghted all, but with a sturdi-\\nness of purpose that amazed both friends and foes. He sur-\\nrounded himself at once by his political friends, thus estab-\\nlishing the principle of rotation in office .f\\nDomestic Affairs. Jfullification (1832). South Caro-\\nlina passed a Nullification ordinance declaring the tariff\\nlaw null and void and that the State would secede from\\nthe Union if force should be employed to collect any revenue\\nat Charleston. President Jackson acted with his accustomed\\nAndrew Jackson was born 1767 died 1845. He was of Scotch-Ii ish descent.\\nHis father died before ho was bom, leaving his mother very poor. As a boy, Andrew\\nwas brave and impetuous, passionately fond of athletic sports, but not at all addicted\\nto books. His life was crowded with excitement and adventure. At fourteen, being\\ncaptured by the British, he was ordered to clean the commander s boots. Showing\\nthe true American spirit in his refusal, he was sent to prison with a wound on head\\nand arm. Here he contracted the small-pox, which kept him ill for several months.\\nSoon after his mother had effected his exchange, she died of ship-fever while caring\\nfor the imprisoned Americans at Charleston. Left destitute, young Jackson tried\\nvarious employments, but finally settled down to the law, and in 1796 was elected to\\nCongress. His imperious temper and inflexible will supplied him with frequent\\nquarrels. He first distinguished himself as a military officer in the war against the\\nCreek Indians. His dashing successes in the war of 1812 completed his reputation,\\nand ultimately won him the Presidency. His nomination was at first received in\\nmany States with ridicule, as, whatever might be his military prowess, neither his\\ntemper nor his ability recommended him as a statesman. His re-election, however,\\nproved his popular success as President. His chief intellectual gifts were energy and\\nintuitive judgment. He was thoroughly honest, intensely warm-hearted, and had an\\ninstinctive horror of debt. His moral courage was as great as his physical, and his\\npatriotism was undoubted. He died at the Hermitage his home near Nashville,\\nTennessee. .Tackson and Adams were born the same year, yet how different was\\ntheir childhood 1 One bom to luxury and travel, a student from his earliest years,\\nand brilliantly educated the other bom in poverty, of limited education, and forced\\nto provide for himself. Yet they were destined twice to compete for the highest place\\nin the nation. Adams, the first time barely successful, was unfortunate in his admin-\\nistration Jackson, triumphing the second, was brilliant in his Presidential career.\\nt During the first year of his administration, there were nearly seven hundred\\nremovals from office, not including subordinate clerks. During the forty years pre-\\nceding, there had been but seventy-four.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "176 EPOCH IV. [1833.\\npromptness. He issued a proclamation announcing his de-\\ntermination to execute the laws, and ordered troops, under\\nGeneral Scott, to Charleston.* In the meantime, Henry\\nClay s celebrated Compromise Bill was adopted by the\\nSenate. This measure, offering a gradual reduction of the\\ntariff, was accepted by both sides and quiet restored. f\\nBaiih of th United States.\\nDuring his first term, Jackson ve-\\ntoed a bill renewing the charter of\\nthe United States Bank. After his\\nre-election by an overwhelming ma-\\nji)rity, considering his policy sus-\\ntained by the people, he ordered\\n(1833) the public money to be re-\\nmoved from its vaults. The bank\\nthereupon contracted its loans,\\nmoney became scarce, and, people being unable to pay\\ntheir debts, commercial distress ensued. Jackson s meas-\\nure excited violent clamor, but he was sustained by the\\ndemocratic majority in the House of Representatives.\\nSpeculations. When the public money, which had been\\nJolm C. Calhoun and Robert Y. Hayne were the prominent advocatos of the\\ndoctrine of State rights wliich declared that a State could set aside an act of Con-\\ngress. During this struggle, occurred the meinoi-able debate between Webster and\\nHayne, in which the former, opposing secession, pronounced those words familiar\\nto every school-boy, liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.\\nCalhoun s public life extended over forty yeai-s. lie was one of the most celebrated\\nstatesmen of his time. As a speaker, ho was noted for forcible logic, clear demon-\\nstration, and earnest manner. He rejected ornament, and rarely used illustration.\\nWebster, his political antagonist, said of hira, He had the indisputvble biisis of all\\nhigh character\u00e2\u0080\u0094 unspotted integrity and honor unimpeached. Nothing groveling,\\nlow, or meanly selfish came near his head or his heart.\\nt Alexander H. Stephens saj^ To do this, Clay had to break froni his old polit-\\nical friends, while he was offering up the darling sj stcm of his heart on the altar of\\nhis country. No one can deny that he was a patriot every inch of him. When he\\nwas importuned not to tiiko the course he did, and assvux d that it would lessen hia\\nchances for th3 Presidency, he nobly replied, I would rather be right than Presi-\\ndent \u00e2\u0080\u0094a sentiment worthy to be the motto of every young patriot in our land.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "1833.]\\nJackson s administration.\\n177\\nwithdrawn from the Bank of the United States, was deposited\\nin the local banks, it became easy to borrow money. Specu-\\nlation extended to every branch of trade, but especially to\\nwestern lands. New cities were\\nlaid out in the wilderness. Fabu-\\nlous prices were charged for\\nbuilding lots, which existed only\\non paper. Scarcely a man could\\nbe found who had not his pet\\nproject for realizing a fortune.\\nThe bitter fruits of these hot-\\nhouse schemes were gathered in\\nVan Buren s time.\\nIndian Troubles. 1. The\\nBlack Hawk War broke out in\\nTAYLOR.\\nthe North-west Territory (1832).\\nThe Sacs and Foxes had some time before sold their\\nlands to the United States, but when the settlers came to\\ntake possession, the Indians refused to leave. After some\\nskirmishes, they were driven off, and their leader, the\\nfamous Black Hawk, was captured. 2. The Florida War\\n(1835) with the Sem inoles grew out of an attempt to\\nremove them, in accordance with a treaty, to lands west\\nof the Mississippi. Os ce o la, the chief of the Seminoles,\\nwas so defiant,, that General Thompson, the government\\nagent, put him in irons. Dissembling his wrath, Osceola\\nconsented to the treaty. But no sooner was he released\\nthan, burning with indignation, he plotted a general\\nmassacre of the whites. General Thompson was shot\\nand scalped while sitting at dinner, under the very guns\\nof Fort King. The same day, Major Dade, with over one\\nhundred men, was waylaid near the Wa hoo Swamp.\\nAll but four were killed, and these subsequently died of", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "178 EPOCH IV. [1887.\\ntheir wounds.* After several battles, the Indians retreated\\nto the everglades of southern Florida, in whose tangled\\nswamps they hoped to tind a safe retreat. They were,\\nhowever, pursued into their hiding-places by Colonel\\nTaylor, and beaten in a hard-fought battle (Okecho bee,\\nDec. 25, 188 7), but were not fully subdued until 1842.\\nForeign Affairs. France. The French government had\\npromised to pay $5,000,000 for damages to our commerce\\nduring Napoleon s wars. This agreement not being kept,\\nJackson urged Congress to make reprisals on French ships.\\nThe mediation of England secured the payment of the debt\\nby France, and thus averted the threatened war.\\nPolitical Parties. The democratic candidate, Martin\\nVan Bu ren, was chosen President.f The people thus\\nsupported the policy of Jackson, no United States Bank\\nand no Protective Tariff. General Harrison was the whig\\ncandidate.\\nVAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION, t\\n(EIGHTH PRESIDENT: 1837-1841.)\\nDomestic h^aits.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Crisis of 183 7. The financial storm,\\nwhich had boon gathering through the preceding administra-\\nOsceola, in October, 1837, isit\u00c2\u00abI the ciunp of General Jessnp, under a flag of\\ntnice. He was thei-e seized and sent to Fort Moultrie, where he died the following year.\\nNo Vice-Pi-esident being chosen by the people, Colonel R. M. Johnson (p. 105)\\nwas selected by the Senate.\\nX Martin Van Bnren was born 178C died 1862. He earlj- took an interest in\\npolitics, and in 1818 stai ted a new organizatioii of the democratic pju-ty of New\\nYork, his native State, which hat! the power for over twentj- years. In 1831, he was\\napiwinted minister to England, whither he went in September, but when the nomi-\\nnation came befoi-e the Senate in December, it was rejected, on the ground that he\\nhad sided with England against the Vnited State\u00c2\u00ae, on certain matters, and had carried\\nparty contests and their results into foreign negotiations. His party regarded this as\\nextreme political perstxnition, luul the next yejir electSl him to the Vice-Pi-esidency.\\nHe thus became the head of the Senate which a few months before condemned him,\\nand where he now performed his duties with dignity, courtesy, and impartiality", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "1837.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 179\\ntion, now burst with terrible fury. The banks contracted\\ntlieir circulation.* Business men could not pay their debts.\\nFailures were every-day occurrences, and the losses in\\nNew York city alone, during March and April, exceeded\\n$100,000,000. Property of all kinds declined in value.\\nEight of the States failed, wholly or in part. Even the\\nUnited States government could not pay its debts.f\\nConsternation seized upon all classes. Confidence was\\ndestroyed, and trade stood still.\\nForeign Affairs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 17\u00c2\u00ab^. Patriot War (1837-38).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The\\nCanadian rebellion against England, at this time, stirred the\\nsympathies of the American people. Meetings were held,\\nvolunteers offered, and arms contributed. The President\\nissued a proclamation refusing the protection of the United\\nStates government to any who should aid the Canadians,\\nand sent General Scott to the frontier to preserve the\\npeace.t\\nAs a President, Van Bxiren was the subject of much partisan censure. The country-\\nwas passing through a peculiar crisis, and his was a diffloiilt jxisition to fill with satis-\\nfaction to all. That he pleased his own party, is proved from the fact of his re-nomi-\\nnation in 1840 against Harrison. In 1848, he bec^jne the candidate of the free de-\\nmocracy a new party advocating anti-slavery principles. After this, he retired to\\nhis estate in Kinderhook, ]Sr. Y., where he died.\\nThe direct causes of this were (1) the specie curular, which was issued by Jack-\\nson in 1836, jxist at the close of his last term, directing that payments for public lands\\nshoiild be made in gold and silver. The gold and silver was soon gathered into the\\nUnited States treasury. (2) The surplus public money, amoiinting to about $28,-\\n000,000, which was ordered by Congi-ess to be withdrawn from the local banks and\\ndistributed among the States. The banks could not meet the demand. (3) Dimng\\nthe season of high prices and speculation, when fortunes were easily made, there had\\nbeen heavy imjwrtations of European goods, which had to be paid for in gold and\\nsilver. Thus the country was drained of its specie. (4) A teri ible fii-e in the city of\\nNew York on the night of Dec. 16, 1835, which had biu-ned 600 valuable stores, and\\nproperty to the amount of $20,000,000.\\nt At the present time, the public money is kept in the TJnited States treasury at\\nWashington, and in sub-treasuries. This was Van Buren s favorite idea, and\\nadopted by Congress only at the close of his term. It was called the Sub-Ti-easury\\nBill, and was used as a great argument against Van Buren s re-election. It was\\nrei)ealed during Tyler s administration, but re-enacted under Polk.\\nA body of American sympathizers having taken possession of Navy Island, in", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "180 EPOCH IV, [1838.\\nThe Morth-east Boundary between Maine and New Bruns-\\nwick had never been settled. The people of that region\\nthreatened to take up arms to support their respective claims.\\nFor some time, there was great peril of a war with England.\\nDuring Tyler s administration, the difficulty was adjusted\\nby what is known as the Ash bur ton treaty (1842), which\\nwas negotiated between the United States and Great\\nBritain Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton acting as\\ncommissioners.\\nPolitical Parties. The financial difficulties caused a\\nchange in political feeling, and for the time weakened the\\nconfidence of the people in the wisdom of the democratic\\npolicy. Van Buren failed of a re-election, and General Har-\\nrison, the hero of Tippecanoe, the whig nominee, was chosen\\nPresident by an immense majority.\\nHARRISON AND TYLER S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(NINTH AND TENTH PRESHJENTS: 1841-1845.)\\nGeneral Harrison had scarcely entered upon the duties\\nof his office and selected his cabinet, when he died. John\\nTyler, the Vice-President, in accordance with the Consti-\\ntution of the United States, became President. He was\\nelected as a whig, but did not carry out the favorite meas-\\nures of his party.\\nNiagara River, had hired a steamer, called the Caroline, to convey their provisions\\nand war materials. On the night of December 29, 1837, a party of British troops\\nattempted to seize this vessel at Schlosser. A desperate light ensued but the ship\\nwas, at last, set on Are and left to di-if t over the Falls. This event caused great\\nexcitement at the time.\\nWilliam Henr Harrison was born in 1773 died 1841. He distinguished himself\\nduring the war of 1812, especially in the battle of the Thames. His military reputa-\\ntion made him available as a Presidential candidate. His character was imini peach-\\nable, and the chief slur cast upon him by his opponents was that he had lived in a log\\ncabin with nothing to drink but hard cider His friends turned this to good", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "1841.] TYLERS ADMINISTRATION. 181\\nDomestic Affairs. United States Bank. Under the\\nlead of Clay, the whigs passed a charter for a Bank of the\\nUnited States. This Tyler vetoed. A second bill, for a\\nsimilar purpose, met the same fate. These successive\\nvetoes caused great anger and excitement among the whigs.\\nThe Suffrage Diffieulties, commonly known as Dorr s\\nRebellion grew out of efforts to secure a more liberal con-\\nstitution in the State of Rhode Island. The charter granted\\nby Charles II. was still in force. It limited the right of suf-\\nfrage to those holding a certain amount of property, and\\nfixed very unequally the number of deputies in the Assem-\\nbly from the different towns. In 1841, a new constitution\\nwas adopted, the vote being taken in mass conventions, and\\nnot by the legal voters, according to the charter. Under\\nthis constitution, T. W. Dorr was elected governor. The\\naccount. The campaign was noted for immense mass-meetings, long processions,\\nsong-singing, and great enthusiasm. Hard cider became a party watch-word, and\\nlog cabins a regular feature in the popular parades. Harrison was elected by a\\nlarge majority, and great hopes were entertained of his administration. Though ad-\\nvanced in years, ho gave promise of endurance. But he was beset by office-seeker-s\\nhe was anxious to gratify the numerous friends and supporters who flocked about\\nhim he gave himself incessantly to public business and at the close of the month\\nhe was on a sick-bed. The illness soon proved to be fatal. His last words\\nwere, The principles of the government I wish them carried but. I ask nothing\\nmore.\\nJohn Tyler was born in 1790 died 1862. He was in early hfe a great admirer of\\nHenry Clay, and is said to have wept with sorrow when the whigs in convention\\nrejected his favorite candidate for tlie Presidency, and selected Harrison. He was\\nnominated Vice-President by a unanimous vote, and was a favorite with his party.\\nIn the popular refrain, Tippecanoe and Tyler too the people sung praises to him\\nas heartily as to Harrison himself. The death of Harrison and the succession of\\nTyler, was the first instance of the kind in ovx history.\\nTyler s administration was full of quarrel. Clay was determined to reduce the\\nPresident to the ranks Tyler answered with vetoes. The whigs denounced him\\nas a renegade, to which he replied, with truth, that he had never indorsed their\\nmeasures, either before or during the presidential canvass. He was, however, nom-\\ninated for the next Presidency, but, lacking popular support, he soon withdrew.\\nIn ]861, he became the presiding oflftcer of the peace convention in Washington.\\nAll efforts at reconciliation proving futile, he renounced his allegiance to the\\nUnited States, and followed the Confederate fortunes. He died in Richmond,\\nwhere he was in attendance as a member of the Confederate Congress.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "182\\nEPOCH IV.\\n[1842.\\nold government still went on, treating his election as illegal\\nHe attempted to seize the State arsenal, but, finding it held\\nby the militia, gave up the attempt. Dorr was afterward\\narrested, convicted of treason, and sentenced to imprison-\\nment for life but was finally pardoned. Meanwhile, a\\nliberal constitution, which had been legally adopted, went\\ninto operation (1843).\\nin ti-Rent Difficulties 1844). The tenants on some of the\\nold patroon estates in New York refused to pay the rent\\nVIEW OF SALT LAKK CITV.\\nIt was very light,* but was considered illegal. The anti-\\nrenters, as they were called, assumed the disguise of Indians,\\ntarred and feathered those tenants who paid their rents, and\\neven killed officers who served warrants upon them. The\\ndisturbances were suppressed only by a military force (1840).\\nHie Mormons. A religious sect called Mor mons had\\nsettled at Nauvoo 111. (1840). Here they built a city of\\nseveral thousand inhabitants, and laid the foundation of a\\nThe rent consisted of only a few bushels of wheat, thi-ee or four fat fowls, and\\na day s work with, horses and wjijjon, per yeiu-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "1844.] TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 188\\ncostly temple. Having incurred the enmity oi the people\\nabout them, their leader, Joseph Smith, was taken from the\\ncustody of the authorities, to whom he had intrusted him-\\nself, and killed (1844).* The city was bombarded for three\\ndays, and finally the inhabitants fled to Iowa (1846).\\nTJie Magnetic Telegraph was invented by Samuel F. B.\\nMorse. The first line was built between Baltimore and\\nWashington (1844), with $30,000 appropriated by Con-\\ngress and the first public news sent was that concerning\\nPolk s nomination (p. 184).t\\nForeign Affairs. Annexation of Texas. The Texans,\\nunder General Sam Houston (hu ston), having won their\\nindependence from Mexico, applied (April, 1844) for\\nadmission into the Union. Their petition was at first\\nrejected by Congress,! but, being indorsed by the people\\nin the fall elections, was accepted before the close of\\nTyler s administration.\\nJ^ortlh-west Boundary. The north-east boundary ques-\\nJoseph Smitli, while living at Palmyra, N. T., claimed to have had a supernatural\\nrevelation, by which he was directed to a spot where he found buried a series of\\ngolden plates covered with inscriptions, which he translated by means of two trans-\\nparent stones (TJrim and Thummdm) found with them. The result was the Book of\\nMormon, said to be the history of a race favored by God, who occupied this continent\\nat a remote period of antiquity. The Mormons accept the Holy Bible as received by\\nall Christian people, but believe the Book of Monnon to be an additional revelation,\\nand also that their chief or prophet receives direct inspiration from God. Until\\nrecently they practiced plui al marriage, or polygamy, claiming that the Scrip-\\ntui es justify it. After the death of Smith and their expulsion from Nauvoo,\\na company under the leadership of Brigham Young crossed the Rocky Moun-\\ntains, and settled near Great Salt Lake, in Utah. They were followed by others\\nof their sect, and, after great sufferings, succeeded in subduing the barren soil, and\\nestablishing a prosperous colony. They founded Salt Lake City, where they erected\\na large temple for worship. Their prophet, Brigham Young, who died August 19,\\n1877, is still remembered by his foUowere with the greatest reverence.\\nt This was the grandest event of this administration, and it has largely influenced\\nthe civilization and prosperity of the country. The steamboat and the magnetic\\ntelegraph, both fruits of American liberty and indiistry, are among the most im-\\nportant inventions of all time.\\nt There were two reasons why this measiu-e was warmly discussed. 1. Mexico", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "184 EPOCH IV. [1846.\\ntion had scarcely been settled, when the north-west bound-\\nary came into dispute. It was settled, during Polk s admin-\\nistration, by a compromise fixing the boundary line at 49\u00c2\u00b0\\ninstead of 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 as claimed by the Uniied States.\\nPolitical Parties. The question of the annexation of\\nTexas went before the people for their decision. The whigs,\\nwho opposed its admission, nominated Henry Clay* for\\nPresident. The democrats, who favored its admission nom-\\ninated James K. Polk, who, after a close contest, was elected.\\nclaimed Texas, although that country had maintained its independence for nine\\nyears, and had been recognized by several European nations as well as by the\\nUnited States. Besides, Texas claimed the Rio Grande (re o gran da), while\\nMexico insisted upon the Nueces (nwa ses) River as the boiindary line between\\nTexas and Mexico. The section of country between these rivers was therefore\\ndisputed territory. Thus the annexation of Texas would bring on a war with\\nMexico. 2. Texas held slaves. Consequently, while the South urged its admis-\\nsion, the North as strongly opposed it.\\nHeniy Clay was a man whom the nation loved, but signally failed to honor. Yet\\nhis fame and reputation remain far above any distinction which mere oflBce can give,\\nand unite with them an affection which stands the test of time. Resi)ected by\\nhis opponents, he was almost idolized by his friends. In this he somewhat\\nresembled Jefferson, but, unlike him, ho had not in his early years the advantages\\nof a liberal education. His father, a Baptist minister of very limited means,\\ndied when Henry was five years old, and at fifteen he was left to support himself.\\nMeantime, he had received what little tuition ho had, in a log-cabin school-house,\\nfrom very indifferent teachere. With a rare tact for making friends, ready talent\\nwaiting to be instructed, and a strong determination seeking opportunities, he soon\\nbegan to show the dawnings of the power which afterward distinguished him. He\\nsaid I owe my success in life to a single fact, namely, that at an earlj- age I com-\\nmenced, and continued for some years, the practice of daily reading and speaking\\nthe contents of some historical or scientific book. These off-hand efforts were some-\\ntimes made in a corn-field at others, in the forest and not unfrequently in some\\ndistant bam, with the horse and ox for my only auditors. It is to this that I am\\nindebted for the impulses that have shai)ed and molded my entire destiny. Rising\\nrapidly by the force of his genius, he soon made himself felt in his State and in the\\nnation. He was peculiarly winning in his manners. An eminent and stern political\\nantagonist once refused an introduction to him expressly on the ground of a determi-\\nnation not to be magnetized by ijersonal contact, as he had known other good\\nhaters of Clay to be. United with this sua\\\\-ity was a wonderful will and an inflex-\\nible honor. His political adversary, but personal admirer, John C. Breckinridge,\\nin an oration pronounced at his death, uttered these words\u00e2\u0080\u0094 If T were to write his\\nepitaph, I would inscribe as the highest eulogj on the stone which shall mark his\\nresting-place Here lies a man who wtis in the public service (or fifty years, an4\\nnever ^tt\u00c2\u00abnipte4 to deceive his coimtrymeii", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "Homes of Eminent Americans.\\nMCKfiO.N. BIKTHPLACE OF LINCOLN, AND flS^^T^SttENcf HERSUTAQfi RKaiDENCK OF", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "1845.] THE MEXICAN WAR. 185\\nJAMES K. POLK S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(ELEVENTH PRESIDENT: 1845-1849.)\\nWAR WITH MEXICO (1846- 47).\\n1. GENERAL TAYLOR S ARMY.\\nCampaign on the Rio Grande. General Taylor having\\nbeen ordered with his troops into the disputed territory, ad-\\nvanced to the Rio Grande and built Fort Brown. Returning\\nfrom Point Isabel, whither he had gone for supplies, on the\\nplains of Palo Alto (pah lo ahl to) he met six thousand Mexi-\\ncans, under General Arista (ah rees tah), drawn up across the\\nroad. (Map opp. p. 161.) Though they outnumbered his\\nlittle army three to one, he routed them with a loss of but\\nnine men killed. The next afternoon, he met them again\\nat ResACA DE la PalmA (ra sah kah da lah pahl mah),\\nposted in a deep ravine through which the road ran,\\nflanked by thickets. Their artillery held Taylor s men\\nin check for a time, when Captain May, charging with\\nhis cavalry in the face of a murderous fire, captured the\\nguns, and with them their commander. General La Vega\\n(lah va gah), just in the act of firing a gun. The infantry\\nnow rushed forward and drove the enemy, who fled across\\nthe Rio Grande in utter rout.\\nJames K. Polk was bom 1795 died 1849. He was a conspicuous opposer of\\nthe administration of John Quincy Adams, and a warm supporter of Jackson.\\nIn 1839, having served fourteen years in Congress, he declined a re-election and was\\nchosen governor of Tennessee. His Presidential nomination, in connection with\\nthat of Gteorge M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, as Vice-President, had the effect of uniting\\nthe democratic party, which had been disturbed by dissensions between the friends\\nand opponents of Martin Van Buren. The Mexican war, which was strongly opposed\\nin many States, the enactment of a tariff based on a revenue principle instead of a\\nprotective one, and the agitation caused by the Wilmot proviso (p. 190), conspired\\nto affect his popularity before the end of his term. He had, however, previously\\npledged himself not to be a candidate for re-election. He died about three months\\nafter his retirement from office.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "186\\nEPOCH IV.\\n[1846.\\nInvasion of Mexico. Capture of Monterey (Sept. 24).\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGeneral Taylor, with about six thousand men, advanced upon\\nMonterey (,m6n ta ra This city, surrounded by mountains\\nand almost impassable ravines, was strongly fortified, and its\\nstreets were barricaded and defended by a garrison of ten\\nthousand men. A grand assault was made on the city. To\\nOENF.KAL TATI.OR AT niEXA VISTA.\\navoid the deadly fire from the windows, roofs, and barricades,\\nthe troops entered the buildings and dug their way through\\nthe stone walls from house to house, or passed from roof to\\nroof. They came at last within one square of the Grand\\nPlaza, when the city was surrendered. The garrison was\\nallowed to march out with the honors of war.\\nBattle of Bueva Vista (tawa nfih vees tfih) (February 23,\\n1847).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Santa Anna, the Mexican general, learning that the\\nflower of Taylor s command had been withdrawn to aid", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "1847.] THE MEXICAN WAR. 187\\nGeneral Scott, determined to crush the remainder. The Uttle\\nAmerican army took post at Buena Vista, a narrow mount-\\nain pass with hiUs on one side and a ravine on the other,*\\nHere it was attacked by Santa Anna with twenty thousand\\nof the best troops of Mexico. The battle lasted from early\\nmorning till dark. In the final desperate encounter, our\\ninfantry being overwhelmed by numbers, Bragg s artillery\\nwas ordered to the rescue. Without any infantry support,\\nthey dashed up to within a few yards of the crowded masses\\nof the enemy. A single discharge made them waver. A\\nlittle more grape, Captain Bragg shouted Taylor. A sec-\\nond and a third discharge followed, and the Mexicans broke\\nand fled in disorder. During the night, Santa Anna drew\\noff his defeated army.\\nGeneral Taylor s work was now done. His army was\\nintended only to hold the country already gained, while\\nGeneral Scott penetrated to the capital from Vera Cruz\\n(va rah krc5os),\\n2. GENERAL KEARNEY S ARMY.\\nConquest of New Mexico and California. General Kear-\\nney (kar ne) was directed to take the Mexican provinces of\\nNew Mexico and California. Starting from Fort Leaven-\\nSeveral anecdotes are told of General Taylor in connection with tMs battle. The\\nday before the principal attack, the Mexicans fired heavily on our line. A Mexican\\nofficer, coming with a message from Santa Anna, found Taylor sitting on his white\\nhorae, with one leg over the pommel of his saddle. The officer asked him what he\\nwas waiting for He answered, Por Santa Anna to surrender. After the officer s\\nreturn, a battery opened on Taylor s position, but he remained coolly survejang the\\nenemy with his spy-glass. Some one suggesting that Whitey was too conspicu-\\nous a horse for the battle, he rephed that the old fellow had missed the fun at\\nMonterey, and he should have his share this time Mr. Crittenden having gone to\\nSanta Anna s head-quarters, was told if General Taylor would surrender, he should\\nbe protected. Mr. Crittenden rephed, General Taylor never surrenders. Thif\\nbecame a favorite motto during the election of 1848. The anecdote told concerning\\nCapt. Bragg is disputed, but has become historical.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "188 EPOCH IV. [1846.\\nworth (June, 1846), a journey of about a thousand miles\\nbrought him to Santa Fe.* Unfurling there the United States\\nflag, he continued his march toward California (map opp.\\np. 1 6 1). On his way, however, he learned from Kit Carson,\\nthe noted hunter, that he was too late. The winter before.\\nCaptain John C. Fremont, with a company of sixty men,\\nhad been engaged in surveying a new route to Oregon.\\nHearing that the Mexican commandant intended to expel\\nthe American settlers, he went to their rescue, although he\\nwas not aware that war had broken out between the United\\nStates and Mexico. With greatly inferior numbers, he was\\nvictor over the Mexicans in every conflict. By the help of\\nCommodores Sloat and Stockton, and also General Kear-\\nney, who came in time to aid in the last battle, the entire\\ncountry was conquered.\\n3. GENERAL SCOTT S ARMY.\\nCapture of Vera Cruz (March 29, 1847). General Win-\\nfield Scott landed an army twelve thousand strong, without\\nopposition, and forthwith drew his siege-lines among the\\nshifting sand-hills and chaparral thickets about Vera Cruz\\n(map opp. p. 161). After a fierce bombardment of four\\ndays, the city and the strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa\\n(sahn hoo ahn da ool yo ah) were surrendered.\\nMarch to Mexico. Battle of Cerro Gordo (April 18). In\\nabout a week, the army took up its march for the capital.\\nAt the mountain pass of Cer ro Gor do, the enemy were\\nstrongly fortified. Our men cut a road around the base of\\nColonel Doniphan, -nnth one thousand men, the main body of General Kearney s\\ncommand, marched over a thousand miles tlirouKh a hostile country, from Santa Fe\\nto Saltillo, having on the way fought two battles and conquered the province and\\ncity of Chihuahua (che wah wah). At the end of their term of service, he marched\\nhis men back to New Orleans and discharged them. They had been enlisted, taken\\nfive thousand miles, and disbanded, all in a year.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "1847.] THE MEXICAN WAR. 189\\nthe mountain through the forest, and dragged cannon up\\nthe precipice by ropes, to the rear of the position. Thence a\\nplunging fire was opened simultaneously with an assault in\\nfront. The Mexicans fled in such haste that Santa Anna\\nwith difficulty escaped on his wheel-mule, leaving behind\\nhim his wooden leg.\\nThe city of Puebla (pv/eb lah), next to Mexico in impor-\\ntance, surrendered without resistance. Here Scott waited\\nnearly three months for re-inforcements.\\nBattles before Mexico. With eleven thousand men, the\\nmarch was resumed (August 7), and in three days the army\\nreached the crest of the Cor dil le ras, where the magnificent\\nvalley of Mexico lay stretched before them. In the valley,\\nwas the city, surrounded by fertile plains and cloud-capped\\nmountains. But the way thither was guarded by thirty\\nthousand men and strong fortifications. Turning to the\\nsouth to avoid the strongest points, by a route considered\\nimpassable, the army came before the intrenched camp of\\nCoNTRERAS (kon tra ras), within fourteen miles of Mexico\\n(Aug. 19). The next morning, this was taken, the troops\\nhaving moved to their positions in darkness so intense that,\\nto avoid being sejDarated, they had to touch each other as\\nthey marched. The same day, the height of Churubusco\\n(choo roo boo sko) was stormed, numerous batteries were\\ncaptured, and the defenses laid bare to the causeways leading\\nto the very gates of the city. An armistice and fruitless nego-\\ntiations for peace delayed the advance until General Scott\\nfound that the Mexicans were only improving the time in\\nstrengthening their works. Once more (September 8), our\\narmy moved to the assault. The attack was irresistible. The\\nformidable outworks were taken one by one. At last, the\\ncastle of Chapultepec (cha pool te pek situated on a high\\nrock commanding the city, was stormed. The next day (Sep-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "190 EPOCH IV. [1848.\\ntember 14), the army entered the city, and the stars and\\nstripes waved in triumph over the palace of the Mon te zu mas.\\nPeace. The fall of the capital virtually closed the war.\\nA treaty was concluded, February 2, 18-18. The United\\nStates gained the vast territory reaching south to the Gila\\n(h\u00c2\u00ab Ian) and west to the Pacific (see maps of IVth and\\nVTth Epochs).\\nDomestic Affairs. The ^J ih)lot Promso. The new terri-\\ntory, the prize of the war, became at once the bone of con-\\ntention. David Wilniot offered in Congress (August, 1816)\\nan amendment to an appropriation bill forbidding slavery in\\nany of this territory. This measure, though lost, excited vio-\\nlent debate, and became the great feature of the fall election.\\nDiscovery of Gold in Californid. A workman in digging\\na mill-race in the Sacramento valley (February, 1818) dis-\\ncovered shining particles of gold. A further search proved\\nthat the soil for miles around contained the precious metal.\\nThe news flew in every direction. Emigration began from\\nall parts of America, and even from Europe and Asia. In\\neighteen months, one hundred thousand persons went from\\nthe United States to this El Do ra do, where a fortune was to\\nbe picked up in a few days. Thousands made their way\\nacross the desert, amid privations which strewed the route\\nwith skeletons. The bay of San Francisco was quickly sur-\\nrounded by an extemporized city of shanties and booths.\\nAll ordinary employments were laid aside. Ships were de-\\nserted by their crews, who ran to the mines, sometimes, it is\\nsaid, headed by their officers. Soon, streets were laid out,\\nhouses erected, and from this Babel, as if .by magic, grew up\\na beautiful city. For a time, lawlessness reigned supreme.\\nBut, driven by the necessity of events, the most respectable\\ncitizens took the law into their own hands, organized vigi-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "1848.]\\nDEVELOPMENT OF THE -STATES.\\n191\\nlance conimittees, and administered a rude but prompt\\njustioe which presently\\nrestored order.\\nPolitical Parties.\\nThree parties now di-\\nvided the suffrages of the\\npeople. The whigs nomi-\\nnated General Taylor for\\nPresident the demo-\\ncrats, Lewis Cass and\\nthe f ree-soilers, who were\\nopposed to the extension\\nof slavery, Martin Van\\nBuren. The personal\\npopularity of General\\nTaylor, on ac(^ount of his\\nmany sterling qualities\\nand his brilliant victo-\\nWAfeillNU ULT GOU).\\nries in the Mexican\\nwar, made him the favorite candidate, and he was elected.\\nTAYLOR AND FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTII PRESIDENTS: 1849-1853.)\\nGeneral Taylor, like General Harrison, died soon after his\\nelevation to the Presidency. Millard Fillmore, Vice-Presi-\\ndent, succeeded him.\\nZachary Taylor was boru in Virginia in 1784. Soon after his birth, his parents\\nremoved to Kentucky. His means of education were extremely scanty, and until\\nhe was twenty-four years of age he worked on his father s plantation. Madison, who\\nwas a relative and at that time Secretary of State, then secured for him an appoint-\\nment in the army as lieutenant. From this, he rose by regular and rapid degrees to\\na major-generalship. Palo Alto, Eesaca de la Palma, I^Ionterey, and Buena Vista\\nwon him great applause. He was the hero of a successful war, and the soldiers ad-\\nmiringly called him Old Rough and Ready Many whig leaders violently opposed", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "192\\nEpocn IV.\\n11850.\\nDomestic Affairs. Slavery questions were the great po-\\nlitical topic of this administration. When California applied\\nfor admission to the Union as a free State, all these sub-\\njects were brought to a focus. A hot debate ensued, and for\\nJOHK 0. OAI^OTTir,\\nIKNRV l.AV.\\nI AN III. \\\\vi:i Tr.K.\\nawhile it seemed as if the Union would be rent asunder.\\nAt this terrible crisis, Henry Clay, the Great Pacificator\\ncame forward, and, with his wonderful eloquence, urged the\\nhis nomination. Daniel Web ster called him an ignorant frontier colonel The\\nfact that he was a slave-holder was warmly urged against him. He knew nothing of\\ncivil affairs, and had taken so little interest in politics that he had not voted in forty\\nyears. His nomination caused a secession from the whigs, resulting in the forma-\\ntion of tho free-soil party; yet he maintained his popiilarity as Pi csident, and was\\none of the most esteemed who have filled that office. He died July 9, 1850, at the\\nPresidential mansion, after an illness of five days.\\nMillard Pillmore was born in Caj-uga county, N. Y., 1800 died at Buffalo, 1874.\\nHe learned the trade of fuller, taught school, practiced law, served as Assemblyman\\nfor three terms and as Congressman for foiir terms, ran unsuccessfully for governor,\\nand was comptroller of the State of New York when he was nominated for the Vice-\\nPresidency. By his integrity, industrj-, and pi actical ability, he won a place among\\nthe first statesmen of his day. Signing the Fugitive Slave Law, however, cost him\\nmuch of his popularity at the North.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "1850.] FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION. 193\\nnecessity of mutual compromise and forbearance. Daniel\\nWebster warmly seconded this effort at conciliation.\\nTlie ComproDiise of 1850. The Omnibus Bill, Clay s\\nmeasure, proposed (1) that California should come in as a\\nfree State (2) that the Territories of Utah and New Mexico\\nshould be formed without any provision concerning slavery\\n(3) that Texas should be paid $10,000,000 to give up its\\nclaim on the Territory of New Mexico (4) that the slave\\ntrade should be prohibited in the District of Columbia and\\n(5) that a Fugitive Slave Law should be enacted providing\\nfor the return to their owners of slaves escaping to a free\\nState. The various provisions of this bill were finally, though\\nseparately, adopted as the best solution of the problem.\\nForeign Affairs. Invasion of Cuba. About five hun-\\ndred adventurers, filibusters undertook the annexation\\nof Cuba to the United States. The attempt ended in defeat,\\nand in the execution, at Havana, of Lopez, the leader (1851).\\nPolitical Parties. The democratic and whig parties both\\ndeclared that they stood by the provisions of the Omnibus\\nBill. The free-soil party was outspoken against it. Frank-\\nWhen Daniel Webster, the gi eat American statesman and jui ist, was foui teen\\nyears old, he first enjoyed the privilege of a few months schooling at an academy.\\nThe man whose eloquence was afterward to stir the nation, was then so shy that he\\ncould not muster courage to speak before the school. He says, Many a piece did I\\ncommit and rehearse in my own room, over and over again yet when the day came,\\nwhen my name was called, and I saw all eyes turned toward me, 1 could not raise\\nmyself from my seat. In other respects, however, he gavs decided promise of his\\nfuture eminence. One year after, his father resolved to send him to college\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a dream\\nhe had never dared to cherish. I remember the very hill wo were ascending through\\ndeep snow, in a New England sleigh, when my father made kncwni this purpose to\\nme. I could not speak. How could he, I thought, with so large a family, and in such\\nnarrow circumstances, think of incurring so great an expense for me f A warm\\nglow ran all over me, and I laid my head on my father s shoulder and wept. Having\\nfinished his collegiate education and entered his profession he at once rose to emi\\nnence. By rapid strides, ho placed himself at the head of American orators. It\\nwas a disappointment to Webster s friends, as it was, pernaps, to himself, that he\\nwas never placed in the Presidential chair. But, like Clay, although he might have\\nhonored that jxDsition he needed it not to enhance his renown. His death, in 1852,\\ncalled out more orations and sermons, than had any other except that of Washington.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "194 EPOCH IV. [1863.\\nlin Pierce, the Presidential nominee of the democratic party,\\nwas elected by a large majority over General Scott, the whig\\ncandidate.\\nPIERCE S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT: 1853-1857.)\\nDomestic Affairs. Kansas-Jiebrasha Bill. The Compro-\\nmise Bill of 1850 produced only a lull in the slavery excite-\\nment. It burst out anew when Stephen A. Douglas brought\\ninto Congress his famous bill organizing the Territories\\nof Kansas and Nebraska, and advocating the doctrine of\\nsquatter sovereignty i.e., the right of the inhabitants\\nof each Territory to decide for themselves whether the\\nState should come into the Union free or slave. f This bill\\nFranklin Pierce was Ixirn 1804 died 1869. He had barely attained thereqiiisite\\nlegal age when he was elected to the Senate. He there found such men as Clay,\\nWebster, Calhoun, Seward, Benton, and Silas Wright. Nathaniel Ha\\\\vthome says\\nin his biography of Mr. Pierce With his usual tact and exquisite sense of pro-\\npriety, he saw that it was not the time for him to step forward prominently on this\\nhighest theater in the land. He beheld these great combatants doing battle before\\nthe eyes of the nation, and engrossing its whole regards. There was hardly an avenue\\nto reputation s;ivo what was occupied by one or another of those gigantic figures.\\nD\\\\iring Mr. Tyler s administration he resigned. When the Mexican war broke out,\\nhe enlisted ;vs a volunteer, but soon rose to the office of brigadier-general. He distin-\\nguished himself under General Scott, agtiinst whom he af terwaixl successfully ran\\nfor the Presidency, and upion whom, during his administration, he conferred the\\ntitle of lieutenant-genei-al. Pierce opposed anti-slavery measures in every shape.\\nHe, however, esiwused the national cause at the opening of the Civil War.\\nt The public lands have often threatened the peace of the nation. 1. The ques-\\ntion of their ownership was one of the greatest obstacles to the union of the States.\\nIn 1781, New York was the first to present her western territory to the general gov-\\nernment. Virginia followed her example in 1784, donating the great North-western\\nTerritory\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a princely domain, which, if retained, would have made her the richest of\\nthe States she reserved only 3,709,848 acres in Ohio, which she subsequently sold in\\nsmall tracts to settlers. Massiichusetts, in 1785, relinquished her claim, retaining a\\nproprietary right over large tracts in New York. Connecticut, in 1 786. did the same,\\nand from the sale of her lands in Ohio (the Western Reser\\\\-e laid the foundation\\nof her school fund. Georgia and the Carolinas gave \\\\\\\\p their right to territory from\\nwhich have been carved the States of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama, 3. After\\nthese lands became the property of the general government, a perplexing question\\nwas, Shall they be free? Upon it, for years, hinged largely the politics of the", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "1854.] PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION. 195\\nbeing a virtual repudiation of the Missouri Compromise,\\nexcited intense feeling.* It, however, became a law (1864).\\nBorder Warfare. The struggle was now taken from\\nCongress to Kansas. A bitter contest arose between the pro-\\nslavery and the anti-slavery men the former anxious to\\nsecure the State for slavery the latter, for freedom. Each\\nparty sent armed emigrants to the Territory and civil war en-\\nsued. Bands of armed men crossed over from Missouri, took\\npossession of the polls, and controlled the elections. Houses\\nwere attacked and pillaged, and men murdered in cold blood.\\nFor several years, Kansas was a scene of lawless violence.\\nForeign Affairs. Mexico. Owing to the inaccuracy of\\nthe map used in the treaty between the United States and\\nMexico, a dispute arose with regard to the boundary line.\\nGeneral Gadsden negotiated a settlement whereby Mexico\\nwas paid $10, 00 0,0 00, and the United States secured the re-\\ngion (map, Epoch VI.) known as the Gadsden purchase\\nJapan. Commodore Perry s expedition to Japan (1854)\\nexcited great attention. He negotiated a treaty which gave\\nto the merchants of the United States two ports of entry in\\nthat exclusive country.\\nPolitical Parties. The compromises of 1820 and 1850\\nhaving been abolished, the slave question became the turning\\npoint of the election. New party lines were drawn to meet\\ncountry. The admission of Missouri, Texas, California, and Kansas was each\\nthe signal for the re-openlng of this vexed question. Though the public lands have\\nbeen the cause of intestine strife, they have been a great source of national wealth.\\nTheir sale has brought large sums into the treasury. They have been given to settlers\\nas a stimulus to immigration. They have been granted to endow colleges and\\nschools, to build railroads, to reward the soldiers and support their widows and\\norphans (see page 310).\\nThe bitter discussion on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and the contest\\nin Kansas, lasted for years. Senator Sumner, of Massachusetts, during a speech that\\noccupied two days (May 19-20, 1856), having made some severe reflections upon Sen-\\nator Butler, of South Carolina, was assaulted by Preston S. Brooks, a nephew of Butler\\nand a South Carolina representative. Mr. Brooks, having resigned his seat, was im-\\nmediately returned. It was over three years before Mr. Sumner recovered his health.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "196 EPOCH IV. [1856.\\nthis issue.* The whig party ceased to exist. The republican\\nparty, absorbing all who opposed the extension of slavery,\\nnominated John C. Fremont, who received the vote of eleven\\nStates. The democratic party, retaining its organization,\\nnominated James Buchanan, who was elected President.\\nBUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION.!\\n(FIFTEENTH PRESIDENT: 1857-1861.)\\nDomestic Affairs. l)i ed Scott Decision. The Supreme\\nCourt of the United States (185 7), through Chief-Justice\\nTaney, declared that slave-owners might take then* slaves\\ninto any State in the Union without forfeiting their rights.\\nAt the North, this was considered as removing the last barrier\\nA third party, called the Know-Xothing or American party, was orsranized to\\nresist the influence of foreigners. It carried the vote of only one State, Maryland.\\nIts motto was America for Americans The party aroused bitter feelings, but had\\na transient existence.\\nJames Buchanan was born 1791; died 1868. The first bachelor-President\\nwas sixty-six years old when called to the executive chsiir. He had just returned\\nto his native country, after an absence of some years as minister to England. Pre-\\nviously to that he had been well knowni in public life, ha%-ing been Representative,\\nSenator, and Secivtaiy of State. As Senator in Jackson s time, he hetvrtilj- supported\\nhis administrat ion. With Van Bui-en, he warmlj- advix?ated the idea of an independ-\\nent treasury (p. 179), agiunst the opposition of Clay, Webster, and others. Under Tyler,\\nhe was urgently in favor of the annexation of Texiis, thus ag-ain coming into conflict\\nwith Clay and Webst ?r. He coixlially agi-eed with them, however, in the ci mpromise\\nof 1850 (p. 19:5), and urged the people to adopt it. Much was hoped from his election,\\nas he avowed the object of liis administration to be to destroy any sectional p;irt\\nwhether North or South, and to restore, if jxissible, that national fraternal feeling be-\\ntween the different States that hjul existed during the early days of the Republic\\nBut popular passion and sectional jealousy were too strong to jneld to ple;isant per-\\nsuijsion. We shall see in the text how the heatetl nation wjis drawn into the honvrs\\nof civil war. When Mr. Buchanan s administration closed, the fearful conflict was\\nclose at hand. He retired to his estate in Pennsylvania, where he died.\\ni Scott and his wife were slaves belonging to a surgeon in the United States army.\\nThey were taken into and resided in niinois and at Fort Snelling, in territory from\\nwhich, by the onlinance of 1787, slavery was forever excluded. Afterward, they were\\ncarried Into Missiniri, where they and their children were held as slaves. They\\nclaimed fi-eedom on the grnund that, by the iM;t of their master, they had been carried\\ninto free territor The decision of the court against their claims created an intense\\nexcitement thi\\\\)ughout the country.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "1857,] BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 197\\nto the extension of slavery, and as changing it from a local\\nto a national institution at the South, only as a right guar-\\nanteed them by the Constitution, whereby they should be\\nprotected in the possession of their property in every State.\\nTJi6 Fugitive Slave Law had intensified the already heated\\ncontroversy, and the subject of slavery now absorbed all\\nothers. The provision which commanded every good citizen\\nto aid in the arrest of fugitives was especially obnoxious to\\nthe North. Disturbances arose whenever attempts were\\nmade to restore runaways to their masters. Several of the\\nNorthern States passed Personal Liberty bills, securing\\nto fugitive slaves, when arrested, the right of trial by jury.\\nJohn Brown, a man who had brooded over the exciting\\nscenes through which he had passed in Kansas until he\\nthought himself called* upon to take the law into his own\\nhands, seized upon the United States Arsenal at Harper s\\nFerry (1859), and proclaimed freedom to the slaves in the\\nvicinity. His feeble band was soon overpowered by United\\nStates troops, and Brown himself was hanged as a traitor.\\nThough it was soon known that in his wild design he had\\nasked counsel of no one, yet at the time the Southern feel-\\ning was aroused to frenzy, his act being looked upon as sig-\\nnificant of the sentiments of the North.\\nPolitical Parties. The election again turned on the\\nquestion of slavery. The democratic party divided, and\\nmade two nominations for President Stephen A. Douglas,\\nwho favored squatter sovereignt}^, and John C. Breckinridge,\\nwho claimed that slavery could be carried into any territory.\\nThe republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln, who held\\nthat while slavery must be protected where it was, it ought\\nnot to be carried into free territory.* Lincoln was elected.\\nThe Union party put up John Bell, of Tennessee. Its motto was, The Union,\\nthe Constitution, and the Enforcement of the Laws.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "198\\nEPOCH IV.\\n[1860.\\nThe South Secedes. Throughout the fall campaign the\\nSouthern leaders had threatened to secede if Mr. Lincoln\\nwere elected.* They now\\ndeclared it was time to\\nleave a government which\\nhad fallen into the hands\\nof their avowed enemies.\\nSince the days of Calhoun\\nthey had been firm believ-\\ners in the doctrine of State\\nrights, which taught that a\\nState could leave the Union\\nwhenever it pleased. In\\nDecember (1860), South\\nCatolina led off, and, soon\\nafter, Mississippi, Florida,\\nAlabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas passed ordinances\\nABRAHAM LINCOLN.\\nThis was not a siidden movement on their part. The sectional difference between\\nthe North and the South had its source in the difference of climate, which yreatly\\nmodified the character and habits of the i)eople also, while the ajxi icultui-al pursuits\\nand staple products of the South made slave labor profitable, the mechanical piu-suits\\nand the more varied products of the Xorth made it unjiriifitable. These antagonisms,\\nsettled firet by the Missouri Conlpl^^mise of 1820, re-opened by the tariff of 1828,\\nbursting forth in the nullification of 1832, pacified by Clay s compwmise tariff, in-\\ncreased through the annexation of Texas and the conseqiient war with Mexico, irri-\\ntated by the Wilmot Proviso, lulled for a time by the compi-omise of 1850, awakened\\nby the squatter sovereigrntj* policy of IXuiglas, roused to fur by the agitation in\\nKansas, spread bivadcast by the Dred Scott decision, the att ?mpted execution of the\\nFugitive Slave T^w, and the John Brown raid, had now reached a point where war\\nwas the only remedy. The election of Lincoln was the pivot on which the result\\nturned. The cause ran back thi-ough thirty years of controversj- to the difference in\\nclimate, in occupation, and in the habit of life and thought. Strange to say, each\\nsection misunderstood the other. The Southern i oople beheved the Xorth to bo so\\nengrossed in money-making and so enfeebled by luxurj- that it could send to the field\\nonly mercenai-y soldiers, who would easily bo beaten by the patriotic Southerners.\\nThey said, Cotton is King and believed that England and France were so depend-\\nent uxxtn them for that staple, that their republic would be recognized and defended\\nby those Eviropean powers. On the other hand, the Northern people did not believe\\nthat the South would dai-e to fight for slavery when it h;ui 4,000,000 slaves exposed\\nto the chances of war. They thought it to be all bluster, and hence paid little heed", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "J861.]\\nBUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION.\\n199\\nof secession. In February (1861), delegates from these\\nStates met at Montgomery, Ala., and formed a govern-\\nment called the Confederate States of America Jeffer-\\nson Davis, of Missis-\\nsippi, was chosen Pres-\\nident, and Alexander\\nH. Stephens, of Geor-\\ngia, Vice-President.\\nUnited States forts, ar-\\nsenals, custom-houses,\\nand ships were seized\\nby the States in which\\nthey were situated.\\nBuchanan did nothing-\\nto prevent the catas-\\ntrophe. General Scott\\nwas iniii m, while the\\nregular army was\\nsmall, and the troops were widely scattered. The navy had\\nbeen sent to distant ports. The Cabinet largely sympathized\\nwith the secessionists. Numerous unsuccessful efforts were\\nmade to effect a compromise. It was the general expectation\\nthat there would be no war, and the cry, No coercion was\\ngeneral.* Yet affairs steadily drifted on toward waro\\nFort Sumter. All eyes were now turned on Fort Sumter.\\nHere Major Anderson kept the United States flag fl.ying\\nin Charleston harbor. He had been stationed in Fort Moul-\\ntrie, but, fearing an attack, had crossed over to Fort Sum-\\nter, a stronger position. The South Carolinians, looking\\nJEFFERSON DAVIS.\\nto the threat of secession or of war. Both sides sadly learned their mistake, only\\ntoo late.\\nEven the New York Tribune declared ^^^lenever any considerable section of\\nour Union shall deliberately resolve to go out, we shall resist all coercive measures\\nto keep them in.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "200 EPOCH IV. [1861.\\nupon this as a hostile act, took possession of the remaining\\nforts, commenced erecting batteries, and prepared to reduce\\nFort Sumter. Major Anderson was coinpelled by his in-\\nstructions to remain a quiet spectator. The Star of the\\nWest, an unarmed steamer, bearing supphes to the fort,\\nhad been fired upon and driven back. The Southern leaders\\ndeclared that any attempt to relieve Fort Sumter would be\\na declaration of war. The government seemed paralyzed\\nwith fear. All now waited for the new President.\\nIn the next Epoch, we shall learn about the terrible Civil\\nWar caused by this effort to secede. During its progress,\\nslavery perished, and the issue of the conflict decided that\\nthe nation should be henceforth **one and inseparable\\nThe States admitted during the Fourth Epoch increased\\nthe number in the Union, from thirteen to thirty-four.\\nVermont, the fourteenth State, and the first under the\\nConstitution, was admitted to the Union, March 4,1791. It\\nwas so called from its principal range of mountains (verd,\\ngreen, and mont, mountain). Champlain discovered and ex-\\nplored much of it in 1609. The first settlement was made\\nin 1 72-1, in the present town of Brattleborough, where Fort\\nDummer was erected. The region Avas claimed by both New\\nHampshire and New York (p. 111). In 1777, the inhabit-\\nants declared the New Hampshire Grants an independent\\nState, under the title New Connecticut, alias Vermont\\nand, in 1790, New York consented to relinquish her claim\\non the payment of $30,000.\\nKentucky,* the fifteenth State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, June 1,1792. The name, dark and bloody ground\\nIt is a curious fact that the act for the admission of Kentiicky was approved\\nFebruary 4, 1791, but not to take effect until June 1, 1792; while that admitting\\nVermont was approved February 18, 1791, and to take effect March 4, 1791.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "1793.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 201\\nhad its origin in the fierce conflicts which took place between\\nthe whites and the Indians. Daniel Boone, a famous hunter,\\nfor two years rambled through the forests of this region, de-\\nlighted with its scenery and the abundance of game. After\\nmany thrilling adventures and narrow escapes from the In-\\ndians, he established a fort at Boonesborough, and removed\\nhis family thither in June, 1775. This was the first perma-\\nnent settlement in the State, then a part of Virginia, from\\nwhich it was not separated till 1790.\\nTennessee, the sixteenth State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, June 1, 1796. It was named from the river Ten-\\nnessee, the river with the great bend It is thought that\\nDe Soto, in his wanderings, visited the spot where Memphis\\nnow stands. The first permanent settlement in the State\\nwas at Fort Loudon (low don), thirty miles from the pres-\\nent site of Knoxville, in 1756. In 1780, James Robertson\\ncrossed the mountains with a party, and located where\\nNashville now stands, but which was then a wilderness.\\nIn 1789, North Carolina gave up her claim on the region,\\nand the next year it was joined with Kentucky to form an\\nindependent territory. It received a distinct territorial\\ngovernment two years before it became a State.\\nOhio, the seventeenth State, was admitted to the Union,\\nFebruary 19,1803. It was so called from the river of that\\nname, signifying the beautiful river The first e^eplorations\\nwere made by the French, imder La Salle, about 1680. The\\nfirst permanent settlement was at Marietta, in 1 7 8 8. It was\\nthe first State carved out of the North-western Territory.!\\nLouisiana, the eighteenth State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, April 30, 1 81 2. The territory was named in honor of\\nThis was the first permanent English settlement south of Pennsylvania and\\nwest of the Alleghanies.\\nt This territory was created in 1787, and included aU the public land north of the\\nOhio. It embraced the present States of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, lUinois, Wiscon-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "202 EPOCH IV. [1682\\nLouis XIV., King of France. The French explored the river\\nMississippi to the sea in 1682 (p. 34), but their first settle-\\nment was made by Iberville atBilox i, near its mouth, in\\n1699. New Orleans was founded in 1718.* The territory\\nwas ceded to Spain in 1763, but in 1800 was receded to\\nFrance, When the United States purchased it (p. 155),\\nLouisiana included all the region north and west between\\nthe Mississippi and the Pacific (except those portions then\\noccupied by Spain see California) and north to the British\\npossessions. In 1804, this region was divided into two parts\\nthe territory of Orleans, which included the present State\\nof Louisiana, and the district of Louisiana, which comprised\\nthe remainder. The former was admitted to the Union as\\nLouisiana, and the name of the latter changed to Missouri.\\nIndiana, the nineteenth State, was admitted to the Union,\\nDecember 11, 1816. The name is derived from the word\\nIndian. When Ohio was taken from the North-western Ter-\\nritory, the remainder was called Indiana. It was reduced\\nto its present limits in 1809, and was the second State ad-\\nmitted from the North-western Territory. After the Indian\\ndifficulties which hindered its early development had sub-\\nsided, its growth was very rapid. Between 1810 and 1820,\\nits population increased five hundred per cent.\\nMississippi, the twentieth State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, December 10,1817. It is named from the Mississippi\\nRiver, the Great Father of Waters De Soto was the first\\nEuropean who traversed this region. In 1700, Chevalier de\\nTonty, with a party of Canadian French, ascended the river\\nsin, and part of Minnesota. It was a part of New France before the French author-\\nity ceased in 1763. The British held possession for twenty years, when the coun-\\ntry was ceded to the United States (see Map of \\\\T:th Epoch, and p. 304).\\nThe colony was granted to the great Mississippi Company, organized by John\\nLaw, at Paris, for the purpose of settling and deriving profit from the French posses-\\nsions in North America. ^Vhen this bubble bui-st, the French crown resumed the\\nooxuitry. (See Brief History of France, p. 176.)", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "1700.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 203\\nto the Natchez country, where they selected a site for a fort\\nand named it Rosalie. A settlement called St. Peter s was\\nmade in 1703, on the Yazoo. In 1728, the Indians swept\\nevery vestige of civilization from the present limits of the\\nState. Under the French Governors who followed, fierce and\\nbloody wars were waged with the Natch ez, Chick a saw, and\\nChoc taw Indians. In 1 7 6 3 Louisiana east of the Mississippi,\\nincluding a part of what is now Mississippi and Alabama,\\nwas ceded to the British, and became a part of Georgia.\\nThe MississiiJpi Territory was created in 1798, and lands\\nwere afterward added until it embraced the present States of\\nMississippi and Alabama. The latter became a separate\\nTerritory in March, 1817.\\nIllinois, the twenty-first State, was admitted to the Union,\\nDecember 3, 1818. Its name is derived from its princijjal\\nriver, signifying River of men Its first settlements were\\nmade by La Salle.* After the States of Ohio and Indiana,\\nand the Territory of Michigan had been taken from the\\nNorth-western Territory, the remainder was styled the Illi-\\nnois Territory, and comprised the present States of Illinois,\\nWisconsin, and a part of Minnesota. The settlement of this\\nTerritory was greatly impeded by Indian hostilities. The\\nmassacre at Fort Dearborn (Chicago), 1812, and the Black\\nHawk war are instances of the dangers and trials which beset\\nthe pioneer. The great prosperity of the State dates from\\nthe year 1850, when munificent grants of land were made to\\nthe Central Railroad. The prairie wilderness was rapidly\\nsettled, and towns and cities sprung up as by magic.\\nAlabama, the twenty-second State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, December 14,1819. Its name is of Indian origin, and\\nThat enterprising traveler, after exploring the niinois River, built a small fort\\nwhich he called Creve Coeur (krave kur), and left it in command of the Chevalier\\nde Tonty. Three yeai-s afterward, he returned with some Canadians and founded\\nKqs kas ki a, Ca ho ki a, and other towns, which early became prosperous.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "204 EPOCH IV,\\n[1819.\\nsignifies Here we rest It was originally a part of Georgia.\\n(See Mississippi.) The fierce contests with the Creek Indians,\\nended by Jackson, gave to the State a vast and fertile region.\\nThe first settlement was made by Bienville (be ang veel on\\nMo bile Bay, in 1 7 02. Nine years afterward, the present site\\nof Mobile was occupied. Mobile was the original seat of the\\nFrench colonization in Louisiana, and for many years the cap-\\nital. Having been ceded to Great Britain and then to Spain, in\\n1 8 1 3 it was surrendered to General Wilkinson, and has since\\nremained in the possession of the United States (p. 305).\\nMaine, the twenty-third State, was admitted to the Union,\\nMarch 15,1820. (See p. G 0.)\\nMissouri, the twenty-fourth State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, August 10,1821. Its name is derived from its prin-\\ncipal river, and means ]\\\\Iuddy water Its oldest town, St.\\nGene^deve, was founded in 1 7 5 5. St. Louis was settled nine\\nyears after, but was not incorporated as a town until 1809\\nits first newspaper was published in 1 8 8, and the first steam-\\nboat arrived at its wharf in 1 8 1 7. The District of Louisiana\\nwas organized as Louisiana Territory in 1805, with St. Louis\\nas its capital, \\\\^^len Louisiana became a State, the name of\\nthe Territory was changed to Missouri.\\nAvkaTisas, the twenty-fifth State, was admitted to the\\nLTnion, June 15,1836. It took its name from a now extinct\\ntribe of Indians. It was discovered and settled by the French\\nunder Chevalier de Tonty, as early as 1 6 85. It followed the\\nfate of the other portions of Louisiana. On the admission of\\nthe State of Missouri, Arkansas was organized as a Territory,\\nincluding the x^resent State and a part of Indian Territory.\\nMichigan, the twenty-sixth State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, January 20,1837. Its name is of Indian origin, sig-\\nnifying Great Lake It was early visited by missionaries\\n(p. 33) and fur traders. Detroit was founded in 1701 by", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "1805.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 205\\nCadillac. This region, first a part of the North-western Ter-\\nritory, then of Indiana Territory, was organized as a separate\\nTerritory in 1 8 5. The country north of the present States\\nof Indiana and Illinois was afterward annexed to Michigan.\\nThe act of admission gave the State its present boundaries.\\nFlorida, the twenty-seventh State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, March 3, 1845. The Spanish word fiorida, means\\nblooming (p. 2 7). Its early visitors Ponce de Leon,\\nDe Narvaez, and De Soto its first settlement at St. Augus-\\ntine, its history under the Spaniards, and the Seminole war\\nhave been incidentally described. The Territories of East\\nand West Florida were organized March 30, 1822.\\nTexas, the twenty-eighth State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, December 2 9, 1845. It was explored by De Leon,\\nand La Salle. The latter, intending to found a French set-\\ntlement at the mouth of the Mississippi, sailed by it un-\\nawares, and, landing at Matagor da Bay, built Fort St. LOuis\\non the Lavaca. The Spaniards afterward explored and par-\\ntially settled the country, establishing missions at various\\npoints. These did not prosper, however, and the region was\\npopulated mainly by roving bands of Indians. Civil war had\\nimpoverished the few settlers who were unable to flee from\\nthe country, and Galveston was nearly deserted, when, in\\n1820, Moses Austin, a native of Connecticut, obtained from\\nthe Spanish authorities in Mexico a grant of land. Emigra-\\ntion from the United States was encouraged, and, in 1830,\\nthere were twenty thousand Americans in Texas. The jeal-\\nousy of Mexico being excited, acts of oppression followed,\\nand, in 1835, the Texans were driven to declare their inde-\\npendence. After a year of severe fighting and alternating\\nSanta Anna, with four thousand men, having attacked the A la mo, a fort garri-\\nsoned by only one hundred and seventy-two men, every one of that gallant few died\\nat his post except seven, who were killed while asking for quarter. Here David\\nCFOClsett, the famous hunter, who had volmiteered to fight with the Texans for their", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "206 EPOCH IV. [1837.\\nvictories, Santa Anna was conquered. The next year,\\n(1837), Texas sought admission into the Union. In 1844,\\nthe question was revived. The close of Tyler s adminis-\\ntration was marked by the signing of an act for its admis-\\nsion. This bill was ratified by a convention of the State\\nin July of the same year.\\nIowa, the twenty-ninth State, was admitted to the Union,\\nDecember 28, 1846. Its name is of Indian origin, signifying\\nDrowsy ones Julien Dubuque a Canadian Frenchman,\\nobtained, in 1 788, a large tract of land, including the present\\nsite of Dubuque. He there built a fort and traded with the\\nIndians till 1810. The first permanent settlement was made\\nat Burlington in 1833, by emigrants from Illinois. The\\nsame year, Dubuque was founded. This Territory belonged\\nto the Louisiana tract and partook of its fortunes. It was\\nsuccessively a part of Missouri, Michigan, and Wisconsin\\nTerritories, but was organized separately in 1838. It then\\nincluded all of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River, but\\nwhen admitted as a State was reduced to its present limits.\\nWisconsin, the thirtieth State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, May 29, 1848. Its name is derived from its prin-\\ncipal river, and signifies The gathering of the waters\\nIt was explored by French missionaries and traders as\\nearly as 1639. Green Bay was founded in 1745. This\\nregion was also a part of the North-western Territory. It\\nwas comprised in the Territory of Illinois, then of Mich-\\nigan, and in 1836 became a separate Territory.\\nCalifornia the thirty-first State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, September 9, 1850 (p. 190). Sir Francis Drake, in\\n1579, sailed along its coast, naming it New Albion (p. 35).\\nliberty, fell, pierced with wounds, but surrounded by the corpses of those whom he\\nhad cut down ore he was overpowered. In the battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna,\\nwith fifteen hundred men, was defeated by eight hundred, under General Sam Hous-\\nton.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "1776.]\\nDEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES,\\n207\\nIn 1 769, the Spaniards established the mission of San Diego\\n(dea go), and in 1776, one at San Francisco.* In 1803,\\nthey had eighteen missions with over 15,000 converts,\\nand the government of the country was in the hands of\\nSAN FRANCISCO BAY AND CITY. (See note.)\\nFranciscan monks. The Mexican revolution, in 1822, over-\\nthrew the Spanish powei hi California, and, soon after, the\\nIn 1835, a shanty owned by one Bichardson was the only human habitation,\\nand the vast bay was a solitude. The first survey of streets and town lots was in\\n1839. The principal trade was in exporting hides, and that was small. In 1846,\\nan American man-of-war entered the harbor, and took possession in the name of\\nthe United States. The town was known as Yerba Buena {good herb) until 1847,\\nwhen it was changed to its present name. About that time, it had a population of\\n459. The discovery of gold in 1848 gave the city its fii st start. Within eighteen\\nmonths following December, 1849, the city lost by fire $16,000,000 of property,\\nthough its population did not exceed 30,000. Such, however, was the enterprise of\\nits citizens, that these tremendous losses scarcely interrupted its growth or pros-\\nperity. Its magnificent harbor and its railroad communications give it an extensive\\ncommerce on the Pacific coast.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "208 EPOCH IV. [1831.\\nFranciscans were stripped of their wealth and influence. In\\n1881, the white population did not exceed five thousand.\\nFrom 1 8-1 o to 1 8-ll5, many emijjjrants from the United States\\nsettled in California, and, under the leadei ship of Fremont\\nand others, ^v^ested the country from Mexico (p. 188). By\\nthe treaty at the close of the Mexican war, Upper Cali-\\nfornia was ceded to the Unit(?d States. It embraced what\\nis now known as California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and\\nparts of Kansas, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.\\n(Maps of IVth and Vlth Epochs.)\\n.Minncsofft, the thirty-second State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, May 11,1858. It is so called from the river of that\\nname, and signifies Cloudy water In 1 G 80, La Salle and\\nHennepin penetrated this region. Other travelers followed,\\nInit only within this century has the whole country been\\nthoroughly explored. Fort Snelling was established in 1 8 1 9.\\nThe fii*st building in St. Paul was erected about 1838.\\nThe Territory of Minnesota was organized in 18-19, with the\\n^Missoiu i and White rivers for its western boundary, thus\\nembracing nearly twice the area of the present State. At\\nthis time, its population was less than five thousand, consist-\\ning of whites and half-breeds settled about the various mis-\\nsions and trading-posts. In 1851, the Sioux iscjo) ceded a\\nlarge tract of land to the United Statea After this, the\\npopulation increased so rapidly that in six yeai*s Minne-\\nsota applied for admission into the Union.\\nOrcgoji, the thirty-third State, was admitted to the Union,\\nFebruary 14, 1859. It is said to derive its name from the\\nSpanish oregano, wild marjoram, abundant on its coast. It\\nwas claimed as pirt of the Louisiana Purchase (Vlth Epoch\\nmap), though little was known of this vast region. In\\n1792, Captain Gray, of Boston, entered the river to which\\nhe gave tlie name of his ship Columbia. On his return, he", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "I\\n1804.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 209\\nmade such a flattering report that there was a general desire\\nto know more of the country. In 180-1, the year after the\\nLouisiana purchase, Jefferson sent an exploring party, under\\nthe command of Lewis and Clark (see page 801), which\\nfollowed the Missouri to its source and descended the Colum-\\nbia to the Pacific, The history of their adventures is one of\\nthe most romantic of the century. An extensive fur-trade\\nsoon began. Fort Astoria was built in 1 8 1 1 by the American\\nFur Company, of which John Jacob Astor was a prominent\\nmember. Hunters and trappers in the employ of American\\nand British companies roamed over the whole region. Fort\\nVancouver was occupied by the Hudson Bay Company, a\\nBritish organization, till 1 8 G 0. In 183 6-39, American em-\\nigration set overland to this region. The danger of war which\\nhad seriously threatened its dawning prosperity was averted\\nwhen the north-west boundary was settled by the treaty of\\n1846. In 1 8 1 8 it was organized as a Territory, and included\\nall the land west of the Rocky ]\\\\Iountains, between 42\u00c2\u00b0\\nand 49\u00c2\u00b0. In 1850, Congress granted three hundred and\\ntwenty acres to every man, and the same to his wife, on condi-\\ntion of residence on the land for four years. Eight thousand\\nclaims were 7nade for farms. In 1 8 5 3, Washington Territory\\nwas organized north of Columbia River. When Oregon was\\nadmitted as a State, it was reduced to its present limits.\\nKansas, the thirty-fourth State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, January 2 9, 1861. The name is of Indian origin, and\\nis said to mean Smoky water This region was also a part\\nof the Louisiana purchase. After the States of Louisiana,\\nArkansas, jMissouri, Iowa, and Minnesota had been carved\\nfrom it, there was left a vast, unoccupied tract at the west,\\nwhich was organized by the Kansas and Nebraska Act of\\n1854. The history of the strife which decided whether it\\nshould be slave or free has been narrated (p. 195).", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "210 EPOC HIV.\\nCIVILIZATION.\\nThe free air of the new world, the independent thought upon every question,\\nand the political equality of all men conduced to break down the distinctions of\\nrank and dress that were at first established (p. 93). This tendency early became a\\nsource of anxiety to the colonial legislator. In 1640, it was ordered that as divers\\nPersons of severall Ranks are obsearved still to exceede in their apparel, the Con-\\nstables of every towne within their Ijibcrtyes shall observe and take notice of any\\nparticular Peraon or Persons within their severall Lymits, and all such as they\\njudge to exceede their condition and Kank therein, they shall present and warn to\\nappear at the particular Court\\nThese sumptuary laws were not a dead letter, for we read of one Alice\\nriynt who was cited before the court and required to show that she was worth the\\ntwo hundred pounds required to entitle lier to wear a silk hood. After Independ-\\nence, social changes went on rapidly. The title Master came to be confined\\nto holdera of slaves, while Mr. once a sure sign of rank, was applied to every\\nmale in the land, and to omit it, when speaking of great men, became a mark of\\ndistinction. So rapidly did the new ideiis spread, that when La Fayette visitcnl\\nAmerica the second time, he asked with astonishment, Where are the common\\npeople? He saw only crowds of well-dressed citizens, but no yeomen, mechanics,\\nmerchants, and servants\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the four ranks below that of gentleman that were to be\\ndistinctly observed at the time of his first visit.\\nThe Laborer, though he had secured social and political privileges a hun-\\ndred years ago, could obtain far fewer comforts than he can to-day. His house\\nhad neither paint nor glass windows. Within, it was low and dingy. The floor\\nknew no carpets. The kitchen had no stove, or lamp, or coal, or matches.\\nThere was no glass or crockery ware on his table, but he ate his homely fare\\nfrom a wooden platter. Fresh meat was a rarity. All the staples of life were\\nexpensive to one who received only two shillings per day. Leather breeches and\\napron, a coarse flannel jacket, and heavy cow-hide shoes wei-e the best his ward-\\nrobe could afford.\\nImprisonment for debt was common. The poor man, just recovering from a long\\nsickneas, was liable to bo arrested for the iKiyment of the little bills incurred during\\nhis illness, and thrust into prison among the vilest off enders.\\nTlie Schools, even within the memory of many persons now living, were far\\ninferior in equipment and methods to those of our day. The text-books were few\\nand coarsely executed. In early times, the only reading-books were the Bible, the\\nPsalter, and the New England Spoiler. After the Revolution, the Columbian\\nOrator\u00e2\u0080\u0094 filled with patriotic selections- attained a great celebrity. When Webster s\\nAmerican Spelling Book was issued about 1784, it gradually came into general\\nTise. Murray s Grammar and DaboU s Arithmetic were the standaixls for half a\\ncentury. The ordinary geography was in two volumes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 one containing the maps\\nand the other the text. Morse invented (1839) a pi-ocoss of engraving whercby\\nthe maps could he struck- off -with the text, on a common printing press. In a\\nsingle year, 100,000 copies of his New Geography went into use. Writing-books\\nwere usually home-made from foolscap, and ruled by the pupil with lead plum-\\nmets of his (nvn manufacture. Slate pencils were, also, whittled out by the bojra\\nfrom soft clay-stones. Quill-pens were used, and their making constituted no", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES.\\n211\\nsmall part of a teacher s task. Wall-maps, charts, blackboards, globes, etc., came In\\nonly slowly as education advanced.\\nThe development of tlie country was especially marked about the middle of\\nthis century. The immigration from Ireland, probably induced chiefly by the famine\\nof 1847 in that island, then began, and crowds of foreign workmen aided in building\\nrailroads and digging canals, while they flocked into the mills and manufactories.\\nThe native operatives thrown out of emplojrment, turned to the West. The discovery\\nof gold in California, also, led thither a vast number from the Eastern States. The\\nmultiplication of railroads, afl ording a better market and higher prices, rendered\\nfarming profitable in the great Mississippi valley, and new States were settled with\\nunexampled rapidity. Commerce flourished, and American clippers were famous\\nfor their speed. With increasing prosperity, knowledge spread apace. Books and\\npapers multiplied. Schools and colleges were founded. The lyceums, through which\\ncourses of lectures by distinguished men were given in almost every town and\\nvillage, became an important factor in imparting to the people valuable instruction\\nupon political, scientific, and literary topics.\\n1789.\\n1791.\\n179^.\\n1793.\\n1794.\\n1795.\\n1796.\\n1797.\\n1799.\\n1800.\\n1801.\\n180.3.\\n1804.\\n1805.\\n1807.\\n1809.\\n1811.\\n1812.\\nCHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.\\nPAOB\\nWashington inaugurated, April 30 149\\nVermont admitted to the Union, March 4 200\\nKentucky admitted to the Union, June 1 200\\nDiscovery of Columbia River by Captain Gray, May 11 208\\nDifiiculties with Genet 153\\nThe Indians defeated by Wayne, August 20 152\\nWhiskey insurrection 152\\nJay s treaty ratified, June 24 153\\nTennessee admitted to the Union, June 1 201\\nJohn Adams inaugurated, March 4 154\\nWashington died at Mount Vernon, December 14 150\\nCapitol removed to Washington 150\\nTreaty with France, September 30 155\\nThomas Jefl erson inaugi rated, March 4 155\\nWar declared by the United States against Tripoli, June 10 157\\nOhio admitted to the Union, February 19 201\\nLouisiana purchased from France, April 30 156\\nFleet sent against Tripoli 157\\nLieutenant Decatur destroyed frigate Philadelphia, February 15 157\\nHamilton killed by Burr, July 11 156\\nTreaty of peace with Tripoli, June 3 157\\nThe Chesapeake flred into by the Leopard, June 22 158\\nEmbargo on American ships, December 22 158\\nFulton first ascended the Hudson 157\\nJames Madison inaugurated, March 4 159\\nAction between the President and the Little Belt, May 16 160\\nBattle of Tippecanoe, November 7 159\\nLouisiana admitted to the Union, April 30 201\\nWar declared against England, June 19 160\\nHull invaded Canada, July 12 160", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "212\\nEPOCH IV.\\n[1812.\\n1812.\\n1813.\\n1814.\\n1815.\\n1816.\\n1817.\\n1818.\\n1819.\\n1820.\\n1821.\\n1824.\\n1825.\\n1826.\\n1829.\\n1832.\\n1835.\\n1838.\\n1837.\\n1837- 38.\\n1841.\\nPAGE\\nMackinaw surrendered, July 17 160\\nDetroit surrendered, August 16 160\\nThe Constitution captured the Querriere, August 19 161\\nBattle of Queenstown, October 13 161\\nThe Wasp captured the Frolic, October 13 162\\nBattle of Frenchtown, January 22 163\\nCaptiire of York, April 27 163\\nSiege of Fort Meigs, May 1 164\\nSackett s Harbor attacked. May 29 163\\nThe Chesapeake captured by the Shannon, June 1 166\\nBattle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, August 2 164\\nMassacre of Fort Mimnis, August 30 160\\nPerry s victory on Lake Erie, September 10 164\\nBattle of the Thames, October 5 165\\nBattleof Chrysler s Field, November 11 163\\nBattle of Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka), March 27 166\\nBattle of Chippewa, July 5 168\\nBattle of Lundy s Lane, July 25 168\\nWashington captured by the British, August 24 169\\nBattle of Plattsburg and Lake Champlain, September 11 168\\nBombardment of Fort Mc Henry, September 13 169\\nHartford Convention, December 15 169\\nTreaty of Peace, December 24 169\\nBattle of New Orleans, January 8 169\\nWar with Algiers 171\\nIndiana admitted to the Onion, December 11 202\\nJames Monroe inaugurated, March 4 172\\nMississippi admitted to the Union, December 10 202\\nIllinois admitted to the Union, December 3 203\\nAlabama admitted to the Union, December 14 203\\nFlorida purchased of Spain, February 22 173\\nMissouri Compromise passed, March 3 172\\nMaine admitted to the Union, March 15 60, 204\\nMissouri admitted to the Union, August 10 204\\nVisit of La Fayette 173\\nJohn Quincy Adams inaugurated, March 4 174\\nAdams and Jefferson died, July 4 154\\nJackson inaugurated, March 4 175\\nBlack Hawk War 177\\nNullification in South Carolina 175\\nDade s massacre by the Seminoles, December 28 177\\nArkansfus admitted to the Union, June 15 204\\nMichigan admitted to the Union, January 20 204\\nMartin Van Buren inaugurated, March 4 178\\nBattle of Okechobee, Seminoles routed by Taylor, December 25 178\\nThe Patriot War Canada 179\\nWilliam H. Harrison inaugurated, March 4 180\\nPresident Harrison died, April 4 180\\nJohn Tyler inaugurated, April 180", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "1842.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 213\\nPAGE\\n1842. Dorr s Rebellion 181\\n1845. Florida admitted to the Union, March 3 205\\nJames K. Polk inaugurated, March i 185\\nTexas admitted to the Union, December 29 205\\n1846. Battle of Palo Alto, May 8 185\\nBattle of Resaca de la Palma, May 185\\nCongress declared war against Mexico, May 11\\nMonterey captured, September 24 186\\nIowa admitted to the Union, December 28 206\\n1847. Battle of Buena Vista, February 23 186\\nVera Cruz captured, March 29 188\\nBattle of Cerro Gordo, April 18 188\\nBattle of Contreras, August 20 189\\nCapture of Chaptiltepec, September 13 189\\nMexico surrendered, September 14 190\\n1848. Treaty of Peace with Mexico, February 2 190\\nGold discovered in California, February 190\\nWisconsin admitted to the Union, May 29 206\\n1849. General Taylor inaugurated, March 5 191\\n1850. General Taylor died, July 9 192\\nMillard Fillmore inaugurated, July 10 191\\nCalifornia admitted to the Union, September 9 206\\n1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated, March 4 194\\n1854. Commodore Perry s treaty with Japan, March 195\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill passed. May 31 195\\n1857. James Buchanan inaugurated, March 4 196\\n1858. Minnesota admitted to the Union, May 11 208\\n1859. Oregon admitted to the Union, February 14 208\\n1860. South Carolina seceded from the Union, December 20 198\\n1861. Steamer Star of the West fired upon, January 9 200\\nKansas admitted into the Union as a State, January 29 209\\nSouthern Confederacy formed at Montgomery, February 4. 199\\nREFERENCES FOR READING.\\nLo8!iing 8 Field Book of the War of 1S12.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lewis and Clark s .Journal.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mackenzie s Life\\nof Paul Jones.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Partm:s Life of .Jachfon also of Aaron Burr.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cooper s History of the Amer-\\nican Nariy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Irmng s Astoria.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PoweWs Life of Taylor.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FremonVs Exploratimw.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Benton s 30\\nYears View of PuUic Affairs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Street and Reed s Osceola {Poem).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ripley s War with Mexico.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nHuWs Military and Civil Life.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Parker s Historic Americans.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lossing s Eminent Americans.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMcPherson s Political History of the United States.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tome s Battles of America by Sea and\\nLand.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lowell s Bigelow Papers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Giddings Exiles of Florida.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Jay s Mexican War.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Daw-\\nson s American Battle-fields. The Mississippi Scheme in Mackay s Popular Delmiom.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mrs.\\nJohn Adams Correspondence.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HeadUys Second War with England.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Whittier s Angels of Buena\\nVista {Poetry).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Randall s and Tucker s Lives of Jefferson.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Griswold s Court of Washington.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nClarke s Campaign of 1812.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 IngersolPs Second War with Great Britain.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Wilson s Sketches\\nof Bl ustrims Soldiers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The American Statesmen Series (a Political Library of great value).", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "214\\nBLACKBOARD ANALYSIS.\\nWashington s Admln-\\nistratiou. (1789- y7.)\\nJohn Adams Adminis-\\ntration. (1797-1801.)\\nJefferson s Administra-\\ntion. (180i- 9.)\\nMadison s Admiiiistra-\\ntion. (180 .J- 17.)\\nMonroe s Administra-\\ntion. (1817- 25.)\\n4.\\n2.\\nInauguration.\\nDifficulties of the New Government.\\nC 1. Finauceii.\\nDomeBtic ASailS. 2. Whl\u00c2\u00bbkcy Rebellion.\\nIs. Indian Warn.\\nC I. EnKlanil\\nForeign AlTairB. Spain and Algicr\\nPoliticul Parties.\\nDomestic Ailairs.\\nForeign AtTairs.\\nPolitical Parties.\\nCharacter of Jefferson.\\n3. France.\\nDomestic Affairs.\\n1. Purcha ^e of Louisiana.\\nBurr.\\nI s Steamboat.\\n1. Pu\\ni 2. Aa\\nL 3. Fu\\n1. War with\\n2, F^nirlauii\\nL 3. Emlmrgo\\nh Tripoli.\\nI and France.\\nEmimrgo Act.\\nJohn Quincy Adams\\nAdministration\\n(1825- 29.)\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0{I\\nJackson s Administra-\\ntion. (1829- ;i7.)\\n3. Foreign Affairs.\\n4. Political Parties.\\n1. Domestic Affairs.\\n(1. Evcnt,sof 1812.\\n4: Pe^ e\\n5. Battle of New Orleans.\\n6. ResulLs of War.\\n.3. Political Parties.\\n1. Era of Good Feeling.\\nrt T^ K rc ^1. Missouri Compromise.\\n2. Domestic Affairs. J 2. La Faycttcs visit.\\n3. Foreign Affairs. J MonrocDoctrine.\\n4. Political Parties.\\nCharacter of Adams.\\nProsperity of Country.\\nProtective Tariff\u00e2\u0080\u0094 American Sj-stem.\\n1. Character of Jackson.\\nI. Nullification.\\n2. Domestic Affairs.\\nVan Bti\\nt ration\\n3. Foreign Affairs.\\n4. Political Parties.\\nDomestic Affairs.\\n2. Bank of United States.\\n3. Speculations.\\n4. Indian Troubles.\\nf 1. Domestic Affaii\\nAl:./\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^S^ V\\\\ S 2. Foreign Affairs\\n1 8.3 4 I l^ 3. PoliUcal Part ie\\nIlai-rison and Tyler s\\nAdministration.\\n{1841- 4. j.)\\n10. Polk s Administra-\\ntion. (1845- 49.)\\nTayltir and Fillmore s\\nAdministration.\\n(184y- o3.)\\n12. Pierce s Administra-\\ntion. (18ria- i7.)\\nles.\\n1. narrison s Death.\\n2. Domestic Affairs.\\n3. Foreign Affairs.\\n4. Political Parties.\\nC 1. Foreign Affairs\\nWar with Mexico. 3\\nI (181G-M7.) 1 4:\\nu\\nUnited State. Bank.\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0!uffrai!e Dimeultles.\\nAnil Rent Diniculties.\\nThe Mormons.\\nMagnetic Telcgrapb.\\n1. Annexation of Tesa. i.\\n2. North-west Boundarj.\\nGeneral Taylor .s Army.\\nGeneral Kearney s Army.\\nGeneral Scott s Army.\\nPeace.\\n2. Domestic Affairs.\\n3. Political Parties.\\n1. Taylor s Death.\\n2. Domestic Affairs.\\n3. ForciLrn Affairs.\\n4. Political Parties.\\n1. Domestic Affairs. J;\\n2. Foreign .-Vffairs.\\n3. Political Parties.\\n1. Domestic .\\\\ffairs.\\n1. Wllmot Proviso.\\n2. Discovery of Gold in California\\n1. Slavery.\\n2. Compromise of 18S0.\\n1.3.\\nBuchanan s Adminis\\ntration. (1857- 61.)\\nII:\\nr 1. Dred\\n2. Fugil\\nI. 3. John\\nKansa.s.Nebraska Bill.\\nBorder Warfare.\\nMexico.\\nJapan.\\n1. Dred-Scott Deciaton.\\nugitivc Slave Lair.\\nI Brown.\\n2. Political Parties.\\n3. South Secedes.\\n4. Attack on Fort Sumter.\\nNames of States admitted durlny tno Fourth Epoch.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "6\u00c2\u00bb Loneitude 15 West from 65\\nT\\npR,NGr,ELb- MAP TO ILLUSTRATE\\nTHE CIVIL WAR j\\nSCALE OF MILES\\ntQuiucy\\nJlason\\nMXouis\\nXSSfcanuu\\nnfiocUiiia\\nlie J\\\\ /Lfuiivint^V *P\u00c2\u00bb s\\n^t^KS\\nBninflenl)ure\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0/nir.1-.\\nJruiifor\\nling .GlaspoJTjJJlJj/\\n^/4\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0X JSmiil, l^Sj*.\\nH A ft K ASi^;^\\nITTLE?\\nrio({?t^ rock:\\ni\\nI ArkadelphU\\ntdiLAlJ .^,\u00e2\u0080\u009eT.- 3 ittsVunf ifJSdiii? Txi 1- Shelljville a Athtnflr\\nTutcumbla\\nada/\\nf\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Gulf i-i ir ai\u00c2\u00bbn/\\nI UGibsofi _\\n1\\ni\\nOiX lika*\\nGirarjfColuinbu* i\\nMONTGOMERY\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^ITnioD Sprints\\ni \u00c2\u00a3ulaula^\\nGlveQTflle\\nPjllard\\nPorlHui^n H xi v-, 1 c^**\\nJsiBATOM rouqe\\\\\\\\- T jt^i\\n31\\nApalacli^\\nFuGa\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0M\\n-g\\\\ ^S Baintridf\\n_ThoBis\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ijO TALLAM\\nrS( suMaila if\\nJ^ Say\\no\\nLoDeitude 10\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0VVashii\\nCopyriglU, Iaa^ A.SSaT-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "igton,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "^-\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^^m}s\u00c2\u00bb\\nLINCOLN S ADMINISTRA-\\nTION.*\\n(SIXTEENTH PRESIDENT 1861-1865.)\\nTNAUGURATION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rumors of\\nJ- a plan to assassinate Lincoln\\nimpelled him to come to Washing-\\nton secretly. He was inaugurated, March 4, 1861, sur-\\nrounded by troops, under General Scott.\\nCondition of the Country. ^All was now uncertainty.\\nSouthern officers in the army and navy of the United\\nStates were daily resigning, and linking their fortunes\\nwith the Confederate cause. There was still, however, a\\nQuestions on the Geography of the Fifth Epoch.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tiocate the following places\\nnoted as battle-fields. (Maps of the Richmond campaigns are on pages 236 and 261.)\\nPhllippi. Big Bethel. Boonvllle (Booneville). Carthage. Rich Mountain. BuU\\nRun. Wilson s Creek. Hatteras Inlet. Lexington, Mo. Ball s Bluff. Belmont.\\nPort Royal. TVTin Spring. Port Henry. Roanoke Island. Port Donelson. Pea\\nRidge. New Bern (Newberne). Winchester. Pittsburg Landing. Island No. 10.\\nPort Pulaski. Port Jackson. Port Macon. Beaufort. Torktown. Williamsburg.\\nCorinth. Mechanicsvllle. Cedar Mountain. South Moiintain. Antietam. Preder-\\nicksburg. Holly Springs. Murfreesboro. Galveston. Port Sumter. Chancellors-\\nvllle. Vicksburg. Gettysbvirg. Port Hudson. Chickamauga. Chattanooga. Knox-\\nville. Port de Russy. Sabine Cross Roads. Port Pillow. Wilderness. Spottsylvania\\nCourt House. Resaca. Dallas. Lost Mountain. Petersburg. Atlanta. Mobile.\\nPort Gaines. Port Morgan. Cedar Creek. Port Mc A lister. Nashville. PortPisher,\\nColumbia. Goldsboro. Port Steadman. Pive Porks. Appomattox Court House.\\nAbi aham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, February 18,1809; died in Washington,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "216 EPOCH V. [1861.\\nstrong Union sentiment at the South. Many prominent\\nmen in both sections hoped that war inight be averted.\\nThe Federal authorities feared to act, lest they should\\nprecipitate civil strife. In striking contrast to this inde-\\ncision, was the marked energy of the new Confederate\\ngovernment. It v is gathering troops, voting money and\\nsupplies, and rapidly preparing for the issue.\\nCapture of Fort Sumter (April 1-1). Finding that sup-\\nplies were to be sent to Fort Sumter, General Peter G. T.\\nBeauregard (bo re gard), who had command of the Confed-\\nerate troops at Charleston, called upon Major Anderson to\\nsurrender. Upon his refusal, fire was opened from all the\\nConfederate forts and batteries.* This strange contest be-\\ntween seventy men and seven thousand lasted for thirty-\\nApril 15, 1865. His father was unable to read or write, ami his own education con-\\nsisted of one-year s schooliniur. Hoping to better his fortune, his father moved to\\nIndiana, the family floating down the Ohio on a raft. When nineteen years of age,\\nthe future Pi-esid^nt hired out at \u00c2\u00a710 per month as a hand on a flat-boat, and made a\\ntrip to New Orleans. On his return, he accompanied the family to Illinois, driving\\nthe cattle on the journey. Having reached their destination, he helped them to build\\na cabin, and to split rails to inclose the farm. He was now, in succession, a flat-boat\\nhand, clei-k, captain of a company of volunteers in the Black Hawk War, country\\nstore-keeper, postmaster, and surveyor, yet he managed to get a knowledge of law by\\nboiTowing books at an ofllce before it closed at night, returning them at its opening\\nin the morniiag. On being admitted to the bar, he rapidly rose to distinction. At\\ntwenty-flve, he was sent to the Legislature, and was thrice re-elected. In 184(5, he\\nwas elected to Congress, and served one term j\\\\s Representative. In 1858, he was\\ncandidate for Senator, a second time, against Stephen A. Douglas. The two rivals\\nstumped the State together, discussing great national questions. The debate,\\nunrivaled for its statesmanship, logic, and wit, won for Lincoln a national reputation,\\nbut he lost the election in the Legislature. After his accession to the Presidency,\\nhis history, like Washington s, is identified with that of his country. He was a tall,\\nungainly man, little versed in the refinements of society, but gifted by nature with\\ngreat common sense, and every-whero known as Honest Abe Kind, earnest,\\nsjTupathetic, faithful, democratic, ho was anxious only to serve his country. His\\nwan, fatigued face, and his bent form, told of the cares he bore, and the grief he felt.\\nHis only relief was when, tossing aside for a moment the heavy load of responsi-\\nbility, his face would light \\\\ip with a humorsome smile, while he narrated some\\nincident whose irresistible wit and aptness to the subject at hand, convulsed his\\nhearers, and rendered Jjincoln ft stories household wonls thmughout the nation.\\nThe fii-st gun of the wjir was fired at half-past four o clock Fi iday morning,\\nApril 13, 1861.\\nli", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "1861.] THE CIVIL WAR. 217\\nfour hours, no one being hurt on either side. The barracks\\nhaving been set on fire by the shells, the garrison, worn\\nout, suffocated, and half-blinded, was forced to capitulate.\\nThey were allowed to retire with the honors of war, saluting\\ntheir flag before hauling it down.\\nTJic Effect of this event was electrical. It unified the North\\nand also the South. The war spirit swept over the country\\nlike wild-fire. Party lines vanished. The Union men at\\nthe South were borno into secession, while the republicans\\nand the democrats at the North combined to support the\\ngovernment. Lincoln issued a requisition for 75,000\\ntroops. It was responded to by 300,000 volunteers, the\\nAmerican flag, the symbol of Revolutionary glory and\\nof national unity, being unfurled throughout the North.\\nThe military enthusiasm at the South was equally ardent.\\nVirginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, which\\nhad before hesitated, joined the Confederacy. Virginia\\ntroops seized the United States armory at Harper s Ferry,\\nand the Navy-yard near Norfolk. Richmond, Va., was\\nmade the Confederate capital. Troops from the extreme\\nSouth were rapidly pushed into Virginia, and threatened\\nWashington. The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, hurrying\\nto the defense of the national capital, was attacked in the\\nstreets of Baltimore, and several men were killed.* Thus\\nthe first bloodshed in the civil war was on April 19, the\\nanniversary of Lexington and Concord.\\nTHE WAR IN VIRGINIA.\\nArlington Heights and Alexandriaf were seized (May 24)\\nby the national troops. This protected Washington from\\nA Union soldier who was sliot in this affray, turned about, saluted the flag, and\\nexclaiming, All hail the stars and stripes I fell lifeless.\\nt Alexandria was occuprted by Colonel Elmer B. Ellsworth and his Zouaves. After", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "218 EPOCH V. [1861.\\nimmediate danger of attack.* Fort Monroef was now gar-\\nrisoned by a heavy force under General B. F. Butler.J An\\nexpedition made, soon after, against Big Bethel was singu-\\nlarly mismanaged. On the route, the troops fired into each\\nother by mistake, and, when they came to attack the Confed-\\nerate defenses, were repulsed with loss.\\nWestern Virginia adhered to the Union, and was ulti-\\nmately formed into a separate State. The Confederates,\\nhowever, occupied it in force. The Federals, under General\\nGeorge B. McClellan, afterward commander of the Potomac\\narmy, defeated them at Philippi, Rich Mountain, and Cak-\\nrick s Ford, thus wresting the entire State from their control.\\nShortly afterward, Governor Wise and General Floyd (Presi-\\ndent Buchanan s Secretary of War) led a Confederate force\\ninto that region but Floyd was suddenly attacked by General\\nRosecrans at Carnifex Ferry, and, Wise failing to support\\nhim, was compelled to retreat. General Robert E. Lee, Mc-\\nClellan s future antagonist on the Potomac, having been re-\\npulsed at Cheat Mountain, came to the rescue. But nothing\\ndecisive being effected, the Confederate government recalled\\nits troops. The only Union victories of this year were\\nachieved in this region (map opp. p. 223).\\nBattle of Bull Run (July 21). The Northern people, see-\\ning so many regiments pushed forward to AVashington, were\\nimpatient for an advance. The cry, On to Richmond be-\\nthe capture, seeing the Confoderato flag still flying from the roof of a hotel, he went\\nup and took it down. As he descended, he was shot at the foot of the stairs, by the\\nlandlord, Jackson, who in turn fell at the hands of private Brownell.\\nAlexandria is on the southern side of the Potomac, seven miles below Washing-\\nton. Arlington Heights arc directly opposite the capital.\\nThis is located at the entrance of the Chesapeake, and is the most formidable\\nfortification in the United States. It covers nearly seventy acres of ground. The\\nwalls are built of granite.\\nt At Hampton, which had been occupied by the Confederates, some negroes were\\ncaptured who had been employed in building fortifications. Butler declared them\\ncontraband of war and this gave rise to the popular term Contraband", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "1861.]\\nTHE CIVIL WAR.\\n219\\ncame too strong to be resisted. General Irvin McDowell, in\\nconiinand of the Army of the Potomac, moved to attack the\\nmain body of the Confederates, who were strongly posted,\\nunder Beauregard, at Bull Run.* After a sharp conflict, the\\nConfederates were driven from the held. They were rallied.\\nSTONEWALL .l.-.iK.M,,\\\\ AT r.l\\nhowever, by General T. J. Jackson f and others, on a plateau\\nin the rear. While the Federal troops were struggling to\\ndrive them from this new position, at the crisis of the battle,\\ntwo brigades, under Kirby Smith and Early, rushing across\\nthe fields from Ma nas sas Station, J each, successively,\\nstruck the Union flank and poured in a cross-flre. The effect\\nThis is near Manassas Jimction, about twenty-seven miles from Alexandria.\\nt General Bee, as lie rallied his men, shouted, There s Jackson standing like a\\nstone wall. Prom that time, says Draper, the name he had received in a bap-\\ntism of firo displaced that he had received in a baptism of water, and he was known\\nas Stonewall Jackson\\nt These troops composed a part of General Johnston s command at Winchester", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "220 EPOCH V. [1861\\nwas irresistible. McDowell s men fled. As the fugitives con-\\nverged toward the bridge in the rear, a shell burst among the\\nteamsters wagons, a caisson was overturned, and the passage\\nchoked. The retreat became a panic-stricken rout. Traces\\nwere cut, cannon abandoned, horsemen plunged through\\nthe struggling mass, and soldiers threw away their guns\\nand ran streaming over the country, many never stop-\\nping till they were safe across the Long Bridge at Wash-\\nington.\\nTlie Effect of this defeat was momentous. At first, the\\nNorthern people were chagrined and disheartened. Then\\ncame a renewed determination. They saw the real character\\nof the Avar, and no longer dreamed that the South could be\\nsubdued by a mere display of military force. They were to\\nfight a brave people Americans, who were to be conquered\\nonly by a desperate struggle. Congress voted $500,000,000\\nand five hundred thousand men. General McClellan,* upon\\nwhom all eyes were turned, on account of his brilliant cam-\\npaign in Western Virginia, was appointed to the command\\nof the Army of the Potomac.\\nBall s Bluff (October 21).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 About 2,000 Federals, who\\nhad crossed the Potomac at Ball s Bluff on a reconnoitering\\nexpedition, were attacked by the Confederates, and forced\\ndown the slippery, clayey bluff to the river, fifty to one hun-\\ndred and fifty feet below. The few old boats in which they\\ncame were soon sunk, and, in trying to escape, inany were\\ndrowned, some were shot, and only about half their num-\\nGteneral Patterson, with 20,000 men, had been left to watch him, and prevent his\\njoining Beauregard. Johnston was too shrewd for his antagonist, and, shpping\\nout of his hands, reached Bull Run just in time to take part in and, as we have\\nalready seen, to decide the battle. Johnston s troops being included, the Union\\nand Confederate armies at Bull Run were almost exactly equal, each about\\n18,000 Strong.\\nSoon after, General Scott, weighed down by age, retired from active service, and\\nGeneral McClellan became G\u00c2\u00abneral-in-Cliief of all the armies of the United States.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "1861.] THE CIVIL WAR 221\\nber reached the other bank. Colonel Baker United States\\nSenator from Oregon, was among the killed.*\\nTHE WAR IN MISSOURI.\\nThis State was largely Union. The Convention had de-\\nclined to pass an ordinance of secession yet there was a\\nstrong effort made by Governor Jackson to preserve, at least,\\nan armed neutrality. Captain Lyon foiled this attempt He\\nbroke up Camp Jackson, saved the United States arsenal at\\nSt. Louis, and defeated Colonel Marmaduke at Boonville.\\nGeneral Sigel (se gei), however, having been defeated by the\\nConfederates in an engagement at Carthage (July 5), Lyon,\\nnow General, found that he must either fight the superior\\nforces of Generals McCuUoch and Price, or else abandon\\nthat part of the State. He chose the former course. At\\nthe head of about five thousand, he attacked more than\\ntwice that number at Wilson s Creek (August lO). He\\nfell, gallantly leading a charge. His men were defeated.\\nColonel Mulligan was forced to surrender Lexington f after\\na brave defense. General John C. Fremont then assumed\\ncharge, and drove Price as far south as Springfield. Just\\nas he was preparing for battle, he was replaced by General\\nHunter, who took the Union army back to St. Louis. Hun-\\nter was soon superseded by General Halleck, who crowded\\nPrice south to Arkansas. Later in the fall, General Grant\\nmade an attack upon a Confederate force which had\\ncrossed over from Kentucky I and taken post at Belmont.\\nDecember 20, General E. O. 0. Ord, having gone out on a foraging excursion to\\nDranesville, in a severe skirmish routed the Confederates. This little victory\\ngreatly encouraged the people at the North, who had been disheartened by the\\ndisastrous affair of Ball s Bluff.\\n1 The Confederates, in their final assault, fought behind a movable breastwork,\\ncomposed of hemp-bales, which they rolled toward the fort as they advanced.\\nt Kentucky, like Missouri, tried to remain neutral, but was unsuccessful. Soon,\\nboth Confederate and Union troops were encamped on her soil, and the State was", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "222 EPOCH V. [1861.\\nTHE WAR ON THE SEA AND THE COAST.\\nEarly in the war, Davis issued a proclamation offering to\\ncommission privateers.* In reply, Lincoln declared a block-\\nade of the Southern ports. At that time, there was but one\\nefficient vessel on the Northern coast, while the entire\\nnavy comprised only forty-two ships but at the close of\\nthe year, the navy numbered two hundred and sixty-four.\\nTwo joint naval and military expeditions were made dur-\\ning the year. The first captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet,\\nN. C The second, under Commodore Dupont and General\\nThomas W. Sherman, took the forts at Port Royal Entrance,\\nS. C.,t and Tybee Island, at the mouth of the Savannah.\\nPort Royal became the great depot for the Union fleet.\\nThe Trent Affair. England and France had acknowl-\\nedged the Confederate States as belligerents, thus placing\\nthem on the same footing with the United States. The\\nSouthern people having, therefore, great hopes of foreign\\naid, appointed Messrs. Mason and Sli dell commissioners to\\nthose countries. Escap ng through the blockading squad-\\nron, they took passage at Havana on the British steamer\\nTrent. Captain Wilkes, of the United States steamer\\nravaged by hostile armies. In all the border States, affairs were in a most lament-\\nable condition. The people were divnded in opinion, and enlisted in boch armies.\\nAs the tide of war surged to and fro, armed bands swept through the cotintry,\\nplundering and murdering those who favored the opposite party.\\nThe Savannah was the first privateer which got to sea, but this vessel was capt-\\nured after having taken only a single prize. The Petrel, also from Charleston, bore\\ndown upon the United States frigivte St. Lawrence, which the captain mistook for a\\nmerchant ship his vessel was sunk by the first broadside of his formidable antag-\\nonist. The Sumter, under Captain Semmes, captured and burned a large number\\nof Federal ships, but, at last, it was blockaded in the Bay of Gibraltar by a Union\\ngun-boat, and, being unable to escape, was sold.\\nt During this engagement, the ships described an ellipse between the forts, each\\nvessel deUvering its fire as it slowly sfuled by, then pKvssing on, and another taking\\nits place. The line of this ellipse was constantly changed to prevent the Confed-\\nerates from getting the range of the vessels.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "1861.] THE CIVIL WAR. 228\\nSan Jacinto, followed the Trent, took off the Confederate\\nenvoys, and brought them back to the United States.\\nThis produced intense excitement in England. The United\\nStates government, however, promptly disavowed the act\\nand returned the prisoners.\\nGeneral Review of the First Year of the War. The\\nConfederates had captured the large arsenals at Harper s\\nFerry and near Norfolk. They had been successful in the\\ntwo great battles of the year Bull Run and Wilson s\\nCreek also in the minor engagements at Big Bethel, Car-\\nthage, Lexington, Belmont, and Ball s Bluff. The Federals\\nhad saved Fort Pickens* and Fort Monroe, and captured\\nthe forts at Hatteras Inlet and Port Royal. They had\\ngained the victories of Philippi, Rich Mountain, Boon-\\nville, Carrick s Ford, Cheat Mountain, Carnifex Ferry, and\\nDranesville. They had saved to the Union, Missouri, Mary-\\nland, and West Virginia. Principally, however, they had\\nthrown the whole South into a state of siege, -the armies\\non the north and the west by land, and the navy in the\\neast by sea maintaining a vigilant blockade.\\n1862.\\nThe Situation. The National army now numbered\\n500,000 the Confederate, about 350,000. During the first\\nyear, there had been random fighting the war henceforth\\nassumed a general plan. The year s campaign on the part\\nof the North had three main objects: (1) the opening of\\nthe Mississippi (2) the blockade of the Southern ports\\nand (3) the capture of Richmond.\\nThis fort was situated near Pensacola. Liieutenant Slemmer, seeing that an\\nattack was about to be made upon him, transferred his men from Fort McRae, an\\nuntenable position, to Port Pickens, an almost impregnable fortification, which he\\nheld until re-inforcements arrived.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "224\\nEPOCH V.\\n[1862,\\nTHE W^AR IN THE TVEST.\\nThe Confederates here held a hue of defense with strongly\\nfortilied posts at Columbus, Fort Henry, Fort Don elson,\\nBowling Green, MiU Spring, and Cumberland Gap. It was\\ndetermined to pierce this line near the center, along the\\n._\\nrUE ATTACK va KOUT i 0 tLSON.\\nTennessee River. This would compel the evacuation of\\nColumbus, which was deenied impregnable, and open the\\nway to ISTaslivillo (map opp. p. 222).\\nCapture of Forts Henry and Donelson. Accordingly,\\nGeneral Grant with his army, and CommcMore Foote with\\nhis gim-boats, moved from Cairo (ka ro) upon Fort Henry.*\\nA boTubardment (Feb. 6) from the gun-boats reduced the\\nplace in about an hour. The land troops were to cut otT\\nAg a part of the general movement, in .Tan\\\\iar i Oenervl Thomas had advanced\\na^rainst Af i i.i. Spkino, an l, on the 10th. driven out the Ooufe\u00c2\u00abiei-jito force at that plat-e.\\nwith the li sa of Oenenil /oUieotTer, a favorite 8 uthern leader.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "1862.] THE CIVIL WAR. 225\\nthe retreat but as they did not arrive in time, the garri-\\nson escaped to Fort Donelson. The fleet now went back\\nto the Ohio, and ascended the Cumberland, while Grant\\ncrossed to co-operate in an attack on Fort Donelson. The\\nfight lasted three days.* The fleet was repulsed by the fire\\nfrom the fort, and Commodore Foote seriously wounded.\\nGrant, having been re-inforced till he had nearly thirty\\nthousand men, defeated the Confederates in a desperate\\nattempt to cut their way out, and captured a part of their\\nintrenchments. As he was about to make the final as-\\nsault, the fort was surrendered f (Feb. 16), with about\\nfifteen thousand men.\\nEffect of these Victories. As was expected, Columbus\\nand Bowling Green were evacuated, while General Buell\\nat once occupied Nashville. The Confederates fell back\\nto Corinth, the great railroad center for Mississippi and\\nTennessee, where their forces were gradually collected\\nunder the command of Generals Albert Sidney Johnston,\\nand Beauregard. The Union army ascended the Tennes-\\nsee to Pittsburg Landing. Grant was placed in command,\\nand General Buell ordered to re-inforce him.\\nThe next movement was to capture the Memphis and\\nCharleston railroad, thus cutting off Memphis, and secur-\\ning another section of the Mississippi River.\\nBattle of Shiloh (April 6, 7).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Confederates deter-\\nmined to rout Grant s army before the arrival of Buell.\\nFor four nights of inclement winter weather, amid snow and sleet, with no\\ntents, shelter, fire, and many with no blankets, these hardy western troops main-\\ntained their position. The wounded suffered intensely, and numbers of them froze\\nto death as they lay on the icy ground.\\nt When General Buckner, commander of the fort, wrote to General Grant, offer-\\ning capitulation. Grant replied that no terms would be received except an uncon-\\nditional surrender and that ho proposed to move immediately upon their works\\nThese expressions have been much quoted, and U. S. Grant has often been said to\\nsignify Unconditional Surrender Grant", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "226 EPOCH V. [1862.\\nOn Sunday morning, at daylight, moving out of the woods\\nin hne of battle, they suddenly fell on the Union camps.*\\nOn the one side were the Southern dash, daring, and vigor\\non the other, the Northern firmness and determination.\\nThe Federals slowly yielded, but for twelve hours obsti-\\nnately disputed every inch of the way. At last, pushed to\\nthe very brink of the river, Grant massed his artillery, and\\ngathered about it the fragments of regiments for the final\\nstand. The Confederates, to meet them, had to cross a\\ndeep ravine, where, struggling through the mud and water,\\nthey melted away under the fire of cannon and musketry\\nfrom above, and the shells from the gun-boats below. Few\\nreached the slippery bank beyond. At the same time,\\nBuell s advance came shouting on the field. The tide of\\nbattle was already stayed. The Confederates fell back.\\nThey possessed, however, the substantial fruits of victory.\\nThey had taken the Union camps, three thousand prisoners,\\nthirty flags, and immense stores; but they had lost their\\ncommander. General Albert Sidney Johnston, who fell in\\nthe heat of the action (map opp. p. 222).\\nThe next morning, the tide turned. Buell s army had\\ncon-e, and fresh troops were poured on the wearied Confed-\\nerates. Beauregard, obstinately resisting, was driven from\\nthe field. He retreated, however, in good order, and, un-\\nmolested, returned to Corinth.\\nWhether or not this attack was a surprise, has been one of the mooted questions\\nof the war. !Le Comte de Paris says, The surprise was complete and unquestion-\\nable the Union commanders souyht in vain to excuse themselves and it was\\ncurrently stated at the time that so unexpected was the attack that many of the\\nmen were bayoneted in their beds On the other hand, G\u00c2\u00abnei*al Sherman asserts\\nthat his troops were in lino of battle and ready before the engagement began,\\nand he personally assures the wr-ter that after the battle he offered in vain a\\nreward for the body of any person kill.d by a bayonet- wound. General Grant, also,\\ndenies that the attack was a surprise to nim, and declares that so well satisfied was\\nhe with the result of the flret day s struggle, that at night he gave orders for a for-\\nward movement early in the morning.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "1862.] THE CIVIL WAR. 227\\nGeneral Halleck now assumed command, and by slow\\nstages followed the Confederates. Beauregard, finding\\nhimself outnumbered, evacuated Corinth, and Halleck\\ntook possession (May 30).\\nIsland No. lO. The Confederates, on retreating from\\nColumbus, fell back to Island No. 10.* There they were\\nbombarded by Commodore Foote for three weeks with\\nlittle effect. General Pope, crossing the Mississippi f in\\nthe midst of a fearful rain-storm, took the batteries on the\\nopposite bank, and prepared to attack the fortifications in\\nthe rear. The garrison, seven thousand strong, surren-\\ndered (April 7) the very day of the conflict at Shiloh.\\nTli6 Effects of the desperate battle at Shiloh were now\\nfully apparent, t The Union gun-boats moved down the\\nriver and (May 10) defeated the Confederate iron-clad fleet.\\nOn the evacuation of Corinth, Fort Pillow was abandoned.\\nThe gun-boats, proceeding, destroyed the Confederate flo-\\ntilla in front of Memphis, took possession of that city, and\\nsecured the Memphis and Charleston railroad. Kentucky\\nand Western Tennessee had been wrenched from the Con-\\nfederacy. The Union army now held a line running from\\nThe islands in the Mississippi are mimTbered in order from the mouth of the\\nOhio to New Orleans.\\nt Pope, with his army, was on the Missouri side of the river. He could not cross,\\nas the Confederate batteries were planted on the opposite shore.\\nA canal was therefore dug through Donaldson s Point. It was\\ntwelve miles long and fifty feet wide. Part of the distance was\\namong heavy timber, where the trees had to be cut off four feet\\nbelow the surface of the water. Tet the work was accomplished\\nin nineteen days. Through this canal, steam-boats and barges\\nwere safely transferred below the newly-made island, while the bonaxdson s i oint,\\ntwo largest gun-boats ran the batteries. Under their protection, and islaiid no. 10.\\nPope crossed the river.\\nX Besides the results here named, the concentration of troops at Corinth had\\nabsorbed the troops from the South. Thus New Orleans, as we shall see hereafter,\\nfell an easy prey to Parragut (p. 231).\\nGten. Halleck having been called to Washingcon as General-in-Chief of the armies\\nof the United States, General Grant was appointed to the command of this army.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "228 EPOCH V. [1862.\\nMemphis through Corinth, nearly to Chattanoo ga, toward\\nwhich point General Buell was steadily pushing his troops.\\nWe shall next consider the efforts made by the Confed-\\nerates to break through this line of investment. At this\\ntime, they were concentrated under Bragg at Chattanooga,\\nPrice at I u ka, and Van Dorn at Holly Springs.\\nBragg s Expedition. The first movement was made by\\nGeneral Bragg, who, by rapid marches, hastened toward\\nLouisville. General Buell fell back to Nashville, where he\\nfound out his enemy s plan. Now commenced a race be-\\ntween them to reach the Ohio River. Buell came out one\\nday ahead. He was heavily re-inforced to the number of\\none hundred thousand men. Bragg then fell back, Buell\\nslowly following. At Perryville (October 8), Bragg\\nfiercely turned upon Buell, and a desperate battle was\\nfought. In the darkness, however, Bragg retreated, and\\nfinally escaped, though his wagon train extended a dis-\\ntance of forty miles. At this juncture (October 30), Gen-\\neral Buell was superseded by General Rosecrans.\\nBattles of luka and Corinth (September 19, October 4).\\nEvery one of Grant s veterans who could possibly be spared\\nhad been sent north to help Buell. Price and Van Dorn,\\ntaking advantage of the opportunity, were maneuvering to\\nget possession of Corinth. Grant, thinking that he could\\ncapture Price and then get back to Corinth before Van\\nDorn could reach it from liolly Springs, ordered Rosecrans\\nto move upon luka. Through some mistake, Rosecrans\\nfailed to occupy Price s line of retreat, and, after a severe\\nconflict (September 19), the latter escaped. Thereupon,\\nAt Frankfort, Bragg was joined by the part of his army under Kirby Smith,\\nwho had marched from Knoxville, routed a Uuion foreo under General Manson at\\nRichmond, Ky., inflicting a heavy loss, and had then moved north as fjvr as Cyn-\\nthiana. There he threatened to attack Cincinnati, but was repelled by the exten-\\nsive preparation made by Gtoneral Lew Wallace.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "1863.] THE CIVIL WAR. 229\\nthe two Confederate generals joined their forces, and at-\\ntacked Rosecrans in his intrenchments at Corinth. The\\nConfederates exhibited brilliant courage,* but were de-\\nfeated and pursued forty miles with heavy loss.\\nBattle of Murfreesboro (December 31, January 2).\\nRosecrans, on assuming command of Buell s army, concen-\\ntrated his forces at Nashville. Thence he marched to meet\\nBragg, who, with a heavy column moving north on a second\\ngrand expedition, had already reached Murfreesboro (map\\nopp. p. 222). Both generals had formed the same plan f for\\nthe approaching contest. As the Union left was crossing\\nStone River to attack the Confederate right, the strong Con-\\nfederate left fell heavily on the weak Union right. At first,\\nthe onset was irresistible. But General Sheridan was there,\\nand by his consummate valor held the ground until Rose-\\ncrans could recall his left, replant his batteries, and establish\\na new line. Upon this fresh front, the Confederates charged\\nfour times, but were driven back. Two days after, Bragg\\nrenewed the attack, but, being unsuccessful, retreated.\\nThis was one of the bloodiest contests of the war, the loss\\nbeing about one fourth of the number engaged.\\nThe Effect of this Battle. The attempt of the Confederates\\nto recover Kentucky was now abandoned. The way was\\nThe Texas and Missouri troops made a heroic charge upon Port Eobinett.\\nThey advanced to within fifty yards of the intrenchments, received a shower of\\ngrape and canister without flinching, and were driven back only when the Ohio\\nbrigade poured a volley of musketry into their ranks. They were then raUied by\\nColonel Rogers, of the Second Texas, who led them up through the abattis, when,\\nwith the colors in his hand, he sprung upon the embankment and cheered on his\\nmen. An instant more and he fell, with five brave fellows who had dared to leap\\nto his side. The Union troops admiringly buried his remains, and neatly rounded\\noff the little mound where they laid the hero to rest.\\nt This coincidence reminds one of the battle of Camden (p. 133). The plan was\\nto mass the strength on the left, and with that to fall upon and crush the enemy s\\nright. The advantage clearly lay with the army which struck first. Bragg secured\\nthe initiative, and Rosecrans only course was to give up all thought of an attack\\nand endeavor to save his right and center from a rout.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "230 EPOCH V. [1862.\\nopen for another Union advance on Chattanooga. Bragg s\\nforce was reduced from an offensive to a defensive attitude.\\nFirst Vicksburg Expedition. While Rosecrans was re-\\npelHng this advance of Bragg, an expedition against Vicks-\\nburg had been planned by Grant. He was to move along the\\nMississippi Central Railroad, while Sherman was to descend\\nthe river from Memphis with the gun-boats under Porter,\\nIn the meantime, however, by a brilliant cavalry dash. Van\\nDorn destroyed Grant s depot of supplies at Holly Springs.\\nThis spoiled the whole plan. Sherman, ignorant of what\\nhad happened, pushed on, landed up the Ya zoo River, and\\nmade an attack at Chickasaw Bayou (br oo), north of Vicks-\\nburg. After suffering a bloody repulse, and learning of\\nGrant s misfortune, he fell back. The capture of Arkansas\\nPost (Jan. 11, 1863), by a combined army and naval force,\\nclosed the campaign of 1862 on the Mississippi River.\\nThe War in Missouri. In February, General Curtis\\npushed General Price out of Missouri into Arkansas. The\\nConfederates, by great exertion, increased their army to\\ntwenty thousand, General Van Dorn now taking com-\\nmand. General Curtis, in a desperate battle, totally de-\\nfeated him at Pea Ridge* (March 7, 8). During the rest of\\nthe war, no important battles were fought in this State. f\\nTHE WAR ON THE SEA AND THE COAST.\\nCapture of New Orleans (April 25).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The effort to open\\nthe Mississippi was not confined to the north. Early in\\nSome four or five thousand Indians had joined the Confederate army, and took\\npart in this battle. They were difHcult to manage says Pollard, in the deafening\\nroar of the artillery, which drowned their loudest war-whoops. They were amazed\\nat the sight of guns which ran around on wheels annoyed by the falling of the trees\\nbehind which they took shelter and, in a word, their main service was in consuming\\nrations.\\nThe next year, Quantrell, a noted guerrilla, with three hundred men, entered\\nLawrence, Kansas, plundered the bank, burned houses, and murdered one hundred\\nand forty persons. Before a sufficient force could be gathered, he escaped.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "1862.] THECIVILWAR. 231\\nthe spring, Captain Far ra gut, with a fleet of over forty\\nvessels, carrying a land force under General Butler, at-\\ntempted the capture of New Orleans, which commands the\\nmouth of the river. The mortar-boats,* anchored along the\\nbank under the shelter of the woods, threw thirteen-inch\\nshells into Forts Jackson and St. Philip for six days and\\nnights in all, 16,800 shells. Farragut then boldly resolved\\nto carry the fleet past the defenses of New Orleans. A chain\\nsupported on hulks and stretched across the river closed the\\nchannel. An opening to admit the passage of the gun-\\nboats f having been cut through this obstruction, at about\\nthree o clock in the morning (April 24) they advanced, and\\npoured grape and canister into the forts at short range, re-\\nceiving in return heavy volleys from the forts and batteries\\non shore. After running a fearful gauntlet of shot, shell, and\\nthe flames of fire-rafts, they next encountered the Confed-\\nerate fleet of twelve armed steamers, including the steam-\\nbattery Louisiana and the iron-plated ram Manassas. In the\\ndesperate struggle, nearly all the Confederate flotilla were\\ndestroyed. The fleet then steamed up to New Orleans,|\\nTo conceal the vessels, they were dressed out with leafy branches, which, except\\nby close observation, rendered them undistinguishable from the green woods. The\\ndirection had been accxirately calciilated, so that the gunners did not need to see\\ntie points toward which they were to aim. So severe was the bombardment, that\\nwindows at the Balize (ba leezO, thirty miles distant, were broken. Ksh, stunned\\nby the explosion, lay floating on the surface of the water.\\nt The vessels were made partly iron-clad by looping chain cables in two layers\\nover their sides, and their engines were protected by bags of sand, coal, etc.\\nt Steamers, ships, vast quantities of cotton, etc., were now burned to prevent\\ntheir falling into the Federal hands. Pollard says: No sooner had the Ped-\\nei-al fleet turned the point and come within sight of the city, than the work of\\ndestruction commenced. Vast columns of smoke darkened the face of heaven and\\nobscured the noon-day sun for flve miles along the levee (lev ee) fierce flames darted\\ntlirough the lurid atmosphere. Great ships and steamers wrapped in fire floated\\ndown the river, threatening the Federal vessels with destruction. Fifteen thou-\\nSind bales of cotton, worth one million and a half of dollars, were consumed,\\niv-bout a dozen large river steam-boats, twelve or fifteen ships, a great floating bat-\\ntery, several unfinished gun -boats, the immense ram Mississippi, and the docks on\\n\\\\ih.e other side of the river were aU embraced in the fiery sacrifice.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "282\\nEPOCH V.\\n[1863.\\nwhii li lay helpless under the Union prims. The forts, being\\nnow threatened in the rear by the army, soon sm-rendered.\\nCaptain Farragut afterward ascended the river, took pos-\\nsession of Bat on Rouge (rcJbzh) and Natchez, and, running\\nthe batteries at Vicksbiu g, joined the Union fleet above.\\nAMI MKi;i:r\\nBurnside s Expedition against Roanoke Island* was\\nan important step toward the enforcement of the block-\\nade. The Confederate forts were captured, and the ships\\ndestroyed. Newbern an excellent sea-port, Elizabeth\\nCity, and, finally, Fort ]Macon, at the entrance to Beau-\\nfort (bo furt) harbor, were taken. Thus the coast of upper\\nNorth Carolina, with its intricate network of water com-\\nmunication, fell into the Union hands.\\nRoanoke Island, the scene of Raleigh s colonization scheme, \u00e2\u0080\u00a2was the key to\\nthe rear defenses of Norfolk. It unkx ked two sounds, ei^ht rivers, four canals,\\nand two railroads. It controlled larpelj the transmission of supplies to that\\nregion, afforded an excellent harbor and a convenient rendezvous for ships, and\\nexposed u large countrj- to attack.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "1362.] THE CIVIL WAR. 233\\nFlorida and Georgia Expeditions. After its capture in\\nthe autumn of 1861, Port Royal became the base of opera-\\ntions against Florida and Georgia. Fernandina, Fort Clinch,\\nJacksonville, Darien, and St. Augustine were taken. Fort\\nPulaski, also, was reduced after a severe bombardment,\\nand thus the port of Savannah was closed. At the end\\nof the year, every city of the Atlantic sea-coast, except\\nSavannah, Charleston, and Wilmington, was held by the\\nFederal armies.\\nThe Merrimac and the Monitor. About noon, March 8,\\nthe long-dreaded iron-clad Merrimac,* convoyed by a fleet\\nof small vessels, steamed into Hampton Roads. Steering\\ndirectly for the sloop-of-war Cumberland, whose terrific\\nbroadsides glanced harmlessly like so many peas from\\nthe Merrimac s iron roof, she struck her squarely with\\nher iron beak, making a hole large enough for a man\\nto enter. The Cumberland, with all on board, went down.f\\nWarned by the fate of the Cumberland, the captain of the\\nfrigate Congress ran his vessel ashore, but the Merrimac,\\ntaking a position astern, fired shells into the frigate till\\nthe helpless crew were forced to surrender. At sunset,\\nthe Merrimac returned to Norfolk, awaiting, the next\\nday, an easy victory over the rest of the Union fleet. All\\nwas delight and anticipation among the Confederates all\\nwas dismay and dismal foreboding among the Federals.\\nWhen tlie United States navy-yard at Portsmouth, near Norfolk, Va., was\\ngiven up, the steam-frigate Merrimac, the finest in the service, was scuttled.\\nThe Confederates afterward raised this vessel, razeed the deck, and added an\\niron prow and a sloping iron-plated roof. To deflect hostile balls, and also to\\nprevent boarding, the iron roof was thickly coated with tallow and plumbago.\\nThe ship was commanded by Commodore Franklin Buchanan, a siiperior naval\\nofficer. (See Confederate Leaders, opposite p. 238.) The Federals knew that\\nthe Merrimac was fitting for battle, and her coming was eagerly expected.\\nAs the Cumberland sunk, the crew continued to work their guns until the\\nvessel plunged beneath the sea. Her flag was never struck, but floated above the\\nwater from the mast-head after she had gone down.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A curious fact is told con-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "234 EPOCH V. [1863.\\nThat night, the Monitor* arrived in harbor, and immedi-\\nately prepared to meet her giant adversary. Early in the\\nmorning, the Merriraac appeared, moving toward the\\nsteam-frigate Minnesota. Suddenly, from under her lee,\\nthe little Monitor darted out, and hurled at the monster\\ntwo one hundred and sixty-six pound balls. Startled by\\nthe appearance of this unexpected and queer-looking an-\\ntagonist, the Merrimac poured in a broadside, such as\\nthe night before had destroyed the Congress, but the\\nballs rattled harmlessly off the Monitor s turret, or broke\\nand fell in pieces on the deck. Then began the battle\\nof the iron ships. It was the first of the kind in the\\nworld. Close against each other, iron rasping on iron,\\nthey exchanged their heaviest volleys. Five times the\\nMerrimac tried to run down the Monitor, but her huge\\nbeak only grated over the iron deck, while the Monitor\\nglided out unharmed. Despairing of doing any thing\\nwith her doughty little antagonist, the Merrimac now.\\nsteamed back to Norfolk, f\\nTJie Effect of this contest can hardl}^ be overestimated.\\nHad the Merrimac triumphed, aided by other iron vessels\\nceming this engagement. A large number of Confederates collected on the shore\\nopposite Newport News, in order to witness the hattle but, to their amazement,\\nthey could not hear a sound of it. They could see the flash and smoke of each dis-\\ncharge, but the strong wind bore off entirely the noise of the cannonade. It was\\nas if the spectators were gazing at the picture of a battle instead of the reaUty. Read\\narticles on the First Fight of the Iron-clads in the Century, March, 1885.\\nThis Yankee cheese-box as it was nicknamed at the time, wtis the inven-\\ntion of Captain Ericsson. It was a hull, with the deck a few inches above the water,\\nand in the center a curious round tower made to revolve slowly by steam-power,\\nthus turning in any direction the two guns it contained. The upper part of the\\nhull, which was exposed to the enemy s fire, projected several feet beyond the lower\\npart, and was made of thick white oak, covered with iron plating five inches thick\\non the sides and one inch on deck.\\nt As the Merrimac drew off, she hurled a last shot, which, striking the Monitor s\\npilot-house, broke a bar of iron nine by twelve inches, seriously injuring tlie eyes of\\nthe gallant commander, Liieutenant Worden, who was at that moment looking out\\nthrough a narrow slit and directing the movements of his ship.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "1862.] THE CIVIL WAR. 235\\nthen being prepared by the Confederacy, she might have\\ndestroyed the rest of the Union fleet in Hampton Roads,\\nreduced Fort Monroe, prevented the Peninsular Cam-\\npaign (see below), sailed along the coast and broken up\\nthe blockade, swept through the shipping at New York,\\nopened the way for foreign supplies, made an egress for\\ncotton, and perhaps secured the acknowledgment of the\\nConfederacy by European nations. On this battle hinged\\nthe fate of the war.\\nTHE WAR IN THE EAST.\\nThe Peninsular Campaign.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Richmond was here the\\nobjective point. It having been decided to make the\\nadvance by way of the Peninsula, the Army of the Po-\\ntomac was carried in transports down* the river from\\nWashington. Landmg at Fort Monroe about one hun-\\ndred thousand strong (April 4), they slowly marched\\ntoward Yorktown.\\nSiege of Yorhtoivn. At this place. General Magruder,\\nwith only five thousand men (exclusive of the garrison of\\neight thousand at Yorktown), by his masterly skill, main-\\ntained so bold a front along a line thirteen miles in length,\\nthat McClellan was brought to a stop. Heavy guns were\\nordered from Washington, and a siege was begun. The gar-\\nrison had been re-inforced, but, having delayed McClellan\\na month, it withdrew just as he was ready to open fire.f\\nPrevious to this (Marcli 10), McClellan made an advance toward Manassas, where\\nthe Confederates had remained intrenched since McDowell s defeat. The fortifica-\\ntions, which were evacuated on his approach, were found to be quite insignificant,\\nand to be mounted partly with Quaker guns i.e., logs shaped and painted to\\nimitate artillery.\\nOn the evacuation of Yorktown\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Confederate forces being concentrated for\\nthe defense of Richmond\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Norfolk was abandoned, the Navy-yard burned, and\\nthe Merrimac, the pride of the South, blown up. United States troops from Fort", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "236\\nEPOCH V.\\n[1863.\\nWhen the Confederate movement was discovered, a vig-\\norous pursuit was commenced.\\nBattle of Williamsburg (May 6). General Johnston, who\\ncommanded the Confederate army, having left a strong\\nrear-guard in the forts at Williamsburg, to\\ngain time for the baggage train, a fierce battle\\nensued. General\\nHooker, Fighting\\nJoe with his divi-\\nsion, maintained\\nthe contest for\\nnine hours. Other\\ntroops at last ar-\\nrived on the bloody\\nfield, and, Will-\\niamsburg, having\\nbeen evacuated in the night, the pursuit was continued\\nto within seven miles of Richmond.\\nRichvioiid Tlireatened. There was a great panic in that\\ncity, and the Confederate Congress hastily adjourned.\\nEvery thing looked like an immediate attack, when Mc-\\nClellan discovered that a Confederate force was at Han-\\nover Court House. This threatened his communications\\nby rail with White House Landing, and also with Gen-\\neral McDowell, who, with thirty thousand men, was march-\\ning from Fredericksburg to join him. General Fitz John\\nPorter, after a sharp skirniish, captured Hanover Court\\nHouse. The army looked now hoiirly for McDowell s aid\\nMAP OF THE PENINSULA.\\nMonroe took possession of the city, and g\\\\in-boats sailed up James River as far as\\nFort Darling. Here a plunging Are from the bluflP forbade further advance.\\nThis was General Joseph E. Johnston, who so unexpectedly brought his men to\\ntake part in the battle of Bull Run (p. Ii20). He was wounded in the battle of Seven\\nPines, but appeared again in two campaigns against Sherman (pp. 256,272). Qea\\neral Albert Sidney Johnston was killed in the battle of Shiloh (p. 226),", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "1862.] THE CIVIL WAR. 237\\nin the approaching great contest. McClellan s last orders\\nat night were that McDowell s signals were to be watched\\nfor and without delay reported to him. But General\\nJohnston was too shrewd to permit this junction. He\\naccordingly ordered General Jackson to move along the\\nShen an do ah Valley and threaten Washington.\\nJackson in the Shenandoah. Stonewall Jackson having\\nbeen re-inf orced by General Ewell s division of ten thousand\\nmen, hurried down the valley after Banks at Strasburg.\\nThe Union troops fell back, and by tremendous exertion\\nmarching thirty-five miles in a single day succeeded in\\nescaping across the Potomac. Great was the consternation\\nin Washington. The President took military possession of\\nthe railroads. The governors of the Northern States were\\ncalled upon to send militia for the defense of the capital.\\nFremont at Franklin, Banks at Harper s Ferry, and Mc-\\nDowell at Fredericksburg were ordered to capture Jackson.\\nIt was high time for this dashing leader to be alarmed. He\\nrapidly retreated, burning the bridges as he passed. Fre-\\nmont brought him to bay at Cross Keys (June 8), but was\\nhurled off. Shields struck at him at Port Republic, the\\nnext day, but was driven back five miles, while Jackson\\nmade good his escape from the Shenandoah Valley, hav-\\ning burned the bridges behind him.*\\nlive Effect of this adroit movement was evident. With\\nfifteen thousand men, Jackson had absorbed the attention\\n-of three major-generals and sixty thousand men, prevented\\nWTien the Federal forces took possession of the bridge over the Shenandoah,\\nJackson and his staff were on the south side, his army being on the north side. It\\nis said that he rode toward the bridge, and rising in his stirrups, called sternly to\\nthe Federal ofiicer commanding the artillery placed to sweep it Who ordered you\\nto post that gun there, sir? Bring it over here I The bewildered officer bowed,\\nlimbered up his piece, and prepared to move. Jackson and his staff seized the\\nlucky moment and dashed across the bridge before the gun could be brought to\\nbear upon them.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "238 EPOCH V. [1863.\\nMcDowell s junction with McClellau, alarmed Washington,\\nand saved Richmond.\\nBattle of Fair Oaks (May 31, June 1).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 While these\\nstirring events were going on in the Shenandoah Valley,\\nMcCleUan had pushed his left wing across the Chicta-\\nhominy. But a terrible storm flooded the swamps, turned\\nthe roads to nuid, and converted the Chickahominy Creek\\ninto a broad river. Johnston seized the opportunity to fall\\nwith tremendous force upon the exposed wing. At fii st,\\nthe Confederates swept all before them; but General Sum-\\nner, throwing his men across the tottering bridges over the\\nChickahominy, checked the column which was trying to\\nseize the bridges and thus separate the two portions of the\\narmy. General Johnston was severely wounded. Night\\nput an end to the contest. In the morning, the Confed-\\nerates renewed the attack but the loss of their general\\nwas fatal, and they were repulsed in great disorder.\\nTJie Union .innrj Checked. General Lee,* who now took\\ncommand of the Confederate army, Avas anxious to assume\\nthe offensive. General Stuart led off (June 12) with a bold\\ncavalry raid, in which he seized and burned supplies along\\nthe railroad leadiuir to AMiite House, made the entire chcuit\\nRobert Edward l e \\\\N as born in Stratford, Virginia, 1807 died in Lexington,\\n1870. His father, Ilonry Lee, was the celebn\u00c2\u00bbted Liirht-horse Tlarry of Revohi-\\ntionary fame. Kobert early evinced a love for a military life, and durinji liis West\\nl\\\\ int com-so was devoted to his studies. In the Mexican wiu-, he wsis Scott s chief\\nonjiineer and was thrico biwetted for liis services. When A iivinia seceded, he\\nthi-ew in his fortunes with his native State, tUthongh Sci- tt had intimated his inten-\\ntion of nominating him as his successor. Lee was immediately appointed major-\\njronenil of the Virginia forces, and was soon after designated to fortif Richmond.\\nHis wonderf lU success in the Seven-Da -s fight made Uncle Robert as he was\\nfamili;vrly calletl, the most trusteti of the Confederate leaders. For tliree years, he\\nIwvffled every attempt to t\u00c2\u00abke Richmond, wliich fell only with the government\\nof which it wivs the capit^d, luid the lUTiiy suid genend that were its defense.\\nOeneral Ta^c was handsome in face aiid figure, a gracefvd rider, grave and silent in\\ndeiHirtjnent\u00e2\u0080\u0094 just the bearing to captivate a soldier; while his deep piety, truth,\\nsincerity, and honesty won the hearts of all.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "1863.J THE CIVIL WAR. 239\\nof the Union army, and returned to Richmond in safety.\\nMcClellan, also, meditated an advance, and Hooker pushed\\nhis pickets within sight of the Richmond steeples. At\\nthis moment, there came news of the same apparition\\nwhich had frightened Banks in the Shenandoali. Stone-\\nwall Jackson had appeared near Hanover Court House, and\\nthreatened the Union communications with Wliite House.\\nThere was no longer any thought of moving on Richmond.\\nHooker was recalled. McClellan resolved to change his\\nbase of supply from the York River to the James.\\nTJie Seven -Days Battles. The very morning McClellan\\ncame to this decision, and before the flank movement\\nbegan, Lee, massing his strength on his left, fell upon the\\nUnion right at Mechaihcsville (June 26). Having repulsed\\nthis attack, at dawn the troops retired to Gaines Mill,\\nwhere, by the most desperate exertions, Porter held the\\nbridges across the Chickahominy until night, and then,\\nbm-ning them, withdrew to the south bank. That night\\n(June 28), Lee detected McClellan s movement, and in-\\nstantly started columns along the roads that intersected\\nthe line of retreat. Magruder struck the Federal rear\\n(June 29) at Savage s Station. The Union troops main-\\ntained their position till night and then continued the\\nmovement. Longstreet and Hill encountered the line of\\nmarch as it was passing Frayser s Farm (June 30), but\\ncould not break it. During the darkness, the Union troops,\\nworn out by the constant marching or fighting and the\\nterrible heat and dust, collected at Malvern Hill. On an\\nelevated plateau rising in the form of an amphitheatre, on\\nwhose sloping sides was arranged tier upon tier of bat-\\nteries, with gun-boats protecting the left, the broken frag-\\nments of the splendid Army of the Potomac made their\\nlast stand (July 1). Here Lee received so bloody a check", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "240 EPOCH V. [1863.\\nthat he pressed the pursuit no farther. The Union troops\\nretked undisturbed to Harrison s Landing.\\nHie Effect of this campaign was a triumph for the Con-\\nfederates. The Union retreat had been conducted with\\nskill, the troops had shown great bravery and steadiness,\\nthe repulse at Malvern Hill was decided, and Lee had\\nlost fully 20,000 men yet the siege of Richmond had\\nbeen raised, 16,000 men killed, wounded, or captiired, im-\\nmense stores taken or destroyed, and the LTnion army was\\nnow cooped up on James River, under the protection of\\nthe gun-boats. The discouragement at the North was as\\ngreat as after the battle of Bull Run. Lincoln called for\\na levy of three hundred thousand troops.\\nCampaign against Pope. Richmond being relieved\\nfrom present peril, Lee threatened to march his victorious\\narmy against Washington. General Pope, who commanded\\nthe troops for the defense of that city, was stationed at the\\nRapidan. General ^IcClellan was directed to transfer his\\narmy to Ac qui a Creek (map, p. 261), and put it under the\\ncommand of General Pope. Lee, now relieved from all fear\\nfor Richmond, immediately massed his troops against Pope\\nto crush him before the Army of the Potomac could arrive.*\\nPope being held in check by the main army in front, Gen-\\neral Jackson was sent around Pope s right wing, to flank him.\\nPassing through Thoroughfare Gap, he reached the railroad\\nat Bristoe s Station, in the rear of Pope s army (August 26).\\nGeneral Pope, seeing an opportunity while Lee s army was\\nthus divided to cut it up in detail, turned upon Jackson. But\\nthe Army of the Potomac not promptly re-inforcing him, his\\nplans failed, and instead of bagging Jackson s division, he\\nIn the meantime, Jackson attaokeii Banks at Cedar Mountain (AuK^ist 9) and\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0lefeated him after a bkxxly buttle but, iinaV le to maintain liis position, fell back\\non Tree s mlvanoing army. Pojw, seeing the fearful odds against wliioh ho was to\\ncontend, to ik jx st behind the Kappahannock.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "1863.1 THE CIVIL WAR. 241\\nwas compelled, with his slowly-gathering troops, to fight the\\nentire Confederate army on the old battle-field of Bull Run.\\nExhausted, cut off from supplies, and overwhelmed by num-\\nbers, the shattered remains of the Union forces were glad to\\ntake refuge within the fortifications of Washington.*\\nTJie Effect. In this brief campaign, the Union army lost\\nheavily in men, munitions, and supplies, while the way to\\nWashington was opened to the Confederates. The Capital\\nhad not been in such peril since the war began. Without,\\nwas a victorious army within, were broken battalions and\\nno general.\\nInvasion of Maryland. Flushed with success, Lee now\\ncrossed the Potomac and entered Maryland,! hoping to secure\\nvolunteers and excite an insurrection. McClellan, who had\\nbeen restored to the command of the Army of the Potomac,\\nreorganized the shapeless mass and set out in pursuit. On\\nthe way, he found a copy of Lee s order of march. Learning\\nfrom this that Lee had divided his forces,J and that but a\\nportion remained in his front, he hastened in pursuit. Over-\\ntaking the Confederate rear at South Mountain, and forcing\\nthe passes, the Union army poured into the valley beyond\\n(map opp. p. 223).\\nBattle of Antietaiiv (September 17). Lee, perceiving his\\nmistake, fell back across Antietam (ante tam) Creek and\\nhurried off couriers to hasten the return of his scattered corps.\\nFortunately for him, McClellan delayed his attack a day, and,\\nDuring the pursuit by Lee s forces, an engagement took place at Chantilly (Sep-\\ntember 1). It cost the Union army two able ofHcers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Q-enerals Stevens and Kearney.\\nThe latter, especially, was devotedly loved by his soldiers. On the battle-field, bran-\\ndishing his sword in his only hand, and taking the reins in his teeth, he had often\\nled them in the most desperate and irresistible charges.\\nt This was Sept. 5, the very day that Bragg entered Kentucky on his great raid.\\nX Lee had sent Jackson with twenty-five thousand men against Harper s Ferry.\\nThat redoubtable leader quickly carried the heights which overlook the village, forced\\nColonel Miles, with eleven thousand men, to siirrender, and then hastened back to\\ntake part in the approaching contest.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "242 EPOCH V. [1862.\\nin the meantime, Jackson returned. At early dawn, Hooker\\nfell upon the Confederate left, while Burnside, as soon as\\naffairs looked favorable there, was to carry the bridge and at-\\ntack their right. The Union army was over eighty thousand\\nstrong, and the Confederate but half that number. The\\nUnion advance was impetuous, but the Confederate defense\\nwas no less obstinate. Hooker was wounded, and his corps\\nswept from the field. Both sides were re-inforced. Burnside\\nadvanced, but too late to relieve the pressure on the Union\\nright. Night ended this bloody fight. The morning found\\nneither commander ready to assail his opponent. That\\nnight, Lee retired unmolested across the Potomac* Six\\nweeks after, the Union army crossed into Virginia.\\nTJie Ejfcct of this indecisive battle was that of a Union\\nvictory. The North was saved from invasion, and Washing-\\nton from any danger of attack. Lincoln now determined to\\nissue the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring freedom to\\nall the slaves in the seceded States.f\\nBattle of Fredericksburg. General dissatisfaction being\\nexpressed at the slowness with which McClellan pursued the\\nretreating army, General Burnside was appointed his suc-\\ncessor. Crossing the Rap pa hnn nock on pontoon bridges\\nat Fredericksburg, he attempted (December 13) to stonn\\nDuring this invasion, the Confederate soldiers endured every privation one half\\nwei-e in r.igs, and thous;inds barefoot ?d marked their pj^th with crimson. Tet, shoe-\\nless, hatless, and ragged, they luarehed and fought with a heroism like that of the\\nRevolutionary times. But they met their equals at Antietara. Jackson s and Hook-\\ner s men fought until both sides weiv neai-ly exterminated, and when the broken\\nfragments fell back, the windmws of dead showed where their ranks had st xxl.\\nLincoln prepjired the original draft in the July preceding, when theTnion forces\\nwere in the midst of reverses. Can^Mitor repeats President Lincoln s words thus I\\nput the draft of the proclamation aside, waiting for a ictory. Well, the next news\\nwe had was of Pope s disaster at Bull Run. Things lookeii darker than ever. Finally\\ncjune the week of the battle of Antietam. I determined to wait no longer. The news\\nciune, I think, on Weilnes lay, that the advantaire wjis on our side. I was then stay-\\ning at the Soldiers Home. Hen^ I flnishtnl writing the second draft of the proclama-\\ntion came up on Siiturday called the Cabinet together to heju- it, and it wjis pub", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "1863.] THE CIVIL WAR. 243\\nthe works in the rear of the town. The Confederates, in-\\ntrenched behind a long stone wall, and on heights crowned\\nwith artillery, easily repulsed the repeated assaults of the\\nUnion troops. Night mercifully put an end to the fruitless\\nmassacre. The Federal loss was over twelve thousand,\\nnearly half of whom fell before the fatal stone wall.* The\\nsur^ ivors drew back into the city, and the next night passed\\nquietly across the bridges to their old camping-ground.\\nGeneral Review of the Second Year of the War. The\\nConfederates had gained the victories of Jackson in the\\nShenandoah of Lee in the Peninsular campaign and those\\nagainst Pope Bragg s great raid in Kentucky and the\\nbattles of Cedar JMountain, Chickasaw Bluff, and Freder-\\nicksburg.\\nThe Federals had taken Forts Henry, Donelson, Pu-\\nlaski, Macon, Jackson, St. Philip, and Island No. 10 had\\nopened the Mississippi to Vicksburg occupied New Orleans,\\nRoanoke Island, New Bern, Yorktown, Norfolk, and Mem-\\nphis gained the battles of Pea Ridge, Williamsburg, Fair\\nOaks, South JMountain, Antietam, luka, Corinth, and Mur-\\nfreesboro, and had checked the career of the Merrimac.\\nThe marked successes were mainly at the West and along\\nthe coast; while in Virginia, as yet, defeats had followed\\nvictories so soon as to hide their memory,\\nUshed tho following Mondaj*. made a solemn void btfore God, that {f General Lee was\\ndriven back from Maryland I icould civwn the result by the declaration qf freedom to the\\nslaves.\\nSheltered behind this stone wall at the base of Marye s Heights, the Confeder-\\nates poured a withering fire on their assailants. Six brigades of Federals, Hancock s\\nand Pi ench s divisions, made the assault with heroic valor, winning much gloiy\\neven in defeat. Under Hancock, the brigades of Zook, Meagher, and Caldwell\\nachieved equal distinction ^\\\\ath cruel losses. Of the charge of Meagher s Ii-ish\\nbrigade, the London Times correspondent, an eye-witness, wrote Never at Fon-\\ntonoy, at Albuera, or at Waterloo was more undoubted courage displayed by the sons\\nof Erin than during those six frantic dashes which they directed against tho almost\\nimpregnable position of their foe. That any mortal men could have carried the posi-\\ntion, defended as it was, it seems idle to believe. But the bodies which lie in dense", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "244 Erocu v. [1862.\\nThe Sioux War. In the midst of this civil strife, the\\nSioux (soo) Indians became dissatisfied with the Indian\\ntraders, and the non-payment of the money due them.\\nBands of warriors under Little Crow and other chiefs per-\\npetrated horrible massacres in Minnesota, Iowa, and Dakota.\\nOver seven hundred whites were slain, and many thousands\\ndriven from their homes. Colonel Sibley routed the sav-\\nages, and took five hundred prisoners. Thirty-nine were\\nhanged on one scaffold at Mankato, Minn.\\n1863.\\nThe Situation. The plan of the war was the same as\\nin the preceding year, but included also the occupation of\\nTennessee. The Federal army was about seven hundred\\nthousand strong the Confederate, not more than half that\\nnumber. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued at\\nthe opening of the year.\\nTHE WAR IN THE WnST.\\nThe Second Expedition against Vicksburg. Grant\\ncontinued his great task of opening the Mississippi. After\\nseveral weeks of fruitless effort against Vicksburg upon the\\nnorth, he marched down the west side of the river, while the\\ngun-boats, running the batteries,* passed below the city and\\nmasses within forty yards of the muzzles of Colonel Walton s guns are the best evi-\\ndence \u00e2\u0096\u00a0what manner of men thoy were who pressed on to death, \u00e2\u0096\u00a0vs ilh the dauntless-\\nness of a race which has gained glory on a thousand battlefields, and never more\\nrichly desen-od it than at the foot of ^raryo s Heights, December 13th, 1862.\\nThe running of tl o batteries with transports was considered so hazaixlous that\\nthe officers would not oinlor their crows to take the risk, but called for volunteers.\\nSo many privates offered that they were compelled to draw lots. One boy, drawing\\na lucky number, was offered SlOO for his chance, but refused it, and lived to tell the\\nstory. The gauntlet of batteries extended eight miles. The first gun-bojit ci-ept\\nsilently down in the shadow of tlie trees which lined the bank. The Confederates\\nat Vicksburg discovering the movement, kindled a l onfire which lighted up the\\nwhole scene, and made the other veasels a fair target for their gunners.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "1863.]\\nTHE CIVIL WAR.\\n245\\nVICINITY OF VICKSBURG.\\nferried the army across. Hastening forward, he defeated\\nthe Confederate advance under Pemberton, at Port Gibson\\n(May 1). Learning that Gen.\\nJos. E. Johnston was coming\\nto Pemberton s assistance, he\\nrapidly pushed between them\\nto Jackson, that, while hold-\\ning back Johnston with his\\nright hand, with his left he\\nmight drive Pemberton into\\nVicksburg, and thus capture\\nhis whole army. Pursuing this design, he defeated John-\\nston at Jackson (May l-l), and then, turning to the west,\\ndrove Pemberton from his position at Champion Hills\\n(May 16) next, at Big Black River (May 17) and in\\nseventeen days after crossing the Mississippi, shut up\\nPemberton s army within the works at Vicksburg. Two\\ndesperate assaults upon these having failed, the Union\\ntroops began to throw up intrenchments. Mines and\\ncountermines were now, dug. Not one of the garrison\\ncould show his head above the works without being picked\\noff by the watchful riflemen. A hat, held above a port-\\nhole, in two minutes was pierced with fifteen balls. Shells\\nreached all parts of the city, and the inhabitants burrowed\\nin caves to escape the iron storm. The garrison, worn out\\nby forty-seven days of toil in the trenches, surrendered\\non the 4th of July.*\\nThe Effect. This campaign cost the Confederates five\\nbattles, the cities of Vicksburg and Jackson, thirty-seven\\nthousand prisoners, ten thousand killed and wounded, and\\nimmense stores. On the fall of Vicksburg, Port Hudson,\\nwhich had been besieged by General Banks for many\\nThis was the day after the* fight at Gettysburg (p. 354, note).", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "246 EPOCH V. [1863.\\nweeks, surrendered.* The Mississippi was now open to the\\nGulf, and^the Confederacy cut in twain. One great object\\nof the North was accomplished.\\nTHE WAR IN TENNESSEE AND GEORGIA.\\nRosecrans, after the battle of Murfreesboro, made no\\nforward movement until June.f With sixty thousand men,\\nhe then marched against Bragg, and, by threatening his\\ncommunications, compelled him to evacuate Chattanooga I\\n(Sept. 8). Rosecrans pushed on in pursuit of Bragg, whom\\nhe supposed to be in full retreat. Bragg, however, having\\nreceived powerful re-inf orcements, turned upon his pursuers\\nso suddenly that they narrowly escaped being cut up in\\ndetail, while scattered along a line forty miles in length.\\nThe Union forces rapidly concentrated, and the two armies\\nmet on the Chickamauga.\u00c2\u00a7\\nBattle of Chickamauga (Sept. 19, 20).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The first-day s\\nfight was indecisive. About noon of the second day, the\\nFederal line became broken from the movement of troops to\\nTo escape the fleiy tenii)est which, constantly swept over Port Hudson, and to\\nprovide for the safety of their magazines, the garrison dug deep recesses in the\\nbluffs, approached by steps cut out of the earth. An eye-witness saj s As we rode\\nalong the earth-works inside, after the siege, it was cvirious to mark the ingenious\\nways in wliich they had bunx wed holes to shelter themselves from shell and from\\nthe intolerable rays of the sun while at work, they must have looked like so many\\nrabbits popping in and out of their warrens.\\nt One objection which Rosecrans opposed to a forward movement was his inferi-\\nority in cavalry. Tliis was removed in July, when General John H. Morgan, with\\nabout four thousand Confederate cavalry, crossed the Ohio at Brandenburg, swept\\naroimd Cincinnati, and struck the river again near Parkersburg. Dming his entire\\nroute, he was harassed by militia. At this point, he was overtaken by his pursuers,\\nwhile gun-boats in the river prevented his crossing. Xearly the entire force was capt-\\ntired. Morgan escaped, but was finally taken and confined in the penitentiarj- at\\nColumbus. ro\\\\ir months afterward, he broke jail and reached Richmond in safety.\\nJ Q\u00c2\u00abneral Bragg had here an opportunity to be shut up in Chattanooga, as Pem-\\nberton had been in Vicksbm-g but, a more acute strategist, he knew the value of an\\narmy in the field to be greater than that of any fortified city.\\nIn the Indian language, the River of Death \u00e2\u0080\u0094an ominous name I", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "1863.]\\nTHE CIVIL WAK.\\n247\\nhelp the left wing, then hard pressed, Longstreet seized the\\nopportunity, pushed a brigade into the gap, and swept the\\nFederal right and center from the field. The rushing crowd\\nof fugitives bore Rosecrans himself away. In this crisis of\\nthe battle, all depended on the left, under Thomas. If that\\nyielded, the army would be utterly routed. All through the\\nlong afternoon, the entire Confederate army surged against\\nit. But Thomas held fast.* At night, he deliberately with-\\ndrew to Chattanooga, picking up five hundred prisoners on\\nthe way. The Union army, however,\\ndefeated in the field, was now shut up\\nin its intrenchments. Bragg occupied\\nthe hills commanding the city, and cut\\noff its communications. The garrison\\nwas threatened with starvation.!\\nBattle of Chattanooga J (Nov. 24,\\n26 f. Grant, having been appointed\\nto command the Mississippi Division,\\nhurried to Chattanooga.\u00c2\u00a7 Affairs soon wore a different\\nlook. Hooker came with two corps from the Army of the\\nPotomac and Sherman hastened by forced marches from\\nVICINITY OF CHATTANOOGA.\\nThomas was thencef orfh styled the Eock of Chickamauga He was in com-\\nmand of men as brave as himself. Col: Q-eorge, of the Second Minnesota, being asked,\\nHow long can you hold this pass replied, Until the regiment is mustered out of\\nservice.\\nStarvation had destroyed so many of the animals that there were not artillery\\nhorses enough to take a battery into action. The number of mules that perished\\nwas graphically indicated by one of the soldiers of the Army of the Tennessee The\\nmud was so deep that we could not travel by the road, but we got along pretty well\\nby stepping from mtde to mide as they lay dead by the way. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Draper.\\nt In the Cherokee language, The Hawk s Nest\\nRosecrans was now relieved, and Thomas put in his place. Grant, afraid that\\nThomas might surrender before he could arrive, telegraphed him to hold fast.\\nThe characteristic reply was, We will hold the town till we starve\\nII Twenty-three thousand strong, they were carried by rail from the Eapidan, in\\nVirginia, to Stevenson, in Alabama, eleven hundred and ninety-two miles, in seven\\ndays. The Confederates did not know of the change of base untU Hooker appeared\\nin front.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "248 EPOCH V. [1868.\\nluka, two hundred miles away. Communications were re-\\nestablished. Thomas made a dash* and seized Orchard\\nKnob (Nov. 23). The following day, liooker charged the\\nfortifications on Lookout Mountain.! His troops had been\\nordered to stop on the high ground but, carried away by the\\nardor of the attack, they swept over the crest, driving the\\nenemy before them. Through the mist that filled the valley,\\nthe anxious watchers below caught only glimpses of this\\nfar-famed battle above the clouds The next morning,\\nHooker advanced on the south of Missionary Ridge. Sher-\\nman, during the whole time, had been heavily pounding away\\non the northern flank. Grant, from his position on Orchard\\nKnob, perceiving that the Confederate line in front of him\\nwas being weakened to repel these attacks on the flanks,\\nsaw that the critical moment had come,t and launched\\nThomas corps on its center. The orders were to take\\nthe rifle-pits at the foot of Missionary Ridge, then halt and\\nre-form but the men forgot them all, carried the works at\\nIt was a beautiful day. The men had on their best uniforms, and the bands dis-\\ncoursed the liveliest music. The hills were crowded with spectators. The Confeder-\\nates on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge could see every movement. Bragg s\\npickets stood leaning on their muskets watching Thomas columns drawn up as if\\non parade. Suddenly, the Union line broke into a double-quick, and the review was\\nturned into a battle.\\nt The first day, the Confederate left rested on Liookout Mountain, there two thou-\\nsand four hundred feet high the right, along Missionary Ridge so called because,\\nmany years ago. Catholic missionaries had Indian schools upon it and the center, in\\nthe valley between. The second day their army simply occupied Missionaiy Ridge,\\nin the center of their former line, in front of Grant at Orchard Knob.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On Lookout\\nMountain, Hooker met with so feeble a resistance, that Grant is reported to have\\ndeclared the so-called battle above the clouds to be all poetry, there having been\\nno action there worthy the name of battle\\nt The signals for the attack had been arranged six cannon-shots, fired at intervals\\nof two seconds. The moment arrived. Strong and steady the order rang out\\nNumber one, fire I Number two, fire I Number three, fire I It seemed to me\\nlike the tolling of the clock of destiny. And when at Number six, fire the roar\\nthrobbed out with the flash, you should have seen the dead line, that had been lying\\nbehind the works all day, come to resurrection in the twinkling of tin eye, and leap\\nlike a blade from its scabbard. J?. F. Taylor.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "1863.]\\nTHE CIVIL WAR.\\n249\\nthe base, and then swept on up the ascent. Grant caught\\nthe inspkation, and ordered a grand charge along the whole\\nfront. Up they went, over rocks and chasms, all lines\\nbroken, the flags far ahead, each surrounded by a group of\\nthe bravest. Without firing a sliot, and heedless of the\\nBATTLE OF MISSIONAKY EIDGE.\\ntempest hurled upon them, they surmounted the crest,\\ncaptured the guns, and turned them on the retreating foe.\\nThat night, the Union camp-fires, glistening along the\\nheights about Chattanooga, proclaimed the success of this\\nthe most brilliant of Grant s achievements, and the most\\npicturesque of the battles of the war.\\nTtie Effects of this campaign were the rout of Bragg s\\narmy, the resignation of that general, and the possession\\nof Chattanooga by the Union forces. This post gave con-\\ntrol of East Tennessee, and opened the way to the heart\\nof the Confederacy. It became the door-way by which", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "250 Kl OOll V. [18G3.\\ntlie Uuioii army y:aiiKHl easy access to Virj^iuia, Korth\\nand South CiU oliiiu, Georgia, and Alabiuna.\\nTHE WAR IN EAST TENNESSEE.\\nhilo Rosecrans was moving on Ohattanoi^ga, Rnrnside,\\nhaving boon ivheved of the command of the .\\\\rmy of the\\nPotomac, was sent into Kast Tennessee, where he met witli\\ngreat success. In the meant ime, t he Confederate President,\\nHavis, visited Bragg, and, thinking Chattanooga was sui*e to\\nbe captured, sent Tjongstreet with his corps to tlie defense\\nof Tennessee. His men were in a deplorable state hungry,\\nragged, and tent less but, under this indefatigable leader,\\nthey shut up Burnside s force in the works at Knoxville.\\nMeanwhile, Grant, in the moment of his splendid triumph\\nat Chattanooga, ordered Sherman s torn, bleeding, barefoot\\ntroops over terrible roads one hmidred miles to Burnside s\\nrt^lief. Longstreet, in order to anticipate the an-ival of\\nthese re-inforcements made a desperate assaidt upon Burn-\\nside (November 20), but it was as heroically repulsed. As\\nShennan s advani i^guard reaclunl Knoxville (December 4),\\nLongstreet s troops tiled out o^ their works in ri^treat.\\nTHE -WAR IN THE EAST\\nBattle of Chancellorsville (,May J. o). Burnside, after\\nthe defeat at Fredericksbui-g, was succeeded by General\\nHooker (January J The departure of I^ngstivet from\\nhis force, leaving Lee only sixty thousiind to oppose to the\\nPoton\\\\ac army of over one himdred thousiind, otfered a\\nfavorable opportunity for an attack. Accoixlingly, Sedg-\\nwick was left \\\\o carry the intrenchment^s at Pi*edericksbui^,\\nwhile the main boily crossed the Bappahannock some miles\\nabove, and took position in the Wiklerness, near Chancel-\\nf", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "1863.] THE CIVIL WAR. 251\\nlorsville (map 4, opp. p. 228). Lee, relying on the dense\\nwoods to conceal his nitn enients, risked the perilous chance\\nof dividing his anuy in the presence of a superior enemy.\\nWhile he kept up a show of tight in front, Jackson, by a\\ndetour of fifteen niiles. got to the rear with twenty thousand\\nmen, and, suddenly bursting out of the dense woods, routed\\nthe Union right. That night. Hooker took a new position\\nbut, by constant attacks through the next day, Lee gradually\\nforced the Union line from the tield of battle, and captured\\nChancellor House.* As he was preparing for a linal grand\\ncharge,word was received that Sedgwick liad crossed the Rap-\\npahannock, taken Fredericksburg, and had fallen on his rear.\\nDrawing back, he turned against this new antagonist, and, by\\nsevere fighting that night and the following day, compelled\\nhim to recross the river. Lee then went to seek Hooker, but\\nhe was already gone. The Army of the Potomac was soon\\nback on its oUl camping-ground opp* 8ite Fredericksburg. f\\nLee s Second Invasion of the North. Lee, encour-\\naged by his success, now determined to carry the war into\\nthe Northern Strifes, and dictate terms of peace in Philadel-\\nphia or New York.| AVith the finest army the South had\\nA pillar on the veranda of tliis honse, against wliioh Hooker was leaning, being\\nstruck by a oannon-ball, that general was stnnned, and for an hoiir, in the heat of\\nthe fight, the I nion army was deprived of its ooniniander.\\nIn tlvis battle, the Soiith was called to mourn the death of Stonewall Jackson,\\nwhose magical name was worth to its cause moi-e than an army. In the evening\\nafter liis successful onslaught upon the flank of the Union line, while riding l^ack to\\ncamii fi-om a i ecounaissaiice (i^e con nais sauce) at the fi ont, he was fii ed iipon by his\\nown men, who mistook his escort for Federal cavalry.\\nt The Union disasters wliich had haxiixnied since the Iwginning of the year en-\\ncouraged this hope. Galveston, Texas, had been retaken by General Magiiider,\\nwhei-eby not only valuable stoi es had been acquired, but a sea-port had been opened,\\nand the Union caiise in that State depressed. Burnside had been checked in his nhc-\\ntorious career in Tennessee (p. 250). Tlie naval attack on Charleston had piwed a\\nfaihu-e (p. 254). An attempt to capture Fort McAlist^r had met with no success.\\nRosecrans hail made no pivgress against Bragg. Banks hml not then tjiken Port\\nHudson. Vicksburg still kept Grant at liay. Tlie Arinj of tlio Potomac had been\\nchecked at Fredericksbui-g ftud ChancellorsvJUe, and at one time two humlred sol-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "252\\nEPOCH V,\\n[1863.\\never sent forth, the flower of her troops, carefully equipped\\naud confident of success, he rapidly moved down the Shenan-\\ndoah, crossed the Potomac, and advanced to Chambersburg.\\nThe Union army followed along the east side of the Blue\\nRidge and South JMountains. Lee, fearing that Meade, who\\nnow conunanded the Federals, would strike through some of\\nthe passes and cut off his communications with Richmond,\\nturned east to threaten Baltimore, and thus draw off Meade\\nfor its defense.\\nBattle of Gettysburg (July 1-3).\\nFirst Day. The Confederate ad-\\nvance iniexpectedly met the Union\\ncavalry just westward from Gettys-\\nburg, on the Chambersburg road.*\\nRe-inforcements came up on both\\nsides but the Federal troops were\\nfinally forced back, and, becoming\\nentangled in the streets of the vil-\\nlage, lost many prisoners. All that\\nnight, the troops kept arriving and\\ntaking their positions by moonlight, to be ready for the\\ncontest which they saw was now close at hand.f\\ndiers p er day were deserting its ranks. The term of service of over forty regiments\\nha i expired, and the total Union sti*ength was now only eiglity.thons;ind. The coat\\nof the war was enormous, and a strong peace party had arisen at the North. The\\ndraft was very unpopular. Indeed, during Lee s invasion, a riot broke out in New\\nYork to resist it houses were burned, negroes were pursued in the streets, and, when\\ncaptured, were beaten, aud even hanged for three daj-s the city was a scene of\\noutrage and ^^olence.\\nNeither general had planned to have the fight at this place Tiee had intended\\nnot to fight at all, except a defensive battle, and Mea le proposed to make the contest\\nat Pipe Creek, about fifteen miles south-east from Gettysburg. The movement of\\ncavalry which brought on this great battle, was only a screen to conceal the Union\\narmy marching towiini Mea\u00c2\u00bble s desired battle-field. Z m/ f r.\\nt The Union line was upon a fish-lnwk-shaped ridge about six miles long, with\\nGulp s Hill at the barb. Cemetery Ridge along the side, and I^ittle Round Top and\\nRound Top, two eminences, at the eye. The Confederate line was on Seminary\\nRidge, at a distance of about a mile and a half. The Union troops lay behind rock\\nvionfmr of oettysburu.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "1863.] THE CIVIL WAR. 258\\nSecond Day. In tlie afternoon, Longstreet led the first\\ngrand charge against the Union left, in order to secure Little\\nRound Top. General Sickles, by mistake, had here taken a\\nposition in front of Meade s intended line of battle. The Con-\\nfederates, far out-flanking, swung around him but, as they\\nreached the top of the hill, they met a brigade which Warren\\nhad sent just in time to defeat this attempt. Sickles was,\\nhowever, driven back to Cemetery Ridge, where he stood firm,\\nEwell, in an attack on the Federal right, succeeded in getting\\na position on Culp s Hill.*\\nThird Day. At one o clock P.M., Lee suddenly opened on\\nCemetery Ridge with one hundred and fifty guns. For two\\nhours, the air was alive with shells.f Then the cannonade\\nlulled, and out of the woods swept the Confederate double\\nbattle-line, over a mile long, and preceded by a cloud of\\nskirmishers. A thrill of admiration ran along the Union\\nranks, as, silently and with disciplined steadiness, that mag-\\nnificent column of eighteen thousand men moved up the\\nslope of Cemetery Ridge. A hundred guns tore great gaps\\nin their front. Infantry volleys smote their ranks. The\\nline was broken, yet they pushed forward. They planted\\ntheir battle-flags on the breastworks. They Imyoneted the\\ncannoneers at their guns. They fought, hand to hand, so close\\nthat the exploding powder scorched their clothes. U[)on\\nthis struggling mass, the Federals converged from every\\nside. No human endurance could stand the storm. Out\\nledges and stone walls, while the Confederates were largely hidden in the woods. In\\nthe valley between, were fields of grain and pastures where cattle were feeding all\\nunconscious of the gathering storm.\\nLee, encouraged by these successes, resolved to continue the fight. The Confed-\\nerate victories, however, were only apparent. Sickles had been forced into a better\\nposition than at fl.rst, and the one which Meade had intended he should occupy\\nwhile Ewell was driven out of the Union works early the next morning.\\nt It is customary in battle to demoralize the enemy before a grand infantry charge,\\nby concentrating upon the desired point a tremendous artillery fire.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "254 EPOCH V [1863.\\nof that terrible fire, whole companies rushed as prisoners\\ninto the Union lines, while the rest fled panic-stricken from\\nthe field.*\\nThe Federal loss in the three-days fight was twenty-three\\nthousand the Confederate was not olhcially reported, but\\nprobably much exceeded that number. Meade slowly fol-\\nlowed Lee, who recrossed the Potomac, and took position\\nback of the Rapidan.\\nTtie Effect of this battle was to put an end to the idea of a\\nNorthern invasion. Lee s veterans who went down in the\\nawful charges of Gettysburg could never be replaced.\\nTHE WAR ON THE SEA AND THE COAST.\\nAttack on Charleston (April 7). Such was the confidence\\nfelt in the ability of the iron-clads to resist cannon-balls,\\nthat Admiral Dupont determined to run the fortifications\\nat the entrance to Charleston, and force his way up to the\\ncity. The attempt was a disastrous failure.f General Gill-\\nmore then took charge of the Union troops, and, landing on\\nMorris Island, J by regular siege approaches and a terrible\\nbombardment, captured Fort Wagner and reduced Fort\\nAt tl\\\\e very moment when the last charge v-ois bcins repxilsod, PoiulH rtoTi was\\nnegotiating; for the siirrendor of Vickshiii-g to Orant. This was the turning point of\\nthe war. Fi oni that time, the Confedenvey began to wane.\\nThe Keokuk was sunk, and neiu-ly all the vessels were seriously- injured. Tlie\\nofflcers declai-ed that the strokes of the shots against the ii-on sides of their sliips\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0were as i-apid as the ticks of a watch.\\nIn a marsh west of Morris Island, piles wen^ driven in the mud twenty ft et deep,\\nand a plat form made on which was placed an eight-inch ritUnl Parn.it gun, nicknamed\\nthe Swamp Angel It threw shells five miles into Charleston, but burst on tho\\nthirty -sixth round. The bombiu\\\\iment of the city was aftorwiinl continued from tho\\nother batteries.\\nTwo luisuccessful charges wei-e made on this fort. In one, the 4th regiment.\\nColonel Shaw, bon a prominent i)art. It was the first colored regiment organized in\\nthe fi-ee States. In orvier to be in season for the assault, it hat! marched two daj-8\\nthrough liea\\\\T sands and drtniching storms. After only five minutes rest, it took its\\njilace at the froiit of the attacking column. The men fought ^^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ith unflinching gal-\\nlantry, tuid planted tlieir flag on the works but their Colonel, and so many of the offl-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "1863.] THE CIVIL WAR. 255\\nSumter to a shapeless mass of rubbish. A short time after,\\na party of sailors from the Union fleet essayed to capture it\\nby night, but its garrison, upstarting from the ruins, drove\\nthem back with heavy loss.\\nGeneral Review of the Third Year of the War. The\\nConfederates had gained the great battles of Chii*kamauga\\nand Chancellorsville, seized Galveston, and successfully\\nresisted every attack on Charleston.\\nThe Federals had gained the important battles before\\nVicksburg, and those at Chattanooga and at Gettysburg.\\nThey had captured the garrisons of Vicksburg and Port\\nHudson. The Mississippi was patrolled by gun-boats, and the\\nConfederate army was entirely cut off from its western sup-\\nplies. Arkansas, East Tennessee, and large portions of Lou-\\nisiana, Mississippi, and Texas had been won for the Union.\\n1864.\\nThe Situation. In March, General Grant was made\\nLieutenant-General in command ot all the forces of the\\nUnited States. Heretofore, the different armies had acted\\nindependently. They were now to move in concert, and thus\\nprevent the Confederate forces from aiding each other. The\\nstrength of the South lay in the armies of Lee in Virginia,\\nand Joseph E. Johnston in Georgia. Grant was to attack\\nthe former, Sherman the latter, and both were to keep at\\nwork, regardless of season or weather. While the Army\\ncers were shot, that what was left of the regiment was led off by a boy\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lt. Hlggin-\\nson. No measiire of the war was more bitterly opposed than the project of arming\\nthe slaves. It was denounced at the North, and the Confederate Congress passed a\\nlaw which tlireat\u00c2\u00abned with death any white officer captured while in command of\\nnegro troops, leaving the men to be dealt with according to the laws of the State in\\nwhich they were taken. Yet, so willing were the negroes to enlist, and so faithful\\ndid they prove themselves in service, that, in December, 1863, over fifty thousand\\nhad been enroUed, and before the close of the war that number was quadrupled.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "256\\nEPOCH V.\\n[1864\\nof the Potomac was crossing the Rapidan (May 4), Grant,\\nseated on a log by the road-side, penciled a telegram to\\nSherman to start.\\nGRANT WRITING THE TELEGRAM\\nTHE WAR IN TENNESSEE AND GEORGIA.\\nAdvance upon Atlanta. Sherman, with one hundred\\nthousand men, now moved upon Johnston, who, with nearly\\nfifty thousand, was stationed at Dalton, Ga. (map opp. p. 2 2 2).\\nThe Confederate commander, foreseeing this advance, had\\nselected a series of almost impregnable positions, one behind\\nthe other, all the way to Atlanta. For one himdred miles,\\nthere was continued skirmishing among mountains and\\nwoods, which presented every opportunity for such a war-\\nfare. Both armies were led by profound strategists. Sher-\\nman would drive Johnston into a stronghold, and then with\\nconsummate skill outtlank him, when Johnston with equal\\ni", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "1864]\\nTHE CIVIL WAR.\\n257\\nskill would retreat to a new post and prepare to meet his\\nopponent again.* At Dalton, Resaca, Dallas, and Lost and\\nKenesaw Mountains, bloody battles were fought. Finally,\\nJohnston retired to the intrenchments of Atlanta (July 10).\\nCapture of Atlanta. Davis, dissatisfied with this Fabian\\npolicy, now put Hood in command. He attacked the Union\\narmy three times with tremendous energy, but was repulsed\\nwith great slaughter. Sherman, thereupon re-enacting his\\nfavorite flank movement, filled his wagons with flfteen-days\\nrations, dexterously shifted his whole army on Hood s line\\nof supplies, and compelled the evacuation of the city.f\\nThe Effect. This campaign, during four months of fight-\\ning and marching, day and night, in its ten pitched battles\\nand scores of lesser engagements, cost the Union army thirty\\nthousand men, and the Confederate, thirty-five thousand.\\nGeorgia was the workshop, store-house, granary, and arsenal\\nof the Confederacy. At Atlanta, Rome, and the neighbor-\\ning towns, were manufactories, foundries, and mills, where\\nWhen either party stopped for a day or two, it fortified its front with, an abattis\\nof felled trees and a ditch with a head-\\nlog placed on the embankment. The\\nhead-log was a tree twelve or fifteen\\ninches in diameter resting on smaU\\ncross-sticks, thus leaving a space of\\nfour or five inches between the log and\\nthe dirt, through which the guns could\\nbe pointed.\\nt During this campaign, Sherman s\\nsupplies were brought up by a singlo\\nline of railroad from Nashville, a dis\\ntance of three hundred miles, and ex-\\nposed throughout to the attacKs of thc^\\nenemy. Yet so carefully was it gar-\\nrisoned and so rapidly were bridges\\nbuilt and breaks repaired, that the\\ndamages were often mended before\\nthe news of the accident reached camp.\\nSherman said that the whistle of the\\nlocomotive was quite freqiiently heard on the camp-ground before the echoes of the\\nskirmish-fire had died away.\\nGtTAEDING A TRAITJ-.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "258 EPOCH V. [1864.\\nclothing, wagons, harnesses, powder, balls, and cannon\\nwere furnished to all its armies. The South was hence-\\nforth cut off from these supplies.\\nHood s Invasion of Tennessee. Sherman now longed\\nto sweep through the Atlantic States. But this was impossi-\\nble so long as Hood, with an army of forty thousand, was in\\nfront, while the cavalry under Forrest was raiding along his\\nrailroad communications toward Chattanooga and Nashville.\\nWith imconcealed joy, therefore, Sherman learned that Hood\\nwas to invade Tennessee.* Relieved of this anxiety, he pre-\\npared his army for its celebrated March to the Sea\\nBattle of Jfashville (December 15, 16). Hood crossed\\nthe Tennessee, and, after a desperate struggle with Scho-\\nfield s army, at Franklin, shut up General Thomas within\\nthe fortifications at Nashville. For two weeks little was done.f\\nWhen Thomas was fully ready, he suddenly sallied out on\\nHood, and in a terrible two-days battle drove the Confeder-\\nate forces out of their intrenchments into headlong flight.\\nThe Union cavalry thundered upon their heels with remorse-\\nless energy. The infantry followed closely behind. The\\nentire Confederate army, except the rear-guard, which\\nfought bravely to the last, was dissolved into a rabble of de-\\nmoralized fugitives, who escaped across the Tennessee.\\nTlic Effect. For the first time in the war, an army was de-\\nstroyed. The object which Sherman hoped to attain when\\nhe moved on Atlanta, was accomplished by Thomas, three\\nhundred miles away. Sherman could now go where he pleased\\nHood s expectation was that Sherman would follow him into Tennessee, and\\nthus Georgia be saved from invasion. Sherman had no such idea. If Hood will go\\nthere said he, I ^vill give him rations to go with. Now was presented the singu-\\nlar spectacle of these two armies, which had so lately been engaged in deadly com-\\nbat, marcliing from each other as fast as they could go.\\nt Great disappointment was felt at the North over the retreat to Nash\\\\nlle, and\\nstill more at Thomas delay in tliat city. Grant ordered him to move, and had actu-\\nally started to take charge of his troops in person, when he learned of the splendid", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "1864.] THE CIVIL WAR. 259\\nwith little danger of meeting a foe. The war at the West, so\\nfar as any great movements were concerned, was finished.\\nSherman s March to the Sea. Breaking loose from his\\ncommunications with Nashville, and burning the city of At-\\nlanta, Sherman started (Nov. 16), with sixty thousand men,\\nfor the Atlantic coast (map opp. p. 222). The army moved\\nin four columns, with a cloud of cavalry under Kilpatrick,*\\nand skirmishers in front to disguise its route. f The wings\\ndestroyed the Georgia Central and Augusta railroads, and\\nthe troops foraged on the country as they passed. In five\\nweeks, they had marched three hundred miles, reached the\\nsea,t stormed Fort McAlister, and captured Savannah,\u00c2\u00a7\\nTlve Effect of this march can hardly be over-estimated. A\\nfertile region, sixty miles wide and three hundred long, was\\ndesolated three hundred miles of railroad were destroyed\\nthe eastern portion of the already-sundered Confederacy was\\ncut in twain immense supplies of provisions were captured,\\nand the hardships of war brought home to those who had\\nhitherto been exempt from its actual contact.\\nvictory his slow but siire general had achieved. The rock of Chickamauga had bo-\\ncome the sledge of Nashville.\\nThe ubiquity of the cavalry movements of the war is remarkable. In February\\npreceding, Kilpatrick, who now opened up the way for Sherman s march through\\nGeorgia, made a dash with the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac to rescue the\\nUnion prisoners at Richmond. He got within the defenses of the city, but not fully\\nappreciating his success, withdrew, while Colonel Ulric Dahlgren, who headed a\\nco-operating force, through the ignorance or treachery of his guide, lost his route,\\nwas surrounded by the enemy, and fell in an attempt to cut his way out. Great\\ndamage was done to railroads aiid canals near Richmond.\\nt A feint which Sherman made toward Augusta led to a concentration at that\\ncity of the cavalry and militia called out to dispute his progi-ess. The real direc-\\ntion of his march was not discovered until he had entered the peninsula between\\nthe Savannah and Ogeechee rivers.\\nX The first news received at the North from Sherman was brought by three\\nscouts, who left the Union army just as it was closing in on Savannah. They hid\\nin the rice swamps by day, and paddled down the river by night. Creeping past\\nFort McAhster undiscovered, they were picked up by the Federal gun-boats.\\nSherman sent the news of its capture, with 25,000 bales of cotton and 150\\ncannon, to President Lincoln, as a Christmas present to the nation.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "260 EPOCH V. [1864.\\nTHE WAR IN VIRGINIA.\\nBattle of the Wilderness (May 5, After crossing\\nthe Rapidan, the Union army plunged into the Wilderness.\\nWhile the columns were toiling along the narrow roads, they\\nwere suddenly attacked by the Confederate army.* The\\ndense forest forbade all strategy. There was none of the\\npomp or glory of war, only its horrible butchery. The ranks\\nsimply dashed into the woods. Soon came the patter of\\nshots, the heavy rattle of musketry, and then there streamed\\nback the wreck of the battle bleeding, mangled forms, borne\\non stretchers. In those gloomy shades, dense with smoke,\\nthis strangest of battles, which no eye could follow, marked\\nonly by the shouts and volleys, now advancing, now receding,\\nas either side gained or lost, surged to and fro. The third\\nday, both armies, worn out by this desperate struggle, re-\\nmained in their intrenchments. Neither side had con-\\nquered. It was generally supposed that the Federals would\\nretire back of the Rapidan. Grant thought differently.\\nHe quietly gathered up his army and pushed it by the Con-\\nfederate right flank toward Spottsylvania Court House.\\nBattle of Spottsylvania (May 8-12). Lee detected the\\nmovement, and hurried a division to head off the Union ad-\\nvance. When Grant reached the spot, he found the Confed-\\nerate army planted directly across the road, barring his prog-\\nress. Five days of continuous maneuvering f and fighting X\\nThis was near the old battle-ground of Chancelloreville, and just a year and two\\ndays after that fleive flght.\\nt During this time, the sharp-shooters on both sides, hidden in tjie trees, were\\nbusy picking off officers. On the 9th, General Sedgwick was superintending the\\nplacing of a battery in the front. Seeing a man dodging a ball, he rebuked him,\\nsayiTig, Pooh I they can t hit an elephant at this distance. At that moment, he\\nwas himself struck, and fell dead.\\nt On the morning of the 12th, Hancock s corps, hidden by a dense fog, charged\\nupon the Confederate line, broke the abattis, surroimded a division, and took nearly", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "1864.]\\nTHE CIVIL WAR.\\n261\\nhaving given no advantage, Grant concluded to try the favor-\\nite movement of the year, and turn Lee s right flank again.*\\nBattle of Cold Harbor (June\\n3). Lee, however, moving on\\nthe inner and shorter hne,\\nreached the North Ajsina first.\\nHere some severe fighting oc-\\ncurred, when, Grant moving\\nto flank again, Lee sHpped into\\nthe intrenchments of Cold Har-\\nbor, At daybreak an assault\\nwas made. The Union troops,\\nhere sinking in the swamp,\\nthere entangled in the brush-\\nwood, and torn by a pitiless fire,\\nstruggled on only to be beaten\\nback with terrible slaughter.!\\nLee s army, sheltered behind\\nits works, suffered little. t\\nGKANX S CAMPAIGN AKOUND KICHMOND.\\nfour thousand prisoners, including two gen-\\nerals. So complete was the surprise, that\\nthe officers were captured at breakfast. Lee,\\nhowever, raUied, and the fighting was so fierce to regain this lost position, that a\\ntree eighteen inches in diameter was cut in two by tlio buUets which struck it. Ten\\nthousand men fell on each side. Men in hundreds, killed and wounded together,\\nwere piled in hideous heaps, some bodies, which had lain for hours under the con-\\ncentric fire of the battle, being perforated with wounds. The writhing of the\\nwounded beneath the dead moved these masses at times while often a lifted arm\\nor quivering limb told of an agony not quenched by the Lethe of death around.\\nIt was during this fearful battle that Q-rant sent his famous dispatch, I pur-\\npose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer\\nt Lossing asserts that in twenty minutes, 10,000 Union soldiers were killed or\\nwounded but Badeau admits only 7,000 in all, and claims that Cold Harbor was\\nbut a part of the unceasing play of the teiTiblo hammer by which Grant was\\ncrushing the Confederate army\\nt Grant had arranged for three co-operative movements to divide the strength of\\nthe Confederate army 1. General Sigel, with ten thousand men, was to advance up\\nthe Shenandoah Valley and threaten the railroad communication with Richmond.\\nHe was, however, totally routed at New Market (May 15). General Hunter, who super-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "262 EPOCH V. [1864.\\nAttack on Petersburg. Grant now rapidly pushed his\\narmy over tiie James, and fell upon Petersburg but here\\nagain Lee was ahead, and the works could not be forced.\\nGrant was therefore compelled to throw up intrenchments\\nand sit down in front of the Confederate lines. The cam-\\npaign now resolved itself into a siege of Richmond, with\\nPetersburg as its advanced post.\\nTtie Effect. The campaign had cost the Union army\\nforty thousand men, and the Confederates thirty thou-\\nsand.* The weakened capabilities of the South were now\\nfairly pitted against the almost exhaustless resources of the\\nNorth. Grant s plan was to keep constantly hammering\\nLee s army, conscious that it was the last hope of the Con-\\nfederacy. The idea of thus annihilating an army was terri-\\nble, yet it seemed the only way of closing the awful struggle.\\nThe Siege of Richmond continued until the spring cam-\\npaign of 1865. It was marked by two important events\\n1. Mine Explosion, (July 30). From a hidden ravine m\\nfront of Petersburg, a mine had been dug underneath a\\nstrong Confederate fort. Just at dawn, the blast of eight\\nthousand pounds of powder was fired. Several cannon, the\\nseded him, defeated the Confederates at Piedmont (June 5), but pushing on to L nich-\\nburg with about twenty thousand men, he found it too strong, ai.d iirudently rt^tii-ed\\ninto West Virginia. 2. On the night that the Army of the Potomac cix ssed the Rapi-\\ndan, General Butler, with thirty thous^md men, ascended the James River, under the\\nprotection of gun-boats, and lamiod at Bermuda Tlundn-d. After some trifling suc-\\ncesses, he was checked by lieauregaid at Divwry s Bluffs, and driven back into his\\ndefenses with considei-able loss. Beaui-egard then threw intrenchments aci\\\\ ss the\\nnan-ow strip which connects Bermuda Hundred with the main land, and, as Grant\\ntersely said, hermetically sealed up the Union force fi-om any further advance.\\n3. General Sheridan, while the army was at Spottsylvania, passed in the reju* of the\\nConfedei-ate iwsition, desti-oyetl miles of Kvilroad, i-ecaptiuvd four huniired prisoners\\nw roitfe, and defeated a cavalry force with the loss of their lejider, General J. E. B.\\nStuart, the best cavalry otlicer in the South.\\nThe above statement of tlie enormous losses of this campaign is based upon the\\nmeet recent data. Careful authorities, however, have placed the I ^nion loss ivs high\\nas over seventy thousjind, while cert-ain Southern writers put the Confetieratf as low\\nas niuete en t^jousund. Jt is impossible to i-ecoucile the different accounts.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "1864.J THE CIVIL WAR. 263\\ngarrison of three hundred men, and huge masses of earth\\nwere thrown high in air. The Federal guns opened fire at\\nonce along the entire line. An assaulting column rushed\\nforward, but stopped in the crater produced by the explosion.\\nThe Confederates, rallying from their confusion, concen-\\ntrated from every side, and poured shot and shell upon the\\nstruggling mass of men huddled within the demolished fort.\\nTo retreat was only less dangerous than to stay, yet many of\\nthe soldiers jumped out of this slaughter-pen and ran head-\\nlong back to the Union lines. The Federals lost about four\\nthousand men in this ill-starred affair.\\n2. Attack upon the Weldoji Bnilroad (August 18). By\\nthreatening Richmond upon the north, Grant induced Lee\\nto move troops to that city from Petersburg. The oppor-\\ntunity was at once seized, and the Weldon Railroad capt-\\nured. Lee, aware of the great importance of this means\\nof communication with the South, for several days made\\ndesperate attempts for its recovery. They were, however,\\nunsuccessful, and the Union lines were permanently ad-\\nvanced to this point.\\nEarly s Raid. Hunter s retreat (p. 2 62) having laid open\\nthe Shenandoah Valley, Lee took advantage of it to threaten\\nWashington, hoping thus to draw off Grant from the siege\\nof Richmond. General Early, with twenty thousand men,\\naccordingly hurried along this oft-traveled route. Defeating\\nGeneral Wallace at Monocacy River, he appeared before Fort\\nStevens, one of the defenses of Washington (July 11). Had\\nhe rushed by forced marches, he might have captured the\\ncity but he stopped a day. Re-inforcements having now\\narrived, he was compelled to retreat. Laden with booty, he\\nrapidly recrossed the Potomac but, not being pursued, he\\nreturned, and sent a party of cavalry into Pennsylvania.\\nThey entered Chambersburg, and, on failing to obtain a ran-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "264\\nEPOCH V,\\n[1864.\\nsom of $500,000, set fire to the village, and escaped safely\\nback into the Shenandoah.\\nSheridan s Campaign. Sheridan was now put in com-\\nmand of all the troops in this region. lie defeated Early at\\nTiuN, r.ovs, xruN wkhe ooino hack.\\nWiNCiiKSTKK and Fisiikh s HiTJi, and in a week destroyed half\\nhis army, and sent the rest whirling up the valley of the\\nShenandoah Early was quickly reinforced, and, return-\\ning during Sheridan s absence, surprised his army at Ckd.vu\\nCreek (October 19), and drove it in confusion. Sheridan\\narrived at this critical moment,! reformed his ranks, ordered\\nan advance, and, attacking the Confederates, now busy\\nIn order to prevent any further raids upon Washington from this direction,\\nSheridan devastated the valley so thoroughly that it was said that if a ci-ow wants\\nto fly down the Shenandoah, he must carry liis pi ovisions with him\\nt Early s attack was made under cover of a dense fog and the darkness of the eai ly\\nmorning. General Wright, the ITnion commander, though wounded, remained on\\nthe field and managed to get his troops into a new position, about seven miles in\\nthe i ear. Sheridan heartl the cannonading, while riding from Winchester, nearly\\ntwenty miles from Cedar Creek. Knowing the importance of his presence, he put\\nspurs to his coal-black steed, and never drew rein for almost twelve miles, when, his\\nhorse covered with foam, ho ihished to the new front. As ho jKissed the fugitives", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "1S64.J THE CIVIL WAR. 2(55\\nplundering the captured camp, routed them with great\\nslaughter.\\nThe Effect. This campaign of only a month was one of\\nthe most brilliant of the war. Sheridan lost seventeen\\nthousand men, but he virtually destroyed Early s army.\\nThis was the last attempt to threaten Washington.\\nRed River Expedition.* A joint naval and land expe-\\ndition, under the conuuand of General Banks, was sent up\\nthe Red River in the hope of destroying the C/onfcderate\\nauthority in that region and in Texas (map opp. p. 2 2 2).\\nFort de Russy was taken (March l-i), whence Banks moved\\non toward Shreveport. The line of march became extended\\na distance of nearly thirty miles along a single road. At\\nSabine Cross Roads (April 8), the Confederate forces, under\\nGeneral Dick Taylor, attacked the advance, and a minia-\\nture Bull Run retreat ensued. The Union troops, however,\\nrallied at Pleasant Hill, and the next day, re-inforcements\\ncoming up from the rear, they were able to repulse the\\nConfederates. The army thereupon returned to New Or-\\nleans, f and Banks was relieved of the command.\\nalong the road, lie shouted, Turn, boys, tiu-n we re going back. Under the mag-\\nnetism of his presence, the men followed him back to the fight and ictory.\\nTroops having been sent f rom. Vicksburg to join the Red River expedition. West\\nTennessee and Kentucky were left exposed to attack from the Confederates. For-\\nrest, with five thousand men, captured Union City, Tenn., with its garrison of about\\nfive hundred troops, occupied Hickman, and advanced rapidly upon Paducah, Ky.\\nThis, protected by the gun-boats, maintained so stout a defense, that Forrest retired.\\nMoving south, he next fell upon Fort PUloio (April 13). His men crept along under\\nshelter of a ravine until very near, and then charged upon the intrenchments.\\nRushing into the fort, theyi aisod the cry No quarter 1 The Confederate offi-\\ncers says Pollard, lost control of their men, who were maddened by the sight of\\nnegro troops opposing them and an indiscriminate slaughter followed.\\nPorter, who commanded the gun-boats in the Red River, hearing of Banks\\nretreat, attempted to return with his fleet but the river fell so rapidly that this be-\\ncame impossible. It was feared that it would be necessary to blow up the vessels to\\nprevent their falling into the enemy s hands, when, by the happy suggestion of Colo-\\nnel BaOey, formerly a Wisconsin lumber-man, they were saved. He constructed a\\nseries of wing-dams below the rapids, and, when the water rose, the boats were safely\\nfloated over. This skillful expedient was almost the only relieving featui e of the", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "266 EPOCH V. [1864\\nThe Effect. This campaign was a great Confederate tri-\\numph.* Banks lost five thousand men, eighteen guns, and\\nlarge supplies.\\nTHE WAR ON THE SEA AND THE COAST.\\nThe Expedition against Mobile (August 5) was under\\nthe command of Admiral Farragut. That he might over-\\nsee the battle more distinctly, he took his position in the\\nrigging of his flag-ship the Hartford. The vessels, lashed\\ntogether in pairs for mutual assistance, in an hour fought\\ntheir way past the Confederate forts, and engaged the\\niron-clad fleet beyond. After a desperate resistance, the\\ngreat iron-ram Tennessee was taken, and the other ves-\\nsels were captured or put to flight. The forts were soon\\nafter reduced, and the harbor was thenceforth closed to\\nblockade runners, f\\nThe Expedition against Fort Fisher, which defended\\nthe harbor of Wilmington, N. C, was commanded by Commo-\\ndore Porter. It consisted of seventy vessels and a land force\\nunder General Butler. After a fierce bombardment (Decem-\\nber 24, 25), Butler decided that the fort could not be taken\\nby assault, and the army returned to Fort Monroe. Commo-\\ncampaign, which was helieved by some to have been undertaken simply as a gigan-\\ntic cotton speculation in behalf of certain parties, who seemed to be more intent on\\ngathering that staple than on conserving the interests of the Union cause. The fail-\\nure was, therefore, at the North a source of great mortification and reproach.\\nGeneral Steele, who commanded in Arkansas, had moved from Little Rock to\\nco-operate in this advance but, on nearing Shreveport, learned of Banks retreat.\\nHe immediately turned around, and, with great difficulty and severe fighting, man-\\naged to escape back to Little Rock. This disaster enabled the Confederates to re-\\ncover half of the State.\\nt The city of Mobile was not captured until the next year, when Generals Gran-\\nger s, Steele s, and A. J. Smith s commands were collected for this purix)se by (3en.\\nCanby. The forts were gallantly defended by General Maury, but were taken within\\nless than two weeks. The city itself Wiis evacuated April 11. The next day, the\\nTJnion troops entered, ignorant that Lee had surrendered three days before, and\\nthat the Confederacy was dead.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "1864.] THE CIVIL WAR. 267\\ndore Porter, dissatisfied with the result, lay off the place, and\\nasked for a second trial. The same troops, with fifteen hun-\\ndred additional men, were sent back under General Terry.\\nProtected by a terrible fire from the fleet, a column of sailors\\nand one of soldiers worked their way, by a series of trenches,\\nwithin two hundred yards of the fort. At the word, the former\\nleaped forward on one side and the latter on another. The\\nsailors were repulsed, but the soldiers burst into the fort. The\\nhand-to-hand fight within lasted for hours. Late at night,\\nthe garrison, hemmed in on all sides, surrendered (January\\n15, 1865). One knows not which to admire the more, the\\ngallantry of the attack or the heroism of the defense. In\\nsuch a victory is glory, and in such a defeat, no disgrace.\\nThe Blockade was now so effectual that the prices of all\\nimported goods in the Confederate States were fabulous.* Led\\nby the enormous profits of a successful voyage, foreign mer-\\nchants were constantly seeking to run the gauntlet. Their\\nswift steamers, long, narrow, low, of a mud color, and making\\nno smoke, occasionally escaped the vigilance of the Federal\\nsquadron. During the war, it is said, over fifteen hundred\\nblockade runners were taken or destroyed. With the capture\\nof Fort Fisher, the last Confederate port of entry was sealed.\\nElour brought, in Confederate currency, $40 per barrel calico, $30 per yard\\ncoffee, $50 per pound French, gloves, $150 per pair and black pepper, $300 per pound.\\nDried sage, raspberry, and other leaves were substituted for the costly tea. Woolen\\nclothing was scarce, and the army depended largely on captures of the ample Pederal\\nstores. Pins were so rare that they were picked up with avidity in the streets. Paper\\nwas so expensive that matches could no longer be put in boxes. Sugar, butter, and\\nwhite bread became luxuries even for the wealthy. Salt being a necessity, was econ-\\nomized to the last degree, old pork and fish barrels being soaked and the water evapo-\\nrated so that not a grain of salt might be wasted. Women wore garments that were\\nmade of cloth carded, woven, spun, and dyed by their own hands. Large thorns were\\nfitted with wax heads and made to serve as hair-pins. Shoes were manufactured\\nwith wooden soles, to which the uppers were attached by means of small tacks. As\\na substitute for the expensive gas, the Confederate candle was used. This con-\\nsisted of a long wick coated with wax and resin, and wound on a little wooden frame,\\nat the top of which was nailed a bit of tin. The end of the wick being passed through\\na. hole in the tin, was lighted and uncoiled g.s needed.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "268 EPOCH V. [1864.\\nConfederate Cruisers had now practically driven the\\nAmerican commerce from the ocean. They were not priva-\\nteers, like those named on p. 222, for they were built in En-\\ngland and manned by British sailors, and were only officered\\nand commissioned by\\nthe Confederate govern-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tM ~-4^aM^ iiiGnt. They sailed to and\\nfro upon the track of\\nAmerican ships, recklessly\\nplundering and burning,\\nor else bonding them for\\nheavy sums.\\nThe Alaha-nia was the most noted of these British steam-\\ners. Against the urgent remonstrances of the United\\nStates Minister at the Court of England, she was allowed\\nto sail, although her mission was well known. An English\\ncaptain took her to the Azores, where other English ves-\\nsels brought her arms, ammunition, and the Confederate\\nCaptain Semmes with additional men. Putting out to\\nsea, he read his commission and announced his purpose.\\nAfter capturing over sixty vessels, he sailed to Cherbourg,\\nFrance. While there, he sent out a challenge to the national\\nship-of-war Kearsarge (keer sarj). This was accepted, and\\na battle took place off that harbor. Captain Winslow, of\\nthe Kearsarge, so maneuvered that the Alabama was com-\\npelled to move round in a circular track, while he trained\\nhis guns upon her with fearful effect. On the seventh rota-\\ntion, the Confederate vessel ran up the white flag and soon\\nafter sunk. Captain Winslow rescued a part of the sinking\\ncrew, and others were picked up, at his request, by the\\nDeer-hound, an English yacht but this vessel steamed off\\nto the British coast with those she had saved, among whom\\nwas Captain Semmes.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "1864] THE CIVIL WAK. 269\\nThe Sanitary and the Christian Commissions were\\nsplendid examples of organized mercy furnished by the\\npeople of the North. They devised and provided every pos-\\nsible comfort for the sick and wounded, besides distributing\\nreligious reading to every soldier in the field. Ambulances,\\nstretchers, hot coffee, postage-stamps, paper and envelopes,\\nprayer-meetings, medicines, Christian burial, no want of\\nbody or soul was overlooked. Homes and Lodges for\\nmen on sick-leave, and for those not yet under or just out of\\nthe care of the government, or who had been left by their\\nregiments; Feeding Stations for the tired andhungry;\\nand even Homes for the Wives, Mothers, and Children of\\nSoldiers who had come to visit their sick or wounded were\\nestablished. On every flag-of-truce boat, were placed cloth-\\ning, medicines, and cordials for tlie prisoners who had been\\nexchanged. With boundless mercy, they cared for all while\\nliving, and gave Christian burial and marked graves to the\\ndead. Over seventeen millions of dollars in money and\\nsupplies were expended by these two Commissions.\\nPoHtical Affairs. At the North, there was much dissat-\\nisfaction with the conduct of the war. The debt had become\\nabout $2,000,000,000. In July of this year, paper money\\nreached its greatest depreciation, and it required two dollars\\nand ninety cents in greenbacks to buy one dollar in gold.\\nThis was the time of Q-rant s repulse from Cold Harbor\\nand of Early s raid. Yet, in the midst of these discour-\\nagements, Abraham Lincoln was renominated by the\\nrepublican party. George B. McClellan was the demo-\\ncratic candidate he stood firmly for the prosecution of\\nthe war, and the maintenance of the Union, but was not\\nin full sympathy with the policy of the administration.\\nHe carried only three States. Lincoln had a popular ma-\\njority of over four hundred thousand.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "270 EPOCH V. [1864\\nGeneral Review of the Fourth Year of the War. The\\nConfederates had gained the battles of Olustee,* Sabine\\nCross Roads, Bermuda Hundred, Spottsylvaniaj New Market,\\nCold Harbor, and Monocacy River they had defeated the\\nexpeditions into Florida and the Red River country, the\\ntwo attacks upon Petersburg, and one against Fort Fisher,\\nand yet held Grant at bay before Richmond. They had,\\nhowever, lost ground on every side. Of the States east of\\nthe Mississippi, only North and South Carolina were fully\\nretained. Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia, Geor-\\ngia, and Florida were overrun by the Union armies. The\\nFederals had gained the battles of Pleasant Hill, Resaca,\\nDallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta, Winchester, Fisher s Hill, Cedar\\nCreek, and Nashville. They had captured Fort de Russy,\\nthie forts in Mobile harbor, and Fort McAlister, and had\\ntaken Atlanta and Savannah. Sherman had swept across\\nGeorgia Sheridan had devastated the Shenandoah, driving\\nits defenders before him Thomas had annihilated Hood s\\narmy Grant held Lee firmly grasped at Richmond, and\\nthe navy swept the entire coast.\\n1865.\\nThe Situation. The plan of the campaign was very sim-\\nple. The end of the war was clearly at hand. Sherman was\\nto move north from Savannah against Johnston, and then\\njoin Grant in the final attack upon Lee. Sheridan, with ten\\nthousand troopers, had swept down from the Shenandoah,\\ncut the railroads north of Richmond, and taken his place\\nThis battle ended an expedition fitted out by General Gillmore, at Hilton Head,\\nS. C, to recover Florida. After some success, his troops, under Gfeneral Seymour,\\nadvanced to Ottiste^, where (February 20) they met a disastrous defeat and were\\nforced to relinquish much they had gained. The men were afterward taken to Vir-\\nginia to engage in more important work.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "1865.]\\nTHE CIVIL WAR.\\n271\\nin the Union lines before Petersburg. Wilson, with thirteen\\nthousand horsemen, rode at large through Alabama and\\nGeorgia, and at Macon held a line of retreat from Virginia\\nwestward. Stoneman, with five thousand cavalry from\\nTennessee, poured through the passes of the -Alleghanies\\nand waited in North Carolina for the issue in Vira-inia.\\nSHERMAN S ABMY ON ITS MAECH TO THE SEA.\\nSherman s March through the Carolinas.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In the mean-\\ntime, Sherman had given his troops only a month s rest in\\nSavannah. Early in February, they were put in motion\\nnorthward. There was no waiting for roads to dry nor for\\nbridges to be built, but the troops swept on like a tornado.\\nRivers were waded, and one battle was fought while the\\nwater was up to the shoulders of the men The army, sixty\\nthousand strong, moved in four columns, with a front of", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "2 72 EPOCH V. [ISGT).\\nmore than fifty miles. Cavalry and foragers swarmed on the\\nflanks. Before them was terror behind them were ashes.\\nColumbia was captured (Feb. 17). That night, nearly the\\nentire city was burned to the ground. Charleston, threatr-\\nened in the rear, was evacuated the next day. In this emer-\\ngency, Johnston was recalled to the command of the Confed-\\nerates. He gathered the scattered troops and vigorously\\nopposed Sherman s advance. After fierce engagements at\\nAvERYSBORO and Bentonville, Johnston was driven back.\\nWhile Joh nston was now guarding the route to Raleigh Sher-\\nman pressed forward to Q-oldsboro, in order to join Schofield,\\nwho had made his way thither from Wilmington, and\\nTerry, who had come up from New Bern. Soon, the three\\narmies united, and 100,000 men upheld the flag of the Union\\nalong the banks of the Neuse.* Sherman then went to City\\nPoint, to arrange with Grant the plan of the final struggle.\\nSiege of Richmond. Lee s position was fast becoming\\ndesperate. His only hope lay in getting out of Richmond and\\njoining with Johnston. Their united armies might prolong\\nthe struggle. Grant was determined to prevent this, and\\ncompel Leo to surrender, as he had forced Pemberton to do.\\nAttack on Fort Steadman (March 25). Lee decided to\\nattack Grant s line, in order to hide his plan of retreat, and\\nespecially in the hope that Grant would send troops from the\\nleft to succor the threatened point. In that case, he would\\nslip out, with the main body of his army, by the nearest road\\nsouthward, which ran close by the Union left. The assault\\nwas made on Fort Steadman, but it was a signal failure.\\nThree thousand out of five thousand engaged in the attempt\\nThe distance traversed by the army in going from Savannah to Gtoldsboro was\\nabout 425 miles. The country was generally wild and swampy. To make the mud\\nroads passable, each column corduroyed with rails and logs over a hundred miles,\\nbesides building bridges across the many streams and rivers. Yet in fifty days after\\nbreaking camp upon the Savannah, the troops bivouacked ujwn the Neiise.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "1865.] THE CIVIL WAR. 278\\nwere lost. To make matters worse, a Union assault followed\\ndirectly afterward, and a portion of the Confederate outer\\ndefenses was captured. Thus Grant s grip was only tight-\\nened. He had made no change in the position of his troops,\\nand this sortie neither hastened nor delayed the grand final\\nattack.\\nBattle of Five Forks (April 1). This movement began\\nWednesday morning, March 29. Sheridan with his cavalry\\nnine thousand sabers, and heavy columns of infantry,\\npushed out from Grant s left wing, to get around in Lee s\\nrear. Cloaking his plan by a thick screen of cavalry to con-\\nceal the movements of his infantry, he threw a heavy force\\nbehind the Confederate position at Five Forks.* Assailed\\nin front and rear, the garrison was overwhelmed, and five\\nthousand men were taken prisoners.\\nTlie Effect of this brilliant affair was at once to render\\nLee s position untenable. His right was turned and his rear\\nthreatened.\\nCapture of Petersburg and Richmond (April 2, 3). The\\nnext morning, at four o clock, the Union army advanced in an\\noverwhelming assault along the whole front. By noon, the\\nConfederate line of intrenchments, before which the Army\\nof the Potomac had lain so long, was broken, and thousands\\nof prisoners were captured. That night, Petersburg and\\nRichmond were evacuated. The next morning, the Union\\ntroops took possession of the Confederate capital, f the\\nFive Forks is situated twelve miles soutli-west from Petersburg. (See map oppo-\\nsite p. 223, and of Vlth Epoch.)\\nt Sxmday, the day before, the Confederate President, Davis, was at church, when a\\nnote was handed him by a messenger. It was from Liee, informing him that the Con-\\nfederate army was about to leave Richmond.* His pallid face and unsteady footsteps,\\nas he passed out, betrayed the news. Pollard says Men, women, and children\\nrushed from the churches, passing from lip to lip news of the impending fall of Rich-\\nmond. It was late in the afternoon when the signs of evacuation became\\napparent to the incredulous. Suddenly, as if by magic, the streets became filled with\\nmen, walking as though for a wager, and behind them excited negroes with trunks,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "274 EPOCH V. [1865.\\ncoveted goal of the Army of the Potomac for four long\\nbloody years.\\nLee s Surrender. Meanwhile, Lee, having only the\\nwreck of that proud array with which he had dealt the Union\\narmy so many crushing blows, hurried west, seeking some\\navenue of escape. Grant urged the pursuit with untiring\\nenergy. Sheridan, with a terrible daring which knew no\\npause, no rest hung on his flanks. Food now failed the\\nConfederates, and they could get only the young shoots of\\ntrees to eat. If they sought a moment s repose, they were\\nawakened by the clatter of pursuing cavalry. Lee, like a\\nhunted fox, turned hither and thither but, at last, Sheridan\\nplanted himself squarely across the front. Lee ordered a\\ncharge. His half-starved troops, with a rallying of their old\\ncourage, obeyed. But the cavalry moving aside, as a curtain\\nis drawn, revealed dense bodies of infantry in battle line.\\nThe Civil War was about to end in one of its bloodiest trage-\\ndies, when the Confederate advance was stopped. General\\nGrant had already sent in a note demanding the surrender\\nof the army. Lee accepted the terms and, in the after-\\nnoon of April 9, the remains of the Ai-my of Virginia laid\\nbundles, and luggage of every description. All over the ci ty, it was the same\u00e2\u0080\u0094 wagons,\\ntrunks, bandboxes, and their owners, a mass of hurrying fugitives filling the streets.\\nNight came, and with it confusion worse confounded. There was no sleep for human\\neyes in Richmond that night. About the hour of midnight, hundreds of barrels of\\nliquor were rolled into the street, and the heads Icnocked in, by order of the City\\nCouncil, to prevent a worse disorder. As the work progi cssed, some straggling sol-\\ndiers managed to get hold of a quantity of the liquor. From that moment, law and\\norder ceased to exist. By order of General Ewell, tlio four principal tobacco ware-\\nhouses, in different parts of the city, were fired, and soon the flames became unman-\\nageable. Morning broke upon a scene such as those who witnessed it can never\\nforget. The roar of an immense conflagration sounded in their ears tongues of flame\\nleaped from street to street and in this baleful glare were to be seen, as of demons,\\nthe figures of busy plunderers, mo\\\\ ing, pushing, rioting through the black smoke,\\nl)earing away every conceivable sort of plunder.\\nThe officers and men were allowed to go home on their paroles not to take up\\narms against the United States until exchanged, and tlie former to retain their pri-\\nvate baggage and horses. After the surrender had been concluded, General Txje said", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "1865.] THE CIVIL WAB. 275\\ndown their arms near Appomattox Court House, and then\\nturned homeward, no longer Confederate soldiers, but\\nAmerican citizens.\\nTlie Effect. This closed the war. The other Confederate\\narmies promptly surrendered.* Jefferson Davis fled south-\\nward, hoping to escape, but was overtaken near Irwinsville,\\nGeorgia (May 10), and sent a prisoner to Fort Monroe.\\nCost of the War. In the Union armies, probably three\\nhundred thousand men were killed in battle or died of\\nwounds or disease, while doubtless two hundred thousand\\nmore were crippled for life. If the Confederate armies\\nsuffered as heavily, the country thus lost one million able-\\nbodied men. The Union debt, when largest (Aug. 31,\\n1865), was $2,844,000,000. The Confederate war debts\\nwere never paid, as that government was overthrown.\\nAssassination of Lincoln. In the midst of the uni-\\nversal rejoicings over the advent of peace, on the evening of\\nApril 1 4 the intelligence was flashed over the country that\\nLincoln had been assassinated, f While seated with his\\nwife and friends in his box at Ford s Theater, he was\\nshot by John Wilkes Booth,t who insanely imagined he\\nthat he had forgotten to mention that many of his soldiers rode their own horses.\\nGrant at once replied that such should keep their horses to aid them in their future\\nwork at home. The two armies so fiercely opposed for four years parted with words\\nof sympathy and respect\u00e2\u0080\u0094 an assured presage of a day when all the wounds of the\\ncruel war should be fully healed. The Federal authorities state that 28,356 officers\\nand men were paroled at Appomattox C. H., and 22,633 small arms were given up.\\nThe Confederate accounts, however, place the men and arms surrendered at a much\\nless number. The total number paroled from all the Confederate armies waa\\n174,223.\\nThe last fight of the war happened near Brazos Santiago, Texas, May 13. A small\\nexpedition sent out to surprise a Confederate camp was overtaken, on its return, by a\\nlarger force and defeated with a loss of eighty men.\\nA nearly fatal attempt was also made at the same time upon William H. Seward,\\nSecretary of State, who was lying sick in his bed at home.\\nX Booth stealthily entered the box, fastened the door, that he might not be followed,\\nshot the President, then, waving his pistol, shouted, Si 3 semper tyrannis (so be it\\nalways to tyrants), and leaped to the stage in front. As he .jirmped, the American", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "276 EPOCH V. [1865.\\nwas ridding his country of a tyrant. The stricken President\\nwas carried to a private house near by, where, around his\\nunconscious body, gathered the most prominent men of\\nthe nation, who mourned and watched, waiting in vain for\\nsome sign of recognition, until the next morning, when he\\nI KATH OK OKNKKAL J. E. B. STl AKT. (Sw n-\\ndied. The funeral was held on the 19th. It was a day of\\nmourning throughout the land. In most of the cities and\\ntowns, funeral orations were pronounced. The body was\\nborne to Springfield over the same route along which Lin-\\ncoln had come as President elect to Washington. The\\nflag drapod before tho box\u00e2\u0080\u0094 mute avenger of the nation s chief caught his spiir, and\\nthrowing him heavily, broke his log. The assassin, however, esoaivd in the confu-\\nsion, mounted a horse waiting for him, and tied into Maryland, lie was at length\\novertaken in a bam near Bowling Green, Va., where he sto xi at bay. The building\\nwas fired to drive him out, but, being determined to defend himself against arrest, he\\nwas shot by one of the soldiers. The accomplices of Booth were arrested, tried, and\\nconvicted. Harold, Pa.\\\\-nc, Atzcrott. and Mrs. Surratt were hanged Arnold, ^^udd,\\nand 0 l aughlin were imprisoned for life; and Spangler was sentenced for six years.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "1865.] THE CIVIL WAR. 277\\nprocession may be said to have extended the entire dis-\\ntance. The churches, principal buildings, and even the\\nengines and cars were draped in black. Almost every citi-\\nzen wore the badge of mourning.\\nStates Added during this Epoch. IVest Virginia, the\\nthirty-fifth State, was admitted to the Union, June 19,\\n1863. During the Civil War, this portion of Virginia re-\\nmaining loyal, it was organized as a separate State.\\nJ\\\\ erada, the thirty-sixth State, was admitted to the\\nUnion, October 31, 1864. Its name was derived from the\\nrange of mountains on the west, the Sierra Nevada, a Span-\\nish title, signifying Snow-covered mountains It was the\\nthird State carved out of the territory acquired by the\\nMexican war, Texas being the first, and California the sec-\\nond. Its first settlement was at Carson City. It is one of\\nthe richest mineral States in the Union.\\nCHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.\\nPAGE\\n1861. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated, March 4 215\\nFort Sumter fired upon, April 13 216\\nMassachusetts troops fired upon in Baltimore, April 19 217\\nBattle of Philippi, Va., June 3 218\\nBig Bethel, Va., June 10 218\\nBoonville, Mo., June 17 221\\nCarthage, Mo., July 5 221\\nBichMountain, Va., July 11 218\\nCarrick sFord, Va., July 14 218\\nBattleof Bull Run, Va., July 21 219\\nWilson s Creek, Mo., August 10 221\\nForts at Hatteras Inlet, N. C, captured, August 29 222\\nBattleof Carnif ex Ferry, Va., September 10 218\\nLexington, Mo., September 20 221\\nBall s Bluff, Va., October 21 220\\nPort Royal, S. C, taken, November 7 222\\nBattle of Belmont, Mo., November 7 221\\nSeizure of Mason and Slidell, November 8 223\\nSkirmish of Dranesville, Va., December 20 221\\n1862. Battle of Mill Spring, Ky., January 19 224\\nFort Henry, Tenn., taken, February 6 234", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "278 EPOCH V. [1862.\\nPAGE\\n1862. Roanoke Island, N. C, taken, February 8 232\\nFort Donelson, Tenn., taken, February 16 225\\nBattle of Pee Hidge, Ark., March 7, 8 230\\nof the Monitor and the Merrimac, March 9 233\\nNew Bern, N. C, taken, March 14 232\\nBattle of SMloh (Pittsbiirg Landing), Tenn April 6, 7 225\\nIsland No. 10 captured, April 7 227\\nFort Piilaski, Ga., captured, April 11 233\\nNew Orleans captured, April 25 230\\nBeaufort, N. C, captured, April 25 232\\nYorktown, Va.. taken. May 4 235\\nBattle of Williamsburg, Va., May 5 236\\nNorfolk, Va., surrendered. May 10 235\\nCorinth, Miss., taken. May 30 227\\nBattle of Fair Oaks or Seven Pines, Va., May 31, June 1 238\\nMemphis, Tenn., svurendered, June 6 227\\nSeven-Days battles, June 25-July 1 239\\nBattle of Cedar Mountain, Va., August 9 240\\nSecond Battle of BuU Run, Va., August 29, 30 241\\nBattle of Richmond, Ky., August 30 228\\nChantiUy, Va., September 1 241\\nSouth Mountain, Md., September 14 241\\nHarper s Ferry surrendered, September 15 241\\nBattle of Antietam, Md., September 17 241\\nluka. Miss., September 19 228\\nCorinth, Miss., October 4 228\\nPerryviUe, Ky., October 8 228\\nFredericksburg, Va., December 13 342\\nFirst attack on Vicksburg, Miss., December 29 230\\nBattle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31, and January 2, 1863 229\\n1863. Emancipation Proclamation, January 1 242, 244\\nArkansas Post taken, January 11 230\\nFort Sumter, S. C, bombarded by fleet, April 7 254,255\\nGrant s campaign before Vicksburg, May 1-17 244\\nBattle of ChancellorsvOle, Va., May 2, 3 250\\nWest Virginia admitted to the Union, June 19 218, 277\\nBattle of Gettysburg, Penn., July 1-3 252\\nVicksburg, Miss., surrendered, July 4 245\\nPort Hudson surrendered, July 8 245\\nDraft Riot in New York City, July 13-16 252\\nFort Wagner, S. 0., taken, September 7 254\\nBattleofChickamauga,Qa., Septembers, 20 246\\nChattanooga, Tenn., November 24, 25 247\\nSiege of Knoxville, Tenn., raised, December 4 250\\n1864. Battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20 270\\nFort de Russy captured, March 14 265\\nFort Pillow, Tenn., captiired, April 12 265\\nButler landed at Bermuda Hundred, May 5 262\\nBattleof Wilderness, Va., May 5, 6 260", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "1864.] CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 279\\nPAGE\\n1864. Battle of Spottsylvania, Va.v May 8-12 260\\nEesaca, Ga., May 14, 15 257\\nNew Market, Va., May 15 261\\nDaUas, May 25-28 257\\nCold Harbor, Va., June 3 261\\nLost Mountain, G-a., June 15-17 257\\nBattle between the Kearsarge and the Alabama, June 19 268\\nBattle of KenesawMt., Ga., June 27 257\\nMonocacy, Md., July 9 263\\nBattles betore Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 22, 28 257\\nChambersburg, Pa., burned, July 30 264\\nMine explosion, Petersburg, Va., July 30 262\\nParragut entered Mobile Bay, Ala., August 5 266\\nWeldon Railroad seized, August 18 263\\nAtlanta, Ga., taken, September 2 257\\nBattle of Winchester, Va., September 19 264\\nFisher sHill,Va., September 22 264\\nCedar Creek, Va., October 19 264\\nNevada admitted to the Union, October 31 277\\n!Fort McAlister, Ga., taken, December 13 259\\nBattle of Nashville, Tenn., December 15, 16 258\\n1865. Port Msher, N. C, taken, January 15 267\\nColumbia, S. C, taken, Pebruary 17 272\\nCharleston, S. C, taken, Pebruary 18 272\\nBattles of Averysboro and BentonvQle, N. C, March 15, 18 272\\nAttack on Fort Steadman, Va., March 25 272\\nBattle of Pi ve Porks, Va., April 1 273\\nPetersburg and Richmond taken, April 2, 3 273\\nLee s army ^-urrendered, April 9 274, 275\\nPresident Lincoln assassinated, April 14 275\\nJohnston s army surrendered, April 26\\nJefferson Davis captured. May 10 275\\nREFERtNCES FOR READING.\\nDraper, Greeley, Stephens, Abbott, Pollard, Lossing, and Headley on the Civil War. JVicJi-\\nols Story of the Great March. Swinton s Army of the Potomac, and Twelve Decisive Battles.\\nDabney^s Life of StonevjoU Jackson. Badeaws Military History of General Grant. Headley ^s\\nFarragut, and Our Naval Commanders Coffin s Days and Nights on the Battle Field.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Boyn-\\nUrn s American Navy.Stille s History of the Sanitary Commission. JohnsUni s Narrative of\\nMilitary Operatimis.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Harper s Pictorial History of the War.\u00e2\u0080\u0094DuycklncK s History, and Lives\\nof Eminent Americans.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Harrington s Inside.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Gillmore s Among the Guerrillas, and Down in\\nTenn\u00c2\u00a3ssee.\u00e2\u0080\u0094W. G.Simms War Poetry of the South.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Richardson s F leld, Dungeon, and Escape.\\nHotchkiss and Allan s Battle Fields of Virginia.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early s Army of Northern Virginia.\\nWhittier s In War Time (Poem).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cooke s Life of General Roliert E. Lee.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Memoirs of Gen.\\nW. T. Sh\u00c2\u00a3rman.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dams Rise and Fall of the Southern Confederacy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Series of Articles on\\nthe Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Century Magazine, Vol. 2Q.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Campaigns of the Civil\\nWar.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Coffin s The Boys of 61. Personal Memoirs of General U. S. Grant.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "280\\nBLACKBOARD ANALYSIS.\\nS\\n4. War in Virginia.\\n2. War in the West.\\nWar on the Sea and\\nthe Coast.\\nInauguration of Lincoln.\\nCondition of the Country.\\nCapture of Fort Sumter.\\n1. Capture of ArlinKtoD Heights.\\n2. Battle of Big Betbel.\\n3. Campaigu in West Virgfnl*.\\nBattle of Bull Run.\\n5. Ball s Bluff.\\nWar in Missouri.\\nthe Coast. 3. Trent Affilr.\\nGeneral Roview of the First Year of the War.\\nThe Situation.\\n1. Tlie Federal Strategy.\\n2. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson.\\n3. Battle of Shiloh.\\n4. Capture of Islau.l Xo. 10.\\n5. Brass s Expedition.\\n6. Battles ofluka and Corinth.\\n7. Battle of Murfrocsboro.\\n8. First Vicksburg K.vpedition.\\n9. War in Mi^^souri.\\n1. Capture of New Orleans.\\n2. Bnrnside s Kxpeditlon.\\n3. Florida and Georgia GxptMlitions.\\n4. Mcrrimac and Monitor.\\na. General UcCleUan.\\nb. General Roeeerane.\\nc. General Lee.\\n4. War in the East.\\n1. The Peninsular Campaign.\\n2. Campaign against Pope.\\n{I\\n4.\\n5.\\n6.\\n17.\\n1.\\n2.\\nInvasion of Maryland.\\n4. Battle of Fredericksburg.\\nGeneral Review of the Second Year of the War.\\nThe Situation.\\nSecond Expedition f J- S\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 7 k\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\-i\u00e2\u0080\u009ei. K.,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 2. Movement against Pcmbcrton.\\nagainst icksbiirg. 3. gj^^ of vieksburg.\\nWar in Tennessee and f J i SL\\nfi^nnrin 1 Battle of C hickamauga.\\ntrtorgia. l^ 3. Battle of Chattanoi ga.\\nWar in East Tennessee.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ar^. tu\u00e2\u0080\u009e -c-.o* 5 1- Battle of ChaiieellorsTille\\nWar in the East. j _ Lees\\nWar on the Sea and the Coast\\nGeneral Review of the Third Year of the War.\\nThe Situation.\\n1. Advance upon Atlanta.\\n2. Capture of Atlanta.\\n3. Hood s Invasion of Tenn.\\n4. Sherman s Mareh to the Sea.\\n1. Battleof the Wilderness.\\n2. Battle of Spottsrirauia.\\n5. Battle of Cold Harlwr.\\n4. Attack ou Petersburg.\\na. Siege of Torktotrn.\\nb. Battle 0/ iniliamsbHrg.\\nc. Hicltmotui Threatened.\\nd. Jackson in the Shenandoah.\\ne. Battle 0/ Fair Oaks.\\nf. The f nion Army Checked.\\ng. Seven-Days Battles.\\nThe Situation.\\nLee s Plan.\\nSecond Battle 0/ Bull Bun.\\nThe Situation.\\nBattle 0/ South Mountain.\\nCapture of Harper s Ferry,\\nBattle of Antietam.\\ni of ChaiieellorsTille.\\nSecond Invasion of the North. J; j^tj^ ^-.u^burg.\\nWar In Tennessee and\\nGeorgia.\\nS. War in Virginia.\\n2.\\nRed River Expedition.\\nWar on the Sea and\\nthe Coast.\\n5. Siege of Richmond.\\n6. Earlv s Raid.\\n7. Sheridan s Campaign in the Shenandoah Valley\\na. The Situation.\\nb. Grant s Plan.\\na. Mine \u00c2\u00a3rplosion.\\nb. Attack upon Ike Weldon Railroad.\\n1. Expedition against Mobile.\\n2. Expedition against Fort Fisher.\\n3. The Blivkade.\\nL 4. Confederate Cruisers.\\nThe Sanitarv- and Christian Commissions.\\nPolitical .\\\\rfairs at the North\\nGeneral Review of the Fourth Year of the War.\\nSituation.\\nSherman s March through the Carolinas.\\nr 1. Lee s Hope and Grant s Plan.\\nSiege of Richmond. J 5; ^i .tul oTFi ve Vork\\nL 4. Capture of Petersburg and Kichmond.\\nLee s Surrender.\\nCost of the War.\\nAssassination of Lincoln.\\nStates addetl during this Epoch.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "Ck pyrig/U, 18:", "height": "2927", "width": "1674", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "gPO U H VL\\nREGONSTRUGTION AND\\nm;-\\nPASSING EVENTS,\\njgf^m\\nFROM IR65\\nTO THE PRESENT OSTE.\\nJOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENT: 1865-1869.)\\nTHE death of Lincoln prodTiced no disorder, and within\\nthree hours thereafter the Vice-President, Andrew\\nJohnson, quietly assumed the duties of the Presidency.\\nDisbanding of the Army. At the close of the war, the\\nUnion army numbered 1,000,000 soldiers. Within six\\nmonths, they had nearly all returned home. Thus the\\nmightiest host ever called to the field by a republic went\\nback without disturbance to the tranquil pursuits of civil\\nlife. In a short time, there was nothing to distinguish the\\nsoldier from the citizen, except the recollection of his\\nbravery. Other nations prophesied that such a vast army\\nQurstionx on the Oeof/rnjilii/ of the Sixth i?/)oc/*.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Locate Raleigh. Heart sCon-\\ntent, and St. John s, Newfoundland (see map, Epoch H.). Alaska. St. Albans, Vt.\\nBuffalo. Mt. Pleasant, O. (map. Epoch v.). West Point. Chicago. Boston. Duluth.\\nPuget s Sound. San Francisco. Klamath Liava Beds, Oregon.\\nAndrew Johnson was bom in Raleigh, N. C, 1808 died, 1875. When ten years\\nold, he was apprenticed to a tailor. Never having been at school, he yet detennined to\\nsecure an education. From a fellow- workman, ho learned the alphabet, and from a\\nfriend, something of spelling. Thenceforth, after working ten to twelve hours per\\nday at his trade, he spent two or three hours every night in study. Tn 1836, he went\\nwest to seek his fortune, with true iilial affection carrying with him his mother,\\nwho was dependent on his labor for support. After his marriage at Greenville, Tenn.,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "282 EPOCH VI. [1865.\\ncould not be disbanded peaceably. The republic, by this\\nfinal triumph of law and order, proved itself the most\\nstable government in the world.*\\nDomestic Affairs. Reconstnirtion Policy of the Presi-\\ndent. Johnson recognized the State governments that,\\nduring the war, had been formed in Virginia, Tennessee,\\nArkansas, and Louisiana, luuler the protection of the\\nUnion army. In the other States, he appointed provisional\\ngovernors, and authorized the calling of conventions to\\nform loyal governments. These conventions accordingly\\nmet, repealed the ordinances of secession, repudiated the\\nConfederate war debt, and ratified the amendment which\\nCongress had offered abolishing slavery. On these condi-\\ntions, Johnson claimed that the States, having never been\\nlegally out of the Union, should be restored to their rights\\nin the Union. He also issued a proclamation of pardon to\\nthose who had engaged in secession, except certain classes,!\\non the condition of taking the oath of allegiance to the\\nUnited States.\\nIn 1868, on Christmas day most fitting time for deeds\\nof good-will a universal amnesty was declared.\\nThe Tliirteenth Amendment^ abolishing slavery, having\\nbeen ratified by the States, was declared (December 18,\\n1865) duly adopted as a part of the Constitution of the\\nUnited States.\\nhe continued his studies under the instruction of his wife, pursuing his trade as\\nbefore by day. His political life commenced with his election as alderman. He was\\nsuccessively cliosen mayor, member of legislature, presidential elector, State senator,\\ncongressman, governor, and United States senator.\\nA grand review of the armies of Grant and Sherman, two hundred thousand\\nstrong, took place in the presence of the President and hln Cabinet. For twelve hours,\\nthis triumphal procession, thirty miles long, massed in solid column twenty men\\ndeep, rolled through the broad avenues of the Capital.\\nMany of the pei-sons thus exchided obtained pai dons from the President by per-\\nsonal application. One complaint against him was the readiness with which he\\ngranted such pardons.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "1865.] JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 283\\nPublic Debt. The annual interest on the debt was now\\n(August 31, 1865) over $150,000,000. The revenue from\\nduties on imported goods, taxes on manufactures, incomes,\\netc., and from the sale of revenue stamps, was $322,000,000.\\nThis provided not only for the current expenses of the\\ngovernment, and the payment of interest, but also for the\\ngradual extinction of the debt. It is a striking evidence of\\nthe abundant resources of the country that, in 1866, be-\\nfore all the extra troops called out by the war had been\\ndischarged, the debt had been diminished $71,000,000.\\nReconstruction Policy of Congress. On the assembling of\\nCongress, decided ground was taken against the policy of\\nthe President. It was claimed that Congress alone had\\npower to prescribe the conditions for the admission of the\\nseceded States. His proclamation and orders were treated\\nas of no value. The Freedmen s Bureau, Civil Rights, and\\nTenure-of-Office bills were all passed over the President s\\nveto.\\nTJie Seceded States Admitted. Tennessee promptly rati-\\nfied the Fourteenth Amendment, and was restored to her\\nformer position in the Union. The other provisional gov-\\nernments having refused to do so, a bill was passed placing\\nthose States under military rule. The generals in com-\\nmand caused a registry of voters to be made, and elections\\nto be held for conventions to remodel the State constitu-\\ntions. After a bitter and protracted struggle, governments\\nwere finally established in Arkansas, Alabama, Florida,\\nLouisiana, and North and South Carolina,! and their repre-\\nThe first bill provided for the establishment of a department of the national\\ngovernment for the care and protection of the freedmen, i. e., the emancipated\\nslaves, and also of the destitute whites at the South. The second bill guaranteed to\\nthe negroes the rights of citizenship. The third bill made the consent of the Senate\\nnecessary to the removal by the President of any person from a civil oflQce.\\nt As a requisite demanded by Congress for holding office, every candidate was\\nobliged to swear that he had not participated in the secession movement. Since", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "284 EPOCHVI. [1868.\\nsentatives admitted to Congress (1868), over the Presi-\\ndent s veto, after an unrepresented period of seven years.\\nImpeachment of the Fresident. The constantly-increas-\\ning hostility between the President and Congress came to\\nan issue when the former attempted to remove Edwin M.\\nStanton, Secretary of War. This being considered a vio-\\nlation of the Tenure-of-Office bill, the impeachment of the\\nPresident was at last ordered (1868). After a tedious trial,\\nhe was acquitted, the two thirds majority necessary for\\nconviction lacking one vote.\\nTJie Fourteenth Amendment proposed by Congress, guar-\\nanteeing equal civil rights to all, regardless of race or color,\\nand basing representation in each State on the number of\\nvoters, was adopted (July 28, 1868).\\nFenian Excitement (1866). The Fenians, a secret so-\\nciety organized for the purpose of delivering Ireland from\\nBritish rule, crossed the Canadian frontier at Buffalo, N, Y.,\\nand St. Albans, A^t., in large numb ers. President Johnson\\nissued a proclamation declaring the movement a violation\\nof our neutrality, and sent thither General Meade to exe-\\ncute the laws. After some skirmishing with British troops,\\nthe expedition returned.\\nForeign Affairs. Purchase of Alaska (October, 1867).\\nThrougli the diplomacy of William H. Seward, Secretary\\nof State, Alaska was purchased of Russia for $7,200,000\\nin gold. It contains about 500,000 square miles, and is\\nvaluable for its harbors, furs, fisheries, and rich gold fields.\\nTlve French in Mexico. While the United States was ab-\\nsorbed in the Civil War, Napoleon IIL, Emperor of France,\\ntook advantage of the opportunity to secure a foothold in\\nfew Southerners could take this iron-clad oath as it was termed, most of the\\nrepresentatives were Northern men wlio had gone south after the war, and were,\\ntherefore, called carpet-buggei-s", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "1867,]\\nJOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION.\\n285\\nAmerica. By the assistance of the French army, the im-\\nperialists of Mexico defeated the Uberals, and MaximiHan,\\nArchduke of Austria, was chosen emperor. The United\\nStates government protested against the measure, Irut was\\nthen unable to enforce the Monroe Doctrine When the\\nAmerican people were relieved from the pressure of civil\\nstrife, they turned their attention to the Mexicans hope-\\nmi 1 I M\\nlessly struggling for libertj^, and the United States gov-\\nernment demanded of Napoleon the recall of the French\\ntroops. Maximilian, deprived of foreign aid, was defeated,\\nand, falling into the hands of the Mexican liberals, was\\nshot (June 19, 1867). This ended the dream of French\\ndominion on this continent.\\nLaying of the Atlantic Cable. While these great polit-\\nical events were happening, science achieved a peaceful\\ntriumph whose importance far transcended the victories of", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "286 EPOCH VI. [1866.\\ndiplomatic or military skill. A telegraphic cable 1,864\\nmiles in length, was laid from Valentia Bay, in Ireland,\\nto Heart s Content, Newfoundland.* The two continents\\nwere tlius brought into almost instant communication.\\nTreaty icith Clujicv (1868). An embassy from the\\nChinese Empire, luider the charge of Anson Burlingame,\\nAmerican ambassador to China, visited the United States.\\nIt was the first event of its kind in the history of that\\nexclusive nation. A treaty was perfected, granting to\\nus valuable commercial privileges.\\nPolitical Parties. The repubhcan party nominated\\nGeneral Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, for President, and\\nSchuyler Colfax, of Indiana, for Vice-President. The\\ndemocratic party nominated Horatio Seymour, of New\\nYork, and General Frank P. Blair, of Missouri. Virginia,\\nMississippi, and Texas were not allowed to vote. As the\\nother Southern States had been reconstructed had\\ngranted negro suffrage, and enforced a strict registry law,\\nthey were permitted to participate in the election. Grant\\nand Colfax were elected.\\nThe success of this enterprise was due to the energy of Cyrus W. Field. In\\n1856, the line was finished from New York to St. John s, Newfoundland, a distance\\nof over 1,000 miles. A company was then formed with a capital of about $1,750,000.\\nA cable was made, but in an attempt to lay it (August, 1857), the cable parted. A\\nsecond attempt, in June, 1858, failed after repeated trials. A third effort, in July,\\nwas successful. A message was sent from the Queen of England to the President,\\nand a reply transmitted. A celebration was held in New York in honor of the\\nevent, but on that veiy day (September 1) the cable ceased to work. The time and\\nmoney spent seemed a total loss. Mr. Pield alone was undismayed. The comi)any\\nwas rev-ived, $3,000,000 were subscribed, and a new cable was manufactured. In\\nJuly, 1865, the Great Eastern commenced laying this cable, but in mid-ocean it\\nparted and sunk to the bottom. Again Mr. Field went to work, raised a new com-\\npany with a capital of $3,000,000, and made a third cable. The Great Eastern\\nsailed with this in June, 1806, and successfully accomplished the feat. To make\\nthe triumph more complete, the vessel sailed back to the very spot whore the cable\\nof 1865 had parted, and, dropping grappling-irons, caught the lost cable, brought\\nit to the surface, and, splicing it, laid the remaining portion. The two cables were\\nfound to work admirably. A dispatch has been sent across the ocean by a battery\\nmade in a gun-cap.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "1869.] grant s administration. 287\\nGRANT S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(EiaHTEENTH PRESIDENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TWO TERMS: 1869-1877.)\\nDomestic Affairs. Pacific Railroad. The year 1869\\nwas made memorable by the opening of this road, which\\ncompleted the union between the Atlantic and the Pacific.\\nThe traveler can now pass from New York to San Fran-\\ncisco, a distance of about 3,300 miles, in less than a week.\\nThis great highway has linked the West to the East by\\niron bands, has carried thousands of pioneers into the\\nhitherto wild country along its route, developed fresh\\nsources of industry and mines of wealth, and opened the\\nUnited States to the silks, teas, and spices of Asia.\\nAmerican ingenuity has solved the problem which foiled\\nHiram Ulysses Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27, 1822. He\\nwas unwilling to follow his father s ti ade, that of a tanner, and, at seventeen, he\\nsecured an appointment to West Point. His name having been wrongly regis-\\ntered. Grant vainly attempted to set the matter right, but finally accepted his\\nmanifest destiny assumed the change thus forced upon him, and thenceforth\\nsigned himself Ulysses Simpson the latter being Ms mother s family name.\\nTwo years after completing his four-years coiirse as cadet, the Mexican War broke\\nout, in which Grant conducted himSelf with great gallantry, receiving especial\\nmention and promotion. He then retired to private life, where he remained until\\nthe opening of the Civil War. Having been appointed to command a company of\\nvolunteers, he took it to Springfield, where he became aid to Governor Yates, and\\nwas finally commissioned as colonel of the 21st Illinois regiment. His military and\\npolitical career was henceforth a part of the country s history. A plain, quiet,\\ngentle, unostentatious, reticent man, he attracted little attention to himself per-\\nsonally. But his inflexible resolution, that held steadily to its purpose through\\nevery delay and disaster his fertility of resource to meet each movement of his\\nwary opponents his power of handling great masses of men, and of maneuvering\\nin concert the widely-separated Federal armies; his unruffled calmness, alike in\\nmoments of defeat and of triumph his qiaick decision and prompt action in a great\\nemergency, as if he had foreseen and prepared for it above all, his sublime faith\\nin his ultimate and perfect success, inspired his companions-in-arms with an intense\\ndevotion, and made him seem to them the very incarnation of the cause for which\\nthey were fighting After the close of his presidential terms, he made the tour of\\nthe world. During this extended journey, he was every-where received with\\nmarked enthusiasm and honor, and his dignified and consistent conduct shed luster\\nupon the country he represented. He died at Mount McGregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885.\\nPeople from all parts of the once-severed country united in sympathy for his loss.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "288 EPOCH VI. [1869.\\nColumbus and the olden navigators. It has made for\\nitself a route to India.\\nThe FifteentJh Aniendmeut, which guarantees to all the\\nright of suffrage, irrespective of race, color, or previous\\ncondition of servitude having been ratified by the requi-\\nsite number of States, was formally announced as a part\\nof the Constitution (March 30, 1870).\\nProsperity of the Country\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ^\\\\\\\\Q nation rapidly recovered\\nfrom the effects of war. The price of gold fell to 110, and\\nthe national debt was reduced $200,000,000 during the\\nfirst two years of this administration. The bitter feelings\\nengendered by fraternal strife fast melted away.* The cen-\\nsus of 1870 showed that the population of the United States\\nwas over 38,000,000, an increase of about 7,000,000, while\\nthe manufacturing establishments of the country had nearly,\\nif not quite, doubled in number and value during the pre-\\nceding decade.\\nFires. 1. A great fire broke out in Chicago, Sunday\\nnight, October 8, 1871, For two days, it raged with tre-\\nmendous violence, devastating 3,000 acres, Twenty-five\\nthousand buildings were burned, $200,000,000 worth of\\nproperty was destroyed, and 100,000 persons were ren-\\nThougli the nation was still agitated by political strife the ground-swell, as it\\nwere, of the recent terrible storm\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the country was rapidly taking on the appearance\\nand ways of peace. The South was slowly adjusting herself to the novel conditions\\nof free labor. The soldiers retained somewhat their martial air but blue-coats\\nand gray-coats were every-where to be seen engaged in quiet avocations. The\\nravages of war were fast disappearing. Nature had already sown grass and quick-\\ngrowing plants upon the battle-fields where contending armies had struggled.\\nThere were domes of white blossoms where swelled the white tent\\nThei-e were plows in the track where the war-wagons went\\nThere were songs where they lifted up Rachel s lament. i?. F. Taylor.\\nStrangely symbolloal of the new era of growth which had dawned on the nation, a\\nwanderer over the cannon-plowed slope of Cemetery Ridge found a broken drum, in\\nwhich a swarm of bees were building their comb and storing honey gathered from\\nthe flowers gi owing on that soil so rich with Union and Confederate blood.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "1871.] grant s administration. 289\\ndered homeless. Contributions for the sufferers were\\ntaken in nearly all parts of the world, and over $7,500,000\\nwere raised. 2. During the same autumn, wide-spread con-\\nflagrations raged in the forests of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and\\nMichigan. Entire villages were consumed. One thousand\\nfive hundred people perished in Wisconsin alone. 3. An\\nextensive fire occurred in Boston, November 9, 1872. It\\nswept over sixty acres in the center of the wholesale\\ntrade of that city, and destroyed $70,000,000 worth of\\nproperty.\\nForeign Affairs. Ti^eaiy of Washington. The refusal of\\nthe English government to pay for the damages to American\\ncommerce caused by the Alabama and other Confederate\\ncruisers (p. 268), produced bitter feeling, and even threat-\\nened war. A high commission, composed of distinguished\\nstatesmen and jurists from both countries, met in Washing-\\nton, and arranged the basis of a treaty between the United\\nStates and Great Britain, settling this and other causes of\\ndispute (1871). According to its provisions, the claim for\\nlosses was submitted to a board of arbitrators, who, hav-\\ning convened at Geneva, Switzerland, awarded the United\\nStates $15,500,000f ^/^The difficulty with regard to the\\nNorth-western boundary between the United States and\\nBritish America was submitted to the Emperor of Germany,\\nand was decided in favor of the United States. Thus, hap-\\npily, all danger of war was averted, and the great principle\\nof the settlement of disputes by peaceful arbitration rather\\nthan by the sword was finally established.\\nProposed Annexation of San Domingo.* This republic,\\nThe island of San Domingo is the new world s classic land. Here Columbus\\nfounded the first white colony on this side of the Atlantic, and, transporting hither\\nanimals, trees, shrubs, vines, and gi-ains, grafted the old world upon the new.\\nT\u00c2\u00a3ither, also, flocked the adventurous, ambitious Spanish multitude (p. 26). Great\\ncities sprung up, rivaling the majestic proportions of Moorish capitals. Mag-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "290\\nEPOCH VI.\\n[1871.\\ncomprising a large part of the island of Hayti, applied for\\nadmission to the United States. A commission of eminent\\nmen, appointed by the President to visit the island and\\nexamine its condition, reported favorably. The measure,\\nhowever, was rejected by Congress.\\nPolitical Parties. The liberal republican party, consist-\\ning of republicans opposed to the administration, nomi-\\nnated Horace Greeley,* of New York, for the presidential\\nterm commencing 1873. The democratic party indorsed\\nnificent enterprises were set on foot and prospered. Here Ponce de Leon renewed\\nhis ambition, and set forth afresh on an expedition to Porto Rico, and thence to\\nFlorida, in search of the Fountain of Youth (p. 26). A century before Henry Hud-\\nson sailed up the noblo river that perpetuates his name\u00e2\u0080\u0094 more than a century before\\nthe Puritans landed at Plymouth Rock\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the city of San Domingo was a rich and\\npopulous center of industry and trade.\\nHorace Greeley was born at Amherst, N. H., 1811 died, 1872. At two years of\\nage, he began to study the newspapers given him for amusement and at four, could\\nread any thing placed before\\nhim. At six, he was able to\\nspell any word in the En-\\nglish language, was some-\\nwhat versed in geography\\nand arithmetic, and had read\\nthe entire Bible. His passion\\nfor books increased with his\\nyears, and, at an early age,\\nhe determined to bo a printer.\\nAt fifteen, he entered the\\noffice of the Northern Spec-\\ntator, in East Poultney, Vt.\\nHis wages were forty dollars\\na year, the greater part of\\nwhich was saved and sent to\\nnis father, then struggling in\\npoverty upon a farm in Penn-\\nsylvania. The Spectator hav-\\ning failed, in 18.31 Greeley\\nwent to New York. He landed\\nwith ten dollars and a scanty\\noutfit tied in a handkerchief.\\nFranklin-like, he traversed\\nthe streets in search of work,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a long, stooping, stockingless figure, in linen round-\\nabout, short trousers, and drooping hat, with his out-grown cotton wristbands made\\nto meet \\\\vith twine. Diligence, integrity, and ability won him a ready rise when\\n4\\nHORACE GREELET, FOUNDER OF THE TRIBUNE.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "1872.] GRANT S ADMINISTRATION. 291\\nthis nomination. The repubhcans renominated President\\nGrant, who was elected.\\nGrant s Second Term Domestic Affairs. The Modoc\\nIndians having refused to stay upon their reservation in\\nOregon, troops were sent against tJiem. The savages there-\\nupon retreated to their fastnesses in tlie Lava Beds. The\\npeace commissioners, hoping to arrange the difficulty, held\\na conference with the chiefs. In the midst of the council,\\nthe Indians treacherously slew General Canby and Rev,\\nDr. Thomas, and wounded Mr. Meachem. The Modocs\\nwere then bombarded in their stronghold, and finally\\nforced to surrender.\\nRailroad Panic. In the autumn of 1873, Jay Cooke\\nCo., bankers of Philadelphia, having engaged too exten-\\nsively in railroad schemes, failed. A financial crisis\\nensued, and hundreds of prominent firms all over the\\nUnion were involved in ruin. A settled stringency of the\\nmoney market and a stagnation of business followed,\\nCentennial Anniversaries. The year 1875, being the\\nhundredth anniversary of the flret year of the Revolu-\\ntionary War, was marked by various centennial observ-\\nances. April 19, the battles of Lexington and Concord\\nwere celebrated with patriotic pride. May 20, the citi-\\nemployment was at last secured. Ten years later, lie founded the New York Trib-\\nune. He served in Congress in 1848- 49, where he was known for his opposition to\\nthe abuses of the mileage system. When civil war seemed imminent, he advocated\\na peaceable division of the country but after it opened, he urged a vigorous prose-\\ncution of hostilities. At the close of the war, ,e pleaded for immediate conciliation,\\nand was a signer of the bail-bond which restoied Jefferson Davis to liberty after\\ntwo years imprisonment in JFort Monroe. Horace Greeley was pure, simple, and\\nconscientious in character. He had a peculiar disregard for dress, and neglected\\nmany of the courtesies of society but he was a true gentleman at heart, and pos-\\nsessed rare gifts in conversation. He was fond of agriculture, and spent his leisure\\ndays on his farm at Chappaqua. Just before the close of the presidential canvass,\\nhis wife died, and this, together with the desertion of friends and the excitement\\nof the contest, unsettled his mind. He was carried to a private asylum, where\\nhe died (1872).", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "292 EPOCH VI. [1875.\\nzens of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, honored the\\nmemory of those who, at Charlotte, signed a Declaration of\\nIndependence only ten days after the capture of Ticonderoga.\\nJune 17 witnessed, at Bunker Hill, an unprecedented gath-\\nering from all parts of the country, Northern and Southern\\nsoldiers vying in devotion to the flag of the Union.\\nfhe Centennial Exhibition. To commemorate the\\nsigning of the Declaration of Independence, an exhibition\\nof the arts and industries of all nations was held at Phila-\\ndelphia, during the summer of 1876. The beautiful\\ngrounds of Fairmount Park were the scene of this impos-\\ning display. The lower floor of the Main Exhibition Build-\\ning, exclusive of the annexes, covered 20.02 acres. There\\nwere more than two hundred smaller structures scattered\\nover the extensive grounds.* The exhibition lasted six\\nmonths. The total number of visitors was 9,910,966.\\nWar with the Sioux (1876).t The Sioux Indians hav-\\ning refused to go upon the reservation assigned them by\\ntreaty, a force of regular troops was sent against them.\\nGeneral Custer led the advance with the Seventh Cavalry,\\nwhile General Terry moved up the Big Horn to attack\\nthem in the rear. On the 25th of June, General Custer\\nsuddenly came upon the enemy. Without waiting for\\nsupport, he detached Colonel Reno with three companies to\\nfall upon the back of the Indian village, while he charged\\nthe savages in front. A desperate conflict ensued. Gen-\\neral Custer, his two brothers, his nephew, and every one\\nSoe Barnes Hundred Years of American Independence, a chapter of which is\\ndevoted to the Centennial Exhibition.\\nA conference at Fort Laramie, .Tune, 1866, coiild not prevail tipon the Indian\\nchiefs present to cede a wagon route to Montana, but troops, under Colonel Carrington,\\nof the 18th Infantry, established military posts on the line. Red Cloud and othere\\nat once began war. The massacre of Petterman s party of 81 officers and men, De-\\ncember 21, 1866, which was as tragic as that of General Custer s command, closed\\nthe first of a series of hostilities which lasted for twelve years thereafter", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "Battle of the Biy Horn. Death of Custer.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "1876.] GRANT S ADMINISTRATION. 293\\nof his men were killed. Colonel Reno was surrounded,\\nbut held his ground on the bluffs until reinforcements\\narrived. The Indians were soon beaten on every hand.\\nPolitical Parties. The republican party nominated\\nRutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, for President, and Wm. A.\\nWlieeler, of New York, for Vice-President. The demo-\\ncratic party chose Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, and\\nThomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The independent\\ngreenback party selected Peter Cooper, of New York, and\\nSamuel F. Gary, of Ohio. This presidential campaign\\nwas so hotly contested between the republicans and the\\ndemocrats, and such irregularities were charged against\\nthe elections in Oregon, South Carolina, Florida, and Loui-\\nsiana, that both these parties claimed the victory. In.\\norder to settle the dispute. Congress agreed to refer the\\ncontested election returns to a Joint Electoral Commis-\\nsion, composed of five senators, five representatives, and\\nfive judges of the Supreme Court. This body decided\\nthat 185 electoral votes had been cast for Hayes and\\nWheeler, and 184 for Tilden and Hendricks. The repub-\\nlican candidates were therefore declared to be elected.*\\nThe principal political questions which agitated the country during this cam-\\npaign were the Southern policy of the government, and the civil service reform.\\n(1.) It was held on one side that negroes and republicans at the South were intimi-\\ndated by force and prevented from voting, and that the presence of the United\\nStates troops was necessary to the preservation of the rights of the citizens, free\\ndiscussion, a free ballot, and an enforcement of the laws. It was asserted, on the\\nother side, that the use of the troops for such purposes was unconstitutional that\\nthe intimidation was only imaginary, or could be readily controlled by the local\\nauthorities; and that the presence of the military provoked violence, and was a\\nconstant insult and menace to the States. (2.) President Jackson, as we have seen\\n(p. 175), introduced into our politics the principle of rotation in office This\\npolicy steadily gained favor until Marcy s maxim, To the victors belong the\\nspoils became the commonly-accepted view; and, after every important election,\\nthe successful party was accustomed to fill even the menial offices of government\\nwith its favorites. Under such a system, the qualification of the applicant was of\\nmuch less importance than the service he had done the party. Hayes promised to\\nmake no dismissal except for cause, and no promotion except for merit", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "294\\nEPOCU VI.\\n[18T7.\\nHAYES ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(NrNETEENTH PRESIDENT: 1877-1881.)\\nDomestic Affairs. U. S. Troops at the South Witii-\\ndrawii. President Hayes Southern policy was one of\\nconciliation. The troops \u00e2\u0096\u00a0which had hitherto sustained\\nthe republican State governments in South Carolina and\\nLouisiana were withdrawn, and democratic officials at\\nonce took control of the local affairs.\\nA Great Railroad\\nStrike was inaugurated\\nby the workmen on the\\nBaltimore and Ohio Rail-\\nroad in the ^summer of\\n18 77, which quickly\\nspread to other roads\\nand paralyzed traffic on\\nnearly all the principal\\nroads in the Northern\\nStates. Alarming riots\\noccurred in many cities,\\nand regular troops and\\nmilitia were required to disperse the rioters. At Pittsburgh\\nscores of lives were lost and several million dollars worth\\nof property was destroyed before order was finally restored.\\nRutherford B. Hayes -was born in Delaware, Ohio, 1822. At sixteen, he entered\\nKenyon College, where he was graduated as valedictorian of his cl;iss. After pass-\\ning through the Harvard Law School, he was admitted to the bar in 1845. At the\\nbreaking out of the Civil War, he received a eonnnission as major of the Twenty-\\nthird Ohio Volunteei-s. In camp, he proved attentive to the wants of his men in\\nbattle, he inspired tliem with his own dashing bravery. While yet in the field,\\nhe was elected to Congress, where he served two terms. Soon after, he wa chosen\\ngovernor of Ohio, being twice re-elected\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the last time after a brilliant, hard-money\\ncampaign which attracted national attention. He died in 1893.\\njaor AT rnrsiaiioii, v\\\\.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "1881.] HAYES ADMINISTRATION. 295\\nChanges in Currency. In 1873, Congress demonetized\\nsilver, and made gold the sole standard of currency but,\\nin 1878, the Bland Bill was passed, making silver also a\\nlegal tender. Then, in 1879, the government resumed\\nspecie payments that is, began to pay gold for its paper\\nmoney; and, for the first time since 1862, gold sold at par.\\nForeign Affairs. Fishery Aiuai^d (1878). Difficulties\\nhaving arisen between the United States and Great Britain\\nconcerning the fisheries of the North-eastern coast, the\\nmatter was referred, by the Treaty of Washington (p. 289),\\nto a commission for adjudication. This body awarded\\nGreat Britain the sum of $5,500,000.\\nTreaties icith China (1880). Two treaties between\\nChina and the United States were signed at Pekin, one\\nin relation to commerce, and the other granting to our\\ngovernment the regulation of the Chinese immigration.\\nPolitical Parties. The noininees for President and Vice-\\nPresident were republican, James A. Garfield of Ohio,\\nand Chester A. Arthur of New York democratic, Winfield\\nS. Hancock of Pennsylvania, and William H. English of\\nIndiana; greenback-labor, James B. Weaver of Iowa, and\\nBenjamin J. Chambers of Texas. The republican candi-\\ndates were elected.\\nGARFIELD AND ARTHUR S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(TWENTIETH AJND TWENTY-FIBST PRESIDENTS: 1881-1885.)\\nThe Inauguration of the twentieth President marked\\nthe hundredth year after the close of the Revolutionary\\nWar, and the twentieth year from the beginning of the\\nCivil War.\\nJames Abram Garfield was born in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 1831. His father\\ncleared a small farm in what was then a wilderness, and dying soon after the birth\\nof his illustrious son, left his family in great poverty. Brought up amidst stem", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "296 EPOCH VI. 1881,\\nAssassitiation of Preside fU Garfield (1881). On the\\nmorning of July 2, the country was shocked by the news\\nthat the President, while standing in the railroad station\\nat Washington, had\\nbeen shot. The start-\\nling tidings produced\\nan effect similar to\\nthat occasioned by the\\ndeath of Lincoln. The\\nwounded President\\nlay for weeks hover-\\ning between life and\\ndeath, an example of\\npatience, fortitude,\\nsuiTOundings, Ms education\\nwas neglected but in his eight-\\neenth year he was seized \u00e2\u0096\u00a0with\\na desire for knowledge, and dur-\\ning one or two winters attended\\na school at some distance from\\nhis home, paying his way by working afternoons and holidays at such employ-\\nment as he could procure. After mastering the elementary branches, he taught\\na district school, meanwhile preparing himself for college. He entered Williams\\nCollege in 1854, from which he was graduated with credit. Soon after, he accepted\\na Professorship in an Institute at Hiram, Ohio. On the outbreak of the war,\\nGarfield offered his services to his countrj and was commissioned as Lieut.-\\nColonel, and, subsequently, as Colonel of the 42d Ohio Volunteers. He took\\npart in the siege of Corinth and in the battle of Chickamauga, and was pro-\\nmoted to Major-Gteneral. While in the field, he was elected to Congress. In\\nthis new sphere, he found opportunity for the development of those rare poUt-\\nical abilities which he exhibited in so marked a degree. Well versed in the\\nBcience of government, he was a wise and prudent legislator. As a member of\\nsome of the most important committees of the House, he molded and influenced\\nmany important economic measures, and was, in 1871, recognized as the leader\\nof his party in the House. So acceptably had he served his constituents during\\nhis long period of office as Representative, that he was chosen United States\\nSenator from Ohio. Before, however, ho could taJce his seat, he was nominated\\nfor the Presidency. Prank, generous, modest, and winning in manner, he was\\nbeloved and respected even by his political opponents. An earnest and dili-\\ngent student, a profound thinker and an able orator, be brought to the Presi-\\ndency a wealth of knowledge, accomplishments, and experience such aa few of\\nour Presidents have possessed.\\nI\\n^.\\\\uli..- A. OAKFIELD.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "1885.] Garfield s administration. 297\\nand courage. In the hope that sea air would be bene-\\nficial, he was removed to Long Branch, N. J., and from\\nthere to Elberon, where he died on the 19th of September.\\nVice-President Arthur* now took the oath of office, and\\nassumed the duties of President.\\nA Civil Service Bill (p. 293) was passed (1883). It\\naimed to regulate, by means of examinations, the system\\nof civil service appointments and promotions.\\nLetter-postage was reduced from three cents to two\\ncents for each half ounce in 1883, and, in 1885, to two\\ncents an ounce.\\nAlaska. In 1884, a bill was approved, organizing the\\nextensive territory of Alaska into a civil and judicial\\ndistrict, with the temporary seat of government at Sitka.\\nPolitical Parties. The nominees for President and Vice-\\nPresident were democratic, Grover Cleveland of New York,\\nand Thomas A. Hendricks (p. 293) of Indiana; republican,\\nJames G. Blaine of Maine, and John A. Logan of Illinois\\npeople s party, B. F. Butler of Massachusetts, and A. M.\\nWest of Mississippi; national prohibition party, J. P. St.\\nJohn of Kansas, and William Daniel of Maryland. The\\ndemocratic candidates were elected.\\nCLEVELAND S FIRST ADMINISTRATION.t\\n(TWENTY-SECOND PRESIDENT: 1885-1889.)\\nThe Inauguration of the new President brought the\\ndemocratic party into power for the first time since\\nChester A. Arthur was horn at Fairfield, Vt., 1830. He was graduated at\\nUnion College, and, having studied law, was admitted to the bar, where he soon\\nobtained a high position. During the Civil War, he served as Quartermaster-\\nGeneral of the State of New York. In 1872, he was appointed Collector of the\\nPort of New York City, and retained this post six years. He died in 1886.\\nGrover Cleveland was born in Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18, 1837. Shortly\\nafter, his father, a Presbyterian clergyman, moved to Central New York. It was", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "298\\nEPOCH VI.\\n[1885.\\nBuchanan left the White House, shortly before the out-\\nbreak of the Civil War.\\nDomestic Affairs. ^i rresidential Succession Lnro was\\npassed (1886) pro-\\nviding that if, at any-\\ntime, there should\\nbe no President or\\nVice-President, the\\noffice of President\\nshould devolve upon\\na member of the\\ncabinet, the order of\\nsuccession being as\\nfollows the Sec-\\nretaries of State,\\nTreasury, and War,\\nthe Attorney-Gen-\\neral, the Postmaster-\\nGeneral, the Secre-\\ntary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Interior.\\nStrikes and L(d)or Disturhnnccs greatly injured busi-\\nness prosperity. In many instances, railroad traftic was\\nsuspended, switches were misplaced, trains derailed, and\\nvaluable property destroyed. In Chicago, May 4th, 1886,\\nthe police attempted to scatter a body of anarchists, when\\nbefore the days of railroads, and the journey was made by schooner up the ITudson\\nto Albany, and thence by packet on the Erie Canal. Younjj: Grover was pureiiing\\nhis academic studies when his father s death left him, at sixt on, without a dollar\\nto continue his education. Having made several efforts to earn his living, he bor-\\nrowed $25, and started west to carve his fortime. At Buffalo, he entered a law\\noffice, began on Blackstone at once, and, in 1859, was admitted to the bar. His\\nmarked indxistry, unpretentious courage, and unswerving honesty won him\\nrapid promotion. In 180. he entered political life, filling, in succession, the offices\\nof Assistant District-Attorney, Sheriff, and !Mayor. Being nominated as the can-\\ndidate of reform, he was elected, in 1882, as Governor of New York by a majority\\nof 192,854, a vote which gave him a national reputation.\\nGROVER CLEVELAND.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "1886.] Harrison s administration. 299\\na bomb was thrown, resulting in the death of seven po-\\nlicemen and the injury of many others.\\nEarthquake Shochs, beginning on the evening of Aug.\\n31,1886, and continuing at intervals for months, wrought\\nspecial damage at Charleston, S. C. Many people were\\nkilled or wounded by falling masonry and public and pri-\\nvate buildings, venerable churches, and historic edifices\\nwere destroyed or irretrievably damaged.\\nPolitical Parties. The question of the tariff (see pp.\\n173, 174) was once more brought before the public. The\\ndemocrats, who advocated a reduction of the duties on\\nimports, renominated Grover Cleveland for President,\\nwith Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, for Vice-President the\\nrepublican (protectionist) candidates were Benjamin Har-\\nrison, of Indiana, and Levi P. Morton, of New York. The\\nprohibition party named Clinton B. Fisk, of New Jersey,\\nand John A. Brooks, of Missouri. Besides these there\\nwere five other tickets in the field. The republican candi-\\ndates were elected.\\nHARRISON S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(TWENTY-THIRD PRESIDENT: 1889-1893.)\\nDomestic Affairs. The Johnstown Flood, May 31,\\n1889, was caused by the breaking of a reservoir dam\\nduring a severe freshet. An immense avalanche of water\\nswept through the Conemaugh Valley (Penn.), destroying\\nover $10,000,000 in property and bringing death to many\\nhundreds of people.\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6Benjamin Harrison was born at North Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. His\\nfather was John Scott Harrison, farmer; his grandfather, William Henry-\\nHarrison. Governor, General, and President (see p. 180); and his great-grand-\\nfather, Benjamin Harrison (see p. 337), one of the signers of the Declaration\\nof Independence. Until about the age of fourteen years, Benjamin was edu-\\ncated mainly at home. He then studied for two yeai-s at Parmer s College,\\nTiear Cincinnati, q,fter which he entered Miaini University, where he graduated", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "800\\nEPOCH VI.\\n[1890.\\nThe Tariff. In 1890 the republican majority in Con-\\ngress passed the McKinley Act, which raised the average\\nrate of duties.\\nIndia n Troubles. In\\nthe autumn of 1890 the\\nSioux Indians of the\\nNorth-west became rest-\\nive. They beUeved that\\nan Indian Messiah was\\ncoming to avenge their\\nwrongs and to extermi-\\nnate the white men. In\\nDecember several thou-\\nsand excited Indians were\\nencamped at Wounded\\nKnee, in South Dakota.\\nAn attempt to disarm the\\nwarriors resulted in a battle on the 2 8th, in which 200 were\\nkilled, including many Indian women and children but\\nwithin twenty days the Indians were all disarmed.\\nBallot Be forj)i. Since 1888 most of the States have\\nadopted the Australian ballot system, with various modifi-\\ncations. The main object of this widespread reform was\\nto diminish corrupt practices in elections; and this was\\neffected (1) by adopting official ballots printed at public\\nexpense, and (2) by securing to the voter absolute privacy\\nin preparing his ballot for voting.\\nin 1852. Choosing the law as his profession, he was iluly admitted to the bar,\\nand established himself in Tndianaiwlis. Upon the breaking out of the Civil\\nWar, ho enlisted in the senice of his country, in which he remained till the\\nclose of hostilities. Commissioned as Colonel of the 70th Indiana Vols., he was\\nbreveted as Brigadier-General for ability, energy, and gallantry. He was\\ngreatly beloved by his men, who bestowed on him the s\u00c2\u00bbnibriquet of Little\\nBen. In 1881, he was elected to the United States Senate, where he displayed\\nconsiderable abilities as a statesman.\\nBENJAUIN HARRISON.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "1893.] Cleveland s second administration. 801\\nLabor Troubles. In the summer of 1892 the opera-\\ntives quit work in the great steel foundries near Pitts-\\nburgh, and at Homestead a riot ensued in which many-\\nwere killed or wounded. Bloody riots took place also at\\nthe mines in Idaho and in Tennessee.\\nAn International Copyright Law was enacted by Con-\\ngress in 1891, after more than half a century of debate.\\nIt gives copyright protection to foreign authors of such\\nnations as secure like protection to Americans.\\nPolitical Parties. The tariff was still the important\\nissue in 1892. The democrats once more nominated\\nGrover Cleveland for President, with Adlai E. Stevenson\\nof Illinois for Vice-President the republicans renomi-\\nnated Benjamin Harrison for President, with Whitelaw\\nReid of New York for Vice-President the people s party,\\nwhich advocated legislation favoring the agricultural\\nclass, nominated James B. Weaver of Iowa, and James G.\\nField of Virginia while the candidates of the prohibition\\nparty were John Bidwell of California, and James B.\\nCranfill of Texas. The democratic candidates were elected.\\nCLEVELAND S SECOND ADMINISTRATION.\\n(TWENTY-FOURTH PRESIDENT: 1893-1897.)\\nDomestic Affairs. The World s Columbian Exposi-\\ntion, in celebration of the four hundredth anniversary of\\nthe discovery of America, having been dedicated in Octo-\\nber, 1892, was opened to the public in May, 1893. This\\ngreat industrial exhibition was created by act of Congress,\\nand held in Chicago, 111. All nations participated. The\\ncost of the exposition was in excess of $31,000,000, and\\nduring the six months -of its continuance the turnstiles\\nrecorded over 21,000,000 paid admissions.\\nExtra Session of Congress. Various causes served", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "302 KPOCII VI. [1893.\\nto bring on a monetary crisis in the spring of 1893, and\\nPresident Cleveland called a special session of Congress,\\nat which was repealed the law of 1890 requiring the gov-\\nernment to buy 4:1- million ounces of silver each month.\\nReduction of the Tari[J\\\\ At the next regular session of\\nCongress the tariff was readjusted by the Gorman-Wilson\\nBill, which became a law August 2 7, 1894.\\nForeign Affairs. Hawaii. In January, 1893, the\\nQueen of the Hawaiian Islands had been deposed; the Ha-\\nwaiian revolutionists applied for annexation to our coun-\\ntry. President Cleveland believed that the revolutionists\\nhad been improperly aided by the American minister, and\\nhe tried to have the Queen restored but the Hawaiians in\\npower made the islands a republic (July 4, 1894).\\nThe Venezuelan Boundary. In 1895 a boundary dispute\\nbetween Venezuela and British Guiana seemed likely to\\nlead to war. Cleveland, following the Monroe Doctrine\\n(p. 173), protested to Great Britain against any seizure of\\nVenezuelan territory. A commission was appointed to\\nascertain the true boundary but before it could report,\\nGreat Britain and Venezuela signed a treaty of arbitration\\n(Feb. 2, 189 7), and the dispute was amicably adjusted.\\nPolitical Parties. The candidates for President and\\nVice-President in 1896 were: republican, in favor of the\\nexisting gold monetary standard, William McKinley of\\nOhio, and Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey democratic, in\\nfavor of free coinage of silver, William J. Bryan of\\nNebraska, and Arthur Sewall of Maine people s party,\\nWilliam J. Bryan, and Thomas E. Watson of Georgia;\\nnational democratic (gold standard), John M. Palmer of\\nIllinois, and Simon B. Buckner of Kentucky; prohibition\\nparty, Joshiia Levtning of Maryland, and Hale Johnson of\\nIllinois. The republican nominees Avere elected.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "1", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "1897.]\\nMckinley s administration.\\n303\\nMCKINLEY S ADMINISTRATION.*\\n(TWENTY-FIFTH PRESIDENT 1897\\nDomestic Affairs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -^C\\nAn extra session of\\nCongress was called to\\nmeet on March 15,\\n1897, for the purpose\\nof increasing the reve-\\nnue. A tariff bill for\\nrevenue and protec-\\ntion, similar in many-\\nrespects to the Mc-\\nKinley Bill of 1890,\\nwas introduced by the\\nrepublicans, and was\\nmade a law July 2-i,\\n1897.\\nDuring the war with Spain Congress passed an act still\\nfurther increasing the revenue (p. 310).\\nIn March, 1900, an act was passed establishing firmly\\nthe gold standard of money, and making it the duty of\\nWilliam McKinley was born at Niles, Trumbull County, Ohio, in 1843. After\\na course of study in the village academy at Poland, O., he entered the junior\\nclass of Allegheny College in 1860 but on the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted\\nas a private in the Union army. Through bravery and meritorious service he rose\\nto the rank of Captain and brevet Major. When peace was restored he studied law,\\nand in 1867 began practice in Canton, O., which has since been his home. His elo-\\nquence and ability in debate soon secured him political prominence, and for seven\\nterms (1877-91) he was a republican Representative in Congress, though once un-\\nseated by his political opponents. He was especially noted as an advocate of a pro-\\ntective tariff, and as he was chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, his\\nname was given to the tariff act of 1890 (p. 300). In the fall of 1890 he was de-\\nleated for Congress on account of changes in the make-up of his district but the\\nnext year he was chosen Gfovernor of Ohio, and in 1893 was reelected by an in-\\ncreased majority.\\nWILLIAM Mckinley.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "304 EPOCH VI. [ir.i2.\\nthe Treasury to inaintaiu all our money on a parity with\\ngold. Ever since 1879 (p. 295) this parity had been main-\\ntained, but it was partly through the exercise of discretion\\nby the Secretary of the Treasury, who might, within the\\nletter of the law, have paid United States notes and bonds\\nin silver coin instead of gold. The act of 1900, however,\\nleft the Secretary no discretion in this matter, and gave\\nhim ample means for keeping all our money equal to gold\\nin value. At the same time it provided for refunding the\\nnational debt by the issue of bonds bearing 2 per cent,\\ninterest, and it allowed national banks to issue bank-notes\\nup to the face value of United States bonds deposited by\\nthem in the Treasury. Previously the banks had been\\nallowed to issue bank-notes up to only 90 per cent, of\\nthe value of the bonds deposited.\\nForeign Affairs the War with Spain. In order to\\nuntlerstand fully the causes of the war with Spain, it is\\nnecessary to review briefly the history of Cuba. In 1512,\\nthe Spaniards under Velasquez subdued the peaceful na-\\ntives of Cuba and burned their chief at the stake. This\\nwas the keynote of Spanish misrule in the Pearl of the\\nAntilles, a policy which continued for nearly four cen-\\nturies.\\nThe original Indians were reduced to slavery, 300\\nbeing assigned to every Spaniard for the cultivation of\\nhis plantation. From that time on, under a succession\\nof captains general beginning with Hernando de Soto,\\nthe island of Cuba was governed for the benefit of the\\nSpaniards in Spain at the expense of the people in Cuba.\\nUnder a system cf cruelty the Indians became almost ex-\\ntinct, and were succeeded by a mixed people composed of\\nSpanish colonists and African slaves. Their descendants\\ngrew more discontented and rebellious; for their foreign", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "1849.] THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 305\\nrulers became more greedy and severe, while the is-\\nlanders were constantly denied any voice in the local\\ngovernment.\\nThe geographical location of Cuba, as time went on,\\nhelped to make the people of the island more set in their\\npurpose to be freed from Spanish tyranny.\\nTheir island laj^ at the very door of the Gulf of Mexico,\\nand but 130 miles from the shores of the great republic\\nwhich itself came into being through the struggle of revo-\\nlution. The spirit of freedom is contagious and the\\nCubans saw on the one hand a free people throwing its\\narms around territory once owned by their oppressors, and\\non the other hand Mexico and the South American prov-\\ninces passing from under the yoke of Spain.\\nThe United States came to be the natural resort for\\nCuban leaders, juntas, and revolutionary plotters. In spite\\nof the watchfulness of our government, two noted but\\nfruitless expeditions were formed by Narciso Lopez on\\nour shores, and landed on the island in 1850 and 1851\\n(p. 193). The most dangerous insurrection was plotted on\\nthe island itself in 186 7, and came to a head in the out-\\nbreak of 1868. It spread rapidly over a large part of the\\nisland, and in 1869 the insurgents organized a temporary\\ngovernment. The war thus begun continued ten years,\\nduring which time Spain sent to Cuba 80,000 soldiers.\\nThe United States could not look without anxiety upon\\nthese struggles of a neighboring people to be free. The at-\\ntempt of Spain to tighten the reins of European oppres-\\nsion was contrary to the New World policy and spirit\\n(p. 173); and several of our statesmen and Presidents,\\nforeseeing danger to American peace in the repeated fail-\\nures of Cuba, were in favor of purchasing the island as the\\neasiest way out of the difficulty.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "306 EPOCH VI. [1895.\\nThus the remote causes of the war between the United\\nStates and Spain are found in the unceasing tyranny and\\ncruelty of Spanish rule in the unflinching resolution of\\nthe Cubans to secure their freedom; and in the settled\\npolicy of the United States to end the standing menace to\\nher own peace, and to oppose any increase of European\\ndespotism in the Western Hemisphere.\\nImmediate Causes of the War. At the beginning of\\n18 J 5 the condition of Cuba was more acute than ever be-\\nfore. The veterans of the rebellion of 1868, who had been\\nexiled and had found refuge in the United States and in\\nother American republics, together with a large number\\nof younger Cuban patriots outside of the island, conspired\\nwith their restless sympathizers in Cuba to bring on a new\\nstruggle for freedom. The first expedition was planned\\nto sail (Jan. 1-1, 189o) from Fernandino, Fla., but was\\nprevented by the United States government. This event\\nserved to call the attention of Spain to the threatening\\ndanger, but revolts soon took place in various parts of\\nCuba. Later expeditions succeeded better, and Antonio\\nMaceo arrived (March 31) in Cuba with a force of men\\nand a supply of rifles and cannon. Maximo Gomez also\\ngathered a small army, and was later made commander-in-\\nchief of the patriot army. The Cuban ])atriots organized\\nin the valley of the Yara (July 1 5) a provisional govern-\\nment, which was afterward permanently located on the\\nmountain of Cubitas, strongly fortified by nature and\\nremote from towns and cities.\\nMarshal Campos had been sent over (April) from S[)ain\\nto put down the rebellion but the insurgents held their\\nground, though greatly outnumbered by the Spanish troops.\\nSpain, dissatisfied with the dilatory conduct of Marshal\\nCampos, recalled him, and appointed in his place General\\nI", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "1896.] THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 307\\nWeyler, who had commended himself to the Spaniards in\\nCuba by his cruel conduct in the former rebellion. With\\nthe arrival of Weyler (Feb. 10, 1896) began the most\\nexciting causes of our war with Spain. He immediately\\nproclaimed death or imprisonment for life as a penalty for\\na long list of offenses, including the circulation of news\\nfavorable to the rebellion, and praise for the rebels. He\\ndid nothing to prevent continued outrages upon American\\ncitizens and their property. He issued a proclamation\\n(Oct. 21) compelling all men not in the army, and all\\nwomen and children, to concentrate in the cities and\\ntowns, where, without food and shelter, 250,000 of these\\nreconcentrados subsequently perished from starvation\\nand disease. His policy of extermination extended to\\nevery part of the island in reckless burning and slaughter.\\nIn April, 1896, Congress by joint resolutions recognized\\nthe belligerent rights of the Cubans in the ports and\\nterritory of the United States, and recommended that\\nthe friendly offices of this government should be offered\\nby the President to the Spanish government for the recog-\\nnition of the independence of Cuba. In his annual mes-\\nsage (Dec, 1896) President Cleveland referred to the\\ninhumanity of the Spanish war policy, and to the many\\nmillions of dollars invested by Americans in Cuban prop-\\nerties, which would be lost in the general ruin should\\nthe war go on.\\nAfter the inauguration of President McKinley, and dur-\\ning the special session of Congress (p. 303), startling reports\\ncame from Cuba saying that many Americans were in-\\ncluded in the starving multitudes. In answer to an ap-\\npeal from the President (May, 1897), Congress voted an\\nappropriation of $50,000 for immediate relief. A more\\nliberal government now came into power in Spain, to", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "808\\nEPOCH VI.\\n[I89b.\\nwhich the President protested against the conduct of\\naffairs in Cuba. General Weyler was recalled, and Gen-\\neral Blanco arrived on Oct, 30, offering a scheme of\\nautonomy, or home rule, for the Cubans. This change\\nof policy inspired the President with the hope of peace-\\nful settlement, but the scheme failed. The Spanish resi-\\ndents grew more abusive toward Americans, the life of\\nConsul-Gen eral Lee was threatened, and nothing was\\ndone by Spain to stop the sufferings and starvation of\\nthe reconcentrados.\\nEvents of a deeply irritating nature now occurred. The\\nSpanish minister, in a private letter which was stolen\\nand x^ublished (Feb. 8, 1898), made disparaging remarks\\nabout the President. The battle-ship Maine, which had been\\nsent to the harbor of Havana (Jan. 24), was destroyed on\\nFeb. 15, and 2 60 of her officers and men were killed. A\\nAFTER THE DE.STlun loN iil 1111, MAINi\\ncourt of inquiry found that the ship had been destroyed\\nby a mine, but was unable to fix the responsibility of the\\ndisaster. Nevertheless the people regarded the occurrence\\nas an act of Spanish tyranny, treachery, and inhumanity.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "1898.]\\nTHE WAR WITH SPAIN.\\n309\\nand a billow of indignation and resentment swept over the\\ncountry.\\nPreparations for War. Even before the court had re-\\nported (March 21) on tlie destruction of the Maine, the\\nwar spirit was thoroughly aroused. A bill had been\\npassed (March 9) appropriating $50,000,000 for the\\nnational defense, to be expended at the discretion of the\\nPresident. Great activity began in the Army and Navy\\nDepartments, and not a moment too soon, for the Spanish\\nfleet of armored cruisers and torpedo-boat destroyers\\nsailed for the West Indies on March 14. Commodore\\n(later Rear-Admiral) Schley was\\nordered to gather at Hampton\\nRoads a flying squadron to pro-\\ntect our coasts.\\nDuring the month of April\\n(1898) events followed one\\nanother with great rapidity.\\nUnited States consuls were re-\\ncalled from Cuba (April 5). The\\nPresident sent a message to Con-\\ngress (April 11) saying: In the\\nname of humanity, in the name\\nof civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests\\nwhich give us the right and duty to speak and act, the\\nwar in Cuba must stop. Congress adopted a resolution\\n(April 19) declaring that the people of Cuba are, and of\\nright ought to be, free and independent, demanding the\\nwithdrawal of Spain from the island, and authorizing the\\nPresident to use our entire land and naval forces so far as\\nnecessary to carry the resolution into effect. The Spanish\\ngovernment sent the United States minister his passports\\n(April 21). This was practically a declaration of war.\\nEEAR-ADMIUAL SCHLEY.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "310\\nEPOC PI VI.\\n[1898.\\nREAK-AUMIKAL SAMPSUN.\\nBeginning of the War. On April 24 Congress adopted\\na formal declaration of war with Spain, stating that war\\nhad existed since April 21. The President had already\\nproclaimed (April 22) the blockade\\nof Cuban ports and ordered Admiral\\nSampson s squadron to enforce it.\\nA call had been issued (April 23)\\nfor 125,000 volunteers. To meet\\nthe war expenditures a bill was\\npassed (June) providing for the\\nlevy of stamp taxes, an inheritance\\ntax, and a special duty on tea for\\nthe coining of silver at the rate of\\n$1,500,000 a month for the issue\\nof $400,000,000 in 3 per cent, bonds;* and for a tempo-\\nrary loan amounting to $100,000,000.\\nProgress of the War. It was evident from the outset\\nthat the war was to be carried on mainly by naval con-\\nflicts, although Spain had a very large army in Cuba.\\nIn a naval campaign the advantage is generally with the\\nattacking party. The Spanish fleet, on its way to the\\nWest Indies, had already gathered (April 2) at the Cape\\nVerde Islands, where it Avas thoroughly equipped for active\\nservice. For what point it was heading was a question of\\nmuch anxietj^ It might descend upon the North Atlantic\\ncities and to provide against such an event Commodore\\nSchley was ordered to patrol the coast, while the blockad-\\ning squadron was to prevent the Spanish Admiral Cervera\\nfrom entering the harbor of Havana. Admiral Sampson s\\nsquadron later went to keep watch in the eastern West\\nIndies.\\nI\\nOf tlie war boiiils 00,000,000 were offered for popular subscription, but the\\nwhole issue was subscribed for in sums less than \u00c2\u00a75,000.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "1898.]\\nTHE WAR WITH SPAIN.\\n311\\nA part of the Pacific squadron, under Commodore (later\\nAdmiral) Dewey;, lay off the coast of China. To this squad-\\nron belonged also the great battle-ship Oregon, which,\\nagainst the popular judgment, was ordered to sail (March\\n12) from San Francisco and to join the fleet in the West\\nIndies.\\nLater on, Cervera s fleet was reported (May 12) off Mar-\\ntinique, and it was feared that Cervera was heading to\\nintercept the Oregon, then off the eastern coast of South\\nAmerica.\\nThe First Decisive Battle. After the search for Cer-\\nvera had begun. Commodore Dewey s fleet of six war-\\nships sailed (April 2 7) from near Hongkong for the Philip-\\nI! VliLl- OF MANILA BAV.\\npine Islands. Before daybreak on Sunday, May 1, Dewey\\npassed quietly into the harbor and by the defenses of\\nManila Bay, and at sunrise opened fire upon the Spanish", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "812\\nEPOCH VI.\\n[1898\\nADMIKAI, DEWEY.\\nwar-vessels commanded by Admiral Montojo. By noon\\nthe entire ftpanish squadron of ten vessels was sunk or\\ndestroyed, with a loss of over 600\\nmen killed and wounded. None of\\nDewey s men was killed, and but\\nseven were wounded. This, the\\nmost remarkable naval victory on\\nrecord, was followed by the promo-\\ntion of Dewey to the rank of Rear-\\nAdniiral, and linally to that of Ad-\\nmiral, of the navy.\\nDestruction of Cervera s Ships.\\nFrom Martinique Cervera sailed\\nfor Cuba and quietly entered the\\nharbor of Santiago (May 19). Schley had gone in pursuit\\nand was soon guarding the entrance to this harbor. Samp-\\nson, after a slight bombardment of the defenses of San\\nJuan in Puerto Rico, hurried away and joined Schley (Maj\\n30), after which the combined fleets, under the command\\nof Sampson, bombarded without effect the defenses of\\nSantiago Ba}^ It was impossible for our fleet to move into\\nthe landlocked harbor, on account of the narrowness of\\nthe channel and the existence of mines.\\nAt this point occurred one of the most courageous and\\nbrilliant exploits (^f the Avar. Cervera s fleet was indeed\\nbottled up, but was not secured against a possible\\nescape by night or during a storm. The idea was con-\\nceived of sinking the collier Merrimac to cork the en-\\ntrance, and Naval-Constructor Hobson, with seven men,\\nconducted the ship (June 3), under a terrific fire, to the\\nnarrowest place in the channel, where they blew a hole in\\nher hull and sank the ship. The men were unharmed,\\nbut were captured, and soon after were exchanged.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "1898.]\\nTHE WAR WITH SPAIN\\n313\\nMeanwhile there was great activity in recruiting, equip-\\nping, and moving the army. The President had called\\n(May 25) for 75,000 additional vohmteers. General\\nShatter s army of 18,000 was transported to a point near\\nSantiago, where it was landed\\nJune 20-2 2. On July 1 the\\nouter defenses of Santiago, in-\\ncluding the earth-works of El\\nCaney and San Juan Hill, were\\nassaulted and captured,* and\\nafter more fighting on July 2 the\\nfall of Santiago seemed certain.\\nThe doom of Santiago carried\\nwith it the fate of the Spanish fleet\\nin the harbor. Hence Cervera\\nwas ordered to break out of the\\ninclosure. In obedience to this order he passed through the\\nchannel imperfectly blocked by the Merrimac on Sunday\\nmorning, July 3. The fire of our war-ships was opened\\nupon Cervera s vessels as they filed out, and within a few\\nhours all the Spanish ships were destroyed, over 600 of\\nthe Spaniards were killed, and 1,800 were captured, in-\\ncluding Admiral Cervera himself. The loss to the Amer-\\nicans was one killed and one wounded. Although the\\nentire fleet was under the command of Sampson, it hap-\\npened that when this battle began he was a few n:iiles\\naway, going to a conference with General Shaffer. Schley,\\nhowever, was in the thickest of the fight.\\nThe Surrender of Santiago was compelled by the valor\\nand courageous fighting of our soldiers, and in no small\\nGENERAL SHAFTEE.\\nIn this action Roosevelfs Kough Riders figured conspicuously. Tlie Rough.\\nRiders were a regiment of volunteer cavalry recruited largely from AVestern cow-\\nboys and Eastern athletes.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "314\\nK P O C II V I.\\n[1898.\\nTHE OUUUOK UFF SA^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0rl.\\\\G( .IlLY .1.\\ndegree by the destruction of the Spanish war fleet. On\\nthe morning of July 8, General Shaffer sent to the Spanish\\ncommander a demand for the surrender of his army and\\nthe city, and this demand was complied with on July 17.\\nOur losses in tlie different engagements were 2 2 officers\\nand 208 men killed 81 officers and 1,203 men wounded\\nand ?9 missing. The Spanish\\nlosses were estimated at 1,500\\nkilled and wounded.\\nThe Closing Campaign in the\\nWest Indies was the expedition\\nto Puerto Rico under General\\nMiles, tlie commanding general\\nof the army. With great skill\\nand strategy General Miles con-\\ncealed his movements and des-\\ntination, and landed (July 25)\\nat Guanica, though he was expected to disembark near\\nSan Juan. Two minor engagements took place (Aug. 9,10),\\nliKNHKAL MILES.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "1898.] THE WAR WITH SPAIN 315\\nand a conclusive struggle was in preparation when the order\\nto stop further fighting was received from Washington.\\nThe surrender of the island quickly followed. Our losses in\\nthe Puerto Rico campaign were but 8 killed and -iO wounded.\\nThe Peace Protocol. The sudden ending of the Puerto\\nRico campaign was caused by an important question from\\nthe Spanish government. With most of her navy sunk,\\nwith part of her army captured, and with her treasury ex-\\nhausted, Spain had no hope in the further prosecution of\\nthe war, and she asked, through the French ambassador at\\nWashington, upon what terms the United States would\\nconsent to a cessation of hostilities. The result was the\\nprotocol, signed on Aug. 1 2 by our Secretary of State and\\nthe French ambassador, providing that Spain should relin-\\nquish all claim to Cuba that she should cede to the United\\nStates the island of Puerto Rico and an island among the\\nLadrones that the United States should occupy and hold\\nManila pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace that\\nSpain should immediately evacuate Cuba, Puerto Rico, and\\nother islands in the West Indies and that each govern-\\nment within ten days from the signing of the protocol\\nshould appoint not more than five commissioners to meet\\nin Paris not later than Oct. 1,1898, and treat for peace.\\nThe Capture of Manila. As early as May 25, an army\\ncorps was sent to the Philippine Islands to assist Admiral\\nDewey in capturing and holding Manila. This corps was\\nafterward reenforced by several divisions, making in all\\nan army of 11,000 officers and men, under General Wesley\\nMerritt. The news of the protocol had not yet reached\\nthis far-distant point when, on Aug. 13, Manila was\\nbombarded by the war fleet, the defenses were Carried by\\nthe army, and early in the afternoon the city was sur-\\nrendered.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "810 EPOCH VI. [1898.\\nThe Peace Treaty was completed and signed at Paris,\\nDec. 10, 1898. The most important additions to the\\nterms contained in the protocol were the cession of the\\nPhilippines by Spain; the payment of $20,000,000 to\\nSpain and the naming of Guam as the member of the\\nLadrone group referred to in the protocol. The treaty was\\nafterward submitted to the two governments for approval,\\nand was conlirined by the United States Senate Feb.\\n6,1899.\\nThe Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands was unex-\\npectedly hastened during the piogivss of the war with\\nSpain. Objections to aimexation wliich the Hawaiian peo-\\nple had for five years failed to overcome now yielded to\\nthe logic of events. Even before the protocol was signed,\\nthe war operations in Asiatic waters, and the possibility\\nthat the Philippines might fall into the possession of the\\nUnited States, made clear the importance of the Hawaiian\\nIslands as a naval and military station. The joint resolu-\\ntion of annexation was therefore passed by Congress, July\\n6, 1898. In 1900 (April 2 7) Congress passed a bill giving\\nto th(^ islands a modified form of Territorial government.\\nThe Acquisition of Tutuila and Wake, though having no\\ndirect connection with the Spanish war, was closely related\\nto the policy of expansion. In 18.S9 the 14 islands consti-\\ntuting the Samoan group were by agreement taken under\\nthe joint protection of Great Britain, Germany, and the\\nUnited States. During the ten years following, troubles\\ngrowing out of the rivalry of chiefs for the kingship of the\\nislands led to vexatious differences between Great Britain\\nand the United States on the one side, and Germany on the\\nother. In April, 1899, the three powers appointed a com-\\nmission to settle the difficulties. The result was a treaty\\nb}^ which Great Britain gave u\\\\) her interest, and Germany", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "1899.]\\nOUR NEW POSSESSIONS.\\n317\\ntook possession of all the islands except Tutuila and some\\nsmall neighboring islands, which were made the property\\nof the United States. Tutuila contains 54 square miles,\\n4,000 inhabitants, has the only safe harbor in the group,\\nand is an important naval and coaling station.\\nWake is a small, rocky island in the direct route from\\nHawaii to Hongkong. It was taken possession of by the\\nUnited States (February, 189 9), in anticipation of its value\\nas a station for any cable line that might be laid to connect\\nwith the Philippines.\\nLonrftude 120 V\\n130 Longiturle West 12U from Greenwich CO\\nUNITED STATES AND OUTLYING POSSESSIONS.\\nOur Spanish Possessions after the War; Cuba. In the\\ndisposition of Cuba, the intention of the United States had\\nbeen made plain by the joint resolution adopted by Con-\\ngress April 19, 1898. Cuba was to be set free and to be\\nleft to the control and government of its own people at the\\nearliest practicable moment. The Cuban policy, therefore,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "318 EPOCH VI. [i8fa\\nwas a simple one, and military occupation by the United\\nStates was welcomed. The people have returned to their\\nindustrial pursuits, vigorous sanitary measures have gone\\nforward, courts and municipal governments have been re-\\nestablished, and common schools have been opened. None\\nof the ordinary foreign relations have been disturbed, and\\na census has been taken preparatory to the organization of\\na general popular government.\\nPuerto Rico, having been ceded to the United States,\\npresented a complex case. The people welcomed our\\narmy, and were encouraged in the belief that their coun-\\ntry was a part of the United States and would enjoy the\\nfull benefit of this relation. The formal possession (Oct.\\n18, 1898) was cheerfully yielded.\\nThe occurrence of a destructive hurricane (August,\\n1899) compelled the people to depend on the bounty of\\nthe United States, which in a few months distributed to\\nthem over 30,000,000 pounds of food. The destruction\\nof their crops only increased the impatience with which\\nthe Puerto Ricans waited for Congress to settle their new\\nrelations and restore their industries. Their separation\\nfrom Spain had cut off a free market for their main prod-\\nucts, which now entered our country under tariff rules.\\nA special commissioner appointed by the President to\\nexamine the condition of the island reported in favor of\\nthe usual Territorial form of government. The removal of\\nall tariff rates from trade between the island and the\\nUnited States was recommended by General Miles, by the\\nSecretary of War, and by the President, who, in view of\\nthe growing distress of the islanders, urged the opening of\\nfree trade in his message to Congress (December, 1899).\\nWith this view the sentiment of the country appeared\\nto agree.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "1900.] OUR NEW POSSESSIONS. 319\\nBut Congress hesitated. A new question had come in\\nwith the new island possessions Are tliey parts of tlie\\nUnited States, and as such under the Constitution or are\\nthey merely colonial i^ossessions and outside the force of\\nthe Constitution? As a measure of temporary relief, a bill\\nwas passed (March, 1900) returning the duties collected\\nhitherto on Puerto Rican imports, amounting.to upward of\\n$2,000,000, for the benefit of the island.\\nAfter a long and vigorous contest. Congress passed an\\nact (April 11, 1899) which provides for a government to\\nbe exercised by a Governor and an Executive Council\\nappointed by the President a House of Delegates to be\\nelected by the people of the island a Supreme Court to be\\nappointed by the President and enacts that a tariff of 1 5\\nper cent, of the regular duties be levied on imports from\\nPuerto Rico into the United States, and on imports from\\nthe United States into Puerto Rico this feature, how-\\never, to remain in force onh^ until March 1, 1902, or any\\nearlier date, if local taxation shall be sufficient to meet\\nthe expenses of the island.\\nGuam is the largest of the Ladrone Islands, and is 5,200\\nmiles from San Francisco on the direct route to the Philip-\\npines. It is 100 miles in circumference, and contains\\nabout 9,000 inhabitants, mostly descended from the Fili-\\npinos and speaking the Spanish language. Formal posses-\\nsion of the island was taken in February, 189 9.\\nThe Annexation of the Philippine Islands was attended\\nby difficulties that had not affected the formal possession\\nof the other islands ceded by the treaty. Puerto Rico and\\nGuam were each one and united. The Philippines were\\nmany and were divided. The former islands cheerfully\\nconsented to the sovereignty of the United States. The\\nisland of Luzon, as represented by Aguinaldo and other in-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "320 EPOCH VI. [1899.\\ntelligent Tagals, objected to any sovereignty foreign to\\nitself, and was determined upon political independence for\\nitself and its neighbors. For three years these Filipinos had\\nfought bravely against the tyranny of Spain, and looked\\nfor absolute independence when the yoke of Spain should\\nbe removed. In this hope they found sympathy with some\\nAmericans who believed that our traditions and the Con-\\nstitution forbade us to exercise sovereignty over any\\npeople without their free consent. On the other hand, the\\nopinion that guided the administration and Congress was\\nthat republican sovereignty may undertake the governing\\nof a weak and ignorant people, even without their consent,\\nuntil they are capable of governing themselves.\\nThe War in the Philippines arose when there was no\\nactive sovereignty over the islands, during the long inter-\\nval between the signing and the confirmation of the Paris\\ntreaty. General Merritt was suc-\\nceeded by General Elwell S. Otis,\\nwho occupied Manila, while the in-\\nsurgent Filipinos controlled most\\nof the remainder of Luzon. On\\nFeb. 4, 1899, the Filipinos be-\\ngan the war by attacking the\\ndefenses of Manila they were re-\\n[Hilsed, with a loss of 2,000 men.\\nAfter this General Otis directed an\\nGKNKKAI. OTIS. i1 1 j.\\naggressive campaign throughout\\nthe island, our armies being under the immediate com-\\nmand of Generals MacArthur, Wheaton, and Lawton. ISIa-\\nlolos, the Filipino capital, was captured on March 8 1. The\\narmy also took possession of Iloilo, in the i.sland of Panay\\n(Feb. 11), and the navy occupied (beginning March 27)\\nCebu, Mindanao, Ncgros, and smaller islands. About", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": ".21", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "1900.] THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES. 3.21\\nthe same time an agreement was concluded with the\\nSultan of Sulu, by which his rights were secured and our\\nsovereignty was recognized. The army of the Filipinos\\nhas been broken up and scattered.\\nIn December, 1899, the brave G-eneral Lawton was\\nkilled while attacking San Mateo.\\nAn able commission of civilians, to which were added\\nAdmiral Dewey and General Otis, was appointed by the\\nPresident to examine the condition of the Philippines, and\\nbegan labor on March 2 0, 1899. In a proclamation\\n(April 4) the Commission offered the Filipinos everything\\nshort of absolute independence but the insurgents held\\nout. In its report the Commission says that while the\\npeople of the Philippine Islands hunger and thirst for their\\nrights and liberties, they do not, in the opinion of the\\nCommission, generally desire independence.\\nUnder military government, progress toward the im-\\nprovement of the Philippine Islands is being made on the\\nsame lines as in Cuba. Local governments are encouraged,\\nschools are established, sanitary reforms are set in motion,\\nthe ports are opened, and the famous Manila hemp, so long\\ndenied to the trade, is again on its way to an eager market.\\nIn February, 19 00, the President began the formation\\nof a new Commission to control and take charge of .all\\nmatters connected with the construction of a government,\\nand to appoint all necessary civil officers. Judge William\\nH. Taft of Cincinnati was made president of the Commis-\\nsion the other members are Professor Dean C. Worces-\\nter, a member of the former Commission General Luke\\nE. Wright, a lawyer of Tennessee Henry C. Ide, a Vermont\\nlawyer and Bernard Moses, Professor of History and Polit-\\nical Economy in the University of California. The Com-\\nmission sailed from San Francisco April 17, 1900.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "322 EPOCH VI. [i867.\\nStates admitted during the Sixth Epoch. Nebraska,\\nthe thirty-seventh tState, was admitted to the Union March\\n1, lyG7. Tlie name signifies water valley. Its territory\\nwas pai t of the Luuisiana purchase. Colorado was declared\\na State August 1, 18 76. Congress decided to admit it\\nMarch 8, 1875, and its constitution was ratified by its peo-\\nple July 1, 18 76; hence it is known as the Centennial\\nState. Colorado produces a vast amount of gold, silver,\\nand lead. Its territory came partly from the Louisiana\\npurchase and partly from Mexico.\\nNbrtJt Dalota and South DuAvta were admitted Novem-\\nber 2, 1889. They had previously formed the Territory of\\nDakota, which was organized in 1861^ -Montana entered\\nthe Union November 8, 1889, and Washington November\\n11 of the same year. In 1890 Idaho (July 3) and Wyo-\\nmdng {July 10) were admittrd. This group of six States\\nwas traversed by the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804-\\n1806 (p. 209), but their rapid settlement did not take\\nplace till after the Civil War. Since the building of the\\ngreat transcontinental railroads their growth has been\\nremarkable.\\nUtaJi, the forty-fifth State, was admitted to the Union\\nJanuary 4, 189(). The Mormons made their first settle-\\nment tluTc (p. 1S3, note) wlu U Utah was part of Mexico.\\nThey rapidly increased in numbers, and for a time were\\ninclined to oppose the Federal authority. Congress organ-\\nized the Territory of Utah in 1850, and later made laws\\ndesigned to break u}) the practice of polygamy there. Utah\\nasked admission to the Union, but this was denied until\\nafter the Mormon Church had given up polygamy and the\\npeople of LTtah had adopted a constitution forever pro-\\nhibiting it.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "1783.] TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT. 323\\nPROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION.\\nTerritorial Development (Ma^D of Vlth Epoch). The\\nTreaty with Great Britain (Sept. 2, 1783) fixed the bound-\\naries of the United States as the Atlantic Ocean, the\\nGreat Lakes, the Mississippi River, and the north Hne of\\nFlorida. The Thirteen Colonies occupied only a narrow\\nstrip along the Atlantic sea-board. The interior, as far as\\nthe Mississippi, belonged to the States individually, but\\nwas finally given to the General Government (p. 19-i).\\nIn 1787 the region north of the Ohio was organized\\ninto the North-western Territory (p. 2 01). Louisiana was\\npurchased of France in 1803 (p. 155). Lewis and Clark s\\nexpedition (p. 209) gave the first accurate information\\nconcerning this vast territory. Florida was purchased of\\nSpain (p. 173) by a treaty proposed Feb. 2 2, 1819, signed\\nby the King of Spain Oct. 24, 1820, and ratified by the\\nUnited States Feb. 19, 1821. The treaty also relin-\\nquished all Spanish authority over the region west of the\\nRocky Mountains and north of 42\u00c2\u00b0 N. Lat.*\\nIn the beginning of the war of 1812, a strip of coast\\nabout fifty miles wide, lying between Florida and Louisiana,\\nThe map of the Vlth Epoch is based upon one given in the Census of 1870.\\nThis represents the Louisiana purchase as reaching to the Pacific Ocean. Some\\nmaps, accepting the Spanish version, extend Louisiana only to the Roclcy Mountains.\\nSuch authorities hold that the title of the United States to Oregon antedates the\\nFrench cession and is based upon the discovery of the mouth of the Columbia by\\nCapt. Oray (p. 208) in 1792. A full discussion of our claim to Oregon may be foixnd\\nin Barrows Oregon, chap. XXI. In a brief work like this it is not possible to\\nenter upon such a topic. In fact, it has no real importance. It is enough for the\\npupil to know that G-ray discovered, Lewis and Clark explored, and the American\\nFur Company (p. 209) occupied, the fertile region drained by the Columbia and\\nthat, during the progress of these events, France ceded to the United States her\\nclaim to all territory west of the Mississippi (1803)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a claim which France had\\nreceived from Spain only three, years before (1800) and had herself ceded to Spain\\nin 1763 (p. 90). Lieut. Pike was sent, in 1805, to search for the source of the\\nMississippi and in 180G- 7 he ventured into what is now Kansas.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "824 EPOCH VI. [184.-..\\nconsidered by Spain as a part of Florida, had been seized\\nby the United States as part of the Louisiana purchase.\\nTexas was annexed in 18-45 (p. 205). The Mexican ces-\\nsion of 18-48 gave the United States an immense territory\\n(p. 2 08). Alaska was purchased in 1867. In 1898 and\\n1809, w^e acquired several island possessions.\\nWhen the Declaration of Independence was made, the\\narea of the young republic was about 800,000 square\\nmiles. It is now nearly 4,000,000 square miles.\\nThe Population. In 1800, Portland, Me., Providence,\\nR. I., and Richmond, Va., were only small towns. Lancas-\\nter, Pa., with a population of 6,000 (1 7 77), was the largest\\nInland place. St. Louis, New Orleans, and Mobile were\\nthen in foreign territory. Chicago was for years a mere\\ntrading-station, surrounded by the wigwams of savages.\\nThe population of the entire United States at the time\\nof the first census was less than 4,000,000. The census of\\n1890 showed over 62,000,000. The center of population\\nin 1790 was 23 miles east of Baltimore; in 1890 it had\\nmoved westward to a point near Greensburg, Ind. In 1 790\\nthere were only five cities Philadelphia, New York, Bos-\\nton, Charleston, and Baltimore having a population of\\nover 10,000 in 1890 there were more than 350.\\nThe Post-offices in 1790 numbered 75. Between New\\nYork and Philadelphia there were only five mails per\\nweek, and it required two days for a letter to go this short\\ndistance.* They were generally carried throughout the\\nThe tedious mode of travel in the early days is well illustrated in the following\\nincident In 1824-^5, an effort was made in Congi-ess to admit Oregon. Mr. Dick-\\ninson of New Jersey declared that the project of a St-ate upon the Pacific was an\\nabsurdity. The distance that a member of Congress from Oregon would be obliged\\nto travel in coming to the seat of government and returning home, would be 0,200\\nmiles. If he should travel thirty miles per day, it would require 306 days allow-\\ning for Sundays, forty-foui-, it would amount to :J50 days. This would leave the\\nmember a fortnight to r st at Washington before he eonunenced his journey home.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "Progress of Invention\\n1. ONE OF THK FIRST BALLOONS MADE. 2. WAR BAIXOON, WITH ELECTRIO LIGHT ATTACHED TO ILLU-\\nMINATE FORTIFICATIONS AT NKtHT. 3. AN OLD STA(}E-rOAOH. 4. A PARLOR CAR. 5. FIRST LOCOMOTIVE.\\n6. MODERN LOCOMOTIVE. 7. FULTON S STEAM-BOAT. S. OCEAN STEAM-SHIP. .I. THE OLD ANVIL. 10. THE\\nMODERN TRIP-HAMMER. 11. OLD STYliE NAVAL BATT1.E. 12. NEW STYLE THE TORPEDO BOAT.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "MANUFACTURES AND MECHANIC ARTS. 325\\ncountry by men on horseback, the saddle-bags easily\\nholding the scanty number of letters and papers then\\nsent. Mails were forwarded between New York and Bos-\\nton three times per week in summer, and twice in winter.\\nIn remote places, the mail was allowed to accumulate\\nuntil enough was secured to pay the cost of transmission.\\nIt was a favored rural village that had a weekly mail.\\nThe time of its arrival was locally known as the post-\\nday and when the postman came he found crowd\\nassembled to receive the few letters he brought, and to\\nhear the newspaper read by the minister or landlord.\\nFrom 1789 until 1816, the postage on a single letter\\ncarried under 4 miles was 8 cents over 4 and under 9\\nmiles, 10 cents; over 500 miles, 25 cents. In 1889, we\\nhad about 59,000 post-offices, while the length of the post-\\nroutes had increased from 1875 miles to 416,000 miles.\\nManufactures and the Mechanic Arts. The Revolu-\\ntionary War was fought by men clad mainly in homespun,\\nand using a flint-lock hunting rifle. Manufactures had\\nbeen steadily repressed by the mother country (p. 101),\\nand agriculture was the favorite pursuit. The mechanic\\narts save ship-building in New England ^had made little\\nprogress. The farm-house was a manufactory of all the\\narticles of daily use. Clothes, hats, shoes, and harnesses\\nwere made at home. Even nails were hammered out in\\nthe winter time. The hand-cart, spinning-wheel, and loom\\nwere common pieces of furniture. The land was turned\\nby a plow whose mold-board was faced with strips of iron\\nmade by straightening old horse-shoes. The grass was cut\\nby a scythe the grain, by a sickle. Wheat, oats, rye, etc.\\nwere threshed out on the barn floor with a flail, or trodden\\nout by cattle. The flax and wool were carded, spun, and\\nwoven into cloth by the women of the household.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "32(] EPOCH VI.\\nWith freedom came such a marvelous development of\\nthe mechanic arts and manufactures as to make the word\\nYankee a synonym for ingenuity.\\nCotton had been grown only in the flower-garden.\\nWhen eight bags of this staple arrived at Liverpool in\\n1784, the custom-house officers seized it on the plea that\\nso much could not have been raised in America. Only\\nfour years after the last British soldier left our shores, the\\nfirst cotton-mill was set in motion at Beverly, Mass. (1787).\\nIn 1793, Whitney invented the cotton-gin for separating\\nthe seed from the fiber (p. 172).* This rendered cotton-\\nraising profitable, and it soon became, at the South, the\\nleading crop. In 1880, over 14,000,000 acres were devoted\\nto its culture, producing nearly 6,000,000 bales. The\\nUnited States now controls the cotton supply of the world.\\nIt is noted as a fact of special importance that when\\nWashington delivered his first annual message to Congress\\n(1790), he was clad in a full suit of broadcloth manufact-\\nured at Hartford, Conn. In the year 1880, $160,000,000\\nworth of woolen goods were manufactured in this country.\\nWhen the Declaration of Independence was signed,\\nthere were probably not rnore than two steam-engines in\\nthe Thirteen Colonies one at Passaic, and the other in\\nPhiladelphia. Yet within five years after the Evacuation\\nof New York, Fitch placed a trial steam-boat on the Dela-\\nware in 1803-4, Evans built a steam-dredge at Phila-\\ndelphia; in 1807, Fulton solved the problem of steam-\\nnavigation in 1819, a steamer crossed the Atlantic; and\\nin 1830, Peter Cooper made the first locomotive built in\\nAmerica for railroad purposes, and it drew a car of passen-\\ngers upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railway. During that\\nMTiitney invented this machine at the house of the widow of Gteneral Greene,\\nof Bevoliitionary faiue. To clean a pound of cotton by hand, was a day s laboFi", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "Progress of Invention.\\n\u00c2\u00bbJ i? t 2. GALILEO S FIRST SPY-GLASS. 3. FRANKLIN S EXPERIMENT 4 THE TFI F\\nPHONE. 5. OLD-FASHIONED CANNON. 6. MODERN BREECHLOADER. 7. MODERN GRAWeTevATOR 8 m n\\nriT^lT ^0. DIVER, WITH MODERN APPARATUS uItOP-CYL^NDER\\nPRESS. 12. AN EARLY PRINTING-PRESS. 13. PHOTO-ELECTRIC MICROSCOPE. 14. SIMPLE MAGmFVmG G^ls", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "EDUCATION. 327\\nyear, 2 3 miles of railroad were constructed in the United\\nStates; in 1883, nearly 8000 miles were laid, and in\\n1889, the total number in operation was 145,000 miles,\\nat a cost in road and equipment of over $9,000,000,000.\\nThe first message ever sent by a recording telegraph\\nwas forwarded May, 1844, between Washington and Balti-\\nmore, in these sublime words What hath God wrought\\nOnly forty-six years later, and the aggregate mileage of\\ntelegraph lines open for business is reported at 776,000.\\nThe printing press of a century ago would, at a great\\nexpense of labor, print, on one side, about 250 sheets per\\nhour. A new steam perfec ting-press will in the same\\ntime turn out 96,000 four-page newspapers folded, pasted,\\nand printed on both sides of each page.\\nAmong the many American inventions that have ex-\\ncited the admiration of the world are the sewing machine,\\nthe reaper, the mower, the horse-rake, the thresher, the\\nsafe, the breech-loading gun, the steam fire-engine, the\\ndrawing-room vestibule and sleeping-cars, the elevator, the\\ntype-writer, the telephone, the phonograph, and the elec-\\ntric light. These, as well as a thousand common devices,\\nminister to our comfort and the world s progress. The skill\\nof the American mechanic has improved almost every\\nimplement of both peace and war, from the cannon to\\nthe telescope. The records of the Patent Office show\\nover 21,500 patents issued in 1889.*\\nEducation. The idea of popular education was brought\\nto the new world by our forefathers. Even in the wilder-\\nness, while the wolf prowled about the log-house, and the\\ncry of the wild-cat was still heard, the school, and even the\\ncollege, were established. The Revolution left all the insti-\\nEdison s patents alone All one large volume. See Talks with Edison,\\nHarper s Magazine, February, 1890.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "328 EPOCH VI.\\ntutioiis (\u00c2\u00bbf learning paralyzed. But in less than a month\\nafter Washington resigned his commission, Gov. George\\nClinton s message to the Legislature of New York con-\\ntained these memorable words Perhaps there is scarce\\nany thing more worthy your attention than the revival\\nand encouragement of seminaries of learning, and nothing\\nby which we can more satisfactorily express our gratitude\\nto the Supremo Being for His past favors, since purity and\\nvirtue are generally the offspring of an enlightened under-\\nstanding. The State was poor, and savages occupied a\\nlarge part of the region west of Albany yet the Legisla-\\nture rose to the grandeur of the conception, and at once\\nestablished a Board of Regents to superintend the interests\\nof higher education. Within a month after its organiza-\\ntion, this Board authorized the purchase of such a philo-\\nsophical apparatus for Columbia College, as Dr. Franklin,\\nMr. Adams, and Mr. Jefferson (then representatives at the\\nFrench Court) should advise\\nFrom the first, New England believed that it is the duty\\nof the State to teach its children. The idea of educating\\nall classes of society was then a new and surprising one,\\nscarcely heard of outside of Prussia and Saxonj^ In 1795,\\nGov. Clinton first suggested and established the common-\\nschool system of New York it was refounded and more\\nliberally provided for in 1812, in the darkest hour of\\ngloom and disaster, at the opening of the Second War with\\nGreat Britain.\\nA part of the public lands of the United States has,\\nfrom the beginning, been set aside for purposes of educa-\\ntion (p. 19 4). The ordinance of 1787 for the government\\nof the North-western Territory (p. 194), devoted section\\nsixteen of every township for maintaining public schools\\nand in making this generous provision, stipulated that", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "LITERATURE. 329\\nreligion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good\\ngovernment and the happiness of mankind, schools and\\nthe means of education shall be forever encouraged. In\\n1848, when Oregon was organized as a Territory (p. 209),\\nthe thirty-sixth section was also set apart for schools;\\nand since then, each new State has received both sections\\nfor educational purposes. At various times, also, other\\nlands have been given, so that in all about 140,000,000\\nacres have been devoted to the States for the support of\\ncommon schools. So general and absorbing has been this\\nfeeling on the part of our legislators that, in the midst of\\nthe Civil War, vvhen the national Government was strain-\\ning every nerve to raise and equip armies to preserve its\\nvery existence, Congress took time to consider and pass a\\nbill (1862) granting 30,000 acres of public lands for every\\nSenator and Representative in Congress, in order to main-\\ntain, in each State, what has since been known as an\\nAgricultural College\\nIn consequence of these and equally liberal provisions\\non the part of State governments, the progress of educa-\\ntion in the United States has been marvelous. Instead of\\nnine colleges, as in pre-Revolutionary times, we have four\\nhundred and fifty. The common school is fostered in\\nevery part of the country. The daily free-school bell now\\ncalls together (1889), in the 48 States and Territories of\\nthe Union, over 11,500,000 children, who are being edu-\\ncated at an annual expense of over $122,000,000.\\nLiterature. In the Colonial times, there were few\\nAmerican books, and those chiefly upon theology.\\nDuring the agitation that finally ended in the sepa-\\nration from the mother-country, politics became the\\nuniversal theme of discussion. The contest was decided\\nby the pen quite as certainly as by the sword. Patrick", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "830 EPOCH VI.\\nHenry, Otis, the elder Adams, Franklin, Dickinson, Freneau,\\nTrumbull,* and Hopkinson aroused their countrymen, first\\nto attempt, and then to endure, while, at the same time,\\nthey sought to enlist in their cause the sympathies of\\nmankind.\\nAfter the war had decided the issue, and it came to\\nbuilding up a united nation out of a loose confederation of\\nStates, Jay, Hamilton, Madison,! Jefferson, John Adams,\\nWashington, Fisher Ames, and others were most efficient\\nin organizing and shaping the policy of the new Govern-\\nment. As the Declaration of Independence was chiefly the\\nwork of Jefferson, so the Constitution of the United States\\nwas that of Hamilton and Madison.\\nIn all history, an era of strife has been followed by one\\nof marked mental vigor. Thus, as one would expect, the\\ngeneration that directly followed the adoption of the Con-\\nstitution, gave us the classics of American literature.\\nIrving was the first American author to secure general\\nrecognition at home and abroad. In 1809, appeared his\\ninimitable Diedrich Knickerbocker s History of New York,\\nand, about ten years later, his Sketch Book. The creatures\\nof his fancy quickly passed into the life of the people.\\nEven now, Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle are as\\nfamiliar to us as if we had lived in Sleepy Hollow and\\nknown them all our days, Bryant wrote his Thanatopsis\\nin 1812, when he was only 18 years old. Cooper laid the\\nfoundation of American romance. His descriptions of\\nAmerican scenery, the Indian, and life at sea, were eagerly\\nWhipple says, TrumbuU s McFingal sent the rustic voliinteers laughing into\\nthe ranks of Washington and Greene.\\nt Hamilton, Jay, and Madison wrote a series of powerful and convincing essays\\nfavoring the adoption of the Constitution. These were, at first, published as news-\\npaper articlep, hut were afterward collected in a volume known as the Federalist\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094the political classic of the United States", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "PHILANTHROPY. 331\\nread on both sides of the Atlantic. Poe, the most imagina-\\ntive of our poets, made himself famous by the Bells, and\\nthe Raven. Emerson s essays, by their original thought\\nand brilliant style, caused at once a profound impression.\\nHawthorne s Scarlet Letter, House of the Seven Gables,\\nand Marble Faun, ranked him with the great novelists of\\nall time. Longfellow s poems touched the heart of the\\npeople, and quickly found their way into the reading-books\\nof the schools while the verses of Whittier, the Quaker\\nPoet, have been repeated on almost every Academy stage\\nin the land.\\nTo chronicle the constantly-increasing list of our authors\\nand their works would require a volume of itself. Ameri-\\ncan authors are known and their writings read in all\\nparts of the civilized world.\\nIn journalism, our progress has been especially marked.\\nAt the opening of the Revolution, only 37 papers circu-\\nlated in the colonies. There are now issued in the United\\nStates over 17,500 newspapers and periodicals. Popular\\neducation has made us a peculiarly enlightened nation, and\\nstatistics prove that our people read as much as all the\\nrest of the world who read at all\\nPhilanthropic and Religious Institutions. In nothing\\ndo we see the ameliorating and elevating influences of\\nour time more than in the generosity with which chari-\\ntable institutions and philanthropic associations have, of\\nlate years, been founded and supported. As the country\\nhas grown in size, population, and wealth, relief has been\\nmore widely extended to human suffering, and efforts\\nhave been more urgently made to elevate the moral and\\nreligious condition of our race the world over.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "332\\nBLACKBOARD ANALYSIS.\\n1. Disbaiidiiig of the riiiuii Army.\\n1. Johnson s\\nAdniinist catiun.\\n(l.soo- oy.)\\n2. Grant s\\nAdmin Isti a- J\\ntions.\\n(l809- 77.)\\n2. Domestic Affaii-s.\\n3. Foreign Affairs.\\n4. I olilical I aities.\\nf 1. Domestic Affairs.\\nI 2. Forei Alfairs.\\nI\\n1^ 3. Political Parties.\\n1. Domestic Affairs.\\n2. Political Parties.\\n1. Domestic Affairs.\\nHayes\\nAdministration. 2. Foreign Affairs.\\n(1877- \u00c2\u00bb1.)\\n4. Garfield and\\nArthur s\\nAdmin i.st ration.\\n(l\u00c2\u00abBl- 85.)\\n5. Cleveland s\\nFirst\\nAdrninisti-ation.\\n(lKiS.5- 81).)\\nG. Harrison s\\nAdministration.\\n(l,ss j- .):5.)\\n7. Cleveland s\\nSecond\\nAdministrat ion.\\n(lH ,i;{- .\u00c2\u00bb7.)\\nH. MoKinley s\\nAdministration.\\n(18 ..7-\\nf 1. KicoiiBtruction Policy of the Pregldent\\n2. Tbi Tbirteeiitli Ami iidiiient.\\nI 3. rublic I)fl)t.\\n4. Kt CoiiHtrurtion rolirv nt euiigrcds\\nI Tl.r Sfc.ilicl .Stiltis A.llnilt.-lL\\nI II. iiiii\u00c2\u00ab iiclmi.iit ol til.- rri\u00c2\u00abi(li-iit\\n7. I lu- Fuiirt iMtli .\\\\iiiiiiilincnt.\\ni^ a. Ffiiiaii ICxcitt iuent\\n1. J urcha*! of Alaskn.\\n2. Frrmli in .Mexico\\n:t. Laying of the .Atlantic C\u00c2\u00bbblc\\n4. Treaty witu China.\\nf 1. Pacific Kailroail.\\nj 2. The Fifteenth Amendmeiit.\\n:i. rrosperity ofthu Countiv.\\n4. Fires.\\n1. Treaty of Wsaliingti.n.\\nJ 2. l ro|)osed Annexation of San Poniir.go.\\nr I. The Modoc Indians.\\n2. Kailroad Panic.\\n;t. Centennial Anniversariea\\nI 4. The Centennial Kxhibitioo.\\nl^ 5. War witli the Sioux.\\nr 1. rr. a Troops at the South Witbdrawi\\n2. A Kailroad .Strike.\\n:i. Changes in Currency.\\nt I. Fishery Award.\\n2. Treaties with China.\\nl^ 3. Political Parties.\\nf 1. Domestic Affairs.\\n2. Political Parties.\\nI 1. Domestic Affairs.\\nL 2. Political Partiis\\nI 1. Domestic Affairs.\\n2. Fiirei;rn Affnirs.\\n3. Political Parties.\\n1. Domestic Affairs.\\n2. Foreij;!! Affairs.\\n3. Political Parties.\\nf 1. Assa.\u00c2\u00absination of President Gartield\\n2. Accession of Artiiur.\\n.i. Civil Service Hill.\\n4. Letter Postage.\\n5. Alaska.\\nf I. The Presidential Succession.\\n2. Strikes and Labor Uisturhniices.\\nl. :t Earthriuake.i.\\nr 1 The .tohnstown Flood.\\n2. The Taritf.\\nX Indian Troubles.\\n4. liallot Hefornl.\\nl^ 5. Labor Troubles.\\nInternational Copyright.\\nf 1. World s Columbian Rxposition.\\nN 2. Kepeal of Sliver Purchase Law.\\nL The Tariff.\\nC 1. Hawaii.\\n2. The Venezuelan Boundary.\\nf 1. Domestic Alfairs. V file J ui\\n2. Foreign Affairs.\\nC 1. The War with Simin.\\nI 2. Anni XHtiou of llawi\\nI 3. W\\notiier Ishiiid^\\niian Islands and\\nar in the Pnihppines.\\nSlates Admitted lurintr this l ;poeli,\\nlo. l rujj:ress in Civilization.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE.\\nTHESE questions are placed at the close of tlie work rather than at the foot\\nof each page, in order to compel a more independent use of the book. As\\nfar as possible, topical recitations should be encouraged. On naming the subject\\nof a paragraph, the pupil should be expected to tell all he knows about it. A\\nlittle patience and practice in this method will achieve wonderful results. The\\nfollowing pages often present topical questions in the hope of gradually leading\\nthe pupil to this system of study. The figures refer to the pages of the book.\\nINTRODUCTION.\\n9. From what continent did the first inhabitants of America probably come?\\nHow did they get here (At that tim^e it is probable that Bering Strait was not\\ncut through, and the two continents were connected.) What remains of these\\npeople are found?\\n10. Where do they occur? What proof is there of their antiquity? Describe\\nthe ruins at Newark, Ohio. The mound at St. Louis. The embankment in\\nAdams County, Ohio. Are earth-works permanent? Describe the ruins in\\nSouth America. Who were the mound-builders?\\n11. What became of them? Who succeeded them? How did the Indians\\ncompare with them? What do you say of the nimiber of the Indians? Where\\nwere they most numerous?\\n12. 13. Were there any blacksmiths, carpenters, etc., among them? Were\\nthey a progressive people? In what were they skilled? How did they x-egard\\nlabor? Describe the life of their women. Give an account of the Iroquois\\nConfederacy. Who are the Pueblo Indians? Describe the Indian disposition.\\nHis power of endurance.\\n14-17. His religion. Did he have any idea of G-od? What policy should be\\npursued toward the Indian Can you give any account, from your recent read-\\ning, of the efforts now making to educate the Indian? Who were the North-\\nmen? What traditions about their having discovered and settled America? Are\\nthese stories credible Are there any remains of this people now existing\\nWere their discoveries of any value? At what date does the history of this\\ncountry begin? Name the subjects and limits of the six epochs into which,\\nthis history is divided.\\nFIRST EPOCH.\\n19. What was the state of geographical knowledge in Europe in the fifteenth\\ncentury? Why could not sailors have crossed the ocean before as well as then?\\nWhy were books of travel more abundant then? Why were thev so eagerly\\nread", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "ii QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE,\\n20. By what route were goods from the East then obtained? What was the\\ncommercial problem of that day? Columbus idea? What facts strengthened\\nhis view? (See note, p. 21.) TeU something of his life.\\n21. Why did he seek assistance? Before whom did ho lay his plan? How\\nwas it received? Did the king treat him fairly? To whom did Columbus\\napply next? How was he regai-ded? What reply was made him?\\n22. What did Columbus friends do for him? What offer did Queen Isabella\\nmake? Were her jewels sold? What new trouble assailed Columbus? What\\nvessels composed his fleet? Give some of the incidents of the voyage.\\n23. Did Colimibus waver? (There seems to be no truth in the common state-\\nment that he promised to turn back, if he did not discover land in three days.)\\nDescribe the discovery of land. The landing. When and where was this?\\nWhat region did Columbus think he had reached? What was the rcsiilt? For\\nwhat did he search? AVhat other islands did he discover?\\n24. Describe his reception on his return. How many subsequent voyages did\\nColumbus make? AVhat settlement did he make? (See p. 289.) Did he dis-\\ncover the main-land? Did he know that he had found a new continent? Where\\nis Columbus tomb? How was the continent named?\\n25. AVhat Wcis the plan of John Cabot What discoveries did he make Did\\nhis discoveries antedate those of Columbus? Where and when is it probable\\nthe American continent was first discovered? What discoveries did Sebastian\\nCabot make? Did England improve them? Of what value were they?\\n2G. Wliat four nations explored the territory of the future United States?\\nWhet portion of the continent did each explore? What was the feeling in\\nSpain? What effect was produced? Why did Ponce de Leon come to the new\\nworld\\n27. What land did he discover? Why did he so name it? What success\\ndid he meet? What discovery did Balboa make? Describe the expedition of\\nDe Narvaez. Its fate. Of De Soto. Of De Ayllon.\\n28. What region did De Soto traverse? Did he make ar.y valuable discov-\\neries? What river was his burial-place? When? What became of his com-\\npanions\\n29. When, where, and by whom was the first town in the United States\\nfounded? What is the probable origin of the name California? Why did Cortez\\nexplore that region? WTio made the first voyage along the Pacific coast?\\nWhich is the second oldest to^vn in the United States? When and by whom\\nwas it founded?\\n30. ^^^lat was then the great wish of maritime nations? What was the\\nextent of the Spanish ixjssessions in the new world? Who was the first French\\nnavigator to reach the continent? When? What name did he give it? Who\\ndiscovered the River St. Dawrenco? Why did ho so name it?\\n31. Why was Montreal so named? Who were the Huguenots? What was\\nColigny s plan? Who led the first expedition? Fate of the colony? Give an\\naccount of the second expedition. Tell the amusing story of the longevity of\\nthe Indians.\\n32. What was the fate of the second colony? What French navigator was\\nthe next to ascend the St. Lawrence? How did ho find things at Hochelaga?\\nWhen, where, and by whom was the first permanent French settlement made in\\nAmerica? How much land was granted to this colony?\\n33. When, where, and by whom was the first permanent Frencn settlement\\nn", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. iii\\nmade in Canadat What jotimey did Champlain make! What discoveries y The\\nconsequence of his trip? Who explored the Mississippi valley? What relics of\\nthem remain i Tell something of their heroism. Of Father Marquette. Of his\\ndeath.\\n34. Tell of La Salle s adventures. What were the results of French enter-\\nprise i\\n35. How did it compare with English enterprise? When did the English\\nawake to the importance of American discovery WTio -made the first attempt\\nto carry out Cabot s plan? What success did he have? Was the discovery of\\ngold profitable? What discovery did Sir Francis Drake make? Describe his\\nbuccaneering adventures (p. 42). Where did Drake winter on the Pacific coast?\\n36. What was the view of Sir Humphrey GUlbert His fate Who adopted\\nliis plan? Give some account of Sir Walter Raleigh. Why was Virginia so\\nnamed? Where did Raleigh plant his first colony? Give its history.\\n37. What did the colonists introduce into England on their rettirn? Story\\ntold of Raleigh s smoking? Give the history of the second colony. What kept\\nthe interest in America alive? How did Gosnold shorten the voyage across the\\nAtlantic\\n38. What discoveries did Gosnold make? Captain Pring? Results of these\\nexplorations? What was South Virginia? North Virginia? Where, when, and\\nby whom was the first English settlement made in the United States? Tell\\nsome of the provisions of the charter granted to these companies. What is a\\ncharter? An^s. A document which confers the title to certain land, and, not\\nunhke a constitution, defines the form of government, and secures to the people\\ncertain rights and privileges. What is a patent? Am. It is now the exclusive\\nright to any invention formerly it was a grant conferring land and the right\\nto plant a colony.\\n39. ^Vl^o entered New York harbor next after Verrazani? Was Hudson a\\nDutchman? What river did he discover? What claim did the Dutch found\\non this discovery? What name did they give to the region? State the claims\\nof these four nations, and the settlements they had made.\\n40. Why were these claims confiicting? Had these nations any idea of the\\nextent of the country? Which nation ultimately secured the whole region?\\nWhich centuries were characterized by explorations, and which century by\\nsettlements? Name the permanent settlements which were made at the\\nbeginning of the seventeenth century.\\nSECOND EPOCH.\\n45, 46. Name the thirteen colonies. Were they united during this epoch?\\nWhat was the character of the Virginia colonists? What was their success?\\nDescribe the services of John Smith. Narrate some of the incidents of his life.\\n47, 48, What was his theory of founding a colony? Tell the story of his\\ncapture by the Indians. What change in the government of the colony was\\nmade by the second charter? Was it based on the principle of self-govern-\\nment? Why did Smith leave? What was its effect on the colony? Tell some-\\nthing of the Starving Time\\n49. How did relief come? What change was made by the third charter?\\nDescribe the marriage of Pocahontas. Her visit to England. Where was the\\nprat legislative body held?", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "iv QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE.\\n50. When was the first constitution given? Of what vahie were these char-\\nters? State some particulars of the prosperity of the colony. Of the culture\\nof tobacco. Of the piux^hase of wives. When and how was slavery intro-\\nduced Why\\n51. Wliy did the Indians now become hostile? Give some account of the\\nmassacre. Its result. What new change was next made in the government?\\nCause? What was the Navigation Act? Why was it oppressive? What was\\nthe conduct of the assembly?\\n52. What division now arose among the people? Tell tha story of Bacon s\\nrebellion. Was Bacon a patriot or a rebel? What was the conduct of Berke-\\nley? Wliat curious fact illustrates the ruling sentiment of Massachusetts and\\nof Virginia at that time? What coincidence between this event and the\\nRevolution\\n53. Describe John Smith s explorations at the north. What authority was\\ngranted to the Council of New England? What became of the Plymouth\\nCompany? Give some account of the landing of the Pilgrims. Who were\\nthe Puritans? What was the difTerenco between the Puritans and the Pil-\\ngrims? Why did the Pilgrims come to this country? When?\\n54. Wliat was their character? What story is told to illustrate their piety?\\nDescribe their sufferings. What is Plymouth Rock What do you mean by\\nDec. 11, O. S. and Dec. 21, N. S.? Wliy did not the Indians disturb the settlers?\\n55. What Indians visited them in the spring? How did Governor Bradford\\nreply to Canonicus threat? Tell about the scarcity of food. How did the plan\\nof working in common succeed?\\n56. Did they have any more pri\\\\ ilegcs than the JamestowTi colonists? Who\\nsettled about Massachusetts Bay? Why was this colony popular? Who founded\\nSalem? Boston? Did the Puritans tolerate other Churches? Wliy not? Give\\nan account of the difficulty with Roger Williams.\\n57. Where did he go? What settlement did ho found? Wliy did Mrs. Hutch-\\ninson become obnoxious? State the treatment of the Quakers. What union of\\nthe colonies was now formed? What was its object? What Indian chiefs be-\\nfriended Massachusetts and Virginia in their early history? (The grandson of\\nMassasoit was sold as a slave in the West Indies.)\\n58. 59. Give an account of King Philip s war. Of the swamp fight Of\\nthe attack on Hadley. How did the colonists protect themselves? How was\\nthe war finally ended? How did the Navigation Act affect Massachusetts?\\nDid the Puritans obey it? What change now took place in the government?\\nGive some account of Andros rule. Wliat action did the colonists take? What\\nform of government was finally imposed upon them?\\n60. Give an account of the Salem witchcraft. Wliat is a witch Was\\nthis delusion common at that time? What two colonics were intimately asso-\\nciated with Massachusetts?\\n61. Give an account of the early settlement of New Hampshire. Of Maine.\\nWhat is said of the claims made upon the land by the heirs of these proprie-\\ntoi s? Why are these States so named? Who obtained a gi-ant of the territory\\nnow embraced in Connecticut? Wlio claimed this region?\\n62. Give an account of the early settlement at Windsor. Hartford. Say-\\nbrook. How were the Narragansett Indians kept from joining the Pequods\\nagainst the whites? Describe the attack upon the Pcquod fort.\\n63. Wliat tliree colonies were formed in Connecticut? Wliat peculiarities in\\n1", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. V\\nthe government of each How were they combined into one colony Why was\\nthe charter so highly prized? What story is told of Andros visit?\\n64. What colony was established the same year that Hooker went to Hart-\\nford What exiles settled Rhode Island Why was the island so called What\\nfact illustrates Williams generosity\\n65. What was his favorite idea? Why was not the colony allowed to join the\\nNew England Union? How was a charter secured? What was its character?\\nGive an account of the settlement of New York by the Dutch. Wbo were the\\npatroons\\n66. WTiat was the character of the history of New York under its four Dutch\\ngovernors Who was the ablest of them How miich territory did he claim\\nHow did he settle the boundary lines? Tell something of the growth of liberty\\namong the people.\\n67. Describe old Peter s reluctance to surrender to the English. Why was\\nthe colony named New York? Were the people pleased with the English ride?\\nWas the English occupation permanent? Was civil liberty secured luider\\nAndix)s? Dongan? What course did the Duke of York take when he became\\nKing of England? Tell how Captain Leisler came to assume the government.\\nOf his trial and execution.\\n68. In what colony was New Jersey formerly embraced? Who first settled\\nit? When, to whom, and by whom was the land granted? Where and by\\nwhom was the first English settlement made? Wliy so called? How divided?\\nWho settled the different parts?\\n69. How did New Jei-sey come to be imited to New York? To be made a\\nseparate royal province? Where and by whom was the first settlement in\\nDelaware made? In Pennsylvania? Who was the founder of Pennsylvania?\\nGive some account of William Penn. Of the Quakers.\\n70. How did Penn obtain a grant of this region? Why was it so named?\\nWhat was Delaware styled? How did Penn settle the territory? What city\\ndid he found? Meaning of the name? Rapidity of its gi owth? What was\\nthe Great Code Was reUgiotis toleration granted\\n71. 78. Give an account of Penn s treaty with the Indians. In what spirit\\ndid Penn treat the colony? How came Delaware to be separated from Penn-\\nsylvania? Was this separation total? How did Pennsylvania secure the title\\nto its soil? With what intent did Lord Baltimore secure a grant of land in\\nAmerica? When was the first settlement made? Why was Maryland so\\nnamed? What class of people generally settled this coimtry?\\n73. Wbat advantage did the Maryland charter confer? What was the Tol-\\neration Act How did religious toleration vary in the colonies? Give an\\naccount of Clayborne s rebellion. Of the difficulties between the Catholics and\\nthe Protestants.\\n74. What territory was granted to Lord Clarendon By whom was the Albe-\\nmarle colony settled? What coiu^e did the proprietors take? By whom was\\nthe Carteret colony settled? What location did they select? What do you say\\nof the rapidity of its growth?\\n75. What beneficial influence did the Huguenots have on the colony What\\nwas the Grand Model How was it unfitted for a new country? How was it\\nreceived? (Read p. 96.) What were the relations between the proprietors and\\nsettlers? How were the difficulties ended? How came Carolina to be divided?\\n76. By what coincidence is Georgia linked with Washington? With what", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "Vi QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE.\\nintention was this colony planned Character of the settlers Restrictions of\\nthe trustees? Result?\\n77. How many inter-colonial wai-s were there? If you include the Spanish\\nwar? (See p. 80, note.) Duration of King William s war? Cause? Describe\\nthe Indian attacks upon the colonists. Tell the story of Mrs. Dustin.\\n78, 79. AVhat attacks were made by the colonists in return? Were they suc-\\ncessful? What was the result of the war? Length of Queen Anne s war?\\nCause? Where was the war mainly fought? Effect upon New England? What\\nattack by the colonists at the South? At the North? Tell the story of Mrs.\\nWilliams.\\n80. What was the result of the war? Length of King Gteorge s war? Cause?\\nPrincipal event? Give an account of the capture of Louisburg. Of the Spanish\\nwar.\\n81, 82. Result of the war. Length of the French and Indian war. Cause.\\nOccasions of quarrel. Give an account of Washington s journey to Lake Erie.\\nHis return. Result of his journey.\\n83. What did the French do in the spring of 1754? TeU the story of Wash-\\nington s first battle. Give an account of the capture of Fort Necessity by the\\nFrench. Who fired the first gun of this war? Name the five objective points\\nof this war.\\n84. Why were they so obstinately attacked and defended? Give an account\\nof the defeat of General Braddock. Character of Braddock. Conduct of\\nWashington.\\n85. Give an account of the second exi)edition. Who finally captured the\\nfort? What city now occupies its site? What was the principal cause of the\\neasy capture of the fort? (See p. 87, note.) What success did the English\\nmeet in Acadia? WTiat cruel act disgraced their victory? What attempt was\\nmade on Louisburg? Wlao finally captured it?\\n8G. Describe the battle of Lake George. Who earned the glory of this vic-\\ntory and who got it? Tell the story of Dieskau s death. The fate of Fort\\nWilliam Henry. Describe the attack on Fort Ticonderoga by Abercrombie.\\n87. When were both forts captured? Describe the two attempts to capture\\nNiagara. Who forced it to surrender? In what year did these successes occur?\\nDescribe the difficulties which General Wolfe met in his attack on Quebec.\\n88, 89. How did he overcome them? Describe the battle on the Plains of\\nAbraham. What was the result of the battle? AVliat were the conditions of\\npeace?\\n90, 91. WTiat was the cause of Pontiac s war? Result? Fate of Pontiac?\\nWhat stratagems did the Indians use? Effect of the French and Indian war?\\nHow did the British officers treat the colonial olficers? Describe the condition\\nof the colonies at the close cf the French and Indian war. How many kinds of\\ngovernment? Name and define each.\\n92-99, How many colleges? Did the English govornment support educational\\nintei-ests? Condition of agriculture? Manufactures? Comm rco? Was money\\nscarce? Were there many books or papers? How did the people travel? Tell\\nsomething about the first public conveyance. Condition of morals in New\\nEngland. Name some peculiar customs. Some rigid laws. Who were entitled\\nto the prefix Mr. Wliat were common people called Laws with regard to\\ndrinking? Using tobacco? Tell something of the habits of the people in New\\nYork. What customs familiar to us are of Dutch origin? How did the style", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. Vll\\nof living at the South dififer from that at the North? Describe a southern plan-\\ntation. What is said of the luxurious living? State of education in New\\nEngland? Tell something of the support given to schools. Of the founding of\\nYale College. Of their town meetings. Of the state of education in the middle\\ncolonies. How were the ministers salaries met? What was the state of edu-\\ncation in the southern colonies? Provision made for public worship? Q-ive\\nsome idea of the early Virginia laws of worship.\\nTHIRD EPOCH.\\n101, 102. How did England treat the colonies? Give some illustrations.\\nWhat was the tendency of this course of conduct? What was the direct cause\\nof war? The Stamp Act? What were Writs of Assistance? Tell the story of\\nPatrick Henry.\\n103-105. What efforts were made to resist the law? What effect did they\\nhave on the English government? Was this permanent? What was the Mutiny\\nAct? Why was it passed? How was it received by the colonists? Tell about\\nthe Boston Massacre. The Boston Tea Party. Why was the tea thrown over-\\nboard? Eor what is Eaneuil Hall noted? What did the English now do?\\n106, 107. What parties were formed? What action did the colonists take?\\nWhen, and where, was the Eirst Continental Congress held? What action did\\nit take? When and where was the first blood spilled? Describe how the\\nbattle of Lexington occurred.\\n108, 109. What were the effects of this battle? Tell how the battle of Bunker\\nHill occurred. Describe it. Tell something of Old Put\\n110. State the effect of this battle. Describe the death of General Warren.\\nGive some account of Ethan Allen.\\n111. Why were the New Hampshire Grants so called? Describe the capture\\nof Ticonderoga. Meeting of Second Continental Congress. Its action. What\\nwas the condition of the army?\\n112. What expedition was undertaken against Canada? Describe the attack\\nupon Quebec. Its end. How were the British forced to leave Boston?\\n113. How had they treated the Boston people? The Boston boys? Describe\\nthe attack on Eort Moultrie. Its effect. Tell the story of Sergeant Jasper.\\n114. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? How many colo-\\nnies voted for it (See the Declaration in the Appendix.) Tell the story of the\\nold liberty bell How did the campaign near New York occur?\\n115. Describe the battle of Long Island. What decided it in favor of the\\nEnglish By what providential circumstance did the Americans escape What\\nwere the prison ships Who were the Hessians Tell the story of Nathan Hale.\\n116. 117. What battles occurred while Washington was falling back Describe\\nhis retreat through New Jersey, How did he escape? What general was cap-\\ntured by the enemy? What was the condition of the country? Describe the\\nbattle of Trenton. Tell the story of Ball.\\n118. The effect of this battle. Name the battles of 1776 in order. Describe\\nthe battle of Princeton. What providential circumstance favored the attack?\\n119. How did the battle of Brandywine occur? Describe it. What decided\\nit in favor of the English? What previous battle did it resemble? Give some\\naccount of La Fayette.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "Viii QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE.\\n120, 121. Describe the battle of Germantown. Wby did the Americans fail?\\nHow did the campaign in Pennsylvania close? What disastrous attempt was\\nmade by the British at the North? Describe the burning of Danbury, the cap-\\nture of Gteneral Prescott, and the murder of Jane McCrea. What events at-\\ntended General Burgoyne a march south? What measures were taken to check\\nhis advance?\\n122. Who succeeded General Schuyler? A\\\\Tiat was Schuyler s conduct? What\\nevents deranged Burgoyne s plans? How was the siege of Fort Schuyler (Stan-\\nwix) raised? Tell something of Kosciusko.\\n123. Describe the battle of Bennington. For what incident is it noted?\\n124. Describe the first battle of Saratoga. The second battle. ~Who was the\\nhero of the fight? How did General Frascr die? Tell some incidents of the\\ncampaign.\\n125. 126. Effect of these fights. Name the battles of 1777 in order. Describe\\nthe sufferings at Valley Forge. How could the soldiers endure such misery?\\nWhat news came in the spring? Story told of Washington? Tell something\\nof the Conway cabal. T\\\\Tiat story is told of General Heed?\\n127. V\\\\Tiat caused the battle of Monmouth to happen? Describe its promi-\\nnent incident. Tell the histoiy of Benjamin Franldin.\\n128. Tell the story of Major Molly. What became of General Ijce What\\ncampaign was now planned by the aid of the French? How did it turn out?\\nDescribe the Wyoming massacre. What poem has been written upon this\\nevent? Am. Campbell s Gertrude of Wyoming. Name the battles of 1778\\nin order.\\n129. Why was the war now transferred to the South? How did the cam-\\npaign open Describe the attack on Savannah. Who were killed Tell some-\\nthing of Count Pulaski. Was the French aid of great value?\\n130-132. \\\\,^^lat characterized the campaign at the North? Tell the story of\\nGeneral Putnam. Describe the capture of Stony Point. CJeneral Sullivan s\\nexpedition. What do you say of the naval successes? Describe the contest\\nbetween the Bonhommo Richard and the Serapis. What colony was conquered\\nby the British during this year? Name the principal battles of 1779 in order.\\n133, 134. What city was now captured? What result followed? How did\\nthe battle of Camden occur? Describe it. What was its result? Tell some-\\nthing of the famous partisan warfare. Name some leaders. Story of Marion.\\nBattle of King s Mountain. Death of Colonel Hayne. Effect of this independent\\nwarfare. Tell something of the depreciation of the continental money.\\n13.5, 136. What mutiny occurred? Tell the story of Arnold s treason. Of\\nAndrd s captiire and fate. Of Arnold s escape and reward. In what estimation\\nwas he held Name the principal events of 1780.\\n137. What was the condition of the army at the South? Who now took\\ncommand? Describe the battle of the Cowpens. Describe Greene s celebrated\\nretreat. How many times did the rain save him?\\n138. By what two battles was the contest at the South closed? Were the\\nEnglish or Americans victorious? Illustrate the patriotism of the women.\\nDescribe the character of General Greene.\\n130. Whore did Comwallis go after the failure of his southern campaign\\nWhat kind of war did he wage in Virginia? A\\\\Tiy did he retire to Yorktowi\\nWhat plan did Wiishington now adopt?\\n140. Describe the siege of Yorktown. Its result. The surrender. The eflPect-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. ix\\nOn what plundering tours did Arnold go? Story told of Nelson? Name the prin-\\ncipal battles of 1781 in order.\\n141, 142. How was the news of Cornwallis surrender received? Was all peril\\nto our liberties over? What was the condition of the country? What base offer\\nwas made to Washington How did he pacify the army When was peace signed\\nWhat was the result What course did Washington take\\n143. Tell something of the weakness of the government. What held the col-\\nonies together? Cause of Shays rebellion? What need was felt? How was it\\nmet When was the Constitution adopted Who were the chief authors of the\\nConstitution What parties arose What was the Federalist (see p. 330)? How\\nsoon was the Constitution ratified? How many States were necessaiy? When\\ndid the new government go into operation t\\nFOURTH EPOCH.\\n149, 150. What are the limits of this epoch? What was its characteristic idea?\\nWho was the first President of the United States? When and where was he\\ninaugurated? Where was the capital? Name its changes. What was the pop-\\nular feeling toward Washington? Give some account of Washington s life and\\ncharacter.\\n151, 152. What difficulties beset the government? What departments were\\nestablished? Name the members of the first cabinet. Was the Postmaster-\\nGeneral a member? What financial measures were adopted? By whose advice?\\nWhat did Webster say of Hamilton? Give an account of the whiskey rebellion.\\nOf the Indian war at the north-west. What difficulty arose with England?\\n153. How was it settled? How was the treaty received in this country? What\\ntreaty was made with Spain? Algiers? What was the popular feeling toward\\nFrance? Why was Genet recalled? What parties now arose? Who were the\\nleaders of each Their views TeU something of Randolph.\\n154, 155. Who was elected second President? Tell something of Adams life.\\nWhat were the alien and sedition laws? Why were they passed How were they\\nreceived? How did the French difficulty look during this administration? How\\nwas it terminated What reply did Pinckney make to the base offer of the French\\nDirectory? What was the state of party feeling? Who was elected third Pres-\\nident? Why was not Adams re-elected? What was the important event of\\nJefferson s administration? WTiy?\\n156, 157. TeU something of Jefferson s life and character. Tell how Hamilton\\nwas killed. What became of Bm-r? Tell something of Fulton s invention. Of\\nthe war with Tripoli. Of Lieutenant Decatur s exploit.\\n158. What difficulty now arose with England and France What is the\\nAmerican doctrine? Was the impressment of seamen general? What was the\\nEmbargo Act? (The enemies of this law, spelling the name baclcward. termed\\nit the O Grab me Act.) What was the issue of the next political campaign Who\\nwas elected fourth President? Views of the Federalists? Give an account of\\nMadison s life and character.\\n159. Give an account of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Effect of this Indian war.\\nState how the breach with England widened.\\n1(50. Describe the difficulty between the President and Little Belt. When was", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "X QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE.\\nwar declared? How long did the war last? What was the opening event of the\\nwar of 1812 Describe the surrender of Detroit.\\n161. The battle of Queenstown Heights. How did the naval and the land\\nwarfare compare? Describe the fight between the Constitution and Guerri re.\\n162. Between the Frolic and the Wasp. How many prizes were captured by\\nprivateers? What are privateei-s?\\n163. What was the effect of these victories? Name the battles of 1812 in\\norder. Plan of the campaign of 181.3. What did the armies of the center and\\nnorth do? What did the British do? What reverse happened to a part of Gen-\\neral Harrison s command? Describe this rout. Tell something of Proctor s\\nbrutality.\\n164. 165. Describe the three attacks made by Proctor. In which was he suc-\\ncessful? Describe Perry s victory on Dake Erie. What gallant exploit was\\nperformed by Perry? What issues depended on this fight? Describe the battle\\nof the Thames. What celebrated Indian was killed? What was the effect of\\nthese victories? Who gained great credit?\\n166. Desci-ibe the battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. What\\nwere Lawrence s dying words? Who used them in battle? Wliat Indian diffi-\\nculties occurred? How did General Jackson avenge the massacre of Fort MimmsT\\nWhat story is told of Jackson?\\n167. What ravages were committed by Admiral Cockburn? Why was New\\nEngland spared Name the principal battles of 1813 in order. What movement\\nwas made by General Brown? What general led the advance?\\n168. What battles ensued? Describe the battle of Lundy s Lane. Wliat story\\nis told of Colonel IMillcr? What battle took place in New York State? How did\\nthat happen Describe it.\\n169-171. Describe the ravages made by the British on the Atlantic coast.\\nAttack on Washington. On Baltimore. Result of these events. AVTiat was the\\nHartford Convention? Wliat put an end to these fears? Why was the battle of\\nNew Orleans unnecessary? Describe this battle. How did it happen that raw\\nmilitia defeated English veterans Wliat was the result of this war? Effect upon\\nthe federalist party? Who was elected fifth President?\\n172. Was Monroe a popular man Give some account of his life and character.\\nWhat was the characteristic of his administration? Wliat was the Missouri Com-\\npromise? Cause of it?\\n173. Give an account of La Fayette s visit. What territory was gained by\\ntreaty? AVTiat famous doctrine advanced by Monroe? What political changes\\nnow took place? A\\\\Tiat party was arising? What were its principles? Principles\\nof the democratic party? WTio were the champions of each party? Which party\\nabsorbed most of the old federalists? AVHiy? \\\\\\\\Tio was elected sixth President?\\nHow?\\n174. Give some account of the life and character of John Quincy Adams. Of\\nhis administration. Was it popular? How was the protective tariff received?\\nWho was elected seventh President?\\n175. Give some account of the life and character of Jackson. Contrast him\\nwith .John Quincy Adams. Wliat principle did he introduce? What was the\\nnullification ordinance? How did Jackson act?\\n176. How did Clay pacify? What celebrated debate to ik place? What la\\nsaid of Calhoun Of Clay s patriotism What action did Jackson take concern-\\ning the United States Bank? Its effect?", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. xi\\n177, 178. How did speculation become rife? Give an account of the Black\\nHawk war. The Seminole war. What is said of Osceola? What difficulty\\noccurred with Erance How was it settled Who were the Presidential candi-\\ndates? What were their principles? Who was elected eighth President? Give\\nan account of the life and character of Van Buren. Describe the crisis of 1837.\\n179. What was its effect on trade? What was the patriot war? Van Buren g\\nSub-Treasury Bill? Tell the story of the steamer Caroline.\\n180. What was the North-east boundary question How was it settled What\\nwas the Ashburton treaty? Who was elected ninth President? Who was hie\\nopponent? Give an account of the life and character of Harrison. What was\\nthe cause of his sudden death? Who succeeded him?\\n181. Was Tyler s administration successful? Did he remain true to his party\\nWhat course did he take with regard to the United States Bank? Give an\\naccount of Dorr s rebellion.\\n182. 183. Of the anti-rent diflBculties. Of the Mormons. Of the origin and\\nearly history of this sect. Of the invention of the magnetic telegraph. Of the\\nannexation of Texas. Why was this measure warmly opposed? How was the\\nNorth-western boundary question settled?\\n184, 185. Who were the Presidential candidates? Give an account of Clay.\\nWho was elected eleventh President? Give an account of the life of Polk\\nWhat war now broke out? Give an account of Taylor s campaign on the Rio\\nGrande.\\n186, 187. Describe the capture of Monterey. The battle of Buena Vista.\\nWhat battles had Taylor fought? By what incident or peculiarity can you recol-\\nlect each one? What stories are told of Taylor? Give an account of Kearney s\\nexpedition.\\n188, 189. Describe the conquest of California. Who was the hero of this\\nexploit? Describe the captiire of Vera Cruz. The battle of Cerro Gordo. What\\ncity now surrendered? Describe the battles before Mexico. The result.\\n190. When was peace concluded? What did the United States gain by the\\nwar? What was the Wilmot proviso? Give an account of the discovery of gold\\nin California.\\n191. Of the vigilance committees. Of the political parties. Who was elected\\ntwelfth President? Give an account of the life and character of Taylor. How\\nlong was he President? Who succeeded him? What questions agitated the\\npeople\\n192. Why were these now awakened? What was the effect? What course did\\nClay take? Webster? Give some account of Webster.\\n193. What was the Compromise of 1850 What did it propose By what\\nname is it commonly known Give an account of the filibusters. Of the politi-\\ncal parties. Who was elected fourteenth President?\\n194. Give an account of the life of Pierce. Of the Kansas-Nebraska bill.\\nWhat is squatter sovereignty? Tell how the Public Dands have threatened the\\npeace of the country. How they have enhanced its prosperity.\\n195. How did the contest arise in Kansas? What was the result? Cause of\\nBrooks assault on Sumner? What was the Gadsden purchase? Give an account\\nof the treaty with Japan. What political parties now arose?\\n196. Who was elected fifteenth President? Give some account of Buchanan s\\nlife. Of the Know-Nothing party. Of the Dred Scott decision.\\n197. How was this regarded at the North and at the South Why was the", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "xii QUESTIONS FOU CLASS USE.\\nFugitive Slave law obnoxious? What wore Personal Liberty bills? Give an\\naccount of the John Brown affair. What was the question of the elections?\\nWTio were nominated for the Presidency? Who was elected sixteenth President?\\n198, 199. Give an account of the secession of the South on the election of\\nLincoln. Give a history of the gradual growth of this movement. When and\\nwhere was the Confedeiate government formed? Who were elected President\\nand Vice-President? What action was taken? What was the condition of the\\ncountry? Give an account of the condition of affairs at Fort Sumter.\\n200. Was any attempt made by the United States authorities to relieve it?\\nFor what did the nation wait? What was the Peace Convention?\\nNo questions are given upon the new States admitted to the Union during this\\nepoch, as each chiss w ll naturally commit only that which concerns its own\\nState, and will wish to add to the facts given here those obtained from other\\nsources.\\nFIFTH EPOCH.\\n215, 216. Give an account of Lincoln s inauguration. Of his early history.\\nOf the condition of the country. Was war a necessity? What precipitated this\\nissue? When was the first gun of the Civil War fired? Give an account of the\\ncapture of Fort Sumter.\\n217. What was the effect of this event? What action did the North take?\\nThe South? A\\\\Tien and where was the fii-st bloodshed? What valuable stores\\nwere seized? How did the war in Virginia open?\\n218. How was Fort Monroe protected from capture? Give an account of the\\nBig Bethel affair. Of the war in Western Virginia. What was the origin of the\\nterm Contrabands\\n219. 220. How did the battle of BuU Kun take place? Describe it. By what\\npeculiarity can you recollect it? What is its date? How did Jackson receive\\nthe name of Stonewall Give an account of the retreat. Its effect. Describe\\nthe battle at Ball s Bluff. Who now took command of the Union troops?\\n221. Give an account of the war in Missouri. What battles were fought?\\nWhat leaders on each side? WTiat Union general who afterward became cele-\\nbrated? What was the condition of affairs in the boi-dcr States?\\n222. What step did Davis take? TeU the number of vessels in the Union\\nnavy. What naval expeditions were made What places captured What was\\nthe peculiarity of the attack en the Port Royal forte? Describe the Treat affair.\\n223. Give a general review of the first year of the war. Describe the preser-\\nvation of Fort Pickens. The situation at the opening of 1862. WTiat was the\\nplan of the campaign?\\n224. What was the Confederate line of defense at the West? The Union plan\\nof attack? WTiere was the first attack? Describe the capture of Fort Henry.\\n225. Of Fort Donelson. What storj is told of General Grant? What was the\\neffect of these victories? What was the next movement? Describe the battle of\\nShiloh, or Pittsburg Landing.\\n226. 227. By what peculiarity can you recollect it? How did the battle turn\\non the second day? How was Corinth captured? Describe the taking of Island\\nNo. 10. What were the effects of the Shiloh battle\\n228. What line was now held by the Union army? Where were the Confed-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. xiii\\nerates located? What movements did they make to break through the Union\\nlines? Describe Bragg s expedition. Was it successful? What was the cause\\nof the battles of luka and Corinth? Result?\\n229. How was Bragg s second expedition stopped? Describe the battle of\\nMurfreesboro. What was its effect? What coincidence occurred?\\n230. What was Grant s plan for an expedition against Vicksburg? Was it\\nsuccessful? What event closed the Mississippi campaign? What battle was\\nfought in Missouri? What was the condition of the State? Wliat massacre\\noccurred in Kansas?\\n231. 232. Describe the capture of New Orleans by Farragut. Burnside s\\nexpedition against Roanoke Island. What was the importance of Roanoke\\nIsland\\n233, 234. Wliat places in Florida were captiired? Describe the battle between\\nthe Monitor and the Merrimac. What was the result?\\n235. The object of the war in the East What campaign was undertaken\\nWlio was the commanding general Describe the siege of Yorktown.\\n236. The battle of Williamsburg. What checked McClellan s advance? What\\nbattle ensued? What was the result? What was now the expectation of the\\nUnion army?\\n237. How did General Joseph E. Johnston thwart General McClellan s plan\\nGive an account of Jackson in the Shenandoah. What was the effect of this\\nmovement What story is told of Jackson\\n238. 239. Describe the battle of Fair Oaks. How was the Union advance on\\nRichmond checked? Who now took command of the Confederate army? What\\nplan did McClellan form Describe the seven-days battles. In what way was the\\nretreat conducted? With what battle did it close?\\n240. AVliat was the effect of this campaign? The feeling at the North? Why\\ndid Lee now march north? Who took command of the Union ariny before\\nWashington? Describe Lee s campaign against Pope.\\n241. What was the effect? What plan did Lee now adopt? Wlio assumed\\ncommand of the Army of the Potomac? Describe McClellan s movements in\\npursuit. On what expedition was Jackson sent?\\n242. 243. Describe the battle of Antietam. Its effect. The battle of Fred-\\nericksburg. Give a review of the second year of the war.\\n244-246. What Indian conflict occurred at the West? What was the situa-\\ntion at the beginning of the year 1863 What movement did Grant make\\nagainst Vicksburg? Describe this campaign. The effect. The movements of\\nRosecrans in Tennessee and Georgia. General Morgan s raid.\\n247-250. Describe the battle of Chickamauga. By what event can you recol-\\nlect it? Describe the situation at Chattanooga. The battle of Lookout Mount-\\nain. Attack on Missionary Ridge. Its effect. The siege of Knoxville. The\\nbattle of Chancellorsville.\\n251-254. Describe Lee s second invasion of the North. The battle of Gettys-\\nburg\u00e2\u0080\u0094first day, second day, third day. Its effect. The attack on Charleston.\\nWhat two contemporaneous events occurred What was the swamp angel\\nWhat can you say concerning the negro troops? Of their charge on Fort\\nWagner\\n255. Give a general review of the third year of the war. State the situation\\nat the beginning of the year 1864. What was Grant s plan\\n256, 257. Describe Johnston s plan of defense. How did Sherman drive him", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "Xiv QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE.\\nfrom these positions? Name the battles that occurred. Who succeeded Johnston\\nin command? What followed? How did Sherman capture Atlanta? What was\\nthe effect?\\n238. What prevented Sherman s advance into Geor^ria? How was he relieved\\nof this difficulty Where did Hood go What befell him in Tennessee? Describe\\nthe battle of Nashville. What was the effect?\\n259. Describe Sherman s march to the sea. What was the effect? Describe\\nKilpatrick s raid to Richmond.\\n260, 261. Describe the battle of the Wilderness. By what peculiarity was it\\ndistinguished? Wliat was the result? Describe the battle of Sjwttsylvania Court\\nHouse. AVhat was the result? Describe the battle of Cold Harbor. Wbat famous\\ndispatch did Grant send?\\n262. Describe the attack on Petersburg. What was the effect of this cam-\\npaign? Describe the three co-operative expeditions. The mine explosion.\\n263. The attack on the Weldon railroad. Why did Lee send Early into the\\nShenandoah Valley? Describe Early s raid.\\n264. 265. What Union general was now sent to this region? Describe Sheri-\\ndan s campaign. His ride from Winchester. His devastation of the country.\\nWhat was the effect of his campaign? Describe the Red River expedition. The\\nrescue of Porter s fleet. The massacre at Fort Pillow.\\n266, 207. The attack on Mobile by Parragut. The first expedition against Port\\nFisher. The second expedition. What can you say of the effectiveness of the\\nblockade? Of the blockade runners?\\n268, 269. Give an account of the Confederate cruisers. Of the battle between\\nthe Alabama and the Kearsarge. Of the Sanitary and Christian Commissions.\\nOf political affairs.\\n270-272. Who was elected President? Give a general rexnew of the fo\\\\irth\\nyear of the war. Describe the situation at the opening of the year 1865. Describe\\nSherman s march through the Carolinas. WTiat was the result? What was the\\nsituation at Richmond? Describe the attack on Fort Steadman. Why was it\\nmade?\\n273, 274. Describe the battle of Five Forks. What was the effect? Describe\\nthe capture of Petei sburg and Richmond. The pursuit of Dee. His surrender.\\n275, 276. Name the terms of surrender. What proofs did Grant give of his\\ngenerosity? What was the fate of Davis? The cost of the war? Tell about the\\nassassination of Lincoln.\\n277. What States were added during this epoch?\\nSIXTH EPOCH.\\n281. Who became President on the death of Lincoln Give an account of the\\nlife of .Johnson. What was the size of the two armies at the close of the war?\\n\\\\VTiat did their peaceful discharge prove\\n282. ^Vhat do you mean by reconstruction What was the reconstruction\\npolicy of .Tohnson? What is the Thirteenth Amendment?\\n283. 284. Wliat was the condition of the public finances? What was the\\nreconstruction policy of Congress? The result of this cl;ishing between Congress\\nand the President? On what conditions were the seceded States finally re-ad-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. XV\\nmitted to their former position in the Union? Why was Johnson impeached?\\nWhat was the result? What is the Fourteenth Amendment? Give an account\\nof the French interference in Mexico. How did it end? What territory was\\nadded to the United States? Has it any value?\\n285-287. Give an account of the laying of the Atlantic cable. Give an ac-\\ncount of the treaty with China. Who were the Presidential candidates? Who\\nwas elected eighteenth President? Give an account of the Pacific Railroad and\\nits value to the country.\\n288-290. What is the Fifteenth Amendment? WHiat was the population of the\\nUnited States in 1870? Was the country recovering from the effects of the war?\\nVVliat great fires happened in 71 and 72? What difficulty arose with England?\\nWhat was the High Commission Give some account of San Domingo, and its\\napplication to be annexed to the United States. What candidates for the Presi-\\ndency were nominated in 1873 Who was chosen Give some account of Horace\\nGreeley.\\n291-294. Describe the contest with the Modoc Indians. What was the cause\\nof the Panic of 73? Name the Centennial observances of 75. Describe the Cen-\\ntennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. Give an account of the Custer massacre\\nWho were nominated for the Presidency in 76? What was the Joint Electoral\\nCommission? What questions agitated the country at that time?\\n294-295. What was the Southern policy of President Hayes? What was the\\nresult? Describe the Railroad Strikes of 77. What was the Bland Silver Bill?\\nWhen were specie payments resumed? What was the Fishery Award? What\\ntreaties were made with China in 1880? Who were the nominees at the Presi-\\ndential election of 80?\\n295-297. V\\\\Tiat did President Garfield s inauguration mark? Describe the\\nassassination, sickness, and death of the President. What important events char-\\nacterized the administration of President Arthur? Who were the Presidential\\nnominees at the election of 84?\\n297-299. What were the principal events in the first administration of Pres-\\nident Cleveland? Who were the Presidential nominees at the election of 88!\\n299-301. What were the principal events in President Harrison s adminis-\\ntration? Who were the Presidential nominees at the election of 92?\\n301-302. What were the principal events in President Cleveland s second\\nadministration? What nominations were made for the election of 96?\\n303-304. What was done by the extra session of Congress in 1897 What was\\nthe effect of the Gold Standard Act of 1900\\n304-316. What were the causes of the war with Spain Describe the preparations\\nmade for it. When did it begin? What were the chief naval battles, and the. re-\\nsult of each The chief operations on land Name all the victorious command-\\ners, and the battles won by each. What were the results of the war with Spain\\n316-321. What islands and island groups were acquired by the United States\\nin 189S and 1899 Give a brief account of each up to the present time.\\n322. What States have been admitted during the Sixth Epoch", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL RECREATIONS.\\n7 In what battle was Betty Stark the watchword f\\n2. What battle occurred when both armies were marching to make a night\\nattack upon each other?\\n3. What battles have resulted in the destruction or surrender of an entire army?\\n4. What general rushed into battle without orders and won it?\\n5. What trees are celebrated in our history?\\n6. In what battle did Washington bitterly rebuke the coinniauding general, and\\nhimself rally the troops to battle\\n7. Wbiat three ex-Presidents died on the 4th of July?\\n8. What cities have undergone a siege?\\n9. Contrast the characters of Washington and Jefferson.\\n10. By whom, and on what occasion, were the words used, Millions for defense,\\nbut not one cent for tribute\\n11. Give the coincidences in the lives of the three great statesmen Webster,\\nClay, and Calhoun.\\n12. After whom ought this continent to have been named\\n13. What Celebrated philosopher, when a boy, went without meat to buy books?\\n14. How did a half-witted boy once save a fort from capture\\n15. Name the retreats famous in our history.\\n16. When did a fog save our army A rain\\n17. When did a stone house largely decide a battle? A stone wall?\\n18. What general was captured through his carelessness, and exchanged for\\nanother taken in a similar way?\\n19. What battles have been decided by an attack in the rear?\\n20. WTio said, I would i-ather be right than President\\n21. When has an unnecessary delay cost a general a victory?\\n22. Name the events in our history wliich seem to you providential.\\n23. AVhat general died at the moment of victory?\\n24. Name some defeats which had all the effect of victories.\\n25. Of what general was this said to be always true?\\n26. WTien was the Mississippi Kiver the western boundary of the United States?\\n27. V\\\\ liat territory has the United States acquired by purchase? By conquest?\\nBy annexation\\n28. What V^ice-Presidents were afterward elected Presidents?\\n29. What navigator shortened the voyage across the Atlantic?\\n30. AVhat tea party is celebrated in our history?\\n31. Who was President from 1787 (the adoption of the Constitution) to 1789?\\n32. How many attacks have been made on Quebec?\\n33. WHio said, I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am the king of England\\nis not rich enough to buy me\\n34. VNTiich is the longer, the Atlantic Cable or the Pacific Railroad?\\n35. Why were the River St. Lawrence, Florida, St. Augiistine, etc., so named?\\n86. Wliat naval commander captured his antagonist as his own vessel was sinking?\\n37. How many expeditions have been made into Canada?\\n38. What battle was preceded by prayer?\\n.\\\\vi", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. XVli\\n39. What do the French names in the Mississippi valley indicate?\\n40. What do the names New York, New England, New Hami)shire, Georgia,\\nCarolina, etc., indicate?\\n41. When has the question of the Public Lands threatened the Union?\\n42. Who, in a frail canoe, on a stormy night, visited an Indian wigwam to save\\nthe lives of his enemies?\\n43. In what battle did the Continentals gain the victory by falling back and then\\nsuddenly facing about upon the enemy?\\n44. How many times has Port Ticonderoga been captured\\n45. Why were Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, Hudson River, etc., so named?\\n46. What do the names San Salvador, Santa Cruz, La Trinidad, etc., indicate?\\n47. In what battles had the opposing generals formed the same plan?\\n48. What Presidents died in oflBce?\\n49. What father and son were Presidents?\\n50. Wliat administrations have been most popular?\\n51. Who fired the first gun in the Prench and Indian War?\\n52. What battle was fought and gained without a commanding officer?\\n53. How many rebellions have occurred in our history\\n54. Who was called the Great Pacificator Why?\\n55. What was the Nullification Act\\n56. How many of our Presidents have been military men?\\n67. Why did not Webster and Clay become Presidents?\\n58. Who was Old Rough and Ready\\n59. Who was the Sage of Monticello\\n60. What noted events occurred on April 19th?\\n61. In whose administration was the largest number of States admitted?\\n62. In which administrations was none admitted?\\n63. By whom and under what circumstances was the expression used, Give me\\nliberty or give me death\\n64. What general arose from a sick-bed to lead his troops into a battle in which\\nhe was killed?\\n65. What four ex-Presidents died in the decade between 1860 and 1870?\\n66. Where is the Cradle of Liberty\\n67. Give some familiar names that have been applied to American statesmen.\\n68. How long did each of oiir five great wars last\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (1) the French and Indian\\nwar (2) the Revolutionary war (3) the war of 1812 (4) the Mexican war\\nand (5) the Civil war?\\n69. State the cause of each of these wars.\\n70. Name the prominent generals who acquired celebrity in each.\\n71. Name the principal battles of each.\\n72. Name the results of each.\\n73. What fort was carried by e, midnight assault\\n74. What general escaped by riding down a steep precipice?\\n75. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence?\\n76. Who secured its adoption in the Convention?\\n77. Name the Presidents in chronological order.\\n78. How many of our Presidents were Virginians?\\n79. Who were the bachelor Presidents\\n80. State to what party each President belonged.\\n81. How many of our Presidents were poor boys?", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "Xviii HISTORICAL RECREATIONS.\\n82. What were the principles of the whigsf The democrats?\\n83. What party adopted the views of the old federalists on the United States\\nBank, etc.?\\n84. How many Presidents have served two terms?\\n85. What battle was fought after peace had been declared f\\n86. On what issue was Polk elected President/\\n87. Contrast John Quincy Adams and Andiew Jackson.\\n88. On what mountains have battles been fought?\\n89. Who used the expression, We have met the enemy, and they are ours\\n90. Whose dying words were, Don t give up the ship\\n91. When was a general blown up by a magazine, at tlie moment of victory?\\n93. What Indian chiefs formed leagues against the whites?\\n93. What celebrated statesman was killed in a duel?\\n94. What States were named from mountain ranges?\\n95. What important contemporaneous events can you name?\\n96. Was Washington ever wounded in battle?\\n97. What was meant by saying that Clay was in the succession\\n98. In what battle did Washington show the most brilliant generalship?\\n99. V\\\\Tiat officer lost his life because he neglected to open a note\\n100. What army retreated at the moment of victory because the fog was so dense\\nthat it did not see how successful it was?\\n101. How many States were named from their principal rivers?\\n102. Name some celebrated foreigners who have fought for us.\\n103. What rendered Valley Forge memorable?\\n104. How did Harrison gain his popularity Taylor\\n105. Give some account of the United States Bank.\\n106. In what war was Lincoln a captain and Davis a lieutenant?\\n107. \\\\\\\\Tiat colonel, when asked if he could take a battery, replied, I ll try. sir\\n108. Of what President was it said that if his soul were turned inside out, not\\na si)ot could be found ux)on it\\n109. What town and army were surrendered without firing a shot?\\n110. For how many years was the Kevolutionary War carried on mainly at the\\nNorth At the Soutli\\n111. Who was Poor Richard\\n112. Who were the Green Mountain Boys\\n113. What colony was founded as a homo for the poor?\\n114. ^^^lat persecuted people settled the diflferent colonies?\\n115. What colonies are named after a king or a queen?\\n116. Wliat rehgious toleration wafa granted in the different colonies?\\n117. Which colonies early enjoyed the greatest liberty?\\n118. AVhat colony took the Bible as its guide?\\n119. In what battle was the left wing, when separated from the main body by a\\nriver, attacked by an overwhelming force of the enemy? The right wing?\\n120. In what battle did both generals mass their strength on the left wing,\\nexpecting to crush the enemy s right?\\n121. How manj invasions of the North did Xiee raakei\\n122. A\\\\Tiat victories induced him to attempt each of these invasions?\\n123. By what battle was each invasion cliccked\\n124. How many invasions of Kentucky did Bragg make?\\n125. How was each stopped?\\n1", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL RECEEATIONS. XIX\\n126. Por how many years nas the United States been involved in war?\\n127. What object did Penn, Lord Baltimore, and Oglethorpe each have in foimd-\\ning a colony in the new world?\\n128. What President was impeached?\\n129. What ex- Vice-President was tried for treason?\\n130. Name the four prominent battles fought by General Taylor.\\n131. What noted expressions of General Taylor became favorite mottoes? Of\\nGeneral Grant?\\n132. What President vetoed the measvires of the party that elected him?\\n133. Of what statesman was it said that he was in the public service fifty years,\\nand never attempted to deceive his countrymen\\n134. Who is said to have used the words, A little more grape. Captain Bragg\\n135. Prom what States have Presidents been elected?\\n136. Give the number and names from each State.\\n137. What battle did General Gates win? What battle did he lose?\\n138. What battles did Washington win? What battles did he lose?\\n139. What President elect came to Washington in disguise?\\n140. Give a brief history of the slavery question.\\n141. When were slaves introduced into this country?\\n142. Name the generals who commanded the Army of the Potomac.\\n143. Name the principal battles fought by McClellan\u00e2\u0080\u0094Eosecrans\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bragg\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lee-\\nHooker\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sheridan Grant\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sherman Beauregard Meade Pope\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Buell\\nTaylor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Scott\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Thomas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Johnston.\\n144. Describe the March to the Sea\\n145. What two battles were fought in the Wilderness\\n146. What was the Missouri Compromise The Compromise of 1850\\n147. Wliat is squatter sovereignty Who was its author?\\n148. Of whom was it said that he touched the dead corpse of public credit, and\\nit sprung upon its feet\\n149. What were the alien and sedition laws\\n150. Who was the old man eloquent\\n151. When was the first railroad constructed? The first steamboat? The first\\nmagnetic telegraph? The first sewing-machine?\\n152. When was the Erie Canal opened? The Pacific Railroad?\\n153. What President introduced rotation in ofl ce\\n154. AVTiy, in the Missouri Compromise, was 36\u00c2\u00b0 30 taken as tlie boundary be-\\ntween the slave and the free States?\\n155. Wliat is the Monroe Doctrine\\n156. Who was the inventor of the cotton-gin?\\n157. What is a protective tariff\\n158. What is meant by Beconstruction\\n159. What Presidents were not elected to that office by the people\\n160. To what party did Henry Clay belong? ,J. Q. Adams? Thomas Jefferson?\\nJohn C. Calhoun Andrew Jackson? Daniel Webster? Stephen A. Doug-\\nlas? Alexander Hamilton? George Washington?\\n161. What President had not voted for forty years?\\n162. What two distinguished generals of the same name served in the Confed-\\nerate army? Name the battles fought by each.\\n163. What was the Dred Scott decision\\n164. What was the Kansas-Nebraska BUI", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "XX HISTORICAL RECREATIONS.\\n165. Give an account of the principal parties which have arisen since the Con\\nstitutioual Convention of 1787.\\n166. Who were the Silver Gieys The Hunkers The Barn-Bumers f\\nThe WooUy-Heads f The Free-Soilers The Know-Nothiugs\\nThe Anti-Kentei-s The Unionists Tne Stalwarts\\n167. Give an account of the different attempts to lay the Atlantic cable.\\n168. Give a history of the difficulty between President Johnson and Congress.\\n169. What nations settled the different States?\\n170. How many amendments have been made to the Constitution?\\n171. What was the Hartford Convention\\n172. Wliat are State rights\\n173. Wliat was the Secretary of State formerly called\\n174. Tell some stories illustrating the patriotism of tlie women of the Revolution.\\n175. Give an account of the Public Lands.\\n176. What State was admitted to the Union first after the original tliirteeii\\n177. Who are the Mormons\\n178. For what is Ethan Allen noted\\n179. What battles have been fought in Virginia? South Carolina? Tyouisiana?\\nNew York? Massachusetts? New Jersey? Maryland? Pennsylvania?\\nGeorgia Michigan\\n180. What was the Fugitive Slave Law\\n181. Name some unsuccessful candidates for the Presidency.\\n182. For what is John Brown noted?\\n183. Who were the Filibusters\\n18 4. Give an account of Farragut s most celebrated exploit.\\n185. Why was Stonewall Jackson so called\\n18G. Give an account of Butler s military career.\\n187. What was the most prominent event of Jefferson s administration Jack-\\nson s Monroe s\\n188. Wliat treaties are celebrated in our history?\\n189. What President was once a tailor s apprentice?\\n190. What was the object of the American party\\n191. What was the Gadsden piirchase\\n192. Name the various difficulties which have arisen with England.\\n193. Wliat was the Wilmot Proviso\\n194. What President followed Washington Taylor Jefferson Lincoln\u00e2\u0080\u0094 John\\nQuincy Adams\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pierce\\n195. Who was President in 1812\u00e2\u0080\u00941832\u00e2\u0080\u00941846\u00e2\u0080\u00941850-1861\\n196. Describe the operations of the Confederate cruisers during the Civil War.\\nOf the blockade runners\\n197. What distinguished generals have been unsuccessful candidates for the Pres-\\nidency? Successful candidates?\\n198. Wliy did the French in Canada extend their explorations westward to the\\nMississippi rather than southward into New York?\\n199. What was the Trent affair\\n200. Name and describe some important naval engagements.\\n201. In what battle did the defeated general leave his wooden leg?\\n202. TATiat was the O grab me Act\\n203. Who first used the expression, To the victors belong the spoils\\n204. Wliat is the Civil Service Reform\\n4", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. xxi\\n205. What right did the English and Spanish have to occupy this conttaent f\\n206. Why is this country English rather than French\\n207. What are patroon estates f\\n208. What was the difference between the Pilgrims and the Puritans?\\n209. Has a State any right to coin money?\\n210. Ought Andre to have been executed?\\n211. What President in his inaugural called attention to the fact that he was the\\nfirst one born after the Revolution?\\n212. Who is the author of the Thirty- Years View\\n213. Name the prominent histories of the United States.\\n214. What portion of the United States favored the annexation of Texas\\n215. Who first used the expression, A government of the people, by the people,\\nand for the people\\n216. Wliat was the Town Meeting of the early New England times?\\n217. How many times in our history has the House of Representatives been callei\\nupon to choose the President?\\n218. Which Presidents were college graduates?\\n219. How many States voted for Washington the first time as President?\\n220. Why did President Hayes take the oath of office privately the day before\\nhis public Inauguration?\\n221. Where is the Key to the Bastile\\n222. What effect did the invention of the cotton-gin have on slavery?\\n223. What three Italians were prominent in American discoveries?\\n224. Name some important events in our history that have occun-ed on Friday.\\n225. What was the Society of the Cincinnati\\n226. Where was Franklin State\\n237. What war was waging in Europe during our King William s War? During\\nthe French and Indian War?\\n228. Why did the Iroquois generally favor the English rather than the French\\n229. How did the English treatment of the Indians compare with the French?\\n230. WTiat influence did the following statesmen have on Congressional legislation\\nThomas H. Benton, William H. Seward, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Clay,\\nDaniel Webster, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun?\\n231. For how many years was New York the capital of the United States\\n232. What was the object of the Electoral CoUege\\n233. What Vice-President took the oath of office two days before the President?\\n234. Of whom was it said, When the ermine of the official robe fell on him,\\nit touched nothing less spotless than itself\\n235. How were the early Presidents nominated for office\\n236. What constitutes citizenship in the United States?\\n237. Why was not Washington inaugurated until April 30\\n238. Was Hamilton a Federalist or Anti-Federalist Jefferson Madison\\n239. What is the longest period during which any one party has remained in\\npower in the United States?\\n240. What was the meaning of the campaign cry Fifty-four forty, or fight\\n241. What was the Western Reserve\\n242. Quote the first telegram.\\n243. Have the President and the Vice-President always belonged to the same\\nparty?\\n244. Who was T^ady Rebecca?", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.\\nTHE following preamble and specifications, known as the Declaration of Inde-\\npendence, accompanied the resolution of Kichard Henry Lee, which was\\nadopted by Congress on the 2d day of July, 1776. This declaration was agreed to\\non the 4th, and the transaction is thus recorded in the Journal for that day\\nAgreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolued itself into a committee of the\\nwhole, to take into their further conMderatlon the Declaration and, after some time, the\\npresident resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have agreed to\\na Declaration, which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed\\nto as follows\\nA DECLARATION BY THE BEPRESENTATIVBS OF THE UNITED STATES\\nOF AMERICA, IN CONORESS ASSEMBLED.\\nWhen, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dis.\\nsolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume,\\namong the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of\\nnature and of nature s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man-\\nkind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.\\nWe hold these truths to be self-evident\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that all men are created equal that they\\nare endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights that among these are\\nlife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments\\nare instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov-\\nerned that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends,\\nit is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government,\\nlaying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as\\nto them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, in-\\ndeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light\\nand transient causes and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are\\nmore disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abol-\\nishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses\\nand usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce\\nthem under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such\\ngovernment, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the\\npatient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which consti-ains\\nthem to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king\\nof Great Britain is a historj of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct\\nobject the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this,\\nlet facts be submitted to a candid world.\\n1. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the\\npublic good.\\n2. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im-\\nportance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained;\\nand, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Xxill\\n3. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of\\npeople, unless those people would relinqtdsh the right of representation in the Legis-\\nlature\u00e2\u0080\u0094a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.\\n4. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable,\\nand distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole piirpose of\\nfatiguing them into compliance with his measures.\\n5. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly\\nfirmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.\\n6. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be\\nelected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned\\nto the people at large for their exercise the State remaining, in the meantime,\\nexposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within.\\n7. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States for that pur-\\npose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners refusing to pass\\nothers to encourage theii migration hither, and raising the conditions of new\\nappropriations of lands.\\n8. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to\\nlaws for establishing judiciary powers.\\n9. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their\\noffices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.\\n10. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers\\nto harass our people and eat out their substance.\\n11. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the con-\\nsent of our Legislatures.\\n13. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the\\ncivil power.\\n13. He has combined with othera to subject lis to a jurisdiction foreign to our\\nconstitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws giving his assent to their acts\\nof pretended legislation\\n14. Por quartering large bodies of armed troops among us\\n15. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders\\nwhich they should commit on the inhabitants of these States\\n16. For cutting off our trade with aU parts of the world\\n17. Fo.r imposing taxes on us without our consent;\\n18. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of a trial by jury\\n10. For transporting us b3yond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses\\n20. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province,\\nestablishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as\\nto render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same\\nabsolute rule into these colonies;\\n31. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and\\naltering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments\\n22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested\\nwith power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.\\n33. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection,\\nand waging war against us.\\n24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and\\ndestroyed the lives of our people.\\n35. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to\\ncomplete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circum-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "XXIV\\nDECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.\\nstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbaroiis ages, and\\ntotally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.\\n26. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to\\nbear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and\\nbrethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.\\n27. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring\\non the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known\\nrule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.\\nIn every stage of those oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most\\nhumble tenns; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated\\ninjury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define\\na tyrant, is unfit to bo the ruler of a free people.\\nNor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. Wo have\\nwarned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an un-\\nwarrantable jurisdiction over us. Wo have reminded them of the circumstances of\\nour emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and\\nmagnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to\\ndisavow these usurpations, wliich would inevitably interrupt our connections\\nand coiTespondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of con-\\nsanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our\\nseparation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind enemies in war; in\\npeace, friends.\\nWe, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America in generf\\nCongress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the recti-\\ntude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people\\nof these colonics, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are,\\nand of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved\\nfrom all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between\\nthem and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, tottilly dissolved, and\\nthat, as free and independent States, they have full jwwer to levy war, conclude\\npeace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things\\nwhich independent States may of right do. And for the supjxjrt of this Declara-\\ntion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Di%ine Providence, we mutually\\npledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.\\nThe foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by\\nthe following members:\\nJOHN HANCOCK.\\nNEW HAMPSniBE.\\nJosiAH Bartl?:tt,\\nWilliam Whipple,\\nMatthew Thornton.\\nMASSACHUSETTS BAY.\\nSamuel Adams,\\nJohn Adams,\\nRobert Treat Paine,\\nElbbidok Gebky.\\nRHODE ISLAND.\\nStephen Hopkins,\\nWilliam Ellert.\\nCONNECTICUT.\\nRoger Sherman,\\nSamuel Huntington,\\nWilliam Williams,\\nOliver Woloott.\\nNEW YORK.\\nWilliam Floyd,\\nPhilip Livingston,\\nFrancis Lewis,\\nLewis Morris.\\nNEW JERSEY.\\nRichard Stockton,\\nJohn Witherspoon,\\nFrancis Hopkinson,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.\\nXXV\\nJohn Hakt,\\nAbbaham Clabk.\\nPENNSYLVAITIA.\\nSoBEKT Morris,\\nBenjamin 3,dsh,\\nBenjamin Franklin,\\nJohn Morton,\\nGeorge Clymer,\\nJames Smith,\\nGeorge Taylor,\\nJames Wilson,\\nGeorge Eoss.\\nDELAWARE.\\nC^SAR Rodney,\\nGeorge Read,\\nThomas M Kban.\\nMARYIiAND.\\nSamuel Chase,\\nWilliam Paca,\\nThomas Stone,\\nCharles Carroll, of Car-\\nroll ton.\\nVTRGINIA.\\nGeorge Wythe,\\nRichard Henry Lee,\\nThomas Jefferson,\\nBenjamin Harrison,\\nThomas Nelson, Jun.,\\nFrancis Lightfoot Lee,\\nCarter Braxton.\\nNORTH CAROLINA.\\nWilllam Hooper.\\nJoseph Hewes,\\nJohn Penn.\\nSOUTH CAROLINA,\\nEdward Rutledge,\\nThomas Heyward, Jun.,\\nThomas Lynch, Jun.,\\nArthur Middleton.\\nGEORGIA.\\nButton Gwinnett,\\nLyman Hall,\\nGeorge Walton.\\nNote. Printed copies of the Declaration were sent out with tlie signatures of\\nJohn Hancock, President, and Charles Thompson, Secretary hence an impression\\nhas become quite general that no other persons signed the document on the 4th\\nof July, 1776. On the contrary, all the members present who voted for it, signed\\nthe paper the same day. A copy on parchment was afterward engrossed and\\nsigned by fifty-four delegates, August 2d, one not signing until September, and\\none still later in the autumn. (See Lossing s Our Country, Vol. H., page 871)", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nWE, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect\\nunion, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the\\ncommon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty\\nto ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the\\nUnited States of America.\\nARTICLE I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Legislative Department.\\nSECTION I. All legislative powei-s herein granted shall be vested in a Con-\\ngress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Repre-\\nsentatives.\\nSECTION n.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of\\nmembers chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the\\nelectors in each State shall have the qualifications reqmsite for electors of the\\nmost numerous branch of the State Legislature.\\nClause 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to\\nthe age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States,\\nand who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he\\nshall be chosen.\\nClause 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall bo apportioned among the sev-\\neral States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective\\nnumbers, which shall be determined by aelding to the whole number of free persons,\\nincluding those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed,\\nthree fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall bo made within three\\nyears after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every\\nsubsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The num-\\nber of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State\\nshall have at least one representative and until such enumeration shall be made,\\nthe State of New Hampshire shall bo entitled to choose three Massachusetts, eight\\nRhode Island and Providence Plantations, one Connecticut, five New York, six\\nNew Jersey, four Pennsylvania, eight Delaware, one Maryland, six Virginia,\\nten North Carolina, five South Carolina, five and Georgia, three.\\nPriambli.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Name the six objects of the Constitution. Who ordained and established this Constltntlon Is\\nthe uniou one of states or of people What branches of government are established under the first three articles\\nof the CoDstitutlon?\\nArticle l.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Srction 1. What body has the power of legislation 7 (Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The power of legislation is\\nthat of makiiiK lawn.) Of what does Congress conslit?\\nStction 2. Who compose the House of Ropresontatives 7 Who choose the representatives 7 What are the neces-\\nsary qualiflcati.iiis of an elector (or vnWr) for a representative? How long is the term of a representative 7 Name\\nthe three qualiflcations necessary for a npresentatlve. Is a foreign-horn person eligible to the office of representa-\\ntive? How are representatives and direct taxes to he apportioned among the states? How was the representative\\npopulation of the different slaU-s to he determined 7 What limit Is there to the number of representatives? Is\\nevery state entitled ti\u00c2\u00ab niiresenlation How manv members were there In the first House of Representatives? How\\noften must the Census be tallea 7 How are vacancies In the House tobcBlled? Who elect the officers of the House T\\nXX vi", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. XXVll\\nClause 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the\\nexecutive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.\\nClause 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other\\nofficers and shall have the sole power of impeachment.\\nSECTIOlSr III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed\\nof two senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years\\nand each senator shall have one vote.\\nClause 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first\\nelection, they shall be di\\\\ ided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of\\nthe senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year\\nof the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year and of the third class, at\\nthe expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year\\nand if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legis-\\nlature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until\\nthe next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.\\nClause 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of\\nthirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not,\\nwhen elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall bo chosen.\\nClause 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the\\nSenate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.\\nClause 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president Tpro\\ntempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when ho shall exercise the office\\nof President of the United States.\\nClause 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments when\\nsitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the Presi-\\ndent of the United States is tried, the Chief -Justice shall preside and no person\\nshall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.\\nClause 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to\\nremoval from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust,\\nor pi-oflt under the United States but the party convicted shall nevertheless be\\nliable and siibject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law.\\nSECTION rV. Clause 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections\\nfor senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legisla-\\nture thereof but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such\\nregulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.\\nWhat body has the sole power of impeachment (Notes. The first census was taken in 1790 the ratio of repre-\\nsentation being one representative fur 33,000 persons. The number of representatives is fixed by law each decade.\\nIt is now (1896) 357, and the ratio of representation in accordance with the census of 1890, is 173,901 persons for\\neach representative. In March of the odd year there is a new House of Representatives. Each organized territory\\nhas a delegate who can sit in the House, but not vote. The states are each divided, by its own laws, into con-\\ngressional districts, as many as the number of representatives to which it is entitled and the electors in each one\\nof these ote for their representative. The phrase all other persons meant slaves but this has been amended\\nby the XlVth Amendment. The speaker is always a member of the House the clerk, sergeant-at-arms, chaplain,\\netc., are not members. To impeach an oflicer is to accuse him of official misconduct.)\\nSection 3. Of how many members does the Senate of the United States consist? Who elect the senators?\\nWhat is a senator s term of office? Explain the classification originally made. What was the object? How are\\nvacancies filled? State the three qualifications necessary for a senator. Who is the president of the Senate? WTieu\\nonly can he vote Who chooses the otiier officers of the Senate When can the Senate choose a president ^ro\\ntempore (for the time bcinp)? What sole power does the Senate possess? Who presides when the President of\\nthe United States is impeached? What number is needed to convict? What penalties can be inflicted in case of\\nconviction? Is a person so convicted liable to a trial-at-Iaw for the same offense?\\nSection 4. Who prescribes the time, place and manner of electing representatives and senators What power\\nhas Congress over the state regulations? How often, and when, must Congress meet? (Note, Congress has pre-", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "XXVIU CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nClause 2. The Congress shall assemble at least onco in every year, and such\\nmeeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law\\nappoint a different day.\\nSECTION v.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, re-\\nturns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con-\\nstitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to\\n(lay, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent membei-s, in such\\nmanner, and under such penalties, as each house may pi-ovide.\\nClause 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its mem-\\nbers for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.\\nClause ;i. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to\\ntime publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require\\nsecrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members of cither house on any question\\nsliall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.\\nClause 4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the\\nconsent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place\\nthan that in which the two houses shall be sitting.\\nSECTION Clause 1. Tlie senators and representatives shall receive a com-\\npensation for their ser\\\\ ices, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of\\nthe United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the\\npeace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their re-\\nspective houses, and in going to and returning from the same and for any speech\\nor debate in cither house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.\\nClause 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was\\nelected, be appointed to any civil ofhce under the authority of the United States,\\nwhich shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been in-\\ncreased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United\\nStates shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.\\nSECTION VIT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the\\nHouse of liepresentatives but the Senate may propose or concur with amend-\\nments, as on other bills.\\nClause 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the\\nSenate, shall, before it become a law, bo presented to the President of the United\\nStates if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objec-\\ntions, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections\\nscrlhed that senators shall be chosen In the following manner The Legislature elected last before the end of the\\nsenatorial term, on the second Tuesday after its first session, shall choose the next senator. The two branches of\\nthe Legislature shall meet separately and vote i ira voce. They shall then assemble together, and if they agree on\\nany person, he shall be considered duly elected if they disagree, the Joint meeting shall vole viva voce from day\\nto day, at 12 M. until a choice is made.)\\nSection 5. Who decides upon the elections, returns and quallflcatlons of the rcprcsenlatlTes and of the\\nsenators? What nunibir of the members Is necessary for a quorum (needed to do business)? What business can\\na minority transact? What power is given each house of Congress of making and enforcing rules? What is the\\nlaw with regard to keeping and publishing a journal of the proceedings? When must the yeas and nays be entered\\nCD the journal Wliat r ?strictioii is there upon the time and place of adjournment\\nSection 6. Who Axes and pays the salaries of niemlwrs of Congress? What special privileges arc granted to\\nmembers of Congress? To what offices are members of Congress ineligible? Can a Congressman hold another office\\nat the same time?\\nSection 7. What bills must originate In the House of Representatives What authority is given the Sc-natc\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0with regard to such bills? Deseritie the three ways in which a bill may become a law (1) With the President s\\nOoucarreDCC U) over his veto (I forbid); auJ (3) by uou-returu uitLIu ten days. What orders, resolutions, and\\nI", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Xxix\\nat large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration,\\ntwo thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the\\nobjections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap-\\nproved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in aU such cases the\\nvotes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the per-\\nsons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house re-\\nspectively. If any bill shaU not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday\\nexcepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like\\nmanner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent\\nits retiirn, in which case it shall not be a law.\\nClause 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate\\nand House of Eepresentatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn-\\nment) shall be presented to the President of the United States and before the same\\nshall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be\\nrepassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to\\nthe rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.\\nSECTION VIH.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect\\ntaxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common\\ndefense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and\\nexcises shall be uniform throughout the United States\\nClause 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States\\nClause 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several\\nStates, and with the Indian tribes\\nClause 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on\\nthe subject of bankriiptcies throughout the United States\\nClause 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and\\nfix the standard of weights and measures\\nClause 6. To provide for the punishment of coimterfeiting the securities and\\nciirrent coin of the United States\\nClau.se 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads\\nClause 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for\\nlimited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their i-espective\\nwritings and discoveries;\\nvotes must be submitted to the President? What is the object of this provision (I^ntes. In case a vacancy occurs\\nin the senatorial representation of any state, the governor of the state can appoint a senator to fill the place, who\\ncan hold office only until the next session of the Legislature. The method of representation in the Senate gives\\nin that body perfect equality to all the States, Rhode Island having the same power as Virginia. A senator is\\nchosen by the Legislature, a representative by the people a senator serves for six years, a representative for two.\\nThe Senate tries an officer for misconduct, but he must be impeached by the House of Representatives. The salary\\nof a Congressman is now $5,000 per year, and mileage (20 cents per mile for every mile of travel by the asnal\\nroute in coming and going). The speaker of the House, and the president pro tempore of the Senate have each a\\nsalary of $8,000 per year. One third of the Senate retire from office every two years. By the term a Con-\\ngress is meant the body of senators and representatives holding office during any one representative term of two\\nyears; the Congress which began its term March 4, 1885, is the 49th. Each Congress ends at noon of the 4th of\\nMarch next succeeding the beginning of its second regular session. The committees, in the House are appointed\\nby the Speaker those in the Senate by itself. The classification of the Senate makes it a more efficient and con-\\nservative body than the House, since in the former there are always two thirds of the number old members, while\\nthe House is all new every two years. If the president of the Senate were a senator, it would give extra power to\\none state, which would be contrary to the plan of that body.\\nSection 8. Eighteen clauses now follow which enumerate the powers granted to Congress. What power has\\nCongress with regard to taxes Duties (taxes on imported or exported articles) Imposts (taxes on importec\\narticles) Excises (taxes on articles produced in the country) Borrowing money Regulating commerce Natu\\nralization? Bankruptcies 7 Coining money 7 Counterfeiting? Post-offices and post-roads Authors and inventors?\\nInferior courts? Piracies? Declaring war? Raising and supporting armies? A navy? Government of the land", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "XXX CONSTITUTION F TIIK IXITKI) STATES.\\nCi-AUSE 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;\\nClause 10. To define and punish piiacies and felonies committed on the high\\nseas, and offenses against the law of nations;\\nClause 11. To declare war, grant lettera of marque and reprisal, and make\\nrules concerning captures on land and water\\nClause 12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that\\n\\\\ise shall be for a longer term than two years\\nClause 13. To provide and maintain a navy\\nClause 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and\\nnaval forces;\\nClause 1. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the\\nUnion, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions\\nClause 1G. To pro^dde for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and\\nfor governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United\\nStates, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and tho\\nauthority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congi-ess\\nClause 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever Qver such\\ndistrict (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States,\\nand the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United\\nStates, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of\\nthe Legislature of tho State in. wliich the same shall ba, for tho erection of forts,\\nmagazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings And\\nClause 18. To make all laws which shall bo necessary and proper for carrying\\ninto execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitu-\\ntion in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.\\nSECTION IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any\\nof tho States now existing shall think proj^r to admit, shall not bo prohibited by the\\nCongress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty\\nmay be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each persQn.\\nClause 3. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,\\nunless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.\\nClause 3. No bill of attainder or ex-i)ost-facto law shall be passed.\\nClause 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion\\nto the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.\\nClause 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exiwrted from any State.\\n\u00c2\u00abnd naval forces? Calling forth the militia? Organizing the militia? Over what places has Congress exclasire\\nlegislation? What power is finally given to Congress to enable it to enforce its authority? What four restrictions\\nupon the Congressional powers are made in this section? (See clauses 1, 2, 16 and 17.) (jVofe*. Taxes may be\\neither direct or indirect: the fornuT are laid directly upon the person the latter upon articles exported, Imported,\\nor consumed. Naturalization is tlie process by which a foreign born person becomes a citizen. The process of\\nnaturalization is as follows (1.) The person declares, on oath before the proper authority, his intention of becoming\\na citizen of the United Stales. (2.) Two years, at least, having elapsed, the person takes the oath of allegiance,\\nwhen he must prove by witness that he has resided in the United States five years and in the state where ho\\nseeks to be naturalized one year that he has borne a good moral character, and has l ecn well-disposed toward\\nthe government. The copyright, or exclusive right of publi.-hing a book, is given to an author for 28 years, with\\nthe privilege of extension 14 years longer An Intoniiitional oopyrigiht law wiut eimcted In 1891. A patent Is\\nnow ;;ranted to an Inventor for 17 years, without the privilege of extension. Any crime punlsliable with death\\nIs a felony. Letters of niHrque and reprisal nro eoniiiilsslons f^veii to persons iiuthorizliif; them to seize the\\nproperty of another nation. By the term high sons is meant the open sea, the highway of nations.)\\nSection 9. Eight clauses now follow, enumerating the powers denied to Cv7igres^. What jirohibition was made\\nconcerning the slave-trailo? Writ of habeas corpus? Bill of attainder Ex-postfacto law Direct tax? Exports\\nfrom any state? Trade between the United States? Payments from the Treasury? Titles of nobility? United\\nStates offlce-holdcr receiving presents from a foreign power T (iVa(e\u00c2\u00ab.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The object of the Qrst clause was to destroy", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, XXXI\\nClause G. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or\\nrevenue to the ports of one State over those of another nor shall vessels bound\\nto, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.\\nClause 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of\\nappropriations made by law and a regular statement and account of the receipts\\nand expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.\\nClause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States And no\\nperson holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent\\nof the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind\\nwhatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.\\nSECTION X. Clause 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con-\\nfederation grant letters of marque and reprisal coin money emit bills of\\ncredit make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts\\npass any bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of\\ncontracts, or grant any title of nobility.\\nClause 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or\\nduties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing\\nits inspection laws and the net produce of all duties and impost, laid by any State\\non imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States and\\nall such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.\\nClause 3. No State shall, ^vithout the consent of Congress, lay any duty of\\ntonnage, keep troops, or ships-of-war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement\\nor compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless\\nactually invaded, or in such imminent danger as wiU not admit of delay,\\nARTICLE II. Executive Department.\\nSECTION I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of\\nthe United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four\\nyears, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected\\nas follows\\nClause 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof\\nmay direct, a nixmber of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and\\nrepresentatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress but no sena-\\ntor or rejiresentative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the\\nUnited States, shall be appointed an elector.\\nthe foreign slave-trade or the importation of negroes from Africa for the purpose of enslaving them. In 1808, a law\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was passed prohibiting the trade, and in 1820 it was declared to be piracy. A writ of habeas corpus is a written\\norder from a magistrate directing that a certain person shall be brought before him its object is to guard against\\nfalse imprisonment or trial in a prejudiced court. A bill of attainder is an English term, meaning an act which\\nwithout trial inflicts death fur treason: attainder of treason can not in the United States work corruption of\\nblood so as to prevent a person from transmitting lands to his descendants. An ex-post-facto law makes an act\\ncriminal or penal which was not so at the time it was committed. A United States office-holder, wishing to accept\\na present or distinction offered him by any foreign power, must ask permission of Congress before he can re-\\nceive it.)\\nSection 10. Three clauses now follow enumerating the powers denied to the several States, What prohibition\\nwas made with regard to treaties Letters of marque and reprisal Coinage of money Issuing bills of credit\\n(bills to circulate as money)? Making any other legal tender than gold or silver? A bill of attainder? An ex-post-\\nfacto law 1 The impairing of contracts Titles of nobility Imposts Keeping troops Making peace or war\\nArticle II. Section 1. In whom is the executive power vested? {Note. The executive jwwer is that of exe-\\ncuting the laws.) How long is the President s term of office The Vice-President s Who are the presidential\\nelectors? How many are there from each state? Who are ineligible to the office? Describe the method of electing\\nS President, as originally directed by the Constitution. (JVo(e.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This has been superseded by the XIIUi Amen4.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "XXXU CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATER.\\nClause 3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and\\nthe day on which they shall give their votes which day shall be the same\\nthroughout the United States.\\nClause 4. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United\\nStates at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall bo eUgible to the\\noffice of President neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall\\nnot have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years resident\\nwithin the United States.\\nClause 5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,\\nresignation, or inability to discharge the powera and duties of the said office,\\nthe same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law pro-\\nvide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the Presi-\\ndent and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President; and\\nsuch officer shall act accordingly untO. the disability be removed, or a President\\nshall be elected.\\nClause 6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com-\\npensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for\\nwhich he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that ixjriod any\\nother emolument from the United States, or any of them.\\nClause 7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol-\\nlowing oath or affirmation I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully\\nexecute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my\\nabiUty, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.\\nSECTION II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army\\nand Tiavy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called\\ninto the actual service of the United States ho may require the opinion, in writing,\\nof the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating\\nto the duties of their respective offices and he shall have power to grant reprieves\\nand pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.\\nClause 2. lie shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the\\nSenate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur and\\nhe shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall\\nappoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme\\nCourt, and all other officers of the United States, whoso appointments are not\\nherein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law but the\\nCongress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think\\nproper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.\\nmuDt.) What power has Congress over the electors? Wliat arc the necessary qualifications for the office of\\nPresident? lu case of a vacancy, who would become President? (.Vo/c. \u00e2\u0080\u0094lu case ul a vacancy in the office of both\\nPresident and Vice-President, the office of President will devolve, lu regular succession, upon the uiembers of\\nthe cabinet (page 2fl8). The electors are now chosen on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the last\\nNovember of each presidential term of office. The electors meet to cast their ballots, generally at the capital of\\neach state, on the first Wednesday In the last December of each presidential term of office. When the plan\\nof choosing electors was originally adopted, it was Intcudtd to choose good men who should themselves select\\nthe President but it soon came about that the electors were pledged to their respective candidates before their\\nown election. The President s salary Is $50,000 per year, together with the use of the White House.) Can the\\nsalary of a President ho changed during his term of office? Can he receive any other emolument from the national\\nor any state government? Repeat the President s oath of office.\\nSection 2. Three clauses now follow enumerating the powerg granted to the Preaident. What authority has\\nthe President over the United States army and navy? State militia? The chief officers of the different executive\\ndepartments? (See note, p. 151.) Renrieves and pardons? The making of treaties? .\\\\p|ioiutmeut of ambassa-\\ndors? Judges of the Supreme Court, etc. 7 l illiuj vuoaucles?", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "Constitution ov the unitei:) states, xxxm\\nClause 3. The President shall have power to All up all vacancies that may\\nhappen during the recess of the Senate, by granting conunissions which shall\\nexpire at the end of their next session.\\nSECTION m.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the\\nstate of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall\\njudge necessary and expedient he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both\\nhouses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to\\nthe time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper\\nhe shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers he shall take care that the\\nlaws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.\\nSECTION IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the\\nUnited States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction\\nof, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.\\nARTICLE III. Judicial Department.\\nSECTION I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one\\nSupreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time\\nordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold\\ntheir offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services\\na compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.\\nSECTION H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CLArsE 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and\\nequity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties\\nmade, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambas-\\nsadors, other public ministers, and consuls to all cases of admiralty and maritime\\njurisdiction to controversies to which the United States shall be a party to con-\\ntroversies between two or more States between a State and citizens of another\\nState between citizens of different States between citizens of the same State\\nclaiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens\\nthereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.\\nClause 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and con-\\nsuls, and those in which a State shall bo party, the Supremo Court shall have\\noriginal jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court\\nshall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions\\nand under such regulations as the Congress shall make.\\nSection 3. Defines the duties of the President. Name these duties with regard (1) to Congress, (2) to ambas-\\nsadors, and (3) to United States officers. {Note, Washington and Adams In person read their messages to\\nCongress; the present plan of sending the message by a private secretary was commenced by Jefferson.)\\nSection 4. For what crimes and in what way may any United States officer be removed from office 7\\nAeticle III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sectio7i 1. In what is the judicial power of the United States vested? (Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The judicial\\npower is that of interpreting and applying the laws.) How long do the judges hold office 7 Can their salary be\\nchanged during their term of office\\nSection 2 defines the jurisdiction of the United States Courts, Name the cases to which the judicial power of\\nthe United States extends. In what ca.ies does the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction 7 Appellate juris-\\ndiction? What is the law with regard to trial by jury? Where must such a trial be held? Where may a crime\\nbe committed not within a state? (Notes. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate\\njustices. The salary of the chief justice is $10,500 and that of an associate $10,000 per annum. This court meets\\nat Washington annually on the first Wednesday in December. A citizen of the District of Columbia, within the\\nmeaning of the Constitution as above, is not a citizen of a State. By original jurisdiction is meant the court in\\nwhich the case begins; by appellate, is indicated a trial after an appeal from a lower court.)", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "XXXIV CONST I TUT TON OF THE UNITIOD STATES.\\nClause 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by\\niury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have\\nbeen committed but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at\\neuch place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.\\nSECTION m.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only\\nin levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid\\nand comfort.\\nClause il. -No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of\\ntwo witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open coxirt.\\nClause 3. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason\\nbut no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except\\nduring the life of the peraon attainted\\nySRTICLE IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 General Provisions.\\nSECTION I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Full faith and credit shall bo given in each State to the public\\nacts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State and the Congress\\nmay by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro-\\nceedings shall bo proved, and the effect thereof.\\nSECTION n.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all\\nprivileges and immunities of citizens iu the several States.\\nClause 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,\\nwho shall flee from justice, and bo found in another State, shall, on demand of\\nthe executive authority of the State from which ho fled, be delivered up, to be\\nremoved to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.\\nClause 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws\\nthereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation\\ntherein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on\\nclaim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.\\nSECTION m.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into\\nthLs Union but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction\\nof any other State nor any State be formed by the jimction of two or more\\nStates, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States\\nconcerned as well as of the Congress.\\nClause 2. The Congress shall have power to disjx)se of and make all needful\\nrules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the\\nUnited States; .and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to\\nprejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.\\nSECTION rv.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union\\na republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against inva-\\nSecHon S. In what ilocs treason consist? What proof Is required? Who fixes the punishment 7 What limit\\nis asslKnedT\\nAbticlb IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Section 1. What Is the law with regard to state records, Judicial proceedings, etc.?\\nSection 2. What privileges haa the citiien of one state in all the others? Can a criminal or an Apprentice\\nescape by fleeing into another state? (ATofe.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clause 3 originally included fugitive slaves, but that application was\\nannulled by the Xlllth Amendment.)\\nSection 3. State the law with regard to the formation and admission of new states. What i\u00c2\u00abower has Congress\\nover the territory and property of the United States?", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXV\\nsion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legis-\\nlature can not be convened) against domestic violence.\\nARTICLE V. Po-wer of Amendment.\\nThe Congi ess, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall\\npropose amendments to this Constitution, or, on tha application of the Ijcgislatures\\nof two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments,\\nwhich, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Con-\\nstitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or\\nby conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification\\nmay be proposed by the Congress provided that no amendment which may be made\\nprior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect\\nthe first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article and that no\\nState, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.\\nARTICLE VI. Miscellaneous Provisions.\\nClause 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop-\\ntion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this\\nConstitution, as under the confederation.\\nClause 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be\\nmade in pursuance thereof and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under\\nthe authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land and the\\njudges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or\\nlaws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.\\nClause 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members\\nof the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of\\nthe United, States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation\\nto support this Constitution but no religious test shall ever be required as a\\nqualification to any office or public trust under the United States.\\nARTICLE VII. Ratification of the Constitution.\\nThe ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the\\nestablishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.\\nDone in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the\\nseventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand\\nseven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the\\nUnited States of America the twelfth.\\nIn witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names.\\nGEORGE WASHINGTON,\\nPresident, and Deputy from Virginia.\\nSection 4. What mu t Congress guarantee to every state? When must Congress protect the states?\\nArticle V. State the two way?; in which amendments to the Constitution may be proposed. The two ways\\nin which they may be ratified. What restriction in this article has now lost all force? What provision for the\\nbenefit of the smaller states is attached to this article\\nArticle VI. Wliat debts did the United .States assume when the Constitution was adopted What Is the\\nsupreme law of the land Who are required to take au oath or afiirmation to support the Coustitutiou of the\\nUnited States Can a religious test be exacted", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "XXXVl CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nNEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nJohn Languon,\\nNicholas Gilman.\\nMASSACHTTSETTS.\\nNathaniel Qorham,\\nE.UFUS Kino.\\nCONNECTICUT.\\nWilliam SamueL Johnson,\\nEoUEK SHEK.MAN.\\nNEW YORK.\\nAle.xandek Hamilton.\\nNEW JERSEY.\\nWilliam Livinuston,\\nDavid Breakley,\\nWilliam Patehson,\\nJonathan Dayton.\\nPENNS Y UVANIA.\\nBenjamin Fkanklin,\\nThomas Mifflin,\\nRobert Morris,\\nGeorge Cly mer,\\nThomas Fitzsimons,\\nJarei) Ingersoll,\\nJames Wilson,\\nGouverneur Morris.\\nAttest\\nDELAWARE.\\nGeorge Reed,\\nGunning Bedford, Jr.,\\nJohn Dickinson,\\nRichard Bassett,\\nJacob Broom.\\nMARYLAND.\\nJames McHenry,\\nDaniel of St. Thomas Jenifer,\\nDaniel Carroll.\\nVIRGINIA.\\nJohn Blair,\\nJames Madison, Jr.\\nNORTH CAROLINA.\\nWilliam Blount,\\nRichard Dobbs Spaight,\\nHugh Williamson.\\nSOUTH CAROLINA.\\nJohn Rutledge,\\nCharles C. Pinckney,\\nCharles Pinckney,\\nPierce Butler.\\nGEORGIA.\\nWilliam Few,\\nAbraham Baldwin.\\nWILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary.\\nAMENDMENTS\\nTo the Constitution of the United States. Ratified according to the\\nProvisions of the Fifth Article of the Foregoing Constitution.\\nARTICLE I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of\\nreligion, or prohiI iting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of\\nspeech, or of the press; or the riglit of the people peaceably to assemble, and to\\npetition the government for redi ess of grievances.\\nARTICLE II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A well-regulated miUtia, being necessary to the security of a\\nfree State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shaU not be infringed.\\nArticle VII. What waa necessary for the adoption of this Constitution (Note, p. It3.) In what year was It\\nadopt4-il\\nAme.vdmknts. (.Vo\u00c2\u00abm. The first ten amendments were proposed in 1789 at the first session of the First Con-\\n(tress. and in 1791 wen declared adnpt d. They arc of the natare of a Bill of Rights, and were passed in order to\\nsatisfy thcisp whi .nniplaincd thut the ronstitntion did not sumi-itntly eunrd the rights of the people.)\\nARTICLE 1. What Kuarantees are provided cnncerning religious freedom? Freedom uf speech and the press?\\nPeaceable assembly and petition 7\\nArticle II. What guaraut\u00c2\u00bb e is given with regard l\u00c2\u00ab the right of bi ariug arms?", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXVll\\nARTICLE m.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No soldiers shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house,\\nwithout the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre-\\nscribed by law.\\nARTICLE rV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,\\npapers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio-\\nlated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or\\naflirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons\\nor things to be seized.\\nARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise\\ninfamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except\\nin cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual\\nservice in time of war and public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the\\nsame offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb nor shall be compelled\\nin any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life,\\nliberty, or property, without due process of law nor shall private property be\\ntaken for public use, without just compensation.\\nARTICLE VT.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right\\nto a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein\\nthe crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously\\nascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa-\\ntion to be confronted with the v/itnesses against him to have compulsory pro-\\ncess for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel\\nfor his defense.\\nARTICLE VTE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In suits at common law, where the vahie in controversy shall\\nexceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact\\ntried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States\\nthan according to the rules of common law.\\nARTICLE VIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Excessive bail shall not be reqiiired, nor excessive fines im-\\nposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.\\nARTICLE IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not\\nbe construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.\\nARTICLE X.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitu-\\ntion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or\\nto the people.\\nArticle III. What is provided with regard to quartering soldiers upon citizens?\\nArticle IV. What is provided with regard to unreasonable searches and warrants?\\nArticle V. What provisions are made with regard to a trial for capital offenses Can a person be tried twice\\nfor the same crime? Can a criminal be forced to witness against himself? Wlien can private property be taken\\nfor the public use?\\nArticle VI. Wliat important rights are secured to the accused in case of a criminal prosecution\\nArticle VII. When is the right of jury trial guaranteed? How must a fact tried by a jury be re-examined?\\nArticle VIII. What guarantee is given with regard to excessive bail or fine and unusual punishment?\\nArticle IX. Does the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution have any effect upon those not enu-\\nmerated 7\\nArticle X. What declaration is made concerning the powers neither delegated to Congress nor forbidden the\\nstates", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "XXXVlll CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nARTICLE XI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tho judicial power of the United States shall not bo construed\\nto extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of\\nthe United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any\\nforeign state.\\nARTICIiE XH. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by\\nballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an\\ninhabitant of tho same State with themselves; tliey shall name in their ballots\\nthe person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots tho person voted for as\\nVice-President and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Presi-\\ndent, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of tho number of votes\\nfor each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat\\nof the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate\\nthe president of the Senate shall, in the presence of tho Senate and Ilouse of\\nRepresentatives, open all the certificates, and tho votes shall then be counted\\nthe person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the Presi-\\ndent, if such number bo a majority of the whole number of electors appointed\\nand if no pei-son have such majority, then from the persons having the highest\\nnumbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the IIouso\\nof Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, tho President. But in\\nchoosing the President, tlie votes shall be taken by States, the representation from\\neach State having one vote a quorum for this piu-pose shall consist of a member\\nor members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all tho States shall\\nbe necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a\\nPresident whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth\\nday of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in\\nthe case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The\\nI)erson having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-\\nPresident, if such number be a majority of tho whole number of electors appointed\\nand if no pereon have a majority, then from tho two highest numbers on the list,\\nthe Senate shall choose the Vice-President a quorum for the purpose shall consist\\nof two thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole num-\\nber shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to\\nthe office of President shall bo eligible to that of Vice-President of the United\\nStates.\\nARTICLE XIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Section 1. Neither .slavery nor involuntary servitude, except\\nas a punishment for crime, whereof the person shall have been duly convicted,\\nshall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.\\nSection 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate\\nlegislation.\\nAbticlb XI. (.Vote. This amendment was proposed at the flrst session of the Third Congress, 1794, and\\ndeclared adapted in 1798.) What restriction is placed on the judicial power of the United States? Can the citizena\\nof one state hriiig a suit against another state?\\nAkticli XII. (JVote. This amendment was proposed at tlie first session of the Eighth Congress, 1803, and\\ndeclared adopted in 1804. It grew up out of the contest In the House of Representatives at the time of Jefferson s\\nelection he wasi not chosen until the .Sfith liallot.) Describe in fUll the mode of choosing the President by the\\nelectors. The Vice-President. State the essential qnaliflcatinns of the Vice-President. ec Art. II.. Sec. 1. Clause\\n4.) In case there is no choice by the electors, how is the President elected Descrihe the mode of election in the\\nHouse. If n President shmild not be chosen by March who would act as President?\\nAbticlk XIII. This amendment was proposed at the stvoud session of the Thirty-eighth Consress, 1885,\\nand declared adopted in 1865. It grew out of the Civil War. See p. 282.) Repeat the amendment abolishing\\nslavery and involuntary servitude iu the United Slates,\\nI", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "COiSrSTlTUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXIX\\nARTICLE XrV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United\\nStates, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States\\nand of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law\\nwhich shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States\\nnor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due\\nprocess of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection\\nof the laws.\\nSection 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States accord-\\ning to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each\\nState excliiding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for\\nthe choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States,\\nrepresentatives in Congress, the executive or judicial officers of a State, or the\\nmembers of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of\\nsuch State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in\\nany way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis\\nof representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number\\nof such male citizens shall bear to the v/hole number of male citizens twenty-one\\nyears of age in such State.\\nSection 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or\\nelector of President and Vice-President, or hold any oflice, civil or military, under\\nthe United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as\\na member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of\\nany State Legislattire, or as an executive or judicial offlcer of any State, to sup-\\nport the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or\\nrebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But\\nCongress may, by a vote of two thii ds of each house, remove such disability.\\nSection 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by\\nlaw, including debts incurred for payment of pension and bounties for services in\\nsuppressing insun-ection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the\\nUnited States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred\\nin aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the\\nloss or emancipation of any slave but all such debts, obligations, and claims\\nshall be held illegal and void.\\nSection 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation,\\nthe pro^ isions of this article.\\nAUTICLE XV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Section 1. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote\\nshall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account\\nof race, color, or previous condition of servitude.\\nSection 3. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate\\nlegislation.\\nAktiolb XIV. (Note. This amendment was adopted in 1868. ee p. 284.) Section 1. Who are citizens of the\\nUnited States? What restrictions are laid upon the states with regard to abridging the rights of citizens?\\nSection 2. How are repreerntatives apportioned among the several states How does this amend Art. I., Sec.\\n2, Clause 3?\\nSection 3. What persons are prohibited from holding any office under the United States? How may this dis-\\nability be removed?\\nSection i. Repeat the provision with regard to the validity of the public debt. With regard to any debt\\nincurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion.\\nArticle XV. (A^ofe.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 This amendment was adopted in 1870. See page 288.) Repeat the amcudmeut granting\\noniyersal suffrage.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "xl\\nTABLE OF STATES.\\nMo\\nD tS\\nso\\n-.3 2\\n.2 r3 a C i o i:^\\no\\no H E\\no .3 f 9.S\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nW 55 J S^ ^J\\n2\\nc o M\\nY^\\n,4.\\nrf\\\\\\nf:\\nCC\\n.TS\\nr-i\\nC^\\nJ,\\nac\\nt-\\nr-l\\nI-\\ni\\no\\nf\u00c2\u00ab\\nci\\n3\\nm\\nfo\\nr^\\nfin\\ng\\n?f\\nin\\ntr-\\ni*\\nS S3\\nb\\nCD\\n3\\ns\u00c2\u00ab\\nj^\\nfjj[\\n3\\nin\\neo\\ni\\nCO\\ns\\nIti\\nJr\\nS 8 g\\nin\\n_s_\\nin\\nin\\n0;\\ne\u00c2\u00bb ii to\\ns\\no\\nin\\nin\\nS\\nira\\no\\nR\\no\\nS5\\nf=\\ns\\niS\\nS\\ns?\\ni\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0q\\nc;\\nc^\\no\\n03\\nfM\\n0:\\n00\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0V\\n3\\noc\\n1\\no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0S\\nS3\\nsi\\n.3\\n2\\n2\\nt\\n2\\na\\na\\n3\\n3\\ns\\n3\\na\\nM\\nM\\nQ\\nM\\nfa\\nfa\\nTl\\na\\nX\\ng\\n1\\ns\\nC3\\n1\\no\\n5\\n5\\np\\ng\\n2\\n5\\na\\na\\nS\\n4^\\n4)\\ns\\n2\\nS\\na\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\ng\\n3\\nC\\n5\\nC3\\n1\\n3\\na\\nOS\\nPU\\nw\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2A\\nPC\\nM\\na\\ne\\ns^\\n3?\\no\\ng\\ngj\\nt:;\\neo\\nSR\\nS\\ng\\nfn\\n00\\nS\\n1\\ns\\ng\\nCD\\n?o\\n50\\nCO\\nCD\\nt-\\nw\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2KOI\\nBnx\\nan\\nft\\nft\\nS\\nS\\n3R\\nSR\\nS\\nrn\\n?J\\ne\u00c2\u00bb\\nCC\\nt-\\n00\\n05\\nNOIBSI\\nwar\\nth\\nJ;^\\nt-\\nt~\\nJ;^\\noc\\ndO S\\nLva\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0H-\\n1,\\nw-\\nt_\\nu\\nO\\nu\\nSi\\nja\\nC\\n1^1\\ni\\ns\\no\\nKH\\no\\ns\\njs\\nXJ\\nJ\\no\\no\\np\\n3\\no\\nr\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\nc:\\nm\\n2 a cj\\nS\\ng\\no\\n1\\na\\na\\no\\nMX!\\nC\\nO\\n5\\nD\\na)\\no\\ns\\nCS5\\nM\\n5\\n5\\n1\\nO\\no\\nti\\na\\n1\\no-i a\\n1^\\n03\\n.a\\no\\no\\n3\\nc.\\nn\\nt-^ HH l-H\\n-5\\n5\\n9\\nC\\nc\\nIndian. Darlv ai\\nGround.\\nIndian. IJivcr\\n1\\nI\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a\\na\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2c\\nc\\nc\\nC\\nJ\\n2\\na\\na\\n2\\nP4 !zj o u a\\ncs M\\na Si\\nSi\\no c\\nSi\\n1;^\\ni e\\n;z; is K W H\\n.2 -S -2 i a\\n11 (Nco i locot- coa\\n1-1 CI eo", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF STATES.\\nXli\\nef\\ng \u00c2\u00a73^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2O*^ M W ftH\\nc3 t;^ .2 L^ 03\\nSoS m\\nI? S S c\\nSS cfl to -i\\nS3\\n(i\\n5H o\\njj O fci\\nSSh.2\\ngSn gS |i\\nH H M HH ^B\\nt^\\nS o I\\nSoM.S\\n_t. -Ml\\nTO 58 Ct ,3\\nrf Cti cS f^\\ntJD\\n^-S ^c\\n_5_j3_\\nk5i-)kIm U\\no s\\nH 5 Q 3\\n1^ t-1\\n_g ^S g^\\nO C -OS S\\nQShSO\\nfe.2g.\\nS CO g\\nc o t- o\\nCO t\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CD iH O\\nCO (N CO Oi 05 CO\\ni-H lO i-H CO\\nin 00 G i Oi\\nOJ CO CO Tf I\\n(N 00 CO\\nr-f \u00c2\u00bb0 rH CO 00 (M\\n00 CO lO \\\\Q la CO\\nid O OC 05 00 G^ rH\\nr?\\nV. 3\\nS\\nS Q\\nm a)\\n,n\\nin\\nOS\\nOrH-*-*\\no\\nt^\\nOS\\nm\\n(M\\n03\\nIM\\nt^\\nS f^S\\nlO\\nCO\\n00\\nt-\\ns\\ni-HrHiH tH\\ns\\nI-l\\nS\\n00\\ns\\nCO\\no\\nOOOS rHOO\\n-f\\nt~\\nCO\\nO:\\nro\\n05\\no\\no\\nCO\\n00 00\\non\\n00\\nm\\noo\\nUO\\n00 00 00 00\\n22\\nfH iH rH iH\\nft- 3\\nS\\ns\\n1\\n;5\\nH ihN m\\n3\\nc -2 a o 2\\na c P. c\\nM m I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ICCl\u00e2\u0080\u0094 in\\ngS 5\\nI 3\\no\\nd of\\nr!5 to\\na no\\nS5\\nO ST* ^-i\\nS2\\ns s-\\nr; O\\nPh H M O SoMP Iz; Sz;\\nS\\n2\\nCO CO COCOCOCO 00 CO CO", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "xlii\\nTAHLE OF THE PRESIDENTS.\\n4) 4J O 11 V 3^ 4\\noi a a e^fiitiiPi\\nr-\\no\\nS^\\n00\\ni-\\nr*\\ns\\nr-l C5 1-\\nfes\\nO M\\n.r:\\nOOX\\nSOS S f-\\nri 00 iilii; 30 OO\\n112 2\\n:j c\\ns i\\nM og\\na S\\n-S\\niJ S\\n2 22 S S.7.0B0\\no 00 t-.ri r 062B\\nr-. G\\ns -Sis-\\nP t\u00c2\u00ab c\\n1 U\\na a\\nCJ\\nC v\\nB B\\nc\\nC B\\n00\\nCO\\nrHN C\\ni 2 t~\\no o o\\nto t- on cot\\nt~ 00 00 00 00 do 00 0000 00 00 oDoo 00 00 00 00 00 0000\\nCO -i oor\\ncot* a Oft 00 o\\ni-H a 00\\n00 X 00 00 X c\\n7^0\\nB E\\nB.2.2SS=:\\nS H M ociz^M !z;\\nS Ej3\\n1-9\\nc2\\nft. t3\\nS S fc\\nca c3 taH\\nft* 2\\n.5 f5\\nin 1^\\nO iH fM W \u00c2\u00bb0\\n00 c: O T\\nO ?3\\nI M M-) N", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "IN D E X.\\nThis Index rrf o .s to tin- iiotr\\nat the bottom of tJn- 2 th\\nof the hook.\\nAcadia, named, 32 depopulated, 85.\\nAdams and Jackson contrasted, 175.\\nAdams, John, the patriot, 102-104 Dec-\\nlaration of Independence, 114 Presi-\\ndent, 154.\\nAdams, John Quincy, 174.\\nAdams, Samuel, 103.\\nAgricultural Collegee, founding of, 329.\\nAlabama, admission of, 203; secession\\nof, 198.\\nAlabama and Kearsarge, 268.\\nAlamo, attack on, 205.\\nAlaska, purchase of, 284 district, 297.\\nAlbany, 65.\\nAlexandria, seizure of, 217.\\nAlgiers, treaty with, 153; Decatur at,\\n171.\\nAlien and Sedition Laws, 154.\\nAllen, Ethan, 110.\\nAmendment, Fifteenth, 288; Four-\\nteenth, 284 Thirteenth, 282.\\nAmes, Fisher, 330.\\nAmnesty Proclamation, 282.\\nAnderson, Maj. E., 199.\\nAndre, execution of, 136.\\nAndros, Governor Edmund, of New\\nEngland, 59 demands charter of\\nConnecticut, 63 governor of New\\nYork, 67.\\nAntietam, battle of, 241.\\nAntiquities, American, 9.\\nAnti-rent diflftculties, 182.\\nAppomattox Court House, surrender at,\\n275.\\nArkansas, admission of, 204 secession\\nof, 2] 7.\\nArkansas Post taken, 230.\\nArlington Heights, seizure of, 217.\\nArnold, Benedict, at Ticonderoga, 110:\\nat Quebec, 112 relieves Fort Schuy-\\nler, 122 at Saratoga, 124 treason\\nof, 135 in Virginia, 139 at New\\nLondon, 140.\\nArthur, Chester A., 295, 297.\\nAtlanta, advance upon, 256 capture\\nof, 257.\\nAtlantic Cable, 285.\\nAttainder, bill of, xxxi.\\nAverysboro, battle of, 272.\\nAyllon, De, 27.\\nBacon s Rebellion, 52.\\nBailey, Col. Joseph, 265.\\nBaker, Colonel E. D., 221.\\nBalboa, 27.\\nBall s Bluff, battle of, 220.\\nBaltimore, Lord, 72.\\nBaltimore, Massachusetts troops at, 217.\\nBank of United States, 152, 176, 181.\\nBanks, General N. P., in Shenandoah\\n237; at Port Hudson, 245; in Red\\nRiver Expedition, 265.\\nBarton, Colonel William, 121.\\nBeaufort, capture of, 232.\\nBeauregard, General P. G. T., at Fort\\nSumter, 216 at Bull Run, 219 at\\nShiloh, 226; at Bermuda Hundred,\\n262.\\nBelmont, battle of, 221.\\nBennington, battle of, 123.\\nBentonville, battle of, 272.\\nBermuda Hundred, battle at, 262.\\nBig Bethel, skirmish at, 218.\\nBig Black River, battle of, 245.\\nBill, how one becomes a law, xxviii.\\nBlack Hawk War, 177.\\nBland Silver Bill, 295.\\nBlennerhassett, Harman, 157.\\nBlockade, the, 267.\\nBoone, Daniel, 201.\\nBoonville, battle of, 221.\\nBoston, massacre in, 104; Port Bill,\\n105 Tea Party at, 105 evacuation\\nof, 112; fire at, 289.\\nBoundary, north-east, 180 north-west,\\n183.\\nxliii", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "XllV\\nI N I) K X\\nBraddock, General Edward, 84.\\nBragg, Gen. Braxton, at Buena Vista,\\n187 invades Kentucky, ^28 at\\nChickamauga, 240; at Chattanooga,\\n247.\\nBrandj^wino, battle of, 119.\\nBrooks, Preston S., assails Sumner, 195.\\nBrown, John, 197.\\nBryant, William Cullen, 330.\\nBuchanan, Franklin, 233.\\nBuchanan, .James, 190.\\nBuckner, Gen. S. B., 225.\\nBuell, General D. C, 225, 220, 228.\\nBuena Vista, battle of, 180.\\nBull Run, fli-st buttle, 219 second, 241.\\nBunker Hill, battle of, 108.\\nliurgoyne, invasion of, 121-125.\\nBurnside, General Ambrose E., expedi-\\ntion to Roanoke Island, 232; at Au-\\ntictam, 242 at Fredericksburg, 242.\\nBurr, Aaron, 155-157.\\nButler. General B. P., 218, 231. 202,\\n200.\\nCabinet, the formation of, 151.\\nCabot, Jolin, 25.\\nCabot, Sebastian, 25.\\nCabrillo, 29.\\nCalhoun, John C. 173, 170.-\\nCalifornia, admission of, 200 ceded to\\nUnited States, 208; gold discovered\\nin, 190.\\nCamden, battle of, 133.\\nCarnifcx Ferry, battle of, 21\u00c2\u00bb.\\nCarolina, secession vt South, 198 seces-\\nsion of North, 217.\\nCarolinas, settlement of, 74.\\nCaroline, burning of the, 180.\\nCarrick s Ford, battle of, 218.\\nCarpet-baggers, 284.\\nCarthage, battle of, 221.\\nCartier, 30.\\nCedar Creek, battle of, 204.\\nCedar Moimtain, battle of, 240.\\nCentennial Anniversaries, 291, 292.\\nCenter of poi)iilatioii, 324.\\nCerro Gonlo, battle of, 188.\\nCervera, Admiral. 310, 311, 312, 313.\\nChambersburg, burning of, 204.\\nChampion Hills, battle of, 2 15.\\nGhamplain, 32.\\nChancellorsville, battle of, 250.\\nChantilly, battle of, 241.\\nChapultepec, capture of, 189.\\nCharleston, settlement of, 74 in Revo-\\nlution. 129, 1.32, 133; in Civil War,\\n254, 272 earthquakes at, 299.\\nCharter, definititm of. iii.\\nChattanooga, battle of, 247.\\nCheat Mountain, battle of, 218.\\nChesapeake and Leopard, 158.\\nChesapeake and Shannon, battle of the,\\n100.\\nChicago, massacre at (.Fort Dearborn),\\n203 Are at, 288.\\nChickamauga, battle of, 240.\\nChina, treaties with, 280, 295.\\nChippewa, battle of, 108.\\nChrysler s Field, battle of. 103.\\nChurubusco, battle of, 189.\\nCitizens of United States, definition of,\\nxxxix.\\nCivil Rights Bill, 283.\\nCivil Service Reform, 293, 297.\\nClay, Henry, Missouri Compromise, 172\\nCompromise Bill, 170 nominated\\nPresident, 184 Omnibus Bill, 193.\\nClayborne s Rebellion, 73.\\nCleveland, Grover, 297, 299, 301, 307.\\nClinton, Sir Henry, 114, 127, 128, 130,\\n139.\\nClinton, Gov. George, 328.\\nCold Harbor, battle of, 201.\\nColigny, 31.\\nColleges, 92, 90, 329.\\nColonial life, 91.\\nColoi ado, admission of, 322.\\nColumbia, S. C, capture of, 272.\\nColumbia River, discovery of, 208.\\nColumbus, Christopher, 20-24.\\nCommissions, Sanitary and Christian,\\n209.\\nCompromise, Missouri, 172 of 1850, 193.\\nConfederacy, Southern, formed, 199.\\nConfederate Cruisers, 208.\\nConfederate currency, 207.\\nCongress, composition of, xxvi, xxix.\\nCongress, First Continental, 106.\\nConnecticut, 61.\\nConstitution, adoption of Federal, 143\\nauthors of, 330.\\nConstitution and Guerri^re, 161.\\nConstitution of United States, xxvi fif-\\nteen amendments to, xxxvi.\\nContinental money, 134.\\nContreras, battle of, 189.\\nConvention, Hartford. 109.\\nConway cabal, the, 126.\\nCooper, James Fenimore, 330.\\nCooper, Peter, 293, 326.\\nCopyright. 301. xxx.\\nCorinth, battle of. 228.\\nCornwallis, Earl, pui-sues Washington,\\n110; at Brandywine, 119; at Cam-\\nden, 133 pui-sues Greene, 137 sur-\\nrender of, 140.\\nCotton, 172, 198, 320.\\nCowpens, battle of the. 137.\\nCrisis of 37. the, 178.\\nCrockett, David. 205.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nxlv\\nCross Keys, battle of, 237.\\nCrown Point, attack on, 86; capture of,\\n111.\\nCuba, history of, 304-309, 315, 317.\\nCumberland, loss of the, 233.\\nCuster, Q-en. Greorge A., 292.\\nL)ade s Massacre, 177.\\nDahlgren, Col. Ulric, 259.\\nDakota, North and South, admission of,\\n322.\\nDallas, battle of, 257.\\nDalton, battle of, 257.\\nDanbury, burning of, 120.\\nDarling, Fort, 236.\\nDavis, Jefferson, 199, 275.\\nDe Ayllon, 27.\\nDecatur, Lieut. Stephen, 157.\\nDeerfleld, burning of, 79.\\nDelaware, 69.\\nDe Leon, Ponce, 26.\\nDemocratic party, 173 elects Jackson,\\n174; elects Van Buren, 178; elects\\nPolk, 184; elects Pierce, 194; elects\\nBuchanan, 196 elects Cleveland, 297,\\nDe Monts, 32. [301.\\nDe Narvaez, 27.\\nDe Soto, Hernando (Ferdinand), 27, 304.\\nD Estaing, Count Charles Hector, 129.\\nDetroit, surrender of, 160.\\nDewey, Admiral George, 311, 312.\\nDistrict of Columbia, 150.\\nDonelson, Fort, surrender of, 215.\\nDoniphan, Colonel, 188.\\nDorr s Rebellion, 181.\\nDouglas, Stephen A., 197.\\nDraft riot in New York city, 252.\\nDrake, Sir Francis. 35, 42.\\nDranesville, skirmish at, 221.\\nDred Scott decision, the, 196.\\nDress, 93, 111, 210.\\nDuquesne, Fort, 84, 85.\\nDustin, Mrs., capture of, 77.\\nDutch manners and customs, 95.\\nDuties, definition of, xxix.\\nEarly, Gen. Jubal A., 219, 263, 264.\\nEdward, Fort, massacre at, 86.\\nEducation, 96, 210, 327.\\nElectric light, invention of, 327.\\nEllsworth, Col. Elmer E., 217.\\nElmira, battle near, 131.\\nEmancipation Proclamation, 242, 244.\\nEmbargo O Grab Me Act, the, 158.\\nEmer.son, Ralph W., 331.\\nEricsson, John, 234.\\nErie Canal, opening of, 174.\\nEspejo, 29.\\nEutaw Springs, battle of, 138.\\nEwell, Gen, R. S., 237, 253. 274,\\nExcises, definition of, xxix.\\nEx-post-facto law, xxxi.\\nFair Oaks, battle of, 238.\\nParragut, Capt. D. G., at New Orleans,\\n231 above Vicksburg, 232 at Mo-\\nbile, 266.\\nFederalist, the, 330.\\nFederalists, the, 143, 153, 159, 171.\\nFenians, 284.\\nField, Cyrus W., 286.\\nFilibusters, 193.\\nFillmore, Millard, 191, 192.\\nFislier, Fort, captirre of, 267.\\nFisher s Hill, battle of, 264.\\nFishery Award, 295.\\nFive Forks, battle of, 273.\\nFlorida, discovery of, 27; purchase of,\\n173; secession of, 198; admission\\nof, 205.\\nFoote, A. H., 224.\\nFoiTest, Gen. N. B., 265.\\nFrance, aid from, 126; Genet recalled\\nto, 153; hostilities with, 155; pay-\\nment by, 178.\\nFranklin, Benjamin, 105, 127.\\nFranklin, battle of, 258.\\nFrayser s Farm, encounter at, 239.\\nFredericksburg, battle of, 242.\\nFreedmen s Bureau, 283.\\nFree-soil party, 192, 193.\\nFremont, J. C, 188, 196, 221, 237.\\nFrenchtown, Indian atrocities at, 164.\\nFrolic and Wasp, 162.\\nFugitive Slave Law, 193, 197.\\nFulton, Robert, 157.\\nGadsden Purchase, 195.\\nGage, Gen. Thomas, 105, 106, 113.\\nGaines Mill, battle of, 239.\\nGalveston, capture of, 251.\\nGarfield, James A., 295.\\nGates, Gen. Horatio, 122, 133.\\nGenet, difficulties with, 53.\\nGeorgia, settlement of, 76 secession\\nof, 198.\\nGerman town, battle of, 120.\\nGettysburg, battle of, 252.\\nGilbert, Sir Humphrey, 36.\\nGillmore, Gen. Q. A., 254, 270.\\nGoff e, the regicide, 58.\\nGosnold. 38.\\nGrand Model, the, 75.\\nGrant. TJlysses S., at Belmont, 221 at\\nForts Henry and Donelson, 224 cap-\\ntures Vicksburg, 245 at Chattanooga,\\n247 made Lieutenant-General, 255\\noverland campaign, 260 before Rich-\\nmond, 262; elected President, 886;\\ndeath of, 287,", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "xlvi\\nI N D K X\\nGreeley, Horace, 290.\\nGreenback party, M .i, 205.\\nGreene, Gen. Nathanael, 137, 138.\\nGriswold, Fort, 140.\\nGuam, 310, 319.\\nGuilford Court House, battle of, 138.\\nHale, Captain Nathan, 115.\\nHalleck, Gen. H. W., 221, 227.\\nHamilton, Alexander, 152 death of,\\n156 contributes to Federalist, 330.\\nHancock, Gen. Winfield S., 260, 295.\\nHanging Rock, battle of, 134.\\nHanover Court House, battle of, 23G.\\nHarper s Ferry, 217, 241.\\nHarrison, William Henry, at battle of\\nTippecanoe, 159; elected Pres., 180.\\nHarrison, Benjamin, 299.\\nHarrison s Landing, 240.\\nHatteras Inlet, expedition to, 222.\\nHawaiian Islands, 302, 316.\\nHawthorne, Nathaniel, 331.\\nHayes, R. B., nominated for President,\\n293; administration of, 294.\\nHajTie, Col. Isaac, 134.\\nHayne, Robert Y., 176.\\nHendricks, Thomas A., 293, 297.\\nHenry, Fort, 224.\\nHenry, Patrick, 102, 330.\\nHermitage, the, 175.\\nHessians, 115; at Trenton, 117.\\nHobson, Naval Constructor R. P., 312.\\nHolly Springs, destruction of depot at.\\n230.\\nHood, Gen. John B., 257, 258.\\nHooker, Gen. .Joseph, at Williamsburg,\\n236 at Chattanooga, 247 at Chan-\\ncelloi-sville, 250.\\nHornet and Peacock, 166.\\nHorseshoe Bend, battle of, 166.\\nHouse, Speaker of, xxvii, xxix.\\nHouston, Gen. Sam., 183, 206.\\nHowe, Gen William, evacuates Boston,\\n113 on Long Island, 115.\\nHuguenots, the, 75.\\nHuU, Capt. Isaac, 161 Gen. William,\\n160.\\nHunter, Gen. D., 221, 261.\\nHutchinson, Mrs. Anne, 57.\\nIdaho, admission of, 322.\\nIllinois, admission of, 203.\\nImposts, definition of, xxix.\\nIndependence, Declaration of, 114, xxii.\\nIndiana, admission of, 202.\\nIndians, 10.\\nInternal improvements, defined. 173.\\nIowa, admission of. 300.\\nIron-cla i Oath, 2m.\\nIrving, Washington, 330.\\nIsland No. 10, capture of, 227.\\nluka, battle of, 228.\\nJackson, Andrew, Creek war, 160 at\\nNew Orleans, 170 nominated Presi-\\ndent, 174 administration of, 175.\\nJackson, Gen. T. J., at Bull Run, 219;\\nin Shenandoah, 237; near Hanover\\nCoui-t House, 239 death of, 251.\\n.Tamestown, 38, 52.\\nJapan, treaty with, 195.\\nJasper, Sergeant, 113, 129.\\nJay, Chief Justice John, 153, 330.\\nJefferson, Thomas, writes Declaration\\nof Independence, 114; elected Vice-\\nPresident, 154 nominated President,\\n155; administration of, 155.\\nJesuits, the, 33.\\n.Johnson, Andrew, 281.\\nJohnson, Col. R. :M., 105, 178.\\nJohnson, SirW^illiam, 86.\\nJohnston, Gen. Albert Sidney, 225,\\n226.\\nJohnston, Gen. Joseph E., at Bull Run,\\n220 at Williamsburg, 236 in Shen-\\nandoah, 237; at Fair Oaks, 238; at\\nJackson, 245; before Atlanta, 257;\\nat Averysboro and Bentonville, 272;\\nsurrender of, 279.\\n-Joint Electoral Commission, 293.\\n.Tones, Paul, victory of, 132.\\nKalb, De, Baron John, 133.\\nKansas, admission of, 209 difficulties\\nin, 195.\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill, 194.\\nKearney, Gen. Philip, 241.\\nKearney, Stephen W., 187.\\nKearsarge sinks the Alabama, 268.\\nKenesaw Mountain, battle of, 257.\\nKentucky, admission of, 200.\\nKey, Francis S., 169.\\nKidd, William, 68.\\nKilpatrick, Gen. J. C, 259.\\nKing s Mountain, battle of, 134.\\nK no w-Nothing party, 190.\\nKnoxville, siege of, 250.\\nKosciusko, 122.\\nLaborer, the, 93, 210.\\nLa Fayette, Marquis de, at Brandy-\\nwine, 119; character of, 119; sent\\nagainst Arnold, 139 second visit,\\n173, 210.\\nI^ake Ohamplain, battle of, 168.\\nLake Erie, battle of, 164.\\nI^ike George, battle of, 80.\\nLancaster. 324.\\nLa Salle, Robert Cavelier de, 34.\\nLaudonni^re, 31.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nxlvii\\nLiawrence sacked, 230.\\nLawrence, Captain James, 166.\\nLee, Gen. Charles, capture of, 116; at\\nMonmouth, 128 dismissed, 128.\\nLee, Henry, Light-horse Han-y, 134,\\n238.\\nLee, Gren. Robert E., at Cheat Mountain,\\n218 takes command of Confederate\\nforces, 238 invades Maryland, 241,\\n251 battle of Wilderness, 260 sur-\\nrender of, 274.\\nLeisler, execution of, 68.\\nLetters of Marque, xxx.\\nLewis and Clark Expedition, the, 209,\\n323.\\nLexington, Mass., battle of, 106.\\nLexington, Mo., battle of, 221.\\nLincoln, Abraham, nominated Presi-\\ndent, 197 inauguration of, 215 frees\\nthe slaves, 242 assassination of,\\n275.\\nLincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 129, 132,\\n140.\\nLiterature, Ainerican, 329.\\nLocofoco, origin of name, 173.\\nLongfellow, Henry W., 331.\\nLong Island, battle of, 114.\\nLongstreet, Gen. James, 250.\\nLookout Mountain, battle of, 248.\\nLost Mountain, battle of, 257.\\nLouisburg, capture of, in 1745, 80; cap-\\nture of, in 1757, 85.\\nLouisiana, admission of, 201 secession\\nof 198.\\nLouisiana purchase, 156, 323.\\nLundy s Lane, battle of, 167.\\nLyceum Lectures, 211.\\nLyon, Gen. Nathaniel, 221.\\nMacDonough, Com. Thomas, 168.\\nMackinaw, surrender of, 160.\\nMadison, James, 159, 330.\\nMagellan, 26, 43.\\nMagruder, Gen. J. B., 235.\\nMaine, 60, 204 battle-ship, 308.\\nMalvern Hill, battle of, 239.\\nManassas, battles of, 235, 241.\\nManila, battles of, 311, 315, 320.\\nManufactures, 142, 171, 385.\\nMarcy s Maxim, 293.\\nMarion, Gen. Francis, 138.\\nMarquette, Eather, 33.\\nMaryland, settlement of, 72 invasion\\nof, 241.\\nMason and Dixon s line, 72.\\nMason and Slidell, 222.\\nMassachusetts, 53.\\nMaximilian in Mexico, 285.\\nMayflower, 53.\\nMcAlister, Port, capture of, 259.\\nMcClellan, Gen. George B., at Philippi,\\nRich Mountain, and Carrick s Eord,\\n218 General-in-Chief, 220 in Penin-\\nsiilar Campaign, 235 at Antietam,\\n241 democratic candidate, 269.\\nMcCrea, miirder of Miss, 121.\\nMcDowell, Gen. Irvin, 219, 236, 237.\\nMcHenry, Eort, bombardment of, 169.\\nMcKinley, William, 303.\\nMeade, Gen. George G., 252.\\nMechanic Arts, 325.\\nMechanicsville, battle of, 239.\\nMeigs, Eort, siege of, 164.\\nMemphis, surrender of, 227.\\nMenendez, 29.\\nMerrimac and Monitor, 233.\\nMerrimac (Virginia), destruction of, 235.\\nMerritt, Gen. Wesley, 315.\\nMexico, war with, 185-190 boundary of,\\n195 Erench in, 284.\\nMichigan, admission of, 204.\\nMiles, Gen. Nelson A., 314.\\nMiller, Col. James, 168.\\nMill Spring, battle of, 224.\\nMinims, Eort, massacre at, 166.\\nMine Explosion, the, 262.\\nMinnesota, admissio.i of, 208.\\nMississippi, admission of, 202 seces-\\nsion of, 198.\\nMississippi Company and John Law, 202.\\nMississippi River, discovery of, 28.\\nMissouri Compromise, the, 172.\\nMissouri, admission of, 204.\\nMister, the title of, 94, 310.\\nMobile, 204, 324.\\nModoc Indians, 291.\\nMonitor, the, 233.\\nMonmouth, battle of, 127.\\nMonocacy, battle of, 263.\\nMonroe Doctrine, the, 173.\\nMonroe, James, 172.\\nMontana, admission of, 322.\\nMontcalm, Marquis de, 87, 89.\\nMonterey, capture of, 186.\\nMontgomery, General Richard, 112.\\nMonticello, home of Jefi erson, 156.\\nMontreal, surrender of, 89.\\nMorgan, Gen. Daniel, 121, 124, 137.\\nMorgan, Gen. John H., 246.\\nMormons, the, 182.\\nMorris, Robert, 135, 139.\\nMorse, Samuel E. B., 183.\\nMotte, Mrs., anecdote of, 138.\\nMotdtrie, Col. William, 113.\\nMoulti ie, Eort, attack on, 113; Ander-\\nson at, 199.\\nMound Builders, the, 10.\\nMount Vernon, 150.\\nMiirfreesboro, battle of, 229.\\nMutiny Act, 103.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "xlviii\\nINDEX\\nNashville, battle of, 258.\\nNaturalization, process of, xxx.\\nNavigation Act, 51.\\nNebraska, admission of, 322.\\nNegro soldiers, 254.\\nNelson, Gov. Thomas, 140.\\nNevada, admission of, 277.\\nNew Amsterdam, 65.\\nNewbern, capture of, 2:52.\\nNew England manners and customs,\\n93, 144.\\nNew Hampshire, 60.\\nNew Hampshire Grants, 111.\\nNew Haven Colony, (53.\\nNew Jersey, 68.\\nNew Market, battle of, 2G1.\\nNew Netherland, 65.\\nNew Orleans, battle of, 169; capture\\nof, 230.\\nNewport, attack on, 128.\\nNewspapers and journalism, 93, 97, 331.\\nNew York, 65.\\nNew York city, fire in, 179 riot in,\\n252.\\nNiagara, Fort, capture of, 87.\\nNorfolk (Portsmouth) Navy-yard, 217,\\n235.\\nNorth-east Boundary, 180.\\nNorthmen, the, 15.\\nNorth-west Boundary, 183.\\nNorth-western Territory, 201, 323.\\nNullification, 175.\\nOglethorpe, Gov. .Tas. Edward, 76, 80.\\nOhio, admission of, 201.\\nOkechobee, battle of, 178.\\nOld Ironsides, 161.\\nOmnibus Bill, 193.\\nOrd, Gen. E. O. C, 221.\\nOregon, admission of, 208.\\nOsceola, 177.\\nOtis, Gen. Elwell S., 320, 321.\\nOtia, James, 103, 330.\\nPacific, di.scoveryof the, 27; Railroad,\\n287.\\nPalo Alto, battle of, 185.\\nPatent, definition of, iii.\\nPatent, extent of, 327, xxx.\\nPatriot War, the, 179.\\nPatroons, the, 65, 95.\\nPea Ridge, battle of, 230.\\nPenn, William, founds Pennsylvania,\\n69; founds Philadelphia, 70; treaty\\nwith Indians, 71; gives up Dela-\\nware, 72 life of, 69.\\nPennsylvania, 69.\\nPequod War, the, 62.\\nPerrj-, Oliver H., 164.\\nPerryville, battle of, 228.\\nPetersburg, attack on, 262 capture of,\\n273.\\nPhiladelphia. 70, 95, 150.\\nPhiladelphia, frigate, destroyed, 157.\\nPhilip, Indian chief, 57.\\nPhilippi, battle of, 218.\\nPhilippine Islands, 316, 319-321.\\nPickens, Fort, 223.\\nPiedmont, battle of, 262.\\nPierce, Franklin, 194.\\nPike, Gen. Z. M., 163, 323.\\nPilgrims, landing of the, 53.\\nPillow, Fort, capture of, 265.\\nPinckney, Charles C, 155.\\nPitcher, Ma.jor Molly, 128.\\nPitt, William, 85, 99.\\nPittsburg Landing, battle at, 225.\\nPittsburgh, named, 85.\\nPlains of Abraham, 87.\\nPlattshurg and Lake Champlain, battle\\nof, 168.\\nPleasant Hill, battle of, 265.\\nPocahontas, 48, 49.\\nPoe, Edgar Allan, 331.\\nPolk, James K., 185.\\nPope, Gen. John, 240.\\nPorter, D. D., 265, 266.\\nPorter, Gen. Fitz John, 236 239.\\nPort Gibson, battle of, 245.\\nPort Hudson, suiTcnder of, 246.\\nPort Republic, encounter at, 237.\\nPort Royal Entrance, S. C, 222.\\nPort Royal, N. S., founded, 32.\\nPostage, 297, 325.\\nPost-offices and mails, 93, 325.\\nPowhatan, 48.\\nPrescott, Gen., capture of, 121.\\nPresident and Little Belt, 160.\\nPresidential Electore, xxxii.\\nPresidential Succession, in case of va-\\ncancy, 298, xxxii.\\nPresident, method of electing, xxxi,\\nxxxviii.\\nPresident, salarj- of, xxxii.\\nPresideiifs mcs.sage, xxxiii.\\nPrinceton, battle of, 118.\\nI rinting press, 93, 327.\\nPrivateers, Confederate, 222.\\nPi-ovidence, 64. 324.\\nPublic lands, 194, 328.\\nPuerto Rico, 314, 315, 318, 319.\\nPulaski, Count, 129.\\nPulaski, Fort, reduction of, 233.\\nPuritans, the, 53.\\nPutnam, Gen. Israel. 108, 130.\\nQfAKERS, the, 57, 69.\\nQucVx C, attack on, 87 surrender of, 89\\nbattle of. 112.\\nQueenstown, battle of, 161.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nxlix\\nRailroad, the first, 174, 326.\\nRaleigh, Sir Walter, 36.\\nRail, death of, 117.\\nRandolph, John, 153.\\nReconcentrados, 307.\\nReconstriiction, 382.\\nRed River Expedition, 265.\\nRepresentatives, U. S., xxvi, xxvii.\\nRepublican (democratic republican)\\nparty, rise of, 153 elects Jefferson,\\n155 elects Madison, 159 elects Mon-\\nroe, 172 called the democratic party,\\n173.\\nRepublican party, rise of, 196 elects\\nLincoln, 197, 269 elects Grant, 286,\\n291 elects Hayes, 293 elects Q-ar-\\nfield, 295 elects Harrison, 299 elects\\nMcKinley, 302.\\nResaca, G-a., battle of, 257.\\nResaca de la Palma, battle of, 185.\\nResumption of specie payments, 295.\\nRevere, Paul, 105, 106.\\nRhode Island, 64.\\nRibaut, John, 31.\\nRichmond, siege of, 262 capture of, 273.\\nRich Mountain, battle of, 218.\\nRoanoke Island, 36, 232.\\nRolfe, John, 49.\\nRome, 122.\\nRosecrans, Gen. W. S., 228, 229, 246.\\nRotation in oflBce, 175, 293.\\nRussy, Port de, capture of, 265.\\nSabine Cross-Roads, battle of, 265\\nSackett s Harbor, attack on, 163.\\nSt. Augustine founded, 29.\\nSalt Lake City, 183.\\nSamoa, 316, 317,\\nSampson, Rear- Admiral W. T., 310, 312,\\n313.\\nSan Domingo, 289.\\nSan Prancisco, 207.\\nSan Jacinto, battle of, 206.\\nSanta Anna, 187, 189, 205.\\nSanta Pe, founded, 29.\\nSantiago, battles of, 313.\\nSaratoga, battles of, 1 23.\\nSavage s Station, battle at, 239.\\nSavannah, capture of, 129 port closed,\\n233 Sherman at, 259.\\nSchenectady, attack on, 77.\\nSchley, Rear-Admiral W. S., 309, 310,\\n312, 313.\\nSchofield, Gen. John M., 258, 272.\\nSchuyler, Port, 122.\\nSchuyler, Gen. Philip, 121.\\nScott, Gen. Winfleld, at Chippewa and\\nLundy s Lane, 168 in Mexico 188,\\nretires from active service, 220.\\nSedgwick, Gen. John, 260.\\nSeminoles, war with, 177.\\nSemmes, Capt. R., 222.\\nSenators, TJ. S., how chosen, xxvii.\\nSeven-Days Battles, 239.\\nSeward, attack on William H., 275.\\nShaffer, Gen. W. T., 313, 314.\\nShays Rebellion, 143.\\nSheridan, Gen. Phil. H., at Murfrees-\\nboro, 229 in Shenandoah, 264 at\\nPive Porks, 273.\\nSherman, Gen. W. T., at Chickasaw\\nBayou, 230 at Knoxville, 250 be-\\nfore Atlanta, 256; march to the sea,\\n259 march through the Carolinas,\\n271.\\nShiloh, battle of, 225.\\nSigel, Gen. Pranz, 221, 261.\\nSilver Bill, the, 295.\\nSioux, war with the, 244.\\nSlavery, introduction of, 50 question\\nof, 172, 193, 196-198, 242.\\nSlave-trade prohibited, xxxi.\\nSlemmer, Lieut. A. J., 223.\\nSmith, Capt. John, 46.\\nSmith, Gen. Kirby, 219, 228.\\nSmith, Joseph, 183.\\nSouth Mountain, battle of, 241.\\nSpain, treaty with, 153 cedes Plorida,\\n173 war with, 304-316.\\nSpecie payments, 295.\\nSpottsylvania, battle of, 260.\\nSquatter sovereignty, 194.\\nStamp Act, the, 102, 103.\\nStanton, Edwin M., 284.\\nStark, Col. John, 123.\\nStark, Mrs. Elizabeth Betty 123.\\nStar-Spangled Banner, the song of, 169.\\nState Rights, doctrine of, 176.\\nSteadman, Port, attack on, 272.\\nSteam-boat, 157, 326.\\nSteele, Mrs., anecdote of, 138.\\nSteele, John, 62.\\nStephens, Alex. H., 176, 199.\\nStephenson, Port, battle of, 164.\\nSt. Louis, 204, 324.\\nStony Point, capture of, 130.\\nStuart, Gen. J. E. B., 238, 262.\\nStuyvesant, Peter, 66.\\nSub-Treasury Bill, 179.\\nSulUvan, Gen. John, 119, 128, 131.\\nSumner, Charles, 195.\\nSumter, Gen. Thomas, 134, 138.\\nSumter, Port, Anderson at, 200; cap-\\nture of, 216 Gillmore besieges, 254.\\nSupreme Court, xxxiii.\\nSwamp Angel, 254.\\nSwansea, 57.\\nTariff, 173, 174, 176, 300, 302, 303.\\nTarleton, Lieut.-Col. Bannastre, 133.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "I XJ) EX\\nTaylor, Zachary, in Mexican War, 185-\\n187 elected President, 191.\\nTea, tax on, 105.\\nTocunisch, Shawnee chief, 163, 165, 166.\\nTeleyrain, the first, a27.\\nTelegraph, 18:5 sulimarine, 285.\\nTelephone, invention of, ;}27.\\nTennessee, admission, 201; secession, 217.\\nTenure-of-Offlce Bill, 283, 284.\\nTerry, Gen. Alfred H., 292.\\nTexas, annexation of, 183; a lmi.ssion\\nof, 205 secession of, 198.\\nThames, battle of the, 165.\\nThomas, Gen. George H., at Chicka-\\nmauga, 247 at Nashv-ille, 258.\\nTiconderoga, attack on, 86; capture of, 110.\\nTilden, Samuel J., 293.\\nTippecanoe, battle of, 159.\\nTobacco, 37, 50.\\nTown-meetings in New England, 96.\\nTravel, slowness of early, 92, 145, 324.\\nTreaty, of Paris, 142; with Spain, 153\\nof Ghent, 169; the Ashburton, 180\\nthe Oregon, 184; with j^Icxico, 190\\nof Washington, 289 with Spain, 316.\\nTrent affair, the, 222.\\nTrenton, battle of, 116.\\nTripoli, 157.\\nTutuila, 316, 317.\\nTyler, John, 180, 181.\\nT^ jiTED Colonies of New England, 57.\\nUnited States, capital of, at New York,\\nPhiladelphia, Washington, 150.\\nUtah, admission of, 322.\\nValley Forge, winter in, 125.\\nVan Buren, Martin, 178.\\nVan Dorn, Gen. Earl, 228.\\nVenezuelan boundary, 302.\\nVera Cruz, capture of, 188.\\nVermont, admission of, 200.\\nVerrazani, 30.\\nVesputius, Americus, 24.\\nVice-President, how elected, 143,\\nxxxviii.\\nVicksburg, first expedition against, 230\\nsecond expedition, 244.\\nVirginia, settlement of, 46 secession\\nof, 217.\\nVirginia, West, admission of, 218, 277.\\nW.\\\\GNEU, Four, capture of, 254.\\nWake Island, 317.\\nWallace, Gen. T^ew, 228, 263.\\nWalloons, the, 65.\\nWar, Black Hawk, 177.\\nCreek, 166.\\nFrench and Indian, 81.\\nKing George s, 80.\\nKing Philip s, 57.\\nWar, King William s, 77.\\nMexican, 185.\\nPequod, 62.\\nPontiac s, 90.\\nQueen Anne s, 79.\\nSeminole, 177.\\nSpanish, 80, 304-316.\\nWaiTen, Gen. .Joseph, 110.\\nWashington, George, journey of, 81\\ncaptures Port Duquesne, 85; ap-\\npointed commander-in-chief. 111\\ncaptures Boston, 112; retreat through\\nNew Jersey, 116 at Princeton, 118\\nin Valley Forge, 125, 126 at Mon-\\nmouth, 127 at Yorktown, 139 ad-\\ndresses officers at Newburg, 142 in-\\naugurated President, 149 life of, 1.50.\\nWashington, Col. William A., 137.\\nWashington, made capital of the United\\nStates, 150; capture of, 169.\\nAVashington, admission of, 322.\\nAYashington, Foi-t, taken, 116.\\nAVaxhaw Creek, battle of, 133.\\nAA^-iyne, Gen. Anthony, 130, 152.\\nAV^ebster. Daniel, 193.\\nWebster, Noah, 210.\\nWeldon Railroad, seized, 263.\\nAVestern Reserve, the, 194.\\nAA ethersfleld, 63.\\nWeyler, Gen.. 307, 308.\\nWheeler, AYilliam A., 293.\\nWhig party, 173; elects Harrison, 180;\\nnominates Clay, 184 elects Taylor,\\n191 nominates Scott, 194 dies, 196.\\nAYhiskey Rebellion, 152.\\nAYliitefield, George, 76.\\nAATiite Plains, battle of, 116.\\nAVHiitney, Eli, 172, 326.\\nAVbittier, John G., 331.\\nAA ilderness, battle of the, 260.\\nAVilUams, Roger, foiinds Providence,\\n57 Pequod War, 62.\\nAYilliamsburg, battle of, 236.\\nAVilmot Pi-oviso, the, 190.\\nWilson s Creek, battle of, 221.\\nAVinchoster, battle of, 264.\\nAVindsor, founded, 62.\\nAA inslow, apt. J. A.. 268.\\nAVinthrop, John, 62.\\nWisconsin, admission of, 206.\\nAYitchcraft, Salem, 60.\\nWolfe, Gen. James, attack on Quebec,\\n87 death of, 89.\\nAVorld s Columbian Exposition, 301.\\nAVyoining, mas.sacre of, 128.\\nAA yoming, admission of, 322.\\nA ouK, capture of, 163.\\nYorktown, sieges of, 139, 235.\\nY ung, Brigham, 183.", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "LE D II", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2916", "width": "1906", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n010 546 414 9", "height": "2990", "width": "1885", "jp2-path": "briefhistoryofun04stee_0458.jp2"}}