{"1": {"fulltext": "mm\\nRfflffii BH\\nmm\\nH Hi\\nm\\nm\\nHI\\n99 I^H NW\\nHI\\nI I\\n1^08$$ BH ran BKfiH\\nI\\nHDH HI\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0HHK HI\\nKsIHSHI HI Hi BH\\niffflfWWW^r ^MlKUMHHBm\\nfflffllflWttE", "height": "2802", "width": "2011", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2752", "width": "1889", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2752", "width": "1889", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "Digitized by the Internet Archive\\nin 2011 with funding from\\nThe Library of Congress\\nhttp://www.archive.org/details/northamericawithOOtarr", "height": "2644", "width": "1815", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2644", "width": "1815", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2704", "width": "1717", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "NORTH AMERICA\\nWITH AN ESPECIALLY EULL TREATMENT\\nOE THE UNITED STATES AND\\nITS DEPENDENCIES", "height": "2704", "width": "1717", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "bgfixfe", "height": "2690", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES\\nSECOND BOOK\\nNORTH AMERICA\\nWITH AN ESPECIALLY FULL TREATMENT\\nOF THE UNITED STATES AND\\nITS DEPENDENCIES\\n\\\\y BY\\nRALPH Sf TARR, B.S., F.G.S.A.\\nPROFESSOR OF DYNAMIC GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY\\nAT CORNELL UNIVERSITY\\ni^- AND\\nFRANK W: McMURRY, Ph.D.\\nPROFESSOR OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING AT TEACHERS\\nCOLLEGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY\\nWITH NUMEROUS 31 APS AND MANY IL LUSTRA TIONS, CHIEFLY\\nPHOTOGRAPHS OF ACTUAL SCENES\\nNefo fforfc\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\nLONDON: MACMILLAN CO., Ltd.\\n1900\\nAll rights reserved", "height": "2690", "width": "1821", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "62G9\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Lit* ~~T\\nJUN 15)900\\natraj iiwstfM\\nJUN 27 1900\\nGe\\n6 O 9 5 7 COPYRIGHT, 1900,\\nBy THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.\\nv\\nJ. S. Cushing Co. Berwick Smith\\nNorwood Mass. U.S.A.", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "*I\\nrf\\nPREFACE\\nJ v The plan of this series of geographies devotes the\\nUJ ^entire second volume to North America, thus providing\\nspace for a much fuller treatment than has heretofore\\nbeen customary. In this treatment the authors have left\\nthe beaten track to such an extent that some words of\\nexplanation seem called for.\\nPhysiographic Basis. The first four sections are\\ngiven over to a consideration of certain necessary facts\\nand elementary principles of physiography.\\nWhile considerable space is devoted to this physio-\\ngraphic basis, an examination of the text will show that\\nthis space is used, not so much in introducing new\\nphysiographic matter, as in more detailed statements\\nand explanations. Recognizing the inherent difficulty\\nof the subject for young minds, and believing that, as\\nordinarily presented in the books, the children fail to\\ngrasp the significance of the important basal principles,\\nthe authors have attacked the problem in a new way.\\nIn the first place, they have approached the subject dif-\\nferently. Secondly, their controlling idea has been that\\nonly so much physiography should be introduced as is\\nactually demanded to explain man s relation to the earth.\\nWith this view much physiography which has found its\\nway into some of the modern text-books has been elimi-", "height": "2712", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "vi PREFACE\\nnated; but that which has been retained has been deemed\\nworthy of a fuller treatment than it ordinarily receives.\\nThe human relationship is pointed out in the sections\\non physiography, and again and again in the succeeding\\nsections.\\nCausal Sequence. The authors believe that rational\\ngeography must rest upon such a physiographic founda-\\ntion. It is physiographic conditions which most often\\nfurnish the reasons for the location of human industries,\\nthe development of transportation routes, the situation of\\ncities, etc. In other words, when the physiographic facts\\nabout a given region are clearly grasped, most of the other\\ngeographic facts easily arrange themselves as links in a\\ncausal chain. Thus the many details touching a certain\\nlocality are taught in relation with one another, so that\\nthey approach the form of a narrative, rather than that\\nof a mere list of assertions.\\nIt does hot necessarily follow that a given class of\\nchildren should always begin with the physical features\\nin the study of each section of country. For one reason\\nor another some other portion of the causal series may\\nserve as a better beginning. But the authors are con-\\nvinced that in a text-book, written for large numbers of\\nchildren endowed with varying apperceiving experiences,\\nthe physiographic features must furnish the best general\\nstarting-point in the explanation of the facts of political,\\ncommercial, and historical geography.\\nTypes. Another characteristic of this volume is that\\nit contains comparatively few topics, but deals with each\\none at some length. As was suggested in the Preface of", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE vil\\nthe First Book, the basal units for the study of geog-\\nraphy, although constantly in use, are seldom adequately\\npresented in the text. This applies strikingly, for exam-\\nple, to such topics as farm, cattle ranch, irrigation, lum-\\nber camp, and factory. In order to remedy this defect\\nas far as possible, each subject of such a kind is presented\\nwith as much detail as space permits, and in connection\\nwith that section of country in which it seems most\\nprominent.\\nFor example, lumbering, fishing, and the manufacture\\nof cloth, boots, and shoes receive their most detailed\\ntreatment in connection with New England the mining\\nof coal and iron ore and the manufacture of iron goods\\nare discussed in connection with the Middle Atlantic\\nStates and gold mining, irrigation, and grazing are\\nnaturally included under the Western States.\\nThe industries and objects thus described, being fairly\\ntypical of industries and objects found in other sections,\\nare on that account worthy of being called types. Through\\nthe careful presentation of such types, vivid pictures and\\nthe appreciation of the pupils are assured.\\nReviews. The fact that a given industry in one\\nsection is in many respects unlike the same industry in\\nother sections, offers no obstacle to this plan. Lumber-\\ning in Maine necessarily involves the essential features\\nof lumbering in any place. Consequently, having built\\nup a clear conception of the occupation in that locality,\\nall that is necessary when lumbering in the Southern\\nStates, or in Michigan, or in Washington is studied, is to\\nreview what was formerly learned and state the principal\\npoints in which the conditions in the new region differ", "height": "2717", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "vi 11 PREFACE\\nfrom those already described. Likewise, after the raining\\nof ore in Pennsylvania is taught, the understanding or\\ncomprehension of the same industry as carried on about\\nBirmingham, or in northern Michigan, involves a review\\nof facts and a statement of leading differences, with the\\ncauses of these differences. Thus, as the study of geog-\\nraphy advances, each new section becomes more and more\\na review of previous study, as it properly should be.\\nBy the plan of this series, the third volume, devoted\\nto Europe and the other continents, will provide for a\\ncontinual review of the United States.\\nStudy by States. The common method of present-\\ning the geography of the United States is to use the state\\nas the unit. The reasons for this, aside from an appeal\\nto state pride, are not clear. Boundary lines between\\nstates are for the most part arbitrary they mark no\\nimportant differences in physiography, industry, or cus-\\ntom but, on the contrary, adjoining parts of two states,\\nas, for instance, the adjoining parts of New Jersey and\\nNew York, near New York City, may be much more\\nclosely related than different parts of a single state.\\nPartly for this reason the authors have set aside the\\nstate as the unit of study. But there are other important\\nreasons for taking this step. When the geography of the\\nUnited States is studied by states, there is much repetition\\nof the same kind of facts. For example, mining, farming\\nby irrigation, and grazing are common to all the Western\\nStates and when these industries are named separately\\nfor each state, a large amount of space is taken up with\\na minimum advance in the thought. More than this, the\\npupil is oppressed and confused by the great number of", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "PREFACE IX\\nindividual facts which have apparently the same rank.\\nIt is not easy for even an adult to escape a feeling of\\nconfusion on reading a few pages from any modern geog-\\nraphy which treats the subject Iw states.\\nIn order to avoid such waste of space and lack of per-\\nspective among the facts, the authors have proceeded by\\ngroups of states, rather than by individual states. Thus\\nfarming by irrigation is only one topic, and only once\\ntreated, for the entire western division of states. Several\\npages are devoted to a discussion of the subject, including\\nthe manner in which irrigation is planned, its influence\\non the value of land, the localities most noted for irriga-\\ntion, and the cities in the different states that are largely\\nindebted to it for their growth. These many details are\\nassociated as parts of one story. It is believed that by\\nthis means the children s minds will be led to dwell long\\nenough upon one topic to insure interest in the topic and\\nat the same time to gain accurate impressions of both\\ngeneral principles and details.\\nHowever, inasmuch as geographic facts are often called\\nfor by states, a study by states is provided for. At the\\nclose of each chapter there are two sets of questions, one\\nof which closely follows the order of the text, while the\\nother reviews the same facts by states.\\nSummary. Contrary to the usual custom, the broad,\\ngeneral principles about industries, distribution of inhab-\\nitants, mutual relation of city and country, arid depend-\\nence of various sections upon one another are included\\nin the closing chapter of this volume. One reason for\\nthis change is that these large facts approach abstractions\\nin their nature, and are, consequently, too difficult to be", "height": "2717", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "X PREFACE\\nearlier appreciated by children. They are, moreover, to\\na large extent, a summary of what has preceded, and,\\ntherefore, naturally come last. In the same Avay, a broad\\nstudy and summary of the world, particularly in its\\nrelation to North America, will close the third volume.\\nPolitical Maps. Since it is necessary to represent\\nmore places and present more details, the political maps\\nin this volume are for the most part- larger than in the\\nFirst Book. They are, however, of the same quality,\\nand, like those of the First Book, were made by the\\nMatthews-Northrup Company of Buffalo. An important\\nfeature is the grading of cities according to population,\\nthe larger the city the more important the type used.\\nThe principal features of relief are placed upon the map,\\nthough without interfering with the clearness of the\\npolitical features. In the color arrangement care has\\nbeen used to gain an artistic effect, and at the same time\\nto preserve the distinctness necessary in such maps.\\nNo attempt has been made to preserve the same scale\\nfor the different maps. Some books claim to do this,\\nand their authors point to the fact as noteAvorthy. The\\nauthors of this series have deliberately declined to make\\nsuch an attempt for several reasons. In the first place,\\nit is impossible. There must be maps of the World, of\\nNorth America, of the United States, of a part of the\\ngreat West, and of New England. Even in those books\\nwhich point to their uniformity of scale as a merit, maps\\nof five or ten different scales are in use.\\nThe claim for uniformity of scale has no real founda-\\ntion but, if it had, the effect would be undesirable. One\\nof the objects of the study of geography is to teach the", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "PREFACE XI\\nmeaning and use of maps. To do this one of the first\\nand most fundamental points is to teach the pupil to\\nunderstand the meaning and importance of the system\\nof proportion, or of scale. In one book are maps of\\nvarious scales in the first atlas, or the first wall map\\nwhich the pupil sees, there are still different scales. The\\npupils must be prepared to expect and to understand\\nthese differences, and if is the teacher s duty to see that\\nthey are so prepared. By the insertion of Pennsylvania\\nas a key, and by some of our map questions we have\\nattempted to aid in this training of the sense of proportion.\\nOther Illustrations. Besides the relief indicated\\non the political maps, there are individual relief maps,\\nmade specially for this series by Mr. E. E. Howell of\\nWashington. The relief maps of the continents, of which\\nbut one is included in this volume, are pronounced by\\nexperts to be the best thus far made.\\nThe city maps are intended to serve to illustrate the\\nsurroundings which determine the growth of a large city,\\nincluding, of course, the transportation facilities by water\\nand by rail. Attention is also called to the maps show-\\ning the distribution of important industries and the\\ndiagrams accompanying them. These are all placed in\\nthe summary, with which they are most closely related;\\nbut the teacher will, naturally, find occasion to use them\\nand refer to them in connection with the study of the\\nearlier sections.\\nAs in the preceding volume, the illustrations have been\\nchosen not as pictures, but as illustrations. Usually they\\nhave been made from photographs of actual scenes. Pho-\\ntographs carry more Aveight since they are of necessity", "height": "2717", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "xii PREFACE\\ntrue, while drawings leave opportunity for the exercise\\nof the fancy, and are oftentimes incorrect. In some cases\\nno photograph could be found to illustrate the point\\nneeding illustration. For instance, the animal pictures\\nwere drawn by the Matthews-Northrup Company, and a\\nnumber of other illustrations by Mr. C. W. Furlong of\\nCornell University.\\nAcknowledgments. While valuable suggestion and\\nassistance have been received from many sources, the\\nauthors are again constrained to acknowledge particularly\\nthe aid received from Mr. Philip Emerson of the Cobbet\\nSchool, Lynn, Massachusetts. The lists of books and the\\ntable of statistics have for the most part been prepared\\nby Mr. R. H. Whitbeck of Cornell University, who has\\nalso rendered other valuable assistance.", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS\\nPART I. A GENERAL STUDY OE NORTH\\nAMERICA\\nPAGE\\nSection I. Physiography of North America 1\\nThe Growth of the Continent, 1. The Coal Period, 3.\\nThe Mountains and Plateaus, 5. Volcanoes, 8. The\\nTrough between the Two Mountain Systems, 9. The\\nGreat Ice Age, 12. The Coast Line, 19. Size, Shape,\\nand Position, 21. Relation of Man to Earth, 23.\\nSection II. Summer and Winter 26\\nThe Sun and its Position, 26. Inclination of the Earth s\\nAxis, 29. Revolution of the Earth around the Sun, 30.\\nThe Attraction of Gravitation, 30. Effect of Incli-\\nnation and Revolution, 31. Summer and Winter, 32.\\nThe Length of Day and Night, 34. The Zones, 37.\\nSection III. Wind and Rain 39\\nImportance of Winds, 39. The Sea Breeze, 39. The Mon-\\nsoon Winds, 40. The Effect of a Stove, 41. Cause of\\nthe Trade Winds, 42. Effect of Rotation, 43. Effect\\nof Revolution, 44. The Belt of Calms, 45. The Trade\\nWind Belt, 47. The Horse Latitudes, 49. The Pre-\\nvailing Westerlies, 50. Eastern United States and\\nCanada, 52. Weather Maps, 56.\\nSection IV. Ocean Movements and Distribution of Tem-\\nperature 59\\nWind Waves, 59. Tides. What the Tides are, 60.\\nHeight of the Tidal Wave, 61. Effects of Tides, 62.\\nOcean Currents. Cause of Ocean Currents, 63. The\\nNorth Atlantic Eddy, 64. The Gulf Stream, 66. The\\nLabrador Current, 66. The Currents in the Pacific\\nOcean, 68. The Importance of these Currents, 68.\\nDistribution of Temperature, 71.\\nxiii", "height": "2717", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS\\nPAGE\\nSection V. Climate, Plants, Animals, and Peoples 70\\nClimate, 7(3. Plants and Animals. Plants oe the North,\\n77. Animals of the North, 78. Life on Mountain Tops,\\n81. Plants and Animals in Western North America, 81.\\nPlants and Animals of the Tropical Zone, 85. Plants\\nand Animals in the Temperate Part of North America,\\n86. Cultivated Crops and Domesticated Animals, 90.\\nPeoples. Eskimos, 92. Indians, 98. The Spaniards, 97.\\nThe French, 98. The English, 99. Westward Migra-\\ntion, 102. Indian Reservations, 103. Slavery, 104.\\nImmigrants to America, 106.\\nSection VI. Latitude, Longitude, and Standard Time 109\\nLatitude and Longitude. Need of a Means for locating\\nPlaces, 109. The Streets of a City, 109. Distance\\nNorth and South of the Equator (Latitude), 111. East\\nand West Distances on the Earth (Longitude), 113.\\nStandard Time, 116.\\nSection VII. The Continent of North America 120\\nPART II. THE UNITED STATES 121\\nSection VIII. New England 124\\nPhysiography, 124. Climate, 127. The Forests. Cutting\\nthe Timber, 127. Floating the Logs to the Mills, 129.\\nSawmills and Paper-mills, 130. Maple Syrup and\\nSugar, 132. The Rocks. Granite, 133. Marble, 135.\\nSlate, 136. Fishing, 136. Mackerel, 137. Halibut and\\nCodfish, 137. Other Ocean Foods, 139. Agriculture,\\n139. Manufacturing, 141. Cotton Manufacturing, 143.\\nWool Manufacturing, 144. Leather Manufacturing,\\n145. Metal Manufacturing, 146. Largest Cities and\\nChief Shipping Routes. The Large Cities, 148. Bos-\\nton and Vicinity, 149. Summer Resorts, 151.\\nSection IX. Middle Atlantic States 15 i\\nPhysiography, 157. Climate, 161. Forests, 162. Fish\\nand Oysters, 163. Agriculture. Dairying, 164. Tobacco,\\n165. Fruits and Vegetables, 166. Mining Salt, 169.\\nCoal, 170. Oil and Gas, 173. Iron Ore, 174. Iron and\\nIron Goods, 175. Glass, Pottery, Bricks, etc., 179.", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS XV\\nPAGE\\nLargest Cities and Chief Shipping Routes. Location\\nof New York City, 180. Erie Canal, 182. Railways\\nof New York, 185. New York City, 187. Philadelphia\\nand its Chief Shipping Routes, 191. Baltimore, 193.\\nDistrict of Columbia, 195.\\nSection X. Southern States 200\\nPhysiography, 200. Climate, 204. Forests, 205. Agricul-\\nture, 208. Cotton, 209. RiCE r 212. Sugar-cane and\\nSugar, 213. Fruits, 216. Other Crops, 217. Grazing,\\n217. Mineral Products. Coal and Iron, 218. Stone,\\n219. Gold and Precious Stones, 219. Phosphates, 219.\\nManufacturing, 219. Leading Cities and Shipping\\nRoutes. New Orleans, 223. Memphis and Atlanta, 227.\\nOther Cities, 228. Texas, 229. The Territories, 229.\\nSection XL Central States 234\\nPhysiography and Climate, 234. Settlement of the Mis-\\nsissippi Valley, 236. Agriculture. A Farm in Central\\nOhio, 238. Fruits, 241. Tobacco, 242. Fine Stock in\\nKentucky, 242. Caverns, 242. Corn, 243. Wheat, 245.\\nOther Grains, 247. Cattle Ranching, 248. Lumbering,\\n252. Mineral Products. Building Stone, 254. Petro-\\nleum and Natural Gas, 255. Coal, 255. IronJDre, 256.\\nCopper, 258. Lead, Zinc, etc., 260. Clays, 260. Princi-\\npal Cities and Shipping Routes, 261. The Lake Cities.\\nduluth and superior, 261. chicago, 262. elevators,\\n265. Stock Yards of Chicago, 265. Manufacturing in\\nChicago, 267. Other Facts about Chicago, 267. Other\\nCities along the Lakes, 268. The River Cities. Cities\\nalong the mississippi, 269. clties along the missouri,\\n273. Cities in the Ohio Valley, 275.\\nSection XII. The Western States 281\\nEarly Settlements, 281. Physiography, 283. Climate,\\n286. Mineral Products, 288. Lumbering, 293. Agri-\\nculture, 296. Ranching, 302. Territories, 305. Scen-\\nery. The Yellowstone Park, 308. Colorado Canyon,\\n310. Yosemite Valley, 311. The Cities. Cities in the\\nInterior, 312. Cities on the Pacific Slope, 312.\\nSection XIII. Territories and Dependencies of the United\\nStates 322\\nAlaska. Climate and Physiography, 323. Fishing, 325.", "height": "2717", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS\\nPAGE\\nWhaling, 326. Sealing, 327. Mining, 328. Cuba and\\nPorto Rico, 330. Physiography and Climate, 331. For-\\nests and Minerals, 331. Agriculture, 332. The In-\\nhabitants, 333. Cities, 334. The Hawaiian Islands.\\nThe Volcanoes, 336. Climate, 337. Island Life, 337.\\nIndustries, 339. The Hawaiian Islands as a Coaling\\nStation, 339. Guam and Samoa, 340. The Philippine\\nIslands. Physiography, 341. Climate, 342. Resources\\nand Industries, 344. Cities, 348.\\nPART III. OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH\\nAMERICA\\nSection XIV. Countries North of the United States 351\\nCanada and Newfoundland. History, 351. Physiography\\nand Climate, 353. Lumbering, 356. Pishing, 358. Seal-\\ning, 361. Agriculture and Ranching, 362. Mining, 365.\\nTrade Routes and Cities, 366. Islands North of North\\nAmerica, 372.\\nSection XV. Countries South of the United States 378\\nMexico. Physiography and Climate, 378. History, 380.\\nAgriculture and Ranching, 381. Southern Mexico, 385.\\nThe Mines, 386. The Cities, 387. Central America.\\nThe Republics, 389. The Nicaragua Canal, 392. The\\nWest Indies, 393. Jamaica, 394. Haiti, 395. Lesser\\nAntilles, 397. The Bahamas, 398. The Bermudas, 399.\\nSection XVI. Summary and Conclusion 403\\nPhysical Geography, 403. Population, 404. Country and\\nCity, 405. Country, 406. Cities, 418. Dependence of\\nDifferent Sections upon One Another, 423. Relation\\nto our Territories and Dependencies, 424. Other Coun-\\ntries of North America, 424. Our Relation to Other\\nCountries, 425. Transportation Routes, 427. Influence\\nof Steam and Electricity, 430. Influence of Modern In-\\nventions on Mode of Life, 431. Influence of our Sur-\\nroundings on Education and Government, 432. Relation\\nbetween Man and Earth, 434.\\nAppendix I. References to Books, Articles, etc. 437\\nAppendix II. Tables of Area, Population, etc. 445", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "LIST OF MAPS\\nCOLORED POLITICAL MAPS\\nFIGURE\\n95. North America\\nPAGE\\nFacing 120\\n97.\\nUnited States\\n122\\n99.\\nNew England\\n124\\n121.\\nMiddle Atlantic States\\n157\\n153.\\nSouthern States\\n200\\n178.\\nCentral States\\n234\\n211.\\nWestern States\\n281\\n250.\\nAlaska\\n322\\n260.\\nWest Indies, with Map of Cuba and Porto Rico\\n330\\n270.\\nDependencies of the United States in the Pacific\\n340\\n275.\\nCanada, Newfoundland, and Greenland\\n351\\n300.\\nMexico and Central America\\n378\\n359.\\n436\\n360.\\nMercator Chart of the Wo\\nrld\\n436\\nRELIEF MAPS\\n5. North America Facing 6\\n13. The Continental Ice Sheet 14\\n96. Physiographic Map of the United States (with names) 122\\n98. United States 123\\n101. New England 125\\n122. Middle Atlantic States\\n154. Southern States\\n179. Central States\\n214. Western States\\n158\\n201\\n235\\n284", "height": "2709", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "X V 1 1 1\\nLIST OF MAPs\\nCITY .MAPS\\nFIGURE\\n117. Boston Providence, Portland, and Worcester\\n144. Buffalo, Rochester, and Albany\\n146. New York City and Philadelphia\\n151. Baltimore and Washington\\n174. New Orleans. Memphis, Birmingham, and Atlanta\\n200. Chicago and Milwaukee\\n204. St. Louis, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, and St.\\n209. Detroit. Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Pittsburg\\n244. San Francisco, Portland, Tacoma, and Seattle\\n292. Montreal and Quebec\\nPail\\nOTHER MAPS\\n36. Monsoon Winds of India\\n40. Belt of Calms and Trade Winds\\n42. Belt of Calms and Trade Winds\\n44. Rainfall Map of the World\\n40. Rainfall Map of the United States\\n49. Weather Map of the United States\\n50. Weather Map of the United States\\n59. Ocean Currents\\n63. Isothermal Chart of the United States. January\\n64. Isothermal Chart of the United States. July\\n65. Plant Zones of North America\\n84. Political Map of Xorth America in 1760\\n86. Settled Part of the United States, 1790\\n90. Northern and Southern Hemispheres\\n91. Eastern and Western Hemispheres\\n92. Meridians of Northern Hemisphere\\n94. Standard Time Belts of United States\\n123. Map showing the Fall Line", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "LIST OF MAPS xix\\nFIGURE PAGE\\n141. The Erie Canal 182\\n321. Density of Population in the United States 404\\n323. Principal Cities and Towns of the United States 405\\n324. Principal Corn-raisinu Districts of the United States 400\\n326. Principal Wheat-raising Districts of the United States 407\\n328. Principal Oat-raising Districts of the United States 408\\n330. Principal Cotton-raising Districts of the United States 409\\n333. Principal Tobacco-raising Districts of the United States 410\\n334. Principal Fruit-raising Districts of the United States 411\\n337. Coal Fields of the United States 412\\n310. Iron, Copper, Oil, and Gas Districts. 413\\n341. Gold and Sila t er Regions, in the United States 414\\n347. Principal Forest Regions of the United States 416\\n348. Fishing Grounds near North America 417\\n349. Principal Manufacturing Districts of the United States 418\\n353. Navigable Rivers of the United States 427\\n354. Railway Lines in the United States 428\\n355. Principal Railways of North America 429\\n357. Growth of the United States 432", "height": "2717", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "Part I\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH\\nAMERICA\\nI. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nThe Growth of the Continent. There are about one\\nhundred million persons in North America at the present\\ntime, although a century ago there were scarcely one-\\ntenth of that number. This wonderful growth has been\\nlargely due to the useful and valuable mineral products\\nof the, earth; to the soil and climate which have allowed\\nmany different kinds of plants and animals to thrive\\nand to the rivers, waterfalls, lakes, and harbors which\\nhave made manufacturing and shipping easy.\\nAs it takes time to build a house, and to prepare the\\nboards from trees, the nails from iron ore, and the bricks\\nfrom clay, so it takes time for the formation of minerals\\nand rocks and for the building of a continent. In fact,\\nmillions of years have been required for that work.\\nThe story telling how North America was made is a\\nvery interesting one. It has been discovered by a careful\\nstudy of the rocks and although there are many ques-\\ntions that no man is yet able to answer, we are prepared\\nto tell a part of the story.", "height": "2724", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMETiICA\\nAt one time the earth was probably a white-hot sphere\\nlike the sun; but in time the outside cooled to a crust of\\nsolid rock. The interior, still heated, continued to shrink\\nand grow smaller, as most substances do when eooling.\\nThis caused the solid crust to settle and wrinkle, much as\\nthe skin of an apple does when the fruit is drying. Water\\ncollected in the depressions forming the oceans, while be-\\ntween them, where the elevation of the earth s crust was\\ngreatest, rocks appeared above the sea-level. Thus North\\nAmerica and the other\\ncontinents were born.\\nIn its bain hood, al-\\nthough the centre of\\nthe continent was still a\\nbroad sea. the eastern and\\nwestern parts doubtless\\nresembled the West In-\\nFig. i. dies of to-day, which you\\nA small picture of the West Indian region Will find Oil the map of\\nas it would appear if the ocean water vr j_t. a ^t^ n-\\nwere removed Notice that the islands N 0rth America I Ig. 95,\\nrest on a lofty ridge rising from the opposite p. 120). Those\\nocean bottom. n\\nislands are the highest\\nparts of mountains arranged in a chain. They seem to be\\nseparated only because the ridges upon -which they rest\\ndo not rise high enough to reach above the water (Fig. 1).\\nAlthough in early times North America consisted of\\nmountain crests forming chains of islands, finally, after\\nmany changes, the mountains rose higher, forming a con-\\ntinuous range in the east, and other ranges in the west.\\nThen the plains between the mountains slowly emerged\\nfrom the ocean, and a large part of the continent came\\ninto view.", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AMERICA\\nThe Coal Period- Ages after the beginning a period\\narrived when in the northern part of North America it was\\nmuch warmer than now. and the rains were far heavier.\\nDuring that period our coal was made out of plants. There\\nis good proof that the coal\\nused in our stoves and fur-\\nnaces is composed of plant\\nremains. Beneath the coal\\nbeds, in the rock which was\\nonce soil, roots of plants may\\nstill be seen, while stems of\\nplants, and even trunks of\\ntrees changed to coal, reach\\nup into the coal beds. Also\\na careful examination with\\nthe microscope, or at times\\neven with the naked e} e,\\nshows that coal is composed\\nof bits of plants closely pressed together. Frequently\\nthe full form of a fern or leaf may be seen (Fig. 2).\\nAs the crust of the earth shrinks and wrinkles, the land\\nis raised and lowered. Even now it is slowly moving in\\nsome places, and was doing the same during the coal period.\\nAt that time some of the old sea-bottom was raised above\\nthe water, forming extensive plains in the eastern part of\\nNorth America. Plants had long been growing and\\nthese plains were so low and level that vast swamps were\\nproduced (Fig. 3), on which the vegetation was extremely\\nrank, like a tropical jungle. After the swamp plants had\\ngrown for hundreds of years, the plains sank beneath the\\nsea, and the vegetation became covered with layers of sand,\\ngravel, and mud, which have since hardened into rock.\\nFig. 2.\\nRock containing a fossil fern which\\ngrew in the swamps of the coal\\nperiod.", "height": "2725", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nAfter another long period the sea-bottom emerged once\\nmore, and the dense swamp vegetation returned but this\\ntime the plants grew with their roots in the ocean mud which\\nhad buried the earlier swamp. After many more years the\\nplains again sank, and the swamp vegetation was buried\\nas before. This rising and sinking of the land continued\\nfor ages, one set of layers of rock, soil, and vegetation be-\\ning covered up\\nby another, until\\nmany such sets\\nwere formed.\\nThough the\\nswamps were, no\\ndoubt, somewhat\\nsimilar to those\\nwhich may now\\nbe seen in many\\nplaces, the vege-\\ntation grew far\\nmore thickly, per-\\nhaps even more\\nthickly than in the jungles of India or the everglades of Flor-\\nida. Also the plants were so different from those of the present,\\nthat not a single species now living grew in the coal swamps.\\nWhen the plants died they fell into the water, making a\\nwoody matting which did not fully decay, because the Avater\\nprevented air from reaching it. If it had been dug up and\\ndried, it might have made good fuel. Indeed, it is now the\\ncustom in Ireland, Norway, and some other cool, moist lands\\nto dig such matter out of the swamps and dry it, forming peat,\\na fuel used for cooking and heating.\\nSome of the poorer coals of the West, known as lignite, are\\nlittle more than peat beds partly changed to mineral coal.\\nOther coal, called anthracite, found especially in the mountains\\nof Pennsylvania, has been changed so greatly that it is as hard\\nFig. 3.\\nThe way the coal swamps appeared, so far as we can\\ntell from the fossils which have been preserved.", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nas some rocks, and is known as hard coal. Bat most of the\\ncoal that is mined, as that of western Pennsylvania and the\\nCentral States, although quite like a mineral, and harder than\\nlignite, is not so hard as anthracite. This is called soft or\\nbituminous coal.\\nThe woody matting that gathered in some of the swamps\\ngrew to be scores of feet in thickness but, on being cov-\\nered up, it was pressed more tightly together. As the\\nnumber of layers above increased, causing the pressure\\nto become very\\ngreat, it gradu-\\nally changed in-\\nto coal, making\\ncoal beds that\\nare often from\\nsix to twelve\\nfeet in thick-\\nness.\\nAll this time,\\nand at other pe-\\nriods during the\\nformation of the\\ncontinent, iron,\\ncopper, gold, silver, building stones, and other materials that\\nwe need every day, were also being slowly formed in the rocks\\nbut we cannot now tell their story.\\nThe Mountains and Plateaus. During the millions of\\nyears that the continent was growing to its present form,\\nthere were rising, in the East and West, mountain systems\\nand surrounding plateaus that were to have a great influ-\\nence upon our climate, and therefore upon our crops,\\nour animals, and ourselves. Being very old and much\\nFig. 4.\\nA view in the Dismal Swamp of Virginia. Compare\\nFig. 3 with this to see how different the trees are.", "height": "2714", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "6\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nworn down, the eastern mountains, called the Appala-\\nchians, are neither very high nor very rugged, though\\nthey have some peaks which reach more than a mile above\\nsea level. The western Cordilleras, being younger and\\ntherefore less worn, are more rugged, and have peaks ris-\\ning three miles and more above sea level. At the base\\nof the Appalachians is a narrow plateau rarely more than\\nfourteen hundred feet high but the Cordilleras tower\\nabove a broad plateau which is itself more than a mile in\\nheight, or as high as the mountain peaks of the east.\\nMany of the rocks of the mountains and plateaus were\\ndeposited as sediment in the sea and afterward raised\\nto their present-\\nposition by the\\nm o vein ents of\\nthe earth s crust.\\nIn spite of their\\ngreat elevation,\\nthe plateaus have\\nremained level\\nbecause the rock\\nlayers, or strata,\\nof which they arc\\nmade, were kept\\nin a horizontal\\nor level position\\nwhile being up-\\nlifted. This can\\nbe seen where\\nrivers have cut deep channels in the earth, showing the\\nlayers of rock to be nearly as level as when they were a\\npart of the ocean floor (Fig. 6).\\nFig. 6.\\nThis valley, known as the Colorado Canyon, has\\nheen cut to a depth of over a mile in the rock\\nstrata of the Colorado plateau. Can you see the\\nhorizontal strata?", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "Fold-out\\nPlaceholder\\nThis fdid-out Is being digitized, and will be inserted at\\nfuture date.", "height": "2731", "width": "1918", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2714", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nOn the other hand, the wrinkling of the earth s crust\\nhas in some places broken and folded the rock layers, and\\nformed lofty mountain ranges in which the strata have been\\ntilted and upturned, instead of remaining level (Fig. 7).\\nA part of the\\nheight of moun-\\ntains is due to\\nthe fact that\\nthey rest upon\\na platform of\\ntablelands about\\nthem. Therefore\\na mountain crest\\ntwo miles above\\nsea level may\\nreally rise less\\nthan a mile above\\nthe plateau at its\\nbase.\\nMountains are\\nnot nearly so\\nhigh as they\\nFig. 7.\\nTilted layers iu the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.\\nThey were deposited as horizontal beds in the sea,\\nas those o.i the Colorado plateau were (Fig. 6)\\nhut, during the mountain folding, they have been\\nturned up on end, and then worn away and carved\\ninto irregular hills by the rains.\\nwould be if they had not been attacked for ages by the weather\\nand the rivers. Not only have they been lowered by these\\nmeans, but also greatly carved and sculptured, being cut into\\nridges and peaks, and crossed by deep canyons which the rivers\\nhave dug out.\\nAfter mountains have ceased rising, their peaks are lowered,\\nand their valleys broadened, until they lose much of their\\nmountain character, as in the case of the Appalachians. In-\\ndeed, they may even be reduced to a series of low hills, as in\\nsouthern New England, which is really an ancient mountain\\nregion now worn down to its very roots.\\nThe folding, breaking, and sculpturing of the mountain rocks\\nhave had an important effect upon mining. As you see from", "height": "2714", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "8 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nFigure 8, these changes often bring to view valuable minerals\\nwhich were formed ages ago and are now deeply buried in the\\nstrata.\\nSome mineral deposits, like coal, were laid down in beds\\nbetween other layers of rock (p. 4) but many valuable min-\\nerals, such as gold, silver, and copper ores, were deposited in\\ncracks of the mountain rock, forming veins. Into these cracks\\nFig. 8.\\nA section in the earth, where the rocks are folded, to show how a bed of valu-\\nable mineral, such as the black layer, may be brought to light by folding\\nand river cutting, while elsewhere it is deeply buried.\\nhot water, often heated by deeply buried masses of lava, has\\nbrought valuable metals and deposited them in veins. Iron\\nore also has been deposited by water in beds and veins, though\\nnot always by hot water.\\nVolcanoes. Hundreds of mountain peaks in the West,\\ninstead of being made in the manner just described, are\\nvolcanoes. These are built of molten rock forced to the\\nsurface from within the earth. Though no longer active,\\nthese peaks are known to be volcanoes because of their cone\\nshape, the hollows or craters in their tops, and the lava and\\nvolcanic ash, or blown-up lava, of which they are made.\\nDoubtless some of these volcanoes have recently erupted;\\nindeed, one, Mt. St. Helens in Washington, is reported to have", "height": "2715", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA\\n9\\nbeen in eruption about a half century ago. Another, near Mt.\\nShasta in California, poured forth lava a very short time ago.\\nThis is known because the lava flow dammed up a stream,\\nforming a lake whose waters rose into the surrounding forest,\\nand killed the trees but the trees still stand in the lake, not\\nhaving had time to decay.\\nHundreds of thousands of square miles of this western\\ncountry are covered by lava flows. The soil produced by decay\\nof the lava is often extremely fertile, and that is one of the\\nchief reasons why the central part of the state of Washington,\\nwhich is largely covered with it, has become noted for its fruit\\nand wheat. There the lava flowed out from great cracks or\\nFig. 9.\\nMt. Shasta, California, one of the great volcanic cones of the West, 14,380\\nfeet high, and made entirely of lava and volcanic ash. A smaller cone is\\nseen on the right.\\nfissures and flooded immense areas of country. The area of\\nthe lava flows in tile Columbia and Snake river valleys is more\\nthan twenty-five times as great as that of Massachusetts.\\nThe Trough between the Two Mountain Systems.\\nFrom the mountain systems of the East and West, the\\nland slopes gently toward the Mississippi River, which\\nflows in the trough made by the uplift of the two sides of", "height": "2715", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "10 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nthe continent. Measure the width of this trough on the\\nmap of the United States (Fig. 08, p. 123).\\nThis extensive lowland has had a long history, like the\\nmountains. In the early ages so much of it was under\\nwater that a great sea extended from where the Gulf of\\nMexico now lies to the Arctic Ocean. In the rock layers\\nare found many remains, or fossils, of shells, corals, and\\nfish that lived in the sea of this ancient time. Upon dying\\n_^. 1\\nFig. 10.\\nSection across the United States, to show the two highlands and the great\\ntrough between. A, Appalachians; M, Mississippi R, Rocky Mountains.\\nand dropping to the bottom, these animals were entombed\\nin the beds which have since been hardened to rock.\\nAfter a time most of this sea bottom was raised to\\nform dry land, although a part of it from the Gulf\\nof Mexico to southern Illinois remained under water\\nfor a long time afterward. Into this sea the Missis-\\nsippi discharged its floods and dropped its load of soil,\\nswept from the distant fields and mountains. As time\\nwent on, the river filled up the sea and formed flood\\nplains, which raised by a slight uplift are among the\\nmost fertile lands of our country. And now the river\\nseems bent on filling up the Gulf itself.\\nAlthough the mountains and plateaus of our country\\nare so far away from the lowlands, they have a great influ-\\nence upon them. The Mississippi Valley, in all but its\\nsouthern part, is in a belt of the earth where most of the\\nwinds blow from the west. Since these winds blow from", "height": "2715", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA 11\\nthe Pacific Ocean, they are at first damp but upon reach-\\ning the western highlands, they are compelled to drop\\nmuch of their moisture, and then they pass on into the\\nMississippi Valley as dry winds. This causes the plains\\nand plateaus of the northwest to be dry or arid. The\\neastern and southern portions of the valley have a more\\nhumid climate. The reasons for this are that this region\\nis so near the Gulf and the Atlantic, and is separated from\\nthe latter by such low mountains, that damp ocean winds\\nare able to reach it.\\nIn spite of the fact that most of the West is arid,\\nmany rivers have their sources among the high moun-\\ntains. Notice, for instance, how many tributaries of the\\nMississippi rise among the mountain ranges (Map, Fig.\\n97, opposite p. 124). This water carries sediment for\\nhundreds of miles, building it into flood plains and deltas.\\nFrom this it is evident that the highlands not only sup-\\nply the Mississippi with much of its water, but also with\\nsome of the soil which has made such fertile farm land.\\nThe direction in which the ranges extend is a matter of great\\nimportance, also. Since the mountains run north and south,\\nthe warm south winds find no highlands to check their north-\\nward course. Therefore, they are able to carry warmth and\\nmoisture a great distance, even far into the northern part of\\nthe United States. In consequence, the Mississippi Valley is\\none of the largest and finest farming sections in the world,\\nproducing a great variety of crops. Where the summers are\\nshortest, though still warm, excellent wheat is raised farther-\\nsouth, corn is the principal crop; and in the southern part,\\nwhere the summers are longest and hottest, tobacco, cotton,\\nsugar-cane, and rice are grown.\\nHow different it would be if a great mountain system\\nextended east and west across the continent The warm sum-", "height": "2717", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "12\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nnier winds could not, then, carry their warm th and moisture so\\nfar north neither could the north winds, which are cool in\\nsummer and cold in winter, reach so far south. The north\\nwinds are very important; they moderate the heat of summer\\nand bring cool weather in winter. Sometimes they do damage\\nin winter by causing destructive frosts, even as far south as\\nFlorida. Then the orange and lemon trees suffer greatly. Bat\\nthey also do good, for too much heat takes away the vigor of\\nthe people, while cool air makes them more active.\\nThe Great Ice Age. Long after the coal beds were\\nformed and the great highlands and valleys were built,\\nFig. 11.\\nA picture of the Cornell glacier in Greenland. It is a great waste of ice,\\nslowly moving down from the interior to the coast and ending in the sea,\\nwhere icebergs break off and float away. Some of these may be seen in\\nthe picture (see also Fig. 12)\\nanother very important event happened in the preparation\\nof this continent for our home. That was the forma-\\ntion of a great ice sheet, or glacier, which covered a large\\npart of northern North America. Ibis glacier had much\\nto do with making the lakes, waterfalls, and even the soil\\nitself, in that section.", "height": "2715", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA\\n13\\nAn ice sheet similar to that one may still be seen in\\nGreenland (Figs. 11 and 14). Excepting along the very-\\ncoast, this immense island is buried beneath a sheet of ice\\nwhich has an area about ten times as great as that of New\\nYork State.\\nThe Greenland glacier is made of snow which has fallen on\\nthe high interior in such immense quantities that the pressure\\nupon the under\\npart has changed\\nit to ice, as press-\\nure from your\\nhands will change\\na snowball to ice.\\nAs the snow col-\\nlects and becomes\\nice, it spreads out,\\nor floivs, from the\\ninterior toward\\nthe coast, much\\nas a piece of wax\\nmay be made to\\nflow if a weight is placed upon it. Moving toward the sea,\\nthe glacier drags away the soil, tears off fragments of the rock,\\nand scours the rock layers, as if it were a great sand paper.\\nThe movement is very slow, yet the ice is always pushing\\nonward to the sea, where enormous icebergs are continually\\nbreaking off and floating away (Figs. 11 and 12).\\nThe glacier which formerly extended over a part of this\\ncontinent was likewise made of snow. It covered most\\nof northeastern America, reaching as far south as New\\nYork City and the Ohio River in the East, but not so far\\nsouth in the West (Fig. 1.3). Being over a mile deep in\\nits thickest part, and in consequence very heavy, the\\nglacier swept away the soil which had previously been\\nFig. 12.\\nAn iceberg from the Greenland glacier, slowly float-\\ning southward, where it gradually melts away\\nin the warmer water and air.", "height": "2717", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "14 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\ni~~:^\\nFig. 13.\\nModel showing the distance which the Great Ice Sheet reached in United States.\\n(Model made hy E. E. Howell, Washington, D.C.)\\nmade. Not only this, but, by the help of rock fragments\\nheld fast in its bottom, it scraped off pieces of the solid\\nrock and car-\\nried them for-\\nward also.\\nAlthough the\\nglacier was al-\\nways pushing\\nsouthward into\\nour country, its\\nsouthern end\\nwas continually\\nmelting away,\\nowing to the\\nwarmer climate\\nFig. 14.\\nThe ice front of a part of Cornell glacier (Fig. 11), with\\nmoraine at its base, where rock fragments fall from\\nthe melting glacier. The dark lower part of the\\nglacier is rilled with pieces of rock.", "height": "2715", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA 15\\nwhich it met. At times the movement was just rapid enough\\nto supply the waste due to this melting, so that the edge re-\\nmained in nearly the same position for years. All this time\\nthe sand, gravel, and rock, which had been carried along in the\\nice, were being piled up along the line where the glacier melted,\\nforming a great mass called a moraine (Figs. 14 and 15). The\\nmoraine hills, or hummocks, of gravel and clay were often\\nbuilt to a heiarht of one or two hundred feet.\\nFig. 15.\\nSome hummocks in a moraine formed by the Great Glacier near Ithaca, N.Y.\\nAfter standing for a while and building a moraine in one\\nplace, the glacier front often advanced to the south, or melted\\naway toward the north, building up other irregular piles of\\nmoraine hummocks.\\nDuring the thousands of years that the glacier lasted, it\\ncarried millions of tons of clay and rock from one place\\nto another and built many low hills. As it slipped over\\nthe surface, it ground boulders and pebbles together and\\nrubbed them against the solid rock, scratching and groov-\\ning it (Fig. 16). Scratches thus made may still be seen\\npointing northward, toward the place from which the gla-\\ncier moved. This work of rasping, digging, carrying, and\\ndumping done by the glacier has led to its being called a\\ncombined file, plough, and dump cart of immense size.", "height": "2721", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "Fig. 16\\n16 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nFinally, after thousands of years, the great ice sheet melted\\naway. No one is able to say why it came or why it went\\naway but that it was here\\nand did the work de-\\nscribed, all who have stud-\\nied the subject are fully\\nconvinced.\\nIt was the glacier\\nwhich caused the great\\nnumber of lakes in the\\nScratches on a ^^H\\nrock made by ^^Kj B northeastern part of\\nthe glacier in North America. Min-\\npassing over it. .._^.--\\nnesota alone is said to\\nhave ten thousand, and in New- England there are also\\nthousands (Fig. 17 and Fig. 100, p. 124) but most of the\\nstates outside of the glacial region have extremely few.\\nThe manner in which these lakes were formed is as\\nfollows The load of clay and boulders, or drift, as it is\\ncalled, was dumped irregularly over the land. It some-\\ntimes tilled in valleys and built up clams, behind which\\nponds and lakes collected. The glacier also formed lake\\nbasins by digging, or ploughing, directly into the rock.\\nEven the Great Lakes did not exist before the glacier\\ncame their basins occupy broad river valleys which have\\nbeen blocked by dams of drift and deepened by the plough-\\ning of the Great Ice Sheet.\\nThe glacier also had an important influence upon our\\nmanufacturing. Its load of rock fragments often filled\\nparts of valleys so that, after the ice was gone, the streams\\nwere compelled to seek new courses. These courses often\\nlay clown steep slopes or across buried ledges, over which\\nthe water tumbled in a succession of rapids and falls.", "height": "2715", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA\\n17\\nEven the great cataract of Niagara was caused in this\\nway, and the same is true of many of the falls and rapids\\nof hilly New England and New York. The many lakes\\nact as storehouses to keep the noisy falls and rapids well\\nsupplied with water. For these reasons New England\\nand New York have such abundant water-power that they\\nearly grew to be the greatest manufacturing centres of the\\nUnion. In sections of the country not reached by the\\nglacier, rapids and falls are much less common. Did\\nthe glacier reach where you live?\\nFig. 17.\\nA New England lake formed by a dam of drift left by the glacier. It is very\\nirregular because the -wate r behind the dam has risen into many valleys,\\nleaving only the hilltops above the surface.\\nA third important influence of the glacier was upon the\\nsoil. In most other parts of the country the soil has been\\nmade by the decay of rock (see First Book, p. 2) but in\\nthe glacial region the decayed rock was swept away and\\nreplaced by drift brought by the glacier. This was made\\nby the grinding of rocks together, much as flour is made\\nby grinding wheat in fact, glacial soil is sometimes called\\nrock flour. As the glacier scraped along, it ground an", "height": "2717", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "18\\nA GENERAL STUJJY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nenormous quantity of rock to bits, so that when it melted,\\na layer of drift (Fig. 18) was left, in some places reaching\\na depth of several hun-\\ndred feet. Most of\\nthe clays from which\\nbricks are made in\\nthe North were also\\nbrought by the gla cier\\nWith the melting of\\nthe glacier, much water\\nwas produced. This\\nwashed out and carried\\noff a great deal of clay,\\nin some places leav-\\ning extensive sand and\\ngravel plains, where the\\nsoil is not very fertile.\\nMany of the cities of\\nNew England are built upon these level sand plains. Into the\\nsand beds the rain water readily soaks, and then slowly oozes\\nout, thus keeping the streams supplied with water. This makes\\nthe sand plains\\ngreat reservoirs\\nof water, much as\\nlakes are.\\nThe bits of\\nground up rock\\nleft by the glacier\\nhave an impor-\\ntant effect upon\\nthe soil. Since\\nthese fragments\\nwere gathered up\\nfrom many places, and from many different kinds of rock,\\nthey sometimes cause a fertile soil in places where the decay\\nFig. 18.\\nGlacial soil resting on the bed rock in Cen-\\ntral New York.\\nFig. 19.\\nA field on Cape Ann, Mass., where the glacier left\\nmany large boulders.", "height": "2715", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA 19\\nof the rocks would have naturally caused a sterile soil. The\\nconstant rusting or decaying of these rock fragments supplies\\nthe soil with plant food and for this reason the glacial soils\\nare usually fertile year after year. But, on the other hand, in\\nsome places the glacier failed to grind the rock into tiny bits,\\nleaving pebbles and even large boulders to cover the ground\\nand prove a great nuisance to the farmer (Fig. 19).\\nThe Coast Line. In studying about the Mississippi\\nValley and the formation of coal, we have seen that the\\nland and sea bottom are not fixed, but that they often\\nslowly rise or sink.\\nSuch changes in the land level are even now in progress in\\nmany places, though so slowly that it requires years, and even\\ncenturies, to notice them. For instance, along the coast of\\nNew Jersey the land is sinking at the rate of about two feet a\\ncentury, while the land around Hudson Bay is rising.\\nSome of the recent changes in the level of the land\\nhave had an important effect upon the coast line. For\\nexample, the reason we find so many islands and penin-\\nsulas along the northeastern coast (Fig. 95) is that this\\nsection has been lowered several hundred feet. By this\\nmeans the ocean water has been allowed to enter the val-\\nleys, while the higher land between them extends above\\nthe water in the form of peninsulas, capes, and islands.\\nThe peninsulas of Labrador and Nova Scotia, and the hun-\\ndreds of islands along the northeastern coast, including New-\\nfoundland, owe their existence to this sinking. The irregular\\nPacific coast from Puget Sound northward (Fig. 20) was pro-\\nduced in the same way.\\nBy this sinking of the land many good harbors were\\nmade, the best ones being where rivers enter the sea.", "height": "2717", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "20 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nWhen the land was higher, the streams carved out broad\\nvalleys, into which, when the land sank, the sea water\\nentered, forming bays and harbors. That is the way the\\nGulf of St. Lawrence was formed also New York, Dela-\\nware, Chesapeake, and San Francisco bays, as well as the\\nmany excellent harbors of the East. What rivers carved\\nout the bays mentioned (See maps, Figs. 95, 07, and 121.)\\nOne reason for so few good harbors along the coast of\\nthe Southern States is that the land in this section has\\nbeen rising out of the sea. Just off the coast is a broad\\nFig. 20.\\nA picture of the irregular coast of Southern Alaska, near Sitka, where the\\nsinking of the land has drowned the valleys, leaving only the hilltops pro-\\njecting above the sea.\\nocean-bottom plain where the water is shallow (Figs. 96,\\n122, and 154), while still farther out, the bottom slopes\\nrapidly and the ocean becomes very deep. Upon this sea-\\nbottom plain, called the continental shelf, layers of rock\\nbits, or sediment, are being deposited, much as layers of\\nrock were formed on the sea bottom during the coal\\nperiod. If the continental shelf should be raised it would\\nform a great level plain.\\nThat part of the Southern States which borders the Gulf\\nand the ocean was once a portion of this ocean-bottom", "height": "2715", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA\\n21\\nFig. 21.\\nA part of the raised sea bottom which forms the level\\nplain of Florida.\\nplain but it has been raised until it is now a low, fertile\\nplain (Fig. 21). Since the continental shelf is so level,\\nwhen a part of it was lifted above the water there were\\nfew places for deep inlets, bays, and harbors. After\\nbeing raised,\\nthe coast was\\nslightly low-\\nered but the\\nb a y s thus\\nf o r m e d are\\nshallow and\\nthe harbors\\npoor.\\nThe level\\nplain of the\\nFlorida peninsula is also a sea bottom that has been lifted above\\nthe. ocean. Many of the lakes and swamps which abound in\\nthat region are believed to be due to the shallow basins built\\nby the irregular deposit of sediment on the old sea floor.\\nSize, Shape, and Position. North America is fourth in\\nsize among the six continents of the earth. By reference\\nto page -115, find which are larger and which smaller.\\nAfter being changed in shape during millions of years,\\nowing to the rising and sinking of the land, it at present\\nhas the form of a triangle with the broadest portion in the\\nnorth. Draw the triangle. Compare its shape with that\\nof South America and Africa (Fig. 359). The northern\\npart is so wide that Alaska extends to within fifty miles of\\nAsia but Labrador is over two thousand miles away from\\nEurope. The distance from Alaska to Asia is so short\\nthat the early ancestors of our Indians and Eskimos proba-\\nbly first reached North America by crossing over from", "height": "2702", "width": "1895", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "22 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nAsia. On account of the greater distance across the\\nAtlantic, for a long time Europeans did not know that\\nNorth America existed but it is certain that the Norse-\\nmen from Norway visited our shores nearly five hundred\\nyears before Columbus discovered the continent.\\nThose portions of North America which are nearest to\\nAsia and Europe are so cold that few people live there.\\nFarther south, where most of the inhabitants live, the\\ncontinents are spread farther apart, as you will see by\\nexamining a globe. The broad Atlantic must be crossed\\nin passing from Europe to America; this fact helps to\\nexplain why the Spanish colonies were able to win their\\nindependence from Spain, and the United States from\\nEngland. The distance across the. sea was too great to\\nsend large armies and supplies for them.\\nThis separation of Europe from America has also helped\\nin the development of our industries. At first, the colo-\\nnists brought even bricks, doors, and timber from Europe\\nbut although the ocean is an excellent highway, it is\\nexpensive to send goods such long distances. Therefore\\nthe settlers soon learned to raise and make most of the\\narticles that they needed for food, clothing, and shelter.\\nNevertheless, the ocean is such an excellent highway\\nthat ships are able to sail across it in every direction and\\nbring what we really need, or carry back such products as\\ncotton and tobacco, which Europeans desire. Ships have\\nalso brought to us the hundreds of thousands of English,\\nIrish, Germans, French, Swedes, and others who have set-\\ntled and developed our country, and whose descendants are\\nits citizens. Since Europe is our mother land, it has been,\\nand is still, very important to keep in close touch with the\\nvarious nations of that continent. This has been made", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA 23\\npossible partly by the shortness of the journey, now that\\nvessels are moved by steam, and partly by the excellent\\nharbors caused by the sinking of our coast.\\nThe Pacific Ocean is much wider than the Atlantic (see a\\nglobe), and therefore much more difficult to cross. Although\\nthe shores of Asia which face North America are densely set-\\ntled, until recently we have not needed to have much commerce\\nwith the inhabitants of that continent because they were not\\nvery progressive. Now, however, the Japanese have adopted\\nthe methods of modern civilization, and we have come into\\ncontrol of the Philippine Islands, so that many of our ships\\ncross the Pacific.\\nSouth America is also easily reached by water, and there\\nis much trade with the various countries of that continent.\\nAlthough South America is joined to North America by the\\nnarrow Isthmus of Panama, there is at present no railway\\nconnecting the two continents, though one is being planned.\\nThis isthmus is a great barrier to ocean commerce between\\neastern and western United States and between the Eastern\\nStates and Asia. It is very narrow, and in places only two\\nor three hundred feet high; yet it causes ships to travel thou-\\nsands of miles around South America. A railway crosses it, and\\nship canals, one across the isthmus and another farther north,\\nare planned. State clearly of what advantage these will be.\\nRelation of Man to Earth. So we see that our conti-\\nnent, as we know it, has not been here from the begin-\\nning instead of that, millions of years have been required\\nto prepare it for us. Ocean bottoms have been lifted into\\nmountains, plateaus, and valleys coal beds, building stones,\\nand valuable minerals have been formed a mighty glacier\\nhas swept over the country, grinding rock into powder\\nand causing lakes, water-routes, falls, and rapids and the\\ncoast has been sinking here and rising there, producing\\nfine harbors in some places and greatly increasing the", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "24 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nextent of the plains in others. Our very position, sepa-\\nrated by the ocean from the Old World, and yet enabling\\nus to reach it when it is necessary, is an advantage.\\nBut our comfort and prosperity do not depend upon\\nthe land alone the sun, the air, and the ocean are also\\nof great value to us. The sun supplies our heat; but it\\nis warmer in summer than it is in winter. The air, which\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2envelops the earth, is heated by the sun s rays, and moves\\nabout, forming winds. These bring us vapor from the\\nocean, and this vapor falls to the earth in the form of\\nrain and snow. The water of the ocean not only fur-\\nnishes vapor for rain it is also disturbed by waves and\\ntides which do important work along the coast, and by\\nwarm and cold currents, which affect the climate even\\nhundreds of miles away. All these matters need to be\\nstudied before we can fully appreciate how beautifully the\\nworld is adapted to our needs.\\nReview Questions. (1) What was the condition of North\\nAmerica in early times? (2) What is coal made from? Tell\\nhow it was formed, (o) What proofs are there of this formation?\\n(4) What is peat? (5) Name and locate our two chief mountain\\nsystems. (6) How high are the plateaus at the base of each (7) Ex-\\nplain why the plateaus are so level in spite of their height. (8) How\\nhave the mountains been made? (9) Explain what effect this has\\nhad upon mining. (10) Tell about the volcanoes of the West.\\n(11) Why is the Mississippi Valley called a trough? (12) What\\nwas its condition in early times? (13) How was the interior sea\\nfinally changed to dry land? (1-1) Mention some ways in which the\\nmountains control the Mississippi Valley. (15) What differences\\nwould follow if the ranges extended east and west?\\n(16) Describe the Greenland glacier. (17) How far did the great\\nAmerican ice sheet reach? How deep was it? (18) What are\\nmoraines? (19) What do the scratches on the rocks tell us about\\nthe glacier? (20) Why is a glacier compared to a plough? A file?\\nA dump cart? (21) In what ways did the glacier cause lakes?", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICA 25\\n(22) Falls and rapids? (23) Soil? (24) What effect has the gla-\\ncial soil upon farming? (25) Tell the whole story of the glacier.\\n(26) Why are there so many islands, peninsulas, hays, and harbors\\nin the northeast (27) Name some of them. (28) How have some\\nof our largest bays been made? Name them. (29) Why are there\\nso few harbors on our southern coast (30) What is the cause of the\\nsouthern plains? (31) What is the continental shelf? (32) How\\ndoes North America compare in size with the other continents?\\n(33) How far is the mainland from Asia and Europe (31) Show\\nhow our position is a favorable one. (35) What is the influence of\\nthe Isthmus of Panama?\\nSuggestions. (1) Make a collection of different kinds of coal.\\n(2) Examine some pieces of soft coal closely to see if you can discover\\nplant remains. (3) Obtain some peat. (1) Learn what you can\\nabout coal mining. (5) AVhat is the elevation of the land at your\\nhome? (6) Examine layers of rock in your neighborhood to see if\\nthey are horizontal or tilted. See if they contain fossils. (7) Make a\\ndrawing similar to Figure 10. (S) Why are volcanoes shaped like\\na cone? Why is there a crater in the middle? (9) Make a model of a\\nvolcano out of sand or clay. (10) What becomes of the Greenland\\nicebergs? (11) Make a map showing the extent of the American\\nglacier. (12) What signs of the glacier, if any, can you find in your\\nneighborhood? (13) Examine the clay in a brickyard. (14) Pound\\na pebble to bits and plant beans in it to see if they will grow as well\\nin that as in soil. (15) Name several great cities that have grown up\\nabout our Northern harbors. Name some in the South. (1(3) Draw\\nan outline map of the northeastern coast, and another of the southern\\ncoast, to see how they differ. (17) Collect pictures of volcanoes, gla-\\nciers, mountains, and plateaus. (18) With the aid of sand in a basin\\nmake a model of an irregular land, then pour in water to show how it\\nenters to form bays, islands, etc. (19) How many days long is the\\nvoyage, on a fast steamer, from New York to Liverpool? How many\\nmiles an hour does the steamer go? How many miles does that make\\nthe distance (20) How long is the journey from San Francisco\\nto Manila? (21) From New York to Manila by going eastward?\\nThrough what waters would one pass on such a voyage (22) What\\nwould be the distance from New York to Manila by sailing around\\nSouth America? How much shorter would it be if the ship could go\\nthrough a canal across the isthmus?\\nFor References to Books and Articles, see page 438.", "height": "2713", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "II. SUMMER AND WINTER\\nThe Sun and its Position. The earth is a planet, one\\nof the members of the solar system, all of which revolve\\naround the great central\\nbody, the sun. Although\\nmillions of miles away,\\nthe sun supplies us with\\nlight and heat, for it is\\na glowing hot sphere\\nhundreds of times larger\\nthan the earth (Fig. 22).\\nThe rays from the sun\\npass outward in all direc-\\ntions, and some of them\\nfall upon the earth (Fig.\\n23), causing the light\\nand heat which are of so\\nmuch importance to us.\\nLight and heat vary\\ngreatly in different\\nplaces. If we could spend\\na summer north of the Arctic Circle with the Eskimos\\n(Fig. 24), we would find weeks of constant day, 1 and be\\nable to see at midnight as well as at midday. The sun\\nreaches the highest point on the longest day, June 21st,\\nbut it is even then low in the heavens (Fig. 32). Day\\n1 Exactly at the north pole there are six months of day and six months\\nof night.\\n26\\nFig. 22.\\nRelative size of earth and sun. This shows\\nhow very large the sun is. Notice that\\nthe distance from the centre of the sun\\nto its outside is much greater than the\\ndistance from the earth to the moon,\\nwhich is 240,000 miles from us.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "SUMMER AND WINTER\\n27\\nFig. 23.\\nNotice that of all the rays passing outward from\\nthe sun only a very small part reach the earth,\\nthe rest passing off into space.\\nafter day it circles around the heavens near the horizon,\\nreaching nearer the horizon at night than during the day.\\nLater in the\\nsummer, the sun\\nbegins to set and\\nthe days to grow\\nrapidly shorter.\\nFinally the sun\\ndisappears, even at\\nnoon, though for\\nseveral weeks\\nthere is twilight in\\nthe middle of the\\nday. Soon, how-\\never, there is no twilight, and darkness prevails throughout\\nthe whole twen-\\nty four hours,\\naccompanied by\\nbitter cold.\\nDuring the win-\\nter night the stars\\nand moon furnish\\na dim light by the\\naid of which the\\nEskimos are able\\nto hunt the seal and\\npolar bear which\\nsupply them Avith\\nfood. On these\\nhunts they dress\\nin warm furs and\\ntravel over the frozen sea on sledges drawn by wolf-like dogs.\\nIn the south frigid zone, the same changes in the sun s posi-\\ntion occur, thou sch there the sun is highest on December 21st.\\nFig. 24.\\nSome of the Eskimos whose homes are in the frigid\\nnorth. The mothers carry the bahies in fur\\nhoods on their hacks.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nThis causes the long summer day to come there while the north\\nfrigid zone is wrapped in the darkness of the long winter night.\\nNow let us fancy ourselves in the torrid zone. There\\nthe sun reappears every morning- in the year and every\\nnoon it is almost directly\\noverhead, while for a part\\nof the year it is exactly\\noverhead. No snow and\\nice are seen, and the cli-\\nmate is so warm, even dur-\\ning the winter, that the\\ninhabitants wear as few\\nclothes as possible. In-\\ndeed, some savages wear\\nalmost none (Fig. 25).\\nWhile the noonday shad-\\nows in the north temperate\\nand north frigid zones al-\\nways fall toward the north,\\nand in the southern zones\\ntoward the south, in the\\ntorrid zone they fall north-\\nward during one part of\\nthe year and south Avard during another part. Of course at the\\ntime when the sun is directly overhead they do not extend in\\neither of these directions.\\nThese different positions of the sun, with the resulting\\nchanges in the length of the days and in the seasons, are\\namong the most important facts about our home, for they\\ncompel great changes in our food, clothing, and habits.\\nWhat differences, from season to season, are there in the\\nposition of the sun and the length of the day where you\\nFig. 25.\\nSavages whose homes are in the tropical\\nzone. Contrast their dress with that\\nof the Eskimos (Fig. 24).", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "SUMMER AND WINTER 29\\nlive Two causes work together to produce these\\nchanges, as we shall now see.\\nInclination of the Earth s Axis. One cause for change\\nof seasons is the position that the earth holds with ref-\\nerence to the sun. It is easy to see that if the earth\\nalways stood before the sun, as shown in Figure 33, page\\n35, the sun s rays would reach from pole to pole, lighting-\\none half of the globe at a time and leaving the other half\\nin darkness. As the earth made its daily rotation, all\\nplaces upon it would have day and night every twenty-\\nfour hours, excepting at the very poles, where the sun\\nwould always be seen on the horizon.\\nBut if the earth s axis were tipped or inclined, so that\\nthe north pole was always turned toward the sun, as in\\nFigure 31, the conditions would be very different. Then,\\nas the earth rotated, the sun s raj^s would not only reach\\nthe north pole, but extend beyond it, while they would\\nnot reach the south pole at all.\\nIn that case, if one stayed a year in the north frigid zone, the\\nsun would be in sight all the time, while if he stayed a year at\\nthe south pole he would not see it at any time. Since the sun\\nfurnishes heat as well as light, it would always be summer in\\nthe northern hemisphere and winter in the southern.\\nIf the earth s axis were tipped so that the south instead of\\nthe north pole were the one always turned toward the sun (Fig.\\n34), the opposite condition would prevail in each hemisphere.\\nThat is, it would be perpetual night at the north pole and con-\\nstant winter where we live but perpetual summer would pre-\\nvail in the south temperate zone, and the south pole would have\\nconstant sunlight.\\nThe fact is, that the earth s axis is alivays inclined, as in\\nthe figures but, as we well know, our summer does not", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "30 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nlast all the time, nor do we have perpetual winter. We\\nalso know that both the north and south poles are in\\ndarkness a part of the year, and lighted for the remainder\\nof the year.\\nRevolution of the Earth around the Sun. This leads\\nus to the second cause for our seasons. Although the\\nearth s axis is always inclined in the same direction, the\\nearth does not always remain on the same side of the sun.\\nTherefore it does not have the same pole always turned\\ntoward the sunlight for, in addition to its rotation, the\\nearth has another movement, that of travelling, or revolv-\\ning, around the sun (Fig. 27).\\nThe sun is about ninety-three million miles from us a\\ndistance so great that no one can fully realize it but the\\nearth is moving at such a tremendous rate that it com-\\npletes one journey around the sun, or one revolution, in\\nalmost exactly 365 days, or one year. This explains\\nhow we get our year.\\nIn its revolution the earth is moving at the rate of more\\nthan one and a half million miles per day. What speed And\\nat the same time it is whirling or rotating rapidly on its axis,\\nas already explained (see First Book, p. 115).\\nThe Attraction of Gravitation. As in the case of the earth s\\nrotation, one might ask (First Book, p. 116), Why are we not\\nswept from the earth by the wind The answer, as before, is\\nthat the air, and everything else upon the earth, is drawn\\ntoward it and held in place by the force of gravity, so that all\\ntravel together in the journey around the sun.\\nIf the earth is revolving at such a fearful speed, why does\\nnot the earth itself fly away into space As a stone swinging-\\nround at the end of a string flies off when the string breaks, so\\nit might seem that the earth would fly away, since there appears\\nto be nothing holding it to the sun.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "SUMMER AND WINTER\\n31\\nBut there is something to hold it. It is not a string nor a\\nrope, to be sure, but something far stronger. The sun is very\\nmuch (larger than the earth, in fact, over a hundred times as\\nlarge, and attracts the earth to it, as the force of gravity at-\\ntracts men and houses to the earth. This attraction of gravita-\\ntion, which the sun exerts upon the earth, is what prevents\\nthe latter from flying far off into space it holds the earth as\\nfirmly as the string holds the stone.\\nFig. 26.\\nNotice that the axis here is inclined in the same direction in each case, but that\\nt the light reaches different places on the apple in each of the three positions.\\nEffect of Inclination and Revolution. Since the earth s\\naxis- is always inclined in one position, the revolution\\ncauses first one pole to be turned toward the sun, and\\nthen the other. You can understand how this must be if\\nyou run a needle or slender stick through an apple, as in\\nFigure 26, and carry it around a lamp which represents\\nthe sun. In doing this be sure always to keep the stick,", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "32\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTE AMERICA\\nwhich represents the earth s axis, tilted in the same direc-\\ntion. As you go, the part of the apple turned toward the\\nlamp constantly changes. The inclination of the axis\\ndoes not change but, nevertheless, first one end, or pole\\nof the stick, faces the light, then the other.\\nSo it is with the earth; as it revolves around the sun,\\nalways with its axis inclined in the same way (Fig. 27),\\nit is constantly reaching new places in its path of revolu-\\nSBf?*\\nFig. 27.\\nTo show how the earth appears as it journeys around the sun. In order to\\nrepresent this clearly, it has been necessary to make the earth appear very\\nmuch larger than it really is. Compare the size of the earth and sun here\\nwith that in Figure 22, where their relative size is shown.\\ntion, now with the northern hemisphere facing the sun\\n(June, Fig. 27), and the southern hemisphere turned away\\nfrom it, then, later, with the conditions just reversed.\\nSummer and Winter. These changes in the position of\\nthe earth with reference to the sun exert an immense\\ninfluence upon the life on the globe. They cause us,\\nwhose homes are in the temperate zone, to struggle at one\\nseason to keep cool and at another to keep warm while", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "SUMMER AND WINTER\\n33\\nfor weeks, and even months at a time, they force the Eski-\\nmos to hunt their food in darkness and in the midst of the\\nmost intense cold (p. 27).\\nTo understand why it is cold in winter, we must remember\\nthat our light and heat are received from the sun, and that it\\nSUN S RAYS\\nREACHING EARTH\\nAT NOON FROM\\nNEARLY ABOVE.\\nSUN S RAYS REACHING EARTH IN\\nAFTERNOON WHEN SUN IS LOW IN\\nHEAVENS.\\nSURFACE OF THE EARTH\\nFig. 28.\\nTwo bundles of rays, each a half inch wide (A-B and E-F) hut since one\\nset comes from nearly overhead, while the other set comes at a slant,\\nthe first fall upon a smaller surface than the second. If you measure C-D,\\nyou will find it half as long as G-H. That is, the same number of rays\\ncoming at a slant cover twice as much ground as those from overhead.\\nmakes a great difference how the sun s rays reach us. Morn-\\ning and evening are cooler than midday chiefly because at the\\nformer time the sun s\\nrays fall at a greater\\nslant (Kg. 28) and for\\nthe same reason winter\\nis colder than summer.\\nYou have, of course,\\nnoticed that in midwin-\\nter the sun rises and sets\\nfar to the south of the\\ntrue east and west, and\\nthat even at noon it is\\nlow in the heavens but FlG 29-\\nin midsummer it rises A diagram showing that the sun s rays near\\nand qprs mnnh fnirrhpr to the poles reach the earth iu a more slant\\nana sets mucn lurtnei to iDg way and after passing through more\\nthe north, and at noon is air, than at the equator.\\n-EOtl-A-TO Ft", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "34\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\n6UN S RAYS IN\\nSUN S RAYS I N\\nEARLY MORNING\\nfar higher in the heavens. When the sun is so low, the rays\\nreach the earth in a slanting way, so that fewer of them fall\\nupon a given area of ground than when they come from nearly\\noverhead (Fig. 28).\\nThere is a great deal of dust\\nfloating about in the air, as\\nmay easily be seen when a beam\\nof sunlight enters a dark room.\\nThis interferes with the pas-\\nsage of the rays, much as mud-\\ndy water does; hence, when\\nthe sun is low and its rays pass\\nthrough a great thickness of\\ndusty air (Fig. 30), many of\\nthem are prevented from reach-\\ning the earth. In large cities\\nFlG 30 where there is much smoke,\\nTo show that the sun s rays pass and on hazy days when there is\\nthrough more air when the sun is h dugt th r[ gun _\\nlow in the heavens than when it 7\\nis high. Explain the figure. light is greatly interfered with.\\nThe Length of Day and Night. The northern hemi-\\nsphere faces the sun most fully on the 21st of June, as\\nshown in Fig. 31. At noon of that day the sun is directly\\nover the heads of the\\npeople who live in\\nCuba, southern Mex-\\nico, and other places\\non the Tropic of Can-\\ncer.\\nAt that time there\\nis sunlight through- FlGg 31\\nOUt the entire twenty- Position of the earth June 21. Notice the\\nfour hours in all the vertical ray (middle heavy line) over the\\nTropic of Cancer. The shaded portion of\\nregion enclosed by the hall represents night.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "SUMMER AND WINTER\\n35\\nthe Arctic Circle. Find this upon a globe, and note how\\nmuch of Greenland and Alaska it includes.\\nThe 21st of June, when the midnight sun shines on all\\nparts of the north\\nfrigid zone, is our\\nlongest day but\\nfarther south the\\ndays grow short-\\ner until the Ant-\\narctic Circle is\\nreached. There,\\non June 21, the\\nsun just appears\\non the horizon\\nFig. 32.\\nThe sun at midnight of June 21, at North Cape,\\nNorway.\\nat noon, while nearer the south pole it is dark as night\\nthroughout the entire twenty-four hours.\\nAfter the 21st of June, the earth s further revolution\\ncauses the north pole to begin to turn away from the\\nsun and the south\\npole to turn toward\\nit. The sun then ap-\\npears to be moving\\nsouthward; but, as\\nin the case of sunrise\\nand sunset, we know\\nthat 1 it is not the sun,\\nbut the earth, that is\\nmoving.\\nOn the 22d of September, the sun s rays are vertical at\\nthe equator, and its light just reaches the poles (Fig. 33).\\nNow that the days are shorter than the nights, our sum-\\nmer is over.\\nFig. 33.\\nPosition of the earth September 22.", "height": "2714", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "36\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nFig. 34.\\nPosition of the earth December 21.\\nBy the 21st of December, the sun s rays are vertical\\nat the Tropic of Capricorn (Fig. 34), and they reach far\\nbeyond the south pole,\\nlighting and warming\\nall the south frigid zone\\nthroughout the entire\\ntwenty-four hours.\\nThen the north frigid\\nzone is left in dark-\\nness. At that date,\\nwhich is the beginning\\nof winter with us and\\nof summer in the southern hemisphere, the sun appears\\nfarthest south, and we have our shortest day. This is also\\nthe day when the sun s rays reach us at the greatest slant.\\nAs the earth revolves farther, the vertical rays of the\\nsun fall farther north, reaching the equator again on\\nMarch 21, when spring begins (Fig. 35). The 22d of\\nSeptember and the 21st of March are called the equi-\\nnoxes (a word mean-\\ning equal nights),\\nbecause the days\\nand nights are then\\nequal in length.\\nOn June 21, the\\nrays are once more\\nvertical over the\\nTropic of Cancer, and\\nthus a year has been\\ncompleted. Every year the earth makes this revolution,\\nproducing our seasons and constantly changing the length\\nof our days and nights.\\nFig. 35.\\nPosition of the earth March 21.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "SUMMER AND WINTER 37\\nWe see that these important changes are due to the inclina-\\ntion of the earth s axis and to the revolution of the earth around\\nthe sun. Can you think what would be the result if the axis\\nwere inclined considerably more? Carry an apple around\\nthe lamp in this different position to see. What changes\\nwould then have to follow in our mode of living What if\\nthe axis were inclined less What if it required more than\\n365 days for the earth to revolve around the sun What if\\nconsiderably less\\nThe Zones. It will be remembered from the First Book\\n(p. 120) that the Tropics and the Arctic and Antarctic circles\\nform the boundaries of the zones; and, from what has just\\nbeen said, it is evident that it is the sun s position in the\\nheavens that fixes these boundaries. What is the position of\\nthe sun at noon of June 21 at the northern boundary of the\\nnorth temperate zone At the southern boundary What is\\nits position on December 21 Answer the same questions\\nfor the south temperate zone. For the torrid zone.\\nYou will remember, of course, that there is nothing to mark\\nthe position of these boundaries, and that if a person should\\npass from one zone to another, he would find the change so\\ngradual that he probably would not know when they were\\npassed. Indeed, in some places, the climate is cooler within\\nthe torrid zone than it is outside that zone. Suggest some\\nreasons why this is true.\\nQuestions. (1) What changes in the sun s position are noticed\\nwhere the Eskimos live What about the temperature (2) How\\ndo the changes in the south frigid zone differ from these? (3) What\\nconditions prevail in the torrid zone? (4) What changes occur in\\nthe temperate zone where you live? (5) In the south temperate\\nzone (6) In what direction do shadows fall in each of the zones\\n(7) What would be the effect if the earth s axis were always in the\\nposition shown in Figure 33? (8) If the north pole were always turned\\ntoward the sun? (9) If the south pole were always turned toward\\nit? (10) What is the real position of the earth s axis? (11) What\\nother motion besides rotation has the earth? (12) What determines\\nthe length of a year (13) Why do we not notice the rapid move-", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "38 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nment of the earth? (14) What prevents the earth from flying off\\ninto space? (15) Show how the revolution of the earth causes first\\none pole, then the other, to be turned toward the sun. (16) What\\nare the two causes for our changes of seasons? (17) Why are the\\nsun s rays less intense when the sun is low in the heavens than when\\nit is higher? (IS) On what day does the sun appear farthest north?\\n(19) What does the Tropic of Cancer mark? The Arctic Circle?\\n(20) When is the longest day at your home What is the posi-\\ntion of the sun then? 21) What about the southern hemisphere at\\nthat time? (22) What causes the sun to appear to move south\\nafter June 21? (23) When does our autumn begin? Our winter?\\n(24) What does the Tropic of Capricorn mark? The Antarctic\\nCircle? (25) When does our spring begin? Our summer? (26) What\\nare the boundaries of the different zones?\\nSuggestions. (1) Show by a globe, or a ball, how the two move-\\nments of the earth, rotation and revolution, can be going on at the\\nsame time. (2) How cold is it in winter where you live How warm\\nin summer? (3) How long is your day at present? Are the days\\ngrowing longer or shorter? (-4) During which months do they grow\\nlonger? (5) During which months shorter? (6) Measure the length\\nof the shadow of a tall pole at midday, and observe whether it is grow-\\ning longer or shorter each day. Why is it changing? (7) Make a\\ndrawing showing the five zones of the earth and the lines that\\nbound them. (S) Xotice the stars, especially those of the Great\\nDipper, in the fall and again in the winter, to see whether they also\\nappear to change their position. (9) The axis of the earth always\\npoints nearly toward the north star. Should you expect that star to\\nmove also Watch to see if it does. (10) What large stars can be\\nseen in summer? In winter? Why different ones (11) Have you\\never seen an eclipse of the moon? What is the cause of one?\\n(12) Write a story telling how the change from summer to winter\\naffects your plays, food, and clothing. (13) Write another story\\nabout some changes that you have noticed, in plants and animals,\\nwhich have been caused by the change in season. (14) Find just\\nhow many degrees the axis of the earth is inclined.\\nFor References to Books axd Articles, see page 439.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "III. WIND AND RAIN\\nImportance of Winds. On some days the air seems too\\nlazy to move it is calm, and will neither lift kites, turn\\nwindmills, nor push sailing vessels. We have learned\\n(First Book, Chapter VIII) that the air obtains vapor by\\nevaporation of water, and that it takes much vapor from\\nthe ocean. We have also learned that the winds may carry\\nthis vapor for hundreds of miles before it is condensed into\\nraindrops or snowflakes. If the air did not move, but were\\nalways calm, as on some days, there could be no vapor\\nbrought to form rain then the continents would be des-\\nerts, and plants, animals, and men could not live upon them.\\nWinds do blow most of the time in all parts of the\\nworld, and they carry with them vapor enough to water\\nmost of the land. It will be important, therefore, to\\nstudy the winds and see what causes them, what their\\nprevailing directions are, and what effect they have upon\\nthe climate of different parts of the world.\\nThe Sea Breeze. The cause of winds is often well illus-\\ntrated near the seashore. For reasons that cannot be\\nstated here, land warms much more quickly than water.\\nThat this is so, you can easily prove for yourself by plac-\\ning two pans upon a stove, one with a thin layer of dry\\nearth, the other with the same quantity of water, and\\nby noticing which becomes hot first.\\nOn a hot summer morning, the land along the seashore\\nsoon becomes warm, and the air above it is heated, as over\\na stove, so that it expands and grows light. That over\\n39", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "40\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nthe water, remaining cool like the sea itself, pushes in\\ntoward the shore and thus a breeze from the sea, or a sea\\nbreeze, is created. In summer, such a breeze is frequently\\nfelt at the seashore and along the shores of large lakes,\\nand it helps to make the temperature so agreeable that\\nmany people resort to those places during warm weather.\\nAt night time, the land cools more rapidly than the sea; and\\nthen the cool air from the land moves out toward the sea, form-\\ning a land breeze.\\nThe Monsoon Winds. Similar winds blow from the ocean\\nfar into some of the continents. In Asia, for example (Fig. 36),\\nWarm Land\\nSWarm S e a\\nFig. 36.\\nThe monsoon -winds of India, the arrows showing their direction. Which fig-\\nure represents the summer season Why do the winds change with the\\nseasons\\nwhere they are best developed, the land becomes so warm in\\nsummer that steady winds, called summer monsoons, blow from\\nthe cool ocean toward the warm land. But during the winter\\nthe land is much colder than the ocean, and then the winter\\nmonsoon blows from the land toward the sea. It is the sum-\\nmer monsoons blowing from the warm Pacific Ocean that cause\\nthe heavy summer rains in the Philippine Islands.\\nThese winds are so steady near the coast that the captains", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "WIND AND RAIN\\n41\\nof sailing vessels bound for India count upon finding the wind\\nblowing toward the coast in summer and away from it in\\nwinter. Summer monsoons also blow from the Gulf of Mexico\\nover the plains of Texas and the lower Mississippi Valley,\\nbringing vapor for rain. Notice on the map (Fig. 46, p. 50)\\nthat this is a very rainy region.\\nFig. 37.\\nTo illustrate how the air moves in a room heated by a stove.\\nThe Effect of a Stove. The difference in temperature\\nof sea and land is not the most important cause of winds.\\nThere are other differences in temperature that are much\\ngreater but in order to understand the winds that they\\nproduce, let us first consider the currents of air produced\\nby a hot stove in a room (Fig. 37).", "height": "2714", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "42 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nAs the air near the stove is warmed, it expands and\\ngrows lighter. Then the cooler air settles down and flows\\nin, forcing upward that which has been warmed. The\\nlatter grows cooler in contact with the cool ceiling and\\nwalls of the room and, being made denser and heavier\\non that account, it again settles toward the floor and then\\nonce more moves toward the stove. In such a room you\\ncan easily observe how much warmer the air is near the\\nceiling, where it has risen from the stove, than near the\\nfloor at some distance from the stove.\\nCause of the Trade Winds. The greater winds of the\\nearth may be compared to this movement of air in a room,\\nSOUTH POLE\\nf.g. as.\\nDiagram to show, by arrows, the movement of the greater winds of the earth.\\nthe torrid zone, warmed by the sun s rays, taking the place\\nof the stove. There, owing to the torrid heat, the atmos-\\nphere becomes expanded and light. The heavier air to\\nthe north and south flows in, pushing the light air away\\nand producing winds, known as the trade ivinds (Fig. 38),\\nwhich begin in the temperate zone, hundreds of miles away.\\nSince the heated air must escape somewhere, it rises far\\nabove the surface, and then moves back in the same direc-\\ntion from which it came, forming the anti-trade winds (Fig.\\n38). The atmosphere extends many miles above the earth,", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "WIND AND BAIN 43\\nso that there is plenty of room for two winds blowing in\\nopposite directions, one above the other.\\nIn Cuba, the Caribbean Sea, and elsewhere, where the trade\\nwinds at the surface are blowing toward the southwest, one\\nnotices that the clouds far up in the sky are steadily borne in\\nthe opposite direction by the anti-trades- Also, when vol-\\ncanoes in Central America have been in eruption, the ashes\\nthat were blown out from them have been carried hundreds of\\nmiles in a direction opposite to that of the prevailing trade\\nwinds at the surface.\\nBeing cooled on account of its great height, the air of\\nthe anti-trades slowly settles, some of it coming to the\\nsurface at about a third of the distance to the poles.\\nThere it spreads out, a part continuing on toward the\\npoles, a part returning to the equator as the trade\\nwinds (Fig. 38).\\nAs you see, the correspondence between these currents\\nin the atmosphere and those in the room is quite close.\\nIn both cases air moves in toward a heated place, then up,\\nthen outward and down, and once more inward toward the\\nheated part.\\nEffect of Rotation. There are differences, however, and one\\nof them is especially important. In the case of the room, the\\ncurrents move directly toward the stove; then, after rising,\\ndirectly away from it. If the earth stood perfectly still, the\\ntrade winds woidd doubtless blow directly toward the equator\\nfrom the north and south (dotted lines, Fig. 39).\\nThe daily rotation of the earth, from west to east, greatly\\ninterferes with that movement. Because of rotation, the trade\\nwinds are turned, or deflected, from their straight course\\ntoward the equator. Those from the north are turned to the\\nright, so that they come from the northeast; and those from the", "height": "2714", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "u\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF XORTH AMERICA\\nsouth are turned toward the left, and therefore come from the\\nsoutheast (Fig. 39).\\nThe direction of the anti-trades is also changed toward the\\nright in the northern hemisphere, where they blow from\\nthe southwest, and\\ntoward the left in\\nthe southern hemi-\\nsphere, where they\\nblow from the north-\\nwest. Thus the anti-\\ntrades blow over the\\nsame route as the\\ntrade winds, but in\\nthe opposite direc-\\ntion. We can only\\nstate the facts here,\\nfor the explanation\\nis far too difficult to\\ngive.\\nBelt of Cat,\\nEOtfA-T-OR\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFig. 39.\\nThe dotted arrows show the direction the trade\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0winds would take if the earth s rotation did not\\ndeflect them to the left in the southern hemis-\\nphere aud to the right in the northern. By de-\\nflection they are turned as indicated hy the\\nother arrows.\\nSince the sun,\\nwhich is the cause\\nof the different\\nzones of heat, has\\nshone for millions of years, and will probably continue to\\nshine for millions more, we may be certain that these great\\nwinds are permanent winds. The currents of air in a room\\ncease when the stove grows cold but. for ages to come,\\nthe sun will heat the torrid zone more than the temperate.\\nThus the trade winds will be kept in motion day and\\nnight, winter and summer, as they now are, and as they\\nw r ere when they helped Columbus on his venturesome\\nvoyage across the Atlantic.\\nEffect of Revolution. The belt of most intense heat is not\\nalways in exactly the same part of the earth, being north of", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "WIND AND RAIN\\n45\\nthe equator in June, when the sun is vertical at the Tropic of\\nCancer, and south of it in December, when the sun s rays are\\nvertical at the Tropic of Capricorn. This causes the trade and\\nanti-trade winds to change their position somewhat, being far-\\nther north in summer than in winter (Figs. 40 and 42). So\\nhere is another important effect of revolution for by it, in many\\nplaces, the trade winds are caused to blow during a part of the\\nyear while they are absent during the remainder.\\nThe Belt of Calms. At the place where the air of the\\ntrades rises, that is, moves upward instead of along the sur-\\nface, the winds\\nare weak and\\nirregular, often\\ndying down to\\na calm. This\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2is called the belt\\nof calms (Fig.\\n38), or the dol-\\ndrums. Over\\nthis belt, which\\nis several hun-\\ndred miles in\\nwidth, the air\\ngrows cool as it\\nrises, and the va-\\npor which it carries is condensed, forming clouds and rain.\\nFor these reasons the doldrums form a very rainy belt\\nextending entirely around the earth (Fig. 44). Clouds\\nbegin to form there nearly every morning and by after-\\nnoon, when earth and air have become much heated, the\\nair rises more actively, and heavy showers occur, often\\naccompanied by fierce thunder and lightning.\\nFig. 40.\\nDiagram to show the position of the belt of calms\\nand the trade winds in winter. Compare with\\nFigure 42.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "4G A GEXERAL STUDY OF SOUTH AMERICA\\nThe rainy belt of calms is of course always in the torrid\\nzone, and usually not far from the middle of it (Figs. 40\\nand 42). It is the heavy rain there that supplies the damp-\\nness necessary for the dense jungles of the tropical forests\\nof the Amazon valley. Central Africa, and the East Indies.\\nThis is one of the rainiest regions in the world but the belt\\nof calms is not always in the same position, moving northward\\nin\\nXjg\\n1 1 1\\nffgC*\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0f\u00c2\u00a5R\\nfT*.\\nFig. 41.\\nA scene iu the dense tropical forest of the belt of calms.\\nin summer and southward in winter (Figs. 40 and 42). As a\\nresult of this, places having heavy rains in one season, when\\nthe belt of calms has moved to them, have much less rain in\\nthe opposite season. This is very well illustrated in northern\\nAfrica, between the Sahara desert and the Sudan, where there\\nis plenty of rain in summer and very little in winter.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "WIND AND RAIN\\n47\\nThe Trade Wind Belt. In blowing over the ocean, the\\ntrade winds obtain a great deal of vapor and, as we have\\nseen, some of\\nthis is con-\\ndensed to form\\nrain in the belt\\nof calms. But\\nsome of it falls\\nas rain before\\nreaching that\\nbelt.\\nNotice in\\nFigure 44 that\\nmuch more rain\\nfalls on the\\neastern side of\\nSouth America\\nTROPIC OF CAPRICORN\\nFig. 42.\\nDiagram to show the position of the trade wind belts\\nand the belt of calms in summer. Compare with\\nFigure 40.\\nthan on the western side. Notice also that south of the\\nequator the trade winds blow from the southeast, while\\nnorth of it they blow from the northeast. This causes\\nthem to reach South America after having passed over\\nthe Atlantic Ocean. Therefore the winds arrive on the\\neastern coast charged with vapor then, as they rise over\\nthe land and become cooler, some of the vapor condenses\\nto form rain.\\nFrom this it is evident that there is a very rainy region\\nnot only in the belt of calms, but also in those places, just\\nnorth and south of it, where the trade winds blow from\\nthe ocean upon the land.\\nAfter having passed over the land, the air of the trade\\nwinds is often so dry that deserts are caused (Fig. 43).\\nIn the First Book (p. 249), it was stated that the winds", "height": "2711", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "48\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NOBTH AMERICA\\nof Australia, which lies in the south trade wind belt,\\nare robbed of their moisture by the highlands near the\\neastern coast. Thus\\nthe interior of Aus-\\ntralia is a desert.\\nThere are also heavy\\nrains in the trade\\nwind belt on the east-\\nern side of the Andes,\\nwhile the western side,\\nin Peru and Chile, is\\narid, although very\\nnear the ocean.\\nIn Xorth America much the same thing is seen for,\\nwhile the eastern coast of southern Mexico has plenty of\\nrain, central and western Mexico are arid, and in parts\\nFig. 43.\\nPicture of a desert. Notice the- absence of\\ntrees. Contrast this with Figure 41.\\nI 1 LIGHT RAINFALL\\n=IJ MODERATE RAINFALL\\nW^m HEAVY RAINFALL\\nFig. 44.\\nA small map of the world to show the regions of heavy, moderate, and light\\nrainfall. The arrows show the direction of the prevailing winds.\\nalmost a desert. The desert of Sahara is also in the trade\\nwind belt, but the winds reach it only from the land.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "WIND AND BAIN\\n49\\nWe have said that both the trade wind belts and the belt of\\ncalms change their position somewhat with the season. This\\nof course also changes the rainy belts each season. Therefore\\nin parts of the torrid zone people speak of the rainy and dry\\nseasons much as we do of the summer and winter.\\nThe Horse Latitudes. It was said (p. 43) that a part\\nof the air of the anti-trades settles to the\\nreturns as trade winds toward the belt of\\n38). At this place there is a belt of\\nable winds with frequent calms, because\\ncoming down instead of\\nmoving along the surface.\\nThis belt is known as the\\nhorse latitudes. 1\\nearth and\\ncalms (Fig.\\nlight, vari-\\nthe air is\\nWhile rising air becomes\\ncool, thus causing clouds and\\nrain, air that is settling and be-\\ncoming warmer is dry and\\nclear. Therefore in the horse\\nlatitudes there is little rain;\\nindeed, there are numerous\\narid sections in this belt also,\\nas the dry plateau of Spain,\\nand the great deserts of central\\nAsia (Fig. 45).\\nThe horse latitude belt extends across southern United\\nStates (Fig. 46), and this is one of the principal reasons for\\nthe dry plains of western Texas, and the desert regions of\\nNew Mexico, Arizona (Fig. 45), and southern California. Flor-\\nida and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico are in the same belt\\n1 Called horse latitudes because sailing vessels, carrying horses from\\nNew England to the West Indies in the early days, were so delayed by\\nthe calms that the horses had to be thrown overboard when the drinking\\nwater gave out.\\nFig. 45.\\nA giant cactus, on the desert of south-\\nern Arizona, in the horse latitudes.", "height": "2703", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "50\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nbut they are so near the ocean that sea breezes and monsoon\\nwinds bring an abundance of rain to them.\\nThe Prevailing Westerlies. Not all the air of the anti-\\ntrades settles in the horse latitudes some moves on toward\\nFig. 46.\\nA map to show the rainfall of the United States in inches that is, the numher\\nof inches of water that would collect all over the surface iu a year if all\\nthe rain remained where it fell.\\nthe poles (Fig. 38). If you watch the higher clouds,\\nyou will find that they are moving from the wesx toward\\nthe east. In northern United States the winds at the sur-\\nface are also more often from the west than from any other\\nquarter. This belt, in which the prevailing winds are from\\nthe Avest, is known as the region of prevailing westerlies.\\nNorthern United States and Canada are included in it\\n(Figs. 44 and 46). Keep a record of the direction of the\\nwinds for each day during a month.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "WIND AND RAIN\\n51\\nWinds are much more steady on the ocean than on the land\\nfor several reasons, the principal one being that the tempera-\\nture of the water does not change so quickly as that of the\\nland. On land one place may become much warmer than an-\\nother not far away, and then winds blow toward the warmer\\nsection. This often changes the direc-\\ntion of the regular winds.\\nSo steady are the prevailing west-\\nerlies over the ocean, that, in the\\nsouthern hemisphere, where there is\\nlittle land, they almost always blow\\nfrom the west. Indeed, it is said that\\nvessels, choosing a course south of\\nAfrica and South America, can sail\\naround the world with fair winds al-\\nmost all the way, if they go toward\\nthe east but if they sail in the oppo-\\nsite direction, the winds are against\\nthem.\\nIn the prevailing westerly belt,\\nwe would naturally expect a heavy\\nrainfall on the west coasts, as we\\ndo on the east coasts in the trade\\nwind belt. The map (Fig. 46)\\nshows that this is so in the United\\nStates and if Figure 44 were large\\nenough it would show it for other\\nsections of the world. For instance,\\nsouth of the desert country of Peru\\nand northern Chile, on the west\\ncoast of South America, there is\\nan abundance of rain.\\nNorth of the arid country of\\nMexico and southern California\\nFig. 47.\\nTwo of the giant trees of\\nthe warm, rainy helt of\\nnorthern California. No-\\ntice how small the man\\nappears at the hase of the\\nfirst tree.", "height": "2709", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "52 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\n(Fig. 46) there is heavy rainfall from northern California\\nto southern Alaska. It is in this rahry belt that the largest\\ntrees in the world are found (Fig. 47).\\nDepositing so much of their vapor on the mountainous\\nland near the coast, these winds soon become too dry to\\nproduce much rain. It is for this reason that the plains\\nand plateaus of Idaho, Montana, western Dakota, and other\\nstates of the northwest, are for the most part too arid for\\nagriculture without irrigation.\\nEastern United States and Canada. One might expect\\nthat the west winds, so dry after passing over the moun-\\ntains of the Western States, would continue on to the\\nnortheastern states and cause them to be arid also but\\nwe know that this is not the case. It is true that the\\nivest winds rarely bring rain but, in addition to them,\\nthere are east and south winds blowing from the Atlantic\\nOcean and the Gulf of Mexico, and these bring an abun-\\ndance of vapor.\\nIn northern and eastern United States the winds are\\nvariable, and the temperature is very changeable. In any\\nparticular locality on one day it may be warm and pleasant,\\nwith a south wind the next day a cool, dry wind blows\\nfrom the northwest after two or three days this gives\\np]ace to a cloudy sky and rain, brought on by south or\\neast winds; and then fair, cool weather sets in, with the\\nwind again from the northwest.\\nThere are, of course, reasons for these frequent changes,\\nand in order to understand them, let us follow the weather\\nchanges for a few days. Out in the northwest there comes\\nto be a place, or an area, of low pressure (Fig. 49); that\\nis, an area where the air is lighter than that over the sur-\\nrounding region.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "WIND AND BAIN 53\\nThe air from the surrounding country, where the press-\\nure is greater, hurries toward the low pressure area, even\\nfrom hundreds of miles away, causing winds which on the\\nsouth side blow from the south, on the east side from the\\neast, and so forth (Fig. 49).\\nToward the place where the pressure is low, the air is\\nflowing in from all sides, then rising. As it rises, the\\nvapor condenses, forming clouds and rain, as in the belt\\nFig. 48.\\nA section through a cyclonic storm to show the immense area of clouds and\\nrain. A, represents the Appalachian Mountains M, the Mississippi River.\\nThe direction of the winds is shown by the arrows.\\nof calms. Such an area of low pressure, with its clouds\\nand rain, is known as a cyclonic storm area (Fig. 48), and\\nit is during these storms that most of the rain of north-\\neastern United States and Canada comes.\\nInstead of remaining in one place, the cyclonic storms\\nsteadily travel onward, usually beginning in the north-\\nwest and always passing eastward (Fig. 50). The paths\\nfollowed by the storm centres generally pass over the\\nGreat Lakes, down the St. Lawrence Valley to the ocean,\\nwhich they often cross, and reach even far into Eurasia.\\nThey move eastward because the prevailing westerlies carry\\nthem along: indeed, these great, whirling, cyclonic storms\\nare apparently eddies in the prevailing westerlies, similar\\nto the eddies in the current of a stream.\\nThe area of country upon which rain may be falling\\nfrom the clouds of one of these storms is sometimes very\\ngreat, places fully a thousand miles apart sometimes receiv-", "height": "2724", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "54\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nFig. 49.\\nA weather map of the United States on a winter s day. The lines are lines of\\nequal air pressure, the lower the figure, the lighter the air (29.5 represent-\\ning lighter air than 29.7). The pressure is determined by an instrument\\ncalled the barometer. Study this map carefully and tell about the air\\npressure, winds, temperature, and rain in different parts.\\ning rain at the same time (Fig. 48). As the storm moves\\neastward, it grows clear on the western side, while the\\ncloudy and rainy parts appear farther and farther east-\\nward (Figs. 49 and 50).\\nThe vapor is brought toward the storm centre from the\\nGulf and the Atlantic Ocean, being carried by the winds for\\nhundreds of miles, even into Canada. As stated on page 11.\\nthe fact that there is no high mountain range extending\\nacross southern United States is of great importance. If\\nthere were such mountains, instead of the low Appalach-\\nians and the open plains of the Mississippi Valley, the\\nwinds could not carry their vapor so far, but would drop\\nit on the coast side, leaving the interior a desert.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "WIND AND BAIN\\n55\\nFig. 50.\\nWeather map for the day following that of Figure 49. Study this carefully,\\nand tell how it differs from Figure 49.\\nNot only are rains caused by these storms, but hot spells and\\nother changes as well. Warm winds, blowing toward the low\\npressure areas from the\\nsouth, are the cause of\\nthe winter thaws and the\\nsummer hot spells in the\\nEastern States. It is dur-\\ning these hot spells that\\nthunder storms come\\nalso, in some places, torno\\ndoes (Fig. 51), often called\\ncyclones, in which the\\nwinds blow so fiercely that\\ntrees are overturned and\\nhouses torn to pieces.\\nAfter a low pressure area has passed eastward and the\\nstorm is over, the wind generally blows from the west. This\\ncauses cool, dry weather in summer, and cold snaps in winter.\\nFig. 51.\\nPicture of a tornado in Illinois that did\\ngreat damage because of the fierce\\nwinds which accompanied it.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "56 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nThen it is said that a cold ivave has come and this, sweeping\\nover the East, and even far into the South, often does great\\ndamage to fruit trees and other delicate plants.\\nWeather Maps. Figure 49 shows a cyclonic storm in the\\nnorthwest, the arrows indicating how the winds blow in from\\nall sides toward the centre of low pressure. Farther east is a\\nregion of high pressure. In Figure 50, the high and low press-\\nure areas are again represented; but, since it is a day later,\\nthey have moved eastward and the following day they would\\nbe still farther east. You see from these maps how the direc-\\ntion of the wind for any one locality has changed as the low\\npressure areas have passed over the country.\\nAlthough the cause of these storms is not yet fully under-\\nstood, they are so regular, and their importance is so great,\\nthat the United States government has established a Weather\\nBureau which employs a large force of men, stationed in differ-\\nent parts of the country, to observe the pressure of air, direc-\\ntion of wind, etc., and to telegraph the facts to Washington.\\nThese observations, made at the same time at all stations,\\nfurnish information which enables men to foretell the weather.\\nTheir predictions are greatly aided by the fact that all of the\\nstorms and high, pressure areas will move eastward.\\nMaps, similar to those of Figures 49 and 50, called weather\\nmaps, are also sent out. By the predictions of the Weather\\nBureau, farmers and gardeners are warned against damaging\\nfrosts, and sailors against severe storms. Hundreds of thou-\\nsands of dollars are saved in this way nearly every year.\\nEspecially valuable service has been rendered by the Weather\\nBureau in predicting the very fierce hurricanes that arise in\\nthe West Indies and sometimes do great damage there, as well\\nas on our own coast. These resemble the cyclonic storms, but\\nare much more destructive.\\nSince the storms and high pressure areas have so great an\\ninfluence on our weather, you will find it of interest to study\\nthe weather yourself. Watch the changes in wind, tempera-\\nture, clouds, and rain; and if there is a barometer at hand,\\nobserve how it changes as the high and low pressure areas come", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "WIND AND RAIN 57\\nand go. A great aid to such a study will be found in the\\nweather maps, on which are printed full information about the\\nweather each day and predictions for the next day. See how\\nnearly correct these predictions are.\\nQuestions. (1) In what ways are winds important? (2) Ex-\\nplain the sea breeze. (3) How are monsoons caused? (4) Where\\nare they found? (5) Describe the circulation of the air in a room\\nheated by a stove. (6) What is the cause of the trade winds?\\n(7) Of the anti-trades? (8) What proofs have we that the anti-\\ntrades blow steadily? (9) What becomes of the air of the anti-\\ntrades? (10) Compare this circulation to that of air in a room.\\n(11) What effect has rotation on the direction of these winds?\\n(12) Why may we feel certain that these winds are permanent?\\n(13) What effect has revolution of the earth upon the position of the\\ntrade wind belts? (14) Describe the conditions in the belt of calms.\\n(15) What effect has the change of seasons upon the position of this\\nbelt? (16) What about the rainfall of eastern coasts in the trade\\nwind belt? (17) Of western coasts? (18) In what way do the\\ntrade winds help to cause deserts (19) What influence upon rain-\\nfall has the change of the trade winds with the season (20) What\\nare the horse latitudes (21) What about the rainfall there Why?\\n(22) Name some desert sections in that belt. (23) What are the pre-\\nvailing westerlies? (24) Are they best developed on the land or\\nthe water? Why? (25) In the southern or northern hemisphere?\\nWhy? (26) What effect have the prevailing westerlies upon rain-\\nfall? Give examples. (27) What is the cause of the dry plains of\\nthe northwest? (28) Which winds are dry in northeastern United\\nStates? Why? (29) Which winds bring vapor Why? (30) Men-\\ntion several changes of weather that may often be noticed within a\\nfew days. (31) Tell some that you have recently noticed yourself.\\n(32) What happens when there is a low pressure area surrounded\\nby higher pressure? (33) What is a cyclonic storm? Of what\\nimportance are such storms? (34) Tell about their movement.\\n(35) Tell about the rain. Whence does it come Over how much\\ncountry does it fall? (36) What changes in temperature occur?\\n(37) Explain the two maps (Figs. 49 and 50) How are they differ-\\nent How alike (38) What are the duties of the Weather Bureau\\n(39) What are weather maps? (40) Of what value is the work of\\nthe Weather Bureau", "height": "2710", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "58 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nSuggestions. (1) Estimate the number of barrels of water that\\nfalls on an acre of ground, or upon a city block, in one year, where the\\nrainfall is forty inches. (2) How is a movement of air secured in\\nyour schoolroom in order to ventilate it? (3) Show on a map or\\nglobe where the trade wind belt is on the Atlantic the belt of\\ncalms; the horse latitudes; the prevailing westerlies. (4) Inquire\\nof some one who has been in the torrid zone about the winds and\\nrains there. (5) Do the same for Arizona and southern California.\\n(6) If you live in the northeastern states, watch how the winds blow\\nbefore and after a storm. (7) Examine a map sent out by the\\nWeather Bureau. Perhaps your teacher can have them sent regularly\\nby writing to the Weather Bureau at Washington. (8) Keep records\\nof the weather. (9) Find a barometer and notice how it changes\\nfrom day to day. (10) Write a description of a tornado from an\\naccount in the newspaper. (11) Read once more the section on Air\\nin the First Book, page 71. (12) Write an account of the change in\\nthe weather for five days in succession, the wind direction and force,\\nthe clouds, rain, temperature, and, if possible, the air pressure.\\nFor References, see page 439.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "IV. OCEAN MOVEMENTS AND DISTRIBUTION\\nOF TEMPERATURE\\nLike the air, the ocean water is in motion, its three\\nprincipal movements being wind waves, tides, and ocean\\ncurrents.\\nWind Waves\\nWaves are formed by winds which blow over the surface of\\nthe water and ruffle it, sometimes, during storms, causing it to\\nrise and fall to a height of from twenty to forty feet.\\nFig. 52.\\nSurf on the New Jersey coast, caused by the breaking of the waves as they\\napproach the beach.\\nIn the open ocean, waves are rarely very dangerous to large\\nvessels but upon the seashore, they do great damage to ves-\\nsels and even to the coast itself, wearing away the rocks and\\ndragging the fragments out to sea. The constant beating of\\nthe waves (Fig. 52) is slowly eating the coast away.\\n59", "height": "2715", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "60\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nTides\\nWhat the Tides are. People living upon the seacoast\\nare familiar with the fact that the ocean water rises for\\nabout six hours and then slowly falls. This rising and fall-\\ning of the water\\ntwice each day\\nforms what is\\nknown as the tide.\\nFor a long time it\\npuzzled men to ex-\\nplain this it was\\ncalled the breath-\\ning of the earth,\\nand by certain un-\\ncivilized races it\\nFig. 53.\\nHigh tide on a part of the New Eugland coast.\\nis to this day thought to be caused by some great animal.\\nAs a result of careful study, we have learned that the\\ntides are caused\\nby the moon and\\nthe sun, espe-\\ncially the former.\\nEach of these\\nbodies is pulling\\nupon the earth,\\nby the attraction\\nof gravitation, as\\na horseshoe mag-\\nnet pulls upon a\\npiece of iron. When the sun and moon pull upon the\\nearth, the ocean, being a liquid that can be moved, is\\ndrawn slightly out of shape. This causes two great\\nFig. 54.\\nThe same region as Figure 53 at low tide,\\npare the two figures.\\nCom-", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "OCEAN MOVEMENTS\\n61\\nswells, or waves (Fig. 55), many hundreds of miles broad,\\nwhich pass around the earth, following the moon. When\\nFig. 55.\\nA diagram to show how the moon pulls upon the earth and causes the tide\\nwaves. Of course their height is not so great as the diagram suggests.\\nthese swells reach the shores, they cause the rise of water\\nknown as the tide.\\nHeight of the Tidal Wave The tidal wave is only\\ntwo or three feet high upon headlands which project into\\nthe open ocean but it rises\\na great deal higher in many\\nbays. There the wave is\\nraised higher because the\\nspace that it occupies be-\\ncomes narrower near the\\nhead of the bay. In some\\nsuch places, as in the Bay\\nof Fundy, the tide reaches a height of forty or fifty feet.\\nFig. 56.\\nPosition of earth, moon, and sun at new\\nmoon, when spring tides are caused\\nby sun and moon pulling together.\\nFig. 57.\\nEarth, sun, and moon at the quarter of\\nthe moon, when sun and moon do\\nnot pull together.\\nThe height of the tide also\\nvaries from day to day, for\\nthe moon and sun, which com-\\nbine to form it, do not always\\nwork together. At new moon\\nand full moon, when the earth,\\nmoon, and sun are nearly in\\none line (Fig. 56), the moon\\nand sun pull together and\\nmake the tidal wave higher", "height": "2715", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "62\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nthan at the quarter, when the moon is forming a tidal wave in\\none place and the sun in another (Fig. 57). The high range\\nof tides at full and new moon are called spring tides, those at\\nthe quarters, neaj) tides.\\nEffects of Tides. In the open ocean the tides are of no\\nimportance, and a sailor might spend weeks at sea without\\never knowing that there were tides. But along the coast,\\nwhere the water rises and falls against the beaches and cliffs,\\nthe tides are very noticeable (Figs. 53, 54) and important.\\nFig. 58.\\nSandy Hook, on the south side of New York Bay, built of sand driven along by\\nthe waves and tidal currents, and then piled into sand dunes by the wind.\\nWhere the coast is irregular, the tide is often changed\\nto a current, which sometimes moves so rapidly that a sail-\\ning vessel cannot make headway against it, but must wait\\nuntil the tide changes. Such a rapid current is found in\\none of the entrances to New York harbor, at what is known\\nas Hell Gate, where the channel is narrow and rocky.\\nThese tidal currents, moving in one direction during the in-\\ncoming or flood tide, and in the opposite direction during the\\noutgoing or ebb tide, not only aid ships which are going with\\nthem, and retard those going against them, but they sometimes", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "OCEAN MOVEMENTS 63\\ndrift vessels out of their course and place them in dangerous\\npositions. Many a ship has been lost by being wrecked upon\\na coast where it was drifted by the tidal currents.\\nAnother effect of the tidal currents is upon the harbors.\\nThese currents often carry sand hither and thither (Fig.\\n58), and build bars opposite the mouths of harbors. This\\nis one of the reasons why the harbors of our Southern\\nStates are no better (p. 20). In order to prevent some of\\nthem from being entirely shut in by bars, the govern-\\nment is obliged to spend large sums of money every year\\nin order to remove the sand brought by the tidal currents.\\nOcean Currents\\nCause of Ocean Currents. The winds which blow over\\nthe ocean, forming waves, also drive the water before them.\\nYou may do this in a small way by blowing on the surface\\nof a pail of water. This starts a current, or drift, of sur-\\nface water in the direction that the air is moving. Where\\nthe winds are steady, as in the trade wind belts, or mod-\\nerately steady, as in the prevailing westerlies, there is a\\npermanent drift of water, pushed along by the prevailing\\nwinds. These form the great system of ocean currents (Fig.\\n59) which have such an important influence on the earth.\\nDifferences of temperature are also a cause of some move-\\nment, as in the case of the air. But since the sunlight cannot\\nreach to the bottom of the ocean, the water there is not warmed,\\nas the lower layers of the air are. Therefore a circulation ex-\\nactly like that of the atmosphere is not found in the ocean.\\nThere is, however, a slow settling of cold water in the frigid\\nzones, a movement along the ocean bottom, and a very slow\\nrising in the torrid belt. While this movement is so slight that\\nit can scarcely be noticed, it is because of this drift of water", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "64 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nthat the temperature of the ocean bottom is so low. Even at\\nthe equator, the temperature of the ocean bottom is nearly\\nat the freezing point.\\nThe North Atlantic Eddy. Let us now study the main\\nocean currents on each side of North America (Fig. 59).\\nIn that part of the Atlantic where the trade winds\\nblow (Fig. 44, p. 48), the surface water drifts slowly in\\nthe direction of the trade winds that is, toward the belt\\nof calms. It then drifts westward, as a great equatorial\\ndrift, until the easternmost extremity of South America\\ninterferes with its course. There the drift of water is\\ndivided, a part being turned southward, while the greater\\nportion proceeds northwestward.\\nThe part which flows northward is deflected toward the\\nright by the effect of rotation, as the winds are (p. 43)\\nand the part which flows into the South Atlantic is turned\\nto the left, also by the effect of rotation. Therefore, the\\nnorthern drift, instead of coming near to the mainland of\\nNorth America, keeps turning to the right, crossing the\\nAtlantic to Europe. It then passes southward, and finally\\nreturns to the trade wind belt where it started, having\\nmade a complete circuit.\\nComing from the equatorial region, this water is warm, ami\\nin it live countless millions of animals and floating plants.\\nAmong the latter, oue of the most abundant is a seaweed,\\ncalled Sargassum, which is thrown into the middle of this\\ngreat eddy. There it has collected until it now forms a\\ngrassy or Sargasso sea hundreds of miles in extent.\\nSince the Sargasso Sea lies directly between Spain and the\\nWest Indies, Columbus was obliged to cross it on his first\\nvoyage of discovery; and his sailors, upon entering it, were\\nmuch alarmed lest they might run aground, or become so en-\\ntangled in the weed that they could not escape.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "2ft\\nW^f\\n-fib", "height": "2716", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "66 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nAs the drift of warm water eddies round toward the\\nEuropean coast, it carries some of the warmth of the torrid\\nzone to that continent. This is one of the reasons why\\nthe climate of northern Spain is warmer than places in the\\nUnited States at the same distance from the equator.\\nThe Gulf Stream. A portion of the drift of water\\nwhich moves northward along the northern coast of South\\nAmerica enters the Caribbean Sea and then passes into the\\nGulf of Mexico. This is a broad, deep, gently flowing cur-\\nrent and it is so nearly surrounded by the warm tropical\\nlands that it grows even warmer than when it entered the\\nCaribbean. After swirling round the Gulf of Mexico, it\\nescapes between Cuba and Florida, after which it is known\\nas the Crulf Stream (Fig. 59) because it comes from the\\nGrulf of Mexico. Being forced to pass out through so nar-\\nrow an opening, its rate of movement is much increased\\neven to four or five miles per hour as water in a hose is\\nmade to increase its speed by passing through the nozzle.\\nMeasure the distance from Key West to Havana (Fig. 95).\\nBeing turned to the right by the effect of the earth s\\nrotation, the Gulf Stream soon leaves the American coast\\nand flows northeastward toward northern Europe. It\\nbroadens rapidly and joins forces with the western part of\\nthe great Atlantic eddy. In crossing the Atlantic, the\\ndrift is pushed along by the prevailing westerlies, so that\\nit reaches the shores of northern Europe, and even enters\\nthe Arctic Ocean. Some idea of its size may be gained\\nfrom the fact that it carries many times as much water as\\nall the rivers of the world.\\nThe Labrador Current. After being cooled, some of\\nthis water settles to the bottom and finds its way back to\\nthe torrid zone in the slow drift of cold water which is", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "OCEAN MOVEMENTS\\n67\\nforever moving along the ocean bottom from the frigid\\nzone toward the equator (p. 63). But much of it returns\\nat the surface, for there is a cold surface current, called\\nthe Labrador current, passing southward along our north-\\neastern coast (Fig. 59).\\nThe Labrador current flows down from among the\\nislands of North America, past the coast of Labrador, New-\\nfoundland,\\nFig. 60.\\nNova Scotia, and New England.\\nLike all ocean currents in the\\nnorthern hemisphere, it is\\nturned toward the right,\\nthat is, since it flows\\nsouthward, toward the\\nwest. This causes\\nit to follow our\\ncoast very close-\\nly, keeping\\nnearer our\\nshore than\\nthe Gulf\\nStream does.\\nAn Arctic whaling steamer imprisoned, off the coast of\\nBaffin Land, in the floe ice which is being carried\\nsouthward in the Labrador current.\\nSince there\\nare two cur-\\nrents near to-\\ngether, a cold one from the north, and a warm one from the\\nsouth, a vessel sailing from Boston to England must cross both.\\nDuring winter storms a ship often becomes covered with snow\\nand ice while in the cold Labrador current, but loses this coat-\\ning soon after entering the Gulf Stream.\\nWhere the cold and warm currents come near together, a\\ndense fog is produced. You can doubtless explain why that is\\nso (see First Book,* p. 77). Sailors who cross the Atlantic have\\nlearned to expect heavy fogs as they pass near the coast of", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "68 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nNova Scotia and Newfoundland, which is one of the foggiest\\nregions in the world.\\nThe Currents in the Pacific Ocean. In the Pacific Ocean,\\nas in the Atlantic (Fig. 59), the water drifts westward in\\nthe belt of calms then a broad, warm current swings to\\nthe right past Japan, crossing the ocean toward Alaska,\\nas the Gulf Stream crosses the Atlantic toward Europe.\\nThis, called the Japanese current, carries much warmth\\nfrom the torrid zone to the North Pacific, as the Gulf\\nStream does to the North Atlantic. Continuing to turn\\nto the right, this current passes southward to complete\\nthe great eddy. There is another eddy in the South\\nPacific, similar to that in the South Atlantic.\\nAVe see from what has been said, that, although the Gulf\\nStream flows past the Southern States, the northeastern\\ncoast of North America is bathed by an ocean current\\nfrom the cold north. On the other hand, the northwestern\\ncoasts of Europe and North America are approached by\\nwarm currents from the south. That is, because of the\\nearth s rotation, the warmer water is swung to the west-\\nern coasts of the continents rather than to the eastern.\\nThe Importance of these Currents. The facts just stated\\nare of great importance to us. Since the Gulf Stream\\ncrosses the Atlantic in a northeasterly direction, it hin-\\nders the passage of vessels bound westward, or against its\\ncurrent. Benjamin Franklin noticed this effect of the\\ncurrent when he was Postmaster General of the Ameri-\\ncan Colonies shortly before the Revolutionary War. He\\narranged for the carrying of the mails by ship between\\nEngland and America, and one fact that -he observed was\\nthat vessels went to Europe in less time than they re-", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "OCEAN MOVEMENTS\\n69\\nturned. After studying the matter carefully, he decided\\nthat the Gulf Stream was the cause.\\nWhile the Gulf Stream is a hindrance to vessels sailing\\nagainst its current, it is in other respects of great service.\\nFrom its warm waters the air obtains much vapor, which\\nfalls as rain in the United States and Europe and in its\\nwarm current a vast amount of heat is carried northward.\\nWhen Nansen started on his famous journey toward the\\nnorth pole, he entered the Arctic Ocean with this current.\\nThus, since its warm water keeps that part of the Arctic\\nfree from ice in summer, he was able to proceed much\\nfarther than he otherwise could have gone.\\nFig. 61.\\nIcebergs that have broken off from the Greenland glacier.\\nThe Labrador current flows as far- south as Cape Cod, so\\nthat the water north of this promontory must be cooler than\\nthat south of it. As the cold current leaves the Arctic region,\\nit bears with it much sea ice which has been frozen during the\\npreceding winters (Fig. 60), and also gigantic icebergs which\\nhave broken off from the Greenland glacier (Fig. 61). It is\\nupon this drifting ice that the polar bear spends much of his\\ntime hunting for seals which live in great numbers in the ice-\\ncovered waters (Fig. 62).", "height": "2710", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "70 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nThe icebergs may be carried southward one or two thousand\\nmiles before the air and water melt them away (see limit of ice-\\nbergs on Fig. 59). Indeed, some icebergs float even as far south\\nas the paths followed by vessels which cross the Atlantic. Since\\nmany bergs are larger than the greatest building in the world,\\ncollision with one means shipwreck therefore sailors need to\\nuse great caution, especially when the ship is in the fog.\\nFig. 62.\\nPolar bear and seal on the floe ice of the Labrador current.\\nThe cold Labrador current affects the temperature upon\\nthe land. Winds blowing over it carry the chill far in-\\nland. This is one of the reasons why the east winds of\\nNew England are so cool and why the New England coast\\nis such an agreeable summer resort.\\nThe warm Japanese current of the Pacific Ocean\\nrenders the southern part of Alaska far warmer than\\nsouthern Labrador, which is farther south and the pre-\\nvailing westerlies bring an abundance of vapor to the Pa-", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE 71\\nciiic coast all the way from California to Alaska. Where\\nthese winds blow, the winters are mild and the rain heavy\\nbut the summers are cool and pleasant, because the ocean\\nwater, though warm, does not become greatly heated.\\nNotice on a globe that the state of Washington, with its\\npleasant climate, is about the same distance from the\\nequator as the bleak island of Newfoundland, whose shores\\nare bathed by the cold Labrador current.\\nThe world, as a whole, as well as certain small sections,\\nis greatly influenced by these ocean currents. It has been\\nestimated that the Gulf Stream carries one-half as much\\nheat into the Arctic as reaches it from the direct rays of\\nthe sun. In this way a great deal of northern country,\\nwhich would otherwise be scarcely habitable, is made to\\nsupport vast numbers of people. Notice on a map how\\nmany large cities are in that part of northern Europe which\\nis the same distance from the equator as desolate Labrador.\\nBesides thus influencing many parts of the earth, the warm\\ncurrents have helped to form a great number of islands. Where\\nwarm currents flow, the water is often warm enough for corals\\nto live and, since the moving water brings to them an abun-\\ndance of tiny animals for food, colonies of corals flourish,\\nand their skeletons gradually form reefs. In this way the\\nsouthern half of Florida, the Bahamas, the Bermudas, and\\nmany of the islands in the South Pacific were built.\\nDistribution of Temperature\\nIn general, it is true that the farther north we travel\\nfrom the equator, the colder it grows but this is by no\\nmeans always the case. If the earth were made of one\\nsolid, level substance, like glass, the temperature would\\ngradually decrease from the equator to the poles. Then", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "72\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nall points the same distance from the equator, as all on\\nthe Tropic of Cancer, or all on the Arctic Circle, for\\ninstance, would have the same temperature.\\nBut we have seen that there are several causes which\\ninterfere with this regular decrease in temperature toward\\nthe poles. For example, high mountains have a cold cli-\\nFig. 63.\\nIsothermal chart of the United States for January. Why is it colder in the\\ninterior than on the east coast Why so warm on the west coast Can\\nyou notice any influence of mountains?\\nmate, even though in the torrid zone and, for the same\\nreason, plateaus may be colder than lowlands far north of\\nthem.\\nBesides that, land warms and cools much more rapidly\\nthan water (p. 39), so that land becomes hotter in sum-\\nmer and colder in winter than the ocean. Thus, in north-\\nern Minnesota, far from the coast, the average temperature", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE\\n73\\nin January is below zero, while in July it is about 65\u00c2\u00b0\\n(Figs. 63 and 64). In New York City, on the coast, the\\naverage in January is about 25\u00c2\u00b0, and in July not quite 75\u00c2\u00b0.\\nOn the west coast, in the state of Washington, where the\\nwinds are blowing from the ocean, the average tempera-\\nture for January is 40\u00c2\u00b0 and for July 60\u00c2\u00b0.\\nFig. 64.\\nIsothermal chart of the United States for July. Notice the influence of the\\nRocky Mountains. Of the Appalachians. Why is it cooler on the west\\ncoast than on the east coast What makes the isotherms bend northward\\nin the Mississippi Valley\\nAt Key West, Florida, which is surrounded by water,\\nthe average temperature in January is about 70\u00c2\u00b0, and in\\nJuly about 85\u00c2\u00b0. Where the temperature changes but lit-\\ntle, the climate is said to be equable. Compare San Fran-\\ncisco and St. Louis in the two charts (Figs. 63 and 64).\\nThe winds greatly influence the temperature. Where", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "74 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nthey blow from the ocean, they cause an equable climate,\\nas in California, near San Francisco but where they blow\\nfrom the land, they are cool or cold in winter and warm\\nin summer. This is true of the Eastern States, where\\nmost of the winds blow from the land, though some of the\\ndamp winds come from the ocean.\\nAnother cause for different temperatures in places\\nequally distant from the equator is found in the ocean\\ncurrents. We have already seen that the Gulf Stream\\nwarms the air, while the cold Labrador current cools it,\\nand that this air in movement forms warm and cold winds\\n(p. 70).\\nIf, therefore, we were to draw a line across the conti-\\nnent, connecting several points that have the same aver-\\nage temperature during any one month, or during the\\nentire year, it would need to be a very crooked one, with\\nsome parts reaching much farther north than others. Such\\nlines tell so much about temperature in so little space that\\nit is the custom to make maps to show them, as in Figures\\n63 and 64. Since the lines connect the places having the\\nsame temperature, they are called isothermal lines or iso-\\ntherms. (The first part of the word means equal, and the\\nlatter part heat?) A map or chart showing the isotherms\\nis called an isothermal chart (Figs. 63 and 64). Trace\\nseveral of the isotherms across the United States, and ex-\\nplain why they bend as they do.\\nReview Questions Waves and Tides. (1) Of what importance\\nare the waves (2) How often does the tide rise and fall (3) What\\ncauses it (4) What causes it to vary in height from place to place\\n(5) From time to time? (6) What important effects have tides?\\nOcean Currents. (7) Explain how winds help to produce ocean\\ncurrents. (8) What is the cause of the cold water on the ocean\\nbottom? (9) Describe the drift of tropical waters in the Atlantic.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE 75\\n(10) Trace the drift which passes outside of the West Indies to the\\nEuropean coast. (11) Describe the Gulf Stream. (12) Describe the\\nLabrador current. (13) Trace the warm Japanese current. (14) What\\nparts of the coast of North America are bathed by warm currents By-\\ncold currents? (15) Tell about the discovery of the Gulf Stream by\\nFranklin. (16) Of what importance is this current? (17) Tell about\\nthe ice which floats down with the Labrador current. (18) How does\\nthis current affect the climate of New England? (19) What influ-\\nence has the Japanese current on the climate of western North Amer-\\nica? (20) In what ways have the warm currents aided the building\\nof many islands\\nDistribution of Temperature. (21) What about the change in tem-\\nperature from equator to poles if the earth were a round ball of glass\\n(22) How is this change interfered with by elevation? (23) By\\ndistance from the ocean? (24) Give several examples. (25) What\\ninfluence have the winds? (26) The ocean currents? (27) State\\nseveral reasons why it is not always true that the farther north\\none goes, the colder it grows. (28) What is an isothermal line?\\n(29) An isothermal chart?\\nSuggestions. (1) If your home is upon the seacoast, find out\\nabout the high and low tides for several days in succession. (2) Notice\\nthe relation between the height and the time of high tide, on the one\\nhand, and the changes in the moon, on the other. (3) From an al-\\nmanac find out what the time and height of tide will be for some day\\nin the following month. How do you think this prediction is possi-\\nble? (4) Is the government obliged to spend money near your home\\nto remove materials which the tidal currents have brought (5) What\\ncourse might a vessel take in order to be carried from Europe to\\nAmerica and back again by ocean currents? (6) What precautions\\ndo vessels take to avoid running into one another in dense fogs\\n(7) How do they try to avoid collisions with icebergs? (8) Learn\\nmore about Nansen s voyage. (9) Which of the isothermal lines on\\nFigures 63 and 64 are nearest to your home? (10) Which isotherm\\non Figure 63 runs near New York and northern New Mexico\\nNear Savannah and San Francisco? Through southern Maine and\\nsouthern Nebraska? (11) On Figure 64, which isotherm runs through\\nnorthern Maine and San Francisco? (12) How about the distance of\\nthese points from the equator\\nFor References, see page 439.", "height": "2723", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, PLANTS, ANIMALS, AND\\nPEOPLES\\nY o er ^_\u00c2\u00b0fs\\nl.xa Northern Temperate juj 3 Arctic\\nI I Mi,Hl\u00c2\u00ab Temperwo.\\nFig. 65.\\nA map of North America, to show the four\\nplant zones. Notice how irregular the\\nhoundaries are. Compare it with the\\nisothermal chart. Figure 64, to see\\nthe cause. Also examine the relief map\\nof North America, Figure 5.\\nClimate. We have\\nlearned in the previous\\nsections that several\\nfactors combine to deter-\\nmine the weather and cli-\\nmate of North America.\\nThe principal factors\\nare (1) distance from the\\nequator, (2) the changes\\nof season, (3) eleva-\\ntion of the land, (4) dis-\\ntance from the ocean,\\n(5) winds and storms,\\nand (6) ocean currents.\\nAll these together de-\\ntermine the temperature\\nand rainfall, which are\\nthe two most important\\nelements of climate.\\nThe climate of a re-\\ngion is one of the most\\nimportant facts concern-\\ning it for where tem-\\nperature and rainfall are", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "PLANTS AND ANIMALS\\nIT\\nfavorable, plants usually grow luxuriantly. And since\\nplants furnish animals with food, where vegetation is\\nluxuriant, animal life may be abundant.\\nSince North America extends far north and south, and\\npossesses lofty mountain ranges and enclosed plateaus,\\nit has a great variety of climates, and, therefore, a great\\nvariety of plant and animal life (Fig. 65).\\nPlants of the North. The northern part of the conti-\\nnent is bitterly cold. In that region there is a vast area\\nwhere the soil is\\nalways frozen, ex-\\ncepting at the very\\nsurface, which\\nthaws out for a few\\nweeks in summer.\\nOn account of the\\nfrost, trees such as\\nwe are familiar with\\ncannot grow. Their\\nroots are unable to\\npenetrate the frozen\\nsubsoil and to\\nfind the necessary\\nplant food. There\\nare some willows,\\nbirches, and a few\\nother plants with woody tissue, bark, leaves, and fruit\\nbut instead of towering scores of feet into the air, they\\ncreep along the surface like vines, and rise but an inch or\\ntwo above ground. Only by thus hugging the earth can\\nthey escape the fierce blasts of winter and find protection\\nbeneath the snow.\\nFig. 66.\\nArctic poppies growing on the edge of a snow-\\nbank.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "78 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nA few grasses and small flowering plants grow rapidly,\\nproduce flowers, even close by the edge of snowbanks\\n(Fig. 66), and then pass away, all within the few short\\nweeks of summer. Some of these plants produce berries,\\nwhich after ripening are preserved by the snows thus,\\nwhen the birds arrive in the spring, they find food ready\\nfor them.\\nAnimals of the North. The summer development of\\ninsects is rapid, like the growth of plants. As the snow\\nmelts and the surface thaws, the ground becomes wet and\\nswampy, and countless millions of insects appear. Among\\nthem the most common is, apparently, the mosquito.\\nThere is no part of the world where this creature is a\\nworse pest than on the barrens of North America and the\\ntundras of Europe and Asia, as these treeless, frozen lands\\nare called.\\nFew large land animals are able to thrive in so cold a\\nclimate and where there is such an absence of plant food.\\nThe reindeer, or caribou, the musk-ox, polar bear, white\\nfox, and Arctic hare are the largest four-footed land ani-\\nmals (Fig. 67) and the crow, sparrow, and ptarmigan\\nare the most common land birds.\\nThe ptarmigan changes its plumage to white in winter, and\\nother animals of the Arctic, such as the fox, polar bear, baby\\nseal, and hare, are also white. This serves to conceal them, in\\nthat land of snow and ice, so that they may hide from their\\nenemies, or steal upon their prey unawares.\\nThe tiny white fox feeds upon birds and other animal food\\nbut the other land animals, except the polar bear, live upon\\nplants, such as berries, grass, and moss. The caribou finds a\\nkind of plant, called reindeer moss, which grows upon rocks\\nthat rise above the deep winter snows. If it were not for this,\\nthe reindeer would not be able to live through the long winter.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CARIBOU\\nMUSK OX\\nFig. 67.\\nSome of the animals of the North. The great auk had such small wings that it could\\nnot fly. It was killed in great numbers by sailors, and has been completely\\nexterminated.", "height": "2715", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "80\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nWhile some animals live upon the land in the Arctic\\nregions, many more have their homes in the sea, because\\nthere, excepting at the very surface, the temperature\\nnever descends below the freezing point. Therefore,\\nthere is plenty of animal life of all sizes, from the very\\ntiniest forms to the\\nwhale, the largest\\nanimal in the world\\n(Fig. 254, p. 326).\\nDuring the winter\\nthe surface of the\\nsea freezes over;\\nand then many of\\nthe sea animals mi-\\ngrate southward.\\nEven the huge wal-\\nrus (Fig. 68) moves\\nclumsily toward a\\nmore favorable cli-\\nmate. The birds\\ngo farthest, espe-\\ncially the geese,\\nducks, and gulls, which fly to Labrador, New England,\\nNorth Carolina, and even farther south, to spend the win-\\nter where their food is not covered by ice.\\nSea birds exist by hundreds of thousands (Fig. 67), building\\ntheir nests upon rocky cliffs in immense numbers. Indeed,\\nthey are so numerous that, when suddenly frightened, as by\\nthe firing of a gun, they rise in a dense cloud that obscures the\\nsun. Then, by their cries they produce a din that is almost\\ndeafening. In the water live seals (Figs. 62 and 286) and wal-\\nruses, the former being so valuable for their oil and skins that\\nFig. 68.\\nWalrus on the Arctic floe ice.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "PLANTS AND ANIMALS 81\\nmen go on long voyages to obtain them. The oil comes from a\\nlayer of fat, or blubber, just beneath the skin, that serves to\\nkeep out the cold.\\nThe seal is the most common of the Arctic sea animals, and\\nis the principal food of the Eskimo and the polar bear\\n(Fig. 62). The bear, protected from observation by his white\\ncolor, stealthily creeps upon his prey, asleep upon the ice or,\\nhe patiently watches until his victim swims within reach, and\\nthen seizes him in his powerful claws.\\nLife on Mountain Tops. In many respects the life on moun-\\ntain tops resembles that of the Arctic regions. On the crests of\\nlofty mountains it is cold, and large animals are rare, while the\\nplants resemble those of the cold North (Fig. 74). There are\\nno trees, though creeping willows and birches abound. Indeed,\\nsome of the plants are actually the same as those of the North.\\nFor instance, on the top of Mt. Katahdin, Maine, some of the\\nplants are of the same species as those thriving in Labrador,\\nBaffin Land, and Greenland. Arctic plants also occur on the\\nmountain tops in North Carolina.\\nPlants and Animals in Western North America. A\\nlarge part of western United States and Mexico has a\\nvery slight rainfall, although its temperature is agreeable.\\nThis arid area includes most of the territory having less\\nthan twenty inches of rain (Fig. 46, p. 50). In some\\nplaces, as near the Pacific coast and upon the mountain\\ntops and high plateaus, there is rain enough for forests to\\nthrive but in most parts of the Far West the climate is\\nso dry that there are no trees whatsoever. Indeed, some\\nportions of the West are desolate in the extreme and\\nalmost devoid of life, both plant and animal in other\\nwords, they are true deserts.\\nOne common plant is the bunch grass, so called because\\nit grows in little tufts or bunches. The sage bush, a plant\\nwith a pale green leaf, named because of its sagelike odor,", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "82\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nis found throughout most of this arid region. Other\\ncommon plants are the mesquite, the century plant with\\nits sharp-pointed leaves (Fig.\\n304, p. 383), and the cactus\\nwith its numerous thorns. In\\nfavorable spots, especially in\\nthe warm southwest, the mes-\\nquite grows to large size and\\nthe cactus, which in the north\\nis always low and represented\\nby only a few kinds, in the\\nsouthwest, as in Arizona,\\ngrows in great variety and, in\\nsome cases, even to the height\\nof trees (Figs. 69and 45,p.49).\\nFig. 69.\\nGiant cactus in the desert of south-\\nwestern Arizona.\\nOn account of the extreme\\ndryness of the climate, these\\nplants have a severe struggle\\nfor existence, and adopt pe-\\nculiar means for protecting\\nthemselves. For example, the\\ncactus, unlike other plants,\\nhas no leaves. It thus ex-\\nposes little surface to the air\\nFig. 70.\\nOne of the peculiar plants of the arid\\nlands, growing to the size of a tree\\nin the warm, dry climate of southern\\nArizona.\\nfor evaporation. In its great, fleshy stem it stores water to use\\nthrough the long, dry seasons, while spines protect it from ani-", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "PLANTS AND ANIMALS\\n83\\nmals in search of food. The mesquite also protects itself by\\nspines, and in addition has such large roots that the part of\\nthe plant under ground is greater than that above. Many of\\nthese plants, as the sage bush and mesquite, are so bitter that\\nthey are not eaten by animals.\\nAnimals eat few of the arid land plants except the\\ngrasses, which were once the food of the buffalo or bison\\n(Figs. 71 and 76), and are now the support of cattle and\\nsheep (Figs. 77 and 288, p. 362). The bison, whose home\\nFig. 71.\\nPhotograph of a young bison.\\nwas on the prairies and the arid plains east of the Rocky\\nMountains, is now gone and few large animals are left\\nin its place. The cowardly prairie wolf, or coyote, and\\nthe graceful antelope and rabbits upon which it feeds,\\nare the most abundant (Fig. 72). Among the rabbits is\\nthe long-legged jack rabbit, which leaps across the plains\\nwith astonishing speed, with its huge ears thrown back\\nso far that they do not retard its progress.\\nThe traveller through the arid lands meets with few more\\ninteresting creatures than the prairie dogs which live in small\\ncommunities, called prairie-dog towns (Fig. 72). Their homes", "height": "2703", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "GRIZZLY BEAR\\nPRAIRIE DOG\\nFig. 72.\\nSome of the animals of the plateaus and mountains of the Far West.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "PLANTS AND ANIMALS 85\\nare in the ground and their food consists of grass. They do\\nnot venture far from their burrows for fear of the coyotes\\nwhich may be lurking near; and upon the least alarm they\\nutter a shrill note and tumble headlong into their burrows.\\nThere are birds and some lower animals, as the poisonous\\ntarantula, centipede and scorpion, besides snakes, especially\\nthe poisonous rattlesnake (Fig. 72).\\nThe fierce puma or mountain lion still lives among the\\nmountains, and also the ugly cinnamon and grizzly bears\\n(Fig. 72), though the latter are now rare and difficult to\\nfind. Deer and elk inhabit the forest-covered mountains\\nof southern Canada and northwestern United States and\\namong the higher peaks a few mountain goats and sheep\\nstill live on the more inaccessible rocky crags (Fig. 72).\\nThe sheep have huge horns much prized by hunters.\\nPlants and Animals of the Tropical Zone. Contrast\\nthe life in the frozen North and the arid West with that\\nin Central America and southern Mexico. In these re-\\ngions, which are situated in the torrid zone, the tempera-\\nture is always warm and the rainfall, especially on the\\neastern coast, is so heavy that all the conditions are favor-\\nable for dense vegetation.\\nIndeed, the tangle of growth in the forests is so great that\\nit is practically impossible to pass through it without hewing\\none s way. Besides trees and underbrush, there are quantities\\nof ferns, vines, and flowers, many of which hang from the trees\\nwith their roots in the air instead of in the ground (Fig. 41,\\np. 46). They are able to live this way on account of the damp\\nair. Among the trees are the valuable rosewood, mahogany,\\nebony, and rubber tree and among the flowers are the beauti-\\nful orchids. On account of the continual warmth and mois-\\nture, many plants, like the banana for instance, bear fruit\\nthroughout the year.", "height": "2705", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "86 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nIn the midst of such luxuriant vegetation, animal life is\\nwonderfully varied and abundant. There are the tapir,\\nmonkey, and jaguar (Fig. 73) brilliantly colored birds,\\nsuch as parrots, paroquets, and humming birds and mil-\\nlions of insects. Scorpions and centipedes abound, and\\nants exist, in countless numbers, some in the ground,\\nothers in decayed vegetation. Serpents, some of them\\npoisonous, are common in the forests and in the rivers\\nare fish and alligators, the latter being found as far north\\nas Florida and Louisiana.\\nThe plants and animals of the torrid zone are well adapted\\nto their surroundings, like those of the Arctic and the desert.\\nThe jaguar and ocelot are speckled, or spotted, like a surface\\nupon which the sunlight plays when it has struck through\\ndeep shade the brown alligator is in color much like the mud\\nbanks on which he lies and all the brilliantly colored animals\\nare in harmony with the intense lights and the bright hues of\\ntropical plants. This resemblance to their surroundings aids\\nthem in hiding, whether from their own enemies, or from the\\ncreatures which they are seeking for food.\\nPlants and Animals in the Temperate Part of North\\nAmerica. Between the frigid and torrid zones, and both\\neast and west of the arid region, is an area of moderate\\nrainfall and temperature where the vegetation and animals\\ndiffer from those of the other sections. Beginning in the\\nwarm South and passing northward, we find that both\\nanimals and plants grow less numerous and less varied\\nuntil, near the Arctic zone, they become scarce and few in\\nkind. The pines and oaks of the United States give place\\nto the spruce, balsam fir, and maple in Canada then\\nthese gradually become stunted and disappear (Fig. 74),\\nand beyond this the barrens are reached (p. 78).", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "ANACONDA\\nTHcM.N.Co,8ijrFALO.\\nALLIGATOR\\nFig. 73.\\nA few of the animals of the tropical forests.", "height": "2716", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "88 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nThe animals that once inhabited the broad temperate\\nzone have been mostly destroyed, although some still live\\nin the forest and mountain region. They are carefully\\nprotected by state laws, which prohibit shooting except at\\ncertain seasons, and then only in small numbers. When\\nAmerica was first visited by Europeans, these woods\\nabounded in deer, moose, caribou, wolves, and foxes (Fig.\\n75). Beavers built dams across the streams, the mink\\nand otter fished in the waters, and bears roamed at will.\\nFig. 74.\\nAppearance of the trees at the tree line, hoth on the slopes of mountains and\\nnear the Arctic zone.\\nAmong the birds, the eagle was common (Fig. 75), and\\nwild pigeons and turkeys were so abundant that they\\nwere one of the principal foods of the early settlers.\\nSome believe that at one time most of eastern United States\\nwas wooded, including the fertile prairies of the Mississippi\\nValley, from which the trees were burned by fires set by the\\nIndians. Grass then sprang up in place of the trees, and the\\nprairies became the grazing place for immense herds of bison\\n(Figs. 71 and 76). The bison, however, like the other animals\\nmentioned, have been mostly destroyed; thousands upon thou-\\nsands were slaughtered for their hides and tongues alone, and", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "HEDGEHOG\\nFig. 75.\\nSome of the animals of northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "90\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\ntheir bones left to whiten upon the plains. There are now no\\nAvild bison in the United States, except a few which are pro-\\ntected by the government in the Yellowstone National Park.\\nIn this Park, where hunting is prohibited, are numbers of deer\\nFig. 76.\\nOne of the immense herds of hison that formerly roamed over the treeless\\nplains.\\nand elk (Fig. 72). There are also black, cinnamon, and grizzly\\nbears, which are so tame that they come down to the hotels at\\nnight to feed upon the garbage.\\nCultivated Crops and Domesticated Animals. A slow\\nchange has been in progress in this temperate section,\\nwhich, when first discovered, was clothed in forests and\\nluxuriant prairie grass, and inhabited by Indians and wild\\nbeasts. The white man has come into possession of the\\nland and has cleared the forests and ploughed the prairies,\\nso that, where trees stood and Indians hunted game, there\\nare now fertile farms and thriving cities.\\nThe laws of climate that determine what kinds of plants\\nand animals shall live in the different sections, are also", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "PLANTS AND ANIMALS 91\\ngoverning man himself to a certain extent. He is able\\nto raise sugar and cotton in the South but north of this\\nthere soon comes a belt where these crops cannot be raised,\\nthough corn may be produced. Still farther north, even\\ncorn cannot be grown, but oats, barley, and other hardy\\ncrops. Farther north still, man has been obliged to leave\\nnature much as it always has been. In the arid lands,\\nhowever, he has been able to raise products, even in the\\ndesert, wherever water can be led to the thirsty soil.\\nHis domesticated animals have also been influenced\\nsomewhat by surroundings. In the arid portions of the\\nFig. 77.\\nCattle feeding on the Great Plains, where the herds of bison formerly roamed.\\nFar West, cattle have been allowed to roam in a semi-wild\\nstate where the bison formerly lived. But in the more\\nhumid central, eastern, and southern sections, where the\\nland is better suited to agriculture, cattle are more care-\\nfully reared. Those in the West are raised only for their\\nmeat and hides but those in the East furnish, in addi-\\ntion, milk for butter and cheese.\\nCrops and domesticated animals well illustrate how man has\\nlearned to make use of nature for his needs. Every one of our", "height": "2714", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "92\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nfarm products was once a wild plant and each of our domesti-\\ncated animals has been tamed from the wild state. Most of\\nthese have come from Europe and Asia; but America has\\nadded some to the list. Among plants in common use, the\\nIndian corn or maize, the tobacco, tomato, pumpkin, and potato\\nwere never known to the world until America was discovered.\\nThe same is true of the turkey and perhaps, in a hundred\\nyears or so, the bison may be included among the domesticated\\nanimals, for on the cattle ranches of the West a few small\\nherds are being carefully reared.\\nPeoples\\nEskimos. America was inhabited for thousands of\\nyears before it was discovered by white men. To the\\nnatives in the southern part Columbus\\ngave the name Indians, supposing he had\\nreached India. Those in the Far North,\\nwho subsist on meat, are called Eski-\\nmos, a word meaning flesh-eaters.\\nTo-day, in some places, the Eskimos\\nlive in very nearly the same condition as\\nformerly, their climate being so severe\\nthat white men have not settled among\\nthem nor interfered with their customs.\\nThey still roam about in summer, living\\nin skin tents, or tuples, and in winter\\nerecting snow and ice huts, or igloos (Fig.\\n79). Their struggle is a hard one, for\\nthey not only have to battle against cold,\\nbut also to obtain their food amid great\\ndifficulties. In this they are aided by their dogs, which\\nare doubtless domesticated wolves, and which, like their\\nmasters, are able to subsist upon a meat diet and with-\\nFig. 78.\\nAn Eskimo woman\\ncarrying her baby-\\nin the sealskin\\nhood on her back.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "PEOPLES\\n93\\nFig. 79.\\nEskimo igloos in Baffin Land.\\nstand the severe Arctic cold. Every Eskimo man has his\\nteam of dogs to draw his sledge over the frozen sea.\\nIndians. Indians were originally scattered over most\\nof the country south of the Arctic Circle. This is indi-\\ncated by the places that bear Indian names, as Narragan-\\nsett, Erie, Niagara, Huron, Ottawa, Illinois, Dakota,\\nPueblo, and Sioux City. Some of the tribes were true\\nsavages; others, not so savage, may be classed as barba-\\nrians. They raised Indian corn and tobacco, baked\\npottery, used tools and weapons made of stone, and lived\\nin villages.\\nThese two classes of Indians had no settled homes, but\\nroamed about. They generally followed regular paths, how-\\never, moving from place to place with the season. Their", "height": "2714", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "94\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nhomes were skin tents commonly pitched in a group and form-\\ning a village. The women and children spent most of their\\ntime in the villages, near which were fields of Indian corn\\ncultivated by the women. The men fished along the seashore,\\non the lakes, or on the rivers, and hunted in the forests or on\\nthe prairies. They travelled about through the woods, some-\\ntimes along the rivers in their birch-bark canoes, sometimes\\non foot along narrow paths, or trails.\\n1111\\nh\\nWi\\nS\\nwBmi\\n_ a -jfttQPlaH\\nS^W^i\\nnM\\nWsKSm\\nu\\nid\\nV\\nf t\\n1\\nY\\n*y\\n9\\n.ft\\nv\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0jj*\\nf\\ni t\\n^4\\nV\\nf\\nIPStcH\\nFig. 80.\\nThe pueblo of Taos in New Mexico. Notice the ladders leading to the roofs\\nupon which are the house entrances.\\nIn southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central\\nAmerica the aborigines were more civilized. Much of that\\nregion is arid but the Indians raised crops by irrigation,\\nand built fortresses of stone and sun-dried brick (Fig. 80).\\nThese were erected partly as homes for protection from\\nsurrounding savages, and partly as storehouses for grain.\\nThe most noted among these Indians were the Aztecs,\\nwho occupied the city of Mexico and some of the neigh-", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "PEOPLES\\n95\\nboring country. They\\nhad government and re-\\nligion much better devel-\\noped than the barbarous\\nand savage tribes. They\\nmined gold and silver\\nand manufactured the\\nmetals into various arti-\\ncles they wove blank-\\nets, and ornamented\\ntheir pottery and their\\nbuildings in an artistic\\nmanner. Living the quiet\\nlife of the farmer, the\\nAztecs preferred peace\\nFig. 81.\\nIndian blankets, woven by one of the\\ntribes near the boundary line between\\nNew Mexico and Arizona.\\nFig. 82.\\nIndian carrying a decorated\\npottery jar.\\nto war, and a settled home to the\\nnomadic life of the hunter. But\\neven these Indians were not truly\\ncivilized they lacked many of the\\narts of civilization, as for instance,\\nthat of writing, though they, to-\\ngether with other Indians, were able\\nto convey their ideas by drawing\\npictures.\\nWhile some tribes thus approached\\na state of civilization, the Indians, as a\\nrace, never became a powerful people.\\nFor this there are several reasons. In-\\nstead of forming one great confederacy\\nand living at peace with one another,\\nthey were divided into many tribes.", "height": "2714", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "96\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTU AMERICA\\nEach tribe had a certain area over which it could roam and hunt\\nbut if it encroached upon its neighbors, war followed. Under\\nthese circumstances it was difficult for one tribe to advance to\\na much higher state of civilization than the others.\\nThe level nature of the country rendered this difficulty all\\nthe greater. Had the surface of North America been very\\nmountainous, some tribes might have been so protected by\\nsurrounding mountain walls as to dare to devote themselves\\nto other work than war. Then\\nthey might gradually have\\ncollected wealth and devel-\\noped important industries\\nbut the vast plains of the Mis-\\nsissippi Valley, which make\\nup so much of the continent,\\nand the extensive plains and\\nlow mountains of the East,\\nallowed little protection. If\\nany one tribe had built good\\nhomes on these plains, and\\ncollected treasures within\\nthem, the neighboring Ind-\\nians would have felt that a\\nspecial invitation had been ex-\\ntended to attack them. The\\nAztecs were continually in\\ndanger from this cause. However, the fact that they were\\npartly protected by mountains and deserts, especially in south-\\nern Mexico, was one of the reasons why they were more civil-\\nized than the Indians of the northeast.\\nAnother serious obstacle to the advancement of the Indians\\nwas the fact that they possessed no domestic animals for use\\nin agriculture. The horse, cow, ass, sheep, goat, and hog were\\nunknown to them and, without these, farm work becomes the\\nworst drudgery, because every product must be raised by hand.\\nIt is not surprising, then, that the men left the farming to the\\nsquaws, while they spent their time in war and in hunting.\\nFig. 83.\\nIndian woman carrying her baby, or\\npappoose.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "PEOPLES 97\\nAgain, although there was much game, the supply was never\\nsufficient to support a dense population for a long period.\\nEven the scattered Indian population was obliged to wander\\nabout in search of it. This prevented them from living quietly\\nand finding time for improvement. All these facts worked\\nagainst the advancement of the Indians but they proved of\\ngreat advantage to the whites, making it far easier than it would\\notherwise have been for them to obtain possession of America.\\nThe Spaniards. The astonishment of Europe was\\ngreat when it was proved that there were vast territories\\non this side of the Atlantic. America was pictured as\\ncontaining all sorts of treasures, and European nations\\nvied with one another in fitting out expeditions to take\\npossession of them.\\nThe Spaniards naturally led, for they were then one of\\nthe most powerful nations of Europe and had sent out\\nColumbus as their representative. Leaving Palos on his\\nfirst voyage, he had come within reach of the trade winds,\\nwhich carried him southwestward to one of the West\\nIndies, a point much farther south than Spain itself. Find\\non a globe the point on our coast that is about as far north\\nas Madrid. Had Columbus started from England, he\\nwould have sailed into the prevailing westerlies, instead of\\nthe trade winds and, although the distance is shorter, the\\nvoyage would have required a much longer time. Why\\nThe section reached by the Spaniards had a climate\\nsimilar to that of their own country, and they easily made\\nthemselves at home there and soon came into possession\\nof most of South America, Central America, Mexico, and\\nsouthwestern United States. They had one advantage\\nover the English and French who settled farther north\\nthe portion of the continent that they discovered is so", "height": "2704", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "98 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nnarrow that they easily crossed it, and thus enjoyed the\\nprivilege of exploring the Pacific coast also. It was be-\\ncause of this fact that the Spanish race settled the western\\ncoast as far north as San Francisco.\\nAfter robbing the Aztecs of immense quantities of gold and\\nsilver, the Spanish converted the natives to Christianity, and\\nintroduced many Spanish laws and customs. They cruelly\\nmistreated the natives, killing many and enslaving others, and\\nforcing them to work in the mines and fields. They almost\\ncompletely exterminated the Indians who lived in the West\\nIndies. While the invaders were able to conquer the semi-\\ncivilized Aztecs and the barbarians of the islands, they made\\nvery little progress in subduing the more savage tribes. To\\nthis day, in fact, there are tribes of Indians in Mexico and\\nCentral America that have never been conquered, and that\\nfrequently cause trouble.\\nThe French. The French began their settlements in\\na very different quarter, being first attracted to our coast\\nby the excellent fishing on the Newfoundland banks.\\nSoon the fur trade with the Indians proved profitable, and\\nthe French took possession of Nova Scotia and the region\\nalong the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes.\\nThe value of the fur trade, and a desire to convert the\\nIndians to Christianity, led the French far into Wisconsin\\nand to the head waters of the Mississippi River. Making\\ntheir way southward to the mouth of that river, they took\\npossession of the whole Mississippi Valley (Fig. 84), and\\ncalled it Louisiana in honor of their great king, Louis\\nXIV. In order to hold this vast territory, they estab-\\nlished a chain of trading posts and forts from the Gulf of\\nMexico to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. One of the most im-\\nportant of these forts stood where Pittsburg now stands.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "PEOPLES\\n99\\nWhat special advantage had the French for reaching so\\nmuch of the interior of the continent Why should they not\\nhave proceeded westward to the Pacific Many places in the\\nSt. Lawrence and Mississippi valleys still preserve French\\nnames, as Lake Champlain, Marquette in Michigan, La Salle\\nin Illinois, St. Louis, and New Orleans.\\nThe English. The Spanish and French left only a\\nnarrow strip along the Atlantic coast for other nations.\\nAmong those who attempted settlements were the Dutch\\nin New York and the Swedes in Delaware. But the\\nEnglish, set-\\ntling at various\\npoints along the\\ncoast, soon ob-\\ntained the lead.\\nThey captured\\nNew York City\\n(then called New\\nAmsterdam)\\nfrom the Dutch,\\nand extended\\ntheir settle-\\nments along\\nmost of the coast\\nfrom Florida to\\nNova Scotia.\\nFig. 84.\\nMap showing the claims of France, England, and\\nSpain upon the territory of Central North Amer-\\nica in 1760.\\nIn several respects the portion that fell to the English\\nseemed much less desirable than that held by the Spanish\\nand French yet the English speaking race has managed,\\nnot only to retain this, but to add to it most of the posses-\\nsions of the other two. At the present time, the control\\nof the entire continent, with the exception of Mexico,\\nL. tf c.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "100\\nA GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nCentral America, and a few small islands, is in the hands\\nof either the United States or Great Britain.\\nThere are, of course, good reasons for this strange result.\\nNo doubt original differences between these three races is one\\ncause but there are others also. In the case of the Spanish,\\nthe climate has been one factor; for in a large part of their\\nterritory the weather is too warm to produce energetic people.\\nIn very cold countries, as in the land of the Eskimos, so much\\nlabor is required iu merely obtaining food and shelter, that\\nlittle time and strength are left for general improvement.\\nThe struggle is too severe to allow progress.\\nIn warm countries, on the other hand, the same effect is\\nproduced, but in the opposite way. So little energy is required\\nto find sufficient food that the people do not need to exert\\nthemselves, and hence do not. By taking a few steps, the\\nCentral American can find bananas and other nourishing food\\nat almost any season of the year why then should he work\\nThe people, therefore, lose the inclination to bestir themselves,\\nor, in other words, become\\ntoo lazy to improve their\\ncondition.\\nAnother reason why the\\nSpaniards have not devel-\\noped is found in their\\nrelation to the Indians.\\nAlthough robbing and en-\\nslaving them, they at the\\nsame time married them\\nfreely, so that, in time,\\nhalf-breeds have come to\\nmake up more than half the\\npopulation. These half-\\nbreeds are an ignorant class, far inferior to the Spaniards them-\\nselves, and so backward (Fig. 85) that they still follow many\\nof the customs of the Aztecs.\\nThe French likewise intermarried with the Indians and\\nFig. So.\\nA primitive Mexican cart with wooden\\nwheels, such as can still he seen in that\\ncountry.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "PEOPLES 101\\nadopted some of their customs, although not to so great an ex-\\ntent as the Spaniards. Their climate was, on the whole, more\\nfavorable than that of the Spanish; for, though cold in the\\nSt. Lawrence Valley, the temperature was conducive to effort.\\nBut one of their greatest difficulties arose from the fact that\\nthe few scattered settlers were unable to protect all of the vast\\nterritory to which they laid claim.\\nAs for the English, the temperate climate of their section is\\nthe best in the world for the development of energy. The\\nwarm summers allowed abundant harvests but the long, cold\\nwinters forced the settlers to exert themselves to store supplies\\nfor the cold season. Since it required only a reasonable amount\\nof labor to obtain the necessities of life, time and energy were\\nstill left for improvement.\\nIn their treatment of the Indians, the English and French\\nwere less cruel than the Spaniards but, unlike both French\\nand Spanish, the English would not intermarry with savages.\\nConsequently, in the wars with the French, the English were\\nnot hampered by great numbers of half-civilized persons, and\\ncould act with more intelligence, speed, and force. Their rela-\\ntion to the Indians, however, placed them at a disadvantage in\\none respect for, during the fights with the French, a majority\\nof the Indians were allies to those with whom they had inter-\\nmarried, and, hence, were friends to the enemies of the English.\\nThe fact that the English were hemmed in by forest-covered\\nmountains on the west, and by the French and Spanish on the\\nnorth and south, also proved an advantage for on that account\\nthey were kept close together, and were easily able to com-\\nbine their forces when wars arose.\\nThese are some of the reasons why the English-speaking\\nrace has won its way on the continent against both Spanish\\nand French. Spain has steadily lost ground, having recently\\ngiven up Cuba and Porto Rico to the United States and France\\nhas had no claim upon the continent since 1803. The Spanish\\nrace still occupies Mexico and Central America, while French is\\neven now spoken by many people in New Orleans, Quebec, and\\nMontreal.", "height": "2709", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "102\\n.1 GENERAL STUDY OF XORTH AMERICA\\nMap to Show\\nDistribution of Population.\\nin 1790.\\nSCALE OF MILES.\\npioneer houses and small villages.\\n^j st -icrs except Indians who\\nT~ T Scattered settlements, such as f\\nr r airly -well settled.\\nf-^? Most densely settled portion. More than 90 people living on\\nevery square mile.\\nFig. 86.\\nMap to show the settled part of the\\nUnited States in 1790. Notice the\\ncities named each of these had over\\n5000 inhabitants. Which are now\\namong the great cities of the country\\nWhat about Chicago\\nthusiastic reports quickly\\ndrew hundreds of thou-\\nsands after them.\\nThe westward advance\\npushed the frontier line\\non and on until the semi-\\narid plains of the West\\nwere reached. Then, in\\n1848. the discovery of gold\\nin California produced a\\nwave of excitement that\\ncarried hosts of adven-\\nWestward Migration.\\nAfter the Revolution-\\nary War, by which the\\nThirteen Colonies gained\\ntheir independence from\\nGreat Britain, an active\\nwestward movement be-\\ngan. For a long time\\nthe Appalachian Moun-\\ntains had stemmed the\\ntide of migration (Fig.\\n86) But at last numbers\\nof pioneers found their\\nwa} 7 along the river val-\\nleys, to the other side of\\nthese mountains. There\\nthey discovered fertile\\nplains, free from rocks\\nand woods, and ready for\\nthe plough, and their en-\\nFig. 87.\\nA stage coach used three-quarters of a\\ncentury ago to travel through the\\nwilderness of western New York.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "PEOPLES 103\\nturers across the Rockies to the Pacific coast. After this\\nthe western part of the United States was rapidly ex-\\nplored and settled.\\nIndian Reservations. Through this movement the Indians\\nfound themselves driven from their hunting grounds, and their\\nresentment toward the whites led to many a massacre. However,\\nthey were outnumbered by civilized people, and, in spite of their\\nstealth, courage, and endurance, were soon a conquered race.\\nIt has been necessary to confine the Indians to certain regions,\\ncalled Indian reservations, in various parts of the East and\\nWest. There are small ones in Maine, New York, and Florida,\\nand larger ones in the West but the largest is Indian Terri-\\ntory, just north of Texas.\\nIn collecting the Indians upon reservations it was intended\\nto encourage them to adopt civilized customs, to build homes,\\nand to cultivate the soil. For that purpose the government\\nhas placed Indian agents upon the reservations to supply the\\nIndians with necessary articles, such as farming tools, seed,\\nclothes, and, in time of need, food also. Often each Indian is\\nassigned a small farm to cultivate as he chooses, and his chil-\\ndren are sometimes forced to attend a school.\\nWhile the plan has worked well in some cases, for the most\\npart it has proved a dismal failure. The Indians have been\\nroaming about for too many generations for all of them to be\\nready to settle down peaceably and toil at farming. Many of\\nthem are too lazy for this kind of work and, even after taking\\nthe trouble to prepare the ground and sow the seed, they some-\\ntimes abandon their crops in order to hunt and fish.\\nThe government system of supplying them with necessaries\\nencourages them in their shiftlessness, for they know that\\nwhen winter comes they will not be allowed to starve. Other\\nreasons for the failure are, unfortunately, dishonesty of the\\nIndian agents in some cases, and also the failure of the govern-\\nment to carry out its agreement with the Indians. In other\\ncases, the allotment of poor land to the Indians has caused\\ntrouble. We owe it to the red men to see that they are offered", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "101 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nevery chance to rise to civilization, and the reservation system\\nhas not led to that result.\\nThere are, of course, numerous exceptions, for many tribes\\nand individuals have greatly profited from government aid.\\nSome have shown themselves capable of a high degree of civil-\\nization, as is proved by the students in the Indian schools at\\nHampton, Virginia, and Carlisle, Pennsylvania. A better sys-\\ntem of treatment for the Indians is now being tried that is,\\nto do away with reservations, to supply each Indian with a\\nfarm, and to force him to depend upon himself.\\nSlavery. While the Indians of the East were being\\nkilled in war and driven westward, negroes were being\\nbrought from Africa. There are now fully eight million\\nblacks in the United States, which is nearly one-ninth\\nof our entire population, and thirty times the number of\\nIndians.\\nSlavery was first introduced into America by the Span-\\niards, who made slaves of the Indians, and afterward\\nimported negroes from Africa. The first negro slaves in\\nthe British colonies were brought to Virginia in 1619, but\\ntheir number increased very slowly until the close of that\\ncentury. The demand for cheap labor was partly supplied\\nby criminals sent over from England, and by other immi-\\ngrants who gave their services for a few years in pay-\\nment for their passage across the sea. Many of these\\nwere men and women of good character, who became re-\\nspectable citizens. Many others, however, were outcasts\\nfrom society.\\nAs civilization in Virginia was developed, and slave labor\\nwas substituted for that of the poor whites, the latter, often\\nthe descendants of the bond-servant of early days, sought\\nrefuge on the southern and western frontier. They became", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "PEOPLES\\n105\\nthe ancestors of a considerable portion of what are called the\\nwhite trash now scattered through the Southern States.\\nThese people have been a woebegone, shiftless class, despised\\nby other whites and often by the negroes themselves. Since\\nslavery has been abolished, however, and the payment of\\nwages has made labor more respectable in the South, these\\npeople have begun to advance.\\nNegro slaves were brought to all the colonies, but\\nthey soon proved a much more profitable investment in\\nthe South than in the North. In New England the farms\\nwere small, the\\nproducts were\\nnumerous and\\ntheir cultivation\\nrequired consid-\\ner able skill.\\nMoreover, the\\nclimate was se-\\nvere for natives\\nof tropical Af-\\nrica. On the\\nother hand, the\\nSouthern cli-\\nmate was well suited to them and the simple routine\\nwork upon the great tobacco, cotton, sugar, and rice plan-\\ntations was such as they could easily perform. Accord-\\ningly, the number of slaves increased in the South, while\\nslavery gradually disappeared from the North.\\nWhen steam began to turn the factory wheels of Eng-\\nland, the demand for cotton from America greatly in-\\ncreased and the invention of the cotton gin, in 1793,\\nmade its production far more profitable than before. On\\nFig.\\nA negro group in the South.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "106 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nthat account the slave-trade grew into an enormous indus-\\ntry, and slavery became apparently a necessary institution\\nin the Southern States. Men, women, and children were\\nbought and sold, like cattle and horses, and both their\\nlabor and their lives were in the control of their ownerSo\\nSince slavery was abolished by the Civil War, the number\\nof negroes has increased in the South, although many have\\nmigrated to the North and West. In two of the states, South\\nCarolina and Mississippi, they outnumber the whites (p. 454),\\nand they still perform most of the labor on the cotton, rice,\\nand sugar plantations.\\nThe negroes are doubtless happier now than when slaves\\nbut in spite of the efforts to educate them on the part of the\\nwhites, and of some members of their own race, many still re-\\nmain densely ignorant. What shall be done for their elevation\\nis one of the great problems of the present time. It should be\\nremembered, however, that their ancestors were brought here\\nagainst their will and it is now our duty to help educate and\\nimprove the race. Such schools as that at Hampton, Virginia,\\nand Booker Washington s Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, prom-\\nise to be one means of elevating the negroes.\\nImmigrants to America. Europe and Asia, as well as\\nAfrica, have poured forth a stream of immigrants into this\\ncountry. Our increase in population, from a little over\\nthree millions at the close of the Revolutionary War to\\nover seventy-six millions at present, has been possible only\\nas a result of this steady stream from abroad. Nearly\\nevery foreign nation is represented, and upon the streets\\nof our larger cities may be heard the languages of most of\\nthe civilized peoples of the globe.\\nThe greater part of our immigrants has come from\\nnorthern Europe, especially from the British Isles, Ger-\\nmany, and the Scandinavian peninsula (see table, p. 454)", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "PEOPLES 107\\nand great numbers of them have settled in the cities.\\nMore recently a flood of immigration from southern\\nEurope has brought us less educated and less desirable\\npeople. At one time many Chinese threatened to come,\\nand laws preventing their coming had to be passed. We\\nhave laws, also, excluding paupers, criminals, and laborers\\nwho are brought here by contract. To others the country\\nis free, though many believe that very ignorant persons\\nshould be prevented from immigrating here.\\nIt has been our mission to welcome these strangers, and,\\nin spite of their varying ideas, customs, and languages, to\\nteach them the principles of a republican form of govern-\\nment, to educate them, and, welding them into an harmoni-\\nous body, to make them good citizens and true Americans.\\nIt is not strange if some mistakes have been made in the\\nprocess. It is a task that no other nation has ever per-\\nformed on so grand a scale. Nevertheless, the fact that so\\nfew of the many foreigners who settle among us desire to\\nreturn to their native lands is proof that they have not\\nbeen disappointed in their expectations and it suggests\\nreason for a well-founded pride in the government of the\\nUnited States, and a hope for its future.\\nReview Questions. (1) What factors determine climate?\\n(2) Of what importance is climate? (3) Why are there no large\\ntrees in the cold North (4) Describe the vegetation there. (5) What\\nanimals live on the land there? (6) Tell what you can about each.\\n(7) Why are there more animals in the sea? (8) What kinds live\\nthere? (9) How does the life of mountain tops resemble that of the\\nfrigid zones? (10) How do arid land plants protect themselves?\\n(11) Tell what you can about the animals living in the arid lands.\\n(12) W T hy should there be more life in the tropical zone? (13) Name\\nsome of the plants living there. (14) Name some of the animals.\\n(15) How do they protect themselves (16) What can you say of the\\nplants of the moist temperate zone (17) Of the animals? (18) Of", "height": "2713", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "108 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nthe bison? (19) How does climate influence the cultivated crops?\\n(20) The domesticated animals? (21) What cultivated plants and\\ndomesticated animals has North America supplied? (22) Describe\\nthe difficulties that the Eskimos encounter. (23) Give some examples\\nof Indian names. (24) Describe the life of the savage and barbarous\\nIndians. (25) Of the semi-civilized Aztecs. (26) What causes pre-\\nvented the Indians from becoming more civilized? (27) Give a\\nreason why the Aztecs were able to advance. (28) What winds aided\\nColumbus to discover southern countries? (29) What advantage\\ndid their location in southern North America give the Spaniards?\\n(30) How did the Spaniards treat the Indians (31) What attracted\\nthe French to America? Where did they settle? (32) What other\\nnations settled in the East? (33) W hat has been the fate of the\\nSpaniards and French in America? (34) Why have the English-\\nspeaking people come into possession of the greater part of the\\ncontinent? (35) What interfered with the westward migration of\\nthe English? (36) How was this migration finally brought about?\\n(37) What effort has been made to care for the Indians? Why has\\nit failed? (38) Tell about the beginnings of slavery in America.\\n(39) Why was it more successful in the South than in the North\\n(40) What is the condition of the negroes now? (41) Where do our\\nimmigrants come from (42) What is our mission toward them\\nSuggestions. (1) Examine some century and cactus plants.\\n(2) Find some furniture made of mahogany or other tropical wood.\\n(3) Visit a greenhouse to see orchids. (4) Collect pictures of native\\nplants and animals of North America. (5) Collect samples of differ-\\nent American woods. (6) What does the eagle signify as our national\\nemblem On what coins is it found? (7) What have you read about\\nthe bison? About Indians? Write a story about each. (8) Explain\\nmore fully why domestic animals are necessary to civilized life.\\n(9) Write a story about slavery times. (10) Do you know any of\\nthe negro melodies that were sung on the plantations? (11) Find\\nout from how many different nations the fathers and grandfathers of\\nyour acquaintances have come. (12) Trace your own ancestry back\\nas far as you can, in order to find out from what nations your ances-\\ntors came, on both the father s and mother s side.\\nFor References, see page 439.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "VI. LATITUDE, LONGITUDE, AND STANDARD\\nTIME\\nLatitude and Longitude\\nNeed of a Means for Locating Places. You have doubt-\\nless noticed that it has frequently been necessary to refer\\nto lines upon the earth, such as the Tropic of Cancer, the\\nEquator, the Arctic Circle, etc., in order to locate certain\\nplaces and the boundaries of the zones. But these lines\\nare far apart, and there are many places between them to\\nwhich reference must often be made. For instance, sup-\\npose we wished to state on what part of the earth London\\nis situated how could it be done Of course, by taking a\\nlong time, it would be possible to describe just where this\\ncity is but cannot some more convenient way be devised\\nThe difficulty is much the same as that which arises in\\na large city. There are thousands of houses in the city,\\nas there are thousands of towns and cities in the world.\\nNo one person knows who lives in most of them, and if a\\nstranger were looking for a friend, he might have much\\ntrouble in finding him.\\nThe Streets of a City. In this case the problem may be\\nsolved in a simple manner. A street running east and west\\nmay be selected to divide the city into two parts (Fig. 89).\\nAny place north of this street is spoken of as being on the\\nnorth side, and south of it as being on the south side.\\nThe streets to the north and south are numbered from\\n109", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "110 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nthis, as North 1st, North 2d, North 3d and South 1st,\\nSouth 2d, South 3d, and so on. Then if a man says that\\nN0RTH he lives on North 4th Street,\\nJ l^yfH kd L si.^ J L one knows immediately that he\\n-=j Ui tU y LJ LJU L y lyes on the north side, and\\n^y R y UJz^y.^L that his house is on the 4th\\n1 r f^-iV- 1 f^^Mr street from this central one.\\nwest Washington ave east But a city also extends a\\n-i pssls; [ra^o rs^, ,p long distance east and west,\\nis |Ss-*n S-n|s^s-n I and we need to know on what\\nirTnrTnnnr part of 4th street this house\\n~l f^Ti F*\\\\ r 1 f^\\\\ i i is to be found. To answer\\nSOUTH\\nthat question, another street\\nrunning north and south, and\\nMap of apart of a city, to lllus-\\ntrate the need of naming crossing the east and west\\nones, may be selected to divide\\nthe city into east and west parts. The streets on the two\\nsides are numbered from this one, as East 1st, East 2d,\\nWest 1st, West 2d, etc. (Fig. 89).\\nThen if a man lives on the corner of North 4th and\\nEast 3d streets, one knows not only that his home is\\nnorth of a certain line, but east of another line. If the\\nblocks, or the space between any two streets, are always\\nthe same, it will also be easy to tell the distance from each\\nof the central streets to the house.\\nThis plan is not necessary in small towns and villages, be-\\ncause the people there know one another, and are able to direct\\nstrangers easily. Few, if any, cities follow exactly the scheme\\nhere given but many have a system of naming or numbering\\nstreets somewhat similar to this.\\nIf yon live in a large city, perhaps you can tell just how\\nyour streets are named or numbered.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE\\n111\\nDistance North and South of the Equator {Latitude).\\nPlaces upon a globe are located in much this manner.\\nFor example, the equator, which extends around the\\nearth midway between the poles, corresponds to the divid-\\ning street running east and west. The distance between\\nthe equator and the poles, on either side, is divided into\\nninety parts (Fig. 90), corresponding, we might say, to the\\nblocks in a city. These,\\nhowever, are each about Po/\\nsixty-nine miles wide and\\nare called degrees, marked\\nwith the sign\\nIn making maps people\\nthink of a line, or a cir-\\ncle, extending around the\\nearth sixty nine miles\\nnorth of the equator, and\\ncalled a circle of latitude.\\nAny point upon it is one\\ndegree (1\u00c2\u00b0) north of the\\nequator, or 1\u00c2\u00b0 North Lati-\\ntude (abbreviated to N.\\nLat.). Similar lines are imagined 2\u00c2\u00b0, 3\u00c2\u00b0, and so on up to\\n90\u00c2\u00b0, or to the north pole.\\nSince all points on any one of these circles are the same\\ndistance from the equator, and from the other circles of\\nlatitude, the lines are parallel and on that account they\\nare called parallels of latitude. See a globe.\\nThe same plan is followed on the south side, places in\\nthat hemisphere being in South Latitude (S. Lat.).\\nIf one finds that a certain place is on the 8th, or the\\n50th, or some other parallel north of the equator, he\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^??20 S. Lat.\\n*\u00c2\u00a5/23h\u00c2\u00b0S. Lat.\\ny K)\u00c2\u00b0S. Lat.\\nOs^^^Z s^ GO^S. Lat.\\nSouth r \u00e2\u0096\u00a0S. Lat.\\nFig. 90.\\nThe globe, showing the two hemispheres\\nand some of the circles of latitude.", "height": "2727", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "112 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nknows how far it is north of the equator. San Francisco\\nis close to the 38th parallel, Chicago close to the 42d, and\\nSt, Paul on the loth (Figs. 178 and 211). Knowing\\nthis, it is easy to see that Chicago is 4\u00c2\u00b0, or about two\\nhundred and seventy-six miles, farther north than San\\nFrancisco, while St. Paul is 3\u00c2\u00b0, or over two hundred miles,\\nfarther north than Chicago.\\nOf course there are no marks upon the earth to show where\\nthese lines run, but they are of great use on maps, because they\\nhelp us to locate places. Small maps and globes cannot well\\nshow the entire ninety parallels on each side of the equator,\\nso that usually only every fifth or tenth one is drawn. Exam-\\nine some maps (such as Figs. 95 and 178), to see which ones\\nare given. Near what parallel do you live\\nIn speaking of the seasons (p. 31) it was stated that\\non June 21 the vertical rays of the sun reached farthest\\nnorth. The part of the earth which they reach is 23^\u00c2\u00b0\\nnorth of the equator, and is marked on the maps by the\\nTropic of Cancer (Fig. 90). The Tropic of Capricorn is\\nthe same distance south of the equator (Fig. 90).\\nKnowing now the length of a degree, you can find the width\\nof the tropical zone, both in degrees and in miles. What is it\\nNew Orleans is just north of the 30th parallel N. Lat. How\\nfar is it from the tropical zone\\nOn the day that the vertical rays of the sun reach far-\\nthest north, the entire Arctic Circle is lighted by the sun\\nat midnight. This circle is the same distance from the\\npole as the Tropic of Cancer from the equator, that is\\n23^\u00c2\u00b0. The Antarctic Circle is the same distance from the\\nsouth pole.\\nFrom this it is evident that we can easily find the lati-", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE\\n113\\ntucle of a given place by the help of these parallels, for\\nlatitude is the distance north or south of the equator.\\nEast and West Distances on the Earth (Longitude 1\\nBut how about distance east and west It is twenty-five\\nthousand miles around the earth at the equator, and some\\nmeans must be found for telling on the map how far\\nplaces are from each other in these directions.\\nImaginary lines are used for this purpose, as before\\nbut this time they extend north and south from pole to\\npole (Fig. 91), and are\\ncalled meridians, or lines\\nof longitude. In the case\\nof the city it makes little\\ndifference what north\\nand south street is chosen\\nfrom which to number\\nthe others. It is only\\nnecessary that a certain\\none be agreed upon.\\nIt is the same with\\nthese meridians. No one\\nis especially important,\\nas the equator is, and\\nconsequently different\\nnations have selected dif-\\nferent lines to start from. In France the meridian ex-\\ntending through Paris is chosen, in England that through\\nGreenwich near London, and in America the one passing\\nthrough Washington is sometimes used. But it is im-\\n1 The ancients thought that the world extended farther in an east and\\nwest than in a north and south direction. Therefore they called the east\\nand west, or long direction, longitude the north and south direction,\\nlatitude.\\nFig. 91.\\nThe earth, cut in halves along the Green-\\nwich meridian, showing some of the\\nmeridians. The meridian 20\u00c2\u00b0 is usually\\nconsidered the dividing line between\\nthe eastern and western hemispheres.", "height": "2712", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "114 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nportant that all people agree on some one, so that all maps\\nmay be made alike. On that account many countries start\\ntheir numbering with the meridian which passes through\\nGreenwich. The maps in this book follow that plan.\\nIn Greenwich is a building, called an observatory, in which\\nthere is a telescope for the study of the sun, moon, and stars.\\nAs these heavenly bodies are of great help in finding the lati-\\ntude and longitude of places, Greenwich seemed to the English\\na fitting place from which to begin numbering their meridians.\\nCommencing with this me-\\nridian as 0\u00c2\u00b0 longitude, people\\nmeasure off degrees both east\\nand west of it, and think of\\nlines as extending north and\\nsouth toward the poles, as\\nthey do of circles of latitude\\nrunning parallel to the equa-\\ntor. Thus there is a merid-\\nian 1\u00c2\u00b0 west, another 2\u00c2\u00b0, a\\nthird 3\u00c2\u00b0, etc. Going east-\\nward, they number 1\u00c2\u00b0, 2\u00c2\u00b0, 3\u00c2\u00b0,\\nA view, looking down on the north _ J\\npole, to show how the meridians in the Same way.\\ncome to a point at the north pole. A lace Qn the g d me _\\nNotice that if the 0\u00c2\u00b0 meridian were\\ncontinued it would unite with the ridian west of Greenwich is\\nmeridian 180\u00c2\u00b0. tQ h [r go Wegf Lmgi _\\ntude (W. Long.) if on the 60th meridian, 60\u00c2\u00b0 W. Long.\\nAny place on the 20th meridian east of Greenwich is in\\n20\u00c2\u00b0 East Longitude (E. Long.). New York is 74\u00c2\u00b0 W.\\nLong., while San Francisco is about 123\u00c2\u00b0 W. Long. Jeru-\\nsalem is about 35\u00c2\u00b0 E. Long.\\nKnowing the latitude and longitude of any place, it\\nFig. 92.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE 115\\ncan, by the aid of a map, be as easily located as a house in\\na great city. For instance, Denver is about 40\u00c2\u00b0 N. Lat.\\nand 105\u00c2\u00b0 W. Long. It is therefore far to the north and\\nwest of New Orleans, which is about 30\u00c2\u00b0 N. Lat. and 90\u00c2\u00b0\\nW. Long.\\nFind the latitude and longitude of some of the large cities on\\nthe map (Fig. 98). Notice also that only every fifth meridian\\nis marked. Compare this with the map of New England (Fig.\\n99). Since this map represents a smaller section of country,\\nmore meridians can be drawn upon it.\\nThe circles of latitude are parallel to the equator and to\\neach other, as you can prove by measuring the distance be-\\ntween them on a globe.\\nBut the meridians\\ncannot be parallel on\\na globe, since they\\nstart from the poles\\nand spread farther and\\nfarther apart until the\\nequator is reached.\\nExamine some of the\\nmaps in this book to\\nsee that the meridi-\\nans are not parallel, Fig. 93.\\nwhile the lines of lati- An orange with a part of the peeling removed to\\ntilde are show how the lines converge toward the poles,\\nas the meridians converge on the glohe.\\nYou can see how\\nthis is by taking the peeling from an orange (Fig. 93). The\\nedges of each of the quarters spread far apart in the middle, or\\nequator, but come together at the ends, or poles, of the orange.\\nA degree of longitude is a little over sixty-nine miles at\\nthe equator; but it decreases more and more as the poles\\nare approached, until at the poles it is nothing, because all\\nthe meridians meet there at one point. Examine Figure 92 or,\\nbetter still, a globe, to see that this must be true.", "height": "2709", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "116 a general study of north america\\nStandard Time\\nIf you were to travel from New York to San Francisco,\\nyou would find on arriving there that your watch was\\nthree hours ahead of the clocks in that city. The reason\\nis that the rotation of the earth, from west to east, causes\\nthe sun s rays to fall upon the Atlantic coast more than\\nthree hours sooner than upon the Pacific, so that when it\\nis noon in New York, it is about nine o clock in the morn-\\ning at San Francisco.\\nMeasuring from east to west, every place has a different\\ntime by the sun, and some years ago each city had its own\\nsun or solar time. But when railways were built, con-\\nnecting many places, these differences became a source of\\nconstant annoyance to the traveller. As his watch showed\\nthe time of only one place, perhaps a city some distance to\\nthe east or west, he could not tell exactly when a train\\nwould leave, or when his meals would be served.\\nIn order to avoid all this trouble the country has been\\ndivided into belts, in each of which all the railways, and\\nmost of the towns, have the same time. Since this time\\nis the standard for all, these belts are called the Standard\\nTime Belts. The one in the extreme east is called the\\nColonial Belt; that next west of it, which includes New\\nEngland, New York, and some of the other Eastern states,\\nis called the Eastern Time Belt. What are the names of\\nthe others? (Fig. 94.)\\nIn travelling across the country from New York to San\\nFrancisco, one starts with his watch set at the standard\\ntime for the Eastern Time Belt. After a while he comes\\nto a place where the time changes one full hour then he\\nhas Central Time. Going still farther west to the Moun-", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "STANDARD TIME\\n117\\ntain Belt, the watch is again set back one full hour what\\nis done when the Pacific Belt is reached In this way,\\nonly a few changes of the watch have to be made and,\\nas long as one remains in a certain belt, he is sure of the\\ntime of day.\\nOur study of longitude helps us to understand what\\ndetermines the places for changing this time. When the\\nSTANDARD TIME IN THE UNITED STATES.\\nFig. 94.\\nTo show the standard time belts of the United States, the actual boundaries\\nbeing irregular, as you see.\\nsun is rising at a certain point on a meridian, it is rising\\nat every other point on that meridian. 1\\nThe earth makes one complete rotation every 24 hours,\\nso that sunrise, noon, and sunset reach each of the 360\\nmeridians in the course of the day of 2-4 hours. Dividing\\n360 by 24 gives 15 that is the number of meridians that\\n1 It is understood, of course, that this does not apply to the frigid\\nzone, where the sun does not rise at all during a part of the year, and\\nwhere it does not set during another part of the year.", "height": "2702", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "118 A GENERAL STUDY OF NORTH AMERICA\\nthe sunrise or sunset pass over in a single hour. There-\\nfore, if in one place, as at Philadelphia, on the 75th merid-\\nian, it is sunrise at six o clock, it will be sunrise one hour\\nlater at all points just 15\u00c2\u00b0 west of this, or on the 90th\\nmeridian.\\nThis explains what has determined the boundary lines of\\nthe time belts. The time selected for the Eastern Belt is\\nthat of the 75th meridian for the Central Belt, that of\\nthe 90th meridian, which is just one hour later. What\\nmeridian is selected for the Mountain Belt (Fig. 94.) For\\nthe Pacific Belt Each of these meridians runs through\\nthe middle of the belt whose time it fixes, so that the east-\\nern boundary of the Central Time Belt is half-way be-\\ntween the 75th and 90th meridians, that is West Longitude\\n82^\u00c2\u00b0; and the western boundary is half-way between the\\n90th and 105th meridians, or 97^\u00c2\u00b0 West Longitude.\\nIn reality the railways do not change their time exactly\\naccording to these boundaries, for oftentimes the meridians\\nextend through very unimportant points, or even cross the\\nrailways far out in open country. Instead of following the\\nexact boundaries, they select well-known places, like Buffalo,\\nPittsburg, and Atlanta, at which cities the change is made\\nfrom Eastern to Central time. Therefore, the boundaries\\nwhich represent the places where the railways actually change\\ntheir time are somewhat irregular, and not always on the\\nproper meridian (Fig. 94).\\nYou see that the object of these Time Belts is to save\\nannoyance, and that for most places the standard time is\\nincorrect time. For instance, noon hj the standard time\\nis not the real noon for any places in the United States\\nexcepting those along the 75th, 90th, 105th and 120th\\nmeridians.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "STANDARD TIME 119\\nQuestions Latitude and Longitude. (1) How may an east and\\nwest street be used in a city to locate houses (2) How may a north\\nand south street be so used? (3) Make a plan of a city showing two\\ncentral streets and others numbered from them. (4) What corre-\\nsponds to the central east and west street in locating places upon the\\nglobe (5) Into how many parts is the distance between the equator\\nand each pole divided (6) What is each of them called (7) What\\nis meant by saying that a place is in 1\u00c2\u00b0 N. Lat. (8) How far apart\\nare the circles of latitude (9) Why are these circles called parallels\\n(10) What is S. Lat.? (11) Give the latitude of each of the tropics.\\n(12) Of the Arctic and Antarctic circles. (13) What is a meridian\\n(14) W r hy is it necessary to have them upon, maps? (15) Which\\nmeridian is most commonly chosen as zero Why that one (16) How\\nhigh do the numbers of the meridians run? (Fig. 94.) (17) What\\nis meant by saying that a place is in 3\u00c2\u00b0 E. Long. In 90\u00c2\u00b0 W. Long.\\n(18) Show that meridians are not parallel.\\nStandard Time.- (19) Explain why the time is continually chang-\\ning as one goes west. As he goes east. (20) How has this caused\\nannoyance in travelling? (21) W r hat remedy has been found?\\n(22) What are the names of the Standard Time Belts in the United\\nStates? (23) What is the difference in time between the belts?\\n(24) Which meridians are used to fix the boundaries? Why these?\\n(25) Show the boundaries on the map (Fig. 94). (26) AVhy is\\nstandard time really incorrect for most places\\nSuggestions. (1) Find how the streets of Washington have\\nbeen numbered and lettered. (2) W 7 hat is the width, in degrees and\\nmiles, of the north temperate zone? (3) What is the latitude and\\nlongitude of Boston Of Washington Of Chicago? Of your nearest\\nlarge city (4) Find some cities that are on or near the 42d parallel\\nof latitude. (5) What place is in 25\u00c2\u00b0 N. Lat. and 81\u00c2\u00b0 W. Long.? Near\\n40\u00c2\u00b0 N. Lat. and 75\u00c2\u00b0 W. Long. (6) Make a drawing showing several\\nof the meridians. (7) Visit a telescope and look through it. (8) Find\\nthe 100th meridian (on map Fig. 98) west of which much of the coun-\\ntry is arid. (9) Compare some of the parallels of latitude with the\\nnearest isotherm (Fig. 63). (10) Where and how much would you\\nchange your watch in travelling from San Francisco to Chicago?\\n(11) What is the difference in time between Baltimore and Denver?\\n(12) Examine some railway time-tables to see how they indicate the\\nchanges in time. (13) What is the difference where you live between\\nStandard Time and solar time", "height": "2709", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "VII. THE CONTINENT OF NORTH AMERICA\\nThe relief map, Fig. 5, and the map, Fig. 95, show the\\ngreat Western highlands, the lower highland region of the\\nEast and the great trough between. What are the names\\nof the large rivers that drain the different sections? In\\nwhich direction does each flow, and into what waters does\\neach empty In what part are most of the lakes found\\nWhy? Name and locate each of the large peninsulas,\\nislands, bays, gulfs, and seas. Draw an outline map of\\nthe continent. Upon it locate the large cities.\\nThis great mass of land is under the control of different\\nnations. The Dominion of Canada is a British colony and\\nso are Newfoundland and Labrador, and some of the islands\\nsouth of the United States. Name them. Greenland and\\nIceland are Danish colonies but the countries of Central\\nAmerica, Mexico, and the United States are independent\\nnations. The United States also includes Alaska, the\\nisland of Porto Rico, and some islands of the Pacific. In\\naddition to this, Cuba is under our protection. What is\\nthe name of the group of islands to which Cuba and Porto\\nRico belong\\nWe have already learned many facts about the conti-\\nnent but now, in order to study it further, we shall need\\nto take it up section by section. In doing this we begin\\nwith the United States, the most productive and most\\ndensely settled part of the continent.\\n120", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "Fig. 95.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "Part II\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\noXKc\\nThe climate and physiography of the United States\\nvary greatly from place to place. What are some of the\\ndifferences of climate Draw a sketch map to show the\\nisotherms for January (Fig. 63, p. 72). For July (Fig.\\n64). Draw a map also to show the rainfall (Fig. 46).\\nDraw another map to show the plant zones (Fig. 65).\\nStudy the relief map carefully (Fig. 98) to see the areas\\nof plains, plateaus, and mountains. What is the name of\\neach division (Fig. 96.) On a sketch map of the United\\nStates write the names of the different physiographic\\ndivisions in their proper places (as in Fig. 96). Could\\nyou not make a sand or clay model of the United States,\\nshowing, in a general way, the greater highlands and\\nlowlands\\nOur country is so large, and so different in the various\\nparts, that in order to study it in detail we must divide\\nit into sections. The state boundaries might serve as a\\nmeans of thus dividing the country but there are far too\\nmany of them. How many states are there Draw a\\nsketch map of the country, and place upon it the bounda-\\nries and names of all the states. What is a state? (See\\nFirst Book, p. 94.) Find out about your own state: its\\n121", "height": "2709", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "122\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\ngovernment, its capital city, the name of the governor,\\nand other important facts.\\nIn studying the different states it is convenient to group\\nthem into five sections and study each group by itself.\\nThe first states selected for this study will be the six in\\nthe northeastern part of the country, which are commonly\\nr\\nrs-5\\nmm**\\nFig. 96.\\nPhysiographic map of the United States, giving the names of the principal\\nmountains, plateaus, and plains.\\ncalled the New England States. As you study each of\\nthese groups of states, a very important point to notice is\\nthe scale upon which the map is drawn. It is impossible\\nto have all maps on the same scale for instance, North\\nAmerica and the United States. One of the points that\\ngeography teaches is how to understand maps of different\\nscales.\\nFor References, see page 439.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "105 I.ongittule 100 West\\nLongitude 100\u00c2\u00b0 Went", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2713", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2714", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "VIII. NEW EXGLAXD\\nMap Qcestioxs. (1) Xame the states of this group. (2) What\\nis the capital of each? (3) Where are the mountains? (4) Into\\nwhat bay does the Penobscot River flow? (5) What large island just\\neast of there? (6) Find three large lakes. In which state is each?\\n(7) Where are the largest cities Why there (8) What cape about\\ntwenty-five miles north of Boston (9) What cape southeast of\\nBoston? (10) Find Massachusetts Bay. (11) Find Cape Cod Bay.\\n(12) What two large islands lie south of Massachusetts (13) What\\ntwo bays near there (14) What large island lies south of Connecti-\\ncut? (15) In what state is it? (See Fig. 121.) (16) What waters\\nseparate it from Connecticut?\\nFig. 100.\\nOne of the many New England lakes formed by the great glacier.\\nPhysiography. Many facts in regard to Xew England\\nare already familiar from what has been said in Part I.\\nThe sinking of the coast has made the shore line extremely\\nirregular, thus forming many tine harbors. The great\\nglacier, that came down from the north, has left its traces\\n124", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2716", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "i", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2725", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "NEW\\ne N o l./\\\\ rs O\\nModeled by Edwin E. Howell.\\nFlk LiMtJUU\\nUn^\\nFig. 101.\\nBelief map of New England. Describe the relief (a) the location of the moun-\\ntains, (b) the lowlands, (c) the lakes, (d) the drainage, (e) the nature of the\\ncoast line.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "126 THE UNITED STATES\\neverywhere. By damming the streams and turning them\\nfrom their courses, it has caused many lakes, falls, and\\nrapids (Fig. 100). The rocky surface of the country, with\\nbare ledges and boulder-strewn soil, and, indeed, the very\\nsoil itself, have also been caused by the glacier. For many\\nyears the edge of the ice sheet extended along the south-\\nern margin of New England and the moraine hills and\\nsandy plains that it piled up now cover much of Cape Cod,\\nMartha s Vineyard, Nantucket Island, and Long Island.\\nWhile low near the coast, the land rises rapidly toward\\nthe north and west, and soon becomes a plateau crossed\\nby river valleys whose bottoms are several hundred feet\\nbelow the plateau top. The upland near the coast has\\nbeen so cut by many valleys that the surface is studded\\nwith low hills. But in the west, the higher upland, known\\nas the Berkshire Hills, is quite mountainous.\\nOther mountains, in some cases where the rocks are\\nhard, rise above the plateau. Some of these, like Mt.\\nMonadnock in southern New Hampshire (Fig. 102), rise\\nsingly others, like the White Mountains of New Hamp-\\nshire (Fig. 103), are in groups and still others, such as\\nthe Green Mountains of Vermont and the continuation of\\nthe White Mountains across northern Maine, form irregu-\\nlar ranges. Many of the mountain peaks reach from\\nthree thousand to four thousand feet above sea-level but\\nMt. Washington in New Hampshire is more than a mile\\nin height, and Mt. Katahdin in Maine (Fig. 118, p. 152)\\nrises to a height of nearly a mile.\\nThe upland, or plateau, of southern New England is called a\\npenej)lain, a word meaning almost a plain. It represents a re-\\ngion of ancient mountains planed down to their very roots, then\\nuplifted and cut by the rivers into its present irregular form.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND\\n127\\nThe mountains, and parts of the plateau, are too rough and\\nrocky for much farming, so that this industry is mainly con-\\nfined to the valleys but the scenery in this rugged region is\\nmagnificent. Describe some of the views that you would expect\\nto see. Make an outline map showing the important rivers\\nand lakes represented on Figure 99. Describe the location of\\neach. Be ready to draw the map from memory.\\nFig. 102.\\nA view across the upland of New England, with Mt. Monadnock rising in the\\nbackground. Describe this view.\\nClimate. New England is so far north that its climate is\\ncold in the northern part and the snows are heavy. This cold-\\nness is increased by the Labrador current, which makes the east\\nwinds cool in summer, and damp and chilly in winter. On the\\nother hand, since the Gulf Stream (Fig. 59, p. 65) flows about\\na hundred miles from the coast of southern New England, that\\nsection has warm south winds and little snow in winter.\\nThe Forests\\nCutting the Timber. In the days of the early settlers\\nthere was so much forest in New England that lumber\\nwas one of the first products sent back to England. Now,", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "128\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nwhere the soil is fertile, most of the woods have been\\ncleared away but large sections in northern Maine, New\\nHampshire (Fig. 103), and Vermont, as well as parts of\\nthe three southern states, are still covered with timber.\\nStanding on the summit of Mt. Katahdin (Fig. 118), for\\ninstance, one sees only a vast wilderness of trees in all\\ndirections. The nearest cultivated land is twenty-five\\nmiles to the east but the forests stretch much farther\\naway to the north and west.\\nFig. 103.\\nThe forest-covered slopes of a portion of the White Mountains of New\\nHampshire.\\nWinter is the busy season in this wilderness, for at that\\ntime men go into the forests to cut the timber. Lumber-\\ning in Maine is an interesting occupation, but it involves\\nso many hardships that a lumberman is said to become an\\nold man after a few years of service.\\nIt is often necessary to work when the temperature is far\\nbelow zero. The swamps, which are numerous, and in summer\\nalmost impassable, are then frozen. At that season, also, the", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND\\n129\\nsnows have levelled over the boulders and fallen trees so that\\nheavy sleds, loaded with logs, may be drawn through the woods.\\nUsually fifty men or more are necessary to a logging camp.\\nWith axes in hand,\\nthey go through\\nthe woods, cutting\\nall the trees that\\nare large and sound\\nenough for good\\nlumber. These are\\ncut down, the limbs\\nchopped off, and\\nthe logs dragged\\nby horses to the\\nbanks of the near-\\nest stream. The\\nmen go forth early\\nin the moruing and\\nwork until late in\\nthe evening, eating\\nand sleeping in log\\ncabins (Fig. 105).\\nTheir beds are\\nbroad shelves of\\nrough boards cov-\\nered with boughs\\nfrom the spruce and balsam trees, and the camp is often so\\nsmall that they must lie side by side with scarcely room to turn.\\nFloating the Logs to the Mills. When the snow melts\\nin the spring, the cutting is over and another busy season\\nbegins. The logs that are ready are whirled away by the\\nstream current, now swollen by the melting snows but\\nfrequently even this flood of water is not sufficient to\\ncarry them. To provide against that difficulty, dams are\\nplaced across the streams, or at the outlet of lakes, to store\\nFig. 104.\\nLumbermen in the Maine woods.", "height": "2707", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "130 TIIE UXITED STATES\\nwater for use when needed. Immense numbers of logs\\nare floated, or driven. down stream, forming what the\\nlumbermen call a log drive.\\nThe work of driving the logs down stream is a very exciting\\none. Eocks and shoals often check them in their course and,\\nas soon as one gets caught, others are held back by it, so that,\\nif the jam is not speedily removed, the entire stream may soon\\nbecome blocked, and all the logs above be prevented from float-\\ning down. Such a condition is called a log jam (Fig. 105), and\\nit is the business of the men to prevent it by keeping the logs\\nmoving along in the river, and by freeing any that may become\\nlodged. To do this, they must often wade into the icy water\\nand ride upon the logs. It is common to see a man glide along\\non a single log, clinging to it by means of the sharp spikes in\\nhis boots, balancing himself with a long pole, and jumping\\nfrom log to log, as a squirrel springs from tree to tree. The\\nmen are often wet from head to foot, and sometimes one is\\nthrown into the water and drowned.\\nSawmills and Paper-mills. Some of the logs are stopped\\nnear waterfalls far up stream and there sawed into boards,\\nlaths, shingles, etc. but most of them are carried as far\\nas the current will take them, even down to the river\\nmouths. These places are natural sites for large towns\\nand cities, because there the logs must be changed to\\nlumber and various articles, which require much work\\nand man} men.\\nWhere the current of the Penobscot will carry the logs\\nno farther, that is, where the ocean tide checks the river\\ncurrent, the large city of Baxgoe has grown up, since\\nocean vessels may come to this place to carry off the lum-\\nber (Fig. 105). The drives of the Kennebec and Andros-\\ncoggin are stopped at the sawmills in several cities along\\nthose rivers, as Lewistox, Auburn, and Augusta, the", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND\\n131\\nFig. 105.\\nA group of small pictures to illustrate lumbering. A and B show logging\\ncamps in D logs are being drawn to the frozen stream E and F are pic-\\ntures of two log jams and C shows a vessel loading lumber from the piles\\nof boards on the wharf near the sawmill.\\ncapital but some are carried down as far as Bath, which\\nis noted for its ship building. On the wharfs of Port-\\nland, the largest city in Maine, are immense quantities\\nof boards ready to be shipped away to be made into boxes,\\nbarrels, doors, and hundreds of other articles.", "height": "2715", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "132 THE UNITED STATES\\nAnother important use of forest trees is to make paper,\\nfor much of the paper commonly seen as newspaper and\\nwrapping paper is now made of wood. The wood is\\nchopped up by a machine, and the chips are soaked in a\\nvat of acid until they become soft like wet paper, forming\\na palp. This, after some further treatment, is then pressed\\nbetween heavy rollers into thin sheets, which, when dried,\\nform paper ready for market. One does not often think\\nwhen reading the news, or wrapping a package, that the\\npaper in his hands may once have been part of a live tree\\nin the forest, perhaps in the woods of Maine.\\nPaper-mills are found at Bangor, Augusta, and other\\ncities in New England. However, Holyoke, the greatest\\npaper-making city in New England, is situated far away\\nfrom the forests in the midst of busy cities in Massachu-\\nsetts. There the pulp is made, not of wood, but of rags,\\nwhich make a finer grade of paper. The neighboring\\ncities guarantee a large supply of the necessary rags.\\nMaple Syrup and Sugar. Among the trees in the forests of\\nnorthern New England is one kind called the sugar maple. It\\nis very common in Vermont, although it grows in many other\\nstates also, as in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Its sap,\\nunlike that of most trees, is sweet and if one bores a hole\\nthrough the bark in early spring, when this liquid is moving\\nthrough the trees most rapidly, it will ooze forth.\\nMen secure the sap by boring into the trees, inserting spouts\\nin the holes, and catching the fluid in pails and some farmers\\nhave regular sugar maple groves. The sap is changed into\\nmaple syrup and sugar by boiling, which causes evaporation of\\nthe water. On some farms there are special buildings, fitted\\nout with evaporating pans, where syrup is made and bottled\\nfor sale. Near these are sugar maple groves; but in many\\ncases the boys and men go into the woods for the sap.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND\\n133\\nThe Rocks\\nThere are three kinds of stone that are especially valu-\\nable in New England, namely, granite, marble, and\\nslate, each of which is quarried in large quantities.\\nGranite. Many of the hills and even mountains, such\\nas Mts. Washington and Katahdin, are almost solid\\ngranite but this is not often quarried, because it is too\\ndifficult to draw the heavy stone from the mountains to\\nFig. 106.\\nA granite quarry near Gloucester, Mass.\\nplaces where it is needed. The quarries have generally\\nbeen located close to cities, or near the sea where the stone\\nmay be cheaply sent away by ship. One of the oldest\\nquarries in the country is at Quincy, near Boston (Fig.\\n117), and buildings made of Quincy granite over two hun-\\ndred years ago may still be seen in Boston. Other quar-\\nries are found in and near Gloucester, Massachusetts, at\\nConcord, New Hampshire, and along the coast of Maine.\\nBeds of stone have cracks, called joints,, extending through\\nthem. These aid greatly in quarrying for, in splitting out", "height": "2705", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "134 THE UNITED STATES\\nlarge blocks, the quarrymen need only to drill holes, and then,\\nwith gunpowder, blast or break the granite from one joint to\\nthe next. Smaller pieces are obtained by drilling holes into\\nthe large blocks and breaking them apart by driving in wedges.\\nSince the stone is so heavy, derricks are used to move it\\nabout (Fig. 106). As more and more stone is removed, the\\nquarry becomes a deep and open pit, from the bottom and\\nsides of which the stone is blasted out.\\nMuch of the granite is used, for paving-stones in the\\ncity streets, where heavy wagons are constantly passing.\\nFor that purpose, large blocks are split into halves, these\\ninto smaller halves, and so on until the proper size\\nis reached. Other large blocks are loaded into boats at\\nthe wharf and carried to Boston, New York, or even as\\nfar as New Orleans, where they are used as curbstones,\\nblocks for buildings, and for other purposes. Several\\nof the government buildings at Washington are made of\\nNew England granite.\\nOne of the principal uses of granite is for monuments,\\ncolumns, and other ornamental work. The stone is well\\nsuited for this purpose because of its beautiful color, which\\nvaries in different quarries, being gray, almost white,\\nbluish, or distinctly red.\\nFor ornamental work it is often given a polish. After being\\nchipped as smoothly as possible with chisels, the stone is placed\\nin a frame and then further smoothed by grinding sand against\\nit by machinery. Finally, by grinding it with other hard sub-\\nstances of finer grain, it is made still smoother, like glass, and\\nthus given a bright polish.\\nStatues, bunches of grapes and other ornamental forms, are\\ncut out of this hard rock merely by chisel and hammer, the\\nworkmen chipping off bits here and there until the desired\\nform is chiselled out.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND\\n135\\nMarble. This stone is so much softer than granite\\nthat it may be sawed without being blasted. The most\\nnoted marble quarries in this country are near Rutland,\\nVermont, where much of the stone is white, though some\\nof it is streaked with blue. In other places, as in Ten-\\nnessee, the colors are different and often very beautiful.\\nMarble is too soft for paving stones, but is much used\\nfor buildings, statues, and monuments, the Rutland marble\\nFig. 107.\\nA view in one of the marble quarries near Rutland, Vermont. Notice the der-\\nricks, by the aid of which the heavy blocks are raised out of the deep pits.\\nSome of the large blocks are also seen.\\nbeing one of the most common headstones in the ceme-\\nteries of the East. Like granite, it may be given a high\\npolish. Some of the most highly prized marble is so\\nbanded and variegated that, when polished, it makes a\\nbeautiful ornamental stone for interiors of cathedrals and\\npublic buildings.", "height": "2709", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "136 THE UNITED STATES\\nWhite marble has been used for many centuries for making\\nfine statues in fact, long before the time of Christ, the Greeks\\nbuilt the marble Parthenon upon the Acropolis of Athens, and\\ncut marble statues, such as that of the Venus of Melos, which\\nhave become famous on account of their marvellous beauty.\\nSlate. Slate rock is quarried in several parts of New Eng-\\nland, as in eastern Maine and western Massachusetts and Ver-\\nmont. It is also obtained in Pennsylvania. The value of slate\\nis due largely to the fact that it splits, or cleaves, so easily that\\nit is readily broken into thin slabs with a smooth surface. In\\nthis way it is made into roofing slate and school slates from\\nit also are made slate pencils, slabs for wash basins, etc.\\nFishing\\nStill another raw product of New England is fish.\\nWhen the country was first settled, great numbers of vari-\\nous kinds, especially mackerel, halibut, and cod, were\\nfound close to the shore. Such names as Cape Cod, Hali-\\nbut Point, and Bass Rock, given to places on the coast,\\nindicate this. Find the first of these. Provincetown,\\non this cape, is still engaged in the fishing industry.\\nFish supplied the first settlers with one of their chief\\nfoods, and the fishing industry soon became of importance.\\nYou will remember (p. 98) that it was the fishing which\\nfirst attracted the French to the American coast and they\\nstill retain the right to fish along the Newfoundland shore.\\nNear the coast, fish are now much less abundant but\\nsince they are still found farther from the shore, hundreds\\nof vessels and thousands of men are engaged solely in\\ncatching them. Gloucester, which is a centre for that\\nindustry, is the greatest fishing port in the United States\\n(Fig. 108) but Boston and Portland also have an\\nimportant fish trade.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND\\n137\\nMackerel. Mackerel are obtained in spring and sum-\\nmer. They swim together, and in such numbers in\\nschools, as fishermen say that they make a great com-\\nmotion in the water. The fishermen, who are cruising\\nabout in search of the fish, sail in swift, two-masted ves-\\nsels, called schooners. When they sight a school, they\\nspring into their great seine boats, drop a large seine, or\\nnet, into the water, and endeavor to draw it around the\\nschool. Then the seine is drawn in, forming a pocket\\nand entrapping the fish. In this pocket enough fish are\\nFig. 108.\\nA view in Gloucester harbor, showing the fishing schooners, the wharves where\\nthe fish are landed, and the buildings in which they are stored.\\nsometimes obtained to fill hundreds of barrels. Some\\nare sold fresh, others are salted and sold as salt mackerel.\\nHalibut and Codfish. The method of fishing described\\nabove is similar to that which the Disciples of Christ used\\nin the Sea of Galilee. But fishing for halibut and cod is\\nvery different. This is carried on in winter as well as\\nsummer, and the vessels go from Gloucester even as far as\\nGreenland and Iceland, although most of them fish off\\nthe New England and Newfoundland coasts.\\nHalibut are very large, often weighing more than a", "height": "2705", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "138\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nman and they are caught upon lines, generally a single\\none at a time. Codfish may be captured in the same\\nmanner, though more commonly a trawl is used (Fig.\\n109). This consists of a number of hooks hanging from a\\nsingle long line, all lowered into the water together and\\nleft there for hours. The fish bite at the suspended hooks,\\nand in this way many are caught at one time.\\nThis kind of fishing is dangerous because the men must ven-\\nture out in small, flat-bottomed boats, called dories, to take the\\nfish off the trawls. While they are busy a storm may arise, or\\na heavy fog come up, and prevent their return to the vessel.\\nFig. 109.\\nCod fishing by means of a trawl. Tell what you see in this picture.\\nThey are then left in open boats far out upon the ocean. Every\\nyear dozens of Gloucester fishermen are lost in this manner.\\nAs in the case of mackerel, codfish are sold either fresh or\\nsalt. In order to salt, or cure them, they are split open and\\ncleaned, soaked in barrels of brine, and then dried upon the\\nwharf. Sometimes the bones are removed, the skin stripped\\noff, and the flesh torn into shreds and packed into boxes as\\nboneless cod. Either the salted or boneless cod may be seen in\\nalmost any grocery, and much of it comes from Gloucester.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND\\n139\\nOther Ocean Foods. Traps, or iveirs, are also set for fish.\\nThey are placed along the shore, and. many kinds of fish, such\\nas shad, salmon, and bass, swim into them and are then unable\\nto find their way out. Lobster fishing is also carried on, espe-\\ncially on the coast of Maine. A lobster trap, made of wood and\\nweighted with stone, is lowered to the bottom, where the lobster\\nlives, crawling around among the rocks and seaweed. A fish\\nhead for bait is inside the trap, and the lobster crawls in to get\\nit but he is so stupid that he is rarely able to find his way out.\\nFig. 110.\\nA fish weir at Bar Harbor, Maine. The large buildings are summer hotels.\\nClams, found along many parts of the New England coast,\\nlive buried in the mud flats which are exposed to view at low\\ntide. At such time boys and men dig these shell fish out, as a\\nfarmer digs potatoes from a hill.\\nAgriculture\\nSo much, of New England is hilly or mountainous, and\\nso strewn with boulders, that farming is not so extensive\\nan industry as in many other parts of the country. By\\nno means all the food that is needed can be raised in this\\nsection, much grain and meat having to be brought from\\nthe Mississippi Valley. And since the southern portion\\nof New England is thickly dotted with cities, where the\\npeople are engaged in other occupations, there is a ready\\nmarket for whatever food the farmers can supply.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "140\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nEach farm usually has a small orchard and produces\\nhay and grain which are fed to cattle and horses, or sold\\nnear by. All the farmers keep a few hens and sell the\\nchickens and eggs, and some make a business of raising\\nhens, turkeys, and ducks. One of the occupations of\\nthe farmers is truck farming, which means that various\\nkinds of vegetables, as tomatoes, sweet corn, potatoes,\\ncucumbers, cabbages, and celery, are carefully cultivated,\\nand these, together with milk and eggs, are sent to the\\nnearest town to be sold. The farmer often takes them\\nFig. 111.\\nA view on a Massachusetts farm, showing some fine hreeds of milk cows,\\nhimself and sells them from house to house, thus secur-\\ning higher prices than if he sold them to a storekeeper.\\nWhy?\\nStrangers travelling through New England, upon see-\\ning the hilly surface and rocky soil, are often puzzled to\\nunderstand how, from such small farms, the owners can\\nearn enough to build such large houses and barns, to fur-\\nnish their homes so well, and to have so many books and\\npictures. But the excellent markets in the cities near at\\nhand afford the explanation.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND\\n141\\nWhere the farms are so far away from the cities that it is\\nimpossible to drive to them, the profits are less but special\\narrangements are made for the marketing of milk. So much\\nof this is needed in the large cities that special cars, carrying\\nnothing but cans of milk, are run from far out in the country.\\nAlso a great deal of milk is made into butter and cheese, some-\\ntimes on the farm, but much more commonly at factories, or\\ncreameries, where the work is done by machinery.\\nHm\\n-r.\\nW ^BESSf^\\nI;,\\n,v\\n1\\nFig. 112.\\nA New England farmhouse and barn.\\nIn some parts of New England, where the soil is very poor\\nand no market is near, farming has been so unsuccessful that\\nmany farms have been abandoned, orchards are grown up with\\nweeds, and houses and barns are tumbling down. This is\\nespecially true in the more hilly parts of New England.\\nManufacturing\\nWhen the Puritans settled New England it was very\\nexpensive to bring from over the sea the articles that\\nthey needed. Nevertheless, at first they imported not\\nonly furniture and tools, but even wood for the interior\\nof houses and bricks for the walls, fireplaces, and chim-\\nneys. Even now, in some of the older New England", "height": "2705", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "142\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nbuildings, one sees doors and rafters that came from across\\nthe ocean man} 7 generations ago.\\nVery soon, however, the settlers began to make for\\nthemselves such articles as shoes, cloth, and lumber. Thus\\nmanufacturing began early in this region, and the indus-\\ntry was greatly aided by the water power, caused by the\\nglacier. It was also\\naided by the many\\nlakes. These serve as\\nreservoirs from which,\\neven during times of\\ndrought, a steady sup-\\nply of water is se-\\ncured for the falls and\\nrapids.\\nMany mills and fac-\\ntories sprang up near\\nthe coast, and later in\\nthe interior, and thus\\nNew England soon be-\\ncame the principal\\nmanufacturing section\\nof the whole country.\\nIts many large cities\\nowe their existence\\nchiefly to this indus-\\ntry. Hundreds of arti-\\nFig. 113.\\nA waterfall that supplies power to some\\nfactories iu one of the smaller manufac-\\nturing towns of New England.\\ncles are made, those composed of cotton, wool, leather, and\\nmetal being the most important.\\nIt may seem strange that this should be the case, since\\nnone of these raw materials are extensively produced in\\nNew England. But the abundant waterfalls furnished such", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND 143\\nexcellent power that it paid to bring the raw materials\\nthere to be manufactured. Therefore, chiefly on account\\nof its water power, manufacturing developed in New Eng-\\nland and the people learned the art so well that factories\\nwere later built, even where there was no water power.\\nThis is true in Boston, for instance, where steam power\\nis used. Nowadays the location of a mill near an impor-\\ntant railway, or near some other good shipping point, is a\\nmore important matter than its location near water power.\\nFig. 114.\\nA group of factories clustered on the bank of a stream which supplies water\\npower. (Bellows Falls, Vt.)\\nCotton Manufacturing. There are about four hundred\\ncotton mills in New England, making such articles as\\nsheets, towels, stockings, underwear, thread, string, hand-\\nkerchiefs, and gingham and calico dress goods. As many\\nas twelve hundred persons are frequently employed in a\\nsingle mill, perhaps three-quarters of whom are women,\\nand they may consume from sixty thousand to seventy\\nthousand pounds of cotton per day. Most of the cotton\\nis brought from Texas and other Southern States but\\nsome of it comes from Egypt and other foreign countries.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "1-14 THE US IT ED STATES\\nThe cotton arrives in bales, weighing about five hundred\\npounds each, and is made into cloth by machinery in the follow-\\ning manner First the dirt, small sticks, etc., are removed.\\nThen the cotton fibres of various lengths are combed out\\nstraight and well mixed with one another. After that they\\nare pressed into thin, gauzelike sheets. These are gradually\\ndrawn and twisted into threads, and then wound upon spindles\\nand taken to the looms for weaving.\\nCotton cloths are nothing more than such threads woven\\ntogether, those that extend lengthwise of the piece being called\\nthe warp, and those across it, the woof. An ordinary piece of\\ncalico has a warp of perhaps twelve hundred threads, while a\\nwide piece of cloth, such as a sheet for a bed, may contain as\\nmany as twenty-five hundred. Stripes are made by coloring\\nthe threads differently, and then, before the weaving begins,\\nby carefully arranging them according to some design.\\nWool Manufacturing. Wool is cut, or sheared, from\\nsheep, and much of that which is manufactured into cloth\\nin New England is obtained from Ohio and other states\\nfarther west. Large quantities are also imported from\\nAustralia.\\nAfter being sheared from the sheep, the wool is washed and\\nfreed from burs, sticks, etc. Then it is untangled and combed\\nout straight, after which it is twisted into yarn, much as cot-\\nton is twisted into thread. The yarn is woven into cloth for\\nmen s suits and overcoats, and also for cloaks, skirts, under-\\nwear, blankets, stockings, carpets, and dozens of other articles.\\nMost, if not all, of the garments which you are wearing are\\neither made of wool or cotton, or of the two mixed together.\\nThe cities extensively engaged in the manufacture of\\neither cotton or woollen cloth, or both, are, in Maine,\\nBiddefoed, Lewistox, Auburn, and Augusta, the\\ncapital in Xew Hampshire, Manchester, Nashua, and", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND 145\\nDover in Massachusetts, Lowell and Lawrence on\\nthe Merrimac River, Pittspield in western Massachu-\\nsetts, and Fall Riyer, New Bedford, and Taunton in\\nthe southern part in Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Woon-\\nsocket, and Providence (Fig. 117), which is the second\\ncity in size in New England, and has the largest cotton\\nfactory in the world.\\nLeather Manufacturing. Boot and shoe making is\\ncarried on in a number of cities, though the most impor-\\ntant are Lynn, Haverhill, and Brockton in Massachu-\\nsetts. Leather is made from the hides of animals, such\\nas cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and hogs. After the hair\\nis removed, the hides are taken to tanneries, where they\\nare soaked in a liquid to make them durable.\\nSome of the tanneries are situated near forests, as in Michi-\\ngan, where there are many hemlock trees, whose bark produces\\nthe tannic acid for tanning. Others are in the mountains of\\nNorth Carolina, where a kind of oak grows from which tannic\\nacid is made. Some of the tanneries of New England are also\\nnear the forest; but many, as those at Salem, near Lynn, are\\nso far away that the bark, as well as the hides, must be brought\\na long distance to them.\\nIn other tanneries, chemicals are used in place of the tannic\\nacid from hemlock or oak bark. In a single tannery near\\nBoston, where sheep skins are tanned, from thirty thousand to\\nforty thousand skins are used each week.\\nAfter being thus prepared, the leather is brought to the fac-\\ntories and cut up (Fig. 115), one machine cutting out soles of a\\ncertain size, a second tops, a third tongues, etc.; these parts\\nare then sewed or nailed together and the shoes are soon fin-\\nished. As in the case of cotton and wool manufacturing, nearly\\nall the work is done by machinery, each person caring for one\\nor more machines and performing the same simple task day\\nafter day.", "height": "2713", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "146\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nFig. 115.\\nSome small pictures of a shoe factory, showing the men and women at work\\nmaking shoes. Tell what you see in each.\\nBesides boots and shoes, leather is made into many\\nother articles, as book bindings, harnesses, pocket-books,\\nand bicycle saddles. Can you not name some others\\nMetal Manufacturing. On account of the water power,\\nNew England early became engaged in manufacturing", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND 147\\nmetals into various articles and, although steam now\\nlargely takes the place of water, these industries are still\\nvery extensive, especially in the three southern states.\\nSince almost no coal and iron are produced in this section,\\nthese two materials must be shipped from other states.\\nTherefore, large, heavy objects that require much metal\\nand coal are not usually made.\\nThe lighter articles, as jewelry, clocks, needles, cutlery,\\ntools, and firearms, that require a high degree of skill,\\nare the chief articles manufactured from metal in New\\nEngland. For instance, Worcester (Fig. 117), near\\nBoston, is noted for its manufacture of wire and iron\\ngoods, besides envelopes, boots, and shoes Providence\\nmanufactures great quantities of jewelry New Haven,\\nis noted for hardware and firearms Bridgeport manu-\\nfactures carriages, sewing machines, etc. Hartford,\\nat the head of steamboat navigation on the Connecticut\\nRiver, and Springfield, farther north in Massachusetts,\\nboth produce firearms, cars, and bicycles. Fitchburg is\\nalso engaged in metal manufacturing.\\nNear Boston, at Waltham, the American Watch Company\\nhas an immense factory where twenty-one hundred watches\\nare made every day (Fig. 116). About twenty-four hundred\\npersons, more than half of whom are women, are employed\\nthere, receiving $100,000 a month in wages. Great numbers of\\nclocks and watches are made in Waterbury, and jewelry and\\ncutlery at Meridejst, Connecticut; and in hundreds of smaller\\ncities, towns, and villages in New England there are factories\\nand mills of various sorts. Also some of the cities occupied\\nin cotton and woollen manufacturing, such as Fall River,\\nLowell, and New Bedford, are engaged in the manufacture\\nof iron and other metals. In travelling through the southern\\nportion of New England, one sees busy factories at every hand.", "height": "2715", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "148\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nFig. 116.\\nThe Walthani watch factory. The two middle pictures (C and D) show the\\ncrowds of workers leaving the factory at noon.\\nLargest Cities and Chief Shipping Routes\\nThe Large Cities. All this manufacturing calls for an\\nimmense amount of cotton, wool, leather, metals, coal,\\nand food and most of these products come from outside\\nNew England. It is not strange, therefore, that there are\\nmany cities on the coast. For instance, Portland (Fig.\\n117), the largest city in Maine, has an excellent harbor,\\nand is the eastern terminus of the Grand Trunk Railway,", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND 149\\nwhich runs through Canada, so that in winter, when the\\nSt. Lawrence River is frozen over, it is a shipping point\\nfor Canadian goods. New Haven, the largest city in Con-\\nnecticut, Providence (Fig. 117), the largest in Rhode\\nIsland, and Boston, the greatest in New England, are\\nall on the seacoast.\\nThe seacoast of New Hampshire is very small, and the largest\\ncity, Manchester, engaged in manufacturing, is inland near\\nsome falls in the Merrimac River but on the coast is the impor-\\ntant city of Portsmouth. Vermont has no seacoast. Its largest\\ncity, Burlington, engaged in lumbering and quarrying, is on\\nLake Champlain, and has much trade with Canada.\\nBoston and Vicinity. The most important of all the\\nNew England cities is Boston, which is fifth in size in the\\nUnited States. It is itself a great manufacturing centre,\\nbeing engaged in most of the industries already named,\\nand in making clothing particularly. About it, and but a\\nfew miles away, are many large cities and towns in which\\nalso are large manufactories (Fig. 117). In addition,\\nthese towns serve as places of residence for many of the\\nbusiness men of Boston.\\nAmong these the largest are Cambridge and Somerville,\\n(Fig. 117), which are extensively engaged in meat packing,\\nmachine manufacturing, printing, and the making of musical\\ninstruments, soap, and many other articles.\\nOther cities near Boston are represented on Figure 117.\\nAmong these are Chelsea and Malden, each of which is en-\\ngaged in manufacturing rubber goods and other articles. Not\\nfar from Boston is Salem, which in the early days was even\\nmore important than Boston. Since its harbor is too shallow\\nfor the deep ships of the present time, this city has lost much\\nof its commerce, which is now carried on in Boston. Notice in\\nFigure 86 that Salem was one of the large cities in 1790.", "height": "2709", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "Fig. 117.\\nBoston and vicinity. Also small maps of Providence, Portland, and Worcester.\\nNotice the steamship and railway lines converging at Boston. Also the number\\nof cities near Boston. The reservoirs near Worcester are used to store water for", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND 151\\nThe great size of Boston is due largely to its excellent\\nharbor (Fig. 117) and its central location. Many railway\\nlines reach out from the city toward all parts of the coun-\\ntry, while numerous steamship lines connect Boston with\\nall important points along the coast, and with foreign\\ncountries (Fig. 117).\\nThe port of Boston is second in importance in the United\\nStates. Raw materials are sent there in great quantities\\nfor distribution among factories, and the finished goods\\nare shipped all over the world. Also much grain and\\nmeat for food reach Boston from the West, and from there\\nare distributed among the smaller cities, or shipped to\\nforeign countries. These, in return, send such articles\\nas coffee, tea, and bananas, which are needed in New\\nEngland.\\nBoston and vicinity have been important from the beginning\\nof our history. There, at the commencement of the Revolution-\\nary War, occurred the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere s Bide,\\nand the Battle of Bunker Hill. The vicinity of Boston is also\\nnoted for its literary associations. Harvard College, the oldest\\nin the United States, was founded in 1636 at Cambridge,\\nthree miles from Boston. Yale College, at New Haven was\\nestablished sixty-five years later, in 1701. Longfellow, Lowell,\\nHolmes, and Agassiz were professors at Harvard; and Haw-\\nthorne, Emerson, Thoreau, and Whittier lived near by. What\\nwritings of these men have you read\\nSummer Resorts\\nNew England is so extensively engaged in manufacturing\\nand other forms of business, that immense numbers of people\\ndwell in cities, where, during most of the year, they are closely\\nconfined in noisy factories, or in offices and stores. To these, the\\nwooded mountains, the silvery lakes (Fig. 100) and rivers, the", "height": "2715", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "152\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nFig. 118.\\nKatahdin Lake, Maine. Mt. Katahdin rises in the background.\\ngreen valleys, and the rocky seacoast offer such attractions that\\neach summer tens of thousands run away from town for a week,\\nor even for months, to enjoy their vacations at these places.\\nThey go to the green slopes of the beautiful Berkshire Hills\\nand Green Mountains, or climb about among the rugged peaks\\nof the White\\nMountains to en-\\njoy the magni-\\nficent scenery\\n(Fig. 103). Many\\nplunge into the\\nwoods of Maine\\nor northern New\\nHampshire, to\\nhunt and fish, or\\nto canoe upon\\nthe streams and\\nlakes, especially\\nthe beautiful\\nFig. 119. Moosehead and\\nA moose in the woods of Maine. xvangely lakes.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND\\n153\\nFig. 120.\\nSome views among the New England summer resorts. The railway (D) is on\\nthe side of Mt. Washington, and the mountain peak (C) is the top of Mt.\\nMonadnock. B shows a view from the White Mountains, looking down ou\\nthe sea of clouds that fill the valleys. What do you see in the other pictures\\nOthers settle down at farmhouses to enjoy the quiet of the\\ncountry (Figs. 102, 111, and 112).\\nWhile great numbers visit the woods, mountains, and country,\\nmany go to the seashore to escape the heat and to bathe in the\\nsalt water, or to sail and row. So many go there, in fact, that\\nalmost the entire New England coast is dotted with summer", "height": "2714", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "154 THE UNITED STATES\\ncottages and hotels. Thousands visit Bar Harbor on ZSlt.\\nDesert Island in Maine (Fig. 110), which is therefore a veiw\\nbusy place in summer. Xantucket Island and Martha s Tine-\\nyard are similar resorts farther south, while Xewport, just\\nwest of them, on Xarragansett Bay, is noted for its many mag-\\nnificent summer homes. The smaller seacoast towns and cities\\nalso have many summer visitors, and the business of caring for\\nthem is the chief occupation of many of the people.\\nQUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\\n1\\nReview Questions. (1) What effects have the glacier and the\\nsinking of the coast had upon Xew England (2) Describe the sur-\\nface of the country and name the principal mountain ranges. (3) How\\ndo ocean currents influence its climate? (4) Describe lumbering in\\nMaine. (5) To what use is lumber put (6) What cities are noted\\nfor it? (7) How are maple sugar and syrup made in Vermont?\\n(8) State how granite is quarried and what its uses are. (9) State the\\nsame about marble and slate. (10) Describe each of the kinds of fishing\\non the Xew England coast. (11) Tell about the farming. (12) What\\nled to the early development of manufacturing in Xew England?\\n(13) What now determines the site of a factory? (14) Describe cot-\\nton manufacturing. (15) Wool manufacturing. (16) On the map,\\nlocate the cities most extensively engaged in either or both of these.\\n(17) Tell about the tanning of leather. (18) About the manufacture\\nof boots and shoes. (19) Locate the cities most noted for these in-\\ndustries. (20) What can you say about the manufacture of metals?\\n(21) Xame and locate the chief cities engaged in it. (22) Give\\nseveral facts about Boston. (23) What large cities are near it?\\n(24) Where and how do the people take their summer outing?\\n(25) Make a drawing of the Xew England States, including the chief\\nrivers, cities, and the state boundaries.\\nReview by States: Maine (J/e.). (1) Draw the coast line of\\nMaine. (2) What makes it so irregular? (3) What are the princi-\\npal rivers (4) What cities are situated on each (5) Much ice is\\nobtained in Maine. Why more than in Connecticut (6) Should you\\nexpect much fishing along the coast Why (7) What reasons can\\nyou give why so many people resort to the Maine coast and woods in\\nsummer? (8) Describe the lumbering in Maine. (9) What cities\\nare engaged in producing lumber? Why? (10) What stones are", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "NEW ENGLAND 155\\nquarried in the state? (11) Which is the largest city? How does\\nit compare in size with Boston and Providence? (See table, p. 448.)\\n(12) What other cities in Maine are mentioned in the text? Find\\nthem on the map. (13) Draw an outline map of Maine, locating\\nthe principal rivers and lakes, the capital, and the chief cities. Do\\nthe same for each of the other states as you study about it.\\nNew Hampshire (N.H.) (14) What large lakes are found in this\\nstate? What river? (15) Name the cities on it. (16) For what are\\nthey important? (17) Why are there not more cities in northern New\\nHampshire (18) What industry should you expect there (19) Find\\nMt. Washington it is the highest peak in New England. (20) Where\\nshould you expect to find most farming (21) How does the largest\\ncity in the state compare in size with Portland? (See table, p. 448.)\\nVermont (Vt.). (22) What large lake on the western boundary?\\nInto what waters does it flow? (23) What river on the eastern\\nboundary? Through what states does it pass? (24) What is the\\nname of the mountains (25) Lumbering is carried on, as in Maine\\ninto what waters must the lumber be floated? (26) What other Ver-\\nmont industries are mentioned in the text? (27) There is also farm-\\ning in the fertile valleys and some manufacturing, as at Brattleboro.\\nFind it. (28) Compare the size of the largest city with that of Man-\\nchester, N.H. (see table, p. 448).\\nMassachusetts (Mass). (29) Measure the length and width of\\nMassachusetts and compare it with Vermont, New Hampshire, and\\nMaine. (30) Name the large cities near Boston (see Fig. 117).\\n(31) Find Plymouth for what is it noted? (32) Find the principal\\ncities mentioned in the text and tell where each is located. (33) For\\nwhat is each important (34) What advantages do you see in the loca-\\ntion of each? (35) Examine the relief map (Fig. 101, p. 125) to see\\nwhether Massachusetts is more or less mountainous than Maine, New\\nHampshire, and Vermont. (36) Where is the mountainous portion\\nof the state? (37) What effect should you expect the mountains to\\nhave upon agriculture (38) Should you expect to find forests there\\n(39) Remembering what was said about the value of a near market\\n(p. 140), in what part of the state should you expect farming to be\\nmost profitable (40) State as clearly as you can the reasons why\\nBoston has grown as it has. (41) Of what importance is Boston to\\nthe cities near by? (42) Of what importance are they to Boston?\\nRhode Island (R.I.). (43) Measure this and compare its length and\\nwidth with that of Massachusetts and Maine. It is the smallest state\\nin the Union. (44) What is the name of the bay in this state", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "156 THE UNITED STATES\\nWhat cities are situated on it? (45) One way to go from Boston to\\nNew York is by rail to Fall River then by Sound steamer (Fig. 117).\\nWhy is this preferable to a trip all the way by water (46) What\\nlarge city in Rhode Island (47) Compare its size with Boston and\\nPortland (see table, p. 448). (48) Should you expect much lumber-\\ning in Rhode Island? Why? (49) Farming? Why?\\nConnecticut (Conn., or Ct.). (50) Where are the mountains in\\nthis state (51) Locate each of the cities mentioned in the text.\\n(52) Tell for what each is important. (53) The farms of Connecticut\\nare better than those of Maine. Give reasons for this. (54) There\\nis almost no lumbering in the state. Why? (55) Compare the size\\nof New Haven with that of Boston and Portland (see table, p. 448).\\nGeneral. (56) Name the industries of New England. Tell in\\nwhich states they are carried on. Which industry do you consider to\\nbe the most important (57) Make a list of the ten largest cities\\n(see table, p. 448) in New England, the states they are in, and the\\nbusiness they are engaged in.\\nSuggestions. (1) Read Whit-tier s Snowbound. (2) Read about\\nlumbering in Chase and Clow s Stories of Industry, Vol. I. (3) Dis-\\nsolve some maple sugar in water to make syrup then boil it to evapo-\\nrate the water, making sugar again. (4) Visit a stone-yard, or a\\nplace where monuments are made, and collect some specimens from\\nthe chips in the yard. (5) Find blocks of granite and marble in\\nbuildings. (6) Find out how fishing was carried on in the olden\\ntimes by reading Chapter xxi. in the book of John, New Testament.\\n(7) Make drawings of mackerel, cod, and halibut. You will find\\npictures of them in the dictionary. (8) Make a collection of cotton,\\nw 7 ool, leather, and metals for the school. Also make a collection of\\narticles manufactured from them. (9) If cotton is worth 1\\\\ cents\\nper pound, how much would the 70,000 pounds, that one mill uses in\\na day, be worth (10) The cotton mill referred to on page 143 con-\\nsumes 25 tons of coal per day, besides depending partly upon water\\npower if the coal costs 3.00 per ton, what is the coal bill for a year?\\n(11) What are the average wages per hour of the hands in the Waltham\\nWatch Factory; the working day there is ten hours long. How many\\nwatches are made per minute Per year (See the figures on p. 147.)\\n(12) Visit some factory to see how its work is carried on. (13) Find\\nout about the ice industry in Maine.\\nFor References to Books and Articles, see page 439.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2701", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2677", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "IX. MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\nMap Questions. (1) Which states have mountains (2) Which\\nhave none (3) What influence do you think the mountains have\\nupon the industries? (4) What waters help to form the boundary of\\nthis group of states? (5) Find where natural boundaries separate\\nthe states. (6) What would have formed a more natural boundary\\nfor the northernmost part of New York? (7) For the boundary\\nbetween Massachusetts and New York? (8) Measure the length\\nand width of this group of states and compare them with the New\\nEngland States. Notice that the scale of the two maps is different.\\n(9) Which is the largest state Is it larger or smaller than Maine\\n(See table, p. 445.) Which is the smallest state? Is it larger or\\nsmaller than Rhode Island (10) Name the three bays. Why has a\\ncity at the head of one of these bays a better location than one at the\\nentrance? (11) Name the capital of each state. (12) Why has,\\nHarrisburg a better location for the capital of Pennsylvania than\\nPhiladelphia? (13) The capital of the United States is in the east-\\nern part of the country. Why Where would a better location be\\n(14) Each of the bays has a river entering it. How does that hap-\\npen (See pp. 19 and 20.) (15) Name the five largest rivers. Into\\nwhat waters do they flow Through what states\\nPhysiography. The Appalachian mountain ranges\\nand plateaus, with their stores of coal and iron, extend\\nacross these states from northeast to southwest. Just\\neast of the mountains is a low, hilly plateau of hard rock,\\ncalled the Piedmont 1 plateau. This low, hilly region is\\nreally a worn-down mountain land like New England in\\nfact, it represents the very roots of those mountains which\\nrose above the sea long before the Coal Period (p. 2).\\nThe land slopes seaward, and the streams flow in short\\ncourses in the same direction.\\n1 Piedmont means foot of mountain.\\n157", "height": "2709", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "158\\nTHE EXITED STATES\\nFig. 122.\\nWhere are the lakes found Why in that part\\nNearer the seacoast the country is a low plain of softer\\nrocks, chiefly sands and clays, that were deposited on the\\nsea bottom and then raised to form dry land. These\\nplains, added to the country not many ages ago, are\\nknown as the coastal plains (Fig. 96).\\nFrom Xew York to Alabama the line of division between\\nthe Piedmont plateau and the coastal plains is marked by\\nrapids and low falls near where streams cross it, and it is,\\ntherefore, called the fall line (Fig. 123). There are rapids and", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n159\\nfalls at this place because the\\nstreams dig more rapidly into the\\nsoft layers of the coastal plains\\nthan into the harder rocks of the\\nPiedmont plateau.\\nSince the rapids and falls de-\\ntermine the place where boats\\npassing up stream must stop, and\\nalso where there is water power,\\nthe earlier settlers located their\\nvillages on the fall line, as the Ind-\\nians had done before them. Note\\n(Fig. 123) how many large cities\\nare on this line. Name them.\\nFig. 123.\\nThe fall line. Coastal plains\\ndotted, Piedmont and other\\nsections left white. Cities\\nprinted in heavy type are\\nlocated along the fall line.\\nAlthough at first the Appa-\\nlachians acted as a serious bar-\\nrier to westward migration (p.\\n102), at the beginning of this century many emigrants\\npushed their way across the mountains. This migration\\nwas greatly aided by the fact that numerous, rivers, such\\nas the Mohawk, Delaware (Fig. 124), Susquehanna, Poto-\\nmac, and James, flow across a\\npart or the whole of the moun-\\ntain system. They offered a\\ncomparatively easy route across\\nthe mountains and therefore\\nformed gateways to the fertile\\nwestern plains beyond. Trace\\neach of these rivers from its\\nsource to its mouth.\\nOn the west side of the Appa-\\nlachians there is a plateau, slop-\\ning gently toward the Ohio and\\nFig. 124.\\nThe Delaware Water Gap,\\nwhere the Delaware crosses\\na mountain ridge.", "height": "2709", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "160\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nMississippi rivers, called the Allegheny plateau. Near the\\nmountains, in West Virginia and Pennsylvania, the pla-\\nteau is so deeply cut by rivers, and therefore so rocky,\\nthat it would probably have attracted but few settlers had\\nit not been for the rich coal beds enclosed in its strata.\\nThe mining of this\\ncoal has been greatly\\naided by the work\\nof the rivers, which\\nhave in many cases\\ncut down to the coal\\nbeds and brought the\\ncoal to light (Fig. 8).\\nOwing to the fact\\nthat the glacier did\\nnot spread over the\\nsouthern part of this\\ngroup of states (Fig.\\n13), few lakes and\\nwaterfalls are found\\nthere. But they\\nabound in New York\\nand northern New\\nJersey and Pennsyl-\\nvania, which the\\nglacier covered. In-\\ndeed, on the boun-\\ndary of New York is the greatest waterfall in the world\\nthe famous Niagara (Fig. 125). Two of the Great Lakes\\nare also partly in New York, and a number of other large\\nlakes are within its boundaries. Name some of them.\\nSee map, Figure 121, opposite page 157.\\nFig. 125.\\nA view of Niagara Falls.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n161\\nIn the Middle States, as in New England, the sinking\\nof the land has produced numerous large bays and fine\\nharbors, through which the tide often reaches far inland.\\nIn the Hudson River, for example, the tide extends above\\nAlbany, and in the several branches of the Chesapeake\\nBay it reaches nearly to the fall line.\\nMost of the coast is low and sandy, with a gradual descent into\\nthe sea, so that bathing is excellent (Fig. 126). Because of this\\nfact and the cool sea breezes of summer, the coast is noted for\\nits numerous summer resorts, especially near the large cities.\\nFig. 126.\\nA New Jersey beach in summer.\\nClimate. The northern part of New York reaches to\\nthe 45th parallel of latitude. How far is that from the\\nequator From the north pole How much nearer the\\nequator is the southern part of Virginia\\nWhile the climate of the northern portion of this group\\nof states resembles that of New England, the climate of\\nthe southern portion is much warmer. Its greater warmth\\nis due partly to the lower latitude, and partly to the ocean\\ncurrents. The cold Labrador current does not extend\\nsouth of Cape Cod but the Gulf Stream passes very near\\nthe Virginia coast (Fig. 59).", "height": "2709", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "162\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nThe climate is so mild in Virginia that sleighing and skating\\nare rarely possible, while places near the entrance of Chesapeake\\nBay as Old Point Comfort and Newport News are im-\\nportant winter resorts. Among the mountains, however, the\\nclimate is cooler and even as far south as Virginia and North\\nCarolina there are cool summer resorts on the mountain sides.\\nThe variable winds, caused by the cyclonic storms, sup-\\nply all of these states with thirty or forty inches of rain\\nper year (Fig. 46), which is sufficient for crops and for\\ndense forests. Because of its climate and products, the\\nFig. 127.\\nA view in the forest-covered Adirondack^ of New York,\\nby S. R. Stoddard, Glens Falls.)\\n(Copyrighted 1889,\\nregion is well fitted to support a dense population and\\nnext we shall see where the largest numbers of people are\\ncollected, and in what occupations they are engaged.\\nForests. Many of the prominent industries in these states\\nare the same as those of New England. For example, there\\nare extensive forests both in the Adirondack and Appalachian\\nmountains, and upon the Allegheny plateau near their western\\nbase. In the southern part, as in West Virginia, many hard-\\nwood trees are found but in the northern portion both the\\ntrees and the methods of lumbering resemble those in Maine.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 163\\nWilliamsport, in Pennsylvania, is extensively engaged in the\\nlumber business, as Bangor is in Maine. There are also many\\npaper-mills supplied from the forests, as in AVatertown near\\nthe Adirondacks.\\nOver most parts of this section the woods have been so wan-\\ntonly destroyed that it is now necessary to protect those that\\nare left. New York State has established large forest reserva-\\ntions, and founded a College of Forestry at Cornell University,\\nin Ithaca. Besides this, some large tracts of woodland, called\\ngame preserves, are carefully protected by certain citizens for\\nthe purpose of fishing and hunting at the proper season.\\nFish and Oysters. Fishing is a much less important in-\\ndustry than in New England. In the bays many shad are\\ncaught. This fish swims up the bays and rivers each spring\\nin order to lay its eggs in fresh water, where the young\\nremain until they are large enough to venture to the sea.\\nOysters are found from Cape Cod to the Rio Grande\\n(Fig. 348, p. 417) but one of the best localities for them\\nis Chesapeake Bay, where the waters are warm and quiet.\\nFrom this region they are collected in great quantities.\\nSome are shipped away fresh in the shell, but many are\\ncanned, like fruit. Baltimore and Norfolk are espe-\\ncially noted for this industry.\\nWhen young, the oysters swim about freely but after reach-\\ning a certain age, they sink to the bottom, fasten themselves to\\nsome solid substance, like a stone or an oyster shell, and never\\nmove from that spot. They depend for food upon what is\\nbrought to their mouths by the incoming and outflowing tides.\\nOysters prefer comparatively shallow water and can sometimes\\nbe picked up by hand from a boat but usually they must be\\ndragged or dredged up by a long-handled rake. Small steamers\\nand sailing boats are used for gathering them. So profitable is\\nthe industry that in many places there are private oyster beds,\\nor plantations, which are carefully protected.", "height": "2701", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "164\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nAgriculture\\nThere is more good farm land in these states than in\\nNew England, and therefore agriculture is a more impor-\\ntant industry. The low, level, coastal plains, the gently\\nundulating Piedmont plateau, and nearly all of New York\\nState, excepting the Catskill and Adirondack mountains,\\nare dotted with farms. Also in the valleys of the Alle-\\ngheny plateau, and in the broad valleys between the\\nAppalachian ridges, there is much farming land. In fact,\\nthere were farms in the latter valleys even before there\\nwere settlers in the prairie states farther west. The numer-\\nous large cities call for quantities of vegetables and small\\nfruit, and consequently there is much truck farming.\\nDairying. Many farmers turn their attention chiefly\\nto dairying and, although butter and cheese are made in\\nevery state in\\nthe Union,\\nthis work is\\nso important\\nin New York\\nthat it is de-\\nscribed at\\nthis point.\\nThe number\\nof cows in a\\nd airy herd\\n(Fig. 128) va-\\nries from a\\ndozen to several score. In summer they are usually allowed\\nto graze in pastures, but during the winter they are fed in\\nlarge barns. Twice each day they are milked, and the milk\\nmay be sent to a neighboring city to be sold by the quart, as\\nFig. 128.\\nA dairy herd in New York, on the way to the barn in the\\nevening.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n165\\nin New England (p. 141), or it may be kept for butter. In the\\nlatter case it is placed in a rapidly revolving machine, called\\na separator, which separates the cream from the milk. The\\ncream is then churned until butter is made. The skimmed\\nmilk, left after the cream is separated, and the buttermilk, r\\nleft after the butter is made, are generally of little use.\\nThe best cheese is made\\nfrom fresh milk but the\\nprocess is too difficult to\\nbe described, here. Utica,\\non the Mohawk River, is\\nan important cheese mar-\\nket and. scattered, all over\\nNew York are small cheese\\nand butter factories, or\\ncreameries. These are of\\ngreat value to the sur-\\nrounding farmers, since\\nthey furnish a ready mar-\\nket for the milk, some of\\nwhich is brought to the\\ncreameries on trains.\\nFig. 129.\\nThe tobacco plant.\\nTobacco. Among the plants which the early explorers\\nfound in America was the tobacco. Much to the aston-\\nishment of the Europeans, the savages smoked the dried\\ntobacco leaves in pipes. However, the newcomers quickly\\nlearned to smoke also, and tobacco soon became one of\\nthe leading products shipped to Europe. Now its use\\nextends throughout the world. So much tobacco is now\\nconsumed that, although produced in many countries,\\ntens of thousands of men in the United States alone are\\nemployed in raising and preparing it for the market.", "height": "2701", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "166 THE UNITED STATES\\nThe climate of most parts of New England and New\\nYork is too severe for this plant but large quantities\\nare raised in the Connecticut Valley lowland, and in the\\nvalleys of southern New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio\\n(Fig. 333, p. 410). However, the state most noted for\\nits production is Virginia. In the vicinity of Lynch-\\nburg and Danville, where much tobacco manufacturing\\nis carried on, immense quantities are raised and Rich-\\nmond, not far away, is one of the greatest tobacco markets\\nin the world. Find these cities.\\nThe plant, which grows to a height of about three and a\\nhalf feet, has thick, hairy leaves which are large and broad\\n(Fig. 129), somewhat like those of the pie-plant or rhubarb.\\nThe leaves, which are the valuable part of the plant, are\\nplucked in the fall, hung in a room to dry, and then made into\\nsome form for use. Cigars are manufactured by carefully\\nwrapping the leaves together by hand, while in plug tobacco\\nthey are mixed with licorice, molasses, and some other sub-\\nstances, and pressed closely together in machines. When the\\nleaves are cut into fine bits, the product is used for snuff,\\ncigarettes, and pipe tobacco.\\nTobacco contains a poison called nicotine, which, in small\\nquantities, is used as medicine, but in large quantities is\\nextremely injurious. Even the amount that enters the system\\nfrom smoking is sufficiently poisonous to injure most people.\\nIt seriously affects the nerves, and excessive smokers have\\nsuffered intensely from it. Persons who have not reached\\nmaturity are especially injured by it.\\nFruits and Vegetables. Both the fertile soil and the\\nclimate of these states are well suited to fruit raising.\\nNearly every farmer raises some fruit. But the sections\\nnear water have the best climate for it, because the water\\ncauses the air to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter.", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 167\\nFor example, the Chautauqua grape belt, in western New\\nYork, is along the southern shores of Lake Erie. There one\\nmay drive for scores of miles in the midst of vineyards (Fig.\\n130), where the air in springtime is laden with the fragrance\\nof the grape blossoms, and in the fall with the tempting odor\\nof the ripe fruit (Fig. 131).\\nApples form another important fruit crop in New York,\\nbeing grown in many parts of the state, but especially\\nalong the southern shores of Lake Ontario. So much\\nFig. 130.\\nA vineyard in New York.\\nfruit is cultivated in New York that the nursery business,\\nor that of raising young fruit trees and bushes to sell, is\\ngreatly developed. One of the principal centres for this\\nbusiness is Rochester.\\nOn the coastal plain and Piedmont plateau of eastern\\nNew Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, grapes,\\nberries, especially strawberries, apples, and other fruits\\nflourish. Aside from fruit, such common vegetables as\\npotatoes, tomatoes, beans, and sweet corn, are raised in all\\nparts of these states,", "height": "2717", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "168\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nis\\nFig. 131.\\nClusters of grapes in a vineyard in central\\nNew York.\\nAll of these fruits and vegetables are eaten fresh during the\\nproper season, being used in such quantities that they are sent\\nto the cities on fast trains, and even in special cars. They are\\nprepared for the table in other ways also for instance, the\\njuice of grapes is made in-\\nto wine, and that of apples\\ninto vinegar. Two sec-\\ntions of the United States\\nproduce quantities of\\nwine, one being New York,\\nthe other California. But\\nmuch less is made in this\\ncountry than in France,\\nGermany, and other parts\\nof Europe.\\nWine is made by press-\\ning the juice out of the\\ngrape and allowing it to\\nferment. Cider is made by squeezing the juice out of apples in\\nstrong presses. When fresh, this juice is cider but after it\\nhas stood for some time, it turns to vinegar.\\nThe canning of fruits and vegetables for winter use has be-\\ncome an important industry in several cities, as in Baltimoee\\nand Wilmington. Many farmers are engaged almost entirely\\nin raising fruits and vegetables for this purpose. Probably as\\nmany peaches, berries, tomatoes, etc., are put up in cans as are\\neaten in the fresh state. The tin cans in which they are pre-\\nserved are to be seen in every grocery store.\\nMany other crops, such as hay and grain, are raised in\\nthe Middle Atlantic States but a description of these\\nwill be given in connection with the states further west,\\nwhere such crops are produced on a much larger scale\\n(pp. 243-247).\\nThis farming not only supplies food to the residents of\\nthe cities, but it also furnishes many of them with occupa-", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 169\\ntion. The marketmen and grocerymen, for instance, re-\\nceive a profit when they sell vegetables, whether fresh or\\ncanned. The workmen in the flour-mills and canneries\\nare also supplied with work by the farmers. Many other\\nfactories are established because of farming for example,\\nthe agricultural implement factory at Auburn, New York\\n(p. 179). Even much of the lumbering and mining is done\\nbecause the farmers need furniture, ploughs, etc. Besides\\nthis, supplying goods needed by the farmers forms an\\nimportant part of the business in many cities, like Lan-\\ncaster, Pennsylvania, which is in the midst of a rich\\nfarming country.\\nMining\\nThe products from underground are far more important\\nin these states than in New England.\\nSalt. One of these is salt, a mineral which every person\\nmust have. In the early days salt springs were discovered at\\nthe point where Syracuse stands, and that city owed its early\\ngrowth to those springs. Little salt is now produced there;\\nbut immense quantities of soda are made of brine obtained\\nfrom the beds of salt near by.\\nThese beds of salt were deposited in the ancient sea which\\ncovered this region before the Coal Period, and were then\\nburied beneath layers of rock. They lie deep down in the\\nearth in the region south of Syracuse and Rochester, and from\\nthem salt is obtained at a number of places. In fact, New\\nYork produces more salt than any other state.\\nWhen in the earth, salt is hard, somewhat like coal, and\\nmust be obtained in one of two ways. In one case a hole is\\nbored to it and water allowed to run down and dissolve it\\nthen the brine is pumped up and the water is evaporated by\\nheat until only the salt is left. In the other case, a deep hole,\\nor shaft, large enough for men to pass up and down, is dug down", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "170\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nto the salt then lumps of salt are broken off and hoisted to\\nthe surface. A salt mine is a beautiful sight with its clear,\\ncrystal-white walls and clean floor.\\nCoal. Although there is little water power south of\\nthe region formerly covered by the glacier, there is coal\\nan excellent substitute.\\nThe coal swamps that\\nexisted millions of years\\nago (p. 3), stretched\\nwestward from the\\nancient Appalachian\\nMountains beyond the\\nMississippi River. In\\nsome places the coal has\\nbeen entirely washed\\naway. In others, it is\\nsometimes found close\\nto the surface and some-\\ntimes several hundred\\nfeet beneath it. Most of\\nthis is soft or bituminous\\ncoal, which is mined in\\nenormous quantities in\\nthe neighborhood of\\nPittsburg and Alle-\\ngheny.\\nWhen the plains and plateaus that contain the coal beds\\nwere raised above the sea, they were nearly everywhere\\nlifted without much folding. This was the case in west-\\nern Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois but in\\ncentral Pennsylvania, mountains were formed, and there\\nthe rocks, including the coal beds, were folded. During the\\nFig. 132.\\nA view in a coal mine in Pennsylvania.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 171\\nlong ages that these mountains have been exposed to the\\nweather, the mountain tops have been greatly lowered.\\nAlso rivers have carved out deep valleys, and thus most\\nof the coal in that section has been washed away and car-\\nried to the sea. In two or three places, however, as near\\nWilkes Barre and Scranton, beds of hard, or anthra-\\ncite, coal remain. It is to this coal that these cities owe\\ntheir importance. In that mountain region the coal beds\\nwere so deeply folded that neither the weather nor the\\nrivers have been able to remove them and they remain,\\ntherefore, as remnants of much larger beds, preserved be-\\ncause of their protected position.\\nAnthracite coal was first made in the same way as soft coal.\\nHad it not been subjected to the pressure caused by the moun-\\ntain folding, it would doubtless have formed a bituminous coal\\nbut the pressure has changed it by driving off the gases that form\\na part of all woody matter. These changes have made the coal\\nharder and more difficult to burn. However, siuce it gives\\nforth a more intense heat than bituminous coal, it is preferred\\nfor some purposes, such as heating and cooking. Throughout\\nNew England and many parts of the Middle Atlantic States,\\nanthracite is the only coal used for these purposes.\\nMost of the anthracite beds lie far below the surface, and\\ndeep shafts have to be sunk to reach them. From the sides of\\nsuch a shaft, tunnels are dug into the beds, and from these the\\ncoal is removed. Usually there are several beds of coal, with\\nthick layers of rock between them, and the shaft extends down-\\nward through them all, with tunnels reaching out from it at\\neach level of the mineral (Fig. 133). In a large mine one may\\ntravel for days through miles and miles of dark tunnels.\\nThe workmen break the coal with the aid of steam drills\\nand picks, and they furnish their own light by means of\\nlamps fastened to their caps. After the coal is broken loose, it\\nis placed in small cars, drawn to the shaft by mules, or by", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "172\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nelectricity, and then hoisted to the surface by steam. The\\nmules are kept underground for months, being fed and allowed\\nto sleep in stables cut out of solid coal.\\nIn the early days the coal mining was carried on by Ameri-\\ncans, and many are still employed at it. Now, however, for-\\neigners often do the more disagreeable parts of the work, and\\nin a coal mine one may hear many different languages spoken.\\nThese workmen receive small pay and live in comparative pov-\\nFig. 133.\\nDiagram to illustrate how coal is dug out of the heds in tunnels, and raised to\\nthe surface through shafts.\\nerty, usually dwelling near the mines in dingy houses which\\nthey rent from the coal companies. There are few comforts in\\ntheir homes, and still fewer luxuries. Sometimes, when there\\nis little demand for coal, the miners have no employment for\\nweeks and, becoming dissatisfied with their lot, they now and\\nthen refuse to work, or strike. At times, too, some of them re-\\nsort to violence, in this action losing much of the sympathy\\nfrom the rest of the world which their unhappy lot might\\notherwise win.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 173\\nOil and Gas. In the plateau along the northwestern\\nborder of the Appalachian Mountains, two fuels, oil and\\ngas, are found. Petroleum, as the oil is generally called,\\nmeans rock oil, a name which suggests its origin.\\nAges ago, when these layers of rock were being deposited\\non the ocean floor, countless numbers of animals and plants,\\ndying and dropping to the bottom, were imprisoned and deeply\\nburied. These plant and animal fossils then slowly decayed,\\nforming oil and gas. Later, the oil and gas were stored in the\\nearth in the pores between the grains of sandstone and other\\nrocks. Very nearly the same kind of oil is now made from\\nfish, and nearly the same kind of gas rises from plants that\\nare decaying in swampy places.\\nAs soon as an opening is made through the rock by\\nboring into it, the gas, which is associated with petroleum,\\nrushes forth, and is conducted away in pipes, often to\\ndistant places. Thousands of homes in Buffalo, Pitts-\\nburg, and other places are heated with natural gas and\\nin many factories, too, the gas is used for fuel.\\nPetroleum also flows out from the borings or oil wells\\nbut frequently it must be pumped out. Near the oil wells\\ncities have grown up, such as Bradford and Oil City\\nin Pennsylvania, and Olean in New York. After being\\ntaken from the earth, the petroleum is stored in large\\ntanks and then refined (Fig. 134). In its natural state it\\nis a thick, dark yellow or reddish yellow fluid but in the\\nrefinery it is changed so that the greater part of it becomes\\nclear, colorless, kerosene oil. Benzine, naphtha, and gaso-\\nline are also made from it. The thick substances left\\nafter the refining are used in making dyes of various\\nkinds, machine oil, vaseline, and paraffin. One important\\nuse for the latter is in the manufacture of chewing gum.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "174\\nTHE EXITED STATES\\nXo region in the world furnishes so much oil as western\\nPennsylvania. West Virginia, and eastern Ohio. The only sec-\\ntion of the world that approaches it is in Eussia near the\\nCaspian Sea. The\\noil business,\\nwhich is one of the\\ngreat industries\\nof the country, is\\nin the hands of a\\ntrust, called the\\nStandard Oil\\nCompany, which\\nhas absorbed all\\nthe small dealers.\\nFrom the wells\\nthe oil is led to the refineries in pipes many miles long, and the\\ncompany owns immense numbers of special tank cars for carry-\\ning the kerosene over the country, and steamers for shipping it\\nto foreign lands. Watch for one of the tank cars and describe it.\\nFig. 134.\\nOil tanks in an oil refinery.\\nIron Ore. Pennsylvania and West Virginia enjoy a\\ngreat advantage in having within their own borders an\\nabundance, not only of coal, but also of oil and gas for\\nfuel. Furthermore, the ore from which iron is obtained\\nis also found in Pennsylvania. Thus both the raw mate-\\nrial and the fuel necessary for manufacturing it into\\nuseful articles are found almost side by side. Of course\\nthe cities of the neighboring states, such as Xew York\\nand Xew Jersey, are also able to obtain these materials.\\nThis is very important, since iron is the most valuable metal\\nfor manufacturing that exists. Like coal, this iron ore was\\nprepared long ago, though in a very different manner. Small\\nquantities of iron exist in many minerals and rocks, the red\\nand yellow colors of many soils being due to it. As water slowly\\nseeps through the rocks it dissolves the iron, much as it would", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n175\\ndissolve salt or sugar if those substances were there. In some\\nplaces, where the conditions have been favorable, the water has\\nbrought quantities of the iron to one place and deposited it,\\nforming beds, or veins, and it is these that are now being mined.\\nSometimes the beds lie very deep, and again they are so\\nnear the surface that the iron ore is dug out of great open pits,\\nas stone is taken from quarries. In appearance, iron ore is\\nsometimes a hard, black mineral, sometimes a soft, loose, yel-\\nlowish or reddish-brown earth. It is not iron at all, any more\\nthan wheat is flour; it is only the iron ore mineral out of\\nwhich iron may be made by a great deal of work.\\nFig. 135.\\nCoke ovens, on the right and left, and piles of coke lying about ready to be\\ndrawn away on the railway.\\nIron and Iron Goods. It is easy to see that one of\\nthe principal industries of this section must be connected\\nwith iron. Two materials, coke and limestone, are used with\\nthe iron ore to reduce it to the metal. The coke is made\\nfrom bituminous coal, and the limestone is obtained in\\nquarries.\\nTo obtain coke, coal is placed in stone or brick furnaces,\\ncalled coke ovens (Fig. 135), built in such a manner that very\\nlittle air can reach the coal, which is then set on fire. Many", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "176\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nof the gases that form a part of coal are thus either burned\\nup or driven out. One of these gases is the same as that which\\nis used for street lights and for illuminating houses. So little\\nair is let into the ovens that not all substances in the coal are\\nburnt. The part left is the very light, porous coke* which can\\nthen be burned and made to furnish intense heat, if supplied\\nwith plenty of air.\\nIn reducing iron ore to iron, more coke is used than ore,\\nso that it is an advantage to have the mines of coal and iron\\nore near each other. The coke, iron ore, and limestone\\nare all placed\\ntogether in a\\nhigh, tower-\\nlike structure,\\ncalled a blast\\nfurnace, (Fig.\\n136), so named\\nbecause blasts\\nof air are\\nforced through\\nit to produce a\\nstrong draft\\nwhile the coke\\nis burning.\\nv\\nijjjjiffffi- r f ^m,\\n9*9 Bifth_i\\n^^^fc^^^^^^K\\ni- \u00e2\u0080\u00a2V \u00c2\u00abg[\\n-_^-.-^=\\nFig. 136.\\nThe outside of a Mast furnace. The large round tower\\non the left is the furnace the tall slender tower, the\\nchimney the other, an elevator for hoisting the ore,\\ncoal, and limestone which are placed in the top of\\nthe furnace.\\nSuch great\\nheat melts the\\nore and lime-\\nstone and the iron, being heaviest, sinks to the bottom of the\\nfiery-hot liquid. The limestone, and those- elements of the ore\\nthat are not iron, rise to the surface, forming slag a worthless\\nsubstance that is drawn off through an opening in the furnace\\nand thrown away. Through a lower opening in the furnace,\\nthe iron is run off into trenches made of sand on a sand floor.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n177\\nThere is one main trench with numerous side branches, and\\neach of these has still smaller branches connected with it, as in\\nFigure 137. When the molten iron cools, the little bars of iron\\nare attached to a larger one, much as baby pigs fasten them-\\nselves to the\\nmother sow; be-\\ncause of this re-\\nsemblance it is\\ncalled pig iron.\\nThese rough\\nbars, which may\\nbe easily lifted,\\nare then broken\\noff and shipped\\naway to be made\\ninto thousands\\nof different arti-\\ncles.\\nSome iron\\ngoods, such as\\nstoves and the iron parts of your desk, are nothing more than\\nthis pig iron melted and cast, in moulds, into the shape that is\\ndesired. This is cast iron, which is so brittle that it easily breaks\\nunder a heavy blow. Other materials, such as knife blades,\\nboiler plates, rails for railways, and watch springs, are made of\\nsteel. This also is made of pig iron, though after it has been\\ngreatly hardened and strengthened by an expensive process.\\nWrought iron, a third kind, is used where it is necessary for\\nthe metal to bend and yet be tough, as in nails and iron wire.\\nAlmost every city in the Middle Atlantic States is\\nengaged in iron work of some kind, some in making iron\\nand steel out of ore, others in manufacturing iron and\\nsteel goods. For example, in New York State, Buffalo\\nmanufactures car wheels, machinery, and many other arti-\\ncles. It has nearly four thousand manufactories, many of\\nFig. 137.\\nMolten iron running out of a blast furnace into\\ntrenches, where it cools to form pig iron.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "178\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nthem making iron goods and in New York City almost\\nall kinds of iron goods are made. Iron and steel goods,\\nbicycles, etc., are manufactured in Syracuse stoves are\\nmade in Albany and Troy and there are iron founderies\\nin Binghamton, Elmira, and Schenectady.\\nIn Pennsjdvania, Philadelphia manufactures steel\\nships, cars, and hundreds of other iron goods Pittsburg\\nand Allegheny (Fig. 209, p. 274) make steel and iron\\ngoods of nearly every kind and Scranton, Reading,\\nFig. 138.\\nPittsburg, where so much iron manufacturing is carried on.\\nHarrisburg, Erie, Altoona, and a score of other places\\nhave furnaces, founderies, and machine shops for iron\\nmanufacturing. In New Jersey, Jersey City, Newark,\\nCamden, and Hoboken manufacture iron goods in\\nDelaware, Wilmington is noted for its cars and steel\\nships in Maryland, Baltimore, like Philadelphia and\\nNew York, has a great variety of iron manufactures.\\nWheeling in West Virginia, and Roanoke in Virginia,\\nare also engaged in iron manufacturing. Almost any arti-\\ncle of iron that you might name is made in these cities.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n179\\nThe importance of even a single manufactory is proved by the\\nfollowing facts At D. M. Osborne Company s works, Auburn,\\nNew York, where farming implements, such as mowers, rakes,\\nreapers, and harrows, are made, over 2700 men are employed,\\nmaking one complete implement every 40 seconds. Each year\\nthese men and their families consume about 9000 barrels of\\nflour, 62,000 bushels of potatoes, 200,000 dozen eggs, 1,400,000\\nquarts of milk, 375,000 pounds of butter, and 1,300,000 pounds\\nof meat, besides much coffee, tea, and sugar. Since they also\\nneed to buy clothes, shoes, etc., this one factory, by furnishing\\nthe money for all these purchases, helps to support farmers,\\nstorekeepers, shoe manufactories, railways, and many other\\nindustries but since it is the farmer who buys the imple-\\nments, it is he who has caused the factory to be needed. One\\nis really dependent upon the other.\\nGlass, Pottery, Bricks, etc. Three other mineral prod-\\nucts are especially worthy of note. Glass is manufactured\\nat and near Pittsburg,\\nWheeling, and many\\nother places, especially\\nwhere natural gas fur-\\nnishes cheap fuel. In the\\nvicinity of the former cit}?\\nare sands which, when\\nmelted and mixed with\\nother substances, make an\\nexcellent quality of glass.\\nPittsburg is the greatest\\ncentre for plate glass in\\nthe country.\\nIn and near Trenton,\\nNew Jersey, there is a kind FlG- 139-\\nA letter s wheel in the works of the\\nOf Clay which may be man- Trenton Potteries Company.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "180 THE UNITED STATES\\nufactured into pottery of a very high grade, and pottery\\nmaking has become an important industry in that city.\\nTo make such earthenware the clay is shaped by skilful\\nworkmen into cups, saucers, vases, etc. (Fig. 139), and\\nthen baked until it is hard.\\nSo many bricks are used for building, that brick yards are\\nfound in the neighborhood of nearly all cities. Bricks are made\\nof clay, which is pressed into the brick shape when damp, then\\ndried, and finally baked. In this process some of the grains\\nmelt, so that, when cooled again, they cling together like\\nstone. The clays near Philadelphia, and the great clay\\nbeds of the Hudson valley above New York City, supply an\\nabundance of brick for these great cities.\\nMany other kinds of manufacturing might be men-\\ntioned, as that of flour at Rochester, New York silk at\\nPaterson, New Jersey shirts, collars, and cuffs at Troy\\nstarch at Oswego cotton goods at Utica boots and\\nshoes at Binghamton and Rochester carpets at Yonk-\\ners and plush at Jamestown. There is some manu-\\nfacturing in nearly every town and in the large cities so\\nmany different kinds flourish that a score of pages would\\nbe required even to enumerate them.\\nLargest Cities and Chief Shipping Routes\\nLocation of New York City. The greatest of all the\\ncities of the United States is New York, which contains\\nabout three and a half million inhabitants, and is second\\nonly to London among the great cities of the world.\\nThere are several other large cities in its immediate\\nvicinity, as Jersey City, Newark, Elizabeth, Pater-\\nson, and Hoboken (Fig. 146), all across the Hudson River", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n181\\nin New Jersey, but, so far as their business relations are\\nconcerned, forming a part of New York City. Before its\\nunion with New York, the great city of Brooklyn, on\\nLong Island, was fourth among the cities of the Union.\\nSuch a vast collection of people in one section is due\\nchiefly to the excellent harbor and the ease with which\\ngoods may be sent westward by water and by rail, making\\nthis the principal shipping point in America. More than\\nhalf of all the foreign trade of the United States is carried\\non through this port.\\nPig. 140.\\nBrooklyn Bridge in New York City.\\nThe tide reaches up the Hudson above Albany, and\\nthe Erie Canal extends from there westward to Buffalo\\n(Fig. 141), on Lake Erie, a distance of 350 miles. From\\nthat point one is able to go by way of the lakes to Cleve-\\nland, Detroit, Chicago, and Duluth. Thus, by the aid of\\nthis canal, New York City is connected by water with\\na vast inland territory which is highly productive and\\nthickly populated. By sea New York is connected with\\ndifferent parts of the world, and steamships are con-\\nstantly entering and leaving its harbor.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "182\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nFig. 141.\\nThe Erie Canal and other water routes of New York and vicinity.\\nErie Canal. This canal, which is over 350 miles long,\\nfollows the easiest route westward from the Eastern\\nStates, the route used by the Indians before the white\\nmen came. Since the canal is only seventy feet wide and\\nseven feet deep, all freight coming from the West in\\nlake steamers, and intended for the canal, must be un-\\nloaded at Buffalo, and placed in canal boats. These\\nclumsy-looking boats are made with broad, flat bottoms,\\nin order that they may carry heavy loads without sinking", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n183\\ndeep into the water. They are drawn by horses or mules\\nthat walk along the tow path at the side.\\nNaturally the country traversed by the canal is not perfectly\\nlevel. Therefore provision must be made to prevent a current\\nof water, and to keep all parts of the channel full enough\\nto float the boats. For this purpose the canal is built in sec-\\ntions, each as level as possible, but not on the same level with\\nthe other sections, because the land is higher in some places\\nthan in others.\\nThese sections are connected by locks (Fig. 142), which are\\nsmall parts of the canal that can be shut or locked off from\\nFig. 142.\\nThe locks in the Erie Canal at Lockport.\\nthe other parts. A boat going westward needs to be lifted to\\na higher level at the end of each section. It therefore enters\\none of these locks and is shut in then water is alloAved to pour\\nin from the higher part and fill the lock, thus lifting the boat\\nuntil it can proceed on the higher level. If going eastward,\\nthe boat also enters a lock, the gates are shut behind it, and\\nthen water is allowed to flow out until the surface is brought", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "184 THE UNITED STATES\\ndown to the lower level, when the boat proceeds on its journey,\\nas before.\\nBefore the Erie Canal was built Philadelphia was\\nlarger than New York, and Buffalo was only a small\\nvillage (Fig. 143) but since the canal was completed, in\\n1825, both the latter cities have grown rapidly, while nu-\\nmerous others along the Hudson River and the canal have\\nattained great importance (Fig. 141). They all have\\nmanufacturing industries and use the canal for obtaining\\nFig. 143.\\nBuffalo in 1828.\\nsuch raw materials as coal and iron, and for shipping away\\nthe manufactured goods. Notice especially Lockport,\\nsituated where there is a very decided slope in the land,\\nnecessitating many locks in the canal, hence the name.\\nSeveral other canals have been built in New York, as may\\nbe seen in Figure 141 point them out and explain their impor-\\ntance. The smaller lakes and the Hudson River are also made\\nuse of as a part of the canal system but upon these larger\\nbodies of water a number of canal boats are firmly lashed to-\\ngether and taken in tow by a small steamer or tug boat.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n185\\nFig. 144.\\nMap showing location of Buffalo, Rochester, and Albany.\\nRailways of New York. Canals furnish a very slow\\nmethod of conveyance consequently, soon after the use\\nof steam was discovered, men began to build railways.\\nThe New York Central Railway, one of the most impor-\\ntant in the United States, extends from the very heart of\\nNew York City up the Hudson to Albany (Fig. 14-1),\\nwhere it connects with Boston trains. From Albany\\nwestward to Buffalo the route is almost the same as\\nthat of the Erie Canal.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "186\\nTHE U SITED STATES\\nSeveral other railways connect New York with the\\nWest, crossing the Appalachians at various points, and\\npassing through Buffalo, which is a great railway cen-\\ntre, as well as an important lake port (Fig. 144). At\\nBuffalo immense quantities of grain, flour, lumber, and\\niron from the West are transferred from lake vessels to\\ncanal boats or railways, while coal and manufactured\\ngoods are shipped from the East westward.\\nThe Niagara Falls (Fig. 125), about twenty miles away,\\nsupply Buffalo with a great abundance of electric power.\\nAll the street cars are run by it, and many factories besides.\\nCars run by X iagara\\npower go from Buf-\\nfalo to Lockpokt\\nand to the city of\\nNiagara Falls.\\nThe latter place has\\nbecome an impor-\\ntant manufacturing\\ncity because of the\\npower furnished by\\nthe immense Xiag-\\nara cataract.\\nSince the Hud-\\nson Biyer is about a\\nmile in width at its mouth, most of the railways reaching New\\nYork from the West and South cannot enter the city. They\\nhave their terminus just across the river at Hobokex or Jersey\\nCity in New Jersey. Because of this the latter city is one of\\nthe great railway centres of the country. From these points\\npassengers and freight are conveyed across the river in ferries\\n(Fig. 145), whole trains often being taken upon one boat.\\nSince the numerous railways now carry much of the\\nfreight that used to be given to the canals, the latter have\\nFig. 145.\\nA New York Ferry.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 187\\nlost much, of their importance, and there is even some talk\\nof abandoning the Erie Canal.\\nNew York City. New York City is not only the\\ngreatest shipping point in North America, but, together\\nwith the neighboring cities, the greatest manufacturing\\ncentre as well. The place from which goods are most\\neasily shipped in all directions is, for that very reason,\\none of the best places for manufacturing. Nearly every\\nmanufactured article that human beings need is made in\\nor near New York but one of the most extensive indus-\\ntries is the manufacture of clothing. Cotton and woollen\\ngoods are sent from the New England factories to New\\nYork to be made into such articles as dresses, men s suits,\\nand underclothing, and then shipped away. Large build-\\nings, in which hundreds of men and women are employed,\\nare given up to this one work.\\nIron and coal are so near at hand that the manufacture\\nof iron goods is another great industry. The refining of\\npetroleum is a third, the oil flowing in pipes from the oil\\nfields of western Pennsylvania to great refineries in New\\nJersey near the metropolis. The refining of sugar .is\\nanother immense business in and near New York, as at\\nJersey City and Brooklyn and there are hundreds of\\nother manufacturing industries. More books, magazines,\\nand newspapers are published in New York than in any\\nother city in the Union and so much wealth is collected\\nthere that the New York banks largely control the great\\nbusiness undertakings of all parts of the country.\\nAt the southern end of Manhattan Island, on which\\nmuch of New York is built, there are about eight square\\nmiles of the city given up almost exclusively to the whole-\\nsale trade. For the sake of space many of the great office", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "ps\\n1 B W .1IAMP.\\nJ\u00c2\u00a3Ki-nuiu;;tuB\\nJ*f K\\nFitchburg\\n\\\\WhWM\\\\k KV\\nKemp:\\n7^^^hila lel^^^^^_E^BSKOl\\nFig. 146.\\nMap to show the location of New York City and Philadelphia.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n189\\nbuildings are from eight to twenty-five stories in height.\\nIn this part of New York are collected such goods as are\\nmanufactured in the city or are brought to it from all parts\\nof the world. Merchants in Denver, Louisville, St. Paul,\\nGalveston, Indianapolis, and other cities, purchase these\\ngoods for their stores. In return the Western and South-\\nern people send grain, meat, sugar, etc., to this great city.\\nThus we daily depend\\nupon one another for\\nour living, even though\\nour homes are far apart.\\nThe contrast between\\nlife in New York City and\\nupon a farm (p. 240) is\\nstriking. On some of the\\nstreets scarcely anything\\nbut stores can be seen for\\nten or twelve miles, many\\nof them being small, but\\nsome occupying enormous\\nbuildings and employing\\nmany hundreds of clerks.\\nFamilies whose homes\\nare in the city do not usu-\\nally occupy a whole house\\nbut many live in large buildings, in which hundreds of other\\npeople also live. Such a structure, called an apartment build-\\ning, is commonly from six to eight stories high, and is so\\narranged that one family occupies only a small part of one\\nfloor, or a flat. Other families live above and below, as well\\nas on each side, being separated from them by only a few\\ninches of brick or boards. Since land is so valuable, sometimes\\ncosting scores of dollars a square foot, there is commonly\\nneither front nor back yard. Indeed, excepting where a park\\nFig. 147.\\nOne of the high huildings in lower New\\nYork. How many stories has it", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "190\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nhappens to be within reach, the street is almost the only place\\nfor children to play out of doors. A single apartment house\\nmay contain three hundred persons, or more than live in an\\nentire village in many parts of the country.\\nIn the poorer sections of the city the people are even more\\ndensely crowded. Some of the children have never seen the\\ncountry, and scarcely any birds, trees, or grass, excepting pos-\\nsibly in one of the city parks. In these sections there are\\nmany foreigners from all the nations of the earth. There is\\nmuch poverty among them,\\nand many live in the midst of\\nconditions that can scarcely\\nbe described, filth, vice,\\nand crime of all kinds pre-\\nvailing.\\nTo escape the necessity\\nof living in crowded city\\nhomes, tens of thousands of\\nmen have their dwellings in\\nsuburban towns or country\\nhomes, from ten to forty\\nmiles from their places of\\nbusiness. They spend from\\none to three hours daily\\ntravelling back and forth.\\nA part of the time they ride\\nupon elevated railways that are built in the street, two, three,\\nand four stories above the ground, and supported by iron col-\\numns (Fig. 148).\\nHow different all this is from the country, where only two\\nor three houses are to be seen at a time Where sunlight and\\nfresh air enter one s home from all sides of the building\\nAVhere there is plenty of room to play, with green grass, large\\ntrees, and singing birds in the yard No wonder that people\\nliving in great cities are anxious to visit the country, the moun-\\ntains, the lakes, and the seashore, during a few days in the\\nsummer.\\nW^5\\n.JSP-\\n\\\\i\\nEIL\\nb rajW^Hft||t\\nBpfiSi\\n^kmO 1\\nII llll\\n\u00c2\u00bb?7: jf, JJ-\\n1111\\nFig. 148.\\nNew York City elevated railway skirting\\nthe border of one of the city parks.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 191\\nLargely owing to the enormous population of New York\\nCity, with its immense manufacturing interests, and great\\nwealth, New York is called the Empire State, ranking\\nfirst in the Union in population, manufacturing, com-\\nmerce, and wealth (Figs. 322 and 352).\\nNew York State is prominent for its educational institutions\\nalso. In New York City is Columbia University; and at\\nIthaca, on Lake Cayuga, in the central part of the state, is\\nCornell University. Both of these should be associated with\\nPrinceton University in New Jersey, and Harvard and Yale\\nuniversities in New England, as among the most important\\neducational institutions in the country. Besides this, north of\\nNew York City, on the Hudson River, is West Point, the place\\nwhere the government school for the training of army officers\\nis located. Also at Poughkeepsie is Vassar, one of the great\\ncolleges for women, like Smith and Wellesley in Massachu-\\nsetts, and Bryn Mawr near Philadelphia.\\nPhiladelphia and its Chief Shipping Routes. The lead-\\ning cities southwest of New York are located along the fall\\nline. Name them as far as Richmond (Fig. 123). The\\ngreatest is Philadelphia, which is the third in size in\\nthe Union, containing 1,350,000 inhabitants. As in the\\ncase of New York, other important cities are near by, as\\nTrenton and Camden, New Jersey, Chester and Nor-\\nristown, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, Delaware.\\nWater deep enough for ocean vessels reaches as far inland\\nas Philadelphia, and its nearness to the coal fields renders\\nit a great shipping point for coal which is sent to New\\nEngland and the Southern States.\\nAs in the case of New York, numerous great railway\\nlines enter Philadelphia, connecting it not only with the\\nother cities of Pennsylvania, such as Harrisburg, the", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "192\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\ncapital, and Pittsburg, but also with the cities of the\\nNorth, South, and West. Among these lines are the Penn-\\nsylvania Railway, and the Baltimore and Ohio, two of the\\ngreatest railways of the country. There are also many\\nsteamship lines from Philadelphia (Fig. 146).\\nA number of canals have been built in Pennsylvania,\\nas in New York but owing to the mountainous nature\\nFig. 149.\\nOne of our great war ships ready to be launched.\\nof the country, there is no canal connection between\\nPhiladelphia and the Great Lakes. Therefore Erie, the\\ncity in Pennsylvania which would most naturally compare\\nwith Buffalo, is much smaller but being near the coal\\nand iron, it is an important manufacturing city.\\nPhiladelphia and the neighboring city of Camden,\\nbeing fine shipping points, are also great manufacturing\\ncentres. The coal and iron near by lead to the manufac-", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n193\\nture of cars, heavy machinery, and steel ships (Fig. 149)\\nat Philadelphia and Wilmington. Great quantities\\nof clothing are also made in Philadelphia, as in Boston\\nand New York and in carpet manufacture Philadelphia\\nis the most important city in the country.\\nPhiladelphia is called the Quaker City, having been founded\\nby William Penn and other Quakers, many of whose descend-\\nants still live there. It\\nwas the home of Benja-\\nmin Pranklin, and for a\\nnumber of years, before\\nWashington was built, it\\nwas the capital of the\\nUnited States. Inde-\\npendence Hall is still\\npreserved, in which the\\nDeclaration of Indepen-\\ndence was made and the\\nConstitution of the United\\nStates was drawn up. The\\nleading educational insti-\\ntution there is the Uni-\\nversity of Pennsylvania.\\nFig. 150.\\nIndependence Hall, Philadelphia.\\nBaltimore. At the\\nhead of Chesapeake\\nBay, in Maryland, is the beautiful city of Baltimore, the\\nsixth in size in the United States. Since it has a good\\nharbor, and is connected with the West by railways across\\nthe mountains (Fig. 151), and also has access to the coal\\nfields of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, Baltimore has\\nbecome a noted manufacturing city and shipping port,\\nlike Boston, Philadelphia, and New York. Like them,\\nalso, it has a multitude of manufacturing interests.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "Fig. 151.\\nMap to show the location of Baltimore and Washington.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES\\n195\\nBaltimore is the seat of Johns Hopkins University; and a\\nfew miles south, at Annapolis, is the United States Naval Acad-\\nemy, which prepares officers for the navy, as West Point edu-\\ncates men for the army (p. 191). Still farther south in Virginia\\nis Norfolk, an important shipping port for Virginia products.\\nDistrict of Columbia. Southwest of Baltimore, on the\\nPotomac River, in the District of Columbia, is the city of\\nWashington, our national capital (Fig. 151). When\\nFig. 152.\\nThe National Capitol, at Washington.\\nfirst set aside, this district was near the centre of the set-\\ntled part of the country.\\nWashington is unlike other cities in two respects. In\\nthe first place, since there was a certainty that it would\\none day be very large, it was carefully planned, with wide\\nstreets and many parks and these have since received\\nso much care that this is now one of the most beautiful\\ncities in the world.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "196 THE UNITED STATES\\nIn the second place, the inhabitants are not chiefly\\ninterested, as in other large cities, in manufacturing and\\ncommerce. Here reside the President and his cabinet,\\nmembers of Congress, foreign ambassadors, and other rep-\\nresentatives of the great nations of the world. Besides\\nthese there are about twenty thousand men and women\\nengaged in the work of the different departments of the\\ngovernment. The chief buildings, therefore, are not fac-\\ntories and private office buildings, but great government\\nbuildings (Fig. 152). Also the topics for conversation\\npertain rather to the government than to matters of ordi-\\nnary business.\\nQUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\\nReview Questions and Topics. (1) Describe the physiog-\\nraphy of these states the Appalachian Mountains the Piedmont\\nplateau the coastal plains the fall line and its importance the effect\\nof the mountain barrier on westward migration the effect of the\\nglacier; the coast line. (2) Tell about the climate: its variations,\\nand their effects on crops and seashore resorts. (3) Tell about the\\nforests: where they are what woods they contain cities; forest re-\\nserves. (4) What fish are found along the coast (5) Describe the\\noyster fishing. (6) What cities are noted for their oyster industry?\\n(7) Where is farming carried on What kinds? (8) Describe dairy-\\ning. (9) Describe the tobacco industry: the first use of the weed;\\nwhere raised at what cities manufactured the tobacco plant uses\\nto which it is put the effects. (10) Tell about fruit raising where\\ncarried on kinds uses to which each is put cities that are greatly\\nbenefited by the industry. (11) State how farming and other indus-\\ntries are dependent on one another. (12) Tell about salt: how\\nformed; where found; how obtained. (13) State what you can about\\ncoal: tell how coal was formed; how the two kinds differ; why\\nsome^anthi acite is left to what uses it is put how it is mined the\\ncities it has helped to locate how the miners live. (14) Tell the\\nstory of petroleum and natural gas: where found; how obtained;\\nto what uses put. (15) Do the same for iron ore. (16) Describe the\\nprocess of obtaining pig iron. (17) In what three forms is iron used", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 197\\nMention some of the articles made of each. (18) Name the princi-\\npal cities engaged in the iron manufactivre. Find each on the map.\\n(19) In what ways are the farmers and the employees of the Osborn\\nfactory of use to one another? (20) Tell about each of the other\\nkinds of manufacturing mentioned. (21) For what is each of the\\ncities important Find each on the map. (22) What large cities are\\nnear New York? (23) By what water route are New York and\\nAlbany connected? (24) New York and Buffalo? (25) Describe\\nthe Erie Canal its value how boats pass over it the cities it has\\nhelped to locate. (26) Why has Buffalo grown so large? (27) Jer-\\nsey City (28) Describe New York City its location how it is\\nconnected with other sections the industries its influence upon\\nother cities how the people live how they travel about how their\\nlife differs from life in the country. (29) What universities are\\nmentioned Where is each (30) Tell about Philadelphia why\\nit has become so large cities near by other cities other facts men-\\ntioned. (31) For what is Baltimore noted? (32) What cities\\nnear by? (33) What city in District of Columbia? What is the\\nprincipal occupation of the inhabitants?\\nBe view by States: New York (N.Y.). (1) Where are the\\nmountains? (2) What are their names? (3) What are the indus-\\ntries there? Why not agriculture among the mountains? (4) What\\nabout the relief of the rest of the state? (5) What effect has that\\nupon agriculture? (6) What waters form parts of the boundary of\\nthe state? (7) Into what rivers do the lakes empty? (8) What rivers\\ndrain New York (9) State clearly the importance of the Erie Canal.\\n(10) Which cities mentioned in the text are on the canal or on the\\nHudson? In what industry is each engaged? (11) What other\\ncities of New York are mentioned? For what is each important?\\n(12) Compare New York in size with all of New England. Remem-\\nber that the scales of the two maps are different. (13) Draw a map\\nof New York like that of Maine (p. 155). When studying each of\\nthe other states, do the same for it.\\nNew Jersey. (N.J.). (14) Why should peaches grow better in\\nNew Jersey than in New England? (15) Name and locate each\\nof the cities mentioned in the text. For what is each important?\\n(16) Make a list of the five largest cities in New Jersey, and compare,\\nthem with the five largest in New York. (For their populations, see\\ntable on p. 448.) (17) In what ways are some of the largest cities de-\\npendent upon the products of Pennsylvania? (18) In what ways are\\nsome dependent upon the Erie Canal? (19) Add together the popu-", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "198 THE UNITED STATES\\nlations of all the large cities near New York (see map, Fig. 146) to\\nsee how large it would be if it could include those in New Jersey.\\nPennsylvania (Pa. or Penn.). (20) Where would you look for the\\nbest farm land (21) The principal forests (22) The leading coal\\nmines (23) Where are the principal cities Why located where they\\nare (24) Make a list of the five largest cities, and compare their size\\nwith the five largest in New York and New Jersey. (25) Why are\\nthere fewer lakes in Pennsylvania than in New York? (26) Should\\nyou expect to find fewer waterfalls also? (See p. 17.) (27) Why,\\nthen, is manufacturing so important in this state (28) What kind\\nof manufacturing is especially important Why (29) What advan-\\ntage do you see in the position of Pittsburg and Allegheny at the\\njunction of two rivers (30) Through what states would one pass\\nin going by boat from Pittsburg to the Gulf? (See map, Fig. 97.)\\n(31) Measure the length and width of Pennsylvania. Also find its\\narea (p. 445). Remember that number, for in many of the maps of\\nthis book the outline of Pennsylvania is used to show the comparative\\nsize of other sections. (32) Is Pennsylvania larger or smaller than\\nNew York? Virginia? Maine? New England? (33) Is it larger\\nor smaller than the state you live in How much\\nDelaivare (Del.). (34) Which is the principal city in this state?\\n(35) For what is it noted? (36) Why is it especially well situated\\nfor this industry? (37) Compare its size with New York, Buffalo,\\nPittsburg, and Albany. (38) The principal industries of the state are\\nfruit raising and farming. What two reasons can you give why it is\\nwell fitted for these (39) Have you ever eaten any Delaware fruit\\nMaryland (Md.). (40) In which section is farming most im-\\nportant? Why? (41) Of what importance are the mountains?\\n(42) Notice how branching Chesapeake Bay is. Why is it so irregu-\\nlar? (43) What influence should you think this would have upon the\\nnumber of oysters found there? (44) Why is Baltimore favorably\\nsituated for receiving coal and iron from Pennsylvania? (45) For\\ncanning fruit, vegetables, and oysters? (46) What would be the\\neffect upon the growth of Baltimore if the land should rise again\\nso that Chesapeake Bay disappeared and the Susquehanna flowed\\nthrough it? (47) Compare the size of Baltimore with Philadelphia,\\nNew York, and Boston.\\nVirginia (Va.). (48) Richmond is the most important city. In\\nwhat other state was the capital the most important (49) Describe\\nthe tobacco industry. (50) Which cities are engaged in its manufac-\\nture? (51) What river separates Virginia from Maryland? (52) What", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES 199\\nriver crosses the middle of Virginia (53) Compare Richmond in\\nsize with Boston. With Albany.\\nWest Virginia W. Va.) (54) AVhat disadvantage is it to this state\\nthat it has no seacoast (55) How would we reach the ocean by water\\nfrom West Virginia (56) Whei e is the largest city Why there\\n(57) How does it compare in size with Pittsburg (58) Should you\\nexpect to find much forest in this state (59) Much farming\\n(60) Coal, iron, petroleum, and natural gas are found there. Of what\\nvalue are these (61) What mountain range in eastern West Virginia.\\nGeneral. (62) Describe the surface features of this group of\\nstates from the relief map (Fig. 122). (63) Describe the differences in\\nclimate in the different parts. (64) State the principal industries of\\nthe Middle Atlantic States. (65) Make a list of the ten largest\\ncities. Add their populations together, and compare the result with\\nthe ten largest in New England (see table, p. 448)\\nSuggestions. (1) Collect pictures of Niagara Falls. Learn some-\\nthing about the use of Niagara power. (2) Examine a live oyster\\nor clam, to see what holds the shells together. What do you sup-\\npose is the object of the shell? (3) The duty paid to the United\\nStates government on 1 pound of smoking tobacco is 12 cents. How\\nmuch is that per ounce (4) Find where the canned fruits and vege-\\ntables in your neighboring grocery store have come from. (5) Make\\na collection of the two kinds of coal. Of coke and iron ore. (6) In\\nsmall bottles collect the products made from petroleum. (7) Collect\\nsamples of cast iron, wrought iron, and steel. (8) Estimate on the\\nmap (Fig. 97) the distance by water from New York City to Duluth.\\n(9) Find the population in the ten largest cities along the Great\\nLakes by adding the numbers given on pages 448-453. (10) Visit a\\ncanal and examine a lock. (11) Make a toy canal having a lock in it.\\n(12) Give reasons why freight rates on canals are cheaper than those\\non railways. (13) Make a list of goods that need to be shipped by\\nrail on account of speed. (14) Write a composition, giving the rea-\\nsons why one might prefer to live in a large city. Why one might\\nprefer to live in the country. (15) Give some reasons why Richmond\\nhas not become a great city like Philadelphia. (16) Collect pictures\\nof scenes in a large city in the country. (17) Can you give a reason\\nwhy the Erie Canal should have reached to Lake Erie instead of to\\nOntario (18) Make a drawing of these states, including the princi-\\npal rivers and cities. Locate the capitals.\\nFor References, see page 440.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "X. SOUTHERN STATES\\nMap Questioxs. (1) In what three parts of this section are\\nmountains found? (2) What are the names of the mountains?\\n(3) Which states have no mountains? (4) What are the principal\\ntributaries to the largest river of the section? (5) Through what\\nstates would you pass in going by water from New Orleans to Chatta-\\nnooga? (6) Find some natural boundaries in this section. (7) Com-\\npare the coast with that of New England. Why the difference?\\n(S) Why are there so few lakes? (9) The rivers that rise in western\\nTexas as the Colorado are often perfectly dry in the western\\nthird of their course. Why? (10) Xame the states in this group.\\n(11) Find the capital of each. (12) Which of the states have a sea-\\ncoast? (13) Which have none (14) Which border the Mississippi\\n(15) Which drain into that river? (16) Can you give reasons why\\nthe largest city is near the mouth of the Mississippi?\\nPhysiography. Almost the entire area included in\\nthis group of states is made up of plains. The most\\nlevel portions are the delta and flood plain of the Missis-\\nsippi, and the coastal plains, which skirt the entire Gulf\\nand Atlantic coast of the Southern States (Fig. 96).\\nThe coastal plains are very level and, since the rainfall\\nis heavy, they are often swampy, especially near the rivers.\\nTheir higher portions are more irregular and better\\ndrained but, since the soil is sandy, there are large areas\\nwhich are too barren for agriculture and are therefore still\\ncovered by an open pine forest.\\n\\\\Yest of the coastal plains that border the Atlantic, and\\nseparated from them by the fall line (Fig. 123), is the still\\nhigher Piedmont plateau, which extends to the base of the\\n200", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "J J\\nI ^Colora(W\\\\. ^S 1 -^IarshaIl LA.\\nVj\\nPaso If t\\nl 11 V_ l ?.i v Slu e veport ]i\\nPecosV\\na T\\\\ ^~v. \\\\Corsioana\\\\ vitp- V.\\nMo h\\nV\\n1 I* 1\\n1,7^-\u00c2\u00ae. Br euliamS V? J [Paton R\\nA V AUStiiTS^J ,J^ J poit f Lak Jf; harlt;s\\n29\\nV In N l^^jf^^^^^^M\\njL_\\\\\u00c2\u00a3_ _\\\\ San Allt\\\\yi^* J JgBabuiBtan Bay\\nc\\n\\\\Z I I \u00c2\u00a32*Gulveaton\\nV* S ^t- I\\n^v 1 ^U.^\\nj ^y jjs*\\ny\\nP\\\\ \\\\k Corpus Christi\\nI L i eilo 5*^T\\n1 [((PADRE 1.\\nY Mil G TT L\\nF\\n1 Lerdo ^L-^_r~ s\\nV^j XN\u00c2\u00ab^_\\nJ M E\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094-\\n.D\u00c2\u00abran S o\\nr\\nCi\\nCi\\npiidacj Victoria J\\nCi\\nCi\\nDoctor\\nSn\\nZaeafeeas\\nArro \\\\-~Vv\\nCa\\nTHE H;N. CO.\\nI 1\\n101 97\u00c2\u00b0 93\u00c2\u00b0", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "#V Hatteraa\\n00,000 to 1,000,000: St.IiOUiS\\n00,000 to 500,000: New Orleans\\n0,000 to 200,000: Savannah\\n5,000 to 50,000: Moliile\\nes: Vicksburg\\ni less than 25,000: Tallahassee\\n3 of. States: Other Cities:\\nie West 89 from Greenwich\\n53.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "mm", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "202\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nAppalachians. The Piedmont section has a good drain-\\nage and excellent soil, so that it is the seat of extensive\\nagriculture, especially cotton and tobacco raising. This\\nplain slopes gradually from the base of the Appalachians,\\nwhere its elevation is about 1000 feet above sea level, to\\nthe fall line, where the elevation is from 100 to 500 feet\\nabove the sea. It is realty a region of old mountains\\nworn down to a rolling and, in places, slightty hilly plain.\\nOn Figure 153 it will be seen that the Appalachian\\nMountains, with their rich coal beds, continue southwest\\nFig. 155.\\nA peak rising above the forest-covered slopes of the mountains of western\\nNorth Carolina.\\nfrom Virginia into Alabama. In the Southern States these\\nmountains are generalty low, as they are in the Middle\\nAtlantic States but in western North Carolina (Fig. 155)\\nand eastern Tennessee the mountains are much higher. In\\nfact, the highest peak east of the Mississippi River is Mt.\\nMitchell in North Carolina. It is 6711 feet in altitude,\\nor 418 feet higher than Mt. Washington in New Hampshire.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES\\n203\\nFig. 15G.\\nA view in the mountainous section of the\\nextreme western part of Texas.\\nAs in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, there is a rough\\nplateau west of the mountains. This plateau is deeply cut\\nby river valleys, and is so rugged that it is still covered\\nby extensive forests and has few inhabitants. Still farther\\nwest are the broad and\\nfertile plains of the\\nMississippi Valley and\\nof Texas. These are\\ninterrupted by some\\nlow mountains in Ind-\\nian Territory and Ar-\\nkansas.\\nIn western Texas\\nthe plains rise until\\nthey become high pla-\\nteaus, reaching an\\nelevation of 4000 to 5000 feet near the base of the south-\\nern spurs of the Rocky Mountains, which extend into\\nTexas (Fig. 156).\\nThe coast line is much more regular than that of New Eng-\\nland. As has been stated (p. 20), this part of the continent\\nhas been raised instead of lowered. However, after the conti-\\nnental shelf was lifted enough to form the coastal plains, there\\ncame a slight sinking, though much less than in New England.\\nThis sinking has admitted the ocean waters into the valleys,\\nforming shallow bays and poor harbors. Sand bars, built by\\nwaves and tides, have made these harbors even poorer and each\\nyear large sums of money are spent by the government in dredg-\\ning the sand away from the harbor entrances.\\nBars are built, not only opposite the bays, but also where\\nthe storm waves break in the shallow water off shore. It is in\\nthis way that Capes Hatteras, Lookout, and Fear have been\\nbuilt, as well as the long chain of bars along the low southern", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "204\\nTEE UNITED STATES\\ncoast. The waves throw the sand up in banks, and the winds\\npile it still higher, forming sand dunes. These facts partly\\nexplain the reason why there are not so many large coast cities\\nin the South as there are along the irregular, northern coast.\\nStill another kind of coast is found in southern Florida,\\nwhere countless millions of coral polyps live in the warm\\nwaters of the Gulf Stream. These have built the limestone\\nrock which forms the southern part of the Florida peninsula\\n(p. 71), and also the many reefs and small islands, or keys,\\nwhich lie just south of Florida.\\nClimate, The low plains of the Southern States lie so\\nfar south that the climate is everywhere warm and the\\ndamp winds from the Gulf\\nbring an abundant rain-\\nfall to them. These condi-\\ntions make it possible to\\nraise cotton, sugar-cane,\\nand rice, which cannot be\\ngrown in the colder North-\\nern States. In southern\\nFlorida, which reaches far-\\nthest south, semi-tropical\\nand even tropical fruits\\nare easily raised. Among\\nthe Florida fruits are\\noranges (Fig. 170), lemons,\\npineapples (Fig, 157), cocoanuts, and bananas. What is\\nthe latitude of southern Florida?\\nDuring the cold and disagreeable Northern winter, the South-\\nern weather is mild, like spring and autumn in the North.\\nFlowers are in blossom and birds are singing, many of them\\nhaving migrated there for the winter. Large numbers of North-\\nFig. 157.\\nThe pineapple growing in Florida.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES\\n205\\nern people also go South to spend the winter at such resorts as\\nJacksonville and St. Augustine (Fig. 158), one of the early-\\nSpanish settlements. One of the important winter industries\\nof the inhabitants is the entertainment of these visitors.\\nWhile Northern people travel South in winter to escape the\\ncold, many Southerners go North in summer to escape the heat.\\nOthers summer among the high\\nmountains, where the climate is\\ncool, even in midsummer. The\\nbest-known mountain resort is\\nAsheville in North Carolina.\\nIn some places, as Hot Springs,\\nArkansas, there are mineral\\nsprings, to which people resort\\nto be cured of certain diseases.\\nWestern Texas has a differ-\\nent climate from the other\\nparts of the South. Being in\\nthe horse latitudes (p. 49), and\\ntoo far from the sea to be\\nreached by damp winds, it re-\\nceives little rain. The occupa-\\ntions are influenced accordingly\\nFig. 158.\\nA street in the quaint old town\\nof St. Augustine, founded in\\n1565 by the Spaniards.\\nAs one travels west-\\nward from the Gulf, he passes from the warm, damp\\ncoastal plains to a semi-arid country. At first there are\\ndense forests then come plains with scattered trees, espe-\\ncially the live oak (Fig. 159) beyond these are broad\\nprairies without trees, but with extensive cotton fields.\\nNext a section is reached which is too dry for cotton. It\\nstretches westward for several hundred miles, and within\\nit ranching is the only industry possible.\\nForests. Extensive areas in the Southern States are\\ntimber covered, and among the forests are found many", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "206\\nTBE UNITED STATES\\nFig. 159.\\nA live oak grove with the Southern moss hanging from\\nthe limbs.\\ntrees unknown\\nin the North,\\nsome of them,\\nsuch as the\\nmagnolias,\\nbearing large,\\nsweet scented\\nflowers. There\\nare forests not\\nmerely among\\nthe mountains,\\nbut also on the\\ncoastal plains,\\nespecially\\nwhere the soil is sandy (Fig. 161). The method of lum-\\nbering is somewhat different from that in New England\\n(p. 127). Instead of float-\\ning the logs down to\\ntide water by means of\\nthe spring freshets, saw-\\nmills are located in the\\nmidst of the forests, if\\npossible on the river\\nbanks. To them the logs\\nare brought, either by\\nwater, by wagon, or by\\ntrain, and sawed into\\nlumber.\\nThe long -leaved or hard\\npine, often called the\\nGeorgia pine, which grows\\nA view i:i the swampv forest land of the\\non the sandy coastal plains of Florida.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES\\n207\\nplains, is much used for flooring in the North. It is\\nshipped North from the coastal cities of Charleston,\\nSouth Carolina, Savannah and Brunswick, Georgia,\\nJacksonville and Pensacola, Florida, and Mobile,\\nAlabama.\\nWhile the pine thrives on the low, sandy plains, the\\nhardy oak and other trees are found upon the plateaus\\nand among the mountains. Quantities of hard wood\\nare shipped from Memphis, Tennessee but although\\nmuch of the\\npine, oak, and\\nother lumber\\nis sent North,\\na great deal\\nof it is manu-\\nfactured into\\ndoors, blinds,\\nfurniture,\\netc., in the\\nSouth, as at\\nMacon and\\nMontgom-\\nery on the fall line, and at Atlanta. There is also\\nlumber manufacturing at the coast cities already men-\\ntioned, as well as in many other Southern cities.\\nThese forests are of value in two other ways. From them\\nare obtained turpentine, and tannic acid, the liquid in which\\nhides are soaked to make leather (p. 145). In the Northern\\nStates hemlock bark furnishes a tannic acid which gives the\\nleather a red color, so that shoes made from it need to be\\nblackened but tannic acid from the chestnut oak of the South\\ngives a lighter or tan color, and it is from such leather that tan\\n,S W\\ns s\\n.a\\n3jbKEr\u00c2\u00a3^* ^Sgi\\n%n\\nI *jbBsI\\nV,\\njfcgpli\\n^grg^-\\nFig. 161.\\nA scene in the pine forest of the Southern coastal plains.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "208\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nshoes are made. Thus, some of the shoe factories of the North\\nare dependent upon the distant forests of the South. The tan-\\nneries of the South, on the other hand, are dependent upon the\\nranches of the West for their supply of hides.\\nTurpentine is manufactured from the sap of the pine tree.\\nThe bark is scraped off and the sap allowed to ooze out, some-\\nwhat as in the case of the sap of the sugar maple. This is\\nthen reduced to raw turpentine, to be used in paints, varnishes,\\nmedicine, tar, and other substances.\\nAgriculture\\nAlthough farming is\u00c2\u00bb carried on in all the states we have\\nthus far studied, other occupations are followed by great\\nFig. 162.\\nSouthern negro homes in the cotton belt.\\nnumbers of people. Give examples. In the South, how-\\never, with its excellent soil and warm climate, agriculture\\nis the principal industry. Indeed, until recently, there\\nwas almost no other industry excepting commerce.\\nWhile the climate makes it possible to raise crops which\\ncannot be grown in the cooler Northern States, some prod-\\nucts are the same as those of the North. For instance,", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES\\n209\\ntobacco raising, already described as an industry of great\\nimportance in Virginia, is also extensively carried on in\\nTennessee and North Carolina. Durham, in the latter\\nstate, is a centre for tobacco manufacturing. Name some\\nVirginia cities engaged in the same industry.\\nCotton. The crop in the South that surpasses every\\nother in value is cotton. The early colonists soon dis-\\nFig. 163.\\nA negro school in the South.\\ncovered that cotton raising called for little skill, and that\\na ready market awaited the crop abroad. Their fields\\nwere. far too large to be cultivated without many laborers,\\nand negro slaves, offered for sale at that time in many\\nparts of the world, were found especially suited to work\\nin the cotton fields. In this way it came about that cot-\\nton had much to do with the spread of slavery in the\\nSouthern States.\\nA good negro could be purchased for the price of a horse,\\nand little more needed to be expended upon him than the cost\\nof his food, clothing, and shelter. Accordingly, when it was\\nseen that negroes were adapted to the warm southern climate,\\nand that they were able to perform the simple labor of cotton", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "210\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nraising, they were imported by thousands. They were pur-\\nchased from their chiefs in Africa, or from tribes that had\\ncaptured them in war, and were transported to this country to\\nbe bought, sold, and worked.\\nIt is owing to the system of slavery that there are now\\neight millions of negroes in this country. Among the\\nmountains of North Carolina and other states, where cot-\\nFig. 164.\\nNegroes picking cotton.\\nton, rice, and sugar-cane cannot thrive, and where the\\nfarms have to be small, there are whole counties where\\nthere are almost no negroes but in portions of some of\\nthe Southern States they far outnumber the whites. Most\\nof the negroes still make their living by working in the\\ncotton fields, for cotton is the principal crop all the way\\nfrom North Carolina to Texas.\\nIn 1898 the Southern States produced about 11,000,000 bales\\nof cotton, each weighing nearly 500 pounds. Of this, about", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES\\n211\\nFig. 165.\\nA scene at a railway station in the cotton belt.\\n7,500,000 bales were shipped abroad, especially to England.\\nThe remainder was manufactured at home, particularly in New\\nEngland and the South. In the same year the entire world\\nproduced a little over 17,000,000 bales, which makes it clear\\nthat the United States furnishes much more than half of all\\nthe cotton grown. When we remember that much of our\\nclothing is made of cotton, it is evident that the Southern\\nStates make it their chief work to help clothe the various peo-\\nples of the world.\\nCotton requires rather fertile soil and a long, warm summer\\nwith an abundance of rain. These conditions exist throughout\\nthe regions marked as the cotton belt in Figure 330 but, on\\naccount of the short summer season, they are wanting in the\\nNorth. Explain why cotton is not raised in western Texas\\nand among the Appalachian Mountains.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "212\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nCotton seeds are planted in the spring, in rows about three\\nfeet apart, and the weeds are kept out until the plants are\\nnearly grown. They reach a height of about three feet, and\\ndevelop large blossoms that produce a pod, in which the\\ncotton and cotton seed are contained. On maturing, the pod\\nbursts open, revealing a white woolly ball, known as the\\ncotton boll, which in appearance resembles the downy substance\\nin the thistle and in the pod of the milkweed.\\nAYhen a great number of these pods have split open, a cot-\\nton plantation of five or six hundred acres presents a beautiful\\nsight, much like a field flecked with snow (Fig. 164). Then\\nPtsll^SbI\\nH\\nL^J\\nmg*\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0v -in-\\n^*?r\\nFig. 166.\\nBales of cotton at a railway station in the South.\\nthe busy season for the pickers begins. As many as two or three\\nhundred negroes men, women, and children may assemble\\nin one field, carrying bags and picking cotton, singing melo-\\ndies, and chattering in the negro dialect the livelong day.\\nWhen plucked from the pods, the cotton, is attached to\\nseeds, and these must be removed before the cotton can be of\\nuse. The seedless cotton is tightly pressed into bales of about\\nfive hundred pounds, which are then covered with coarse jute\\nbagging, bound with iron bands, and shipped away to the\\nfactories.\\nRice. This is one of the most valuable food products\\nof the world, being the main support for millions of", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES 213\\npeople, as the Chinese, for example. Although it is not\\na staple food in the United States, nevertheless we do not\\nraise even enough for our own use. Rice requires a warm\\nclimate and a damp soil, such as prevail on the low coastal\\nand flood plains from the Carolinas to Texas. Although\\nraised throughout that section, the largest quantity comes\\nfrom Louisiana.\\nThe influence of the rice industry upon slavery is well\\nillustrated in South Carolina. Its cultivation on the swampy\\ncoastal plains, where malaria prevails, proved a deadly occupa-\\ntion to the white man, although negroes were able to live there.\\nThus it happened that the number of slaves increased at an\\nenormous rate in the rice section, and shortly before the Revo-\\nlutionary War they outnumbered the whites about three to one.\\nThere are now so many negroes living on the damp coastal\\nplains that it is often called the black belt.\\nIn the cultivation of rice, after preparing the ground, as for\\nother grains, and planting the seeds, it is usually necessary to\\nflood the fields from ditches. As the plant grows, it forms a\\nslender stalk, upon the top of which appears a head of seed\\nsomewhat resembling a head of oats, and commonly reaching a\\nheight of from three and a half to six feet. Just before the\\nharvest season the Avater is drawn off, so that horses may enter\\nthe field, and the grain is then cut and the kernels thrashed\\nout, as in the case of wheat.\\nAfter the hull is removed, the grains are polished at such\\ncities as New Orleans, Savannah, and Charleston, and are\\nthen ready for market. During the process of polishing, a\\nwhite powder is ground off that is used for adulterating some\\nfoods, and also for making buttons. In some cases rice itself\\nis used in making pearl buttons.\\nSugar-cane and Sugar. There are a number of plants\\nfrom whose sap sugar is made. One of these, the sugar\\nmaple, has already been mentioned (p. 132) another is", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "214\\nTHE U SITED STATES\\nthe sugar beet, raised in great quantities in some of the\\nEuropean countries, and also, of late, in many parts of\\nthe United States. This beet is a very important source\\nof sugar, because it can be raised in the cool temperate\\nclimate. For a long time, however, the principal source\\nof sugar has been the sugar-cane, a plant that looks sorne-\\nw hat like\\ncorn.\\nThis plant\\nrequires a fer-\\ntile soil and\\ngrows only\\nin warm re-\\ngions, where\\nthere is prac-\\nt i c a 1 1 y no\\nfrost even in\\nwinter. For\\nthis reason\\nthe greater\\nFig. 167.\\nA sugar-cane field in Louisiana, with the sugar houses in\\nthe background.\\npart of the cane sugar comes from tropical lands, such as\\nthe Hawaiian Islands, the Philippines, Porto Rico, and\\nCuba (Fig. 332). In our own country the most noted\\nsugar district is the delta and flood plains of the lower\\nMississippi in Louisiana.\\nIn that section there are large sugar plantations, some of\\nthem having several thousand acres planted in sugar-cane.\\nEither in the fall or spring, the cane is planted in rows about\\nsix feet apart, and a crop is raised every twelve months, being\\ncut in the fall after the middle of October. The stalks grow\\nto be two or more inches in diameter, and reach such a height\\nthat a man riding through them on horseback may easily be", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES\\n215\\nentirely hidden from view (Fig. 168). As soon as the stalks\\nare cut, they are drawn to the sugar house in wagons, or, on\\nthe larger plantations, in railway cars (Fig. 169).\\nThere the cane is ground between rollers in order to squeeze\\nout the juice, which is so acid that it must next be treated\\nwith lime. The waste cane, after the juice is pressed out, is\\nused as a fuel to run the engines of the sugar house (Fig. 167),\\nand the sap is placed in large vats and warmed to evaporate\\nthe water. As a result, two products are formed, a thick\\nblack molasses, and brown sugar. Some large sugar houses\\nproduce as much as fourteen million pounds of sugar a year.\\nFig. 168.\\nNegro women cutting the sugar-cane in Louisiana.\\nThe crude sugar is sent from the sugar house to the\\nrefinery, either in New Orleans (Fig. 175), or in the\\nNorth. At the refinery it is changed, to white sugar by a\\ncomplicated process, as a result of which the various\\ngrades of granulated, powdered, and lump sugar are pro-\\nduced. In changing the brown to the white sugar, burned\\nbones, called bone black, are made use of to filter out the\\nimpurities. The bones are obtained from the packing\\nhouses of Chicago and elsewhere, where large numbers of\\nanimals are killed for meat.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "216\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^WhhI\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0jiitsSfl,\\n,u J 11 lllMftf Oi Ainil l\\nlSw\\n^_ *Sto^\\npi 4\u00c2\u00bb4^S i--i\u00c2\u00bb^ 5 l iT^13K8lH\\nBr A\\nHP?!?\\n^^y^^^^^KiaTOp^ \u00c2\u00bbR\\nFig. 169.\\nLoading the sugar-cane on cars to be drawn to the sugar house.\\nThe molasses is used for various purposes, some of it,\\nespecially in the West Indies, being consumed in the\\nmanufacture of rum. Molasses is a by-product, like saw-\\ndust in a lumber mill, and is not considered of much\\nvalue by the sugar raiser.\\nFruits. Fruits, such as water-\\nmelons, apples, peaches, pears, and\\ngrapes, nourish in the warm climate\\nof the Southern States. Florida,\\nhowever, is so far south that it has\\nfruits of an entirely different kind.\\nThere are orange and lemon groves\\nin many parts of the state but in\\nthe northern part the trees have been\\ngreatly injured by frosts. During\\ncold waves (p. 56), cool air from\\nthe North sweeps over the South-\\nern States even as far as Florida, sometimes causing great\\ndestruction. Further south, where frosts never appear,\\nFig. 170.\\nOranges in a Florida\\norange grove.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES 217\\nare found the more tender tropical plants, such as cocoa-\\nnuts and pineapples (Fig. 157). The latter grow especially\\nwell on the low coral keys, the plant resembling an arid\\nland plant with the pineapple nestled in the midst of\\nsharp-pointed leaves.\\nFlorida and other Southern fruits are sent in great\\nquantities to the Northern States, where they appear in\\nthe markets early in the spring. Thousands of bushels\\nat a time are shipped by fast train and steamer. They\\nare sent together with early vegetables, and are intended\\nfor hundreds of cities and towns in the North.\\nOther Crops. Many other crops besides those thus far named\\nare raised in the South, corn and wheat being among the most\\nimportant. An immense quantity of corn is produced, and over\\nalmost as wide an area as cotton itself but since corn and wheat\\nare raised so much more extensively in states farther north,\\nwhere cotton will not grow, they are treated later (p. 243).\\nPeanuts and sweet potatoes are two important products of\\nthese states, particularly of North Carolina. Stock of various\\nkinds, as horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, is also raised, each plan-\\ntation usually having some of these animals, as in other farm-\\ning districts. In the open pine forests of the Florida and\\nGeorgia coastal plains, large numbers of cattle are raised.\\nAn important animal in the South, and one which makes a\\nstrong draft animal well suited to a warm climate, is the mule.\\nOn the fertile plains, especially in Tennessee and Kentucky,\\nmuch attention is paid to raising mules and fine breeds of horses.\\nGrazing. In western Texas, where the rainfall is in-\\nsufficient for agriculture, grazing is the chief industry.\\nThe climate is so dry that the grass cures and becomes\\nhay while still upon the ground, thus offering such excel-\\nlent food for cattle and sheep that ranching is a thriving\\nbusiness. One may travel for two or three hundred miles", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "218\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nwestward over 4 the plains, seeing little else than a ranch-\\nhouse here and there, with an occasional herd of cattle or\\nsheep, and cow-\\nboys riding to\\nand fro.\\nWhile- there is\\nno reason for\\nlarge cities in this\\nsection, and the\\nlife of the cow-\\nboys and sheep\\nherders is a lonely one, it is their work that helps to supply\\nour tables with meat and to cover our bodies with woollen\\nclothing and with shoes. Explain how hundreds of New\\nEngland families are dependent for their daily meat upon\\nthe products of these distant ranches. Here is a case in\\nwhich the most densely populated section is intimately\\nrelated to a very sparsely settled portion of the country.\\nFig. 171.\\nCattle on the Great Plains of the West.\\nMineral Products\\nCoal and Iron. Coal and iron ore constitute the prin-\\ncipal mineral wealth of the South. These two minerals\\noccur among the mountain ranges all the way from Penn-\\nsylvania to the Southern States. They are mined in sev-\\neral places, as near Chattanooga in eastern Tennessee\\nbut the most noted of all is a district at the extreme end\\nof the Appalachian system around Birmingham, Alabama.\\nThis region is so rich in these products that it now ranks\\nas the second iron-producing section of the continent.\\nWe learned that Pennsylvania enjoyed a great advan-\\ntage in having iron ore and coal near together but in", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES 219\\nBirmingham even more favorable conditions are found.\\nThat city has grown up in the midst of a valley, around\\nthe margin of which are found iron ore, coal, and lime-\\nstone, the three materials necessary for the production of\\niron and steel. In consequence, this section has become a\\ngreat manufacturing centre.\\nStone. A large amount of building stone, especially gran-\\nite and marble, is found in northern Georgia and near Knox-\\nville, in eastern Tennessee, much marble of different colors is\\nquarried. What city in Vermont is likewise noted for marble\\n(p. 135.)\\nGold and Precious Stones. In the mountainous portion of\\nwestern Georgia and North Carolina there is a gold-producing\\nbelt which formerly yielded much gold, and from which con-\\nsiderable is still obtained. Occasionally, too, precious stones,\\nas sapphires and diamonds, are found among the gravels.\\nPhosphates. The soil of farms often becomes worn out and\\nneeds a fertilizer. There are various kinds of fertilizers, such\\nas manure and bone-dust, which furnish the plant-food needed\\nby the crops but one of the most important fertilizers is min-\\neral phosphate. This is found in great quantities in Florida\\nand in Charleston harbor. It is a deposit in which are found\\nfossil remains of many animals, such as the teeth of sharks, and\\nthe bones and teeth of many large land animals. Among the\\nlatter is the huge mastodon, which lived in this country long\\nbefore white men came. This fertilizer is so valuable that it\\nis shipped to the Northern States from Charleston, Jackson-\\nville, and Tampa, to be used on the farms.\\nManufacturing\\nBirmingham, the Leading manufacturing centre of the\\nSouth, is located on an old cotton plantation. In 1880 it\\nhad a population of 3,086 but it now contains sixty thou-\\nsand persons. What special advantage has it In this", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "220\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\ncity, as in Pittsburg and Allegheny, the iron ore is re-\\nduced to iron in blast furnaces (p. 176), and then changed\\nto steel and various other useful articles. Several other\\ncities near the mountains are also noted for their iron\\nmanufacturing, as Rome and Atlanta, Georgia, and\\nKnoxville and Chattanooga, Tennessee.\\nBefore the^war there was practically no manufacturing in the\\nSouth. One reason for this was that water power is not com-\\nmon there, and another that the negroes, who did most of the\\nmanual labor, lacked the training necessary to handle machin-\\nery. At that time\\npractically all of\\nthe slaves were\\nunable to read or\\nwrite but now\\nonly about half\\nof the colored peo-\\nple are illiterate.\\nThe raw materi-\\nals were shipped\\naway, and manu-\\nfactured articles\\nbrought back.\\nThus the cotton went to England and New England, some of\\nit to be returned in the form of clothes and the lumber was\\nshipped to various Northern cities to be sent back in the form\\nof furniture. The iron ore was not mined at all.\\nFig. 172.\\nA cotton factory at Huntsville, Alabama.\\nThis situation is now changing. Since the war the\\nSoutherners have become engaged more actively in labor\\nmany Northerners have moved into the South, and the\\nnegroes have been advancing. The South is awakening\\nto its great opportunities, and the hum of factories is be-\\nginning to be heard in many places. The iron industry", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES 221\\nis already well developed, and each year new cotton mills\\nare being erected.\\nSome idea of what one of these cotton mills means may be\\ngained from a certain one in Alabama. It employs 600 hands,\\nincluding men, women, boys, and girls, and pays them about\\n$2000 per week in wages. Each day this mill consumes 15\\nbales of cotton, averaging about 500 pounds and since the\\naverage yield per acre of land is about 250 pounds, you can\\neasily estimate about how many acres of cotton are called for\\nin one year by this one mill. White people are employed be-\\ncause negroes are generally believed to lack the intelligence\\nnecessary for such work. But in some places employers are\\nbeginning to hire the negro.\\nTexas raises more cotton than any other state, but most\\nof it is still shipped away. In that state, in 1897, there\\nwere only four cotton mills, while North Carolina had\\nabout 200. Nor is there much cotton manufacturing in\\nArkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.\\nFormerly the cotton seeds were slowly picked out of the\\ncotton by hand, and then thrown away. Whitney s invention\\nof the Cotton Gin, 1 in 1793, enabled one laborer to separate\\nfrom the seed as much as 1000 pounds in the time that was\\nformerly required to clean five or six by hand. That, of course,\\nmade cotton raising far more profitable, and had an immense\\ninfluence upon the amount produced, as well as upon the num-\\nber of slaves needed.\\nInstead of being thrown away, the cotton seeds are now saved.\\nThere are two or three pounds of seeds to one pound of fibre\\nand since one acre, on the average, produces about 250 pounds of\\nseedless cotton, the quantity of seed from a 600-acre plantation\\nis very large. It was an immense loss when the seeds were\\nthrown away but now a kind of oil, called cotton-seed oil is\\n1 Gin is merely an abbreviation for engine.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "222\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nextracted from them, which is used in making soap, imitation\\nbutter, and a substitute for olive oil. Further than that, the\\npart of the seed that\\nis left after the oil\\nis pressed out, has\\nbeen found to be an\\nexcellent food for\\ncattle and a good\\nfertilizer.\\nFig. 173.\\nBags of cotton being hoisted into a building to\\nhave the seed removed by the cotton gin.\\nWhile hundreds\\nof Southern cities\\nand towns now\\nmanufacture cot-\\nton cloth and cot-\\nton seed oil, the\\nmost noted are\\nColumbia and\\nGeeenville, South Carolina, Charlotte, North Caro-\\nlina, and Augusta, Columbus, and Atlanta, Georgia.\\nWhat cities in New England are likewise noted for cotton\\nmanufacture How do they compare in size with these\\n(See tables, pp. 448-453.)\\nSome of the other articles manufactured in the South\\nhave already been mentioned, as furniture and other\\nobjects from Avood (p. 207), tobacco (p. 209), and sugar\\n(p. 215). In each case this work is confined mainly to the\\nsection in which the raw material is raised. For example\\nNew Orleans, in the midst of sugar plantations, has\\nlarge sugar refineries Macon, Montgomery, Mobile,\\nChattanooga, Memphis, and Little Rock, all in the\\nneighborhood of forests, produce lumber and furniture\\nand Raleigh, Durham, and other cities in northern North", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES 223\\nCarolina, manufacture tobacco. Which of the manufac-\\nturing cities mentioned are on the fall line (Fig. 123.)\\nAnother section of the South is also noted for its tobacco\\nfactories, namely, Key West, on a small coral key, south of\\nthe Florida peninsula. It is so near Cuba that the Havana\\ntobacco, so much prized by cigar smokers, is easily obtained.\\nThere is also cigar manufacturing at Tampa. Why there\\nLeading Cities and Shipping Routes\\nThe largest cities so far studied have been located at\\npoints on the water where the shipping advantages are\\nsuperior, and where numerous factories have consequently\\nlocated. Give examples. For reasons already mentioned,\\nthe Southern States have not so many fine harbors as the\\nNorthern States (p. 20). Besides that, although many\\nfactories have recently been built, the people are still\\nmainly engaged in farming. On these accounts we can-\\nnot expect to find so many or so large cities as in the\\nNorth and most of those that do exist may be looked for\\neither on the Mississippi River or on the coast.\\nNew Orleans. The greatest of all Southern cities is\\nNew Orleans, the largest city in the United States south\\nof St. Louis. It has a population of about 300,000, or\\nmore than half as many as Boston, and is therefore the\\nthirteenth in size in the United States. When we recall\\nthe advantages of New York s water connection with the\\nWest, we can readily explain the growth of New Orleans.\\nPittsburg on the Ohio, St. Paul on the Mississippi, and\\nKansas City on the Missouri, may all be reached from\\nNew Orleans by boat (Fig. 97). How do these distances\\ncompare with those from New York to Chicago and to Du-\\nluth Also how far apart are Pittsburg and Kansas City", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "Fig. 174.\\nMap to show location of New Orleans, Memphis, Birmingham, and Atlanta.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES\\n225\\nNew Orleans is situated at the gateway to the most\\nproductive valley in North America. The city is located\\nabout 100 miles from the mouth of the Mississippi, at a\\npoint to which ocean vessels can ascend, although they\\ndare not venture much beyond it. On the map (Fig. 174)\\nyou will see that an arm of the sea, called Lake Pont-\\nchartrain, reaches up to the city, and that New Orleans is\\nlocated at the place where the river and lake are nearest\\nFig. 175.\\nLoading a river steamer at the levee in New Orleans. A large sugar refinery\\nis seen in the distance, on the left.\\ntogether. The stream there makes a bend in the form\\nof a half-circle, which explains the reason for the name of\\nCrescent City, commonly applied to New Orleans.\\nThat particular spot was selected because the sail boats\\nof two centuries ago could reach it by crossing the lake,\\nwhile they could not sail a hundred miles up the river with-\\nout great difficulty. The large ocean steamers now in use\\ncannot enter the lake on account of the shallow water,", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "226\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nbut must reach the city by the river route. This they can\\neasily do, since they depend upon steam instead of wind.\\nMuch of the land on which New Orleans rests is frequently\\nbelow the level of the river. In fact, from Memphis south-\\nward, the land on -either side of the river is nothing but a\\nlow flood plain, spreading out for many miles, and often\\nthreatened with floods. The mighty river, receiving tribu-\\ntaries from regions thousands of miles apart, is charged with\\nyellow mud, which gradually sinks to the bottom as the cur-\\nrent becomes slower toward the mouth. This has budt up\\nthe bed of the river, so that at high water the floods would\\nspread over the broad flood plains if these were not protected by\\nstrong walls of earth, called levees. In spite of their strength,\\nthese embankments occasionally give way, especially in the\\nspringtime, when the snows are melting in the North; then\\nthe destruction to Ii\u00c2\u00a3 and property is appalling. At such\\ntimes, hundreds of men pa-\\ntrol the levees night and\\nday to check the slightest\\nleak. Even a hole made\\nby a crawfish may be the\\nbeginning of an awful in-\\nundation. Why\\nSome peculiar conse-\\nquences result from this\\ncondition. The soil on which\\nNew Orleans stands is nat-\\nurally very wet. Indeed,\\nin digging foundations for\\nbuildings, water is reached\\na short distance below the\\nsurface. On that account, there can be no cellars under the\\nhouses, and it is difficult to provide proper drainage.\\nSince the city once belonged to France (p. 98), French is\\nstill a common language there, one person in six being of\\nFrench stock. About one person in four is colored.\\nFig. 176.\\nA view in a cemetery in New Orleans,\\nwhere the ground is so wet that the\\ndead must he placed in stone tombs\\nahove ground.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES 227\\nSince frost seldom reaches this city, the midwinter weather\\nis rarely colder than the occasional frosty, early autumn even-\\nings of the North. What must be the effect of this climate\\nupon the style of houses Also upon the presence of birds,\\nflowers, and fruits in winter, and the appearance of the trees\\nKnowing the farm products in this region, we have\\na key to the exports from this point. New Orleans is an\\nimportant cotton market and a centre for sugar, molasses,\\nand rice, besides being a shipping point for products\\nfrom farther up the Mississippi Valley.\\nLike New York, this city is now connected with the\\ndistant interior cities by rail as well as by water. The\\nIllinois Central Railway extends all the way to Chicago,\\nrunning parallel to the river for much of the distance\\nthe Louisville and Nashville reaches Louisville and St.\\nLouis and the Southern Railway runs most of the dis-\\ntance from New Orleans to Washington, connecting with\\nthe Southern Pacific, which extends westward, across\\nTexas, to California.\\nMemphis and Atlanta. The cities next in size are\\nMemphis and Atlanta (Fig. 174), each having about\\none hundred thousand inhabitants. The former is situ-\\nated in Tennessee, on a bluff where the Mississippi River\\nswings out upon its broad flood plain. Why is that a\\nfavorable location? Memphis is one of the great cotton\\ncentres and lumber markets of the South.\\nAtlanta, the Gate City, is one of the few large\\ncities not located upon a water route. Northeast of it,\\nfor over 350 miles, there is no easy pass across the moun-\\ntains a^nd until 1880 no railway crossed the mountain\\nranges in all that distance. Near where Atlanta stands,\\nhowever, there is a good route and railways reaching", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "228 THE UNITED STATES\\nwestward from the Carolinas or northern Georgia come\\ntogether there, making Atlanta a great railway centre.\\nCotton and tobacco are two of its leading articles of trade,\\nand the iron industry is also important, since the city is\\nnot far from the Birmingham iron mines.\\nOther Cities. Recalling the rough nature of the pla-\\nteaus west of the Appalachians, we can see the reason for\\nthe location of Chattanooga. It is on the Tennessee\\nRiver at a point which makes it a gateway in much the\\nsame sense as Atlanta. It is on this account that Chatta-\\nnooga was such an important point during the Civil War,\\nas was Atlanta also.\\nNashville, the capital of Tennessee, has saw-mills,\\nfurniture factories, and flour-mills. Being in the midst of\\na splendid farming country, it is a distributing point for\\nsupplies to the neighboring towns and farms. It is also\\none of the educational centres of the South, having Van-\\nderbilt University and other important schools. There\\nare several other well-known universities in the South.\\nName the leading coast cities of the Southern States. They\\nare chiefly engaged in shipping cotton and lumber, and most\\nof them are located near the mouths of rivers, so that their\\ngoods may be brought to them by water as well as by rail.\\nThe two best known are Charleston and Savannah, both\\nnoted shipping points even before the Civil War. In Florida\\nis located Tampa, a port from which steamboats go to Cuba.\\nSince cotton is raised to be shipped away, there has been\\nneed of a large number of small shipping ports along the\\nrivers and coast. Therefore, besides the cities already named,\\nmost of which are extensively engaged in cotton shipping, we\\nfind the cotton ports of Vicksburg, Natchez, and Baton\\nRouge, on the Mississippi, and Shreveport and Little Rock\\non tributaries to that river.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES 229\\nTexas. This state is the largest in the Union. Find\\nhow it compares with New England in size (Fig. 97).\\nThe western third of the state, as was stated on page 205,\\nis fitted mainly for grazing, although there is some min-\\ning in the mountains. Throughout that entire section\\nthere are no cities and almost no large towns, except in\\nthe extreme western corner, where El Paso is situated.\\nThe word El Paso means the pass in Spanish, for\\nthis city is situated at a pass in the Rocky Mountains,\\nthrough which the Southern Pacific Railway passes west-\\nward, while an important line extends southward into\\nMexico. El Paso is at one of the gateways into Mexico\\nand is therefore an important railway centre.\\nEast of the arid and semi-arid plateau is the fertile\\ncotton belt. In this there are many cities, such as Dal-\\nlas and Fort Worth both shipping points, not only\\nfor cotton but also for cattle from the Western plains.\\nDallas is also a busy manufacturing city. Austin, the\\ncapital, is a beautiful city on the Colorado River, and\\nSan Antonio is a quaint Mexican town; for Texas once\\nbelonged to the Mexicans, but declared its independence\\nin 1836, after which (1845) it was taken into the Union.\\nTwo of the largest cities of Texas are Houston, near\\nthe coast, and Galveston, the principal seaport west\\nof New Orleans. Immense quantities of cotton and other\\nproducts are shipped from Galveston. It is also a port\\nof outlet for goods from the Far West.\\nThe Territories. We have already learned something\\nabout the Indian Territory (p. 103). There is much min-\\neral wealth in this territory but, owing to the fact that\\nthe Indians own the land, little can be done to develop it\\nat present.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "230\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nOklahoma, like Texas, is mainly a great plain, arid\\nin the western part, but in the eastern half a fertile,\\nagricultural district. The principal products are corn\\nin the north and cotton in the south. It was formerly a\\npart of the In-\\ndian Territory,\\nbut in 1890 was\\nopened to set-\\ntlers. Since then\\nits growth has\\nbeen so marvel-\\nlous that almost\\nall the farm land\\nis now occupied\\nand tilled, al-\\nthough none of the farm buildings are so old that the\\nshingles have lost their newness. There are two flourish-\\ning cities, Oklahoma and Guthrie, and the terri-\\ntory already has enough inhabitants to warrant its request\\nto be admitted as a state.\\nFig. 177.\\nScene on an Indian reservation.\\nQUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\\nReview Questions and Topics. (1) Describe the physiography\\nof these states: the plains and their products; the mountains; the\\nTexas plains the coast its bars, harbors, and coral keys. (2) Tell\\nabout the climate: how it differs from the North; the climate of\\nthe mountains the crops the winter resorts the summer resorts\\nthe arid section. (3) How do the forests and methods of lumbering\\ndiffer from those of Maine (4) Which cities have important lum-\\nber industries? (5) What besides lumber is obtained in the forests?\\n(6) What about tobacco raising in the South (7) Tell about cot-\\nton the effect in encouraging slavery amount produced where\\ngrown; method of planting and picking. (8) Do the same for rice\\nand tell, also, what it is used for. (9) Describe the sugar industry:", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES 231\\nsource of sugar where the sugar-cane grows, and why method of\\nplanting and harvesting; change to sugar, where done, methods\\nemployed, and products obtained. (10) What fruits are raised in\\nthe South? AVhy there? What is done with them? (11) What\\nother crops are important? (12) Where is grazing carried on?\\nWhy there How are we dependent upon these ranchmen\\n(13) Where are coal and iron found? (14) What great natural\\nadvantages has Birmingham? (15) What other mineral products are\\nobtained? (16) Tell about the phosphate: where found; origin;\\nuses; from what ports shipped. (17) Where is iron manufacturing\\ncarried on? (18) Tell about manufacturing in the South: former\\ncondition; present change; importance of a single cotton factory;\\nthe cotton gin; uses of cotton seed; cities engaged in cotton manu-\\nfacturing cities engaged in other manufacturing. (19) Why are there\\nnot so many large cities in the South as in the North (20) Tell\\nabout New Orleans: the reason for its importance; why located\\njust where it is; the need of levees; the inhabitants; the climate;\\nthe industries. (21) For what are Memphis and Atlanta impor-\\ntant? (22) Chattanooga and Nashville? (23) What about the\\nriver ports? (24) The seaports? (25) Tell about Texas its size;\\nindustries principal cities. (26) Tell about the two territories.\\nReview by States: North Carolina (N.C.). (1) Which part is\\nmountainous Name and locate the highest peak in the East.\\n(2) What two plains in this state (3) Which cities are mentioned\\nin the text? Where is each? For what important? (4) What capes\\non the coast? (5) What are the industries? (See Figs. 324-349.)\\n(6) Draw an outline map of this state like that of Maine and later\\ndo the same for each of the other states.\\nTennessee (Tenn.). (7) Where are the mountains? The plains?\\n(8) Name two cities among the mountains. For what is each impor-\\ntant? (9) Answer the same question for two other cities in Tennes-\\nsee. (10) Which city is the largest? (See table, p. 448.) (11) What\\nlarge river drains the state? Through what two large tributaries?\\n(12) What industries in this state?\\nSouth Carolina (S.C.). (13) Describe the physiography of this\\nstate. (14) What are the principal industries? (15) What city on\\nthe fall line? On the seacoast? For what is each important?\\n(16) Which city is largest? (See table, p. 448.)\\nGeorgia (Ga.). (17) Where are the mountains? (18) The plains?\\n(19) What are the industries in each section (20) Trace the fall\\nline across the state (Fig. 123). What cities are on it? (21) Why is", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "232 THE UNITED STATES\\nAtlanta situated where it is (22) How does it compare in size with\\nthe largest city in the three states just mentioned (23) How does it\\ncompare in size with New Orleans, Boston, Buffalo, and Providence?\\n(24) Name the two seaports. What do they ship\\nFlorida (Fla.) (25) Why are there so many lakes in Florida?\\n(See p. 21.) (26) What about the relief? (27) What about the cli-\\nmate How does this influence the crops (28) What Florida cities\\nwere mentioned, and for what is each important? (29) What min-\\neral product comes from Florida? (30) What is the principal indus-\\ntry at Key West? Why? (31) What group of islands lies east of\\nthe southern end of Florida?\\nAlabama (Ala.). (32) Trace the fall line across this state. What\\ncities are situated on it? (33) Where is Mobile? For what is it im-\\nportant? (34) Describe the location and industries of Birmingham.\\n(35) What crops are raised in Alabama? (36) What cities are\\nengaged in manufacturing cotton (37) In lumber manufacturing\\n(38) Compare Mobile in size with Atlanta and Birmingham.\\nMississippi (Miss.). (39) Why is there no seaport (40) In what\\nway can the products of the state be shipped by water (41) From\\nwhat cities? (42) What are the products? (43) Why no mining?\\n(44) What reasons can you give why there is so little manufacturing\\nLouisiana (La.). (45) State the reasons for the great importance\\nof New Orleans. (46) Why has it a better location than Mobile or\\nCharleston (47) Compare it in size with those cities. (48) With\\nNew York, Boston, and Baltimore. (49) What large tributary enters\\nthe Mississippi in Louisiana? (50) What crops are raised in Louisi-\\nana? Why there (51) Tell how the delta is caused to grow.\\nArkansas (Ark.). (52) What large river enters the Mississippi\\nin this state? (53) There is considerable forest in Arkansas. In\\nwhat part should you expect to find most of it (54) Is Arkansas in\\nthe cotton belt (See Fig. 330.) (55) The capital is the largest city.\\nCompare it in size with Memphis. Why is it less favorably situated\\nthan that city (56) Compare it in the same way with New Orleans.\\nTexas (Tex.). (57) Where are the mountains? (58) Are there\\nforests on the western plains? Why? (59) What are the industries\\nthere (60) What city in the western part Why there (61). AVhat\\nare the industries in eastern Texas? (62) What cities are mentioned\\nin the text as being in eastern Texas? (63) For what is Galveston\\nnoted? (64) Compare it in size with New Orleans, Charleston, and\\nBoston. (65) What products should you expect to find sent from\\nhere? (66) How many times larger than Rhode Island is Texas?", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERN STATES 233\\n(For area, see table, p. 445.) Than Pennsylvania? (67) Add to-\\ngether the areas of all the New England and Middle Atlantic States,\\nand compare the total with the area of Texas. (68) Compare the\\npopulation of Texas with that of Massachusetts (see table, p. 445).\\nCompare it with that of New York City (see table, p. 447).\\nIndian Territory (I.T.). (69) What disadvantages do you see in\\nthe fact that this region is owned by the Indians (70) Describe an\\nIndian reservation (see p. 103).\\nOklahoma. (Ok.). (71) What about the climate of the western\\npart? (72) What crops are raised in the eastern part? (73) Into\\nwhat river does the territory drain (74) Name the two cities.\\nGeneral. (75) Which is the smallest state? (76) Compare it\\nwith Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. (77) State the principal\\nindustries of the South. (78) Of what advantage is it that they\\nare so different from those of the North? (79) Add together the\\npopulations of the ten largest cities, and compare the result with\\nthe total for the ten largest in the New England States (see table,\\np. 448). In the Middle Atlantic States.\\nSuggestions. (1) Examine a floor made of Georgia pine.\\n(2) Show several ways in which New England and the Southern\\nStates are dependent on each other. (3) What would be the effect\\non the cotton manufacturing of England if the United States engaged\\nin war with that country? (4) Find what the effect was at the\\ntime of the Civil War. (5) Near what places were some of the\\ngreat battles of the war fought? (6) What other inventions can\\nwell be compared with that of the cotton gin in importance?\\n(7) Try raising some rice in the schoolroom. (8) Raise some\\ntobacco, cotton, and sugar-cane. (9) About how much sugar does\\nyour family use each year (10) Explain more fully why the cul-\\ntivation of rice is unhealthful work. (11) Examine a pineapple.\\n(12) Find some pictures of orange and lemon groves. (13) What\\nreasons can you give for expecting the cotton mills in New England\\nto prove less profitable, now that the South is developing such mills?\\n(14) Find out how much farther it is from New Orleans to London\\nthan from New York. What effect should you think its greater distance\\nfrom Europe would haveon the growth of New Orleans (15) Through\\nwhat waters would a boat go from New Orleans to Kansas City? To\\nPittsburg? To Chicago? To San Francisco? (16) Make a drawing\\nof the Southern States, putting in the chief rivers and cities.\\nFor References, see page 440.", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "XL CENTRAL STATES\\nMap Questions. (1) Name the large rivers of this group. Draw\\na sketch map showing them. (2) Draw a sketch map of the five\\nGreat Lakes. (3) Locate upon each of those sketches the cities printed\\nin large type (those over two hundred thousand inhabitants). (4) Are\\nany of the very large cities not situated on rivers or lakes Why\\n(5) What advantages have these cities from their location (6) Ex-\\namine Figure 13 to see how far the glacier reached in these states.\\nDo you find any lakes south of that line? (7) What influence must\\nthe Great Lakes have upon the summer climate of places near them?\\nUpon the winter climate (8) Compare the isothermal charts (Figs.\\n63 and 61) with the map (Fig. 178) to see near what cities the iso-\\ntherms pass. (9) Why is the interior colder in winter and warmer in\\nsummer than the coast? (10) State some ways in which the Great\\nLakes must have influenced the development of the West.\\nPhysiography and Climate. A hundred j-ears ago,\\nwhen a considerable number of pioneers pushed across\\nthe Appalachian Mountains into Ohio and Kentucky,\\nthe}^ were gladdened by the sight of immense tracts of\\nlevel land. For hundreds of miles the plains slope gently\\ntoward the Mississippi and then, beyond that river, they\\nslowly rise again for hundreds of miles to the very base\\nof the Rocky Mountains. In a few places, as in western\\nSouth Dakota and southern Missouri, low mountains rise\\nabove the plains but most of the country is a vast level\\ntract, quite unlike the hilly and mountainous region far-\\nther east. What are the names of the mountains of the\\nCentral States? (Fig. 178.)\\n234", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "105\\nJ\\n1 01\u00c2\u00b0 97\u00c2\u00b0\\nft 4 i-..i.._ N [k o n fpv^\\n=A. Turtle M+c T z-\u00e2\u0080\u0094.\\nTurtle Mis\\nDevil, Lok e\\nGrafton J\\nGrand p ork\\n.S\\n2S f I \\\\x^_^-T^~^^ u fl For\\nfc Ms X R Jamest \u00c2\u00b0H. i( r K***^\\ns\u00c2\u00b0isrr arck J M \u00e2\u0080\u00a2gfj/dS y ioie\\nlM_J NNE Sj^O T A I s\\n_ Braine/rdr*l\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00abL\\nalij.otL Hr^ Eraiue /S rn ,rX\\nLl_J eI Sis Falls Or\\nZaps\\nvj r~ I St, Cloud vL.\\n1 Faribault V i\u00c2\u00ab\\nMankato ^J\\nAViuoiu\\nIk.\\nPlatte\\nHastings Xehrask *f 6\\nEeatriteV\\n^Uii~) \\\\chillicothe\\ntea c t/ yo *St.Jo8eph^-\\nTope ^5^5WeF\u00c2\u00bb? s Ci T\\nKr -sl ^Otta^h Jeffersor\\nFoh Scott\\nY? Nevada\\nmtfiburg J\\\\\\nArkansas Cit,\\\\J Parsons.! *i,2 Srtba If\\nI--X i l ,J *P\u00c2\u00bbu. S r g fleld\\nj y\\\\ OzarhlMts.\\nh o ]\\\\T\\\\ i A n^d. t\u00e2\u0080\u0094 .^rr^rf\\n1 ,T/E Rj A\\\\R X", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "77\u00c2\u00b0\\nCENTRAL STATES\\nScale of Miles.\\n25 50 75 100 200 S\\nCities with over 1,000,000: ClllCagO\\nCities with 500,000 to 1,000,000:. .St.LOlUS\\nCities with 200,000 to 500,000: Buffalo\\nCities with 50,000 to 200,000: Toledo\\nCities with 25,000 to 50,000: Lexington\\nSmaller Places: Alpena\\nCapitals with less than 25,000:. .Charleston\\nCapitals of States: Other Cities:\\no\\nWest r*\\nJay Cityai- aJ CUy\\n/Sagin flW W r\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^uffa\\nfa\\\\o\\nRacine\\nLansing take\\nSt.Clmf/\\nBattle Creek i DetVOlW\\nockford U KaHtaaaoo Jackson* Alin ArborU^j\\nI N|0 V I S J\\nringfield\\ncksonville I _^,\\nAlton\\nEast S/. Lo uis\\nBe/lieville\\n0Uae La X\u00e2\u0084\u00a22f fV H\\nnT^SS^ L^ So Fort Wayn\\nStryitof Ko n ta]^l ___ \u00e2\u0080\u00947 1 j Lima East T vvev\u00c2\u00bb\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \u00c2\u00ab(fp Uts UttV\\nLuBausnuit^--^ Ma nsfield /Q 91 ll\\nj r-^^JlanonHj^ cTLJH r 1 Stei beaV f 3\\nDanville. ^\u00e2\u0084\u00a2f?K A SpriWfl ld T| Z \\\\1\\nI IndUraaW\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bbS I /Hamilton *i Pv J\\nre ir eijtu te i/Vcincinnati ^Aj ,\u00c2\u00aeR b i\\nJenersonvilhv TL Fra nkfoH ^i%,\\nNew Albany rf IF\\n\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb/EvaiisviUe /\\\\JLOlliSVl\\\\le u x in S ton\\nHencL/erson Om us t oro\\nI S J3. 3f\\nP K\\nBowhug ween iMjailiboro;.^\\nWest\\nfrom Greenwich\\n.Knox S", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2729", "width": "1842", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "236 THE UNITED STATES\\nNot only did the settlers find the land level, but most\\nof it was free from forests and boulders. In many por-\\ntions of New England weeks of hard labor were required\\nto remove the trees from a single acre, and many days to\\ndrag away or bury the boulders. On the broad plains,\\nhowever, such labor was unnecessary, for there were hun-\\ndreds of thousands of square miles covered only with\\ngrass. These treeless plains became known as the prairies.\\nPossibly at one time the prairies of the Mississippi Valley\\nwere largely wooded but frequent fires, started by the Indians\\nin order to frighten the bison (Figs. 71 and 76) and other wild\\ngame from cover, and drive them to places where they might\\nbe slaughtered, had cleared away much of the forest. Even\\nsince white men have settled in Kentucky, the Indians have\\nremoved some of the forest in this manner.\\nWhile boulders are abundant in some places, the glacier\\nhas in most sections left a deep, rich soil, free from stones.\\nThe reason for this is, that here the glacier found softer\\nrocks to grind up into soil than in New England, and was\\ntherefore more easily able to reduce them to small frag-\\nments. In many sections, as in parts of Illinois, Indiana,\\nand Ohio, the glacial drift is one or two hundred feet deep.\\nIt is the deposit of this drift which has caused the thou-\\nsands of lakes in Minnesota and other states.\\nThe summers are too short for cotton, but they are long\\nand hot enough for numerous other crops. The rainfall\\nis also sufficient for crops, except in the extreme western\\npart, which is arid, like western Texas (p. 205).\\nSettlement of the Mississippi Valley. The conditions\\nseemed favorable for agriculture and, in spite of danger\\nfrom Indians, the settlers poured across the gaps in the\\nmountains, following the Great Lakes or the Ohio River", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES 237\\nand its tributaries. At first only a few ventured in, trav-\\nelling until they reached a spot which suited their fancy.\\nThere they built rude log huts, and settled down to a\\nsolitary existence, one family being perhaps miles away\\nfrom its nearest neighbor.\\nAs more persons came and wished to proceed farther\\nwestward, they built flatboats to navigate the rivers, and\\nthey settled in groups along the river banks, forming vil-\\nlages which soon grew into towns and cities. Their life\\nwas of the simplest kind, each family depending largely\\nupon itself for whatever it needed (First Book, p. 82).\\nSome articles had to be purchased for though the rich\\nsoil produced abundant crops, the pioneers still needed\\nsugar, cotton cloth, tools, and medicines. Since almost\\nall this region drained into the Mississippi, the most\\naccessible place where such supplies could be obtained\\nwas New Orleans. Consequently the products of the farm\\nwere floated on flatboats to that point, and there sold or\\nexchanged for the articles desired.\\nA great improvement was made when steam came into use.\\nThe first steamboat on these Western rivers was the New Or-\\nleans, which started out from Pittsburg in 1811. As it ran\\ndown the Ohio, making extraordinary speed in comparison\\nwith anything before known, the quiet denizens of the forests\\nalong the river banks were amazed and frightened by the\\nstrange apparition. Not a few of the more ignorant folk\\nthought the Day of Judgment was at hand, as they watched\\nthe showers of sparks and heard the rush of the wheels. And\\nwhen the craft stopped at Louisville, well along in the night,\\nand let off steam, the roar from the escape-pipes brought a\\ngood share of the town tumbling out of their beds to see what\\nwas the matter. l\\n1 The United States of America, by N. S. Shaler, Vol. I, p. 296.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "238 THE UNITED STATES\\nCanals, similar to the Erie Canal in New York (p. 182),\\nwere also made, and the benefits of another invention\\nbegan to be felt in 1827. In that year the first railway\\nwas built in the United States and, as years passed,\\nrailway lines were so extended that even those regions\\nthat were at a distance from the rivers could be reached\\neasily and quickly.\\nThese several improvements in the manner of travelling\\nand carrying freight have exerted an immense influence\\nupon the rapidity with which the Mississippi Valley has\\nbeen settled. While 150 years had been consumed in\\npushing the settlements westward to Ohio and Kentucky,\\nit required less than one-quarter of that time to extend\\nthem twice that distance farther west. Now, in spite of\\nthe great cities along the Atlantic coast, more people are\\nliving west of Cincinnati than east of it (Fig. 328), and\\nthe greater part of these are in the Mississippi Valley.\\nAltogether, including the Southern States, that valley\\nnow supports a population of about 30,000,000. Large\\nnumbers of the settlers have come from Europe, especially\\nfrom Germany, Scandinavia, and Ireland.\\nAgriculture\\nMillions of persons in Europe and in our coast cities\\nlook to this valley for their bread, meat, and other food,\\nas they look to the South for cotton.\\nA Farm in Central Ohio. All the way from eastern\\nOhio to central Nebraska, agriculture is a very important\\nindustry. The farms vary greatly in size, from a few\\nacres to several thousand, but they usually contain from\\n80 to 160 acres. In the main, they resemble the one in\\nOhio that is described below.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "Fig. 180.\\nScenes on a farm in Ohio. Tell what you see in each picture.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "240 THE UNITED STATES\\nThis Ohio farm of 160 acres has a house upon it in\\nwhich the family lives, with a barn near by for horses,\\nmilch cows, and hay, and with a few sheds around it for\\ngrain and farming implements.\\nA windmill in the rear keeps the milk house well sup-\\nplied with cold water, and also fills the water troughs in\\nthe barnyard. On one side is an orchard having apple,\\npeach, and pear trees, with a few rows of berry bushes in\\none part, and a chicken house in another, where enough\\nchickens are raised to supply some meat, and all the eggs\\nthat are needed, with perhaps some to sell. On one side\\nof the front yard are a few beehives, and back of them,\\nbetween the orchard and the barn, is a garden for vegeta-\\nbles. Still back of that are several pig-pens, in which hogs\\nare fattened for home use and also for the market.\\nFarther away from the house are fields in which there\\nare at least three or four different kinds of crops. Every\\nfarmer in that vicinity expects to grow corn, perhaps sixty\\nacres of it, some grass for grazing and for hay, and wheat\\nor some other kind of grain. After these crops are har-\\nvested, they are either sold, or fed to stock horses,\\ncattle, hogs, or sheep upon the farm. The latter plan\\nis often followed, chiefly because it pays better to fatten\\nstock and sell it than to sell the crops themselves. There\\nare generally two or three good milch cows on hand, which\\nnot only supply the family with fresh milk and butter,\\nbut furnish some cream or butter to sell.\\nSince there are only three other houses in sight of this\\nfarmhouse, and there is no store or post-office nearer\\nthan two and a half miles, the farmer and his family may\\nnot be able to visit with other persons for several days at\\na time, although they often see acquaintances driving by.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES \u00c2\u00a341\\nIn the busier season, from spring till fall, they make few\\ntrips to town, and then mainly for groceries or mail, or to\\nchurch on Sunday but at other times of the year they\\nhave leisure for reading, visiting, and other pleasures.\\nSome persons would not care for such a life because it\\nis too lonesome, and there is too much hard work con-\\nnected with it. But this farmer enjoys it greatly, because\\nlie likes to take care of his stock, to work in the soil, and\\nto watch the crops grow. In addition to this, he is able to\\nraise most of his own food, and his whole life is more inde-\\nj\\n1\\nFig. 181.\\nThreshing wheat on a farm in Ohio.\\npendent than that of persons in a village or city. From\\nsuch farms have come some of our ablest and best-educated\\nmen. Can you name two Presidents who spent their\\nchildhood on farms of the Central States? Where were\\ntheir homes What can you tell about their early life\\nFruits. While each farm usually has a small orchard, like\\nthe one mentioned above, fruit raising is a special industry\\nin those parts where climate and soil are favorable, as in the\\nneighborhood of the Great Lakes. The immense area of water\\nrenders the summers cooler and the winters warmer than they\\nwould otherwise be. Accordingly, we find the Chautauqua\\ngrape belt (p. 167) extending from New York a long distance", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "242 THE UNITED STATES\\nFig. 182.\\nA fruit orchard in Kansas, a state in which much fruit is raised.\\ninto Ohio and quantities of such fruit as peaches and apples\\nare produced on the peninsula of Michigan. With what part\\nof the Atlantic coast can this fruit regiou be best compared\\n(p. 167.)\\nTobacco. Tobacco is another product of importance in these\\nstates (Fig. 333). We have seen that its cultivation was one\\nof the industries in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee\\n(pp. 166 and 209). W T est of these states there are also sections,\\nin both Kentucky and Missouri, where the soil and climate are\\nfavorable to tobacco raising. Both Louisville and St. Louis\\nare important tobacco markets. What other cities have the\\nsame industry (pp. 166 and 209.)\\nFine Stock in Kentucky. Kentucky is famous for its\\nblue grass in the neighborhood of Lexington, and for\\nits fine stock, especially horses and mules. The reason why\\nthis grass is so nourishing is that much of the Kentucky\\nsoil is composed of bits of decayed limestone in which is\\nfound an abundance of lime phosphate, an excellent plant\\nfood (p. 219). This phosphate is supplied from the shells\\nof small sea animals which were buried in the sea bottom\\nmillions of years ago. As the limestone decays, the phos-\\nphate mixes with other rock bits and thus fertilizes the soil.\\nCaverns. The abundance of limestone in Kentucky is the\\nreason for the numerous caves that exist there. Limestone,\\nalthough hard, is more easily dissolved by water than other", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES\\n243\\nrocks and as the rain water seeps into the earth and enters\\nthe limestone along the joints, it slowly dissolves the rock\\naway. In this manner many a long tunnel has been made, the\\nlargest that is known being the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky.\\nNot all parts of Mammoth Cave are yet known, but it is said\\nthat there are more than 150 miles of galleries. They are found\\nto wind about irregularly, some being many feet below others,\\nand all together form-\\ning a network, or laby-\\nrinth, into which one\\ndares not venture with-\\nout a guide. The entire\\ncavern is as dark as\\nany mine, and the only\\nsound to be heard is\\nthat of trickling water.\\nCorn. Corn rais-\\ning is one of the most\\nimportant industries\\nof the Central States\\n(Fig. 324, p. 406).\\nA farmer usually ex-\\npects to devote from\\none -third to one-half\\nof his land to it\\ntherefore, in travelling across these states in summer, one\\nsees corn-fields in every direction (Fig. 184).\\nThe seed is planted in rows in the spring time. Soon the\\nlittle stalk appears above ground, growing rapidly during the\\nhot summer months, until a height of from seven to ten feet is\\nreached. In order to keep the soil soft and kill the weeds, the\\nground between the rows is ploughed when the corn is young\\nbut as it grows higher, the shade of its own leaves protects it\\nboth from drought and weeds.\\nFig. 183.\\nA view in one of the Kentucky caverns, show-\\ning the icicle-like stalactites, which are\\nmade of limey matter deposited by the\\nwater which slowly trickles from the cave\\nroof.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "244\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nA field usually presents the most beautiful appearance in\\nJuly, when the corn tassels out. The leaves then entirely\\nFig. 184.\\nA field in Kansas entirely given over to corn.\\nhide the ground from view for hundreds of acres, and the rich\\ngreen stalks, with their long, slender leaves, bend to the\\nbreezes in the most graceful manner. If the stalk is to be\\nused as fodder for cattle\\nin winter, it is cut be-\\nfore frost, when the\\nkernels on the cob are\\nstill somewhat soft and\\nmilky, although much\\nharder than the green\\ncorn which we eat. If\\nleft until after frost, the\\ngrain hardens, and then\\nthe harvest season be-\\ngins. Men drive into the\\nfields in wagons, and tear\\nthe husks from the ear,\\nspending day after day\\nat that kind of work.\\nFig. 185.\\nTwo ears of corn, one with the husk stripped\\ndown to show the kernels.\\nCorn is put to many\\nuses. Much that is", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES 245\\nraised is fed to cattle and hogs, as already stated. Some\\nis made into hominy and breakfast foods, or into corn\\nmeal for mush and corn bread. Starch is another prod-\\nuct but one of the most extensive uses of the grain is in\\nthe manufacture of whiskey in a distillery. There are\\nmany distilleries in St. Louis, Louisville, and other\\ncities within the corn belt. Peoria, in central Illinois, is\\nanother great centre for the manufacture of whiskey and\\nother materials from corn. Much corn is shipped east-\\nward to the seaboard and beyond, and all the cities along\\nthe way make profit from handling it.\\nWheat. This grain, like corn, is produced in all the\\nCentral States as well as in other parts of the country\\n(Fig. 326, p. 407). It is an especially important product\\nin Ohio and Indiana but the section which at present is\\nmost noted for wheat is the valley of the Red River of the\\nNorth. In this valley is a strip of land, including western\\nMinnesota, eastern Dakota, and a portion of Manitoba,\\nwhich is one of the finest wheat regions in the world.\\nOne of the reasons for its fertility dates back to the time\\nwhen the glacier was melting away from this region. The\\nice then stretched across the Red River valley, and forced\\nthat river to seek an outlet southward. A broad lake was\\nthus formed, with an ice dam on the north, and in the water\\nof this lake the sediment was deposited which forms much\\nof the soil of the wheat region. When the ice melted en-\\ntirely away from the valley, the Red River was once more\\nable to flow northward, and then the lake disappeared.\\nThe land there is almost as level as the surface of the\\nsea (Fig. 186) it is so level, in fact, that after a rain\\nthe water stands in shallow sheets in the fields. Also the\\nroads need to be elevated a foot or more above the sur-", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "246\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nrounding land, with ditches on either side. It is a dismal\\nplace in which to live, for in every direction there is\\nnothing to break the view except a farmhouse every half\\nmile or so, with a few trees around it. Over these open\\nplains the wind sweeps with terrific force, somewhat as\\nupon the ocean, and tierce, blinding snow squalls, or bliz-\\nzards, are not uncommon.\\nUpon these plains one may ride northward on the train\\ntoward Winnepeg all day long, and see scarcely a single crop\\nbesides wheat. Most of the farms are of moderate size, bnt\\nsome are enormons. For example, the Dalyrymple farm, at\\nCasselton, [North Dakota, contains fifteen thousand acres. How\\nmany square miles is that\\nFig. 186.\\nA view over the broad wheat fields of the Dalyrymple farm. A grain elevator,\\nbelonging to the farm, is seen in the distance where the Northern Pacific\\nRailway runs.\\nThis farm is\\nupon each. To\\ndivided into six parts, with farm buildings\\nprepare the ground, from fifteen to twenty\\nmen at a time plough and sow the seed on each division. One\\ntakes the lead, the next follows close behind, then comes the\\nthird, fourth, and so on. The grain is harvested on a similar\\nplan (Fig. 187). One hundred and twenty men and three hun-\\ndred horses are employed in the planting season, and three", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES\\n247\\nhundred men during the harvest. As one acre usually pro-\\nduces from fifteen to twenty bushels, an immense amount of\\ngrain is obtained from this one farm.\\nThe great quantity of wheat produced in the Red River\\nvalley of the North and the neighboring region has\\nhelped in the growth of the cities of Minneapolis, St.\\nPaul, and Duluth. It has also influenced the growth\\nFig. 187.\\nHarvesting wheat in the Red River valley.\\nof scores of other cities along the Great Lakes, the Mis-\\nsissippi River, and even on the Atlantic coast. Some of\\nthe largest of these are St. Louis, Milwaukee, Chi-\\ncago, New York, and Baltimore. Explain how this\\ncan be.\\nOther Grains. Besides corn and wheat, two other grains are\\nraised in great quantities in these states, namely, oats (Fig.\\n188) and barley. The former is a common food for horses, but\\nthe latter is largely used in the manufacture of beer. The\\ngreat breweries, to be seen in every large city, consume im-\\nmense quantities of barley in order to obtain the malt which\\nis needed in making beer. In Cincinnati and St. Louis, and\\nin many other places, beer making is one of the important\\nindustries. Milwaukee is also noted for beer, much as Peoria\\nis for distilled spirits.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "248\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nFig. 188.\\nA field of oats almost ready to harvest.\\nCattle Ranching. After passing westward from the\\nfertile Red River valley of the North, one finds the farm-\\nhouses diminishing in number, and the country becoming\\nmore and more arid, until, beyond the 100th meridian,\\nthere is no farming without irrigation. At the same\\ntime one gradually rises higher and higher, until, near\\nthe base of the mountains, he has reached an elevation of\\nfully a mile above the sea. This dry plateau, extending\\nfrom Canada to southwestern Texas (p. 205), is commonly\\nknown as the Great Plains.\\nAt one time farmers, believing that the rainfall was increas-\\ning, settled in the eastern portion of these dry plains, especially\\nin the extreme western part of Kansas. They succeeded well\\nat first. But disastrous droughts soon followed, and the num-\\nber of abandoned farms and almost deserted towns is proof\\nthat this region, where the rainfall is less than twenty inches\\na year (Fig. 46), is not suited to farming.\\nThe entire semi-arid western half of the western tier\\nof states from Texas to North Dakota is therefore", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "Fig. 189.\\nScenes in the ranch country. Upper picture, a typical ranch house on the\\nbanks of a stream in western North Dakota. Middle picture, a ranch house\\nand the range. Lower picture, a group of cowboys at the ranch house.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "250 THE UNITED STATES\\ndevoted chiefly to ranching. Following is a description\\nof ranch life in western North Dakota, which much\\nresembles such life in other states\\nThere is little water anywhere else than in the widely sepa-\\nrated streams and there are almost no trees except upon their\\nbanks. As the ranchman must have both water and timber,\\nhe locates his house (Fig. 250), with its few stockades or cor-\\nrals, and sheds, within easy reach of these necessities. If\\nthere is no neighbor within several miles, it is all the better,\\nfor his cattle are then more certain of abundant grass.\\nFig. 190.\\nA scene during a round-up, when great numbers of cattle are bunched\\ntogether.\\nFew fences are built, partly because it is necessary for the\\ncattle to roam about at will in their search for food. The\\nbunch grass, upon which they feed, is so scattered that they\\nmust walk a long distance each day to find enough to eat.\\nA single ranchman may own from ten to twenty thousand\\nhead, and yet they are all allowed to wander about upon pub-\\nlic land, called the range. Usually they keep within a\\ndistance of thirty miles of the ranch house but sometimes\\nthey stray one or two hundred miles away.\\nTwice a year there is a general collection, or round-up (Fig.\\n190), of cattle, the first round-up occurring in May or June,\\nand the other early in the fall. One object of the first is to\\nfind the calves that have been born during the winter.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES\\n251\\nFig. 191.\\nPicture showing the mother with her brand, a calf\\nfollowing her, and a cowboy about to catch the\\ncalf and brand it.\\nSince there are few fences, cattle belonging to ranches which\\nare even a hundred miles apart become mixed during the win-\\nter, and those in a large herd may belong to a score of different\\nranchmen. Each cattleman has a certain mark, or brand (Fig.\\n191), such as a letter,\\na cross, a horseshoe,\\nor some other de-\\nvice, which must be\\nburnt into the side\\nof every cow; and\\nthat is the sole mark\\nof ownership.\\nA round-up, which\\nlasts several weeks,\\nis planned by a num-\\nber of ranchmen to-\\ngether. A squad of\\nperhaps twenty cowboys, accompanied by a wagon and pro-\\nvisions, a large number of riding horses, or ponies, and a\\ncook, go in one direction, and other wagons with similar outfits\\nset out in other directions. Before separating in the morning,\\nthe members of a squad agree upon a certain camping place\\nfor the night, and then they scour the country to bring the cattle\\ntogether, riding perhaps sixty or eighty miles during the day.\\nEach ranchman knows his own cattle by the brand they bear;\\nand since the calves follow their mothers, there is no diffi-\\nculty in determining what brand they shall receive. After\\nbranding the calves, each ranchman drives his cattle home-\\nward to feed during the summer within a few dozen miles of\\ntheir owner s home.\\nThe second large round-up is similar to the first, except that\\nits object is to bring together the steers, or male cattle, and\\nship them away to market it is accordingly called the beef\\nround-up. A ranchman who owns twenty thousand cattle may\\nsell nearly half that number in a season. As the steers are\\ncollected they are loaded upon trains and shipped to Omaha,\\nKansas City, St. Louis, Chicago, and even farther east.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "252\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nMillions of cattle are slaughtered every year in these cities\\n(Fig. 202), and the meat is sent to England and Germany, as\\nwell as to all parts of the United States.\\nVery often the cattle find so little water, and such poor pas-\\nturage, that they fail to fatten properly, and must be fed for a\\ntime. This may be done upon the irrigated fields near the\\nrivers in the ranch country, or on the farms farther east, as\\nin Kansas, Iowa, and Nebraska, and even in Illinois, Indiana,\\nand Ohio. Thus we see how a great product of one section of\\nthe United States is made\\nto furnish employment and\\nfood for millions of persons\\nfar away.\\nThe lives of ranchmen and\\ncowboys are exciting and in-\\nteresting, most of each day\\nbeing spent in the saddle(Fig.\\n192). They are so far sepa-\\nrated from other people that\\nthey must take care of them-\\nselves in a surprising num-\\nber of ways. For instance,\\na ranchman must build his\\nown house, kill his own beef\\nand dress it, put up his own\\nice, raise his own vegetables,\\ndo his own blacksmith! ng,\\nfind his own fuel, and even\\nFig. 192.\\nA cowboy with his rope, or lariat, with\\nwhich he captures the steers by throw-\\ning a noose over their necks, or around\\ntheir legs.\\nkeep school for his children, if the latter receive an education.\\nHe affords a good example of the pioneer life in early days.\\nLumbering. Although so much of the land is under\\ncultivation, or given over to ranching, forests are found in\\nmany sections. When the region was first visited, most\\nof Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan was tree-covered,\\nas well as much of Ohio, southern Indiana, and Illinois,", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES\\n253\\nand the Black Hills of western Dakota. Even now con-\\nsiderable forest is left, although there has been so much\\nlumbering that large areas have been entirely cleared.\\nIn Wisconsin, for instance, in travelling northward\\nfrom the well-cultivated southern portion, one comes to a\\nsection where farmers are just taking the place of lum-\\nbermen. Many log huts stand there in small clearings,\\nwith the green fields still dotted by tree stumps but be-\\nyond, little else than woods can be seen. In these forests\\nare many different kinds of Northern trees, especially\\nFig. 193.\\nFloating timber ou a stream in Wisconsin.\\nthe evergreens, such as hemlock, spruce, white pine, and\\ncedar, and scattered hard woods, such as oak, birch,\\nand maple.\\nIn the neighborhood of the Great Lakes lumbering is\\nactively carried on, and in much the same manner as in\\nMaine (Fig. 193), although a great deal of the timber is\\nbrought to the sawmills by wagons or rail, instead of being\\nfloated a long distance down stream. The excellent water\\npower in the Mississippi River at Minneapolis early\\nattracted large sawmills there and made that city famous\\nfor lumber (Fig. 207, p. 272). Other mills are situated", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "254\\nTHE rXITED STATES\\nfarther clown the Mississippi, as at WiNONA. They are\\nalso numerous at Duluth, and at Superior just across\\nthe state line in Wisconsin.\\nNear the forest regions, along the streams and on the\\nshores of the Great Lakes, the manufacture of furniture\\nand other articles of wood is an important industry. Chi-\\ncago is especially noted for its manufacture of furniture\\nand on many of the small streams of Minnesota, Wiscon-\\nsin (Fig. 194), and Michigan, where there is water power,\\nFig. 194.\\nA sawmill in Wisconsin.\\nthere are sawmills, furniture factories, and planing-mills.\\nSome of these are at La Crosse and Oshkosh in Wiscon-\\nsin, and Sagixaw. Bay City, and Grand Rapids in\\nMichigan. Many school desks are made at the last place.\\nMineral Products\\nBuilding Stone. It has been stated (pp. 2 and 10) that the\\nocean once covered much of this section, and that layers of\\nsediment deposited under the water have hardened into rock", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES 255\\nstrata, which have been raised to form the dry land. During\\ntheir uplifting they were not folded and broken, as mountain\\nrocks are, but the layers were left in a horizontal position, as\\nwhen first laid down in the ocean. The streams, cutting their\\nvalleys downward through the soil, have brought many of these\\nrock strata to light, and among them are beds of limestone\\nand sandstone which are of value as building stones.\\nOhio and Indiana are especially noted for their limestone\\nand sandstone, which are shipped in all directions for build-\\ning purposes. There are also slates and granites in the hilly\\nand mountainous sections, as there are in hilly and moun-\\ntainous New England (p. 133).\\nPetroleum and Natural Gas. Power for manufacturing\\nis also abundantly provided in this region. When oil\\nand natural gas were first discovered in New York and\\nPennsylvania, it was supposed that they did not exist\\nelsewhere; but great quantities of both these substances\\nare now obtained in Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia and\\nother states. Many farmers, whose land is capable of pro-\\nducing only the usual crops, have suddenly found them-\\nselves rich by the discovery of oil or gas in the rocks far\\nbeneath the soil. In fact, these materials are so abundant\\nin some places, that towns have sprung up like mush-\\nrooms, as Findlay in western Ohio. The way in which\\ngas and oil are formed, and the uses to which they are\\nput, have already been described (p. 173).\\nCoal. This mineral fuel is much more widespread in\\nthe Central States than oil and gas. In some places the\\nbeds lie near the surface, like rock in quarries, and then\\ncoal mining is very simple in others it is buried so deep\\nthat long shafts must be sunk to reach it. Being so\\nvaluable a fuel for houses and manufactories, the coal is\\nmined in many places.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "256\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nWhile Pennsylvania produces two kinds of coal, anthra-\\ncite and bituminous, the Central States have only the\\nlatter variety. It is bituminous coal that is used in\\nmaking coke and because there is so much of this kind\\nof coal, many of the cities of these states are engaged in\\niron manufacturing. Soft coal produces more smoke than\\nthe hard anthracite, and those cities which burn great\\nquantities of it are very sooty in consequence.\\nIron Ore. Formerly Pennsylvania was the chief iron-\\nproducing state, having both coal and iron ore but in\\nrecent years, ex-\\nplorers in the for-\\nest wilderness\\nnorthwest of Lake\\nMichigan, and\\nnear the western\\nend of Lake Supe-\\nrior, have discov-\\nered what seem to\\nbe inexhaustible\\nbeds of iron ore.\\nIn some places the ore is so soft that, like clay, it can be\\ndug out by steam shovels, and so near the surface that\\nthe mines are open pits (Fig. 195). That is the case, for\\nexample, at Ishpemixg, in northern Michigan.\\nThis Lake Superior district is now the leading iron-\\nproducing centre in the world. The main difficulty,\\nhowever, is the fact that there is no coal in that region.\\nConsequently, in order that the ore may be reduced to the\\nmetal, either coal must be transported thither or the ore\\nmust be carried to the coal regions. The latter process\\nhas proved the cheaper.\\nFig. 195.\\nAn open iron mine in the Lake Superior district.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES\\n257\\nFortunately the ore deposits are located near waterways.\\nIf it were necessary to carry the iron ore a long distance by\\nrail, the expense might\\nbe so great as seriously\\nto check its production.\\nAs it is, however, the\\nore is mined, loaded\\nupon cars, and sent over\\nshort lines of railway to\\nthe lake shore. Great\\nore docks (Fig. 197), or\\npiers, reaching far out\\ninto deep water, have\\nbeen constructed to hold\\nthe ore. Railway tracks\\nare built upon the docks,\\nand whole trains run out\\nand speedily dump their contents into bins. On a single pier\\nthere are scores of bins, which together hold enough ore to fill\\nseveral large vessels. When a vessel is to be loaded, it is moored\\nto the pier (Fig. 198), and a door at the bottom of a bin is opened,\\nallowing hundreds of tons of ore to slide out; then the next bin\\nis emptied, and in this way the vessel is filled in a few hours.\\nFig. 196.\\nTunnels in one of the deeper iron mines in\\nthe Lake Superior district.\\nFig. 197.\\nIron ore piers at Ashland, Wis.\\nBoats with such a cargo set out from the lake ports of\\nDuluth, Superior, Ashland, and Marquette for manu-", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "258\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nfacturing centres all along the lakes. As the ore must\\nreach a point where coal is easily obtained, it is taken to\\nChicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, etc. Notice\\nhow close to these cities the coal beds extend (Fig. 337).\\nFig. 198.\\nA lake boat loading with iron ore at the docks (Fig. 197).\\nThe Lake Superior iron district is in three states,\\nMichigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, the most important\\nbeing Michigan (Fig. 339), and the least important Wis-\\nconsin. These three states together produce seventeen\\ntimes as much ore as Pennsylvania. The sudden develop-\\nment of mining in this region has brought so many people\\nthat numerous towns and cities have grown up but the\\nlack of coal has prevented much iron manufacturing.\\nCopper. Another very important metal found in the\\nCentral States is copper. This occurs in the pores of a\\nlava rock and between the grains of a pebble beach which,\\nthough now hardened into rock, was formed in the ancient\\nsea. Indians and the early explorers found fragments of\\ncopper on the surface, and mines were later opened in", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES 259\\nthe lava and beach rocks of the small peninsula marked\\nMineral Range on the map (Fig. 178).\\nSome of these mines are very deep, one of the shafts reach-\\ning to a depth of about a mile. When the ore is drawn to the\\nsurface, it is found mixed with so much beach rock and lava,\\nthat it must be crushed to a powder under powerful hammers,\\nor stamps; then water is run over it in order to carry away the\\nbits of rock and leave the heavier particles of copper. Even\\nafter this, some foreign substances are still mixed with the\\ncopper. Since the purposes for which this metal is used de-\\nmand that it be very pure, it must next be placed in a large\\nsmelter to be melted and thus separated from the impurities.\\nAmong the latter is a little silver, which is saved. The pure\\ncopper is then run out and cooled in bars to be shipped away.\\nThe largest mines in this region are near together, and so\\nmany men are required to obtain the ore, and change it to pure\\nmetal, that towns of large size have grown up in a wilderness\\nwhich otherwise could scarcely have attracted many people.\\nWithin a few miles of two or three of the most important\\nmines are a number of towns having a total population of fifty\\nthousand, the largest being Calumet. Many of these persons\\nare miners and families of miners but there must, of course,\\nbe storekeepers, physicians, teachers, ministers, etc., and they\\nall depend for a living upon the precious copper buried far\\nbeneath the surface.\\nCopper is valuable in many ways. It is one of the\\nmetals which form bronze, and also brass but of late\\nyears the wide introduction of electricity has created a\\nnew and even greater demand for this metal. Since cop-\\nper is a substance which allows electricity to pass through\\nit more easily than other common metals, it is the best\\nmaterial for trolley wires, the wire of long distance tele-\\nphones, electric bells in houses, etc. In every city in the\\nland much copper is used.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "260 THE UNITED STATES\\nAs in the case of iron ore, the metal is shipped to\\npoints along the lakes, and elsewhere, by water and by\\nrail, much of it going to the metal manufactories in the\\nNew England cities (p. 147). Name some goods that\\nmust be shipped into this section instead of away from it.\\nLead, Zinc, etc. Lead and zinc, two other metals found in\\nthe Central States, occur together in pockets and little veins,\\nin layers of limestone. The ores are mined in many places, as\\nat Joplin, Missouri, and then sent to the proper kind of fur-\\nnaces where the pure metals are extracted.\\nA large part of our supply of lead and zinc is obtained from\\nMissouri, Kansas, Wisconsin, and Iowa, the first-named state\\nproducing more zinc than any other in the Union. For what\\npurposes are lead and zinc used Of what use should you\\nthink this lead was to the early pioneers\\nBesides these metals, gold is mined in considerable quanti-\\nties in the Black Hills in the extreme western part of Dakota.\\n..Much salt is also obtained in the Central States, especially\\nin Michigan and Kansas.\\nClays. The deep soil left in the prairie states by the\\nglacier is often a clay which is useful in the manufacture of\\nbricks and, as in other sections of the country (p. 180), there\\nare many brickyards, especially near the large cities. From\\nthis same kind of clay, other articles, such as flower-pots and\\ndrain-pipes, are manufactured. During recent years, when\\ndrainage of farm land has become so common, the manufacture\\nof tile for that purpose has developed into a great industry,\\nmany a small town having a tile factory. These objects are\\nmade in much the same manner as brick (p. 180), except that\\nthe clay is pressed into other forms.\\nThere are a number of places where fine pottery also is made.\\nFor instance, a very high grade, known as Bookwood ware,\\nis manufactured in Cincinnati. The best of clay is needed\\nfor this, and some of it must be brought from a distance.\\nThe first step in making a vase is to wet a lump of clay so", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES 261\\nthat it may easily be moulded, and then shape it upon a rap-\\nidly revolving wheel, known as the potter s wheel (Fig. 139),\\nwhich has been in use for centuries. There it is whirled rapidly\\nround while a man moulds it with his hands, in a very few\\nminutes changing a shapeless lump into a delicately formed\\nvase. It must then be baked. After the baking, flowers or\\nother ornaments may be painted upon it. The surface is finally\\ncovered with a substance which, when baked, produces a glaze.\\nOne of the beauties of the Rookwood ware is the peculiar color\\nof the glaze, which is a dark brown or yellowish brown.\\nPrincipal Cities and Shipping Routes\\nIt is evident that the raw products of the farms,\\nranches, forests, and mines in the Central States must\\nlead to much commerce and that, since coal is included\\namong the raw products, manufacturing must also be\\ndeveloped. This means, of course, that there must be\\nmany large cities and since the Central States have no\\nocean coast, we naturally find them along the Great Lakes\\nand the three great rivers, the Mississippi, Ohio, and\\nMissouri, where it is possible to ship goods by water.\\nLet us first consider those along the Great Lakes.\\nTHE LAKE CITIES\\nDuluth and Superior. At the western end of Lake\\nSuperior there is a fine, large harbor, one side being in\\nMinnesota the other in Wisconsin. Upon this harbor are\\ntwo cities, Duluth and Superior, which together have\\na population of little less than one hundred thousand.\\nThe chief products of this vicinity are iron, lumber, and\\nwheat, which are shipped eastward in immense quantities\\nfrom these two ports. Owing to the neighborhood of the", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "262 THE UNITED STATES\\nDakota wheat fields, there are enormous elevators (Fig.\\n201) at Duluth for storing grain, and flour-mills for grind-\\ning it up. The iron ore docks, sawmills, and lumber\\nwharves are also busy places.\\nGoods are shipped to this point as well as away from it\\nfor while the people in this section have some materials to\\nspare, they also need many others, as farming implements,\\nclothing, various kinds of food, furniture, and coal. These\\ngoods are brought cheaply, because the vessels carrying ore,\\nwheat, and lumber eastward must have something to bring\\nFig. 199.\\nLake vessels, the one in front being called a whaleback.\\nback. As already suggested (p. 181), it is the needs and prod-\\nucts of the inhabitants of this distant region which help to\\nmake Buffalo, Montreal, and New York so important, and\\nto keep the mills and factories of New England so busy. Ex-\\nplain how this is true.\\nAt the outlet of Lake Superior into Lake Huron, there are\\nrapids which interfere with navigation and to avoid these a\\nship canal, called the Sault Ste. Marie, or Soo, canal, has\\nbeen dug. On its banks is a city of the same name.\\nChicago. While Lake Superior extends far into the\\nCentral States in one direction, Lake Michigan reaches a", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES 263\\nlong way in another; and near its southern extremity, in\\nIllinois, the great city of Chicago is located. At this\\npoint the small Chicago River empties into the lake (Fig.\\n200), forming a small harbor, and in early times a fort was\\nlocated there. The harbor itself was formed thousands\\nof years ago while the great glacier was melting away.\\nAt that time, the ice sheet lay across Lake Michigan,\\nforming a great dam which prevented the waters from\\nflowing into Lake Huron and the St. Lawrence River.\\nThis compelled the water to find an outlet southward,\\npast the present site of Chicago, and into the Illinois River\\nand the Mississippi. It was the wash of this water which\\ndug out the small harbor.\\nAs the West developed, this site proved to be a most\\nadvantageous one for whenever a railway was built from\\nthe East to the Northwest, from any place north of Wash-\\nington, it was necessary for it to pass around the southern\\nend of Lake Michigan. Of course, as the city grew in\\nsize, other railways were built to it because it was large\\nand now they approach it from the East, West, North, and\\nSouth (Fig. 200).\\nChicago is the nearest lake port to the most productive\\ngrain region in the world, and it is therefore an important\\nshipping point for grain. It is also within easy reach of\\nthe coal fields, while lumber and iron ore are readily\\nbrought to it by boat. These facts have caused Chicago\\nto grow with wonderful rapidity, so that it has long\\nsince outgrown its small natural harbor, which has been\\nenlarged by extensive breakwaters (Fig. 200). In the\\nyear 1840, there were but 4,470 inhabitants in 1870,\\n300,000, and now fully 2,000,000. To-day Chicago is the\\nsecond city in size in the New World.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "Fig. 200.\\nMap showing the location of Chicago and Milwaukee.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES\\n265\\nElevators. Elevators are more numerous in Chicago than\\nin Duluth. They are built for the purposes of .transferring\\ngrain, as from cars to boats, for storing it, mixing different\\nqualities together, cleaning it from rust and seeds, and airing\\nit so that it will not spoil.\\nFor these objects the buildings are located at the very water s\\nedge, if possible, and close to a railway. They are called\\nelevators because the grain they receive is elevated to the top\\nof the lofty building,\\nto be dropped from\\nthere into deep bins.\\nThe main part of the\\nstructure is occupied\\nwith rows of bins, usu-\\nally from five to eleven\\nfeet square and per-\\nhaps a hundred feet\\ndeep. There may be\\nas many as five hun-\\ndred bins in a single\\nlarge elevator. Above\\nthese is located some\\nof the machinery for\\ndrawing up the grain\\nand distributing it\\nand since a small space answers for the latter purpose, the\\ntopmost part of the building is often narrower than the rest,\\nas in Figure 201.\\nSince many boat loads of grain are stored in a single ele-\\nvator, it must be an exceedingly strong building. One may\\ncost as much as a million dollars, yet there are more than\\nthirty in Chicago, and a large number in Duluth, Minneapolis,\\nCleveland, Buffalo, New York, and other cities.\\nStock Yards of Chicago. Chicago is not only a great\\ngrain market, but also the most important meat market\\nin the world. All the grazing states of the West ship\\nFig. 201.\\nA huge grain elevator near the waterside.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "266\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nstock to this point, and in the city itself nearly a square\\nmile is taken up by the Union Stock Yards, consisting of\\nlarge sheds, pens with high fences, and troughs for food\\nand water (Fig. 202). Train loads of cattle, hogs, and\\nsheep are unloaded there every day. The work employs\\nabout thirty thousand men, which indicates how extensive\\nit is.\\nThe products of the packing houses are several. By\\nfar the most important is meat and so well developed is\\nthe industry that\\nmost of the cities\\nof the East are fur-\\nnished with fresh\\nmeat from the West-\\nern cities. It maybe\\nseveral weeks after\\nthe meat is prepared\\nfor food before it\\nreaches the table\\nyet all this time it\\nis kept fresh by the\\nuse of ice. Special\\nrefrigerator cars\\nare constructed for the purpose of carrying it.\\nBesides what is sold fresh, a great deal is canned. The\\nfat of the hog is made into lard, and not a little beef fat\\nis converted into imitation butter, such as oleomargarine.\\nFrom the bones, also, valuable products are obtained.\\nMany of the bones are burned and used in the manufac-\\nture of sugar (p. 215); and the horns and hoofs are of\\nuse in making gelatine and glue.\\nThe hides are made into shoes, gloves, harness and\\nFig. 202.\\nThe Chicago stock yards.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES 267\\nother leather goods. From the western packing houses\\nthe great shoe factories of Lynn, Haverhill, and Brockton,\\nin Massachusetts, as well as those in other parts of the\\ncountry, are supplied with a large part of their leather.\\nThe hides, however, must first be sent to tanneries, one\\nof the principal places being Milwaukee, which is sup-\\nplied with tannic acid from the bark of the hemlock\\ntree which grows in the forests of Wisconsin. Nothing is\\nwasted in the packing business even the bristles of the\\nhog are saved to make brushes and the hair removed\\nfrom the hides of cattle is valuable in making plaster.\\nManufacturing in Chicago. Being near the forest\\nregions, Chicago has become a lumber market and iron\\nore is also easily brought by boat. Therefore, the oppor-\\ntunities for manufacturing are excellent for, although\\nthere is no natural water power in that vicinity, vast coal\\nfields are not far away.\\nThe Illinois Steel Company alone employs ten thousand\\nmen, making iron and steel goods of many kinds. An enor-\\nmous amount of furniture is manufactured for all parts of\\nthe West, and farming implements as well. Each year the\\nMcCormick Harvesting Machine Company sends out about\\nthree hundred thousand machines. The Pullman Car Works\\nmanufacture more than ten thousand freight cars, besides\\nseveral hundred Pullman and passenger cars. The manufac-\\nture of clothing, as in New York (p. 187), is also an immense\\nindustry.\\nOther Facts about Chicago. The sewage from the city has\\nheretofore been emptied into Lake Michigan but as the drink-\\ning water must be taken from the lake, it became necessary to\\ndispose of the sewage in some other way. For that purpose\\nan immense drainage canal has recently been completed (Fig.\\n200), connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois River, and", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "268 THE UNITED STATES\\nthus setting the current toward the Mississippi and the Gulf\\nof Mexico. This drainage canal, which is wide and deep\\nenough for vessels, will undoubtedly develop into a ship canal.\\nIn that case, large boats may reach Chicago from the Gulf of\\nMexico, as they now do from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. What\\neffect would this have upon the city\\nThe chief educational institution is the University of Chicago,\\nwhich, although established so recently as 1890, has almost as\\nmany students as the older universities of the East. Mention\\nsome of the larger eastern universities.\\nOther Cities along the Lakes. Other great cities along\\nthe lakes are engaged in many of the same industries as\\nChicago, and need not be so fully described. Milwau-\\nkee (Fig. 200), the largest in Wisconsin, deals extensively\\nin grain, lumber, and leather, packs much pork, and manu-\\nfactures a great quantity of flour and machinery. Its\\nimmense breweries have already been mentioned (p. 217).\\nDetroit (Fig. 209), the largest city in Michigan, is also\\non the Great Lakes water route. The name is a French\\nword for strait. Why suitable here All vessels going\\neast or west must pass this city and railway trains from\\neastern Canada to Chicago and the West are ferried across\\nthe strait at this narrow point. Detroit is consequently\\na shipping and manufacturing centre, dealing in grain,\\nwool, pork, and ores from the West, and making iron and\\nsteel goods, such as cars, stoves, etc.\\nNot far away, at Ann Arbor, is the University of Michigan,\\none of the largest educational institutions in the United States.\\nIt is supported by the state in fact, state universities are estab-\\nlished in most of the Central, Southern, and Western States.\\nOn the lake shore in Ohio the chief cities are Toledo\\nand Cleveland (Fig. 209). The former has extensive", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "VENTRAL STATES\\n269\\nflour-mills and iron manufactories and the latter, which\\nis much the larger, and about the size of Cincinnati, De-\\ntroit, and Buffalo, has an\\nimportant trade in grain,\\nlumber, and ore. Being\\nnear the coal and petro-\\nleum fields, Cleveland is\\nextensively engaged in\\nmanufacturing machinery\\nand furniture, in refining\\npetroleum, and in ship-\\nbuilding for the lake com-\\nmerce. It is one of the busiest and most rapidly growing\\nof the lake cities.\\nFig. 203.\\nA lake steamer at Chicago.\\nTHE RIVER CITIES\\nCities along the Mississippi. The largest city on the\\nrivers, corresponding to Chicago on the lakes, is St. Louis\\nin Missouri (Fig. 204). It has a very favorable position\\nin the centre of the productive Mississippi Valley. This,\\ntogether Avith the fact that it is situated on the Mississippi\\nRiver near the mouth of its two largest tributaries, secures\\nfor it a large amount of trade both by water and by rail.\\nThe location of railway bridges across the broad Missis-\\nsippi at this point has also had an immense influence on\\nthe growth of the city.\\nLike Chicago, St. Louis is an important market for grain\\nand live stock but being so far south, it trades also in\\nSouthern products, especially cotton and tobacco. This city\\nis also a noted mule and horse market, and a great manu-\\nfacturing centre. It manufactures immense quantities of\\ntobacco, beer, flour, boots, shoes, clothing, and hardware.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "Fig. 204.\\nMap showing the location of St. Louis, Kansas City, Omaha, Minneapolis, and\\nSt. Paul.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES\\n271\\nFormerly Chicago and St. Louis were almost the only\\nnoted markets for grain and live stock in the West but\\nin later years several other cities have become prominent\\nin that section. Two of these are the twin cities, Min-\\nneapolis and\\nSt. Paul (Fig.\\n204). The lat-\\nter, the capital\\nof Minnesota, is\\na trade centre.\\nF r o m it the\\nproducts of the\\nWest are sent\\neastward and\\nsouthward, while farming implements, furniture, clothing,\\nand other articles are distributed among the smaller towns\\nof the vast farming region round about.\\nMinneapolis, only ten miles distant, is located at the\\nFalls of St. Anthony, which furnish splendid water power.\\nIt is also in the midst of the wheat region and this, to-\\ngether with its water power, has caused Minneapolis to\\nbecome the leading flour-producing centre in America.\\nIn the city are many grain elevators and flour-mills\\n(Fig. 206).\\nFig. 205.\\nRailways approaching St. Paul.\\nOne of these flour-mills, belonging to the Pillsbury-Wash-\\nburn Company, is the largest in the world. Steam shovels\\nscoop the grain from the trains very rapidly, emptying a car of\\n750 bushels in eighteen to nineteen minutes. All straw, use-\\nless seeds, sticks, etc., must first be separated from the grain,\\nand then it passes through many different machines before the\\npure flour is produced. During this process it must be raised\\nto the top of the building twelve different times, being carried", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "272\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nup by rapidly moving belts having many small buckets, or-\\npockets, attached.\\nJust inside the husk of a wheat grain is the kernel, the most\\nvaluable part of the wheat. First, the husk is removed by\\nmachinery, and this is sold for bran and shorts, while the\\ncentre, called the\\nheart, or germ, is\\nmade into break-\\nfast food. The\\nother portion is\\nground into flour,\\npoured into sacks\\nand barrels by\\nmachinery, and\\nthen sent sliding\\ndown an inclined\\nplane into the\\ncars which stand\\nnear by. This\\nFig. 206.\\nThe Pillsbury-Washburn flour-mills at Minneapolis.\\none mill has ground as much as 61,000 barrels of flour in six\\ndays. The daily capacity of five mills owned by this company\\nis 25,000 barrels. It would require 400 cars, or 20 trains of\\n20 cars each, to bring the grain needed each day, and to carry\\naway the flour and other products.\\nFig. 207.\\nLogs in the rivernear Minneapolis. One of the bridges across the Mississippi\\nRiver at this point is seen in the background.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES\\n273\\nWhat have you already learned about the influence of the\\nSt. Anthony s Palls on the lumber industry of Minneapolis\\nOther smaller cities on and near the Mississippi, between\\nthis point and St. Louis, are Winona in Minnesota La\\nCrosse in Wisconsin Dubuque, Davenport, and Des Moines\\nin Iowa; and Quincy and Peoria in Illinois. Each is impor-\\ntant either for lumber, grain, or farming implements, or for all\\nthree combined.\\nCities along the Missouri. The leading cities on the\\nMissouri River are Omaha in Nebraska and Kansas\\nFig. 208.\\nHogs in western Kansas being fattened for the market.\\nCity (Fig. 204) in western Missouri. Each is surrounded\\nby a fertile farming country which produces much grain.\\nEach is also a market for cattle, sheep, and horses raised\\nnear by and in the semi-arid region farther west. Being\\nso near the ranching country, both of these cities have an\\nadvantage over St. Louis and Chicago, and their meat-\\npacking industry is gaining rapidly each year.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "Fig. 209.\\nMap showing the location of Detroit, Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Pittsburg.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "CENTS AL STATES\\n275\\nSouthwest of Omaha is Lincoln the capital of Nebraska\\nand across the river in Iowa is Council Bluffs, an important\\ncentre for farming implements. Several cities northwest of\\nthis point are chiefly important as trade centres. Find some\\nof them on the map. On the river above Kansas City is St.\\nJoseph in Missouri, and below it is Jefferson City, the capi-\\ntal of that state. Farther west, in Kansas, are Wichita and\\nTopeka, the capital. Since we know the products of this sec-\\ntion, it is clear why most of the larger cities are centres for\\nstock, grain, and flour.\\nCities in the Ohio Valley. In the Middle Atlantic\\nStates, three cities of the upper Ohio Pittsburg, Alle-\\ngheny and Wheeling\\nwere found to owe\\ntheir importance\\nlargely to coal and\\niron, and to the fact\\nthat river boats could\\nreach them.\\nFarther down the\\nriver is Cincinnati\\n(Fig. 210), the larg-\\nest city in the Ohio\\nvalley, and a great\\nmanufacturing cen-\\nter. Besides pottery (p. 260), this city manufactures large\\nquantities of iron, machinery, and clothing. Across the\\nriver in Kentucky are Covington and Newport (Fig.\\n209), both almost a part of Cincinnati, as Jersey City is\\nalmost a part of New York. Farther north and east, in\\nOhio, are Dayton and Springfield, both noted for the\\nmanufacture of farm machinery. Dayton, like Pullman\\nFig. 210.\\nRiver boats on the Ohio at Cincinnati.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "276 THE UNITED STATES\\nin Chicago, makes a large number of cars. Columbus,\\nthe capital, is an important trade centre, and manufactures\\ncarriages, wagons, and other articles. The reasons why\\nthese cities are engaged in the manufacture of carriages\\nand farm machinery are, first, the presence of the neces-\\nsary raw materials, such as iron ore, coal, and hardwood\\nand, secondly, the many farms upon which these manu-\\nfactured articles are needed.\\nFarther down the river is Louisville, the largest city\\nin Kentucky. There are rapids in the Ohio at this point,\\nand a canal leads around them. Besides being a centre\\nfor tobacco, like Richmond and St. Louis, Louisville\\nmanufactures iron goods, farming implements, flour, and\\nleather goods. It is also a railway centre for lines reach-\\ning into the Southern States.\\nEvansville, the largest river port in Indiana, is prin-\\ncipally engaged in the manufacture of flour, machinery, and\\nleather goods. Indianapolis, the capital and metropolis\\nof Indiana, is in the midst of a splendid farming district.\\nIt is a railway and trade centre like Columbus, and handles\\na large amount of grain, lumber, and furniture. What\\nother large cities can you name that are not located upon\\nimportant water routes\\nQUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\\nReview Questions and Topics. (1) Describe the physiogra-\\nphy: the plains; the mountains; the prairies; the soil. (2) What\\nabout the climate of the section (3) Tell about the settlement of\\nthe Mississippi Valley first pioneers use of the rivers steamboats\\ncanals and railways; rapid settlement in later years; population.\\n(4) Describe the farm in Ohio: its size; the buildings; the prod-\\nucts life on the farm. Would you care to live there Why\\n(5) What fruits are raised, and where (6) Where is tobacco raised,", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES 277\\nand what cities are engaged in its manufacture (7) What kinds of\\nstock are raised in Kentucky? What is the reason for their fine\\ngrade? (8) Describe the Mammoth Cave. (9) Tell about corn:\\nthe planting the care of the field uses of corn cities which handle\\nthe corn. (10) Where is wheat raised? (11) Describe the Red River\\nvalley of the North. (12) Tell about wheat raising on the Dalyrymple\\nfarm. (13) What cities have been influenced by this wheat region\\n(14) What other grains are raised? For what are they used? In\\nwhat cities (15) Describe cattle ranching where carried on rea-\\nson the cattle ranch wandering of the cattle object and nature of\\nthe spring round-up of the beef round-up what is done with the cat-\\ntle the life of the cowboys. (16) Where are the forests (17) What\\nkinds of trees are found? (18) How is the lumbering carried on?\\n(19) What cities are engaged in lumbering? In the manufacture\\nof articles from wood? (20) What is the origin of the building-\\nstones? What kinds are found? Where? (21) Where are oil and\\ngas obtained? Of what use are they? (22) Where is coal found?\\nTo what uses put (23) Tell about the iron mining its develop-\\nment nature of the ore where sent reason manner of loading\\nthe vessels; cities sent from and shipped to; states producing it.\\n(24) Study about copper where found; how found; mining; ob-\\ntaining the metal from the ore towns near the mines uses of copper.\\n(25) What other minerals are obtained? Where? (26) What clay\\nproducts are manufactured? (27) Where is Rookwood ware made?\\nHow (28) Where are the principal cities to be looked for Why\\n(29) What cities at the western end of Lake Superior? For what are\\nthey important (30) Give the reasons for the location of Chicago\\nand its wonderful growth. (31) Describe an elevator. (32) Describe\\nmeat packing in Chicago. (33) To what uses are the various prod-\\nucts put? (34) W r hat manufacturing is carried on in Chicago Why?\\n(35) State some other facts about Chicago. (36) Briefly enumerate\\nthe important facts about Chicago. (37) What other Great Lake cities\\nare there? For what is each important (38) Name the cities along\\nthe Mississippi River, and tell for what each is important. (39) De-\\nscribe flour milling. (40) Name the cities along the Missouri. For\\nwhat is each important (41) Do the same for the Ohio valley.\\nReview by States Ohio (0.). (1) Name the four largest cities,\\n(table, p. 448). Where is each located? Why there? (2) What\\nother cities of Ohio are mentioned? For what is each important?\\n(3) Why is there much manufacturing in this state? (4) What\\nother industries are mentioned in the text (5) Examine the maps", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "278 THE UNITED STATES\\n(Figs. 324 to 334) in order to see what crops are raised in Ohio. (6) In\\nwhat ways are the cities of Ohio dependent upon New Orleans and\\nNew York How are the latter cities dependent upon those in\\nOhio (7) Of what service to Cleveland and Toledo is the Erie\\nCanal? (8) Draw a sketch map of Ohio like that of Maine (p. 155).\\nDo the same for each of the other states as you study about it.\\nIndiana (Ind.). (9) Examine the maps (Figs. 324 to 334) to see\\nwhat crops are produced in Indiana. (10) Which is the largest\\ncity? For what noted? (11) What other cities were mentioned?\\n(12) What are the industries of Indiana? (13) Examine the relief\\nmap to see if the relief seems favorable to farming. What other Cen-\\ntral States resemble this in relief (14) Of what importance was the\\nfact that so large a part of this section was treeless when discovered?\\nKentucky (Ky.). (15) Why should this state be better adapted to\\ntobacco raising than Ohio? (16) Of what importance is the lime-\\nstone of Kentucky? (17) Where are most of the cities located?\\nWhy there? (18) What products are mentioned from Kentucky?\\n(19) Which is the largest city For what important (20) What\\nother cities are mentioned\\nIllinois (III.). (21) What industries are mentioned from this state?\\n(22) Examin-3 the maps (Figs. 324 to 334) to see what crops ai e raised.\\n(23) What reasons can you state why there is much manufacturing\\nin Illinois? AVhat kinds are carried on (24) Of what value is the\\nlake to manufacturing? (25) State the reasons why Chicago has\\ndeveloped so greatly. (26) What other cities are mentioned in this\\nstate? For what is each important? (27) In the table (p. 448) find\\nthe population of the thi-ee largest cities of each of the four states\\nso far i-eviewed, and compare them. (28) Which of these four states\\nis the largest Which smallest? (Table, p. 445.) Compare each with\\nMassachusetts and New York in size. In population (table, p. 445).\\nMichigan (Mich.). (29) What lakes does this state border? Of\\nwhat advantage is this (30) What disadvantage can you see in the\\nfact that water separates the lower from the upper peninsula of Michi-\\ngan (31) Ice stops lake traffic in winter. What effect must this\\nhave (32) Into what waters does this state drain Contrast this with\\nthe other states. (33) Where are most of the large cities? Why\\nthere? (34) For what is each important? (35) What reasons can\\nyou give for the location of Detroit? (36) What important products\\ncome from Michigan\\nWisconsin (Wis.). (37) Which is the largest city in this state?\\nFor what important? (38) What other cities are mentioned in the", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "CENTRAL STATES 279\\ntext What is done in each (39) Compare Wisconsin with Michi-\\ngan in relief in industries in mineral products in crops (see Figs.\\n324 to 334) in the size of cities. (40) What effect must the lakes\\nhave upon the climate Would this influence be greater or less than\\nin Michigan? Why? (41) If there were coal beds in northern Wis-\\nconsin, what effect might it have upon Chicago, Cleveland, and the\\ncoal mining of Pennsylvania?\\nMinnesota (Minn.). (42) On Figure 64 find the summer tem-\\nperature of northern Minnesota. On Figure 63 find the winter\\ntemperature. How much difference do you find? Compare that with\\nthe difference at Boston, New York, and San Francisco. (43) Where\\ndoes the Mississippi River rise (44) What ocean receives the\\nwaters that fall upon Minnesota Through what rivers (45) What\\nindustries are carried on in this state? (46) What crops are raised?\\n(47) Name the three largest cities, and tell why each is important.\\n(48) How does the largest compare with Boston? With Cincinnati?\\nIowa (la.). (49) Examine the maps (Figs. 324 to 334) to see\\nwhat crops are raised in this state. (50) What other important in-\\ndustries are carried on? (51) Name the largest cities. For what\\nnoted? (52) Much corn is raised here what must be done with it\\nMissouri (Mo.). (53) How do the summer and winter tem-\\nperatures compare with those of Minnesota (see Figs. 63 and 64).\\n(54) What influence must this have upon the crops Examine Fig-\\nures 324 to 334 to see how much influence this difference has. (55) Why\\nare so few towns found in the southwestern part? (56) Name and\\nlocate the two largest cities. For what is each important (57) What\\nother cities are mentioned? (58) Find the population of St. Louis\\n(table, p. 447) compare it with New York, Chicago, Philadelphia,\\nand Boston. (59) Give what reasons you can for its great size.\\nKansas (Kan.). (60) Why are the cities confined to the eastern\\npart? (61) What are the industries of the west? Why? (62) What\\ncrops are raised in Kansas (Figs. 324 to 334). (63) Name the prin-\\ncipal cities. For what is each noted?\\nNebraska (Neb.). (64) How do the industries of Nebraska com-\\npare with those of Kansas Why (65) How are these states alike\\nin regard to location of cities? (66) What cities in Nebraska are\\nmentioned? (67) For what is Omaha noted? Why may we expect\\nit to increase in importance in this respect\\nNorth and South Dakota (N.D. and S.D.). (68) These two states\\nwere formerly the territory of Dakota. What reason can you see for\\nmaking two states out of the one territory? (69) How do the indus-", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "280 THE UNITED STATES\\ntries of the two states compare with those of Nebraska and Kansas\\n(70) Look at the corn and wheat maps (Figs. 324 and 326) to see\\nwhere most wheat and corn are produced. Is North Dakota more or\\nless important than Kansas as a corn-producing state? Answer the\\nsame for wheat. Tell why this is so. (71) Of what advantage would\\nit be to Fargo if a deep river extended from that city to Duluth\\n(72) What do the Black Hills contribute to the wealth of South\\nDakota?\\nGeneral. (73) Which state is the largest in this group (Table,\\np. 445.) Which smallest? Compare each of these with Mass., R.I.,\\nN.Y., N.C., and Tex. (74) Which of the Central States has the most\\ninhabitants? (Table, p. 445.) Which the least? Compare each of\\nthese with Mass., R.I., N.Y., N.C., and Tex. (75) Find the ten\\nlargest cities (table, p. 448). How does their total population compare\\nwith that of the ten largest in each of the other groups of states?\\nSuggestions. (1) Write a brief description of the Western prai-\\nries. (2) Find how much earlier in the fall frosts come in Minneapo-\\nlis than in Memphis. (3) Mention several advantages of farm life\\nover city life. (4) How do farms that you have seen differ from the\\nIllinois farm described in the text (5) Find other uses of corn be-\\nsides those mentioned. (6) How does the wind often help ranch cattle\\nto obtain food in winter (7) What are some of the adventures that\\ncowboys experience? (8) Why are coal and brick especially valuable\\nin a prairie country (9) Examine a brickyard, and write a descrip-\\ntion of brick making. (10) See how long a list you can make of arti-\\ncles manufactured partly or wholly out of copper. (11) Do the same\\nin regard to lead. (12) How are the advantages of the location of\\nChicago somewhat similar to those of Atlanta? (13) Where is the\\nflour that you eat manufactured? (14) Make a drawing of the great\\nwater route from Duluth to New York City, and put in the leading\\ncities. What states border on this route? (15) Make a drawing of\\nthe Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers, and include the leading-\\ncities. What states do these rivers border or pass through (16) State\\nclearly the advantages of these water ways. (17) Make a sketch map\\nof the Central States, including principal lakes, rivers, and cities.\\nFor References, see page 440.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "fa e\\n3 s\\nX\\n22 5?.c\\nrr\\nnaSoU\\nw\\nla-\\nH\\nft\\nta\\n3\\nH\\nes\\no\\nGfi\\n3\\nfe\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0g\\ns_\\ne\u00c2\u00bb3\\nS\\n03\\niff\\nH\\na R- tn\\nS a\\nOf}\\nW\\n8-\\na a a a\\nS e\\nj; .2 2\\nU3_\\nSSSg jm\\no o\\nc\\na\\no", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "XII. THE WESTERN STATES\\nMap Questions. (1) Compare this group with each of the other\\nsections in relief (Fig. 98) in climate (Figs. 46, 63, and 64) size\\n(table, p. 445); population (table, p. 445). (2) Which is the largest\\nstate? The smallest? How does each compare in size with Massachu-\\nsetts, Pennsylvania, and Texas? (3) AVhat becomes of the water of\\nthe Humboldt River (4) Name the five largest rivers where does\\neach rise, through what states does it pass, and where does it empty?\\n(5) Name the principal mountain ranges; the plateaus (Fig. 96).\\n(6) Which is the highest mountain peak? (p. 457.) (7) Where are\\nthe largest cities Why there (8) Find the Yosemite and Yellow-\\nstone parks. Why is it a good idea for the government to set aside\\ninteresting places as national parks? (9) Name the states having a\\nseacoast. (10) Name those draining mainly or entirely into the\\nPacific. Into the Atlantic. Into the Great Basin.\\nEarly Settlements. While the pioneers were settling\\nthe prairies of the Central States, almost nothing was\\nknown about the Far West. The Spanish had taken pos-\\nsession of the\\nSouthern por-\\ntion, and many\\nof their names\\nare still re-\\ntained, as New\\nMexico, Los\\nAngeles, and\\nSan Francisco.\\nFig. 212.\\nA Spanish mission in southern California a relic of\\nWas discovered the days when that section belonged to Spain.\\n281", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "282 THE UXITED STATES\\nin the stream gravels of California, and hundreds of thou-\\nsands of persons left farms, factories, and homes in a mad\\nrush for the gold fields. Some sailed all the way around\\nSouth America others crossed the Isthmus of Panama\\nbut many travelled overland, running the risk of attack\\nfrom Indians and of death from thirst. There were then\\nno railways west of the Mississippi, and the journey was\\nlong and tedious.\\nFor ages the precious metal had lain scattered through the\\nrocks of the Sierra iSTevada Mountains. Then, as the moun-\\ntains slowly crumbled, it had been washed into the streams.\\nMost minerals decay when exposed to the air but gold always\\nremains bright. Being heavier than most minerals, the gold\\nin the streams dragged along at the bottom, lodging here and\\nthere in the stream beds, oftentimes in little pockets or behind\\nboulders where the current was checked.\\nIt was this gold that the early gold hunters, or prospectors,\\nwere seeking, and they obtained it in a very simple manner.\\nPlacing some of the stream gravel in a pan of water (Fig. 342),\\nthey rocked it back and forth in such a way as to cause the\\nheavier particles of gold to separate from the gravel, while\\nthe lighter minerals were thrown away. The prospectors were\\nsometimes rewarded by finding large lumps of gold, called\\nnuggets, worth hundreds of dollars.\\nThe discovery of gold quickly drew so many persons to\\nCalifornia that the territory was able to enter the Union\\nas a state in 1850 and, as the search for the precious\\nmetal was carried farther and farther, the West soon be-\\ncame explored and settled. Railways were built across\\nthe mountains (Fig. 213), and many industries, such as\\nfarming, lumbering, and ranching, have followed mining.\\nIndeed, in many sections these industries are now much\\nmore important than even gold and silver mining.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n283\\nFig. 213.\\nA railway winding about as it crosses the Rocky Mountains.\\nPhysiography. The Western States are made up almost\\nentirely of plateaus and mountains. Most of the surface\\nis more than a mile above sea-level, while some mountain\\npeaks are two and three miles in height.\\nThe extreme eastern portion is a continuation of the\\nGreat Plains (p. 248), which reach to the very base of\\nthe Rocky Mountains. These mountains (Fig. 211) extend\\nentirely across the country into Mexico on the south and\\nCanada on the north. They are made up of a large num-\\nber of ranges and ridges, which attain their greatest\\nheight in Colorado.\\nA long distance farther west, and almost parallel with\\nthe Rockies, is another system of mountains, called the\\nSierra Nevada Mountains in California and the Cascade\\nRanges in Oregon and Washington. Still farther west,\\nand close to the coast, is a third series, known as the Coast\\nRanges, which in places rise directly out of the ocean.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "Fig. 214.\\nCompare the relief in this section -with that of Figures 101, 122, 154, and 179.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n285\\nJust west of the Rocky Mountains is a plateau, dotted\\nwith numerous mountain peaks and small ridges. It is\\nhigher at the two ends than in the middle, and may be\\ndivided into three parts (Fig. 96) (1) the great Columbia\\nplateau of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington on the north\\n(2) the Colorado plateau of Arizona and Utah on the south;\\nand (3) the Great Basin of Utah and Nevada between\\nthe two. The numerous short north and south mountain\\nranges in the Great Basin are called the Basin Ranges.\\nBetween the Sierra Nevada Cascade system and the Coast\\nRanges there is an area of lowland (Fig. 214). In California\\nand Oregon this\\nforms a fertile val-\\nley in Washing-\\nton it is occupied\\nby Puget Sound.\\nThroughout\\nmost of this West-\\nern country evi-\\ndences of volcanic\\naction abound (p.\\n8). Some of the\\nloftiest peaks are\\nextinct volcanoes,\\nas Mt. Panier,\\nwithin sight of Tacoma, Washington; Mt. Hood (Fig. 215),\\nnot far from Portland, Oregon; and Mt. Shasta, in northern\\nCalifornia.\\nThe influence of lava on the West is marked. For hundreds\\nof thousands of square miles it forms the rock of the country,\\nand through its decay has produced a soil which is very fertile.\\nIt covers the plateaus, especially in the north, and is one of\\nthe chief causes for the peculiar scenery of the West.\\nEven more important still is the effect of the lava upon\\nthe formation of minerals. Veins of gold and silver usually\\nFig. 215.\\nMt. Hood, Oregon.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "286 THE UNITED STATES\\noccupy cracks in the rock which have been caused by the break-\\ning of the strata while the mountains were forming. Through\\nthese cracks water passes, heated so hot by contact with the\\nvolcanic rocks that it is able to carry mineral matter in solu-\\ntion. As the water cools, on nearing the surface, it cannot hold\\nall of its mineral burden in solution, and therefore deposits a\\npart of the metal on the walls of these cracks. In this way\\nmany valuable veins of metal have been slowly gathered, and\\nit is for these that thousands of miners are now searching.\\nClimate. Unlike the East, where the climate is very\\nuniform over large sections, the West is a region of con-\\ntrasts, with a great variety of climate from place to place.\\nThe most general fact about the climate of this vast\\nWestern region is its aridity. It is almost everywhere so\\ndry that no agriculture is possible without irrigation.\\nOnly among the high plateaus and mountains, and in the\\nwestern parts of Washington, Oregon, and northern Cali-\\nfornia, is there rainfall enough for forests or for farming.\\nThus, almost one-fifth of the entire continent is a partial\\nor complete desert.\\nAlong the northwestern coast the damp prevailing west-\\nerlies bring so much vapor that the rainfall is heavy (p. 51).\\nIndeed, near the coast of Washington there is a rainfall\\ngreater than in any other part of the United States (Fig.\\n46), the heaviest rain coming in winter. But being robbed\\nof its vapor in crossing the mountains, the air descends\\non the eastern side so dry that agriculture is possible only\\nin a few sections, as in the high mountain valleys and in\\nthe wheat district of central and eastern Washington.\\nA part of Nevada, Utah, and Arizona is a true desert,\\nand portions of each of the other states approach it. North\\nof Great Salt Lake, for example, not a tree nor even a", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n287\\nshrub is to be seen for miles and miles. The entire sur-\\nface is covered by a glistening whitish substance called\\nalkali. In other regions dreary wastes extend hundreds\\nof miles, interrupted only by\\ncacti and a few other arid land\\nplants, by rocky ledges, and\\nby occasional mountain peaks.\\nThe lack of water is shown\\non the map by the scarcity of\\nstreams in and near Nevada.\\nThat section is a real basin,\\nhaving a rim higher than the\\ncentre, and is called the Great\\nBasin (Fig. 96). Its few\\nstreams either flow into shal-\\nlow salt lakes, which are grow-\\ning more and more salt as the\\nyears pass, or they dry up and\\ndisappear in the sand.\\nThat rain falls on the cool\\nmountains and plateaus of the\\nWest is proved by the numer-\\nous large rivers which have\\ntheir sources there. Name and\\nlocate those flowing from the\\nRocky Mountains into the Mis-\\nsissippi. Trace the Rio Grande and the rivers that empty\\ninto the Pacific Ocean. Although long, these rivers are\\nnot navigable, partly because of the steep slopes, and\\npartly because of the lack of water. Indeed, during the\\ndry summer season, many, like the Rio Grande, almost\\ndisappear in the middle part of their course.\\nFig. 216.\\nSome of the giant trees that grow\\nin the rainy Northwest.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "288 THE UNITED STATES\\nThe importance of even the higher plateaus in condensing\\nthe vapor is well illustrated by the highlands of central Ari-\\nzona. A person travelling eastward from Los Angeles, on\\nthe Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Kailway, upon reaching the\\nColorado River in the evening, finds himself in the midst of a\\ndesert about 500 feet above sea-level. If it is summer, the\\nthermometer may register from 110\u00c2\u00b0 to 120\u00c2\u00b0 in the shade, for\\nthis is the hottest region in the United States, hotter than\\nmany parts of the torrid zone. After leaving the river, the\\ntrain ascends the Colorado plateau, 7000 feet high, and the next\\nmorning the traveller is in the midst of a forest, while the\\nalmost unbearable heat of the previous day is replaced by a\\ndeliciously cool air. As if by magic the scene is changed,\\nsimply because, on the elevated plateau, the air is cooler and\\nthe vapor can therefore be condensed into rain.\\nMineral Products. As we have already seen, mining\\nwas the first industry to attract large numbers of pioneers\\nto the Far West. Every one of the Western States con-\\ntains mineral deposits of some kind, as gold, silver, copper,\\nlead, mercury, and coal. This region is now the most\\nimportant mining district in the world.\\nMuch of the land is still owned by the government and\\nall ore that is discovered upon it belongs to the finder.\\nAny citizen of the United States may become the owner\\nof a valuable mine, if he can find one on government land.\\nConsequently, hundreds of prospectors are digging tun-\\nnels into the earth wherever they believe they may obtain\\nore. In most cases they are doomed to disappointment,\\nbut they keep on, moving from place to place. Sometimes,\\nhowever, valuable ore is found, and then the poor pro-\\nspectors become suddenly rich.\\nMuch gold has been discovered in the gravels of stream\\nbeds where water no longer flows. In many places these", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n289\\ndry beds are near the surface, so that mining is easy in\\nothers, they have been covered up by a thick blanket of\\nhard lava, beneath which the miners are obliged to tunnel\\nin order to follow them.\\nVery early the miners became dissatisfied with the slow\\npanning of the gold, as washing the gravel in pans\\nwas called (p. 282). They then adopted the far more\\nFig. 217.\\nWashing gold from gravel beds in California by means of hydraulic mining.\\nspeedy plan of hydraulic mining. By this method a power-\\nful stream of water is turned against a gravel bank from\\nthe nozzle of a hose, washing the gravel rapidly away\\n(Fig. 217). The water, gravel, and gold are led into\\nsteeply sloping troughs, or sluices, which have numerous\\nlittle bars of wood, called riffles, across their bottom. The\\nwater, with its load of gravel, rushes over the riffles to the\\nend of the sluices, where the coarser gravel is dropped", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "290\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nbut the gold, being so heavy, settles to the bottom of the\\nsluices and is caught behind the riffles. From there it is\\nlater collected.\\nMuch gold has been obtained from the gravels of other\\nwestern states besides California. For example, even the\\ngravel out of which some of the streets of Helena, Mon-\\ntana, are built has\\nbeen washed for\\ngold.\\nAnother method\\nof mining gold, and\\nthe one by which\\nmost of that metal\\nis now obtained, is\\nto dig into the solid\\nrock. The shafts and\\ntunnels follow the\\nveins from which\\nthe gold in the grav-\\nels originally came.\\nIn the veins, the\\nmetal is found mixed\\nwith other minerals\\nwhich are of little\\nor no value but\\nthe gold occurs in\\nsuch small grains that one may spend days in a mine\\nlooking for it, without seeing any.\\nOne of the most remarkable mining districts in the world\\nwas that of the Comstock Lode at Virginia City, Nevada.\\nThe vein was irregular in richness, some parts, called bonan-\\nzas. containing so much gold and silver that vast quantities\\nFig. 218.\\nOuray, a thriving mining town in Colorado,\\nnestled in a mountain valley and enclosed\\nby lofty mountain peaks.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n291\\nwere taken out, while elsewhere it was much more barren.\\nSo much metal was obtained from this single vein that Nevada\\nat one time produced more silver than all the other states put\\ntogether, and more gold than any other state in the Union.\\nSo many people moved there then that Nevada territory be-\\ncame a state in 1864; and Virginia City, though in the midst\\nof the desert, grew to be a thriving city.\\nAs the mine went deeper, hot water with a temperature of\\n170\u00c2\u00b0 entered it. This caused the temperature in the mine to be\\nalmost unbearable. Ice-cold air was forced in, and machinery\\nand mules were made to do most of the work but even then\\nmen fainted at their posts, and the mine was finally abandoned.\\nIn consequence of this, people drifted away from Virginia City,\\nand Nevada became almost deserted. What is its present popu-\\nlation (See p. 446.) Compare it with New York City in popula-\\ntion (see p. 447). With the large city nearest to your home.\\nFig. 219.\\nA western stage coach bringing a crowd of miners into a newly discovered\\nmining camp, as miners were carried into Cripple Creek a few years ago.\\nAt the present time Colorado produces more gold and\\nsilver than any other state (Figs. 342 and 343), and much\\ncopper, lead, iron, and coal, besides. Among the moun-\\ntains, one sees mines almost everywhere but one of the\\nmost noted mining districts is near Leadville, a city at\\nan elevation of over 10,000 feet above sea-level. Another", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "292 THE UNITED STATES\\nwell-known mining town in Colorado is Cripple Creek.\\nA few years ago no town existed there, and the ore, which\\nhas now become so valuable, was not recognized as ore by\\nthe prospectors. Finally, when some one discovered the\\ngold, at once, as in previous cases where that metal has\\nbeen discovered, thousands of people rushed in from all\\ndirections and a city sprang up almost in a day.\\nAfter the ore is taken from the mines it must be crushed,\\nthe worthless parts must be washed out, and the remainder\\nsent to the smelters (Fig. 220), where the metal is obtained by\\nFig. 220.\\nA smelter at Great Falls, Montana.\\na complicated process. The machinery for crushing and smelt-\\ning is so expensive that ores from many mines are sent to one\\nplace, and must sometimes be carried a long distance. The\\nmines near Leadville send their ore to that city but many\\nmines in Colorado ship ore to the smelters at Denver and\\nPueblo.\\nThe western half of Montana is another great mining\\nsection. Helena has already been mentioned (p. 290);\\nbut no portion of the state is now so important for min-\\ning as Butte. There the principal metal is copper,\\nalthough some gold and silver are mixed with the ore.\\nMore copper is produced at Butte than in any other min-", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES 293\\ning district in the world. The mines are very extensive,\\nreaching several thousand feet into the earth and having\\nmiles of tunnels, through which one might wander for\\ndays without finding his way out.\\nMuch of the ore is crushed and reduced in smelters\\nwithin the city limits. In the process, fumes of sulphur\\npour forth from the tall chimneys, and settle to the\\nground, killing almost all vegetation, and causing the city\\nand its immediate surroundings to present a barren, deso-\\nlate appearance.\\nAs in Colorado and Montana, the principal industry in Ari-\\nzona is mining, much copper, silver, lead, and gold being pro-\\nduced. One of the largest cities in the territory is Tucson,\\nwhich, together with the others, is mainly engaged in business\\nconnected with mining. There is also much mining in each of\\nthe other Western States, especially in Idaho, Utah, and New\\nMexico.\\nIron is found in several of the states, but it is not mined to\\nany extent excepting west of Pueblo, in Colorado. Coal, usu-\\nally of poor quality, also occurs in many sections but a very\\ngood grade of coal is produced in Colorado, and in the state of\\nWashington.\\nLumbering. Because of the extensive development of\\nmining there is much lumbering. The Butte mines alone\\nconsume millions of feet per year. In the mines heavy\\ntimbers are placed upright and close together on each side\\nof a tunnel, with crosspieces overhead, to prevent the rock\\nfrom caving in. Because of the great pressure upon them,\\ntimbers more than a foot in diameter are often broken.\\nWhile a great portion of the country is arid, the moun-\\ntains and some of the higher plateaus are forested. Thus\\nthe mines, which are usually among the high mountains,", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "294\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nFig. 221.\\nA lumbering scene in Washington. Here oxen draw the sections of logs.\\nare generally supplied without difficulty, for the logs are\\neasily brought down to them from above.\\nIn the damp, equable climate near the northwestern\\ncoast, are forests of giant redwood, fir, cedar, and spruce\\ntrees which grow to a greater size than any other trees in\\nthe world (Figs. 47, 216, and 221). While the logs in\\nMaine and Michigan are rarely more than two or three\\nfeet in diameter, many in Washington and Oregon are\\nfrom six to ten feet through, and some in California are\\nvery much larger.\\nA visit to a lumbering camp near Tacoma will show that,\\nowing to the size of the trees, and to the climate, the work is\\ncarried on very differently from lumbering in Maine (p. 127).", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "THE WESTEEN STATES\\n295\\nThe men are able to work both winter\\nand summer. They select a tree which\\nperhaps towers upward for two hundred\\nfeet, that is higher than most church\\nsteeples, and contains as much as fif-\\nteen thousand feet of lumber, or enough,\\nAvhen sawed into boards, to build a\\nsmall house. Two men saw and chop at\\nthis tree for nearly an hour (Fig. 222),\\nuntil the giant begins to quiver. When\\nfinally it falls, a wonderful sight may\\nbe seen. The tree bends slowly over,\\nquickens its movement, then falls to the\\nground with a mighty roar, breaking\\ngood-sized trees, against which it falls,\\nas if they were twigs.\\nAfter the branches are removed, the\\ntree is sawed into logs of different\\nFig. 222.\\nChopping down a tree in\\nWashington. The men\\nstand on platforms so\\nas to reach ahove the\\ndecayed wood near\\nthe hase.\\nFig. 223.\\nOne of the great logs ready to be removed from the forest in Washington,\\nsmall engine, used to draw the logs to the railway, is also shown.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "296\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nlengths, as twenty-four, thirty-two, forty-eight feet, and these\\nare dragged to a railway which leads up into the forest. Several\\nof these sections are then fastened together, one behind the\\nother, and dragged between the rails to the foot of the moun-\\ntain several miles away. There they are piled upon flat cars\\nand taken to the mills, a single section sometimes occupying\\nan entire car. Many go to Tacoma and Seattle, where there\\nare enormous sawmills. Since there is so much lumber, many\\nof the streets of Tacoma, and other places in this region, are\\npaved with thick planks instead of stone or asphalt.\\nFig. 224.\\nHarvesting wheat in the great wheat fields of the Palouse region of Washing-\\nton. By this machine, drawn hy many mules, the wheat is hoth cut and\\ntied into bundles at the same time. A farm must be very large to make\\nsuch an expensive machine pay.\\nAgriculture. Farming is carried on extensively in the\\nwell-watered section of the Northwest (Fig. 224). This\\nis a wheat-producing country like the Red River valley.\\nIndeed, some of the farms are even larger than the Daly-\\nrymple farm (p. 246). Barley is another common grain\\nand much hay is also raised. During harvest season the\\nair is so dry that both hay and grain may be left out for\\nweeks with little danger of being spoiled by rain.\\nGreat quantities of fruit are also raised in this region.\\nIn the north apples, pears, and grapes are produced but\\nin the south, as for instance near Stockton, and Sacka-", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n297\\nmento, the capital of California, are groves of oranges,\\nlemons, olives, and figs, as well as other trees which grow\\nonly in warm climates.\\nBut the only way in which farming is possible in most\\nother parts of the West is by means of irrigation (Fig.\\n226). The influence of irrigation is well illustrated in\\nthe region near Denver, which is in the midst of an arid\\nplain. This is crossed, however, by the South Fork of\\nthe Platte River, from which a ditch as large as a canal is\\nled out upon the plain. The river itself has a rapid fall\\nbut just enough slope has been given to the ditch to secure\\na flow of the water. By this means the land between the\\nditch and the river is at a lower level than the ditch, and\\nmay therefore be reached by the water.\\nSmaller branches are led off from the main ditch, and\\neach of these is .divided and subdivided to supply farms\\nalong its course. When a field needs water, the ditch is\\ntapped and the\\nfield flooded, or\\nelse the water\\nis led into little\\nfurrows a few\\nfeet apart. The\\nmethod fol-\\nlowed depends\\nupon the kind\\nof crop that is\\nunder cultivation. As there is danger that the supply of\\nwater may not last through the summer, reservoirs (Fig.\\n225) are built to store the water from the spring freshets\\nand when needed, this is allowed to flow into the ditch.\\nOf course such an arrangement is expensive, and each\\nFig. 225.\\nA reservoir for irrigation near San Diego, California.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "298 THE UNITED STATES\\nfarmer must pay for his water at a certain rate, as each\\nhouse in a city pays for its water or gas. That one can\\nafford to do so is well shown in this case. On the upper\\nside of the ditch, which cannot be reached by the water,\\nthe land is fit only for grazing but that which can be\\nirrigated is covered with cultivated fields of grain, vege-\\ntables, and alfalfa. The latter is a very nutritious plant\\nwhich, like clover and hay, is fed to stock.\\nWithout irrigation, crops could not be grown in this\\nvicinity, but would need to be brought several hundred\\nin MmvMUjSj^Ma^BBBB\\nwpp 1\\n^^SHj\\nFig. 226.\\nAn irrigation ditch on the plains near Billings, Montana.\\nmiles, from Kansas, Nebraska, and other states. It is\\nevident, therefore, that irrigation must have had a great\\ninfluence on the settlement of the West. Without it\\nDenver and Pueblo would not be the cities that they\\nare and, because of the difficulty of obtaining food, scores\\nof mining towns would not be in existence.\\nWherever the waters of the rivers are led out over the\\nfields, people form settlements and often small cities.\\nThat is the case at Greeley, Colorado, Cheyenne and\\nLaramie, the principal cities in Wyoming, and numerous\\nother places.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES 299\\nOne of the best farming districts in the arid lands is in\\nUtah. Most of that state was originally almost a desert, but\\nlarge areas have been entirely changed by the Mormons, a\\npeculiar sect organized by Joseph Smith in New York in 1830.\\nUnder the leadership of Brigham Young these people mi-\\ngrated into the then unknown West and settled a few miles\\nfrom Great Salt Lake. There they commenced to build Salt\\nLake City, which is now one of the most beautiful cities in\\nthe country. They also began to raise crops by irrigation, to\\nplant fruit trees, and to convert portions of the desert waste\\ninto beautiful gardens.\\nSince the Mormons discouraged mining as much as possible,\\nuntil recently mines were little developed in Utah. For a\\nwhile they also succeeded in keeping out the gentiles, as\\nthey called those who did not accept their teachings. Mean-\\nwhile their own numbers increased rapidly, and they spread\\neven into Wyoming, Idaho, and other places where it was pos-\\nsible to raise crops by irrigation.\\nWith the discovery of rich ores, however, other people have\\npushed into Utah, building the railway centre of Ogdex north\\nof the capital, and now making up fully one-third of the popu-\\nlation of Salt Lake City itself.\\nSouthern California is a third section noted for its ex-\\ntensive irrigation. The mountains of the neighborhood\\ncondense the vapor, and the water is led. into long irrigat-\\ning ditches and stored in immense reservoirs (Fig. 225).\\nThe region is far south and its shores are bathed by warm\\nocean waters, so that the climate is warm and delightful.\\nAlthough the land is by nature almost a desert, the addi-\\ntion of water to the fertile soil has changed the country\\nabout Los Angeles to one of the garden spots of the\\nworld. This region produces oranges, lemons, peaches,\\npears, grapes, figs, olives, walnuts, almonds, and many\\nother kinds of fruits and nuts.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "300\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nFig. 227.\\nAn irrigation ditch that supplies water to some of the orange groves of south-\\nern California.\\nAmong the fruits the most common is the orange, especially\\nthe seedless navel orange. In the neighborhood of Los Angeles\\nevery home has its orange trees, and in many cases is entirely\\nsurrounded by groves of\\nthem. The winter season\\nis the harvest time for\\noranges, which begin to\\nbe picked from the trees\\nabout the middle of No-\\nvember and continue to\\nbe gathered until Febru-\\nary or later. They are\\ncut from the trees, sorted\\naccording to size (Fig.\\n230), then packed iu\\nboxes and shipped away.\\nThe groves of all kinds\\nare planted in straight\\nFlG 2 8 rows, and are kept so clean\\nAn orange grove near Los Angeles. No- Iqj frequent ploughing\\ntice the snow-capped mountains in the scarcel a weed ig to\\nbackground from which water for irn- J\\ngation is obtained. be seen. In this respect", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n301\\nthey contrast very strikingly with the orchards, overgrown\\nwith grass and weeds, that are seen upon farms of the East.\\nBesides fruit in the fresh state, immense quantities of fruit,\\nsuch as peaches, prunes, apricots, grapes (Fig. 231), and figs,\\nare dried, usually by\\nexposure to the sun.\\nIn the Eastern States\\nfruit would decay if\\nleft out of doors biit\\nin the sunny climate\\nof the arid lands it\\ndries quickly. Great\\nquantities of fruit are\\nalso canned, as near\\nBaltimore and else-\\nwhere in the East.\\nFig. 229.\\nmi i Picking oranges near Los Angeles.\\n1 housands of per-\\nsons from the East were originally attracted to southern\\nCalifornia by the mild climate but seeing the opportunity\\nfor fruit raising,\\nthey started or-\\nange groves. As\\na result of this,\\nLos Angeles\\nhas rapidly\\ngrown to a city\\nof more than a\\nhundred thou-\\nFig. 230. sand inhabitants\\nSorting and packing oranges. (Fig. 247), while\\nnear by are numerous smaller cities. Land that a few years\\nago was almost a desert, and worth at best only a few dol-\\nlars an acre, now supports flourishing groves of fruit.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "302\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nFi;\\n31.\\nRaisins drying between the rows of grape\\nvines in a California vineyard.\\nSo important is irri-\\ngation that it is being\\nintroduced wherever\\npossible and every\\nyear new irrigation sys-\\ntems are being built,\\nsome of them at great\\nexpense. One of the\\nfuture problems of the\\nWest is how to store\\nthe water of the melt-\\ning snows until needed\\nby the summer crops.\\nRanching. There is\\nso little rainfall in the\\narid West that only a very small fraction of the land can\\nbe irrigated. This leaves most of the country suited only\\nFig. 232.\\nA view in the ranch country of the Great Plains.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n303\\nto grazing and wherever there is water enough for the\\nanimals to drink, cattle, horse, and sheep ranches are\\nfound (Fig. 232). In some parts, especially where the\\ngrass is scanty, herds of goats are raised.\\nThe manner in which a cattle ranch in Dakota is con-\\nducted was described on page 248, and much the same plan\\nis followed for cattle and horses in the Western States.\\nSheep ranching is conducted somewhat differently, as can\\nbe seen from the ranches about Billings, Montana. A\\nFig. 233.\\nA herd of sheep in winter, feeding in a field of alfalfa near Billings, Montana.\\ngood-sized ranch has from twenty-five thousand to forty\\nthousand head of sheep, which, like cattle, may be fed\\npartly upon the government land, or the range, and\\npartly on land fenced in and owned by the ranchman.\\nDuring the coldest winter weather the sheep are in many\\ncases driven into protected corrals and fed on alfalfa (Fig.\\n233), because the snow on the range sometimes becomes so\\ndeep that they cannot obtain food. However, the fierce\\nwinds of the open plains help them by drifting the snow\\nand thus leaving open patches where they can find grass.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "304\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nWhen the sheep are feeding on the range one man with a\\ndog (Fig. 234) can herd twenty-five hundred and, with\\na horse in addition, he sometimes takes care of five thou-\\nsand. Selecting some spot near water for a camp, the herder\\ndrives his sheep out each morning and back at night, going\\neach day a distance of a mile or two from camp. When\\nthe grass is eaten in one place, the camp is moved; then,\\nfrom another point as a centre, they wander out as before.\\nIs* 1\\nFig. 234.\\nA sheep herder, and his flock of sheep.\\nThe life of the herder is extremely lonesome, both day and\\nnight being spent with the sheep. Once a week a man comes\\nto bring him food; and for weeks, and even months at a time,\\nthat is the only company he has, aside from his sheep, his dog,\\nand possibly his horse.\\nAfter the winter is over, the first profit to the ranchman\\ncomes from the sale of the pelts of sheep which have died dur-\\ning the cold weather. He expects a loss of about five per cent\\na year from this cause and wolves also take some.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES 305\\nThe next harvest comes from the wool. Men who make it\\ntheir business to shear sheep travel in squads of about twenty-\\nfive. They erect sheds and pens near some sheep centre, such\\nas Billings, and shear all the sheep that are brought to them.\\nSometimes sheep are sheared at the ranch but many consider\\nit more desirable to drive them near to a market, thus saving\\nthe expense of drawing the wool a long distance to the railway\\nstation (Fig. 235). In this way the sheep also secure food on\\nthe range while on the journey to and from the market.\\nIn the Southwestern States sheep are often sheared twice a\\nyear but further north it is done only once, and then as near\\nFig. 235.\\nA load of wool, drawn by twelve oxen, entering Billings after a long journey\\nfrom a distant ranch.\\nthe month of June as possible. Can you suggest a reason for\\nchoosing that time? After the wool is cut, it is pressed into\\nbales and shipped to various markets in the East. Where\\nshould you think it might be sent, and for what purpose used\\nFrom July on, many sheep are sold for mutton. Those that\\nare from three to five years old, and that have already borne a\\nquantity of wool, are usually selected for this purpose. The\\nhides are useful for leather, the bones for fertilizing the soil,\\nand the tallow for candles.\\nTerritories. Arizona and New Mexico are still terri-\\ntories, although Arizona has twice as many inhabitants as", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "306\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nDD\\nFig. 236.\\nthe state of Nevada, and New\\nMexico nearly four times as\\nmany.\\nThis is the region in which\\nsome of the most highly devel-\\noped Indians were discovered by\\nthe Spaniards (p. 94), and here\\nsome of their descendants still\\noccupy reservations. However,\\nmuch of the country is now occu-\\npied by Americans and Mexicans,\\nwho have formed large settle-\\nments, such as Albuquerque,\\nthe largest city in New Mexico.\\nA Navajo Indian girl and one\\nof the blankets woven by\\nthese Indians.\\nThe Pueblo Indians are especially\\ninteresting, for some of them still live\\nafter the manner of their ancestors.\\nTheir homes are built of sun-dried clay, or adobe, and in some\\ncases are entered from the roof by means of a ladder (Figs. 80\\nand 237). They\\nwere intended as\\nstrongholds for\\nthe storing of\\ngrain and for pro-\\ntection against\\nwandering tribes\\nwhich might at-\\ntack them at any\\ntime. Other In-\\ndian houses, the\\ncliff-dwellings FlG 237\\n(Fi^S. 238 and On the rocky flat-topped hill, well above the surround-\\n9^*^ p p hm lt n C0UIltl y ar, d difficult to reach, is one of the\\n_ Indian pueblos. It is tbe square mass, looking some-\\n0n the sides of what like rocks, in the middle of the hill.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n307\\nFig. 238.\\nCliff-dwellings, built in the caves beneath the overhang-\\ning cliffs.\\ncliffs beneath\\noverhanging\\nledges and still\\nothers, cave-\\ndwellings (Fig.\\n240), were in\\ncaves dug out\\nof the rocks.\\nAmong the\\nearly Spanish\\nsettlements is\\nthe quaint city of Santa Fe, the capital of ISTew Mexico.\\nThere, as elsewhere in the territory, the houses are mostly low,\\none-story, adobe\\nbuildings (Fig.\\n241). Spanish is\\nthe language\\nmost commonly\\nheard, and on all\\nhands one sees\\nthe primitive\\ncustoms of a cen-\\ntury ago. For\\ninstance, wheat,\\ninstead of being\\nthreshed out by\\nmachines, is\\noften spread up-\\non the ground in\\nan enclosure and\\ntramped by goats\\nuntil the grain is\\nseparated from\\nthe hull. The\\ngrain is then\\nFig. 239. tossed into the\\nHouses of the cliff-dwellers. air in order that", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "308\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nthe wind may\\ncarry away the\\nchaff. However,\\nin many parts\\nof New Mexico\\nand Arizona,\\nmining an d\\nFig. 240.\\nCave-dwellings in New\\nMexico.\\nother industries\\nare well developed,\\nand there are many\\nAmerican resi-\\ndents.\\nScenery\\nIn many places\\namong the moun-\\ntains there are sights comparing favorably with those of\\nthe Alps, which attract so many Americans abroad. Fine\\nviews, strangely formed cliffs, deep canyons, and imposing\\nwaterfalls are present without number. But among all\\nthe interesting places there are three that easily surpass\\nthe others in magnificence and grandeur. These are the\\nYellowstone National Park, the Colorado Canyon, and\\nthe Yosemite Valley.\\nThe Yellowstone Park. This region, chiefly in Wyo-\\nming, is a tract of land, larger than Connecticut, which\\nthe government has set aside as a national park. It is\\noften called the Wonderland of America. Among the\\nmany objects of interest are boiling springs, boiling mud\\nsprings of different colors, deep canyons, and waterfalls.\\nSome of the springs are on the level of the ground, so that\\nFig. 241.\\nA view in a New Mexico town, showing the low\\nadobe houses in which the Mexicans live.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n309\\none must be on the constant outlook lest he step into\\none others are surrounded by a rim several feet high,\\nA stage road leads from the Northern Pacific Railway to\\nthe Mammoth Hot Springs on the northern side of the Park.\\nThere, from openings in the hillside, heated water flows down\\nover beautifully colored terraces which have been built by a\\ndeposit of mineral matter brought by the water. Farther on\\nare boiling springs, and here and there is one, called a geyser,\\nfrom which hot water and steam occasionally burst forth with\\ngreat violence, sometimes to a height of 100 or 200 feet (Fig.\\n242). Old Faithful, one of the most regular of these, plays\\nat intervals of 65 minutes, to a height of 100 to 130 feet. Others\\ndischarge at much longer periods, as two to three hours, or\\nseveral days; and in some cases the roar of escaping steam\\nlasts for hours after the water has all been expelled. The out-\\nbursts are really ex-\\nplosions of steam,\\nthe heat being sup-\\nplied from deep in\\nthe earth.\\nBeyond the gey-\\nser basins the Yel-\\nlowstone Lake is\\nreached, a beautiful\\nsheet of water, nes-\\ntled in the moun-\\ntains at a height of\\nnearly 8000 feet\\nabove the sea. Its\\nwaters flow north-\\nward, forming .the\\nYellowstone River,\\na tributary of the\\nMissouri. To many persons, the falls and canyon of this river\\nare the greatest wonders of the Park. Soon after leaving the\\nlake, the stream narrows and quickens, and the water leaps 109\\nFig. 242.\\nAn eruption of one of the geysers of the Yellow-\\nstone Park.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "310 THE UNITED STATES\\nfeet directly downward. A short distance farther on it tumbles\\n308 feet farther, or almost twice the height of Niagara. It\\nthen runs between banks which extend 1000 feet above it.\\nThe canyon is somewhat winding, with numerous bold cliffs\\njutting far out into the abyss and from these, wonderful and\\ninspiring views may be obtained. Far below, one sees the sil-\\nvery stream, too distant to be heard as it dashes along. Across\\nthe chasm, a half mile away, dark green pines fringe the bank\\nand between the water and these woods are gorgeously colored\\nrock strata., having all the colors of the rainbow.\\nColorado Canyon. One portion of the Colorado Can-\\nyon, in Arizona, may be reached on the Atchison, Topeka\\nand Santa Fe Railway. The wonderful Yellowstone Can-\\nyon, just described, is a pygmy compared with. this.\\nAs one first looks out over the canyon he sees nothing\\nbut towers, pinnacles, many-colored layers of rock, and\\napparently bottomless depths. When he finally takes a\\nposition from which the thread-like stream below can be\\nspied in the abyss, it seems almost impossible that so little\\nwater could have wrought such mighty havoc.\\nThe difficult path which leads to the bottom is seven\\nmiles long, and the trip down and back is a full day s\\njourney but without making it, one fails to appreciate\\nfully the marvellous carving, sculpturing, and coloring.\\nAt the bottom the scene is entirely changed and, as one\\nlooks upward to see himself shut in by walls which seem\\nto extend to the very heavens, his own littleness and the\\nimmensity of the work of Nature are wonderfully im-\\npressed upon him.\\nFor three hundred miles the river flows at the bottom of\\nthis deeply cut canyon, and hence serves as a very complete\\nbarrier to travellers. A person living on one side, where he\\ncould look across to the other side, ten miles away, would need", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n311\\nFig. 243.\\nA view in the Colorado Canyon.\\nto travel hundreds of miles to reach that side for there are no\\nrailways or roads leading across.\\nYosemite Valley. This wonderful valley, on the western\\nslope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, in California, presents\\nvery different views from those already described. Some of\\nthe most magnificent are formed by the Yosemite River, which\\npours over a precipice into the valley below. In one mighty\\nleap the water descends 1500 feet, forming the Yosemite Falls\\nwhich are famed the world over. Below this are some cas-\\ncades, then another fall of 400 feet.\\nNear the fall are seen the giant trees of the world, the larg-\\nest of which is 31 feet in diameter.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "312 the united states\\nThe Cities\\nCities in the Interior. Large inland cities in the West-\\nern States are very few in number, the greatest being\\nDenver, the capital of Colorado. This city is located on\\nthe site of a small mining camp but its growth is chiefly\\ndue to two facts (1) the numerous mining towns among\\nthe mountains, and (2) the near presence of water, which\\nhas made irrigation on a large scale possible (p. 297).\\nThe first fact calls for an important trade centre some-\\nwhere in that region, and the second makes it possible to\\nsecure food.\\nDenver has now become a railway and manufacturing\\ncentre, where ore is smelted, and machinery, flour, and\\ncloth manufactured. It is also of importance as a health\\nresort, for its altitude of over five thousand feet, and its\\ndry climate, render it especially adapted to persons suf-\\nfering from lung trouble. Colorado Springs, south of\\nDenver and near Pike s Peak, is one of the leading health\\nresorts in the country.\\nPueblo, a trade and manufacturing centre, is situated\\nwhere the Santa Fe line meets the Denver and Rio Grande\\nRailway. In this city much ore is smelted, and iron\\ngoods are manufactured. It is its nearness to coal and\\niron ore which makes the latter industry possible.\\nA number of interior cities, such as Salt Lake City, Ogden,\\nand Butte, have already been mentioned (pp. 292 and 299).\\nName some others. None of the other inland towns in these\\nstates are very large, and whatever importance they have is\\ndue chiefly to mining, farming by irrigation, and grazing.\\nCities on the Pacific Slope. The largest city in all these\\nstates is San Francisco (Fig. 244), located on a remark-", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "Fig. 244.\\nMap to show the location of San Francisco, Portland, Tacoma, and Seattle.", "height": "2729", "width": "1812", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "314\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nably fine harbor which was formed by the sinking of the\\ncoast, as the harbor of New York City was formed. As\\nin that case, too, there are other important cities near at\\nhand the largest being Oakland. Close to San Fran-\\ncisco are the two most important educational institutions\\nin the Far West, one, the University of California, at\\nBerkeley (Fig. 244), the other, Lelancl Stanford Junior\\nUniversity, a short distance south of San Francisco.\\nFarther south is\\nSan Jose, and\\nto the northeast\\nis Sacramento,\\nthe capital.\\nThe enormous\\ncrops of wheat,\\nfruit, and wool\\nin northern Cali-\\nfornia suggest\\nsome of the occu-\\npations in these\\ncities. What are\\nthey Owing\\npartly to an in-\\nsufficient supply\\nof coal, manufacturing is not so extensively developed as\\nmight be expected. One sees the effect of this lack of\\ncoal on the railways, for wood is a common fuel on the\\nengines in Oregon and northern California, while in south-\\nern California steam is often generated by the use of\\npetroleum, obtained from the oil wells of Los Angeles\\nand vicinity. It is not surprising, then, that most of the\\nwool raised in the West is shipped to the East to be\\nFig. 245.\\nThe capitol building at Sacramento, one of the most\\nbeautiful state capitols in the country.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n315\\nmanufactured into clothing, blankets, etc., even though\\nsome of these articles must be sent to California to be sold.\\nNevertheless, San Francisco has founderies and machine\\nshops, flour and woollen mills, sugar refineries, canning\\nfactories, breweries, and distilleries. The principal prod-\\nucts sent away from the state are gold and silver, wine,\\nfruit, wool, and grain, some going East by rail and some\\nby water. This is the greatest shipping point on the\\nFig. 246.\\nA scene iu Chinatown in San Francisco.\\nPacific coast and, as our trade with the Philippines,\\nHawaiian Islands, and other Pacific countries increases,\\nwe may expect San Francisco to grow rapidly.\\nAn interesting portion of this city is the section called\\nChinatown (Fig. 246). Chinese are very common in\\nsome parts of the West and since, for a long time, San\\nFrancisco was their chief landing place, many thousands\\nhave collected there, who live huddled together in hovels,\\nalmost like rats.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "316\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\n^JfWtll-\\nliw^s^s\\nKb.\\nj^prw -^*jB\\nFig. 247.\\nA street in Los Angeles.\\nOwing to the fact that mountains rise almost from the\\nsea, there are few harbors on the Avest coast and those that\\nare found are\\nat places where,\\nin the course\\nof mountain\\ngrowth, the land\\nhas been low-\\nered. The next\\nimportant har-\\nbor south of San\\nFrancisco is the\\nport of Los An-\\ngeles, twenty\\nmiles from Los Axgeles itself. A still better one, how-\\never, is still farther south at Sax Diego. Estimate the\\ndistance of these points from San Francisco (Fig. 2-14).\\nThe first good harbor north of San Francisco is that of\\nPortland (Fig. 244), which, like New Orleans, is situ-\\nated about a hundred miles up the river near the head of\\ndeep water navigation. Since harbors are lacking, most\\nof the other important towns of Oregon are inland, and\\nPortland has grown to be the chief shipping point by\\nwater, and therefore the largest city. From this point\\nwheat, wool, and lumber, the leading products of Oregon,\\nare shipped in great quantities. Portland has extensive\\nmanufactories of woollen goods, flour, and furniture and\\nSalem, the capital, also has large woollen and flour mills.\\nFarther down the Columbia are several towns, the largest\\nbeing Astorta, where, as elsewhere along the river, the salmon\\nindustry is developed. The salmon, like the shad of the East\\n(p. 163), although spending its life in the ocean, passes up the", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES\\n317\\nriver to spaivn, or lay its eggs, in fresh water. In their pas-\\nsage the fish are caught in great numbers (Figs. 248 and 249),\\nand some are shipped\\naway in ice, even\\nacross the continent\\nto Eastern cities.\\nOthers are sent to\\nthe numerous can-\\nning factories along\\nthe lower Columbia,\\nwhere they are\\ncooked, and packed\\nin cans (see also pp.\\n358-360).\\nFig. 248.\\nCatching salmon in dip nets as they leap up over\\nthe falls on their way to the waters where they\\nspawn.\\nWashington, unlike Oregon, has many good harbors.\\nOn two of these Seattle and Tacoma (Fig. 244) are\\nsituated but Spokane, the third city in size, is located\\nnear some\\nfalls of the\\nSpokane Riv-\\ner in the east-\\nern part of\\nthe state.\\nCoal, lumber,\\ngrain, and\\nhops are the\\nprincipal ex-\\nports. There\\nis also exten-\\nsive manufac-\\nture of flour\\nFig. 249.\\nA wheel, with a net on it, which revolves in the current\\nand lifts the salmon from the water as they swim\\npast.\\nat Spokane, and of lumber and furniture along the\\nshores of Puget Sound, especially at Seattle and Tacoma.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "318 THE UNITED STATES\\nThese goods are shipped away in large amounts, some\\ngoing to the Eastern cities, some to China, Japan, the\\nPhilippines, Alaska, and other countries.\\nOn Figure 355 notice what great lines of railway cross\\nthe continent to the Pacific coast, and in what cities they\\nterminate. What about the number of railways on the\\nPacific coast compared with those on the Atlantic\\nQUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\\nReview Questions and Topics. (1) Tell how California be-\\ncame settled. (2) How did gold get into the streams? (3) How\\ndid the prospectors obtain it? (4) Describe the physiography:\\nthe mountains and plateaus the volcanoes their effects. (5) Tell\\nabout the climate: the aridity; the rainy Northwest; the deserts;\\nthe effect of plateaus and mountains. (6) What minerals are found\\nin the West (7) Tell about the prospectors. (8) Describe hydraulic\\nmining. (9) What kind of gold mining is now most common?\\n(10) Give the history of the Comstock Lode. (11) What effect did\\nit have upon Nevada? (12) What state now produces most gold and\\nsilver? (13) Name and locate the principal mining towns in Colo-\\nrado. (14) What must be done with the ore Where is it done\\n(15) Name and locate the principal mining town in Montana.\\n(16) In Arizona. (17) Where is copper found in these states?\\n(18) Where is coal chiefly found? (19) Where are the forests?\\nWhy? (20) Describe lumbering near Tacoma. (21) What are the\\nfarm products of the sections that are well supplied with rain?\\n(22) State the plan for irrigating the land near Denver. (23) Tell\\nhow irrigation has influenced the settlement of the West. (24) Name\\nsome cities that have irrigation systems. (25) Tell about the\\nMormons. (26) Describe the fruit region of southern California:\\nthe appearance of the country the climate the products what is\\ndone with them; the cities; the importance of water. (27) Why is\\nranching carried on in the West? What animals are raised?\\n(28) Tell about sheep ranching number of sheep care given\\nthem shearing uses of the products. (29) Tell about the Indians\\nof New Mexico and Arizona. (30) About the primitive customs of\\nthe Mexicans. (31) Describe the Yellowstone Park: location;\\nsize springs and geysers the canyon. (32) Describe the Colorado", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES 319\\ncanyon. (33) The Yosemite Park. (34) Name the principal inland\\ncities, telling for what each is important. (35) What cities are on\\nor near San Francisco Bay? For what important? (36) Tell about\\nSan Francisco. (37) Name the harbors south of San Francisco.\\n(38) Describe the location and industries of Portland. (39) What\\nis done at Salem? (40) Tell about the salmon industry. (41) Name\\nthe cities of Washington. For what is each important?\\nReview by States Montana (Mont.). (1) What industries are\\ncarried on in the eastern part? Why? (2) What industries in the\\nwestern part? (3) Name the cities mentioned in Montana, and tell\\nfor what each is important. (4) What two large rivers drain this sec-\\ntion? (5) Through what states do they flow before reaching the Gulf?\\n(6) Draw an outline map of the state; and, as each of the other\\nstates is studied, do the same for it.\\nWyoming Wy.) (7) What industries are carried on in this state?\\n(8) What cities are mentioned? In what connection? (9) Find the\\nYellowstone Park, and tell for what it is noted. (10) On the maps\\nshowing principal grain-producing regions (Figs. 324, 326, and 328),\\nWyoming is a state where very little is produced. W r hy so little there\\nColorado (Col. or Colo.). (11) Examine Figures 324 to 349 to\\nsee what is done in Colorado. (12) Give the reason why there is\\nmore water for irrigation in this state than in some of the others.\\n(13) Trace the divide between the Pacific and Atlantic drainage, as\\nit crosses Colorado. Trace it northward to Canada and southward to\\nMexico. (14) Name the cities in Colorado mentioned in the text,\\nand tell for what each is important. (15) Find the population of\\nDenver (table, p. 449). Compare it with the largest city in each of\\nthe other Western States, and also with New Orleans, Buffalo, and\\nSt. Louis.\\nNeio Mexico (N.M.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (16) What about the inhabitants? (17) What\\nis said about the industries? (18) Find how large the largest city is\\n(table, p. 448). (19) Compare it with the largest city in Massachu-\\nsetts. In Nevada.\\nArizona (Ariz.). (20) Tell about the river which crosses the terri-\\ntory. (21) What city and industries are mentioned (22) Examine\\nthe maps, Figures 46, 63, and 64, and tell about the temperature and\\nrainfall of Arizona. (23) How does the largest city compare in size\\nwith the largest in New Mexico In Colorado\\nNevada (Nev.). (24) For what was Nevada once famous?\\n(25) Find its present population (table, p. 446). Why are there\\nso few people?", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "320 THE UNITED STATES\\nUtah. (26) Tell why the Great Salt Lake is salt (see First Bock,\\np. 55). (27) What are the industries of this state? (28) What\\ncities are mentioned? Tell about each. (29) Examine the maps,\\nFigures 326 to 347, to see what products come from Utah.\\nIdaho (Ida.). (30) What metals are obtained? (See Figs. 341\\nand 343.) (31) What great river drains Idaho (32) What moun-\\ntain range forms the eastern boundary\\nWashington (Wash.). (33) Compare the coast line with that of\\nOregon of Maine. (34) Tell about the rainfall of this state. Com-\\npare it with Montana. Why this difference? (35) What effect has\\nthe rainfall upon the industries What are the principal industries?\\n(36) What cities are mentioned in the text Tell about each.\\nOregon (Ore.). (37) What advantage do you see in the location\\nof the largest city (38) Compare it in size with Denver, New York,\\nBoston, and New Orleans. (39) Examine the maps (Figs. 326 to\\n347) to see what is produced there. (40) What industries are men-\\ntioned in the text (41) W r hat cities are mentioned, and in what\\nconnection\\nCalifornia (Cal.). (42) Examine the rainfall map (Fig. 46). Ex-\\nplain the difference between northern and southern California (pp.\\n49 and 51). (43) What rivers drain most of this state (44) De-\\nScribe the relief. (45) Name the cities mentioned for what is each\\nimportant? (46) What industries in the state? (47) What advan-\\ntage do you see in the location of San Francisco (48) Compare its\\npopulation with that of Boston, New Orleans, Denver, and Chicago.\\n(49) AVhat caused the early growth of California What effect has\\nthat had on the other Western States (50) To whom did California\\nbelong before we obtained it?\\nGeneral. (51) Which state has the largest population? (See\\ntable, p. 445.) The smallest? (52) Compare each with Massachu-\\nsetts, Rhode Island, New York, and South Carolina. (53) Name the\\nten largest cities (see table, p. 448). Add their populations to-\\ngether, and compare the result with the ten largest in each of the\\nother groups. (54) Which group of states has the most large cities?\\nWhich the least? What reasons can you give?\\nSuggestions. (1) Read about the expedition of Lewis and\\nClark from St. Louis to the Pacific coast in 1803-1806. (2) What\\nis the origin of the expression to pan out (3) W T hy do the\\nheavier rains on the northern Pacific coast come in winter? (4) Men-\\ntion several of the advantages and disadvantages of having no rain", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "THE WESTERN STATES 321\\nfor several months at a time, as in southern California. (5) Make a\\ncollection of minerals for the school. (6) Hydraulic mining has been\\nlargely prohibited in many parts of the West. Why? (7) Should\\nthe ditch that is to irrigate a certain field skirt its upper or lower\\nedge Why (8) W^hich is the more easily irrigated, nearly level\\nland, or land that is rough and hilly. Why? (9) Is southern Cali-\\nfornia so liable to cold snaps as Florida Why (10) Make a list\\nof articles made of wool. (11) Why have Arizona and New Mexico\\nnot become states? (12) Find out about the wild animals in Yellow-\\nstone National Park. (13) Write a story describing a visit to south-\\nern California. (14) Make a drawing of the Western States.\\nGENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES\\n(1) Name the principal crops of the United States, and tell in which\\nsection each is raised (consult the figures 324 to 336). (2) Do the\\nsame for mineral products. (3) For other raw products. (4) For\\nmanufactured articles. (5) Name the five largest cities in their order.\\nFor what is each important (6) State some ways in which the rain-\\nfall influences the occupations of the people. (7) The temperature.\\n(8) State clearly the influence of the sinking of the coast. (9) Of\\nthe glacial period. (10) Of the winds. (11) Of the ocean currents.\\n(12) Of the coal period. (13) Of the absence of forests on the prai-\\nries. (14) Of the rich mineral deposits in the West. (15) In what\\nways have the Great Lakes been of value? (16) Name some of the\\ncities that have been benefited by them. (17) In what ways have\\nthe Mississippi River and its two largest tributaries been of value?\\n(18) State the natural advantages that have aided the growth of\\nBoston, New York, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans,\\nDetroit, Chicago, St. Louis, and San Francisco. (19) Can you name\\nsome other cities that have also been influenced by their surround-\\nings? (20) Which is the largest state (Table, p. 445.) The second\\nin size The smallest? The next to the smallest (21) Which state\\nhas the largest population? (Table, p. 445.) The second largest?\\nThe smallest? Next to the smallest? (22) Draw a map showing\\nthe states on the Atlantic coast. Also make a map of those along\\nthe Pacific coast; along the Great Lakes; the Mississippi River; the\\nOhio; the Missouri. (23) What states border Mexico Canada?\\nFor References, see page 441.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "XIII. TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES OF\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nMap Questions: Alaska. (1) Find Alaska on Figure 95. What\\nwaters surround it? What country bounds it on the east? (2) On\\nFigure 250, locate Sitka, Circle City, Nome City, and Dawson City.\\n(3) Trace the course of the Yukon. (4) Find the Aleutian Islands.\\nWhat sea north of them (5) Find the Pribilof Islands. (6) From\\nFigure 5, tell about the relief of Alaska.\\nCuba and Porto Rico. (Map opposite, p. 331.) (7) Find these\\nislands on Figure 95. (8) Which is the larger? What other large\\nislands nearby? (9) AVhat waters bathe their shores? (10) Find\\nHavana, Santiago de Cuba, Matanzas, Ponce, and San Juan.\\nHawaiian Islands. See Figure 270. (11) Name the two largest\\nislands. In what latitude do they lie (Fig. 360.) (12) On what island\\nis Honolulu Hilo (13) How deep is the ocean near these islands\\nGuam and Samoa. See Figure 270. (II) In what latitude is\\neach? (15) What harbor on the island of Tutuila? (16) How deep\\nis the ocean near these islands (17) Find each on Figure 360.\\nPhilippine Islands. See Figure 270. (18) Where are these located\\n(Fig. 359.) (19) Name the two largest islands. (20) What should\\nyou expect the climate to be (21) Find Manila. On which island\\nis it situated\\nAt the close of the Revolutionary War the United\\nStates consisted of thirteen small colonies along the At-\\nlantic coast from Maine to Georgia. The United States\\nclaimed the land far into the wilderness, even to the dis-\\ntant Mississippi. Beyond this was French and Spanish\\nterritory, while the whole Mississippi Valley was occupied\\nby Indians. By purchase and by war we have acquired\\nall the land between the Atlantic and the Pacific which\\n322", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES\\n323\\nhas been described in the previous pages but our con-\\ntrol does not end with the boundaries of the United\\nStates proper. In 1867 we acquired Alaska, and in 1898\\nwe came into possession of a number of islands, some of\\nthem on the other side of the globe. Since these lands\\nform a part of the territory controlled by our government,\\na study of them properly comes at this point.\\nAlaska\\nClimate and Physiography. For a long time Alaska,\\nwhich is more than twice as large as Texas, belonged to\\nFig. 251.\\nMt. St. Elias, Alaska, 18,100 feet high, and for a long time supposed to he the\\nhighest peak on the continent.\\nRussia. That nation sold the territory to us for $7,200,000\\nbut at the time many people considered it very unwise to\\npay so large a sum for so distant and desolate a land.\\nHowever, it has already proved of great value, and has\\npaid for itself many times over.\\nSince the Arctic Circle extends across the northern", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "324 THE UNITED STATES\\npart of Alaska, it will be seen that the climate must be\\nvery uninviting. The winters are long and cold, and the\\nsummers short and cool. A strip of coast land extends\\nsouthward from the main peninsula of Alaska, and to this\\nthe prevailing westerlies bring an abundance of rain and\\nsnow. Since these winds come from the ocean they also\\nrender the summer climate much more agreeable than in\\nthe northern part of the territory. In this portion is\\nsituated Sitka, the capital, where the governor of the\\nterritory lives.\\nA large part of Alaska is mountainous, for the mountains\\nof the United States and western Canada extend north-\\nward into this territory. Among these mountains are the\\nloftiest peaks of the continent, the highest yet discovered\\nFig. 252.\\nSnow-covered Alaskan mountains with a valley glacier descending into the sea.\\nbeing Mt. McKinley, which is 20,464 feet high. Owing\\nto the latitude, most of the mountains are snow-covered\\nthroughout the year (Fig. 251), and among them are in-\\nnumerable glaciers, many of which reach down to the\\nsea (Fig. 252).\\nOne of the largest glaciers now on the continent, known as\\nthe Muir Glacier (Fig. 253), is located in Alaska not far north.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES 325\\nof Sitka. It is so wonderful and beautiful that many tourists\\nvisit it every year. Taking an excursion steamer from Taconia\\nor Seattle, they sail all the way in protected bays and straits\\nbehind the mountainous islands which skirt the coast, where\\nthe scenery is grand beyond description.\\nThe map (Fig. 250) shows a long peninsula, ending in a chain\\nof islands, the Aleutians, which form the southern boundary\\nr **n\\nIlikK-.\\nKOetf\\nFig. 253.\\nFront of the Muir Glacier where it ends in the waters of Muir Inlet.\\nof Bering Sea. This peninsula and the off -lying islands are,\\nreally a growing mountain chain and it was here, in 1795,\\nthat a new volcano suddenly broke forth, building a lofty cone\\nwhere previously ships were able to sail. Altogether there are\\n57 volcanoes in this chain, which has a length of 1600 miles.\\nFishing. Among the resources of Alaska, as in the case\\nof other far northern lands, those of the sea are especially\\nimportant (p. 80). In the shallow waters near the coast\\nboth cod and halibut abound, while immense numbers of\\nsalmon run up the rivers every summer, as they do in\\nnorthern United States and Canada (pp. 316 and 359).\\nThe fishing industry is only partly developed, chiefly\\nbecause of the great distance from a profitable market", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "326\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nbut the waters of the Alaskan coast form an important\\nfishing reserve for the future.\\nWhaling. Every year steamers, specially built for the pur-\\npose, venture through Bering Strait iDto the Arctic Ocean in\\nsearch of the whale. It is a hazardous occupation, and but few\\nships are now engaged in it. They are obliged to push their\\nway into the floe ice (Fig. 60), in which they are in danger of\\nbeing imprisoned and held firmly through the winter.\\nFig. 254.\\nA whale ashore, and a whaling steamer lying off in deep water.\\nThe whale, which is sometimes over a hundred feet long, is\\nreally a land animal which has taken up life in the sea, as seals\\nand walruses have. Therefore, unlike the true fishes, which\\nsecure air from the water by means of gills, the whale must\\nnow and then rise to the surface for air. It is when rising to\\nbreathe, or blow, that the huge creature is harpooned.\\nOne species of whale living in the Arctic supplies not only\\nfat, or blubber, for oil, but also whale bone, a very elastic\\nmaterial which grows in the whale s mouth. Rushing through", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES\\n327\\nthe sea with its mouth open, the whale strains the water\\nthrough the fringes of the whale bone, and thus secures the\\nthousands of tiny animals upon which it feeds. This bone\\nis of use for various purposes, as, for instance, in women s\\ndresses.\\nSealing. In the Arctic are found many different kinds\\nof seal. One of these, the fur seal, which lives in Bering\\nSea, is of great value because of its soft fur, which is\\nmuch used for winter cloaks. During the greater part\\nof the year\\nthe fur seals\\nswim in the\\nsea in search\\nof food but\\nin the spring,\\nduring the\\nbreeding sea-\\nson, they re-\\nsort to the Pri-\\nbilof Islands.\\nThe United\\nStates gov-\\nernment prohibits all persons from killing them except\\none company, which pays a special tax for the privilege\\nof securing a certain number each year. At the proper\\nseason the men select a number of males, for a law\\nforbids the taking of the females, and drive them off\\nfor slaughter, much as sheep would be driven (Fig. 256).\\nWhile the government permits no other persons to kill the\\nseal on the Pribilof Islands, it possesses no power to protect\\nthose found swimming in the sea. Vessels from Canada and\\nthe United States, therefore, sail about over the sea, shooting\\nFig. 255.\\nFur seals among the rocks near the coast of one of the\\nPribilof Islands.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "328\\nTHE UXITED STATES\\nall they find. Since they kill old and young, male and female,\\nand wound many that afterward die, they are rapidly destroy-\\ning the fur seal, and threaten to exterminate it entirely.\\nFig. 256.\\nDriving off a bunch of fur seal for slaughter.\\nMining. While there is some opportunity for farming\\nin southern Alaska, and the great tracts of forest land\\nmay be the seat\\nof an important\\nlumbering indus-\\ntry in the future,\\nat present the\\nmost noted in-\\ndustry of Alaska\\nis gold mining.\\nThere are exten-\\nsive deposits of\\ngold, copper,\\ncoal, and other\\nminerals; but\\nthey are so cliffi-\\nFig. 257.\\nJuneau, nestled at the base of the mountains near\\nsome valuable gold mines.\\ncult to reach that there has been little development of any\\nof these except the first. A short distance north of Sitka,\\nat Juneau (Fig. 257), there are some very paying gold", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES\\n329\\nmines and elsewhere in the territory gold mining is also\\ncarried on.\\nRecently, Alaska and the neighboring Klondike region,\\njust across the line in Canada, have attracted attention\\nbecause of the discovery of rich deposits of gold-bearing\\ngravels, somewhat like those found in California in 1848.\\nAlthough a bleak, desolate region, far in the interior and\\ndifficult of access, men have rushed there, as years ago they\\nFig. 258.\\nMiners, with their loads of supplies, at Chilcoot Pass, on the way to the\\nKlondike.\\nhurried to California. Some have gone overland across\\nthe mountain passes (Figs. 258 and 259) others have\\ntravelled an easier route by water, taking a steamer to the\\nmouth of the Yukon River, one of the longest rivers on\\nthe continent. There they transferred to river boats\\nbut since the Yukon is frozen over during most of the\\nyear, this journey can be made only in summer.\\nIn the scramble for gold many persons have endured terri-\\nble hardships. Most have returned with little of the precious", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "330 THE UNITED STATES\\nmetal, but some have brought back fortunes. Good-sized towns\\nhave grown up as a result of the inrush of people, the largest\\nbeing Dawson City, Canada, and Circle City in Alaska, just\\nsouth of the Arctic Circle. Another city that grew in a single\\nseason is Nome City.\\nThese hardy pioneers are opening up a country which, though\\nnaturally unattractive, is probably destined to become one of\\nthe great mineral-producing regions of the world. Most parts\\nFig. 259.\\nMiners fording the icy waters of an Alaskan river, on the way to the Klon-\\ndike. Two of them are harnessed to a wagon containing their supplies.\\nof the Arctic lands must always be sparsely populated but rich\\ndeposits of precious metal will always suffice to attract large\\nnumbers of men.\\nCuba and Porto Rico\\nWhile the United States has within recent years secured\\npossession of bleak northern lands, it has still more re-\\ncently come into control of some warm tropical islands.\\nAs a result of the war of 1898, Porto Rico was ceded to", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "s a\\nCn\\nSG t\u00c2\u00bb 5 a\\nW j 3\\njS\\n^o\\n1\\n3i|\\n\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a78\\no\\nnM\\nCI S\\n1-8 2 w\\nj s5\\nFh\\n*5\\n8 8 3\\nH", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES 331\\nthe United States, and Cuba was given its independence,\\nunder the general guidance of the United States.\\nPhysiography and Climate. Among the West Indies\\nthe largest island is Cuba, which is nearly as large as\\nPennsylvania, although much longer and narrower. The\\nnext in size is Haiti, and of the others the only two of\\nmuch importance are Jamaica and Porto Rico, the latter\\nbeing three-fourths the size of Connecticut. Cuba, Haiti,\\nand Porto Rico form a portion of a single mountain chain,\\nhighest in Haiti, though reaching an elevation of 8600\\nfeet in Cuba.\\nWhile there are tree-covered mountain ranges in each\\nof the islands, the greater portion of Cuba and Porto Rico\\nhas been cleared and cultivated. This is especially true\\nof Porto Rico, which is really an island of farms. Crops\\ngrow luxuriantly, partly because of the excellent soil,\\nformed by the decay of the rocks, and partly because of\\nthe favorable climate.\\nThe islands are entirely within the tropical zone, so that\\ntheir temperature throughout the year is high, and on the\\nlowlands neither snow nor frost are known. They lie in\\nthe trade wind belt (Fig. 42) and therefore receive an\\nabundance of rain, especially upon the northeastern or\\nwindward slopes, which the damp air from the ocean first\\nreaches. The summer is the rainiest season, for then the\\nwinds blow with greater strength and steadiness.\\nForests and Minerals. When first settled, the West Indies\\nwere covered by a dense tropical forest. Much of this has been\\ncleared away for purposes of farming but some of the woods still\\nremain, especially among the higher mountains. In Cuba, for\\ninstance, there is still considerable valuable timber, such as ma-\\nhogany, ebony, and fustic, which produces a valuable yellow dye.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "332\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nBesides these raw products of the soil, there is considerable\\nmineral wealth in Cuba. Copper is found there, and also iron,\\nthe latter having been mined for a long time in the neighbor-\\nhood of Santiago.\\nAgriculture. However, it is agriculture that forms the\\nchief industry of the Cubans and Porto Ricans. As in all\\nthe West Indies, the principal crop is sugar-cane (Fig.\\n317), which grows well in the rich soil and the warm,\\nrainy climate. Although much sugar is raised, the indus-\\nFig. 261.\\nA Cuban ox team.\\ntry has not proved very profitable because of the primitive\\nmethods employed and the absence of a good market.\\nNow that the United States controls these islands great\\nimprovement should take place.\\nSugar production is carried on in Cuba much as it is in\\nLouisiana (p. 213). After the cane is cut, the sap is\\nextracted and reduced to brown sugar in sugar houses,\\nand then sent away to be manufactured into white sugar.\\nTwo of the products of the sugar plantations are molasses,\\nand rum, which is made of molasses.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES\\n333\\nA second important crop is tobacco, for which Cuba is\\nespecially noted. There is one district, on the western\\nend of the island, where the rich, limey soil and the climate\\nare peculiarly suited to the growth of the best quality of\\ntobacco. At Havana and other places it is manufactured\\ninto cigars, which bring high prices the Havana cigar\\nbeing considered the best that is made. What has been\\nsaid about Key West in Florida?\\nUpon the hillslopes much coffee is produced, and some tea\\nand cocoa. The coffee plant not only requires a good soil, but\\nmust be grown in the shade of trees. Spices, including nut-\\nmeg, cinnamon, and ginger, are products of the West Indies,\\nalso pepper, cardamom, vanilla, and pimento or allspice. Such\\nfruits as bananas, oranges, limes, pineapples, and cocoanuts are\\nalso produced but, because of the poor market, in small quan-\\ntities. In the future much more attention will doubtless be\\npaid to fruit raising. Indeed, both Cuba and Porto Rico will\\nprobably become not only winter\\ngardens, supplying fruit and vege-\\ntables to the United States, but\\nalso important winter resorts.\\nThe United States has been\\nable to raise almost all products\\nof the soil that we have required,\\nwith the exception of the trop-\\nical and semi-tropical crops, such\\nas tea, rice, coffee, sugar, spices,\\nand tropical fruits and our\\nnewly acquired islands are capa-\\nble of supplying even these.\\nThe Inhabitants. Both Cuba and Porto Rico are\\ndensely populated, although in Cuba s war with Spain\\nFig. 262.\\nA Cuban boat.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "334\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nthousands upon thousands of the inhabitants were killed in\\nbattle or starved to death. Property had been destroyed,\\nand the island devastated to such an extent that it will\\nbe many years before a full tide of prosperity returns.\\nMany of the natives are of mixed blood. The aborigi-\\nnes did not prove good slaves to their Spanish conquerors,\\nand negro slaves were brought from Africa. Therefore,\\nwhile pure-blooded Spaniards are numerous, many of the\\nFig. 263.\\nThe harbor of Havana.\\ninhabitants of Cuba and Porto Rico are negroes, either\\nfull blooded or half-breeds. The Spanish have kept these\\nnatives very poor and densely ignorant; but they are\\ncapable of advancement under proper guidance, and this,\\nit is hoped, they will receive from the United States.\\nCities. Owing largely to an entire lack of coal and\\nto the policy of the Spaniards, there has been very little\\nmanufacturing but nevertheless there are several impor-\\ntant cities, principally along the coast, at points where\\nthere are remarkably fine harbors. The largest of these is", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "TERBITOBIES AND DEPENDENCIES\\n335\\nHavana in Cuba, a city of 200,000 inhabitants, and for\\na long time the centre of the Spanish dominion in America.\\nAnother large city in Cuba is Santiago de Cuba, where\\nthe Spanish ships were sunk in 1898 (see map, Fig. 260).\\nA third important city, with an excellent harbor, is\\nM AT AN Z AS.\\nRailway lines connect some of these cities and also reach\\nout into the agricultural districts, thus serving to bring\\nFig. 264.\\nA street in San Juan.\\nthe crops to these points for shipment. However, many\\nof the towns are not connected by rail and since there\\nare few good wagon roads, they have almost no communi-\\ncation with the outside world, excepting by boat.\\nThe conditions in Porto Rico are nearly the same as in\\nCuba, though it is less wooded than Cuba and more\\ncompletely cultivated. Along the lower sections, near\\nthe coast, sugar and tobacco are raised the low moun-\\ntains produce excellent coffee,- one of the most important", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "336 THE UNITED STATES\\nproducts of the island and the slopes between are largely\\noccupied by herds of cattle. As in Cuba, there are a\\nnumber of coastal cities, the largest being Ponce and\\nSan Juan (Fig. 264), the capital.\\nThe Hawaiian Islands (Fig. 270)\\nThe Volcanoes. Far out in the mid-Pacific, not quite\\na third of the distance from the Pacific coast to the Phil-\\nippine Islands, is a mountain chain fifteen hundred miles\\nlong, most of which lies beneath the ocean. From this\\nFig. 265.\\nLake of liquid lava in one of the craters of the Hawaiian volcanoes.\\nlong, submarine ridge there rise several volcanic peaks,\\nforming a chain of islands, known as the Sandwich or\\nHawaiian Islands. The largest is Hawaii, which is nearly\\nas large as Connecticut.\\nEach of the islands is composed chiefly of lava which\\nhas been erupted from within the earth. Two of the large\\nHawaiian volcanoes are still active, the largest, Mauna", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "TEBBITOBIES AND DEPENDENCIES\\n337\\nLoa, extending nearly fourteen thousand feet above the sea.\\nFrom the coast the sea bottom descends so rapidly that,\\nwithin a few miles of the shore, a depth of eighteen thou-\\nsand feet is\\nfound. There-\\nfore, if the water\\nshould be re-\\nmoved, a moun-\\ntain peak would\\nbe revealed\\nrising nearly\\nthirty-two thou-\\nsand feet above\\nits base a lof-\\ntier mountain\\nthan any known\\non the land.\\nClimate. The latitude of the Hawaiian Islands is about\\nthe same as that of Cuba and Porto Rico. Being in the\\nmidst of the broad Pacific, and therefore surrounded by\\nwarm ocean water, the climate near sea level is warm and\\nwonderfully equable. From day to night, and even from\\nsummer to winter, the thermometer varies only a few\\ndegrees. As in the West Indies, the trade winds blow\\nsteadily and bring an abundance of rain to the windward\\nnortheastern slopes. The opposite or leeward slopes are\\nvery much drier, and in places even arid.\\nIsland Life. When these islands were first visited by white\\nmen, they were inhabited by a strange, dark-skinned race of\\nsavages. A luxuriant vegetation covered the land, and there\\nwere a number of native animals, though none of these were of\\ngreat size, the largest being birds, bats, mice, and lizards. It\\nFig. 266.\\nA lava cascade, where the melted rock has cooled as\\nit fell over the edge of a low cliff.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "338\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nis an interesting question to ask how men, plants, and animals\\never reached these islands which are 2700 miles from Amer-\\nica, and more than 5000 miles from Asia.\\nIt is now known that the seeds of plants, and even birds and\\ninsects, are drifted to the ocean islands by means of winds. On\\nthe Bermuda Islands, for instance, which lie 600 miles east\\nof the Carolina coast, the plants and animals are like those of\\nthe neighboring mainland. Every year robins, sparrows, and\\nsometimes even tiny humming-birds, alight there for a rest\\nafter the long and perilous journey which they have been\\nforced to undertake because of the strong winds which have\\ndriven them out to sea.\\nBirds, insects, and seeds may be carried not only by the\\nwind, but also by the ocean currents, in which they float, cling-\\ning to logs until\\nthey are perhaps\\nstranded on the\\nshores of some\\nocean island. It\\nis in this way\\nthat the islands\\nhave become in-\\nhabited by plants\\nand animals but\\nlarge animals, not\\nbeing able to trav-\\nel long distances\\nin this manner,\\nare rarely found on ocean islands far from the continents.\\nIt is probable that men have reached these islands in much\\nthe same way. Venturing out too far in their canoes, or driven\\nfrom shore by the winds, they have been carried on and on\\nuntil they have reached strange lands which they were obliged\\nto accept as their homes. In this manner, it is believed, people\\nfrom southern Asia and the East Indies, have spread eastward\\nto the Philippine Islands, to the small islands that dot the\\nPacific, and even so far away as the Hawaiian Islands.\\nF il|\\n-Mm\\nIf \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0--fSsj\\nf 1\\nIk fi*\\n9sk\\n1\\n1\\nFig. 267.\\nBuilding a grass hut iu the Hawaiian Islands.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES\\n339\\nIndustries. The Hawaiian Islanders are an intelligent\\nrace, resembling the natives of other Pacific islands. Since\\nwhite men brought in new methods of agriculture, the\\nlarger islands have become fairly productive, the principal\\ncrop being sugar. Coffee, tropical fruits, and rice (Fig.\\n268) are other\\nproducts, the last\\nbeing cultivated\\nby the Chinese,\\nwho make up a\\nlarge part of the\\nforeign popula-\\ntion. There are\\nalso many Jap-\\nanese, P o r t u\\nguese, and Amer-\\nicans. The chief\\nmarket has been the United States, especially San Fran-\\ncisco. In fact these islands formed one of the principal\\nsources of food supply for the early Californian miners.\\nThe white men s interests in the Hawaiian Islands led\\nto a revolution some years ago, by which these men took\\ncontrol of affairs from the native queen, set up an inde-\\npendent government, and offered themselves to the United\\nStates as a territory. After some delay this offer was\\naccepted.\\nWhile many of the inhabitants are engaged in agri-\\nculture, large numbers are gathered in small villages along\\nthe seacoast. There are only two cities, Honolulu\\n(Fig. 269), on the island of Oahu, and Hilo, on Hawaii.\\nThe Hawaiian Islands as a Coaling Station. During the war\\nwith Spain the Hawaiian Islands were of importance to the\\nFig. 2(58.\\nPlanting rice in the Hawaiian Islands.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "340\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nUnited States as a coaling station for ships bound to the Philip-\\npine Islands. The distance from San Francisco to the Phil-\\nippines is somewhat more than seven thousand miles. If we\\nwish to send a warship there from the Pacific coast, it is quite\\nnecessary that it should find a place on the way at which it\\ncould obtain coal. Such a ship might carry perhaps eight hun-\\ndred tons of coal; but as it may burn from sixty to seventy\\ntons a day, this would last less than two weeks, while the\\njourney across would require more than three weeks. There-\\nfore the government needs a place where it can store large\\nFig. 269.\\nThe harbor of Honolulu.\\nquantities of coal, perhaps as much as from ten to twenty-five\\nthousand tons, to be used in case of need. All large naval\\npowers need coaling stations in various parts of the ocean.\\nGreat Britain, the greatest power upon the sea, has them scat-\\ntered all over the world.\\nGuam and Samoa\\nFor a number of years the United States, Germany, and\\nEngland had control over the Samoan Islands (Fig. 270) but\\nthis arrangement did not prove satisfactory, and now Tutuila,\\none of the islands, is owned by the United States. This tiny\\nisland is of little value to us excepting as a coaling station", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES Ml\\nat the harbor of Pago Pago (Fig. 270). The natives are of the\\nsame race as those of the other islands of the open Pacific. They\\nare splendidly developed physically, and manage a boat and\\nswim so well that they are almost as much at home in the water\\nas on land. The principal products are cocoanuts and cotton,\\nand the chief city is Apia, on Upolu, which belongs to Germany.\\nIn consequence of the war with Spain, we obtained the\\nisland of Guam, one of the Laclrones or Robbers Islands, some\\ndistance east of the Philippines. These islands, the loftiest\\npeaks of a submarine mountain chain, were first seen by Ma-\\ngellan, who was later killed by the natives of the Philippines.\\nGuam, the largest of the Ladrones, reaches an elevation of from\\nfifteen to eighteen hundred feet above the sea; but it is so\\nsmall, and so far away, that it also is of little service to us\\nexcept as a coaling station for vessels.\\nThe Philippine Islands\\nPhysiography. This group of islands, or archipelago,\\nconsists of several thousand separate islands, many of\\nwhich are very small. The largest, Luzon, is about the\\nsize of Kentucky, and the second, Mindanao, is almost as\\nlarge. Like the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands,\\nthe Philippines are portions of mountain chains in the sea.\\nThey form part of a still greater chain, reaching north-\\nward to the Japanese Islands and beyond.\\nThroughout the archipelago earthquakes are common and\\nsometimes very destructive to property and to life; for in-\\nstance, the earthquake of 1863 destroyed a large part of\\nManila. The earth is in an almost constant state of tremor,\\nthough most of the shocks are so slight that they are detected\\nonly by the aid of delicate instruments. In addition to earth-\\nquakes, there have at times been destructive volcanic erup-\\ntions. Some of the volcanic cones of the Philippines reach to\\na height of 8000 to 10,000 feet.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "342\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nWhile parts of the islands are mountainous and still covered\\nby forests, there are many valleys that have been cleared for\\nfarming. In these the soil is usually deep and fertile, being\\nformed by the decay of lavas, limestones, and other rocks rich\\nin plant food.\\nSince none of the islands are very large, there can of course\\nbe no great rivers but many of them are so deep near their\\nFig. 271.\\nPhilippine boats, really logs with the centre dug out.\\nmouths that small steamboats are able to navigate the lower\\nportions of all of the larger streams. Near the volcanoes there\\nare lakes formed by the lava damming up the streams.\\nClimate. Besides earthquakes and volcanoes, the Phil-\\nippines are visited by those terrific tropical storms\\nknown as hurricanes in the West Indies, and typhoons in\\nthe East Indies. These storms resemble the cyclonic\\nstorms of the Northern States (p. 53), excepting that\\nthey are many times more violent. Commencing in the\\nheated belt near the equator, they develop intense energy,", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES\\n343\\nand move slowly off into the temperate latitudes. They\\nare accompanied by a terrific downpour of rain and by\\nwinds so violent that houses are torn to pieces, and trees\\ndragged out by their roots. During these storms much\\nproperty is destroyed, and many lives are often lost.\\nAs in the West Indies, the climate of the Philippines is\\nthat of the tropics always warm, and sometimes very\\nhot, especially at a distance from the sea. They have\\na heavy rainfall, the year being divided into the dry\\nand rainy seasons. The former comes during the winter\\nmonths, the latter in the summer. The dry period lasts\\nwhile the trade winds blow from the northeast, and then\\n7KS\\\\\\ngg\u00c2\u00abSSE^gyj!W\\nPH\\nRt^^SB\\nSr9\\nI\\nv-\\nBllllllii\\niftlllll\\njJTcj*3l\\nIT\\ni\\nf\u00c2\u00a3%gg.\\nFig. 272.\\nPhilippine natives and the domesticated huffalo.\\nthe fields often become parched and cracked, and the roads\\nvery dusty. In the summer, however, the winds change\\nto the southeast, forming a part of the great summer\\nmonsoon of Asia (p. 40). These winds, blowing from\\nthe warm, humid equatorial belt, deluge the islands with\\nrain to such an extent that much of the country becomes", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "3-4-4 THE UNITED STATES\\na swamp, and travel is almost impossible. The showers\\nare local and while a heavy downpour occurs in one\\nplace, there may be no rain a short distance away on the\\nleeward slopes.\\nThe natives have domesticated a native wild animal, the\\nwater buffalo (Fig. 272), which is so accustomed to the mud\\nthat it can be driven about during this wet season. This draft\\nanimal is of great use, especially in the rice fields, which are\\nkept wet during the growing season. The buffalo prefers wet\\nwalking to dry, and, in fact, must have a daily plunge in the\\nmud and water.\\nBecause of this damp climate, the Philippine houses are\\nso built that the lower story is used for storage, as a cellar\\nis in our country. This raises the inhabited part of the\\nhouse above the damp ground.\\nResources and Industries. Owing to the tropical warmth\\nand dampness and to the excellent soil, the uncultivated\\nparts of the islands are covered with a dense tropical forest,\\ncontaining many valuable woods. As in other tropical\\nforests, there are immense numbers of animals, especially\\ninsects, serpents, and beautiful birds. Among the serpents\\nare the huge python and the deadly cobra di capello.\\nThere are also deer, apes, wild hogs, wild buffalo, huge\\nbats, and man-eating crocodiles.\\nThe inhabitants of the Philippines number from eight\\nto ten millions, about one-half of whom are civilized but\\nthere are still many savages on some of the islands, es-\\npecially in the dense forests. Two very different races\\noccupy the islands, the aborigines and the Malays. The\\nformer, a race of small, dark-skinned savages, are called\\nNegritos, a Spanish word meaning little negroes. They\\nhave been gradually forced to retreat to the forests by", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES\\n345\\nthe more powerful and intelligent Malays. Besides the\\nNegritos, the various tribes of Malays, and the half-breeds,\\nmany Chinese traders and Spaniards live on the islands.\\nUnder the influence of the Spaniards, the more civilized\\ntribes, whom Magellan found in a savage state, have cleared\\nthe land and have reached a fairly high grade of civilization.\\nTheir wants are few, and very little work suffices to keep them\\nsupplied with what they need. Cocoanuts and bananas are\\neasily obtained, and rice, yams, and other plant foods may be\\nFig. 273.\\nPhilippine boys making cigars.\\nraised with very little effort. There is, therefore, no special\\nreason for working hard and, in fact, in that climate hard\\nwork is almost impossible.\\nThe riches of the forest are scarcely utilized at all. Among\\nthe valuable woods are ebony, the rubber tree from which\\ngutta percha is obtained, and a palm from the sap of which\\nalcohol may be made. Cinnamon, cloves, and pepper also\\ngrow there.\\nThe mineral resources appear to be extensive, although\\nalmost entirely undeveloped, since the Spaniards never en-\\ncouraged mining there. Gold is known to exist in Luzon, and\\nsilver, coal, petroleum, marble, and sulphur also occur.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "346 THE UNITED STATES\\nAside from plant products consumed at home, some\\ncocoa, coffee, sugar, and tobacco are raised for export, the\\nlatter being manufactured into cigars at Manila (Fig.\\n273). This is almost the sole manufacturing of impor-\\ntance, and the inhabitants depend upon Europe and\\nAmerica for all but the very simplest materials, which\\nthey themselves produce.\\nHemp is the best-known export of these islands, which\\nsupply the world with the fibre used in making the better\\ngrades of Manila rope. Hemp is made from the fibre of a\\nwild plantain, which so closely resembles the banana that\\nan inexperienced person cannot easily tell the two apart.\\nIn order to obtain the fibre, the plant is cut and allowed\\nto wilt for a short time, then drawn between a block of\\nwood and a knife, in order to scrape the pulp away. The\\nfibre is spread for several hours in the sun to dr} r and\\nthen pressed into bales for shipping. Since the work is\\ncrudely done by natives, without the aid of machinery,\\nabout 40 per cent of the fibre is wasted.\\nThe castor bean grows wild on many of the islands, and its\\noil is extracted for many local purposes. Cocoanut palms also\\nflourish, and great rafts of cocoanuts are shipped down the\\nrivers to the sea. From this nut an oil is made that is used\\nin lamps and sometimes in the manufacture of a substitute for\\nlard. Much of the dried meat of the nut is shipped to Europe\\nto be used in soap making.\\nOne of the most remarkable plants of the island is the rattan,\\nwhich is put by the natives to a thousand uses, such as making\\nropes, houses, canoes, frames, carts, beds, and chairs. Many of\\nthe natives make a living by splitting and marketing the cane.\\nThe bamboo is also of great value, being considered indispensa-\\nble by the natives (Fig. 274). This plant grows from one inch\\nto eighteen inches in diameter, and from five to seven feet in", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES\\n347\\nheight. It is used in making the frames, sides, and even the roofs\\nof houses, and also rafts, boats, agricultural implements, bows,\\nbowstrings, arrows, spoons, forks, and many other articles.\\nUnder the Spanish rule the people of the Philippines\\nwere greatly oppressed, and the industries only partly de-\\nveloped. Large portions of the islands were left in a wild\\nstate and even in the best-settled regions little attempt\\nwas made to develop the resources. The islands are able\\nto produce not only quantities of sugar, rice, tobacco, coffee,\\nand cocoa, but\\nalso much more\\nhemp than at\\npresent. What\\nhas been said\\nabout the valu-\\nable forest and\\nmineral prod-\\nucts\\nThere is a\\npromising fut-\\nure in the proper\\ndevelopment of\\nall the resources\\nof these islands, and the civilized natives are able to help\\nin the work. Many of them are educated and cultivated,\\nliving in excellent homes and surrounded by luxuries.\\nIn religion, most of the inhabitants belong to the Roman\\nCatholic faith, which was introduced in their early settle-\\nment by the Spaniards. However, the natives of the Sulu\\nIslands, called Moros, are Mohammedans. These Moros\\nare ruled by a Sultan under the general guidance of the\\nUnited States.\\nFig. 274.\\nA Philippine lumber yard, where bamboo is the lum-\\nber. Compare this with Figures 105 and 223.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "348 THE UNITED STATES\\nCities. In the Philippine group there are many cities\\nhaving a population of more than ten thousand, and a\\nnumber have as many inhabitants as Gloucester, Mass.,\\nJacksonville, Fla., or Butte, Mont. However, there is at\\npresent only one city of great importance in the archi-\\npelago, namely, Manila, on the island of Luzon, a city\\nnearly as large as Denver. It is situated upon an excel-\\nlent harbor, and was for a long time the centre of the\\nSpanish government in the Philippines.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\\nQuestions: Alaska. (1) From whom was Alaska obtained?\\nHow? (2) Describe the climate. (3) Name and locate the capital.\\n(4) What are the surface features (5) Describe the Muir Glacier.\\n(6) Tell about the volcanoes. (7) What kinds of fish are found?\\n(8) Describe whaling. What valuable products are obtained (9) Tell\\nabout the seals: where found; habits; efforts to protect them;\\nmethod of killing; their value. (10) Describe mining in Alaska:\\nminerals found location of the gold mines cities that have grown\\nup the rush of gold seekers the change that they have brought about.\\nSuggestions. (11) Collect some whale bone. (12) Collect pic-\\ntures of Alaska. (13) Find out what people thought when the pur-\\nchase of Alaska was being considered. (14) Try to find some one\\nwho has been in Alaska, and have him tell you about the country.\\n(15) How does the area of Alaska compare with that of the United\\nStates proper? With your own state? (See tables, pp. 445 and 447.)\\n(16) Measure the length of the Yukon and compare it with the\\nMackenzie and the Mississippi. (17) Draw an outline map of Alaska.\\nQuestions: Cuba and Porto Rico. (18) Name the principal\\nislands of the West Indies. (19) Tell about their relief. Their cli-\\nmate. (20) What is the reason for the heavy rains of summer?\\n(21) What about the forests and their peculiar products? The min-\\nerals? (22) Name the principal farm products, and tell about each.\\n(23) Tell about the inhabitants. (24) Why so little manufacturing?\\n(25) Name and locate the chief cities in Cuba and Porto Rico.\\nSuggestions. (26) Estimate the length and the average breadth\\nof Cuba. (27) How do its two leading cities compare in size with", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES 349\\nthe two largest in Pennsylvania? (Table, p. 448.) (28) What prod-\\nucts of Cuba and Porto Rico are also raised in the United States?\\nWhere? (29) State some advantage that Cuba enjoys over Louisiana\\nin the production of sugar. (30) In what respects are the inhabi-\\ntants similar to those of Mexico? (31) How is our control of these\\nislands liable to prove of benefit to us To the islands themselves\\n(32) Make a sketch map of Cuba and Porto Rico.\\nQuestions The Hawaiian Islands. (33) Where are the islands\\n(34) How have they been formed (35) Tell about the volcanoes.\\n(36) About the climate. (37) How have they probably become\\ninhabited by plants, animals, and men? (38) Name the leading\\nproducts. (39) The principal cities. (40) How did the islands\\ncome into our possession? (41) Of what use are they to us\\nSuggestions. (42) Why should you expect much the same\\nproducts in the Hawaiian Islands as in Cuba? (43) Why is not the\\nsummer very hot in this tropical region (44) What city on the\\nEastern coast should be associated with San Francisco as important\\nfor refining sugar? (45) Explain the presence of many Chinese and\\nJapanese in these islands.\\nQuestions The Philippine Islands. (46) Name the two largest\\nislands. (47) How have the islands been formed? (48) Tell about\\nthe earthquakes. The soil. The livers. (49) About the hurricanes,\\nand the dry and rainy seasons. (50) What about Philippine houses?\\nDraft animals? (51) Tell about the forests and wild animals.\\n(52) About the native inhabitants. (53) About the farm products.\\n(54) About the manufacturing. (55) What are the future prospects\\nof the islands (56) Locate the principal city.\\nSuggestions. (57) Compare the latitude of the islands with\\nthat of the West Indies and of the Hawaiian Islands. (58) In what\\nother places thus far studied have volcanoes abounded? (59) Col-\\nlect pictures of scenes in the Philippines. (60) Obtain a piece of\\nManila hemp rope for the school collection; also a piece of bam-\\nboo and of rattan. (61) Tell about Dewey s capture of Manila.\\n(62) Make a sketch map of the islands.\\nGeneral Questions. (63) Name the dependencies of the\\nUnited States. (64) Walk toward each. (65) Name the principal\\nproducts of each. (66) In what zones do they lie? (67) How did\\nwe obtain each\\nFor References, see pages 441-412.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "Paet III\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH\\nAMERICA\\nXIV. COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES\\nMap Questions. (1) Trace the boundary between United\\nStates and Canada. Which part of it is natural boundary? (2) Which\\nstates border on Canada (3) Why are there so many lakes in the\\nDominion (4) Name the seven largest (including the Great Lakes).\\n(5) Name the five largest rivers tell in which direction each flows\\nand where it empties. (6) Where are the large cities? (7) What\\nare the names of the largest? (8) Can you see any reasons for their\\nlocation? (9) Trace the Arctic Circle across Canada. (10) Compare\\nthe latitude of Labrador with that of England (Fig. 360). Why are\\nthere so few inhabitants in the former (See p. 92.) (11) Draw an out-\\nline map of Canada, inserting the important rivers, lakes, and cities.\\nCanada and Newfoundland\\nAs we have learned, the northwestern extremity of\\nNorth America is in possession of the United States but\\nalmost all of the remaining land north of our country-\\nbelongs to Canada.\\nHistory. While the British were founding the thirteen\\ncolonies, the French occupied the coast of eastern Canada\\nand made settlements along the St. Lawrence valley, as at\\n351", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "S52 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nQuebec and Montreal. Even now four out of every five\\npersons in the Province of Quebec speak French as their\\nmother-tongue. The French and English were often at\\nwar but finally England, aided by her colonies, acquired\\ncontrol of all the French possessions north of the United\\nStates, except the small islands of Miquelon and St. Pierre,\\nwhich are still retained by the French as fishing stations.\\nAfter the Revolutionary War, Canada still remained in\\nthe possession of Great Britain. There were at first sev-\\neral colonies, or provinces, with separate governments,\\nthough all were under the control of Great Britain but\\nin 1867 these were united to form the Dominion of Can-\\nada. Each of the seven provinces Nova Scotia, Prince\\nEdward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Mani-\\ntoba, and British Columbia now has a government of its\\nown, as our states have but by their union they also have\\na central government with the capital at Ottawa, which\\ncorresponds to our capital at Washington.\\nBesides these provinces, there are four organized territories\\nAssiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca; and also a\\nnumber of unorganized territories, or territories without a regu-\\nlarly organized government. Most of the latter are practically\\na wilderness and of little importance at present. Their names\\nwill be found on the map (Fig. 275).\\nNewfoundland has refused to join this federation, so that,\\nwhile still a province of Great Britain, it has no connection\\nwith Canada. Under the government of Newfoundland is in-\\ncluded, not only the island, but also the east coast of Labrador.\\nAs in the case of the United States, the early settlements\\nin Canada were made in the east, though westward migration\\nhas now opened up not merely the interior, but even the moun-\\ntainous western part. At present, the population is over five\\nmillion, more than one-fourth of whom are French.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES 353\\nPhysiography and Climate. The climate of southern\\nCanada is similar to that of northern United States, though\\nof course slightly cooler. Its physiography is nearly the\\nsame also and since the glacier, which spread over north-\\neastern United States, had its origin in Canada, the effects\\nare found there, as here. Lakes, falls, and rapids abound,\\nand the soil is made of glacial drift.\\nThe surface of eastern Canada is much like the surface\\nof New England and, as in New England, there is much\\nbeautiful scen-\\nery. One of the\\nmost noted re-\\ngions on the\\ncontinent is the\\nSaguenay River,\\na tributary of\\nthe St. Law-\\nrence, which en-\\nters that river\\nbelow Quebec.\\nIt occupies a\\ndeep valley\\nbounded by\\ncliffs, which in\\nFig. 276.\\nA view along the line of the Canadian Pacific Rail-\\nway in British Columbia.\\nplaces reach from a thousand to eighteen hundred feet\\nabove the water, some of them rising almost vertically.\\nIn places, too, the water is from six to eight hundred feet\\ndeep and the scenery resembles that of the fjords of\\nNorway. Indeed, it is of the same origin, being a river\\nvalley partly drowned by the sinking of the land, as in\\nthe case of the Hudson. The scenery is so wonderful\\nthat many tourists visit the Saguenay each year.\\n2a", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "354\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nThat section of Canada which lies north of Ohio and\\nNew York is more level, like those states, and it is the\\nmost important farming region in the Dominion. Farther\\nwest, north of Dakota and Montana, are broad plains (Fig.\\n288), arid in the western part, and increasing in elevation\\nto the very base of the Rocky Mountains. After crossing\\nthese plains,\\nthe Canadian\\nPacific Rail-\\nway, which ex-\\ntends from the\\nAtlantic to the\\nPacific coast,\\nfollows the val-\\nleys among the\\nmountains, and\\nclimbs to the\\npasses amidst\\ncanyons, gla-\\nciers, and snow-\\ncapped peaks\\n(Figs. 276-278). Name the mountains (Fig. 275). The\\nscenery of this region is wonderfully beautiful and inter-\\nesting, and the railway passes through the midst of it. A\\nportion of this wonderland has been set aside as a national\\npark by the Canadian government.\\nThe headwaters of the Yukon River, mentioned under\\nAlaska (p. 329), are in Canada; and farther east than this is\\nthe Mackenzie River, one of the largest on the continent. It\\nis 2000 miles long. What three large lakes drain into the\\nMackenzie Why is that river of little use for navigation\\nWhat other large Canadian rivers drain into northern waters\\nFig. 277.\\nA view among the mountains of British Columbia,\\nthrough which the Canadian Pacific passes.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES 355\\nHow would they be more useful if they draiuecl southward, as\\nthe Mississippi does\\nCanada shares with the United States the privileges of\\nnavigation on all the Great Lakes, with one exception.\\nWhich is it In addition to these great waterways, the\\nlower St. Lawrence is entirely in Canada but on account\\nof the severe winters this is not so great an advantage as\\nmight at first appear. Why\\nThere are numerous rapids in the St. Lawrence, over\\nwhich vessels cannot pass but large ship canals have\\nbeen built around these. Now, therefore, all but the large\\nocean steamers\\nare able to go\\nfrom the open\\nocean to the\\nwestern part\\nof Lake Supe-\\nrior, a distance\\nof twenty-four\\nhundred miles.\\nIn this re-\\nspect the Cana-\\ndian route has\\na great advan-\\ntage over the\\nErie Canal\\nroute upon\\nwhich only small canal boats can go. However, there is a\\nmovement on foot to deepen the Erie Canal so that lake\\nvessels can pass through it also.\\nAlthough southern Canada closely resembles the United\\nStates in climate and physiography, toward the north the coun-\\nFm. 278.\\nOne of the snow-capped mountain peaks of British\\nColumbia.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "356\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\ntry rapidly grows colder, until, in the extreme northern por-\\ntion, the climate is frigid (p. 77). There the sea is frozen\\nover in winter, and in summer it is covered with floating\\nice (Fig. 60). Even in midsummer large patches of snow are\\nseen upon the land.\\nIn the southern portion of Canada many people have their\\nhomes. Then comes a forest-covered belt inhabited by Ind-\\nians, a few trappers, and large numbers of wild animals (p. 78).\\nIt is in this region that the Hudson Bay Company has many\\ntrading stations for the purchase of skins from the Indians and\\nother hunters. This company\\nhas been of great importance\\nin the development of Can-\\nada, for it has explored much\\nof the wilderness and opened\\nit up for settlement. Toward\\nthe north the forest merges\\ninto scattered timber, resem-\\nbling the timber line of the\\nmountain slopes (Fig. 74)\\nand beyond this are the great\\nbarrens, or tundras (p. 78).\\nFew large animals live there\\nand almost no human beings,\\nexcepting scattered colonies\\nof Eskimos alonej the coast.\\nFig. 279.\\nA winter scene in the woods of New Lumbering. The for-\\nBrunswick. egtg wMch CQver northern\\nMaine, New Hampshire, and Vermont extend into the hilly\\nand mountainous section of New Brunswick and southern\\nQuebec. In fact, from there westward to the Pacific,\\nsweeping northward around the vast plains of Manitoba,\\nthis forest tract is from two to three hundred miles wide,\\nand is estimated to include fully a million square miles.\\nIn the east the principal trees are spruce, balsam fir, pines,\\nSIrP\\n\u00c2\u00bbjjpi\u00c2\u00bba\\nmm", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES 357\\nand maples, while in the west are spruces, mammoth\\ncedars, sometimes sixty feet in circumference, and the\\nDouglas fir, which in some instances attains a height of\\nthree hundred feet (Fig. 280). This forest is so nearly\\nin its primitive state that there are few parts of the conti-\\nnent where the hunt-\\ning is so good.\\nLumbering is carried\\non in much the same\\nmanner as in the United\\nStates (p. 127). In the\\neast the principal river\\ndown which the logs are\\nfloated to the sea is the\\nSt. John, upon which are\\nsituated Eredericton,\\nthe capital of New Bruns-\\nwick, and St. John, the\\nlargest city in that prov-\\nince. In these two cities\\nthe logs are transformed\\ninto wood pulp and lum-\\nber. Immense quanti-\\nties are shipped every\\nyear from the seaport of\\nSt. John.\\nIn Nova Scotia, Prince\\nFig. 280.\\nOne of the giant trees of British Columbia.\\nNotice how small the man appears.\\nEdward Island, and that part of Canada which borders Lakes\\nErie and Ontario, much of the timber has been cut off but for\\nscores of years the extensive forests of other parts of Canada\\nand of Newfoundland will continue to supply lumber.\\nAt present the woods of Canada are one of its greatest\\nsources of wealth the lumbering industry is so important\\nthat there are hundreds of sawmills at the rapids on the", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "358 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nstreams, and even in the great cities. Among the latter,\\nOttawa, Toronto, and Montreal are important, espe-\\ncially in the manufacture of lumber into such articles as\\ndoors, blinds, barrels, and furniture.\\nFig. 281.\\nA lumbering scene in New Brunswick.\\nFishing. It was the excellent fishing off the eastern\\ncoast of Canada that first attracted the French to America,\\nand fishing is still an important industry in Canada. Fully\\nfifty thousand people in Newfoundland and the eastern\\nprovinces, especially Nova Scotia and Prince Edward\\nIsland, are engaged in cod fishing. One of the best fish-\\ning ports is Yarmouth in Nova Scotia, although a great\\ndeal of fishing is carried on from Halifax, Nova Scotia,\\nSt. John s, Newfoundland, and many smaller places.\\nInland fishing is also important. The streams and lakes of\\nCanada still abound in trout, pickerel, and other fish, as did\\nthose of New England when that region was first settled.\\nMany white fish are caught in the larger lakes for the market.\\nThe salmon, too, is found in eastern Canada; but instead of\\nbeing caught in large numbers to be sold, as in the West, they\\nare carefully protected. Indeed, most of the salmon streams", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NOliTH OF THE UNITED STATES 359\\nare under private control, and at the proper season only the\\nowners and their friends are permitted to catch them for sport.\\nFig. 282.\\nBoats setting nets to catch salmon off the coast of British Colnmhia.\\nFishing is important on the west coast, especially for\\nsalmon, which are caught in Maine (p. 139), western\\nUnited States (p. 316), and Alaska. Great numbers of\\nsalmon come to the Canadian rivers every year to spawn,\\npushing their way up stream, in spite of many natural\\nobstacles. Sometimes, in order to get beyond waterfalls,\\nFig. 283.\\nNets set to trap the salmon.\\nthey must leap many feet into the air (Fig. 248), and it\\nis interesting to watch the skill with which they are able", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "360\\nOTIIEB COUNTRIES OF XOBTII AMEBIC A\\nto spring out of the water and land in the foaming torrent\\nat the crest of the falls. Sometimes thev fail, hut ret urn\\nFig. 281.\\nHundreds of salmon in a cannery.\\ning to the task, they try again and again until successful.\\nIt is believed that a salmon always returns to the same\\nriver.\\nWhile travelling up the streams they are easily caught\\nin nets set across the current (Fig. 282), or by dip nets\\nin the hands of fishermen (Fig. 248), or sometimes by\\ni II\\n-v..\\nm\\nFig. 285.\\nSalmon cans in a Canadian cannery. There are fully 60,000 cans in this room.\\nsalmon wheels (Fig. 2-49). Immense numbers of salmon\\nare canned in western Canada (Figs. 28-4 and 285) as well\\nas along the Columbia River and in Alaska.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES 361\\nSealing. We have already learned (p. 327) about the seal\\nfishing in Alaska. Seals are also found on the eastern side of\\nCanada, but their fur is of little value. It is the layer of fat,\\nor blubber, just beneath the skin, that is chiefly sought, because\\nit is useful in the manufacture of oil. The Labrador seals\\nrear their young on the fields of floating ice that drift south-\\nward in the Labrador current (Fig. 62). To reach these\\nanimals, strongly built steamers (Fig. 60) start out from\\nFig. 286.\\nNewfoundland sealers killing seals on the floe ice off the coast of Labrador.\\nSt. John s, Newfoundland, in the early spring, as soon as the\\nice has begun to break up enough for ships to push their way\\nthrough. Upon reaching a group of seals, scores of men rush\\nout upon the ice and kill as many as possible (Fig. 286) then\\nthey return to remove the skin and blubber.\\nAfter the sealing season, which is over by May or June,\\nsome of these stoutly built steamers fit out for a cruise to the\\nArctic in search of the whale, which lives on the eastern side\\nof America as well as north of Alaska (p. 326).", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "362\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nAgriculture and Ranching. What was said about the\\nagriculture and grazing of northern United States applies\\nquite fully to Canada. The warm, damp winds from the\\nFig. 287.\\nCattle on the Great Plains of western Canada.\\nPacific render the climate of southern British Columbia\\nmuch like that of Washington (p. 286) an excellent one\\nfor wheat and hardy fruits.\\nFig. 288.\\nSheep on the plains of western Canada.\\nFarther east, especially on the plains at the base of the\\nRocky Mountains, in the provinces of Alberta and Assini-\\nboia, the climate is too arid for farming. Therefore,", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES 363\\nranching is of importance, as in Montana and western\\nDakota (pp. 248 and 302). Immense herds of sheep\\n(Fig. 288) and cattle (Fig. 287) are reared on these\\nbroad plains, in the midst of which are several towns.\\nThe largest of these is Calgary, which has a population\\nof about four thousand.\\nIn Manitoba the climate begins to be more favorable for\\nagriculture, and the wheat fields of Minnesota and east-\\nern Dakota continue across the boundary far up into that\\nprovince. Although the winters are long and exceedingly\\nFig. 289.\\nA wheat field in Manitoba.\\ncold, the summers are warm, so that grain, especially wheat\\n(Fig. 289), oats, and barley, may be raised there. Why\\nare the summers warm and the winters cold? (p. 72.)\\nIn the centre of this great wheat region is the city of\\nWinnipeg, in which flour is manufactured, as in Minne-\\napolis, and from which much grain is sent eastward by\\nrail. This city is situated on the banks of the Red River\\nof the North, which empties into Lake Winnipeg. Find\\nout from the map (Fig. 275) what other large river is\\ntributary to this lake also the name of its outlet.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "364 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nFarther east, on the peninsula between Lakes Erie,\\nHuron, and Ontario, is found the best farm land in\\nCanada. This district is in the province of Ontario, the\\nmost populous of the Canadian provinces, which includes\\nnearly half of all the people in Canada. More than two-\\nthirds of the inhabitants live outside of the large cities.\\nWhat large cities do you find there\\nAlthough this country is so far north, its climate is so\\nmodified by the water of the Great Lakes, that such crops\\nas grapes, peaches, corn, and even tobacco are raised. In\\nFig. 290.\\nA field of flax, one of the products of Canadian farms. For what is flax used\\naddition, great quantities of oats, wheat, barley, and con-\\nsiderable flax are grown there. The wheat is made into\\nflour, mainly for home consumption much of the barley\\nis sent to the breweries of the United States and the oats\\nare fed to stock. Some of the finest horses in America\\nare reared in the province of Ontario. This province is\\nfurther noted for the amount of cheese it produces.\\nA strip of excellent farming country is found practically\\nthe entire length of the St. Lawrence River and along the\\nsouthern shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Prince Edward\\nIsland is an island of tine farms but the people who live in\\nthe towns, especially Charlottetown, the capital, are engaged", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE ZfNlTED STATES S65\\nin commerce and fishing. Portions of Nova Scotia and New\\nBrunswick, particularly along the coast and in the valley of\\nthe St. John Kiver, are also farming districts. In fact, one\\nof the most beautiful farming regions in all of Canada is in\\nsouthwestern Nova Scotia, noted for many crops, but especially\\nfor delicious apples. It was there that the French settlements\\nwere made about which Longfellow has written in his Evan-\\ngeline and this is often called The Land of Evangeline.\\nMining. Gold and silver are mined in British\\nColumbia, as in the Rocky Mountains farther south but\\nthere has been far less development of mining in Canada\\nthan in the United States. Not only are there gold and\\nsilver, but also lead and copper ores, building stone, and\\ncoal. Deposits of coal are found both among the moun-\\ntains and in the plains farther east.\\nThe famous Klondike region is situated among the Canadian\\nmountains near the Alaskan boundary. Although so near the\\nArctic Circle, Dawson City in the Klondike has rapidly grown\\nto a city with over 10,000 inhabitants. The discovery of gold\\nso near the Alaskan boundary, thus causing that section sud-\\ndenly to become of importance, has given rise to a dispute\\nbetween the United States and Canada as to the exact location\\nof the boundary line.\\nGold and silver are found in the province of Ontario, espe-\\ncially in the vicinity of the Lake of the Woods. Nickel is\\nmined in Ontario, and some oil fields have been developed.\\nA small quantity of gold is obtained in Nova Scotia and in\\nNewfoundland, where some copper is also mined.\\nIn spite of the abundance of iron ore in certain places,\\nthe scarcity of coal near at hand has prevented Canada\\nfrom producing much iron. The coal fields of western\\nCanada are quite inaccessible to the eastern cities, and the\\ncoal beds of the east have never been thoroughly developed.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "366\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nIn Nova Scotia, particularly on Cape Breton Island, there\\nare extensive beds of bituminous coal of the same origin\\nand age as those of Pennsylvania. Since these mines are\\non the very seacoast, and often on the shores of excellent\\nharbors, the coal is readily loaded into ships but the\\nfact that the St. Lawrence is frozen in winter is a great\\ndisadvantage, not only to the cities along the rivers, but\\nalso to these coal mines.\\nFig. 291.\\nA railway bridge across the St. Lawrence at Montreal, showing what a very\\nbroad river it is. Notice how small the long train of cars is when compared\\nto the length of the bridge. There is no bridge across this river below\\nMontreal.\\nTrade Routes and Cities. There appear to be two out-\\nlets for eastern Canada, one by way of the St. Lawrence,\\nthe other by the way of Hudson Bay. But the latter is\\npractically useless because floating ice so clogs the narrow\\nHudson Strait that vessels are able to pass through it\\nduring only a few weeks of summer.\\nThe St. Lawrence River suffers from the same disad-\\nvantage, though to a much less extent and, in addition\\nto the ice, there are dense fogs where the damp air from", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES 367\\nFig. 292.\\nMap showing the location of Montreal and Quebec.\\nthe Gulf Stream is chilled in passing over the cold Labra-\\ndor current (p. 67). But in spite of these objections,\\nthe St. Lawrence offers a much better water route than\\nthat which has so much affected the growth of New York\\n(p. 181). However, New York is so near the coal fields,\\nand has such a productive territory to draw upon, that it\\nhas grown far more rapidly than Montreal.\\nThe exact location of Montreal (Fig. 292), the prin-\\ncipal city in Canada, is easily explained. It is on the\\nSt. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Ottawa River, and just\\nbelow the Lachine Rapids which furnish a complete barrier\\nto the passage of boats up stream. However, by entering", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "368\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nthe canals mentioned on page 355, river and lake boats\\nmay go up the St. Lawrence bnt ocean vessels must stop\\nat Montreal. Thus goods from Europe may be carried to\\nMontreal, fully a thousand miles from the ocean then, by\\ntransferring to\\nother ships, they\\nmay be carried\\non canals, rivers,\\nand lakes as far\\nas Duluth, more\\nthan twelve hun-\\ndred miles far-\\nther inland. By\\nthis means, and\\nby railways also,\\nraw products\\nfrom the north,\\neast, south, and west collect at Montreal, either to be\\nmanufactured, or to be shipped farther.\\nAs in the large cities of the United States, manufactur-\\ning in Montreal is varied, including the making of sugar,\\nboots and shoes, cotton and woollen clothing, India rubber\\ngoods, various steel and iron products, cigars, and multi-\\ntudes of other articles.\\nFarther down the river is Quebec (Fig. 292), a city\\nespecially noted on account of its historical associations.\\nIt was the centre of the French government in Canada,\\nand for a long time their principal city. It is situated\\nupon a high bluff of the St. Lawrence, and is fortified so\\nas to command that river.\\nFor a long time Quebec was engaged in commerce to a greater\\nextent than Montreal but the better location of the latter city\\nFig. 293.\\nLooking down upon the city of Montreal, with the\\nbroad St. Lawrence in the distance.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES 369\\nhas drawn the commerce away from Quebec, as the better situa-\\ntion of Boston drew the commerce away from Salem (p. 149).\\nThis has been greatly aided by the building of ship canals and by\\nthe dredging of the St. Lawrence, thus deepening the channel\\nso as to admit great ocean vessels as far as Montreal.\\nQuebec is one of the quaintest and most interesting cities\\non the continent. It resembles a bit of the Old World, trans-\\nplanted to America, and a visitor from the United States feels\\nthat he is indeed in a foreign country. Besides trading and\\ncommerce, there\\nis some manufac-\\nturing in Quebec,\\nparticularly the\\nmanufacture of\\nboots and shoes.\\nOttawa, an-\\nother city of\\ngreat impor-\\ntance, is above\\nMontreal at\\nsome large falls\\nin the Ottawa\\nRiver. On ac-\\ncount of its fine FIG 294\\nj_ a, A view in a street in the French quarter of Quebec.\\nwater power Ot- H\\ntawa has much manufacturing, and is especially noted for\\nsawmills and other lumber manufactories. More than\\nthat, being the capital of the Dominion, it has some beau-\\ntiful government buildings, known there as the Parlia-\\nment Buildings (Fig. 295).\\nThe second city in size in Canada is Toronto, located\\non an excellent harbor on the shores of Lake Ontario.\\nBeing situated in the midst of a fertile farming country,\\n2 B", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "370 OTHER COZTN TRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nFig. 295.\\nThe Parliament buildings, Ottawa.\\nand having water connection with, coal on the east, and\\nlumber and other raw products on the west, Toronto has\\nbecome a manufacturing centre. Yet, in spite of this,\\nthe inhabitants have paid great attention to keeping the\\ncity beautiful, and it is one of the most attractive cities\\non the continent.\\nA number of smaller cities are located along this water\\nroute. Port Arthur, which in position corresponds to Du-\\nluth in the United States, is a shipping point for grain, cattle,\\nand other western products. Windsor (Fig. 209), opposite\\nDetroit, shares some of the advantages of that city, being a\\nshipping point and a manufacturing centre. Not far from\\nToronto, on the extreme western end of Lake Ontario, is\\nHamilton, a manufacturing and trade centre and there are\\nother cities on the same peninsula, the largest being London.\\nOn the eastern end of Lake Ontario, near the Thousand\\nIslands, is Kingston, which has cotton and woollen mills, car\\nshops and locomotive works, besides being a lake port and\\nrailway centre. As in New England and New York, nearly\\nall the towns and cities of this part of Canada are engaged", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES 371\\nin manufacturing of one kind or another. Generally, in the\\nfirst place, the presence of water power attracted sawmills,\\nas in the case of Peteeboro, Ontario. Then, since the power\\ncontinued after the forests were removed from the neighbor-\\nhood, other manufactures were undertaken. This has been\\nthe history of great numbers of towns and cities of southern\\nCanada and northeastern United States.\\nRailways have been of great importance in Canada, as\\nin the United States. The greatest railway is the Cana-\\ndian Pacific, which reaches from St. John, New Bruns-\\nwick, where there is a good harbor, entirely across Canada\\nto Vancouver on the Pacific coast. It is the shortest\\nroute from England to China and Japan, and much freight\\nis sent that way. Across the strait, on the island of Van-\\ncouver, is the city of Victoria. With what two cities\\non Puget Sound may these be compared How do they\\ncompare in size? (See table, p. 448.)\\nOne of the oldest cities in Canada, and one that has\\nan excellent harbor, is Halifax in Nova Scotia, which\\nis about the size of Mobile in the United States. Not-\\nwithstanding its fine harbor and great age, this city has\\nnever become large. The reason is easily seen on examin-\\ning the map (Fig. 275). There is almost no country back\\nof it upon which it can draw to aid its growth. The\\nnarrow peninsula of Nova Scotia is not large enough to\\nsupply raw materials and manufactured articles in suffi-\\ncient quantity to make it a great shipping point, and the\\ncountry farther west is too difficult to reach. It is very\\nmuch easier to send western goods to Montreal for ship-\\nment than to carry them so far as Halifax. Here, almost\\nas well as in the case of New York and Montreal, we see\\nwhy certain cities flourish or fail to flourish.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "372\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nIslands North of North America\\nThese cold and barren islands have almost no inhabit-\\nants. Scattered colonies of Eskimos are living along\\nthe coast (Figs. 24, 79, and 296), many of them in almost\\nas primitive a manner as when the continent was dis-\\ncovered.\\nThese people have adapted themselves to life in the\\nArctic region in a way that is truly remarkable (p. 92).\\nFig. 296.\\nA Greenland Eskimo kayak.\\nThey have no wood excepting the occasional pieces which\\ndrift to their shores they lack vegetable food, excepting\\nthe few berries that are found in summer and the land\\nsupplies them with almost nothing beyond a few birds\\nand the caribou yet they are able to exist, notwith-\\nstanding the terrible cold of the long, dark winter.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES 373\\nThrough the summer the Eskimos travel about from place\\nto place, pitching skin tents, or tuples, at points where seal are\\nliable to be found. In order to obtain these they must venture\\nupon the water in their kayaks (Fig. 296). These boats are made\\nof the skins of sea animals stretched around pointed frames,\\nmade either of driftwood or of bone. In form the kayak re-\\nsembles the Indian canoe, although it is even more easily upset.\\nThe Eskimo handles his kayak very skilfully by means of a\\ntwo-bladed paddle, which he dips into the water, first on one\\nside of the boat, then on the other. On the top of the boat\\nhe rests his spears of different sizes, one for spearing fish, one\\nfor birds, and one for seals.\\nWhen the summer is over these people build more perma-\\nnent homes, either of stone or snow or ice, the only building\\nmaterials available (Fig. 79). Food is not abundant enough\\nfor them to lay up a supply for winter, and therefore they\\nmust hunt through the long winter night. At that time, in\\nthe search for seals, the men venture out over the ice-covered\\nsea in sledges, drawn by dogs. Occasionally they come across\\na polar bear on a similar errand, when a battle ensues, in which\\nthe Eskimo is not always the victor.\\nFrom the seal, polar bear, walrus, and caribou the Eski-\\nmos obtain not only their food, but furs for their clothing,\\nskins for their tupics, and. blubber for their light and fuel.\\nIn fact, excepting for the stones and snow used in their\\nwinter homes, or igloos (Fig. 79), and occasional pieces of\\ndriftwood, they are dependent entirely upon animals for\\neverything they use.\\nThey are a happy and intelligent people. The latter\\nfact is proved by the kinds of boats, sledges, and homes\\nthat they have invented, and also by the fact that they\\nare able to live at all amid such surroundings. Their\\nstruggle for existence is probably greater than that of\\nany other race.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "374 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nThe) seem to have migrated to these islands from the\\nwest and in their migration they have reached as far\\neastward as the east coast of Greenland. Large numbers\\ndwell on the west coast of this immense island, which for\\na long time has been under the control of the Danish gov-\\nernment. As a result of their contact with Europeans,\\nthe Greenland Eskimos have naturally given up many of\\ntheir customs. They no longer build snow and ice igloos\\nFig. 297.\\nA group of Eskimo children in Greenland.\\nin winter, but have permanent homes, usually made of\\nturf and stone (Fig. 299), though in many cases of wood.\\nThe Danes have attempted to civilize these people and\\nconvert them to Christianity, and have supplied them with\\nchurches and schools.\\nFrom this region the Danes obtain supplies of blubber from\\nthe seal and walrus, ivory from the walrus, skins from the\\nseal, reindeer, and polar bear, and eider-down from the eider-\\nduck. In return for these products they supply European\\nfood, which the Eskimos have learned to like. The Greenland", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NOBTH OF THE UNITED STATES 375\\nEskimos have gathered around the Danish trading stations,\\nforming small towns. The most northern of these is Uper-\\nnavik, where white men live farther north than any others in\\nthe world. But some uncivilized Eskimos have homes still\\nfarther north.\\nAway from the coast the greater part of Greenland is a\\nbarren waste of ice and snow the most absolute desert\\nknown in the\\nworld. Its area\\nis about five hun-\\ndred thousand\\nsquare miles, or\\nmore than ten\\ntimes as large as\\nNew York State.\\nThroughout this\\nentire area there\\nis no living thing,\\nnot even the low-\\nest plant or ani-\\nmal. Both Peary\\nand Nansen have\\ncrossed this waste\\nof ice, which\\nreaches an eleva-\\ntion of over ten\\nthousand feet\\nabove sea-level. In the higher portion, even in the mid-\\ndle of summer, the temperature remains below zero, and\\nrain never falls. On this great highland the snow has\\naccumulated to such a depth that, being changed to ice, it\\nflows out as a glacier in all directions to the sea (p. 13).\\nFig. 298.\\nA Greenland Eskimo mother and her two children,\\none carried in the hood of sealskin on her back.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "376\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nAs it adv.ances into the sea (Fig. 11) fragments are\\nconstantly dropping from it, and as it pushes out into the\\ndeeper water great masses are broken off, forming ice-\\nbergs (Figs. 12 and\\n61). The breaking\\naway of a large ice-\\nberg is a wonderful\\nsight, and, if one is\\ntoo near, a dangerous\\nexperience. As it\\nbreaks loose, it fills\\nthe air with a multi-\\ntude of reports resem-\\nbling the discharge\\nof many large guns\\nthe sea is churned to\\nfoam, and the spray\\nis dashed high in the\\nair. Then it floats\\nmajestically away, like a small, white island, until, in a\\nwarmer climate, it melts and returns its waters to the sea,\\nwhence it came as vapor perhaps centuries before.\\nReview Questions and Topics. (1) Tell about the French in\\nCanada. (2) What provinces constitute the Dominion of Canada?\\nLocate each. (3) What about Newfoundland? (4) Where do the\\nmajority of Canadians live? Why there? (5) Compare southern\\nCanada with the United States in physiography and climate.\\n(6) Where is some of the grandest scenery? (7) The best farm\\nland? (8) Name and locate the principal rivers. (9) What is the\\nprincipal water route? (10) Mention some of the difficulties of ship-\\nping by that route. (11) Describe the climate, physiography, and\\nvegetable life in northern Canada. (12) In regard to lumbering, tell\\nabout the extent of forest kinds of trees and cities most noted for\\nlumber. (13) What provinces in the east are especially engaged in\\nFig. 299.\\nA part of an Eskimo town, showing the Dan-\\nish buildings and also, in the foreground,\\nsome Eskimo huts made of turf and stone.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES 377\\nfishing? (14) Name the important fishing ports. (15) Tell about\\nthe fish about the salmon of the western coast. (16) Compare seal-\\ning in- Alaska with that on the coast of Labrador. What use is made\\nof the animals in each case (17) Compare the agricultural products\\nof Washington with those of British Columbia. Why so similar?\\n(18) What is the principal occupation in Canada just north of Mon-\\ntana? Why? (19) Tell about the province of Manitoba. (2.0) Which\\nis the most populous province in Canada? Why? (21) Where is\\nThe Land of Evangeline (22) What mineral products are found\\nin Canada? (23) Locate the chief mining regions. (24) Where are\\nthe leading coal mines? (25) Why is Hudson Bay not an important\\noutlet for Canada (26) How does the water route from the Gulf of\\nSt. Lawrence to Port Arthur compare with that from New York Bay\\ntoDuluth? Name particularly the advantages of each. (27) Give\\nthe reasons for the location of Montreal. (28) Mention the leading\\nindustries of that city. (29) Tell about Quebec. (30) About Ottawa.\\n(31) About Toronto. (32) About each of the other cities mentioned.\\n(33) Why is Halifax not a great city?\\n(34) What advantages do the Eskimos lack that we enjoy in abun-\\ndance? (35) What substitutes do they find for them? (36) Tell about\\nthe habits of the Eskimos in summer and in winter. (37) How have\\nthe Danes influenced the Eskimos who live in Greenland? (38) De-\\nscribe the interior of Greenland. (39) Tell about icebergs.\\nSuggestions. (1) Compare the area of Canada with that of the\\nUnited States (see table, p. 447). (2) The population also (see table,\\np. 447). (3) Find a picture of a salmon. (4) Collect pictures of\\ndifferent kinds of trees in Canada. (5) Tell the story of Evange-\\nline. (6) Lake Ontario is how much higher than Lake Erie How\\nare ships able to pass from one lake to the other (7) Explain why\\nMontreal has outgrown Quebec. (8) Why should Buffalo grow more\\nrapidly than Toronto (9) Write a story describing the pleasures of\\nthe Eskimos. (10) Collect pictures of Eskimos. (11) Find some\\none who has been iri Canada, and have him tell you what he has\\nseen there. (12) Find out more about the government of Canada.\\n(13) Of what advantage is it to England to have such a large, pro-\\nductive colony\\nFor References, see page 442.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "XV. COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES\\nMap Questions Mexico. (1) Describe the relief of Mexico.\\n(2) Name the two large peninsulas. (3) What river forms a part of\\nthe northern boundary (4) What waters border Mexico (5) Find\\nthe capital. (6) Find the largest seaport. (7) Compare the coast\\nline with that of northeastern United States.\\nCentral America. (8) Name the countries. (0) What sea lies to\\nthe east? (10) What large lake do you find? (11) Examine the\\nsmall map of the Nicaragua Canal. Describe the route proposed.\\nOf what advantage is the lake\\nWest Indies. (See map, Fig. 260, facing p. 331.) (12) Which is\\nthe largest island (13) Name three others in order of their size.\\n(14) What island lies south of Cuba? What is its capital?\\n(15) What group of islands lies north of Cuba? To what nation do\\nthese islands belong? (16) What other nations own islands in the\\nWest Indies (17) On the map, Figure 95, find the Bermuda Islands.\\nMexico\\nPhysiography and Climate. Mexico consists of four\\nareas of different altitudes. Near the seacoast are coastal\\nplains and other lowlands. In the interior, occupying a\\nlarge part of the country, is an arid plateau. The third\\narea includes the slopes between these two, and the fourth\\nconsists of peaks and mountain ranges which are a con-\\ntinuation of those in southern United States. Among\\nthe mountains, as in United States, there are a number\\nof volcanic cones, two of them, Orizaba and Popocatepetl,\\nbeing among the highest peaks on the continent.\\n378", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 379\\nThis part of North America is narrow, and since the\\nnorth and south divide causes some of the streams to flow\\neastward and the others westward, there can be no long\\nrivers in Mexico. The steep slope from the plateau to\\nthe lowland gives the streams a rapid fall, so that they\\nhave cut deep canyons in the edge of the plateau. More-\\nover, the arid climate of the interior allows them little\\nwater. This lack of large, navigable rivers has interfered\\nwith the development of Mexico. Can you tell why\\nm\\n^ff\\nwBSrP T\\nfrngmm\\n-^S^HKb\\nk 11\\nv\\n\u00c2\u00abP\\n^iw%a8\\nWSl ^Tp\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2PUn\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0r^Jis^\\nm j3M\\nFig. 301.\\nA scene on the arid plateau of Mexico. A road bordered by cactus.\\nAs in the case of our Southern States, the land has been\\nrising instead of sinking. Therefore the coast is regular\\nand there are few good harbors. Two projections form\\nthe peninsulas of Yucatan and Lower California, the for-\\nmer being a continuation of the mountain chain which\\nmade Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico. The latter is a south-\\nern extension of the Coast Ranges of the United States.\\nIf the surface of Mexico were near the sea-level, the\\nclimate of the greater portion would be tropical but\\nowing to the differences in altitude, there are several dif-", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "380 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nferent climates. The low coastal plains, near Vera Cruz\\nand in Yucatan, are hot and damp, being reached by the\\ntrade winds and monsoons which blow across the Gulf\\nof Mexico and Caribbean Sea. There is also considerable\\nrain upon the cooler plateau slopes of eastern Mexico but\\nwith the exception of these regions, the greater part of\\nMexico has too little rainfall for agriculture without irri-\\ngation. The northern part of Mexico is in the horse lati-\\ntudes, the remainder in the trade wind belt. How does\\nthis explain the aridity (See pp. 47 and 49.)\\nHistory. After Columbus discovered the West Indies,\\nthe neighboring coast was visited and settled, and thus\\nMexico naturally came into possession of the Spaniards.\\nOne of the boldest of the Spanish invaders was Cortez,\\nwho conquered the Aztec and Pueblo Indians as far north\\nas northern New Mexico.\\nSpain found so much gold and silver in Mexico that\\nmany Spaniards settled there. They developed the mines,\\nstarted coffee plantations on the temperate slopes, estab-\\nlished farms on the plateau where irrigation was possible,\\nand carried on cattle ranching in the more arid portions.\\nAfter their settlement the intermarriage of Spanish and\\nIndians caused the population to become very much mixed\\nand there are now in Mexico not only savage Indians and\\nsemicivilized Aztecs, but many half-breeds, besides some\\npure-blooded Spaniards.\\nSpain governed Mexico so badly that the people rebelled,\\nand in 1821 won their independence, establishing a republic\\nwith a government modelled after our own. There are a\\nnumber of states, each with a government and capital,\\nsomeAvhat as in each of our states, and a central govern-\\nment with the capital at Mexico City, where the Presi-", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 381\\ndent lives. For a long time Mexico also included the\\nstates of Texas and Colorado and the country west of\\nthem to the Pacific. Texas won its independence by war\\nand joined the Union; and in the Mexican war the United\\nStates obtained the territory marked ceded by Mexico,\\n1848, in Figure 357.\\nAgriculture and Ranching. Although the climate of a\\nlarge part of Mexico is arid, much agriculture is carried\\non by the aid of irrigation, which is made possible by\\nFig. 302.\\nA Mexican ploughing with a wooden plough.\\nreason of the snow and rain among the mountains.\\nOn the irrigated farms the products of the temperate\\nzone are raised, such as wheat, corn, and beans the\\nlatter being one of the staple products of the Mexican\\ndiet. Much fruit is also produced, especially apples,\\npears, peaches, and grapes.\\nThe Mexican farming methods, which are very crude, are\\na mixture of ancient Aztec customs and those introduced from\\nSpain. In Mexico one may still see the wooden plough (Fig.\\n302), which barely scrapes the ground, and also the wooden-\\nwheeled cart, drawn by oxen (Fig. 85).", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "382 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nThe home life of the people is interesting. Their houses have\\nbut one story and are commonly built of a brick made of clay\\nmixed with straw, and then dried in the sun (Fig. 303). These\\nsun-dried bricks, or adobes, are larger than the bricks that we\\nuse, and are piled tier upon tier, being joined by layers of mud.\\nOften there is but one room, the ceiling being made of brush,\\nand the floor of nothing but the earth. In this one room the\\nwhole family cooks, eats, and sleeps. Their food usually con-\\nsists of very simple materials, such as unraised bread, baked in\\nthe fireplace, beans, and occasionally meat, commonly cooked\\nwith red pepper. Men, women, and children use tobacco.\\nFig. 303.\\nAii adobe house in Mexico.\\nWhile this description is true for the poorer classes, it of\\ncourse does not apply to the wealthier class of Mexicans.\\nNevertheless even these have the same kind of architecture,\\nwhich resembles that of southern Spain (Fig. 309), introduced\\ninto the latter country by the Moors many centuries ago.\\nUpon the arid plateaus, the plants resemble those in\\nwestern United States (p. 81), and among them are found\\nthe sage bush, the mesquite, and the cactus (Figs. 45,\\n69, and 70). One among them, known as the maguey,\\nor agave (Fig. 304), is very widely used in Mexico. Its\\nstout, sharp-pointed leaves rise from near the ground in\\na tuft. In the centre of this rests the flower stalk, which", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 383\\nsometimes reaches a height of forty feet, and bears a\\ncluster of white flowers on the top. It is also called the\\ncentury plant, because it\\nrequires so long to reach\\nmaturity and produce\\nthis flower stalk. How-\\never, one hundred years\\nare not necessary for that\\npurpose, but from ten to\\nseventy years, according\\nto the climate. From the\\nfermented juice of this\\nplant the Mexicans obtain\\nan alcoholic drink known\\nas mescal, and by distil-\\nling it, a drink known as\\npulque. The tough leaves contain a fibre which is made\\ninto paper and strong thread. So valuable is the maguey\\nthat it is carefully cultivated upon plantations (Fig. 305).\\nFig. 304.\\nThe maguey.\\nFig. 305.\\nA field of maguey plants.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "384\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nFig. 306.\\nThe cochineal cactus.\\nOn one species of cactus (Fig. 306) in Mexico and Central\\nAmerica live tiny insects known as the cochineal insects. The\\ninsects are collected, killed by means of heat, and then dried\\nin the sun, when they resemble\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Y^fiS ii i small berries of a purplish color.\\nThey are used in the manufacture\\nof red and carmine dyes, which\\nare of great value.\\nAs in western United States,\\nlarge parts of these arid pla-\\nteaus cannot be reached by irri-\\ngating ditches. Such parts are\\nvaluable for cattle and sheep\\nranches. Horses and goats are\\nalso raised, but neither horses nor mules are used so much\\nin Mexico as in the United States. The most common\\ndraft animal is the little jackass, or bwro, sometimes as\\nsmall as a Shetland pony. It is a patient creature, with\\ngreat endurance, and capable of carrying heavy loads.\\nIt is especially useful among the mountains because it is\\nso sure-footed. Not uncommonly one sees several burros\\nloaded down with wood to such an extent that their long\\nears and short legs are the principal parts in sight.\\nOn the damp lowlands, rice, sugar-cane, and cotton are\\nproduced also tropical fruits, such as oranges, bananas,\\nand pineapples, quantities of which are exported from\\nsoutheastern Mexico. Upon the slopes between the\\ntropical lowlands and the temperate plateau, considerable\\ntobacco and coffee are raised.\\nThe latter requires a rich soil, abundant moisture, a warm\\nclimate, and plenty of shade. In order to secure shade, the\\ncoffee bush, which reaches a height of from ten to fifteen feet, is", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 385\\nFig. 307.\\nA coffee bush in the shade of a tree whose trunk is seen\\non the right.\\nplanted in the\\nshade of higher-\\ntrees. A white\\nblossom ap-\\npears as early\\nas March, and\\nafter the flower\\nfalls off the\\ncoffee berry be-\\ngins to grow.\\nIt resembles a\\ndark red cran-\\nberry. On the\\noutside is a\\nhusk enclosing\\ntwo kernels\\nthat fit with\\nthe flat sides\\ntogether and\\nin order to prepare the coffee for the market the outside husk\\nmust first be removed. This is sometimes done by the Mexicans\\nin a very crude way but on the larger plantations, machinery\\nis employed.\\nSouthern Mexico. In\\nsouthern Mexico, near Cen-\\ntral America, there are dense\\ntropical forests from which\\nare obtained many valuable\\nwoods, such as mahogany,\\nrosewood, and logwood. Else-\\nwhere in that country forests\\nare rare, excepting upon the\\nhigher mountains. In fact,\\nthere is so little forest land\\nthat the Mexicans living on\\nFig. 308. the arid plateau find difficulty\\nThe coffee berry. in obtaining wood for fuel.\\n2 c", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "386 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nMuch of this is dug from the ground for some of the arid-land\\nbushes, notably the mesquite, have long, thick roots which\\nmake excellent firewood.\\nBesides the valuable woods of the tropical forests, southern\\nMexico produces the vanilla bean, which grows upon a climbing\\nplant. In the seed-pod are nestled the very fragrant beans\\nwhich are used for flavoring extracts, for perfumeries, and for\\nmedicine. Pepper, made from the dried berry of a tropical\\nplant, is also obtained in Mexico. Indigo, useful as a dye, is\\nlikewise obtained from a berry in this region, and sarsaparilla\\nfrom the roots of a tropical plant.\\nThe Mines. One of the principal objects that the\\nSpaniards had in exploring the New World was to obtain\\nthe precious metals, gold and silver and both in Mexico\\nand South America they were rewarded in their search\\nby the discovery of very rich mines, some of them having\\nbeen previously worked by the Indians. Mexico is still\\na great mining country, producing almost as much silver\\nas the United States, and being the second silver-produc-\\ning nation in the world. There are also some mines of\\ncopper and lead.\\nMany of the mines are now operated by Europeans and\\nAmericans, so that modern methods have been introduced\\nbut in some of those managed by Mexicans, primitive\\nmethods, similar to those used by the Indians, are still\\nemployed. Large areas have never been carefully ex-\\namined for ore. In fact, some parts of the country are\\nstill occupied by Indian tribes, who not only prevent\\nminers from coming in, but even defy the government.\\nThere are immense deposits of iron in Mexico, but they\\nare not worked, chiefly because of the absence of coal. Among\\nthe mountains and plateaus are found many valuable building\\nand ornamental stones, such as marble, but these also are", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 387\\nscarcely worked at all. In one section there is onyx, so much\\nprized in making clocks, vases, lamps, and table tops; and\\nopals of great beauty occur in some of the lavas that have\\npoured forth from the volcanoes. They are so common that\\none is able to buy a beautiful opal for a few cents.\\nThe Cities. While great numbers of Mexicans are\\nengaged in farming and ranching, and are therefore\\nscattered over the country, they have, wherever possible,\\nFig. 309.\\nThe Mexican city of Leon.\\ngathered together in villages and small towns. These\\ncommunities are often necessary in order to obtain the\\nwater supply needed for irrigation. It is usually -too\\ngreat a task for a single farmer to build a ditch and\\ntherefore a number combine and thus live close together.\\nIn a few places, too, there are large cities, the greatest\\nbeing Mexico City, with a population of about 350,000.\\nIn this city, as in numerous other places in Mexico, there\\nare many fine buildings, especially cathedrals for the", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "388\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nMexicans, like Spaniards in other parts of the world, are\\nchief!} Roman Catholics.\\nAnother city in the interior is Puebla, founded in\\n1531, and now having a population about equal to that of\\nCambridge, Mass. It is situated near one of the ancient\\ncities, or pueblos, of the Aztecs. San Luis Potosi is as\\nlarge as Peoria, 111., and there are a number of other cities\\nwith a population of fifty thousand and over.\\nSince the eastern coast\\nof Mexico is low and\\nsandy, it has no good\\nharbors, the two largest\\ncities on the seacoast be-\\ning Tampico and Vera\\nCruz, whose harbors are\\nprotected by breakwaters.\\nThere are good harbors\\non the western coast, as\\nthat at Acapulco but\\nsince it is backed by high\\nmountains and a worth-\\nless country, that port\\nhas never become impor-\\ntant.\\nFig. 310.\\nA view in Guadalajara, showing the typi-\\ncal one-story Mexican houses made of\\nadobe.\\nMany of the Mexicans are very ignorant, for the schools\\nare not so well developed as in the United States, Another\\nreason why little progress has been made is that the poorer\\npeople have been kept down by the wealthier Spaniards. While\\nslavery is not permitted, a system that amounts to almost the\\nsame thing is in vogue. Large numbers, known as peons, are\\nin the employ and uuder the control of wealthy Spaniards, who\\nkeep them in debt, and who, therefore, practically own them.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 389\\nBecause of the ignorance of the working class, and the\\nabsence of water power and coal, there is very little manufac-\\nturing in Mexico; and that which is done is largely carried on\\nby hand. However, even the uneducated Mexicans are quite\\nartistic, and are able to do\\nsome beautiful kinds of\\nhand-work. They weave\\nsilver and gold threads into\\nwhat is known as filigree\\njewelry, which is often of\\ngreat beauty. The women\\nand girls, by drawing\\nthreads from pieces of linen\\nso as to make delicate pat-\\nterns, produce the Mexican\\ndrawn-work that is so much\\nprized in this country.\\nBesides this hand-work on a small scale, there are large\\ntobacco factories in the tobacco district. Some earthenware is\\nalso manufactured, and some cotton cloth but there are no\\nmanufacturing towns, no great watch and shoe factories, and\\nno immense blast furnaces, such as we find in the New Eng-\\nland, Middle Atlantic, and Central States.\\n\\\\m up\\nHfi\\ni\\nHE ^^H\\nFig. 311,\\nMaking Mexican drawn work.\\nCentral America\\nThe Republics. South of Mexico are five small nations,\\nknown as the Republics of Central America, each of which\\nhas a government modelled after that of the United States.\\nThey are, however, not good examples of republics, chiefly\\nbecause of the ignorance of the people. An ambitious\\ngeneral, obtaining a few followers, is liable at any time to\\nstart a revolution and overturn the existing government.\\nThere is an almost constant state of turmoil in these nations\\nwar after war has occurred presidents have been deposed", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "390\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nor murdered and such a state of unrest has existed that\\nthere has been little chance for development. Their politi-\\ncal condition resembles that of the country in which they\\nlive, which is subject to disastrous eruptions of volcanoes,\\nand to earthquakes of great destructiveness. They truly\\nlive in the midst of a\\nstate of unrest.\\nThe earthquake shocks\\nhave levelled towns and\\nkilled thousands of peo-\\nple. For instance, San\\nSalvador, the capital\\nof the country by that\\nname, was so frequently\\ndestroyedby earthquakes\\nthat the inhabitants de-\\ncided to choose a new\\nlocation for their city\\nbut the one they selected\\nis hardly better than the\\none they abandoned.\\nMost of Central\\nAmerica is mountain-\\nous and, being in the\\ntropical zone, the cli-\\nmate is hot. It is also exceedingly damp, the trade winds\\ncausing the rainfall on the eastern coast to be especially\\nheavy. It is so rainy that there are dense jungles along\\nthe shores of the Caribbean Sea.\\nOf the five countries forming the Central American\\ngroup, the smallest is San Salvador, the next, Costa Rica.\\nNicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala are about equal in\\nsize. In addition to these, just south of Yucatan, is British\\nFig. 312.\\nPicking bananas in Guatemala.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 391\\nHonduras (or Belize). The largest city in the group is\\nNew Guatemala, the capital of Guatemala, having\\na population of over seventy thousand. Like San Sal-\\nvador, the inhabitants have been forced to change its\\nlocation, which was formerly at the base of two very active\\nvolcanoes hence the name, New Guatemala.\\nA large portion of these countries is occupied by dense\\ntropical forests from which are obtained mahogany, rose-\\nwood, logwood, fustic, and other valuable cabinet and dye\\nwoods. The rubber tree also grows there, and the pro-\\nduction of rubber is\\none of the indus-\\ntries of the region.\\nAs in Mexico, cof-\\nfee is raised on the\\nhill slopes in the\\nshade of the forest\\ntrees. One of the\\nmost important dis-\\ntricts for this indus-\\ntry is Costa Rica.\\nBananas (Figs. 312,\\n313), sugar, tobacco,\\nindigo, and cocoa\\nare other products\\nof Central America.\\nSome gold and silver are obtained, the former near\\nBlueflelds, the latter in Honduras. The inhabitants are\\nmainly Indians, Spaniards, or half-breeds and owing to\\nthe uneducated and even uncivilized condition of the\\ngreat majority, there is practically no manufacturing car-\\nried on in these countries.\\nFig. 313.\\nLoading a train with bananas in Costa Rica.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "392\\nOTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nThe Nicaragua Canal. To us one of the principal points\\nof interest connected with this region is the building of\\ncanals across the narrow strip of land which separates the\\nAtlantic from the Pacific. One canal has already been\\nstarted between the towns of Colon and Panama on the\\nIsthmus of Panama. The distance is only about fifty\\nmiles, and the elevation but three hundred feet at the\\nhighest point. This, the Panama Canal, has been espe-\\ncially supported by the French.\\nFig. 314.\\nNatives sorting coffee in Costa Rica.\\nA second route favored for a canal, and one that finds\\nfavor in the United States, is the Nicaragua route, which\\nis much longer, but passes over an elevation only about\\nhalf as great as the Panama Canal. Moreover, a large\\npart of the distance is occupied by a river and by Lake\\nNicaragua (Fig. 300), the largest lake in North America\\nsouth of the United States. This lake is about ninety-\\ntwo miles long and empties into the Caribbean Sea through\\nthe San Juan River.\\nEither of the canals would be of great service to the\\nseacoast cities of North America and Europe. By such", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "COUNTBIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 393\\na canal a steamer\\ngoing from Lon-\\ndon to San Fran-\\ncisco would save\\nfive thousand\\nmiles, while eight\\nthousand miles\\nwould be saved\\nbetween New\\nYork and San\\nFrancisco. Ex-\\namine a globe to\\nsee why more\\nwould be saved\\nin the latter case,\\nFig. 315.\\nLoading bananas on a ship in Honduras.\\nThe West Indies\\n(Map, Fig. 260, opposite p. 331.)\\nFrom the Yucatan and Florida peninsulas a chain of\\nislands reaches to the mouth of the Orinoco on the South\\nAmerican coast. These enclose the Caribbean Sea and,\\nwith the aid of the peninsulas of Florida and Yucatan, the\\nGulf of Mexico also. Because of the mistake made by\\nColumbus, these islands are to this day called the West\\nIndies. They are often known as the Antilles.\\nWith the exception of the northern portion of the\\nBahamas, this entire archipelago lies within the tropics,\\nand therefore has a warm climate and, since all of\\nthe islands are reached by trade winds from the sea, the\\nclimate is clamp. There are many scores of islands in the\\ngroup, only a few of which are large. Two of these,", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "394 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nCuba and Porto Rico, have already been described (pp.\\n330 to 336). To whom do they belong? What else can\\nyou tell about them?\\nJamaica. South of Cuba lies the Island of Jamaica,\\nthe third in size in the West Indies, and a possession of\\nGreat Britain. Its capital is Kingston, a city nearly as\\nlarge as Tacoma, Wash. This island is mountainous in\\nthe centre, but has an excellent soil on the lower slopes and\\nin the valleys, and is very productive. The inhabitants\\nare mainly negroes or mulattoes, there being fully forty\\nnegroes to one white person. Many of them are exceed-\\nFig. 316.\\nA grass house on a tobacco plantation in Jamaica.\\ningly lazy, and work only when obliged to do so. The\\nwomen do outdoor work fully as much as the men, and it\\nis no uncommon sight to see them working, not only in\\nthe sugar-cane fields, as in the United States, but even\\ncarrying loads of coal or bananas into the ships.\\nThe occupation of the Jamaicans is chiefly agriculture.\\nOne of the main products is sugar-cane, which is made", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES\\n395\\ninto sugar, molasses, and rum. Early vegetables and fruits,\\nsuch as oranges and bananas, are also raised. Jamaica\\nginger, of which every one has heard, is obtained from\\nthe root of a plant that grows in this island.\\nHaiti. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The island of Haiti, just east of Cuba, and sec-\\nond in size among the West Indies, is occupied by two\\nFig. 317.\\nA field of sugar-cane in the West Indies (St. Croix).\\nnegro republics, Haiti and Santo Domingo. The capital\\nof the former is Poet ait Prince; and of the latter,\\nSanto Domingo.\\nIt is a very mountainous island, having one peak which\\nreaches more than ten thousand feet above sea-level. A large\\nportion of the land is still covered with forest containing\\nmahogany, logwood, and other valuable tropical woods.\\nMany of the natives obtain their living in the most primi-\\ntive fashion, like the negroes of Africa; but others,\\nespecially near the seacoast, are engaged in raising sugar,", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "396 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\ntobacco, coffee, and bananas. They rarely produce, how-\\never, more than enough for their own needs.\\nThis was the first large island discovered by Columbus in\\n1492, and here he made settlements and opened mines. A\\ncathedral which was partially built in 1512 is still standing in\\nV^A nJ\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J\\nit ||b HKkL\\na xSSS i\\nt\\nmmm\\n7ri\\n^\u00e2\u0084\u00a2m\\nHj i\\n1\\n^S^\\nDILL\\nFig. 318.\\nA group of negro natives in the West Indies (Barbadoes)\\nSanto Domingo. In those early times Indian natives were\\nseized as slaves and obliged to work in the mines, and after\\nmuch cruel treatment were finally exterminated. Negro slaves\\nwere brought from Africa, and the descendants of these are\\nthe present rulers of the two republics.\\nFor a while Spain developed Haiti, and even opened mines\\nwhich showed that there is much mineral wealth among the\\nmountains. The later history of the island has been complex\\nit was ceded to France, then won its independence. After that\\nSpain twice conquered the eastern end of the island and was\\ntwice driven out. In these wars the natives were aided by the\\nmountainous nature of the country for small bands could live\\namong the mountains out of reach of their oppressors, and yet\\nnear enough to cause them constant trouble.\\nThe experiment of black republics has not been very sue-", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 397\\ncessful, although the governments in Santo Domingo and\\nHaiti are no worse than those in Central America. Freed\\nfrom the restraint of foreign control, many of the natives have\\ngone back to savage customs and in the interior of Haiti are\\nfound many habits and religious beliefs that now exist in the\\nwilds of Central Africa.\\nLesser Antilles. Most of the islands among the Lesser\\nAntilles are possessions of Great Britain, though some\\nFig. 310.\\nA tropical scene in the West Indies (St. Croix).\\nbelong to other nations. For instance, Martinique and\\nGuadeloupe belong to France St. Thomas and St. Croix\\nto Denmark and others to Holland. Many of these small\\nislands are volcanic cones, built upon the crest of a rnoun-", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "398 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\ntain ridge which is mainly beneath the sea (Fig. 1).\\nMost of the volcanoes now appear to be extinct, though\\nin 1797 and 1843, in Guadeloupe, and in 1812, in St.\\nVincent, there were volcanic outbursts. Hot water and\\nsteam still rise from the craters in other islands, showing\\nthat the volcanic fires have not altogether died out.\\nThe products of these islands are similar to those of\\nJamaica, Cuba, and Porto Rico (pp. 331-333). As\\nthroughout the West Indies, the most important of all\\nis the sugar-cane. However, the increased use of beet\\nsugar in Europe has taken away one of the principal\\nmarkets for the sugar of these islands.\\nThe Bahamas. North of Haiti and Cuba are several\\nhundred small islands, called the Bahamas. A number of\\nthese are inhabited, and on one is situated the city of\\nNassau. These islands have been built by coral polyps.\\nIn the warm waters of the Gulf Stream (p. 71), which\\nsweeps over the shallow bank on which the islands lie, these\\nminute sea animals have built reefs. Waves have washed\\nthe dead coral fragments together, forming bars and\\nbeaches, and the wind has blown the coral sand into low\\nsand-dune hills. In this way the islands have been made.\\nSponges are obtained from the clear warm waters of the\\nBahama banks. To obtain them, the natives either cruise\\nabout in boats, dragging the bottom, or they strip off their\\nclothes and dive into the clear water, tearing the sponge from\\nthe bottom to which it is clinging.\\nThe sponge is made by colonies of tiny animals, which to-\\ngether build a horny substance, much as coral polyps build\\ncoral. When brought to the surface the sponge little resem-\\nbles those that we use, for animal matter fills the pores and\\nspreads over the surface. This must be removed before the\\nsponge is ready for market.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 399\\nFrom the land, early vegetables, pineapples, oranges, and\\ncocoanuts are raised by the inhabitants, who are chiefly ne-\\ngroes. One of the industries on these islands is caring for\\nwinter visitors. Why should people wish to go there?\\nThe Bermudas\\nFar out in the Atlantic, alone in mid ocean, and 600\\nmiles east of the Carolinas, is a cluster of small islands,\\nknown as the Bermudas, the largest being only 15 miles\\nFig. 320.\\nA view from one of the coral sand hills, showing some of the tiny islands of\\nthe Bermuda group.\\nlong by one or two miles in width. Their foundation is a\\nvolcanic cone covered by the water of the sea. The top\\nof this cone is veneered with a layer of coral remains. As\\nin the Bahamas, coral polyps are still busily engaged in\\nbuilding reefs, the waves are washing the coral frag-\\nments upon the beach and grinding them to coral sand,\\nand the wind is slowly drifting this about, forming dunes.\\nBeing in the open ocean, and surrounded by warm cur-\\nrents, the Bermudas have a delightful and equable climate.\\nIn midwinter, when people in the same latitude in the", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "400 OTHER COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA\\nUnited States are shivering with cold, those in Bermuda\\nare able to sit out of doors late at night.\\nThis group of islands, which belongs to Great Britain,\\nis inhabited mainly by negroes and mulattoes, who are\\nengaged in raising early vegetables, especially potatoes\\nand onions, for the American market. Another impor-\\ntant product is the Easter lily, great fields of which\\nare raised for the Easter season. At a time when few\\nplants are in blossom in the Northern States, one may\\nsee acres of the beautiful Easter lilies in Bermuda, while\\nbirds are singing joyfully and everything indicates\\nsummer.\\nIt is natural that many persons from the United States\\nshould be attracted to such a climate every winter. The\\nmajority of these visitors stay in the largest city, Hamil-\\nton, where, aside from the climate, the scenery is enjoy-\\nable in the extreme.\\nREVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\\nMexico Questions. (1) Describe the surface of Mexico.\\n(2) Why are there few good harbors? (3) Tell about the tempera-\\nture and rainfall in the different parts. (4) Give the history of\\nMexico: the early settlement; the industries developed; the present\\ngovernment; the loss of territory. (5) Mention the leading products\\nfrom the irrigated farms. (6) Tell about the methods of farming.\\n(7) About the home life. (S) Xame some of the plants on the arid\\nplateaus what products are obtained from them? (9) What are the\\nchief products on the damp lowlands? (10) On the slopes farther\\ninland? (11) Tell about coffee raising. (12) In what part of the\\ncountry are the forests (13) Xame the valuable woods. (14) Name\\nthe products of southern Mexico. (15) Tell about the mining of\\nprecious metals. (16) What other mineral products are obtained?\\n(17) Locate the principal cities in the interior. (18) On the coast.\\n(19) Tell about the condition of the people. (20) Why is there little\\nmanufacturing? (21) What kinds are there", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES 401\\nSuggestions. (22) On Figure 65 notice how the plant zones\\nare affected by the different altitudes in Mexico. (23) Find out why\\ncoffee raising requires special care. (24) Find an article of furniture\\nmade of mahogany. (25) Walk toward Mexico City. (26) What\\nreason can you discover for its location? (27) Examine a piece of\\nMexican drawn work. (28) Compared with water routes, are rail-\\nways more or less important in Mexico than in United States? Why?\\n(29) Collect pictures of Mexican scenes. (30) Find some one who\\nhas been in Mexico, and have him tell you about it. (31) Who is\\nthe President of Mexico (32) Make a sketch map of Mexico.\\nCentral America Questions. (33) Name the five nations in\\nCentral America. (34) To whom does Belize belong? (35) What\\nabout the earthquakes in Central America (36) Describe the climate.\\n(37) Locate some of the cities. (38) What products of Mexico are\\nalso found in Central America? (39) On the map locate the canal\\nthat has been begun across the Isthmus of Panama. (40) Where is\\nit proposed to start another? Give reasons in favor of each.\\nSuggestions. (41) What disadvantages do you see in the lack of\\na central government for all the Central American republics? (42) In\\nwhat other ways besides saving coal would a canal there prove of\\nadvantage Let a committee be appointed from your class to obtain\\ndefinite facts about the matter by writing to some ship company.\\n(43) Why would harbors at each end of the canal be necessary?\\n(44) Make a sketch of Central America.\\nThe West Indies Questions. (45) Into what groups are the\\nislands divided? (46) Tell about their climate. (47) What can\\nyou say about Jamaica? (48) What two republics on the island of\\nHaiti? Name their capitals. (49) Give the history of the island.\\n(50) What are its products? (51) How have most of the Lesser\\nAntilles been formed? (52) What is their principal product?\\n(53) How have the Bahama Islands been built? (54) Tell about\\nthe sponges. (55) Name some of the other products of the islands.\\nSuggestion. (56) How does each of the four largest islands\\ncompare in area and population with New York State (See tables,\\npp. 446 and 447.)\\nThe Bermudas. (57) How have the Bermudas been built?\\n(58) What are their products?\\nFor References, see pages 442-443.\\n2d", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "SUMMAKY AND CONCLUSION\\n3WKC\\nPhysical Geography. The natural advantages that North\\nAmerica possesses as a home for man have been the result\\nof slow changes extending through millions of years.\\nHow have the mountains been brought into existence\\n(p. 2) and where are the principal chains How was\\ncoal formed (p. 3.) What portion of the continent\\nwas covered by the glacier? (Fig. 13.) What work of\\nadvantage to us did it accomplish (pp. 16-19.) In\\nwhat ways is the more recent rising or sinking of the\\ncoast of importance (p. 19.)\\nWhere does our heat come from What would be the\\nresult if the earth s axis were not inclined (p. 29.) How\\ndoes the change of seasons affect our habits What are\\nthe causes of these changes (p. 31.)\\nWhat great service do the winds render Explain the\\ncause of wind (pp. 39-42). What are the trade winds\\n(p. 42.) The prevailing westerlies? (p. 50.) Cyclonic\\nstorms? (pp. 52-55.) How is North America affected\\nby each\\nTell about the ocean currents near our eastern coast\\n(p. 66). Near our western coast (p. 68). What is the\\ninfluence of each\\nWhat about the variety of climates in North America?\\n(p. 76.) In the United States? How do the animals and\\nplants vary? (pp. 77-90.) Describe the manner of life\\n403", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "404\\nSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\namong the Indians (p. 93). What European nations en-\\ndeavored to obtain possession of large sections of this\\ncontinent? (pp. 97-101.) Give some reasons why the\\nEnglish succeeded most fully (p. 101).\\nPopulation. At the present time there are probably\\nmore than a hundred million people living in North Amer-\\nica, distributed among the four greater sections as follows\\nDistribution of the Population\\nof the United States. 1890.\\nLEGEND:\\nL I Few People\\nt_^J Sparsely Populated\\ni^Siil Densely Populated\\nH Moat Densely Populated Section\\nFig. 321.\\nCentral America, over three million Canada, fully six\\nmillion Mexico, over thirteen million and the United\\nStates (not including dependencies), more than seventy-\\nsix million. From these figures it is evident that about\\nthree-fourths of all the inhabitants of the continent are\\nliving in the United States. Figure 321 shows the den-\\nsity of population in the different parts of the Union.\\nWhere is the most thickly settled quarter Why The\\nmost sparsely settled Figure 323 gives the location of", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nNew York. Fennsylvania.\\n405\\nS,99%3S3\\nJZSQjOlt\\n3,Q26J\u00c2\u00a3l\\nOTiio.\\nZ679J84\\nFig. 322.\\nThe five states having the greatest population. In this and all the other\\nsimilar figures the relative importance of the states is indicated by the\\narea of the squares.\\nthe cities, the largest having the largest dots. On page\\n447 is a table of the largest cities. Find the dot (Fig.\\n323) that represents each city and give its population. In\\nwhat respect are these two figures (321 and 323) alike\\nFig. 323.\\nThe star shows the centre of population of the United States.\\nCountry and City. The great cities are so numerous,\\nand are so often mentioned, that there is danger of over-", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "406\\nSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nestimating their importance as compared with the country.\\nAt the time of Washington very few people lived in cities.\\nEven at the present time about two-thirds of our seventy-\\nsix million inhabitants live either in the country, or in\\ntowns with a population of less than eight thousand. In\\nMexico and Canada the proportion living in cities is still\\nsmaller. In other words, the great majority of persons in\\nNorth America are country people.\\nlegend:\\nI Considerable Corn Raised\\nI Greatest Corn Raising Section\\nh \\\\P\\nFig. 324.\\nOn these maps the spaces left blank indicate either little or no production.\\nCountry. The. leading occupations of those living out-\\nside of the cities have already been studied. Agricul-\\nture is the most important of all. At the present time\\nthere are over five million families occupying farms in the\\nUnited States. About how many persons does that rep-\\nresent Why should so many people live on farms\\nFigure 324 shows the regions that are extensively en-", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n407\\nIowa\\n$ja.6t9.96a\\nIllinois\\n$49.989,9S%\\nl99,9S9.aiO\\nAfissonri.\\nTexas.\\n$33,8 1 W78\\nW ,3 36,700\\nNebraska.\\n$3t9Ze,0\u00c2\u00a3T\\n/sa7j*,eee\\nFig. 325.\\nCorn production, in dollars and in bushels, in the five leading corn-producing\\nstates.\\ngaged in raising corn. What states are included? In\\n1898 nearly two billion bushels were produced how many\\nis that to each of our inhabitants How is corn culti-\\nvated, and what are its uses (p. 243.)\\nlegend:\\nI Considerable Wheat Raised\\n1 Greatest Wheat Raising District\\nFig. 326.\\nMany of the states that raise corn are also extensively\\nengaged in the wheat industry. Figure 326 shows the\\nwheat regions. Tell about wheat in the valley of the Red", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "408 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nMinnesota,.\\nNorth DakoUt\\nFig. 327.\\nWheat production, in dollars and bushels, in the five leading wheat-producing\\nstates.\\nRiver of the North, and about the Dalyrymple farm in\\nparticular (p. 246). Wheat and corn are our most valu-\\nlegeNd: v\\nI Considerable Oat Raising\\n3 Greatest Oat Raising Section\\nFig. 328.\\nable food crops. In what section are oats raised (Fig.\\n328). Compare with Figures 824 and 326. What other\\ngrains can you mention, and for what is each used\\nThe cotton belt is confined entirely to the southeastern\\nportion of the country, as shown in Figure 330. Why", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n409\\nNew York.\\n$49.^81,667\\n6,009,899\\nTtm.9\\nPennsylvania\\nIowa.\\nCalifornia.\\n$33,767,S17\\n3,690.439\\n$28JZ3,063\\n6,711,309\\n$2.4,444.691\\n2,716,099\\n$16.3 7*361\\nXfil3l91B\\n.^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^J^^gpi\\nFig. 329.\\nHay production, in dollars and tons, in the five principal hay-producing\\nstates. For what is hay used\\nFig. 330.\\nTexas.\\nMississippi\\nGeorgia\\nAlabama\\nBalea\\nSCarolma\\n1,JZ4,771\\n1,3J0JB1\\n1.112,661\\n1030,085\\nFig. 331.\\nFive principal cotton-producing states.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "410\\nSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nCuoa\\n1664862,000\\nfounds\\nHawaiian\\nPortoWco. izifioqooa\\nFig. 332.\\nPrincipal sugar-producing districts in the United States and its dependencies.\\nName the principal cotton-raising states. Tell about the\\ngrowth and uses of cotton (p. 209). Where in these\\nstates are sugar and rice grown How is the work carried\\non (pp. 212, 213.)\\nAccording to Figure 333 what states are largely engaged\\nin tobacco growing What is the appearance of the plant,\\nand how is it cultivated (p. 165.)\\nFig. 333.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n411\\nBelow are three figures showing the principal states from\\nwhich some of the other important farm products come.\\nFig. 334.\\nMissouri\\n$U,696jOZ8\\nZ949 818\\n$HS72,I$T\\nK301.0\\nIllinois. Texas.\\n#H077J89\\nKp08,\u00c2\u00bb.63\\n$9,316906\\n%6B 4,987\\nFig. 335.\\nNumber of hogs and their value in the five principal states.\\nNew York\\nIowa.\\nPennsylvania.\\nItttnoh.\\n663.aiT.5ma\\nOhio.\\nMg L\\n408901 flit\\n1368,906,460\\n1 36%Z69,4\u00e2\u0082\u00ac4\\nyZ6,92$S96\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^mS^Mfi^ x%\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^diip\\nFig. 336.\\nFive principal milk-producing states.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "412\\nSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nFig. 337.\\nPennsylvania.\\nMining is a second industry which confines people\\nlargely to small towns and to the country. About four\\nhundred thousand men are employed at it. How many\\ndifferent metals can you name How many other\\nproducts can you men-\\ntion that are obtained\\nfrom underground\\nOf them all, v the fuels\\nare probably the most\\n^*|{K? valuable. Why? What\\nkinds are there Figure\\n337 shows how extensive\\nName\\nthe states in which the\\n$116,76,3,473 m \\\\$U/M! L9 \\\\S9J3JZ09\\n10 Z029,6JTt ZOO 7S.JJS 0\\\\ liysejtg.\\nIOtnoa Ohio WVa\\n$6.90 7.3\\nt+.Z t J39\\nFig. 338.\\nCoal production, in dollars and tons, in the coal-beds are\\nthe five leading coal-producing states.\\ngreatest quantities of coal are mined. Of what impor-\\ntance is it that there are coal-fields in so many parts of the", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n413\\nMichigan.\\ncountry What kinds of coal are there And what are\\nthe differences between them? (pp. 4-5.) Describe a\\ncoal mine (p. 171).\\nWhat are the uses\\nof coal\\nName the chief\\nstates in which pe-\\ntroleum and natu-\\nral gas are found. fig. 339.\\nTell also llOW they Iron ore production, in dollars and tons, in the\\nn t -1 five leading iron ore-producing states.\\nhave been produced\\nduring the past ages and what their uses are (p. 173).\\n$6,347 BIS\\n0,08 7/10 3\\nMinnesota.\\nf 4.0Z9,077\\n5,601,4Z9\\nAlabama\\n$(S ie,s /3\\nX,09 pitl\\nvet 1*?;,%:\\n\u00c2\u00abM w\u00c2\u00a3\\n75 70\\nFig. 340.\\nLeading iron, copper, oil, and gas producing regions.\\nThe ores producing iron are among the most important\\nof the mineral products. Why so important Where are\\nthe principal iron-producing regions? (Fig. 340.) How", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "414\\nSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nFig. 341.\\nGold and silver producing regions indicated by crosses.\\nis pig iron made? (pp. 175-177.) Why is not the Lake\\nSuperior district a favorable place for smelting iron ore?\\nColorado:\\n$79,/04,2OO J S~\\\\\\nCalifornia.\\n$f#.6W,300\\n70 7. 160\\nSDaTcota\\niJ.69H900\\nMontana\\nH373//00\\n2J/.J63\\nNevada\\ni2,S70JJ00\\nIt 3,983\\nFig. 342.\\nGold production, in dollars and ounces, in the five leading gold-producing\\nstates.\\nAmong the metals of great importance to man are the\\nprecious metals gold and silver. Describe three methods\\nof gold mining (pp. 289-290). Tell about gold and silver", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n415\\nmining in California and Colorado (pp. 288-292). In\\nwhat other parts of our country are the precious metals\\nColorado.\\n2.7,974:33S\\n21636,400\\nMontana.\\n$20,2S7,487\\n13,66 7,900\\nUtah.\\n$8)00,9 78\\n6263:600\\n$6,336,303\\n490 1,200\\nArizon\\n~^s\\n($2..at 6.0 3Z\\nFig. 343.\\nSilver production, in dollars and ounces, in the five leading silver-producing\\nstates.\\nfound What two sections are most noted for copper\\nmining? Tell about that industry in each (pp. 258 and\\n292). Where and how is stone quarrying carried on\\nin New England? (pp. 133-136.) Also salt mining?\\n(p. 1G9.)\\nKansas\\nFig. 344.\\nNumber of cattle and their value in the five principal cattle-producing states.\\nMany of these are kept, not on ranches, hut on farms in the Eastern\\nstates.\\nGrazing is a third important rural occupation. Point\\nout on the map (Fig. 97) the portions of the country\\nlargely given up to it. Why these Relate how cattle", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "416\\nSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0$3 7.6 ae.ee e\\n9613SZ\\n$34,634,083\\nJ~90.73B\\nOhio. Pennsylvania.\\n$23,791,016\\n653,499\\n$2.9,390,858\\nJTVB, 74 7\\nFig. 345.\\nNumber of horses and their value in the five principal horse-producing states.\\nOhio.\\nMontana\\nWyoming\\nOregon\\nNewMexico.\\nFig. 316.\\nNumber of sheep and their value in the five leading sheep-producing states.\\nFig. 347.\\nMap showing the regions from which considerable timber is now being\\nobtained.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n417\\nranching is carried on (p. 248) also sheep ranching\\n(p. 303). Which states are most important in these\\nindustries\\nLumbering is a fourth great industry that attracts\\npeople to the country. Figure 347 shows the distribution\\nof the forests. Describe\\nthe industry as it is car-\\nried on in Maine (p.\\n127). In the South-\\nern States (p. 205).\\nIn Michigan (p. 252).\\nIn the Northwest (p.\\n293). Why these dif-\\nferences Which are\\nthe most common kinds\\nof trees? What are the\\nproducts of the forest\\nbesides lumber (pp.\\n132 and 207.)\\nFishing is a fifth\\nprominent occupation\\noutside of cities. In what\\nsections is it especially\\nimportant Describe\\nhow codfishing is car-\\nried on (p. 137); salmon\\nfishing (p. 360) the oys-\\nter industry (p. 163).\\nAltogether, therefore, there are five industries that lead\\nthe greater part of the inhabitants of the United States to\\nlive in small towns or in the country. Name these occu-\\npations. They furnish us with the raw materials for food,\\n2e\\nFig. 348.\\nSections where ocean fish are found.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "418\\nSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nclothing, and shelter. What raw materials enter into each,\\nand whence does each come\\nCities. What are the principal occupations in the\\ncities? The answer has been repeatedly suggested.\\nWhat, for instance, are the main kinds of business in\\nDuluth? (p. 261.) In Minneapolis? (p. 271.) In Chi-\\ncago? (pp. 262-267.) In Buffalo? (p. 186.) In New\\nFig. 349.\\nYork? (p. 187.) In Baltimore? (p. 193.) In San Fran-\\ncisco? (p. 312.) Tell what is done in various cities with\\ngrain, ores, hides, cotton, wool, lumber, and fish.\\nIt is evident that one of the principal occupations in\\ncities is manufacturing. Where, for example, is the\\nmaking of iron goods especially important? Tobacco?\\nSugar? Paper? Farming implements? Furniture?\\nFreight and passenger cars? Cotton cloth? Woollen", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n419\\n$264,S71,6Z.4\\nIlLf 39,011,0 ft\\nOhio\\nN^N.J.\\nSevYork. IS.S 1 9.S3 T\\nJ/ewJersey $ttfitO.SlS\\nCloth? A Single large Pennsylvania.\\nfactory may employ thou-\\nsands of workmen (p. 147),\\nand where hundreds of\\nfactories are established,\\nas in New York, Chi-\\ncago, and Philadelphia,\\nthere must be an enor-\\nmous population. More\\nthan five million persons are engaged in manufacturing\\nin the United States.\\nA second great occupation in cities is that of buying\\nand selling. Although grain, cotton, wool, etc., are\\nproduced in immense quantities in the country, they are\\nnot generally bought and sold there. That work must\\nbe carried on where there are great numbers of people\\nFig. 350.\\nValue of iron manufacturing in the five\\nleading iron manufacturing states.\\nMassachusetts.\\nPennsylvania.\\n/84,9 \u00e2\u0096\u00a038,074\\n//TT\\\\\\\\\\\\-\\n$/3Z.367?t99\\nRhodeld.\\n$36,1 77,293\\n$67,003,615\\n$3% 31023\\nF.G. 351.\\nValue of the manufacture of textiles (cotton, wool, etc.) in the five leading\\ntextile manufacturing states.\\nfor where else could it be done so successfully? If a\\nperson living in a city should want only a bushel of pota-\\ntoes, he would not go to a farmer for them, but to a store\\nto which many other people also go to buy goods. So\\nalso, if you were a farmer in Illinois and wanted to buy a\\ncarload of cattle to fatten, you would not go out West to", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "420\\nSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\na cattle ranch, but probably to the stock yards at Chicago,\\nwhere many cattle are always to be found. Or if you had\\na quantity of cotton to dispose of, where else could you\\ndo it better than in some city where cotton is bought and\\nsold, as in New Orleans or Memphis Not only must there\\nbe stores where we can buy what we need, but there must\\nalso be centres, or cities, where goods may be bought and\\nsold on a still larger scale. A city bears much the same\\nrelation to the country round about that a store does to\\nthe people who live near enough to trade there.\\nNew York\\n$Qi5 76.70i.99l\\nPennsylvania\\nll90J46,J J0\\nIUtnoi3.\\n$Z066,7jr/,7/9 fa J 8 89\\nOhio.\\nMass.\\n$38\u00c2\u00ab? S4jr /77\\nFig. 352.\\nWealth in dollars of the five wealthiest states.\\nThe trading in every large city is of two kinds, retail\\naud wholesale. There are grocery stores, for example,\\nwhich supply the resident families with the small amounts\\nof flour, sugar, salt, and other groceries that they need\\nfrom day to day. These stores, which carry on a retail\\ntrade, exist by hundreds in various parts of the large\\ncities. Of course the storekeepers must have places where\\nthey can buy the goods which they sell. That is, there\\nmust be tvholesale stores, some dealing in groceries, others\\nin dry goods, and still others in fruits and there must\\nalso be companies which carry on a wholesale trade in\\ncoal, lumber, cotton, and many other materials.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 421\\nOn page 187 it was stated that the wholesale buildings\\nin New York occupy several square miles on the southern\\nend of Manhattan Island and in other large cities similar\\nstores are usually found collected in one section. A large\\ncompany engaged in the wholesale business, not only sells\\nto those who come to buy, but it also sends out travelling\\nmen who, as their agents, journey from town to town\\ntaking orders for goods. There are now fully three hun-\\ndred thousand of these commercial travellers, journeying\\nabout in the United States as agents of the wholesale\\nhouses of the larger cities.\\nSince enormous quantities of raw material must be\\nshipped into the cities for the manufacture of goods,\\nand since most of the finished articles are sent away, the\\nbusiness of shipping, or transporting, is a third great\\noccupation in cities. Tens of thousands of men are\\nemployed all the time in loading and unloading cars,\\nboats, and wagons.\\nIn this country fully four million persons are em-\\nployed in buying, selling, and transporting, or in com-\\nmerce, as these kinds of business together are called.\\nWhat raw products are taken to Detroit, and what fin-\\nished products are taken away Answer the same in\\nregard to Milwaukee, Peoria, Louisville, Providence, Den-\\nver, and New Orleans. If your home is in the city,\\nanswer the same for that if not, for the nearest city.\\nThus there are three leading occupations in cities\\nnamely, manufacturing, trading, and transporting.\\nEvery city has all three but some that are particularly\\ndistinguished for the first are known as manufacturing\\ncentres; and others, distinguished especially for the\\nsecond, are known as trade centres. Minneapolis is an", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "422 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nexample of the former, and St. Paul of the latter. Give\\nother examples of each. Those cities, like Boston, New\\nYork, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, San Francisco,\\nand Montreal, whose location is especially favorable for\\nthe shipment of goods, are great commercial centres,\\nand usually also manufacturing centres. Why?\\nThe relation between country and city is now clear.\\nNearly one-half of our men are engaged in obtaining raw\\nmaterials, and the remainder are mainly engaged in manu-\\nfacturing them into useful articles, in buying, selling, and\\ntransporting them. Show by numerous examples how\\nneither class can well do without the other.\\nBut while they are so dependent, the life of one is very\\ndifferent from that of the other. Recall farm life as de-\\nscribed on page 240. What notion have you gotten of\\nfarm life on southern plantations Of the miner s man-\\nner of living? The ranchman s? (p. 252.) The lumber-\\nman s? (p. 128.) The fisherman s (p. 137.)\\nRecall, on the other hand, what was said about life in\\nNew York City (p. 189). Give your notion of factory\\nlife. Of life in trade and transportation.\\nWhat attractions and objections do you find in each of\\nthese several occupations Is the work of a farm hand\\nmore or less narrowing than that of a factory hand\\nWhy Suppose that two young men are much alike in\\nability, disposition, and training how are they liable to\\ngrow unlike if one chooses mining for an occupation, and\\nthe other chooses trade Give other instances showing-\\nhow the work that one follows influences his manner of\\nlife and development.\\nIt is difficult to determine which occupation requires\\nthe hardest work, for success demands one s best effort, no", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY. AND CONCLUSION 423\\nmatter what the occupation be. But of those living in\\nthe city on the one hand, and in the country on the other,\\nwhich are more certain of the ordinary necessities of life\\nWhy Which have more comforts Why Which are\\nmore independent in general Why Which have the\\nbetter opportunities for amusement Why For educa-\\ntion Why For homes with plenty of light and fresh\\nair? Why?\\nFor many years the population of cities has been in-\\ncreasing more rapidly than that of the country, which\\nsuggests that people are preferring city to country life.\\nCan you give any reasons for this in addition to those\\nalready mentioned\\nBoth city and country people are finally dependent on\\nMother Earth for all that they have minerals can be\\nobtained because of certain changes that have been going\\non for ages most of the soil has been prepared either by\\nthe slow decay of rock, or by the grinding up of rock by\\nthe glacier the sun s heat, together with the rotation and\\nrevolution of the earth, determines our seasons, our winds,\\nrains, and ocean currents, in short, climate of one kind or\\nanother. The facts presented in the first chapters of this\\nbook constitute the foundation for everything that follows;\\nfor it is as a result of these facts that we are able to live as\\nwe do.\\nDependence of Different Sections upon one Another. No\\none locality produces many of the materials needed there.\\nWhich of your foods are not raised near your home?\\nHow about the knives, forks, dishes, and spoons? How\\nabout the clothes that you wear\\nBecause of the climate, water power, soil, or for some\\nother reason,, each part of the country is especially fitted", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "424 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nfor producing one or several things, as eastern Kansas for\\ngrain, and western Kansas for stock, northern Maine\\nfor lumber, etc. Indeed, most of the articles used in each\\npart of the country must be brought from other places.\\nName the materials that the Montana ranchman needs\\nfrom the Southern planter from New England from\\nMinneapolis and Chicago. Upon what parts of the United\\nStates are the inhabitants of Florida dependent? What\\ndo they supply in return Make a list of the materials\\nused in the construction of your house, and, as far as\\npossible, determine where each one may have come from.\\nThe different parts of the country are of vital impor-\\ntance to one another, much as different parts of the body\\nare.\\nRelation to our Territories and Dependencies. Despite\\nour broad territory and enormous number of products,\\nthere are some necessary articles that are either entirely\\nlacking, or cannot be produced in sufficient quantities\\nwithin our own borders. Name a few (see table, p. 455).\\nMention some that we are therefore glad to receive from\\nAlaska, Cuba, Porto Rico, the Hawaiian Islands, and the\\nPhilippines. Mention others that they likewise are glad\\nto receive from us. State, then, how the United States\\nand its dependencies are of advantage to one another.\\nOther Countries of North America. The principal\\nindustries in southern Canada and Newfoundland are\\nnecessarily similar to those in the northern United States.\\nWhat about agriculture there? (p. 363.) Where is coal\\nmined? (p. 365.) Precious metal? (p. 365.) What\\nabout grazing (p. 362.) Lumbering? (p. 356.) Fishing\\nand sealing? (pp. 358-361.) Compare the raw products\\nof southern Canada with those of our Northern States.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 425\\nName and locate the principal cities. The leading trade\\nroute. Mention the chief kinds of manufacturing. (For\\nabove, see pp. 366-371.)\\nDescribe the surface of Mexico (p. 378). The climate\\n(p. 379). What are the agricultural products from its\\narid plateaus (p. 381.) From its lowlands? (p. 384.)\\nFrom the slopes between? (p. 384.) Tell about the forests\\nof Mexico (p. 385). The mining (p. 386). Give some\\nreasons why there is little manufacturing in that coun-\\ntry (p. 389). Locate the principal cities.\\nName the five republics of Central America. Describe\\nthe surface of the country and the climate (p. 390). Name\\nthe principal industries (p. 391). Tell about canals\\nacross the isthmus (p. 392). Mention the largest islands\\namong the West Indies. What are their chief industries\\n(pp. 394-398.) What industries in the United States are\\nnot found in Canada? In Mexico? In Central America?\\nWhat industries in any one of the latter countries are\\nnot found in the United States\\nOur Relation to Other Countries. The United States,\\nlike one small locality, produces far more of some mate-\\nrials than we can consume, while other important articles\\nmust come wholly, or in part, from abroad. Give exam-\\nples of each. If we could not secure a market for our\\nproducts in foreign lands, we should suffer seriously; and,\\nif the foreign countries could not be induced to provide us\\nwith what we need, we should suffer again. Other coun-\\ntries are in the same condition. Show how that is true of\\nCanada of Mexico. There is excellent reason, therefore,\\nfor a constant exchange of goods among the nations of\\nthe world. How does the size of our country give us\\na great advantage in this respect", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "426 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nWe sell more goods to Great Britain than to any other\\nforeign land. In fact, hundreds of millions of dollars\\nworth of cotton, wheat, flour, cattle, corn, meat, and oil\\nare sent to that county every year (see table, p. 455).\\nWe receive in return, large quantities of woollen, cotton,\\nand rubber goods, and articles made of vegetable fibres,\\nhides, and skins (see table, p. 455). Trade is carried on\\nin the same manner with Germany, France, and other\\ncountries. The goods that we send forth are called\\nexports, and those brought in, imjjorts.\\nOur ten leading exports, named in order of value, are:\\n(1) breadstuffs, including wheat, corn, flour, and other grains\\n(2) cotton (3) meat and dairy products (4) iron and steel\\ngoods (5) mineral oils (6) animals, particularly cattle\\n(7) lumber and articles made of wood (8) cotton goods\\n(9) tobacco; (10) leather goods. From what part of the\\nUnited States does each of these chiefly come\\nOur ten leading imports are, in order of value (1) coffee\\n(2) sugar and molasses (3) silk (4) chemicals, drugs, etc.\\n(5) hides and skins; (6) vegetable fibres and articles manu-\\nfactured from them (7) cotton and goods made from cotton\\n(8) wool and woollen goods (9) rubber and rubber goods\\n(10) fruits and nuts. In the table, page 455, find the regions\\nfrom which these materials chiefly come.\\nMore than half of all our exports and imports are sent\\nby way of New York alone. Why Other ports, next\\nin importance, are Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia,\\nNew Orleans, Galveston, and San Francisco. The total\\nvalue of our exports in 1898 was 81.231,482,330 of our\\nimports, -$616,049,654 (see table, p. 455).\\nSome imports are permitted to enter the country free but\\nupon most of them there is a duty, that is, a charge for the", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n427\\nprivilege of entering the country. This duty is a source of\\nincome or revenue for the government. It is also intended to\\nserve as a protection to home industries by preventing foreign\\nproducts from being sold in our country at a lower rate than\\nwe can produce them. However, it sometimes causes consider-\\nable hardship. For example, a citizen of the United States,\\nliving even on the very border of Canada, cannot buy from\\nthat country such articles as lumber and wood pulp without\\npaying a duty upon them. This causes us to pay a higher\\nprice for some articles than we would have to pay if no duty\\nwere placed upon them. Therefore, the boundary line between\\ntwo neighboring countries is often of real importance as a\\nbarrier to free trade.\\nFig. 353.\\nNavigable rivers represented by beavy lines.\\nTransportation Routes. The chief inland water routes\\nfor transportation of goods have often been mentioned.\\nWhat are they About twice as much freight is carried", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "428\\nSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nover the Great Lakes as on the Mississippi system.\\nMention some of the principal kinds carried on each.\\nThe fact that the Great Lakes system extends so far east\\nand west is of great importance. This route, by furnish-\\ning a cheap means of transportation to the Eastern coast,\\nopens up a very productive region in a favorable, temper-\\nate climate. Upon reaching the coast these goods may\\nreadily be shipped to Europe, our principal foreign market.\\nMap Showing Railroads\\nIN THE\\nUnited States\\nFig. 354.\\nIt is largely because of these facts that most of the\\npeople of the country are living either along the north-\\neastern coast or else from there westward to the Missis-\\nsippi. On Figure 323 find the centre of population in the\\nUnited States.\\nFigure 354 shows an enormous number of railways in\\nthe United States. They now carry fully three times as\\nmuch freight as all the water routes together. In what", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n429\\npart of the country are most of them found? Why there\\nWhich quarter is next best supplied with them Which\\nportion has fewest lines How does the location of lines\\non this figure compare with the location of cities on Figure\\nFig. 355.\\nSome of the principal railway lines of North America.\\n323? What about the direction of a majority of the rail-\\nway lines Count the number of railways that reach east\\nand west across the western half of the continent (Fig.\\n355). In what city on the Pacific coast does each of\\nthese terminate", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "430\\nSUMMABY AND CONCLUSION\\nInfluence of Steam and Electricity. The steam used\\nupon the waterways and railways has been one of the\\nmost powerful factors in populating and developing our\\ncountry. A century ago it required two days to travel\\nfrom New York to Philadelphia, and six days from New\\nYork to Boston. In the latter case only two trips per\\nweek were made by stage. The journeys were not only\\nvery tiresome, but were also filled with hardships, and often\\nwith dangers. There were but thirteen daily papers in\\nthe United States, and neither papers nor books could be\\nMiddleAtlantic States.\\nNew Eng. States Central States.\\n11.72\\n1 0.63\\nS.31\\n2.09\\nFig. 356.\\nThe figures represent the number of miles of railway for every one hundred\\nsquare miles of territory in each of the five groups of states.\\nsent by mail. Letters cost from six to twenty-five cents,\\naccording to the distance, and, as the expense of carrying\\nthem was so great, they were not sent from the smaller\\ntowns until a number were collected.\\nNow we can travel as far in an hour as formerly in a\\nday, and with much more convenience. There are fully\\ntwo thousand daily papers, and these, as well as letters,\\nmay be sent quickly and cheaply to every section of the\\ncountry. We can even send a telegraph message to a\\ndistant point in an instant, and can talk by telephone\\nwith a person hundreds of miles away, even recognizing", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 431\\nthe tones of his voice. To one of our ancestors of a cen-\\ntury ago either one of these wonders, to which we are\\nnow so accustomed, would have seemed an utter impos-\\nsibility.\\nInfluence of Modern Inventions on Mode of Life. The\\neffect of such a might} r change is seen in every direction.\\nEach year thousands of carloads of fruit are shipped to\\nEastern cities from California. If there were no railways,\\nhow could it reach these cities? What, then, would be\\nthe effect on southern California? Also how could the\\ncorn of the Central States be marketed? And how could\\nfurniture, sugar, etc., be brought to the Western farmer s\\ndoor? Trace other results of this change.\\nIf we were suddenly deprived of our quick transporta-\\ntion, within a few days there would be a famine in every\\nlarge city. Even now, when heavy falls of snow block\\nthe trains only for a day or two, the supply of milk, meat,\\nand other necessities quickly runs low, and the prices rise\\nto several times their ordinary value.\\nIf we had no railway trains, there might also be exten-\\nsive famines from time to time over large areas of coun-\\ntry, as there were in the olden times, and as there are\\neven at present in China. Why especially in China As\\nit is, however, hundreds of articles of food and clothing\\nare quickly brought from distant points at a trifling cost.\\nMention several such articles. No one locality is in dan-\\nger of suffering from want of food because, if the supply\\nfails there, it is easily obtained from other sections.\\nThe effect of steam and electricity on the industries and\\nr inhabitants of cities is striking. Persons living scores of\\nmiles away often do much of their shopping in the cities.\\nAlso, owing to trolley lines, elevated railways, and other", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "432\\nSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nmeans of rapid transit, those engaged in manufacture or\\ncommerce are enabled to live many miles distant from\\ntheir places of work and thus secure more healthful homes\\nin the suburbs. Because so many people are able to have\\ntheir homes in the suburbs, the cities are not nearly so\\novercrowded as they otherwise would be.\\nInfluence of our Surroundings on Education and Govern-\\nment. When our Union was formed, more than a cen-\\nFig. 357.\\nMap to show -when and how the United States ohtained its territory.\\ntury ago, many wise persons believed it an almost impos-\\nsible experiment. Our population was scattered over so\\nmany hundred miles along the Atlantic coast (Fig. 86)\\nthat people living in one part were apt to know and\\ncare little about those in another part far away. It\\nseemed probable that quarrels and wars would arise, as a\\nresult of differences of opinion, and therefore that our", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\n433\\nrepublican government might be dissolved into several\\ngovernments.\\nNevertheless, our boundaries have been so enlarged as\\nto include far more territory than was originally thought\\npossible (Fig. 357). Aside from that, more than eighteen\\nmillion foreigners have settled in our country since 1821,\\nbringing to our shores all the principal races of mankind\\n(see table, p. 454), and many of the leading languages\\n(Fig. 358), religions, and political beliefs of the world\\nbut in spite of all this we have kept in such close touch\\nwith one another that our Union has grown stronger and\\nstronger.\\nFig. 358.\\nLeft-hand figure shows countries from which most of our -immigrants come.\\nRight-hand diagram shows the proportion of our population which is\\nnative and foreign.\\nEach day, by rail and water, articles are being sent to\\nall parts of the country. In all the states the people read\\nthe same news every morning, and whatever books are\\nfound especially valuable in one section are quickly made\\nknown in others. Thus we not only enjoy far better\\nopportunities for education than formerly, but we learn\\nto know one another we have the same thoughts, and we\\n2f", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "434 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION\\nfeel a mutual sympathy. So far as meeting and under-\\nstanding one another are concerned, our country is really\\nfar smaller than it was a hundred years ago; we are liv-\\ning together like one very large family.\\nIt has been a difficult task to convert people from so\\nmany quarters of the globe to one common product, called\\nAmericans, who believe heartily in our republican govern-\\nment (p. 107). But the attempt has not been a failure.\\nMany have gone to the farms, where they have helped to\\nsupply the raw products others have gone to the mining\\nregions but great numbers have settled in the cities,\\nwhere they are chiefly engaged in work connected with\\nmanufacturing and commerce. Some are densely igno-\\nrant but the great majority steadily improve in condition,\\nadopt the American customs and ideas, and become good\\ncitizens.\\nRelation between Man and Earth. The success of our\\nexperiment has been due not alone to the people, nor to\\nthe form of government, though both people and govern-\\nment have aided. The country has been one of splendid\\nopportunities vast forests have supplied us with lumber\\nin abundance fertile soils, broad plains, and varied cli-\\nmates have made it possible to raise, not merely abundant\\ncrops, but many different kinds arid plains have invited\\nthe ranchman and mountains and plateaus have yielded\\nmineral fuels, iron, copper, gold, silver, and other mineral\\nproducts in excess of our own needs.\\nNot merely are there raw products of nearly all kinds\\nthat we need, but there are abundant opportunities for\\nchanging them into the various manufactured articles\\nwhich help to supply our wants. Water power and coal\\nfor manufacturing are easily accessible over a large part of", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 435\\nthe country. Our water routes (Fig. 353) and abundance\\nof excellent harbors furnish natural facilities for the move-\\nment of raw materials and manufactured products, and\\nthe temperate climate is favorable to the development of\\nan energetic race.\\nThe American people have been equal to the task of-\\nmaking good use of these unexcelled natural resources,\\nand the free government has encouraged them to be inde-\\npendent, and has fortunately placed few unwise restric-\\ntions in their way. Thus the development of the nation,\\nas well as of single industries, has been due not alone to\\nmen, but, in large part also, to their surroundings. The\\nrelation of man to earth, which it is the province of geog-\\nraphy to present, is therefore seen to be very intimate,\\nfrom whatever standpoint we may consider it.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0506.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0507.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0508.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX I\\nKEFEKENCES TO BOOKS, AETICLES, ETC. 1\\nKey to Abbreviations\\nPublishing Houses. American Book Co., New York (A. B. C.)\\nD. Appleton Co., New York (Appleton); The Century Co.,\\nNew York (Century) Educational Publishing Co., Boston (E. P.\\nC.) The Ginn Co., Boston (Ginn) Harper and Bros., New York\\n(Harper) Longmans, Green Co., New York (L. G.) The Mac-\\nmillan Co., New York (McM.) G. P. Putnam s Sons, New York\\n(Putnam); Rand, McNally Co., Chicago (R. McN.) Chas. Scrib-\\nner s Sons, New York (Scribner) Silver, Burdett Co., New York\\n(S. B. C).\\nMagazines, etc. Bulletin American Geographical Society ($1.00 a\\nnumber, $4.00 a- year) New York (Bull. A. G. S.); Publications of\\nthe Bureau of American Republics, Washington, D. C. (B. Amer. R.);\\nCanadian Magazine ($0.25), Toronto, Canada (C. M.); Cassier s\\nMagazine ($0.25), New York (Cass.); Century Magazine ($0.35),\\nNew York (Cent. Mag.); Cosmopolitan ($0.10), Irvington, N. Y.\\n(Cos.); Chautauquan ($0.25), Meadville, Pa. (Chaut.); Harper s\\nMagazine ($0.25), New York (H. M.) McClure s ($0.10), New York\\n(McClure); National Geographic Magazine ($0.25 a number, $2.00 a\\nyear, including membership to society), Washington, D. C. (N. G.\\nM.); New England Magazine ($0.35), Boston (N. E. M.); Popular\\n1 Many of the books referred to in the First Book of this series will be\\nfound of use for this volume also but it has not seemed necessary to re-\\nfer to all of these a second time. These references are not intended to be\\nexhaiistive a few good books are selected, and others omitted because of\\ntheir cost or for other reasons. In the case of the magazine articles, too,\\nonly a few of the many good ones are mentioned.\\n437", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0509.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "438 APPENDIX I\\nScience Monthly ($0.25), New York (P. S. M.); Scribner s Magazine\\n(10.35), New York (S. M.).\\nIn referring to magazines the volume is given first, the page last,\\nthus, Vol. 5. p. 69 5 69.\\nGeneral. For references to magazines and journals, see First\\nBook, pp. 256-257. Mill, Hints to Teachers Concerning the Choice\\nof Geographical Books (L. G., $1.25) The Statesman s Year Book\\n(McM., $3.00); Mill, The International Geography (Appleton,\\n$3.50) Herbertson, Man and His Work (McM., $0.50) Lyde, Man\\nand His Markets (McM., $0.50); Geikie, The Teaching of Geog-\\nraphy (McM., $0.60); Pratt, American History Stories (E. P. C,\\n4 vols., $0.36 each) Brooks, Century Book for Young Americans\\n(Century, $1.50); Rocheleau, Great American Industries (C. A.\\nFlanagan, Chicago, 2 vols., $0.50 each); Chase and Clow, Stories of\\nIndustry (E. P. C, 2 vols., $0.40 each) Coe, Our American Neigh-\\nbors (S. B. C, $0.60) Ballou, Footprints of Travel (Ginn, $1.00)\\nSmith, Our Own Country (S. B. C, $0.50) Carpenter, Geo-\\ngraphical Reader, North America (A. B. C, $0.60) Carrol, Around\\nthe World Geography Series, Book II. (The Morse Co., New York,\\n$0.38); King, Picturesque Geographical Readers (Lee Shepard,\\nBoston, Vol. 2, $0.72, Vols. 3, 4 and 5 each $0.56) Ingersoll, The\\nBook of the Ocean (Century, $1.50); Lyde, A Geography of North\\nAmerica (McM., $0.50) Reclus, The Earth and Its Inhabitants,\\nVols. XV, XVI, and XVII, very valuable, but expensive (Appleton,\\n$5.00 each); Stanford s Compendium of Geography and Travel,\\nNorth America, Vol. 1, Canada by Dawson Vol. 2, United States\\nby Gannett (Scribner, $4.50 each).\\nSection I. Physiography. Shaler, Outlines of the Earth s His-\\ntory (Appleton, $1.75) Shaler, The Story of Our Continent (Ginn,\\n$0.75); Shaler, -Aspects of the Earth (Scribner, $2.50); Davis,\\nPhysical Geography (Ginn, $1.25); Tarr, Elementary Physical\\nGeography (McM., $1.40, contains references to works on physiog-\\nraphy); Tarr, First Book of Physical Geography (McM., $1.10);\\nTarr, Elementary Geology (McM., $1.40); Russell, Rivers of\\nNorth America (Putnam, $2.00) Russell, Lakes of North America\\n(Ginn, $1.50) Russell, Glaciers of North America (Ginn, $1.75)\\nNational Geographic Monographs (A. B. C, $2.50).", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0510.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "REFERENCES 439\\nSections II and III. Books by Davis and by Tarr referred to in\\nSection I Ward, Practical Exercises in Elementary Meteorology\\n(Ginn, $1.12).\\nSection IV. Ocean Currents, etc. Books by Davis and by Tarr\\n(See Sect. I) Shaler, Sea and Land (Scribner, $2.50) Pillsbury,\\nThe Gulf Stream (U. S. Coast Survey, Washington); Darwin,\\nTides (Houghton, Mifflin Co., N. Y., $2.00); Guyot, The\\nEarth and Man (Scribner, $1.75) The Depths of the Sea (S. M.,\\nJuly, 92, 12 77) How the Sea is Sounded (P. S. M., Jan., 94,\\n44:334).\\nSection V. Animals, Plants, etc. The Arid Regions of the\\nUnited States (N. G. M., 93, 5 167) Wright, Four-footed Ameri-\\ncans (McM., $1.50) Roosevelt, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman\\n(Putnam, $3.00) Whitney, On Snowshoes to the Barren Grounds\\n(Harper, $3.50) Heilprin, The Geographical and Geological Distri-\\nbution of Animals (Appleton, $2.00) Ingersoll, Wild Neighbors\\n(McM., $1.50); How the Settlement of North America has affected\\nIts Wild Animals {Bull. A. G. S., 85, 17 17) Shaler, Nature and\\nMan in America (Scribner, $1.50) Shaler, Domesticated Animals\\n(Scribner, $2.50).\\nThe United States. Gannett, The Building of a Nation (The\\nH. T. Thomas Co., New York, $2.50); Baedeker, The United\\nStates (Scribner, $3.60) Tarr, Economic Geology of the United\\nStates (McM., $3.50); Channing, Students History of the\\nUnited States (McM., $1.40); MacCoun, An Historical Geog-\\nraphy of the United States (Townsend MacCoun, New York,\\n$1.00) Whitney, The United States (Little, Brown Co., Boston,\\n$2.00) Patton, The Natural Resources of the United States\\n(Appleton, $3.00); King, Handbook of the United States (Moses\\nKing Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y., $2.50) The Growth of the United\\nStates (N. G. M., 98, 9:377); The Conduct of Great Businesses\\n(S. M., several numbers, Vols. 21 and 22, 1897); Distribution of\\nManufactures in the United States {Chant, Sept., 98, 27:587);\\nTextile Industries of the United States (Chaut., March, 99, 28 538)\\nModern Light House Service (Cass., Aug. and Sept., 94, 6:297\\nand 355) The Life Saving Service (P. S. M., Jan., 94, 44 346).\\nSection VIII. New England. Davis, Physical Geography of\\nSouthern New England (A. B. C, $0.20) American Lumber", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0511.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "440 APPENDIX I\\n(ChauL, Feb., 99, 28:436) Thoreau, The Maine Woods (Hough-\\nton, Mifflin Co., New York, |1.50); Fishing Industries of the\\nUnited States (ChauL, Jan., 98, 26:387); New England Fish-\\neries (N. E. M., Apr., 94, 10 229) Kipling, Captains Courageous\\nCentury, $1.50) The Granite Industry in New England (N. E. M.,\\nFeb., 92, 5:742); Cotton Manufactures of New England {ChauL,\\nApril, 93, 17 37) Cotton Spinning in North and South (P. S. M.,\\nOct., 90, 37 798) The Manufacture of Wool, (P. S. M., June, July,\\nAug., 91, 39 176, 289, and 454); Leather Making (P. S.M., July,\\n92, 41 339) The Manufacture of Boots and Shoes (P. S. M., Aug.,\\n92, 41:496); Boston at the Century s End (H. M., Nov., 99,\\n99 823).\\nSection IX. Middle Atlantic States. Gilbert, Niagara Falls and\\nTheir History (A. B. C, $0.20) The Coal Industry {ChauL, Jan.,\\n93, 16 416) Articles on Iron and Steel (Cass., five papers, July to Nov.,\\n93, Vols. 4 and 5 Feb., 00, 17 259 McClure, June, 94, 3:3; H. M.,\\nMarch, 94, 88 587) The Manufacture of Iron (P. S. M., Dec, 90\\nFeb. and March, 91, 38 145, 449, and 586); The Manufacture of\\nSteel (P. S. M., Oct., Nov., 91, 39 729, and 40 15) Articles on Ship\\nBuilding (Cass., July, 92, 2 157; Aug., 97, 12 341, and 393; March,\\n98, 13 385); Canning Industry in the United States (ChauL, Nov.,\\n98, 28 126) The Water Front of New York (S. M., Oct., 99, 26\\n385); The City of Homes (H. M., June, 94, 89:3); The New\\nBaltimore (H. M., Feb., 96, 92 331) Washington Society\\n(H. M., March and April, 93, 86 586 and 674).\\nSection X. Southern States. Hayes, The Southern Appalachians\\n(A. B. C, $0.20); Ralph, Dixie, or Southern Scenes and Sketches\\n(Harper, $2.50, published originally in H. M., 1892-95); Brooks,\\nCotton, Its Uses, Culture, etc. (Spon and Chamberlain, New York,\\n$3.00); Culture and Preparation of Cotton in the United States\\n(Cos., March, 93, 14:539); Sugar in the United States (ChauL,\\nJune, 92, 15 290 Oct., 92, 16 36) Rice and Its Culture (P. S. M.,\\nOct., 90, 37:827); The Old Dominion (H. M., Dec, 93, 88:4);\\nSubtropical Florida (S. M., March, 94, 15 345) Texas (H. M.,\\nSept., 93, 87 561) An Indian Commonwealth (Indian Territory)\\n(H. M., Nov., 93, 87 884).\\nSection XI. Central States. Dryer, Studies in Indiana Geography\\n(Inland Pub. Co., Indianapolis, Ind., $0.50); Hovey, Celebrated Ameri-", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0512.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "REFERENCES 441\\ncan Caverns (R. Clarke Co., Cincinnati, O., $2.00); The Mammoth\\nCave {Cent. Mag., March, 98, 33 643) The Development of Rail-\\nroads in the United States (Chaut, Oct., 94, 20:1); In White\\nPine Forests (Cass., Sept., 94, 6 408) Wheat and Its Distribution\\n(Cos., Nov. 98, 26 114) Beet Sugar Industry in the United States\\n(Special Report, Department of Agriculture, Washington) Ranch-\\ning (H. M., Feb. and March, 94, 88 350 and 515) The Chicago\\nPacking Industry (Cos., Oct., 99, 27 599); Copper Mining in the\\nUnited States (Cass., Jan., 97, 11:215); Chicago (S. M., June,\\n95, 17:663).\\nSection XII. Western States. Parkman, The Oregon Trail (Lit-\\ntle, Brown Co., Boston, $1.00) The New Northwest (H. M., Jan.\\n98, 96:299); Ralph, Our Great West (Harper, $2.50, published\\noriginally in H. M., 1892-94); The Pacific Coast Guide Book\\n(R. McN., $1.00); The Grand Canon (H. M., Aug., 98, 97:\\n377); The Great Walled River (Bull. A. G. S., 87, 19: 113);\\nGold and Silver Mining (Chaut., March, 97, 24:670); From\\nMine to Mint (Cass., May, 94, 6:3); Lumbering in the North-\\nwest (Cos., May, 93, 15 63); The Redwood Forest of the Pacific\\nCoast (N. G. M., 99, 10:145); The United States Forest Re-\\nserves (P. S. M., Feb., 98, 52 456) Newell, Irrigation on the\\nGreat Plains 96 Year Book, Department of Agriculture, Washing-\\nton, p. 197); The Grape Gatherers (Cos., Oct., 99, 27:612);\\nFruit Industry in California (P. S. 31., Dec, 93, 44 200).\\nSection XII. Dependencies, etc., Alaska. Scidmore, Guide Book\\nto Alaska (Appleton, $1.25) Swineford, Alaska (R.McN., $1.00)\\nAlaska (B. Amer. R., $0.25); Geographical Notes in Alaska\\n(Bull. A. G. S., 96, 28:1); Alaska (N. G. M., 98, 9:105-190,\\ntwelve articles); Mountaineering in Alaska (Bull. A. G. S., 96,\\n28 217) An Expedition Through the Yukon District (N. G. M.,\\n92, 4 117) Life on a Yukon Trail (N. G. M. 99, 10 377 and\\n457) The Rescue of the Whalers (H. M., June, 99, 99 3) The\\nAlaskan Boundary (N. G. M., 99, 10 425).\\nCuba and Porto Rico. See under West Indies, p. 443.\\nHawaiian Islands. Alexander, A Brief History of the Hawaiian\\nPeople (A. B. C, $1.50) Whitney, Hawaiian America (Harper,\\n$2.50) Young, The Real Hawaii (Doubleday and McClure Co.,\\nNew York, $1.50) Hawaii (B. Amer. R., $0.25) Report of the", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0513.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "442 APPENDIX I\\nHawaiian Commission (State Department, Washington) The\\nHawaiian Islands (Bull. A. G. S., 89, 21:149); Wallace, Island\\nLife McM., \u00c2\u00a71.75 Articles on Samoa (X. G. M., 99, 10 207).\\nPhilippines. Worcester, The Philippine Islands (McM., $4.00)\\nYounghusband, The Philippines and Round About (McM., $2.50)\\nManila and the Philippines (S. M., July, 98, 24 12) Life in\\nManila (Cent. Mag., Aug., 98, 34 563) Report of the Philippine\\nCommission (State Department. Washington); Articles on the\\nPhilippines (X. G. M. 98, 9 257-304 99, 10 33-72 00 11 1);\\nThe Philippine Islands (Bull. A. G. S., S3, 15 73).\\nSection XIV. Canada. Hatton and Harvey, Newfoundland\\n(Doyle and Whipple, Boston, $2. 50) The Relation of the United\\nStates and Canada (Senate Reports, No. 1530, Washington);\\nRalph, On Canada s Frontier (Harper, 82.50, published originally\\nin H. M., 1892-95); Parkin, The Great Dominion (McM., 81.75)\\nBaedeker, The Dominion of Canada (Scribner, 81-50) Canadian\\nGuide Book, (Appleton, 81-00) Statistical Year Book (each year by\\nDepartment of Agricultm-e, Ottawa) Canada, the Land of Water\\nWays (Bull. A. G. S., 90, 22 351); Articles on Lumbering (C. M.,\\nApril, 94, 2 549 and 556).\\nThe Far North. Mrs. Peary, My Arctic Journal (Contemporary\\nPublishing Co., Xew York, 82.00) Hayes, The Land of Desolation\\n(Harper, 81-75); Xansen, First Crossing of Greenland (L. G.,\\n$1.25); Days in the Arctic (H. M., Sept., 98, 97:499); The\\nGlaciers of Greenland (P. S. 21/., Nov., 94, 46 1); Greenland and\\nthe Greenlanders (P. S. M., July, 90, 37 302) The Arctic High-\\nlander (S. 21/., Feb., 92, 11 241) A Day s Hunting Among the\\nEskimos (P. S. 21/., Feb., 95, 46 446) Boas, A Year Among the\\nEskimo (Bull. A. G. S., 87, 19 383).\\nSection XV. Mexico. Guide to Mexico (Appleton, $1.50)\\nBaedeker, The United States (with an excursion into Mexico),\\n(Scribner, $3.60) Bancroft, Resources and Development of Mex-\\nico (The Bancroft Co., San Francisco, 84.50) Romero, Geo-\\ngraphical and Statistical Xotes on Mexico (Putnam, $2.00) Romero,\\nCoffee and India Rubber Culture in Mexico (Putnam, $3.00) An\\nOutpost of Civilization (H. 21/., Dec, 93, 88 71) Griffin, Mexico\\nof To-day (Harper, 81-50); Lumis, The Awakening of a Xation\\n(Harper, $2.50); Mexico (B. Amer. R., $0.50).", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0514.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "BEFEBENCES 443\\nCentral America. Belt, Naturalist in Nicaragua (Scribner and\\nWelford, New York, $3.00) Calvo, The Republic of Costa Rica\\n(R. McN., $2.00) Charles, Honduras (R. McN., $1.50) Hand-\\nbooks (iJ. Amer. R.~) on Costa Rica, Honduras, Salvador, and Nicara-\\ngua (each, $0.35, Guatemala, $0.25) Monthly Bulletins of the Same\\nBureau (each, $0.25) also contain information about American\\nRepublics; Three Gringos in Central America (H. M., Sept. and\\nOct., 91, 91 490 and 730) India Rubber and Gutta Percha (P. S.\\nM., March, 97, 50 679) Across Nicaragua (N. G. M., 89, 1 315)\\nArticles on the Nicaragua Canal (N. G. M., 99, 10:297).\\nWest Indies. Hill, Cuba and Porto Rico (Century, #3.00)\\nRodway, The West Indies and the Spanish Main (Putnam, $1.75)\\nKingsley, At Last: A Christmas in the West Indies (McM.,$1.25)\\nThe Foreign Commerce of Our Possessions, etc. (Treasury Depart-\\nment, Washington) Handbooks on Haiti and Santo Domingo (B.\\nAmer. R., $0.35, each); Cuba (N. G. M., 98, 9:193); Porto\\nRico (N. G. M., 99, 10 93) Haiti the Unknown (H. M., Aug.,\\n99, 99 365) Havana since the Occupation (S. M., July, 99, 26\\n86); Aspects of Nature in the West Indies (S. M., July, 93, 14:\\n101) How the Bananas Grow (Cos., Feb., 98, 24 365) Heilprin,\\nThe Bermuda Islands (A. Heilprin, Philadelphia, $3.50).\\nGovernment Publications. Only a very few references are made to\\nthe many government publications of geographic interest. There are\\nfar too many to refer to. For instance, the Smithsonian Institution\\nAnnual Report usually contains articles on geographic subjects, and\\nthe Fish Commission has published many excellent accounts of the\\ndifferent fishing industries. From the Weather Bureau are issued not\\nmerely weather maps, but Annual Reports and Monthly Weather\\nReviews.\\nAmong the publications of the Geological Survey are reports\\nupon Irrigation, Annual Reports containing many excellent accounts\\nof the geology of interesting regions, especially mining regions, and\\nalso Annual Reports on the Mineral Resources of the country, with\\nstatistics. Besides these, the Geological Survey issues topographic\\nmaps (five cents each, or two cents by the hundred). A list of these\\nmaps can be obtained upon application, and the teacher may find a\\nmap of the region where the school is situated.\\nA great range of topics is covered by the various Annual Reports", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0515.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "444 APPENDIX I\\n(called Year Books) and Bulletins of the Department of Agriculture\\nupon such subjects as farming, various crops, forestry, botany, mam-\\nmals, irrigation, etc. Special reports of importance (some of which\\nare referred to above) are issued by the Treasury Department, which\\nalso issues Statistical Abstracts on commerce, finance, population, etc.\\nFrom the State Department, besides valuable special papers (like the\\nReport of the Philippine Commission), are issued the Consular Re-\\nports, which have articles and notes upon foreign industries, etc. A\\nwealth of geographical information is contained in the various Census\\nvolumes. Besides these, there are other reports, as that on the Prec-\\nious Metals, issued annually by the Director of the Mint, the Report\\nof the Bureau of Ethnology, and the Report of the Commissioner on\\nIndian affairs. The maps of the United States Coast Survey will be\\nfound of value, especially in those schools located on the coast, which\\nshould certainly have the maps of their immediate locality. Many\\nstates also issue valuable reports on agriculture, mining, manufactur-\\ning, etc.\\nIn order to find out about the government publications, one can\\noften obtain a list of those issued by a given bureau by writing to the\\nSuperintendent of Public Documents, Washington. A monthly list\\nof all government publications is also prepared by the Superintendent\\nof Public Documents, thus permitting one to keep track of new publi-\\ncations. Some of the publications must be purchased, but many may\\nbe obtained by writing to one s congressman or senator, to whom copies\\nare given for free distribution among constitutents. The great major-\\nity of government documents are issued for free distribution. Appli-\\ncations for these, in moderation, are invariably granted when needed\\nfor schools, provided the quota is not already exhausted.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0516.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX II\\nTABLES OF AREA, POPULATION, ETC.\\nAREA AND POPULATION OF THE CONTINENTS\\nArea in Square\\nEstimated Popu-\\nMiles\\nlation 1897\\nAfrica\\n11,508,793\\n170,000,000\\nAsia (with islands)\\n17,255,890\\n831,000,000\\nAustralia\\n2,946,691\\n4,000,000\\nEurope\\n3,850,000\\n374,000,000\\nNorth America\\n6,446,000\\n94,000,000\\nSouth America\\n6,837,000\\n40,000,000\\nTotal\\n48,844,374\\n1,513,000,000\\nAREA AND POPULATION OF THE STATES AND TER-\\nRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, NOT INCLUD-\\nING ALASKA, ETC.\\nState\\nDate of\\nArea in Square\\nPopulation\\nAdmission\\nMiles\\n1S90\\nAlabama\\n1819\\n52,250\\n1,513,017\\nArizona\\nTerritory\\n113,020\\n59,620\\nArkansas\\n1836\\n53,850\\n1,128,179\\nCalifornia\\n1850\\n158,360\\n1,208,130\\nColorado\\n1876\\n103,925\\n412,198\\nConnecticut\\nO 1\\n4,990\\n746,258\\nDelaware\\nO\\n2,050\\n168,493\\nDistrict of Columbia\\n70\\n230,392\\nFlorida\\n1845\\n58,680\\n391,422\\nJ(\\nmeans original state.\\n445", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0517.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "446\\nAPPEXDIX II\\nState\\nGeorgia\\nIdaho\\nIllinois\\nIndiana\\nIndian Terrifcov\\nIowa\\nKansas\\nKentucky\\nLouisiana\\nMaine\\nMaryland\\nMassachusetts\\nMichigan\\nMinnesota\\nMississippi\\nMissouri\\nMontana\\nNebraska\\nNevada\\nNew Hampshin\\nNew Jersey\\nNew Mexico\\nNew York\\nNorth Carolina\\nNorth Dakota\\nOhio\\nOklahoma\\nOregon\\nPennsylvania\\nRhode Island\\nSouth Carolina\\nSouth Dakota\\nTennessee\\nTexas\\nUtah\\nVermont\\nVirginia\\nWashington\\nWest Virginia\\nWisconsin\\nWyoming\\nDate of\\nArea in Square\\nPopulation\\nAdmission\\nMiles\\n1S90\\n59,175\\n1,837,353\\n1890\\n81,800\\n81,385\\n1818\\n56,650\\n3,826,351\\n1816\\n36,350\\n2,192,101\\nTerritory\\n31,100\\n186.190\\n1815\\n56,025\\n1.911,896\\n1S61\\n82,080\\n1,127,096\\n1792\\n40,100\\n1,858,635\\n1812\\n18.720\\n1.118,587\\n1820\\n33,010\\n661,086\\n12,210\\n1,012,390\\n8,315\\n2,500,183\\n1837\\n58,915\\n2,093,889\\n1858\\n83,365\\n1,301.826\\n1817\\n46,810\\n1,289,600\\n1S21\\n69,115\\n2,679,181\\n1889\\n116,080\\n132,159\\n1867\\n77.510\\n1,058,910\\n1861\\n110,700\\n45,761\\n9,305\\n376,530\\n7,815\\n1,411.933\\nTerritory\\n122,580\\n153,593\\n49,170\\n5,997,853\\n52,250\\n1,617,917\\n1889\\n70,795\\n182,719\\n1802\\n41.060\\n3,672.316\\nTerritory\\n39,030\\n61,831\\n1859\\n96,030\\n313,767\\n45,215\\n5,258.011\\n1,250\\n315,51)6\\n30,570\\n1,151.119\\n18S9\\n77,650\\n328,808\\n1796\\n42,050\\n1,767.518\\n1815\\n265,780\\n2,235,523\\n1891\\n84,970\\n207,905\\n1791\\n9,565\\n332.422\\n42,150\\n1,655,980\\n1889\\n69,1S0\\n319,390\\n1863\\n21.780\\n762,791\\n1818\\n58,010\\n1,686,880\\n1S90\\n97,890\\n60,705", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0518.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "AREAS AND POPULATIONS\\n447\\nESTIMATED AREA AND POPULATION OF SOME OF THE\\nSECTIONS DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT\\nName\\nArea\\nPopulation\\nDate\\nAlaska\\n577,390\\n31,795\\n1890\\nBahama Islands\\n5,450\\n47,565\\n1891\\nBritish Honduras (Belize)\\n7,562\\n31,471\\n1891\\nCanada\\n3,315,047\\n4,829,411\\n1891\\nCosta Rica\\n22,996\\n243,205\\n1892\\nCuba\\n41,655\\n1,631,687\\n1890\\nGuam\\n8,561\\n1887\\nGuatemala\\n49,000\\n1,364,678\\n1893\\nHaiti (island)\\n28,250\\n1,380,000\\nHawaii\\n4,210\\n17,034\\n1878\\nHawaiian Islands\\n6,640\\n102,020\\n1897\\nHonduras\\n46,400\\n380,000\\n1893\\nJamaica\\n4,200\\n649,524\\n1892\\nLuzon\\n40,875\\n3,442,941\\n1887\\nMexico\\n767,005\\n12,636,887\\n1895\\nNewfoundland\\n42,200\\n203,500\\n1892\\nNicaragua\\n49,000\\n360,000\\n1894\\nPhilippine Islands\\n114,326\\n7,000,000\\n1897\\nPorto Rico\\n3,550\\n806,708\\n1890\\nSt. Thomas\\n32\\n12,019\\n1890\\nSan Salvador\\n8,300\\n777,895\\n1891\\nSanta Cruz\\n84\\n19,783\\n1890\\nTutuila\\n55\\nUnited States (not including Alaska,\\netc.)\\n3,025,600\\n76,000,000\\n1899\\nUnited States (including Alaska\\nPhilippine Islands, etc.)\\n3,770,000\\n83,000,000\\n1899\\nPOPULATION OF THE FIFTEEN LARGEST CITIES OF\\nTHE COUNTRY\\nCity\\nl; New York, N. Y.\\n2. Chicago, 111.\\n3. Philadelphia, Pa.\\n4. St. Louis, Mo.\\n5. Boston, Mass.\\n6. Baltimore, Md.\\n7. Cincinnati,\\n8. Cleveland, O.\\n9. Buffalo, N. Y.\\nEstimated\\n1800\\n1830\\n1890\\n1899\\n60,489 (1)\\n197,112 (1)\\n1,515,301 (1)\\n3,549,558\\n4,470(1840)\\n1,099,850 (2)\\n1,950,000\\n41,220 (2)\\n80,462 (3)\\n1,046,964 (3)\\n1,350,000\\n10,049 (1S20)\\n14,125\\n451,770 (4)\\n623,000\\n24,937 (4)\\n61,392 (4)\\n448,477 (5)\\n530,000\\n26,514 (3)\\n80,620 (2)\\n434,439 (6)\\n500,000\\n2,540 (1810)\\n24,831 (7)\\n296,908 (S)\\n405,000\\n606 (1820)\\n1,076\\n261.353 (9)\\n400,000\\n2,095(1820)\\nS,66S\\n255,664 (10)\\n400,000", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0519.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "448\\nAPPENDIX II\\nCity\\n10. San Francisco. Cal.\\n11. Detroit, Mich.\\n12. Pittsburg, Pa.\\nlo. New Orleans, La.\\n14. Washing-ton. D. U.\\n15. Milwaukee. Wis.\\nEstimated\\n1800\\n1830\\n1890\\n1S99\\n350,1\\n1,422 (1S20)\\n2,222\\n205,876(14)\\n350,000\\n1,565\\n12,56S\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2JS^.OIT (12)\\n3 15. in i(J\\n1,242 ilSlO)\\n29,737\\n(6)\\n242,039(11)\\n300,\\n3,210\\n1S.S26\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2230.39-2 (13)\\n280,000\\n1,172\\nd-40 1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a221.4.40? iloi\\n280,\\nPOPULATION OF CITIES MENTIONED IX THE TEXT\\nAcapulco. Mexico\\nAlbany. N.Y.\\nAlbuquerque, N.M\\nAllegheny. Pa.\\nAltoona. Pa.\\nAnnapolis, Md.\\nAnn Arbor. Mich\\nAshland, Wis.\\nAsheville. X.C.\\nAstoria. Or.\\nAtlanta. Ga.\\nAuburn. Me.\\nAuburn. X.Y.\\nAugusta. Ga.\\nAugusta, Me.\\nAustin, Tex.\\nBaltimore. Md.\\nBangor. Me.\\nBar Harbor, Me.\\nBath. Me.\\nBaton Rouge. La.\\nBay City. Mich.\\nBerkeley. Cal.\\nBiddeford, Me.\\nBillings. Mont.\\nBinghamton, N.Y\\nBirmingham, Ala.\\nBoston. Mass.\\nBradford, Pa.\\nBridgeport. Conn.\\nBrockton, Mass.\\nBrooklyn. X.Y. (now\\nBrunswick, Ga\\nBuffalo. X.Y.\\nEstimated Population. Where not\\nCensus of\\notherwise stated, for .Tan. 1, 1899\\n1S90\\n5,000 (1897)\\n100,000\\n94.923\\n10.000 (1897)\\n3,785\\n125,000\\n1H5.2.87\\n42,235 (1897)\\n30.337\\n7,604\\n15,000\\n9.431\\n15.000\\n9.956\\n15.000\\n10.235\\n9,000 (1897)\\n6,184\\n118,000\\n05.533\\n12,000\\n11.250\\n32,000\\n25.858\\n46,000 (1897)\\n33,300\\n11.500 (1897)\\n10.527\\n25,000 (1897)\\n14,5*3 5\\n500,000\\n434.439\\n27.000 (1897)\\n19,103\\n2,000\\n8.723\\n12.000\\n10.478\\n35.000\\n27,839\\n5.101\\n10.000\\n14.443\\n836\\n45.000\\n35.005\\n60.000 (1897)\\n26.178\\n530,000\\n448,477\\n14.000 (1897)\\n10.514\\n75.000\\n48.866\\n36.000\\n27,294\\nw part of New York)\\n12,000 (1S97)\\n806,343\\n8.459\\n400.000\\n255.664", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0520.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "POPULATION OF CITIES\\n449\\nEstimated Population. Where not Census of\\notherwise stated, for Jan. 1, 1899 1890\\nBurlington, Vt.\\n19,000\\n14,590\\nButte, Mont.\\n50,000\\n10,723\\nCalgary, Canada\\n3,876 (1891)\\nCalumet, Mich.\\n7,000 (1898)\\n1,159\\nCambridge, Mass.\\n89,276\\n70,028\\nCamden, N.J.\\n65,000\\n58,313\\nCharleston, S.C.\\n65,000\\n54,955\\nCharlotte, N.C.\\n25,000\\n11,557\\nCharlottetown, Canada\\n11,374 (1891)\\nChattanooga, Term.\\n40,000\\n29,100\\nChelsea, Mass.\\n33,500\\n27,909\\nChester, Pa.\\n35,000\\n20,226\\nCheyenne, Wyo.\\n12,000\\n11,690\\nChicago, 111.\\n1,950,000\\n1,099,850\\nCincinnati, 0.\\n405,000\\n296,908\\nCleveland, 0.\\n400,000\\n261,353\\nColon, Colombia\\n3000\\nColorado Springs, Colo.\\n25,000\\n11,140\\nColumbia, S.C.\\n23,000 (1S97)\\n15,353\\nColumbus, Ga.\\n20,000\\n17,303\\nColumbus, 0.\\n135,000\\n88,150\\nConcord, N.H.\\n17,000\\n17,004\\nCouncil Bluffs, la.\\n30,000\\n21,474\\nCovington, Ky.\\n50,000\\n37,371\\nCripple Creek, Colo.\\n12,000\\nDallas, Tex.\\n50,000\\n38,067\\nDanville, Va.\\n20,000 (1897)\\n10,305\\nDavenport, la.\\n42,000\\n26,872\\nDawson City, Canada\\n10,000\\nNone\\nDayton, 0.\\n85,000\\n61,220\\nDenver, Colo.\\n165,000\\n106,713\\nDes Moines, la.\\n70,000\\n50,093\\nDetroit, Mich.\\n350,000\\n205,876\\nDover, N.H.\\n13,500\\n12,790\\nDubuque, la.\\n50,000\\n30,311\\nDuluth, Minn.\\n60,000\\n33,115\\nDurham, N.C.\\n5,485\\nElizabeth, N.J.\\n50,000\\n37,764\\nElmira, N.Y.\\n42,000\\n30,893\\nEl Paso, Tex.\\n13,000 (1897)\\n10,338\\nErie, Pa\\n60,000\\n40,634\\nEvansville, Ind.\\n70,000\\n50,756\\nFall River, Mass.\\n103,000\\n74,398\\nFindlay, 0.\\n18,553\\nFitchburg, Mass.\\n29,000\\n22,037\\n2 G", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0521.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "450\\nAPPENDIX II\\nFort Worth, Tex.\\nFredericton, Canada\\nGalveston, Tex.\\nGloucester, Mass.\\nGrand Rapids, Mich\\nGreeley, Colo.\\nGreenville, S.C.\\nGuthrie, Oklahoma\\nHalifax, Canada\\nHamilton, Bermuda\\nHamilton, Canada\\nHarrisburg, Pa.\\nHartford, Conn.\\nHavana, Cuba\\nHaverhill, Mass.\\nHelena, Mont.\\nHilo, Hawaiian Is.\\nHoboken, N.J.\\nHolyoke, Mass.\\nHonolulu, Hawaiian Is\\nHot Springs, Ark.\\nHouston, Tex.\\nIndianapolis, Ind.\\nIshpeining, Mich.\\nIthaca, N.Y.\\nJacksonville, Fla.\\nJamestown, N.Y.\\nJefferson City, Mo.\\nJersey City, N.J.\\nJoplin, Mo.\\nJuneau, Alaska\\nKansas City, Mo.\\nKey West, Fla.\\nKingston, Canada\\nKingston, Jamaica\\nKnoxville, Tenn.\\nLa Crosse, Wis.\\nLancaster, Pa.\\nLaramie, Wyo.\\nLawrence, Mass.\\nLeadville, Colo.\\nLewiston, Me.\\nLexington, Ky.\\nLincoln, Neb.\\nLittle Rock, Ark.\\nEstimated Population. Where not\\notherwise stated, for Jan. 1, 1S99\\n35,000 (1897)\\n6,502 (1891)\\n71,250\\n29,000\\n100,000\\nCensus of\\nTS90\\n11,117\\n7,211\\n38,556\\n1,296\\n48,980\\n60,000\\n75,000\\n200,000\\n35,000\\n14,000\\n12,878\\n60,000\\n46,000\\n28,920\\n(1897)\\n(1S97)\\n(1891)\\n(1897)\\n(1891)\\n(1894)\\n(1896)\\n(1896)\\n45,000 (1897)\\n200,000\\n12,000 (1897)\\n13,000 (1897)\\n35,000\\n26,000\\n200,000\\n14,000 (1897)\\n200,000\\n16,502\\n19,264\\n46,542\\n50,000\\n30,000\\n45,000\\n11,690\\n58,000\\n12,000\\n21,800\\n32,000\\n45,000\\n(1895)\\n(1891)\\n(1891)\\n(1897)\\n(1897)\\n(1897)\\n(1897)", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0522.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "POPULATION OF CITIES\\n451\\nEstimated Population. Where not\\nCensus of\\notherwise stated, for Jan. 1, 1S99\\n1890\\nLockport, N.Y.\\n20,000 (1897)\\n16,038\\nLondon, Canada\\n31,977 (1891)\\nLos Angeles, Cal.\\n115,000\\n50,395\\nLouisville, Ky.\\n225,000\\n161,129\\nLowell, Mass\\n87,000\\n77,696\\nLynchburg, Va.\\n25,000\\n19,709\\nLynn, Mass.\\n67,000\\n55,727\\nMacon, Ga.\\n28,800 (1897)\\n22,746\\nMaiden, Mass.\\n32,000\\n23,031\\nManchester, N.H.\\n60,000\\n44,126\\nManila, Philippine Ts.\\n154,062 (1887)\\nMarquette, Mich.\\n10,500\\n9,093\\nMatanzas, Cuba\\n56,379 (1887)\\nMemphis, Tenn.\\n110,000\\n64,495\\nMeriden, Conn.\\n30,000\\n21,652\\nMexico City, Mexico\\n344,377 (1895)\\nMilwaukee, Wis.\\n280,000\\n204,468\\nMinneapolis, Minn.\\n200,000\\n164,738\\nMobile, Ala.\\n40,000\\n31,076\\nMontgomery, Ala.\\n45,000\\n21,883\\nMontreal, Canada\\n216,650 (1891)\\nNashua, N.H.\\n25,000\\n19,311\\nNashville, Tenn.\\n100,000\\n76,168\\nNassau, Bahama\\n11,000 (1891)\\nNatchez, Miss.\\n20,000 (1897)\\n10,101\\nNewark, N.J.\\n250,000\\n181,830\\nNew Bedford, Mass.\\n59,000\\n40,733\\nNew Guatemala, Guatemala\\n72,102 (1893)\\nNew Haven, Conn.\\n115,000\\n81,298\\nNew Orleans, La.\\n300,000\\n242,039\\nNewport, Ky.\\n30,000 (1897)\\n24,918\\nNewport, R.I.\\n24,000\\n19,457\\nNewport News, Va.\\n6,000 (1897)\\n4,449\\nNew York City, N.Y.\\n3,549,558\\n1,515,301\\nNiagara Falls, N.Y.\\n20,000 (1897)\\n5,502\\nNome City, Alaska\\n3000 (1899)\\nNorfolk, Va.\\n65,000\\n34,871\\nNorristown, Pa.\\n23,000 (1897)\\n19,791\\nOakland, Cal.\\n49,000 (1897)\\n48,682\\nOgden, Utah\\n15,828 (1895)\\n14,889\\nOil City, Pa.\\n16.000\\n10,932\\nOklahoma, Oklahoma\\n7,125 (1897)\\n4,151\\nOlean, N.Y.\\n14,000 (1897)\\n7,358\\nOmaha, Neb.\\n160,000\\n140,452\\nOshkosh, Wis.\\n30,000\\n22,836", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0523.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "452\\nAPPENDIX II\\nEstimated Population. Where no\\notherwise stated, for Jan. 1, 1S99\\nOswego, N.Y.\\nOttawa, Canada\\nPanama, Colombia\\nPaterson, N.J.\\nPawtucket, R.I.\\nPensacola, Fla.\\nPeoria, 111.\\nPeterboro, Canada\\nPhiladelphia, Pa.\\nPhoenix, Ari.\\nPittsburg, Pa.\\nPittsfield. Mass.\\nPonce, Porto Rico\\nPort Arthur, Canada\\nPort au Prince, Haiti\\nPortland, Me.\\nPortland, Ore.\\nPortsmouth. N.H.\\nPoughkeepsie, N.Y.\\nProvidence, R.I.\\nProvince town, Mass.\\nPueblo, Colo.\\nPuebla, Mex.\\nQuebec, Canada\\nQuincy, 111.\\nQuincy, Mass.\\nRaleigh, N.C.\\nReading, Pa.\\nRichmond, Va.\\nRoanoke, Va.\\nRochester, N.Y.\\nRome, Ga.\\nRutland, Vt.\\nSacramento, Cal.\\nSaginaw, Mich.\\nSt. Augustine, Fla.\\nSt. John, Canada\\nSt. John s, Newfoundland\\nSt. Joseph, Mo.\\nSt. Louis, Mo.\\nSt. Paul, Minn.\\nSalem, Mass.\\nSalem, Ore.\\nSalt Lake City,^ Utah\\nSan Antonio, Tex.\\n25,000\\n44,154\\n(1S91)\\n30,000\\n(1886)\\n97,344\\n(1895)\\n32,577\\n(1897)\\n16,000\\n70,000\\n9,717\\n(1891)\\n1,350,000\\n8,000\\n(1897)\\n315,000\\n20,461\\n(1895)\\n35,000\\n(1898)\\n2,698\\n(1S91)\\n60,000\\n45,000\\n100,000\\n11,000\\n(1897)\\n25,000\\n167,000\\n4,555\\n(1895)\\n28,250\\n(1897)\\n91,917\\n(1895)\\n63,090\\n(1891)\\n45,000\\n25,000\\n14,000\\n(1897)\\n90,000\\n100,000\\n23,000\\n177,000\\n12,000\\n(1897)\\n35,000\\n60,000\\n4,151\\n(1895)\\n39,179\\n(1891)\\n31,142\\n(1892)\\n70,000\\n623,000\\n175,000\\n35,000\\n14,000\\n(1897)\\n48,076\\n(1895)\\n50,000\\n(1897)\\nCensus of\\n1890\\n21,842\\n78.347\\n27.633\\n11,750\\n41,024\\n1.046,964\\n3,152\\n238,617\\n17,281\\n36,425\\n46,385\\n9,827\\n22,206\\n132,146\\n4,642\\n24,558\\n31,494\\n16,723\\n12,678\\n58,661\\n81,388\\n16.159\\n133.896\\n6,957\\n11,760\\n26,386\\n46,322\\n4,742\\n52,324\\n451,770\\n133,156\\n30,801\\n10,475\\n44,843\\n37,673", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0524.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "POPULATION OF CITIES\\n453\\nEstimated Population. Where not\\nCensus of\\notherwise stated, for Jan. 1, 1899\\n1S90\\nSan Diego, Cal. 23,000\\n16,159\\nSan Francisco, Cal.\\n350,000\\n298,997\\nSan Jose, Cal.\\n25,000\\n18,060\\nSan Juan, Porto Rico\\n30,000\\n(1898)\\nSan Luis Potosi, Mexico\\n69,676\\n(1895)\\nSan Salvador, San Salvadc\\nr\\n25,000\\n(1894)\\nSante Fe, N. M.\\n6,185\\nSantiago, Cuba\\n71,307\\n(1892)\\nSanto Domingo, Santo Doi\\nlingc\\n14,150\\n(1892)\\nSault Ste. Marie, Mich.\\n7,275\\n(1897)\\n5,760\\nSavannah, Ga.\\n66,000\\n43,189\\nSchenectady, ]ST.Y.\\n29,000\\n19,902\\nScran ton, Pa.\\n125,000\\n75,215\\nSeattle, Wash.\\n85,000\\n42,837\\nShreveport, La.\\n24,000\\n11,979\\nSitka, Alaska\\n1,190\\nSornerville, Mass.\\n60,000\\n40,152\\nSpokane, Wash.\\n45,000\\n19,922\\nSpringfield, Mass.\\n57,676\\n44,179\\nSpriugneid, 0.\\n38,000\\n31,895\\nStockton, Cal.\\n20,000\\n14,424\\nSuperior, Wis.\\n30,000\\n11,983\\nSyracuse, N.Y.\\n130,000\\n88,143\\nTacoma, Wash.\\n52,000\\n36,006\\nTampa, Fla.\\n15,634\\n(1895)\\n5,532\\nTampico, Mexico\\n9,885\\n(1894)\\nTaunton, Mass.\\n30,000\\n25,448\\nToledo, 0.\\n145,000\\n81,434\\nTopeka, Kan.\\n35,000\\n31,007\\nToronto, Canada\\n181,220\\n(1891)\\nTrenton, N.J.\\n62,518\\n(1895)\\n57,458\\nTroy, N.Y.\\n65,000\\n60,956\\nTucson, Ari.\\n5,150\\nUpernivik, Greenland\\n700\\n(1870)\\nUtica, N.Y.\\n60,000\\n44,007\\nVancouver, Canada\\n13,685\\n(1891)\\n(1895)\\nVera Cruz, Mexico\\n88,993\\nVicksburg, Miss.\\n20,000\\n13,373\\nVictoria, Canada\\n16,841\\n(1891)\\nVirginia City, Nev.\\n8,511\\nWaltham, Mass.\\n22,200\\n18,707\\nWashington, D.C.\\n280,000\\n230,392\\nWaterbury, Conn.\\n38,000\\n28,646\\nWatertown, N.Y.\\n22,000\\n(1897)\\n14,725\\nWheeling, W. Va.\\n40,000\\n(1897)\\n34,522", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0525.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "454\\nAPPENDIX II\\nEstimated\\nopulation.\\nWhere\\nnot\\nCensus of\\notherwise stated, for Jan. 1, 1S99 1890\\nWichita, Kan 24,000 23,853\\nWilkes Barre, Pa.\\n57,000\\n37,718\\nWilliamsport, Pa.\\n35,000\\n27,132\\nWilmington, Del.\\n70,000\\n61,431\\nWindsor, Canada\\n10,322 (1891)\\nWinnipeg. Canada\\n38,100 (1895)\\nWinona, Minn.\\n25,000\\n18,208\\nWoonsocket, R.I.\\n26,000\\n20,830\\nWorcester, Mass.\\n105,000\\n84,655\\nYarmouth, Canada\\n6,089 (1891)\\nYonkers, N.Y.\\n45,000\\n32,033\\nPRINCIPAL COUNTRIES FROM WHICH OUR FOREIGN\\nBORN POPULATION HAS COME\\nCountry of Birth Number in 1890\\nGermany 2,784,894\\nIreland\\n1,871,509\\nCanada and Newfoundland\\n980,938\\nEngland\\n909.092\\nSweden\\n478,041\\nNorway\\n322,665\\nScotland\\n242,231\\nRussia\\n182,644\\nItaly\\n182,580\\nPoland\\n147,440\\nTotal of foi\\neign\\nborn\\npopii]\\nation\\n9,249,547\\nDISTRIBUTION OF NEGROES IN THE FIFTEEN STATES\\nWHERE THEY ARE MOST NUMEROUS\\nPercentage of\\nNumber of Negroes Negroes to total population\\nStates\\nin 1890 1S90\\n1. Georgia\\n858,815 46.74\\n2. Mississippi\\n742,559\\n57.58\\n3. South Carolina\\n688,934\\n59.85\\n4. Alabama\\n678,489\\n44.84\\n5. Virginia\\n635,438\\n38.37\\n6. North Carolina\\n561,018\\n34.67\\n7. Louisiana\\n559,193\\n49.99\\n8. Texas\\n488,171\\n21.84\\n9. Tennessee\\n430,678\\n24.37", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0526.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "I2IP0RTS AND EXPORTS\\n455\\nStates\\n10. Arkansas\\n11. Kentucky\\n12. Maryland\\n13. Florida\\n14. Missouri\\n15. Pennsylvania\\nPercentage of\\number of Negroes\\nNegroes to tota!\\npopulation\\nin 1390\\n1890\\n309,117\\n27.40\\n268,071\\n14.42\\n215,657\\n20.69\\n166,180\\n42.46\\n150,184\\n5.61\\n107,596\\n2.05\\nTotal number of Negroes in 1890, 7,470,040.\\nFIVE LEADING EXPORTS OF UNITED STATES\\nArticles Value, 1898\\nBreadstuffs (including wheat, corn, flour, etc.)\\nCotton (manufactured and unmanufactured)\\nProvisions (including meat and dairy products)\\nIron, steel, and manufacture of\\nMineral oils\\nTotal value of exports, 1898\\n$333,897,119\\n247,466,307\\n167,340,960\\n70,406,885\\n56,125,578\\n1,231,482,330\\nTEN LEADING IMPORTS OF UNITED STATES\\nValue, 189S\\nArticles\\nCoffee i\\nSugar and molasses\\nSilk\\nChemicals, drugs, etc.\\nHides and skins\\nPrincipal Countries from which\\nthey come\\n\u00c2\u00a9ck nc- oqi S Brazil, other South American\\nI countries, Last Indies.\\n61 043 898 .1 Brazil, Hawaiian Islands,\\nEast and West Indies.\\n55 633 731 i a P an France, Italy, Ger-\\nI many.\\ndi A7n 773 S Germany, East Indies, Great\\nA U Britain.\\n37 068 Q3^ South America, Great Brit-\\nI\\nain, France.\\nVegetable fibres and man- QK Q/iK nQA Great Britain, East Indies,\\nutactures ot Mexico.\\nCotton and manufactures \\\\_ go osfi 80\u00c2\u00b0 .5 Great Britain, Germany,\\nof l France.\\nWool and manufactures f -i ^7 fi g f Great Britain, Germany,\\nOf TTvavir\u00c2\u00bbo\\nFrance.\\n26,011,635 Brazil, Great Britain.\\nRubber and manufactures\\nof\\nFruits and nuts 14,566,950 West Indies, Italy.\\nTotal value of imports, 1898 $616,049,654", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0527.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "456\\nAPPESD1X II\\nFIVE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES TO WHICH ENPORTS\\nFROM THE UNITED STATES ARE SENT\\nCountry Value, 1898 Principal Materials\\nGreat Britain $511,778,705 Cattle, corn, wheat, flour, cotton, oil.\\nGermany 155,772,179 Corn, cotton, oil, lard.\\nCanada 89,578,475 Corn, wheat, coal.\\nNetherlands 79,305,998 Corn, wheat, flour, coffee.\\nFrance 60.596,899 Corn, wheat, cotton, oil.\\nSOME OF THE LARGE RIVERS\\nName\\nMississippi (including Missouri)\\nMissouri\\nSt. Lawrence\\nMackenzie\\nArkansas\\nYukon\\nColorado\\nRio Grande\\nNelson-Saskatchew;\\nColumbia\\nOhio\\nPlatte\\nConnecticut\\nJames\\nPotomac\\nSacramento\\nSusquehanna\\nDelaware\\nHudson\\nPenobscot\\nApproximate\\nApproximate\\nLength in\\nBasin Area\\nOcean\\nMiles\\nSquare Miles\\n4.300\\n1,257,000\\nAtlantic\\n3,000\\n527,155\\nAtlantic\\n2,200\\n530,000\\nAtlantic\\n2,000\\n590,000\\nArctic\\n2,170\\n185,671\\nAtlantic\\n2,000\\n440,000\\nPacific\\n2,000\\n225,049\\nPacific\\n1,800\\n240,000\\nAtlantic\\n1,732\\n432.000\\nAtlantic\\n1,400\\n216,537\\nPacific\\n975\\n20], 720\\nAtlantic\\n900\\n90,011\\nAtlantic\\n450\\n11,269\\nAtlantic\\n450\\n9,684\\nAtlantic\\n400\\n14.479\\nAtlantic\\n400\\n58,824\\nPacific\\n400\\n27.655\\nAtlantic\\n300\\n12,012\\nAtlantic\\n300\\n13,366\\nAtlantic\\n300\\n8,934\\nAtlantic\\nSOME FACTS (APPROXIMATE) CONCERNING THE\\nLARGEST LAKES\\nSuperior\\nHuron\\nLength in Greatest Breadth Area in\\nMiles in Miles Square Miles\\n390\\n270\\n160\\n105\\n30,829\\n22.322\\nGreatest\\nDepth\\n1,008\\n750\\nEleva-\\ntion\\n602\\nbS-2", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0528.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "ELEVATION OF MOUNTAIN PEAKS\\n457\\nLength in\\nGreatest Breadth Area in\\nGreatest\\nEleva-\\nName\\nMiles\\nin Miles\\nSquare Miles\\nDepth\\ntion\\nMichigan\\n335\\n85\\n21,729\\n870\\n582\\nGreat Bear\\n175\\n45\\n11,200\\nGreat Slave\\n300\\n80\\n10,100\\nErie\\n246\\n58\\n9,900\\n210\\n573\\nWinnipeg\\n260\\n65\\n9,400\\n710\\nOntario\\n190\\n55\\n7,104\\n738\\n247\\nManitoba\\n122\\n24\\n1,850\\n810\\nNicaragua\\n92\\n34\\n83\\n110\\nChamplain\\n125\\n10\\n280\\n101\\nMt. McKinley, Alaska (highest known on continent)\\nMt. St. Elias, Alaska\\nMt. Logan, Canada (highest known in Canada)\\nMt. Hooker, Canada\\nSan Francisco Mountain, Arizona\\nMt. Whitney, California (highest in the West)\\nMt. Shasta, California\\nPikes Peak, Colorado\\nELEVATION OF SOME OF THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN\\nPEAKS\\nHeight in Feet\\n20,464\\n18,100\\n19,539\\n13,500\\n12,794\\n14,898\\n14,380\\n14,108\\n11,225\\n14,526\\n13,790\\n6,711\\n6,293\\n5,344\\n5,200\\n3,186\\n18,314\\n17,798\\n8,600\\n3,609\\n7,360\\n10,300\\n13,805\\n13,675\\n10,312\\n8,900\\nMt. Hood, Oregon\\nMt. Ranier, Washington\\nFremont Peak, Wyoming\\nMt. Mitchell, North Carolina (highest in East)\\nMt. Washington, New Hampshire (highest in Nor\\nMt. Marcy, New York\\nMt. Katahdin, Maine\\nMt. Monadnock, New Hampshire\\nOrizaba, Mexico (highest in Mexico)\\nPopocatepetl, Mexico\\nPico del Turquino, Cuba\\nYunque, Porto Rico\\nBlue Mountain Peak, Jamaica.\\nMt. Tina, Haiti\\nMauna Kea, Hawaii\\nMauna Loa, Hawaii\\nApo, Mindanao Island, Philippines.\\nMayon, Luzon Island, Philippines\\ntheast)", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0529.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0530.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY\\nKEY TO PRONUNCIATION\\na, as in fat; a, as in fate; a, as in far; a, as in fall; e, as\\nin pen; e, as -in mete; e, as in her; i, as in pin; I, as in pine o, as in\\nnot; 5, as in note; o, as in move; u, as in tub; u, as in mute; u, as in\\npull; g, as in get; g, as in gem; c, as in cat; 9, as in cent.\\nA double dot under a, e, or (a, e, o) indicates that its sound is short-\\nened to that of u in but.\\nItalicized letters are silent. The sign tells upon which syllable the\\naccent is placed. The numbers refer to pages in the book excepting where\\nFig. is before them, when they refer to figures in the book.\\nA-ca-pul -co, 388.\\nAd-i-ron -dacks, 162.\\nA-ga -ve, 382.\\nAgriculture, 139, 164, 208, 238, 296,\\n332, 339, 346, 362, 381, 391, 394-\\n400, 406.\\nAl-a-ba -ma, 158, 202, 207, 218, 221,\\n232, 409, 413.\\nA-las -ka, 52, 318, 323, 359, 360,\\n361, 424.\\nAl -ba-ny (ni), 161, 178, 181, 185.\\nAl-ber -ta, 352, 362.\\nAlbuquerque (al-bo-ker -ke), 306.\\nAleutian (a-lu -shun) Islands, 325.\\nAllegheny (al -e-ga-na), 170, 178,\\n220, 275.\\nAl-too -na, 178.\\nAn-dros-cog -^in, 130.\\nAnimals of North America, 76-92.\\nA?i-nap -o-lis, 195.\\nAnn Ar -bor, 268.\\nAntarctic (an-tark -tik) Circle, 35.\\nAnthracite coal, 4, 171.\\nAn-til -les (lez), 393.\\nAnti-trade Winds, 42.\\nApia (a -pe-a), 341.\\nAp-pa-lach -i-an Mountains, 6, 157,\\n202, 234.\\nArctic (ark -tik) Circle, 35.\\nAr-i-zo -na, 49, 285, 286, 288, 293,\\n305, 308, 310, 319, 415.\\nAr -kan-sas (saw), 205, 221, 232.\\nAshc -vilZe, 205.\\nAsh -land, 257.\\nAs-sin-i-boi -a, 352, 362.\\nAs-to -ri-a, 316.\\nAth-a-bas -ca, 352.\\nAt-lan -ta, 207, 220, 222, 227.\\n459", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0531.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "460\\nINDEX\\nAt-lan -tic. 22.\\nAuburn (a -bern), Me.. 130, 144.\\nAuburn (a -bern), X. Y., 169. 179.\\nAw-gus -ta, Ga., 222.\\nAtt-gus -ta, Me., 130. 132. 144.\\nAws -tin, 229.\\nAz -tecs (teks), 94, 98, 380, 388.\\nBa-ha -inas, 71, 393, 398.\\nBal -ti-more, 163, 168, 178. 193. 247.\\n301, 418, 422, 426.\\nBananas, 204, 333, 345, 384. 390.\\n391. 393, 395.\\nBan -gor, 130, 132, 163.\\nBar-ba -does (doz), 396.\\nBar Harbor, 139, 154.\\nBarley, 247, 296, 363, 364.\\nBarrens, 78. 356.\\nBath. 131.\\nBat -on Rouge (robzh), 228.\\nBay City, 254.\\nBelize (be-lez 391.\\nBellows Falls (bel -oz) 143.\\nBelt of Calms, 45.\\nBe -ring Sea, 325.\\nBerkeley (berk -li), 314.\\nBerk -shire Hills, 126, 152.\\nBer-mu -das, 71, 338, 399.\\nBid -(7e-ford, 144.\\nBillings (bil -ingz), 298, 303, 305.\\nBing -ftarn-ton, 178, 180.\\nBir -ming-ham (Ber), 218, 219, 228.\\nBis -mark (biz), Fig. 178.\\nBituminous coal, 5, 170, 256.\\nBlast furnace, 176.\\nBlizzards. 246.\\nBluefields (blo -feldz), 391.\\nBoise (boi -ze). Fig. 211.\\nBos -ton, 136, 143, 149. 150, 185,\\n193, 228. 348. 422. 426. 430.\\nBrad -ford, 173.\\nBricks, 180, 260.\\nBridge -port, 147.\\nBritish Co-lum -bi-a (be-a), 352,\\n354, 355, 357, 359, 362, 365.\\nBritish Hon-du -ras (do), 390.\\nBrock -ton, 145, 267.\\nBrook -lyn (lin), 181, 187.\\nBrunswick (brunz -wik), 207.\\nBuf -fa-lo, 173, 177, 181, 182, 184,\\n185, 186. 192, 258, 262, 265, 418.\\nBur -ling-ton (ber), 149.\\nButte (but), 292, 293, 312, 348.\\nCal -ga-ry (ri), 363.\\nCal-i-for -ni-a, 49, 52. 71. 102. 168,\\n281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 289, 290,\\n294. 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 311,\\n314, 320, 329, 409. 414, 431.\\nCal -u-met, 259.\\nCam -brkZge, 149, 151.\\nCam -den, 178, 191. 192.\\nCan -a-da, 351, 404, 406, 424, 425.\\nCanals, 182, 238.\\nCan -ger, Tropic of, 34.\\nCanning Fruit. 168, 301.\\nCape Breton (brif -on), 366.\\nCap -ri-corn, Tropic of, 36.\\nCar-i/j-be -an, 380, 393.\\nCarlisle (kar-lil 104.\\nCas-cade Ranges, 283.\\nCas -sel-ton, 246.\\nCats -kil?s, 164.\\nCattle Ranching, 217, 248, 302, 362.\\n384, 415.\\nCave dwellings, 307, 308.\\nCaverns, 242.\\nCayuga Lake (ka-yo -ga). 191.\\nQen -tral Amer -i-ca. 389, 404. 425.\\nCentral States. 234.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0532.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n461\\nCentury Plant, 383.\\nChain-plain (sham), Lake, 149.\\nCharles -ton (charlz), S. C, 207,\\n213, 219, 228.\\nCharlotte (shar -lot), 222.\\nCharlottetown, 364.\\nChat-ta-noo -ga, 218, 220, 222, 228.\\nChautauqua (sha-ta -kwa), Grape\\nBelt, 167.\\nChel -sea (si), 149.\\nChes -a-peake, 20, 161, 163, 193.\\nChes -ter, 191.\\nCheyenne (shl-en 298.\\nChi-ca -go (she), 181, 215, 223, 227,\\n247, 251, 254, 258, 262-268, 269,\\n271, 273, 418, 419, 420, 422, 424.\\nCin-ci?/,-na -ti, 247, 260, 269, 275.\\nCircle City, 330.\\nCities, 405, 418.\\nCity Life, 189.\\nClays, 180, 260.\\nCleve -land, 181, 258, 265, 268.\\nCliff Dwellings, 306, 307.\\nClimate of North America, 76.\\nCoal, 3, 170, 218, 255, 288, 291, 293,\\n328, 365, 412.\\nCoal Period, 3.\\nCoastal Plains, 158, 200.\\nCoast Ranges, 283.\\nCoch -i-nefll, 384.\\nCo -coa, 333, 345, 346, 391.\\nCocoanuts, 204, 217, 333, 345, 346.\\nCod, 137, 325, 358, 417.\\nCoffee, 333, 339, 346, 384, 391, 426.\\nColleges, 151, 191.\\nCQ-lon 392.\\nCol-o-ra -do, 283, 290, 291, 292, 293,\\n298, 312, 319, 381, 414, 415.\\nCol-o-ra -do Can -yon, 6, 310.\\nColorado Plateau, 285, 288.\\nColorado Springs, 312.\\nCo-lum -bi-a (be-a) Plateau, 285.\\nCo-lum -bi-a (be-a), 222.\\nCo-lum -bus, Ga., 222.\\nColumbus, Ohio, 276.\\nCommerce, 421.\\nConcord (kong -kord), 133.\\nCon-nect -i-cut, 147, 149, 156, 308,\\n331.\\nContinental Shelf, 20.\\nCopper, 258, 288, 291, 292, 332,\\n413, 415.\\nCoral Islands, 71, 204, 398, 399.\\nCor-dil-ler -as, 6.\\nCorn, 92, 93, 217, 243, 364, 381,\\n406, 407.\\nCosta Pica (kos -ta re -ka), 390,\\n391.\\nCotton, 209, 384, 408, 409.\\nCotton Gin, 221.\\nCotton Manufacturing, 143, 220, 419.\\nCoun -cil Bluffs, 275.\\nCountry, 238, 405, 406.\\nCov -ing-ton, 275.\\nCrip -ple Creek, 292.\\nCu -ba, 43, 214, 228, 330-336, 337,\\n379, 394, 410, 424.\\nCyclonic Storms, 53.\\nDairying, 164, 411, Fig. 336.\\nDal -Zas, 229.\\nDan -viUe, 166.\\nDav -en-port, 273.\\nDaw -son City, 330, 365.\\nDay -ton, 275.\\nDel -a-ware, 167, 178, 191, 198.\\nDel -a-ware Bay, 20.\\nDel -a-ware River, 159.\\nDen -ver, 189, 292, 297, 298, 312,\\n421.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0533.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "462\\nINDEX\\nDependencies of United States, 322.\\nDeserts, 47, 49, 286, 299.\\nDes Moines (de-moin 273.\\nDe-troit 181, 258, 268, 269, 370,\\n421.\\nDistrict of Co-lum -bi-a (be-a), 195.\\nDo -ver, 145.\\nDrift, 16.\\nDubuque (do-buk 273.\\nDuluth (do-looth 181, 223, 247,\\n254, 257, 261, 265, 368, 370, 418.\\nDur/i -am, 209, 222.\\nElevators, 265.\\nE-liz -a-beth, 180.\\nEl-ml -ra, 178.\\nEl Pa -so, 229.\\nEquatorial Drift, 64.\\nE -qui-nox (kwi), 36.\\nE -rie, 178, 192.\\nE -rie Canal, 181, 182, 187.\\nE-rieLake, 167, 181.\\nEs -ki-mos (moz), 26, 92, 100, 356,\\n372-376.\\nEv -ans-vilZe (anz), 276.\\nExports, 426.\\nFall Line, 158, 200.\\nFan River, 145, 147.\\nFarming (see Agriculture).-\\nFear, Cape, 203.\\nFishing, 136, 163, 316, 325, 358,\\n417.\\nFiicli -burg (berg), 147.\\nFlax, 364.\\nFlor -i-da, 4, 21, 49, 71, 204, 206,\\n207, 216, 217, 219, 223, 228, 232,\\n333, 424.\\nFlour-mills, 271.\\nFort Worth, 229.\\nFred -er-ic-ton, 357.\\nFrench, 98, 100, 226, 351, 352, 368.\\nFruits, 166, 204, 216, 241, 296, 299-\\n302, 333, 339, 381, 384, 395, 411.\\nFur seals, 327.\\nGal -ves-ton, 189, 229, 426.\\nGeor -gi-a, 207, 217, 219, 220, 222,\\n228, 231, 409.\\nGey -sers (gi), 309.\\nGla -cier (shier), 12, 324, 375.\\nGloucester (glos -ter), 133, 136, 137,\\n348.\\nGold, 219, 260, 281, 285, 288-293,\\n328-330, 345, 365, 386, 391, 414.\\nGrand Rap -ids, 254.\\nGranite, 133, 219, 255.\\nGrapes, 167, 241, 296, 301, 364,\\n381, 411.\\nGravitation, 30.\\nGrazing (see Ranching).\\nGreat Basin, 285, 287.\\nGreat Ice Age, 12.\\nGreat Lakes, 16, 160, 236, 241, 355,\\n364, 428.\\nGreat Plains, 248, 283, 354.\\nGreat Salt Lake, 299.\\nGree -ley (li), 298.\\nGreen -land, 13, 374-376.\\nGreen Mountains, 126, 152.\\nGre n -vil7e, 222.\\nGreen -joich, 113.\\nGuadalajara (gwa-da-la-ha -ra) 388.\\nG? a-de-lo?(pe 397, 398.\\nGuam (gwam), 340, 341.\\nGwa-te-ma -la, 390, 391.\\nGulf of Mex -i-co, 10, 393.\\nGulf Stream, 60, 69, 71, 127, 161,\\n204, 367, 398,\\nGuth -n e, 230.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0534.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n463\\nHaiti (ha -ti), 331, 379, 395.\\nHalibut, 137, 325.\\nHal -i-fax, 358, 371.\\nHam -il-ton, Canada, 370.\\nHam -il-ton, Bermuda, 400.\\nHamp -ton, 104, 106.\\nHar -ris-burg (berg), 178, 191.\\nHart -ford, 147.\\nHat -Zer-as, Cape, 203.\\nHa-van -a, 333, 334, 335.\\nHa -ver-MZ, 145, 267.\\nHawaiian (ha-wa -yan) Islands,\\n214, 315, 336-340, 341, 410, 424.\\nHel -e-na, 290, 292.\\nHemp, 346.\\nHilo (he -lo), 339.\\nHo -bo-ken, 178, 180, 186.\\nHogs, 217, 240, 245, 266, 273,\\n411.\\nHol -yoke, 132.\\nHon-du -ras (do), 390, 391.\\nHo-no-lu -lu (loo -loo), 339, 340.\\nHood, Mt., 285.\\nHorse Latitudes, 49.\\nHorses, 242, 364, 416.\\nHot Springs, 205.\\nHous -ton, 229.\\nHud -son Bay, 366.\\nHud -son River, 161, 181, 184-186.\\nHu -ron, Lake, 262, 263.\\nHur -ri-cane, 56.\\nIceberg, 13, 69, 376.\\nI -da-ho, 52, 285, 293, 320, 415.\\nIllinois (il-i-noi 170, 236, 245,\\n252, 263, 273, 278, 405, 407, 411,\\n412, 415, 416, 419, 420.\\nImmigrants, 106.\\nImports, 426.\\nInclination of Earth s Axis, 29.\\nIn -di-ans, 92, 93, 100, 103, 229, 306,\\n380, 396.\\nIndian Reservations, 103.\\nIndian Territory, 203, 229, 230, 233.\\nIn-di-an -a, 170, 236, 245, 252, 255,\\n276, 278, 408.\\nIn-di-an-ap -o-lis, 189, 276.\\nI -o-wa, 252, 260, 273, 279, 407, 409,\\n411, 412, 415, 416.\\nIron Manufacturing, 147, 175, 220,\\n312, 368, 419.\\nIron Ore, 174, 218, 256, 291, 332,\\n365, 386, 413.\\nIrrigation, 297-302, 381, 387.\\nIsh -pem-ing, 256.\\nI -s5-therms, 74.\\nIth-a-ca, 163, 191.\\nJack -spn-vilZe, 205, 207, 219, 348.\\nJamaica (ja-ma -ka), 331, 394.\\nJames -town, 180.\\nJap-a-nese Current, 68.\\nJef -/er-spn City, 275.\\nJersey (jer -zi) City, 178, 180, 186,\\n187, 275.\\nJop -lin, 260.\\nJuneau (Jo-no 328.\\nKan -sas (zas), 248, 252, 260, 275,\\n279, 298, 408, 415, 424.\\nKan -sas (zas) City, 223, 251, 273.\\nKa-ta/i -din, Mt., 126, 128, 152.\\nKen-rce-bec 130.\\nKen-tuck -y, 217, 234, 236, 238, 242,\\n275, 276, 278, 341.\\nKey West, 73, 223, 333.\\nKing -ston, Canada, 370.\\nKing -stpn, Jamaica, 394.\\nKlon -dike, 329, 365.\\nJTnox -viUe, 219, 220.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0535.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "464\\nINDEX\\nLab-ra-dor (door), 19, 352.\\nLabrador Current, 66, 69, 127, 161,\\n361, 367.\\nLachine (La-shen Rapids, 367.\\nLa Crosse, 254, 273.\\nLa-drone 341.\\nLan -cas-ter (lang), 169.\\nLar -a-mie, 298.\\nLa Sal/e 99.\\nLaf-i-tu.de, 111.\\nLawrence (la -rens), 145.\\nLead, 260, 288, 291, 293, 386.\\nLead -viUe, 291, 292.\\nLeather Manufacturing, 145.\\nLemons, 204, 216, 299.\\nLeon (la-on 387.\\nLesser An-til -les (lez), 397.\\nLevee (le-ve or lev -i), 226.\\nLew -is-ton (lu). 130, 144.\\nLexington (lek -sing-ton), 242.\\nLimestone, 175, 219, 255.\\nLincoln (ling -kon), 275.\\nLittle Rock, 222 228.\\nLZa -no Es-ta-ca -do, Fig. 153.\\nLock -port, 183, 184, 186.\\nLon -don, 370.\\nLongitude (lon -gi-tiid), 113.\\nLookout (luk -out), Cape, 203.\\nLos An -ge-les, 281, 288, 299, 301,\\n314, 316.\\nLouisiana (16-e-zi-an -a) 213, 214,\\n221, 232, 332, 410.\\nLouisville (lo -is-vil), 189,237,242,\\n245, 276, 421.\\nLow -elZ, 145, 147.\\nLow Pressure Areas, 52.\\nLumbering, 127, 162, 205, 252, 293,\\n328, 331, 346, 356, 385, 391, 395,\\n416, 417.\\nLu-zon (15), 341, 348.\\nLynchburg (linch -berg), 166.\\nLynn (lin), 145, 267.\\nMcKinley, (ma-kin -li) Mt., 324.\\nMac-ken -zie River, 354.\\nMackerel, 137.\\nMa -con, 207, 222.\\nMaguey (ma-gwa 382.\\nMame, 126, 128, 131, 132, 133, 136,\\n139, 144, 148, 152, 154, 162, 163,\\n253, 294, 356, 359, 417, 424.\\nMa-lays 344.\\nMal -den, 149.\\nMam -moth Cave, 243.\\nMan -ches-ter, 144, 149.\\nMan-hat an Island, 187.\\nMa-nil -a, 341, 346, 348.\\nMan-i-to-ba 352, 356, 363.\\nManufacturing, 141, 175-180, 219,\\n346, 368, 389 (also all large cities)\\n418, 419.\\nMarble, 135, 219, 386.\\nMarquette (mar-kef), 99, 257.\\nMar -thas (thaz) Vine -yard, 126,\\n154.\\nMar-ti-nique (nek), 397.\\nMaryland (mer -i-land), 167, 178,\\n193, 198.\\nMas-sa-clvu -setts, 132, 133, 136,\\n145, 147, 155, 191, 267, 419, 420.\\nMa-tan -zas, 335.\\nMau -na Lo -a, 336.\\nMem -phis (fis), 207, 222, 226, 227.\\n420.\\nMer -i-den, 147.\\nMer -ri-mac River, 145.\\nMetal Manufacturing (see also iron\\nmanufacturing), 146.\\nMex -i-co, 229, 378, 404, 406, 425.\\nMex -i-co City, 380, 387.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0536.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n465\\nMex -i-co, Gulf of, 10, 393.\\nMich -i-gan (mish), 242, 252, 254,\\n256, 258, 260, 268, 278, 294, 413,\\n417.\\nMich -i-gan (mish), Lake, 262, 263.\\nMiddle Atlantic States, 157.\\nMilk, 140, 164, 240, 411.\\nMil-waw -kee, 247, 267, 268, 421.\\nMin-da-na -o (men), 341.\\nMin-do -ro (men), Fig. 270.\\nMining, 169, 218, 254, 282, 288,\\n328, 332, 345, 365, 386, 391,\\n412.\\nMin-ne-ap -o-lis, 247, 253, 265, 271,\\n363, 418, 421, 424.\\nMin-rce-so -ta, 16, 72, 236, 245, 252,\\n254, 258, 261, 271, 273, 279, 363,\\n408, 413.\\nMiquelon (mek -lon), 352.\\nMis-sis-sip -j)i Eiver, 9, 200, 234,\\n237, 428.\\nMis-sis-sip -pi, State, 221, 232, 409.\\nMis-sow -ri, 234, 242, 260, 273, 275,\\n279, 405, 407, 411.\\nMis-so\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab -ri River, 273.\\nMi\u00c2\u00abch -elZ, Mt., 202.\\nMo-bile (bel), 207, 222, 371.\\nMo -hawk River, 159.\\nMo-nad -nock, Mt., 126, 153.\\nMon-soon 40, 343, 380.\\nMon-ta -na, 52, 290, 292, 293, 298,\\n303, 319, 354, 363, 414, 416, 424.\\nMont-gom -e-ry, 207, 222.\\nMont-re-al 101, 262, 352, 358,367,\\n368, 369, 371, 422.\\nMoose -head Lake, 152.\\nMo-rai ne 15.\\nMor -mons, 299.\\nMo -ros, 347.\\nMuir Glacier, 324.\\n2h\\nNan-tuck -et, 126, 154.\\nNar-ra-gan -seta Bay, 154.\\nNash -u-a, 144.\\nNash -vilZe, 228.\\nNas -saw, 398.\\nNat -chez, 228.\\nNatural Gas, 173, 255, 413.\\nNe-bras -ka, 252, 273, 275, 279, 298,\\n407.\\nNegritos (ne-gre -toz), 344.\\nNegroes, 104, 209, 213, 396.\\nNe-va -da, 285, 286, 287, 290, 291,\\n306, 319, 414.\\nNew -ark, 178, 180.\\nNew Bed -ford, 145, 147.\\nNew Bruns -wick, 352, 356, 357,\\n358, 365, 371.\\nNew Eng -land (ing States, 124.\\nNew -found-land, 19, 71, 351, 352,\\n357, 358, 361, 424.\\nNew Gtta-te-ma -la, 391.\\nNew Hamp -shire, 126, 128, 133,\\n144, 149, 152, 155, 202, 356.\\nNew Ha -ven, 147, 149.\\nNew Jersey (jer -zi), 160, 167, 174,\\n178-181, 186, 187, 191, 197, 419.\\nNew Mex -i-co, 49, 281, 293, 305,\\n306, 307, 308, 319, 380, 416.\\nNew Or -le-ans, 99, 101, 213, 215,\\n222, 223-227, 229, 237, 316, 420,\\n421, 426.\\nNewport, (nu -port), Ky., 275.\\nNewport, (nu -port), R. I., 154.\\nNewport (nu -port) News, 162.\\nNew York City, 73, 99, 178, 180-\\n191, 193, 223, 227, 247, 262, 265,\\n275, 291, 314, 371, 393, 418, 419,\\n421, 422, 430.\\nNew York State, 132, 158, 160, 161,\\n163-169, 173, 174, 177, 179, 180,", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0537.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "466\\nINDEX\\n184, 191, 192, 197, 241, 255,\\n370, 375, 405, 409, 411, 415,\\n419, 420.\\nNl-ag -a-ra Falls, 17, 160, 186.\\nNic-a-nV-gua (gwa), 390.\\nNic-a-ra -gua Canal, 392.\\nNome City, 330.\\nNor -foZk, 163, 195.\\nNor is-town, 191.\\nNorth A-mer -i-ca, 1, 120.\\nNorth Car-o-ll -na, 145, 162,\\n205, 209, 210, 217, 219, 221,\\n231, 242.\\nNorth Da-ko -ta, 52, 245, 246,\\n249, 250, 279, 354, 363, 408.\\nNo -va Sco -tia (sco -sha), 19,\\n357, 358, 365, 366, 371.\\n354,\\n416,\\n202,\\n222,\\n248,\\n352,\\nOahu (wa -ho), 339.\\nOok -land, 314.\\nOats, 247, 363, 364, 408.\\nOcean Currents, 63.\\nOg -den, 299, 312.\\nO-hl -o, 132, 166, 170, 174, 234, 238,\\n239, 245, 252, 255, 268, 275, 277,\\n354, 405, 408, 409, 411, 412, 416,\\n419, 420.\\nOil City, 173.\\nOk-la-ho -ma, 230, 233.\\nOk-la-ho -ma City, 230.\\nOld Point Comfort, 162.\\nO -le-an, 173.\\nO -ma-ha, 251, 273.\\nOn-ta -ri-o, 352, 364, 365, 371.\\nOn-ta -ri-o, Lake, 167, 357, 364,\\n369, 370.\\nOranges, 204, 216, 297, 299-301,\\n333, 384, 411.\\nOr -e-gon, 283, 285, 286, 294, 314,\\n316, 317, 320, 416.\\nO-ri-za -ba, 378.\\nOsh -kosh, 254.\\nOs-we -go, 180.\\nOt -\u00c2\u00a3a-wa, 352, 358, 369, 370.\\nOu-ray 1 290.\\nOysters, 163, 417.\\nPa -go Pa -go, 341.\\nPa-la-wan Pig. 270.\\nPan-a-ma 392.\\nPan-a-ma Canal, 392.\\nPan-a-ma Isthmus, 23, 282, 392.\\nPat -er-son, 180.\\nPaw-tuck -et, 145.\\nPe -ne-plam, 126.\\nPenrc-syl-va -ni-a, 4, 132, 136, 160,\\n163, 166, 169, 170, 173, 174, 178,\\n187, 191, 192, 193, 198, 203, 218,\\n255, 256, 258, 331, 405, 409, 411,\\n412, 413, 416, 419, 420.\\nPe-nob -scot, 130.\\nPen-sa-co -la, 207.\\nPe-o -ri-a, 245, 247, 273, 421.\\nPepper, 333, 386.\\nPe -ter-bpr-o, 371.\\nPetroleum, 173, 255, 314, 365,\\n413.\\nPhil-a-del -phi-a, 178, 180; 184, 191-\\n193, 419, 422, 426, 430.\\nPhil -ip-pine Islands, 40, 214, 315,\\n318, 338, 341-348, 410, 424.\\nPhosphates (fos -fat), 219.\\nPzed -mont Plateau, 157, 200.\\nPierre (pe-ar Fig. 178.\\nPiWs -burg (berg), 98, 170, 173,\\n178, 179, 192, 220, 223, 275.\\nPiWs -field, 145.\\nPlants of North America, 76-92.\\nPonce (or pon- tha), 336.\\nPonf-char-train Lake, 225.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0538.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n467\\nPo-po-cat-e-pe -tl, 378.\\nPopulation, 404, 405.\\nPort Ar -thur, 370.\\nPort au (o) Prinze, 395.\\nPort -land, Me., 131, 136, 148.\\nPort -land, Ore., 285, 316.\\nPor -to Ri -co (re -ko), 214, 330-\\n336, 337, 379, 394, 410, 424.\\nPorts -mouth, 149.\\nPo-to -mac River, 159.\\nPottery, 179, 260.\\nPoughkeepsie (po-kip -si), 191.\\nPrai -ries, 236.\\nPrevailing Westerlies, 50.\\nPribilof (pre -bel-of) Islands, 327.\\nPrince Edward Island, 352, 357,\\n358, 364.\\nProv -i-dence, 145, 147, 149, 421.\\nProv -ince-town, 136.\\nPuebla (pweb -la), 388.\\nPueblo (pweb -lo), 292, 293, 298.\\nPueblo Indians, 94, 306, 380.\\nPu -get Sound, 19, 285, 317.\\nQuarrying, 133, 219, 254.\\nQuebec (kwe-bek 101, 352, 368.\\nQuebec (kwe-bek (province), 352,\\n356.\\nQuincy (kwin -zi), 111., 273.\\nQuincy (kwin -zi), Mass., 133.\\nRailways, 151, 185, 191, 238, 263,\\n287, 428, 429, 430.\\nRain, 39-56.\\nRaleigh (ra -li), 222.\\nRanching (see Cattle Ranching).\\nRangely (ranj -li) Lakes, 152.\\nRainier (ra -ner), Mt., 285.\\nRead -ing, 178.\\nRevolution of Earth, 30.\\nRTiode Is -land, 145, 149, 155, 419.\\nRice, 212, 339, 345, 384.\\nRich -mond, 166, 191, 276.\\nRio Grande (re -o), 287.\\n_Ro-a-noke 178.\\nRoch -es-ter, 167, 169, 180.\\nRock -y Mountains, 203, 283, 354.\\nRome, 220.\\nRotation, effect of, 43.\\nRut -land, 135.\\nSac-ra-men -to, 296, 314.\\nSag -i-naio, 254.\\nSag -we-nay River, 353.\\nSt. Ai( -gus-tine (ten), 205.\\nSaint Croix (krwa), 395, 397.\\nSt. E-li -as, Mt., 323.\\nSt. Hel -ens (enz), Mt., 8.\\nSt. John, 357, 371.\\nSt. John s, 358, 361.\\nSt. Joseph, 275.\\nSt. Laio -renge, Gulf of, 20.\\nSt. Law -rence River, 351, 355, 366.\\nSt. Louis (lo -is), 99, 223, 227, 242,\\n245, 247, 251, 269, 273, 276.\\nSt. Paul, 189, 223, 247, 271, 422.\\nSt. Pierre (pe-air 352.\\nSt. Thomas, 397.\\nSt. Vin -cent, 398.\\nSa -lem, Mass., 145, 149, 369.\\nSa -lem, Ore., 316.\\nSalmon, 317, 325, 358, 417.\\nSalt, 169, 260.\\nSalt Lake City, 299, 312.\\nSa-mar Eig. 270.\\nSa-mo -a, 340.\\nSan An-to -ni-o (ne), 229.\\nSan Diego (de-a -go), 316.\\nSan Eran-cis -co, 74, 281, 312-315,\\n393, 418, 422, 426.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0539.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "468\\nINDEX\\nSan Jose (ho-sa^), 314.\\nSan Juan (hwan), 335, 336.\\nSan Luis (lo -es) Po-to -si (se),\\n388.\\nSan Sal -va-dor, 390.\\nSan -ta Pe (fa), 307.\\nSan-ti-a -go (te), 332, 335.\\nSan -to Do-ming -go, 395.\\nSar-gas -so Sea, 64.\\nSas-ka\u00c2\u00a3ch -e-wan, 352.\\nSault Ste. Marie (so-sant-ma -ri),\\n262.\\nSa-van -Haft, 207, 213, 228.\\nSchenectady (ske-nek -ta-di), 178.\\nScran -tpn, 171, 178.\\nSeals, 327, 361, 417.\\nSe-at -fle, 296, 317, 325.\\nShas -ta, Mt., 9, 285.\\nSheep Raising, 217, 240, 303, 363,\\n416, 417.\\nShreve -port, 228.\\nSi-er -ra (se) Ne-va -da, Mountains,\\n282, 283, 285, 311.\\nSilver, 285, 288-293, 345, 365, 386,\\n391, 414, 415.\\nSit -ka, 20, 324, 325, 328.\\nSlate, 136, 255.\\nSlavery, 104, 209, 213, 396.\\nSom f -er-vh7e, 149.\\nSouth Car-o-li -na, 207, 213, 222,\\n231, 409.\\nSouth Da-ko -ta, 52, 234, 245, 253,\\n260, 279, 414.\\nSouthern States, 200.\\nSpan -iard (yard), 97, 100, 281, 334,\\n345, 347, 380.\\nSpo-kane 317.\\nSpring -field, Mass., 147.\\nSpring -field, Ohio, 275.\\nStandard Time, 116.\\nStock -ton, 296.\\nStock Yards, 265.\\nStorms, 53.\\nSugar, 213, 332, 339, 346, 384, 391,\\n394, 398, 410.\\nSugar Maple, 132.\\nSulu (so-lo Islands, 347.\\nSummer, 26, 32.\\nSu-pe -ri-or (so), 254, 257, 261.\\nSu-pe -ri-pr, Lake (so), 256, 262.\\nSus-que-han -na (kwe) River, 159.\\nSyr -a-cuse, 169, 178.\\nTa-co -ma, 285, 294, 296, 317, 325,\\n394.\\nTam -pa, 219, 223, 228.\\nTam-pi -co (pe), 388.\\nTanneries, 145, 207, 267.\\nTaos Pueblo (taus pweb -lo), 94.\\nTaun -ton, 145.\\nTemperature, Distribution of, 71.\\nTen-nes-see 135, 202, 207, 209,\\n217, 219, 220, 227, 228, 231, 242.\\nTerritories, 229, 305, 322.\\nTex -as, 41, 49, 143, 203, 205, 210,\\n213, 217, 221, 229, 230, 232, 248,\\n323, 381, 407, 409, 411, 415.\\nTides, 60.\\nTobacco, 92, 93, 165, 209, 222, 242,\\n333, 346, 364, 384, 389, 391, 410.\\nTo-le -do, 268.\\nTo-pe -ka, 275.\\nTor-na -does, 55.\\nTo-ron -to, 358, 369, 370.\\nTrade Centres, 421.\\nTrade Winds, 42, 47.\\nTren -ton, 179, 191.\\nTroy, 178, 180.\\nTun -dras, 78, 356.\\nTurpentine, 207, 208.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0540.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n469\\nTuscon (to -son), 293.\\nTutuila (to-to-il -a), 340.\\nTyphoons (tl-fons 342.\\ntf-ni -ted States, 121, 404.\\nUniversities, 151, 163, 191, 195, 228,\\n268, 314.\\nUpernivik (o-per -ni-vik), 375.\\nUpolu (6-po-lo 341.\\nU -taft, 285, 286, 293, 299, 320, 415.\\nU -ti-ca, 165, 180.\\nVan-cou -ver (ko), 371.\\nVegetables, 140, 166, 240.\\nVeins, 8, 175, 285.\\nVe -ra Cruz (kroz), 380, 388.\\nVer-mont 126, 128, 132, 135, 136,\\n149, 155, 219, 356. ^f5\\nVicks -burg (berg), 228.\\nVic-to -ri-a, 371.\\nVir-gin -i-a (ver), 161, 162, 166,\\n167, 178, 195, 198, 202, 209, 242,\\n413.\\nVir-gin -i-a (ver) City, 290.\\nVol-ca -noes, 8, 285, 325, 336, 341,\\n378, 390, 397.\\nWal -tham, 147.\\nWash -ing-ton, 195, 227, 352.\\nWash -ing-ton, Mt., 126, 153, 202.\\nWash -ing-ton, State, 71, 73, 283,\\n285, 286, 293-296, 317, 320, 362.\\nWa -ter-bury (ber-i), 147.\\nWa -ter-town, 163.\\nWaves, 59.\\nWeather Maps, 56.\\nWest Indies (in -diz), 2, 331, 341,\\n393, 425.\\nWest Point, 191.\\nWest Vir-gin -i-a (ver), 160, 162,\\n174, 178, 193, 199, 203, 255, 412.\\nWestern States, 281.\\nWestward Migration, 102, 234,\\n281.\\nWhales, 326, 361.\\nWheat, 217, 245, 296, 363, 364, 381,\\n407, 408.\\nWheel -ing, 178, 179, 275.\\nWhite Mountains, 126, 152.\\nWich -i-ta, 275.\\nWilkes Barre (wilks -bar-a), 171.\\nWilliamsport (wil -yamz-port) 163.\\nWil -ming-tpn, 168, 178, 191, 193.\\nWinds, 39-56.\\nWind -sor, 370.\\nWin-we-pe-saw -kg, Lake, Fig. 99.\\nWin -m-peg, 363.\\nWi-no -na, 254, 273.\\nWinter, 26, 32.\\nWis-con-sin, 252, 253, 254, 257,\\n258, 260, 261, 267, 268, 273, 278.\\nWool Manufacturing, 144, 419.\\nWoon-sock -et, 145.\\nWorcester (wus -ter), 147.\\nWy-5 -ming (wi), 298, 308, 319,\\n416.\\nYar -mouth, 358.\\nYel -Zoic-stone Park, 308.\\nYonkers (yongk -erz) 180.\\nYo-sem -i-te, 311.\\nYu-ca-tan 379, 380.\\nYu -kon River, 329, 354.\\nZinc, 260.\\nZones, 37.", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0541.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0542.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "NEW IN TREATMENT AND FORM\\nTARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES\\nA THREE-VOLUME SERIES OF TEXT-BOOKS FOR CLASS USE\\nBY\\nRALPH S. TARR, B.S., F.G.S.A. and FRANK M. McMURRY, Ph.D.\\nCornell University Teachers College, Columbia University\\nVOLUME I. Home Geography and the Earth as a\\nWhole Price 60 cents\\nFOR EARLY GRADES\\nVOLUME II. North America Price 75 cents\\nVOLUME III. Other Continents and a Review of the\\nWhole Subject In Preparation\\nSTRIKING FEATURES OF THE SERIES\\nConvenient form Easily handled and more durable.\\nHome Geography is made prominent. Actual experience forms the final basis\\nfor all study of geography.\\nRelation between man and the earth is continually brought out.\\nPhysiographic facts about different regions clearly presented. Physio-\\ngraphic conditions furnish the key to human industries, transportation\\nroutes, location of cities, etc.\\nClear, distinct maps, giving both physical and political features and not over-\\nburdened with useless detail.\\nIllustrations that are not merely pictures.\\nTypographical work unsurpassed.\\nThe cost of a complete set for five grades will be less than that of any\\ncompeting series.\\nCONTENTS OF VOLUME I.\\nPart I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HOME GEOGRAPHY. The Soil. Hills. Mountains. Valleys. Rivers. Ponds\\nand Lakes. The Ocean. The Air. Industry and Commerce. Government. Maps.\\nReferences to Books, etc.\\nPart II. THE EARTH AS A WHOLE. Form and Size of the Earth. Daily Motion of\\nthe Earth and its Results. The Zones. Heat within the Earth and its Effects.\\nThe Continents and Oceans. Maps. North America. The United States: New-\\nEngland, Middle Atlantic States, Southern States, Central States, Western States,\\nAlaska. Canada and Other Countries North of the United States. Countries\\nSouth of the United States. South America. Europe. Asia. Africa. Australia.\\nThe East Indies. Philippines, and Other Islands of the Pacific. Books of Reference.\\nA_ppendix.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\nNEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0543.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "School No. 1 8, Rochester, N. Y.\\nIts size is a great recommendation. The clearness of the print and\\nbeauty of the pictures make it attractive to the child. You begin at the\\nproper place. 1 never saw a Geography before that began by thoroughly\\nexplaining the soil to the pupils. I cannot too highly praise Part I of the\\nwork, and think it would be admirable for beginners in this subject.\\nSarah M. Shelton, Principal.\\nGrammar School No. 14, Rochester, N. Y.\\nI am delighted with the work, and particularly with the features of\\nHome Geography. The maps are excellent, and the illustrations are the\\nfinest I have ever seen.\\nRichard A. Searing, Principal.\\nEast Bridgewater, West Bridgewater, and Raynham, Mass.\\nIt seems the most rational plan of text-book that has yet appeared\\nfor this unsettled subject of Geography.\\nFrank O. Jones, Superintendent of Schools.\\nNorth Plainfield, N. J.\\nThe best Geography that I have ever seen.\\nII. J. WlGHTMAN, Superintendent of Schools.\\nHigh School, Fulton, N. Y.\\nIt is a gem.\\nB. G. Clapp, Principal.\\nWaterbury, Conn.\\nA beautiful volume. Illustrations are of the best. The maps are\\nmasterpieces; better than most maps twice their size. A book of con-\\nvenient size with all the advantages of the larger books.\\nB. W. Tinker, Superintendent of Schools.\\nSouth Hadley, Mass.\\nI am delighted with its many bright features. In subject-matter and\\ndetail it is the best elementary book which has come to my knowledge.\\nA. L. Barbour, Superintendent of Schools.\\nNewburyport, Mass.\\nI have examined it with a great deal of interest. It seems to he just\\nwhat is needed for a school text-book on that subject. 1\\nWilliam P. Lunt, Superintendent of Schools.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\nNEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0544.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "WORKS BY RALPH S. TARR\\nCORNELL UNIVERSITY\\nFIRST BOOK OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY\\ni2mo, Half Leather. 368 xxviii pp. Price $1.10\\nQuestions to the same. Price 10 cents\\nA skilful and attractive presentation of the New Physical Geography.\\nThe book is already in general use and is widely and favorably known as a\\ntext-book which combines a clear and definite statement of principles with\\nscientific accuracy.\\nELEMENTARY PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY\\n8vo. Half Leather. 488 xxxi pp. Price $1.40\\nTarr s Physical Geography is incomparably superior to any other text-book\\non the subject. Previous to its publication this most important and interesting\\ndepartment of science was seriously handicapped by the lack of a text suitable\\nfor use in secondary schools. Now no subject in the High School can boast\\nof a more adequate text than Tarr s Elementary Physical Geography.\\nELEMENTARY GEOLOGY\\n8vo. Half Leather. 486 pp. Price $1.40\\nSuggestions and Questions to the above. Price 25 cents\\nIt is far in advance of all geological text-books, whether American or\\nEuropean, and it marks an epoch in scientific instruction. Scientific\\nAmerican.\\nECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE UNITED\\nSTATES\\n8vo. Cloth. Price $3.50\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\nNEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0545.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "THE CHILD LIFE READERS\\nETTA AUSTIN BLAISDELL\\nAssistant Superintendent of Schools, Brockton, Mass.\\nI. Child Life A First Reader Price 25 cents\\nII. Child Life in Tale and Fable A Second Reader. Price 35 cents\\nIII. Child Life in Many Lands A Third Reader. [hi preparation\\nIV. Child Life in Literature A Fourth Reader Price 40 cents\\nThe central idea of these books is to hold the child s interest, by\\ngiving him reading-matter (profusely illustrated) that he can under-\\nstand and enjoy. The lessons, therefore, relate exclusively to child\\nlife.\\nThe First and Second Readers have easier reading-matter and more\\nof it than do most of the other readers now available for first and\\nsecond year. They have been graded with the utmost care.\\nThese books, beginning with the Second Reader, have been planned\\nas an introduction to literature. The subject-matter, therefore, is\\nconfined to material of recognized literary value.\\nThe aim of the publishers has been to produce an artistic set of\\nreaders that shall be mechanically as nearly perfect as possible.\\nAs a unique feature in binding, they would call attention to the\\ncovers, which are water-proof, and can be cleansed, when soiled by\\nconstant handling, without injury to the book.\\nTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY\\nNEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO\\n\\\\gv)e", "height": "2747", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0546.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2747", "width": "1830", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0547.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0548.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0549.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0550.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2705", "width": "1800", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0551.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n029 726 059 5", "height": "2803", "width": "1928", "jp2-path": "northamericawith00tarr_0552.jp2"}}