{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3238", "width": "2101", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "o -Ta\\n,v5\\nv^^^\\n/#?/m%\\nv^^\\no\\nv.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "0 V\\n9\\n,V^^\\n;im0; ,f\\n.0\\nC 0\\n-^dt:.\\nC\\nA^^\\nri-\\nA\\nI\\nV", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "A SHORT HISTORY OF\\nAMERICAN LITERATURE\\nDESIGNED PRIMARILY FOR USE\\nIN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES\\nBY\\nWALTER C. BRONSON, A.M.\\nPROFESSOli OF ENGLISH LITERATURE IN BROWN UNIVERSITY\\nBOSTON, U.S.A.\\nD. C, HEATH CO., PUBLISHERS\\n1900", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "12915\\nJUN 30 I9u0\\nOeiiveie^ la\\nOROtR DIVISION,\\nJUL 12 i900\\nCopyright, 1900,\\nBy D. C. heath CO.\\nlOOi", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "0l7\\nTO\\nELISHA BENJAMIN ANDREWS\\nIN TOKEN OF ADMIRATION FOR\\nTHE MAN AND THE EDUCATOR\\n^l}ts %iti\\\\t ISoofe\\nIS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED\\nBY THE AUTHOR", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nAlthough this book is intended primaiily for use in\\nthe class-room, the attempt has been made to give it a\\nhterary atmosphere, in the conviction that text-books\\non hterature should contribute directly to the student s\\nculture as well as to his knowledge of facts. It is hoped,\\ntherefore, that the general reader may find the follow-\\ning pages not wholly uninteresting. A good deal of\\nthe matter, especially in the foot-notes and the appendix,\\nshould also give the book some value for purposes of\\nreference; to that end, definiteness and accuracy have\\nbeen sought at no little labor but in such a mass of\\ndetails errors are inevitable, and corrections will be\\nwelcomed.\\nThe judicious teacher will readily recognize that the\\nparts dealing with minor authors and with whole periods\\nwhose interest is historical rather than literary, as well\\nas the more critical matter upon the greater authors,\\nshould be passed over hghtly or omitted altogether\\nwhen the class is immature. There is much to be\\nsaid, however, in favor of requiring the older pupils in\\nhigh schools and academies to devote some study to\\nColonial and Revolutionary literature, not only for its\\nrelation to the literature of the RepubHc, but also for the\\nlight it throws upon early American history and the life", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "VI PREFACE.\\nand character of our forefathers. Furthermore, the ex-\\ntracts in the appendix will be found to contain much\\nthat is interesting as well as illustrative of the times and\\nthe very spirit of the age speaks in some of the uncon-\\nsciously humorous title-pages given in the bibhography.\\nThroughout the book the literature has been pre-\\nsented in its relation to general conditions in America\\nand to the literatures of England and the Continent of\\nEurope, for only so can it be completely understood and\\nits full significance perceived but the personality of the\\nauthors and the intrinsic qualities of their work have, it\\nis hoped, received due attention. The division into\\nperiods is not meant to be insisted upon too strongly.\\nBut some dividing lines must be run for convenience and\\nclearness in treating of so wide and diversified a field,\\nand those adopted are perhaps liable to fewer objections\\nthan any others. They have, however, been transgressed\\nfreely where it was necessary to do so in order to avoid\\nsplitting the discussion of an author s work. In the case\\nof writers with whom the reader is probably not familiar\\nand never need be, the method is chiefly descriptive\\nelsewhere the book is intended to be merely a guide in\\nreading and studying the literature itself.\\nI wish to express my indebtedness, for inspiration and\\nguidance and occasionally for information, to Professor\\nTyler s admirable history of the Colonial and Revolu-\\ntionary literature. But it is due to the reader to add\\nthat even the earlier portions of this httle work are based\\nalmost wholly upon a study of the literature at first hand,\\nAny other method, indeed, would have been inexcusable\\nin the case of one having access to such remarkable\\ncollections of Americana as the Harris Collection oj", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE. vii\\nAmerican Poetry, in the library of Brown University,\\nnd the John Carter Brown Library in the city of Provi-\\nience. It has been my privilege to work from many\\nare first editions, and in a few instances to hit upon\\nnaterial not hitherto utiHzed, so far as I know, in books\\nipon American Hterature. It may be fitting to say, fur-\\nher, that what is presented upon pages 79-90 embodies\\nhe results of a canvass of all the poetry pubhshed be-\\nween the years 1789 and 1815 and contained in the\\n-larris Collection. It is perhaps hardly necessary to add\\nhat the bibliography in the appendix has been made to\\nconsiderable extent from the original editions, and,\\nv^here these were lacking, largely from Sabin s Biblio-\\nheca Ameiicana that the lives of the greater authors\\nnd the hsts of their works are derived from the larger\\n)iographies and bibliographies and that details about\\nninor authors have been taken from standard books of\\neference.\\nMy special thanks are due to Mr. Harry L. Koop-\\nvian, librarian of Brown University, and to his assist-\\n.rits, for many courtesies to Mr. George P. Winship,\\nibrarian of the John Carter Brown Library, for the use\\n)f that collection to the authorities of the Rhode\\nsland Historical Society for access to some rare publi-\\nations on their shelves to Mr. William E. Foster,\\n;brarian of the Providence Public Library, for special\\nirivileges and to Professor Alois Brandl, of the Univer-\\nity of Berlin, for securing me the use of the University\\nnd Royal Libraries in Berlin. To Dr. F. R. Lane of\\nle Central High School, Washington, D.C., to Professor\\nA. Sherman of the University of Nebraska, and to\\nIr. H. L. Boltwood, Principal of the Evanston High", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "viii PREFACE.\\nSchool, Illinois, I am indebted for sundry suggestions\\nmade while the book was going through the press but\\nas their suggestions were not always adopted, they are\\nin nowise responsible for the faults of the book. The\\nfaults are doubtless many. I can only hope that, in spite\\nof them, the following pages may be of some real service\\nin the study of the literature of my country.\\nBerlin, December 29, 1899.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPAGES\\nPREFACE v-viii\\nINTRODUCTION 3-4\\nFOREWORDS TO COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY\\nPERIODS 7-9\\nCOLONIAL PERIOD:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 10-42\\nLiterature in Virginia 11-16\\nLiterature in New England 16-38\\nLiterature in the Other Colonies 38-42\\nREVOLUTIONARY PERIOD:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 43-68\\nGeneral Conditions 43-45\\nPolitical Literature 45-51\\nHistories, Letters, Essays, etc 51-55\\nBenjamin Franklin 55-57\\nPoetry and tjik Drama 57-68\\nMinor poets, 57-59; John Trumbull, 60-61; Timotliy\\nDwight, 61-62; Joel Barlow, 62-63; Philip Freneau,\\n63-65; Jonathan Oclell,66; dramas, 66-68.\\nFOREWORDS TO PERIOD OF THE REPUBLIC 71-72\\nPERIOD OF THE REPUBLIC:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 73-290\\nThe Literature from 1789 to 1815: 73-101\\nGeneral conditions, 73-78; orations, biographies, and\\nessays, 78-79; poetry and the drama, 79-91; prose\\nfiction and Charles Br ockden J lmffln. 91-101.\\nThe Literature from 1815 to 1870: 101-278\\nGeneral Conditions 101-112\\nNew York Writers 1 12-150\\nGeneral conditions, 112-113; minor authors, 113-116;\\nWashington Irving, 116-126; James Fenimore\\nCooper, 126-136; William Cullen Bryant, 136-148;\\nlater minor authors, 148-150.\\nSouthern Writers 150-170\\nGeneral conditions. 150-152 minor authors, 152-154,\\n157-158; William Gilmore Simms, 154-157; Edgar\\nAllan Poe, 158-170.\\nix", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "X CONTENTS.\\nPAGES\\nNew England Writers 170-260\\nMinor authors, 170-176; Henry Wadsworth Long-\\nfellow, 177-191 transcendentalism, 191-195; Ralph\\nWaldo Emerson, 195-209; minor transcendentalists,\\n209-210; Henry David Thoreau, 210-213 NatTianiel\\nHawthorne, 213-227 John Greenleaf Whittier, 227-\\n239; James Russell Lowell, 239-250; Oliver Wen-\\ndell Holmes, 250-260.\\nWriters of the Middle States 260-273\\nMinor authors, 260-262; Bayard Taylor, 262-265;\\nWalt Whitman, 265-273.\\nHumorists, orators, historians 273-278\\nThe Literature from 1870 to 1900: 278-289\\nGeneral Conditions and Tendencies 278-283\\nNorthern Writers 283-285\\nWestern Writers 285-287\\nSouthern Writers 287-289\\nCONCLUSION 289-290\\nAPPENDIX 291-356\\nA. Extracts from Colonial and Revolutionary\\nLiterature: 293-322\\nJohn Smith, 293; William Byrd, 294; William Brad-\\nford, 295; William Bradford and Edward Winslow,\\n295; Madam Winthrop, 296; Thomas Hooker, 297;\\nNathaniel Ward, 298; Anne Bradstreet, 299; Michael\\nWigglesworth, 300 Cotton Mather, 301 Jonathan\\nEdwards, 302 Samuel Sewall, 303 Madam Knight,\\n305; Mary Rowlandson, 307; A Collection of Poems,\\n2fyj Joseph Green, 308 Thomas Godfrey, 309\\nHenry Laurens, 310; The Cohunblaii Magazine, 311;\\nThe Providence Gazette, 312; A Cure for the Spleen,\\n313; J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur, 315; Songs and\\nBallads of the American Revolution, 316; John Trum-\\nbull, 317; Timothy Dwight, 318; Joel Barlow, 319;\\nPhilip Freneau, 320; Henry H. Brackenridge, 321.\\nB. Newspapers and Magazines Colleges The\\nNew England Primer 323-328\\nC. Partial Bibliography of Colonial and Revo\\nlutionary Literature\\nD. Reference List of Books and Articles\\nINDEX\\n329-341\\n342-356\\n357", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF\\nAMERICAN LITERATURE.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nMen of the English race have occupied what is now\\nthe United States of America for nearly three centuries.\\nIn that time, aided by men of other races, they have done\\nan immense and splendid work. They have increased\\nfrom a few thousands to seventy millions subdued and\\nsettled a wilderness stretching from ocean to ocean\\nestablished the greatest Republic in the world s history\\nfought two great wars, one for national independence\\nand one for national unity and the liberation of the\\nslave developed a magnificent material civilization\\ncovered a continent with churches, schools, and col-\\nleges and made respectable beginnings in literature\\nand the fine arts.\\nOf this manifold activity the literary side only will be\\nthe subject of special study in the following pages. But\\nit should be reriiembered that a nation s literature is\\nclosely related to the other sides of the national life and\\ncannot be fully understood apart. For the first two cen-\\nturies, indeed, our literature is chiefly valuable, not as\\nart, but as history, as an expression of the spirit of the\\npeople and the times. Nor can its full significance be\\nseen until we widen our view still more and recognize\\nthat American literature is one branch of the greater\\nEnghsh literature, a part of the life of a great race as\\nwell as of a great nation.\\n3", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "4 INTRODUCTION.\\nThe history of American literature will, therefore,\\nhere be divided into periods corresponding to the\\ngreat periods of American history\\nI. The Colonial Period, i 607-1 765.\\nII. The Revolutionary Period, i 765-1 789.\\nIII. The Period of the Republic, i 789-1900.\\nIn the first two periods the purely hterary aspects of\\nthe subject-matter will, for the reason already mentioned,\\nreceive less attention in the last period the hterature\\nwill be studied chiefly for its own sake, although its\\nhistorical and social relations must not be forgotten\\nand from first to last there will be frequent occasion to\\nnote the influence exerted upon American writers by\\nthose of England and the other countries of Europe.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "FOREWORDS.\\nThe development of American literature during the\\nfirst two centuries presents a peculiar phenomenon. The\\nliterature is not that of a people slowly emerging from\\nbarbarism and creating their own civilization through the\\nlong toil of ages. On the contrary, it is the literature of a\\npeople already highly civilized, but transplanted to another\\ncontinent, where they set up in the wilderness the institu-\\ntions of the Old World, modifying them to meet changed\\nconditions and taking on in time a somewhat new spirit,\\nyet on the whole cHnging tenaciously to the substance of the\\nold, and imitating with the provincial s feeling of depend-\\nence the current Hfe and fashions of the mother country.\\nA colonial literature has the advantage of inheriting the\\nriches of an old civihzation it has the disadvantage of\\ncrude surroundings and lack of originality. Such was\\nthe case with American literature for two hundred years.\\nDuring the first three-fourths of the seventeenth cen-\\ntury, the period when most of the English colonies in\\nAmerica were planted, England was the home of great\\nmen and of a great literature. Spenser had died as the\\nold century went out, Shakspere and Bacon lived on into\\nthe new, and Milton was born one year after the settle-\\nment of Jamestown. The colonists were of the same stock\\nwhich had just produced these and other literary Titans\\nbut it would of course be folly to look for writers equally\\ngreat in the forests of America. Settling a wilderness\\nand laying the foundations of a state are of themselves\\ntasks ample enough for the strongest. If Shakspere the\\n7", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "8 THE COLONIAL PERIOD.\\ndeer-stealer had fled to Virginia instead of to London, if\\nMilton had been a dissenting parson in a little New Eng-\\nland village, should we have had King Lear and Paradise\\nLost? Furthermore, it should be remembered that for\\na century and more the population of the colonies was\\ncomparatively ^mall and since geniuses are rare in\\nevery generation, it is no wonder that they were not\\nnumerous among the few hundred thousand inhabit-\\nants scattered along the Atlantic seaboard. It must be\\nsaid, however, that not only the great lights were absent\\nfrom America, but the lesser ones as well, and that the\\ngeneral level of literary talent was low. Unfavorable\\nenvironment accounts for this state of things in part the\\ncharacter of the colonists accounts for yet more. Among\\nthe early settlers of the South were many paupers, con-\\nvicts, and needy adventurers. In Virginia the leading\\ncolonists were indeed of the Cavalier class and in-\\nherently capable of literary culture but there, as will\\nsoon be shown, the local conditions were peculiarly un-\\nfavorable for the creation of a literary atmosphere.\\nAnd the Northern and Middle colonies were settled\\nchiefly by practical, religious people, more intent upon\\ntheir political rights and the salvation of their souls than\\nupon the delights of belles lettres. During the last quar-\\nter of the seventeenth century and the greater part of the\\neighteenth, literature in England itself was comparatively\\ninferior, the splendid Elizabethan age of poetry and im-\\nagination having given place to the age of prose and\\nreason. Yet the names of Dryden, Addison, Swift, Pope,\\nFielding, Gray, Goldsmith, Johnson, Gibbon, and Hume\\nare in their own way great, and American literature for\\nthe same period has with two exceptions no names", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "FOREWORDS. 9\\nworthy of a place beside them. But this is not matter\\nfor surprise conditions in America, although improving,\\nwere still unfavorable. Along the frontier the contest\\nwith wild nature went on unceasingly; and within the\\narea already settled, arose a new set of sinew-straining\\ntasks the development of commerce and industry, the\\nwars with France for the possession of Canada, and the\\nstruggle for independence and national union. Further-\\nmore, from first to last the literature of the mother coun-\\ntry retarded the growth of a native literature by dimin-\\nishing the need of one our ancestors imported poetry,\\nessays, and novels from England just as they imported\\nfine fabrics and other luxuries.\\nNext to the inferiority of early American literature,\\nthe most conspicuous fact is its imitation of English\\nmodels. Throughout its whole course it runs parallel\\nwith literature in the mother country, although usually\\nlagging about a generation behind. In America as\\nin England, the heavy prose of the seventeenth cen-\\ntury is succeeded by hghter and more orderly prose\\nin the eighteenth. The metaphysical poetry of the\\nJacobean and Caroline periods is solemnly echoed\\nfrom the rocky New England coast. The didactic and\\nsatiric verse of Dryden and Pope feathers the shaft of the\\nAmerican satirist in regions which not long before knew\\nonly the whiz of the Indian s arrow. The profitable\\npleasantries of Addison, the pensive moralizing of Gray,\\nthe genial grace of Goldsmith, the ponderous sesqui-\\npedalian tread of Johnson, the new Romanticism of\\nCollins, Macpherson, and Walpole, the sensibility of\\nMackenzie and Sterne, all find admirers and imitators in\\nthe colonial writers of verse and prose.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "L THE COLONIAL PERIOD.\\n(1607-1765.)\\nEVEKTS IN AMERICA.\\nSettlement of Jamestown, 1607.\\nNegro slavery introduced into Vir-\\nginia, 1619.\\nLanding of Pilgrims at Plymouth,\\n1620.\\nNew York settled by Dutch, 1621.\\nIndian massacre in Virginia,\\n1622.\\nFounding of Massachusetts Bay\\nColony, 1630,\\nFounding of Maryland, 1634.\\nFirst settlement in Connecticut,\\n1635.\\nFounding of Providence, 1636.\\nPequot War, 1637.\\nDelaware settled by Swedes, 1638.\\nFirst settlement in North Carolina,\\n1653-\\nPersecution of Quakers, 1656-1661.\\nEnglish seize New York, 1664.\\nFounding of Charleston, S.C., 1670.\\nBacon s Rebellion, 1676.\\nKing Philip s War, 1675-1678.\\nPennsylvania settled, 1682.\\nSalem witchcraft, 1692.\\nWars in America between France\\n(aided by Indians) and Eng-\\nland: King William s War,\\n1689-1697 Queen Anne s War,\\n1702-1713; King George s War,\\n1744-1748 French and Indian\\nWar, 1754-1763.\\nEVENTS m ENGLAND.\\nReign of James I., 1603-1625.\\nCharles I. came to throne, 1625.\\nCivil War, 1642-1646.\\nCharles I. beheaded, 1649.\\nEngland a commonwealth, 1649-\\n1660.\\nRestoration of monarchy, 1660.\\nThe Bloodless Revolution, 1688.\\nWilliam and Mary came to throne,\\n1689. f\\nReign of Anne, 1702-1714.\\nReign of George I., 1714-1727.\\nReign of George II., 1727-1760.\\nGeorge III. came to throne, 1760.\\nLITERATURE IN ENGLAND.\\nShakspere, 1564-1616.\\nBacon, 1561-1626.\\nMilton, 1608-1674; early poems\\n(published), 1645; prose, 1641-\\n1674 Paradise Lost, 1667.\\nMetaphysical poets Donne,\\n1573-1631 Herbert, 1593-1633\\nQuarles, 1592-1644 Cowley,\\n1618-1667.\\nCavalier poets Herrick, 1591-\\n1674; Carew, 1598-1639; Suck-\\nling, 1609-1641 Lovelace, 1618-\\n1658.\\nGreat preachers Taylor, 1613-\\n1667; Barrow, 1630-1677 Tillot-\\nson,i630-i694; South, 1633-1716.\\nPilgrim s Progress, 1678 and 1684.\\nDryden, 1631-17C0.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "VIRGINIANS GOLDEN AGE. 13\\nHammond in his Leah and Rachel; and he contrasts the\\nsimple plenty and new opportunities in America with the\\nhopeless poverty in the crowded cities of the Old World.\\nThe stormy days of Bacon s Rebellion called forth a good\\ndeal of political hterature, but it is of little general in-\\nterest. The sudden death of the rebel leader, however,\\nwas the occasion of an anonymous elegy of some merit,\\nending with these dignified lines\\nHere let him rest; while wee this truth report\\nHee s gon from hence unto a higher Court\\nTo pleade his Cause where he by this doth know\\nWhether to Ceaser hee was friend, or foe.\\nBefore the end of the century Virginia entered upon\\nits colonial Golden Age. The Indians had been over-\\nawed. Wealth and population were increasing rapidly.\\nAlong the pleasant waterways stood the comfortable\\nmansion-houses of the planters, slave-huts clustering\\nnear, and broad acres of woodland and tillage stretching\\naway on every side. Yet, because of the dearth of\\ncities, printing-presses, and schools, literature flourished\\nno better than before. The Virginian gentleman, inher-\\niting the tastes of the English country squire,^ preferred\\n1 Page 28, ed. 1656.\\n2 Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc., 1866-1867, p. 324. The earliest extant\\noriginal poem written in Virginia seems to have been John Grave s A\\nSong of Siou, published in England in 1662, Grave was a Quaker,\\nand his crude lines are full of righteous indignation over the recent per-\\nsecution of his sect in America. The poem is not mentioned, so far as\\nI know, in any history or cyclopsedia of American literature. I am in-\\ndebted to Mr, C. S. Brigham, of the Brown University Library, for\\ncalling my attention to the copy in the Harris Collection.\\n3 From the first the leading colonists of Virginia were gentlemen\\nand after the defeat of the king s party many Cavaliers, from the class of\\nthe landed gentry, sought refuge in the colony, the ancestors of Wash-\\nington and of other great Virginians being among them.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "14 LITERATURE IN VIRGINIA.\\nplantation life to city life the fertile soil and the unin-\\ntelligent labor of slaves or indentured servants made\\nagriculture, particularly the growing of tobacco, the most\\nprofitable industry and the many rivers and creeks,\\nallowing vessels to land their cargoes almost at the\\nplanter s door, rendered seaport towns unnecessary.\\nPrinting-presses were long forbidden by the king, and\\nuntil past the middle of the eighteenth century there\\nwas but one printing-house in all Virginia. The more\\nintelligent Virginians were not indifferent to education\\nprivate schools were soon established, and a college\\nwas planned as early as 1622, although circumstances\\ndelayed its actual founding until 1693. But the Vir-\\nginians, as a whole, had not much zeal for education\\nthe difficulty of providing instruction for all was greatly\\nincreased by the sparseness of the population and in\\nconsequence the mass of the people were comparatively\\nilliterate.^ In brief, colonial Virginia lacked the mental\\nstimulus of life in towns and cities, where mind kindles\\nmind by contact if books were written, it was difficult to\\nget them printed and if they were printed, there were\\nfew people to read them. In such conditions the produc-\\ntion of a large body of literature is not to be expected.\\nYet some literature there was. Rev. James Blair, the\\nfounder of William and Mary College, and for fifty years\\nits president, published in 1722 a volume of discourses\\non the Sermon on the Mount and, in conjunction with\\n1 Even the better class of planters, loving field-sports and life in the\\nopen air, cared less for books than did the New Englander. The\\nclergymen, sent over by the authorities of the Church of England as\\ngood enough for a colony, were often ignorant and immoral. The in-\\ndentured white servants (many of them paupers and convicts) and the\\nnegro slaves were of course mostly indifferent to education.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "THE RISE OF AMERICAN SPIRIT. 15\\nother writers, The Present State of Virginia and the Col-\\nlege (1727). Professor Hugh Jones wrote an unpre-\\ntentious little book, The Present State of Virginia (1724),\\nvery plain in style, but containing sensible suggestions for\\nthe betterment of the colony and some amusing strictures\\non the indolence of the inhabitants. A much more inter-\\nesting work is the History of Virginia (1705, 1722),\\nby Robert Beverley, whose style, although not highly\\npolished, is flowing and often vivid. This book, by a\\nnative Virginian and about Virginia, reminds us that in\\nthe older colonies there was now growing up a generation\\nAmerican by birth, American in spirit, and moulded\\nlargely by American conditions. Plenceforth we may\\nexpect to hear a more distinctively American note in\\ncolonial literature. In fact, the author to be spoken of\\nnext is clearly a product, in part, of the new conditions.\\nColonel William Byrd (1674-1744) inherited a princely\\nfortune and high social position. After being educated\\nabroad, he returned to Virginia, where he held high\\noffices for many years, and on his estates at Westover\\ncollected a library of nearly four thousand volumes. He\\nleft several works in manuscript, the principal of which is\\n*The History of the Dividing Line, a journal of the\\nexpedition that in 1729 ran the boundary line between\\nVirginia and North Carolina. Here and elsewhere Byrd\\nhas a lightness of touch, a gayety, a lively fancy, a spark-\\nling wit, a dash and gusto which make his pages delight-\\nful reading. They show the literary polish of the England\\nof Addison and Pope but they show something more.\\nIn Colonel Byrd the Virginian aristocracy of the earlier\\nday came to full flower and his writings contain the\\nvery essence of that careless, sunny, free-limbed life of", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "i6 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nthe English Cavalier transplanted to the fresher air and\\nwider spaces of the New World. Rev. William Stith,\\na native of Virginia, and president of William and Mary\\nCollege, brought out in 1 747 The History of the First Dis-\\ncovery and Settlement of Virginia} The book is clear\\nand careful, commanding respect if not admiration, and\\nforms a worthy close to the pre-Revolutionary literature\\nof the principal colony of the South.\\n2. LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nThe literature of colonial New England was more\\nabundant than that of Virginia and somewhat different in\\nsavor. The causes for this lay in the nature of the\\ncolonists and the country. The sterile soil and severe cli-\\nmate did not allow of large plantations cultivated by waste-\\nful slave-labor only the small farmer, working with the\\nshrewd and tireless industry of a proprietor, could wring\\na profit from the stony hillsides. The rocky coast, with\\nfew large rivers but many harbors, favored the growth of\\nseaport towns. Furthermore, while in Virginia the unit\\nof population was the family, in New England it was at\\nfirst the church, or congregation, knit together by a\\ncommon faith and assembling every Sunday in a common\\nbuilding, the meeting-house. These conditions, by\\nproducing a concentration of population, stimulated in-\\ntellectual activity and made easier the establishment of\\ncommon schools. The characteristics of the colonists\\ntended to the same results. Most of the settlers of New\\nEngland were Separatists. On account of their dis-\\n1 It was printed in the colony, and is a very creditable piece of typog-\\nraphy.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE PURITAN INFLUENCE. 17\\nsatisfaction with certain things in the Church of England\\nthey had left it or been driven out of it, and had formed\\nseparate churches of their own and their motive in\\ncoming three thousand miles across a stormy ocean was\\nto build up in the New World a Commonwealth of the\\nReformed Faith. Like all reformers they were men of\\nindependent thought they held an intellectual form\\nof religion and they believed that every man must search\\nthe Scriptures for himself, under the guidance of a\\nlearned ministry, and work out his own salvation in fear\\nand logic. Hence they thought it a duty to teach every\\nchild to read the Bible and so schools were planted\\nalmost as soon as corn, while Harvard College was\\nfounded only six years later than Boston itself^ In\\nconsequence of these characteristics and conditions the\\nlevel of intelligence throughout New England was very\\nhigh, and there was from the first a literary class,\\ncomposed chiefly of clergymen and magistrates, who\\nhad the capacity, learning, and industry to write many\\nbooks.^\\nThe same causes which made the literature abundant\\nmade it also sombre and often dull. Much of it consists\\nof religious works, and nearly all is permeated with the\\natmosphere of a faith which had more of gloom than of\\nsunshine. Yet strength is here too, the strength of the\\nPuritan character and the Puritan creed in the earlier\\nyears the romance of the New World tinges even the\\n1 By the year 1649 every colony in New England, except Rhode\\nIsland, had made public instruction compulsory. Tyler s A History\\nof American Literature, Vol. I., p. 99.\\n2 At one time there was in Massachusetts and Connecticut a\\nCambridge graduate for every two hundred and fifty inhabitants.\\nIbid., p. 98.\\nC", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "i8 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\npages of the prosaic annalist the sublime if gloomy\\npoetry inherent in Calvinism gives a certain greatness\\nto many a heavy sermon and dull poem and through-\\nout the whole mass of this literature can be felt the\\nintellectual solidity, moral soundness, and sturdy practi-\\ncal sense of the xAnglo-Saxon race.\\nAmong the earliest writings were naturally Diaries,\\nHistories, and Descriptions. The events of the first\\nyear of the Plymouth Colony were recorded in the\\n*y ?//r;z^/ of William Bradford and Edward Winslow,\\nwritten in unvarnished style, but vTvid and full of inter-\\nesting incidents. In this daily record we may Hve over\\nagain the life of the Pilgrims their search along the\\nwintry coast for a good site for a settlement, their first\\nencounter with Indians, their landing at Plymouth, and\\ntheir terrible sufferings during the first winter. The\\nHistqry_^_of_Plymout]i, by the same William Bradford,\\nfor thirty years governor of the colony, comes down to\\n1646.^ Like much of the contemporary prose written\\nin England, it has at times a large though artless beauty,\\n1 The manuscript has had a remarkable history. By Bradford s\\ngrandson, John Bradford, it was intrusted to Thomas Prince, who used\\nit in compiling his History of New Evghuid. Governor Hutchinson had\\nit when he published the second volume of The History of the Province\\nof Massachusetts Bay, in 1767. From that time no one knew of its\\nwhereabouts for many years. In 1855 it was discovered to be in the\\nlibrary of the Bishop of London, though how it got there is still a mys-\\ntery. The next year the history was printed for the first time, by the\\nMassachusetts Historical Society, from a transcript of the original. In\\n1897, by a graceful act of international courtesy, a decree of the Epis-\\ncopal Court of London gave the manuscript into the hands of the\\nUnited States Ambassador, to be by him delivered to the Common-\\nwealth of Massachusetts. This was done and the precious volume,\\nbound in parchment, once white, but now grimy and much the worse\\nfor wear, after long and strange journeyings rests once more in the\\nnation whose founding it describes.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "DIARIES, HISTORIES, AND DESCRIPTIONS. 19\\nand it is full of the grave and solid strength of a man fit\\nto build empires in the wilderness. TJic History of Neiij\\nEngland^ by John Winthrop, first governor of Massa-\\ncliusetts Bay Colony, a diary of events for the years\\n1 630-1 649, has much the same qualities, although it is\\nniore^prosaic on the whole. As we turn the pages we\\nget many interesting glimpses into the lives and minds\\nof the New England Puritans. We read that bullets\\nwere used for farthings that a woman had a cleft\\nstick put on her tongue half an hour, for reproaching\\nthe elders that a drunkard was ordered to wear a\\nred D about his neck for a year that Rev. John\\nCotton was desired to go through the Bible and raise\\nmarginal notes upon all the knotty places that the\\ndrowning of a child in a well was God s punishment\\nupon the father for working after sundown the Saturday\\nbefore, and was so confessed in church by the repentant\\nSabbath-breaker.^ More winning and no less true to the\\nPuritan ideal are the Letters of ^Vinthrop and his wife\\nMargaret to each other, full of sweet human love shelter-\\ning under the greater love of God.\\nVery different from the grave Puritan histories is the\\nNew Eri\u00c2\u00a3lish_JjMl\u00c2\u00a3Uin (1637) by Thoi^I4S_A1orton, a\\nrollicking Royalist, who with thirty followers established\\nhimself at Merrymount, near Boston, in 1626. He\\nset up a Maypole eighty feet high, and danced about it\\nwith his jolly crew, the Indians joining in the revels,\\nwhich it is probable were not wholly innocent. Morton s\\nPuritan neighbors, greatly scandalized, cut down the\\nwicked Maypole and when Morton persisted in sell-\\ning guns and rum to the Indians, they shipped him back\\n1 The History of New England, Vol. I., passim, cd. 1S25.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "20 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nto England. There he wrote his book, describing the\\ncountry and making fun of his strait-laced adversaries.\\nIts intrinsic merits are small. But the figure of Thomas\\nMorton dancing about his Maypole in reckless jolhty,\\nwhile the godly look on with horror-stricken visages, is\\nlike a dash of color in a sombre landscape, and we could\\nbetter spare a better man.^\\nWe return to Puritanism in Edward Johnson s Wonder-\\nworking Providence of Sion s Saviour (1654). Johnson\\nwas a captain, and a martial spirit animates his pages.\\nThe planting of New England with churches of the\\nReformed Faith is the beginning of God s final campaign\\nagainst Antichrist the colonists are soldiers of their\\nglorious King Christ and the ministers, whose work\\nit is to sound forth his silver Trumpets, are exhorted\\nto blow lowd and shrill, to this chiefest treble tune\\nFor the Armies of the great Jehovah are at hand.\\nThis conception gives unity and even a kind of great-\\nness to the book. But in form it is crude much of\\nthe subject-matter is dry; and the narrowness and\\nharshness of Puritanism are often painfully apparent.\\nIt has been wittily said of the pious settlers of New\\nEngland that first they fell on their knees and then\\nthey fell on the Indians. The truth is, rather, that\\nthe Puritan sincerely endeavored to convert and educate\\nthese poor children of the forest but when the red man\\nbecame hostile, and the torch and tomahawk began their\\ndreadful work, then the white man slew without mercy.\\nBoth phases of the colonists treatment of the Indians\\nare represented in the literature of the period. Captain\\n1 See Motley s historical romance, Merry-Mount.\\n2 Wonder- Working Providence, pp. 23, 7, ed. 1654.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "RELIGIOUS AND CONTROVERSIAL WORKS. 21\\nJo hn Mason the hero of the Pequot War, became in his\\nlast years its historian also, telling the story of that terrible\\nslaughter in the swamp with a rough strength that fits the\\nsubject well, and ending with a song of triumph as con-\\nfident of God s approval and as pitiless toward God s\\nenemies as the song of the Israelites at the Red Sea.\\nVery different in spirit are the writings of the good\\nJohn Eliot, which tell of his patient labors for the\\nsaivatioir*of the Indians and the books of Daniel\\nGooKiN, which describe the Praying, or Christian,\\nInHTans, and the effect of the gospel upon them.\\nA second class of these early writings consists of Re-\\nligious and Controversial Works. The modern reader\\ncah^trardly fenlize how large a place in the life of the\\nNew England Puritans was filled by religion. Attendance\\nupon church was a pleasure to most, a duty to all. Ab-\\nsence was punished by fines or the stocks, and sleepers\\nwere awakened by the constable. The meeting-houses\\nwere as cold as barns and almost as bare. The services\\nlasted from three to five hours. In the high pulpit stood\\nthe minister, awful by reason of his learning, piety,\\nand sacred ofifice, and stormed Heaven in prodigiously\\nlong prayers, or thundered down upon the pews the wrath\\nof God in a sermon laid out in many divisions and sub-\\ndivisions, all bristling with proof-texts and buttressed\\nwith invincible logic.^ His hearers followed the thought\\n1 Then Mr. Torrey stood up and pray d near Two Hours\\ntowards the End of his Prayer, hinting at still new and agreable Scenes\\nof Tho t, we cou d not help wishing Him to enlarge upon them:\\nwe could have gladly heard Him an Hour longer. A Harvard stu-\\ndent, writing of a day of prayer in 1696. (Sibley s Harvard Graduates,\\nVol. I., p. 566.) He [Thomas Hooker] preached in the afternoon,\\nand having gone on about a quarter of an hour, he was at a stand,\\nand told the people, that God had deprived him both of his strength", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "22 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nclosely, keen to detect a slip in orthodoxy or reasoning,\\nmany taking down the main points in their note-books.\\nTo these New England communities the sermon was the\\ngreat intellectual and literary feast of the week, and the\\nministers were their great men, venerated by young and\\nold and deferred to even by the magistrates. Of the\\nearly clergymen three were preeminent above the rest\\nJohn Cotton, Thomas Shepard, and Thomas Hooker.\\nAll three were graduates of Cambridge University, Eng-\\nland, and Cotton had been famous there as a scholar\\nand preacher. All had been clergymen of the English\\nChurch but being hunted out of England because of\\ntheir Puritanism, they fled to Massachusetts. Cotton\\nwas given the best pulpit in Boston, and there remained\\ntill his death, in 1652, the acknowledged leader of the\\nNew England clergy. In his countenance, says Cotton\\nMather, there was an inexpressible sort of Majesty, which\\ncommanded Reverence from all that approached him.\\nI homas Shepard, pastor at Cambridge from 1636 to\\n1649, greater as a pulpit orator, having a manner\\npeculiarly sweet and persuasive his theology partook of\\nthe harshness of his age and sect, but he at least presented\\nit with satisfying sincerity and power. Thomas Hooker,\\nwho with his congregation founded Hartford in 1636,\\nwas a masterful man, of whom a contemporary said that\\nwhile doing his Master s work he would put a king\\nin his pocket his published sermons show that he was\\na powerful orator.\\nand matter, c. and so went forth, and about half an hour after returned\\nagain, and went on to very good purpose about two hours. Winthrop s\\nT/ie History of New Etigland, Vol. I., p, 304, ed. 1825.\\nMagualia, Book III., p. 28, ed. 1702.\\n2 Ihld., p. 64, cd. 1702.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "RELIGIOUS AND CONTROVERSIAL WORKS. 23\\nThe mood of the Puritan was militant, and his creed\\nwas one long argument; hence controversial writings\\nflowed from his pen like water. In Puritan England\\nthe air was thick with pamphlets. Even Milton delayed\\nfor twenty years the composition of his great epic that he\\nmight serve God and his country in argumentative prose.\\nIn Puritan New England, at the same period, contro-\\nversial works also abounded, for the Commonwealth of\\nthe Orthodox had found enemies without and within to\\ntrouble it Quakers, Anabaptists, FamiHsts, Antinomians,\\nand what not. These writings have, as a rule, little at-\\ntraction for the reader of to-day. The cruelly persecuted\\nQuakers put forth petitions and denunciations, noble in\\nspirit, but without special literary merit. The writings\\nof Roger Williams (i6oo?-i684) have permanent value\\nbecause they contain great thoughts. In an age when\\neven John Milton, pleading for toleration, made an excep-\\ntion of Popery and open superstition, which he said\\nshould be extirpate, this Welsh minister boldly pro-\\nclaimed the doctrine of universal soul-liberty, saying,\\nIt is the will and command of God, that a permis-\\nsion of the most Paganish, Jewish, Turkish or Antichris-\\ntian consciences and worships, be granted to all men in\\nall Nations. But his books are ill-proportioned, diffuse,\\nand obscure faults which they share, it is true, with\\nmost of the controversial literature of the day. At times,\\nhowever, he has passages of lucid argument or impas-\\nsioned eloquence and his individual sentences are now\\nand then poetical, as when he says, I fear not so much\\niron and steel as the cutting of our throats with golden\\n1 Areopagitica (1644), p. 54, Hales s ed., 1894.\\n2 The Bloody Tcncnt, prefatory propositions, cd. 1644.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "24 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nknives, or speaks of the snow as the white legions of\\nthe Most High. A much more readable little book\\nis Nathaniel Ward s ^The Simple Cobler of Aggawam\\n(1647), i^ which the author slashes away, with more wit\\nthan wisdom, in a racy, epigrammatic style, at the mon-\\nstrous new doctrine of toleration, long hair on men, the\\nfollies of women s dress, and other errors of the time.\\nThe book is narrow-minded, angry, sometimes abusive,\\nbut it is also amusing within a year it went through four\\neditions, and after two centuries and a half is still alive.\\nThere is yet a third division of this earliest literai:ure,\\nits Poetry. The first known poem written in New Eng-\\nland was Nova Auglia (1625), by William Morrell, a\\nclergyman of the English Church, who resided in Massa-\\nchusetts for a year or two. The poem describes the\\ncountry and the Indians, and is written in elegant Latin\\nwith a paraphrase in awkward English verse. The New\\nEngland Puritans were enemies to art in general, believ-\\ning that its pleasures seduced the soul from God yet\\npoetry they both studied and practised. The classics of\\nGreece and Rome formed the backbone of their college\\ncurricula, and the writing of English verse, chiefly elegies\\nand epitaphs, was pursued as a pious duty and godly rec-\\nreation by many of the solemn New England divines and\\nother dignitaries.^ There is no poetry in most of these\\npoems, which are filled to the brim, instead, with puns\\n1 Letters, in Publications of Narragansett Club, Vol. VI., pp. 15, 84.\\n2 Griswold, in his Poets and Poetry of America, quotes some anony-\\nmous doggerel about life in New England, which he says is believed\\nto have been written about the year 1630.\\n3 Morton s New Enghuid s Memorial entombs many of these remark-\\nable productions. Johnson s Wo??de7--Work!7?g Providence is inter-\\nspersed with the worthy captain s would-be metrical manufactures; to\\nread them is like being tossed on the points of bayonets.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "SEVENTEENTH CENTURY POETRY. 25\\nand strained conceits, in imitation of the contempo-\\nrary metaphysical or fantastic poets of England.\\nThus the Rev. Samuel Stone was lauded as\\nWhetstone, that edgefy d th ohtusest mind\\nLoadstone, that drew the iron heart unkind;\\nA stone for kingly David s use so fit.\\nAs would not fail Goliah s front to hit.^\\nAnd Rev. John Cotton was described as a Living Breath-\\ning Bible, where\\nGospel and Law, in s Heart, had Each its Column;\\nHis Head an Index to the Sacred Volume;\\nHis very name a Title-Page; and next,\\nHis Life a Commentary on the Text.^\\nIn The Whole Booke of Psalmes^ consisting of the Psalms\\ntranslated into English verse by the chief divines in the\\ncountry, to be sung in church, the style and verse are\\nsimply barbarous. Some of the lines it is quite impossi-\\nble to scan by any methods however heroic, and most of\\nthem clank Hke an engine with gravel in the bearings.*\\nLet a few lines speak for the whole\\n1 By E. B. (Edward Bulkley in Neio England s Memorial,\\np. 180, ed. 1772.\\n2 B. Woodbridge, in Magnalia, Book III., p. 31, ed. 1702.\\n3 Usually known as The Day Psalm Book.\\n4 The translators themselves say, in the preface, If therefore the\\nverses are not always so smooth and elegant as some may desire,\\nwee have attended fidelity rather then poetry. But the trans-\\nlators of The Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs, which appeared a\\nfew years later, say they have had a special eye both to the gravity of\\nthe phrase of Sacred Writ,, and sweetness of the Verse with what\\nsuccess let the following lines from the Song of Deborah testify\\nHe water ask d, she gave him\\nin Lordly dish she fetch d\\nHim butter forth unto the nayl\\nshe forth her left hand stretch d,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "26 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nThen th earth shooke, quak t, niountaines\\nroots moov d, were stird at his ire.\\nPsalm 18:7.1\\nIn death no mem ry is of thee\\nand who shall prayse thee in the grave\\nI faint with groanes, all night my bed\\nswims, I with tears my couch washt have.\\nPsalm 6:5, 6.1\\nBut better things were coming. In 1650 there ap-\\npeared in London a volume of poems entitled, The Tenth\\nMuse hitely sprung up in America. The Tenth Muse\\nwas *Mrs. Anne Bradstreet (1613-1672), wife of Gov-\\nernor Simon Bradstreet and daughter of Governor\\nThomas Dudley. Her longest poem, The Foure iViun-\\narchies, is a bald, dry chronicle in rhyme. Tlie Foure\\nElements, The Foure Humours^ T^he Four Ages of Alan,\\nand *The Foure Seasons are not much better, although\\nthey occasionally have considerable vivacity and vividness.\\nBut in some of her shorter poems appear a lightness and\\nprettiness, a feminine tenderness and fancy while in\\nthe Spenser-like stanzas called Contemphitions there is\\nmuch sweetness and flow of verse, and the pictures of\\nnature have a good deal of placid beauty. In more\\nfavorable circumstances, Mrs. Bradstreet would probably\\nhave developed into a very intellectual woman and a\\nbeautiful minor poet.^ But Puritanism and the crudeness\\nHer right hand to the workmans maul\\nand Sisera hammered\\nShe pierc d and struck his temples through,\\nand then cut off his head.\\nThe Psalms, Hymns, and\\nSpiritual Songs, ed. 1658\\n1 The Whole Dooke of Psalmcs, ed. 1640.\\n2 Among her descendants were W. E. Channing, R. H. Dana, Wen-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "SEVENTEENTH CENTURY POETRY. 27\\nof the New World stunted her mental growth and clipped\\nher wings of song. She took for her models the poorer\\nhalf of the literature of her day. Spenser she indeed\\nknew, and Raleigh s noble History of the World was the\\nbasis of her Foure Monarchies. But Shakspere and his\\nfellow dramatists she never mentions no doubt to her,\\nas to all her sect, they were sons of Belial. Her favorite\\npoets seem to have been of the fantastic school, who\\nhad more gift for puns and quirks and ingenious con-\\nceits than for the passion, imagination, and melody of\\ntrue poesie.\\nNew England Puritanism found its poet-laureate in\\nIV iCHAEL WiGGLESwoRTH 1 63 1-1705), a graduate of\\nHarvard College, and pastor and physician at Maiden.\\nHis Meat out of the Eater (1669), on the usefulness of\\nafflictions, teaches that\\nWe must not on the Knee\\nBe always dandled,\\nNor must we think to ride to Heaven\\nUpon a Feather-bed. 1\\nHis masterpiece is *The Day of Doom (1662?),- for\\na century the most popular book in New England after\\nthe Bible and the Catechism. The essence of Calvinism\\ndell Phillips, and O. W. Holmes. Her Meditations contain some\\npUhy sayings Authority without wisedom is like a heavy axe without\\nan cdg, fitter to bruise then polish; Dimne eyes are the concomi-\\ntants of old age; and short sightednes in those that are eyes of a\\nRepublique, fortels a declineing State. See the 1867 edition of her\\nworks, pp. Ixix, 50, 55.\\n1 Meat out of the Eater, p. 4, ed. 1717.\\n2 See The Historical Magazine, December, 1863, for an article by\\nJohn W. Dean, containing memoranda by Wigglesworth, about the\\ndates of the two poems. The first edition of The Day of Doom, of 1800\\nco]-\u00c2\u00bbics, was nearly all sold in a year.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "28 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nis in the poem. Christ suddenly appears in the sky at\\nmidnight, in a blinding glory the quick and the dead\\nare brought before him the various classes of the lost,\\nincluding non-elect infants, plead for mercy with much\\nlogical acumen, but are all refuted by Christ the plunge\\ninto a lurid physical hell follows, the infants being as-\\nsigned to the easiest room and the saints, sorrowing\\nnot a whit for the damnation of wife, husband, parent,\\nor child such compassion being now out of fashion,\\nand wholly laid aside ascend into heaven to enjoy\\nits pleasures forever. In manner The Day of Doom is\\ndreadfully crabbed and harsh but the metre has a\\ncheap jingle pleasing to dull ears, while the crude\\nstrength and bald realism of the style suited the\\nYankee Puritan s strenuous, practical mind. There is\\nsubUmity, too, in the horrible conceptions of the poem,\\nbut it is the ghastly sublimity of a colossal skeleton\\ngrinning the grin of Eternal Death. How hard and\\nnarrow and meanly literal this epic of New Englanr^-\\nCalvinism is, how devoid of the noble subhme with its\\nattendant grace and beauty, becomes painfully apparent,\\nwhen we compare it with another Puritan poem of the\\nsame period and upon a similar theme the Paradise\\nLost of John Milton.^\\nThe last quarter of the seventeenth century was marked\\nby changes, significant for literature, in the spirit of the\\ncolonists. Most of the inhabitants of New England were\\nnow American born, loving the land of their fathers but\\n1 T/ie Day of Doom, stanzas i8i, 197, 196, ed. 1715.\\n2 The Day of Doom may have been somewhat influenced by Stir-\\nling s Doomes-Day (1614), although the similarity in general plan and\\noccasionally in expression is perhaps sufficiently accounted for by their\\nhaving a common original.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "COTTON MATHER. 29\\nregarding America as their own country. Society and\\nstate were becoming more secular and liberal. The right\\nto vote was no longer confined to members of Congrega-\\ntional churches the growth of population, trade, and\\nwealth brought with it a widening of interests; religion\\nand the church filled a relatively smaller place and the\\nseverity of Puritan morals and the intolerance of Puritan\\ntheology began to be somewhat relaxed.-^ Yet Religious\\nand Controversial Writings abounded as before for the\\nclergy were still powerful, and the supposed degeneracy\\nof the times urged them to activity.^ In particular, Cot-\\nton Mather (i 663-1 728), the great man of his day,\\nset himself to stem the ebbing tide. He was the grand-\\nson of two of the early giants, John Cotton and Richard\\nMather; and his father, Increase Mather, was president\\nof Harvard College, a powerful preacher, and proHfic\\nauthor. In his sixteenth year Mather received the\\nbachelor s degree at Harvard and before he was nine-\\nteen, the master s degree. He then became his father s\\n1 John Cotton approved of the banishment of Roger Williams in\\nX636. His grandson, Cotton Mather, in 1718 preached the sermon at\\nthe ordination of a Baptist minister.\\n2 The worldly vanity of wearing wigs, a custom which was now\\nbecoming common among the descendants of the Round-heads, is\\nthus attacked by Benjamin Bosworth in Si^-fis of Apostacy Lamented\\n(1693)\\nWhen Perriwigs in Thrones and Pulpits get,\\nAnd Hairy Top-knots in high Seats are set\\nThen may we Pray, have Mercy Lord on us.\\nThat in New-England it should now be thus,\\nWhich in time past a Land of Pray r hath been,\\nBut now is Pray r turn d out of Doors by Sin.\\nArt thou a Christian, O then why dost wear\\nUpon thy Sacred Head, the filthy Hair\\nOf some vile Wretch, by foul Disease that fell,\\nWhose Soul perhaps is burning now in Hell", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "30 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nassistant in the pastorate of the North Church, Boston,\\nwhere he remained till death. Cotton Mather read\\nenormously in many languages, preached thousands of\\nsermons, and published three hundred and eighty-three\\npamphlets or books.^ It is no wonder that such a man\\nwrote over his study door, as a warning to visitors. Be\\nShort. In boyhood he composed forms of prayer for\\nhis school-fellows and obliged them to pray. In later\\nlife, each day was packed full of prayers, study, and minis-\\ntrations public or private. He kept more than four hun-\\ndred fasts, besides many midnight vigils, when he lay for\\nhours on his study floor, now in agonies over his vile-\\nness, now in spiritual ecstasy. At odd moments through-\\nout the day he wedged in pious ejaculations, at one time\\nfining himself for each omission which worked a speedy\\ncure. Every incident must be spiritually improved on\\nmeeting a tall man he would pray, Lord, give that man\\nhigh attainments in Christianity and when he did so\\nmean an action as paring his nails, he thought how he\\nmight lay aside all superfluity of naughtiness. In his\\nwritings Mather strove mightily to bring New England\\nback to the Puritan ideal of godliness. This purpose is\\nthe inspiration of his great work, Magnalia CJiristi\\nAmericana or, the Ecclesiastical History of New-Eng-\\nland 1 702) which treats of the planting of New England,\\nthe lives of eminent magistrates and divines, Harvard Col-\\nlege, the New England churches, wonderful providences\\n(including cases of witchcraft), and the Wars of the\\n1 Samuel Mather s Life of Cottoji Mather, p. 178, ed. 1729; from\\nwhicli most of the other facts, and all the quotations, about Mather are\\nalso taken. Sabin s Dibliotheca Americana attributes four hundred and\\neleven works to Cotton Mather. Three hundred and eighty-three are\\nenough.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "COTTON MATHER.\\n31\\nLord, or the struggles with Quakers, Anabaptists, Ind-\\nians, and other disturbers of the peace of the Puritan elect.\\nThe book has some historical value, because the writer\\nwas so near to the events narrated but it is careless,\\nfantastic, and full of pedantry, the pages being crammed\\nwith Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, learned digressions, and\\nabominable puns. Yet the narrative portions sometimes\\nhave considerable interest, anecdotes frequently enliven\\nan otherwise dull passage, and the whole book is impres-\\nsive by its bulky strength. Cotton Mather s contempo-\\nrary reputation in America was very great, and it even\\nextended to the Old World.^ He lives still, after a\\nfashion, as the most conspicuous American writer of the\\nseventeenth century. Yet on the whole his life was a\\nfailure, and has the pathos of failure for he fought on\\nthe side of a doomed cause. Puritanism was passing\\naway, never to return, and even Cotton Mather battled\\nfor it in vain.^\\n1 Glasgow University gave him the degree of D.D. and he at least\\nbelieved that he had been made a Fellow of the Royal Society, although\\nthe letter which he received announcing his election seems to have been\\na hoax, as the records of the Society are silent upon the point.\\n2 The titles of the chief writings of Cotton and of Increase Mather\\nupon witchcraft can be seen in Appendix, C. It is easy to exaggerate\\nthe culpability of the Mathers in the horrible delusion of the Salem\\nWitchcraft. Belief in witches was still common throughout the civil-\\nized world, some of the best and wisest men in England sharing in it.\\nIn New England, furthermore, there was a popular theory that the\\nlegions of the Devil, largely driven out of Christian Europe, had taken\\nrefuge in the wilds of America; and that, dismayed and furious at the\\nPuritans attack upon this their final stronghold, they had marshalled\\ntheir forces for one desperate assault upon the New England Theoc-\\nracy. In the supposed degeneracy of the New England churches of\\nhis day Cotton Mather thus saw the special hand of the Devil and the\\nwitches were soldiers of the Prince of Darkness in the same great\\ncampaign. This conception was a large one, and is a good example of", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "32 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nOf the many able New England divines in the first\\nhalf of the eighteenth century three may be mentioned\\nas representative John Wise, Benjamin Colman, and\\nMather Byles. The writings of all reveal the influence\\nof the simpler, clearer, more systematic prose style which\\nhad begun to prevail in England before the end of the\\npreceding century. Wise, a man of powerful body and\\npowerful mind, whose fame has not equalled his deserts,\\nin his two books on church government shows broad\\ndemocratic principles, masterful logic, and a sinewy style\\nenlivened by sarcasm and humor. Colman was a man\\nof great personal charm and charitable spirit, a fascinat-\\ning pulpit orator, and a writer of polished Addisonian Eng-\\nlish. Byles, poet, wit, and man of letters, cultivated the\\ngraces of style as an element in the preacher s power, and\\nin the following advice to young ministers he aims directly\\nat faults of the older style Rattling periods, uncouth\\njargon, affected phrases, and finical jingles let them\\nthe gloomy but powerful poetry which underlay the prosaic life of the\\nNew England Puritans, in whom such imaginations had been quickened\\nby the romance and mystery of the New World with its strange natives\\nand vast and wooded solitudes. The conception was also a perfectly\\nnatural one for men holding the Puritan theology and confronted with\\na series of mysterious facts much like the modern phenomena of spirit-\\nualism, clairvoyance, and hypnotism. Some allowance must also be\\nmade for the panic which always threatens individuals and communi-\\nties in the presence of supposedly supernatural agencies with mys-\\nterious and unlimited power. New England was badly scared by the\\nwitches, and there is nothing more cruel than fear. It should, however,\\nbe remembered to Cotton Mather s credit that he did not believe in\\nconvicting witches on spectral evidence alone, for the characteristic\\nreason that the devils might have power to cause the apparitions of in-\\nnocent persons to be seen by the bewitched as the cause of their tor-\\nments, and the campaign against the godly thus go on all the more\\nmerrily; he believed in the efficacy of fasting and prayer, and himself\\ntried tlris means of exorcism with some success.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "JONATHAN EDWARDS. 33\\nbe hissed from the desk and blotted from the\\npage.\\nIn the case of most of the clergymen of this period the\\nnew graces were accompanied by some loss of the old\\npower. Not so with *Jonathan Edwards (i 703-1 758),\\none of the great philosophical intellects of the world.\\nHe graduated at Yale College in 1 720 was tutor there\\nfor awhile; in 1727 was ordained at Northampton; in\\n1 75 1 became missionary to a settlement of Indians near\\nStockbridge; assumed the presidency of Princeton Col-\\nlege in 1758, but died soon after from inoculation for\\nsmall pox. In the popular mind Jonathan Edwards is\\nmerely the author of Sin7iers in the Hands of an Angry\\nGod (1741), the terrible preacher of the most hateful\\ndogmas of Calvinism a wholly inadequate view of a\\nwonderful man. Personally he was of almost angelic\\nsweetness and purity, an intellectual saint rapt into high\\ncommunion with the Invisible and his conception of\\nGod, although it included many dark and terrible things,\\nalso dwelt with ecstasy upon the ineffable Love and\\nBeauty of the Divine Being. He was an idealist and\\nessentially a poet, seeing in the brightest glories of the\\nmaterial universe only a dim shadow of the blinding\\nLoveliness of Infinite Spirit. His intellect was of the\\nfirst order. At twelve he thought and wrote in a way\\nbeyond the power of most men while a tutor at Yale he\\nshowed remarkable originality in science, suggesting the\\nexistence of a cosmic ether and demonstrating that the\\nfixed stars are suns and his Freedom of the IVi/l (1754)\\nhas been called the one large contribution which\\n1 Ordination sermon, New London, 1758, as quoted in Tyler s A His-\\ntory 0/ Atnerican Literature, Vol. II., p. 195.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "34 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nAmerica has made to the deeper philosophic thought of the\\nworld. As a preacher, Edwards had wonderful power.\\nIn his little parish at Northampton began the Great\\nAwakening, for which the churches of New England\\nhad thirsted for half a century, and which spread over\\nAmerica and extended even to Great Britain. He usually\\nread his sermons, and his manner was very quiet. But\\nthe style was clear as light, the logic cumulative and un-\\nanswerable, the spiritual intensity tremendous. His\\nhearers felt themselves in the grip of a giant intellect.\\nPitilessly it laid bare their sins. Irresistibly it dragged\\nthem, all vile, into the presence of Absolute Holiness\\nand Inexorable Justice. Hell flamed beneath them. It\\nyawned to catch them. Women fainted men cried out\\nin agony only the preacher was calm, and his calmness\\nwas more terrible than excitement. In taking leave of\\nJonathan Edwards, it is impossible not to regret that his\\nenvironment led him so largely to waste his magnificent\\npowers upon theological problems which the world was\\nsoon to leave behind. If he could have given himself\\nto literature, science, or pure philosophy, mankind would\\nbe the richer. Yet as it is, he is one of the very few\\nAmerican writers whose fame is world-wide.\\nJournals, Narratives, and Histories were even more\\nnumerous in this later portion of the colonial period than\\nin the earlier. The Diary of Judge Samuel Sewall,\\nfrom 1674 to 1729, gives very interesting and sometimes\\nvery amusing pictures of the man and the times the\\n1 See A. V. G. Allen s life of Edwards (American Religious Leaders\\nseries), p. 283, where the quotation is given, anonymously. For a\\nstatement of Edwards s main theses about the will, see page 192 of this\\nHistory.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "JOURNALS, NARRATIVES, AND HISTORIES. 35\\nharmless vanity, love of creature comforts, hatred of\\nwigs, and mingled shrewdness and simplicity of the one\\nthe political troubles, quaint customs, systematic piety,\\nand abundance of human nature (regenerate and unre-\\ngenerate) in the other. The ^Journal of Sarah K.\\nKnight, containing an account of her journey from\\nBoston to New York in 1704, is one of the most enter-\\ntaining things in American colonial literature, light of\\ntouch, graphic, bubbUng over with wit and humor.\\nIndian troubles, King Philip s War in particular, sup-\\nplied much interesting material for histories and per-\\nsonal narratives. William Hubbard s Narrative of the\\nTroubles with the Indians (1677), written in plain,\\nclear style which the subject-matter sometimes lifts\\ninto graphicness, soon became a classic and is good\\nreading still. The ^Narrative of the Captivity (1682?),\\nby Mary Rowlandson, who was made a captive by the\\nIndians during King Philip s War, describes, in words\\nthat bring the dreadful scenes powerfully before the eye,\\nthe burning of Lancaster, the bloody slaughter of men,\\nwomeiv, and children, her weary journeyings through the\\nwilds with her brutal captors (she carrying her wounded\\nbaby in her arms) and her final ransom. John Williams s\\nThe Redeemed Captive (1707) is a narrative of similar ex-\\nperiences after the burning of Deerfield by the Indians in\\n1 704. Thomas Church s Entertaining Passages Relating\\nto Philip s War (1716) was based upon the notes of the\\nauthor s father, Benjamin Church, the doughty Indian\\nfighter, whose forces finally caught and slew the great\\nchief; and a hearty, idiomatic piece of writing it is, con-\\ntaining many exciting scenes. The histories of Penhallow\\n(1726), Callender (1739), Douglass (1755), and others,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "36 LITERATURE IN NEW ENGLAND.\\nalthough valuable, are less significant than Thomas Prince s\\nChronological History of New England (1736), which\\nby its scholarly carefulness and fairness prophesied future\\nmethods of writing history, and was the most meritori-\\nous piece of historical work published in America up to\\nthat date.\\nPoetry in these same years shows, on the whole, little\\nreal improvement. Fantastic hobbling elegies and\\nother poems continued to be written for a while. Cot-\\nton Mather, unwilling to be outdone in anything, pro-\\nduced several of atrocious badness.^ John Norton, John\\nRogers, and Urian Oakes wrote with some dignity and\\nimagination, although the total effect is greatly marred\\nby extravagances and unnatural conceits. Honest\\nPeter Folger blurted out a blunt, manly plea for reli-\\ngious toleration, in homely verse that at least cannot be\\n1 Tyler s A History 0/ Afnericatt Literature, Vol. II., p. 145. In his\\nlove of accuracy and original sources Prince belongs to the contem-\\nporary erudite school of historians, who all over Europe were amass-\\ning, with a painstaking and critical spirit that was new, vast stores\\nof material for the re-writing of history, Stith s The History of Vi?-ginia\\nsliows the same tendency. See Professor J. F. Jameson s The Devel-\\nopme7it of Modern European Historiography, in The Atlantic Monthly,\\nSeptember, 1890.\\n2 In his elegy on Oakes (p. 11, ed. 1682) he stays his tears to remark,\\nHow many Angels on a Needle s point\\nCan stand, is thought, perhaps, a needless Point\\nand, in the preface to the same poem, for the consolation of bereaved\\nBoston he presents the anagram. Sob Not. His more impassioned\\nelegiac style may be seen in these lines from Vigilantius, a poem occa-\\nsioned by the death of seven young ministers {Elegies and Epitaphs, a\\nreprint in The Club of Odd Volumes, 1896)\\nChurches, Weep on Wounded yield your Tears\\nTears use to flow from hack t New English Firrs.\\n3 See Norton s and Rogers s eulogies on Anne Bradstreet, in the 1867\\nedition of her works.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "EIGHTEENTH CENTURY POETRY. 37\\naccused of artifice. Benjamin Thomson s poems show\\nsome satiric vigor and give promise of better things to\\ncome. Yet Nicholas Noyes, the last and perhaps the\\nworst of the fantastics, did not cease from his ingenious\\ndevices in punning song until the eighteenth century\\nwas well on its way.^ But the new school of poetry in\\nEngland, represented by Dryden and Pope, was already\\naffecting American verse, and early in the eighteenth\\ncentury it became supreme. The good sense, clearness,\\nand polish of this so-called classic poetry, its conven-\\ntional diction, too, its overfondness for antithesis, balance,\\nand other rhetorical tricks, its tendency in general to\\nsmooth commonplace and frigid propriety, are all echoed\\nin the poems of Francis Knapp, Benjamin Colman, Jane\\nTuRRELL, Roger Wolcott, Mather Byles, Rev. John\\nAdams, and others.^ In *A Collection of Poems by\\nseveral Hands (1744), along with much commonplace\\nand some doggerel are a few rather pretty or vivacious\\nlines, while the poem describing a commencement at\\nHarvard contains several lively passages. The coarse\\nverses of John Seccomb, although much overrated, have\\nsome humor; and those of Joseph Green are often\\nbright and witty. The rough ballads of the time, such\\nas the anonymous LovciveWs Fight (1725), have native\\nvigor and spirit. Samuel Niles s A Brief and Plain\\nEssay (1747), on the reduction of Louisburg, is nothing\\nbut rhymed prose of the baldest, dreariest sort. John\\nMaylem s Conquest of Louisburg (1758) and Gallic\\n1 A Prefatory Poem in the Magnalia is by Noyes.\\n2 Byles wrote a letter of fulsome flattery to Pope, and received in re-\\nturn a copy of the latter s translation of the Odyssey. See Stedman and\\nHutchinson s A Library of American Literature, Vol, II,, p, 431, for the\\nletter.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "38 LITERATURE IN THE OTHER COLONIES.\\nPerfidy (1758) are all in valiant Pistol s swaggering vein,\\namusing instances of rant mistaken for force, and bom-\\nbast for sublimity. The line.\\nDeath, blunderbuss, artillery, and blood 1\\nboth exemplifies and describes the style of this gory-\\nminded poet, who took for his pseudonyme Philo-Bellum.\\nAfter these exhibitions of New World crudeness and bad\\ntaste, it is almost a pleasure to turn to the smooth con-\\nventionalisms oi Pietas et Gratidatio (1761), a collection\\nof poems in Latin, Greek, and English, by graduates of\\nHarvard, mourning the death of George II., and hailing\\nthe accession of George III. in strains of extravagant\\npraise which the events of the next few years were to\\nmake doubly ridiculous. The time for New England to\\nspeak in verse was not yet come. Her best utterance\\nas yet had been in prose and that, as we have seen, was\\nfar from despicable.\\n3. LITERATURE IN THE OTHER COLONIES.\\nThe Carolinas and Georgia produced little literature\\nin colonial times. John Archdale, formerly governor\\nof the colony, published in 1707 A New Description of\\nThat Fertile and Pleasant Province of Carolina. Two\\nyears later appeared The History of Carolina by John\\nLawson, containing his journal of a thousand miles of\\ntravel in South CaroHna, a description of North Carolina,\\nand an account of the Indians the book is written in a\\nfree, flowing style, and is packed full of keen observation.\\nThe letters of Eliza Pinckney afford interesting glimpses\\n1 The Conquest of Lonisbiirg, p. 6, ed. 1775", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 39\\nof life in South Carolina in the middle of the eighteenth\\ncentury, showing that in Charleston there was much social\\ngayety and considerable literary culture. A New Voyage\\nto Georgia (1737), by a young gentleman, gives a\\nvivid idea of the difficulty of travelHng in a new country\\ncovered with woods, creeks, and swamps, and describes\\nsome interesting incidents in a lively way. Several other\\ndescriptions of the young colony were published at about\\nthe same time. Among them was A True and Historical\\nNarrative of the Colony of Georgia (1741), by Patrick\\nTailfer and other discontents, an arraignment of Gov-\\nernor Oglethorpe for alleged mismanagement it is writ-\\nten in strong, finished style, and the dedication to\\nOglethorpe is a fine piece of irony.\\nOf the Middle Colonies Pennsylvania alone developed\\nmuch literary activity. In Maryland the only two not-\\nable works were written by temporary sojourners in the\\ncolony. George Alsop s A Character of the Province of\\nMary- Land (1666), in verse and prose, is a medley of\\nfrolicsome papers, full of grotesque and slashing en-\\nergy, describing the colony and its inhabitants. Half\\na century later appeared The Sot- Weed Factor Or, A\\nVoyage to Maryland (1708), by Ebenezer Cook; the\\npoem is often coarse and sometimes dull, but it has many\\nspirited scenes and a good deal of real humor. In 1670\\nDaniel Denton put out a rather fresh little book paint-\\ning life in the colony of New York in rosy colors, with\\noccasional pretty strokes of description. Cadwallader\\nCoi.DEN of New York wrote a History of the Five Indian\\nNations (1727), filled with petty engagements dryly\\ntold and dull speeches the introduction, however, has\\n1 Tyler s History of American Literature, Vol. I., p. 66.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "40 LITERATURE IN THE OTHER COLONIES.\\nsome interesting descriptions of Indian customs. Wil-\\nliam Smith s The History of New York (1757) is a plain\\nand heavy work, but contains valuable information. A man\\nof greater literary gifts was William Livingston, promi-\\nnent as a statesman in the period of the Revolution his\\nfirst appearance, however, was as a poet in PJiilosophic\\nSolitude (1747), which is written in the conventional\\neighteenth-century manner, but is smooth and pretty.\\nIn literary activity Pennsylvania soon became second\\nonly to Massachusetts, more than four hundred original\\nbooks or pamphlets being printed in Philadelphia before\\nthe Revolution.^ William Penn and his associates in the\\nfounding of the colony believed in education and intel-\\nlectual freedom before the pines had been cleared\\nfrom the ground he began to build schools and set up a\\nprinting press, and through every turnpike in that\\nprovince ideas travelled toll free. Penn himself during\\nhis residence in the colony wrote nothing except letters\\nthese, however, are pleasant reading, something of the\\nlarge, calm beauty of his spirit passing into his style.\\nThe long letter written in 1683 to the Free Society of\\nTraders contains an interesting description of the Ind-\\nians, whose friendship Penn so well knew how to win.^\\nGabriel Thomas published an account of the province\\nin 1698, a rather pleasing httle book for its simpleness\\nand innocent exaggeration.^ Jonathan Dickenson, a\\n1 T. I. Wharton s The Provincial Literature of Pen?isylvafiia, p. 124,\\nas cited in Tyler s A History 0/ American Literature, Vol. II., pp. 227,\\n228.\\n2 W. H. Dixon s William Peiut, p. 207.\\n3 Tyler s A History 0/ Ajuerica/i Literature, Vol. II., p. 226.\\n4 See Janney s Life of William Perm, p. 238, ed. 1852.\\n5 The Christian Children born here, he says, are generally well-\\nfavoured and Beautiful to behold being in the general, observ d", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE PHILADELPHIA WRITERS. 41\\nPhiladelphia merchant, in his God s Protecting Providence\\n(1699), described very graphically his shipwreck on the\\ncoast of Florida. James Logan, Penn s representative in\\nthe colony and for a time president of the council, wrote\\nmuch and well on many subjects, although little has been\\nprinted. His translation of Cicero s De Senectute (i 744),\\nhowever, was published during his lifetime as was also\\nhis Cato s Moral Dis ticks Englished in Couplets (1735),\\nin which the following couplet is perhaps the neatest\\nSlip not the Season when it suits thy Mind\\nTime wears his Lock before, is bald behind. 1\\nWilliam Smith s^ General Idea of the College of Mii-ania\\n(1753) is noteworthy because of its Addisonian style, its\\nanticipation of some modern ideals in education, and the\\nform of a romance in which the whole is cast.^ In addi-\\ntion to these and other general writers, there were in\\nPhiladelphia, during the first half of the eighteenth cen-\\ntury, several men, such as Henry Brooke, Aquila Rose,\\nSamuel Keimer, James Ralph, George Webb, and Jo-\\nseph Shippen, who had the knack of throwing off poems\\nof more or less grace and spirit, and who testify to the\\nexistence, thus early, of literary atmosphere and literary\\nambitions in the Quaker City. A poet of greater ability\\nand of much greater promise was Thomas Godfrey\\n(1736-1763). Most of his Juvenile Poems are tame\\nechoes of the conventional pastoral, elegy, and ode as\\nthese were then written in England but a few of them,\\nespecially ^Tlie Court of Fancy, were evidently inspired\\nto be better Natur d, Milder, and more tender Hearted than those born\\nin England. An Account, etc., p. 42, in N. Y. Hist. Soc. s facsimile.\\n1 Cato s Moral Disfichs, p. 14, ed. 1735.\\n2 More s Utopia seems to have been its model.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "42 LITERATURE IN THE OTHER COLONIES.\\nby the earlier and fresher English poets, Chaucer in\\nparticular, and have a good deal of melody, fancy, and\\nvividness. His best work, however, is *The Prince of\\nParthia, a tragedy showing the influence of both the\\nElizabethan and the Restoration Drama, and, in spite of\\nmany faults, containing much real poetic povver.^ God-\\nfrey s native endowment in poetry seems to have been\\nfar greater than that of any American writer before him,\\nand it is probable that if he had lived to maturity he\\nwould have become a very considerable poet. His\\nfriend and editor, Nathaniel Evans, also wrote poems of\\nsome promise, having a certain freedom and largeness of\\nutterance, but his life was cut short in 1767.\\nThe early writings of Benjamin Franklin fall within\\nthe colonial period, but the consideration of them will,\\nfor convenience, be deferred to a later page.\\n1 It was acted in Philadelphia, in 1767. N", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "II. THE REVOLUTIONARY\\nPERIOD.\\n(1765-1789.)\\nHISTORICAL EVENTS.\\nStamp Act, 1765 repealed, 1766.\\nDuties on tea, paper, etc., 1767.\\nBoston Massacre, 1770.\\nBoston Tea-Party, 1773.\\nBoston Port-Bill, 1774.\\nFirst Continental Congress, 1774.\\nEngagements at Lexington and\\nConcord, April 19, 1775.\\nbattle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775.\\nDeclaration of Independence, 1776.\\nBurgoyne s surrender, 1777.\\nFrench alliance, 1778.\\nSurrender of Cornwallis, 1781.\\nPeace treaty, 1783.\\nShays s Rebellion, 1786-1787.\\nConstitutional Convention, 1787.\\nConstitution adopted, 1788.\\nLITERATURE IN ENGLAND.\\nJohnson, 1709-1784.\\nSterne, 1713-1768.\\nGoldsmith, 1728-1774.\\nChurchill s satires, 1761-1764,\\nPoems of Ossian, 176G.\\nRomantic novels Castle of\\nOtranto, 1762 Old English\\nBaron, 1772; Vafhek, 1784.\\nCowper, 1731-1800.\\nLetters of Junius (collected\\nedition), 1772.\\nHume, 1711-1776.\\nBurke, 1729-1797.\\nGibbon, 1737-1794.\\nCrabbe s early poems, 1775-1785.\\nBlake s early poems, 1783-1789.\\nIn speaking of the literature of the Colonial Period it\\nwas necessary to observe geographical lines, because the\\nseveral groups of colonies were so isolated and had so\\nlittle in common. The literature of the Revolutionary\\nPeriod has more unity, for the colonies were now driven\\ntogether by a common danger and animated by a common\\nspirit. The attempt of Great Britain to tax Americans by\\nact of Parhament welded thirteen scattered and diverse\\ncommonwealths into one nation and made possible the\\nbeginnings of a national literature.\\n43", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "44 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nThe same forces which gave a certain unity to the\\nRevolutionary literature also gave to much of it a political\\ncast, the struggle for freedom leaving httle time or energy\\nfor purely literary pursuits. And indeed the conditions\\notherwise were not yet ripe for much successful cultivation\\nof belles lettrcs or any of the fine arts. The colonies or\\nstates were still comparatively isolated and diverse. The\\nSouthern planter and the Northern farmer represented\\ndistinct types the descendants of fighting Scotch High-\\nlanders in North Carohna were of quite another spirit\\nfrom the peaceful Quakers of Pennsylvania the numer-\\nous Dutch, Swedes, and Germans in the Middle States\\ngave to those communities a complexion noticeably differ-\\nent from that of the Anglo-Saxon communities of New\\nEngland and Virginia Catholicism was still dominant in\\nMaryland, Episcopacy in the South, CongregationaHsm\\nin the North. And communication between the states\\nwas difficult. In an age without railroads, steamships,\\nor telegraphs, Virginia was practically much farther from\\nMassachusetts than it is to-day from Cahfornia the stage-\\ncoach running between New York and Philadelphia, which\\nwas called the Flying Machine because of its surprising\\nspeed, took two days to make the trip and more mails\\nare now each day sent out and received in New York\\nthan in Washington s time went from the same city to all\\nparts of the country in the course of half a year. The\\npopulation of three or four millions was still largely agri-\\ncultural.^ As late as 1786 Boston had only 15,000 in-\\nhabitants. New York 23,000, and Philadelphia 32,000.\\n1 MqMz. -Xq.x A History of the People of the United States, Vo\\\\. L, p. 41.\\n2 At the beginning of the war, it has been estimated, the population\\nwas 2,750,000. The census of 1790 showed a population of 3,929,214,\\nof which only three per cent lived in cities of 8000 inhabitants or more.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "STATE PAPERS. 45\\nLife in the states as a whole was still plain, and in many\\nparts rude. Education in the South languished. Great\\npublic libraries and art collections were unknown. Even in\\nthe older regions America was yet too young to have fine\\narchitecture, painting, or sculpture and a few miles back\\nfrom the waters of the Atlantic the country was little\\nbetter than a great wilderness. Yet literary taste and\\nliterary talent were showing signs of improvement and\\ngrowth. Literary ideals continued, of course, to be bor-\\nrowed from England. But although there was to be, for\\nmany years yet, a great deal of imitation, much of it\\nslavish enough, the average of ability in letters was higher\\nthan it had been in colonial days, while a few writers\\nshowed large talent and some originality.\\nThe pohtical Uterature of the period may mostly be\\ncomprised under State Papers, Speeches, and Essays.\\nThe State Papers, consisting of petitions, remonstrances,\\ndeclarations of rights, etc., form a body of exceedingly\\nable documents, noble in spirit, sohd in thought, strong\\nand dignified in style. When your lordships look at the\\npapers transmitted us from America, said Chatham in\\n1775, when you consider their decency, firmness, and\\nwisdom, you cannot but respect their cause. The\\nDeclaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jeffer-\\nson, has, hoxyever, somewhat tarnished with time, in\\nmatter and manner alike having some tinge of the sopho-\\nmoric. But its bold enunciation of great principles, its\\nlofty passion for liberty, and its elastic, ringing style\\nstirred the souls of its first readers, and have stirred the\\n1 McMaster s A History of the People of the United States, Vol. I., p. 3.\\n2 Hansard s The Parlia\u00c2\u00bbie)ita?y History of England, Vol. XVIII.,\\np. 155, note.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "46 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nsouls of millions since for Jefferson poured into it a\\ngreat faith in a great ideal Democracy.^\\nThe Speeches of the period, including debates, formal\\norations, and political sermons, maintained a high general\\nlevel, and in a few instances reached a lofty pitch of\\neloquence. The greatest orator of the North was James\\nOtis of Massachusetts. Of his speech against writs of\\nassistance, in 1761, the first bugle-note of the coming\\nRevolution, John Adams (who heard it) says that it was\\ncharacterized by such a profusion of learning, such\\nconvincing argument, and such a torrent of subhme and\\npathetic eloquence, that a great crowd of spectators and\\nauditors went away absolutely electrified. The great-\\nest Revolutionary orator of the emotional type was\\nPatrick Henry of Virginia, inferior to many of his\\ncontemporaries in learning, judgment,^ and practical\\nefficiency, but endowed with the gift of passionate elo-\\nquence. His famous speech before the Virginia Con-\\nvention, in 1775, rivals the oratory of Chatham for terse\\nstrength and fiery logic.\\nFor ten years before the war of arms began, all America\\nrang with a war of words. It was the day of the Political\\nEssay in pamphlet or newspaper. The country was a\\nhouse divided against itself; for the LoyaUsts, a numer-\\nous, wealthy, and cultured class, vigorously opposed all\\nmeasures which tended toward a rupture with the mother\\ncountry. In the writings put forth by both sides the in-\\n1 Jefferson s emphasis upon abstract ideals, borrowed from contem-\\nporary French thought, was doubtless a valuable supplement to the\\nAnglo-Saxon instinct of most of his countrymen to rest wholly upon\\nhistoric precedent.\\n2 John Adams s Works, Vol. X., p. 183.\\n3 In 1788 he hotly opposed the adoption of the Constitution.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL ESSAYS. 47\\ntellectual force, political knowledge, and literary ability\\nare on the whole surprisingly great but a rapid and very\\nimperfect survey must here suffice.\\nIn the summer of 1764, amidst the general alarm\\ncaused by the report that Parliament intended to lay new\\nand heavier taxes upon the colonies, James Otis again\\ncame forward as the champion of American freedom with\\na pamphlet entitled, The Rights of the British Colonies\\nAsserted and Proved, in which he declared that no\\nparts of his Majesty s dominions can be taxed without\\ntheir consent, and urged that the colonies be allowed\\nto send representatives to Parliament. In the next year\\nappeared a reply, purporting to be A Letter from a Gentle-\\nman at Halifax to His Friend in Rhode Island, and argu-\\ning that the colonies were no worse off than the majority of\\ntheinhabitantsofGreat Britain itself, who (under the system\\nthen prevaihng) had no voice in electing members to Parlia-\\nment. It was soon discovered that the author was really\\na Newport lawyer, Martin Howard whereupon a mob\\ngutted his house, smashed his furniture, and forced the\\nhated Tory himself to flee for refuge to a British man-of-\\nwar. The fierce intolerance of the Puritan was not yet dead\\neven in the colony of Roger Williams. Otis s own career\\nwas cut short four years later by a brutal assault which\\nfinally left him a mental wreck.^ The pohtical services of\\nanother Massachusetts patriot, Samuel Adams, were of\\nmuch longer continuance for nearly a third of a cen-\\ntury, says Professor Tyler, he kept flooding the com-\\nmunity with his ideas, chiefly in the form of essays in the\\n1 Page 99, ed. 1765.\\n2 On the day of the battle of Bunker Hill he escaped from his attend-\\nants and took part in the fight. He was killed by lightning in 1783.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "48 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nnewspapers. His industry was indefatigable. A friend\\nwho often had to pass his house after midnight has said\\nthat the study lamp was usually burning, and he knew\\nthat Sam Adams was hard at work writing against the\\nTories. His style was practical and plain, but very\\neffective every dip of his pen, said Governor Bernard,\\none of his victims, stung like a horned snake.\\nThe repeal of the Stamp Act was followed by a lull in\\npamphleteering. But the imposition of new duties upon\\nglass, paints, tea, and other prominent imports, soon\\nstirred up the strife anew. Again the printing presses\\ngroaned, again the paper legions flew to wordy war.\\nThe most celebrated of the essays called forth by the new\\nimposts were the Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania to\\nthe Inhabitants of the British Colonies, by John Dickin-\\nson, which appeared first in a Philadelphia newspaper in\\n1 76 7-1 768, and were read throughout America and\\nEurope. They deserved their fame, for nothing of the\\nkind could be more admirable. They were written in\\nneat, clear-cut style, showed easy mastery of the funda-\\nmental principles of government, and while firm and\\ncourageous were moderate and fair-minded. But the ten-\\nsion increased from year to year; and in 1774-1775 the\\nstream of essays and pamphlets became a flood. The\\nWestchester Farmer, in a series of pamphlets, laid about\\nhim right and left, as with a flail. He showed the injury\\nto the farmers which must result from the recent agree-\\nments to stop trading with England denounced Con-\\ngress as an illegal and tyrannical body and cried, If I\\nmust be devoured, let me be devoured by the jaws of a\\n1 The Literary History of the Ajiierican Revolution, Vol. II., p. 9.\\n2 Wells s Life of Samuel Adams, Vol. I., pp. 202, 203.\\n3 John Adams s Works, Vol. II., p. 425.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL ESSAYS. 49\\nlion, and not gnawed to death by rats and vermin.\\nThese pamphlets were the most powerful that the Loyal-\\nist side produced, sinewy in style, electrically charged\\nwith passion, wit, sarcasm, and logic. They heartened\\nthe Tories. They put the Radicals on their mettle.\\nThe two ablest replies, A Full Vindication of the Meas-\\nures of the Congress, and The Farmer Refuted, were both\\nfrom the pen of Alexander Hamilton, the most preco-\\ncious statesman of America, if not of the world. They\\nwere written when he was only eighteen years old, an\\nundergraduate at King s College, yet they showed such\\nlearning, political wisdom, and general maturity that they\\nwere commonly attributed at first to much older and\\nwell-known public men. Meanwhile an answer of quite\\nanother sort was preparing. The Farmer was (prob-\\nably rightly) suspected to be Samuel Seabury, an Epis-\\ncopalian clergyman of Westchester, N. Y., and a mob\\nfinally pillaged his house, insulted his daughters, and\\ndragged him off to prison. Hardly less powerful and\\neven more adroit than Seabury s pamphlets were the\\nletters of Massachusettensis, by Daniel Leonard, a\\nprominent lawyer and politician, which at about the same\\ntime began to appear in a Boston newspaper. John\\nAdams, who answered them, had already won some fame\\nas a pohtical essayist by his arguments in 1 765 against\\nthe Stamp Act and his reply to Massachusettensis\\nhad wide circulation in America and was several times\\nrepublished in Europe. But a sterner reply was at the\\ndoor. Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill converted\\nmany an able pamphlet into waste paper, and (in the\\n1 Free Thoughts oji the Proceedings of the Continental Congress, p. 36,\\ned. 1775.\\nE", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "50 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nwords of Adams himself) changed the instruments of\\nwarfare from the pen to the sword.\\nYet the most famous of all the political essayists of the\\nperiod had not yet entered the lists. Thomas Paine,\\ncoming to America in 1774 a needy adventurer, soon\\ngained some acquaintance with the Revolutionary leaders,\\nand rapidly absorbed the spirit of the hour. Early in\\n1776 appeared his pamphlet Common Sense, which ran\\nover the land like wildfire, 120,000 copies being sold\\nwithin three months. It was a bold plea for inde-\\npendence, and the effect was tremendous. It came in\\nthe nick of time. The bloody events of the preceding\\nyear had prepared the way; and this clever appeal,\\npresenting in homely fashion, with remarkable lucidity\\nand raciness of phrase, the great advantages which would\\nresult from America s taking her station among the\\nindependent nations of the earth, was just what was\\nwanted to determine wavering minds. Paine also wrote\\na series of inspiriting pamphlets called The Crisis, which\\ncame out at intervals during the war.\\nThe political essays of the period under review found\\na worthy close in The Federalist, a series of papers which\\nappeared in 1 787-1 788, during the great struggle over\\nthe adoption of the Constitution.^ The authors were\\nJohn Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton,\\nthe last-named writing the largest part.^ The immediate\\n1 Works, Vol. II., p. 405.\\n2 The series was published, in whole or in part, by several New York\\npapers and was reprinted as a book in 1788.\\n3 There has been much dispute as to the authorship of the various\\nnumbers. It is agreed that Jay wrote Nos. 2-5, 64; Madison Nos. 10,\\n14, 37-48 and Hamilton the rest, with the exception of Nos. 18-20, 49-\\n58, 62, 63. These last are in dispute, some scholars maintaining that\\nHamilton cooperated with Madison in Nos. 18-20 and wrote Nos. 49-58,\\nli", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "HISTORIES AND NARRATIVES. 51\\npurpose was to remove objections to the proposed consti-\\ntution but the discussion took a broad range, and the\\nfundamental principles of popular government were pre-\\nsented with such clearness, precision, and suppleness of\\nstyle, and such keenness and sagacity of thought, that\\nThe Federalist has long been a political classic.\\nNo hard-and-fast line divides the poUtical writings of\\nthe period from those of a more purely literary character.\\nBetween the two extremes stand several classes of works\\npartaking of the nature of both, while even the poetry\\nand other forms of pure literature often have for sub-\\njects the political events of the times.\\nGovernor Thomas Hutchinson, the ablest historical\\nwriter produced in America prior to the nineteenth\\ncentury, in the third volume of The History of the\\nProvince of Massachusetts Bay brings the record down to\\n1774 and even while treating of the turbulent times in\\nwhich his house was sacked by a mob,^ and he himself\\nfinally driven from the governorship, he maintains, for\\nthe most part, the calmness, accuracy, and fairness which\\nmark the genuine historian. Histories of the Revo-\\nlution were written by William Gordon, David Ram-\\nsay, and Mrs. Mercy Warren all are respectable,\\nand as contemporary records have considerable histori-\\n62, 63, and others that Madison was the sole author of all the numbers\\nin dispute. See P. L. Ford s edition of The Federalist, and The Ameri-\\ncan Historical Review, April and July, 1897.\\n1 Tyler s The Literary History of the A7nerica7t Revolution, Vol. IL,\\nP- 394.\\n2 The manuscript of his second volume was thrown into the street\\nmost of the scattered leaves were, however, recovered, stained with mud\\nand torn by the trampling feet of men and horses. Some of the sheets\\nare now preserved, says Professor Tyler, in the Massachusetts State\\nLibrary.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "52 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\ncal value, but their literary merit is not great. More\\ninteresting are the Narratives of Captivity by Ethan\\nAllen, Thomas Andros, Henry Laurens, and others.\\nColonel Allen, famous for taking Ticonderoga in the\\nname of Jehovah and the Continental Congress, was\\nequally robust as a writer, describing with much crude\\nvigor his experiences as a prisoner in the hands of the\\nBritish from 1775 to 1778. Andros s picture of Hfe-in-\\ndeath on the Old Jersey, a British prison-ship and veri-\\ntable pest-hole, in which he says that not less than eleven\\nthousand Americans perished, is sickeningly graphic\\nand the story of his final escape is thrilling. Laurens,\\nwhile on his way to Holland as United States commis-\\nsioner, was captured by a British man-of-war, in 1780,\\nand imprisoned in the Tower of London for more than a\\nyear his account of his life there, amid hardships and\\ntemptations, shows the dignified courage and incorrupti-\\nble patriotism of a lofty spirit. The pubhshed Letters\\nof the Revolutionary period are generally well written.\\nWashington always writes with a certain formality, indeed,\\ncharacteristic of the times and the man, but also with a\\ncalm strength and noble largeness. Jefferson s letters\\nare more lively and flexible. John Adams and his wife\\nAbigail had a gift for letter-writing, their letters to one\\nanother, in particular, being full of the little details and\\npersonal touches which give to this form of Hterature its\\npeculiar charm. From letters- to Journals and Auto-\\nbiographies is an easy step. Jefferson s Autobiography\\nhas less of personal interest than might be desired, deal-\\ning largely with his public career but it is written in his\\nusual easy, elastic style, and contains many interesting\\npassages. The Journal of John Woolman, a Quaker, is", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "LITERARY ESSAYS. 53\\npervaded by a spiritual purity, delicacy, and calm that\\nmade Charles Lamb exclaim, Get the writings of John\\nWoolman by heart, and love the early Quakers, while\\nWhittier beautifully says of it that one is sensible, as he\\nreads, of a sweetness as of violets.\\nIn the sheltered retreats of the magazine the Literary-\\nEssay put forth its feeble foliage in peace even while\\n\\\\Var was devastating the world without. Thus The Penn-\\nsylvania Magazine for September, 1775, contained, along\\nwith a picture of the battle of Bunker Hill, an essay ^xi-\\n\\\\\\\\i\\\\Qdi, Reflections upon the Afar vied State and two months\\nlater, when Washington was cooping up the British in\\nBoston and husbanding his powder, an essay on Frugal-\\nity. The Spectator papers were the models for the Amer-\\nican Steeles and Addisons, who, while catching the moral\\npropriety and literary restraint of the originals, too often\\nmissed their grace, humor, and delicate satire. These\\nessays, however, like their prototypes, frequently took the\\nform of character-sketches, dreams, fables, or tales, and\\nwere then sometimes written with a good deal of vivacity,\\nfancy, and wit. In a time of such political ferment, it\\nwas not to be expected that the essay or fable would\\naltogether avoid political subjects. In The Providence\\nGazette for November 10, 1764, when the menace of the\\nStamp Act was already troubling the country, there ap-\\npeared a Dream of the Branding of Asses and Horses,\\n1 A Quaker s Meeting, in Essays of Ella.\\n2 Introduction to Woolman s Journal, p. 34.\\n3 See the Old Bachelor papers (some of which are by Francis Hop-\\nkinson) in The Pennsylvania Magazine for 1775 and *Nuniber Five of\\nThe Retailer papers in The Columbian Magazine for 1788.\\n4 The article has no title in the original, being merely a letter to the\\npublisher.\\nI", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "54 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nwhich in a humorous way hit the political nail squarely\\non the head, showing that none but asses would stand\\nstill to be branded, and that American horses in partic-\\nular, being all of the Enghsh breed, would surely kick\\nup their heels with great vigor. Ten years later, just\\nabout the time of the assembling of the first Continental\\nCongress in Philadelphia, there was published in that\\ncity A Pretty Story, by Francis Hopkinson, a very enter-\\ntaining allegory of the Old Farm and the New Farm, of\\na Nobleman and his Children, of the Nobleman s Steward\\n(the king s ministers) and the Nobleman s Wife (Parlia-\\nment), and how the wicked Steward got a tax laid upon\\nWater Gruel (tea), and in many other ways vexed the\\nNobleman s Children upon the New Farm.^ Some time\\nbetween the adjournment of Congress and the outbreak\\nof war, there came out ^A Cure for the Spleen, an essay\\nin the form of a dramatic conversation, setting forth the\\nTory view of the situation with so much liveliness, humor,\\nand keenness that it may still be read with a good deal of\\npleasure. Far removed (until near their close) from all\\nthis political hurly-burly are the ^Letters from an Amer-\\nican Farmer (1782), by J. Hector St. John Creve-\\nCCEUR, a Frenchman by birth, which are really pictorial\\nessays upon life in America. They describe with deli-\\ncate sentiment and poetic idealism the happy life of the\\nAmerican Farmer sketch vividly the inhabitants of\\nNantucket, their simple customs and dangerous occupa-\\ntions draw a powerful picture of the harsher side of\\nslavery as seen in South Carolina give some most inter-\\nesting facts about birds and snakes in the New World\\n1 It has been thought that Hopkinson took for his mode] Arbuthnot s\\nHistory of JoJvi Dull.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 55\\nand conclude with the distress brought upon the peace-\\nloving Pennsylvania Farmer by the American Revolu-\\ntion. Refinement and literary grace pervade the book,\\nwhich has real charm, although its exaggerated sensi-\\nbility, and distress at suffering even in a great cause,\\ngive it a certain effeminacy like that of the contemporary\\nliterature of sentiment in Germany, France, and England.\\nBenjamin Franklin began to write long before the\\nRevoliKion, but an account of his work has been\\ndeferred until now that it might be presented as a whole.\\nHis wonderful career, from a poor printer s boy to a\\nworld-famous man of science and an ambassador at the\\ncourts of kings, is too familiar to need emphasis here.^\\nFranklin s versatility was marvellous. He was an e pitome\\nof his century; its shrewd common-sense, its scientific\\nspirit, its literary talent within a certain range, its limited\\nspirituality, its moral coarseness, are all in high degree\\nexempUfied in him. His services as a statesman would\\nalone have made him famous, and so would his contri-\\nbutions to science. His literary fame, although great, is\\nsecondary, resting chiefly upon a few writings which are\\n1 Franklin was born in Boston in 1706; removed to Philadelphia in\\n1723, where he soon began to prosper as printer and publisher and rapidly\\nrose to great influence in the colony, founding the American Philo-\\nsophical Society and the University of Pennsylvania in 1752, by his\\nfamous kite experiment, demonstrated that lightning is electricity; 1753-\\n1774, was deputy postmaster-general for British America; 1757-1762,\\n1764-1775, acted as agent for Pennsylvania (and a part of the time\\nfor Georgia, New Jersey, and Massachusetts also) at the British court;\\nwas elected to Congress in 1775, and helped to draft the Declara-\\ntion of Independence; 1776-1785, resided in France as ambassador,\\nplaying a prominent part in winning French aid and in making a\\nfavorable peace treaty with England; 1785-1788, was president of Penn-\\nsylvania sat in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 died in Phila-\\ndelphia in 1790.\\nI", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "56 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nthe embodiment of practical wisdom of the higher im-\\nagination, as of the higher spirituahty, Frankhn knew\\nnothing. His writings fill many volumes, but the bulk\\nconsists of scientific papers, political papers, and letters.\\nThe style of the scientific articles is admirable for its\\npurpose lucid, precise, and compact. In his political\\nwritings Franklin struck many a good blow for his country,\\neffectively combining plain truth and powerful satire with\\nurbanity, humor, and wit. His Exa]nination before the\\nHouse of Commons in 1 766, which he printed as a pam-\\nphlet, did much to secure the repeal of the Stamp Act.\\nHis Rules for Reducifig a Great Empire to a Small One\\nand An Edict by the King of Prussia, which were pub-\\nlished in England in 1773, made a great hit and were\\nwidely read. Franklin was the best letter- writer of his\\nday in America. In comparison with Washington s uni-\\nform epistolary style, Franklin s is striking for its flexi-\\nbility dignified in weighty matters, in familiar letters\\nplayful as a kitten, frequently witty and fanciful, pleasing\\nalways by clearness, naturalness, and ease. He also tried\\nhis hand at the literary essay and sketch. In early years\\nhe pubHshed, in Philadelphia periodicals, the Busy-Body\\npapers and other Addisonian essays, which are compara-\\ntively commonplace. Many years after, while living in\\nFrance, he threw off, for the amusement of some of his\\nnew friends, several bagatelles, such as The Ephemera\\nand The Whistle, delightful for their French lightness of\\ntouch and their good-natured but sage philosophy of life.\\nFranklin s literary fame rests chiefly, however, upon his Poor\\nRichard s Almanac (1733-175 8) 2.n^\\\\\\\\\\\\ s Autobiogj-aphy}\\nHe was not the first to make almanacs the vehicle of enter-\\n1 The first five chapters were written in 1771 the rest, in 1784-1789.\\nI", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "POETRY. 59\\nThe poetry of Joseph B. Ladd (1786) shows some prom-\\nise, bemg occasionally rather pretty and light, and making\\nseveral attempts to use distinctively American material.\\nHis poems, like many others of the period, by their en-\\nthusiasm for Ossian also show that the tendency in\\nEnglish poetry toward Romanticism was beginning to\\naffect American poetry too. In the works of David\\nHumphreys, military aide to Washington, and afterward\\nminister to Spain, the influence of Pope and Goldsmith\\nis, however, still predominant. But Humphreys wrote\\nthe pentameter couplet with some grace and a good deal\\nof strength, and his poetry has a certain originahty. The\\nsubjects of all his principal poems are American;^ he\\npraises the vastness of nature in the New World sketches\\nIndian life, though briefly and as a dark background\\ndraws pretty pictures of American crops growing, and of\\nwinter pleasures and describes with much spirit the\\nAmerican whale fishery.\\nThe most notable poets of the period, however, were\\nJohn Trumbull, Timothy Dwight, Joel Barlow, and Philip\\nFreneau. The first three, residents of Connecticut and\\ngraduates of Yale College, remind us that literary pre-\\neminence had passed, for a time, from Boston and Phila-\\ndelphia to New Haven and Hartford and with Freneau\\n1 Such as Tke Armies of the United States (1780), The Happiness of\\nAmerica (1786), The Industry of the United States (1794), etc.\\n2 Hartford was for a while the residence of Trumbull, Barlow, Hum-\\nphreys, Lemuel Hopkins, and other so-called Hartford Wits. The\\nfour named wrote The Attarchiad, a keen and amusing satire upon\\nShays s Rebellion, depreciated paper money in Rhode Island, and other\\ndangerous symptoms of the times in the chaotic period between the end\\nof the Revolution and the adoption of the Constitution. The poem\\nappeared first in The New Haven Gazette, in 1786-1787, was reprinted in\\nother newspapers, and contributed its part to the growing conviction\\nthat a stronger central government was necessary.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "6o THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nthey mark the growth of a more purely literary cult than\\nhad before appeared in America.\\nJohn Trumbull (i 750-1831), lawyer and judge, was\\nalmost incredibly precocious, learning to read at two and\\na half years, composing verses at four, and at seven pass-\\ning the examination for admission to Yale College, which\\nhe entered at thirteen. His first considerable poem,\\n*The Progress of D illness (1772 and 1773), in vivacious\\noctosyllabic couplets, satirizes college education, fops,\\nand coquettes by sketching with much vigor and wit the\\ncareers of Tom Brainless, Dick Hairbrain, and Miss Har-\\nriet Simper.^ But the war was soon to draw the young\\npoet s talents into its vortex. In 1774 the Boston Port-\\nBill called forth from him An Elegy on the Times and\\nin the next year he flung himself headlong into the\\nwelter with the first half of his most powerful poem,\\n*M Fmgal, a mock-epic satire on the Tories. In\\nthis first part. Squire M Fingal, a Tory, stoutly har-\\nangues a town-meeting, which grows more and more\\nturbulent. In the second half (appearing in 17S2)\\nM Fingal is tarred and feathered and paraded about the\\ntown in a cart that night, safe in his cellar, he wofully\\ndescribes to his assembled Tory friends a vision in which\\nthere has been revealed to him the complete triumph of\\nthe Revolution. M Fingal was immensely popular in\\nits day, and has been many times reprinted since. It\\nhas perhaps been overpraised. A good deal of the\\ninterest in a contemporary political satire is necessarily\\n1 Trumbull s odes, elegies, and fables of the same period, in which\\nthe influence of Gray, Collins, Goldsmith, and Gay is manifest, are\\ncomparatively commonplace and feeble. His series of essays, The\\nMeddler and The Correspondent, published in Boston and New Haven\\nnewspapers in 1769-1770, are sprightly.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "TRUMBULL AND DWIGHT. 6i\\ntransient; furthermore, the poem contains many me-\\ndiocre passages, and the whole is proHx. Yet it has\\nmany passages of keen wit, broad humor, or crushing\\nsatire, and there is an enjoyable rush and vigor through-\\nout. It has also a refreshing smack of originality, in spite\\nof its manifest indebtedness, in verse, style, and general\\nmethod, to Butler s Hudibras and the satires of Churchill.\\nTimothy Dwight (i 752-181 7), president of Yale\\nCollege from 1795 till his death, pubHshed in 1785\\n*The Co7iquest of Canaan, an epic in eleven books.\\nThe Bible narrative of Joshua s wars is greatly amplified\\nby imaginary details, and a love story of Irad and Sehma\\nis added. Several digressions comparing sundry charac-\\nters in the poem to heroes of the American Revolution,\\nand the considerable space given to America in Book\\nTenth (where an angel reveals the future to Joshua), are\\nexamples of the way in which contemporary events and\\nthe growing sense of national greatness touched all sorts\\nof literature during the Revolutionary period. TJie Con-\\nquest of Canaafi is an honest, respectable piece of work,\\nbut of genius or even of high talent it has not a glimmer.\\nThe worst defect of the poem, next to its hopeless medi-\\nocrity, is the incongruity between the early, rude times\\ndepicted and the conventional eighteenth-century man-\\nner throughout the Gibeonites sing a hymn to the sun\\nin the style of the Essay on Man, and the damsel who\\ninstructs them in the true faith is made to talk thus\\nFar other God, replied the fair, demands\\nMy vocal transports, and my suppliant hands.\\nOne of the best features of Dwight s would-be epic, its\\noccasional pretty pictures of quiet scenes in nature, is\\n1 The Conquest of Canaan IL, 121, 122, ed. 1785.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "62 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nfound also in his other principal poem, Greenfield Hill\\n(1794), which is frankly in imitation of the manner of\\nSpenser, Thomson, Goldsmith, and other Enghsh poets.\\nIt contains some distinctively American touches in its\\ndescription of a New England village and in its pride\\nin the United States as the happiest land nearly half\\na century before Emerson, in The American Scholar,\\nstruck more successfully the same note, Timothy Dwight\\nhad written,\\nAh then, thou favour d land, thyself revere\\nLook not to Europe, for examples just\\nOf order, manners, customs, doctrines, laws,\\nOf happiness, or virtue.^\\nJoel Barlow (1754-1812) was a politician as well as\\npoet, and served as minister to France in 1811-1812,\\nHis interest in public affairs appears also in his poems.\\nThe Prospect of Peace (1778) glows with enthusiasm for\\nAmerica as the future leader of the world. A Poem\\nspoken at Commencement at Yale College, in 1781, deals\\nlargely with American affairs and a prefatory note says\\nthat passages in it are taken from a larger work which\\nthe author has by him unfinished. The work referred\\nto, The Vision of Columbus (1787), was therefore a poem\\nof slow growth, and it was still further expanded into the\\nbulky Columbiad of 1807. Barlow s epic was thus a great\\nand serious labor, into which he put his hfe-thought but\\nunfortunately it is a serious labor for the reader too. The\\nfirst book is a rhymed geography, describing in detail the\\nwhole continent the subsequent books contain the con-\\nquest of Mexico and Peru, the settlement of North\\n1 Greenfield Hill, I. 233-236, ed. 1794.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "BARLOW AND FRENEAU. 63\\nAmerica, the French and Indian War, the Revolution, a\\nretrospective view of the progress of the world from\\nCreation, and a vision of the future, in which Tennyson s\\nParliament of Man is anticipated. The style is heavy,\\nstiff with Latin derivatives,^ and often bombastic. The\\npentameter couplets are mechanically correct, but have\\nlittle real melody. In brief, The Coliimbiad is a stage-\\ncoach epic, lumbering and slow. It is valuable chiefly\\nas a courageous attempt at greater things in American\\nHterature and it failed, not because its author had no\\ntalent (for he had a great deal), but because epics de-\\nmand genius. Much more successful is his lively little\\npoem *77/ Hasty- Pudding (1793), which describes very\\nprettily the growing Indian corn and the husking-bees,\\nand tells with mock-solemn precision just how the\\npudding should be eaten.\\nPhilip Freneau (i 752-1832), of Huguenot stock, a\\ngraduate of the college of New Jersey, a sea-captain and\\neditor, hke Trumbull was soon diverted from pure litera-\\nture into political satire. His satires have less imagina-\\ntion than Trumbull s, and more abuse and bitterness.\\nIn The British Prison-Ship, containing vigorous though\\nrepulsive description, occur the lines.\\nSome miscreant Tory, puff d with upstart pride,\\nLed on by hell to take the royal side.\\nAnd elsewhere Cornwallis is called reptile, swine,\\nSatan s first-born son his army, a host of Beelze-\\nbubs England, the vengeful dragon s den. In\\n1 In the description of Washington crossing the Delaware (VI. 156-\\n169) occur the phrases, muriat flakes, nhrous form, petrific sky,\\nand waves conglaciate.\\n2 Poems, p. 197, ed, 1786.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "64 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nmore genial moods Freneau sometimes mingled humor\\nwith satire, as in The Political Balance, where Jove, using\\ntwo moons as spectacles, sees Great Britain as a blot\\non the Ball. The non-political satires, as The Village\\nMerchant, The Sabbath-Day Chase, and A Journey from\\nPhiladelphia to New York, abound in humor and are\\noften very lively. In the satiric and didactic poems the\\ninfluence of Pope and Churchill is apparent. But much\\nof Freneau s poetry is of other kinds, and shows other\\ninfluences. His commonplace poems of moralizing senti-\\nment about nature and human life are modelled on Gray s\\nElegy. The Hermit of Saba and Pictures of Columbus,\\ndramatic in form, have Hues in which one hears echoes\\nof the Elizabethan dramatists, as in these words of the\\ndying Columbus\\nThe winds blow high: one other world remains;\\nOnce more without a guide I find the way;\\nTo shadowy forms, and ghosts, and sleepy things,\\nColumbus, now with dauntless heart repair.^\\nMilton s early poems affected his graceful and musical\\nThe Power of Fancy and the playful-sad philosophy of\\nlife in the poems of Herrick and the Cavalier poets\\nreappears in The Parting Glass, On a Honey Bee, and\\n^The Wild Honeysuckle. *The House of Night, a work\\nof really powerful though somewhat crude imagination,\\nis all compact of the same gruesome Romanticism which\\nhad been recently coming into English poetry and prose\\nfiction. But Freneau was no slavish imitator. On the\\ncontrary, in poems of fancy and imagination he was the\\nmost original and truly poetical poet in America before\\n1 Poems, p. 261, ed. 1786.\\n2 Miscellaneous Works, pp. 29, 30, ed, 1788,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "FRENEAU. 65\\nthe nineteenth century. His gift for phrasing is illus-\\ntrated by the fact that two excellent English poets have\\nborrowed from him.^ In Campbell s O Connor s Child\\n(1810), the Hne,\\nThe hunter and the deer a shade\\nis taken without change from Freneau s most successful\\npoem on Indian subjects, The Indian Burying Ground\\nBy midnight moons, o er moistening dews,\\nIn vestments for the chace array d,\\nThe hunter still the deer pursues,\\nThe hunter and the deer a shade.^\\nAnd a line in Marniion (1808),\\nAnd snatched the spear, but left the shield\\nchanges but slightly a line in the American poet s verses\\nto the memory of the soldiers who fell at Eutaw Springs\\nThey saw their injur d country s woe;\\nThe flaming town, the wasted field;\\nThen rush d to meet the insulting foe;\\nThey took the spear but left the shield.^\\nThe IVi/d Honeysuckle is the high-water mark of Ameri-\\ncan poetry of the eighteenth century, in delicacy of feel-\\ning and felicity of expression being at least the equal of\\nBryant s To the Fringed Gentian. When such lines were\\npossible in the very infancy of the national life, there was\\nno reason to despair for the future of American literature.\\n1 Professor Tyler was the first, so far as I know, to point out this fact.\\n2 Poetical Works, p. 59, Aldine ed., 1891.\\n3 Miscellaneous Works, p. 189, ed. 1788.\\n4 Introduction to Canto III.\\n5 Scott s Poetical Works, p. 77, Globe ed., 1890.\\n6 Poems, p. 229, cd. 1786.\\nF", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "66 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nOf the Tory satirists Jonathan O dell (i 737-1818), an\\nEpiscopalian clergyman of old Massachusetts stock, was\\nby far the best. His satires, upon the model of Dryden,\\nPope, and Churchill, are polished, keen, and powerful.\\nThey reveal intense party bias and venom, but are mani-\\nfestly sincere in their opposition to a war which the\\nwriter regarded as needless, treasonable, cruel, and hope-\\nless. His pen-portraits of the Revolutionary leaders,\\nthough unjust, are strong. Of Congress he says,\\nsince Creation s dawn,\\nEarth never yet produc d so vile a spawn; 1\\nof John Jay,\\nto him these characters belong;\\nSure sense of right, with fix d pursuit of wrong;\\nAn outside keen, where malice makes abode.\\nVoice of a lark and venom of a toad;\\nof General Mifflin,\\nFierce Mifflin foremost in the ranks was found\\nAsk you the cause? He owed ten thousand pound;\\nand of Washington,\\nWas it ambition, vanity, or spite.\\nThat prompted thee with Congress to unite?\\nOr did all three within thy bosom roll,\\nThou heart of hero with a traitor s soul?\\nGo, wretched author of thy country s grief,\\nPatron of villainy, of villains chief.\\nOne more literary species, the Drama, began to de-\\nvelop in America during the Revolutionary period.^ Pon-^\\n1 The Word of Congress, in The Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution,\\np. so, ed. 1857.\\n2 The American Times, Part L, p. 4, ed. 1780.\\n3 The Word of Congress, in The Loyalist Poetry of the Revolutioft,\\np. 44, ed. 1857.\\n4 The AmericanTimes, Part I., p. 12, ed. 1780,\\ns English plays had been acted in New York in 1732. In 1749-1852\\ni", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE DRAMA. 67\\nteach or the Savages of America (1766), supposedly by\\nRobert Rogers, an American officer in the French and\\nIndian War, portrays with much reahsm the deceit and\\ncruelty of the whites in their dealings with the red men\\nbut the Indians themselves are not at all true to life,\\nPontiac talking and acting like a European statesman,\\nand his son Phihp being a sort of Edmund-Iago. The\\nDisappointment or the Force of Credulity (1767), by\\nAndrew Barton, is a rollicking comedy about buried\\ntreasure, and contains real though sometimes coarse\\nhumor. Mercy Warren s 77/(? ^^////(r?/ (1773) deals,\\nunder a thin disguise, with the Boston Massacre. Her\\ncomedy The Group (1775) makes scornful fun of the\\nleading New England Loyahsts. She also wrote two\\ncommonplace historical plays, The Sack of Rome and\\nThe Ladies of Castile they have some strength of style,\\nbut are often bombastic, and the blank verse is wooden.\\nThe Fall of British Tyranny (1776), of uncertain author-\\nship, recounts in prose the events of the struggle thus\\nfar, and satirizes the Tories and British with considerable\\nthe plays of Shakspere, Dryden, Otvvay, and others were performed in\\nPhiladelphia, New York, and Annapolis, by a company consisting in\\npart of professionals. Hallam s London company played in Williams-\\nburg, Va., in 1752-1753 in New York, in 1753-1754; in Philadelphia,\\nin 1754. Reorganized, it acted in New York in 1758, 1761-1766; in\\nPhiladelphia, 1759; in Annapolis, 1760; in Newport, 1761 in Provi-\\ndence, 1762. A permanent theatre was built in Philadelphia in 1766\\nin New York, 1767 in Annapolis, 1771 in Charleston, S. C, 1773.\\nDuring the occupation of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia by ELiit-\\nish troops, plays were given by the officers. Congress, by recommenda-\\ntions to the states in 1774 and 1778, did aH it could to close the theatre\\nelsewhere in 1774 the American company left Philadelphia for Jamaica\\nbut in 1781 the first playhouse in Baltimore was erected. After the\\nRevolution professional players cautiously resumed operations in\\nPhiladelphia, in 1784; in New York and Savannah, in 1785; in Mary-\\nland and Virginia, in 1786.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "68 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nrude vigor. Of much more literary merit are *The Battle\\nof Bunker s- Hill (1776) and The Death of General\\nMontgomery (1777), by Hugh H. Brackenridge both\\nare reading dramas only, consisting of long speeches in\\nrather stiff blank verse, but they show considerable lit-\\nerary culture and are inspired by an ardent and noble\\npatriotism. The Blockheads (1776), making coarse fun\\nof the fright of the British officers in Boston after the\\nbattle of Bunker Hill; The Battle of Brooklyn (1776),\\nby some Tory or British hand, portraying the American\\nsoldiers and generals as cowards and grossly immoral\\nThe Motley Assembly (1779), a few loosely connected\\nscenes of small force, directed against Tories and Whig\\nturncoats; and The Blockheads (1782), an opera, ex-\\npressing the Loyalist dislike of the French alliance as\\ndangerous to liberty, and pining for friendship once\\nmore with dear Albion all deserve mention merely\\nas mirrors of the strife and passion of the times. In The\\nPat? iot Chief {i ]^/i^), said to be by Peter Markoe, we\\nreturn to the realm of pure hterature. The scene is\\nLydia; the main characters are Otanes, Araspes, Ismene,\\nand the Lydian king the plot is the conventional one of\\npolitical ambition, love, and mistaken identity and the\\nstyle is in general high-flying and stagey. The Drama in\\nEngland itself was now in a bad way, and had been for\\nlong it was not to be expected that plays of high merit\\ncould yet be written in the New World. The first rich\\nharvests of American literature were to be reaped in\\nother fields and after two centuries of preparation the\\nreaping-time was now not far distant.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE PERIOD OF THE REPUBLIC", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "y", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "FOREWORDS.\\nThe great task of Colonial and Revolutionary America\\nwas to settle the Atlantic seaboard, establish provincial\\ngovernments, and achieve independence and national\\nunion. The great task of the Republic has been to\\nextend the national domain to Mexico and the Pacific\\nOcean, carve out new states from this territory and bring\\nthem into the Union, throttle secession, rid the nation of\\nthe incubus of slavery, furnish an asylum for the poor and\\noppressed of the Old World, and play a leading part in the\\ndevelopment of modern industrial civilization. We have\\nalready seen how slight and crude American literature was\\nduring the first two centuries. Even the literature of the\\nRepubhc is still a minor product in comparison with the\\nnation s achievements in other fields. The United States\\nis even yet too young, too crass, too much absorbed in\\nthe struggle with physical nature, it has not even yet\\nenough of the mellowing that comes with time, of the\\nenriching and beautifying of the national life that wait\\nupon venerable historic associations, ancient legend, and\\nthe noble leisure of an old civilization, to produce the\\ngreatest art. American literature at its best is still much\\nbelow English and Itahan and Greek literatures at their\\nbest. As a whole it is inferior even to English literature\\nof the nineteenth century. No false patriotism or personal\\naffection for a favorite author should blind us to these\\nfacts. Tennyson, Carlyle, Thackeray, Shelley, Wordsworth,\\n71", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "72 THE PERIOD OF THE REPUBLIC.\\nScott, what six American poets and prose-writers shall\\nwe place on an equaHty with these men? And how puny\\nare our greatest compared with the giants of the ages\\nGoethe, Milton, Shakspere, Dante, Virgil, Sophocles,\\nHomer. But we may, nevertheless, justly be proud of\\nthe literature of the Republic. The day of Wigglesworth\\nand Barlow has forever gone. The day of Irving, Poe,\\nLongfellow, Hawthorne, Lowell, and Emerson has come\\nand in them and their fellows we have given beautiful\\ngifts unto men.\\nEven within the period of the Republic, however, the\\nyears of literary bloom have been all too few. Since the\\nWar of the Revolution four generations have come\\nupon the scene. In the first generation, ending approxi-\\nmately with the War of 1812, American Hterature shared\\nin the general weakness and crudeness of the young\\nnation s life, although it shared hkewise in the promise of\\ncoming strength. In the second and third generations,\\nending approximately with the Civil War, lived and\\nwrote most of the authors who first lifted our Hterature\\nout of the dust, and gave it an honorable though subordi-\\nnate place among the literatures of the world. In the\\nfourth generation, ending with the century, American\\nliterature has been characterized by fresh beginiwigs and\\na new spirit rather than by great achievement. Our\\nliterature, like our country, seems to be standing upon\\nthe threshold of a new era. Just what that era will be,\\nno man can say; but there is reason for the faith that\\nit will not be unworthy of the maturing life of a great\\npeople.\\nI", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "III. THE PERIOD OF THE\\nREPUBLIC.\\n1 789-1 900.)\\nI. THE LITERATURE OF THE TIME OF NATIONAL\\nBEGINNINGS (1789-1815).\\nHISTORICAL EVENTS.\\nWashington s administrations,\\n1789-1797.\\nOutbreak of the French Revolu-\\ntion, 1789.\\nFirst tariff, 1789.\\nFunding the national debt, 1790.\\nIndian wars, 1790-1794, 1811.\\nInvention of the cotton-gin, 1793.\\nWhiskey Insurrection suppressed,\\n1794.\\nJay s treaty with Great Britain,\\n1794.\\nAdams s administration, 1797-\\n1801.\\nPreparations for war with France,\\n1798.\\nKentucky nullification resolutions,\\n1799.\\nDeath of Washington, 1799.\\nWashington City becomes the capi-\\ntal, 1800.\\nJefferson s administrations, iSoi-\\n1809.\\nWar with Tripoli, 1801-1805.\\nLouisiana Purchase, 1803.\\nLewis and Clarke s expedition to\\nPacific, 1804-1806.\\nFulton s steamboat on the Hudson,\\n1807.\\nThe Embargo, 1807-1809,\\nj Importation of slaves forbidden,\\n1808.\\nMadison s administrations, 1809-\\n1817.\\nFirst steamboat on the Ohio and\\nthe Mississippi, iSii.\\nWar with England, 1812-1815.\\nHartford Convention, 18 14.\\nLITERATURE IN ENGLAND.\\nBurns s poems, 1786-1802.\\nAnn Radcliffe s romances, 1789-\\n1797.\\nBurke s Reflections on the French\\nRevolution 1790.\\nBlake s later poems, 1791-1794.\\nRoger s Pleasures of Memory 1792,\\nGodwin s Political Justice, 1793;\\nCaleb Williams, 1794.\\nPoems by Southey, 1794-1814.\\nLewis s romances and tales, 1795-\\n1808.\\nWordsworth and Coleridge s Lyri-\\ncal Ballads, 1798.\\nLandor s Gebir, 1798.\\nCampbell s Pleasures of Hope,\\n1799 Gertrude of Wyoming,\\n1809.\\n73", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "74 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nPoems by Moore, 1800-1812.\\nNarrative poems by Scott, 1805-\\n1813.\\nCrabbe s Parish Register, 1807\\nBorough, 1810.\\nPoems by Wordsworth, 1807; Ex-\\ncursion, 1 8 14.\\nJane Austen s novels, 1811-1818.\\nByron s Child e Harold, I. and II.,\\n1812; Eastern tales in verse,\\n1813-1814.\\nDuring the first quarter-century of its existence the\\nyoung RepubUc was beset with pecuhar dangers, but the\\ncharacter of the men at the head of affairs ensured a suc-\\ncessful issue. Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madi-\\nson as Presidents, Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury,\\nMarshall as Chief Justice, and others in various positions\\nof power were master workmen in statecraft. They\\nmanifested a large wisdom in interpreting and adminis-\\ntering the fundamental law of the land amid perplexing\\nnew problems asserted the authority of the national\\ngovernment in the face of tendencies to insurrection and\\nsecession in South and North alike avoided useless\\nentanglements abroad during the fever of the French\\nRevolution and the Napoleonic wars when it became\\nnecessary to strike a foreign foe, struck hard established\\nthe tottering national credit upon a bed of rock by tariffs\\nsecured ample revenues, and incidentally encouraged the\\ndevelopment of the country s magnificent resources for\\nmining and manufactures set up territorial governments\\nin the West and brought five new states into the Union.\\nAll this was a task for giants, but there were giants for\\nthe task. By the end of the War of 18 12 the new sliip of\\nstate had found herself and was ready for a longer\\nvoyage over stormier seas.\\nIn population, settlement of old territory, and acquisi-\\ntion of new the advance was also great. The census of\\n1 8 10 showed a population of more than seven millions.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "GENERAL CONDITIONS. 75\\nor nearly double that of 1790; the frontier line was\\npushed steadily back toward the Mississippi and the\\nLouisiana purchase threw open the immense tract be-\\ntween the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. This\\nrapid growth in numbers and territory involved a like\\ngrowth in wealth and industry. The North raised and\\nexported large quantities of cereals. At the South, rice\\nand sugar-cane were proving valuable products and since\\nthe invention of the cotton-gin, cotton was king already,\\nthe crop exported in 18 10 being worth over fifteen\\nmillion dollars. Cotton and woollen manufactures\\nsteadily increased, although they were still in their\\ninfancy. Manufactures of wood and leather prospered.\\nMining and metal industries were yet in a backward\\nstate, but in common with all manufactures they were\\nfeehng the stimulus of the tariff, the embargo, and the\\nwar with England. The ocean commerce of neutral\\nAmerica flourished mightily during the long-continued\\nEuropean wars. The coasting trade was also growing,\\nand the great rivers and lakes bore steadily increasing\\nfreights even before the introduction of the steamboat.\\nBut traffic by land was still difficult and costly to\\nhaul a ton from Philadelphia to Pittsburg cost a\\nhundred and twenty-five dollars the construction of\\nturnpikes and canals therefore received much attention,\\nuntil the coming of the locomotive revolutionized over-\\nland traffic.\\nSocial, intellectual, and moral conditions differed widely\\nin different sections. New England was still the home\\n1 Schouler s History 0/ the United States, Vol. II., p. 215.\\n2 McMaster s A History of the People of the United States, Vol. III.,\\np. 463.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "76 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nof independent religion and sober morals, of solid intellect,\\nuniversal education, and careful industry, although the\\nPuritan grimness had moderated and dwindled into a\\nrather prim propriety. The Middle States were still\\nthe seat of a mixed population. New York in particular,\\na city of many tongues, having already something of a\\ncosmopolitan character Albany was a staid half- Dutch\\ntown Philadelphia retained its reputation for quiet in-\\ntelligence Baltimore and Washington were gay society\\ncentres while throughout the rural districts might be\\nfound the honest and industrious if rather dull Swedish,\\nGerman, and Dutch farmers. In the South the growth\\nof slavery was confirming the aristocratic division of\\nsociety into masters, slaves, and poor whites. The\\nSouth was also still deficient in schools and cities,\\nalthough Charleston remained a centre of intelligence\\nand gayety, and Savannah, Raleigh, and Richmond were\\nrising into some prominence. But the old hospitality\\nof the Southern gentleman had only refined with time\\nhonor between man and man, and chivalry toward woman,\\nennobled Southern society and plantation life, with its\\nhabits of self-reliance and command, continued to be a\\ntraining-school for leaders in national affairs. Our new\\npossessions in the Southwest, including the old city of\\nNew Orleans, had brought into the Union the new ele-\\nments of French gayety and grace, of grave Spanish\\ncourtesy and romance, elements destined to furnish rich\\nsubject-matter for our Hterature in future years. On the\\nFather of Waters and his giant tributaries was fast develop-\\ning a pecuHar and picturesque type of life, which, however,\\nwould have to wait two generations or more for adequate\\nexpression in letters while along the Western frontier", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "A TRANSITION PERIOD.\\nn\\nand in the far West, the squatter, the hunter, the ex-\\nplorer, and the Indian were making material for the\\nliterature which they could not write.\\nFrom this brief survey it will be seen that the condi-\\ntions in the United States as a whole were still unfavorable\\nfor literature and the fine arts. The energies of the\\npeople were largely absorbed with the problems of\\nphysical or political existence and the great majority\\nof the population lived in the country, away from the\\nstimulus and culture of cities.^ Nevertheless, in portions\\nof New England and the Middle States the conditions\\nwere better than they had ever been before. Cities of\\nconsiderable size now existed. In 1810 the population\\nof Boston was 33,250; of Philadelphia, 57,488 of New\\nYork, 96,373 and in these and other centres a good\\nmeasure of wealth and leisure, of social gayety and re-\\nfinement, of culture, knowledge, and literary intelligence,\\nwas common. Old colleges were growing, new colleges\\nwere springing up, newspapers and magazines abounded\\nmore and more.^ Yet even in the cities great libraries,\\nart collections, circles of artists and men of letters, and\\nthe general atmosphere helpful to the literary and artistic\\nlife were largely or altogether lacking. American schools\\nof painting, sculpture, and music did not exist,^ and\\n1 In 1810 only five per cent of the population lived in cities of 8000\\nor more inhabitants. Furthermore, the exodus of Tories after the\\nRevolution had robbed city and country alike of many of the most\\ncultured citizens.\\n2 In 1810 there were 359 newspapers, including 27 dailies. Among\\nthe magazines were The Port Folio, Philadelphia, 1801-1827; The\\nAtonthly Register, Charleston, S. C, 1805 and The Analectic Mtigazi?ie,\\nPhiladelphia, 1813-1820.\\n3 Benjamin West (1738-1820), lohn S. Copley (1737-1815), Gilbert\\nStuart (1755-1828), Charles R. Leslie (1794-1859), and other American", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "78 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nAmerican literature as a whole was still sadly deficient in\\noriginality, beauty, and power. And yet the literature of\\nthis time of beginnings has significance and promise, and\\ncannot be passed by carelessly if one would understand\\nthe historical development of American literature. It\\nwas closely hnked with the immediate past in some ways\\nit prophesied and prepared for the better future and\\nparts of it had considerable intrinsic merit. Between\\nthe literature of the Revolutionary period and that of\\nthe second generation under the Repubhc how great the\\ndifference. The hterature of the intervening generation\\naffords a partial explanation of the change, not so much\\nby its achievement as by its tendencies and attempts.\\nIn Revolutionary days America was already a land of\\nOrators, and under the Republic the brood naturally\\nmultiplied apace. Contemporary English oratory was\\nthe model for American, solidity of thought and stateli-\\nness of manner rather than brilliance or viv^acity being\\nconspicuous features, although the tendencies of the\\nmore nervous American temperament had already begun\\nto manifest themselves. In these days flourished the\\nFourth of July oration, too often compact of patriotic\\nbombast and cheap self-glorification. In Congress were\\nmany effective speakers and a few real orators, among\\nwhom Fisher Ames of Massachusetts and John Ran-\\ndolph of Virginia were prominent. Ames, a man of fine\\nmind and high character, hating exaggeration and rant,\\nhad an oratorical style that was nervous, tastefully ornate,\\nand intense with restrained passion. Randolph, a de-\\npainters studied and lived chiefly or wholly abroad, and their style of\\npainting was essentially English. Of American sculptors and musicians\\nthere were none worthy of mention.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "ORATORS AND ESSAYISTS. 79\\nscendant of Pocahontas, excelled in sarcasm his oratory\\nhad little grace, but it bit like an acid and was often\\nbrilliant though erratic. Among the Biographies, John\\nMarshall s Z// of Washington (1804- 180 7) and Wil-\\nLL4M Wirt s Life and Character of Patrick Heiiry (181 7)\\nhold places of honor. Essays, political, scientific, philo-\\nsophical, religious, moral, and literary, appeared from time\\nto time, but were for the most part of no great merit.\\nThomas Paine s Rights of Man (i 791-1792), in reply to\\nBurke s Reflections on the French Revolution, is a lucid\\nand spirited, if somewhat shallow, exposition of the new\\npohtical philosophy. His Age of Reason (i 794-1 795),\\nmuch read and more feared in its day, although it antici-\\npated some of the conclusions of modern Biblical schol-\\narship, is often carping and flippant, and its racy style\\nhas not sufficed to keep it alive. The essays of Noah\\nWebster,^ Count Rumford, and Benjamin Rush can be\\nonly mentioned in passing. Wirt s Letters of the Brit-\\nish Spy (1803) in neat and graceful style draws pictures\\nof men and manners in Virginia, including the once\\nfamous sketch of the Blind Preacher, in which the self-\\nconscious sensibility of Sterne, Mackenzie, and the\\nrest of the sentimental school, lingers still. The best\\nand most celebrated Uterary essays of the time, the Sal-\\nmagundi papers by Irving and Paulding, will be more\\nconveniently described on a later page.\\nIn the above classes of prose works was nothing par-\\nticularly promising or new. But in Poetry the Romanti-\\ncism of Wordsworth, Scott, and Byron quickly made\\nitself felt, so that later, when the greater American poets\\n1 Webster s Speller (dating from 1783) which supplanted The New\\nEngland Primer, is almost literature by reason of its admirable fables.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "8o THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\ntook up the lyre, it was already vibrating with the richer\\nmelodies of the new poesie. In addition, in a few in-\\nstances distinctively American material was handled with\\ngreater success than ever before, and emancipation from\\nprovincial dependence in hterature thereby advanced a\\nstep, though a short one. But the intrinsic worth of\\nmost of the poetry is small, perhaps even less than in the\\npreceding period. Of Religious, Moral, and other\\nDidactic Verse, chiefly upon the model of Akenside,\\nRogers, and Campbell, there was no lack. Most of it is\\nas dull as it is pious, virtuous, and learned it points\\ntoward happiness, but affords the reader little on the way,\\nalthough the verse and style have usually some finish.\\nAs representative may be mentioned T/ie Power of Soli-\\ntude (1804), by Joseph Story, and The Pains of Memory\\n(1808), by an anonymous author. Of much higher\\nmerit are the didactic poems of Robert Treat Paine\\n(1773-1811), a man of versatile and brilliant parts but\\ndissipated character. His lyrics, orations, and dramatic\\ncriticisms all show ability. But his best work is The\\nRuling Passion, a poem delivered before the Phi Beta\\nKappa at Harvard in 1797, frankly on the model of Pope,\\nbut so witty, vigorous, and pointed that it does honor to\\nits original. Fops he calls\\nsweet elves, whose rival graces vie,\\nTo wield the snuff-box, or enact a sigh.\\nThe miser\\nStill clings to life, of every joy bereft;\\nHis god is gold, and his religion theft\\nThe pedant.\\nWrinkled in Latin, and in Greek fourscore,\\nWith toil incessant, thumbs the ancient page.\\nNow blots a hero, now turns down a sage.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "POETRY. 8i\\nPoems of Fancy, Sentiment, Humor, Wit, and Satire\\nmay be loosely grouped together as a second class. The\\npoems of fancy and sentiment are often pretty, although\\nmany are stale some of the humorous and witty verses\\nare still enjoyable and the satires occasionally hit hard\\nwith keen weapons. Miscellaneous Poems (1804), by\\nSusanna H. Rowson, are slight but show facility, espe-\\ncially in the songs. The B? eechiad {1^01), by Ther-\\nesa, in lively pentameter couplets, tells women how to\\nrule their husbands. The anonymous author of Boston\\n(1803), a satire of considerable force and knack at\\nphrasing, makes fun of the literary affectations of that\\never literary city\\nLong odes to monkies, squirrel elligies,\\nLines and acrostics on dead butterflies;\\nElegiac lays such taste and truth combine,\\nThe lap-dog lives and barks in every line.\\nSome of the lyrics in William Cliffton s Poems (1800)\\nhave a good deal of fancy, flow, and feeling for poetic\\nwords The Group, a satire, is forcible and finished.\\nThe Country Loveis in Original Poems (1804), by\\nThomas G. Fessenden, anticipates Lowell s The Courtin\\nand is a good sample of the broadly humorous verse\\nMiss Sal, I s going to say, as how,\\nWe 11 spark it here to night,\\nI kind of love you, Sal I vow,\\nAnd mother said I might.\\nMy father has a nice bull calf,\\nWhich shall be your s, my sweet one,\\nTwill weigh two hundred and a half,\\nSays Sal, Well, that s a neat one.\\nG", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "82 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 18 15.\\nYour father s full of fun, d ye see,\\nAnd faith, I Hkes his sporting,\\nTo send his fav rite calf to me,\\nHis nice bull-calf a courting.\\nFessenden s Terrible Tractoration (1803), a Hudlbrastic\\nsatire concerning medical squabbles, had a great run in\\nAmerica and England, but is now unreadable in spite of\\nits rough vigor. By far the best poem of fancy is The\\nSylphs of the Seasons (181 3), by Washington Allston,\\nthe artist,^ containing such delicate work as this\\nNow, in the passing beetle s hum\\nThe Ellin army s goblin drum\\nTo pygmy battle sound;\\nAnd now, where dripping dew-drops plash\\nOn waving grass, their bucklers clash.\\nAnd now their quivering lances flash.\\nWide-dealing death around.\\nOr seen at dawn of eastern light\\nThe frosty toil of Fays by night\\nOn pane of casement clear,\\nWhere bright the mimic glaciers shine,\\nAnd Alps, with many a mountain pine,\\nAnd armed knights from Palestine\\nIn winding march appear.\\nIn the third class Romantic Tales and Ballads\\nthe spirit of the new English poetry blows full upon us.\\nStories of adventure and love in distant ages and climes,\\n1 Allston (1779-1843) was a native of South Carolina, a graduate of\\nHarvard, and had studied art abroad, where he was resident in 1813\\nbut R. H. Dana says {The North American Review, 18 17) that The\\nSylphs was written in this country, he having seen it in manuscript.\\nAfter 1818 Allston lived in Boston and Cambridge; his lectures on art\\nwere published in 1850.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "ROMANTIC TALES AND BALLADS. 83\\nballads in which distressed maidens, hermits with a\\nmysterious past, interesting and pathetic lunatics, and\\nsundry phases of the supernatural are utilized for poetic\\npurposes, show that in America as in England the\\ndynasty of Pope, Young, and Goldsmith was fast giving\\nplace to that of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Scott, and Byron.\\nIn conception and execution these poems, like all imita-\\ntions, have no lasting value. But it meant a good deal\\nfor the future of American poetry that it should be\\nliberated thus early from the limitations of eighteenth-\\ncentury verse. Oicdhi, an Indian Tale (1790), by\\nSarah Morton, has occasionally some good hnes, such\\nas these describing a wounded Indian\\nA ghastly figure issued from the wood,\\nWrithing with anguish, like the wounded fawn,\\nCover d with darts, and stain d with clotted blood.\\nIn John B. Linn s Valerian (1805), narrating the adven-\\ntures of a Roman noble shipwrecked on the shores of\\nthe Caspian Sea, lines hke the following show the new\\nfreedom of style and fresh feeling for nature\\nSome mossy trees bent over his rude cot,\\nAnd swinging to the winds their giant arms,\\nMade music lilce the dashing of the sea.\\nThe account of a boar-hunt is spirited, and a part of\\nthe description of the boar is capital\\nhe champed the foam\\nWhich dropped down roping from his crooked tusks.\\nHubert and Ellen (181 2), by Lucius M. Sargent, a\\nstory of love, sorrow, and madness, in its too-conscious\\nsimplicity reminds one of Wordsworth s poorer style, and\\nthe whole poem is a sort of diluted Ruth. In Joseph", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "84 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nHutton s Leisure Hours (1812), the romantic tendency\\nappears strongly in ballads oh Crazy Jane, the Saracen,\\nand the Maid of Savoy, and in a paraphrase of a scene\\nfrom Lewis s The Castle Spectre. The Broken Harp\\n(1815), by Henry C. Knight\\\\ contains a ballad, Poor\\nMargaret Dwy^ much like Wordsworth s Ruth in subject\\nand manner\\nPoor thing she knows not what she will;\\nShe 11 feel the cold, and not complain;\\nShe 11 beat her bosom blue an\\\\i chill,\\nAnd love the pleasure of the\\\\pain.\\nSome of the Poems on Nature and Common Life\\nthe fourth class show a trend toward the realism of\\nWordsworth and Crabbe. In Alexander Wilson s The\\nForesters (1809), the humble home of a Pennsylvania\\nDutch farmer is pictured with courageous truth of\\ndetail\\nThere washed our boots, and, entering took our seat,\\nStript to the trowsers in the glowing heat.\\nThe mindful matron spread her table near,\\nSmoking with meat, and filled with plenteous cheer.\\nThe wheel, the cards, by fire-light buzzing go;\\nThe careful mother kneads her massy dough\\nEven little Mary at her needle sits,\\nAnd while she nurses pussy, nicely knits.\\nIn its neat perspective this sketch of a landscape as seen\\nfrom a mountain-top resembles passages from Cowper\\nBelow, at dreadful depth, the river lay.\\nShrunk to a brook midst little fields of hay;\\nFrom right to left, where er the prospect led,\\nThe reddening forest like a carpet spread;\\nBeyond, immense, to the horizon s close.\\nHuge amphitheatres of mountains rose.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "POEMS ON NATURE. 85\\nThe following description of Niagara, however crude,\\nhas the merit of keeping its eye on the object\\nSaw its white torrents undulating pour\\nFrom heaven to earth with deafening, crashing roar;\\nDashed in the wild and torn abyss below,\\nMidst dazzling foam and whirling storms of snow.\\nWhile the whole monstrous mass, and country round,\\nShook as with horror at the o erwhelming sound\\nWithin this concave, vast, dark, frowning, deep,\\nEternal rains and howling whirlwinds sweep.\\nOther of the nature poems combine the new accuracy\\nof observation with poetic beauty and often with fancy.\\nThe eye of the painter is manifest in this stanza from\\nAllston s The Sylplis of the Seasons, already men-\\ntioned\\nOr lur d thee to some beetling steep\\nTo mark the deep and quiet sleep\\nThat wrapt the tarn below;\\nAnd mountain blue and forest green\\nInverted on its plane serene.\\nDim gleaming through the filmy sheen\\nThat glaz d the painted show.\\nHenr C. Knight, whose The Broken Harp has been\\nreferred to above, in The Cateipillar (contained in\\nPoems, 1821), addresses the cousin reptile as\\na frozen fellow thou.\\nThis sultry day, whole bedded in a muff.\\nAnd A Summer s Day in the same volume has several\\npretty lines\\nSoft murmur pebbly rills at stilly dawn;\\nThe nestling breezes plume their dew-bent wings.\\n(jray mists now drizzle from the smoky rocks.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "86 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nTottering on tripods, milkmaids soothe the kine,\\nWhile rains a white shower in the foaming pail.\\nMourning the sun, blue-bells have shut their cup;\\nThe bat wheels round and round on leathern wing;\\nReynard creeps out, on pilfer d eggs to sup;\\nAnd chiming frogs their shrilly concert sing.\\nIt may be said, and truly, that these last lines are\\nechoes of Warton and Collins and other pioneers in\\nRomanticism rather than of Wordsworth. And, in\\ngeneral, American poets in the years now under con-\\nsideration curiously combine the old, the newer, and\\nthe newest within a few pages. In neighboring poems\\nif not in the same poem, Pope jostles Gray, and Gray\\njostles Wordsworth, the poet meanwhile seeming quite\\nunconscious that divers children struggle within him for\\nmastery. So it had been in English Hterature not long\\nbefore.\\nMuch of the verse of the time falls into the fifth and\\nlast class Political and Patriotic Poems. It was a\\nperiod of intense and bitter party-strife between Federal-\\nists and Democrats. Satire in verse was of course pressed\\ninto service, and many and stout were the blows dealt on\\neither side. There is more abuse than wit in the mouths\\nof most of these pugnacious children of the Muse\\nMilitant, and we need not tarry with them long. The\\nDemocratiad and The GuiUotina (1796), anony-\\nmous Federalist satires on the Democrats for their\\nopposition to Jay s treaty, are keen, bitter, and intensely\\npartisan. A few lines from the first will give a sufficient\\ntaste of the better class of political satire of the day\\nFar to the south, where on her oozy bed.\\nLike some sick sea-nymph Charleston bows her head,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "PATRIOTIC SONGS AND ODES. 87\\nHer languid sons collect in solemn state,\\nTo join their sages in the grand debate.\\nThere like the vision in the sacred book,\\nOld Gadsden s dry bones in a whirlwind shook,\\nBut o er the rest chief justice Rutledge stands.\\nStamps with his feet, and boxes with his hands.\\nAnd mid the applauses of the gather d crowd,\\nShews what a judge can do by bawling loud.\\nAmong other of the more celebrated satires of the\\nday were The Political Green-House, by Richard Alsop,\\nLemuel Hopkins, and Timothy Dwight, a review of the\\nyear 1798, rapping the Democrats, with much Hveliness\\nand some wit, for their sympathy with the French Revo-\\nlution The Porciipiniad (1799), by Mathew Carey, a\\ncoarse but powerful attack upon WiUiam Cobbett, an\\nEnglishman, the editor of Fonupine s Gazelle and an\\nextreme Federalist, who, like many Federalists, was sus-\\npected of wishing to set up monarchy in the United States\\nand Olio (1801), a collection of satires on the Federalists,\\nparticularly Cobbett and Alexander Hamilton, the latter\\nbeing raked severely for his confessed personal immorality.\\nPoems on the Embargo, including one by the boy Bryant,\\nwere numerous.\\nAnother division of poems of the fifth class consists of\\npatriotic songs, odes, elegies, etc. Washington s death\\nwas doubly a calamity by reason of the flood of dull\\npoems which it occasioned. Fourth of July was the in-\\nspiration of many noisy odes, bnly less dreadful than the\\nmodern cannon-cracker as a means of celebrating the\\nday. There was, furthermore, a permanent fund of\\nswelling patriotic pride, which on sundry occasions ex-\\nploded in more or less metrical dithyrambs, crammed", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "88 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 181 5.\\nwith much silly stuff, such as these lines from Jonathan\\nM. Sewall s Miscellaneous Poems (iSoi)\\nSage Adams for wisdom, with Pallas may vie,\\nAnd Washington equals a Jove\\nTo this time, however, belong two songs which,\\nalthough their poetic merit is small, still hold a place\\nin the nation s memory. Hail Columbia, by Joseph\\nHoPKiNSON, was first sung at the Chestnut Street theatre\\nin Philadelphia, in 1798, when war with France was\\nthreatening. The Slar-Spangled Banner, by Francis\\nScott Key, was written after the bombardment of Fort\\nMcHenry in 18 14.\\nThe War of 181 2 called forth several narrative poems,\\nin which the patriotism is usually more abundant than\\nthe poetry. The Field of Orleans (t8i6), however, by\\nJoseph Huiton, has some spirit and local color\\nThough rifles rattle, peal on peal,\\nAnd skies resound with crash of steel,\\nFair Orleans, thou art safe; for, lo\\nJackson prepared to meet the foe.\\nHis darting eye-beams brightly sweep\\nAround his trench of cotton heap.\\nHaste, Morgan, haste that stream be cross d,\\nAnd thence the iron death be tossed\\nRemember how in times retired,\\nWhat rage that other chief inspired,\\nWhen stern upon the field he stood.\\nLike the roused lion lapped in blood;\\nAnd let each boasting Tarleton see,\\nGreat Morgan s soul renewed in thee\\nA more remarkable poem is The Battle of Niagara\\n(1818), by John Neal (i 793-1876), who was to have a\\nlong and creditable though rather erratic career as a", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "NARRATIVE POEMS. 89\\ndramatist, novelist, and writer for the magazines. The\\nBattle of Niagara is evidently the work of a young man.\\nIt contains many crude lines as a whole is obscure,\\ntumultuous, and incoherent and the influence of Byron,\\nMoore, and Hunt is too apparent in diction, verse, and\\ngeneral manner. But in spite of crudeness and lack of\\nhigh originality, the thing is nevertheless a genuine poem,\\nfull of energy, vision, and sensuous beauty. Amidst the\\ntame commonplaces of the time it rises up like a brilliant\\nthough imperfect flower. How much of the large, savage\\nbeauty of the virgin American solitudes is in these lines\\nPeace to thy bosom, dark Ontario\\nForever thus, may thy free waters flow,\\nIn their rude loveliness Thy lonely shore\\nForever echo to the sullen roar\\nOf thine own deep Thy cliffs forever ring\\nWith calling wild men, in their journeying\\nThe savage chant the panther s smothered cry\\nThat from her airy height, goes thrilling by\\nIs there not something of Shelley s delicacy and of\\nKeats s fresh and luxurious sense for beauty in this\\ndescription of a summer night?\\nIt is that hour of quiet ecstacy.\\nWhen every ruffling wind, that passes by\\nThe sleeping leaf, makes busiest minstrelsy\\nWhen dry leaves rustle, and the whistling song\\nOf keen-tuned grass, comes piercingly along\\nWhen windy pipes are heard and many a lute,\\nIs touched amid the skies, and then is mute\\nWhen all the garlands of the precipice,\\nShedding their blossoms, in their moonlight bliss.\\nAre floating loosely on the eddying air,\\nAnd breathing out their fragrant spirits there", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "90 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nAnd all their braided tresses in their height,\\nAre talking faintly to the evening light.\\nFor rush and vividness the following account of a night\\nattack by a troop of American horse equals almost any-\\nthing in Scott or Byron\\nT is a helmeted band from the hills they descend\\nLike the monarchs of storm, when the forest trees bend.\\nNo scimitars swing as they gallop along\\nNo clattering hoof falls sudden and strong\\nNo trumpet is filled, and no bugle is blown\\nNo banners abroad on the wind are thrown\\nBut they speed like coursers whose hoofs are shod,\\nWith a silent shoe from the loosen d sod.\\nAway they have gone and their path is all red,\\nHedged in by two lines of the dying and dead\\nBy bosoms that Inu-st unrevenged in the strife\\nBy swords that yet shake in the passing of life\\nFor so swift had that pageant of darkness sped\\nSo like a trooping of cloud-mounted dead\\nThat the flashing reply, of the foe that was cleft.\\nBut fell on the shadows those troopers had left.\\nInterest in the Drama rapidly developed with the\\ngrowth of cities. Many plays were written or adapted\\nby American playwrights, and acted in New York, Phila-\\ndelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, and Boston for even\\nin Puritan Massachusetts the law against theatres was\\nrepealed in 1793.^ The first American play performed\\nin public by a company of professional actors was The\\nContrast, by Royall Tyler (1757-1826), which was\\nacted in New York in April, 1787. It is a prose\\ncomedy, showing the superiority of the honest man to\\n1 Plays had been given in Boston shortly before, but they were\\nadvertised as Moral Lectures.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "PROSE FICTION.\\n91\\nthe brilliant rake it introduces successfully the Yankee\\nas a stage-character and the dialogue is often bright\\nand lively. Tyler s May Day \\\\\\\\^s acted in 1787; and\\nA Good Spec, or Land in the Moon, in 1797. A\\nmore_jQrolific playwright was William Dunlap (1766-\\n1^39)- 77^ Fa the 7^ of ~an Only Child, acted in\\nNew York in 1789, was followed by many other plays,\\nsome on American subjects and others based on or\\ntranslated from English, French, and German romances\\nand plays.^ His Leicester, acted in 1794, was (he says)\\nthe first American tragedy produced upon the stage.\\nDunlap had genuine humor, and in both comedy and\\ntragedy was a clever playwright but his comedies lack\\nliterary finish, and even the tragedies have little poetical\\nelevation. Other writers for the stage need not be dis-\\nturbed in their well-earned repose. Dramas intended\\nfor the closet only, including several on subjects from\\nAmerican history or life, were numerous most of them,\\nhowever, are scarcely better adapted for reading than for\\nacting, and even to enumerate their tides and authors\\nwould be an unprofitable weariness to the flesh.\\nThe most interesting and in some respects the most\\nsignificant part of the literature of the time was the Prose\\nFiction. A tendency toward this species of composition\\nhad begun to show itself in the Revolutionary period.\\nThe transition from true narrative to fictitious, from the\\ndescriptive and narrative essay to the moral or allegor-\\nical tale, is an easy one, although in America the step\\nwas delayed by the Puritanic distrust of novels, which\\nwere supposed by many to be one of the pleasant devices\\n1 Kotzebue was a favorite storehouse for American playwrights at\\nthis time.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "92 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nof Satan. It has already been seen that early in Revolu-\\ntionary days the fable or tale was used as a political\\nengine. The same line was continued after the war in\\nThe Foresters, by Jeremy Belknap, which narrates the\\ncolonizing of America and the revolt of the colonies,\\nunder the guise of a story about John Bull, his forest,\\nand the foresters who cleared and settled it the whole\\nis carried through with much spirit and ingenuity, and\\nthe style is light. Our novel-hating ancestors did not\\nobject to thrilling narrative, if only it were true; and the\\nharrowing experiences of Mary Rowlandson, John Wil-\\nliams, and others were well known in the homes of colonial\\nNew England. The same readers would have seen little\\ndifference, as to truth, in The History of Maria Kittle^\\nby Ann E. Bleecker,- which is in the form of a letter\\nand purports to be true, although much of it is evidently\\nfictitious. It narrates with no httle vividness the calamities\\nof the heroine at the hands of savages during the French\\nand Indian War. Although the subject is thus entirely\\nAmerican, the style shows in many places the influence\\nof the contemporary European school of sentiment\\nDear Mrs. Willis, shall we not be interested likewise in your\\nmisfortunes? Ah! do, (added Mademoiselle V.) my heart is\\nnow sweetly tuned to melancholy. I love to indulge these divine\\nsensibilities. Mrs. Willis bowed. She dropt a few tears;\\nbut assuming a composed look, she began I am the daughter\\nof a poor clergyman.\\n1 The Foresters was running in The Coluniliari Magazine in 1788.\\nIn 1792 it appeared in book form. The second edition, 1796, brings\\nthe narrative down to Jay s Treaty. Some of the names are ingenious\\nand amusing: John Codline Massachusetts; Walter Pipeweed Vir-\\nginia (with a reference at first to Raleigh).\\n2 It is contained in her Posthumous Works, 1793; she died in\\n1783.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "PROSE FICTION. 93\\nThe Puritan reader might still have felt safe over the\\npages of Mrs. Bleecker s The Story of Henry and An?ie\\n(which tells of the love and misfortunes of German peas-\\nants who finally find a paradise in America), for the\\nreader is assured that it is founded on fact. John\\nB. Linn s History of FJvira and Augustus and Aurelia\\n(in his Miscellaneous Works, 1795) are short tales of\\nlove and sensibility with some moral instruction thrown\\nin. More virile and amusing is Hugh H. Brackenridge s\\nModern Chivalry containing the Adventures of a Cap-\\ntain, and Teague O^ Regan, his Servant (i 792-1806), a\\nvigorous satire on American life, upon the model (says\\nthe author) of Cervantes, Rabelais, Le Sage, and espe-\\ncially Swift. The first volume has more narrative than\\nthe other three, and is still entertaining the satire and\\nhumor are broad (Teague is about to be elected to the\\nstate legislature and to membership in a philosophical\\nsociety, and is at last made a judge), but vigorous and\\ngenuine. The portrait of Teague as an emotional, super-\\nstitious, quick-witted, impudent Irishman is very lifelike,\\nalthough the Irish brogue is poorly imitated. On the\\nsame border-line of pure fiction stand Royall Tyler s\\nSmollett-like The Algerine Captive (1799)\\nYankee in London (1809), and Irving s A History of\\nNew York the last will be spoken of more at length\\non a later page.\\nBut novels pure and simple were also written in\\nAmerica before the end of the century, although there\\nwas a tendency at first to announce them as founded\\nupon fact. Susanna H. Rowson wrote her first novel,\\nVictoria (1786), and Charlotte Temple (1790), her\\nmost famous work, in England but Trials of the", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "94 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nHuman Heart (1795), Reuben and Rachel (1798),\\nSarah (1802), and others were composed in America.\\nCharlotte Tejnple, a Tale of Truth^ a story of innocence,\\nlove, betrayal, desertion, and death, although often marred\\nby sentimentality and fine writing, is vivid and truly\\npathetic. The Coquette or, the History of Eliza Whar-\\nton, a Novel Founded on Fact (1797), by Hannah W.\\nFoster, the wife of a Massachusetts clergyman, was\\nalso very popular for a generation or more; its moral is\\nsimilar to that of Charlotte Temple, the style is old-\\nfashioned and formal, and the whole is closely modelled\\nupon Richardson, but it has, nevertheless, considerable\\nanimation and genuine pathos. Fcjnale Quixotism\\n(1808), a satirical novel byTABiTHA G. Tenney, wife of a\\nNew Hampshire physician, was popular for some years.\\nCharles\u00e2\u0080\u0094 JBrqckden -JB^qwn, a spirit of another sort\\nand a mightier, the first American who adopted letters as\\nhis sole profession, was born in Philadelphia, January 1 7,\\n1 7 71, of Quaker parentage. He studied law, but could\\nnot bring himself to the practice of it, and for several\\nyears lived a desultory life, much of the time in New\\nYork, where, among the members of The Friendly\\nClub, he found congenial society. I Vie land, his first\\npublished romance, came out in 1798, and was followed\\nby five others within the next six years.^ His life was\\n1 It is said that the heroine was Charlotte Stanley, daughter of an\\nEnglish clergyman her betrayer, Colonel John Montressor of the British\\narmy and that she now lies buried in the graveyard of Trinity Church,\\nNew York.\\n2 Ormond, 1799 Arthur Alervyn, Part I., 1799, Part II., 1800 Edgar\\nHuiitly, 1799 Clara Hotvard, 1801 Jane Talbot, 1804. An unfinished\\nromance had preceded Wieland long extracts from it are published in\\nDunlap s life of Brown. A second novel, Sky Walk, was in press in\\n1798, when the death of the publisher stopped further progress por.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "CHARLES BROCKDEN BROWN.\\n95\\nhenceforth a busy one. He edited two magazines and\\nan annual register/ published three political pamphlets/\\nand labored upon a great geographical and an historical\\nwork/ besides writing many other pieces in verse and\\nprose.^ In 1804 he married, and had a happy home-life.\\nBut his health had always been delicate, consumption\\nseized him, and he died on February 22, 18 10.\\nBrown had a speculative, analytic mind his tempera-\\nment was gloomy, if not morbid he wrote at a time when\\nthe school of mystery and terror was dominant in English\\nfiction and he early fell under the influence of William\\nGodwin, the author of Political Justice, a book of radical\\nand powerful abstract reasoning, and of Caleb IVilliams,\\na novel of exciting incident and keen analysis of abnormal\\nmental states. These qualities and influences, together\\nwith his American environment and his own genius,\\ndetermined the nature of his novels. They are all\\nstudies in morbid psychology, with frequently a back-\\nground of bold speculation upon moral and religious\\nproblems the best of them contain thrilling events,\\nsometimes seemingly supernatural but (in harmony with\\nBrown s rationalistic temper) finally explained by natural\\ncauses they are given an American setting and they all\\ntions of the novel, says Dunlap, were utilized in Edgar Huntly. Brown s\\nfirst publication was Alcuin, a Dialogue on the Rights of Womcv, 1797.\\n1 The Monthly Magazine and American Review, New York, 1799-\\n1800. The Literary Magazine and American Register, Philadelphia,\\n1803-1808. The American Register, Philadelphia, 1806-1810.\\n2 Pamphlets in favor of the Louisiana purchase (1803), in favor of a\\ntreaty with England which President Jefferson had just rejected (1807\\nand against the Embargo (1809).\\n3 General Geography and Rome during the Age of the Antonines.\\n4 A History of Carsol, apparently a Utopian sketch. Memoirs of\\nCarwin. Mevioirs of Stephen Calvert. Thessalonica, a Roman Story.\\nThese writings, with others, are printed in Dunlap s life of Brown.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "96 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nleave the impression of mingled criideness and power.\\nThey are, however, of very unequal merit. A brief out-\\nline of the main plot will give some idea of the merits\\nand defects of each. In Clara Howard^ the title-char-\\nacter and Philip Stanley, lovers, struggle with their sense\\nof duty to Mary Wilmot, to whom Philip was formerly\\nbetrothed although he did not love her she has mysteri-\\nously disappeared, and, urged on by Clara, he sets out to\\nfind her the lovers suffer many vacillations of mind the\\nGordian knot is finally cut by the marriage of the super-\\nfluous Mary to another. In Jane Talbot, Jane, a widow,\\nloves Henry Golden but her foster-mother, the rich\\nMrs. Fielding, objects to the marriage because of Gol-\\nden s heresy and former immorality Jane now gives her\\nlover up and now calls him back he finally goes away\\nto avoid beggaring her is shipwrecked returns, con-\\nveniently cured of his scepticism, finds Mrs. Fielding\\nconveniently dead, and marries Jane. Ormond\\\\\\\\2j^ more\\naction, and the title-character is a more interesting study,\\nalthough he is too obviously modelled upon Falkland in\\nCaleb Williams, Constantia Dudley, reduced to dire\\npoverty, is aided by Ormond, a man of vast wealth, power-\\nful mind, and immoral principles (although at -first he\\nseems a miracle of benevolence), who has mysterious\\nmeans of learning the secrets of others and executing his\\npurposes he seeks Gonstantia in love but not in marriage\\nfinding her invincible, assaults her in a lonely house, and\\nis slain by her hand. In the First Part oi Arfhin- Mervyn,\\nthe hero is secretary to Welbeck, a weaker Ormond Wel-\\nbeck kills Watson (whose sister he has wronged) in a\\nduel in Welbeck s house, and Mervyn helps him bury the\\nbody in the cellar Welbeck then flees, and Mervyn finds", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CHARLES BROCKDEN BROWN.\\n97\\nwork on a farm near Philadelphia the yellow fever breaks\\nout in the city Mervvn, venturing in to rescue a friend,\\ncatches the disease, and goes to Welbeck s deserted\\nhouse to escape the horrible hospital there he finds\\nWelbeck, who quarrels with him over a large sum of\\nstolen money, and, baffled and furious, leaves him to\\ndie. The Second Part is largely filled with the love-\\naffairs of Mervyn, who, forsaking a young girl devotedly\\nattached to him, marries a Jewish widow, six yea,rs his\\nsenior the whole is bizarre. Edgar Hiintly is a study\\nof sleep-walking and madness the scene is western\\nPennsylvania. Huntly s friend Waldegrave has been\\nmurdered, and Huntly accuses Clithero, a newly come\\nfarm-hand Clithero denies the charge, and explains his\\nstrange actions by his remorse for having slain his bene-\\nfactress, Mrs. Lorimer, in temporary madness, a deed\\nwhich had compelled him to flee to America he then re-\\ntreats to a neighboring mountainous tract, whither Huntly\\ntakes him food. One of the irrelevant episodes which\\noften mar Brown s plots is here introduced a young man\\nsuddenly appears, and by a long tale makes out a good\\nclaim to the small fortune which Waldegrave, to the\\nsurprise of all, had been found to have to his credit in\\nthe bank the young man goes away for the present, and\\nnothing comes of the incident.^ The most exciting part\\nof the story now begins. Huntly, who (unknown to\\nhimself) is a sleep-walker, wakes up one night to find\\nhimself lying at the bottom of a pit in a cave, covered\\nwith bruises and half-famished climbing out of the pit,\\nhe sees the eyes of a cougar glaring through the pitchy\\ndarkness he hurls his tomahawk, splits the cougar s\\n1 The same situation is used again in Clara Hoxuard.\\nH", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "98 THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nskul], and devours its flesh and blood crawling toward\\nthe mouth of the cave, he discovers there five Indians\\n(four of whom are sleeping around a fire) and a captive\\nwhite girl he brains the sentinel, and escapes with the\\ncaptive to a log hut here, finding firearms, he fights\\nand slays the three savages who pursued. On his way\\nhome he meets with Sarsefield, his former teacher, who\\ninforms him that Mrs. Lorimer is not dead Huntly\\ntells Clithero, thinking to cure his remorse but the\\nlatter, who is a confirmed madman, again attempts her\\nHfe, is captured, and on the way to confinement leaps\\noverboard and is drowned. Wieland is a study of in-\\nherited religious mania induced by ventriloquism. Wie-\\nland s father, a religious eccentric, had died mysteriously of\\nwhat seems to be electricity or spontaneous combustion\\nwith the advent of the mysterious and powerful Carwin,\\nvoices are heard in the air giving commands and warnings,\\nwhich Wieland takes to be supernatural and broods over\\nfinally he hears a heavenly voice commanding him to\\nsacrifice to God liis wife and children this he does, and,\\nraving mad but exalted by a sense of moral sublimity, is\\nfettered in a maniac s cell from this he escapes, and is\\nabout to kill his sister also, when Carwin undeceives him\\nby again exercising his ventriloquial power, and the poor\\ndeluded man dies of spiritual collapse.\\nEven from these imperfect outUnes it can be seen that\\nBrown s plots are, at their best, unique and powerful.\\nBut the total effect is injured by irrelevant episodes and\\nblind alleys, by stories within stories to confusion and\\nlessening of interest, by the improbabilities and clumsy\\ndevices upon which the action often turns, and by dawdling\\nconclusions after a strikino- climax. Some of these defects", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "CHARLES BROCKDEN BROWN. 99\\nwere due to haste, it being Brown s custom to begin to\\nprint before he had finished writing or had even thought\\nhis story through. His device of telling the story by\\nletters, or by a long narrative written by one of the\\ncharacters to a friend, although it is easily accounted for\\nby the example of some of his predecessors in English\\nfiction, is nevertheless a clumsy method in tales of ex-\\nciting incident. His characters are boldly and clearly\\nconceived in their main outlines but are not always ade-\\nquately motived Carwin, for instance, has no sufficient\\nmotive for his reckless deeds, and there is no apparent\\ncause for the sudden madness of CHthero. Furthermore,\\nBrown s study of mind and motive is not subtle or curious\\nor natural enough to arouse much interest apart from ex-\\nciting action this is the cause of the inferiority oi Jane\\nTalbot and Clara Howard the mental situation is unin-\\nteresting and the action is feeble but even in his study of\\nmore remarkable minds, as Ormond s or Carwin s, the\\ninterest is chiefly in the horrible resultant events. Brown s\\nhabit, borrowed from Caleb Willianis, of making the nar-\\nrator explain his mental movements minutely becomes\\ntiresome, particularly as the thoughts and counter-\\nthoughts detailed are often of tlie most obvious sort.\\nThe style, also, is a combination of crudeness and power.\\nIt is often stiff and sometimes ludicrously stilted but\\neverywhere it has strength and in passages of exciting\\ndescription and narration it rises to a very high degree of\\npower. In these scenes of horror the maniac Wie-\\nlln Edgar Huntly occur these expressions ^vithin a few pages:\\nThe channel [of the river] was encumbered with asperities;\\nthe vociferation of a savage; this action [the levelling of a gun\\nat his head] was sufficiently conformable to my prognostics. Brown s\\nplentiful logic and scant sense of humor sometimes led him, in his", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "loo THE LITERATURE FROM 1789 to 1815.\\nland about to kill his sister; Huntly groping about in\\nthe black pit the midnight burial of Watson in the cellar\\nOrmond s deliberate and gloating assault upon his trem-\\nbling victim in the lonely house the loathsome scenes in\\nthe pestilence-stricken city Brown is in his element,\\nand by them he has made a permanent contribution to\\nthe literature of terror. Inferior to Hawthorne in subtle\\nspiritual suggestiveness, to Poe in brilliancy, intensity, and\\nenveloping atmosphere of poetic gloom, he is perhaps\\nsuperior to them and to the whole contemporary English\\nschool of terror in Defoe-like sense of reality and in\\nsheer mass of overwhelming horror.^ How far his\\nwork is distinctively American is a question of minor\\nconsequence. In his characters is nothing essentially\\nAmerican and although the main action is always in\\nthis country, the setting is usually very faint. The\\npictures of yellow- fever scenes in Arthur Mej vyn and\\nOrmond form indeed a powerful background and are\\ndrawn from personal knowledge but yellow fever,\\nanalysis of mental movements, to announce the most obvious facts with\\npompous solemnity thus the beautiful Constantia Dudley, thinking if\\nshe can t make a little money by sewing, is made to affirm as a logical\\npreliminary, Clothing is one of the necessaries of human existence.\\nBut in the later novels the style is somewhat simpler and more fluent\\nand Tliessalonica, a Roman 7a/^, apparently a late work, shows marked\\nimprovement in structure also, having excellent unity, proportions, and\\nclimax, and suggests that if Brown had lived he might have become a\\nbrilliant writer of historical fiction of the spectacular sort.\\n1 Brown s fiction found some readers in England. Several of his\\nnovels were republished there, and Jane Talbot was published there\\nfirst. Brown s [best] four novels, says Peacock, Schiller s Robbers,\\nand Goethe s Faust, were, of all the works with which he was familiar,\\nthose which took the deepest root in Shelley s mind. Dowden s life of\\nShelley, Vol. 1., p. 472.\\n2 Brown was in New York while the fever raged there in 1798 one of\\nhis dearest friends, a physician, died of it; and the, novelist himself ex-\\nperienced the earlier stages of the disease.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CHARLES RROCKDEN BROWN. loi\\nfortunately, is not a permanent and essential feature of\\nAmerican life. The one instance in which Brown has\\nemphasized material essentially American is in Edgar\\nHuntly, where the descriptions of Indian warfare are at\\nleast equal to Cooper s in vividness, and superior to them\\nin ugly realism. But the novel of mystery and terror,\\nunUke the novel of character or manners, does not much\\ndepend for its peculiar effects upon the characteristics of\\nthe time and place where it is brought forth it moves in\\na semi-supernatural world of its own, gathering its mate-\\nrials wherever it can find them and the novels of Brown\\nare quite as much American as TJie Castle of Otranto^\\nThe Mysteries of Udolpho, and The Monk are English.\\n2. THE GOLDEN AGE OF AMERICAN LITERATURE\\n(1815-1870).\\nHISTORICAL EVENTS.\\nMonroe s administration, 1817-\\n1825.\\nWars with Seminole Indians, 18 17,\\n1835-\\nFirst steamboat crosses the Atlantic,\\n1819.\\nAcquisition of Florida, 1819.\\nMissouri Compromise, 1820.\\nMonroe Dcfctrine announced, 1823.\\nHigher protective tariff, 1824.\\nErie Canal finished, 1825.\\nJ. Q. Adams s administration, 1825-\\n1829.\\nTemperance reform begun, 1826.\\nJackson s administrations, 1829-\\nFirst steam railroad in America,\\n1830.\\nGarrison starts The Liberator (Ab-\\nolitionist), 1831.\\nSouth Carolina nullifies the new\\ntariff, 1832.\\nMcCormick s reaper invented,\\n1834.\\nFormation of Whig party, 1834.\\nUse of hard coal becomes com-\\nmon, 1835.\\nVan Buren s administration, 1837-\\n1841.\\nBusiness panic, 1837.\\nHarrison and Tyler s administra-\\ntion, 1841-1845.\\nAshburton Treaty settles north-\\neastern boundary, 1842.\\nFirst electric telegraph in America,\\n1844.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "I02 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nAnnexation of Texas, 1845.\\nPolk s administration, 1845-1849.\\nNorthwestern boundary settled by\\ntreaty, 1846.\\nWar with Mexico, 1846-1847.\\nDiscovery 0/ gold in California,\\n1848.\\nMormons settle in Utah, 1848.\\nI aylor and Fillmore s administra-\\ntion, 1849-1853.\\nFugitive Slave Law, 1850.\\nPierce s administration, 1853-1857.\\nAcquisition of Arizona and New\\nMexico, 1848-1853.\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854.\\nFormation of Republican party,\\n1854.\\nBuchanan s administration, 1857-\\n1861.\\nBusiness panic, 1857.\\nFirst Atlantic cable, 1858.\\nLincoln s administration, 1861-\\n1865.\\nCivil War, 1861-1865.\\nLincoln assassinated, 1865.\\nJohnson s administration, 1865-\\n1869.\\nPacific Railroad completed, 1869.\\nReconstruction of Southern States,\\nI 865-1 870.\\nLITERATURE IN ENGLAND.\\nShelley s poems, 1813-1824.\\nScott s novels, 1814-1831.\\nByron s later poems, 1816-1824.\\nColeridge s later prose and poetry,\\n1816-1840.\\nMoore s later poems, 1817-1828.\\nKeats s poems, 1817-1820.\\nHazlitt s essays, 1817-1825.\\nHallam s Middle Ages, 1818.\\nCrabbe s Tales of the Hall, 1819.\\nWordsworth s later poems, 1819-\\n1850.\\nLamb s essays, 1820-1833.\\nDe Quincey s works, 1821-1861.\\nLandor s prose and later poetry,\\n1824-1853.\\nCarlyle s works, 1824-1881.\\nMacaulay s works, 1825-1860.\\nMrs. Browning s poems, 1826-1862.\\nPoems by Tennyson, 1827-1869.\\ny. S. Mill s works, 1829-1874,\\nPoems by Robert Browning, 1833-\\n1868.\\nNewman s works, 1833-1870,\\nDickens s works, 1834-1870.\\nThackeray s works, 1837-1867.\\nWorks by Ruskin, 1839-1870.\\nGeorge Eliot s works, 1846-1883.\\nGrote s History of Greece, 1846-\\n1856.\\nArnold s poems, 1848-1858 essays,\\n1861-1888.\\nMerivale s History of the Romans,\\n1850-1862.\\nFroude s History of England, 1856-\\n1869.\\nWilliam Morris s poems, 1858-1887.\\nDarwin s Origin of Species, 1859.\\nPoems by Swinburne, 1861-1870.\\nSpencer s First Principles, 1862.\\nEssays by Huxley, 1863-1870.\\nGardiner s History of England,\\n1863-1882.\\nFreeman s History of the Norman\\nConquest, 1867- 1876.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "GENERAL CONDITIONS. 103\\nThe half-century from the close of the second war with\\nEngland to the end of the Civil War and the reconstruc-\\ntion of the seceding states, was the most momentous\\nperiod in the history of the Union. During these years\\nthe Young Republic became the Great Republic, the\\nGiant of the West. It was a time of marvellous national\\ngrowth, of intellectual and moral quickening, of mighty\\nconflicts in the forum and on the field of battle and it\\nwas also the Golden Age of American literature.\\nThe increase in territory and population was very\\ngreat, and, in its effects upon American life, very signifi-\\ncant. The seven millions of 18 10 had become twenty-\\nthree milHons in 1850 and thirty-eight miUions in 1870.\\nBy the admission of Texas, and the war with Mexico, the\\nvast Southwest was added to the national domain, which\\nnow embraced three million square miles, an area equal to\\nmore than three-fourths of all Europe while the steady\\nwestward progress of the long wagon-trains of the pioneer\\nincreased the settled area from 407,945 square miles in\\nt8io to 1,194,754 in i860. The poor of the Old World\\nflocked to this New World refuge in rapidly augmenting\\nnumbers, more than five millions coming between the\\nyears 1820 and i860. This great increase in the total\\npopulation was accompanied by a hke increase in town\\nand city life. In 1800 the dwellers in cities of 8000 or\\nmore inhabitants were only four per cent of the whole\\npopulation, and in i820only five per cent but in 1850 the\\npercentage had risen to twelve, and in i860 to sixteen.\\nBut alongside this unparalleled national growth there\\nloomed up, bigger and blacker with every decade, a terri-\\nble danger. Slavery in the North, having proved unprofit-\\nable, had gradually died out, and the Northern conscience", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "I04 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nthereupon began to wax tender about the moral wrongs\\nof that system of labor. In the South, on the contrary,\\nwhere the evils of slavery had once been freely acknowl-\\nedged, a change of sentiment set in. The growing of\\ncotton, rice, and sugar-cane had become the great indus-\\ntries;^ slave-labor was deemed essential in them; and so\\nthere developed a jealous regard for the peculiar insti-\\ntution. In particular, the South naturally resented all\\noutside interference with what it regarded as wholly its\\nown affair, this feeling being shared even by Soutlierners\\nwho earnestly desired reform. The question of the exten-\\nsion of slavery into the new states gave rise to a prolonged\\nand bitter struggle the abolitionists poured oil on the\\nflames by demanding the abolition of slavery in the states\\nwhere it already existed; compromise after compromise\\nonly delayed the irrepressible conflict until at last\\nfour years of bloody fratricidal war bought emancipation\\nand national unity at a fearful cost, especially to the\\ntorn and bleeding South, with whose sufferings, not yet\\nwholly past, the younger generation at the North can\\nsympathize as their fathers in the stress of battle and the\\nflush of victory could not. The war was a baptism of fire\\nunto a higher life for the whole nation but the immedi-\\nate effect was hostile to literature and the fine arts, which\\nhave always flourished best in the soil of peace. The\\nfierce political agitation that preceded the war was also\\nunfavorable to the development of literature except in\\nthe one domain of oratory, which on the platform and in\\n1 In 1850 the cotton crop was valued at $105,600,000; sugar at\\n$12,396,150; rice at $3,000,000. The slave population, which in 1790\\nwas only 697,681 for the whole country, in 1820 had risen to 1,538,022.\\nand in 1850 to 3,204,313.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "RAPID NATIONAL GROWTH. 105\\nCongress equalled and in some respects surpassed the\\noratory of the Revolutionary period.\\nThe other great fact of the times the rapid national\\ngrowth likewise retarded the progress of art in Amer-\\nica. The enormous task of settling the great West\\nabsorbed energy and talent which might otherwise have\\ngone to the enriching of culture in regions already settled.\\nAs it was, the necessarily crude civilization in the new\\nstates and territories lowered the level of refinement in\\nthe country as a whole and by its effect upon the national\\nideal reacted unfavorably even upon life in the older\\nstates. The case was made worse by wholesale immigra-\\ntion. Europe poured into us her ignorance and poverty,\\nand then sneered at our lack of culture. The hard-\\nhanded millions that came to America from many lands\\nearned a welcome by their laborious toil in helping to\\ndevelop the physical resources of a new continent, but\\non the whole they were a drag upon the intellectual,\\nmoral, and aesthetic life of the nation. Furthermore, the\\nrapid growth of the country, a growth too rapid for per-\\nfect health, favored the development of a cheap and\\nvulgar national pride. All foreign critics of American\\nlife at this period note the prevalence of an ill-bred\\nboastfulness which swallowed greedily the grossest flattery\\nand showed undue sensitiveness to European and espe-\\ncially to PCnglish censure. The almost universal absorption\\nin the pursuit of wealth was still another hinderance to\\nthe finer spirituality. Such materialism was natural\\nenough, it was even necessary, in the stage which the\\ncountry had then reached. Freedom, equality of rights,\\nopportunities open to him who had the vigor to enter, all\\nstimulated individual enterprise in a land without privi-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "io6 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nleged classes or fixed social castes, wealth was a key not\\nonly to comfort but to social and often to political distinc-\\ntion and a new and rapidly growing country, in which\\nbusiness was brisk and the powerful agencies of modern\\ncivihzation could be applied on a large scale, afforded\\ntempting chances for the making of fortunes both small\\nand great. In the East, under the stimulus of higher\\ntariffs, manufactures developed rapidly and were very\\nprofitable on river and lake and prairie, cities sprang\\nup like mushrooms the discovery of gold and other\\nmetals in the West begot a frenzy in many brains the\\nlocomotive tunnelled the mountain or scaled its side,\\nblazed a path through vast woods still the haunt of deer,\\nflashed across endless plains where roamed the Indian\\nand the buffalo, and returned bringing great wealth to\\nthe hands that sent it forth.^ It was no wonder that\\nAmerica was fascinated with the game of Mammon, and\\non the whole it was well that it should be for a time.\\nGreat, intelligent, sensual, and avaricious America,\\nwrote Emerson in 1841.^ But it was sensual and ava-\\nricious largely because it was physically great and it\\nwas to be spiritually great in coming years partly because\\nit was sensual and avaricious for the present, laying with\\npassionate energy the material foundations of a colossal\\nnation. Yet the immediate effect was to keep the na-\\ntional fibre comparatively coarse and to delay the time\\nwhen the genius of America should find adequate ex-\\npression in terms of beauty.\\n1 In 1840 Chicago was a village of 4479 inhabitants; in i860 it had a\\npopulation of 112,172. In 1830 there were 23 miles of railroad in the\\nUnited States in i860 there were 30,600 miles, only 1547 less than in\\nall Europe.\\n2 Letter to Carlyle, July 31.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "LEAVENING FORCES. 107\\nBut the picture has a brigliter side. Many tendencies\\nof the time were conducive to a much higher develop-\\nment of Hterature and art than had before been possible\\nin the New World. The consciousness of national unity\\nand greatness was immensely furthered by the struggle\\nagainst secession, by the building of railroads binding\\nEast to West, and North to South, and by the enormous\\nincrease in population and wealth, although the full liter-\\nary fruit from the ever-fruitful tree of a just and noble\\nnational pride is yet to be gathered. The mass of the\\npeople impressed European travellers as being in a high\\ndegree religious, moral, and intelligent quahties favor-\\nable to literary greatness as to greatness of any kind.\\nIn the South, education for wh^e children was on the\\nmend and the settlers of the West carried with them\\nBible and Spelling-book. Innumerable newspapers cul-\\ntivated the habit of reading, and disseminated a wide-\\nspread if superficial intelligence.^ Magazines, some of\\nhigh intellectual and literary merit, were now numerous.\\nThe lyceum and the popular lecture promoted a genuine\\nif rather provincial intellectual quickening. Colleges\\nwere multiplying, and the older ones were becoming cen-\\n1 In 1840 there were 1631 newspapers, with an annual issue of\\n195,838,671 copies in i860 there were 4501, with an annual issue of\\n927,951,548 copies.\\n2 Some of the most noteworthy were these The North American\\nReview, 1815-; The Neiu York Mirror, 1823-1842; The Southern\\nLiterary Gazette, 1825 The American Quarterly Reviexv, Philadelphia,\\n1827-1837; The Southern Review, 1828-1832; The Western Review,\\n1828-1830; The New England Magazi)ie, 1831-1835 The Knicker-\\nbocker, 1833-1860; The Western Monthly Magazine, 1833-1836; The\\nSouthern Literary Messenger, Richmond, 1834-1864; Graha.i s Maga-\\nzine, Philadelphia, 1840-1850; The Southern Quarterly Reviexv, 1842-\\n1852; Harpers Monthly, 1850- Putnam s Afonthly, New York, 1853-\\n1857, 1867-1869 The Atlantic Monthly, 1857-.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "^io8 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ntres of a riper scholarship and a richer culture. Public\\nlibraries and museums of art were founded. Wealth,\\nwith its attendant leisure and foreign travel, favored the\\ngrowth of a love for beauty and the things of the intellect.\\nA distinctively American school of landscape-painting\\nbegan with Cole, doughty, and others, who handled\\nsuccessfully the scenery of the Hudson and our briUiant\\nautumnal effects and Trumbull s pictures in the Capi-\\ntol, on subjects from American history, were at least\\na respectable beginning in a difficult branch of the\\npainter s art. American sculpture of high merit came\\nfrom the chisels of Greenough, Powers, Story, and others.\\nThe appreciation of music, if not the creation of it, grew\\nin the United States with the century. Societies for the\\nrendering of oratorios were early organized in most of\\nthe principal cities, and the Boston Academy of Music\\nwas established in 1833 English opera companies found\\na welcome in New Orleans in 1820, in New York in\\n1821 an Italian opera was first given in 1825, in the\\nlatter city and Jenny Lind, in her tour a generation later,\\nwas everywhere received with rapturous enthusiasm.\\nIn short, the conditions of American life in New Eng-\\nland, the Middle States, and parts of the South, were now\\nmore favorable than ever before for the production of a\\nlarge body of good literature and such a literature was\\nforthcoming. In addition to the general factors already\\ntouched upon, there were special reasons why American\\nwriters were now better able to clothe their thoughts in\\nthat perfection of form upon which so much of the pleas-\\nure and even of the value of literature depends. For\\n1 The school arose about the year 1825, and hence was nearly con-\\ntemporary with the new nature poetry of Bryant.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "LEAVENING P^ORCES. 109\\none thing, the increase in the size of the reading pubHc,\\nwith the attendant increase in the number and circulation\\nof periodicals and the opportunity for large sales of books,\\nnow made it possible for an author to live by his pen,\\nwith the natural result that men of talent and genius were\\nable to devote themselves to the art of literature and to\\nattain greater skill in the practice of it.^ Again, not only\\nwas there more culture at home, but the packet and the\\nsteamship, by making ocean travel quicker and more com-\\nfortable, brought the culture of the Old World nearer to\\nthe New so that, in place of slavish imitation of the letter\\nof foreign models, an intelligent absorption and free repro-\\nduction of their spirit was easily possible to the American\\nwriter of verse or prose, a more genuine culture and a\\nmore genuine independence going hand in hand. With\\nthe widening of American scholarship there came, fur-\\nthermore, a broadening of the literary forces which played\\nupon our Hterature. The thought and literature of Eng-\\nland had been for long the great external influence upon\\nthe thought and literature of America but in the years\\nnow under review there was a healthful broadening of\\nknowledge, and the life and literatures of Germany, Italy,\\nSpain, and the north of Europe brought new treasure\\ninto the coffers of the American historian, essayist,\\nnovelist, and poet.\\nAmerican writers now also had some advantage over\\ntheir predecessors in the matter of subjects adapted for\\nimaginative treatment. The new feeling for nature for\\n1 The profits of authorship were, of course, still meagre for many\\nyears; and the lack of an international copyright law, by allowing\\nAmerican publishers to steal the labor of English authors, instead of\\npaying for home talent, tended to keep them meagre.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "no THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nits beauty and sublimity, its mystery and spiritual signifi-\\ncance was aroused in the New World even more easily\\nthan in the Old, and proved in fact the source of our\\nearhest poetry of high merit. Indian life was to American\\nwriters of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries a\\nfrequent subject for history and description, but it lay too\\nnear their everyday walk and conversation to lend itself\\nreadily to poetic treatment or to imaginative handling in\\nprose; while to Cooper and Longfellow the red man of\\nthe forest was sufficiently removed in time to be idealized\\nwithout difficulty into a pathetic, noble, and romantic\\nfigure. American history of the seventeenth century\\nand even of the eighteenth the personal incidents and\\nthe fireside legends, at least, which hang upon the fringe\\nof the greater and too well-known events had taken on\\nin the nineteenth century something of the poetry of the\\nPast, the more because men of the present age have\\ndrawn away so rapidly from the modes of life of their\\ngrandsires. The witchcraft in which Cotton Mather\\nbelieved had a peculiar interest and a high Hterary value\\nfor the unbelieving generation of Hawthorne and the\\nmanners and customs of Revolutionary days acquired in\\nhalf a century some of the charm of the obsolete.\\nAmerican authors of the nineteenth century in com-\\nparison with their forerunners were thus rich in literary\\nmaterial, but in comparison with their brother craftsmen\\nof Europe they were poor. They lived in a land settled\\nbut recently and by a race which had outlived the age of\\nchivalry and poetic superstition. The Puritans brought\\nwith them a few valuable devils, but no fairies, brownies,\\nwater-kelpies, or dragons to haunt the woods and streams\\nof the New World. American history has been great in", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE NATIONAL LIMITATIONS. iii\\nits ideas and in its influence upon the i)rogress of man-\\nkind but it has been deficient in the spectacular, the pic-\\nturesque, the romantic, the dramatic in nearly all the\\nelements which the poet and romancer most successfully\\nbuild up into forms of art. Nature in America is indeed\\nbeautiful and magnificent, but it is largely destitute of the\\nheightened charm exerted over most minds by the union\\nof natural beauty with historic association and poetic\\nlegend. No ruined castles.\\nCased in the unfeeling armor of old time,\\nrise along our rivers, to remind the traveller of bygone\\ncenturies when there were\\nBanners on high, and battles passed below.\\nNo venerable and massive cathedrals stand in our noisy\\ncities, silent memorials of the mellow beauty and religion\\nin the lives of generations long dead. Even the present\\nin America, with its democratic level and monotony,\\nits lack of those poetic and dramatic contrasts of in-\\nherited conditions which make society in the Old\\nWorld more interesting to the artist if also less condu-\\ncive to the happiness and development of the common\\npeople, is comparatively poor in material for literature\\nof the type which has hitherto best held the attention\\nof mankind. These handicaps of the American author in\\nchoice of subjects, together with the crudeness of life in\\nmuch of the country and the practical and moral rather\\nthan artistic temper of the mass of the people, may serve\\nto warn us once more that in the field we are about to\\ntraverse, rich as it is compared with the tracts already\\npassed, we must not look for literature supremely great.\\nNor, even within this field, will it be wise to confine our", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "112 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nattention wholly to the best. In the half-century with\\nwhich we now have to do, some dozen American authors\\nattained to such relative preeminence that it is easy to\\nforget that their writings constitute only a part of the\\nliterature of their times and it is one of the functions of\\na history of literature to remind the reader that moun-\\ntains imply foot-hills and a plain, and to help him to see\\nthe literary landscape in its entirety. For this reason the\\nwork of representative minor writers will be sketched-in\\nas a setting for the greater, that the latter may thereby\\nbe taken out of the literary vacuum in which they might\\notherwise seem to stand.\\nThe Poets, Essayists, and Writers of Prose Fiction\\nmay for convenience be loosely grouped into schools\\naccording to the section of the country in which they\\nlived. The New York, or Knickerbocker, School had\\nprecedence in time. Its great names are Irving, Cooper,\\nand Bryant but it includes several other writers of\\nno mean ability, who, like other minor authors of the\\nperiod, have a claim upon our gratitude for their part in\\ncreating that better literary atmosphere without which\\ntheir more famous brethren could not have waxed so\\ngreat. It is not strange that New York City early\\ndeveloped into somewhat of a literary centre. The mix-\\nture of many nationalities in its population encouraged\\nbreadth of ideas and a cosmopolitan spirit, at the same\\ntime that it afforded some striking contrasts in character\\nand mode of life, the old Dutch element in particular\\nfurnishing materials both amusing and picturesque. The\\nbeautiful and impressive scenery of the Hudson was\\nanother feature of evident literary value. The great\\ndrawback, then as now, was the excess of the commercial", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE NEW YORK SCHOOL. 113\\nspirit over the intellectual and artistic. But the New\\nYork even of the years 1820 to 1840 was far from devoid\\nof the finer culture. At the earlier date its population\\nwas 123,706, at the later 312,710; and the causes and\\nconsequents of the higher civilization in large cities\\nwealth, leisure, and refinement churches, schools, col-\\nleges, and libraries the theatre, the opera, the newspaper,\\nand the magazine were present in more and more\\nabundance.\\nAmong the minor authors who grew up amid these\\nconditions, James K. Paulding (1778-1860), Irving s\\nlifelong friend, and Secretary of the Navy under Van\\nBuren, has an honorable place. He wrote some verse,\\nincluding The Lay of the Scotch Fiddle (1813) a clever\\nparody on Scott s Lay of the Last Minstrel, full of honest\\ncontempt for the British navy, and The Backivoodsinan\\n(1818), a tale of frontier life, in rather prosaic style.\\nBut his best work was in prose. He assisted Irving in\\nthe Salmagundi papers, unaided brought out a second\\nseries in 18 19-1820, and wrote several tales and novels\\nbesides much miscellaneous matter. His best novel,\\nThe DutcJunan s Fireside (1831), combines some of the\\nmost attractive features of Cooper s and Irving s work,\\ncontaining exciting incidents of Indian warfare, delicate\\npen-pictures of Hudson scenery, and amusing sketches\\nof Dutch life and character. A more brilliant man was\\nJoseph R odaian pR/KE (i 795-1 820), a physician, by\\nwhose early death American literature suffered a severe\\nloss. The Culprit Fay, written in 18 19, handles the\\ntime-worn material of fairy-lore with a fresh and delicate\\ntouch and a fancy that is in places exquisite. Drake s\\npart in the Croaker poems, published anonymously in\\nI", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "114 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nThe Evening Post in 18 19, shows his gift for hght satiric\\nand society verse and his poem, The American Flag,\\nin the same series, beginning,\\nWhen Freedom, from her mountain height,\\nunites patriotic fervor with poetic beauty. The name of\\nFitz-Greene Halleck (i 790-1867), a bank clerk, is\\nalways associated with Drake s because of the close and\\nbeautiful friendship between the two men. Halleck was\\nDrake s associate in the popular Cr ?r sallies and a few\\nof his later poems Marco Bozzaris (1825), a spirited\\nmartial lyric on the Greeks struggle for freedom from the\\nTurks; Alnwick Castle (1827), beginning with romantic\\nrevery and ending in a vein of humorous satire Burns\\n(1827), of which Burns s sister said, in 1855, nothing\\nfiner has been written about Robert and Red Jacket\\n(1828), a humorous but sympathetic portrait of the\\nfamous Indian chief, who,\\nWith look lilce patient Job s eschewing evil;\\nWith motions graceful as a bird s in air;\\nwas yet\\nin sober truth, the veriest devil\\nThat e er cHnched fingers in a captive s hair\\nwon deserved fame in their day, and are not yet wholly\\nforgotten. Most of Halleck s other work is on a lower\\nplane, although Fanny (1819), a rather lame attempt to\\nfollow in the footsteps of Byron in Beppo and Don Juan,\\nwas popular for several years. John Howard Payne\\n1 791-1852), actor, playwright, journaHst, and United\\nStates consul at Tunis, a friend of Irving, Coleridge, and\\nLamb, is now remembered chiefly by his song of Home,\\nSweet Home (in his opera, Clari, 1823) but in his life-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "MINOR AUTHORS. 115\\ntime he had considerable fame as a clever dramatist,\\nBrutus (1818) being one of his most successful plays.\\nThe more pretentious poems of Samuel Woodworth\\n(i 785-1842) have gone down into oblivion, but he still\\nsips immortality from The Old Oaken Bucket (1826).\\nGeorge P. Morris (1802-1864), who with Woodworth\\nfounded The New York Mirror in 1823, pleased the\\ntaste of the times by his short and easy poems of com-\\nmonplace sentiment Woodman, Spare That Tree My\\nMother s Bible; The Main Truck; etc. Charles F.\\nHoffman (1806-1884), whose literary life was cut short\\nby insanity in 1849, founded The Kfiickerbocker maga-\\nzine in 1833, edited several other periodicals, and was a\\nversatile and voluminous author, writing sketches of\\nWestern life, two novels Va?iderlyn and Greyslaer\\nand many poems of the poems those on love, nature,\\nand Indian life have some originality, although the influ-\\nence of Byron and Moore upon them is often apparent.\\nA more considerable figure in the literary world of his\\nday, though he has since sadly dwindled, was Nat hantf.t.\\nP^ Vy^T J .Ts r T 806- T 86 7 V It is the fashion nowadays to\\nsneer at Willis s milk-and-watei paraphrases of Scrip-\\nture stories, and in truth they are better fitted for babes\\nthan for men. But it should be remembered that in\\nthese poems of diluted pathos and effeminate sensibility\\nWillis was merely doing with a good deal of literary\\ngrace what many other poets of the time were doing\\nwith none and, in particular, that this sickly stuff\\nconstituted only a small part of his literary output.\\nSome of his poems have a pretty fancy. His two plays,\\nBianca Visconti (1837) and Tortesa the Usurer (acted\\nin New York, 1838; in London, 1839), are written in", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "ii6 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nmanly style, and the lighter scenes show literary deft-\\nness and lively wit. His prose writings were varied and\\nentertaining, his sketches of notables whom he met\\nabroad having some permanent interest. And he did\\nmuch to further general literary culture at home by\\nhis labors as founder or editor of several magazines.^\\nAlfred B. Street (181 i-i 881), state librarian of New\\nYoxV/wi Frontenac (1849) made an ambitious but not\\nvery successful attempt to handle Indian and frontier life\\nin Scott s narrative manner his nature poems are full of\\nfine observation, and have some beauty of mood and ex-\\npression, although they are far inferior to Bryant s in\\ndepth and strength The Gray Forest-Eagle (in Poems^\\n1845), his best-known poem, has sweep of pinion, but is\\nmore rhetorical than poetical. Let it suffice, in passing\\nto the great trio of the New York group, to mention\\nRobert C. Sands (i 799-1832), William Leggett (1802-\\n1839), Ralph Hoyt (1806-1878), Park Benjamin (1809-\\n1864), and Henry T. Tuckerman (i 813-187 i), who,\\nwith many more whose names on earth are dark,\\ncontributed their share to the literature of the Empire\\nState.\\nWashington Irving,- the first American man of letters\\n1 Some of his works are these: Sketches (poems), 1S27; Melanic\\nand Other Poems, 1835; Peucilli/igs by the IVay, 1835, 1844; Letters\\nfrom under a Bridge, 1840; Poems of Passion, 1843; Lady Jane and\\nHumorous Poems, 1844 Dashes at Life with a Free Pcticil, 1845\\nHurrygraphs, 1851 Paul Fane (novel), 1857; The Convalescent, 1859.\\nWillis s father founded The Youth s Companion in 1827. The poet\\nestablished The American Mo?ithly Magazine in 1829, which in 1831 was\\nmerged in The New York Mirror, with which he was connected for\\nmany years in 1839 he started The Corsair, to which Thackeray con-\\ntributed; in 1846, with Morris, he founded The Home Journal axid was\\none of its editors for the rest of his life.\\n2 Life. Born in New York City, April 3, 1783. Father, Scotch", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON IRVING. 117\\nto win the ear of Europe and take the sting of truth out\\nof Sydney Sn-^Jth s contemptuous question, Who reads\\nan American book? was only in part the product of\\ntradesman mother, English, Began study of law, 1799. First trip to\\nEurope, 1804-1806. Admitted to New York bar, 1806. Death of\\nMatilda Hoffman, his betrothed, 1809. Became a silent partner in his\\nbrothers cutlery business, 1810. Appointed military aide to Governor\\nTompkins, 1814. Second residence abroad, 1815-1832: in Great\\nBritain, 1815-1820 in Germany, Austria, France, with two visits to\\nEngland, 1820-1826; in Spain, 1826-1829; in England, as secretary of\\nUnited States Legation, 1829-1831. Received medal from Royal\\nSociety of Literature, and degree of LL.D. from Oxford, 1830. Return\\nto America, and tour through the Southwest, 1832. Residence at\\nSunnyside, 1836-1842. Third residence abroad, as minister to Spain,\\n1842-1846. Last years at Sunnyside, 1846-1859. Died at Sunnyside,\\nNov. 28, 1859. An Episcopalian.\\nWorks. Jonathan Oldstyle letters in The Mornwg Chrotiicle\\n(owned by Irving s brother Peter), 1802. Salmagundi, Jan. 24, 1807-\\nJan. 25, 1808, twenty numbers at irregular intervals. The Literary\\nPicture Gallery seven numbers of a bagatelle in prose and\\nverse, in which Irving probably had a hand. Warner s life of\\nIrving, p. 51), 1808. A History of New York, by Diedrich Knicker-\\nbocker, 1809. Articles in Select Revieios (afterwards called The Analec-\\ntic Magazine), of which Irving was editor, 1812-1815 Traits of Indian\\nCharacter and Philip of Pokanoket were reprinted in the English\\nedition of The Sketch Book, and in subsequent American editions.\\nThe Sketcli Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent, (published in seven parts),\\n1819-1820. Bracebridge Hall, 1822. Tales of a Traveller, 1824. The\\nLife and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, 1828; abridged edition,\\n1829. A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada, 1829. Voyages and\\nDiscoveries of the Companions of Columbus, 1831. The Alhambra,\\n1832. The Crayon Miscellany: I., A Tour on the Prairies, 1835;\\nII., Abbotsford and Newstead Abbey, 1835; III., Legends of the Con-\\nquest of Spain, 1836. Astoria, 1836. Adventures of Captain Bonneville,\\n1837. Contributions to The Kiiickerbocker magazine, 1839-1841\\nrepublished, with some other matter, as Wolfert s Roost, 1855. A\\nBiography of Margaret Davidson, 1841. Oliver Goldsmith: a Biogra-\\nphy, 1849. Mahomet and his Successors, 1849-1850. The Life of\\nGeorge Washington, 1855-1859. Collected and revised edition of\\nworks, 1848-1850. Most of Irving s writings were published simul-\\ntaneous y in America and England.\\n1 In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book\\nor goes to an American play or looks at an American picture or", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "ii8 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nAmerican influences. His parents were natives of Great\\nBritain; he owed most of his culture to prolonged resi-\\ndence abroad; and the larger number of his subjects\\nwere taken from the life and history of England and\\nSpain. His youth was not remarkably precocious,\\nalthough at the age of twelve he contributed poems and\\nessays to a local newspaper, and at thirteen wrote a play,\\nwhich was acted at a friend s house. He was already\\ndevoted to the theatre, hurrying home at nine to attend\\nfamily prayers, and then climbing out the window to\\nreturn to the play. A boy of his fun-loving temperament\\ncould not be expected to devote himself very seriously,\\nat sixteen, to the study of the law, and in truth Irving\\nwas never a hard student of that abstruse subject. Of\\nmore value to the future author of Rip Van Winkle were\\nthe days spent with his gun in Sleepy Hollow in 1798,\\nand a voyage up the Hudson two years later, where (he\\nsays) the Kaatskill Mountains had the most witching\\neffect on my boyish imagination. Upon his coming of\\nage the delicate state of his health induced his brothers\\nto send him abroad; he spent a delightful year and a\\nhalf in France, Italy, and England, frequenting theatres\\nand art galleries, meeting distinguished men, and by\\nhis gentlemanly charm finding easy entrance everywhere\\ninto the best society. On his return his life continued\\nfor many years to be rather an idle one. He belonged\\nto a circle of convivial spirits, and the delights of society\\nin New York, Albany, Baltimore, and Washington con-\\nsumed much of his time. Two pieces of literary work\\nstatue? The Edinburgh Review, January, 1820. The courteous\\nand ingenious stranger [Irving] wliom we are ambitious of introducing\\nto the notice of our readers. The Edinburgh Revicio, August, 1820.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON IRVING. 119\\nSalmagundi and A Ilistoj-y of New York gave promise,\\nhowever, of his future career. It was at this period,\\nalso, that the death of his betrothed, a lovely girl of\\neighteen, brought to Irving the great and lasting sorrow\\nof his life. Partly to divert his mind he resumed the\\ninterrupted History of New York, and with an aching\\nheart wrote what was to set the world on laughter.\\nThis task completed, however, he sank back again into\\ngraceful indolence.\\nDaring the first years of his second residence abroad,\\nIrving made the acquaintance of Campbell, Scott, and\\nother famous men, and gained that familiarity with\\nEnglish life which appears in the pages of The Sketch\\nBook. But it was not till his brothers bankruptcy, in\\n1 8 18, that he resolutely gave himself to literature\\nas a profession. His first venture. The Sketch Book,\\nat once became popular on both sides of the water,\\nand brought in considerable sums.- From this time\\nIrving s life was one of continuous literary labor,\\ninterrupted only by travelling and by the duties of\\npublic office. His researches into the fascinating\\nhistory of Spain prolonged his foreign residence far\\nbeyond his first intention. But his heart and imagina-\\ntion still clung to the scenes of his youth; and when\\nhe returned to America, after an absence of seventeen\\nyears, his most cherished ambition was to make for\\nhimself a nest on the banks of the Hudson, and there\\n1 I cannot tell you, he wrote years afterward, what a horrid state\\nof mind I was in for a long time. I seemed to care for nothing; the\\nworld was a blank to me. I was naturally susceptible, and tried to\\nform other attachments, but my heart would not hold on. P. M.\\nIrving s life of Irving, Vol. I., pp. 226, 227.\\n2 Before his death Irving had earned by his pen ^205,383.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "I20 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nspend the remainder of his days. His wish was grati-\\nfied. In the old Dutch cottage near Tarrytovvn, over-\\ngrown with ivy from Melrose Abbey, he lived for many\\nyears, happy in his work and in the companionship of\\nthe relatives and friends with whom he loved to fill his\\nbachelor home. Only once did he suffer himself to be\\ndrawn away for long, when he represented his country\\nat the court of Spain; he discharged the duties of his\\nhigh office with dignity and tact, but was glad to return\\nto his beloved Sunnyside and to his interrupted literary\\ntasks. There his days gently declined, full of cheerful\\nlabor almost to the last, and there he died at a ripe old\\nage, lamented by millions at home and abroad.\\nOf Irving s personal appearance a relative writes:\\nHe had dark gray eyes, a handsome straight nose,\\na broad, high, full forehead, and a small mouth.\\nHis smile was exceedingly genial, lighting up his whole\\nface and rendering it very attractive. George William\\nCurtis says: There was a chirping, cheery, old-school\\nair in his appearance which was undeniably Dutch.\\nHe seemed, indeed, to have stepped out of his own\\nbooks; and the cordial grace and humor of his address,\\nif he stopped for a passing chat, were delightfully char-\\nacteristic. He was then our most famous man of letters,\\nbut he was simply free from all self-consciousness and\\nassumption and dogmatism. His usual hours for\\nliterary work, says one reporting an interview with him\\nin his last days, were from morning till noon.\\nHe had always been subject to moods and caprices, and\\n1 C. D. Warner s life of Irving (American Men of Letters series),\\np. 48.\\n2 Easy Chair.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON IRVING. 121\\ncould never tell, when he took up the pen, how many\\nhours would pass before he would lay it down. But,\\nsaid he, these capricious periods of the heat and glow\\nof composition have been the happiest hours of my life.\\nI have never found in anything outside of the four walls\\nof my study any enjoyment equal to sitting at my writing-\\ndesk, with a clean page, a new theme, and a mind wide\\nawake. When I was in Spain, and engaged\\non the Life of Columbus, I often wrote fourteen or fifteen\\nhours out of the twenty-four. He said that whenever\\nhe had forced his mind unwillingly to work, the product\\nwas worthless, and he invariably threw it away.\\nIrving s works fall into three groups essays, sketches,\\nand tales; descriptions of life in the West; biographies\\nand histories The first group contains most of the\\nwritings by which he will be longest known. The\\nAddisonian Oldstyle letters are merely promising per-\\nformances for a youth of nineteen.^ The Salmagundi\\nessays also take their cue from The Spectator, but exceed\\nit in frolicsomeness and youthful dash. Our inten-\\ntion, say the writers in their first number, is simply\\nto instruct the young, reform the old, correct the town,\\nand castigate the age. The town took kindly to such\\ngood-natured and amusing correction, and the publica-\\ntion was, for the times, a great success. Salmagundi\\n1 P. M. Irving s life of Irving, Vol. IV., pp. 319-321.\\n2 They were, however, generally copied into the newspapers of the\\nday, and procured the young author a visit from C. B, Brown, who\\ninvited him to contribute to The Literaty Magazine.\\n3 J. K. Paulding and Irving s brother William were associated with\\nhim. William wrote the poems by Pindar Cockloft. For Paulding s\\nshare, see P. M. Irving s life of Irving, Vol. I., pp. 176-178.\\n4 It was reprinted in London in 1811 and in The Monthly Review was\\nreviewed much more favorably, says Irving, than I had expected.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "122 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ncan still be read with considerable pleasure, although\\nthe fun is often beaten out too thin and most of it is\\nthe effervescence of youth rather than really penetrating\\nhumor or wit. The papers contain, however, the germ\\nof much of Irving s subsequent work.^ A History of\\nNew York had for its main object to embody the tradi-\\ntions of that city in an amusing form; to clothe\\nhome scenes and places and familiar names with those\\nimaginative and whimsical associations so seldom met\\nwith in our new country, but which live like charms and\\nspells about the cities of the Old World. A few de-\\nscendants of old Dutch families, having more pedigree\\nthan humor, took the thing in a huff; but in general it\\nwas recognized as a humorous extravaganza, and met\\nwith a hearty welcome. It found some appreciative\\nreaders abroad. Scott declared that his sides were sore\\nwith laughing over it; and Dickens wrote, Diedrich\\nKnickerbocker I have worn to death in my pocket.\\nThe book has faults enough. It is tediously prolix; the\\nhumor is too elaborate, and is sometimes indelicate;\\nand from beginning to end is heard a blare of trumpets\\n1 A chapter of The Chronicles of the renowned and ancient city\\nof Gotham anticipates the humor of Knickerbocker; there are\\ntraits of tenderness and pathos suggestive of the plaintive sentiment\\nof the Sketch Book; and the kindly humors of the Cockloft mansion\\nare an American Bracebridge Hall. E. A. Duyckinck, as quoted in\\nP, M. Irving s life of Irving, Vol. I., p. 211.\\n2 The Author s Apology, written iu 1848, as a preface to the new\\nedition. He says, also, referring to the period of the Dutch domination\\nThis, then, broke upon me as the poetic age of our city; poetic from\\nits very obscurity; and open to all the embellishments of heroic\\nfiction. I hailed my native city as fortunate above all other American\\ncities, in having an antiquity thus extending back into the regions of\\ndoubt and fable. Compare what was said on pages 109-111, about\\nsubjects for American literature.\\nI", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON IRVING. 123\\nannouncing that of course the whole thing is tremen-\\ndously funny. There is in it, nevertheless, a large body\\nof hearty and genuine laughter, and it improves as it\\ngoes on, the mock-heroic capture of Fort Christina\\nbeing as breezy a passage as any in Fielding. Irving\\nwas to do more finished work than Knickerbocker s New\\nYork, but he would never again do anything quite so\\nfree- limbed and robust. Tlie Sketch Book, as a whole,\\nhas perhaps been commonly rated too high, chiefly be-\\ncause it was the work by which the author first became\\nwidely known. Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of\\nSleepy Hollow, Westminster Abbey, Stratford-on-\\nAvon, Little Britain, and two or three delightful\\npictures of English country life are about all the sketches\\nthat have really lived. One who nowadays reads the\\nbook through finds much of the thought and observation\\nsuperficial, and the sentiment often overdone. The\\nwriter too consciously cherishes his emotions with a\\nlively sense of their preciousness; and in Rural Fune-\\nrals, and elsewhere, he seems, like the author of A\\nSejitimefifal Journey, to be smacking his lips delicately\\nover the honey of tears. Rip Van Winkle, however,\\nis a masterpiece; the dreamy beauty of the Catskills, a\\npoetic old legend, the quaintness of old Dutch life, and\\nthe bustle of small politics under a republic are all com-\\nbined and harmonized with wonderful skill; and there\\nis no finer character-sketch in our literature than the\\nlovable old vagabond, Rip, as he goes slouching through\\nthe village, his arms full of children, a troop of dogs at\\nhis heels, and the shrill pursuing voice of Dame Winkle\\ndying away in the distance. In Braeebrid^e Hall,\\nwhich, in its main conception, is nn expansion of cer-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "124 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ntain parts of TJie Sketch Book, the author seems to be\\nmaking the most of his material, dealing it out in small\\nquantities well diluted. Partly to offset the resulting\\nlanguor, several tales are introduced, rather flimsily con-\\nnected with life at Bracebridge Hall but the best part\\nof the book. The Stout Gentleman is one of Irving s\\nmost life-like, acute, and suggestive sketches. Dolph\\nHeyliger returns to Dutch life on the Hudson, where\\nthe creator of Diedrich Knickerbocker is always in\\nhappy mood. The Student of Salamanca, with its\\npleasing union of love and adventure, points forward to\\nthe author s subsequent wanderings over the enchanted\\nground of Spanish history and romance.^ In Tales of\\na Traveller^ placid description now becomes merely a\\nframework for lively narrative. Strange Stories by a\\nNervous Gentleman are sometimes a little broad, and\\nthe one about the Young Italian is sentimental, romantic,\\nand morbid in a way now gone out of fashion. In\\nThe Italian Banditti the story of the Young Robber,\\nby its repulsive tragedy, jars unpleasantly upon the holi-\\nday atmosphere of the rest of the section. The Money-\\nDiggers describes Dutch life in New York without the\\ndiffuseness of Knickerbocker s History, but with less\\nwealth of humor. Buckthorne and His Friends is\\nthe most enjoyable part of the book, containing some\\ncapital satire upon the trade of authorship, and, in its\\npictures of the experiences of a strolling player and\\nliterary adventurer, having much of the careless charm\\nof Smollett and Goldsmith. In The Alhajtidra, Irving\\n1 Irving s continued indebtedness to The Spectator is obvious. Squire\\nBracebridge is Sir Roger at his country-seat, and tlie Busy Man is Will\\nWimble put under a microscope.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON IRVING. 125\\nhad a congenial theme, his dreamy hixiiriance and inno-\\ncent vohiptuousness finding their appropriate food in\\nthe skies, ruins, and legends of sunny, romantic Spain.\\nThe book has a unique value for the practical Anglo-\\nSaxon mind, helping it to catch something of the dreamy\\nromance of life in old Granada.\\nThe second and third groups may be passed over\\nlightly. The books on life in the West, of which Asto-\\nria is the best, contain many interesting incidents and\\nscenes; but the descriptions were mostly done from\\nnotes furnished by others, and, furthermore, Irving was\\nnot quite the man to paint adequately the vast panorama\\nof the settling of the West. The biographies and his-\\ntories have great charm of style, although as historical\\nwritings their rank is in the second class. The Life of\\nGoldsviith is at once delightful, and true to the spirit\\nof that lovable, garret-haunting Bohemian. The Life\\nof Columbus, also, reproduces finely the atmosphere of\\nlarge romance in the days of the great admiral.\\nWashington Irving was not a great writer, but he was\\na very pleasing one. He lacked great passion, great\\nimagination, great thought. His creative power was\\nsoon exhausted, and he turned to history for material.\\nHe did not see very deeply into human life. His satire,\\nthough kindly, is keen; but it is never great. His style\\nsacrifices power to melody and grace; it can soothe and\\ncharm, but it cannot electrify; he could say in it all\\nthat he had to say, but King Lear or Sartor Resartus\\ncould not be said in it. His humor never goes deep\\ninto human nature, and is often extravagant and some-\\ntimes strained, although in his later works it is frequently\\nspontaneous and delicate. His sentiment and pathos", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "126 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nare old-fashioned in manner, modern taste preferring\\na more dramatic or incidental handling of those dan-\\ngerous elements. But although Irving will never again\\nenjoy the same degree of fame which was his during the\\nfirst half of the century, his position as an American\\nclassic is secure. He did two great services to American\\nliterature. He first revealed the romance of the Hudson\\nand of old Dutch life, and he steeped his pages in the\\nsunny tranquillity and placid beauty of his own spirit.\\nAmerican life has always lacked repose, never more so\\nthan now; and the modern reader may find wholesome\\nrefreshing in the pages of Washington Irving, forgetting\\nthere for a time the weariness, the fever, and the fret\\nof an electric civilization.\\nA very different man and a more powerful writer was\\nJames Fenimore Cooper,^ burly, irascible, pugnacious,\\nhearty in his loves and in his hates, the creator of the\\n1 Life. Born at Burlington, N.J., Sept. 15, 1789. Father, of Quaker\\ndescent and a congressman mother, of Swedish descent. Family set-\\ntled in Cooperstown, N.Y., 1790, where Mr. Cooper owned much land.\\nAttended the village school then became the private pupil of an Albany\\nrector; entered Yale, 1802; dismissed for participation in a frolic, 1805.\\nServed before the mast in a merchant vessel, 1806-1807 served as mid-\\nshipman in the navy, part of the time on Lakes Ontario and Champlain,\\n1807-1811. Married Miss DeLancey, 1811; five daughters and two sons\\nwere born to him. Resided at Mamaroneck, 1811-1814; Cooperstown,\\n1814-1817; Scarsdale, 1817-1822; New York, 1822-1826. Lived in\\nEurope, chiefly in France and Italy, 1826-1833 consul at Lyons, 1826-\\n1829. Returned to America, 1833 lived by turns at New York and at\\nCooperstown. Died at Cooperstown, Sept. 14, 185 1 wife died four\\nmonths later. An Episcopalian.\\nWorks. Precaution, 1820. The Spy, 1821. The Pioneers, 1823.\\nThe Pilot, 1824 (imprint, 1823), Lionel Lincoln, 1825. The Last of\\nthe Mohicans, 1826. The Prairie, 1827. The Red Rover, 1828. The\\nWept of Wish-ton-Wish The Borderers), 1829. The Water-Witch,\\n1830. The Bravo, 1831. The Heidenmauer, 1832. The Headsman,\\n1833. The Monikins, 1835. Homeward Bound, 1838. Home as", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "JAMES FENIMORE COOPER. 127\\nAmerican novel of adventure. His early life was an\\nexcellent preparation for his subsequent career as an\\nauthor. His childhood was passed on the shores of the\\nbeautiful Otsego lake, at the edge of the primeval forest,\\nwhere the grandeur and wild beauty of nature in the\\nNew World could sink their impressions deep into his\\nyouthful imagination. He made the acquaintance of\\ntrappers and old Indian-fighters, from whom he heard\\nmany a thrilling tale and gained some knowledge of\\nvvoodcraft. He knew the sailor s life on the ocean and\\nthe Great Lakes by experience as a common seaman and\\nas an officer in the navy. He was thus unwittingly\\nacquiring a store of material of great literary value; and\\nhis three years at college, although they were rather idle\\nones, must have given him some literary culture. But\\nfor a long time the thought of commencing author seems\\nnever to have occurred to him. He married young;\\nresigned from the navy at his wife s request; and, having\\ninherited a comfortable property, settled down content-\\nedly to the management of it and to the joys of family\\nFound Eve Effingham), 1838. The History of tlie Navy of the\\nUnited States of America, 1839 abridged edition, 1841. The Path-\\nfinder, 1840. Mercedes of Castile, 1840. The Deerslayer, 1841. The\\nTwo Admirals, 1842. The Wing-and-Wing The Jack o Lantern),\\n1842. Wyandotte, 1843. Ned Meyers [the life of one of Cooper s\\nshipmates], 1843. Afloat and Ashore, 1844. Miles Wallingford\\nLucy Hardinge) [sequel to Afloat and Ashore], 1844. Satanstoe,\\n1845. The Chainbearer, 1846. Lives of Distinguished Ameiican\\nNaval Officers, 1846. The Redskins Ravensnest), 1846. The\\nIslets of the Gulf, 1846-1848 in Graham s Magazine 1848 in book form,\\nas Jack Tier Captain Spike). The Crater Mark s Reef), 1847.\\nThe Oak Openings The Bee Hunter), 1848. The Sea Lions, 1849.\\nThe Ways of the Hour, 1850. The titles of the English editions, when\\nthey differed from the American, are given in parentheses. Cooper\\nalso wrote several tales for Graham s Magazine, ten volumes of travels,\\nand a good deal of controversial matter.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "128 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nlife. He was thirty years old before he wrote his first\\nnovel, and even then his plunge into the literary life\\nwas the result of accident and caprice. One day, while\\nreading an English novel to his wife, he suddenly stopped\\nand said, I believe I could write a better story myself.\\nA challenge to do so aroused him to the attempt, and\\nthe result was Precaution^ a dull novel of English life,\\nteaching the need of care in entering upon matrimony.\\nThe book was a failure, and deserved to be. Still, it\\nshowed some promise, and his friends urged him to\\ntry again. They counselled well, for The Spy was an\\nimmense success, and made its author famous at home\\nand abroad.\\nCooper now removed to New York City, where he\\nbecame a prominent figure and founded a club, to which\\nBryant, Halleck, Verplanck, Chancellor Kent, and other\\nbrilliant men belonged. The novels which he put forth\\nwith a rapidity rivalling Scott s raised his reputation\\nhigher and higher.^ The income from their sale repaired\\nhis somewhat damaged fortune, and enabled him to take\\nan extended European tour with his family. In Paris\\nhe received the most flattering attentions from the leaders\\nof society; Scott in his diary for November 6, 1826,\\nspeaking of a gathering at the Princess Galitzin s, says,\\nCooper was there, so the Scotch and American lions\\ntook the field together. Cooper was charmed with\\nFrench society, and the skies and scenery of Italy he\\npassionately loved. But he was the same sturdy patriot\\n1 I dined yesterday in a company of authors. Mr.\\nCooper engrossed the whole conversation, and seems a little giddy\\nwith the great success his works have met with. Letter by Bryant,\\nApril 24, 1824, in his life by Godwin, Vol. I., p. 189,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "JAMES FENIMORE COOPER. 129\\nas before. European, and especially English, criticism\\nof the United States, often ignorant, prejudiced, or\\ncondescending, aroused all the fighter in him, and in\\nworks of fiction and public letters he took up cudgels\\nfor his country. He soon got himself cordially hated,\\nand even some American newspapers censured him\\nseverely for flouting his Americanism throughout\\nEurope. Thus wounded in the house of his friends\\nwhile fighting their battles, Cooper returned to America\\nafter seven years absence, aggrieved and irritated.\\nContrasting the United States with the older civilization\\nof Europe, he found much that needed correction, and\\nhe went at the work with his favorite blunt-headed\\nweapon. He speedily had a hornets nest about his\\nears; but it was not in him to run. For years the lion-\\nhearted fellow would that he had also had the wisdom\\nof the serpent! did battle almost single-handed with\\nthe press of America, even carrying the matter into the\\ncourts, where he won suit after suit for libel. It was a\\nruffling and fruitless quarrel. But although it embit-\\ntered Cooper s later years and absorbed much of his vast\\nenergy, it did not prevent him from doing a deal of\\nother work, including two of his best novels. His last\\ndays he spent almost wholly in the beautiful region of\\nhis childhood, busy with labors and projects, and\\nblessed in the domestic love which, like oil on troubled\\nwaters, spread a circle of calm around the old sailor\\nand fighter even when his voyage was stormiest. The\\nend came somewhat suddenly at last, his vigorous\\nconstitution breaking down at several points simul-\\n1 Notions of the Americans (1828), The Bravo The Heidenmauer,\\nThe Headsman.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "I30 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1S70.\\ntaneously; but in his sixty-two years he had lived much\\nand well.\\nOf Cooper s thirty-two novels not more than half have\\never been much read, and eight are far superior to all\\nthe rest. The reasons for the inferiority of the poorer\\nworks are obvious. There was a brilliant story-teller in\\nCooper, but there was also a prosy moralist and reformer;\\nand when circumstances called the latter to the front,\\nit went hard with the story-teller. Thus in The Heiden-\\nmaiier, The Monikins, and The Redskins, three of the\\nworst novels, the narrative is insufferably tedious, while\\nthe satire is heavy and the ideas uninteresting. The\\nsame preaching tendency is responsible for those in-\\nterminable reflections and conversations which come\\nbetween scenes of thrilling action in JVing-afid-JVing,\\nAfloat and Ashore, Homeivard Bound, and other novels\\nwith a good story. Furthermore, Cooper s inability to\\nget under way quickly, to make love affairs interesting,\\nand to handle humorous characters successfully limita-\\ntions which injure even his best novels are simply fatal\\nto those in which the compensating merits are few or\\naltogether wanting.\\nOf the eight novels which by common consent are\\nmuch the best, Tlie Pilot and The Red Rover are stories\\nof the sea. Cooper s originality here is not substantially\\nlessened by the fact that it was Scott s The Pirate which,\\nby its defects, set him to writing The Pilot; for the\\nAmerican sailor not only used sea-lingo more accurately\\nand fully than the Scotch landsman had, but he also\\nmade the plot turn and the interest depend chiefly upon\\nthe events at sea. In this very true sense Cooper was\\nthe creator of the sea-novel; and he is never more in", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "JAMES FENIMORE COOPER. 131\\nhis element than when once fairly afloat with a good ship\\nunder him, a storm brewing on the horizon, a corvette\\nor a wicked but interesting pirate coming up rapidly on\\nthe weather-bow, an old tar drawing the long-bow in the\\nforecastle, and the weather-beaten captain or mysterious\\npilot preparing to execute some manoeuvre which shall\\noutwit elements and enemy alike. In scenes of storm\\nand of battle Cooper is nothing less than great. He\\nhas an apparently inexhaustible store of incidents, for\\nhis marine adventures are as varied as they are interest-\\ning. He describes nautical movements with enough\\nprecision and detail to give the landsman an agreeable\\nsense of novelty and a comfortable assurance that the\\nthing was properly done, yet avoids that excess of tech-\\nnical language which only perplexes and fatigues. And\\nhe succeeds in making one realize something of the true\\nsailor s love for the sea and for his vessel; we groan\\nwith Long Tom as the Ariel drives to her death on a lea\\nshore. But his best sea-characters are not interesting\\nmerely because they are sailors. They are also real and\\ntrue men. The lank Yankee tar, with a hitch to his\\ntrousers and a crotchet in his head, as good at spinning\\na yarn or criticising the tactics of his superior as at\\nsplicing a rope or coolly manning a gun in the heat of\\naction; the rough sailing-master, who maybe swears too\\nmuch, but takes tender care of his old mother on shore\\nand dies with his thoughts divided between her and his\\nduties; the bluff captain, cheerily concealing his anxiety,\\nin time of peril, from the delicate women committed to\\nhis care; the gallant young naval officer, American or\\nEnglish, who manfully risks life and love in his country s\\ncause, these and other sea-types live vividly in Cooper s", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "132 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\npages; and the reader is braver and more generous-\\nhearted for knowing them.\\nThe Spy stands somewhat by itself, being more strictly\\na historical novel than any other of the best eight.^ Its\\nportrait of Washington is hardly recognizable; but its\\nsympathetic pictures of the embarrassing position of a\\nmild Tory, and of the lawless border-warfare, are true\\nto the times. The chief interest of the book, however,\\ncentres in Harvey Birch, the spy, who is one of the\\nauthor s best portraitures for the pathos of his situation\\nand the moral dignity of his character.^ But Cooper s\\nmost distinctive work is his Leatherstocking tales. He\\nwas the creator of the novel of Indian adventure, and\\nhis followers are not his rivals. He was fortunate in\\nbeing near enough to the life of Indian and trapper\\nwithout being too near; in consequence, he could make\\nhis scenes and actors at once lifelike and ideal. He\\nwas also fortunate in his temperament. There was a\\nvein of large poetry in him, which enabled him to paint\\n1 The story of the spy himself is founded upon fact, Cooper getting\\nit from John Jay. Of the poorer novels, Satanstoe gives a faithful\\npicture of colonial life in New York at the middle of the eighteenth\\ncentury, and describes scenes connected with Abercrombie s defeat on\\nLake George in 1758 Mercedes deals with the first voyage of Columbus.\\n2 Cooper s wife came of a Tory family.\\n3 The Spy was soon translated into all the principal languages of\\nEurope. It is on record that a distinguished French spy under Louis\\nPhilippe drew his inspiration from the example of Birch. In a book on\\nNicaragua, published the year after Cooper s death, the author says\\nthat The Spy seems to be better known in Spanish America than any\\nother work in the English language I found it everywhere. See\\nLounsbury s life of Cooper, pp. 37, 38.\\n4 The Deers/ayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfi7ider The\\nPioneers, The Prairie. This order, which is the chronological one with\\nreference to the life of Leatherstocking, is easily remembered by the\\nfact that the titles follow the order of the alphabet.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "JAMES FENLMORE COOPER. 133\\nnature in the New World with a powerful brush the\\nbeauty of the wood-encircled lake, the grandeur and\\nsolitude of the unpeopled forest, the oceanlike -ex-\\npanse of the prairie. He was also, like his great con-\\ntemporary Scott, a natural fighter, and flung himself with\\nrobust joy into descriptions of deadly peril and hair-\\nbreadth escapes. It is the abundance of thrilling incident\\nin these novels that gives them their absorbing interest,\\nand criticisms upon their faults in other respects conse-\\nquently fall to the ground. We forgive the young men\\nfor their insipid love-making, because they fight so well.\\nWe forgive the females for their lovely helplessness,\\nsince they exist merely to be rescued. We perhaps\\nought to forgive Leatherstocking for his ill-timed gar-\\nrulity, although most of us probably do not, seeing\\nthat it is our interest in his daring, coolness, and skill\\nwhich makes us impatient of his philosophy. But it\\nwould be unjust to Cooper to imply that none of his\\nland -characters are interesting in themselves. Chingach-\\ngook and Uncas awake admiration for their noble quali-\\nties; The Last of the Mohicans is made really tragic by\\nthe pathetic death of the young chief. Cooper s good\\nIndians may never have existed outside his pages; but\\nas ideal figures they are certainly interesting inside his\\npages, and for a romancer that is the main thing.\\nLeatherstocking is the greatest of the author s creations.\\n1 There is no need to renew the controversy about the truthfulness\\nof Cooper s delineation of Indian character; the topic is already as\\nbald as if the Big Serpent had passed his knife around the head of it.\\nBut the reader may at least be reminded that Cooper knew and studied\\nIndians, and that he represented most of them as drunken, cruel, and\\ntreacherous if therefore he endowed a few with qualities not in fact\\nl^ossessed by any, he doubtless did it deliberately as a legitimate device\\nof the romancer s art.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "134 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nNot the least of his merits as a figure in the novels is\\nthe deep and poetic harmony which exists between his\\nnature and the vast solitudes in which he lives. He is\\na middle term between civilization and nature; the\\nbuckskin hamadryad of the New World; an American\\nPan, with a Christian soul instead of heathen hoofs.\\nThe consistency with which his character is maintained\\nis surprising, especially when one remembers that the\\nlast novel in which he appears was written eighteen years\\nafter the first. The difficulty was further increased by\\nthe fact that he was first conceived as an old man, and\\nhis youth described last of all, while the other periods\\nof his life were fiUed-in in very erratic order. Yet he is\\nfundamentally the same man from beginning to end, the\\nsecondary differences caused by differences in age and\\nsituation making the portrayal only the more deeply\\nconsistent. The Pioneers is the poorest of the series;\\nfor Cooper s interest in the scenes of his youth led him\\ninto too much description at the start, and the subse-\\nquent action is comparatively tame. The Pathfindei^\\nsuffers a good deal from the clumsy humor, the tedious\\ndialogues on love and religion, and Pathfinder s un-\\nnatural role as a lover; but the running the gauntlet\\ninto the fort and the scenes on the island are superb.\\nIts interest is tremendous, said Balzac. The Last of\\nthe Mohicans will probably always be the favorite with\\nthe majority of readers, for its almost uninterrupted rush\\nof thrilling incident. But The Deerslayer has an un-\\nrivalled freshness in its pictures of nature and of the\\nyoung hunter and the young brave; and in The Prairie\\nthe account of the squatter s grim justice and of the\\nquickening of his own conscience contains a moral", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "JAMES FENIMORE COOPER. 135\\ndepth and a stern strength not elsewhere seen, while the\\ntranquil death of the aged hunter has an autumnal\\nbeauty.\\nCooper is the only. American author who has been\\nwidely read on the continent of Europe, and he is a\\nworthy representative of the largeness and primitive\\nvigor of life in the New World. The romance of the\\nAmerican forest and prairie, of the American Indian,\\nhunter, scout, and pioneer, allures cultured and uncul-\\ntured alike through his pages; and in the successive\\nremoves of Leatherstocking, as he retreats before the\\nwestward-setting tide of civilization, may be read the\\nNew World s epic of action in the conquest of a conti-\\nnent. But the culture, the deeper thought, the humor,\\nand many other phases of American life are poorly, or\\nnot at all, represented in Cooper s writings. His work-\\nmanship is careless. His style at its best has rapid\\nmotion and rich color the two qualities most needed\\nin the semi-historical novel of action; but it is un-\\npolished, and often slipshod, heavy, and diffuse. In\\nthe conduct of the story he shows much skill, espe-\\ncially in single scenes, excelling in the art of prolonged\\nand breathless suspense.^ His character-drawing is\\nprimitive in method and narrow in range. A few\\n1 A favorite method with him is to open with a series of exciting\\nevents, which have a certain unity by themselves; a short hill follows,\\nafter which the main action begins. The method allows of variety and\\nlength of action without fatigue, and the first series of incidents also\\nserves to make the reader acquainted with the characters, so that in the\\nmain action they have an added interest as old and well-tried friends.\\nIn The Pathfijider the preliminary action ends with the entrance into\\nthe fort; in The Prairie, with the squatter s gaining possession of the\\nrock; in The Pilot, w lih. the ship s escape from the breakers; in The Red\\nRover, with the shipwreck of the hero and heroine and tlieir rescue by\\nthe Rover.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "136 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nsimple and noble types he could depict admirably;\\nfor the rest, he resorted to pasteboard and the shears,\\nor set a wooden manikin to capering stiff-jointedly\\nin most doleful-merry fashion.^ He has been often\\ncompared to Scott. The points of likeness are ob-\\nvious. But the two men were, after all, very different,\\nand the American novelist is on the whole decidedly\\ninferior. He is the equal of the Scotchman, if not his\\nsuperior, in feeling for the large aspects of nature, in\\npictures of sea-life, and in rapid, intense action. But\\nthe Wizard of the North is superior in style, in humor,\\nin pathos, in command of the uncanny and supernatu-\\nral, in character-portrayal, and in power and sweep of\\nimagination. Nevertheless, Cooper in his own more\\nlimited field is great; and his geniuS is more dis-\\ntinctively American than that of either of his two im-\\nmediate predecessors in prose fiction.\\nWilliam Cullen Bryant^ came of the purest New\\n1 One phase of his careless workmanship is his suddenly thrusting\\nsome mannerism of speech into the mouth of a character and making\\nhim thenceforth use it continually; thus Cap, in The Pathfinder, is pre-\\nsented with the word circumstances in Chapter XIII., and thence-\\nforth harps upon it continually to the end of the book. Consistency\\nof character is sometimes sacrificed to the needs of the plot, as when\\nSergeant Dunham and Cap, in the same novel, are suddenly made\\nhyper-suspicious of Jasper Western, because the action required that\\nhe should be deprived of his command.\\n2 Life. Born in Cummington, Mass., Nov. 3, 1794. Attended\\ndistrict school studied Latin and Greek with two clergymen spent\\nseven months at Williams College as a sophomore, 1810-1811 studied\\nlaw at Worthington and Bridgewater, 1811-1815. Adjutant in militia,\\n1816-1817. Practised law at Plainfield, 1816 at Great Barrington,\\n1816-1825. Married Frances Fairchild, 1811; two daughters were\\nborn to him. Editor of The New York Review, 1825-1826; an editor\\nand part owner of The United States Review, 1826-1827 assistant\\neditor of the New York Evening Post, 1826-1829; editor-in-chief, with\\npartial ownership, 1829-1878. Visited Illinois, 1832, 1841, 1846;", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. 137\\nEngland stock, one of his paternal ancestors having set-\\ntled in Massachusetts about 1632, and his mother being a\\ndescendant of John Alden. The poet spent the first thirty\\nyears of his life in Massachusetts, where he wrote many\\nof his best poems; but for half a century he lived in New\\nthe South, 1843, 1873; Europe, 1834-1836, 1845, 1849, 1857-1858, 1866-\\n1867; Cuba, 1849; Europe and the Orient, 1852-1853 West Indies\\nand Mexico, 1872. Bought estate near Roslyn, Long Island, 1843; the\\nold homestead at Cummington, 1865. Wife died, 1865. Gave public\\nlibrary to Cummington, 1872. Died in New York City, June 12, 1878\\nburied at Roslyn, A Unitarian.\\nWorks. The Embargo, 1808 second edition, 1809, with The Span-\\nish Revolution and other poems. Poems, 1821 The Ages, To a\\nWaterfowl, Fragment from Simonides, Inscription for the Entrance\\nto a Wood, The Yellow Violet, Song (Soon as the glazed, etc.),\\nGreen River, Thanatopsis. Poems, 1832 included eighty-two\\nnew poems: Forest Hymn, The Rivulet, The Massacre at\\nScio, Monument Mountain, Song of Marion s Men, The\\nHurricane, Summer Wind, A Winter Piece, Oh Fairest of the\\nRural Maids, June, To the Fringed Gentian, To a Cloud,\\nAfter a Tempest, Lines on Revisiting the Country, The Death\\nof the Flowers, etc.; reprinted, London, 1832. Medfield and\\nThe Skeleton s Cave, in Tales of the Glauber Spa, 1832. Poems,\\n1834 included four new poems: The Prairie, etc. Poems, 1836\\nincluded twelve new poems: The Living Lost, Earth, Phe\\nHunter of the Prairies, etc. The Fountain and Other Poems, 1842\\nconsisted of fifteen new poems: The Green Mountain Boys, An\\nEvening Reverie, The Painted Cup, The Antiquity of Freedom,\\netc. The White-Footed Deer and Other Poems, 1844 consisted often\\nnew poems Noon, The Crowded Street, A Summer Ramble,\\nA Hymn of the Sea, etc. reprinted, with the previous poems, as\\nThe Poetical Works, London, 1844. Poems, 1847 included two new\\npoems. Letters of a Traveller, 1850 second series, 1859. Poems,\\n1854 included ten new poems: The Unknown Way, Oh Mother\\nof a Mighty Race, The Land of Dreams, The Snow-Shower,\\nA Rain Dream, Robert of Lincoln, etc. Thirty Poems, 1863\\n(imprint, 1864) included twenty-seven new poems The Planting\\nof the Apple Tree, The Wind and Stream, The Song of the\\nSower, The Cloud on the Way, The Tides, A Day Dream,\\nWaiting by the Gate, Sella, The Little People of the Snow, etc.\\nLetters from the East, 1869. Translation of the Iliad, 1870. Transla-\\ntion of the Odyssey, 1871-1872. Orations and Addresses, 1873.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "138 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nYork, and may therefore most conveniently be classed\\nwith the Knickerbocker school. His early surroundings\\nwere favorable for the development of a poet of nature.\\nIn natural beauty western Massachusetts resembles the\\nEnglish lake district, streams, lakes, valleys, and\\nmountains combining into a whole of singular variety\\nand charm; it is no wonder that the boy was from\\nearliest years a delighted observer of external nature.\\nNor was the stimulus of books wanting. Bryant s father,\\na physician and a state legislator, was a man of literary\\ntastes, writing respectable verse himself, and his library\\nwas pretty well stocked with the best English writers.\\nThe poet was precocious, knowing his letters at sixteen\\nmonths and writing verses at eight years, while The\\nEmbargo was an astonishing performance for a green\\ncountry lad of thirteen.^ He was an ardent student.\\nGreek fascinated him, and he made rapid progress in it.\\nHis father s circumstances not allowing him, however,\\nto complete a college course, he gave himself with fidelity\\nto the study of the law. But nature and poetry were his\\ndeepest love, and he could not forego them altogether.\\nIt was just as he was about to begin his law studies that\\nhe wrote Thanafopsis, in the autumn of 181 1; and four\\nyears later, climbing the hills at sunset to his first place\\nof trial as a practitioner of the law, he saw a waterfowl\\ndarkly painted on the crimson sky, and his law career\\nbegan with an immortal poem written that very night.\\nAn unfortunate love affair threw a dark cloud over him\\n1 Autobiography, in Godwin s life of Bryant, Vol. I., p. 25.\\n2 In early years he was accustomed, he says, to pray to God with\\ngreat fervor that he might receive the gift of poetic genius, and\\nwrite verses that might endure. Autobiography, in Godwin s life of\\nBryant, Vol. I., p. 26.\\nI", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "WILLIAM CULLLN BRYANT. 139\\nfor awhile during his legal studies; but it passed away,\\nand a letter written in 18 14 shows that the author of\\nThajiatopsis was not above enjoying balls and sailing-\\nparties. The War of 18 12 meantime was becoming\\nmore and more unpopular in New England, and talk\\nof secession was not uncommon. The future editor of\\nThe Evening Post and author of Not Yet was a rather\\nwarm secessionist in those days, joining the militia for\\nthe defence of the state in case it should be necessary\\nto resist the central government.^ But the muse, and\\nnot Bellona, was about to bring him fame. Doctor Bryant\\nhad discovered the manuscript of Tlianatopsis and of a\\nfew other poems, hidden in the pigeon-holes of a desk;\\nand when his friend Phillips, one of the editors of The\\nNorth American Review^ asked him for a contribution\\nfrom his talented son, he sent Tlianatopsis and the\\nInscription for the Entrance to a Wood. Both poems\\nappeared in the Review for September, 181 7, and were\\nrecognized by the judicious as the best poetry that had\\nyet been published in America.- Bryant now became\\nan occasional contributor in verse and prose to TJie\\nNorth American Review diwd to Dana s The Idle Man\\nand in 1825 he threw up the law altogether, although he\\nwas now getting some reputation in it,^ and, removing\\n1 The force now to be organized may not be altogether employed\\nagainst a foreign enemy it may become necessary to wield it against an\\nintestine foe. It will be time enough [next June] to tell the world\\nthat the original compact between the States is dissolved [i.e., if it should\\nthen be necessary]. Bryant s letters in 1814 and 1815, in Godwin s\\nlife of him, Vol. I., pp. 129, 135.\\n2 When R. H. Dana heard Tlianatopsis read from manuscript, he\\nsaid, Phillips, you have been imposed upon no one on this side of\\nthe Atlantic is capable of writing such verses. Godwin s life of\\nBryant, Vol. I., p. 150.\\n3 He was called to argue cases at New Haven and before the\\nSupreme Court at Boston.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "I40 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nto New York, began that long editorial career which\\nwas to end only with his life. It is not necessary to\\nfollow it in detail. As editor of the Post, which he\\nconducted with great ability and high principle, he\\nwielded a steadily increasing influence. He became in\\ntime the foremost citizen of New York, universally re-\\nspected and in his old age revered. The increasing pros-\\nperity of his newspaper enabled him to take those many\\nforeign trips which broadened his view without in the\\nleast diminishing his deep and intelligent Americanism.\\nIt also surrounded him and his loved ones with abundant\\ncomforts in declining years, and helped to prolong his\\ndays, in moderate toil, to an age reached in such vigor\\nby very few among the sons of men. And when at last\\nhe fell, he fell as the granite column falls, smitten from\\nwithout, but sound within.^\\nBryant s hale old age was due in part to heredity, his\\nancestors being famous for longevity and strength.^ But\\nin youth he was puny, and throughout most of his life\\nhe subjected himself to a careful regimen in food, drink,\\nand exercise. Mr. Godwin gives this picture of him at\\n1 On May 29 the wonderful old man, then in his eighty-fourth year,\\nmade an address in Central Park at the raising of a statue to Mazzini,\\nthe Italian patriot. His uncovered head was for a time exposed to the\\nfull glare of the sun. Shortly after, while entering a house, he fell\\nbackward, striking his head upon the stone steps; concussion of the\\nbrain and paralysis resulted,\\n2 The poet says of his father, He would take up a barrel of cider\\nand lift it into a cart over the wheel. Godwin s life of Bryant, Vol. I.,\\nP-3-\\n2 He thus described his manner of life at seventy-seven I rise\\nearly, about half-past five in summer half an hour, or even an\\nhour, earlier. Immediately, I begin a series of exercises.\\nThese are performed with dumb-bells, with a pole, and a light\\nchair swung round my head. After a full hour passed in this\\nmanner, I bathe from head to foot. Animal food I never take at", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. 141\\nmiddle age He was of medium height, spare\\nin figure, with a clean-shaven face, unusually large head,\\nbright eyes, and a wearied, severe, almost saturnine ex-\\npression of countenance. One, however, remarked at\\nonce the exceeding gentleness of his manner, and a rare\\nsweetness in the tone of his voice, as well as an extraor-\\ndinary purity in his selection and pronunciation of\\nEnglish. In old age he had the look of a Hebrew\\nprophet. With a reference to this majesty of appearance\\nand the yet greater majesty of his high soul, George\\nWilliam Curtis said We saw in his life the simple\\ndignity which we associate with the old republics. So\\nLycurgus may have ruled in Sparta, so Cato may have\\nwalked in Rome an uncrowned regality in that vener-\\nable head. Yet with all his great qualities, Bryant has\\nbeen accused of being cold. Hawthorne found him so.^\\nEven as a young man he had a certain reserve, which\\nallowed of no familiarities. He did not wear his heart\\non his sleeve, and he could not tolerate gush. But those\\nwho knew him intimately found hidden depths of feel-\\ning under his calm and unimpassioned manner\\nbreakfast. Tea and coffee I never touch at any time. After\\nbreakfast I occupy myself for a while with my studies; and when in\\ntown I walk down to the office of the Evening Post, nearly three miles\\ndistant, and after about three hours return, always walking, whatever be\\nthe weather or the state of the streets. In the country I dine early,\\nmaking my dinner mostly of vegetable. My drink is water,\\nyet I sometimes, though rarely, take a glass of wine. Godwin s life\\nof Bryant, Vol. II., pp. 297-298.\\n1 Life of Bryant, Vol. I., p. 334.\\n2 Commemorative address on Bryant, in Orations and Addresses,\\nVol. III., p. 360.\\n3 A very pleasant man to associate with, but rather cold, I should\\nimagine, if one should seek to touch his heart with one s own.\\nFrench and Italian Note-Books, May 22, 1858.\\n4 Godwin s life of Bryant, Vol. II., p. 309.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "142 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nhis home life was beautiful; and his friendships, though\\nfew, were strong and lasting.^ Yet intellect and abstract\\nprinciple were a large part of his nature, and Haw-\\nthorne s amended phrase states the case well: He is\\nnot eminently an affectionate man.\\nBryant wrote excellent prose. His letters of travel,\\nfull of keen observation, are written in delightful Eng-\\nlish. He developed a peculiar talent for commemora-\\ntive addresses, the one on Washington Irving being\\nperhaps the most notable. His tales were less success-\\nful, as he had not much narrative gift. He is famous\\nchiefly as a poet of nature. Yet other elements appear\\nfrequently in his verse the Indians; freedom, slavery,\\nand war; love; the fanciful and the supernatural; medi-\\ntations on life and death. In a few poems he attempted\\nhumor, but his Mayflower ancestry laid heavy hands\\nupon it.^ His treatment of love, also, is slight and\\nincidental. Of the lines suggested by slavery, freedom,\\nand war, only the S(?/ig of Marion s Men allures to many\\nre -readings; in that one hears the very gallop of those\\nlight-heeled troopers, making half a holiday of their\\ni His intimacy with R. H. Dana was lifelong. Upon first going to\\nNew York, he became one of the little circle of literati and artists who\\nsoon formed themselves into The Sketch Club, successor to Cooper s\\nBread and Cheese Lunch and forerunner of The Century Club.\\nYet Mr. Godwin says that when he first became acquainted with the\\npoet, in 1836, he was surprised to observe how few habitual visitors he\\nseemed to have, and that this seclusion was due partly to choice,\\nbut that in later years he began to feel more and more the need of\\nintimate associations, and in old age his friends observed how he\\nhad mellowed with time, the irritabilities of his earlier days had been\\nwholly overcome, his reluctance to mingle with men was quite gone.\\nLife of Bryant, Vol. L, pp. 335, 336, 408, Vol. IL, p. 390.\\n2 French and Italian Note-Books, June 9, 1858.\\n3 About the year 1823, Bryant even wrote a farce. The Heroes, in\\nridicule of duelling, and tried in vain to get it staged in New York.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. 143\\nplucky and picturesque fight for freedom. The Indian\\npoems are not very successful. It is difficult to realize\\nthe woes of an Indian who says methinks and describes\\nthe white man s coach-and-four in the manner of a Queen\\nAnne poetaster\\nAnd prancing steeds, in trappings gay,\\nWhirl the bright chariot o er the way.^\\nBryant succeeds better when he uses Indian customs and\\nbeliefs as a setting for universal human passion, as in\\nThe Indian Girl s Lament and Monument Mountain\\nor merely describes the Indian without attempting to\\nmake him talk, as in The Disinterred IVarrior.\\nNearly all of Bryant s best poetn^has to do with\\nnature, life and death, or creations of the fancy. The\\nnaliiFe poetry and the meditations on life and death are\\noften combined in the same poem. His favorite method\\nwas to begin by describing some natural object a\\nriver, a prairie, a breeze, and then imagine the various\\nphases of human life that had been or would be asso-\\nciated with it; a commonplace and rather cheap device,\\nthat does not improve with repetition. The same love\\nof broad surveys appears also in poems wholly medita-\\ntive, as The Ages, The Crowded Street, and The Flood\\nof Years, which represent his early, middle, and later\\nwork, and show how persistent was this tendency of his\\nreflective, non-dramatic temperament. None of his\\npurely meditative poems is remarkable. In fact, Bryant\\n1 An Indian at the Burial-Place of his Fathers.\\n2 The Ages has been much over-praised; its handling of the Spen-\\nserian stanza is stiff, and its review of history crude. The Crowded\\nStreet and Waiti ig by the Gate rise little above ttie level of the better\\nclass of newspaper poetry. The Flood of Years is dignified common-\\nplace.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "144 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to i%).\\nloses the better part of his strength when he loses contact\\nwith the earth. TJianatopsis is his greatest reflective\\npoem largely because its central thought rises so directly\\nout of the contemplation of a sublime fact of nature,\\nand is practically one with it. As the youthful poet\\ngazed upon the face of nature at the fall of the leaf, and,\\nsending his thought over the earth, back into the past,\\nand onward into the future, beheld death everywhere as\\na great natural fact, something of the large steadfastness\\nand solemn calm of the All-Mother came into his soul\\nand gave birth to this poem since death is natural^^^nd\\nuniversal, it must be well; the sublimity of the eternal\\nprocess stills the spirit s petty flutterings, and brings a\\nhigh, stern calm. R. H. Stoddard has said that TJiana-\\ntopsis is the greatest poem ever written by so young\\na man. What renders it more remarkable, adds\\nMr. Godwin, is the suddenness with which it breaks\\naway from everything he had hitherto attempted. Up\\nto this time his verses had been conventional though\\nclever echoes of English poetry of the eighteenth cen-\\ntury. But here was a poem which came out of the heart\\nof our primeval woods, and has a style and a music\\nof its own stately but not pompous, solemn but not\\nheavy, combining the richness of the organ with the\\nfreedom of the swaying woods and the rolling sea.-\\n1 Godwin s life of Bryant, Vol. I., p. 99.\\n2 Just before writing Thanatopsis he had been reading Henry Kirke\\nWhite s poems, much taken with their melancholy tone, Blair s\\nGrave, Porteus on Death, Southey s shorter poems, and Cowper s\\nThe Task. The germ of the thought, as Mr. Godwin points out, is in\\nthese lines by Blair\\nWhat is this world\\nWhat but a spacious burial-field unwalled,\\nStrewed with death s spoils, the spoils of animals", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. 145\\nIn other of the nature poems reflection sinks to a\\nsubordinate place or is omitted altogether. The In-\\nscriptioji for the Entj^aiice to a Wood breathes the very\\nessence of woodland life the calm shade, the cool\\nbreeze, the barky moisture, the glad animal and insect\\nlife, the mossy antiquity, the warm sunshine striking in\\nthrough the swaying treetops, the green wildness and\\nfreedom of it all. It smells of the moist earth more\\nthan anything in Wordsworth, is a step nearer to the\\nessence of primitive nature. In A Forest Hymn there\\nis the same breath of the fresh woods, with more eleva-\\ntion of thought; Bryant s sense of the presence of God\\nin nature is as immediate and real as Wordsworth s,\\nbut is not so deep and large, and in style the poem\\nnowhere approaches the sublimity of parts of Tintern\\nAbbey. But Bryant is again superior to Wordsworth in\\nthe larger and sterner phases of the elemental feeling for\\nnature. The Hurricane has no parallel in the poems of\\nthe English poet for its imaginative abandon to the\\nSavage and tame, and full of dead men s bones.\\nThe very turf on which we tread once lived,\\nAnd we that live must lend our carcasses\\nTo cover our own offspring in their turns\\nThey, too, must cover theirs.\\nGodwin continues, in a passage which deserves transcription\\nThe versification may, perhaps, bear traces of Cowper and Southey,\\nalthough it is more terse, compact, energetic, and harmonious than\\neither of them; its pauses, cadences, rhythms are different, and it has a\\nmovement of its own, a deep organ-like roll, which corresponds to the\\nsombre nature of the theme. A lingering memory of the sublime\\nlamentations of Job, an impression from the Greeks of that ineffable\\nsadness which moans through even their lightest music, and his recent\\nreadings, may all have conspired to influence its tone; but the real\\ninspiration of it came from the infinite solitudes of our forests, stretching\\ninterminably inland over the silent work of death ever going on within\\ntheir depths. Life of Bryant, Vol. I., p. 99.\\nL", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "146 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ndelirium of storm. In Sunimei- Wind, fierce smi-\\nshine, dazzling light, bright clouds, and brazen\\nsky are depicted with Greek-like severity and radiance;\\nand in After a Tempest and June the sense of sunshine\\nlying rich and golden along the earth is conveyed power-\\nfully with a few words. In The Prairie earth and sky\\nare felt in their elemental simplicity and largeness. Yet\\nthe lighter, prettier, more delicate phases of nature are\\nhandled with joyoiisness and grace in Green River, The\\nYeilow Violet, To the Fringed Gentian, Rob e rt of Lincoln,\\nand other poems; while the poet s minute and loving\\nknowledge of nature is shown almost everywhere.^ Bry-\\nant moralizes nature too much. In To a Waterfowl the\\nlesson springs naturally from his poetic feeling of fellow-\\nship with the bird both are creatures of the Great\\nGod, lone wandering, but not lost it therefore\\ndeepens the spiritual significance, without injury to the\\npoetry, although it might have been introduced with\\nless formality. But in several other p6ems the moral is\\nobtruded, and nature seems to be degraded into a text.\\nBryant is most like Wordsworth in the poems which\\nspeak of the calming and elevating influence of nature\\nupon man.^ The two poets are also alike in having\\nwritten little upon mountains or the sea. But in gen-\\n1 There is special delicacy and beauty of observation in The Death of\\nthe Flozuers, The Smnv-Shozuer, A Rain-Dream. Bryant s friends speak\\nof the range and accuracy of the knowledge of natural objects which he\\nwould incidentally reveal in the course of a walk. He was a skilled\\nbotanist.\\n2 In Oh Fairest of the Rural Maids the similarity to Three Years She\\nGrew is too close to be accidental. A Summer Rainble reminds one of\\nTo My Sister, The Yellow Violet suggests To the Daisy. Lines on\\nRevisiting the Country, Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood, A Forest\\nHytnn, and other poems, have striking points of resemblance to Tintern\\nAbbey.\\nII", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. 147\\neral Bryant is as original as Wordsworth. The English\\npoet had a powerful effect upon him, but it was by un-\\nlocking the treasures in his own soul, not by setting\\nhim models for imitation.^\\nIt has usually been said that Bryant had no poetic\\ndevelopment, but this is not wholly true. His fancy was\\na late flower; and the poet who in youth wrote poems\\nfor old men, in age wTOte charming verses for children.\\nThis new emphasis upon the fanciful appeared first in a\\nfew nature poems, as To a Cloud, The Painted Cup, and\\nThe Wind and Stream. It was accompanied by an un-\\nsuccessful attempt to handle the weird supernatural, in\\nCatterskiil Falls and The Strange Lady. But in later\\nyears the beautiful supernatural received delicate treat-\\nment in Sella and The Little People of the Snoivr Bry-\\nant s translation of the Iliad and the Odyssey shows\\nsomewhat the fatigue of age; it also fails to reproduce\\nthe rapidity and sustained poetical elevation of the\\n1 Bryant first read the Lyrical Ballads in 1810. He said that, upon\\nopening the book, a thousand springs seemed to gush up at once in his\\nheart, and the face of Nature, of a sudden, to change into a strange\\nfreshness and hfe. R. H. Dana, as quoted in Godwin s hfe of Bryant,\\nVol. L, p. 104.\\n2 Bryant s workmanship, too, shows development in these poems.\\nThe blank verse is not the blank verse of Thaftatopsis it is lighter,\\nmore rapid, as befits a story-poem, and, like the delicately sensuous\\nstyle, seems to show the influence of Tennyson\\nThe bride\\nStood in the blush that from her burning cheek\\nGlowed down the alabaster neck, as morn\\nCrimsons the pearly heaven half-way to the west.\\nAt once the harpers struck their chords a gush\\nOf music broke upon the air; tlie youths\\nAll started to the dance. Among them moved\\nThe queenly Sella with a grace that seemed\\nCaught from the swaying of the summer sea.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "148 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\noriginal; yet on the whole it is probably the best ren-\\ndering of Homer into English verse.\\nBryant s range was narrow, and even within it his\\nreally good work is small in amount. But his best\\npoems have enduring value. Hij_^tyJ_e is gure, terse,\\nand str_ong. His verse has little elasticity.iLnd no magic,\\nbut is always correct and sometimes richly musical.\\nHis imagination was a bird of strong wing for short\\nflights. He had no dramatic sense, little humor, and\\nno intensity or warmth of passion. There was in him a\\ngood deal of the Puritan sternness and inflexibility; he\\nlacked imaginative mobility and the grace of sympathy.\\nBut he had the Puritan virtues, too, for they were in his\\nblood and had been nourished by the moral and religious\\natmosphere of a typical New England home.^ Truth,\\njustice, purity, reverence were the air in which his spirit\\nlived, without which it would stifle; and these high\\nqualities pervade his poetry and make it tonic. The\\nwind that blows through it, though cold, is bracing.\\nAnd his sternness is the sternness of granite good to\\nbuild upon. His name will endure as that of the poet\\nwho first gave large utterance to the voice of Nature in\\nthe New World.\\nSeveral minor writers resident in the city or state of\\nNew York, belonging to a somewhat later day than those\\nalready mentioned, must be spoken of briefly before\\ntaking leave of the New York group. Herman Melville\\n1 Speaking of his mother, Bryant says If in the discussion of pub-\\nlic questions, I have endeavored to keep in view the great rule of\\nright without much regard to persons, it has been owing in a good\\ndegree to the force of her example, which taught me- never to counte-\\nnance a wrong because others did, Godwin s life of BryapA, Vol. I.,\\nI 4-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "OTHER WRITERS. 149\\n(1819-1891) wrote Typee (1846), a narrative of his life\\namong cannibals in the South Seas; Moby Dick (185 1),\\nand other novels; The Piazza Tales (1856) Baftle-Pieces\\n(1866) and other poems and prose works; all showing\\nmuch strength and talent. The Poems (1845) of\\nWilliam W. Lord (181 9-) have facility and sweetness,\\nthe influence of Coleridge and Keats being apparent\\nin them; Christ in Hades (1851), in Miltonic blank\\nverse, is heavy and obscure; h\\\\x\\\\. Andre (1856), a tragedy,\\nhas much nobility of tone. William R. Wallace (1819-\\n1881), whose earlier poems The Battle of Tippecanoe\\n(1837), Alban the Pirate (1848) were modelled upon\\nScott and Byron, while his later Meditations in A?nerica\\n(1851), etc. are often Tennysonian, is now remem-\\nbered only by his song, The Siti or d of Bunker Hill (1861).\\nJohn G. Saxe (1816-1887) was Hood s worthy successor\\nin the knack of punning in verse; his humorous poems,\\nas The Proud Miss Machride (in Poems, 1850), and The\\nMasquerade (1866), often have a moral under the fun;\\nhis more serious poems Progress (1846), a satire; The\\nMoney- King (1854); Clever Stories of Many Nations\\n(1865); Leisure- Day Rhymes (1875), etc. are bright\\nand clever; but all his work is superficial, greatly\\ninferior to that of Holmes in penetrating sparkle. Wil-\\nliam A. Butler (1825-) published two novels and /{^^wj-\\n(1871), but his literary wardrobe is now practically\\nreduced to Nothing to Wear (1857^ an amusing satire\\non women of fashion. Alice Cary (i 820-1 871) was\\nborn in Ohio, but with her sister Phcebe, whose gifts\\nwere much more commonplace, removed to New York\\nin 1852.^ She lives chiefly by her poems of personal\\n1 The sisters jointly published Poems, 1850. Alice published Clover-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "I50 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nfeeling, which at their best are sweetly lyrical, full of\\nbright fancy, beautiful diction, and delicate observation\\nof nature, resembling the verse of Keats and Tennyson.\\nHer ballads and other verses for children, though often\\nmoral in intent, are playful. Her religious poems are\\nat once devout and beautiful. Alice Gary s poetical\\nvein was slender, but it was pure gold.\\nThe continued literary sterihty of the South is at first\\nsight surprising. Intellect was not lacking a glance at\\nthe history of the country is enough to prove that. Edu-\\ncation and a certain sort of Hterary culture were not\\nwanting among the upper class there were good private\\nschools, and the eldest sons of the rich planters com-\\nmonly received a university education at the North or in\\nEngland. Poetic passion and sense for beauty are native\\nto the Southern blood and the Southern sky while the\\nexistence of a leisure class and of a picturesque social\\norder directly favored literary productiveness. If this\\nwere the whole picture, it might naturally have been\\nexpected that the sunny South, settled by the song-loving\\nCavaher, would have become the cradle of American art,\\nthe Italy of the New World. But it was not so. Great\\ngenerals, wise statesmen, brilliant orators she has given\\nus, but our most famous poets and romancers have nearly\\nall been natives of the North. The explanation, after all,\\nlies on the surface. Down to the time of the Givil War\\nthe Southern people, to use the words of a recent South-\\nern writer,^ were living a primitive hfe, a Hfe full of\\nnooi, 1852-1853, two series of prose sketches; Hagar, 1852, a story;\\nPictures of Country Life, 1859; Ballads, Lyrics, atid Hymns, 1866; A\\nLover s Diary, 1867, a poem etc.\\nW. P. Trent, in his life of VV. G. Simms, p. 31.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN SCHOOL. 151\\nsurvivals. They were descendants, in the main, of\\nthat portion of the Enghsh people who had been\\nleast modernized, who still retained a large element of\\nthe feudal notions. Slavery helped feudalism, and\\nfeudalism helped slavery and the Southern people were\\nlargely the outcome of the interaction of these two for-\\nmative principles. Similarly, another Southern writer^\\nsays The South changed far less after its separation\\nfrom Great Britain than did the North. Assuming\\nprovinciaHsm to be locahsm, or being on one side\\nand apart from the general movement of contemporary\\nhfe, the South was provincial. The world was\\nmoving with quicker strides than the Southern planter\\nknew, and slavery was banishing from his land all the\\nelements of that Hfe which was keeping stride with prog-\\nress without. The literary life lagged behind with the\\nrest. The Southern feudal aristocrat took naturally to\\nhunting, horse-racing, law, and politics. Literature he\\nlooked upon as the choice recreation of gentlemen, as\\nsomething fair and good, to be courted in a dainty, ama-\\nteur fashion but as for making a profession of it, the\\naverage Southern gentleman before the war would have\\nendorsed the advice given to a promising Southern poet\\nby one of his neighbors 1 wouldn t waste time on a\\nthing like poetry you might make yourself, with\\nall your sense and judgment, a useful man in settling\\nneighborhood disputes and difficulties. The upper\\nclass was thus not of the temper to foster the growth of\\n1 Thomas Nelson Page, in The Old Sotith, pp. 24, 25.\\nPaul H. Hayne, the Southern poet, as quoted in Trent s life of\\nSimms, p. 25.\\n3 The Old South, p. 71. The poet was Philip P. Cooke, who had\\njust become known as the author of that beautiful lyric, Florence Vane.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "152 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\na native literature, and there was no other that could do\\nit. The Southern aristocrat s power as a landed and\\nslave proprietor drove out the small yeoman, cowed the\\ntradesman and the mechanic, and deprived the South of\\nthat most necessary factor in the development of national\\ngreatness, a thrifty middle class. The consequent lack\\nof great centres of population, the fewness and poorness\\nof the common schools, the absence of a large reading\\npublic social phenomena all traceable ultimately to the\\nSouth s inherited curses of feudal conservatism and Afri-\\ncan slavery tended powerfully to prevent the develop-\\nment of a literary class by making it almost impossible\\nfor men of letters to gain a hearing or a living.\\nBut the literature of the Southern School, although\\nscant in amount, is, at its best, of fine quality; and the\\nwriters have more in common than those of New York.\\nThe cavalier blood, the aristocratic structure of society,\\nthe semi-tropical climate, all tell in the literature, which\\nhas more local pride, more passion and color, more\\nlove of beauty for its own sake. William Crafts\\n1 787-1826), of South Carolina, a graduate of Harvard,\\na state legislator and eminent lawyer, had during his\\nlifetime a reputation for brilliancy as orator, essayist,\\nand poet; his Miscellaneous Writings (1828) do not\\nbear it out, but he is an interesting figure as a literary\\npioneer. Richard H. Wilde (i 789-1847), a Georgia\\ncongressman and state attorney-general, is known chiefly\\nby his song. My Life is Like the Summer Rose but he\\nwas also a good Italian scholar; and his Hesperia\\n(1867), a poem much in the manner of Childe ILarold,\\ndescribes American scenes with a good deal of vigor\\n1 W. p. Trent, in his life of Simms, p. 39.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHERN WRITERS. 153\\nand poetic glamour. The Poems (1825) of Edward C.\\nPiNKNEY (1802-18 2 8), of Maryland, contain some grace-\\nful lyrics in the manner of Moore; TJie Indian s Bride\\nidealizes Indian life in the conventional way but rather\\nprettily; Rodolph shows the influence of Scott and\\nByron. George H. Calvert (1803-1889), great-grand-\\nson of the founder of Maryland, wrote much too\\nmuch in verse of varied kinds but uniform quality.\\nPhilip P. Cooke (18 16-1850), of Virginia, in Froissart\\nBallads and Other Poems (1847) shows much freshness\\nand brightness; the ballads reproduce well the spirit\\nof the old days of chivalry, and have something of\\nChaucer s naive blitheness; the nature poems are re-\\nfreshing by their breezy atmosphere and manly love of\\noutdoor sports; his best-known poem, the Tennysonian\\nlyric, Florence Vane, is delicate, and sad. Orta-Undis,\\nand Other Poems (1848), by James M. Legare (1823-\\n1859), of South Carolina, has French lightness of touch\\nand grace of sentiment. The South Carolinian, Henry\\nB. TiMROD (i 829-1 867), a poet of what Mr. Stedman\\ncalls the artistic and cosmopolitan type, wrote pretty\\nsonnets, and, in general, his Poems (i860) contains\\nfinished and delicate work. Of the same type were the\\npoems, never collected, of John R. Thompson (1823-\\n1873), a Virginian, for twelve years editor of The\\nSouthern Literary Messenger. Paul H. Hayne (1830-\\n1886), of South Carolina, showed his artistic tempera-\\nment and warm Southern blood in his sensuous poems\\nand sonorous odes; The Temptation of Venus (in Poems,\\n1855) has passages of voluptuous beauty, and The Island\\nin the South (in Avolio, ivith Poems, 1859) expresses a\\nlove for the natural, passionate life; later works are", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "154 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nLegends and Lyrics (1872) and The Mountain of the\\nLovers (1875). JoHN..\u00c2\u00a3._XEimEPJ (i 795-1870), con-\\ngressman from Maryland, and Secretary of the Navy in\\n1 85 2-1 85 3, wrote novels that were once popular. Horse-\\nShoe Robinson (1835), his best work, a story of the\\nRevolution, contains much exciting action, ending\\nwith the battle of King s Mountain; the picture of\\nMarion s swamp-camp at night is graphic; but the\\noriginal, shrewd character of Horse-Shoe and the\\nnarrative of his daring exploits are the best part of\\nthe book.\\nWilliam Gilmore Simms (i 806-1 870), of South Caro-\\nlina, was a versatile and proHfic author,^ and, after Poe,\\nthe most considerable man of letters in the South. He\\nexperienced to the full the obstacles which Southern\\n1 Lyrical and Other Poems, 1827. Early Lays, 1827. The Vision\\nof Cortes, Cain, and Other Poems, 1829. Atalantis, 1832. Martin\\nFaber, 1833. The Book of My Lady, 1833. Guy Rivers, 1834.\\nThe Yemassee, 1835. The Partisan, 1835. Mellichampe, 1836. Pe-\\nlayo, 1838. Richard Hurdis, 1838. Carl Werner, 1838. Southern\\nPassages and Pictures, 1839. The Damsel of Darien, 1839. Border\\nBeagles, 1840. The History of South Carolina, 1840. The Kins-\\nmen, 1841. Confession, 1841. Beauchampe, 1842. Donna Florida,\\n1843. Castle Dismal, 1845. The Life of Francis Marion, 1845.\\nHelen Halsey, 1845. Count Julian, 1845. Grouped Thoughts, a Col-\\nlection of Sonnets, 1845. Views and Reviews, 1846 (imprint, 1845).\\nThe Wigwam and the Cabin, 1845-1846. Areytos; or, Songs of the\\nSouth, 1846. The Life of Captain John Smith, 1846. The Life of\\nChevalier Bayard, 1847. Lays of the Palmetto, 1848. Atalantis (con-\\ntaining also The Eye and the Wing), 1848. The Life of Nathaniel\\nGreene, 1849. Father Abbot, 1849, Sabbath Lyrics, 1849. The Cas-\\nsique of Accabee, with other Pieces, 1849. The City of the Silent, 1850.\\nThe Lily and the Totem, 1850. Norman Maurice, 1851. Katharine\\nWalton, 1851. Michael Bonham (drama), 1852. The Sword and the\\nDistaff, 1852. Marie de Berniere, 1853. Poems (2 vols.), 1853. Vas-\\nconselos, 1854. The Forayers, 1855. Eutaw, 1856. Charlemont, 1856.\\nThe Cassique of Kiawah, 1859. Benedict Arnold, a Dramatic Essay,\\n1863. Etc., etc.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "WILLIAM GILMORE SIMMS. 155\\nsociety at that time opposed to the literary Hfe but his\\nstrong natural bent toward letters and the resolution of\\nhis character (at maturity he had the look of a lion)\\ntriumphed over all the difficulties which could be con-\\nquered by individual effort. Belonging to the poorer\\nclass, he had scant and wretched school instruction. The\\nCharleston library, however, was open to him and his\\ngrandmother, with whom he lived for many years, fired\\nhis boyish imagination with old tales of superstition and\\nstories of the Revolution. When his father returned\\nfrom several years residence in the wilds of Mississippi,\\nhe increased the future romancer s stock in trade by\\nthriUing descriptions of rough border life and of Indian\\nwarfare. Simms early began to write and publish meet-\\ning with some success, he boldly gave himself to liter-\\nature, ^pouring forth poems, novels, histories, and\\nbiographies with amazing rapidity, editing the Charleston\\nGazette^ and struggling heroically at various times to\\nkeep several ill-starred magazines afloat. His poetry\\ndisplays much talent and facility. The earlier vol-\\numes, consisting mostly of poems on love, nature,\\nand Indian life, and imitative of Byron and Moore,\\nare inferior. Atalantis^ an ambitious poem of fancy,\\nin dramatic form, the main elements apparently sug-\\ngested by The Tempest, Comus, and Prometheus Un-\\nbound, is written in light blank verse, and some of the\\nsongs are pretty. Donna Florida, an avowed attempt\\nto imitate the wit of Don Juan without its indecency,\\namusingly pictures the aged Ponce de Leon s courtship\\n1 To hide the light from his vigilant grandmother, who did not ap-\\nprove of late hours, the boy would read in his room with candle and\\nhead inside a box.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "156 THE LITERATURE FROM 181 5 to 1870.\\nof a saucy young beauty;^ the description of the fight\\nwith the Florida Indians is spirited. Songs and Ballads\\nhave music, warmth, local color, and love for the sunny\\nSouth. The Cassique of Accabee is an interesting and\\npathetic tale of an Indian chief s love for a white girl.\\nNorman Maurice is a bold attempt to write a tragedy on\\na subject from contemporary American life. The scene\\nis Philadelphia and Missouri; Maurice, a young lawyer\\nand senator-elect, is in danger of ruin by the plots of\\nhis enemy; his wife stabs the plotter, to get the seem-\\ningly incriminating papers, and is killed by the shock\\nto her moral nature. The style is rather oratorical, and\\nthe general effect crude. Much of Simms s best poetry is\\nin the collection of 1853; the tales make interesting and\\npoetic use of local traditions and scenery; The Shaded\\nWater is a quietly beautiful nature poem; Stimmer in\\nthe South has flush; in Be7 tram and The Death of Cleo-\\npatra, which were perhaps influenced by Landor s\\nImaginary Conversations, are excellent style and some\\ntrue dramatic feeling; several versified Bible stories\\nreflect, like Willis s languidly pious wares, the taste of\\nthe times. Simms s poetry, as a whole, lacks concentra-\\ntion and perfection of form. His novels have been more\\nwidely read, but they also bear marks of haste. His\\nmodels were Scott and Cooper, and occasionally Godwin\\n1 Leonora s song to her tedious wooer is tricksy\\nOld men young maids pursuing,\\nHow little do they guess,\\nThat every hour of wooing.\\nBut malces their chances less.\\nLove hath no long discourses,\\nA single smile, a sigh.\\nThese are the sovereign forces.\\nThat give him victory.\\nCanto II., after stanza 35.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "JOHN ESTEN COOKE. 157\\nand Brown; but the subject-matter was fresh. In the\\nso-called border romances, the crudest of his stories,\\nrough life in the Southwestern states is described with\\nmuch vigor and rush. His best novels, as The Partisan,\\nThe Kinsmen, and Katharine Walton, handle themes\\nfrom Southern history in the stirring times of the\\nRevolution; and the pictures of South ern life and so-\\nciety, and the narratives of historical or semi-historical\\nevents, are still interesting. Like Cooper, however,\\nSimms often loiters by the way to talk when he should\\nbe in the saddle; his humor is sometimes tedious; his\\nlove scenes are comparatively insipid; and his heroes\\nand heroines are, in general, less individual and inter-\\nesting than the characters from common life, although he\\nsucceeds in giving rather vivid impressions of the beauty\\nand spirit of high-bred Southern women. But in scenes\\nof action, as in the attack upon the Middleton man-\\nsion in The Kinsmen, the narrative is often rapid\\nand powerful, holding the attention and stirring the\\nblood. Simms had talent and industry enough. What\\nhe needed, in order to reach that slightly higher level\\nwhich ensures permanence of fame, was brilliancy, a\\nseverer standard of workmanship, and a more favorable\\nliterary environment.^\\nJohn Esten Cooke (1830-1886), of Virginia, wrote\\nseveral novels of much the same general character as\\n1 In the years 1835-1846 seven of the novels were reprinted in Eng-\\nland and The Wigivam and Cabin, a collection of tales, was translated\\ninto German in 1846.\\n2 Leather Stocking and Silk, a Stor} of the Valley of Virginia, 1854.\\nThe Virginia Comedians; or, Days in the Old Dominion, 1854. Henry\\nSt. John, Gentleman, a Tale of 1774-1775, 1859. Surrey of Eagle s\\nNest, 1866. Fairfax, 1868. Hilt to Hilt, 1869. Hammer and Rapier,\\n1870. The Virginia Bohemians, 1880. My Lady Pokahontas, 1885.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "158 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nthose by Simms. His analysis of character was niuch\\nkeener and deeper, however, and his gift of humor\\ngreater, and there is more passion and poetry in his\\nstyle. He reminds one of Thackeray, at times, by his\\neasy familiarity with good society and by a suggestion\\nof reserve power. The Virginia Comedians, perhaps his\\nbest novel, gives vivid and brilliantly colored pictures\\nof life in the Old Dominion in 1763 and 1765; but\\nthe attempt to introduce Patrick Henry is a flat failure,\\nleading to nothing but tiresome political conversations\\nand sophomoric declamation.\\nThe life of Edgar Allan Poe is the saddest in\\n1 Life. Born in Boston, Jan. 19, 1809. Father an actor; mother an\\nEnglish actress. After his mother s death in 1811, adopted by John Allan\\nof Richmond 1815-1820, at Manor House School, near London 1820-\\n1825, at school in Richmond Feb. 14, 1826, matriculated in University of\\nVirginia because of gambling debts, withdrawn in December and placed\\nin his guardian s counting-room. Wandered to Boston; served in the\\narmy, 1827-1829; admitted to West Point, July i, 1830; Mar. 6, 1831,\\ndischarged. In Baltimore, writing for magazines, 1831-1835. In Rich-\\nmond, editor of The Southern Litcraiy Messenger, 1835-1837 probably\\nmarried secretly to his cousin, Virginia Clemm, thirteen years old, at\\nBaltimore, 1835 publicly married, 1836. In New York, writing, 1837-\\n1838. In Philadelphia, 1838-1844: associate editor of Burton s Gentle-\\nmans Magazine, 1839-1840; editor of Grahanis Magazine, 1841-1842.\\nIn New York, 1844-1849 (living at Fordham, in the environs, after\\n1845): paragraphist for The Everiifig Mirror, i?,i\\\\^-i2)^^; co-editor,\\neditor, and owner of The Broadzoay yournal, 1845 wife died, Jan. 30,\\n1847 conditionally accepted by Mrs. Sarah Whitman, November,\\n1848 rejected for intemperance, December, 1848. To Richmond,\\nJuly, 1849; apparently engaged to Mrs. Sarah Skelton in September;\\ndied in Baltimore, Oct. 7, 1849.\\nWorks. Tamerlane and Other Poems, 1827. Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane,\\nand Minor Poems, 1829. Poems, 1831. The Narrative of Arthur\\nGordon Pym, 1838. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, 1840.\\nTales, 1845. The Raven, in the New York Evening Mirror, Jan. 29,\\n1845. The Raven and Other Poems, 1845. Eureka: a Prose Poem,\\n1848. Annabel Lee, in The New York Tribu?ie soon after Poe s death.\\nThe Bells, in Sarfain s Magazine, November, 1849. On Critics and\\nCriticism, in Grahaju s Magazine, ]diXi\\\\idLry, 1850. The Poetic Principle,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "EDGAR ALLAN FOE. 159\\nthe annals of American men of letters. His father\\nseems to have been rather a worthless fellow; but his\\ngrandfather, General David Foe of Baltimore, was a\\nman of high character. From his mother, an actress of\\nsome ability and the daughter of a talented actress. Foe\\ninherited his artistic temperament. The beautiful, pre-\\ncocious boy soon became a pet in the home of his fos-\\nter parents, the Allans, where he was surrounded by\\nluxury and by the best Virginian society. His five\\nyears residence in England, in the midst of old build-\\nings and memories of departed greatness, doubtless did\\nyet more to develop his dreamy love of beauty. Yet in\\nsome respects his early training was peculiarly unfortu-\\nnate. Imperious, wilful, proud, and shy, he needed\\nfirm discipline and love; he got indulgence and mere\\nkindness. At school he was a swift runner and bold\\nswimmer, a brilliant though inaccurate scholar; but he\\nwas not thoroughly liked, and in boyhood, as in man-\\nhood, stood aloof in proud loneliness. At the LTniver-\\nsity of Virginia there is no evidence that he drank or\\ngambled more than was common among young Virginian\\nbloods in those days; at all events, he came home at the\\nend of the term with first honors in Latin and French.\\nBut his foster-father, over- indulgent to the boy, went to\\nthe other extreme with the young man. Foe of course\\nrebelled, and wandered off to shift for himself. Find-\\ning that one could not live by the sale of poetry, even in\\nBoston, he enlisted as a private in the army. A partial\\nreconciliation with Mr. Allan resulted in his release and\\nhis admission to West Foint Military Academy. His\\nI in Sartain s Afagazii?e, October, 1850. Most of Poe s criticisms, tales,\\nand poems appeared first in periodicals.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "i6o THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nscholarship there was high, and his discharge was due\\nmerely to neglect of the distasteful military routine.\\nPoe s life was henceforth a struggle with poverty.\\nIn 1833 he had sunk to great destitution, when, by his\\nMS. Foufid in a Bottle, he won a prize of one hundred\\ndollars offered by the Baltimore Saturday Visitei later\\nhe found some hack-work to do, and sold a few stories.\\nIt was during this period of obscurity and want in Bal-\\ntimore, while he was residing with his father s sister,\\nMrs. Clemm, and her daughter Virginia, that there came\\ninto his life that love which almost to the end of his\\ndays burned bright and beautiful there amid the sur-\\nrounding gloom. Unfortunately, at this time also he\\nbecame a slave to drugs and liquor. At Richmond,\\nwhither he removed as editor of The Southern Literary\\nMessenger, all went well for a while. Under his conduct\\nthe magazine sprang into sudden prominence; and his\\nsalary, at first only ten dollars a week, was raised to\\neight hundred dollars a year, with a prospect of further\\nincrease. But the unfortunate man carried within him-\\nself his own ruin. At times he would drink till his\\nsenses were lost; and his employer, who was also his\\ntrue friend, at last had to let him go. In Philadelphia\\nand New York it was the same story over again, year\\nafter year: he easily got situations, but soon lost or re-\\nsigned them. At irregular intervals he was made incapa-\\nble of work by indulgence in alcohol and opium he was\\nconstitutionally restless, irritable, imperious, and hard\\nto get along with, yet was pitiably weak, sometimes im-\\nploring his friends to save him from himself; he was\\nnot always truthful; he quarrelled easily with old friends,\\nand thereupon seemed to feel released from all sense of", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "EDGAR ALLAN POE. 161\\ngratitude for past benefactions.^ But he also had many\\nfine qualities. In his ordinary deportment he was very\\nquiet and gentlemanly, and he was capable of rare lov-\\nableness and charm. His home life in the tiny rose-\\ncovered cottage on the outskirts of Philadelphia, and in\\nthe retreat at Fordham, with its surrounding cherry\\ntrees and glimpse of the distant sea, was almost idyllic\\nin the happier days, when the childlike wife sang to the\\nharp in a voice of wonderful sweetness, the melancholy\\npoet hanging over her fragile form as if he momently\\nfeared to lose her, while the good Mrs. Clemm looked\\non with motherly love for both. Occasionally, in New\\nYork, he went to literary receptions, where, dressed in\\nplain black, but with the head, the broad, retreating\\nwhite brow, the large, luminous, piercing eyes, the im-\\npassive lips, that gave the visible character of genius\\nto his features, he would, in his ordinary, subdued,\\nmusical tones, exercise the fascination of his talk.\\nHe had a peculiar and irresistible charm for women,\\nwhom he addressed with a chivalric, graceful, almost\\n1 Poe s first biographer, Griswold, perliaps painted the picture blacker\\nthan it was; but the amiable Ingram liberally applied whitewash. The\\nevidence for the above view of the poet s character may be found in\\nWoodberry s life of Poe, in the biographical sketch in Stedman and\\nWoodberry s edition of Poe, and in Poe s letters (with Professor Wood-\\nberry s comments) in The Century Magazine, August, September, Octo-\\nber. 1894.\\n2 He impressed me as a refined and very gentlemanly man, exceed-\\ningly neat in his person. His manner was quiet and reserved; he\\nrarely smiled. The form of his manuscript was peculiar he wrote\\non half-sheets of note-paper, which he pasted together at the ends,\\nmaking one continuous piece. As he read he dropped it upon the\\nfioor. It was very neatly written, and without corrections, apparently.\\nLetter by Mr. Darley, with whom Poe had pleasant relations; in\\nWoodberry, p. 181.\\n3 Professor Woodberry, in his life of Poe, p. 258.\\nM", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "i62 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ntender reverence. But at times the destitution of the\\npoet and his family was pitiful.^ During Virginia s\\nlast illness, a visitor found her lying on a straw bed,\\nwrapped in her husband s great-coat, with a large tor-\\ntoise-shell cat in her bosom; the coat and the\\ncat were the sufferer s only means of warmth, except as\\nher husband held her hands, and her mother her feet.\\nIt is some alleviation to know that aid was promptly\\nrendered, and that the last weeks of the uncomplaining\\nlittle wife were made as comfortable as they could be.\\nAfter her death, Poe had brain fever; friends raised\\nmoney for his support. He recovered after a while, and\\ndid some writing and lecturing. But he was a good\\ndeal broken, and often half insane. He felt pitifully\\nthe need of help, now that Virginia was gone, and sought\\nit in Platonic friendship with Annie and in the love\\nof Mrs. Whitman, a poetess. His final descent into\\nthe maelstrom was swift and fearful. In the summer\\nof 1849, 01^ his ^v^y to Richmond, whither he went\\nhoping to realize his long-cherished plan of starting a\\nmagazine of his own, he had a severe attack of de-\\nlirium tremens, in Philadelphia. At Richmond he was\\ntwice seriously ill from intemperance. Yet he spent\\nseveral happy weeks among old friends; and when he\\n1 Mrs. P rancis S. Osgood, as quoted in Woodberry, p. 263.\\n2 In a charming, chatty letter to Mrs. Clemm, written just after he\\nand Virginia had removed to New York, he says, We have now got\\nfour dollars and a half left. To-morrow I am going to try and borrow\\nthree dollars, so that I may have a fortnight to go upon. I feel in ex-\\ncellent spirits, and haven t drank a drop so that I hope soon to get\\nout of trouble. You can t imagine how much we both do miss\\nyou. Sissy [Virginia] had a hearty cry last night because you and\\nCatterina [the cat] weren t here. Woodberry, p. 204.\\n3 Woodberry, p. 274.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "EDGAR ALLAN POE. 163\\nwent North, in the fall, it was for the purpose of bring-\\ning Mrs. Clemm back to Richmond, where he hoped\\nsoon to marry a rich widow, who had been his love\\nin youth. Just what happened to him in Baltimore,\\nwhere he stopped on the way, is uncertain. But he\\nwas rescued from a rumshop by an old friend, and\\ntaken, unconscious, to the city hospital, where, four\\ndays later, he died in extreme misery.\\nIn Poe the artist, were two men a man of analytic\\nintellect and a man of poetic imagination. This fact will\\nfurnish the point of view in our rapid survey of his writings.\\nPoe s criticisms of contemporary authors are of little\\ninterest now, deahng mostly with forgotten nobodies\\nand the details of technique.^ But The Rationale 0/\\nVerse, coming from so great an artist, is valuable and\\nthe lecture on The Poetic F? i/iciple, in which poetry is\\ndefined as the rhythmic creationofbe^y, was a\\nwholesome antidote to the prevaiHng didacticism in\\nNew England conceptions of art.^ His most ambitious\\nintellectual flight was Eureka, an essay on the mate-\\nrial and spiritual universe, which is ingenious and\\n1 In their day they did some service to American letters by their\\nkeen and fearless attacks upon complacent mediocrity. Poe s severity\\nis, however, commonly exaggerated. He often praised too highly and\\nhe was quick to recognize real merit, assigning a high place to Bryant\\nand the newcomers Longfellow and Lowell in spite of his persistent\\ncharges of plagiarism against Longfellow, culminating in the Long-\\nfellow war in 1845, and his bitter review of A Fable for Critics, after\\nLowell had drawn off from him.\\n2 Poe s analytic power was manifested more fully by his demonstra-\\ntion that Maelzel s automatic chess-player was operated by a concealed\\nman by his deciphering all the cryptograms sent to The Southern\\nLiterary Messenger in response to his challenge and by his famous\\nanticipation of the plot of Barnaby Rudge after a few chapters had\\nappeared.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "i64 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nbrilliant, but unsubstantial, fallacious, and sometimes\\nignorant.-\\nIn the Tales of Ratiocination The Murders in the\\nRue Morgue, The Mystery of Marie Roget, The Pur-\\nloined Letter, The Gold Bug, etc. analytic reason is\\nso brilliantly employed that Poe has been called the\\npotential prince of detectives. In the Tales of\\nPseudo-Science, also, intellect predominates. The Ad-\\nventure of One Hans Pfaal and The Balloon Hoax are\\nworked out with great realistic detail and display of\\nscience, but they do not allow of the higher imagination.\\nA Descent into the Maelstrom is more poetical, and the\\nscientific part blends perfectly with the poetic; we read\\neagerly about the law governing the velocity of bodies\\nin water, because on it hangs the safety of a human life,\\nand to the sigh of relief when the awful vortex is cheated\\nof its prey there is added the pleasure of pride in the\\nconquering intellect of puny man. The latter part of\\nArthur Gordon Pyni, Poe s one long tale, with its pic-\\ntures of the milky Antarctic Ocean and the gigantic mist-\\ncurtain ranged along the whole extent of the southern\\nhorizon, is poetically imaginative. The Facts in the\\nCase of M. Valdemar, however, is chiefly intellectual,\\nand ends with a profitless and fearfully repulsive descrip-\\ntion of the physical corruption of death while Mesmeric\\nRevelation contains some of the ideas about matter and\\nspirit which were afterward elaborated in Eureka.\\n3]aJ^_of_Adventure and Horror MS. Found in a\\nBottle, The Pit and the ^Penduhim, the larger part of\\n1 See Woodberry, pp. 285-301, Poe had a smattering of many\\nsubjects, and great cleverness in making a show of learning; see Wood-\\nberry, pp. 51, 96, 105, etc.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "EDGAR ALLAN POE. 165\\nArthur Gordon Pyni, etc. have relatively more of the\\nimaginative and supernatural and less of the intellectual.\\nIn Tales of Conscience William Wilson, The Black\\nCat, The Tell- Tale Heart, etc. narrative is subor-\\ndinate, terror is supreme, and it is the terror of\\nconscience. But the moral aspect of conscience is\\npractically nothing, the imaginative and psychological\\nalmost everything; the conscience itself, by poetic\\nsymbolism, is represented by something external\\nWilson s double, the dead man s beating heart, the\\nblack cat with its one flaming red eye, and at the\\nclimax the interest is not in the sin but in the imagi-\\nnative situation, the madness, the horror. The theme\\nof deepest and most permanent fascination for Poe was\\ndeath; and in the Romances of Death he approached\\nit from many points of view and in many moods. The\\nAssignation surrounds death with all the luxury of Old\\nWorld wealth and beauty, and with the glamour of intel-\\nlect, genius, and proud, calm will. The Masque of the\\nRed Death is a magnificent symphony of color and\\ngrouping, whose theme is death triumphant over arrogant\\nand selfish greatness. Eleajiora is a melody of ideal\\nlove, which not even ugly death can wholly rob of its\\nineffable beauty. The Fall of the House of Usher is a\\nprose poem of imaginative^fear connected with death\\nand plunging at last into black depths of madness and\\nannihilation.^ In Ligeia, splendidly terrible, hung\\nround like the bridal chamber with rich, fantastic tap-\\n1 In this tale Poe s art of symbolizins; the inner by the outer, fusing\\nthe two into a wonderful harmony without violating the individuality of\\neither, reaches perfection as does also his genius for unifying details,\\noften the merest touches, into one central effect of piercing intensity.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "i66 THE LITERATURE FROiM 1815 to 1870.\\nestries of golden gloom, death is temporarily conquered\\non earth by the agonizing might of a divine woman s\\nwill.-^ In Moiios and Una and Eiron and Chai-mion the\\neternal victory of the soul, rising into pure celestial re-\\ngions above the wreck of matter, is portrayed with ethe-\\nreality if with less of spectacular splendor. The\\nSketches of Natural Beauty Tlie Island of the Fay,\\nLandor s Cottage, The Domain of Arnheim are almost\\npure poetry in their calm loveliness. The last-named\\nreveals, in unequalled degree, Poe s oriental riot in the\\nprodigal massing of all that might ravish the senses with\\nvoluptuous pleasure, yet convey to the soul, through the\\nsubtle channels of the imagination, a delight still more\\nentrancing.^\\nPoe s poetry has much in common with his prose.\\nEven his analytic and synthetic intellect appears\\nin a few poems by its results preeminently in\\nThe Raven, which has more of clever mechanism and\\nless of the finer spirit of poetry than several of the less\\npopular poems The Bells is yet more mechanical,\\nalthough a very skilful example of onomatopoeia of the\\nobvious kind. The gloomy hero, devoted to recondite\\n1 Berenice was a fore-study for the House of Usher Morella, for\\nLigeia.\\n2 In the above survey, the classification in Stedman and Woodberry s\\nedition of Poe has been followed, but with some material modifications.\\nThe tales there included under Extravaganza and Caprice, where\\ncome most of Poe s awkward attempts at humor, are too inferior for\\nconsideration here.\\n8 Poe s account, in The Philosophy of Compositiofi, of the manufacture\\nof the poem is doubtless more than half fiction (see Stedman and\\nWoodberry s edition of Poe, Vol. X., for other reports of the mode of\\nits composition) but however spontaneous the main conception may\\nhave been, the elaboration of it bears as evident marks of intellectual\\ndesign as the most cleverly contrived of the tales.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "EDGAR ALLAN POE. 167\\nstudies and a prey to melancholy, is a familiar figure in\\nboth the prose and the verse. And death, with its sorrow\\nand gloom, is the favorite theme of the poet as of the\\nromancer. The two distinctive characteristics of Poe s\\npoetry are its mysticism and its music. Poe believed\\nthat, far above tTiTFTbw world^ is Eternal Beauty;\\nthat through art we get brief and indeterminate\\nglimpses of the Supernal Loveliness that music\\nis the most effective means of producing that elevating\\nexcitement of the soul which yields these mystical\\nglimpses into a higher world; and, consequently, that\\nthe vagueness of exaltation aroused by a sweet air\\n(which should be strictly indefinite and never too\\nstrongly suggestive) is precisely what we should aim at\\nin poetry. This conception of a supernal world of\\nperfect and eternal beauty is the main inspiration of\\nIsrafel and Dreai?iland flickers vaguely through Al\\nAaraaf, which it feebly rescues from absolute inanity\\nand sensuous chaos; and underlies many other of the\\npoems. The_piirpose rather to produce moods, to exalt\\nthe soul by beautyTThan to convey ideas, led Poe to\\ncultivate the purely musical side oTverse and to employ\\nmuch symbolism, sometimes very vague. This tendency\\nreached its extreme in Ulalume, isolated lines of which\\nare undeniably ludicrous; but the poem as a whole\\ndoes express with weird power a weird mood, in which\\nthe soul, numb with grief, enveloped in a haze of vaguely\\nsad forgetfulness, floats on with the aimless, mazy,\\nbackward-revolving movement of a troubled dream, until\\nit suddenly awakes to acute anguish in some ghoul-\\n1 The Poetic Principle.\\n2 Letter to Lowell, in Woodberry, p. 213.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "i68 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nhaunted woodland. The desire to produce the brood-\\ning effect of dreamy moods was doubtless the reason why\\nPoe used^the refrain, the repetend, and the parenthetical\\nphrase so freely; and whatever may be thought of the\\nresult in Ulalume, elsewhere his success is beyond cavil.\\nSymbolism is also used superbly in The Cofiqueror Wor?n\\nand The Haunted Palace, the one more stark and sar-\\ndonic and having a larger stage, but the other more piti-\\nful and intensely terrible, unequalled in verse as a\\npicture of the ruin of a soul by madness. In The\\nHaunted Palace also occur snatches of that magical\\nmelody to which Poe, alone of American poets, has ever\\nattained\\nBanners yellow, glorious, golden,\\nOn its roof did float and flow,\\n(This all this was in the olden\\nTime long ago)\\nAnd every gentle air that dallied,\\nIn that sweet day.\\nAlong the ramparts plumed and pallid,\\nA winged odor went away.^\\nPoe has been accused of plagiarism; but in his best\\nwork he was emphatically original, no man more so.\\nIn fact, the difficulty is to find sufficient antecedents for\\nhim. In poetry he was clearly influenced by Byron,\\nColeridge, Shelley, and Keats; yet, except in a few\\n1 In The City i?i the Sea are a few lines perhaps even more full of\\nwitchery; and the very soul of Israfel is embodied in its versification,\\nwhich has in places the upspringing lightness of a bird. In the\\nabove attempt to point out the inter-relations of the criticisms, tales,\\nand poems, no regard has been had to chronological sequence; but in\\na general way the tendency was from poetry to intellect, the year 1840\\nbeing approximately the water-shed.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "EDGAR ALLAN POE. 169\\njuvenilia, his music and style are as individual as theirs.^\\nHis tales show some indebtedness, in subjects and gen-\\neral method, to Charles Brockden Brown, the English\\nschool of terror and mystery, and the German senti-\\nmentalists and romancers.^ In the arts of unity, con-\\ndensation, and clearness, he was evidently helped by\\nhis intimate knowledge of French literature.^ And his\\nstyle, in addition to Gallic finish and celerity, has, when\\noccasion calls, a sweet melancholy, an elaborate ornate-\\nness, an impassioned and complex harmony, which\\nremind one of The English Mail- Coach and Ou?- Ladies\\nof Sorrow. To his American environment, Poe cer-\\ntainly owed nothing but poverty and fetters. But, in\\nspite of all, he managed to produce a few poems and\\ntales which are perfect of their kind and greatly\\nraised the standard of art in American literature.\\nThere is no need to dwell upon the obvious limitations\\nof his work its lack of mental breadth, of moral and\\nspiritual significance, of wholesome humanity. Poe was\\n1 Of Annabel Lee Mr. Stedman says, The refrain and measure\\nsuggest a reversion, in the music-haunted brain of its author, to the\\nsongs and melodies that are favorites of the colored race. Intro-\\nduction to the Poems, in Stedman and Woodberry s edition of Poe,\\nVol. X. The germ of the metrical movement of Ulalume may perhaps\\nbe felt in the song which closes Scene 4, Act II., of Prometheus U71-\\nboiind. Lady Geraldines Courtship, by Mrs. Browning (whom Poe\\ngreatly admired), apparently suggested the metre of The Raven, and a\\nphrase or two in it besides.\\n2 Stedman has pointed out certain striking resemblances between\\nPoe s work and that of Ernst Hoffmann (1776-1822) see his Intro-\\nduction to the Tales in Stedman and Woodberry s edition of Poe,\\nVol. I.\\n3 During Poe s lifetime the French mind began to recognize the\\naflfinity between his genius and its own. Baudelaire translated his tales\\nwith remarkable imaginative sympathy and they have been widely read,\\nespecially in France and Spain.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "lyo THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nno sun shedding its genial beams broadcast over the\\nearth; but he was at least an arc-light shining brilliantly,\\nand picturesquely heightening the shadows, in the Place\\nof Tombs.\\nIn spite of some limitations as compared with the\\nSouthern and the Middle States, New England on the\\nwhole maintained her intellectual and literary preemi-\\nnence, Massachusetts in particular being prolific of\\npoets, essayists, and writers of novels. Of the minor\\nauthors many were deservedly popular in their day; but\\na bird s-eye view of them is all that is possible here.\\nRichard H. Dana (i 787-1879), a Boston lawyer and\\npolitician, associate editor of The North Ame? icati\\nReview in 18 18-1820, wrote better prose than verse.\\nThe Buccaneer (1827) is based on a finely poetical\\nsea-superstition, but is awkwardly told; all his poems\\nseem manufactured, and most are dull. His reviews\\nof Brown, Irving, and others, in The North American,\\nare sensible, and the style is clear and strong. The\\ntales, l^oin TJLornto7i and Paul Felton (in his periodical,\\nThe Idle Man, 1821-1822), have considerable power,\\nalthough the didacticism of the first is too obvious and\\nthe second is a rather violent imitation of Brown. The\\nhymns of John Pierpont (i 785-1866), a Boston Uni-\\ntarian clergyman and ardent abolitionist, have merit,\\nand his Anti-Slavery Poems (1843) hot and strong.\\nCharles Sprague (i 791-1825), a Boston bank cashier,\\nwas a facile occasional poet, winning several prizes\\nfor prologues and sounding odes; one passage from his\\nflowery oration on American Independence (1825), re-\\nferring to the time when the rank thistle nodded in the", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "MINOR AUTHORS. 171\\nwind, still lingers in the memories of grown-up school-\\nboys. A man of more native literary gift was James\\nA. HiLLHOUSE 1 789-1841), a retired Connecticut\\nmerchant, whose Dramas, DiscoiDses, and Other Pieces\\n(1839) exhibit taste and skill; Demetria in particular,\\na tragedy of love, jealousy, poison, and death in old\\nFlorence, although the characterization is weak, has\\neasy blank verse and finish and purity of style, -with now\\nand then a striking phrase. Lyd ia H. S igourney (1791-\\n1865), long resident in HartFord7by her all too numer-\\nous moral and sentimental works in verse and pror-e\\n{Aforal Pieces, 18 15; Letters to Young Ladies, 1833;!\\nTJie Weeping Willow, 1847; ^y^ ^f Heart, 1848;\\nWhisper to a Bride, 1850; etc.), obtained the coveted\\ntitle of the American Mrs. Hemans she is still use-\\nful as an index to the taste of the times, which left its\\nimpress upon greater writers as well, and helps to explain\\nsome of their artistic shortcomings. John Neal (1793-\\n1876), a native of Maine, whose The Battle of Niagara\\nwas mentioned on an earlier page, threw himself, with\\nlike impetuosity and buoyant egotism, into journalism,\\nliterary criticism, the composition of dramas, and novel-\\nwriting; his novels {Keep Cool, 181 7; Seventy-Six,\\n1823; Brother Jonathan, 1825; etc.) met with some\\nsuccess, but, like all his work, lack finish and repose,\\nand have passed away. The works of three female\\nnovelists have pretty much shared the same fate. Maria\\nG. Brooks (i 795-1 845), wife of a Boston merchant, in\\nher semi -autobiographical tale, Idonien, or the Vale of\\nYuniuri (1843), was the first American to describe suc-\\ncessfully the climate of Cuba and the sensuous luxury\\nof Cuban life. Her poems Judith, Esther, and Other", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "172 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nPoems (1820) and Zophiel, or the Bride of Seven (1833),\\nthe latter on the model of Moore and Southey show\\nthe same love of sensuous beauty.^ Catharine M.\\nSedgwick (1789- 1867), for half a century principal of a\\nyoung ladies school at Stockbridge, Mass., wrote many\\nnovels, naturally of a paler hue, including A New Eng-\\nland Tale (1822), Redwood (1824), Hope Leslie, or\\nEarly T mes in the Massachusetts (1827), The Linwoods,\\nor Sixty Years Since in America (1835), Mai ried or\\nSi^THe (1857), and many others. The novels of Lydia\\nIvI. Child (i 802-1 880), of Massachusetts, which are\\nalso deficient in brilliancy and power, show the same\\ntrend toward subjects from American history; she was\\nprecocious, Hobomok a Tale of Early Times, appearing\\nin 182 1, and The Rebels (describing the sacking of Gov-\\nernor Hutchinson s house by a mob, and the Boston\\nMassacre) in 1822. William Ware (1797-185 2), a Mas-\\nsachusetts clergyman, was a prolific writer, but is best\\nknown by his historical romances, Zenobia, or the Fall\\nof Palmyra (1838) and Aurelian, or Rome in the Third\\nCentnjy (1848), in the form of letters by a Roman\\nnoble. James G. Percival (i 795-1856), of Connecticut,\\nhad remarkable versatility, being surgeon in the army,\\nprofessor of chemistry at West Point, geologist, reviser\\nof Webster s Dictionary (he was acquainted with San-\\nskrit, Basque, Gallic, Norse, Danish, Swedish, and\\nRussian), and poet. Prometheus (1820) has the Byronic\\ngloom, but in Clio (1822-1827) and The Poetical Works\\n(1859) Shelley is the prevailing influence. Percival s\\n1 Southey, wliom she met in 1831, admired her poetry and gave her\\nthe name of Maria del Occidente.\\nUnfortunately its likeness to Waverley is only title-deep.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "MINOR AUTHORS 173\\npoetry is often brilliant with delicate color and suffused\\nwith ideal beauty; but it is wanting in concentration\\nand unity of effect, and, like so much good verse that\\nhas failed to live, reminds one of Browning s lines:\\nOh, the little more, and how much it is\\nAnd the little less, and what worlds away\\nJohn G. C. Brainard (i 796-1828), another Connecti-\\ncut poet, wrote of American scenery, history, and\\nsuperstitions with considerable poetic feeling and some\\nskill in expression. Albert G. Greene (1802-1868),\\na Providence lawyer, still lives in the death of Old\\nGrimes. Emma H. Willard (1787-1870), who wrote\\nRocked in the Cradle of the Deep Samuel F. Smith\\n(1808-1895), author of America (1832); Sarah H.\\nWhitman (1803-18 7 8), Poe s friend and defender, and\\na graceful versifier; George Lunt (1803-1885), who\\nwrote light lyrics and pleasant nature poems; Frances\\nS. Osgood (1811-1850), another of Poe s friends and a\\npoetess of the prettily sentimental type; Albert Pike\\n(i 809-1 891), whose once well-known Hymns to tlie Gods\\n(1829, 1830, 1845) have much rhetorical ability; Epes\\nSargent (i8i3-i88o\\\\ author of several novels and\\nplays, but remembered now only by A Life on the Ocean\\nWave (in Songs of tlie Sea, 1847); and Longfellow s\\nbrother Samuel Longfellow (1819-1892), a Unita-\\nrian clergyman, whose hymns and other religious poems\\nare of singular purity and calm can all receive but this\\npassing glance. Sylvester Judd (1813-1853), a Unita-\\n1 It would be inexcusable not to record gratefully, in passing, that\\nMr. Greene was the beginner of the Harris collection of American\\nPoetry, which has been simply invaluable in the preparation of this book.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "174 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nrian clergyman, faithfully described New England life\\nand scenery in his novels, Margaret (1845) and Richard\\nEdney (1850); he also wrote Philo (1850), a Unitarian\\nepic. Richard H. Dana, Jr. (i 815-1882), a Massa-\\nchusetts lawyer, was the author of the famous Two\\nYears befoj-e the Mast (1840), a book having the reality\\nof personal experience and the interest of a romance.\\nThe continued popularity of Reveries of a Bachelor\\n(1850) and Dream Life (185 1), by Donald G. Mitchell\\n(1822-), or Ik Marvel, shows that some portion of\\nIrving s spirit has descended upon him. Henry H.\\nBrownell, U. S. N. (1820-1872), of Rhode Island and\\nConnecticut, wrote War Lyrics and Other Poems (1866),\\nincluding one of the best poems occasioned by the Civil\\nWar, The Bay Fight, a stirring and powerful description\\nof the battle of Mobile Bay. Another war lyric. Battle\\nHymn of the Republic (1862), by Julia Ward Howe\\n(1819-) has superb swing and exalted religious pas-\\nsion; her other poems are commonplace. The most\\nfamous book occasioned by the conditions out of which\\nthe Civil War arose is Uncle Tom s Cabin (1851-1852),^\\nby Harriet Beecher Stow e (181 2-1896} a native of\\nConnecticut. The novel haT^gfav^e literary blemishes,\\nand as an interpretation of Southern life is very faulty.\\nNevertheless it has certain elements of greatness. It\\nwould be superfluous to praise the moral intensity,\\npathos, descriptive genius, and dramatic power of a\\nbook that stirred North and South to the depths;\\n1 It appeared first as a serial in the Washington National Era, June,\\n1851, to April, 1852, In five years half a million copies had been sold\\nin the United States, and the sale in England was enormous. The book\\nhas been translated into several foreign languages.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "MINOR AUTHORS. 175\\ndramatized, was acted night after night before delighted\\naudiences who would have mobbed an abolitionist ora-\\ntor; set far-away Paris to weeping; and, after half a\\ncentury, when the political issues that gave rise to it\\nhave become obsolete, still finds many readers of ma-\\nture years and holds countless boys and girls from play.\\nMrs. Stowe s numerous other books are practically for-\\ngotten. The high promise of the novels Cecil Dreeme\\n(1861) 2iTiA John Brent (1862), by Theodore Winthrop\\n(1828-1861), a descendant of Governor Winthrop, made\\ndoubly sad the author s untimely death in battle. As\\na critic and lecturer Edwin P. Whipple (1819-1886),\\nlong resident in Boston, was conspicuous for many\\nyears, and his best essays are still read by the student\\nof literature for their keen analysis and fine literary\\nsense; but he was not a great critic, and his books\\nlack that charm of manner and richness of thought\\nwhich make Towell s and Arnold s critical essays litera-\\nture.^ The sculptor William W. Story (18 19-1895), son\\nof Chief Justice Story, and a native of Salem, who for-\\nsook law for art and took up his residence in Italy in\\n1848, was a poet of fine culture and a delightful writer on\\nart and letters.^ The influence of Tennyson prevailed\\nin the manner of his earlier verses, which are mostly\\n1 His principal writings are Essays and Revierus, 1848 Literature and\\nLife, 1849; Character and Characteristic Men, 1866; Literature of the\\nAge of Elizabeth, i86g; Success and its Conditions, 1871 Recollections\\nof Emhient Men, 1886; American Literature and Other Papers, 1887;\\nOutlooks on Society, Literature, and Politics, 1888.\\n2 His principal writings Ave Natzire and Art (poem), 1844; Poems,\\n1847, 1856, 1886; Roba di Roma, or Walks and Talks about Rome, 1862;\\nGraffiti d Italia (poems), 1868 A Rojnan Lawyer in Jerusalem Fir\u00c2\u00a7t\\nCentury, 1870 Nero, 1875 Castle of St. Angelo, 1877 He and She or a\\nPoet s Portfolio, 1883; Fiammeta: a Summer Idyl, 1885; Conversations\\nin a Studio, 1890; Excursions in Art and Letters, 1891.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "176 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nlyrics, daintily choice in diction and imagery, while\\nBrowning is his model in the rest. Mr. Story excels in\\nexpressing intangible, dreamy, misty moods, and in\\nhandling motives derived from art. Pan in Love,\\nPraxiteles and Phryne, and Cleopatra are three of his\\nbest poems, the last a superb interpretation of the\\nEgyptian voluptuary s tiger soul, leopard-like, too, in\\nsplendid, lazy luxuriousness. Thomas W. Parsons\\n(1819-1892), a native of Boston, who practised there\\nand in England his profession of dental surgeon, was an\\naccomplished Dante scholar and a poet of exquisitely\\nfine grain though of limited range. He did not write\\nmuch, but nearly all is precious for its justness of thought\\nand feeling, its classic finish, artistic restraint, and\\nterse strength, without frigidity, and its occasional quiet\\npleasantry and Attic wit. His translation of the Inferno,\\nin te7^za rima, is highly prized by scholar-poets, and his\\nlines On a Bust of Dante have much of the master s\\naustere beauty and sadness. Josiah G. Holland (1819-\\n1881), an editor of The Springfield Republican (1849-\\n1866) and founder of The Century Magazine, was of more\\nordinary temper; but his poems, which deal much with\\ndomestic love and sorrow, have a refined sweetness and\\npurity of spirit, and his novels are clever and gracious.\\nIn the literary atmosphere implied by the presence\\nand activity of so many talented authors, lived and wrote\\nsix poets, essayists, and novelists whose works consti-\\ntute a large part of the strength and beauty of American\\n1 His principal writings are a translation of Dante {Infei-iio Cantos\\nI.-X., 1843; Cantos L-XVIL, 1865; complete, 1867; portions oi Pur-\\ngatorio and Paradiso, 1893) Poetfis, 1854; The Magnolia and Other\\nPoems, 1867; The Old House at Sudbury, 1870; The Shadow of the Obe-\\nlisk, and Other Poems, 1872.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 177\\nliterature. Longfellow, Emerson, Hawthorne, Whittier,\\nLowell, and Holmes were, with one exception, natives of\\nMassachusetts, and all were long resident there, most of\\nthem living in or near Boston or Cambridge. This con-\\ncentration of literary talent and genius in one state, and\\nin the neighborhood of one city, was not an accident.\\nAs we have already seen, New England had from colonial\\ndays been the intellectual and literary leader of the\\ncountry; Massachusetts was the head of New England;\\nand Boston was the eye of Massachusetts. By heredity,\\ntradition, and acquired momentum the Bay State still\\nkept the lead in mental activity; Unitarianism and the\\nTranscendental movement added an intellectual freedom\\nand freshness not elsewhere attained so early in like\\ndegree; and Harvard College, its roots now deep in the\\npast, bore in larger measure with every succeeding year\\nthe beautiful fruit of a ripe culture.\\nThe life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow^ was\\n1 Life. Born in Portland, Me., Feb. 27, 1807. Educated in private\\nschools and Portland Academy, 1810-1821 at Bowdoin College, enter-\\ning the sophomore class, 1822-1825. In France, Spain, Italy, Germany,\\nEngland, 1826-1829. Professor of Modern Languages at Bowdoin,\\n1829-1835. Married Mary S. Potter, 1831. In England, Denmark, Swe-\\nden, Holland, Germany, Switzerland, 1835-1836, Wife died, 1835.\\nProfessor of Modern Languages at Harvard, 1836-1854 lodging in the\\nCraigie House, 1837-1843. In France, Germany, England, 1842. Mar-\\nried Frances E. Appleton, 1843 her father purchased the Craigie House\\nfor the poet, 1843 two sons and four daughters (one of whom died in\\ninfancy) were born to him. Wife died, 1861. In England, Germany,\\nSwitzerland, France, Ifaly, Scotland, 1868-1869. Received degree of\\nLL.D. from Cambridge University, England, 1868; of D.C.L, from\\nOxford, 1869. Longfellow Day established in Cincinnati public schools,\\n1880. Died in Cambridge, Mass., March 24, 1882 was buried at Mt.\\nAuburn. Bust of the poet placed in Westminster Abbey, 1884. A\\nUnitarian.\\nWorks. Miscellaneous Poems selected from The United States Lit-\\nerary Gazette, 1826. Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique, translated from\\nN", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "178 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nsingularly beautiful, the more beautiful for the deep\\nshadows that suddenly fell athwart its placid sunshine.\\nThe best New England blood ran in his veins. His\\nmother, an ardent lover of poetry, music, and nature,\\nwas descended from John Alden. His father, an emi-\\nnent lawyer and a trustee of Bowdoin College, came of\\nYorkshire stock transplanted to Massachusetts about the\\nyear 1676. The child was from the first truthful,\\ngentle, and studious, having natural beauty and grace of\\nsoul; and yet, although girlishly averse to rudeness and\\nvulgarity, he was essentially a manly boy. At the age\\nof thirteen he wrote a poem which was printed in The\\nPortland Gazette it was not remarkable, nor were the\\nother verses and the essays which he contributed to vari-\\nous periodicals during his school and college life. At\\nBowdoin he graduated fourth in a class of thirty -eight;\\nHawthorne was one of his classmates, but the two were\\nthe Spanish with an Introductory Essay on the Moral and Devotional\\nPoetry of Spain, 1833. The Schoolmaster (six contributions to The\\nNew Efigland Magazine, being first sketches for Outre-Mer), 1831-1833.\\nOutre-Mer, No. I., 1833; No. II., 1834; completed in book form, 1835.\\nHyperion, 1839. Voices of the Night, 1839. Ballads and Other Poems,\\n1841, Poems on Slavery, 1842. The Spanish Student, 1843. The\\nBelfry of Bruges and Other Poems, 1845 (imprint, 1846). Evangeline,\\n1847. Kavanagh, 1849. The Seaside and the Fireside, 1850. The\\nGolden Legend, 1851. The Song of Hiawatha, 1855. The Courtship\\nof Miles Standish, 1858. Tales of a Wayside Inn (First Day), 1863.\\nFIower-de-Luce, 1867. Translation of Dante s Z?/w /a Commcdia, 1867-\\n1870. The New England Tragedies, 1868. The Divine Tragedy, 1871.\\nChristus (consisting of the Golden Legend, The New England Trage-\\ndies, and the Divine Tragedy), 1872. Three Books of Song (con-\\ntaining Tales of a Wayside Inn, Second Day; etc.), 1872. Aftermath\\n(containing Tales of a Wayside Inn, Third Day; etc.), 1873. The\\nMasque of Pandora and Other Poems, 1875, Keramos and Other Poems,\\n1878. Ultima Thule, 1880. In the Harbor, 1882. Michael Angelo, 1883.\\nSeveral of the shorter poems were published first in magazines.\\n1 Longfellow denied that he wrote the doggerel about Mr. Finney and\\nthe turnip. See Longfellow s life of Longfellow, Vol. I., p. 22.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 179\\nnot yet intimate. After graduation, being offered the\\nprofessorship of modern Languages in his Ahna Mater,\\nhe went abroad to fit himself more fully for the position.\\nOn his return he entered zealously upon his duties, and\\nwas a popular and inspiring teacher. He also found\\ntime to contribute articles to The North American\\nReview, and to write his first book. At the end of five\\nyears, being invited to succeed George Ticknor in the\\nchair of modern languages at Harvard University, he\\nsailed again for Europe to perfect his knowledge of\\nGerman and to study the Scandinavian tongues. The\\ndeath of his wife in Rotterdam, after a short illness,\\nwas a cruel blow; but he held to his course, and out of\\nhis sorrow and his deeper acquaintance with the life\\nand literature of Germany came, in after years, the\\nromance Hyperion and the distinctive quality of many\\nof his poems.\\nLongfellow s life at Cambridge for many years flowed\\non with the tranquil beauty of his own beloved river\\nCharles. His surroundings were congenial. Professor\\nFelton and Charles Sumner soon became his intimate\\nfriends,^ and he had delightful companionship with\\nSparks, Prescott, Ticknor, Norton, Emerson, Haw-\\nthorne, Holmes, Lowell, and others.-^ The void in his\\n1 The three, with George S. Hillard and Henry R. Cleveland, formed\\na circle which they called The Five of Clubs. The newspapers\\nafterward dubbed it The Mutual Admiration Society, because the\\nmembers reviewed each other s writings favorably over one such review\\na reader wrote, Insured in the Mutual.\\n2 In a letter to his friend, George W. Greene, in 1838, he thus\\ndescribes his life during the summer vacation I breakfast at seven\\non tea and toast, and dine at five or six, generally in Boston. In the\\nevening I walk on the Common with Hillard, or alone; then go back\\nto Cambridge on foot. If not very late, I sit an hour with Felton or\\nSparks. For nearly two years 1 have not studied at night. Most", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "i8o THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nlife which even his friends could not remove was at\\nlength filled by his marriage to a lovely woman of culti-\\nvated intellect; and children came, to make his cup of\\ndomestic happiness overflow. As a professor he was\\npopular; but finding that the routine dulled his poetic\\npowers, he finally resigned.^ His poems meanwhile had\\nbeen winning a wider and wider circle of readers.^\\nHis family were growing up around him in health and\\nhappiness, and the bonds uniting him to his wife had\\nonly strengthened with time. The tranquil joy of his\\nlife seemed but the natural and due reward of the beauty\\nof his character.^ Suddenly, with no more warning than\\nprecedes the lightning flash, there fell upon him a\\nof the time am alone; smoke a good deal; wear a broad-brimmed\\nblack hat, black frock-coat, black cane. Molest no one. Dine out\\nfrequently. In winter go much into Boston society. Longfellow s\\nlife of Longfellow, Vol. L, p. 293.\\n1 The seventy lectures to which I am doomed next year hang over\\nme like a dark curtain. Journal, April 22, 1850. This college work\\nis like a great hand laid on all the strings of my lyre, stopping their\\nvibration. Journal, Nov. 18, 1850.\\n2 By 1857, the sales of his works in the United States alone had been\\nas follows: Voices of the Night, 43,550; Ballads, etc., 40,470; Spa??ish\\nStudejit, 38,400; Belfry of Bruges, 38,300; Evangeline, 2,S,^Z\u00c2\u00b0 Seaside,\\netc., 30,000; Golden Legend, 17,188; Hiawatha, 50,000; Outre-Mer,\\n7500; Hyperion, 14,550; Kavanagh, 10,500. Oi Miles Standish, cpoo\\ncopies were sold in Boston by noon of the first day; in London, 10,000\\nthe first day. Longfellow s life of Longfellow, Vol. IL, pp. 295, 325-327.\\nThe poet s income from his writings was ^219 in 1840; ^517 in 1842;\\n^1800 in 1846; ^1900 in 1850; then ^2500 and ^iioo. Final Memo-\\nrials, p. 435.\\n3 His freedom from bitterness, and his sunny-hearted charity, at a\\npoint where authors are apt to be most sensitive, is illustrated by his\\nremark upon hearing of the death of Poe, who had accused him of\\nplagiarism and ridiculed his hexameters What a melancholy death\\nis that of Mr. Poe, a man so richly endowed with genius The\\nharshness of his criticisms I have never attributed to anything but the\\nirritation of a sensitive nature chafed by some indefinite sense of\\nwrong. Longfellow s life of Longfellow, Vol. II., p. 150.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "HENRY VVADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. i8i\\ncalamity, the sorest which could come to a man of such\\ndepth of domestic affection. His wife was one day sit-\\nting in the library, sealing up some packages of her\\nlittle daughters curls, when a match set fire to her dress;\\nLongfellow was himself severely burned in his efforts to\\nput out the flames, but she died the next day. He\\nbore his grief with courage and in silence. To\\na brother far distant he wrote: And now, of what we\\nare both thinking I can write no word. God s will\\nbe done. To a visitor, who expressed the hope that\\nhe might be enabled to bear his cross with patience,\\nhe replied: Bear the cross, yes; but what if one is\\nstretched upon it? Gradually, however, his cheer-\\nfulness returned, although at the depths he was hence-\\nforth a lonely man. After his last trip abroad, he passed\\nhis days in quiet content and leisurely labor beneath\\nthe Cambridge elms. One by one many of his old\\nfriends fell by the way, and in 1881 his own health\\nbegan to show signs of breaking. His last illness,\\nhowever, was brief. On a Saturday four schoolboys\\nfrom Boston visited him, and were kindly enter-\\ntained; with one exception, they were the last guests\\nof the Cliildren s Poet. That night he was taken\\nviolently ill. On the following Friday he died, and\\ntwo nations mourned at his grave. The key to his\\ncharacter, writes his brother, was sympathy. This\\nmade him the gentle and courteous receiver of every\\nvisitor, however obscure, however tedious; the ready re-\\nsponder to every appeal to his pity and his purse;\\nthe charitable judge of motives, and excuser of mistakes\\nand offences; the delicate yet large liker. This\\n1 Longfellow s life of Longfellow, Vol. IL, p. 369.\\nk", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "i82 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ngave to his poetry the human element which made\\nin thousands of hearts in many lands a shrine of rever-\\nence and affection for his name.\\nLongfellow s magazine articles^ had no permanent\\nvalue, and his prose romances appealed to a taste which\\nhas largely passed away. In Outre-Mer one may, how-\\never, still enjoy the freshness of a young poet s delight\\nin visiting the enchanted land of France, Spain, and\\nItaly. Hypei-ioii, which is essentially autobiographical,\\nruns over with poetic enthusiasm for the newly dis-\\ncovered wealth of romance in German scenery, legend,\\nand literature, at the same time teaching, after Goethe,\\nthat sorrow is good for the soul.^ Kavanagh paints life\\nin a New England village with the quietness and thinness\\nof a water-color. In manner, all three show strongly the\\ninfluence of Irving, through whose Sketch-Book Long-\\nfellow in boyhood entered the wonder- world of literature\\nbut, especially in Hyperion, the style is more flowery, and\\nthe sentiment more often degenerates into sentimen-\\ntality. Yet the books are full of their author s sweet\\ngraciousness, and contain passages of pure and delicate\\nbeauty.\\nLongfellow s verse includes lyrics and, other short\\npoems, long narrative poems, dramas, and translations.\\nMost of the short poems may be roughly classified, ac-\\ncording to their predominant element, into three groups,\\n1 Life of Longfellow, Vol. IL, p. 474.\\n2 As Origin and Progress of the Freiich Language {North American\\nReview, April, 183 1) The Defence of Poetry {ibid., January, 1832)\\nHawthorne s Twice Told Tales {ibid., July, 1837) Anglo-Saxon Litera-\\nture {ibid., July, 1838).\\n3 Richter, however, seems to have made the strongest impression\\nupon Longfellow at this time.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 183\\nwhich, however, flow into each other freely, didactic\\npoems, poems of the affections, and poems more imagi-\\nnative and objective. The didactic poems, A Psalm of\\nLife at their head, often contain more preaching than\\npoetry. In some of them, however, as The Rainy Day,\\nthe lesson is gracefully combined with poetic beauty. It\\nmust be remembered, also, that Longfellow was writing\\nchiefly for the descendants of Puritans, and gave them\\nas much pure beauty as many were capable of receiving.\\nIn poems of the second group, of which The Village\\nBlacksmith and The Old Clock on the Stairs are repre-\\nsentative, pictorial or emotional elements are a larger\\npart of the whole, and exist more for their own sake.\\nThese simple poems, in which Longfellow touches the\\nhuman heart with gentle power, contain some of his\\nrhost characteristic work. His lines about children, and\\nabout his friends living or dead, still further prove his\\nright to be called the poet of the domestic affections.\\nAnd his words upon the sorrow and mystery of life, and\\nupon the consolations of religion which with him is\\nalways a very human thing, are so full of natural\\nnobleness and childlike reverence that they soothe and\\npurify. In poems of the third group the imaginative*\\nand poetic quality is occasionally high. As r-^-^etry the\\nMidnight Mass for the Dying Year is worth i, J merable\\nPsalms of Life and it is almost incredible tha. ^^^^Isior\\ncame from the same hand, and at the same tinJ^\\nfinely imaginative Skeleton in Armor. The man^ P^^ ^^s\\nwhose subject, manner, and metre are derived froiP. ^^i\\neign sources, especially from German, remind us anew\\nhow great was this scholar-poet s indebtedness to the\\nhistory, legends, life, and literatures of the Old World.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "i84 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nThe nature poems, on the other hand, often show the\\nmfliience of Bryant. But even in lines most after the\\nmanner of the earlier poet, as The Spirit of Poetry and\\nRain in Summer, there is felt the tender grace peculiar\\nto Longfellow; while in poetry of the sea the author of\\nThe Wreck of the Hesperus, The Building of the Ship,\\nThe Secret of the Sea, and The Lighthouse has no rival\\namong American poets, except Walt Whitman. He wrote\\nwell of the awful, pitiless sea but he loved most to\\nsing of its beauty and mystery and romance, and it is\\nthat which he has interpreted best. Longfellow was\\nnever active in__Jh^_jj3j)Utionlsi.^ It was not his\\npart to go in sackcloth and ashes, and cry, Woe unto\\nNineveh He belonged, rather, to the sons of Korah,\\nwho by their songs make more beautiful the courts of\\nthe Lord. His Poems on Slavery, therefore, although\\nsincere enough, seem bookish and tame in comparison\\nwith Whittier s fiery blasts. The sonnet of the trumpet\\nnote, the organ tone, or the passionate love-cry Long-\\nfellow could not command. But the sonnet of quiet\\nbeauty, of gentle sadness, whose music is like the breath-\\nings of a lute, he wrote well, conforming strictly to the\\nf^xacting Italian form, yet without apparent sacrifice of\\nnatu ^-s or ease.^ Most of Longfellow s finest short\\npoems were written in youth and middle age but he\\ncontinued singing under the evening sky, and a little\\nof his best work was done then. The earlier poems\\nhave more freshness and charm but the later usually\\nconta.iri fewer positive faults, and are freighted with a\\nricher experience of life.\\n1 See Nature, My Cathedral, and Divina Coimnedia (Sonnet I.).\\n2 See Flower-de-Luce, Hawthorne, Killed at the Ford, Charles Sum-\\nI", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 185\\nLongfellow was fortunate in the subject of his first long\\nnarrative poem. In Evangeline he worked upon a story\\nof singular beauty and pathos, and had a heroine whose\\npure and gentle nature he was peculiarly fitted to portray.\\nIn truth, Evangehne seems less an individual character\\nthan an ideal abstraction, the embodiment of woman s\\ndeathless love. The setting is vitally related to the central\\nfigure. The picture of the harmless life of the Acadian\\nfarmers heightens our sense of the lovely innocence of the\\nheroine, in whom that Hfe attains its perfection. Grand-\\nPr^ is the dove-cote of the dove, who is soon to receive a\\ncrimson wound in her white bosom and be driven forth\\nto wander desolate over the world.^ In Part Second the\\ndescriptions contrast Evangehne s solitude with the re-\\ngained happiness of her friends, and help the reader to\\nrealize the vastness and wildness of the West and the\\nconsequent heroism, yet hopelessness, of her search.\\nThe final meeting of the aged lovers, in the fever hospi-\\ntal, is a picture, at once beautiful and pathetic, of spiritual\\nlove immortal amidst the body s decay. The metre of\\nthe poem has provoked much discussion. What is cer-\\ntain is that Enghsh hexameters can be natural and musi-\\ncal, but that in a long poem in that metre it seems very\\ndifficult to avoid many awkward or prosaic lines. Thus\\nEvangeline contains numerous verses, and a few entire\\ntier, Belisarms, Three Friends of Mine (Sonnet II., on Professor Felton),\\nChaucer, Keramos, A Ballad of the Fre?ich Fleet, The Leap of Roushati\\nBeg, Bayard Taylor, From My Arm- Chair, Mad River, The Bells of\\nSan Bias.\\n1 Longfellow of course sacrifices historical accuracy to pathos. In\\nfact, save for a vague reference to Louisburg, Beau S6jour, and Port\\nRoyal, the poem contains no hint of the cause of the Acadians re-\\nmoval.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "i86 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\npassages, which flow easily and melodiously others in\\nwhich the hexameter movement has been secured by an\\nunnatural word-order and still others which, if printed\\nas prose, would be read as such.^ Yet the metre seems,\\non the whole, to be well fitted to the poem, by reason of\\nits rapidity, dignity, and flexibility, although it is a ques-\\ntion whether the effect would not be finer, on the whole,\\nhad the story been told in the delicate, light-footed verse\\nof Lancelot and Elaine.\\nThe Courtship of Miles Standish^ being in lighter vein,\\nallowed more scope to the poet s pleasant humor. In\\nhow kindly a fashion does this play around the doughty\\n1 Over the pallid sea and the silvery mist of the meadows.\\nDay after day they glided adown the turbulent river.\\nPart Second, Section II., has many beautiful lines and goes well as a\\nwhole.\\n2 See Part First, Section I., the second paragraph.\\n3 It was a band of exiles a raft, as it were, from the shipwrecked\\nnation, scattered along the coast, now floating together. (Part Second,\\nSection II.)\\n4 The success of the hexameter in German poetry, notably in Goethe s\\nHermann 2md Dorothea, no doubt emboldened Longfellow to make the\\ncourageous experiment of writing his first long poem in this then unfa-\\nmiliar metre. But even now the English hexameter is inferior to the\\nGerman. One reason may be that English is too monosyllabic. The\\npaucity of good spondees in English is surely another difficulty, lead-\\ning either to an excess of dactyls, the jounce and clatter of which\\nfinally fatigue, or to trochaic lines, which have not sufficient fulness of\\nsound and majesty of movement. The poverty of the sensuous effect in\\nthis trochaic line from Evangeline\\nList to a tale of Love in Acadie, home of the happy,\\nis doubly apparent in comparison with the following full-throated line,\\nrich in spondees, from Kingsley s Andromeda\\nWhirled in the white-linked dance, with the gold-crowned Hours and\\nthe Graces.\\nIn general, Longfellow paid too little attention to quantity in his hex-\\nameters. Miles Standish is written with a somewhat freer hand, but\\nthere are fewer musical lines.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 187\\nlittle Puritan captain and his refreshingly unsanctified\\nanger around the master of the departing Mayflower,\\nglad to be gone from a land where there was plenty of\\nnothing but Gospel, and\\ntaking each by the hand, as if he were grasping a tiller;\\neven around the hero, rather needlessly distraught by the\\nstruggle between his love and his Puritanic conscience.\\nYet there is no lack of admiration for the great qualities\\nof the Pilgrims\\nO strong hearts and true not one went back in the May Flower\\nIn flict, the whole poem is a sympathetic and truthful\\npicture of the early days of Plymouth Colony. The his-\\ntorical value is rather increased than diminished by the\\nprominence given to the love story we are apt to over-\\nlook the purely human side of the hfe of the Puritans,\\nhalf forgetting that they loved, married, and reared chil-\\ndren as well as prayed, fasted, and cast out devils. The\\nbest thing in the poem is the nobility of Priscilla s\\nwomanhood the next best, the feminine tact with which\\nshe manages her lover for his own good, in spite of the\\nrestraints of her sex and sect and his conscience-begotten\\nblundering.\\nBefore Longfellow s day, poems on the American\\naborigines had been mostly foilures. In them the Indian\\nusually appeared either as a repulsive savage or as a sen-\\ntimental and romantic white man in a red skin. But in\\nHiawatha^ by happy intuition, Longfellow seized upon\\nthe legends and myths of the Indian as the subject for his\\npoem, which could thus be at once poetic and real.^\\n1 See also Longfellow s early handling of Indian life in Burial of the\\nMin7iisink, and in Part Second, Section IV., oi Evangeline.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "i88 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nHiawatha is fresh and beautiful\\nWith the odors of the forest,\\nWith the dew and damp of meadows,\\nWith the curUng smoke of wigwams.\\nWith the rushing of great rivers.\\nThe mind of the childhood of a race is seen in the\\nlovely personifications of the East Wind and the West\\nWind in the fancy of the Milky Way as the pathway of\\nghosts in the boyish humor and love of the marvellous\\nwhich pervade the stories of Hiawatha s fishing and the\\npranks of Pau-Puk-Keewis in the naive but powerful\\nimagination which conceived the ravenous ghosts that\\nfor many days lodge in Hiawatha s wigwam,\\nCowering, crouching with the shadows,\\nand at last are discovered\\nSitting upright on their couches,\\nWeeping in the silent midnight,\\nbecause the living do not really desire the return of the\\ndead. But even the poetry of the Indians Longfellow\\nhas somewhat idealized, chiefly by the rejection of capri-\\ncious and mahgnant elements in the character of his\\nhero, who is much more like an Indian King Arthur\\nthan is the Hiawatha of the original legends.^ The\\nverse and style of Hiawatha (upon the model of the\\nFinnish epic, Kalevata),^ although monotonous upon\\nprolonged reading, are peculiarly fitted to the substance\\nand spirit of the poem. The short phrases and simple\\nsentences, the frequent repetitions and parallelisms, the\\n1 See 77/,? Alyth of Hiawatha, by H. R. Schoolcraft, Philadelphia and\\nLondon, 1856.\\n2 See the English translation by J. M. Crawford.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 189\\nquick trochaic movement, the absence of rhyme or\\nstanza, suggest the childHke character of these legends,\\nand the swaying boughs, quivering leaves, and leaping\\nbrooks to the music of which they were first narrated.\\nTales of a Wayside Inn show the hand of an experi-\\nenced literary craftsman and wide reading in many\\ntongues, but also a decline of creative power with the\\ncoming on of age. Longfellow s dramas are, as a class,\\nthe poorest of his work. Judas Maccahceus and The\\nMasque of Pandora are feeble. Michael Angela is\\nwritten in the author s best mature style and contains\\nnoble passages, especially those interpreting the spirit\\nof Michael Angelo and Benvenuto Cellini the work\\ndeserves to be more read, but it is a loosely connected\\nseries of dialogues and monologues rather than a dra-\\nmatic poem. The Divine Tragedy, consisting of scenes\\nfrom the life of Christ, in a bare paraphrase of Scripture\\nlanguage, is painfully inadequate. The New England\\nTragedies, although they report accurately the facts and\\nspirit of the Quaker persecutions and the Salem Witch-\\ncraft, sadly lack imaginative sweep and power. Long-\\nfellow s best dramatic poems are TJie Spanish Student and\\nThe Golden Legend, in which his humor, lyric gift, and\\npoetic insight into Spanish and mediaeval life found free ex-\\npression. The first is full of the passion, romance, and\\ngayety of youth and Spain, and contains Longfellow s\\nbest song, Stars of the Summer Night. The second, in\\naddition to poetic charm, has great merit as an interpre-\\ntation of the many-sided life of the Middle Ages.^ As\\n1 Longfellow, in The Golden Legetid, has entered more closely into\\nthe temper of the Monk, for good and for evil, than ever yet theological\\nwriter or historian. Ruskin, in Modern Painters, Vol. IV., Chap. 20,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "I90 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\na translator Longfellow s career was long and brilliant.\\nHe early revealed a rare gift in rendering the airy grace\\nof the French, the tender richness of the Spanish, and\\nthe mysticism, romance, and deep-heartedness of the\\nGerman into idiomatic and musical English verse. His\\ngreat achievement in translation is the version of Dante s\\nDivina Com media, which occupied him at intervals dur-\\ning the greater part of his adult Hfe fidelity was secured\\nat considerable loss of poeticalness and ease, but the\\nwork is nevertheless a noble offering to the memory of\\nthe great Italian.\\nLongfellow had much in common with Irving. His\\ncharacter had the same simplicity and gentleness; his\\nculture was essentially European, although it consisted\\nwith warm patriotism and the choice of American sub-\\njects for many of his best poems his gifts were affection,\\nsentiment, and taste, not trenchant intellect, intense\\npassion, or high imagination. In humor and satire he\\nwas inferior to Irving, but the place of these was more\\nthan filled by poetic vision and melodious song. Long-\\nfellow is not a great poet. There are heights and depths,\\nsplendors and glooms, in life and the soul, which his\\nmuse of the fireside and the library could not touch.\\n32. The story is told, and perhaps invented, by Hartmann von der\\nAue, a Minnesinger of the twelfth century. The original \\\\_Der Arme\\nHeinric/i] may be found in Mailath s Altdeutsche Gcdichte, with a mod-\\nern German version. Longfellow s note. See also Friedrich Miinz-\\nnev sDie Quellen zu Longfellows Golden Legend (Dresden, 1897). The\\ndramas gain nothing by being put together and called Christus. Yet\\nthe plan of such a work was early conceived and long cherished This\\nevening it has come into my mind to undertake a long and elaborate\\npoem by the holy name of Christ; the theme of which would be the\\nvarious aspects of Christendom in the Apostolic, Middle, and Modern\\nAges. Longfellow s Journal, November S, 1841.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "TRANSCENDENTALISM. 19T\\nIn early years he did not wholly escape the prevalent\\ntaste for commonplace sentiment. His Puritan ancestry\\nand New England environment made him over anxious\\nto point the moral; he was not enough content to let\\nincident, character, and scenery produce their own effect.\\nBut nevertheless his artistic instinct was large, and he\\ncame into many bare New England homes as an apostle\\nof new and wondrous beauty. Much of his work will\\nlong live, because it touches the heart, refines the spirit,\\nand has for the senses a gentle charm. In the purity,\\nsweetness, and harmony of his nature Longfellow is one\\nof the world s elect.\\nLongfellow s unspeculative nature held him aloof from\\nthe theological and philosophical controversies of his\\nday. The life and work of Emerson, on the contrary,\\ncannot be understood without first glancing at the history\\nof theology and philosophy in New England since the\\nmiddle of the eighteenth century.^ Down to the time\\nof the Great Awakening, in 1 734-1 744, Calvinism had\\nreigned almost undisputed in New England. But the\\nreaction against the emotional excesses of that tre-\\nmendous revival brought to the surface the more liberal\\ntendencies which had doubtless been germinating in the\\nsoil for some time. Contemporary liberal thought in\\nEngland furthered their growth. The dispute turned\\nat first upon the question how far man s will might be\\nan agent in effecting his conversion. The school of\\nwhich Jonathan Edwards was the head asserted the\\n1 It will be understood, of course, that we here have nothing to do\\nwith the truth or error of the opinions referred to, but only with their\\nhistory and their relation to literature. Thus the words liberal,\\northodox, etc., are used wholly in their historical sense and without\\nany intention to imply approval or disapproval.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "192 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nabsolute sovereignty of God in this act, as in all others;\\nthe Arminian school, of which Charles Chaiincy and\\nJonathan Mayhew were the earliest leaders, affirmed that\\nthe sinner, by diligently cultivating the means of grace,\\nand so fulfilling the conditions for receiving it, might\\ncooperate in his own regeneration. From this small\\nbeginning the breach widened more and more. The\\ndoctrine of the Trinity was soon openly attacked; and,\\nalthough the political ferment of the Revolution drew\\nmen s thoughts largely away from theological questions,\\nUnitarianism quietly spread in eastern Massachusetts,\\nuntil, at the close of the century, there was scarcely a\\nTrinitarian Congregational clergyman in Boston. No\\nopen separation, however, had yet occurred. With the\\nnew century there came a change. The appointment\\nof five Unitarians to professorships in Harvard College,\\nin 1805-1807, made clear the position of that venerable\\ninstitution. By 18 15 circumstances had compelled the\\nliberal party reluctantly to accept the distinctive title of\\nUnitarian. Four years later, aroused by Channing s\\nfamous sermon at Baltimore on Unitarian Christianity,\\nthe denomination assumed a more confident and aggres-\\nsive attitude, and entered upon a period of controversy\\nand expansion.\\nEmerson inherited whatever of mental breadth and\\nspiritual inspiration the earlier Unitarianism had to\\n1 Edwards s greatest v/ork, on the freedom of the will, was written to\\nrefute the Arminian doctrine of the will. His position is (i) that the\\nwill is that by which the mind chooses anything (2) that the will\\nis always determined by the strongest motive (3) that to the evil man\\nevil appeals more strongly than good does, and that he is therefore\\nmorally, though not naturally, unable to choose the good (4) that,\\nconsequently, man is wholly dependent upon the grace of God for a\\nchange of heart; (5) that, nevertheless, since the sinner does what he", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "TRANSCENDENTALISM. 193\\ngive. But its direct service to him in this kind was\\nsmall. The Unitarians of New England, says O. B.\\nFrothingham, who will not be accused of understating\\ntheir merits, belonged to the class which looked\\nwithout for knowledge, rather than within for inspira-\\ntion. The Unitarian was disquieted by mysticism,\\nenthusiasm, and rapture. Even Doctor Channing\\nclung to the philosophical traditions that were his in-\\nheritance from England. But indirectly, by what it\\nallowed to enter from without, Unitarianism greatly\\nassisted in the development of Emerson s genius. It\\nwill be no more than fair to hear what Mr. Frothingham\\nhas to say on this side also: The Unitarians\\nacknowledged themselves to be friends of free thought\\nin religion. This was their distinction. They dis-\\navowed sympathy w^ith dogmatism. They hon-\\nestly but incautiously professed a principle broader\\nthan they were able to stand by, and avowed the abso-\\nlute freedom of the human mind as their characteristic\\nfaith. The literature on their tables represented\\na wide mental activity. Their libraries contained\\nauthors never found before on ministerial shelves.\\nHence it happened that the sect which had within its\\nown ranks less of severe metaphysical ability than some\\nof the orthodox denominations, did more than any other\\nreligious body to encourage the introduction into\\nAmerica of the new German philosophy. New England\\nTranscendentalism had its roots in the philosophy of\\nKant. In opposition to the philosophy of Locke, the\\nchooses, and chooses evil because of his own wickedness, not because\\nof outward compulsion, he is justly held responsible by God.\\n1 Transcendentalism in New England, p. no. 2 ibid., p. 114.\\nO", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "194 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nprevailing system of thought in England and America, a\\nsystem which, by its assumption that all knowledge is\\nderived from experience through the senses, tended\\nlogically to materialism and scepticism, Kant sought to\\nshow that the ideas of the Reason the Soul, the Uni-\\nverse as One, the Absolute Being, or God are not\\nderived from experience, but are implanted in the very\\nconstitution of the mind, which thus has intuitive knowl-\\nedge of high truths that can never be reached by the\\nmerely logical understanding or the physical senses. The\\nideas of Kant were further developed by Fichte, Schel-\\nling, Hegel, and other German philosophers; clothed\\nwith poetic beauty and mystical fervor by Goethe and\\nRichter; expounded with the elegant lucidity of the\\nagile French mind by Cousin, Constant, and others;\\ntransplanted into England in the writings of Coleridge\\nand Carlyle; and, chiefly in their French or English\\ndress, brought to America during Emerson s youth and\\nearly manhood.^ The new idealism contributed its share\\ni Few [American scholars] read German, but most read French.\\nAs early as 1804, Degerando lectured on Kant s philosophy, in Paris\\nand as early as 18 13, Madame de Stael gave an account of it. The\\nworks of Coleridge made familiar the leading ideas of Schelling. The\\nforeign reviews reported the results and processes of French and Ger-\\nman speculation. In 1827, Thomas Carlyle wrote, in the Edinburgh\\nReview, his great articles on Richter and the State of German Literature\\nin 1828 appeared his essay on Goethe. Mr. Emerson presented these\\nand other papers, as Carlyle s Miscellanies, to the American public.\\n\\\\_Sartor Resartus was reprinted in America in 1836.] In 1830, George\\nRipley began the publication of the Specimens of Standard Foreign- Lit-\\nerature. These volumes brought many readers into a close\\nacquaintance with the teaching and the spirit of writers of the new\\nschool. Transcendentalism in New England, pp. 115-117. The in-\\nfluence of Coleridge upon the philosophy of James Marsh, president\\nand professor at the University of Vermont, deserves passing mention\\nin 1829 he published a Preliminary Essay to Coleridge s Aids to\\nRefiection.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 195\\nto the so-called Romantic movement, which, in the\\nlatter part of the eighteenth century and the early part\\nof the nineteenth, did so much to break through the\\ncrust of tradition and turn fresh streams of thought and\\nfeeling into nearly every department of life in the prin-\\ncipal countries of Europe. In New England likewise,\\nwithin a narrow circle, the new ideas exerted a power-\\nful influence for a time, as will appear more fully in the\\ncourse of our study of the Sage of Concord.\\nRalph Waldo Emerson^ was descended from a re-\\nmarkably long line of clergymen and scholars, beginning\\nwith Peter Bulkeley, Fellow of St. John s College,\\nCambridge, who in 1634 fled from the persecution of\\nLaud and settled at Concord. Emerson s grandfather,\\nWilliam Emerson, was builder of the Old Manse,\\npastor at Concord in 1775, an ardent patriot, an elo-\\n1 Life. Born in Boston, May 25, 1803. Attended Latin School,\\n1813-1817 Harvard College, 1817-1821 taught school in or near Boston,\\n1821-1826; attended Harvard Divinity School, 1825-1828; licensed to\\npreach, 1826. Spent winter of 1826-1827 in the South. Became pastor\\nof Old North Church, Boston, 1829. Married Ellen Tucker, 1829; she\\ndied, 1832. Resigned his pastorate, 1832. In Italy, France, England,\\n1832-1833. Lecturing, 1832-1872 chiefly in New England, 1832-1847;\\nin Scotland and England, 1847-1848 in New England, Middle States,\\nand West, 1851-1872. Settled in Concord, 1834. Married Lidian Jack-\\nson, 1835 two sons and two daughters were born to him. Visited Eng-\\nland and France, 1847-1848. Given degree of LL.D. by Harvard, and\\nelected college overseer, 1866. Visited California, i8;o. House burned,\\n1872, In England, France, Italy^ Egypt, 1872-1873. Died at Concord,\\nApril 27, 1882.\\nWorks. Nature, 1836. Essays First Series, 1841 Second Series,\\n1844. Contributions to The Dial, 1840-1844. Poems, 1847. Miscella-\\nnies (Nature, Addresses, Lectures), 1849. Representative Men, 1850.\\nEnglish Traits, 1856. Conduct of Life, i860. May-Day and Other\\nPieces (poems), 1867. Society and Solitude, 1870. Letters and Social\\nAims, 1876. Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson, 1883. Natural\\nHistory of the Intellect, 1893 (lectures at Harvard and elsewhere, reprints\\nfrom The Dial, etc.).", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "196 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nquent preacher, and a man of marked literary tastes.\\nHis father, of the same name, pastor of the First Church,\\nBoston, also had high reputation as a preacher and stu-\\ndent. He died when Waldo was eight years old, so that\\nthe boy s home training was received chiefly from his\\nmother, a woman of peculiar serenity of temper; his\\naunt, Mary Moody Emerson, of remarkable intellect and\\ncharacter, also exerted a strong influence over him for\\nmany years. Emerson s distinctive genius, like Mil-\\nton s, came into full bloom rather late. But he seems\\nearly to have had a certain general maturity, and his\\nspiritual nature was, from the first, of singular elevation\\nand charm. At college he was only a fair scholar,\\nhaving no faculty for mathematics and pursuing a desul-\\ntory course of private reading with more industry than\\nthe prescribed studies; but he took a prize for declama-\\ntion, and two prizes for dissertations, and graduated\\nsomewhat above the middle of his class.^ As a teacher,\\nEmerson was much respected and loved; but he found\\nthe work very irksome, and gladly relinquished it, after\\nfour profitable years, to begin his studies in divinity.\\n1 I don t think he ever engaged in boy s play; simply because,\\nfrom his earliest years, he dwelt in a higher sphere. A spiritual-look-\\ning boy in blue nankeen, whose image, more than any other s, is\\nstill deeply stamped upon my mind as I then saw him and loved him,\\nI knew not why, and thought him so angelic and remarkable. Remi-\\nniscences by two schoolmates, in J. E. Cabot s Memoir of Emerson,\\nVol. I., pp. 5, 6.\\n2 In his first year he served as President s freshman, or messenger,\\nand waited on table at the college commons. A classmate says: By\\ndegrees the more studious members of his class began to seek him\\nout. They found him to be unusually thoughtful and well-read.\\nHe had studied the early English dramatists and poets, pored over\\nMontaigne, and knew Shakespeare almost by heart. In his sophomore\\nyear he became the leading spirit in a little book-club. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cabot, Vol. I.,\\nPP- 59. 63.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 197\\nAn affection of the eyes and symptoms of consumptionj\\nthe latter compelling him to spend one winter in Florida,\\ninterfered greatly with his theological course. But\\nduring these years of leisurely reading and meditation\\nhis nature, by the privilege of genius, was doubtless\\nabsorbing the food it most needed and slowly growing\\ntoward maturity.^\\nSoon after leaving the divinity school he married, and\\nentered upon what he supposed would be his life-work\\nas a Unitarian clergyman. Three years brought serious\\nchanges. Mrs. Emerson s death took the sunshine out\\nof his home, and a few months later he felt obliged to\\nresign his pastorate. This step, occasioned by difference\\nof opinion about the Lord s Supper, was the first clear\\nintimation that Emerson was finding the Unitarian faith\\ntoo narrow for his expanding thought. For several\\nyears he continued to preach as occasion offered; but\\nhis religious ideas differed more and more from those\\nof the Unitarians as a body, and his address before the\\nHarvard Divinity School, in 1838, raised a storm of\\nalarm, being condemned by prominent liberal clergy-\\nmen as anti-Christian, and even atheistical. Mean-\\nwhile Emerson had found his vocation. As a lecturer\\nhe had peculiar charm, the triple charm of a fascinat-\\ning voice, brilliant thought, and a personality singularly\\n1 Doctor F. H. Hedge, who first met Emerson in 1828, says There\\nwas no presage then, that I remember, of his future greatness. He\\nnever jested a certain reserve in his manner restrained the jesting pro-\\npensity and any license of speech in others. He was slow in his move-\\nments, as in his speech. No one, I think, ever saw him run. In\\nethics he held very positive opinions. Here his native independence of\\nthought was manifest. Owe no con formity to custom, he said,\\nagainst your private judgment. Cabot, Vol. I., p. 138.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "198 THE LITERATURE -FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nwinning and spiritually stimulating. It was the day of\\nthe lyceum, and many talented lecturers regularly\\nwent about the country. But Emerson was, on the\\nwhole, the prince of them all. Year after year, while\\nother lecturers, seemingly more eloquent, waxed only\\nto wane, this quiet reader of apparently disconnected\\nthoughts upon intangible transcendental subjects held\\nthe platform and steadily exercised his gentle fascination\\nover hearers of widely different temperaments and be-\\nliefs.^ Most of his lectures were afterward reprinted\\nas books,- which had some sale; but for many years he\\ndepended chiefly upon lecturing to eke out his limited\\nincome.^ After his first trip to Europe, his second mar-\\nriage, and his settlement in Concord, his life flowed on\\nfor many years with a tranquillity befitting the serene\\nphilosopher. The deaths of his brothers Edward and\\nCharles, in 1834 and 1836, deprived him of companions\\nwhose places were never filled again, although he was\\n1 It was with a feeling of predetermined dislike that I had the\\ncuriosity to look at Emerson at Lord Northampton s, a fortnight ago\\nwhen, in an instant, all my dishke vanished. He has one of the most\\ninteresting countenances I ever beheld, a combination of intelligence\\nand sweetness that quite disarmed me, Diary, etc., of H. C. Robinson,\\nApril 22, 1848. I can do no better than tell what Harriet Martineau\\nsays about him There is a vague nobleness and thorough sweetness\\nabout him which move people to their very depths, without their being\\nable to explain why. He conquers minds, as well as hearts, wher-\\never he goes and, without convincing anybody s reason of any one\\nthing, exalts their reason, and makes their minds worth more than they\\never were before. Ibid., June 9, 1848.\\n2 A large number of his lectures, says Mr. Cabot, remain un-\\npublished.\\n3 The Tucker estate [that of the family of his first wife] is so far\\nsettled, he writes in 1834, that I am made sure of an income of about\\n^1200. Cabot, Vol. L, p. 218. He writes in 1847 that the most\\nhe ever received was ^570 for ten lectures; in Boston, ^50; in country\\nlyceums, ^10 and traveUing expenses. Ibid., Vol. H., p. 460.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "RALPH WALDO EMERSON.\\n199\\nsurrounded by dear friends all his life, and between him\\nand Carlyle there was deep affection. In 1842 the death\\nof his eldest child, a remarkable boy of five years, cut\\ninto his heart with pain against which no philosopher\\nis proof or ought to be. But in the main his life was\\na singularly happy one. As the years went on, his fame\\nsteadily increased. As early as 1847, when he revisited\\nEngland, he was recognized there as one of the most\\nremarkable men of the century; and at home he was\\nreverenced as a seer and saint, who dwelt habitually in\\nthe presence of the highest spiritual realities.^\\nEmerson s mind began to fail after the year 1870.\\nHe had always been deliberate in conversation, pick-\\ning his way through his vocabulary to get at the best\\nexpression of his thoughts, as a well-dressed woman\\ncrosses the muddy pavement. In old age his\\nmemory for words became capricious, and often he\\nwas forced to describe objects instead of naming them\\nas when he humorously said of an umbrella, I can t\\ntell its name, but I can tell its history: strangers take\\nit away. The shock and exposure at the burning of\\nhis house hastened his decline, and he once more went\\nabroad, for health and rest. On his return the love and\\npride of his fellow-townsmen appeared in the reception\\nthey gave him; he was escorted, with music, between\\ntwo rows of smiling school-children, to his house, where\\na triumphal arch of leaves and flowers had been\\n1 Father Taylor, the Methodist preacher to sailors, who said of Emer-\\nson that he knows no more of the religion of the New Testament than\\nBalaam s ass did of the principles of the Hebrew grammar (Cabot,\\nVol. I., p. 328), yet declared that Emerson was more like Christ than\\nany man he had known (O. W. Holmes s life of Emerson, p. 412).\\n2 Holmes, p. 364. 3 Cabot, Vol. H., p. 652.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "200 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nerected. By generous friends the house had been\\nrestored, with some improvements, to its former condi-\\ntion. His renewed vigor was fleeting. His powers\\nfailed more and more, until, toward the end, he took\\nchildish delight in looking at pictures in books and\\nshowing them to guests. At Longfellow s funeral he\\nsaid to a friend, That gentleman was a sweet, beauti-\\nful soul, but I have entirely forgotten his name. A\\nfew weeks later this pathetic, but not painful, second-\\nchildhood of a high intellect was ended by death, after\\na brief illness free from suffering until near the very\\nlast. He was able to take farewell of his family and\\nfriends; and, his eyes falling upon a portrait of Carlyle,\\nhe murmured, That is that man, my man. Not long\\nafter he fell asleep.\\nEmerson s philosophy is the key to his prose writ-\\nings, large portions of which are merely amplifications\\nor applications of a few fundamental ideas. He was an\\nidealist. Mind, he says, is the only reality. I\\nbelieve in the existence of the material world as the\\nexpression of the spiritual, or the real. Nature\\nexpresses not only the Infinite Mind, but the finite\\nmind as well, since all mind is in essence the same.\\nThe whole of nature is a metaphor of the human\\nmind. The laws of moral nature answer to those of\\nmatter as face to face in a glass. He even speaks of\\n1 Cabot, Vol. II., p. 665. 2 Holmes, p. 346.\\n3 The Transcendentalist. See also Nature, Chap. VI.\\n4 Natural History of Intellect\\n5 Nature, Chap. IV. Cf. Wordsworth\\nand how exquisitely, too\\nTheme this but little heard of among men\\nThe external World is fitted to the Mind.\\nPreface to The Excursion.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 201\\nthe universe as the externization of thesouL But\\nthis is because he does not sharply sever God from\\nMan. The currents of the Universal Being circulate\\nthrough me; I am part or particle of God. The\\nsoul in man is not the intellect or the will, but\\nthe background of our being, in which they lie,\\nan immensity not possessed and that cannot be pos-\\nsessed. This view was the easier because Emerson\\nthought of God as neither personal nor impersonal, but\\nas the transcendent, indefinable Source of all modes of\\nbeing.\\nAll this but repeats the ideas of Carlyle, Coleridge,\\nthe German idealists, Plato, and the mystic thinkers of\\nthe Orient. Emerson was not an original philosopher.\\nIn the strict sense he was not a philosopher at all, for\\nhe relied upon intuition instead of reason, and was\\nmuch more intent upon the moral and spiritual than\\nupon the intellectual. Herein lay his unique value for\\nhis land and age. Taking almost for granted the lofty\\nconceptions of idealism, this high spiritual nature put\\nthem to use in everyday life. He followed his own\\nprecept, Hitch your wagon to a star. In the teeth\\nof conventionalism, materialism, and scepticism he\\npreached with singular incisiveness and charm the new-\\nold doctrine of the Soul and its immediate relation to\\nthe Infinite Being. This first of truths dominates all\\nhis thinking. In the light of it nature takes on a\\nhigher beauty and a deeper significance. History and\\nbiography become fresh and vital with the indwelling\\n1 The Poet, in Essays, Second Series.\\n2 Nature, Chap. I. 3 The Over-Soul, in Essays, First Series.\\n4 See Nature, Chap. VIL Fate, in The Conduct of Life etc.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "202 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nlife of God. Art ceases to be a matter of superficial\\nform, but is seen as the artist s expression of the Eter-\\nnal Beauty. For the individual life the doctrine is rich\\nin guidance and inspiration. Trust thyself; God is\\nin thee also. Pretence is vain; character teaches over\\nour head. Fret not; the things that are really for\\nthee gravitate to thee. Heaven and hell are within\\nthee; he who does a good deed is instantly ennobled,\\nhe who does a mean deed is by the action itself con-\\ntracted. The highest greatness is internal and sim-\\nple; give me health and a day, and I will make the\\npomp of emperors ridiculous. Upon social problems\\nEmerson turned the searchlight of the same spiritual\\nphilosophy. In the Church the great defect, he thought,\\nwas that men have come to speak of the revelation as\\nsomewhat long ago given and done, as if God were\\ndead. He sympathized with the many reform move-\\nments of his day, but criticised them for depending too\\nmuch upon outward means, too little upon love;^ and\\nof Fourier s elaborate socialistic scheme he quietly re-\\nmarked that its originator had skipped no fact but\\none, namely Life. The materialism of the American\\npeople, and their subservience to Europe in things of\\nthe higher life, he smote like an angel of light. Per-\\nhaps the time is already come when the sluggard\\nintellect of this continent will look from under its iron\\nlids, and fill the postponed expectation of the world\\nwith something better than the exertions of mechanical\\nskill. We have listened too long to the courtly\\nmuses of Europe. We will walk on our own feet;\\n1 See Man the Reformer Lecture on the Times and New England\\nReformers, in Essays, Second Series. 2 xhe American Scholar.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 203\\nwe will work with our own hands; we will speak our\\nown minds.\\nBut other and more personal qualities appear in\\nEmerson s pages, and win him readers even among\\nthose who perhaps do not sympathize with philosophic\\nidealism or who find its iteration wearisome. Here\\nand there poetic descriptions of nature gleam out with\\na fresh, serene beauty that never palls. A courageous\\ncandor in self-analysis sometimes smites the reader into\\nwholesome shame. Again and again there is revealed\\nan insight, as subtle as true, into the facts of man s\\nspiritual being. A certain personal fastidiousness gives\\nwarning of a nature of extreme delicacy, and prepares\\nus for those admirable words on behavior and manners\\nwhich, but for the underlying spirituality, might have\\nbeen uttered by Lord Chesterfield.^ Curiously united\\nwith the qualities of seer and mystic, appear the\\nshrewdness, humor, and keen observation of the Yankee.\\nThis ballast of hard common sense the New England sage\\nalways took with him even in his most aerial voyagings,\\nwhile in the admirable historical and political addresses,\\nand in English Tj-aifs, it forms the principal cargo.\\nInspiring and keen as Emerson s mind was, it had\\ncertain limitations and defects which cannot be passed\\nby in any careful estimate of his work. His instinct\\nfor the incisive and the startling often lured him into\\nextravagance of statement. He was not a learned man,\\nand even his reading was desultory; consequently his\\n1 The American Scholar.\\nIn this connection Emerson s lifelong liking for the courtly Beau-\\nmont and Fletcher is significant.\\n3 See particularly the Historical Discotirse at Concord and Historic\\nNotes of Life and Letters in New England.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "204 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nwords on books, history, and systems of thought, al-\\nthough suggestive and stimulating, lack the authority of\\nthe scholar.^ Like Carlyle, he was constitutionally\\nunable to do justice to the scientific habit of mind and\\nits results. His philosophic idealism, together with\\nextreme personal spirituality, led him to overrate Swe-\\ndenborg and to underrate Shakspere and the sensu-\\nous side of art in general. The same elements, modified\\nby his humor and common sense, determined his atti-\\ntude toward Transcendentalism. It is difficult nowa-\\ndays, when we have passed into an atmosphere so\\ndifferent, to do this movement entire justice. Un-\\ndoubtedly Transcendentalism did good in its own day,\\nespecially as an offset to America s prevailing genius of\\nthe materialistic and practical. It broke with tradition,\\nand opened the way for new ideas. It held up before\\nthe eyes of Young America high ideals of character,\\nreligion, philanthropy, social life, and national des-\\ntiny. Indirectly it helped to lend soul to several\\npractical reforms. But on its speculative side Trans-\\ncendentalism was shallow and amateurish, and in prac-\\ntice it tended to Utopianism. A few ideas hastily\\ncaught up at second hand from ancient and modern\\nphilosophy were the entire stock in trade of most of its\\ndisciples. Parties of ladies and gentlemen met in\\nparlors to inflate their souls with the rarefied moonshine\\nof which Mr. Alcott had such plenteous store. It was\\n1 He would have been partly amused, partly vexed, to hear himself\\ndescribed as a profound student of anything to be learned from\\nbooks. He lived among his books and was never comfortable away\\nfrom them, yet they did not much enter into his life. Cabot, Vol. I.,\\npp. 288, 292.\\n2 In Historic Notes of Life and Letters in New England, Emerson\\ntells, with evident relish, that on one such occasion, at a knotty point\\nJ", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 205\\na day for the blowing of soap-bubbles, beautifully iri-\\ndescent, with which as cannon-balls the grim strong-\\nholds of error and wrong were to be battered down,\\npreliminary to creating a new heaven and a new earth.\\nEmerson s relations to Transcendentalism were peculiar.\\nAlthough he was the soul and centre of the whole move-\\nment, he always maintained a somewhat critical attitude\\ntoward it, especially toward the fantastic, if harmless,\\neccentricities of theory and practice which capered\\naround its circumference. His hopes might fly to Uto-\\npia, but his feet remained in Concord where were his\\nhouse and his taxes. He never joined the Brook Farm\\ncommunity, nor showed much faith in its permanent\\nsuccess. Even in the case of the more practicable\\nreforms connected with intemperance, the wrongs of\\nwomen, and slavery, he maintained a philosophic calm\\nand breadth of view, although speaking his mind on fit\\noccasion with manly courage. And yet one feels that\\non the whole Emerson was too indulgent toward Trans-\\ncendentalism and for a time too sanguine over its work\\nin the world. Certainly he greatly overestimated Alcott.\\nAnd he even made a mild attempt to bring in the\\nGolden Age by having his servants eat at the same table\\nwith himself and his family a plan which was promptly\\nfrustrated by the superior good sense of the domestics.^\\nMore serious limitations for the general reader are Emer-\\nson s too easy optimism and his defective sense of evil\\nand sin. Both limitations sprang from the excess of\\nidealism in his thinking and his nature. He had a\\nin the discourse, a sympathizing Englishman with a squeaking voice\\ninterrupted with the question, Mr. Alcott, a lady near me desires to\\ninquire whether omnipotence abnegates attribute\\n1 See Cabot, Vol. II., pp. 60-64.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "2o6 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nseraph s vision for the ever-blessed One. But the\\nmany, the concrete, the actual, often very far from\\nblessed, were not sufficiently real and present to him.\\nThe high serenity of his mood, the almost angelic\\npurity of his nature, have of course their peculiar help-\\nfulness and inspiration for us of grosser clay. But on\\nthe whole Emerson would draw us skyward more pow-\\nerfully if he himself did not ascend quite so easily. If\\nhe had looked more steadily at life in its totality, we\\nshould feel more confidence in his idealistic interpreta-\\ntion of it. If he had been more fully a man of like\\npassions with ourselves, and yet had risen splendidly\\nvictorious over the world, the flesh, and the devil, he\\ncould then have helped us, not as angels help poor\\nmortals, but as brother helpeth brother.\\nEmerson s manner and style have great merit for the\\nwork to which he put them. He did not aim at a logi-\\ncal and continuous development of thought. He desired\\nrather to flash into the mind a few great ideas and then\\nmake brief, suggestive applications of them to character\\nand life. For this purpose, short, pithy sentences were\\nbetter adapted than sentences more complete in thought\\nand of smoother flow; while logical coherence of sen-\\ntence to sentence, and of paragraph to paragraph, was\\nnot essential, and perhaps not desirable, in writings in-\\ntended chiefly to arouse and stimulate. The fact that\\nthese essays on abstract subjects were first designed as\\npopular lectures, in which each paragraph and almost\\nevery sentence must contain something to hold the at-\\ntention, also tended to the development of the parts at\\nthe expense of structure in the whole. It is probable,\\nhowever, that Emerson s type of mind would in any", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "RALPH WALDO EMERSON. 207\\nevent have produced results much the same. His mind\\nwas intuitive, not logical; and the thoughts which came\\nto him were not links in a chain, but separate rays from\\na central sun.^ It is easy, however, to exaggerate the\\ndegree of incoherence in Emerson s writings. His first\\nbook. Nature, is orderly enough in the parts and in the\\nwhole, being the most systematic and clearest exposition\\nof his fundamental thought. The addresses, also, have\\nsuflficient method and a more fluent style. And even\\nthe essays, as some one has said, do not read back-\\nward. But Emerson s gift was in the word, the phrase,\\nand the single sentence, not in the larger wholes. Mat-\\nthew Arnold was certainly right in saying that Emerson\\nwas not a great writer, that his style has not the\\nrequisite wholeness of good tissue. But he could at\\nleast coin phrases that startle and pierce and carry high\\nthoughts deep into heart and brain.\\nIt is both praise and blame of Emerson s poetry to\\nsay that it is much like his prose. The thought, par-\\nticularly in the philosophical poems, is often identical\\nwith that in the essays, and sometimes even the lan-\\nguage is very similar.^ The nature poems show the\\n1 His practice was, when a sentence had taken shape, to write it out\\nin his journal, and leave it to find its fellows afterward. These journals,\\npaged and indexed, were the quarry from which he built his lectures\\nand essays. When he had a paper to get ready, he took the material\\ncollected under the particular heading, and added whatever suggested\\nitself at the moment. Cabot, Vol. I., p. 294.\\n2 Emerson, in Discourses in America.\\n3 Compare Each and All with Nothing is quite beautiful alone\\n{Nature, Chap. IIL) Brahma, with The act of seeing and the thing\\nseen, the seer and the spectacle, the subject and the object, are one\\nThe Over-Soul) Merlin with the essay The Poet Days with They\\ncome and go like muffled and veiled figures; they say nothing; and\\nif we do not use the gifts they bring, they carry them as silently away", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "2o8 THE LITERATURE FROM) 1815 to 1870.\\nsame keen observation of natural objects, and the same\\nfresh delight in them, as appear in many prose pas-\\nsages; and frequently they express or imply the ideal-\\nistic philosophy of the relations of nature to God and\\nman. In poems on the conduct of life, as Good-Bye,\\nForbearance, Days, and Terminus, are seen the same\\nserenity, delicacy, and good sense as in the ethical and\\npractical essays. I he historical and political addresses\\nhave their poetical counterparts in the hymns and odes\\ncomposed for various public occasions. In the poems\\nas a whole there is also the same lack of passion, per-\\nsonality, and structural unity a lack far more serious\\nin poetry than in prose. There is furthermore a marked\\ndeficiency of music and ease. Verse does not seem to\\nhave been a natural mode of expression for Emerson;\\neven in that easiest of metres in which he habitually\\nwrote, rhythm and rhyme were often secured only by\\nawkward inversions and compressions. But occasion-\\nally, as in the Concord Hymn and Days, he wrote\\npoems of admirable wholeness and unity, as fine in\\nexpression as in thought. And many of the poems less\\nsuccessful as wholes are strewn thick with individual\\nlines and stanzas that reveal a remarkable gift in phrase-\\nmaking. For sententiousness in verse Emerson has no\\nequal among English-speaking poets of the nineteenth\\ncentury.^\\nThe fame and influence of the sage of Concord\\nhave suffered some diminution since his prime, but much\\nWorks a?td Days) The Sphinx, The Problem, Wood-Notes, etc., with\\nEmerson s philosophy of God, Nature, and Man.\\n1 See particularly The Problem, The Rhodora, The Humble-Bee, The\\nSnow-Storm, Threnody, Concord Hy^nn, and Voluntaries.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "MINOR TRANSCENDENTALISTS. 209\\nyet remains and will remain. He was not one of the\\nworld s great intellects or great writers, but he was one\\nof its great and high souls; in Matthew Arnold s phrase,\\nthe friend and aider of those who would live in the\\nspirit, and as such he must be reckoned among the\\nmost powerful forces of the century. Because of his\\nspiritual charm he has jusdy been likened to Cardinal\\nNewman. But the immense difference between the two\\nmen at one point is really more significant. Newman s\\nbeautiful soul drew its nourishment from a faith based\\non authority and the Past. Emerson s rested on intui-\\ntion in the Present. A judgment as to the intrinsic\\nsuperiority of either type of faith would be out of place\\nin these pages; but it may with propriety be said that\\nthe second is more in accord with the Time-Spirit, and\\ntherefore more helpful to many souls in this age of\\ntransition and doubt. In fact it is probably Emerson s\\ngreatest service to his country and his time that he\\ndemonstrated in his own person the possibility of com-\\nbining the intellect of the rationalist with the spiritu-\\nality of the saint.-\\nAmos Bronson Alcott (i 799-1888), a native of Con-\\nnecticut but long resident in or near Boston and Con-\\ncord, was for many years prominent in Transcendental\\ncircles. He had the reputation of being a wonderful\\ntalker on philosophical themes, although his friends\\nadmitted that he could not adequately express himself\\nin print.^ Nowadays it is difficult wholly to escape the\\n1 Emerson, in Discourses in America.\\n2 See the last paragraph of Worship (in The Conduct 0/ Li/e),ior\\nEmerson s idea of the religion of the future.\\n8 See Appendix, D, for the titles of his principal books.\\nP", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "2IO THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nsuspicion that Mr. Alcott came perilously near being a\\ncharlatan in philosophy without knowing it. Sarah\\nMargaret Fuller Ossoli (1810-1850) was for a time\\neditor of The Dial, the short-lived organ of Transcen-\\ndentalism; in 1846 she became the literary critic of\\nThe New York Tribune; two years later she went to\\nEurope, where she married the Marquis Ossoli and\\ndevotedly nursed the wounded in the Italian revolution\\nof 1849; together with her husband and child, she met\\ndeath by shipwreck while returning to America. Her\\nbrilliant intellect and ardent temperament did not find\\nfull expression in her writings; but she was a consider-\\nable power in her day, and is still an interesting though\\nsomewhat pathetic figure in the history of American\\nletters. Jones Very (181 3-1880), an unordained Uni-\\ntarian clergyman and one of Emerson s most valued\\nfriends, had in him an eccentric streak amounting al-\\nmost to insanity; but his Poems and Essays (1839)\\nreveal an original and intensely spiritual nature, and\\nan unusual gift of terse, fresh, direct expression within\\na limited field.\\nThe genius of Henry David Thoreau was not pri-\\n1 Woman in the Nineteenth Century, 1844 Papers on Literature\\nand Art. 1846; Memoirs, 1851; etc.\\n2 Life. Born in Concord, Mass., July 12, 1817 of French descent\\non the paternal side attended schools in Boston and Concord in\\nHarvard College, 1833-1837; taught school during his vacations, and\\nin Concord Academy in 1838 at intervals assisted in his father s busi-\\nness of pencil-making; for many years a land surveyor; alter his\\nfather s death, in 1857, carried on the pencil business for the benefit of\\nhis mother and sister; because of consumption went to Minnesota in\\n1861 died in Concord, May 6, 1862.\\nWorks. A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers, 1849.\\nWalden, 1854. Excursions, 1863. The Maine Woods, 1864. Cape\\nCod, 1865. Letters, 1865. A Yankee in Canada, 1866. Early Spring", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "HENRY DAVID THOREAU. 211\\nmarily literary, yet he lias a secure niche in American\\nliterature. Even in boyhood he showed a marked love\\nof nature. At Harvard he was far from distinguished\\nas a scholar, and was tl\\\\ought to be of an unsocial\\ndisposition. The year after his return to Concord, he\\nrefused, at the risk of imprisonment, to pay the church\\ntax which was still levied by the parish. In this protest\\nagainst the union of Church and State, made soon after\\nhe came under the personal influence of I^merson, may\\nperhaps be seen an instance of the zeal of the disciple\\noutrunning the discretion of the master. Thoreau was\\neven accused of imitating Emerson s tone and manner.\\nThere is no doubt that he was profoundly influenced by\\nthe greater nature, but his personality and writings as\\na whole are certainly a very original kind of imitation.\\nHenceforth Thoreau s manner of life was extremely\\nindependent. He never married,- and his own few\\nand simple wants were easily supplied. His time was,\\ntherefore, largely free for that outdoor study of nature\\nin which he most delighted, and for considerable liter-\\nary labor. His residence in a hut on the shore of\\nWalden Pond, in 1 845-1 847, has often been misinter-\\npreted and made too much of. It was only an episode\\nin his life, and he never meant to preach by it that all\\nmen should live in huts or that civilization was a mis-\\nin Massachusetts, 1881. Summer, 1884. Winter, 1887. Autumn,\\n1892. Many magazine articles (in The Dial, Putnatn s Magazine, The\\nAtlantic Monthly, etc.), containing a good deal of the subject-matter in\\nthe above volumes, appeared during Thoreau s lifetime.\\n1 R. W. Emerson, by D. G. Haskins, as quoted in H. S. Salt s life of\\nThoreau, pp. 25, 26 (Great Writers Series).\\nThere is a story that Thoreau loved a Miss Sewall, but resigned his\\nhopes in his brother s favor, the lady finally marrying another after all.\\nThoreau s poem Sympathy is thought to refer to Miss Sewall.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "212 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ntake. Rather it was a demonstration, first to himself\\nand then to others, that man s happiness and higher\\nlife are not dependent upon luxuries nor even upon\\nexternal refinements. Thoreau did believe that men\\nwould be the better for living more simply and closer\\nto nature; but he was no cynic nor hermit. His seri-\\nous literary life began with his diary in 1837. His first\\npoems were composed soon after. In 1838, and nearly\\nevery year afterward, he lectured in the Concord lyceum.\\nTo The Dial he contributed poems and essays, and from\\nabout the year 1849 he looked upon writing and lec-\\nturing as his regular occupation. He was ardent in\\nthe anti-slavery cause, suffering imprisonment in the\\nConcord jail for one night, in 1845, rather than pay\\ntaxes under a government that was waging the pro-\\nslavery Mexican War; and his lecture on John Brown,\\ndelivered in Concord on October 30, 1859, and repeated\\nin Boston five days later, before a large audience, is said\\nto have been the first public utterance on behalf of that\\nnoble fanatic. Thoreau s work was now almost done. A\\nsevere cold developed an inherited tendency to consump-\\ntion, which could not be stayed by residence in Minne-\\nsota; he returned to Concord only to die, his last words,\\ncharacteristically enough, being moose and Indian.\\nThoreau s whole figure, said one who knew him\\nwell, had an active earnestness, as if he had no\\nmoment to waste. He seldom used flesh, wine, tea,\\nor coffee. He desired, he said, to live as tenderly\\nand daintily as one would pluck a flower. His senses\\nwere extraordinarily keen, and his entire nature was of\\nThoreau, the Poet-Naturalist, by Ellery Channing, as quoted by\\nSalt, pp. 86, 87. 2 Salt, p. 89.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 213\\nextreme delicacy and purity, even to vestal coldness.\\nI love Henry, said a friend, but I cannot like him;\\nand as for taking his arm, I should as soon think of\\ntaking the arm of an elm tree. Yet he was capable of\\ntrue and high friendship, and even the reserved and\\nsensitive Hawthorne gladly spent many hours in his\\ncompany. His writings cleave so closely to the man\\nthat they can hardly be studied wholly apart, nor is it\\nnecessary so to consider them at length here. What\\nis most remarkable in them is their wild tang, the\\nsubtlety and the penetrative quality of their imaginative\\nsympathy with the things of field, forest, and stream.\\nThe minuteness, accuracy, and delicacy of the observa-\\ntion and feeling are remarkable; while mysticism, fancy,\\npoetic beauty, and a vein of shrewd humx)r often com-\\nbine with the other qualities to make a whole whose\\neffect is unique. Thoreau s verse is much like Emer-\\nson s on a smaller scale and a lower plane, having the\\nsame technical faults and occasionally the same pierc-\\ning felicity of phrase. On the whole, Thoreau must be\\nclassed with the minor American authors; but there is\\nno one just like him, and the flavor of his best work is\\nexceedingly fine.^\\nLike so many other American authors, Nathaniel\\nHawthorne was descended from the earliest settlers of\\n1 Salt, p. 90. Cf. Thoreau s ideal of love and friendship, in Early\\nSpring iti Massachusetts.\\n2 Excursions contains some of his finest works. .See, particularly,\\nWild Apples, Autumnal Tints, Walking, Night and Moonlight, and A\\nWalk to Wachusett.\\n3 Lii-Ei. Born in Salem, Mass., July 4, 1804. Father died, 1808.\\nEducated at an imcle s expense in private schools; by a tutor; and at\\nBowdoin College, 1821-1825. In Salem, writing stories for magazines,\\n1825-1839, with excursions to the lakes, New York, Maine, etc. Editor", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "214 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nNew England. Major William Hawthorne came to\\nBoston in 1630, and was long prominent in the colony\\nas Indian fighter, persecutor of the Quakers, and speaker\\nof the legislature. The novelist s grandfather and father\\nwere sea-captains, the former, Bold Daniel Haw-\\nthorne, commanding a privat er during the Revolution-\\nary War. On his mother s side Hawthorne was descended\\nfrom the Mannings, who came to New England in 1676;\\nthey were a vigorous and long-lived race. With such\\nancestry it would be strange if the romancer had been\\nthe delicate, morbid being whom many readers sup-\\nposed him to be; but he was far from that. His boy-\\nof American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knoxvledge, 1836-\\n1838. Engaged to Sophia A. Peabody, 1838. Weigher and ganger in\\nBoston Custom House, 1839-1841. At Brook Farm, 1841. Married,\\n1842; three children were born to him. In the Old Manse, Concord,\\nMass., 1842-1846. Surveyor of Customs, Salem, 1846-1849. In Lenox,\\nMass., 1850-1851; in West Newton, Mass., 1851-1852; in Concord,\\nhaving bought the Wayside House, 1852-1853. Consul at Liver-\\npool, 1853-1857. In Italy, 1858-1859. In England, 1859-1860. At the\\nWayside, 1860-1864. Died at Plymouth, N. H., May 18, 1864; buried\\nat Concord. A Unitarian,\\nWorks. Fanshawe, 1828. Stories and articles (many afterward\\nreprinted in Twice-Told Tales, etc.) in the magazines, 1831-1862.\\nTwice-Told Tales, First Series, 1837 Second Series, 1842. Grand-\\nfather s Chair, 1841. Famous Old People (second part of Grandfather s\\nChair), 1841. Liberty Tree (third part of Grandfather s Chair), 1842.\\nBiographical Stories for Children, 1842. Mosses from an Old Manse,\\n1846. The Scarlet Letter, 1850. The House of the Seven Gables,\\n1851. True Stories from History and Biography (Grandfather s Chair\\nand Biographical Stories), 1851. A Wonder-Book, 1851. The Snow\\nImage and Other Tales, 1851. The Blithedale Rpmance, 1852. Life of\\nFranklin Pierce, 1852. Tanglewood Tales, being a second Wonder-\\nBook, 1853. The Marble Faun The Transformation), i860. Our\\nOld Home, 1863. The Dolliver Romance first part, in The Atlantic\\nMonthly, \\\\%6\\\\; three parts, 1876. Amei-ican Note-Books, 1868. English\\nNote-Books, 1870. French and Italian Note-Books, 1872. Septimius\\nFelton, 1872. Dr. Grimshawe s Secret, 1883. Hawthorne s First Diary\\n[his son doubts its genuineness], 1897.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 215\\nhood was normal enough, except that his mother thought\\nfit, as a young widow, to live a secluded life for many\\nyears. At college, so far from being a recluse, he was\\ndecidedly convivial, although his native fineness and\\nbalance kept him from ovei stepping the boundary be-\\ntween freedom and license. Physically he was an ath-\\nletic Apollo.-^ During the first period of his authorship,\\nin Salem, he indeed lived the life of a hermit. For\\nmonths together, he says, I scarcely held human\\nintercourse outside of my own family, seldom going\\n^ut except at twilight, or only to take the nearest way\\nto the most convenient solitude. But he adds,\\nOnce a year, or thereabouts, I used to make an excur-\\nsion of a few weeks, in which I enjoyed as much of life\\n1 Within certain limits lie was facile, easy-going, convivial but\\nbeyond these limits he was no more to be moved than the Rock of\\nGibraltar or the North Pole. He played cards, had wines in his\\nroom, and went off fishing and shooting with Bridge when the faculty\\nthought he was at his books but he never defrauded the college\\ngovernment of any duty which he thought they had a right to claim\\nfrom him. He was five feet ten and a half inches in height, broad-\\nshouldered, but of a light, athletic build, not weighing more tiian one\\nhundred and fifty pounds. His limbs were beautifully formed, and the\\nmoulding of his neck and throat was as fine as anything in antique\\nsculpture. His hair, which had a long, curving wave in it, approached\\nblackness in color; his head was large and grandly developed; his\\neyebrows were dark and heavy, with a superb arch and space beneath.\\nHis nose was straight, but the contour of his chin was Roman.\\nHis eyes were large, dark blue, brilliant, and full of varied expression.\\nBayard Taylor used to say that they were the only eyes he had ever\\nknown flasli fire. His complexion was delicate and transparent,\\nrather dark than light, with a ruddy tinge in the cheeks. His\\nhands were large and muscular. Up to the time he was forty years\\nold, he could clear a height of five feet at a standing jump. His voice,\\nwhich was low and deep in ordinary conversation, had astounding\\nvolume when he chose to give full vent to it it was not a bellow,\\nbut had the searching and electrifying quality of the blast of a trumpet.\\nHawthorne and his Wife, by Julian Hawthorne, Vol. I., p;). 120, 121.\\n2 Hawthorne and His Wife, Vol. I., pp. 96, 97.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "2i6 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nas other people do in the whole year s round. And\\nthis solitude, peopled by the creations of his own im-\\nagination, was probably best for him at that stage of his\\ndevelopment. He at least believed so.^\\nBut he was at last drawn out of it. His first stories\\nappeared in the magazines anonymously;^ but after the\\npublication of Twice-Told Tales, I was compelled, he\\nsays, to come out of my owl s nest and lionize in a\\nsmall way. Soon afterward he met the noble woman\\nwho became his wife, and henceforth solitude of the\\nharmful sort was impossible for him; his married life\\nwas ideal. There was in Hawthorne, however, an\\nundoubted tendency to excessive seclusion from the\\neveryday world. He himself recognized the tendency\\nand sought to counteract it by engaging in practical\\nwork from time to time. I want to have something\\nto do with this material world, he said, shortly before\\nentering the Boston Custom House. In all his official\\npositions he was an excellent administrator, and when\\noccasion demanded he displayed a vigor which showed\\nthat he could have walked the quarter-deck as masterfully\\n1 Living in solitude till the fulness of time was come, I still kept the\\ndew of my youth and the freshness of my heart. My long seclusion\\nhad not made me melancholy or misanthropic; and perhaps it was\\nthe kind of discipline which my idiosyncrasy demanded, and chance\\nand my own instincts, operating together, had caused me to do what\\nwas fittest. Hawthorne and his Wife, Vol. L, pp. 92, 98.\\n2 The Token, The New England Magazine, The Knickerbocker, and\\nother periodicals were glad to get his tales. For the early stories he\\nreceived ^35 apiece.\\n3 Thou art the only person in the world that ever was necessary to\\nme. I think I was always more at ease alone than in anybody s\\ncompany till I knew thee. And now I am only myself when thou art\\nwithin my reach. Letter to his wife, July 5, 1848.\\n4 See also the introduction to The Scarlet Letter.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 217\\nas any of his seafaring ancestors.^ Perhaps the same\\ninstinct urged him to enter the Brook Farm community\\nand engage for a few months in manual labor in the\\nopen air. But his healthy scepticism as to the more\\nsoaring aspects of the scheme appears from the first\\nin his references to Margaret Fuller s Transcendental\\nheifer that hooks the other cows and before long\\nhe realized that he was altogether out of his element.\\nDuring his residence in Concord, Hawthorne came to\\nenjoy the companionship of Thoreau, Emerson, Mar-\\ngaret Fuller, Ellery Channing, and other literati, al-\\nthough he never had any special liking for literary\\npersons. He liked to associate with men of all sorts;\\nhe studied them keenly, almost coldly, and his nature\\nwas so large and his imagination so mobile that he\\ncould adapt himself to widely different persons, reveal-\\ning to each so much of himself as each could aDpreciate\\nand no more.^ Hawthorne s residence in England\\nPlacid, peaceful, calm, and retiring as he was in all the ordinary\\nevents of life, he was tempestuous and irresistible when roused. An\\nattempt on the part of a rough and overbearing sea-captain to interfere\\nwith his business as an inspector of customs [at Salem] was met\\nwith such a terrific uprising of spiritual and physical wrath that the\\ndismayed captain fled up the wharf and took refuge in the office, inquir-\\ning, What in God s name have you sent on board my ship as an\\ninspector? I have known no man more impressive, none in whom the\\ngreat reposing strength seemed clad in such a robe of sweetness.\\nLetter by G. B. Loring, in Conway s life of Hawthorne, p. 106.\\n2 Is it a praiseworthy matter that I have spent five golden months\\nin providing food for cows and horses It is not so. American\\nNote-Books, August 12, 1841.\\n3 Thus, if he chatted with a group of rude sea-captains in the\\nsmoking-room of Mrs. Blodgett s boarding-house, or joined a knot of\\nboon companions in a Boston bar-room, or talked metaphysics with\\nHerman Melville on the hills of Berkshire, he would aim to appear in\\neach instance a man like they were. Hawthorne and his Wife, Vol.\\nI., pp. 88, 89.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "2i8 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ndid not do much for him as a man or an artist. Unfor-\\ntunately he shared the lingering anti-English prejudice\\nof many of his countrymen, and he met very few of the\\ngreatest men of letters. Thackeray, Dickens, George\\nEliot, Tennyson, Carlyle, Mill, and most of the other\\npersons who, as Mr. Conway has said, might have\\nmade his sojourn a cosmopolitan education, remained\\nstrangers to him. In Italy he fared better, drinking in\\neagerly the beauty of her nature and her art, and asso-\\nciating freely with eminent artists. But his race was\\nnow almost run. Soon after his return to America his\\nsuperb health began to fail; there was no specific dis-\\nease, but a general decline. His last literary tasks fell\\nfrom his hands unfinished. He sought new strength\\nin a journey through northern New England, in com-\\npany with his college friend, ex-President Pierce; but\\nit was soon ended by his entrance upon a longer jour-\\nney, whence there is no returning. At the inn, where\\nthey had stopped for the night, Hawthorne quietly\\npassed away in sleep.\\nHe is so simple, so transparent, so just, so tender,\\nso magnanimous, wrote his wife, that my highest\\ninstinct could only correspond with his will. I never\\nknew such delicacy of nature. Was ever such a\\nunion of power and gentleness, softness and spirit, pas-\\nsion and reason? My dearest Love waits upon\\nGod like a child. His relations with his children\\nwere as charming as one would expect them to be,\\nwhich is saying much. He was their companion play-\\nful, imaginative, just, indulgent without weakness. Haw-\\nthorne was always shy in general society, although less so\\n1 Hawthorne and his Wife, Vol. I., p. 273.\\nI", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 219\\nin his last years. But with a single companion his\\ntalk flowed on sensibly, and quietly, and full of wisdom\\nand shrewdness; he discussed books with wonderful\\nacuteness, sometimes with startling power; he analyzed\\nmen, their characters, and motives, and capacity, with\\ngreat penetration. His best season for composition\\nwas the winter, and his best part of the day the morn-\\ning; when once fairly started he worked very regularly.\\nWhile lost in thought he sometimes did things dreadful\\nto the mind of the well-regulated housekeeper, wiping\\nhis pen upon the lining of his lovely dressing-gown,\\ncutting up the sleeve of a new shirt with the scissors,\\nand whittling completely away one of the leaves of his\\nwriting-table. But these are the privileges of genius.\\nHawthorne s Life of Franklin Fie?re, the price paid\\nfor a consulship and residence abroad, shows at least the\\npractical side of this dreamy romancer and his loyalty to\\nan old college friend. Children, young and old, cannot\\nregret that in Grandfalhej^s .Chair, Biographical Stories,\\nA Wonder Book, Tangleivood Tales, etc., he turned aside\\nfrom pure fiction to lend his charm of style and fancy to\\nthe illumination of history and myth. Our Old Home\\nis biased and inadequate as a description of the English\\npeople; but it does tell some truths that perhaps needed\\nto be told, and we know Hawthorne the better for it,\\nespecially his limitations and a certain trenchant inde-\\npendence. The Note-Books, besides having many pas-\\nsages of intrinsic interest, are windows through which\\none may look into the life of the man and the artist,\\nTwice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse,\\nalthough they did not bring him wide fame, contain some\\n1 G. B. Loring, quoted in Conway s life of Hautliornc, p, 107.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "220 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nof Hawthorne s most characteristic work. In beauty of\\nstyle, in delicate fancy playing on the borderland of the\\nnatural and the supernatural, in sombre imagination,\\nand in wedding of the moral to the spectral, he never\\ndid anything essentially better, page for page, than\\nThe Snow-Image, Lady Eleanore s Mantle, Young\\nGoodman Brown, and many other of these pieces,\\namong which every reader has his own favorites. Some\\nof them are comparatively crude, manifestly the work\\nof an apprentice hand; and still others, as The Min-\\nister s Black Veil and Dr. Heidegger s Experiment,\\nhave, as preliminary studies for the romances, an inter-\\nest which they would not otherwise possess. Certain\\nphases of Hawthorne s mind, however, are better illus-\\ntrated here than in the longer works. His kindly,\\nbroad-souled, fine-tempered interest in humanity appear\\nmore explicitly, at least, in such sketches as A Rill\\nfrom the Town Pump, Sunday at Home, and The\\nProcession of Life. His satiric powers, also, are given\\nfreer rein. In Mrs. Bullfrog the satire is broad and\\ncomparatively commonplace; in The Celestial Rail-\\nroad it enters the world of current religion; in\\nFeathertop it is imaginatively combined with the\\nuncanny and the grotesquely pathetic. In Buds and\\nBird-Voices and in The Old Manse one sees at\\ntheir best the poet novelist s minute knowledge and deli-\\ncately luxurious love of nature, with exquisite interplay\\nof fancy, tenderness, and humor.\\nHawthorne s youthful romance, Fanshaive, was a fail-\\nure. In wholeness and depth of impression The Scarlet\\nLetter, the first of the successful romances, is also the\\nbest; as a picture of the inner life of the New England", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 221,\\nPuritans, together with a study of the effects of sin upon\\nthe soul, it stands quite alone in American literature\\nfor truth, depth, and subtlety. TJie House of the Seven\\nGables is slighter and more playful, the most domestic\\nof Hawthorne s novels, and for that reason has a pecul-\\niarly gentle charm. The Blithedale Romance was not\\nintended to be a truthful picture of the Brook Farm\\ncommunity, although it was manifestly suggested by\\nthat Transcendental Utopia; and its purely imaginative\\nvalue is slight. The Marble Faun, Hawthorne s second\\ngreat creation, showed, however, that his spiritual eye\\nwas not yet dimmed nor his imaginative force abated;\\nin unity, intensity, and tragic power it is inferior to The\\nScarlet Letter, but it is superior in sweep of thought and\\nin ideal beauty. Of the posthumous romances, Sep-\\ntimius Felton and The Dolliver Romance seem to indi-\\ncate some falling off in imaginative power, even after\\nallowance is made for their unfinished state. Doctor\\nGrimshaice s Secret, in the form in which we have it, is\\nunsuccessful in its attempt to combine scenes in the\\nNew World with scenes in the Old, and the latter are\\nmarred by much irrelevant discussion of the character-\\nistics of England; yet the portrayal of the grim old\\ndoctor and the description of the secret chamber are\\nunsurpassed by anything in Hawthorne s pages, and\\nbring a keen realization of the loss which American lit-\\nerature sustained in the premature death of its chief\\nmagician.\\nIn the introduction to The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne\\nhas, with charming self-mockery, imagined his grim\\nancestor s scorn for him as a writer of story-books\\nhe was, nevertheless, as deeply moral and spiritual as", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "222 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nthe noblest of the Puritans, as profoundly interested in\\nthe problems of sin, the soul, and the supernatural. But\\nhe was an artist, approaching moral and spiritual realities\\nfrom the side of the imagination. He did not think in\\nsermons but in pictures. He taught no catechism,\\nformulated no creed or philosophy instead, he looked\\ninto Roger Chillingworth s soul and saw slow revenge\\ndoing its hideous work there, like a cancer; he beheld\\nDonatello startled by impulsive crime into a higher life;\\nhe created Hilda, that spiritual lily, whose very exist-\\nence is an argument for God and immortality, and to\\nwhom the stain even of another s sin is agony.\\nAs an artist Hawthorne belongs with the idealists;\\nand the phase of the ideal which most fascinated him\\nwas the supernatural.-^ For an American novelist of\\nthis type the range of themes was very limited. It was\\nalmost inevitable that Hawthorne should turn to the\\nearly history of the colonies, around which time had\\nalready thrown some halo of romance; to the gloomy\\nsuperstition of witchcraft, whose most terrible memories\\nwere connected with his native village; and to the allied\\narts of alchemy and magic pharmacy, the pursuit of\\nwhich could easily be transferred to the shores of the\\nNew World. Even in handling more modern and\\nrealistic material, in The House of the Seven Gables, he\\npaints in a background of witchcraft, ancestral wrong,\\nand hereditary curse. The Blithedale Romance is a\\ncomparative failure for the lack of such a background.\\n1 The influence of heredity may be traced pretty plainly here. Haw-\\nthorne s sea-faring ancestors doubtless shared the superstitious tenden-\\ncies of their class and the ghosts of the witches who were so vigorously\\npersecuted by the second of his line in America evidently returned to\\nhaunt the descendant of their tormentor.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 223\\nIn The Marble Faun the romancer escapes from the\\nreahn of the Christian supernatural only to take refuge\\nin the pagan and in the world of Italian art. The\\nposthumous works return, for the most part, to the\\nregions of magic and mystery. Hawthorne had also,\\nhowever, a keen eye for the facts of the external world.\\nThe American Note-Books reveal an almost microscopic\\nobservation of nature; the description of the finding of\\nZenobia s body, in The Blithedale Romance, is painfully\\nrealistic; many of the descriptions in The Marble Faun\\nare transferred, with only- trifling changes, from the\\nItalian Note-Books and the introduction to The Scarlet\\nLetter shows how shrewdly this spinner of gossamer fan-\\ncies read the character of his prosaic associates in the\\nSalem custom-house.^\\nThis vivid sense of two worlds, working with his\\npoetic instinct to express the spiritual by the material,\\nthe inner by the outer, resulted in one conspicuous\\nfeature of Hawthorne s method, that symbolism in which\\nhis tales and novels abound and by which he produces\\nsome of his most magical effects. The scarlet letter,\\nthe old house of the seven gables, the flower in Zenobia s\\nhair, Hilda s doves. Doctor Grimshawe s monstrous\\nspider, with many other symbolic objects and incidents,\\nwill occur to every one; and the reader attentive to this\\npoint knows into what minutiae the symbolism is some-\\ntimes carried. In places, indeed, and in the total\\neffect, it only just avoids the forced and the unnatural;\\n1 It is based upon fact; see Nathaniel Hawthortie and His Wife,\\nVol. I., p. 296.\\nSee also tlie many lifelike and even homely details in The House of\\nthe Seven Gables, particularly the portrait of Uncle Venner and tlie talk\\nof the working-men about the vicissitudes of cent-shops.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "224 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nbut it does avoid them, owing to a delicate and sugges-\\ntive manner and to the fanciful, ideal tone of the\\nromances as wholes, which allows of the introduction of\\nmore symbolism than would be permissible in realistic\\nnovels.^ Another phase of Hawthorne s method may,\\nperhaps, be traced in part to the same source. Again\\nand again he opposes to each other two characters which\\nin one way or another represent the two sides of reality.\\nHester and Dimmesdale are both sinful; but the former s\\nnature is the more earthly, although the stronger and\\nricher; the latter s is the more spiritual. Judge\\nPyncheon, gross and practical, is set over against the\\naesthetically exquisite Clifford. The florid luxuriance\\nof Zenobia s being is contrasted with the pallid ethereal-\\nness of Priscilla s. Miriam and Hilda present a similar\\ncontrast, although the latter, combining delicacy with\\ngreat spiritual power, is a much higher conception than\\nthe negative Priscilla. Colcord is of the same type as\\nClifford, only moral instead of aesthetic, his frail and\\ngentle figure standing out in lines of air and light against\\nthe black, burly form of Doctor Grimshawe, in whom\\ngood and evil struggle together, each a shaggy Titan.\\nThis constant opposition of characters must, however,\\nhave been due, in part, to a merely artistic sense of the\\nvalue of contrast and variety. Hence came also, no\\ndoubt, Hawthorne s practice of relieving the gloom by\\ncharacters such as Phoebe, who is like a ray of sunshine\\nlet into the dark old house of the seven gables, or by\\n1 In giving the lightning the shape of the scarlet letter, Hawthorne\\nhas perhaps exceeded the limits even for a fanciful romance. One\\nwishes, at least, that he had allowed no one but the conscience-stricken\\nDimmesdale to detect the resemblance.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE. 225\\nyoung children, as in The Scarlet Lettej The Dolliver\\nRomance y and Doctor Grimshawe^ s Sec7 et, where their\\nfrolic life and flower-like beauty soften yet heighten the\\neffects of age and guilt.\\nHawthorne s art, in other ways also, is of very high\\nquality. Of his style an English critic not given to over-\\npraise says, It is impossible to exaggerate its excel-\\nlence. Its purity, delicate precision, and poetic beauty\\nof sound and movement are not only a rare pleasure in\\nthemselves, but peculiarly effective, and indeed neces-\\nsary, in romances so imaginative and ideal. Hawthorne s\\nplots, except in The Scarlet Letter, are deficient in\\ncoherence and climax; yet all contain thrilling situa-\\ntions, and serve well their main purpose of furnishing a\\nnarrative framework for the study of the characters and\\nthe thoughtful moral. His handling of the magical\\nand the supernatural is wonderfully artful. Writing for\\na practical and even sceptical generation, in a country\\nwhere, as he himself said, there was nothing but a\\ncommonplace prosperity, in broad and simple day-\\nlight, he yet gains our imaginative credence for witch-\\ncraft, the elixir of life, and divers other superannuated\\nmarvels. The inner secrets of this verbal wizardry lie\\nbelow the plummet of analysis, deep in the very centre\\nof the magician s gift of imagination and expression;\\nbut some of the means lie nearer the surface. In one\\nway or another a more or less remote, mystical, or\\npoetical background is usually secured, either in early\\n1 John Nichol, in his American Literature.\\n2 Hawthorne s description of The Marble Faun (in the Preface) as\\na fanciful story, evolving a thoughtful moral, applies nearly as well to\\nany of his romances. 8 Preface to The Marble Faun.\\nQ", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "226 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ncolonial times, or, in one instance, in romantic Italy,\\nwhich the author himself says was chiefly valuable to\\nhim as affording a sort of poetic or fairy precinct, where\\nactualities would not be so terribly insisted upon.\\nAgain, with or without such a background, we are led\\nup to the marvel by a series of gentle steps first a mere\\nrumor, |ancy, or half -mocking jest; then, it may be,\\nsome slight confirmatory piece of evidence, laughingly\\nwithdrawn before it can be closely examined; next, a\\nsly advance under cover of the very scepticism by which\\nour reason has just been reassured; until finally we find\\nourselves, we hardly know how, face to face with the\\nmonster, who now seems not so very strange after all.^\\nIn its broad relations, Hawthorne s work is a part of the\\nRomantic movement in modern literature, having close\\naffinities with and some indebtedness to the European\\nfiction of mystery and terror, to the poetry of Blake,\\nColeridge, and Shelley, and to the writings of his coun-\\ntrymen. Brown and Poe. But he is also original and\\nunique. He alone made the utmost of the scant mate-\\nrials furnished by New England life for the romance of\\nmagic and the supernatural; and he has no equal in\\ncombining these forms of the imaginative with the moral\\nand spiritual. Poe s tales have at their best a brilliant\\nintensity which one nowhere finds in Hawthorne. But\\nthe latter is greatly superior in evenness of workmanship,\\nin constructive power on a large scale, in range of sub-\\n1 Preface to The Marble Faun.\\nSee The Snow Image for one of the most skilful of these graduated\\ntransitions children playing in the snow at one end of the process a\\nsnow-maiden running around in the dusky garden, at the other end\\nand no perceptible shock or jar where the natural glides into the preter-\\nnatural.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. 227\\njects, in knowledge of human nature and ability to de-\\nlineate character, in moral and spiritual elevation, and\\nin sanity of soul. For, in spite of his tendency to\\nuncanny subjects, Hawthorne was healthy in mind as in\\nbody. It is a superficial and commonplace view which\\nsees a morbid nature in the creator of Phoebe and\\nKenyon and Hilda and the children who dance through\\nHawthorne s pages like incarnations of health and sun-\\nshine. If at other times he walks in dark and strange\\nplaces, it is not with the hectic feverishness of Hoff-\\nmann nor the morbid gloom of Poe, but with the noble\\ncuriosity of an imaginative and spiritual nature, as sane\\nas it is exquisitely sensitive, peering into deep, dim\\nmysteries, speculating boldly upon high problems, yet\\nmaintaining always a hold upon the normal and a whole-\\nsome moral balance. Hawthorne knew well enough his\\nown limitations the limitations of idealism.^ But\\nwithin his range he was one of the finest natures that\\nhave manifested themselves in letters, the greatest artist\\nin American literature, and among the few great literary\\nartists of his century.\\nJohn Greenleaf Whittier s^ earliest ancestor in\\n1 The page of life that was spread out before me [in the Salem\\ncustom-house] seemed dull and commonplace only because I had not\\nfathomed its deeper import. A better book than I shall ever write was\\nthere. Introduction to The Scarlet Letter.\\n2 Life. Born in Haverhill, Mass., Dec. 17, 1807. Attended district\\nschool; in Haverhill Academy, 1827-1828; taught school in winter of\\n1827-1828. Edited The American Manufacturer, Boston, 1828-1829;\\nThe Gazette, Haverhill, 1830; The New England Revieto, Hartford,\\n1 830-1 83 1 appointed delegate to the Whig national convention, 1831.\\nLived on his Haverhill farm, 1832-1836; delegate to Anti-Slavery na-\\ntional convention, 1833; mobbed in Concord, N. H., by anti-abolition-\\nists, 1835; representative from Haverhill in Massachusetts legislature,\\n1835. Removed to Amesbury, Mass., 1836. Edited The Gazette, Haver-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "228 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nAmerica was Thomas Whittier, an Englishman, supposed\\nto be of Huguenot descent, who settled in what is now\\nAmesbury, Mass., in 1638, removing nine years later to\\nHaverhill. His youngest son married a Quakeress;\\nand their descendants, of whom the poet was one, were\\nhill, 1836. A secretary, in New York, of the Anti-Slavery Society, 1837.\\nEdited The National Enquirer (in 1838 it became The Pennsylvania Free-\\nma?i), 1837-1840. Lived chiefly at Amesbury, 1840-1892. Edited The\\nMiddlesex Standard, Lowell, 1844; virtually edited The Essex Tran-\\nscript, Amesbury, 1844-1846 corresponding editor of The National\\nEra, Washington, 1847-1860; assisted in starting The Atlantic Monthly,\\n1857. Elected an overseer of Harvard College, 1858 received from\\nHarvard the degree of LL.D., 1866; elected a trustee of Brown Uni-\\nversity, 1869. Died at Hampton Falls, N. H., Sept. 7, 1892; buried at\\nAmesbury. A Quaker.\\nWorks. Legends of New England, 1831. Moll Pitcher, 1832.\\nJustice and Expediency or. Slavery considered with a View to its\\nRightful and Effectual Remedy, Abolition, 1833. Mogg Megone, 1836.\\nPoems written during the Progress of the Abolition Question, 1837.\\nPoems, 1838. Moll Pitcher, and the Minstrel Girl (revised edition),\\n1840. Lays of my Home and other Poems, 1843. Miscellaneous\\nPoems, 1844. The Stranger in Lowell, 1845. Voices of Freedom\\n(fourth edition), 1846. The Supernaturalism of New England, 1847.\\nPoems, 1849. Leaves from Margaret Smith s Journal in the Province\\nof Massachusetts Bay (1678-1679), 1849. PoUtical Works (London),\\n1850. Songs of Labor, and Other Poems, 1850, Old Portraits and\\nModern Sketches, 1850. Little Eva, 1852. The Chapel of the Her-\\nmits, and Other Poems, 1853. A Sabbath Scene, 1853. Literary Rec-\\nreations and Miscellanies, 1854. The Panorama, and Other Poems,\\n1856. Political Works, 1857. The Sycamores, 1857. Home Ballads\\nand Poems, i860. In War Time, and Other Poems, 1863. National\\nLyrics, 1865. Snow-Bound, 1866. Prose Works, 1866. Maud Muller,\\n1867 appeared first in The National Era, 1854. The Tent on the\\nBeach, and Other Poems, 1867. Among the Hills, and Other Poems,\\n1867. Ballads of New England, 1870. Miriam and Other Poems, 1871.\\nThe Pennsylvania Pilgrim, and Other Poems, 1872. Mabel Martin, and\\nOther Poems, 1874. Hazel Blossoms, 1875. The Vision of Echard, and\\nOther Poems, 1878. The King s Missive, and Other Poems, 1881. The\\nBay of Seven Islands, and Other Poems, 1883, Poems of Nature. 1886.\\nSaint Gregory s Guess, and Recent Poems, 1886. At Sundown (pri-\\nvately printed), 1890; with a few additional poems, 1892. Very many\\nof Whittier s poems appeared first in newspapers and magazines.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. 229\\nnearly all Friends. Whittier s mother was descended\\nfrom Rev. Stephen Bachiler, a clergyman of the Eng-\\nlish Church, who became a non-confOrmist and finally\\nremoved to Massachusetts in 1632; he was a remarkable\\nman; it was the Bachiler eye, dark, deep-set, lustrous,\\nwhich marked the cousinship that existed between\\nDaniel Webster and John Greenleaf Whittier. The\\nlatter was born in the house built by Thomas Whittier in\\n1688 and occupied ever since by his descendants. The\\nold homestead, where the poet spent his early years, was\\na typical New England farm, having low green mead-\\nows, picturesque with wooded islands upland pastures,\\nwith the huckleberry bushes and old gray rocks so dear\\nto the memory of every New Englander; and a small\\nbrook, noisy enough as it foamed, rippled, and laughed\\ndown its rocky falls. He thus came naturally by his\\ndistinction as _the._pD.et. of. rural New England. New\\nEngland wlas born in his blood, breathed in with every\\nbreath of his childhood and youth. His health being\\ndelicate, only the lighter kinds of farm work were re-\\nquired of him, and he had the more time for indulging\\nhis strong taste for books. The thirty odd volumes in\\nhis home were read and re-read. When he was but a\\nlad of fourteen, the loan of Burns s poems set the Ameri-\\ncan Burns to writing verses too. About the same time\\n1 Pickard s life of Whittier, Vol. I., p. 12.\\n2 Whittier, in The Fish I didn t Catch.\\n3 From his uncle Moses, a man wise in the traditions of the family\\nand neighborhood, he heard, as they worked together in the fields,\\nor sat by the evening fireside, marvelous stories of the denizens of\\nthe forest and stream, traditions of witchcraft, and tales of strange hap-\\npenings. Pickard, Vol. I,, p. 32.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a01 It is a tradition that his first verses were written upon the beam of\\nhis mother s loom. His schoolmates say he was in the habit of", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "230 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nhe bought Shakspere s plays, and a Waverley novel fell\\ninto his hands, the latter being read in secret for fear\\nthat his parents would disapprove. Whittier s father, the\\npractical, laconic man portrayed in Snow-Bound, dis-\\ncouraged his literary tendencies, but his mother secretly\\nrejoiced over them, and his sister Mary openly encour-\\naged them. The sending of some of his poems to\\nGarrison s Newburyport newspaper, The Free Fress,^\\nled the editor to ride over to Haverhill to see the young\\npoet, whom he urged to pursue his studies farther. To\\nearn money for a half-year s expenses at the academy,\\nWhittier worked all winter making slippers.^ With\\nanother half-year at the academy his scholastic training\\nended. But, as his biographer says, this was only the\\nbeginning of his student life; by wide and well-chosen\\nreading he was constantly adding to his stores of in-\\nformation; while revelling in the fields of English lit-\\nerature, he became familiar through translations with\\nancient and current literature of other nations, and kept\\nabreast of all political and reformatory movements.\\nHe was a lover of books, and from the study in the\\nhouse at Amesbury his constantly increasing library\\noverflowed into nearly all the rooms.\\ncovering his slate with rhymes, which were passed about from desk to\\ndesk. Pickard, Vol. I., pp. 45, 46.\\n1 The first of Whittier s poems which appeared in it, in 1826, was\\nsent secretly by this admirable sister Mary. The paper came to him\\nwhen he was mending a stone wall by the roadside. His heart\\nstood still a moment when he saw his own verses. He has said he\\nwas sure that he did not read a word of the poem all the time he looked\\nat it. Pickard, Vol. L, pp. 50, 51.\\n2 He received but eight cents a pair for his work. He calcu-\\nlated so closely every item of expense that he knew before the begin-\\nning of the term that he would have twenty-five cents to spare at its\\nclose, and he actually had. Pickard, Vol. 1., p. 54.\\n3 Pickard Vol. I., p. 72. 4 ilid., Vol. I., p. 160.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. 231\\nIt has been generally forgotten or unknown that during\\nthe first few years of his manhood, although his interest\\nin literature was deep and persistent, and hardly\\na week passed without the publication of a new\\npoem, Whittier was chiefly occupied with politics and\\nhad strong political ambition. He edited very ably\\nseveral party newspapers,^ and he early discovered\\nmuch skill as a practical politician. His frail health\\ngreatly hampered him, but what took him permanently\\nout of the race for political honors was his espousal\\nof the anti-slavery cause. He made the sacrifice\\ndeliberately, after a careful study of the whole ques-\\ntion, and without the shallow optimism which allowed\\nmany abolitionists to expect speedy success. He\\nbecame the poet of the anti-slavery cause. But he also\\naided it in many other ways, participating in party con-\\nventions, giving wise counsel to the more conspicuous\\nleaders, and doing a vast amount of effective editorial\\nwork through many gloomy years.- Although the\\nQuaker poet s inherited abhorrence of slavery was in-\\n1 The New Englatid Revieio was the leading Whig organ in Con-\\nnecticut.\\n2 He took men as he found them, encouraged them to go part way\\nwith him. Has thee found many saints or angels in thy dealings with\\neither political party Do not expect too much of human nature. He\\nhad a genius for coalitions, and could accept assistance from unfriendly\\nsources. He contributed [largely] to the election of Charles Sum-\\nner to the United States Senate, by holding the anti-slavery vote to a\\ncoalition distasteful to many of his followers, which gave to pro-slavery\\nDemocrats the governorship of Massachusetts and the principal state\\noffices. His was a familiar form in the lobby of the State House\\nfor many years. He was a shrewd judge of men, knew how to touch\\ntheir weak points, and scrupled not to reach their consciences along the\\nHne of least resistance. His keen sense of the ridiculous kept him\\nfrom being in the least degree cranky in his philanthropy. Pickard,\\nVol. I., p. 000.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "232 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ntense, his quarrel was with the system, not with indi-\\nviduals; all his life he numbered among his personal\\nfriends, not only apologists for slavery, but slaveholders\\nthemselves. His labors on behalf of liberty taxed\\nhis feeble strength, and left little leisure or energy for\\npurely literary work until near the end of the great con-\\ntest. Most of the time he lived quietly upon his little\\nestate at Amesbury, enjoying the friendship of many\\ndistinguished men, and deeply happy for many years in\\nthe companionship of his mother and his favorite sister\\nElizabeth.- In the last third of his life the sale of his\\npoems banished all pecuniary care,^ and the saintly old\\nman made his prolonged descent into the vale of years\\nin perfect peace. The celebration on his seventieth\\nbirthday, and again on his eightieth, eloquently testified\\nhow highly his countrymen esteemed the man and the\\npoet. But, in spite of all, his solitude was deep.\\nAlmost painful, wrote Elizabeth Phelps Ward, is\\nthe picture which my heart carries of his patient and\\n1 Pickard, Vol. II., p. 502.\\n2 His mother died in 1857; his sister, in 1864. When asked why he\\nhad never married, he wrote Circumstances the care of an aged\\nmother, and the duty owed to a sister in delicate health for many years\\nmust be my exxuse for living the lonely life which has called out thy\\npity I know there has something very sweet and beautiful been missed,\\nbut I have no reason to complain. Pickard, Vol. I., pp. 276, 277.\\nMr. Pickard says (p. 276) The poem [Memories] was written in\\n1841, and although the romance it embalms lies far back of this date,\\npossibly there is a heart still beating which fully understands its mean-\\ning. The biographer can do no more than make this suggestion, which\\nhas the sanction of the poet s explicit word. He hints that the love\\nhad been sacrificed to adverse circumstances.\\n3 Whittier got ^10,000 from the sale of the first edition of S/iow-\\nBound. Of 772^ Te7it on the Beach 20,000 copies were sold at the rate\\nof about 1000 daily the poet thereupon wrote to his publisher, with\\ncharacteristic modesty and humor, This will never do the swindle is\\nawful Barnum is a saint to us. Pickard, Vol. II., p. 512.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. 233\\ncheerful but heavy loneliness. He seemed to\\nme, beloved, nay, adored, as he was, and affectionately\\ncared for, one of the loneliest men I ever knew.\\nFrom year to year he grew feebler. At last came a\\nshock of paralysis, and he died peacefully in sleep.\\nHe was a very handsome, distinguished-looking\\nyoung man, wrote a lifelong friend. He was tall,\\nslight, and very erect; a bashful youth, but never\\nawkward. With intimate friends he talked a great\\ndeal, and in a wonderfully interesting manner.\\nHe had a great deal of wit and a marvellous\\nstore of information on many subjects. Whittier\\nwas a very gentle man, but it would be a mistake,\\nsays his biographer, to suppose that gentleness was\\na necessity of his nature; it was in reality the result\\nof resolute self-control and the habitual government of\\na tempestuous spirit. But his spirit was also naturally\\nloving, magnanimous, and sweet. Of his smile a friend\\nsaid It is one of the sweetest smiles ever seen on the\\nface of a man. In repose his face is almost stern,\\nbut when anything amuses him you see a light dance for\\nan instant in his eyes, and then seem slowly to expand\\nover his face, as a circling wave expands upon the sur-\\nface of a placid pool. He smiles frequently, too,\\nfor he is always awake to the humorous side of things,\\nand you cannot entertain him in any way more certainly\\nthan by telling him bright, witty stories. On his jus-\\ntice, his generosity, his tenderness, his virgin purity of\\nsoul, his childlike yet profound trust in God, there is\\n1 The Centioy Magazine, January, 1893.\\n2 Mrs. Harriet M. Pitman, as quoted in Pickard, Vol. I., pp. 58, 59.\\n3 Pickard, Vol. II., p. 551. 4 ibid.. Vol. II., p. 556.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "234 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nno need to dwell, for they envelop his pages like an\\natmosphere.\\nWhittier s earliest verses show that he was, as he him-\\nself has said, a dreamer born, and that it was at some\\npersonal sacrifice that, in his anti-slavery poems, he\\nleft the Muses haunts to turn\\nThe crank of an opinion-mill,\\nMaking his rustic reed of song\\nA weapon in the war with wrong.^\\nThe Indian poems, Mogg Megone and The Bridal of\\nFeuacookj are failures however, the first shipwrecking\\non the Scylla of repulsive realism and the second on the\\nCharybdis of a false idealism.^ But Cassandra South-\\n7vick and The Exiles Sltq promising for their imaginative\\nand truthful handling of themes from colonial history.\\nVoices of Freedom, and the other poems on slavery,\\nare noble as morals and often admirable as impassioned\\nrhetoric; but as poetry they are mostly naught, abound-\\ning in such lines as\\nNew Hampshire thunders an indignant No\\nToo much is made, also, of the merely physical suffer-\\nings of the slave, whose chains are always clank-\\ning, while\\nThe driver plies his reeking thong.\\nAnd the tender-hearted philanthropist, not the far-seeing\\nstatesman, speaks in the occasional passages which show\\nthat Whittier, like his fellow-abolitionists, underesti-\\nmated the importance of preserving the Union as the\\nonly sufficient guarantee of liberty and the advance of\\n1 The Te?it on the Beach. Cf. what is said about Hiawatha, p. 187.\\n3 New Hampshire. The World s Convention,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "JOHN GREExNLEAF WHITTIER. 235\\ncivilization in the New World.^ But after all deductions\\nhave been made, every true Anglo-Saxon must rejoice\\nthat these poems were written, and the American may be\\nproud that they were written by a fellow-countryman.\\nThey blaze and thrill with magnificent passion for per-\\nsonal liberty and withering scorn for the coward and\\nknave. Some of them, as Massachusetts to Vii-ginia and\\nTo Faneuil Hall, are superb pieces of defiant declama-\\ntion at a time when doughfaces abounded in the\\nNorth. A few, as The Slave-Ships, The Farewell of a\\nVirginia Slave Mother, and The Slaves of Martijiique,\\nhave considerable imagination, beauty, and pathos.\\nRandolph of Roanoke is an example of Whittier s shrewd\\nyet magnanimous estimate of men. Ic hadodj i the more\\nterrible as an arraignment because of its restraint and its\\ndirge-like mourning for a great leader once revered and\\nloved. So Jigs of Labor and the poems entitled IVar\\nTime have, as a whole, small merit of any sort; but one\\nof the latter, Barbara Frietchie, whatever its historical\\naccuracy, is admirable for its ballad-like simplicity and\\ndirectness, and its thrill of patriotic heroism.\\nMost of the poems which have given Whittier a high\\nplace in American literature were written during the\\nsecond and more tranquil half of his life, when ill\\nhealth made him less active in the cause of reform, or,\\nthe great conflict ended, he felt wholly free to let\\nOld, harsh voices of debate\\nFlow into rhythmic song.^\\n1 See Texas.\\nIt is said that Webster was more deeply cut by it than by any other\\nof the criticisms hurled at him for his famous Seventh of March speech.\\nSee The Lost Occasion for Whittier s later and milder view of the fallen\\nidol. 3 My Birthday.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "236 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nHis gift for historical ballads, in which he has no rival\\namong American poets, showed itself in The WitcWs\\nDaughter, Skipper Ireson s Ride, The Pipes at Liicknow,\\nHow the Women Went from Dover, and other poems,\\nthat combine historic truth of fact and atmosphere with\\nimaginative interest and much of the freshness and easy\\nswing of style and verse that characterize the old ballads.\\nThere is no better introduction to certain phases of\\nearly New England history than some of these unpre-\\ntentious poems. The same rare qualities of simplicity,\\nand a freshness as of the woods and fields, appear in the\\nballad of Maud Muller, so full of the breath of meadows\\nand the pathos of everyday life, with the fetters imposed\\nby custom and social cares upon poor and rich alike.\\nWhittier s gift for the ballad form reached its highest\\nexpression in Telling the Bees, the most exquisite of all\\nhis poems and unequalled among American ballads for\\nits union of spontaneity with finish, homely but beautiful\\ndescriptive setting, and the very soul of delicate love-\\npathos. The Barefoot Boy and In School-Days are\\nhardly less exquisite, the one as a picture of a New\\nEngland country boy, the other as a memory of the\\nangelic purity and tenderness of child-love in the little\\nold schoolhouse by the road.\\nSnow-Bound, that unique idyl of New England country\\nlife in winter, is, on the whole, Whittier s greatest and\\nmost characteristic poem. Nearly all his previous life\\nhad been an unconscious preparation for it, and his an-\\ncestors had a hand in it before he was born. It could have\\nbeen written only by one bred on a New England farm, in\\nwhose veins ran blood drawn from the best New England\\nstock, and to whom the intellectual, moral, and spiritual", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. 237\\natmosphere of New England was his native element. As\\nthe literary expression of New England rural life it has no\\nrival, and richly deserves its position as one of the few\\nAmerican classics. It is by no means faultless. Lame\\nrhythms, defective rhymes, and an awkward or obscure\\norder of words occasionally annoy the fastidious reader;\\nthe grouping of the figures is a bit stiff; the ending is be-\\nlow the level of earlier parts. But these are minor faults,\\nand comparatively harmless in a homespun poem whose\\ncharm does not depend upon external polish. Its pictures\\nare very vivid and distinctive, its character-sketches life-\\nlike and varied, and the whole is permeated with a tonic\\natmosphere of plain living and high thinking.\\nThe Tent on the Beach, Among the Hills, The Pennsyl-\\nvania Pilgrim, and most of the other late poems, although\\nthey show the skill of the experienced craftsman and\\ncontain beautiful passages, never reach a high level,\\nwhile much is manifestly the work of an old man. One\\nother class of Whittier s poems, however, deserve special\\nmention, the religious poems. There was more of\\nthe Hebrew in him than in any other American poet,\\nmore of that spirit of lofty and fervid devotion charac-\\nteristic of ancient psalmist and prophet. This Hebraistic\\nelement, which so easily errs on the side of fanaticism\\nand dogmatic insistence upon creed, was in his case\\nhappily tempered by the intellectual breadth and the\\nsweet charity which were a part of his Quaker heritage.\\nOrthodox and heterodox alike accept The Vaudois\\nTeacher y Trifiitas, Our Master, and The Eter?ial Good-\\nness as beautiful expressions of the spirit of pure\\nreligion and undefiled. In a few poems, notably in\\nThe Meeting, the distinctive tenets of Quakerism are", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "238 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\npresented loyally, but in a manner void of offence.\\nStill others, such as My Soul and I, Questions of Life^\\nThe Shadoiv and the Light, and Adjustment, show that\\nWhittier did not escape the spirit of the age, but that\\nthe mysteries of life weighed upon him heavily and that\\nhe attained to faith and calm only through struggle. He\\nwas no metaphysician, but neither was he a mere blind\\ndevotee; he looked intellectual difficulties squarely in\\nthe face, admitted his inability to read the darkest of\\nthe riddles, and resigned himself to a large trust in the\\ngoodness of the Eternal.\\nWhittier s prose works, which fill three volumes, have\\nlittle value now except as means to a better knowledge\\nof the man. They comprise papers on slavery and other\\npolitical topics, tales and sketches, and a few literary\\ncriticisms. The most noteworthy are Justice and Ex-\\npediency, the poet s first pamphlet upon abolition, in\\nwhich cold facts and calm logic combine with fiery zeal\\nagainst a great wrong, and Margaret SiJiitli s Journal,\\ncontaining a vivid and truthful picture of life in New\\nEngland in 1678-1679.\\nIt is evident that New England s homespun poet, who\\nknew and loved the old masters of English song, was\\nkeenly aware that he could not equal their sweetest music\\nnor their highest flights.^ But it was quite consistent\\nwith his rare modesty to know also that his homeliness\\nwas his strength. He was far from illiterate. Burns\\nfirst set him to singing, and the influence of the old\\nEnglish ballads and of the modern romantic poets, Scott\\nin particular, is noticeable in his verse. But he was\\nnot bookish in the same sense that Longfellow was. His\\n1 See Proem.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 239\\nbest poems sprang directly from close contact with nature\\nand human life; they passed through his library, but\\nnever originated there. It is this wild-flower odor, this\\nsense of the rocky hillside pasture and of the river\\nflowing by the old farm, this outdoor knowledge of boy\\nand man and woman in his native village, that give\\nWhittier s lines their distinctive and enduring charm.\\nWe feel that this man has not chiefly read, but has lived,\\nand that he has put into living words much that was\\nmost beautiful, picturesque, and noble in the New Eng-\\nland of his youth.\\nJames Russell Lowell was descended from Percival\\nLowell, a Bristol merchant, who came to Massachusetts\\nin 1639. His grandfather, John Lowell, was a member\\nof the Continental Congress and chief justice of the\\nFirst United States Circuit Court. His father. Rev.\\n1 Life. Born in Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 22, 1819. Attended a local\\nboarding-school; in Harvard College, 1834-1838; received degree of\\nB.L. from Harvard Law School, 1840. Practised law and wrote for\\nthe magazines, 1840-1844; started The Pioneer magazine, 1843. Mar-\\nried Maria White, 1844; four children, only one of whom survived\\nchildhood, were born to him. Regular contributor to The Anti-Slavery\\nStandard, 1846-1850. In Europe, 1851-1852. Wife died, 1853. Lec-\\ntured before the Lowell Institute, 1855. Appointed Professor of French\\nand Spanish Languages and Literatures, and Belles-Lettres, in Harvard\\nCollege, 1855, In Europe, 1855-1856. Professor at Harvard, 1856-\\n1877. Married Frances Dunlap, 1857. Edited The Atlantic Monthly,\\n1857-1861 an editor of The North American Revlcio, 1863-1872. In\\nEurope, 1872-1874. Received degree of D.C.L. from Oxford Univer-\\nsity, 1873. Minister to Spain, 1877-1880; visited Greece and Turkey,\\n1878; Minister to England, 1880-1885 received degree of LL.D. from\\nHarvard College, 1884 wife died, 1885. In America, at Southborough,\\nMass., and Boston, with frequent short trips to England, 1885-1889;\\nin Cambridge, Mass., 1889-1891. Died in Cambridge, Aug. 12, 1891.\\nA Unitarian.\\nWorks. Class Poem, 1838. A Year s Life, 1841. Poems, 1844.\\nConversations on Some of the Old Poets, 1845. he Vision of Sir\\nLaunfal, 1845. Poems, 1848. A Fable for Critics, 1848. The Biglow", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "240 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nCharles Lowell, for many years pastor of a Unitarian\\nchurch in Boston, was a man of more than usual literary\\nculture. From his mother, who came of an old Orkney\\nfamily, the poet believed himself to have inherited his\\nlove of nature and his poetic temperament. In this\\ncultured Christian home the boy grew up into all that\\nwas noble, manly, and refined. He was a thoroughly\\nhealthy boy, not too fond of the schoolroom, although a\\ngood scholar,^ At college Lowell was popular, and he\\nenjoyed his life there. His taste for books, and for\\ngood editions, grew apace. He read widely, wrote\\npoetry, and fell in love. His letters at this period show\\nhim as a somewhat callow youth, but brimful of intellect,\\nliterary sense, humor, and good spirits. For neglect of\\nthe routine studies he was rusticated in his senior\\nyear, and spent several months in Concord, studying\\nunder the clergyman there; his class-day poem had\\nPapers, First Series, 1848 (appeared first in the Bostoii Co7irier, 1846-\\n1848) Second Series, 1867 (appeared first in The Atlantic Monthly,\\n1862-1866). Poems, 1849, Fireside Travels, 1864. Commemoration\\nOde, 1865. Poetical Works, 1869. Under the Willows, 1869. The\\nCathedral, 1869. Among My Books, First Series, 1870; Second Series,\\n1876. My Study Windows, 1871. Three Memorial Poems, 1876.\\nDemocracy and Other Addresses, 1887. Heartsease and Rue, 1888.\\nPolitical Essays, 1888. Latest Literary Essays and Addresses, 1892.\\nThe Old English Dramatists, 1892 (delivered before the Lowell Insti-\\ntute, 1887). Letters, 1893.\\n1 C. E. Norton, in his edition of Lowell s letters, Vol. L, p. 2.\\n2 His early letters, while delightfully boyish, anticipate some of the\\nqualities of the man My Dear Brother, I am now going to tell\\nyou melancholy news. I have got the ague together with a gumbile.\\nThe boys are all very well except Nemaise, who has got another piece\\nof glass in his leg. I have got quite a library. The Master has\\nnot taken his rattan out since the vacation. Your little kitten is as well\\nand as playful as ever and I hope you are to for I am sure I love you as\\nwell as ever. Why is grass like a mouse you cant guess that he he he\\nho ho ho ha ha ha hum hum hum. Letter, Nov. 2, 1828.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 241\\ntherefore to be delivered by another. For the next few\\nyears Lowell wavered between law and literature. He\\nlearned enough law to get admitted to the bar, but he\\nnever had much practice; and as soon as he was able to\\nmake a scanty living by writing for periodicals, he for-\\nsook the courts of justice for the courts of the Muses.\\nHis first wife, herself a poetess, was admirably adapted\\nto be his companion, and Lowell s life was for many\\nyears a very happy one in spite of straitened means\\nand the death of several children. His first trip abroad\\nwas made chiefly for the benefit of Mrs. Lowell s health;\\nbut the death of their infant son, in Rome, was a blow\\nfrom which she never really recovered. Her death, a\\nyear later, left the poet a very lonely man; but his\\ntemperament was too healthy, his character too strong,\\nto allow him to give way to despair; he sought\\ndistraction in work. His lectures on the English\\npoets, before the Lowell Institute, were very popular\\nand greatly increased his reputation, and he naturally\\nbecame Longfellow s successor in the professorship of\\nbelles-lettres at Harvard.\\nLowell was now able to devote himself in peace of\\nmind to the literary and scholarly pursuits in which he\\nmost delighted, although his interest in the antj.-slavery\\ncause, and in political matters generally, was still strong.\\nHis second marriage to a talented woman renewed his\\ndomestic happiness; and for many years his life at\\nElmwood, the ancestral residence in Cambridge, a\\n1 I do abhor sentimentality from the bottom of my soul, and can-\\nnot wear my grief upon my sleeves, but yet I look forward with agony\\nto the time when she may become a memory instead of a constant\\npresence. Letter, Nov. 25, 1853.\\n2 C. E. Norton, in his edition of Lowell s letters, Vol. L, p. 204.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "242 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nspacious colonial house pleasantly situated within sight\\nof the river Charles, was almost the ideal life of the man\\nof letters. As a teacher he was unconventional, unique,\\nvital. But the routine wore on him.^ The preparation\\nof lectures and the editorship of two magazines still\\nfurther developed his critical powers at the expense of\\nhis poetical. But Lowell was by nature a student and\\ncritic as well as poet; and probably the things of the\\nintellect would have filled a larger and larger place in\\nhis life as youth gave way to middle age, whatever his\\ndaily pursuits had been. Lowell, however, was not\\nonly a poet and scholar; he was also a man of the world,\\n1 Now and again, some word or some passage would suggest to\\nhim a line of thought sometimes very earnest, sometimes paradoxi-\\ncally comical that it would never have suggested to any one else.\\nAnd he would lean back in his chair, and talk away across country till\\nhe felt like stopping; or he would thrust his hands into the pockets of\\nhis rather shabby sack-coat, and pace the end of the room with his heavy\\nlaced boots, and look at nothing in particular, and discourse of things\\nin general. We gave up note-books in a week. In a month I could\\nread Dante better than I ever learned to read Greek or Latin or Ger-\\nman. Professor Barrett Wendell, in Stelligeri, p. 207.\\n2 In 1874, while in Europe, he wrote, My being a professor wasn t\\ngood for me it damped my gunpowder. If I were a profane\\nman, I should say, Darn the College\\n3 I have been at work, in making books that I had read and\\nmarked really useful by indexes of all peculiar words and locutions.\\nI have been reading many volumes of the Early English Text\\nSociety s series in the same thorough way. I have now reached\\nthe point where I feel sure enough of myself in Old French and Old\\nEnglish to make my corrections with a pen instead of a pencil as I go\\nalong. Ten hours a day, on an average, I have been at it for the last\\ntwo months, and get so absorbed that I turn grudgingly to anything\\nelse. Letter, Sept. 19, 1874. All around us [in Lowell s study] were\\nthe crowded book-shelves, whose appearance showed them to be the\\ncompanions of the true literary workman. Their ragged bindings,\\nand thumbed pages scored with frequent pencil-marks, implied that\\nthey were a student s tools. He would sit among his books, pipe\\nin mouth, a book in hand, hour after hour. Leslie Stephen, in Nor-\\nton s edition of Lowell s letters. Vol. I., p. 408.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 243\\nand he was deeply interested in the problems of govern-\\nment under a republic. Believing profoundly, though\\nnot blindly, in democracy, he was a severe and trenchant\\ncritic of the attitude taken by the upper classes of Eng-\\nland during our Civil War, for his Americanism, however\\ncourteous, was always self-poised and sometimes aggres-\\nsive.^ In England he would probably have become a\\nscholar-statesman, like John Morley in America his\\nonly chance in political life was as foreign minister;\\nand as he had succeeded Longfellow in the professor s\\nchair, so he fittingly became the successor of Irving at\\nthe court of Spain. His transference to Westminster\\nproved to be one of the fortunate incidents which have\\nhelped to draw England and the United States closer\\ntogether in recent years. During his brilliant term of\\nservice, our foremost man of letters furnished an example\\nof the ideal attitude for the whole nation, an atti-\\ntude of broad-minded love for Our Old Home with\\nentire self-respect and stanch independence. After re-\\nturning to this country, Lowell became a healthful in-\\nfluence in our domestic politics by promoting political\\nactivity on the part of men of high intellect and char-\\nacter. But his own days of action were nearly spent.\\nThe death of his wife and the infirmities of age made\\nhis last years lonely and sometimes painful. He retained\\nhis intellect and courage and youth of spirit to the end,\\nhowever, and his last published letter is as witty and\\n1 See his letters, Vol. L, pp. 409-412, for Leslie Stephen s experience.\\nFrom amidst the splendors of the Spanish court he writes in 1878 But\\nto me, I confess, it is all vanity and vexation of spirit. I like America\\nbetter every day. In his last years he loved English life very much,\\nand found European civilization more interesting than American but\\nhis profound faith in his country never died.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "244 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nlovable as any.^ But his work was done; he was only\\nwaiting for the end, nor did he wait long.\\nLowell s early poems show clearly the influence of his\\nreading in the English poets. The accent of Tennyson\\nis unmistakable in The Sirens, Irene, Rosaline, Coliim-\\nbiis, and others.- To Pei dita Singing and Promeihetis\\nwould never have been written but for Shelley s lyrics\\nand Prometheus Unbound. Rhoicus has much of Lan-\\ndor s manner, different as the poem is from the latter s\\nless didactic Hamadryad on the same Greek legend. A\\nLegend of Brittany combines Keats s adoring love of\\nsensuous beauty with something of Chaucer s simplicity\\nand naive pathos in narration. The Ode to France was\\nevidently modelled, consciously or unconsciously, upon\\nColeridge s similar ode. The nature poems would not\\nhave been what they are had not Wordsworth and Keats\\nalready led the way. All this is not to say that Lowell\\nwas a mere imitator even in his earlier work. From the\\nfirst there was something distinctive in his tone and\\natmosphere, although often it was slight and hardly\\ndefinable. In his best nature poems, early and late,\\nsuch as An Indian-Summer Reverie, To the Dandelion,\\nthe preludes in The Vision of Sir Launfil (so superior to\\n1 If I have not written, it has been because I had nothing good to\\nsay of myself, I have been very wretched with one thing and another.\\nAnd now a painful sensation is taking its place. I could crawl about a\\nlittle till this came, and now my chief exercise is on the nightmare. I\\ncan t sleep without opium. I thank God for that far-away visit of\\nyours, which began for me one of the dearest friendships of my life,\\nI never read so many [novels] before, I think, in my life, and they come\\nto me as fresh as the fairy tales of my boyhood. All your friends\\nhere are well, and each doing good in his several way. Letter to\\nLeslie Stephen, June 21, 1891,\\n2 Compare the above-named especially with Tennyson s Lotus Eaters,\\nIsabel, Oriajta, and Ulysses respectively.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 245\\nthe rather commonplace narrative parts), Under the Wil-\\nlows^ and Pictures from Appledoi-e, he unites the truth\\nand health of Wordsworth with the flush of Keats, some-\\ntimes adding a playfulness not found in either. Deeper\\nand more passionate than Longfellow, more intellectual\\nand ideal than Whittier, not so philosophical as Emer-\\nson but more sensuous, less elemental and sublime than\\nBryant but far more human and sunny, Lowell is, on the\\nwhole, the richest and most satisfying of our poets of\\nnature. June, in particular, was made for this poet,\\nand he for June. Yet the earlier poems, as a whole, are\\nnevertheless comparatively imitative and literary.\\nBut keenly sensitive as Lowell was to English literary\\ninfluences, he was also intensely alive to American con-\\nditions both in the world of letters and in the world of\\npolitics. In A Fable for Critics and TJie Biglow Papers\\nhe suddenly revealed powers that could not have been\\ndivined from his previous work. The Fal)le contains a\\nseries of critical judgments upon contemporary Ameri-\\ncan literature that are, as a rule, surprisingly accurate;\\nand its torrent of puns and its overflowing energy of\\ngood-natured satire are still enjoyable. The Biglow\\nPapers were inspired by as hearty a hatred for slavery as\\nburned in Whittier, while in literary sense, dramatic\\npower, rollicking humor, and use of the racy Yankee dia-\\nlect, they are quite unrivalled among American poems on\\npolitical subjects. It must be confessed, however, that\\nas pure literature neither series has altogether held its\\nown. The humor of the Rev. Homer Wilbur sooner or\\nlater palls, and most of the poems are overweighted with\\nthe details of contemporary ])(:)litics, that perennially\\ninteresting bucolic idyl. The Courtin\\\\ only emphasizing", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "246 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nthis defect by contrast. Yet, as a whole, in conception\\nand execution The Biglow Papers remain Lowell s raci-\\nest, most original, and most distinctively American work\\nin verse. Of the poems grouped together as Poems of\\nthe War, the only remarkable one is the Ode Recited at\\nthe Harvard Connnenioration, which contains the best\\ndelineation, in verse, of the character of Lincoln. Under\\nthe Old Etm, similarly, is notable chiefly for its portrait\\nof Washington. Both odes have many faulty lines and\\nnot a few prosaic passages, but their general effect is\\nnoble, and they are still our best examples of a very\\ndifficult species of poetical composition. A very differ-\\nent class of Lowell s poems, those springing from inci-\\ndents and moods in his personal life, have a peculiar\\ncharm, for they bring us close to the man himself. Some\\nof the earlier poems of this sort, as The Changeling,\\nin their graceful tenderness remind one of Longfellow.\\nThe later, such as The Dead House, Ode to Happiness,\\nA Familiar Epistle to a Friend, and the memorial verses\\non Agassiz, are more distinctive, often uniting deep and\\nsubtle thought with delightful play of fancy and humor.\\nThe longest of these poems. The Cathedral, is the finest\\nexpression, in American verse, of the spirit of modern\\nreligious doubt its half-regret for the loss of the\\nmediaeval faith, its intellectual integrity in refusing to\\ndelude itself, its reverential groping toward a new form\\nof faith in which heart and brain alike may find rest.\\nThe form of the poem is hardly worthy of its substance,\\nbeing often diffuse and occasionally too colloquial; for\\nits thought, however, The Cathedral deserves to be read\\nalong with the similar poems of Tennyson, Arnold, and\\nClough. Lowell s very latest verses, all too few, are rich", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 247\\nwith the mellow fruitage of an intellectual. life nobly\\nlived, but add nothing distinctive to his poetic fame.\\nThe prose works fall into three classes literary essays,\\nessays on public men and political topics, and miscel-\\nlaneous essays. The literary essays, many of which first\\nexisted as lectures, are the most numerous and most\\nsignificant. Lowell had very exceptional qualifications\\nfor the difficult task of literary criticism. He was him-\\nself a poet, yet had also the needful prosaic gifts of\\ncommon-sense and masculine understanding; his literary\\nsense was at once nice, robust, and catholic; he was\\nwidely read in many literatures, and a careful student\\nof several; without a trace of pedantry he had those\\nscholarly instincts for lack of which many men of letters,\\nso delightful as companions, are so untrustworthy and\\nsometimes so exasperating as guides; he knew men and\\nthe world as well as books; while more anxious to inter-\\npret than to flay, he could use the knife on occasion;\\nand he was master of a style which, although far from\\nfaultless, often sinning by jerkiness, smartness, and\\ntoo continual emphasis, is eminently readable by reason\\nof its strength, its incisiveness, its sparkle of wit and\\nflash of sarcasm, and the abounding vitality which per-\\nvades every sentence from the first word to the last. The\\nrange of his knowledge and the breadth of his symi)athies\\nare remarkable. His essay on Dante is still the best\\ngeneral introduction to the study of the great poet of the\\nMiddle Ages. He knew the profound mind of Lessing.\\nTo Rousseau he could be just, in spite of the inborn\\ndislike of the Anglo-Saxon for certain phases of the Gal-\\nlic mind and temperament. He was equally at home in\\ndiscussing the technique of Milton s blank verse or the", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "248 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nreligious ideas of Paradise Lost. He was able to say\\nsomething new and helpful even upon Shakspere.\\nWordsworth the poet he revered, but Daddy Words-\\nworth he could laugh at. Chaucer, Spenser, and Keats\\nwere brothers to his soul, yet one of the most masterly\\nof his essays is that upon the masculine and intellectual\\nDryden; and if his sympathy with Pope was less com-\\nplete, he nevertheless showed great admiration for\\nthe wit and the sting of the Wasp of Twickenham.\\nNearly all his criticisms have the rare merit of increas-\\ning the reader s enjoyment of the authors discussed, at\\nthe same time that they broaden his knowledge and\\nsharpen his critical sense. As to Lowell s historical\\nposition in literary criticism, the words of a living Eng-\\nlish scholar have special weight: The wide dissemi-\\nnation of our race over the western and the northern\\ncontinents is raising up new centres of culture, which\\nderive their tone from England, which provide her men\\nof letters with a public destined to become more ample\\nthan Europe could afford were Europe English, and\\nwhich promises to afford them, at no distant date, all\\nthe advantages of exterior criticism unwarped by having\\nhad to pass through a foreign medium. It would\\nalmost seem that while superior excellence of production\\nmay long remain the attribute of England, the decisive\\nvoice in criticism may pass to America. The\\naffluence of importation [of foreign literature into\\nAmerica] fosters that width of view and freedom\\nfrom conventional prejudice which distinguishes Ameri-\\ncan judgment in literary as in other matters. Americans\\nfar surpass us English in the prompt recognition of\\nexcellence. Two natural and inevitable develop-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. 249\\nments may be remarked in American criticism. There\\nis, first, the classical, conservative, cautious school of the\\nIrvings and Channings and Ticknors, and of the old\\nNo)-th American Review in general; a school consciously\\nunder the influence of the old country. There is also\\na younger school consciously aiming at originality, at\\nevolving a national type, and occupying a position in\\ncriticism akin to Bret Harte s in production. Mr.\\nRussell Lowell is, in a sense, the most perfect represen-\\ntative of American criticism to be found, for he occu-\\npies a central position between the old school and the\\nnew. His criticisms hint what service American\\nculture may render to English letters when it has obtained\\nan entirely independent point of view. The miscel-\\nlaneous essays, including My Garden Acquaintaiice, On\\na Certain Condescension in Foreigners, etc., although\\nentertaining and keen, are of minor consequence.\\nThose on public men and political topics, of which\\nAbraham Lincoln and Democracy are the chief, have\\npermanent value for their ardent but intelligent Ameri-\\ncanism, their searching analysis of character, their flexile\\ngrasp on the principles of government, and their pure\\nand lofty ideal of national life.\\nJames Russell Lowell is our greatest man of letters, in\\nthe special sense of that term. His literary sense was a\\nconstituent part of all his thinking and feeling, adding\\nto everything that he wrote an artistic quality without in\\nthe least diminishing the impression of earnestness and\\nsincerity. A charming letter- writer; one of the few lit-\\nerary critics whose criticisms are themselves literature;\\n1 Richard Garnett in his introduction to Afy Study IVhtdows (Lon-\\ndon, Walter Scott, 1886}.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "250 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\na wise publicist, touching political problems with large\\nsanity and a noble idealism; a vigorous humorist and\\nsatirist; an exponent of the best American txad Tons\\nand of the best English culture; a poet in vhose\\npages are gleams of a poetic gift perhaps richer s\\ncan be found elsewhere in our literature; he s\\nquite unrivalled among American authors for comt\\nexcellence and versatility of production. And, yet,\\nupon laying down his works we have a certain feeling of\\ndisappointment, as if he had not given us quite such\\ngood things, certainly not so many of the best things, as\\nwe had a right to expect from a nature so rarely endowed.\\nThis feeling is strongest in regard to his poetry. It\\nwould seem that the proverbially jealous Muse made even\\nLowell pay the penalty of versatility, angry that the\\nincense of his worship should smoke upon other altars\\nthan her own. But it is allowed us to believe that, on\\nthe whole, it was best so; America, at the stage of culture\\nwhich she had then reached, perhaps needing a great\\nman of letters more than she needed a somewhat greater\\npoet. At least, we may justly be proud to have so early\\nproduced a man worthy of admission into the illustrious\\nfellowship of Dryden, Addison, and Samuel Johnson.\\nOliver Wendell Holmes belonged to what he himself\\nstyled the Brahmin caste of New England. On his\\n1 Life. Born in Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 29, 1809. In Phillips\\nAcademy, Andover, 1824-1825 in Harvard College, 1825-1829; in the\\nHarvard Law School, 1829-1830; in a Boston medical school, 1830-1832;\\nstudied medicine in Paris, 1833-1835, making visits to Germany, England,\\nand Italy. Began the practice of medicine in Boston, 1836 professor of\\nanatomy in Dartmouth College, 1839-1840. Married Amelia L. Jack-\\nson, 1840; two sons and a daughter were born to him. Professor of\\nanatomy in the Harvard Medical School, 1847-1882; dean, 1847-1853.\\nReceived the degree of LL.D. from Harvard, 1880. To Europe, 1886;", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 251\\nmother s side he was descended from Anne and Governor\\nBradstreet; his first paternal ancestor in America, John\\nHofeie^j settled in Woodstock, Connecticut, in 1682, and\\nhad for descendants a deacon, a captain and surgeon,\\nclergyman. The last, the poet s father, was him-\\nvin author in verse auu^ i/iJ. v; ^cf^.^it r-?. S3 %1 that\\ni icr aes derived much more of his intellectual quality\\nfrom his mother, who was a bright, vivacious woman,\\nof small figure and sprightly manners. As a lad, the\\nfuture author of The Autocrat of the Bjrakfast Table\\nearly revealed a wide-awake, inquisitive mind and a love\\nof letters. He read eagerly in his father s library of\\none or two thousand volumes, reading books rather\\nthan through them,! and he soon became a rhymer\\nhimself. Although his class poem and his contributions\\nto college periodicals showed no great promise on the\\nwhole, he had only just completed his twenty-first year\\nreceived the degree of Doctor of Letters from Cambridge, LL.D. from\\nEdinburgli, D.C.L. from Oxford. Died Oct. 7, 1894. A Unitarian.\\nWorks. Poems, 1836-1850. Collected edition in 2 vols., 1892.\\nMedical Essays, 1842, 1843; collected 1861. Pages from an okl V ^olume\\nof Life, 1857-1861 collected 1863. The Autocrat of the Bieakflist Table,\\n1858 (first in the Atlantic Monthly, 1857-1858). The Professor at the\\nBreakfast Table, 1859 (first in the Atlantic Monthly, 1859). Elsie Venner,\\n1861 (first in the AtlanticMonthly, 1859-1860, as The Professor s Story).\\nThe Guardian Angel, 1867 (first in the Atlantic Monthly, 1867). The Poet\\nat the Breakfast Table, 1872 (first in the Atlantic Monthly, 1871-1872).\\nMemoir of John Lothrop Motley, 1878. Life of Emerson, in the Ameri-\\ncan Men of Letters series, 1884. A Mortal Antipathy, 1885 (first in the\\nAtlantic Monthly, 1884-1885). Over the Tea-Cups, 1890 (first in the\\nAtlanticMonthly, 1888-1889). Our Hundred Days in Europe, 1887.\\n1 See pp. 26-27, 299. Another of Ins mother s ancestors. Evert Jansen\\nWendell, a Dutchman, settled in Albany about the year 1640.\\n2 Life and Letters of Oliver Wendell Holmes, by J. T. Morse, Jr., Vol.\\nL, p. 15.\\n3 The Autobiographical Notes, in Morse, Vol. L, p. 40.\\n4 The Mysterious Visitor, The Spectre Pig, and a few other of these\\njuvenilia have, however, survived.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "252 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nwhen Old Ironsides gave him a taste of fame.^ A year s\\nstudy of the law convinced the young poet that the legal\\nprofession was not for him. The study of medicine,\\nalso, he took up without much interest at first; but\\nduring his two years residence abroad he became an\\nenthus -isti^ tnrl- .oi tii,^ xwxCiiiusii Parisian savants,\\narid upon his return to Boston he settled down con-\\ntentedly enough to the life of a physician. He never\\nhad a large practice, partly because many people mis-\\ntrusted (in this case unjustly) the professional skill of\\na doctor who was also a poet and wit, and who could\\npun about his own business by announcing that the\\nsmallest fevers would be thankfully received. But he\\nwon several prizes for medical essays, and in the essay\\nupon puerperal fever made an original and a greatly\\nvaluable contribution to medical science. As profes-\\nsor of anatomy his career was long and honorable, and\\nin one way brilliant. His gifts of wit and fancy were\\npressed into service to enliven a rather dry subject, which\\nhe nevertheless taught with great thoroughness, and the\\nlast hour of the day was always assigned to him because\\nhe alone could hold his exhausted audience s attention.\\n1 The poem, which was hastily written with a pencil on a scrap of\\npaper, as a protest against the threatened destruction of the old frigate\\nConstitution, was first published in The Boston Daily Advertiser, and,\\nbeing copied in the newspapers throughout the country, raised such a\\nstorm of popular sentiment that the Navy Department countermanded\\nits order.\\n2 Morse, Vol. I., p. 164.\\n3 Morse, Vol. I., p. 176. These, gentlemen, he said on one\\noccasion, are the tuberosities of the ischia, on which man was\\ndesigned to sit and survey the works of Creation. None but Holmes\\ncould have compared the microscopical coiled tube of a sweat-gland to\\na fairy s intestine. Reminiscences by Holmes s assistants, in Morse,\\nVol. I., pp. 177, 179.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 253\\nIn these labors the years sped rapidly away, and\\nHolmes had passed middle age without achieving any-\\nthing more than a local reputation as poet and wit. It\\nwas the publication of The Autoci ai of the Breakfast\\nTable, in the early numbers of the Atlantic Monthly^\\nwhich made the Boston medical lecturer a world-famous\\nman of letters.^ From this time on, almost to the end\\nof a very long life, his literary career was a series of\\nsuccesses, his subsequent works confirming and extend-\\ning, although they did not heighten, the reputation which\\nThe Autocrat had won. That he was able to carry on,\\nfor so long and so successfully, two kinds of exacting\\nlabor, as writer and lecturer, was due in no small part to\\nhis wife, a comrade the most delightful, a helpmate\\nthe most useful, who hedged him carefully about and\\nprotected him from distractions and bores and interrup-\\ntions. A family of promising children, one of whom\\nhas since attained distinction, and a circle of brilliant\\nfriends, combined with other circumstances and a cheery\\ntemperament to make an exceptionally happy life.^\\nHis four months tour in Europe, when he was hard\\nupon eighty years of age, afforded new evidence both of\\n1 In The iVciu England Magazine, which lived briefly from 1831 to\\n1835, Dr. Holmes had published two papers under this same name and\\nof much this same plan, Morse, Vol. I., p. 205. Lowell had a hand\\nin revealing Holmes to the world, for in accepting the editorship of The\\nAtlantic Monthly he made it a condition that the doctor should be the\\nfirst contributor to be engaged the latter afterward said, [Lowell]\\nwoke me from a kind of literary lethargy in which I was half slumber-\\ning. Morse, Vol, L, p. 204.\\n2 Morse, Vol. L, pp. 170, 171.\\n3 Holmes especially delighted in the Saturday Club, whose mem-\\nbership included Emerson, Hawthorne, Longfellow, Lowell, Motley,\\nWhittier, Agassiz, Sumner, Prescott, and many other distinguished and\\nclubable men.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "254 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nhis fame and of his capacity for enjoyment still. But\\nalready the years had begun to bring their inevitable sor-\\nrow. Some of his dearest friends had passed away, and\\nhe was destined to be almost the last leaf on a once\\ncrowded bough. In 1884 his younger son died; four\\nyears later, his wife; and in one year more, his only\\ndaughter. Shortly before this his eyesight had grown\\nvery dim from cataract, which threatened him with total\\nblindness; happily he was spared this affliction, so\\ndreadful to a man of letters, and he had some use of his\\neyes to the very last.^ His closing days were tranquil\\nand crowned with honor. Year after year, in his beauti-\\nful summer home at Beverly Farms, the old man received,\\nwith that harmless vanity which did not ill become him,\\nthe congratulations that poured in upon him, with every\\nreturning birthday, from the friends and strangers who\\ndelighted to do honor to almost the last survivor of the\\nnation s greatest group of writers. Decay and death\\nstole upon him by scarcely perceptible degrees, and he\\ndied painlessly in his chair at last.\\nThe individuality of Doctor Holmes is so stamped\\nupon his pages that there is no need to dwell upon it\\nseparately. But his writings are the embodiment of\\nsomething more than an original, sparkling, keen-\\nminded, and kind-hearted personality. They are also\\nan expression of New England, and particularly of Bos-\\nton as Boston was in the middle of the nineteenth cen-\\ntury. Holmes was as distinctively American and (in a\\n1 In 1887 he wrote to a friend that he had a cataract in the kitten state\\nof development. Equally characteristic, in another way, was the\\nserene and cheerful courage with which he faced the dread prospect of\\ntotal blindness. Morse, Vol. I., pp. 74, 75.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 255\\ngood sense) provincial as any Texan cowboy or Cali-\\nfornian poker-sharp, although Europeans with an imper-\\nfect knowledge of American life have not always fully\\nrealized the fact. In studying the various classes of his\\nworks, it is therefore profitable to note the impress of\\nheredity and environment as well as that of a unique\\npersonality.\\nHolmes s greatest ambition was to be a poet. It is\\npleasant to believe that the soul of his far-off ancestress,\\nthat Tenth Muse lately sprung up in America, lived\\nagain in him, and in his poems found the more perfect\\nexpression which had been impossible to her in Puritan\\n-New England s early days. But it must be doubted\\nwhether even the nineteenth-century poet attained more\\nthan twice to any very high degree of purely poetical\\nexcellence, once in The Chambered Nautilus, which\\nis perfect as the beautiful embodiment of a noble pre-\\ncept, and again in The Last Leaf, so unique a blending\\nof seemingly irreconcilable elements that one is tempted\\nto describe it as a minuet danced with dainty lightness\\nto the music of an elegy.^ In most of his other famous\\npoems, such as The One-Lloss Shay, Dorothy Q., and\\nThe Broomstick Train, imagination is less conspicuous\\nthan wit, satire, and fancy in the service of these. As\\npoetry of the lighter intellectual type, they stand high;\\n1 See p. 26.\\n2 Is there in all literature a lyric in which drollery, passing nigh\\nunto ridicule yet stopping short of it, and sentiment becoming pathos\\nyet not too profound, are so exquisitely intermingled To spill\\ninto the mixture the tiniest fraction of a drop too much of either ingre-\\ndient was to ruin all. Morse, Vol. I., p. 229.\\n3 The Broomstick Train is notable both as the work of so old a man\\nand as a fanciful union of the ancient marvel of New England witchcraft\\nwith the modern marvel of electricity.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "256 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nand as a writer of vers d occasion Holmes has no superior\\nand few equals, for he could be merry and wise at the\\nsame instant and without letting either quality get in the\\nway of the other. A predominance of intellectual ele-\\nments was natural enough in the poetry of a clear-headed\\nman of science and a descendant of the logical Puritans.\\nDoctor Holmes was, furthermore, by heredity and en-\\nvironment, an aristocrat of the New England sort, and he\\nshowed the conservatism of an aristocrat in his literary\\nleanings as in most others, preferring to model his verse\\nupon the clean-cut, intellectual poetry of the eighteenth\\ncentury, on which his youth had been nourished, rather\\nthan upon the romantic poetry of his own century.^ In\\nso doing he was wise, for he thereby attempted nothing\\nwhich he could not do well. In the service of far-darting\\nApollo he did not aim at many marks, but the marks he\\naimed at he hit.\\nBrilliant as Holmes s poetry is, the prose works of the\\nBreakfast Table series are perhaps more brilliant still;\\ncertainly they are a more complete expression of the\\nman and of the atmosphere in which he lived. The\\nAutocrat has been happily described as verbal cham-\\npagne a more homely but no less truthful comparison\\nwould liken it to Apollinaris water all bubble and\\nprickle. Doctor Holmes was one of the most brilliant\\ntalkers that ever lived, and his biographer says that\\n1 My favorite reading [in youth] was Pope s Homer to the present\\ntime the grand couplets ring in my ears and stimulate my imagination,\\nin spite of their formal symmetry, which makes them hateful to the law-\\nless versificators who find anthems in the clash of blacksmiths hammers,\\nand fugues in the jangle of the sleigh bells. The Autobiographical\\nNotes, in Morse, Vol. I., p. 48.\\n2 Perhaps no man of modern times has given his contemporaries a\\nmore extraordinary impression of wit in conversation. We are told", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 257\\nThe Autocrat held his talk crystallized. The plan\\nof the book is original and happy, allowing the freedom\\nand discursiveness of table-talk to be combined with\\nsomething of the continuity of the essay; nor are the\\nmore popular elements of a love story and of character-\\nsketching wholly lacking. Into this mould are poured\\nthe wit and wisdom of a lifetime. George William\\nCurtis has spoken of the whimsical discursiveness\\nof the book, the restless hovering of that brilliant\\ntalk over every topic, fancy, feeling, fact. And he\\nadds, There are few books that leave more distinctly\\nthe impression of a mind teeming with riches of many\\nkinds. Furthermore, 7%^ ^///^(T;-^/ is saturated with\\nthe essence of Bostonian New Englandism its local\\npride in a state and a city which have played a great part\\nin great historic events; its Puritanic cleanness in\\nmorals; its intellectual form of religion, the intellectu-\\nality (though not the doctrines nor the liberality) a\\nlineal descendant of the faith of the Puritans; its Yankee\\nshrewdness and wit, underlying a culture fundamentally\\nEnglish; its highly intelligent, if conservative and some-\\nwhat provincial, mental attitude and outlook. This\\nand more are in The Autocrat, which, without being a\\nprofound book, may be a very profitable one. They\\ngreatly err who find in it only the crackling of thorns\\nunder a pot the thorns are there and they crackle, but\\nthat he listened as brilliantly as he spoke, taking up every challenge,\\ncapping every anecdote, rippling over with an illuminated cascade of\\nfancy and humor and repartee. Edmund Gosse, in Morse, Vol. I., p. 247.\\n1 Morse, Vol. I., p. 245.\\n2 Morse, Vol. I., p. 206. Holmes himself said that the papers were\\nnot the result of an express premeditation, but were dipped from the\\nrunning stream of my thoughts. Ibid., Vol. I., p. 207,\\nS", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "258 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nthere is also something in the pot. The Autocrat is\\ndeservedly the most popular of the series. The Pro-\\nfessor and The Poet have less vivacity, and although\\nthey are not heavy they are more continuously serious\\nin matter and manner. Over the Tea-Cups is naturally\\nfeebler than the earlier papers, but has its own peculiar\\nvalue as the talk of a brilliant old man.\\nNo one can regret that Holmes tried his hand at novel-\\nwriting; yet his novels are the clever work of a very\\nbright man rather than the creations of a born novelist.\\nAll three contain vivid and truthful pictures of New\\nEngland village life and capital sketches of New England\\ntypes. As a whole, however, A Mortal Antipathy, writ-\\nten when its author had passed the creative age, is sadly\\ninferior to the other two. Elsie Vomer is original and\\npowerful as a snake story and The Guardian Angel,\\nin addition to a piquant style and much admirable wit\\nand satire, has one character that deserves to live\\nByles Gridley, bachelor, retired college professor, and\\nauthor of a dead book. Yet even these two leave the\\nimpression of being manufactured, not created; and so,\\nin fact, they were. Holmes wrote all his novels to illus-\\ntrate the influence of heredity, and to this theme the plot\\nand the characters are too manifestly subordinate.-^ But\\nalthough the novels thereby lose in one way, they gain\\n1 You see exactly what I wish to do to write a story with enough\\nof interest in its characters and incidents to attract a certain amount of\\npopular attention. Under cover of this to stir that mighty question of\\nautomatic agency in its relation to self-determination. To do this by\\nmeans of a palpable outside agency, predetermining certain traits of\\ncharacter and certain apparently voluntary acts, such as the common\\njudgment of mankind and the tribunals of law and theology have been\\nin the habit of recognizing as sin and crime. Not exactly insanity,\\nbut rather an unconscious intuitive tendency, dating from a powerful", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. 259\\nin other ways. They are one more contribution of medi-\\ncal science to pure literature; they reveal the serious side\\nof Holmes more fully and the question which they raise,\\nin so interesting and original a way, is one of profound\\nmoment for morals and theology. In fact, the author s\\nchief motive in making these studies was ethical and\\ntheological rather than scientific. He, of course, took\\na lively interest in the purely scientific side of the\\nmatter.^ But, true to his Puritan descent, he was at\\nbottom a moralist and theologian. His hatred of the\\nCalvinism in which he had been reared was, indeed,\\nintense throughout his adult life. In literature and poli-\\ntics a conservative,^ in theology he was a fighting radical.\\nHis study, in these novels, of the limits of freewill, and,\\nconsequently, the limits of men s moral responsibility\\nbefore God and man, although necessarily not exhaustive,\\nstrikes deep into the matter from one side the physical,\\nand is stimulative of thought upon the other sides.\\nConsiderable emphasis has been laid upon Holmes s\\nante-natal influence, which modifies the whole organization. To make\\nthe subject of this influence interest the reader, to carry the animalizing\\nof her nature just as far as can be done without rendering her repulsive,\\nsuch is the idea of this story. It is conceived in the fear of God and\\nin the love of man. Letter to Mrs. Stowe, in i860, about Elsie\\nVenner in Morse, Vol. L, pp. 263-264.\\n1 The snake was not repulsive to him while writing the book he\\nwas so desirous to have the rattlesnake vividly present to his mind as a\\nliving reptile that he procured a live one and kept it for many\\nweeks at the medical school. He had a long stick arranged with a\\npadded kid glove at one end and a prodding point at the other, and\\nhe used to excite the creature and watch its coiling and its striking,\\nstudy its eyes and expression, its ways, its character. His scientific\\nresearch explored all printed knowledge concerning the reptiles and\\ntheir venom. Morse, Vol. I., pp. 258-259.\\n2 It is clear that he was at best lukewarm in the anti-slavery, temper-\\nance, and other reforms of his day, despite his letter of self-defence in re-\\nply to Lowell s strictures. (See Morse, Vol. I., pp. 295-303, for the letter.)", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "26o THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nAmericanism, the flavor of which, as his biographer has\\nhappily said, is as local, as pungent, as unmistakable,\\nas that of a cranberry from the best bog on Cape Cod.\\nBut his Americanism was not of the narrow and really\\ntimorous kind which can maintain itself only by exclud-\\ning foreign influences. Like all the writers of his group,\\nhe was permeated with the best English culture, which\\nwas, in a way, as native to the home and community and\\nuniversity in which he had been reared as to the mother\\ncountry itself. His classical studies had not failed to\\ndo their part in the shaping of a poet who has much of\\nthe bonhonimie, finished wit, and genial satiric power\\nof Horace. His residence in France, where he became\\nintimately familiar with the French language and the\\nFrench mind, reenforced his natural tendency to vivacity\\nand piquancy of style. But, after all, these were only\\ngrafts on the main stock. That stock was American,\\nNew England, Bostonian; and the genius of the tree was\\none Oliver Wendell Holmes, as unique and entertaining\\nan individuality as ever revealed itself in letters.\\nPhiladelphia continued to be the centre of consider-\\nable literary activity, although its importance in this\\nrespect was relatively less than in earlier days. Among\\nthe writers who, because of birth or residence in that\\nregion, may for convenience be grouped together, Rob-\\nert M. Bird (1805-1854) had some prominence for\\na time; he was editor of the Philadelphia North Afneri-\\n1 Morse, Vol. L, p. 208.\\n2 His gift in this way may have been partly an inheritance from his\\ntalented ancestress, Mrs. Bradstreet. See the extracts from her pithy\\nMeditations, on p. 27.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "PENNSYLVANIA AUTHORS. 261\\ncan Gazette i and author of Nick of the Woods a Tale of\\nKentucky (1837), several other novels, and three trage-\\ndies, including The Gladiator, which was played by\\nForrest and still holds the boards. Another successful\\ndramatist was Robert T. Conrad (18 10-185 8), editor\\nof Graham s Magazine, and author of Aylmere (184 1),\\na strong though rather loud play on Jack Cade, which\\nwas acted by Forrest at home and abroad. Thomas D.\\nEnglish (18 19- journalist, lawyer, physician,\\nwrote novels, poems, and dramas, but only his song of\\nBen Bolt (in Poems, 1855) has lived. The poet and\\nartist Thomas B. Read (1822-1872), whose dashing\\nSheridan s Ride (1865) is one of the most popular of\\nthe poems of the Civil War, was less happy in his longer\\nproductions. The New Pastoral (1855), on life in\\nPennsylvania, is slow and heavy; TJie House by the Sea\\n(1855) attempts the supernatural, with small success;\\nThe IVagoner of the Alleghanies {1^62), on the Revolu-\\ntionary War, contains some stirring narration and good\\ndescriptions of American scenery, but lacks the large-\\nness and power demanded by the subject, besides being\\nin metre and style manifestly an echo of Scott s narrative\\npoems. George H. Boker (i 823-1 890), minister to\\nTurkey and Russia, was a respectable poet and a drama-\\ntist of more than ordinary ability.^ The style of his\\nplays is strong and flowing, the characters are clearly\\noutlined and motived, and the plots move firmly to a\\ndignified climax; Calaynos, his best tragedy, was suc-\\ncessfully acted in London in 1849. Charles G. Leland\\n1 The Lesson of Life, 1847, Calaynos, 1848. Anne Boleyn, 1850.\\nThe Podesta s Daughter, 1852. Plays and Poems, 1856. Poems of the\\nWar, 1864. Etc.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "262 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\n(1824- magazine writer and editor, is known\\nchiefly by his humorous Hans Breitmaii s Ballads (com-\\nplete, 187 1), in the German- American dialect.\\nThe greatest of the Pennsylvania authors of this\\nperiod was Bayard Taylor.^ His father was a farmer,\\n1 Life, Born Jan. 11, 1825, at Kennett Square, Penn. Educated\\nin local schools; in West Chester Academy, 1837-1839; in Unionville\\nAcademy, as student and tutor, 1839-1842. Apprenticed to a printer in\\nWest Chester, 1842. To England, Germany, Italy, France, 1844-1846.\\nEdited The Phcenixville Pioneer, 1846-1847; in New York, writing for\\nThe Literary World, The Union Magazine, and The Tribune, 1847-\\n1849; to California as Tribunes correspondent, 1849-1850. Married\\nMary Agnew, then dying of consumption, 1850. To Egypt, Syria, Asia\\nMinor, Ethiopia, Spain, India, China, 1851-1853. Bought a farm near\\nKennett, 1853. Made extensive lecture tours in United States, 1854-\\n1856. To Northern Europe, 1856. Married Marie Hansen, daughter\\nof a German astronomer, 1857; one daughter was born to him. To\\nGreece, 1857-1858. Lectured in California and elsewhere, 1858-1861\\nbuilt Cedarcroft on his Kennett estate, and abandoned his New York\\nhome, 1861. Secretary of the Russian Legation, 1862-1863. To the\\nRocky Mountains, 1866; to Spain and Italy, 1867-1868. Appointed\\nnon-resident professor of German literature at Cornell University in\\n1869, and lectured there for several years. Offered Cedarcroft for sale,\\nand removed to New York, 1871. In Germany, with excursions to Italy,\\nEgypt, and Iceland, 1872-1874. In United States, writing and lecturing,\\n1874-1878, Minister to Germany, 1878 died in Berlin, Dec. 19, 1878.\\nWorks. Ximena, 1844. Views Afoot, 1846. Rhymes of Travel,\\nBallads, and Poems, 1848 (imprint, 1849), Eldorado, 1850. A Book\\nof Romances, Lyrics, and Songs, 1851. A Journey to Central Africa,\\n1854. The Lands of the Saracen, 1854. Poems of the Orient, 1854.\\nA Visit to India, China, and Japan, 1855. Poems of Home and Travel,\\n1855. Northern Travel, 1857. Travels in Greece and Russia, 1859. At\\nHome and Abroad, 1859 second series, 1862. The Poet s Journal,\\n1862. Hannah Thurston, 1863. John Godfrey s Fortunes, 1864. The\\nStory of Kennett, 1866. The Picture of St. John, 1866. Colorado a\\nSummer Trip, 1867. The Golden Wedding, 1868. By- Ways of Europe,\\n1869. Joseph and His Friend, 1870. Translation of Faust, 1870-1871.\\nBeauty and the Beast, and Tales of Home, 1872. The Masque of the\\nGods, 1872. Lars: a Pastoral of Norway, 1873. Egypt and Iceland,\\n1874. The Prophet: a Tragedy, 1874. Home Pastorals, Ballads, and\\nLyrics, 1875. The Echo Club, 1876. Boys of Other Countries, 1876.\\nThe National Ode, 1876. Prince Deukalion, 1878. Studies in German\\nLiterature, 1879. Critical Essays and Literary Notes, 1880.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "BAYARD TAYLOR. 263\\nwhose ancestors came to America with Penn; on his\\nmother s side he inherited considerable German or\\nSwiss blood. In spite of his Quaker training, the boy\\nearly displayed a restless, roving disposition; but he\\ntook naturally to letters also, writing verses at seven\\nyears, and reading Goethe, Scott, and Gibbon while\\nyet a mere lad. In his twentieth year he resolved to\\ngratify his thirst for foreign travel; but his means being\\nvery limited, he went through Europe chiefly afoot, and\\noften lived upon bread, figs, and chestnuts, at a cost of\\nsix cents a day. His first book of travels, however,\\nbecame at once popular, and Taylor s destiny was mani-\\nfest he was to be the man of letters in motion. His\\nenergy in both travelling and writing was enormous. In\\nIndia he went more than two thousand miles in less\\nthan two months; in northern Europe he rode two hun-\\ndred and fifty miles behind reindeer, and journeyed five\\nhundred miles within the Arctic Circle. His pen trav-\\nelled nearly as fast as his feet; in two months and a half\\nhe wrote nine hundred royal octavo pages of a cyclo-\\npaedia of travel, and in a night and a day he read Victor\\nHugo s voluminous La Legende des Siecles and wrote a\\nlong review of it, including metrical translations of five\\npoems. All this was not conducive to the highest art\\nor to long life. But native restlessness, grief at the\\ndeath of his first wife, poverty, an ambition (resembling\\nScott s) to build up a large estate by the profits of his\\npen, and resulting debts, all combined to allow Taylor\\nno rest for hand or foot. The responsibilities of high\\npublic office proved to be the last straw, and he died\\nat his post before his career as minister to Germany had\\nlittle more than begun.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "264 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nTaylor s volumes of travel are entertaining and give\\naccurate pictures of the lands through which he passed,\\nbut such books are, necessarily, sooner or later super-\\nseded. His novels, although they sold well for a time,\\nhave proved, like his tales and sketches, .to be lacking\\nin vitality. Mr. Stedman thinks Taylor s literary criti-\\ncisms the ripest and most valuable portion of his prose\\nlabor j yet who but the scholar now reads them? The\\ndramas both the realistic Prophet, on Mormonism,\\nand the idealistic Masque of the Gods and DeukskUon, in\\nwhich Shelley s influence is too apparent are failures,\\nalthough the last two contain noble passages and show\\nmuch metrical skill. The narrative poems are far more\\nsuccessful. Lai s, with its vivid and finely contrasted\\npictures of life on the Norwegian coast and by the peace-\\nful Delaware, and its portrait of a soul passing from\\nhalf-savage fierceness to the gentleness of Quaker Chris-\\ntianity, is deservedly popular. Hylas is a soft and lovely\\nretouching of the old Greek myth, not unworthy of\\nLandor. In his Califoi-nia Ballads and Pennsylvania\\nIdyls Taylor opened fresh fields, which were to be worked\\nmore fully by later men and were to yield some of our\\nmost distinctively American products in verse and prose.\\nThe principal new element, however, which this world-\\ntraveller brought into American literature was that\\nOrientalism which found its best expression in Poems\\nof the Orient, including the famous Bedouin Song.\\nThere was something Oriental in the man himself. It\\nappeared in his down-drooping eyelids; in his\\naquiline nose, with the expressive tremor of the nostrils\\nas he spoke; in his thinly tufted chin, his close-curling\\n1 Poets of America, p, 420.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "WALT WHITMAN. 265\\nhair; his love of spices, music, coffee, colors, and per-\\nfumes. And it went into these poems, in which one\\nfinds a sense of the hot desert sands and the fierce sun,\\nthe Arab s love of his horse, the sensuous languor and\\nburning passion of the Oriental s nature. German lit-\\nerature affected Taylor s poetry less than might have\\nbeen expected when one considers his saturation in it;\\nbut his translation of Faust combines considerable\\nscholarship with remarkable metrical ingenuity, and is\\nthe best rendering of the poem into English verse.\\nWalt Whitman, as a native and resident of the\\nMiddle States, may be spoken of in connection with the\\nPennsylvania group. On the side of his father, a\\nfarmer and carpenter, he was descended from John\\nWhitman, who came to Massachusetts about the year\\n1640; his mother, the daughter of a Quakeress, was of\\nDutch origin. He received only a common-school edu-\\ncation, but as a lad was an omnivorous novel-reader, and\\nrevelled in Scott s poetry and The Arabian Nights.\\n1 Stedman s Poets of America, p. 406.\\n2 Life. Born at West Hills, Long Island, May 31, 1819. Lived in\\nBrooklyn, 1824-1833 printer in New York, 1836-1837; then taught\\ncountry schools for two or three years published a weekly paper at\\nHuntington, L.L, 1839-1840; in New York and Brooklyn as printer and\\nwriter, 1840-1849, editing the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1848-1849. Jour-\\nneyed through the West and South, 1849, serving on the editorial staff of\\nthe New Orleans Daily Crescent for a short time returned by the Great\\nLakes and Canada. Lived several years in New York and Brooklyn as\\ncarpenter, printer, editor, and author. Frequented the army hospitals,\\n1863-1865. Held government clerkships in Washington, 1865-1874.\\nStricken with paralysis, went to Camden, N.J., to live, 1874. Visited\\nColorado and St. Louis, 1879. Died at Camden, March 26, 1892.\\nWorks. Leaves of Grass, 1855; the subsequent editions, 1856,\\ni860, 1867, 1871, 1876, 1881, 1882, contain many changes and additions.\\nDrum Taps, 1865. Passage to India, 1870. Democratic Vistas, 1870.\\nMemoranda during the War, 1875. Specimen Days and Collect, 1882.\\nNovember Boughs, 1888. Good-bye, My Fancy, 1891.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "266 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nLater, he says, I used to go off down\\nin the country, or to Long Island s seashores there, in\\nthe presence of outdoor influences, I went over thor-\\noughly the Old and New Testaments, and absorbed\\nShakspere, Ossian, the best translated versions\\nI could get of Homer, ^schylus, Sophocles, the old\\nGerman Nibelungen, the ancient Hindoo poems, and\\none or two other masterpieces, Dante s among them.\\nAs it happened, I read the latter mostly in an old\\nwood. His chief love, however, was for nature and for\\nthe life that surged around him in Brooklyn and New\\nYork. He had a passion for ferries, and was hail-\\nfellow-well-met with the burly tribe of omnibus drivers\\nalong Broadway, The leisurely journey and working\\nexpedition of eight thousand miles, which, as a printer\\nand journalist, he made through the West, South, and\\nNorth, in the prime of his manhood, gave him a wide\\nknowledge, at first hand, of the masses of the American\\npeople. With the Civil War began a new epoch in his\\nlife. His services as a volunteer army nurse, in the\\ncourse of which he went among from eighty thousand\\nto a hundred thousand of the wounded and sick, were\\nunique and of great value, especially, as he himself says,\\nin the simple matters of personal presence, and ema-\\nnating ordinary cheer and magnetism. His health,\\nsuperb as it was, broke down under the strain before the\\nwar ended, and it was never fully restored. Partial\\nparalysis finally compelled him to resign his government\\nclerkship; and the remainder of his days he spent chiefly\\nin his quiet New Jersey home, half an invalid, and some-\\n1 A Backward Glance o er Travelled Roads.\\n2 Specimen Days.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "WALT WHITMAN. 267\\ntimes dependent upon the willing help of friends for the\\nsupply of his simple wants. He continued to write\\npoetry and prose, getting inspiration for some of it from\\na second trip to the West. Occasionally he went up the\\nHudson to visit John Burroughs, and he called upon\\nLongfellow and Emerson the year before they died.\\nTen years later the Good Gray Poet himself passed\\naway.\\nTwo great facts underlie Whitman s poetry. The first\\nis Democracy in America. It seemed to me the\\ntime had come, he says, to reflect all themes and\\nthings, old and new, in the lights thrown on them by the\\nadvent of America and democracy. Democracy is to\\nhim Equality, first of all, giving others the same\\nchances and rights as myself. Next, it is Comrade-\\nship, in a more commanding and acknowledged\\nsense than hitherto. And the goal of it all is\\nthe forming of myriads of fully developed indi-\\nviduals, for he believed that the crowning growth\\nof the United States is to be spiritual and heroic.\\nA great city is that which has the greatest men and women,\\nIf it be but a few ragged huts it is still the greatest city in the\\nwhole world.\\nHis thought about the relation of the democratic\\npresent to the feudal past is equally broad and just:\\nAmerica fully and fairly construed is the legiti-\\nmate result and revolutionary outcome of the past\\nere the New World can be worthily original she\\n1 The phrase is W. D. O Connor s, in his vindication of Whitman in\\n1866.\\n2 A Backward Glance er Travelled Roads.\\n3 Thought, in By the Roadside. Song of the Broad-Axe.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "268 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nmust be well saturated with the originality of others.\\nHe was keenly aware of our present shortcomings I\\nsay that our New World democracy, however great a\\nsuccess in uplifting the masses out of their sloughs, in\\nmaterialistic development, products, and in a certain\\nhighly deceptive, superficial, popular intellectuality, is,\\nso far, an almost complete failure in its social aspects,\\nand in really grand religious, moral, literary, and esthetic\\nresults. Yet he was hopeful for the future, believing\\nthat although democracy s first instincts are fain\\nto reduce everything to a dead level, yet the new\\ninfluences, upon the whole, are surely preparing the way\\nfor grander individualities than ever.\\nHis method of giving literary expression to democracy\\nis, first of all, to portray himself, faithfully and un-\\ncompromisingly, as one representative American, the\\nborn child of the New World.\\nOne s-Self I sing, a simple separate person,\\nYet utter the word Democratic, the word En-Masse.*\\nBut he also ranges, in thought, over the continent,\\nand paints all sorts and conditions of men, in masses,\\non a large canvas with broad sweeps of the brush. The\\nintellect and culture of America, however, receive little\\nattention; he was attracted chiefly to common men and\\nwomen, and to rough, hardy life in the open air. The\\nscenes of the Civil War, as a tremendous expression of\\n1 specimen Days a quotation, with approval, of what he had heard\\nLongfellow say.\\n2 Democratic Vistas.\\n3 A Backward Glance o er Travelled Roads.\\n4 One s-Self I Sing. See also Starting from Paumanok and Song\\nof Myself", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "WALT WHITMAN. 269\\nthe best life of the Republic, supplied him with many\\nsubjects; while the death of Lincoln, the great American\\ncommoner, was the inspiration of two of his noblest\\npoems. Whatever the subject, there appears constantly\\na great faith in democracy and the worth of the common\\nman. In his own rougher way, Whitman preaches\\nEmerson s doctrine of self-reliance:^\\nWe have had ducking and deprecating about enough,\\nI show that size is only development.\\nHave you outstript the rest are you the President\\nIt is a trifle, they vi ill more than arrive there, every one, and\\nstill pass on.3\\nThe second great influence upon Whitman s poetry was\\nScience. According to his light he put into practice the\\ncreed of the scientist that whatever is natural is right\\nOf physiology from top to toe I sing.^\\nI am not the poet of goodness only, I do not decline to be the\\npoet of wickedness also.^\\nGive me the drench of my passions, give me life coarse and rank.^\\nThe poems which elaborate the ideas expressed in\\nthese lines have exposed Whitman to the charge of in-\\ndecency; but his error was intellectual and aesthetic\\nrather than moral. He lacked that delicacy which\\nwould have taught him that some things are less beauti-\\nful if dragged into broad day; and his conception of\\n1 O Captain, My Captain and When Lilacs last in the Dooryard\\nBloomed. See also Come tip from the Fields, Father Vi^il Strange I\\nKept and First, O Songs, for a Prelude.\\nEmerson recognized in Whitman a semi-disciple, and publicly wel-\\ncomed Leaves of Grass, although he did not approve of its coarser parts.\\n3 Song of Myself 4 Ones-Self I Sing.\\n5 Song of Myself. 6 Native Moments.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "270 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\nnature was too narrow, for he did not see that restraint,\\ndelicacy, and silence are as natural as appetite, frank-\\nness, and speech. But in justice it should be added\\nthat his protest against mere prudery needed to be made\\nand is in accord with one of the most wholesome influ-\\nences of physical science, and that he has said noble\\nthings about woman, particularly in this picture of his\\nmother:\\nBehold a woman\\nShe looks out from her Quaker cap, her face is clearer and more\\nbeautiful than the sky.\\nShe sits in an armchair under the shaded porch of the farmhouse,\\nThe sun just shines on her old white head.\\nThe melodious character of the earth,\\nThe finish beyond which philosophy cannot go and does not wish\\nto go,\\nThe justified mother of men.^\\nWhitman asserts with power the divinity of common\\nthings, helping one to realize the sacredness of our\\nbodies and the marvel and mystery of the meanest work\\nof the Creator\\nAnd the running blackberry would adorn the parlors of heaven,\\nAnd a mouse is miracle enough to stagger sextillions of infidels.^\\nIf anything is sacred the human body is sacred.\\nAnd the glory and sweet of a man is the token of manhood .un-\\ntainted.3\\nThe other scientific doctrine that profoundly affected\\nWhitman is Evolution, which he accepted in its most\\ncomprehensive sense as an inevitable and never-ending\\nupward movement of the whole universe. Death is\\nonly transition, one of many steps in the eternal\\nprogression\\n1 Faces. 2 Song of Myself. 3 sing the Body Electric.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "WALT WHITMAN. 271\\nIf I, you, and the worlds, and all beneath or upon their surfaces,\\nwere this moment reduced back to a paUid float, it would not\\navail in the long run,\\nWe should surely bring up again where we now stand,\\nAnd surely go as much farther, and then farther and farther.\\nThis day before dawn I ascended a hill and looked at the crowded\\nheaven.\\nAnd I said to my spirit, When we becoitie the eyifolders of those orbs,\\nand the pleasure and knowledge of everything in them, shall\\nwe be filled and satisfied then\\nAnd my spirit said, No, we but level that lift to pass ajid contintie\\nbeyond}\\nWhitman rejected rhyme, metre, and other conven-\\ntional poetic embellishments, that he might make the\\nvery form of his message reflect the novelty of its spirit,\\nalthough he had profound admiration for the great\\npoems of the past, standing before them, he says, with\\nuncovered head, fully aware of their colossal grandeur\\nand beauty. He felt, also, that for him, at least,\\nwriting upon the great primal facts of nature and human\\nlife in a crude New World, the large freedom of his\\nlines was a more sincere and adequate mode of expres-\\nsion than regular metres and honeyed rhymes.^ But\\nthe amount of music in Whitman s verse is usually\\nunderrated. As the passion rises, the style also rises,\\nSong of Myself. See Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocki?ig, i\\\\\\\\c most\\nbeautiful of his longer poems, and Whefi Lilacs last in the Dooryard\\nBloomed, for thoughts about death.\\n2 A Backward Glance o er Travelled Roads. His early study of\\nOssian no doubt affected him. Among his Pieces in Early Youth\\n(see the complete prose works), Blood-Money and Wounded in the\\nHouse of Friends are written in irregular, unrhymed lines, and seem\\ntransitional to the manner of Leaves of Grass. Of the latter he says,\\nwith unconscious naivete, I had great trouble in leaving out the stock\\npoetical touches, but succeeded at last. Specimen Days.\\n3 See Spirit that formed This Scene.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "272 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\noftentimes into a magnificent free rhythm and a large\\nmelody, as in these lines upon Lincoln s funeral train\\nWith the pomp of the inlooped flags, with the cities draped in\\nblack,\\nWith the show of the States themselves as of crape-veiled women\\nstanding,\\nWith dirges through the night, with the thousand voices rising\\nstrong and solemn.\\nWith all the mournful voices of the dirges poured around the\\ncoffin,\\nThe dim-lit churches and the shuddering organs where amid\\nthese you journey.\\nWith the tolling, tolling bells perpetual clang,\\nHere, coffin that slowly passes,\\nI give you my sprig of lilac.\\nWhitman s diction is usually idiomatic and strong; not\\ninfrequently, however, it becomes labored and affected.\\nHe had almost no structural power, and his longer poems\\nare mere heaps. But in the word, phrase, and paragraph\\nhe showed a remarkable descriptive gift, his pictures\\npressing almost bodily upon the eye.^ His feeling for\\nhumanity was broad, deep, and robust, if not of the\\nfinest texture.^ In ranging through past, present, and\\nfuture, his imagination sometimes takes a high as well\\nas a wide flight, notably in Passage to India, Prayer of\\n1 Whe7i Lilacs last in the Dooryard Bloomed. See the whole poem\\nfor rhythms of various kinds, admirably fitted to the thought or feeling.\\nAlso Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking With Husky-Haughty Lips,\\nO Sea and many more.\\n2 Emigre, longeve, deific, morbificjiarbinge, arriere philosophs, eleve,\\nand similar words occur.\\n3 See Cavalry Passing a Ford, A Paumanok Picture, and Song of\\nMyself\\n4 See Crossing Brooklyn Ferry, The City Dead-House, The Wound-\\nDresser, The Singer in the Prison, You Felons ott Trial in Courts.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "HUMORISTS AND ORATORS. 273\\nColumbus, and The Mystic Trumpeter. As a poet of\\nnature, especially of vast areas, the night, and the sea,\\nhe is superb in untamed energy and large, elemental,\\nimpassioned imagination. Other American sea-poems\\nseem puny in comparison with Patrolling Barjiegat, To\\nthe Man-of- War Bird, and With Husky-Haughty Lips,\\nO Sea.\\nIt is extravagant to call Walt Whitman a great thinker\\nor seer. He lacked spiritual refinement, and he did not\\nknow enough; there was in him, at least in earlier years,\\nsomething of the rowdy, and his robustness is partly\\nswagger. But he did catch, and give out again with\\npeculiar emphasis and sense of reality, some of the\\nlargest thoughts of his day; and as we read his pages\\nwe feel the New Spirit t)lowing fresh and strong, if\\nsomewhat raw, in our faces. To some minds, at least,\\nhe is immensely suggestive and stimulating. He was\\nnot a great poet, but he had in him some of the bones\\nof one; and he may be accepted as a crude and imper-\\nfect prophecy, a hasty first sketch, of the thoroughly\\ngreat American poet who is yet to be.\\nOther classes of literary works in this period may be\\ntreated briefly, because they either are of small worth or\\ndo not belong strictly to the realm of pure literature.\\nThe Humorists deserve mention, but little more.\\nThe Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington (1845), by\\nBenjamin P. Shillaber (1814-1890), contains good\\nsense and knowledge of human nature as well as con-\\nsiderable genuine humor. Henry W. Shaw (1818-\\n1885), in Josh Billings His Book (1866), relied in part\\nupon misspelling for his humor, but some of his epi-\\nT", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "274 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ngrams are really witty and shrewd. The Nasby Papers\\n(1864), of David R. Locke (1833- 1888), by their\\nhumorous satire did effective work for the Union cause.\\nCharles F. Browne Artemus Ward (1834-1867)\\nowed his success as a lecturer in the United States and\\nEngland considerably to his manner, which was irre-\\nsistibly solemn; but His Book (1863), Tt-avels (1865),\\nand In London (1867) are full of horse sense and\\nreal humor of the broad type. These humorists, and\\ntheir like, are, however, no more American than\\nIrving, Lowell, and Holmes.\\nThe Orators deserve a volume to themselves, for this\\nwas the golden age of American oratory as well as of\\nAmerican poetry and fiction. Among the pulpit orators\\nthree were preeminent. William E. Channing (1780-\\n1842), the leader of the conservative Unitarians, won the\\nsouls of men by the sweetness of his spirit and the calm\\nclearness of his thought and style. Theodore Parker\\n(18 10- 1860), a more radical Unitarian, was a trumpeter\\nwho loved to sound the call to battle against superstition\\nand slavery, and loud, piercing, strepitant was his note.\\nA far greater orator than either was Henry Ward\\nBeecher (18 1 3-1 887), of leonine aspect, who mobbed\\nmobs in England, and compelled a hearing there for\\nthe Union side in the early days of the Civil War;\\nfor many years he poured forth from the pulpit of\\nPlymouth Church sermons brilliant in thought, full\\nof poetic beauty, rich and warm with the love of God\\nand man. In Congress, during the second quarter of\\nthe century, wrestled three giants. John C. Calhoun\\n(1782-1850), of South Carolina, was perhaps unequalled\\nin debate cold, keen, logical, quick to see the joint", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "DANIEL WEBSTER. 275\\nin his opponent s armor, and pitiless in thrusting in the\\nlance. The constitutional argument for the right of\\nsecession received its perfection at his hands. Henry\\nClay (i 777-1852), senator from Kentucky, had less\\nlogical grip but more charm. His personal magnetism\\nwas great, and hence his most memorable work was per-\\nsuading hostile factions into various compromises upon\\nslavery. His speeches have not stood well the test of cold\\nprint. Daniel Webster is America s greatest orator,\\nand one of the great orators of the world. His majestic\\npresence, his coal-black eyes glowing under cavernous\\nbrows, his tremendous energy (Sydney Smith called him\\na steam-engine in breeches his massive brain, and\\nhis large utterance, all proclaimed him a born king of\\nmen; and for years, despite the immorality of his private\\nlife, he was the idol of New England, her chosen spokes-\\nman in Congress and on impressive public occasions. His\\nfirst great speech was his argument in the famous Dart-\\nmouth College case; other men have surpassed him in\\nlegal erudition, but for combination of eloquence with\\nmastery of the broad principles of law he is still our\\n1 Life. Born at Salisbury, N. H., Jan 18, 1782; descended from\\nThomas Webster, of Scotch ancestry, who settled in New Hampshire in\\n1636 graduated at Dartmouth College, 1801 admitted to the bar, 1805\\nfor several years practised law in Portsmouth married, 1808 represen-\\ntative from New Hampshire, 1813-1815; removed to Boston, 1816;\\nrepresentative from Massachusetts, 1823-1827 senator from Massachu-\\nsetts, 1827-1841 marrieda second time, 1829; secretary of state, 1841-\\n1843; senator from Massachusetts, 1845-1852; died atMarshfield, xMass.,\\nOct. 24, 1852.\\nOrations. Dartmouth College case, 1818. Plymouth oration, 1820.\\nAddress at the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monument,\\n1825. Funeral oration on Adams and Jefferson, 1826. Reply to Hayne,\\n1830. Argument in the White murder case, 1830. Address at the com-\\npletion of Bunker Hill Monument, 1843. Seventh of March speech\\n1850. Etc.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "276 THE LITERATURE FROM 1815 to 1870.\\ngreatest lawyer, although Rufus Choate (i 799-1859)\\nhad more brilliancy of an erratic sort. Webster s fame\\nas an occasional orator rests upon his Plymouth ora-\\ntion, the two Bunker Hill Monument orations, and the\\noration upon Adams and Jefferson; it is sufficient praise\\nto say that he made great occasions greater by his pres-\\nence and words. His eloquence reached its height\\nin his speeches in the United States Senate, above all\\nin the reply to Hayne, which remains the supreme con-\\nstitutional and historical argument for national unity.\\nTwenty years later, by his Seventh of March speech, he\\nlost the confidence of the North, which accused him of\\nselling out to the South through ambition to be Presi-\\ndent, a verdict which the cooler judgment of a later gen-\\neration has seen reason to reverse. The eloquence of\\nWebster was of the stately, massive type, carrying in its\\nbosom a deep glow of conviction and large passion; his\\nstyle is plain and strong, often sonorous, sometimes\\nheavy; his thought, clear and logical; the total effect,\\nOlympian. His mind was, however, of limited range\\ncompared with that of Cicero or Burke, and had\\nless flexibility and richness; his one great idea was the\\nUnion, as the means of preserving and enlarging the\\nsplendid inheritance bequeathed to us by the founders\\nof the Republic. The typical academic orator of this\\nperiod was Edward Everett (i 794-1865), Congress-\\nman, governor of Massachusetts, minister to England,\\nand president of Harvard College; he was elegant in\\nmanner, finished though prolix in style, and rather too\\nfond of extempore effects carefully prepared. Abraham\\nLincoln (1809-1865), a great debater, as his campaign\\nstruggle with Stephen A. Douglas (1813-1861) proved^", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "THE HISTORIANS. 277\\nhas left one masterpiece of brief, pregnant political\\noratory, in the purest English, his address at the dedi-\\ncation of the Gettysburg monument. Wendell Phillips\\n(181 1- 1 884), the great orator of the abolition cause, was\\nnot a Thor s hammer, like Webster, but a Damascus\\nblade, graceful, rapid, flashing, with a terrible cutting-\\nedge. In sarcasm and invective he was unsurpassed,\\nand his presence and style were those of a gentleman\\nand an aristocrat. His exaggeration, mental reckless-\\nness, and comparative poverty of thought, however,\\nprevent his printed speeches from standing high as lit-\\nerature. Webster s successor in the Senate, Charles\\nSumner (1811-1874), of cold and egotistic personality\\nbut of high principles and stainless integrity, in his\\nsomewhat labored orations also fought a courageous\\nfight for freedom and national honor. George W.\\nCurtis (1824-1892), whose charming essays and other\\nwritings merit more than this passing reference, in his\\npolitical, anniversary, and biographical addresses pre-\\nsented a rare combination of the orator, man of letters,\\nand scholar in politics.\\nThe works of several Historians have so much literary\\nmerit that they cannot be passed by wholly without\\nmention here. William H. Prescott (i 796-1859), in\\nspite of partial blindness, produced memorable histories;\\nFerdinand and Isabella (1837), The Conquest of Mexico\\n(1843), and The Conquest of Peru (1847), dealing with\\nsome of the most romantic events in the world s annals,\\ncombine much patient labor with a luminous and enter-\\ntaining style. The History of the United States,^ by\\n1 In ten volumes, appearing seriatim in 1834, 1837, 1840, 1852, 1853,\\n1854, 1858, i860, 1866, 1874; revised edition, in six volumes, 1883-1885.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "278 THE LITERATURE FROM 1870 to 1900.\\nGeorge Bancroft (i 800-1 891), secretary of the navy,\\nand minister to Great Britain and Germany, has less\\ncharm of manner, and the earlier volumes are marred\\nby a somewhat turgid Americanism; but it embodies an\\nimmensp amount of careful labor and research. John\\nLoTHROP Motley (18 14-187 7), minister to Austria and\\nEngland, is the most dramatic of our historians, like\\nCarlyle laying much emphasis upon great personalities\\nand their influence in shaping history; The Rise of the\\nDufcJi Republic (1865) and The His to 7 j of the United\\nNetherlands (i 860-1 868) are more brilliant in style\\nthan Bancroft s writings, and deeper than Prescott s.\\nFrancis Parkman (1823-1893), in spite of an affection\\nof the eyes, wrote voluminously and with great thor-\\noughness upon the discovery of the West by early ex-\\nplorers and upon the struggle between Great Britain and\\nFrance for supremacy in North America; his style,\\nthough perhaps too high-colored at times, is pictur-\\nesque and powerful, and his books are nothing less than\\nfascinating. All these historians were of New England\\nbirth, and contributed in no small degree to the literary\\npreeminence of that section during the period to which\\nthey belonged.\\n3. THE LITERATURE FROM 1870 to 1900.\\nThe time has not yet come to discuss in detail the\\nwritings of authors whose literary activity falls wholly or\\n1 The California and Oregon Trail, 1849. The History of the Con-\\nspiracy of Pontiac, 1851. Pioneers of France in the New World, 1865.\\nThe Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century, 1867. La\\nSalle or the Discovery of the Great West, 1869. The Old Regime in\\nCanada, 1874. Count Frontenac and New^ France under Louis XIV.,\\n1877. Montcalm and Wolfe, 1884. Etc.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "GENERAL CONDITIONS. 279\\nchiefly within the last thirty years of the nineteenth\\ncentury. An indication of general tendencies and a\\ntentative appraisal of the more conspicuous or more\\nrepresentative writers are all that can now be justly\\nattempted.\\nSince the close of the Rebellion the population and\\nwealth of the nation have advanced at a prodigious pace.\\nImmigration on an immense scale and the natural in-\\ncrease of a prolific people have caused the cities of the\\nEast and Centre to grow very rapidly and have covered\\nthe vast West and Northwest with a hardy, industrious\\npopulation, so. that the census for 1900 will doubt-\\nless show a total of more than seventy million inhab-\\nitants. The national wealth is now reckoned in many\\nbillions of dollars, most of it still in the hands of the\\nmasses, although multi-millionaires are numerous and\\nplutocracy is a growing menace. The Centennial Ex-\\nposition of 1876 and the Columbian Exposition of 1893\\nwere mammoth ledgers in which were writ large the\\nrecords of the nation s colossal business at home and\\nabroad. Politically, the salient facts of the generation\\nhave been the rise of the New South, without slavery;\\nthe increased venality in public life, especially in large\\ncities, accompanied by an encouraging reaction on the\\npart of the best elements in American society against\\nthis vice of prosperous republics; the steady growth in\\nthe strength and prestige of the national government at\\nthe expense of the state governments; the admission of\\nseveral territories to statehood; and, as a result of the\\nwar with Spain, the acquisition of an extensive archi-\\npelago in the Old World, with the new foreign policy\\nwhich these possessions and our rapidly increasing ex-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "28o THE LITERATURE FROM 1870 to 1900.\\nport trade necessarily involve. Wisely or unwisely, the\\nUnited States has stepped out of its century-long isola-\\ntion into the larger politics of the world; ever to step\\nback again seems impossible, and our new world-rela-\\ntions must sooner or later exert a powerful influence, for\\ngood or for ill, upon the national life and literature.\\nMeanwhile, many tendencies of the time are clearly\\nmaking toward a higher civilization. The practical\\napplications of science, electricity in particular; im-\\nprovements in diet, dress, and sanitation; the athletic\\nspirit, driving the student and the rich man s sons and\\ndaughters into healthful sports in the open air; the\\nmagnificent endowments of great universities, which,\\nborrowing elements from both the English and the Ger-\\nman systems, are working toward an educational ideal\\nperhaps superior to either and certainly better adapted\\nto American conditions; the rise of a noble architecture,\\nmore especially in churches, university buildings, and\\npublic libraries; the growth of the taste for art and of\\npromising schools of artists; the efforts of thoughtful\\nmen in all our churches to readjust religious habitudes\\nto the needs of modern times, all this- means much for\\nthe health, intelligence, charm, and spirituality of\\nAmerican life and literature in the twentieth century.\\nAlthough we have no authors equal in caliber to\\nthe greater writers of the middle of the century, the\\naverage of talent and the standard of workman-\\nship are higher than ever before. The number of\\nmen and women who can write excellent fiction and\\nfinished verse is surprisingly large, and the literary\\nquality of our best magazines would do credit to\\nany period of English literature. A second conspic-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "GENERAL LITERARY TENDENCIES. 281\\nuous fact is the preeminence of the Short Story. The\\nreasons for the popularity of this form of prose fic-\\ntion throughout the modern world are apparent. Books\\nare cheap, the reading habit is general, the mass of\\nreaders want easy reading, and short stories require even\\nless mental effort than novels. Our ancestors had leisure\\nfor Clarissa Harlowe we live on the jump, and need\\nsomething short enough to be read between jumps. The\\nsame high tension of life has begotten, furthermore, a\\nsemi-artistic impatience of padding and dawdling. All\\nthese conditions reach their extreme in America, which\\nhas, therefore, naturally made the short story peculiarly\\nits own. Still another large feature of contemporary\\nAmerican literature, in prose and verse, is Realism.\\nThis also is a general tendency of modern times, spring-\\ning from the scientific temper with its passion for accu-\\nracy and truth and its belief that there is nothing more\\nwonderful or worthy of study than the common things\\nthat lie all about us. American realism, however,\\nalthough it has been strongly influenced by European,\\nparticularly by French and Russian, has freely utilized\\nthe romantic materials of life in the South and West;\\nand in a country where Anglo-Saxon ideas of morality\\nstill rule, and the Young Person reads the same lit-\\nerature that adults read, even realistic fiction has neces-\\nsarily avoided certain phases of the realism of Zola\\nand Tolstoi. Finally, much of recent American litera-\\nture has a distinctive flavor, because, while it is more\\ncosmopolitan than ever before in the sense of being open\\nto world-wide influences, its material is American and\\neven provincial. Local conditions in North, South,\\nand West have been studied as through a microscope,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "282 THE LITERATURE FROM 1870 to 1900.\\nand scenery, customs, character, dialect, legends, super-\\nstitions, and neighborhood history have been portrayed\\nwith truth, freshness, and power. This is, of course, in\\npart the result of the spirit of realism, which finds its\\nliterary material in the common and near. The demand\\nfor short stories has tended in the same direction, neigh-\\nborhood life furnishing many incidents admirably\\nadapted for such handling although quite insufficient\\nfor long novels. The lack of a literary metropolis, which\\nshould be to the United States what London is to Great\\nBritain and Paris to France, has also favored diversity\\nin matter and manner. New England has lost what pre-\\neminence it had. Our men of letters work each by\\nhimself or in literary centres far apart in space and\\nwidely different in traditions and temper. The disad-\\nvantages of this state of things are obvious; but the\\nadvantages, in cultivating independence and originality,\\nand in allowing many sides of our diversified life and\\nmany kinds of talent to manifest themselves in litera-\\nture, are probably greater at this stage of our artistic\\ndevelopment. We are in effect carrying on a series of\\nexperiments on a large scale; in some of these literary\\nlaboratories scattered over the land may be discovered\\nthe philosopher s stone and the elixir of life. At all\\nevents, if we are ever to have a more unitary literature,\\nan expression of the life of the nation as a whole, these\\npreliminary studies of its constituent parts will be of\\ngreat value. To these causes should be added an in-\\ncreased feeling of independence, the natural result of\\nmaturity and rapidly expanding power. We care rela-\\ntively less for the censure or the approval of Europe;\\nwithout the swagger and shallow conceit which, in the", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "NORTHERN WRITERS. 283\\nheyday of our national youth, went hand in hand with\\nexcessive sensitiveness to foreign opinion, we are now\\nrather amused than irritated by Old World condescen-\\nsion, feeling that if we have much to learn we also have\\nsomewhat to teach. Emerson s words may now be\\nchanged into the present tense: we walk on our own\\nfeet; we work with our own hands; we speak our own\\nminds.\\nAmong contemporary Northern writers Thomas B.\\nAldrich (1836- is deservedly prominent. He is\\nthe author of one of the most charming and wholesome\\nboys books ever written; his short stories are very\\nbright, and touch life on many sides; the novels are less\\nsuccessful, although they have the author s unfailing\\nvivacity and finish. Mr. Aldrich s verse is as faultless\\nin technique as Tennyson s, and shows a Keats-like\\nlove of sensuous beauty; but it lacks originality and\\nlargeness of imagination. The poems of Edmund C.\\nStedman (1833- have finish and restrained force,\\nwith fine humor, fancy, and feeling; as a whole they\\ncan never be popular, although a few of the spirited\\nwar lyrics have gained a wide hearing. Mr. Stedman s\\nlater work has been chiefly literary criticism, for which\\nhe is singularly fitted by his wide knowledge, fine yet\\ncatholic taste, and judicial temper. William D.\\nHowELLS (1837- our foremost novelist resident\\nin America, under the influence of Tolstoi has travelled\\nfar along the road of realism and social reform. He\\nhas a remarkable gift at so portraying half-unconscious\\nme^ness or weakness of character that the reader is\\nmade aware of, similar tendencies in himself and thor-\\n1 See pp. 202-203.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "284 THE LITERATURE FROM 1870 to 1900.\\noughly ashamed of them. All Mr. Howells s work is\\ncharacterized by thoughtfulness, keen observation of\\nhmnan nature, and literary neatness and point; but it\\nwill not be surprising if his rather depressing realistic\\nstudies are outlived by his more beautiful earlier sketches\\nand by his charming little farces. Henry James\\n(1843- who has long lived abroad, writes much\\nupon the American in Europe. In his own way he also\\nis a realist, analyzing character and motives with great\\nprecision and subtlety; his portraits have the fineness\\nand microscopic finish of a steel engraving; his style is\\nquietly vivacious, and abounds in happily turned phrases;\\nbut one cannot read long in James without wishing for\\nbroader horizons and a freer stride. Of the numerous\\nother Northern writers of fiction mention can be made\\nof only a few: Edward E. Hale (1822- some of\\nwhose stories have long been classic; Frank R. Stock-\\nton (1834- with his pleasant knack at getting\\nhis characters into ludicrous situations by a series of\\nperfectly natural steps; Elizabeth Phelps Ward\\n(1844- who cannot be other than bright, femi-\\nnine, and intense; Mary E. Wilkins (1862- a sure-\\nhanded water-color painter of the more neutral tints in\\nNew England life; and the versatile S. Weir Mitchell\\n(1829- author of a successful novel on the Ameri-\\ncan Revolution. Among the essayists, Charles D.\\nWarner (1829- of refined yet vigorous humor and\\neasy familiarity with men and things, and Agnes Rep-\\nPLiER (1855- whose piquant satire amuses if it does\\nnot convince, write what is readable, which is a good\\ndeal to say of essays. John Burroughs (1837-\\na more polished but tamer Thoreau, knows nature", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "WESTERN WRITERS. 285\\nminutely, and his sketches are charming and restful.\\nThe minor poets are legion; Richard H. Stoddard\\n(1^25- Lucy Larcom (1826-1893), Emma Laz-\\narus (1849-1887), John B. O Reilly (1844-1890),\\nCelia L. Thaxter (1835 -1 894), and Louise C. Moulton\\nmay be named as representative. A rarer vein is that\\nof Emily Dickinson (1830-1886), whose condensed\\nlittle poems on nature and life startle and stab by their\\nerratic originality of thought and phrase. Edward R.\\nSill (1841-1887), a native of New England although\\nlong resident in the West, had high poetic gifts sweet\\nflow of verse, originality in phrase and images, passion\\nwith spirituality, and fresh, bright beauty in handling\\nthemes from classic mythology.\\nThe Western writers have brought into American\\nliterature much that is breezy and fresh. John Piatt\\n(1835- and his wife (1836- sing beautifully of\\nfarm life in the Ohio Valley. John Hay (1838- in\\nhis ballads paints with vigor some of the rougher types\\nof Western character. Edward Eggleston (1837-\\nin his Hoosier novels has drawn vivid pictures\\nof the earlier days in Indiana. The poems of James\\nW. Riley (1852- chiefly in the Hoosier dia-\\nlect, are brimful of humor, pathos, human kindliness,\\nrich love of nature, and spontaneous lyric melody.\\nMaurice Thomson (1844- and Edith Thomas\\n(1854- have the true wildwood note in their poems\\nof nature. Eugene Field (1850-1895) has written a few\\ntouching child poems. Lewis Wallace (1827- is\\nthe author of several ambitious historical novels, which\\nare vivid but too high-colored. Helen H. Jackson\\nH. H. (1831-1885), of Eastern birth, a writer of", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "286 THE LITERATURE FROM 1870 to 1900.\\nbeautiful verse, is most widely known by her prose fiction\\non behalf of the Indians. A more voluminous poet than\\nany of the preceding is Cincinnatus H. Miller foa-\\nquin Miller (1841- the Oregon Byron, whose\\npoems on life in the far West have fire, color, and dash,\\nalthough they are deficient in sterling poetic worth.\\nFrancis Bret Harte (1839- has made a brilliant\\nreputation in America and Europe by his stories and\\nverse, which deal chiefly with incidents and characters\\non the Pacific slope. His pictures of rough mining life,\\nin particular, are remarkable for vividness, pathos, and\\nrevelation of a soul of goodness in evil men. The\\ngreatest writer of the West is Samuel L. Clemens\\nMark Twain (1835- a native of Missouri, a\\nprinter, a Mississippi river pilot, a resident of Nevada,\\nCalifornia, Hawaii, and Hartford, and a traveller in\\nmany lands. His best work has originality and imagi-\\nnation in high degree. His books wholly or chiefly\\nhumorous contain much that is flat, stale, and unprofit-\\nable, although their large vigor and genuine gift of\\nbroad humor give them vitality. But in those describ-\\ning life on the Mississippi River, he sketches scenery,\\ncustoms, social conditions, and human nature (including\\nboy nature) with a large, free, true hand, his humor is\\nat its best, and the style flows on with the ease and\\npower of the Great River itself. The other group of his\\nbetter works handle historical themes taken from the\\nOld World, and reveal an historical imagination and\\na finish of manner hardly to be expected in the author of\\nthe rougher books. In all, Mr. Clemens is a robust\\nAmerican and democrat, perhaps a little robustious\\nat times he stands squarely on his own feet, gazes", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "SOUTHERxN WRITERS. 287\\nunabashed upon the wonders of the Old World, and\\nshows by some of his powerful pictures how wretched\\nwas the condition of the common people in days\\nidealized by historian and poet. Time will winnow\\nmuch chaff from his pages, but much of great merit will\\nremain.\\nThere is a literary New South, no less than a political\\nand industrial one, and the literature which has sprung\\nup in that region since the war is not only interesting\\nand novel but contains high promise for the future.\\nNever before have the beauty, passion, romance, and\\npicturesqueness of Southern character and life received\\nso noble and diversified expression in letters. Sidney\\nLanier (1849-1881), of Georgia, soldier, teacher, law\\nstudent, magazine writer, and lecturer on English litera-\\nture at Johns Hopkins University, is second only to\\nPoe among Southern poets. His versification sometimes\\nfalls into excessive intricacy and mere caprice, and\\nhis thought occasionally fades away into inarticulate\\ndreamery. But these errors are only the defects of his\\nvirtues. A man of the finest sensitiveness without\\neffeminacy, and a skilled musician, he has produced\\ndreamy, floating, mist-like, musical effects that are new\\nin English verse and his feeling for nature, especially\\nfor wood and marsh life as seen in parts of the South, is\\nthoroughly modern in its union of exact observation\\nwith imaginative subtlety. Lanier had also a keen intel-\\nlect, as appears from his original and suggestive books\\non versification and the novel. Had he lived to develop\\nhis gifts fully, he might have come to be numbered with\\nthe foremost American poets; as it is he stands only a\\nlittle lower and in a secure place of his own. Fiction,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "288 THE LITERATURE FROM 1870 to 1900.\\nparticularly the short story, has been the favorite liter-\\nary form of most of the recent Southern writers.\\nFrances H. Burnett (1849- English birth\\nbut a resident of America since girlhood, is famous as\\nthe creator of Little Lord Fauntleroy. Louisiana life,\\nespecially among the Creoles, has been realistically yet\\npoetically portrayed by George W. Cable (1844-\\nwhether or not his books present the exceptional as the\\nusual (as is af^rmed), they have enriched our literature\\nwith pictures full of romance, pathos, and dramatic\\nintensity, and they have at least some historical value\\nas records of a social regime now vanished forever.\\nRichard M. Johnston (1822- )ina homely and\\nhumorous way describes admirably sundry typical Georgia\\nscenes and characters. Mary N. Murfree, whose pseu-\\ndonym Charles E. Craddock and masculine style\\nat first deceived every one as to her sex, paints life and\\nscenery among the mountains of Tennessee with re-\\nmarkable vigor and beauty. Francis H. Smith\\n(1838- has given an inimitable sketch of one type\\nof the Southern gentleman in Colonel Carter of Carters-\\nville. Virginia life glows on the pages of Thomas N.\\nPage (1853- who depicts with great beauty and\\npathos the relations of old negro servants to marse\\nand missis. James L. Allen writes, with a poet s\\nsensuousness, of nature and passion in luxuriant Ken-\\ntucky. Joel C. Harris (1848- has made a per-\\nmanent contribution to the literature of folklore by his\\ncharming versions of negro animal-myths as told by\\nUncle Remus. The negro race speaks directly in the\\npoems and stories of Paul L. Dunbar (1872- who\\nis one herald, it may be hoped, of a higher intellectual", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "CONCLUSION. 289\\nand artistic life for a long-oppressed people. Winston\\nChurchill, in his portrait of Richard Carvel and his\\npicture of life in Maryland and England in Revolution-\\nary days, has produced one of the finest historical novels\\nof the century, in many respects a worthy successor to\\nThackeray s Hen?y Esmo7id, which it somewhat resem-\\nbles.\\nThis imperfect record of three centuries of literature\\nin America may profitably conclude with a backward\\nglance over the entire tract which has been traversed, and\\nwith a forecast, necessarily tentative and vague, of that\\nwhich lies yet unrevealed. Upon a broad survey, three\\nstages in the historical development of American litera-\\nture become manifest. The first stage, lasting some two\\nhundred years, was that of crude or feeble Imitation of\\nEnglish Models. The writings usually had little artistic\\nmerit, and the intrinsic interest of the subject-matter\\ngrew less rather than greater as the years went on there\\nwas, however, a fairly steady improvement in clearness\\nand ease of style. The second stage, extending through\\nabout two-thirds of the nineteenth century, was preemi-\\nnently that of Enghsh Culture in American Soil. Barren\\nimitation gave place to absorption and free reproduction.\\nDistinctively American elements, in style, subject, and\\npoint of view, also became a larger part of the whole.\\nBut English Hterary traditions, often those of the eigh-\\nteenth century, underlay most of the best American lit-\\nerature of the period. Continental culture also exerted\\na strong influence, the deepest impress being made by\\nthe poetry and philosophy of Germany. The third stage,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "290 THE LITERATURE FROM 1870 to 1900.\\nnot yet completed, is one of Transition, Experiment, and\\na New Spirit, a spirit more independent, more bold, some-\\ntimes more rash and crude, but on the whole cherishing\\nall that was best in the literary ideals of the past, while\\nreaching out, often bhndly, after new sources of power\\nand new methods of giving effective expression to the hfe\\nof the Present in America. What will be the final issue\\nremains to be seen. The best literature yet produced in\\nthe New World is that which was dominated by the cul-\\nture of the Old World. But the prophecy may be haz-\\narded that if America ever achieves supreme excellence\\nin any form of art, it will be by giving freest and fullest\\nexpression to her own life. This is not saying that the\\ngreat American poet will write in an obscure dialect and\\nthe great American novehst confine his studies to pork-\\npackers, mining-camps, and ignorant mountaineers. The\\ntruest Americanism, instead of being hmited to what is\\npeculiar to America, includes the entire hfe of the Ameri-\\ncan people, what they have in common with England,\\nEurope, and the world, as well as what they have alone.\\nAmericanism of this sort may be made the basis of a\\ngreat hterature and such a literature would be appre-\\nciably different from that of any other country, for physi-\\ncal conditions, pohtical institutions, and the mingling of\\nmany powerful or talented races are combining to pro-\\nduce in North America a new type of man. An Ameri-\\ncan hterature which, while courageously welcoming all\\ngood influences from abroad, at the core remains true, in\\nform and spirit, to the life of the Great Republic may yet\\nbecome one of the sublime literatures of the world.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "A.\\nEXTRACTS FROM COLONIAL AND REVOLU-\\nTIONARY LITERATURE.\\nJohn Smith.\\nThe Rescue by Pocahontas.\\nAt last they brought him [Smith] to Meronocomoco, where\\nwas Powhatan their Emperor. Here more then two hundred\\nof those grim Courtiers stood wondering at him, as he had\\nbeene a monster till Powhatan and his trayne had put them-\\nselues in their greatest braveries. Before a fire vpon a seat\\nlike a bedsted, he sat covered with a great robe, made of\\nRarowcun skinnes, and all the tayles hanging by. On either\\nhand did sit a young wench of i6 or i8 yeares, and along on\\neach side the house, two rowes of men, and behind them as\\nmany women, with all their heads and shoulders painted red\\nmany of their heads bedecked with the white downe of\\nBirds but every one with something and a great chayne\\nof white beads about their necks. At his entrance before the\\nKing, all the people gaue a great shout. The Oueene of\\nAppamatuck was appointed to bring him water to wash his\\nhands, and another brought him a bunch of feathers, in stead\\nof a Towell to dry them having feasted him after their best\\nbarbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held,\\nbut the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before\\nPowhatan then as many as could layd hands on him, dragged\\nhim to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with\\ntheir clubs, to beate out his braines, Pocahontas the Kings\\ndearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his\\nhead in her armes, and laid her owne vpon his to saue him\\nfrom death whereat the Emperour was contented he should\\nliue to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper.\\nHistorie of Virginia^ pp. 48, 49, ed. 1624.\\n293", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "294 APPENDIX.\\nWilliam Byrd.\\nThe Pilot Louse.\\nIn the meantime the three commissioners returned out of\\nthe Dismal [Swamp] the same way they went in, and, having\\njoined their brethren, proceeded that night as far as Mr. Wil-\\nson s. He told us a Canterbury tale of a North Briton,\\nwhose curiosity spurred him a long way into this great desert,\\nas he called it, near twenty years ago, but he having no com-\\npass, nor seeing the sun for several days together, wandered\\nabout till he was almost famished but at last he bethought\\nhimself of a secret his countrymen make use of to pilot them-\\nselves in a dark day. He took a fat louse out of his collar,\\nand exposed it to the open day on a piece of white paper, which\\nhe brought along with him for his journal. The poor insect,\\nhaving no eyelids, turned himself about till he found the dark-\\nest part of the heavens, and so made the best of his way towards\\nthe north. By this direction he steered himself safe out, and\\ngave such a frightful account of the monsters he saw, and the\\ndistresses he underwent, that no mortal since has been hardy\\nenough to go upon the like dangerous discovery.\\nThe G? eat Dismal Swamp.\\nSince the surveyors had entered the Dismal, they had laid\\neyes on no living creature neither bird nor beast, insect nor\\nreptile came in view. Doubtless the eternal shade that broods\\nover this mighty bog, and hinders the sunbeams from blessing\\nthe ground, makes it an uncomfortable habitation for anything\\nthat has life. Not so much as a Zealand frog could endare so\\naguish a situation. It had one beauty, however, that delighted\\nthe eye, though at the expense of all the other senses the\\nmoisture of the soil preserves a continual verdure, and makes\\nevery plant an evergreen, but at the same time the foul damps\\nascend without ceasing, corrupt the air, and render it unfit for\\nrespiration. Not even a turkey buzzard will venture to fly\\nover it.\\nThe Early North Carolinians.\\nIn these sad circumstances, the kindest thing we could do\\nfor our suifering friends was to give them a place in the Litany.\\nOur chaplain, for his part, did his office, and rubbed us up\\nwith a seasonable sermon. This was quite a new thing to\\nour brethren of North Carolina, who live in a climate where\\nno clergyman can breathe, any more than spiders in Ireland.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL LITERATURE. 295\\nOne thing may be said for the inhabitants of that prov-\\nince, that they have the least superstition of any people\\nliving. They do not know Sunday from any other day, any\\nmore than Robinson Crusoe did, which would give them a great\\nadvantage were they given to be industrious. But they keep\\nso many Sabbaths every week, that their disregard of the\\nseventh day has no manner of cruelty in it, either to servants\\nor cattle. The History of the Dividing Line, pp. 20, 22,\\ned. 1 841.\\nWilliam Bradford.\\nThe Departure of the Pilgrims from Leyden.\\nSo they lefte y goodly pleasante citie, which had been\\nther resting place near 12. years; but they knew they were\\npilgrimes, looked not much on those things, but lift up\\ntheir eyes to y*^ heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted\\ntheir spirits. When they came to y*^ place they found y ship\\nand all things ready; and shuch of their freinds as could not\\ncome with them followed after them, and sundrie also came\\nfrom Amsterdame to see them shipte and to take their leave\\nof them. That night was spent with litle sleepe by y most,\\nbut with freindly entertainmente \u00c2\u00abS: christian discourse and\\nother reall expressions of true christian love. The next day,\\nthe wind being faire, they wente aborde, and their freinds\\nwith them, where truly dolfull was y* sight of that sade and\\nmournfull parting; to see what sighs and sobbs and praires\\ndid sound amongst them, what tears did gush from every eye,\\npithy speeches peirst each harte that sundry of y* Dutch\\nstrangers y*^ stood on y*^ key as spectators, could not refraine\\nfrom tears. Yet comfortable and sweete it was to see shuch\\nlively and true expressions of dear and unfained love. But\\ny^ tide (which stays for no man) caling them away y* were\\nthus loath to departe, their Reve pastor falling downe on\\nhis knees, (and they all with him.) with watrie cheeks conf-\\nended them with most fervente praiers to the Lord and his\\nblessing. And then with mutuall imbrases and many tears,\\nthey tooke their leaves one of an other; which proved to be\\ny^ last leave to many of them. Of Pliinoth Plantation, pp.\\n72, -j-T^, ed. 1898.\\nWilliam Bradford and Edward Winslow.\\nThe First Encounter\\nAbout midnight we heard a great and hideous cry, and our\\nSentinell called, Arme, arme. So we bestirred our selues", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "296 APPENDIX.\\nand shot off a couple of Muskets, and noyse ceased.\\nAbout fiue a clock in the morning wee began to be stirring,\\nafter Prayer we prepared our selues for brek-fast, and for\\na journey, and it being now the twilight in the morning, it\\nwas thought meet to carry the things downe to the Shallop.\\nAnone, all upon a sudden, we heard a great strange\\ncry, which we knew to be the same voyces, though they\\nvaried their notes, one of our company being abroad came\\nrunning in, and cryed. They are men, Indians, hidians and\\nwithall, their arrowes came flying amongst vs, our men ran out\\nwith all speed to recover their armes, as by the good Provi-\\ndence of God they did. In the meane time, Captaine Miles\\nStandish, having a snaphance ready, made a shot, and after\\nhim another, after they two had shot, other two of vs were\\nready. We called vnto them [those at the shallop] to\\nknow how it was with them, and they answered, Well, Well,\\nevery one, and be of good courage. The cry of our\\nenemies was dreadfull, their note was after this manner,\\nWoath woach ha ha hach woach. There was a lustie\\nman and no whit lesse valiant, who was thought to bee their\\nCaptaine, stood behind a tree within halfe a musket shot of\\nvs, and there let his arrowes fly at vs he stood three\\nshots of a Musket, at length one tooke as he sayd full ayme\\nat him, after which he gaue an extraordinary cry and away\\nthey went all, wee followed them about a quarter of a mile\\nthen wee shouted all together two severall times, and\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2shot off a couple of muskets and so returned this wee did\\nthat they might see wee were not afrayd of them nor dis-\\ncouraged. So after wee had given God thankes for our\\ndeliverance, wee tooke our Shallop and went on our lour-\\nney, and called this place. The first Encounter Journall,\\npp. 51-54, ed. 1865 (Library of New England History).\\nMadam Winthrop.\\nA Ptiritan Love-Letter.\\nMy most sweet Husband,\\nHow dearly welcome thy kind letter was to me, I am not\\nable to express. The sweetness of it did much refresh me.\\nWhat can be more pleasing to a wife, than to hear of the\\nwelfare of her best beloved, and how he is pleased with her\\npoor endeavors I blush to hear myself commended, know-\\ning my own wants. But it is your love that conceives the\\nbest, and makes all things seem better than they are. I wish", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL LITERATURE. 297\\nthat I may be always pleasing to thee, and that those com-\\nforts we have in each other may be daily increased, as far as\\nthey be pleasing to God. I will use that speech to thee, that\\nAbigail did to David, I will be a servant to wash the feet of\\nmy lord. I will do any service wherein I may please my\\ngood husband. I confess I cannot do enough for thee; but\\nthou art pleased to accept the will for the deed, and rest con-\\ntented.\\nI have many reasons to make me love thee, whereof I will\\nname two First, because thou lovest God and, secondly,\\nbecause that thou lovest me. If these two were wanting, all\\nthe rest would be eclipsed. But I must leave this discourse,\\nand go about my household aiTairs. I am a bad housewife to\\nbe so long from them but I must needs borrow a little time\\nto talk with thee, my sweet heart. The term is more than\\nhalf done. I hope thy business draws to an end. It will be\\nbut two or three weeks before I see thee, though they be long\\nones. God will bring us together in his good time; for\\nwhich time I shall pray. I thank the Lord, we are all in\\nhealth. We are very glad to hear so good news of our son\\nHenry. The Lord make us thankful for all his mercies to us\\nand ours. And thus, with my mother s and my own best love\\nto yourself and all the rest, I shall leave scribbling. The\\nweather being cold, makes me make haste. Farewell, my\\ngood husband the Lord keep thee.\\nYour obedient wife,\\nMargaret Winthrop.\\nGroton [England], November 22 [1628].\\nWinthrop s The History of New England, Vol. I., Appen-\\ndix, p. 353, ed. 1825.\\nThomas Hooker.\\nThe Traitor at the King s Court.\\nIt is with a poore humbled sinner, as it is with a malefac-\\ntour or traitor, who is pursued with a Pursuivant. He\\nhath offended his Soveraigne, and hee is driven to a stand,\\nhe cannot procure a pardon, nor hee cannot escape therefore\\nhee is content to come in, and yeeld his necke to the blocke.\\nThen [he] heareth other newes, which saith, if hee\\nwill but bee humbled before his Maiestie, and come to the\\nCourt, and importune him for pardon, it is likely that he may\\nbe pardoned, nay it shall be so. Marry (saith he) that I will\\nwith all my heart and so hee sets forward, and comes to the", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "298 APPENDIX.\\nCourt. And about the Court hee attends, and askes\\nfor every man that comes forth, Did you not heare the\\nKing speake of me? At last, the King himselfe lookes\\nout at a window, and saith. Is this the Traytor? Yes, this is\\nhe that hath beene humbled, and lyes at your mercy. Then\\nthe King calls out and saith. His pardon is drawing, and it is\\ncomming by and by, and so the King smiles on him. Oh\\nthen his heart leapes in his breast, and he saith. The Lord\\npreserve your grace, I thinke there was never such a mercifull\\nPrince knowne in the world. The Soiiles Implantation,\\npp. 189, 190, ed. 1640.\\nNathaniel Ward.\\nSayings of a Puritaii Carlyle.\\nEither I am in an Appoplexie, or that man is in a Lethar-\\ngie, who doth not now sensibly feele God shaking the heavens\\nover his head, and the earth under his feet So that\\nlittle Light of Comfort or Counsell is left to the sonnes of\\nmen. Sathan is now in his passions hee loves\\nto fish in royled waters. Though that Dragon cannot sting\\nthe vitals of the Elect mortally, yet that Beelzebub can fly-\\nblow their Intellectuals miserably. He that is willing\\nto tolerate any unsound Opinion, that his own may also be\\ntolerated, though never so sound, will for a need hang Gods\\nBible at the Devils girdle. I honour the woman that\\ncan honour her self with her attire a good Text alwayes de-\\nserves a fair Margent but when I hear a nugiperous\\nGentledame inquire what dresse the Oveen is in this week\\nwhat the nudiustertian fashion of the Court with egge\\nto be in it in all hast, what ever it be I look at her as the\\nvery gizzard of a trifle, the product of a quarter of a cypher,\\nthe epitome of nothing, fitter to be kickt, if shee were of a\\nkickable substance, than either honoured or humoured.\\nIt is no marvell they weare drailes, on the hinder part of their\\nheads, having nothing as it seems in the fore-part, but a few\\nSquirrills braines, to help them frisk from one ill-favour d\\nfashion to another. No man ever saw a gray haire on\\nthe head or beard of any Truth, wrinckle, or morphew on its\\nface. When Christ whips Market-makers out of his\\nTemple, he raises dust but when hee enters in with Truth\\nand Holinesse, he calls for deep silence. The Simple Cobler\\nof Aggawam, pp. 1-2, 8, 24-25, 21, 36, ed. 1647.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL LITERATURE. 299\\nAnne Bradstreet.\\nHer Child-like Muse.\\nMy Muse unto a Childe, I fitly may compare,\\nWho sees the riches of some famous Fayre;\\nHe feeds his eyes, but understanding lacks.\\nTo comprehend the worth of all those knacks;\\nAnd thousand times his mazed mind doth wish\\nSome part, at least, of that brave wealth was his;\\nBut seeing empty wishes nought obtaine.\\nAt night turnes to his Mother s cot againe,\\nAnd tells her tales; (his full heart over-glad)\\nOf all the glorious sights his eyes have had.\\n-In honour of Du Bartas, in The Tenth Muse, p. 197, ed. 1650,\\nFlowers and Birds.\\nThe Primrose pale, and azure Violet,\\nAmong the verdurous Grassc hath Nature set,\\nThat when the Sun (on s love) the earth doth shine,\\nThese might as Lace, set out her Garments fine\\nThe fearful Bird his little house now builds.\\nIn trees, and walls, in cities, and in fields.\\nThe Four Seasons of the Yea re, in The Tenth Muse, p. 57, ed.\\n1650.\\nCojitemplations\\nSome time now past in the Autumnal Tide,\\nWhen Phoebus wanted but one hour to bed,\\nThe trees all richly clad, yet void of pride,\\nWere gilded o re by his rich golden head.\\nI heard the merry grashopper then sing,\\nThe black clad Cricket bear a second part,\\nThey kept one tune, and plaid on the same string,\\nSeeming to glory in their little Art.\\nUnder the cooling shadow of a stately Elm\\nClose sate I by a goodly Rivers side.\\nWhere gliiling streams the Rocks did overwhelm;\\nA lonely place, with pleasures dignifi d.\\nI once that lov d the shady woods so well,\\nNow thought the rivers did the trees excel\\nAnd if the sun would ever shine, there would I dwell.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "30O APPENDIX.\\nO Time the fatal wrack of mortal things,\\nThat draws oblivions curtains over kings,\\nTheir sumptuous monuments, men know them not,\\nTheir names without a Record are forgot,\\nTheir parts, their ports, their pomp s all laid in th dust,\\nNor wit nor gold, nor buildings scape times rust;\\nBut he whose name is grav d in the white stone\\nShall last and shine when all of these are gone.\\nContemplations, stanzas i, 9, 21, t^t^, in Sevei al Poems, ed. 1678.\\nLonging for Heaven.\\nAs weary pilgrim, now at rest,\\nhugs with delight his silent nest;\\nHis wasted limbes, now lye full soft\\nthat myrie steps, haue troden oft;\\nBlesses himself, to think vpon\\nhis dangers past, and travailes done;\\nA pilgrim I, on earth, perplext\\nwith sinns, with cares, and sorrows vext.\\nBy age and paines brought to decay,\\nand my Clay house mouldring away.\\nOh how I long to be at rest\\nand soare on high among the blest.\\nWorks, pp. 42, 43, ed. 1 867.\\nMichael Wigglesworth.\\nThe Day of Doom.\\nStill was the night. Serene Bright\\nwhen all Men sleeping lay;\\nCalm was the season, carnal reason\\nthought so t would last for ay.\\nSo at the last, whilst Men sleep fast\\nin their security,\\nSurpriz d they are in such a snare\\nas Cometh suddenly.\\nFor at midnight break forth a Light,\\nwhich turn d the night to day,\\nAnd speedily an hideous cry\\ndid all the world dismay.\\nThey rush from Beds with giddy heads,\\nand to their windows run,\\nViewing this light, which shines more bright\\nthen doth the Noon-day Sun.\\nStraightway appears (they see t with tears)\\nthe Son of God most dread", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL LITERATURE. 301\\nWho with his Train comes on amain\\nto Judge both Quick and Dead.\\nMy grace to one is wrong to none\\nnone can Elecftion claim\\nAmongst all those their souls that lose,\\nnone can Rejedlion blame.\\nHe that may chuse, or else refuse,\\nall men to save or spill,\\nMay this Man chuse, and that refuse,\\nredeeming whom he will.\\nThey wring their hands, their caitiff-hands,\\nand gnash their teeth for terrour;\\nThey cry, they roar for anguish sore,\\nand gnaw their tongues for horrour.\\nBut get away without delay,\\nChrist pities not your cry;\\nDepart to Hell, there may you yell,\\nand roar Eternally.\\nThe Day of Doom, stanzas I, 4, 5, 6, 43, 205, ed, 1715.\\nCotton Mather.\\nTo his Ci itics.\\nHad not my Heart been Trebly Oak d and Brass d for such\\nEncounters as this our History may meet withal, I would have\\nworn the Silk-worms Motto, Operitur diiin Operatur, and\\nhave chosen to have written Anoiiymoitsly or, as Claudius\\nSalmasiiis calls himself Walo Messalinus, as Lndovicus Mo-\\nlincBiis calls himself LudioHiCBus Colvi?ius, as Carolus Scriba-\\nnius calls himself Clams Bonarsciiis, Thus I would\\nhave tried, whether I could not have Anagrammatized my\\nName into some Concealment. Whereas now I freely\\nconfess, His COTTON MATHER that has written all these\\nthings. It will not be so much a Surprise unto me, if\\nI should live to see our Church-History vexed with Anie-inad-\\nversions of Calumnious Writers, as it would have been unto\\nVirgil, to read his Bucolicks reproached by the Antibiicolica\\nof a Nameless Scribbler. The Writer whom I last\\nquoted, hath given us a Story of a young Man in High-Hol-\\nbouru, who being after his death Dissected, there was a\\nSerpent with divers Tails, found in the left Ventricle of his\\nHeart. I make no question, that our Church-History will", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "302 APPENDIX.\\nfind some Reader disposed like that Writer, with an Heart as\\nfull of Serpent and Venom as ever it can hold. Magnalia,\\nGeneral Introduction, 6, ed. 1702.\\nThe Character of John Cotton.\\nHe would often say with some regret, after the departure\\nof a Visitant, had rather harie given this Man an handful\\nof Money than have been kept thus long out of my Study.\\nHe was an early Riser., taking the Morning for the Muses\\nand in his latter Days forbearing a Supper, he turnM his\\nformer Supping time, into a Reading, a Thinking, a Praying-\\ntime. Twelve Hours in a Day he commonly studied, and\\nwould call that a Scholar s Day. Once an humor-\\nous and imperious Brother, following Mr. Cotton home to his\\nHouse, rudely told him. That his Ministry was become\\ngenerally, either dark, or flat Whereto this meek Man, very\\nmildly and gravely, made only this Answer Both, Brother.,\\nit may be., both Let me have your Prayers that it may be\\notherwise. Another time, when Mr. Cotton had mod-\\nestly replied unto one that would much Talk and Crack of\\nhis Insight into the Revelations Brother, I must confess my\\nself to luant Light in those Mysteries. The Man went home,\\nand sent him a Pound of Candles: Upon which Action this\\ngood Man bestowed only a silent Smile. He would not set\\nthe Beacon of his Great Soul ow fire, at the landing of such a\\nlittle Cock-boat. Magnalia, Book III., p. 26, ed. 1702.\\nJonathan Edwards.\\nThe Sweet Glory of God in Nature.\\nAfter this my Sense of divine Things gradually increased,\\nand became more and more lively, and had more of that\\ninward Sweetness. The Appearance of every thing was\\naltered there seem d to be, as it were, a calm, sweet Cast,\\nor Appearance of divine Glory, in almost every Thing. God s\\nExcellency, his Wisdom, his Purity and Love, seemed to\\nappear in every Thing; in the Sun, Moon and Stars; in the\\nClouds, and blue Sky; in the Grass, Flowers, Trees; in the\\nWater, and all Nature which used greatly to fix my Mind.\\nI often used to sit view the Moon for a long time and so\\nin the Day-time, spent much time in viewing the Clouds\\nSky, to behold the sweet Glory of God in these Things.\\nThe Life of Jonathan Edwards, p. 27, ed. 1765.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL LITERATURE. 303\\nSinners in the Hands of an Angry God.\\nThe God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one\\nholds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors\\nyou, and is dreadfully provoked his wrath towards you burns\\nlike fire he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to\\nbe cast into the fire he is of purer eyes than to bear to have\\nyou in his sight you are ten thousand times more abominable\\nin his eyes than the most hateful venomous serpent is in\\nours. O sinner Consider the fearful danger you are in\\nit is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full\\nof the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that\\nGod, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against\\nyou, as against many of the damned in hell. You hang by a\\nslender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing about\\nit, and ready every moment to singe it and burn it asunder.\\nThe Works of President Edwards., Vol. VIL, pp. 170, 171,\\ned. 1830.\\nSamuel Sewall.\\nA Puritaii s Diary.\\nFriday May 22nd. 1685, had a private Fast the Magistrates\\nof this town with their Wives here. Mr. Eliot prayed. Mr.\\nWillard preached. I am afraid of Thy judgements Text\\nMother gave. Mr. Allen prayed cessation half an hour.\\nMr. Cotton Mather prayed Mr. Mather preached Ps. 79, 9.\\nMr. Moodey prayed about an hour and a half; Sung the 79th\\nPsalm from the 8th to the End distributed some Biskets,\\nand Beer, Cider, Wine. The Lord hear in Heaven his dwell-\\ning place. Friday, NoV 6. Having occasion this\\nday to go to Mr. Hay ward the Publick Notary s House. I speak\\nto him about his cutting off his Hair, and wearing a Perriwig\\nof contrary Colour mention the words of our Saviour, Can ye\\nnot make one Hair white or black and Mr. Alsop s Sermon.\\nHe alledges, The Doctor advised him to it, Monday,\\nOct. 22 [1688]. Mr. Isaac Walker is buried. Deacon\\nEliot and I led the young widow, and had Scarfs and Gloves.\\nThe Lord fit me. that my Grave may be a Sweetening place\\nfor my Sin-polluted Body. April ii 1692. VVent to\\nSalem, where, in the Meeting-house, the persons accused of\\nWitchcraft were examined was a very great Assembly twas\\nawfull to see how the afflicted persons were agitated.\\nAugt. 19* 1692. This day George Burrough, John\\nWillard, Jn^* Procter, Martha Carrier and George Jacobs", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "304 APPENDIX.\\nwere executed at Salem, a very great number of Spectators\\nbeing present. All of them said they were inocent,\\nCarrier and all. Mr. Mather says they all died by a Right-\\neous Sentence. Nov. 6 [1692]. Joseph threw a knop\\nof Brass and hit his Sister Betty on the forhead so as to\\nmake it bleed and swell upon which, and for his playing at\\nPrayer-time, and eating when Return Thanks, I whipd him\\npretty smartly. When I first went in (calPd by his Grand-\\nmother) he sought to shadow and hide himself from me\\nbehind the head of the Cradle which gave me the sorrowfull\\nremembrance of Adam s carriage. Second-Day Jan^\\n24. 170I I paid Capt. Belchar ^8-15-0. Took 24^111 my\\npocket, and gave my Wife the rest of my cash \u00c2\u00a34. 3-8, and\\ntell her she shall now keep the Cash if I want I will borrow\\nof her. She has a better faculty than I at managing Aifairs\\nI will assist her and will endeavour to live upon my Salary\\nwill see what it will doe. The Lord give his Blessing.\\nFeria septima, Apr. 3 [1708]. I went to Cous. Dumer s to\\nsee his News-Letter while I was there Mr. Nath^ Henchman\\ncame in with his Flaxen Wigg; I wish d him Joy, i.e.\\nof his Wedding. I could not observe that he said a Word\\nto me and generally he turned his back upon me, when\\nnone were in the room but he and L This is the Second\\ntime I have spoken to him, in vain, as to any Answer from\\nhim. First was upon the death of his Wife, I crossed the\\nway near our house, and ask d him how he did He only\\nshew d his Teeth. 8 i [1720]. I went to Madam\\nWinthrop s just at 3. Spake to her, saying, my loving wife\\ndied so soon and suddenly, twas hardly convenient for me to\\nthink of Marrying again however I came to this Resolution,\\nthat I would not make my Court to any person without first\\nConsulting with her. 8 6 A little after 6. p.m. I\\nwent to Madam Winthrop s. Madam seem d to harp\\nupon the same string. Must take care of her Children.\\nI gave her a piece of Mr. Belcher s Cake and Ginger-Bread\\nwrapped up in a clean sheet of Paper. My Daughter\\nJudith was gon from me and I was more lonesom might\\nhelp to forward one another in our Journey to Canaan. I\\ntook leave about 9 aclock. 8 lo^. In the Evening\\nI visited Madam Winthrop, who treated me with a great deal\\nof Curtesy Wine, Marmalade. 8! 12. Madam Win-\\nthrop s Countenance was much changed from what twas on\\n1 Mrs. Sewall had died on May 26, only four months before. Judge\\nSewall was now sixty-eight, and Mrs. Winthrop fifty-si.x.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL LITERATURE. 305\\nMonday, look d dark and lowering. I got my Chair in\\nplace, had some Converse, but very Cold and indiflferent to\\nwhat twas before. Ask d her to acquit me of Rudeness if I\\ndrew off her Glove. Got it off. I gave her Dr.\\nPreston, The Church s Marriage and the Church s Carriage,\\nwhich cost me 6^ Told her the reason why I came\\nevery other night was lest I should drink too deep draughts\\nof Pleasure. She had talk d of Canary, her kisses were to me\\nbetter than the best Canar}^ 8 19. Visited Madam\\nWinthrop. Was Courteous to me but took occasion\\nto speak pretty earnestly about my keeping a Coach I said\\ntwould cost \u00e2\u0080\u00a2*^ioo. per allum she said twould cost but\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^40, Came away somewhat late. 8 21. About\\n6. a-clock I go to Madam Winthrop s Sarah told me her\\nMistress was gon out. She presently order d me a Fire\\nso I went in, having Dr. Sibb s Bowels with me to read.\\nAfter a good while and Claping the Garden door twice or\\nthrice, she [Mrs. W.] came in. I ask d when our pro-\\nceedings should be made publick She said They were like\\nto be no more publick than they were already. Offer d me\\nno Wine that I remember. Nov^ 7 I went to Mad.\\nWinthrop found her rocking her little Katee in the Cradle.\\nShe set me an arm d Chair and Cusheon and so the\\nCradle was between her arm d Chair and mine. Gave her the\\nremnant of my Almonds She did not eat of them as before.\\nI told her I loved her She said had a great respect for\\nme. I did not bid her draw off her Glove as sometime\\nI had done. Her Dress was not so clean as sometime it had\\nbeen. Jehovah jireh Novy ii Went not to M l\\nWinthrop s. This is the 2 Withdraw. NoV 21.\\nMadam Winthrop made a Treat for her Children I\\nknew nothing of it but the same day abode in the Council\\nChamber for fear of the Rain, and din d alone upon Kilby s\\nPves and good Beer. Diajy of S a) nit el Setuall, ed. 1878-\\n1882 (Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc, Series V., Vols.V.-VII., passim).\\nMadam Knight.\\nTravelling in Olden Times.\\nMonday, Octb r. y^ second, 1704. About three o clock\\nafternoon, I began my Journey from Boston to New-Haven.\\nMad Billings Very kindly went wyth me to y^\\nTavern, where I hoped to get my guide. And desired the\\nHostess to inquire of her guests whether any of them would", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "3o6 APPENDIX.\\ngo with mee. But they being tyed by the Lipps to a pewter\\nengine, scarcely allowed themselves time to say. Upon\\nthis, to my no small surprise, son John arrose, and gravely\\ndemanded what I would give him to go with me Well,\\nMr. John, sais I, make your demands. Why, half a pss.\\n[piece] of eight and a dram, sais John. I agreed, and gave\\nhim a Dram (now) in hand to bind the bargain. His\\nshade on his Hors resembled a Globe on a Gate post.\\nThus Jogging on with an easy pace, my Guide telling mee it\\nwas dangerous to Ride hard in the Night, (wh^ his horse\\nhad the sence to avoid,) Hee entertained me with the Adven-\\nturs he had passed by late Rideing, and eminent Dangers he\\nhad escaped, so that I didn t know but I had mett w\\na Prince disguisM. In about an how r, or something\\nmore, after we left the Swamp, we come to Billinges, where I\\nwas to Lodg. Shee [the landlady s daughter] conducted\\nme to a parlour in a little back Lento [lean-to], w was almost\\nfill d w the bedsted, w^ was so high that I was forced to\\nclimb on a chair to gitt up to y wretched bed that lay on it\\non w*- having Stretcht my tired Limbs, and lay d my head on\\na Sad-colourd pillow, I began to think on the transactions of\\ny past day. Tuesday, October y\u00c2\u00ab third, about 8 in the morn-\\ning, I with the Post proceeded forward without observing any\\nthing remarkable And about two, afternoon, Arrived at the\\nPost s second stage, where the western Post mett him and ex-\\nchanged Letters. Here, having called for something to eat,\\ny^ woman bro t in a Twisted thing like a cable, but something\\nwhiter; and laying it on the bord, tugg d for life to bring it\\ninto a capacity to spread w^ having w great pains accom-\\nphshed, shee serv d in a dish of Pork and Cabbage. I,\\nbeing hungry, gott a little down but what cabbage\\nI swallowed serv d me for a Cudd the whole day after.\\nAbout Three afternoon went on with my Third Guide, who\\nRode very hard and having crossed Providence Ferry, we\\ncome to a River w they Generally Ride thro But I dare\\nnot venture so the Post got a Ladd and Cannoo to carry me to\\ntother side, and hee rid thro and Led my hors. The Cannoo\\nwas very small and shallow, so that when we were in she\\nseem d redy to take in water, which greatly terrified me, and\\ncaused me to be very circumspect, sitting with my hands fast\\non each side, my eyes stedy, not daring so much as to lodg\\nmy tongue a hair s breadth more on one side of my mouth\\nthen tother, nor so much as think on Lott s wife, for a wry\\nthought would have oversett our wherey But was soon put", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL LITERATURE. 307\\nout of this pain, and Rewarding my sculler, again\\nmounted and made the best of our way forwards. The Jour-\\nnals of Madam Knight, and Rev. Mr. Buckingham, pp. 9-\\n16 ed. 1825.\\nMrs. Mary Rowlandson.\\nAn Indian Massacre.\\nOn the tenth of February 1675. [O.S.] Came the Indians\\nwith great numbers upon Lancaster Their first coming was\\nabout Sun-rising; hearing the noise of some Guns, we looked\\nout several Houses were burning, and the Smoke ascending\\nto Heaven. At length they came and beset our own\\nhouse, and quickly it was the dolefullest day that ever mine\\neyes saw. Some in our house were fighting for their\\nlives, others wallowing in their blood, the House on fire over\\nour heads, and the bloody Heathen ready to knock us on the\\nhead, if we stirred out. The bullets rattled against the\\nHouse, as if one had taken an handfuU of stones and threw\\nthem. But out we must go, the fire increasing, and\\ncoming along behind us, roaring, and the Indians gaping\\nbefore us with their Guns, Spears and Hatchets to devour us.\\nNo sooner were we out of the House, but my Brother in Law\\nfell down dead. The bulletts flying thick, one\\nwent through my side, and the same (as would seem) through\\nthe bowels and hand of my dear Child in my arms.\\nThere were twelve killed, some shot, some stab d with their\\nSpears, some knocked down with their Hatchets. There\\nwas one who was chopt into the head with a Hatchet, and\\nstript naked, and yet was crawling up and down. It is a\\nsolemn Sight to see so many Christians lying in their blood,\\nsome here, and some thei e, like a company of Sheep torn by\\nWolves. All of them stript naked by a company of hell-\\nhounds, roaring, singing, ranting and insulting, as if they\\nwould have torn our very hearts out. A Narrative of the\\nCaptivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, pp.\\n1-5 Cambridge ed., 1682.\\nA Collection of Poems.\\nCommenceme7it at Harvard.\\nThus clad, in careless order mixt by chance,\\nIn haste they both [belles and beaux] along the streets advancej\\nTill near the brink of Charles s beauteous stream,\\nThey stop, and think the lingring boat to blame.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "308 APPENDIX.\\nSoon as the empty skiff salutes the shore,\\nIn with impetuous haste they ckistering pour,\\nThe men the head, the stern the ladies grace,\\nAnd neighing horses till the middle space.\\nTill row d with care, they reach th opposing side,\\nLeap on the shore, and leave the threat ning tide.\\nWhile to receive the pay the boatman stands,\\nAnd chinking pennys jingle in his hands.\\nEager the sparks assault the waiting cars,\\nFops meet with fops, and clash in civil wars.\\nOff fly the wigs, as mount their kicking heels.\\nThe rudely bouncing head with anguish swells.\\nAnd now thy town; O Cambridge I strikes the sight\\nOf the beholders with confus d delight\\nThy green campaigns wide open to the view,\\nAnd buildings where bright youth their fame pursue.\\nThe thing which first the num rous crowd employs.\\nIs by a breakfast to begin their joys.\\nWhile wine, which blushes in a chrystal glass\\nStreams down in floods, and paints their glowing face.\\nAnd now the time approaches when the bell.\\nWith dull continuance tolls a solemn knell.\\nNumbers of blooming youth in black array\\nAdorn the yard, and gladden all the day.\\nIn two strait lines they instantly divide.\\nWhile each beholds his partner on th opposing side,\\nThen slow, majestick, walks the learned head,\\nThe senate follow with a solemn tread,\\nNext levi s tribe in reverend order move.\\nWhilst the uniting youth the show improve.\\nThey glow in long procession till they come.\\nNear to the portals of the sacred dome.\\nThe work begun with pray r, with modest pace,\\nA youth advancing mounts the desk with grace,\\nTo all the audience sweeps a circling bow.\\nThen from his lips ten thousand graces flow.\\nCommencement, in A Collection of Poems, pp. 48-51, ed. 1744.\\nJoseph Green.\\nDr. Byles on hrs Cat.\\nShe never thirsted for the chicken s blood;\\nHer teeth she only used to chew her food;\\nHarmless as satires which her master writes,\\nA foe to scratching, and unused to bites,\\nShe in the study was my constant mate;\\nThere we together many evenings sate.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL LITERATURE.\\n309\\nWhene er I felt my towering fancy fail,\\nI stroked her head, her ears, her back, and tail;\\nAnd as I stroked improved my dying song\\nFrom the sweet notes of her melodious tongue\\nHer purrs and mews so evenly kept time.\\nShe purred in metre, and she mewed in rhyme.\\nBut when my dulness has too stubborn proved,\\nNor could by Puss s music be removed.\\nOft to the well-known volumes have I gone,\\nAnd stole a line from Pope or Addison.\\nFrom Stedman and Hutchinson s A Library of Ajuericatt Litera-\\nture, Vol. II., p. 435.\\nThomas Godfrey.\\nJealousy.\\nIn a dark Corner hell-born Jealousy,\\nA Wan and haggard Spright, I did espy;\\nWatchful she roU d her ghastly Eyes around,\\nAnd cautious trod, to catch the whisp ring Sound\\nHer Heart forever deathless Vultures tear,\\nAnd by her Side stalk Anguish and Despair\\nCurst is the Wretch with her dire Rage possess d.\\nWhen fancied Ills destroy his wonted Rest.\\nThe Court of Fancy., p. 23, ed. 1 762.\\nThe Tnstability of Human Greatness.\\nBethas. True, I am fall n, but glorious was my fall,\\nThe day was brav ly fought, we did our best.\\nBut victory s of heav n. Look o er yon field,\\nSee if thou findest one Arabian back\\nDisfigur d with dishonourable wounds.\\nNo, here, deep on their bosoms, are engrav d\\nThe marks of honour twas thro here their souls\\nFlew to their blissful seats. Oh why did I\\nSurvive the fatal day? To be this slave,\\nTo be the gaze and sport of vulgar crouds.\\nThus, like a shackl d tyger, stalk my round,\\nAnd grimly low r upon the shouting herd.\\nYe Gods\\nKing. Hence, bear him to his dungeon;\\nlysias, we here commit him to thy charge.\\nBethas. Welcome my dungeon, but more welcome death.\\nTrust not too much, vain Monarch, to your pow r.\\nKnow Fortune places all her choicest gifts\\nOn ticklish heights, they shake with ev ry breeze,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "3IO APPENDIX.\\nAnd oft some rude wind hurls them to the ground.\\nJove s thunder strikes the lofty palaces,\\nWhile the low cottage, in humility,\\nSecurely stands, and sees the mighty ruin.\\nWhat King can boast, to morrow as to-day,\\nThus, happy will I reign? The rising sun\\nMay view him seated on a splendid throne.\\nAnd, setting, see him shake the servile chain.\\nThe Prince of Parthia, I., v., in Juvenile Poems, etc., pp. 120,\\n121, ed. 1765.\\nHenry Laurens.\\nA Noble Spirit in Prison.\\nFrom White Hall, I was conducted in a close hackney coach,\\nunder the charge of Col. Williamson, a polite, genteel officer,\\nand two of the illest-looking fellows I had ever seen. The\\ncoach was ordered to proceed by the most private ways to the\\nTower. It had been rumored that a rescue would be at-\\ntempted. Governor Gore conducted me to my apart-\\nments at a warder s house. As I was entering the house I\\nheard some of the people say Poor old gentleman, bowed\\ndown with infirmities. He is come to lay his bones here.\\nMy reflection was, I shall not leave a bone with you. I\\nwas very sick, but my spirits were good, and my mind forbod-\\ning good from the event of being a prisoner in London.\\nAnd now I found myself a close prisoner, indeed shut up in\\ntwo small rooms, which together made about twenty feet\\nsquare a warder my constant companion and a fixed bayo-\\nnet under my window. I discovered I was to pay rent\\nfor my little rooms, find my own meals and drink, bedding,\\ncoals, candles-, etc. This drew from me an observation to\\nthe gentleman jailer Whenever I caught a bird in\\nAmerica I found a cage and victuals for it. The\\npeople around me thought, for a considerable time, my life in\\nimminent danger \\\\i.e. because of his illness]. I was of a\\ndifferent opinion. I asked the warder, If he could\\nlend me a book for amusement? He gravely asked Will\\nyour honor be pleased to have Drelincourt upon death\\nI quickly turned to his wife, who was passing from making up\\nmy bed Pray, Madam, can you recommend an honest gold-\\nsmith, who will put a new head to my cane you see this old\\nhead is much worn? Yes, sir, I can. The people under-\\nstood me, and nothing more was said of Drelincourt.\\nMonday, 26*^^^ February, Mr. Oswald sent me the follow-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE. 311\\ning message Their Lordships say, if you will point\\nout anything for the benefit of Great Britain, in the present\\ndispute with the Colonies, you shall be enlarged. I\\nsnatched up my pencil, and upon a sudden impulse wrote a\\nnote to Mr. Oswald 1 perceive, my dear friend,\\nthat if I were a rascal, I might presently get out of the Tower\\nI am not. I could point out a doctrine, known lo\\nevery old woman in the kingdom, A spoonful of honey will\\ncatch more flies, than a ton of vinegar. [Mr. Oswald\\nvisited him, and said I showed the note you lately sent\\nme to Lord Germain, who was at first very angry. He ex-\\nclaimed, Rascals rascals we w ant no rascals Honey\\nhoney vinegar They have had too much honey and too\\nlittle vinegar! They shall have less honey and more vinegar\\nfor the future! I said to Mr. Oswald, I should be glad to\\ntaste a little of his lordship s vinegar his lordship s honey\\nhad been very unpleasant. September 23*3 For some\\ntime past I have been frequently and strongly tempted to\\nmake my escape from the Tower. At length I put a\\nstop to farther applications by saying, I will not attempt an\\nescape. The gates were opened for me to enter; they shall\\nbe opened for me to go out of the Tower. God Almighty\\nsent me here for some purpose. I am determined to see the\\nend of it. A N arrative of the Captivity of Henry Lau-\\nrens, from Stedman and Hutchinson s A Library of American\\nLiterature, Vol. III., pp. 109-113.\\nThe Columbian Magazine.\\nTwo Literary Coxcombs.\\nThere are certain species of folly, which, as they are the\\neffects of an empty and unnecessary pride, deserve the lash of\\nridicule. Of this class, there is one, which cannot but\\nbe conspicuous both from its absurdity and numbers that are\\naddicted to it. I mean, when a person pretends to an entire\\nknowledge of those things that he is not at all acquainted\\nwith. I have heard the highest encomiums bestowed\\nupon the works of Virgil, by persons who knew not Latin\\nfrom Hebrew and Homer idolized by those who could not\\nhave distinguished Greek from Low Dutch. A young\\nGentleman, with whom I have a slight acquaintance, has\\noften declared that for his part, he should doubt the reality\\nof a Trudging war [Trojan War] did he not think it\\nimpossible, that Plato s elegant and lively description of it", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "312 APPENDIX.\\nshould be fiction, and entirely want foundation. This\\nfellow acts upon a large, and, indeed, an unlimited scale, and\\nis acquainted with every author, and transaction of note, since\\nthe time of Adam to the present day. But, I have the honour\\nof an acquaintance, with a lady, who, much in the same way,\\npursues a more contracted plan, which she manages with\\ngreat credit. She has selected one work, which has\\nhappened to be the Spectator^ upon which she lavishes all\\nthe commendations she has to dispose of, and asserts its\\nsupremacy among books, without having read more than half\\na dozen pages in it. She is extremely fond of having\\nsmall and sociable parties at her house, at one of which a\\ngeneral conversation took place concerning English authors,\\nand the precedency of their works. For a short time she was\\nsilent, and listened to the opinions of the company with more\\npatience than I expected from her but, at length, after wrig-\\ngling and twisting awhile in her chair, she broke forth like a\\ntorrent, somewhat in this manner No, gentlemen, you may\\ntalk as much as you please of your Popes and your Swifts,\\nyour Sternes, Steeles, and Addisons, but I insist upon it that\\nthe Spectator is the finest book that ever was printed in any\\nlanguage, or country whatever, and as for our English writers\\nthere is none of them could ever stand in competition with\\nhim. I shall conclude this paper, with a quota-\\ntion from a former number Reader, whatsoever thou hast\\nobserved that arouses thy detestation or contempt, that avoid.\\nThe Retailer^ No. V., in The Coliunbian Magazine^ June,\\n1788, pp. 318-323.\\nThe Providence Gazette.\\nA Dream of the Branding of Asses and Horses.\\nI must tell you I don t heartily approve of every thing in\\nthe great man s letter that was in your last paper. He that\\nacknowledges that I am an Englishman, and tells me at the\\nsame time that I am to live under laws which I have no hand\\nin making, and am to be taxed where I have no representa-\\ntive, does but mock me. But I found something in his\\nletter about a stamping law and going to bed full of\\nthe matter, I had a very odd dream, which, if you please, I\\nwill relate to you. Methought the stamp law ended in one\\nfor stamping all our beasts of burthen and I\\nfancied that I saw all the horses of the town brought together\\nin a pasture, and amongst them were about half a dozen", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE. 313\\nasses, being all we had. Soon after, the master-brander with\\nhis retinue approached the pasture in great pomp, one carry-\\ning a large silver brand in the form of the letter S and\\nupon entering the field, they began with the asses, and branded\\nthem without the least interruption They then drew near to\\nthe horses, and would have laid hold on a stately bay horse,\\nbut taking fright at the glittering of the brand, he snorted,\\nkicked up his heels, and went off; I was sorry to see him\\nfling the dirt in the gentleman s face and the whole drove\\nbeing struck with the same panic, they leapt the fence, and\\nran off snorting and flinging up their heels. And whilst\\nthe branding company stared, a very ragged country\\nfellow said with a facetious grin, that he always understood, till\\nthen, that the good people of England very well knew that none\\nbut asses would stand still to be branded. [A] gentleman\\nproceeded, and assured the brander that the horses were\\nall of the English breed, and the far greater part of them had\\nfor their sire and were descended from a very remarkable\\nhorse, known by the name of Old Noll, who though he was\\nnot a showy beast, was firm, and had courage to the back\\nbone, and might have been of great use, but that his master\\nfell in love with a huge pair of French spurs, and contrary to\\nall good advice, must needs mount Noll, with them upon his\\nheels but unhappily the horse no sooner felt the spurs at his\\nsides, but he gave his master such a fall as broke his neck\\nupon which the breed were out of credit for a while, and be-\\ning sent hither, multiplied exceedingly. Here the whole\\nof our company gave three huzzas, in which I joined so\\nheartily, that the good woman at my side gave me a hunch\\nwith her elbow^, and asked me if I had the cholic or gripes,\\nand so ended my vision. Anonymons letter to the editor^\\nNov. 10, 1764. (From the file of the Gazette in the library\\nof the R. I. Hist. Soc.)\\nA Cure for the Spleen.\\nA Tory View of the Revolution.\\nSharp [a parson]. Your servant squire Bumper, pray walk\\nin; how do you do? B2t))iper [a justice]. In pretty good\\nhealth, I thank you sir how is it with yourself and madam\\nSharp. We re moving about, tollerably well, for old folks.\\n(Enter to them Filipot [an inn-keeper], Graveairs [a\\ndeacon], and Trim [a barber]). Sharp. Your servant gen-\\ntlemen, pray sit down how do you do deacon Grave. I", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "314 APPENDIX.\\nthank you revd. sir, this cough has not quite left me yet,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 -h\\nhugh h hugh h hugh tho thro mercy, it is\\nmuch better, h hugh h -hugh. Sharp. Pm glad to\\nhear it. How do you do landlord? Fill. As well as I can\\nthese hard times sir. Sharp. Hard times Why surely\\nyouVe no reason to complain landlord. Fill. Why no sir, I\\ndon t complain; that is, on my own account but then our\\npublic affairs, you know sir, we must think a little about them.\\nSharp. I believe if we mind every one his own business, and\\nleave the affairs of the state to the conduct of wiser heads,\\nwe shall soon be convinced that we are a happy people.\\nTrim. Excuse me there revd sir, saving your presence why\\nsir, if I was deny d the privilege of my shop to canvass poli-\\nticks, you may e en take my razors, soap, combs and\\nall, and set fire to my shop. But now sir, if forty come\\nin together, and all in the most feezing hurry; I have nothing\\nto do but to souse plump into a descant upon the times, and\\nin the snap of a finger every man is as patient and still as any\\nblockhead in my shop arrectis auribus, they sit gaping,\\nwith solemn unmeaning phiz s and then I rattle away\\nupon grievances, opposition, rebellion and so on, only for the\\ninnocent purpose of supporting the credit of my shop.\\nFor by the mother that bore me, I am ignorant of the\\nessential difference between a true whig and an honest\\ntory. Puff [a late representative, who has just come\\nin]. Hem! he! hem! Why, Mr. speaker! I beg\\npardon gentlemen, I mean but as I was saying\\nfor him to say as this here to wit that there is no differ-\\nence between a whig and a tory why what a dickens are we\\ncontending about, if so be as how this here was the case\\na fine case truly why has not Lord North and Lord\\nHilsboro and that George Greenville stript us of all our\\nconstitutional charter rights and privileges the birth-right\\nof Englishmen, which our pious fore-fathers purchased with\\ntheir blood and treasure, when they came over into this waste\\nhowling wilderness. Before Pd give up our just rights\\nand privileges, Pd take my gun, and load and fire and pull\\ntrigger like the nation and fight up to the knees in blood.\\nGrave. As Mr. h hugh Puff has very well\\nobserved, all our charter rights and privileges are torn from\\nus and we are made slaves, and the Lord send us deliverance\\nh hugh h hugh h hugh Sharp. Don t you\\ncarry matters rather too far deacon? Pray consider,\\ndon t you sit quietly under your own vine and under your", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE. 315\\nown fig-tree Don t you enjoy full liberty of conscience in\\nreligious matters Does any one meddle with your per-\\nson or property? Are you over-burthened with taxes?\\nTurn your eyes to your brother Englishmen in Great-Britain\\nsee with what taxes and duties they are burthened.\\nP2iff. But pray revd sir, have the parliament any right to\\nmake laws for us? [Sharp then enters into a long and plausi-\\nble argument to show that Parliament had always exercised\\nan unquestioned right to regulate trade by laying duties upon\\nimports, and that the new duties upon tea, etc., did not differ\\nfrom the old duties except in the express declaration by Par-\\nliament that they were levied for the purpose of raising rev-\\nenue as well as for regulating trade. He thus concludes:]\\nSharp. They don t consider that they are entering the\\nlists with a power, which is more than a match for all the\\nother powers of Europe they don t consider the horrors of\\na civil war. Their [Congress s] resolves are nothing\\nshort of high treason their association is an open declaration\\nof hostilities, partaking equally of wickedness and folly.\\nTheir addresses are a jargon of contradictions and\\nabsurdities. Bump. Fiddle faddle. tis all stuff and\\nnonsense redress of grievances is but the decoy set up to\\ncatch the ignorant and unwary. The leaders aim at an inde-\\npendency on Great-Britain, in order to become themselves\\nthe tyrants of the Colonies. Trim. Well, Em deter-\\nmined to drop my shop preachments. Grave. I verily\\nfear we are all wrong. Puff- I profess, I m of the same\\nmind I begin to see things in a different light. Sharp.\\nGentlemen I wish ou all a very good night. A Cure for\\nthe Spleen, pp. 3-10, 25-28, 32, ed. 1775.\\nJ. Hector St. John Crevecceur.\\nA Snake-Story.\\nAs I was one day sitting solitary and pensive in my primi-\\ntive arbour, I beheld two snakes of considerable length,\\nthe one pursuing the other with great celerity through a hemp\\nstubble field. The aggressor was of the black kind, six feet\\nlong the fugitive was a water snake, nearly of equal dimen-\\nsions. They soon met, and in the fury of their first encounter,\\nthey appeared in an instant firmly twisted together and\\nwhilst their united tails beat the ground, they mutually tried\\nwith open jaws to lacerate each other. But notwith-\\nstanding this appearance of mutual courage and fury, the", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "3i6 APPENDIX.\\nwater snake still seemed desirous of retreating toward the\\nditch, its natural element. This was no sooner perceived by\\nthe keen-eyed black one, than twisting its tail twice round a\\nstalk of hemp, and seizing its adversary by the throat, not by\\nmeans of its jaws, but by twisting its own neck twice round\\nthat of the water snake, [it] pulled it back from the ditch. To\\nprevent a defeat the latter took hold likewise of a stalk on\\nthe bank. Their eyes seemed on fire, and ready to\\nstart out of their heads at one time the conflict seemed\\ndecided the water snake bent itself into two great folds, and\\nby that operation rendered the other more than commonly\\noutstretched the next minute the new struggles of the black\\none gained an unexpected superiority, it acquired two great\\nfolds likewise, which necessarily extended the body of its\\nadversary in proportion as it had contracted its own.\\nAt last the stalk to which the black snake fastened, suddenly\\ngave way, and they both plunged into the ditch.\\nThey soon re-appeared on the surface twisted together, as in\\ntheir first onset; but the black snake seemed to retain its\\nwonted superiority, for its head was exactly fixed above that\\nof the other, which it incessantly pressed down under the\\nwater, until it was stifled, and sunk. The victor re-\\nturned on shore and disappeared. Letters fro7n an American\\nFariner^ pp. 243-246, ed. 1782.\\nSongs and Ballads of the American Revolution.\\nThe Liberty Song?-\\nCome join hand in hand, brave Americans all,\\nAnd rouse your bold hearts at fair Liberty s call;\\nNo tyrannous acts, shall suppress your just claim,\\nOr stain with dishonor America s name.\\nIn freedom we re born, and in freedom we ll live;\\nOur purses are ready,\\nSteady, Friends, steady,\\nNot as slaves, but 2^ freemen our money we ll give.\\nA Ballad of Nathan Hale.\\nThe breezes went steadily thro the tall pines,\\nA saying oh hu-ush a saying oh hu-ush\\nAs stilly stole by a bold legion of horse,\\nB or Hale in the bush, for Hale in the bush.\\n1 By John Dickinson and Arthur Lee. The song, which has nine\\nstanzas, was first published in The Boston Gazette, July 18, 1768, and\\nbecame very popular.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE. 317\\nKeep still said the thrush as she nestled her young,\\nIn a nest by the road; in a nest by the road.\\nFor the tyrants are near, and with them appear,\\nWhat bodes us no good, what bodes us no good.\\nThe guards of the camp, on that dark, dreary night,\\nHad a murderous will; had a murderous will.\\nThey took him and bore him afar from the shore,\\nTo a hut on the hill; to a hut on the hill.\\nFive minutes were given, short moments, no more,\\nFor him to repent; for him to repent;\\nHe pray d for his mother, he ask d not another,\\nTo Heaven he went; to Heaven he went.\\nSongs and Ballads of the American Revolution, pp. 37, 131-1 33,\\ned. by F. Moore, 1856.\\nJohn Trumbull.\\nA Toyshop of Coquettish Brains.\\nFirst from the dust our sex began,\\nBut woman was refin d from man;\\nShall half your precepts tend the while\\nFair nature s lovely work to spoil,\\nAnd make their minds the receptacle\\nOf every thing that s false and tickle,\\nWhere stands display d with costly pains\\nThe toyshop of coquettish brains,\\nAnd high-crown d caps hang out the sign,\\nAnd beaus as customers throng in;\\nWhere the light head and vacant brain\\nSpoil all ideas they contain,\\nAs th air pump kills in half a minute\\nEach living thing you put within it.\\nThe Progress of Dulness, Part III., pp. 50, 51, ed. 1 794.\\nWitty Couplets.\\nFor men of sense will always prove\\nThe most forlorn of fools in love.\\nIbid., p. 62.\\nSo once, in fear of Indian beating,\\nOur grandsires bore their guns to meeting,\\nAnd look d, in form, as all must grant.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "3i8 APPENDIX.\\nLike th antient, true church mihtant\\nOr fierce, like modern deep divines,\\nWho fight with quills, like porcupines.\\nIbid.,^. 55.\\nTarring and Featherijig a Tory.\\nForthwith the croud proceed to deck\\nWith halter d noose M Fingal s neck,\\nThen lifting high th pond rous jar,\\nPour d o er his head the smoaking tar.\\nHis flowing wig, as next the brim,\\nFirst met and drank the sable stream;\\nFrom nose and chin s remotest end,\\nThe tarry icicles depend;\\nTill all o erspread, with colors gay\\nHe glitter d to the western ray.\\nLike sleet-bound trees in wintry skies,\\nOr Lapland idol carv d in ice.\\nAnd now the feather-bag display d.\\nIs wav d in triumph o er his head,\\nAnd spreads him o er with feathers missive,\\nAnd down upon the tar adhesive\\nNot Maia s son, with wings for ears.\\nSuch plumes around his visage wears;\\nNor Milton s six wing d angel gathers.\\nSuch superfluity of feathers.\\nThen on the two-wheel d car of state.\\nThey rais d our grand Duumvirate.\\nIn front the martial music comes\\nOf horns and fiddles, fifes and drums.\\nWith jingling sound of carriage bells,\\nAnd treble creak of rusted wheels,\\nAnd at fit periods ev ry throat\\nCombined in universal shout.\\nAnd hail d great Liberty in chorus.\\nOr bawl d. Confusion to the Tories.\\nIWFingal, Canto III., pp. 65, 66, ed. 1782.\\nTimothy Dwight.\\nThe Death of Irad.\\nAgain in ether rose the dreadful steel;\\nAgain it lighten d, and again it fell;\\nThe Heathen s, ringing, leap d from Irad s shield;\\nThe Youth s in fragments, treacherous, strew d the field.\\nHeld by a chief, swift-leaping from the band.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE. 319\\nA second falchion touch d his reaching hand,\\nWhen loveliest Youth why did thy buckler s bound\\nShield but thy breast? why not thy form surround?\\nFrom some base arm unseen, in covert flung.\\nThrough his white side a coward javelin sung.\\nHe fell a groan sad-murmur d round the host,\\nTheir joy, their glory, and their leader lost.\\nThe Conquest of Canaan, VIII., 343-356, ed. 1785.\\nJoel Barlow.\\nGory War.\\nColumbus turn d; when rolling to the shore\\nSwells o er the seas an undulating roar;\\nSlow, dark, portentous, as the meteors sweep,\\nAnd curtain black the illimitable deep.\\nHigh stalks, from surge to surge, a demon Form,\\nThat howls thro heaven and breathes a billowing storm.\\nHis head is hung with clouds; his giant hand\\nFlings a blue flame far flickering to the land; _\\nHis blood-stain d limbs drip carnage as he strides,\\nAnd taint with gory grume the staggering tides;\\nLike two red suns his quivering eyeballs glare,\\nHis mouth disgorges all the stores of war.\\nPikes, muskets, mortars, guns and globes of fire,\\nAnd lighted bombs that fusing trails expire.\\nPercht on his helmet, two twin sisters rode.\\nThe favorite offspring of the murderous god.\\nFamine and Pestilence whom whilom bore\\nHis wife, grim Discord, on Trinacria s shore;\\nWhen first their Cyclop sons, from Etna s forge,\\nFill d his foul magazine, his gaping gorge\\nThen earth convulsive groan d, high shriek d the air,\\nAnd hell in gratulation call d him War.\\nThe Columbiad, V, 471-492, ed. 1807.\\nThe Hasty-Pudding.\\nWhere the huge heap lies center d in the hall.\\nThe lamp suspended from the cheerful wall,\\nBrown corn-fed nymphs, and strong hard-handed beaux,\\nAlternate rang d, extend in circling rows.\\nAssume their seats, the solid mass attack;\\nThe dry husks rattle, and the corn-cobs crack;\\nThe song, the laugh, alternate notes resound,\\nAnd the sweet cider trips in silence round.\\nThe laws of Husking ev ry wight can tell;", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "320 APPENDIX.\\nAnd sure no laws he ever keeps so well\\nFor each red ear a general kiss he gains,\\nWith each smut ear she smuts the luckless swains;\\nBut when to some sweet maid a prize is cast,\\nRed as her lips, and taper as her waist.\\nShe walks the round, and culls one favor d beau\\nWho leaps, the luscious tribute to bestow.\\nThere is a choice in spoons. Tho small appear\\nThe nice distinction, yet to me tis clear.\\nThe deep bowl d Gallic spoon, contriv d to scoop\\nIn ample draughts the thin diluted soup.\\nPerforms not well in those substantial things,\\nWhose mass adhesive to the metal clings;\\nWhere the strong labial muscles must embrace\\nThe gentle curve, and sweep the hollow space.\\nWith ease to enter and discharge the freight,\\nA bowl less concave but still more dilate,\\nBecomes the pudding best.\\nFear not to slaver; tis no deadly sin.\\nLike the free Frenchman, from your joyous chin\\nSuspend the ready napkin; or, like me.\\nPoise with one hand your bowl upon your knee;\\nJust in the zenith your wise head preject.\\nYour full spoon, rising in a line direct.\\nBold as a bucket, heeds no drops that fall.\\nThe wide mouth d bowl will surely catch them all.\\nThe Hasty- Pudding, Canto IIL, pp. 9-12, ed. 1796.\\nPhilip Freneau.\\nThe House of Nights\\nO er a dark field I held my dubious way\\nWhere Jaclv-a-lanthorn walk d his lonely round,\\nBeneath my feet substantial darkness lay.\\nAnd screams were heard from the distemper d ground.\\nNor looked I back, till to a far off wood\\nTrembling with fear, my weary feet had sped\\nDark was the night, but at the inchanted dome\\nI saw the infernal windows flaming red.\\nDim burnt the lamp, and now the phantom Death\\nGave his last groans in horror and despair\\n1 In which Death is dying.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE. 321\\nAll hell demands me hence he said, and threw\\nThe red lamp hissing through the midnight air.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0The House of Night, stanzas 109, no, 117, in The Poems of\\nPhilip Freneau, ed. 1786.\\nThe Wild Honey Suckled\\nFair flower, that dost so comely grow,\\nHid in this silent, dull retreat,\\nUntouch d thy honey d blossoms blow,\\nUnseen thy little branches greet\\nNo roving foot shall find thee here,\\nNo busy hand provoke a tear.\\nBy Nature s self in white array d,\\nShe bade thee shun the vulgar eye.\\nAnd planted here the guardian shade,\\nAnd sent soft waters murmuring by;\\nThus quietly thy summer goes.\\nThy days declining to repose.\\nSmit with those charms, that must decay,\\nI grieve to see your future doom;\\nThey died nor were those flowers less gay,\\nThe flowers that did in Eden bloom;\\nUnpitying frosts, and Autumn s power\\nShall leave no vestige of this flower.\\nFrom morning suns and evening dews\\nAt first thy little being came\\nIf nothing once, you nothing lose.\\nFor when you die you are the same\\nThe space between, is but an hour.\\nThe frail duration of a flower.\\nPoems by Philip Freneau, ed. 1795. (The text in the 1 788\\nedition is inferior.)\\nHenry H. Brackenridge.\\nWarrefi s Speech at Bunker Hill.\\nTo arms, brave countrymen, for see the foe.\\nComes forth to battle, and would seem to try,\\nOnce more, their fortune in decisive war.\\nOur noble ancestors,\\nOut-brav d the tempests, of the hoary deep,\\n1 The entire poem is given.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "322 APPENDIX.\\nAnd on these hills, uncultivate and wild,\\nSought an asylum, from despotic sway;\\nA short asylum, for that envious power,\\nWith persecution dire, still follows us.\\nRemember March, brave countrymen, that day.\\nWhen Boston s streets ran blood. Think on that day,\\nAnd let the memory, to revenge, stir up.\\nThe temper of your souls. Let every arm,\\nThis day be active in fair freedom s cause.\\nAnd shower down, from the hill, like Heav n in wrath.\\nFull store of lightning, and fierce iron hail.\\nTo blast the adversary.\\nThe Battle of Bunker s- Hill, V., i., ed. 1776.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "B.\\nNEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES COLLEGES\\nTHE NEW ENGLAND PRIMER.\\nNewspapers and Magazines.\\nThe first newspaper established in America was The Boston\\nNews-Letter^ a weekly, which ran from 1704 to 1776.^ It\\nwas usually printed on a (printer s) half-sheet, and contained\\nshort pieces of foreign and domestic news. Its space was so\\nscanty that in 1719 it had got thirteen months behindhand\\nwith the foreign news from regions beyond Great Britain for\\nsome time, therefore, a whole sheet was printed every other\\nweek, until the publisher was able to announce proudly that\\nthat part of his news-record was now less than five months\\nbehindhand. The Boston Gazette was started in 1719; The\\nNew England Courant in 1721. Several other papers were\\nstarted in Boston within the next fifteen years but only one\\nof them, The Boston Evening-Post, continued to the Revolu-\\ntion. In 1768 The Boston Chronicle began to appear twice a\\nweek. In 1770 The Massachusetts Spy was published thrice\\na week for a few months in 1771 it became a weekly, but of\\nlarger size than any which had yet appeared in Boston, being\\nprinted on a whole sheet, four columns to a page. Pennsyl-\\nvania was only a little behind Massachusetts, the third news-\\npaper in America, The American Weekly Mercury, being\\nstarted in Philadelphia, Dec. 22, 17 19, one day later than\\nThe Boston Gazette. The second newspaper in the colony.\\nThe Pennsylvania Gazette, founded in 1728, was bought in\\n1729 by Franklin, who published it twice a week for a while\\nand soon made it very profitable. Several other Pennsylvania\\nnewspapers (some of them in German) sprang up at various\\ntimes before the Revolution. The first daily newspaper in\\n1 Most of the facts are taken from Thomas s History of Printing in\\nAmerica.\\n2 A newspaper, Publick Occurrences, was started in Boston in 1690,\\nbut the authorities suppressed it after the first issue.\\n323", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "324 APPENDIX.\\nthe United States, The Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Ad-\\nvertiser^ was founded in Philadelphia in 1784. The colony\\nof New York was the third in the lield, The JVew York Gazette\\nmaking its appearance in 1725. Before 1770 eight other\\nnewspapers had been started in New York, although some\\nlived but a short time. Virginia had but two newspapers\\nbefore the Revolution, founded in 1736 and 1766 respectively.\\nIn Maryland the tirst newspaper was started in 1727; in\\nRhode Island and South Carolina, in 1732; in Connecticut\\nand North Carolina, in 1755; i^ New Hampshire, in 1756;\\nin Delaware, in 1762; in Georgia, in 1763. At the outbreak\\nof the Revolution there were in the colonies 37 newspapers,\\ndistributed as follows Pennsylvania, 9 Massachusetts, 7\\nNew York, 4 Connecticut, 4 South Carolina, 3 Rhode\\nIsland, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, 2 each New\\nHampshire and Georgia, i each. Not to be deceived by\\nwords we should remember that the stunted little newspapers\\nof Colonial and Revolutionary times were, in size, circulation,\\nand amount of news, very diiferent from the journals of to-day.\\nThe editorial, too, in its modern sense, was unknown to\\nour great-grandfathers letters to the publisher took its place\\nto some extent, and in times of public excitement the old\\nGazettes and Mercuries might do a good deal to indicate and\\nto mould public sentiment. But in general the Colonial and\\nRevolutionary newspaper not only presented little news but\\nhad little or nothing to say about it.\\nThe American magazines, like the newspapers, closely fol-\\nlowed English models, and were not much if at all inferior.\\nTo the modern reader, however, they seem on the whole\\nfeeble, dry, and dull. Some idea of them may be had from\\nthe plan set forth in the preface to The American Magazine\\nand Monthly Chronicle for the British Colonies, which was\\nlaunched in 1757, at Philadelphia, By a Society of Gentle-\\nmen, and is a superior sample of its class each number was\\nto contain an account of European affairs a philosophi-\\ncal miscellany monthly essays, in prose and verse a\\nhistory of the present war in North-America monthly\\ntransactions in each colony, the account of new books,\\npreferments, births, marriages, deaths, arrivals of ships, prices\\ncurrent. The emphasis on the practical and instructive is\\nevident of entertainment little was sought, and little found.\\nYet on the whole the talent available for these maga-\\nzines was greater than the demand for them, and few and\\nevil were the days of their pilgrimage. The American Maga-", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, COLLEGES. 325\\n2ine and Historical Chronicle, a monthly of fifty pages, estab-\\nlished at Boston in 1743, ran three years and four months.\\nThe Neiv England Magazine of Knowledge ajid Pleasure, a\\nmonthly which came out when it could, after the appearance\\nof three or four numbers in the course of six or seven months,\\nwas discontinued in 1759. Royal American Magazine,\\nprinted in handsome type, with two copperplate engravings\\nin each number, began to be issued at Boston in January,\\n1774; it had a considerable list of subscribers, but the battle\\nof Lexington killed it. In Pennsylvania conditions were also\\nunfavorable for longevity. The General Magazine lived only\\nsix months, in 1741. The American Magazine (already men-\\ntioned) seems to have died in a year. The Pennsylvania\\nMagazine, edited and written, in part, by Thomas Paine, was\\nstarted in January, 1775, and died in July, 1776, the last\\nnumber containing the Declaration of Independence. The\\nUnited States Magazine, edited by H. H. Brackenridge, with\\nPhilip Freneau as a leading contributor, was published at\\nPhiladelphia through 1779, and was then discontinued until\\nan established peace and a fixed value of the money shall\\nrender it convenient or possible to take it up again. After\\nthe war, m.agazines were again attempted. The Boston Maga-\\nzine came in and went out with the year 1785. The Cohim-\\nbian Magazine, started in 1786, lived three years. The\\nA?nerican Museu7n was established in 1787. Other maga-\\nzines made their appearance from time to time, and had some\\nsuccess. But it was not until 18 15, thirteen years after the\\nfounding of The Edinburgh Review had inaugurated a new\\nera for magazines in Great Britain, that American magazine\\nliterature was placed upon a solid basis by the establishment\\nof The North American Review.\\nColleges.\\nThe intellectuality of the stock which peopled British\\nAmerica is shown by the fact that they early established col-\\nleges. Harvard College was opened^ in 1638; William and\\nMary College, Virginia, in 1694; Yale College in 1701 Col-\\nlege of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1746;\\nWashington and Lee University, Virginia, in 1749; Univer-\\n1 The dates of founding or chartering are often different from the\\ndates of actual opening. Thus Harvard was founded in 1636, by a\\nvote of the Legislature appropriating money it was chartered in 1650.\\nThe dates here given are taken from Jo/inson s Universal Cyclopcedia.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "326 APPENDIX.\\nsity of Pennsylvania in 1753 King s College (now Columbia\\nUniversity) in 1754; Frederick College, Maryland, in 1763;\\nRhode Island College (now Brown University) in 1765 Rut-\\ngers College, New Jersey, in 1770; Dartmouth College in\\n1770; Hampden-Sidney College, Virginia, in 1776; Wash-\\nington College, Maryland, in 1782; Dickinson College, Penn-\\nsylvania, in 1783; College of Charleston, South Carolina, in\\n1785. Thus before the Revolution nine of the thirteen colo-\\nnies had institutions of higher learning. These colonial\\ncolleges were of course small and poorly equipped. But most\\nof them nevertheless did good work, especially in the classics.\\nThe requirements for admission to Harvard are thus stated\\nby Cotton Mather in his Magiialia (Book IV., p. 127, ed.\\n1702) When Scholars had so far profited at the Grammar\\nSchools, that they could Read any Classical Author into\\nEnglish, and readily make, and speak true Latin, and Write\\nit in Verse as well as Prose and perfectly Decline the Para-\\ndigms of Nouns and Verbs in the Greek Tongue, they were\\njudged capable of Admission into Harvard-Colledge. The\\ncollege course, in Harvard at least, embraced the contem-\\nporaneous learning of the colleges in England, including\\n(in 1643) rhetoric, logic, ethics, divinity, arithmetic, geometry,\\nphysics, astronomy, Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee,\\netc.^ President Dunster wrote in 1649 that some of the\\nHarvard students could with ease dexterously translate\\nHebrew and Chaldee into Greek. This steeping in the\\ngreat languages and literatures of antiquity was one of the\\nbest possible ways to prepare for the creation, later, of a\\nworthy literature in the mother tongue. The American poets\\nand novelists were yet to be born. Meanwhile their ancestors\\nwisely conned the pages of Homer, Virgil, and Cicero.\\nThe New England Primer.\\nFrom this curious little book the children of New England,\\nfor a century and a half, learned the elements of religion and\\nmorality as well as of reading. The first compiler of it\\nseems to have been Benjamin Harris, a Boston publisher,\\nwho, before he fled from England in 1686, had printed The\\n1 Peirce s A History of Harvard University, p. 7; Appendix, pp. 6, 7.\\n2 Felt s The Ecclesiastical History of New England, Vol, II., p. 10.\\n3 See two articles by H. rrumbuU in The Sunday School Times,\\nApril 29 and May 6, 1882; and The New-England Pri?ner, by P. L.\\nFord (Dodd, Mead Co., 1897).", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "THE NEW ENGLAND PRIMER. 327\\nProtestant Tutor which had several of the distinctive features\\nof the Primer^ and was (says Mr. Ford) its legitimate prede-\\ncessor. The Primer is also the descendant of a line of\\nEnglish primers, running back through many centuries. The\\nearliest surviving reference to it is in an almanac for 1691,\\npublished by Harris, in which he advertised as forthcoming\\na Second Impression of the New-England Primer enlarged,\\nto which is added, more Directions for Spelling, etc. The\\nfirst edition must have appeared (says Mr. Ford) between\\n1687 and 1690. The earliest extant complete copy was pub-\\nlished at Boston in 1737. The book was reprinted number-\\nless times in the eighteenth century, with various changes and\\nadditions,^ and has often been reproduced since as a curiosity.\\nIn its sombre and dogmatic religiousness, severe morality,\\nand defective aesthetic sense (as shown by the doggerel verse\\nand rude wood-cuts), The New England Primer is a mirror\\nof the times which produced and used it. It passes rapidly,\\nand without apparent sense of incongruity, from hard sense\\nor .sublime theology to the puerile and trivial. Some idea of\\nthe Primer may be had from a description of a copy printed\\n(as the frontispiece shows) sometime during Washington s\\npresidency. It is a quaint little book, four inches long, two\\nand three-fourths inches wide, and one-third of an inch thick.\\nThe lids are of wood, covered with pale-blue paper and united\\nby a leather back. The title-page reads thus The New-\\nEngland Primer, or, an easy and pleasant Guide to the Art of\\nReading. Adorn d with Cutts. To which are added. The\\nAssembly of Divines Catechism. Boston: Printed and sold\\nby J. White, near Charles-River Bridge. On the reverse are\\ntwo stanzas to children, ending with\\nNor dare indulge a meaner flame,\\nTill you have lov d the Lord.\\nThe alphabet follows then come Easy Syllables for Chil-\\ndren al), ac, eb, ec, etc. and in five pages more, a bo mi\\nna ti on and a scanty assortment of other Words of six\\nSyllables are reached. Art and poetry are now wedded to\\nthe alphabet in twenty-four couplets or triplets, illustrated by\\ninimitable wood-cuts apparently made by the printer with\\nhis pocket-knife. Some of the choicest lines are these\\n1 Some editions reprinted John Cotton s Spiritual Milk for Amer-\\nican Babes, Draion -out of the Breasts of Both Testaments, for their\\nSouls Nourishment.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "328 APPENDIX.\\nIn Adam s fall, We sinned all Young Cbadias, David,\\nJosias, All were pious A erxes did die, And so must\\nI Zaccheus, he Did climb the tree, Our Lord to see.\\nAfter some other matter, including the statement that He\\nthat don t learn his A B C, For ever will a blockhead be,\\ncome the Lord s Prayer and the Apostles Creed. Treading\\nclose on the heels of these sublime passages intrudes some\\npious doggerel, beginning,\\nI in the burying place may see\\nGraves shorter there than I.\\nThis is at once succeeded by Watts s pretty Cradle Hymn,\\nHush, my dear, lie still and slumber.\\nHoly Angels guard thy bed,\\nand his Now I lay me down to sleep, both which are\\nstill sacred memories to millions. They are but thinly\\nfenced off by Agiir s Prayer from a marvellous cut which\\nrepresents Mr. John Rogers, minister of the gospel, the\\nfirst martyr in Queen Mary s reign, burning at the stake,\\nwhile his wife, with nine small children, and one at her\\nbreast, calmly look on; several pages of metrical advice,\\nwhich unhappily escaped the author s fate, follow. Then\\ncomes The Shorter CatecJiisfn^ which fills most of the latter\\nhalf of the book. The solemn questions and answers are\\nstill sounding in our ears when we are exhorted to Let dogs\\ndelight to bark and bite children are once more reminded\\nthat until their breast glows with sacred love they should\\nindulge no meaner fires and the Primer ends with this\\nsecular stanza, which is all the same as if a Puritan congre-\\ngation were to come out of church in a jig\\nHere s Tom, Dick, and Benny,\\nWith pitchfork and with rake;\\nSally, Kate, and Jenny,\\nCome here the hay to make.\\n1 Many were the hours spent by the curious school-boy in wrestling\\nwith the question whether there were ten children in all or only nine.\\nThe obscure wood-cut but darkened the problem, which is still un-\\nsolved.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "c.\\nPARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COLONIAL AND\\nREVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE.\\n[Many of the titles are copied from first editions; most of the others, from\\nSabin s Bibliotlieca Aviericana. The titles are often abridged; but what is\\ngiven is reproduced as exactly as possible, and anything added is enclosed in\\nbrackets.]\\nI. COLONIAL PERIOD.\\nI. VIRGINIA.\\nA Trve Relation of such occurrences and accidents of noate as hath\\nhapned in Virginia since the first planting of that Coliony. Written\\nby Captaine Smith, London, 1608.\\nA True Repertory of the Wracke, and Redemption of Sir Thomas\\nGates, Knight. By William Strachey. London, 1610.\\nGood Nevves from Virginia. From Alexander Whitaker. London,\\n1613.\\nThe Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles.\\nBy Captaine lohn Smith. London, 1624.\\nOvids Metamorphosis Englished by G. S. [George Sandys]. London,\\n1626.\\nA Voyage to Virginia. By Colonel Norwood, [n. p. n. d.] [Reprinted\\nForce s Historical Tracts, Vol. II L]\\nLeah and Rachel, or, the Two Fruitfull Sisters Virginia, and Mary-Land.\\nBy John Hammond. London, 1656. [Reprinted: Force s Histor-\\nical Tracts, Vol. III.]\\nA Song of Sion. Written by a Citizen thereof [John Grave], whose\\noutward Habitation is in Virginia, [England.] 1662,\\nHistory of Virginia. By a Native and Inhabitant of the Place [Robert\\nBeverley]. The second edition. London, 1722, [The first edition\\n(London, 1705) was smaller.]\\nThe Present State of Virginia. By Hugh Jones, A,M, London, 1724.\\n[Reprinted Sabin s Reprints, No. 5.]\\nThe Westover Manuscripts containing the History of the Dividing\\nLine betwixt Virginia and North Carolina; a Journey to the Land\\nof Eden, A.D, 1733; and a Progress to the Mines. Written from\\n1728 to 1736, and now first published. By William Byrd, of West-\\nover, Petersburg, 1841,\\n329", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "330 APPENDIX.\\nHistory of the Dividing Line and Other Tracts. From the Papers of\\nWilliam Byrd. Richmond, 1866,\\nPoems on Several Occasions. By a Gentleman of Virginia. Williams-\\nburg, 1736.\\nThe History of the First Discovery and Settlement of Virginia. By\\nWilliam Stith, A.M. Williamsburg, 1747.\\n2. NEW ENGLAND.\\nA Description of New England or, The Observations, and discoueries\\nof Captain lohn Smith. London, 1616. [Reprinted Force s His-\\ntorical Tracts, Vol. H.]\\nA Relation or lournall of the beginning and proceedings of the English\\nPlantation setled at Plimoth. [By William Bradford and Edward\\nWinslow.] London, 1622. [Long known as Mouit s Relation.\\nReprinted: Library of New-England History, No. i portions of, in\\nColl. Mass. Hist. Soc, Series 2, Vol. IX.]\\nBradford s History Of Plimoth Plantation. From the Original Manu-\\nscript. With a Report of the Proceedings Incident to the Return of\\nthe Manuscript to Massachusetts. Boston, 1898. [Also in Coll.\\nMass. Hist. Soc, Series 4, Vol. III.]\\nNew-England. Or A Briefe Enarration of the Ayre, Earth, Water, Fish\\nand Fowles of that Country. With a Description of the Natures,\\nOrders, Habits, and Religion of the Natiues in Latine and English\\nVerse. [By William Morrell.] London, 1625. [Reprinted The\\nClub of Odd Volumes, Boston, 1895, in photographic facsimile from\\na copy of the first fflition in the British Museum; Coll. Mass. Hist.\\nSoc, Series i, Vol. I., but with only the Latin title, Nova-Anglia.]\\nA Journal of the Transactions and Occurrences in the settlement of\\nMassachusetts and the other New-England Colonies, from the year\\n1630 to 1644. Written by John Winthrop, and now first published\\nfrom a correct copy of the original Manuscript. Hartford, 1790.\\n[Reprinted at Boston, 1825, 1826, as The History of New England.\\nThis edition included the third volume of the manuscript, bringing\\nthe record down to 1649.]\\nSome Old Puritan Love- Letters John and Margaret Winthrop\\n1618-1638. Edited by J. H. Twichell. New York: Dodd, Mead\\nCo., 1893.\\nNew-Englands Plantation. Written by a reuerend Diuine now there\\nresident [Francis Higginson]. London, 1630. [Reprinted Force s\\nHistorical Tracts, Vol. I.; Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc, Series i, Vol. I.]\\nNew Englands Prospect. By William Wood. London, 1634. [Re-\\nprinted: Pub. Prince Soc, Vol. I.]\\nNew English Canaan. By Thomas Morton. Amsterdam, 1637. [Re-\\nprinted Force s Historical Tracts, Vol. II.; Pub. Prince Soc, Vol.\\nXV.]\\nThe Freeman s Oath. [Cambridge.] 1639. [The first thing printed\\nin America. See Winthrop s The History of New England, Vol. I.,\\np. 289, ed. 1825.]\\nThe Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated into Enghsh Metre.\\n[Cambridge.] 1640. [Sard to be the first book printed in America.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "BIBLIOGRAPHY COLONIAL PERIOD. 331\\nThe copy in the John Carter Brown Library, Providence, has the auto-\\ngraph of Richard Mather, one of the three principal translators.]\\nSimplicities Defence against Seven-headed Policy. Or Innocency Vin-\\ndicated, being unjustly Accused by that Seven-headed Church-\\nGovernment united in New-England. [By Samuel Gorton.] London,\\n1646.\\nThe Soules Implantation into the Naturall Olive. By T. H. [Thomas\\nHooker]. London, 1640.\\nThe Simple Cobler of Aggavvam in America. Willing to help mend\\nhis Native Country, lamentably tattered, both in the upper-Leather\\nand sole, with all the honest stitches he can take. By Theodore de\\nla Guard [Nathaniel Ward]. London, 1647. [Reprinted London,\\n1647, three editions; Boston, 1713 Force s Historical Tracts, Vol.\\nHI.]\\nMercurius Anti-mechanicus. Or The Simple Coblcrs Boy. By Theo-\\ndore de la Guarden [Nathaniel Ward?]. London, 1648.\\nThe Parable of the Ten Virgins opened applied. By Thomas\\nShepard. London, 1660.\\nThe Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs of the Old and New Testa-\\nment, Faithfully Translated into English Metre. For the use, edifi-\\ncation and comfort of the Saints in publick and private, especially in\\nNew-England. Cambridge, Printed for Hezekiah Usher, of Bostoo.\\n[1658?] [This work, appearing first in 165 1, exists in several slightly\\ndifferent forms. The only copy of this edition [the one above] that\\nI know of was sold at the Brinley sale for $90, and is now in the\\nlibrary of Brown University. Sabin s Bibliotheca Americana.]\\nThe Tenth Muse lately sprung up in America. Or Severall Poems,\\ncompiled with great variety of Wit and Learning, full of delight.\\nBy a Gentlewoman in those parts [Anne Bradstreet]. London, 1650.\\nSeveral Poems. By a Gentlewoman in New-England [Anne Bradstreet].\\nThe second Edition, Corrected by the Author, and enlarged by an\\nAddition of several other Poems found amongst her Papers after her\\nDeath. Boston, 1678. [Reprinted: 1758.]\\nThe Works of Anne Bradstreet in Prose and Verse. Edited by J. H.\\nEllis. Charleston, 1867. [Full biographical introduction.]\\nA History of New-England. From the English planting in the Yeere\\n1628. untill the Yeere 1652. [By Edward Johnson.] [The running\\ntitle is Wonder-working Providence of Sions Saviour, in New Eng-\\nland. London, 1654. [Reprinted: Coll. Mass. Hist, Soc, Series-\\n2, Vols. II.-VIII.]\\nThe Day of Doom or, A Description of the Great and Last Judgment.\\nWith a short Discourse about Eternity. [By Michael Wigglesworth.]\\nLondon, 1673. [First edition, 1661 or 1662? Reprinted: Boston,\\n1715, 1751, 1828; Newburyport, 1811.]\\nMeat out of the Eater: or, Meditations concerning the Necessity, End,\\nand Usefulness of Afflictions unto God s Chiklren. By Michael\\nWigglesworth. The Fifth Edition. Boston, 1717. [First edition,\\n1669. On the fly-leaf of the Brown University Library s copy is\\nwritten in ink, 6 of August 1729 Prise. Jonathan Trask His\\nBook.\\nA Key into the Language of America: or, An help to the Language of", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "332 APPENDIX.\\nthe Natives in that part of America, called New-England. Together,\\nwith briefe Observations of the Customes, Manners and Worships,\\nc. of the aforesaid Natives. On all which are added Spiritual Ob-\\nservations. By Roger Williams. London, 1643.\\nThe Blovdy Tenent, of Persecution, for cause of Conscience, discuss d,\\nin a Conference betweene Trvth and Peace. [By Roger Williams]\\n[London.] 1644. [The Brown University Library contains a copy\\nof the very rare second edition, published in the same year.]\\nThe Bloudy Tenent Washed, and made white in the bloud of the Lambe.\\nWhereunto is added a Reply to Mr. Williams Answer, to Mr. Cot-\\ntons Letter. By John Cotton. London, 1647,\\nThe Bloody Tenent yet More Bloody by Mr. Cottons endevour to wash\\nit white in the Blood of the Lambe, Also a Letter to Mr Endicot\\nGovernor of the Massachusets in N. E. By R. Williams. London,\\n1652. [On the ffy-leaf of the Brown University Library s copy is\\nwritten in Williams s hand, For his honoured beloved M John\\nClarke an eminent witness of Christ Jesus agst ye bloodie Doctrine\\nof Persecution c.\\nGeorge Fox Digg d out of his Burrovves. By R. W. [Roger Williams].\\nBoston, 1676.\\nA New-England Fire-Brand Quenched, Being Something in Answer\\nunto a Lying, Slanderous Book, Entituled George Fox Digged out\\nof his Burrows, c. Where-unto is added, A Catalogue of his\\nRailery, Lies, Scorn Blasphemies. By George Fox and John\\nBvrnyeat. [n. p.] 1678.\\nNew-Englands Memoriall. By Nathaniel Morton. Cambridge, 1669.\\nNew-Englands Rarities Discovered in Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents,\\nand Plants. Also a perfect Description of an Indian Sqva, in all\\nher Bravery with a Poem not improperly conferr d upon her. By\\nJohn Josselyn. London, 1672.\\nA Brief History of the Pequot War. By Major John Mason, Boston,\\n1736. [Written, 1670. Printed (imperfectly) in Relation of the\\nTroubles in New England by Reason of the Indians, by Increase\\nMather, 1677. Reprinted Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc, Series 2, Vol.\\nVIII.]\\nA Brief Narrative of the Progress of the Gospel amongst the Indians in\\nNew-England. Given in by the Reverend Mr. John Elliot. Lon-\\ndon, 1671.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2The Logick Primer. Composed by J. E. [John Eliot] for the Use of\\nthe Praying Indians, [n. p.] 1672.\\nHistorical Collections of the Indians in New England. By Daniel\\nGookin. [First printed, from the original manuscripts, in 1792, in\\nColl. Mass. Hist. Soc, Series i. Vol. I. Gookin s Epistle Dedica-\\ntory is dated 1674,]\\nDiary of Samuel Sewall, 1674-1729. In Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc, Series 5,\\nVols. V.-VII.\\nA Looking Glass for the Times. By Peter Folger. Printed in the\\nYear 1763. [Reprinted R. I. Historical Tracts, No. 16. Dated\\nApril 26, 1676, but probably not printed before 1763,]\\nAn Elegie upon the Death of the Reverend Mr. Thomas Shepard. [By\\nUrian Oakes.] Cambridge, 1677. [Reprinted The Club of Odd", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "BIBLIOGRAPHY COLONIAL PERIOD. 333\\nVolumes, Boston, 1896. Supposed to be the earliest poem both\\nwritten and printed in America.]\\nA Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New-England. By W.\\nHubbard. Boston, 1677. [Reprinted: London, 1677 Boston, 1775\\nWorcester, 1801 Norwich, 1802; Stockbridge, 1803; Danbury, 1803;\\nBrattleborough, 1814; Roxbury, 1865. Usually referred to by the\\ntitle of the later editions, A Narrative of the Indian Wars.]\\nThe Soveraignty Goodness of God, a Narrative of the Captivity and\\nRestauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. The Second Addition.\\nWritten by Her Own Hand. Cambridge, 1682, No copy of the\\nfirst edition (1682?) is known to be extant. [Reprinted: London,\\n1682; and many times since.]\\nKofn)Toypa4 La. Or A Discourse Concerning Comets Wherein the Na-\\nture of Blazing Stars is Enquired into. As also two Sermons, Occa-\\nsioned by the late Blazing Stars. By Increase Mather. Boston,\\n1683.\\nAn Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences. By Increase\\nMather. Boston, 1684.\\nA Further Account of the Tryals of the New-England Witches. By\\nIncrease Mather, President of Harvard Colledge. London, 1693.\\nA Poem dedicated to the Memory of the Reverend and Excellent Mr.\\nUrian Oakes. Boston in New-England, 1682. [Reprinted The\\nClub of Odd Volumes, Boston, 1896. The poem is signed N. R.,\\nbut is supposed to be by Cotton Mather, who would take peculiar\\npleasure in the ingenious pleasantry of signing the last letters of his\\nname instead of the first. Nathaniel Mather, in a letter to Inttease\\nMather, speaks of receiving a letter from him, dated 1682, and\\nwith it a sermon by Mr. Oakes and two of your son s Poems on\\nhim the Brown University Library s copy (said to be unique)\\nhas N. Mather s autograph at the bottom of the last page.]\\nAn Elegy on The Much-to-be-deplored Death of That Never-to-be-\\nforgotten Person, The Reverend Mr. Nathaniel Collins. [By Cotton\\nMather.] Boston, 1685. [Reprinted: The Club of Odd Volumes,\\nBoston, 1896,]\\nLate Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions,\\nclearly Manifesting, not only that there are Witches, but that Good\\nMen (as well as others) may possibly have their Lives shortned by\\nsuch evil Instruments of Satan. By Cotton Mather. London, 1691,\\nThe Wonders of the Invisible World. Observations upon the Nature,\\nthe Number, and the Operations of the Devils. By Cotton Mather.\\nBoston, 1693.\\nMore Wonders of the Invisible World. Collected by Robert Calef.\\nLondon, 1700. [An attack upon the belief in witchcraft.]\\nBrontologia Sacra the Voice of the Glorious God in the Thunder.\\nEspecially intended for an Entertainment in the Hours of Thunder.\\n[By Cotton Mather.] London, 1695.\\nPillars of Salt. A History of some Criminals executed in this Land.\\nWith some of their Dying Speeches. [By Cotton Mather.] Boston,\\n1699.\\nMagnalia Christ! Americana: or, the Ecclesiastical History of New-\\nEngland, from its First Planting in the Year 1620. unto the Year of", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "334 APPENDIX.\\nour Lord, 1698. In Seven Books, By the Reverend and Learned\\nCotton Mather, M.A. London, 1702.\\nA Treacle fetch d out of a Viper. A Brief Essay upon Falls into Sins.\\n[By Cotton Mather.] Boston, 1707.\\nBonifacius. An Essay upon the Good. [By Cotton Mather.] Boston,\\n1710. [Same as Essays to Do Good.]\\nA Christian Funeral, What should be the Behaviour of a Christian at\\na Funeral [By Cotton Mather.] Boston, 1713.\\nThe Religion of an Oath, Plain Directions How the Duty of Swearing,\\nMay be Safely Managed, [By Cotton Mather.] Boston, 1719,\\nThe Christian Philosopher A Collection of the Best Discoveries in\\nNature, with Religious Improvements, By Cotton Mather, D,D. and\\nFellow of the Royal Society, London, 1721,\\nThe Nightingale, An Essay on Songs among Thorns, Or the Supports\\nComforts of the Afflicted Believer, [By Cotton Mather.] Bos-\\nton, 1724.\\nBoanerges. A Short Essay to preserve and strengthen the Good Im-\\npressions Produced by Earthquakes. [By Cotton Mather.] Boston,\\n1727.\\nThe Life of the Very Reverend and Learned Cotton Mather, D.D. and\\nF.R.S. By Samuel Mather, M.A. Boston, 1729.\\nThe Journals of Madam Knight, and Rev, Mr, Buckingham. From the\\nOriginal Manuscripts, Written in 1704 and 1710. New- York, 1825.\\nThe Redeemed Captive, Returning to Zion. [By John Williams.]\\nBoston, 1707.\\nA Poem on Elijalis Translation, occasion d by the Death of the Rev.\\nMr. Samuel Willard. By Mr. Colman, V.D. M. Boston, 1707.\\nThe Origin of the Whalebone-petticoat. A Satyr. Boston, 1714.\\nHoop .Petticoats, Arraigned and Condemned by the Light of Nature\\nand Law of God. Boston. [1726.]\\nThe Churches Quarrel Espoused. By John Wise. Boston, 1710.\\nA Vindication of the Government of New-England Churches. By\\nJohn Wise. Boston, 1717.\\nEntertaining Passages Relating to Philip s War. By T. C. [Thomas\\nChurch]. Boston, 1716. [Reprinted: Boston, 1716; Newport, 1772;\\nmany times in this century,]\\nPoedcal Meditations, being the Improvement of some Vacant Hours.\\nBy Roger Wolcott. New London, 1725. [Reprinted: The princi-\\npal poem, in Coll, Mass, Hist. Soc, Series i, Vol. IV.; The Club of\\nOdd Volumes, Boston, 1898.]\\nThe History of the Wars of New-England, with the Eastern Indians.\\nBy Samuel Penhallow. Boston, 1726.\\nA Poem on the Death of His late Majesty King George, and the Acces-\\nsion of King George II. By Mr. Byles. [Boston, 1727,]\\nA Poem Presented to His Excellency William Burnet, Esq. on his\\nArrival at Boston, July 19, 1728. By Mr. Byles. [n. p. n. d.]\\nFather Abbey s Will to which is added A Letter of Courtship to his\\nVirtuous and Amiable Widow. [By John Seccomb.] Cambridge,\\n1731. [Reprinted: The Will in The Gentleman s Magazine, May,\\n1732.]", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "BIBLIOGRAPHY COLONIAL PERIOD. 335\\nChronological History of New England. By Thomas Prince, M.A.\\nBoston, 1736.\\nAn Historical Discourse on the Civil and Religious Affairs of the Colony\\nof Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. By }ohn Callender.\\nBoston, 1739. [Reprinted Coll. R.I. Hist. Soc, Vol. IV.]\\nMemoirs of the Life and Death of Mrs. Jane Turell. London, 1741.\\n[Includes some of her poems and prose pieces.]\\nA Collection of Poems. By several Hands. Boston, 1744.\\nPoems. By [Rev.] John Adams, M.A. Boston, 1745.\\nA Brief and Plain Essay on God s Wonder-working Providence for\\nNew England. By Samuel Niles. New London, 1747.\\nEntertainment for a Winter s Evening. By Me, the Hon. B. B. Esq.\\n[Joseph Green] Boston. [1750.]\\nSinners in the Hands of an Angry God. A Sermon. By Jonathan\\nEdwards. Boston, 1741.\\nA Careful and Strict Enquiry into the Modern prevailing Notions of that\\nfreedom of Will, which is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency,\\nVertue and Vice. By Jonathan Edwards. Boston, 1754.\\nA Summary, Historical and Political, of the First Planting, Progressive\\nImprovements, and Present State of the British Settlements in North-\\nAmerica. By William Douglass, M.D. Boston and London, 1755.\\nThe Choice: a Poem. [By Benjamin Church.] Boston, 1757. [Re-\\nprinted Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc, vSeries i, Vol. I.]\\nThe Conquest of Louisbourg. A Poem. By John Maylem, Philo-\\nBellum. [Boston, 1758.]\\nGallic Perfidy: A Poem. By John Maylem, Philo-Bellum. Boston,\\n1758.\\nPietas et Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos. Bostoni\\n-Massachusettensium. Typis J. Green J. Russell. 1761.\\n3. THE OTHER COLONIES.\\nA Character of the Province of Mary-Land. Also a small Treatise on\\nthe wilde and naked Indians. By George Alsop. London, 1666.\\nThe Sot-weed Factor Or, a Voyage to Maryland. A Satyr. In Bur-\\nlesque Verse. By Eben Cook, Gent. London, 1708, [Reprinted\\nShea s Early Southern Tracts, No. II.]\\nSotweed Redivivus Or the Planters Looking-Glass. In Burlesque\\nVerse. By E. C. Gent. Annapolis, 1730.\\nA Brief Description of New York. By Daniel Denton. London. 1670.\\n[Reprinted Gowan s Bibliotheca Americana, 1845.]\\nHistory of the Five Indian Nations. By Cadwallader Colden. New\\nYork, 1727.\\nA General Idea of the College of Mirania. By William Smith. New-\\nYork, 1753.\\nThe History of the Province of New-York. By William Smith. Lon-\\ndon, 1757.\\nA New Description of that Fertile and Pleasant Province of Carolina.\\nBy John Archdale Late Governor of the Same. London, 1707.\\n[Reprinted: Hist. Coll. So. Car., Vol. II.]", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "336 APPENDIX.\\nThe History of Carolina. By John Lawson. London, 1709.\\nEliza Pinckney. (Women of Colonial and Revolutionary Times.)\\nNew York, 1896, [Contains her letters.]\\nA New Voyage to Georgia. By a Young Gentleman. London, 1735.\\n[Reprinted: Ga. Hist. Coll., Vol. H.]\\nA True and Historical Narration of the Colony of Georgia. By Pat.\\nTailfer, M.D., Hugh Anderson, M.A., Da. Douglas, and Others.\\nCharleston, S. C, 1741. [Reprinted Ga. Hist. Coll., Vol. H.]\\nThe Life of William Penn with selections from his Correspondence\\nand Autobiography. By Samuel M. Janney. Second edition, re-\\nvised. Philadelphia, 1852.\\nAn Historical and Geographical Account of the Province and Country\\nof Pensilvania; and of West-New-Jersey in America. By Gabriel\\nThomas. London, 1698. [Lithographic facsimile, 1848, done for\\nH. A. Brady of the N. Y. Hist. Soc]\\nGod s Protecting Providence Evidenced in the Remarkable Deliverance\\nof divers persons from the Devouring Waves of the Sea, and, also,\\nfrom the more Cruelly Devouring Jawes of the inhumane Cannibals\\nof Florida. By Jonathan Dickenson. Philadelphia, 1699.\\nBatchelor s-Hall. A Poem. By George Webb. [Philadelphia.] 1731.\\nGate s Moral Distichs Englished in Couplets. [By James Logan.] Phil-\\nadelphia, 1735.\\nPhilosophic Solitude or, the Choice of a Rural Life. A Poem. By a\\nGentleman educated at Yale College [William Livingston]. New\\nYork, 1747.\\nPoor Richard, 1733. An Almanack for the Year of Christ, 1733. By\\nRichard Saunders, Philom. Philadelphia Printed and sold by B.\\nFranklin. [Continued till 1796, but after 1758 Franklin wrote no\\nmore for Poor Richard. McMaster s Franklin. The 1758 num-\\nber contained the famous Father Abraham s Speech.]\\nExperiments and Observations on Electricity. By Mr. Bepjamin Frank-\\nlin. London, 1751.\\nThe Manners of the Times a Satire. By Philadelphiensis. Phila-\\ndelphia, 1762.\\nThe Court of Fancy; a Poem. By Thomas Godfrey. Philadelphia,\\n1762.\\nJuvenile Poems on Various Subjects. With the Prince of Parthia, a\\nTragedy. By the late Mr. Thomas Godfrey, Junr., of Philadelphia.\\nTo which is prefixed Some Account of the Author and his Wridngs.\\nPhiladelphia, 1765.\\nPoems on Several Occasions. By Nathaniel Evans, A. M. Philadelphia,\\n1772.\\nIL REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.\\nThe Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved. By James\\nOtis. Boston, 1764. [Reprinted London, 1765, 1766.]\\nPonteach or the Savages of America. A Tragedy. [By Robert\\nRogers?] London, 1766.\\nLiberty, Property and no Excise. A Poem compos d on Occasion of", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "BIBLIOGRAPHY REVOLUTIOxNARY PERIOD. 337\\nthe Sight seen on the Great Trees, (so called) in Boston, New-\\nEngland, on the 14th of August, 1765. [Boston.] 1765. (Price 6 Cop.)\\nA New Collection of Verses applied to the First of November, A.D.\\n1765. Together with a poetical Dream, concerning Stamped Papers.\\nNew-Haven. [1765.]\\nThe Disappointment or the Force of Credulity. By Andrew Barton.\\nNew York, 1767.\\nLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British\\nColonies. [By John Dickinson.] Boston. [1768.] [Reprinted Phila-\\ndelphia, 1768, 1769, 1774; Boston, 1768; New York, 1768 Williams-\\nburg, 1769; London, 1768, 1774; Dublin, 1768; Paris, 1769 (French\\ntranslation).]\\nAn Address to a Provincial Bashaw. By a Son of Liberty [Benjamin\\nChurch]. Printed in (tho- Tyrannic Administration of St. Francisco\\n[Gov. Francis Bernard] 1769. [Boston.]\\nThe Examination of Doctor Benjamin Franklin, before an August As-\\nsembly, relating to the Repeal of the Stamp-Act. [Philadelphia?]\\n1766. [Reprinted London, 1767.]\\nPhilosophical and Miscellaneous Papers. Lately written by B. Frank-\\nlin, LL.D. London, 1787.\\nPoems on Various vSubjects. By Phillis Wheatley, Negro Servant to\\nMr. John Wheatley, of Boston, in New England. London, 1773.\\nThe Adulateur. A Tragedy, as it is now acted in Upper Servia. [By\\nMercy Warren.] Boston, 1773.\\nThe Ladies Philosophy of Love. A Poem, in four Cantos. Written\\nin 1774. By Charles Stearns, A.B. Leominster, Mass., 1797.\\nThe Story of ^neas and Dido burlesqued. Charlestown, [S. C] 1774.\\nA Pretty Story. By Peter Grievous, Esq., A.B.C.D.E. [Francis Hopkin-\\nson]. Philadelphia, 1774. [Reprinted: Philadelphia, 1774; Wil-\\nliamsburg, 1774 New York, 1857, 1864.]\\nThe Miscellaneous Essays and Occasional Writings of Francis Hop-\\nkinson. Philadelphia, 1792. [3 vols.]\\nMemoirs of the Life of Josiah Quincy, Jun., by his Son, Josiah Quincy.\\nBoston, Cummings, Hilliard, Conipany, 1 25. [Contains his jour-\\nnals, letters, and Observations on the Boston Port-Bill.]\\nFree Thoughts on the Proceedings of the Continental Congress. By a\\nFarmer. Hear me, for I WILL speak! [By Samuel Seabury?]\\nNew York, 1774. [Reprinted: London, 1775. The first of the\\nWestchester Farmer s Letters.\\nA F ull Vindication of the Measures of the Congress, from the Calum-\\nnies of their Enemies In Answer to a Letter, under the Signature of\\nA. W. Farmer, Whereby His Sophistry is exposed, his Cavils con-\\nfuted, his Artifices detected, and his Wit ridiculed. [By Alexander\\nHamilton.] New-Y ork, 1774.\\nThe Farmer Refuted. [By Alexander Hamilton.] New York, 1775.\\nThe Group, a Farce. [By Mercy Warren.] Jamaica, Printed Phila-\\ndelphia, Re-printed 1775.\\nThe Patriots of North America. New- York, 1775. [An anonymous\\nTory poem of much vigor.]\\nZ", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "338 APPENDIX.\\nMassachusettensis. [By Daniel Leonard.] [Boston, 1775.] [Reprinted:\\nNew York, 1775 London, 1776, four editions.]\\nA Cure for the Spleen. Or Amusement for a Winter s Evening being\\nthe Substance of a Conversation on the Times, over a Friendly\\nTankard and Pipe. Taken in short Hand, by Sir Roger de Coverly.\\nAmerica, 1775. [Reprinted New York, n. d.]\\nThe Works of John Woolman. London, 1775. [Contains his Journal.\\nThe Journal was reprinted in 1873, with an introduction by Whittier.]\\nAn Elegy on the Times. [By John Trumbull] Boston, 1774. [Re-\\nprinted New Haven, 1775.]\\nThe Progress of Dulness. [By John Trumbull.] New Haven. [Part\\nL, 1772; Parts IL and HI., 1773.]\\nMcFingal. A Modern Epic Poem. Or, the Town-Meeting. [By John\\nTrumbull] Philadelphia, 1775. [Reprinted London, 1776.]\\nMT ingal: A Modern Epic Poem, in Four Cantos. [By John Trum-\\nbull] Hartford, 1782. [Reprinted: Boston, 1785, 1799, 1826\\nPhiladelphia, 1791, 1839; London, 1792; New York, 1795, ^864\\nWrentham, 1801 Baltimore, 1812; Albany, 1813; Hudson, 1816\\nHartford, 1856. The text of 1782 differs considerably from that of\\n1775. The division into cantos is a new feature many minor\\nchanges in diction have been made, and couplets inserted here and\\nthere the last 22 lines of Canto I., and the first 104 lines of Canto H.,\\nare new, as are of course the whole of Cantos III. and IV.]\\nThe Poetical Works of John Trumbull, LL.D. In Two Volumes.\\nHartford, 1820. [Contains memoir.]\\nCommon Sense Addressed to the Inhabitants of America. [By Thomas\\nPaine.] Philadelphia, 1776. [Reprinted 1776, Philadelphia, Boston,\\nNew York, Newport, Newburyport, Norwich, Salem, Lancaster, Provi-\\ndence, London, Edinburgh, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and again and\\nagain since.]\\nThe Blockheads^ or, the Affrighted Officers. A Farce. Boston, 1776.\\nThe Battle of Brooklyn. A Farce in two acts. New York, 1776.\\n[Reprinted: Brooklyn, 1873, Long Island Publications, No. i.]\\nThe Fall of British Tyranny or American Liberty Triumphant. A\\nTragi-Comedy of Five Acts. [By John Leacock Philadelphia,\\n1776.\\nThe Battle of Bunker s-Hill A Dramatic Piece, of Five Acts, in Heroic\\nMeasure. By a Gentleman of Maryland [H. H, Brackenridge]\\nPhiladelphia, 1776.\\nThe Death of General Montgomery. By the Author of the Battle of\\nBunker s-Hill. Philadelphia, 1777.\\nThe Motley Assembly, a Farce. Boston, 1779.\\nA Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen s Captivity. Written by Himself.\\nPrice Ten Paper Dollars. Philadelphia, 1779.\\nThe American Times. [By Jonathan Odell] London, 1780.\\nThe Old Jersey Captive or, A Narrative of the Captivity of Thomas\\nAndros on board the Old Jersey Prison Ship at New York, 178 1.\\nIn a Series of Letters to a Friend. Boston, 1833.\\nA Narrative of the Capture of Henry Laurens, of His Imprisonment in\\nthe Tower of London, etc., 1780, 1781, 1782. Charleston, 1857.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "BIBLIOGRAPHY REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 339\\nThe Blockheads an Opera, in Two Acts, as it was performed at New\\nYork. Printed at New York. London, Reprinted, 1782.\\nLetters from an American Farmer. By J. Hector St. John [Crevecoeur]\\nLondon, 1782. [Reprinted: Dubhn, i782; London, 1783; Philadel-\\nphia, 1793, 1798.]\\nSongs and Ballads of the American Revolution. With notes and illus-\\ntrations by Frank Moore. New York, 1856.\\nThe Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution. Philadelphia, 1857. [Edited by\\nW. Sargent.]\\nAmerica A Poem in the Style of Pope s Windsor Forest. [By Timothy\\nDwight [n. p.] 1772.\\nThe Conquest of Canaan. By Timothy Dwight. Hartford, 1785. [Re-\\nprinted: London, 1788.]\\nGreenfield Hill. By Timothy Dwight, D.D. New York, 1794.\\nThe Prospect of Peace. A Poetical Composition, delivered in Yale-\\nCollege, at the Public Examination, of the Candidates for the Degree\\nof Bachelor of Arts; July 23, 1778. By Joel Barlow, A.B. New-\\nHaven, 1788.\\nA Poem, spoken at the Public Commencement at Yale College, in New-\\nHaven September 12, 1781. [By JoeLBarlow.] Hartford, [n. d.]\\nThe Vision of Columbus a Poem in Nine Books. By Joel Barlow,\\nEsquire. Hartford, 1787. [Reprinted: Hartford, 1787; London,\\n1787; Paris, 1793; London, 1794; Baltimore, 1814, 1816; Hagers-\\ntown, Md., 1820; Centreville, la., 1824.]\\nA Letter to the National Convention of France, on the Defects in the\\nConstitution of 1791. By Joel Barlow, [n. p. n. d.]\\nThe Conspiracy of Kings a Poem. By Joel Barlow. London, 1792.\\nAdvice to the Privileged Orders in the several States of Europe. By\\nJoel Barlow. Paris, 1792, 1793.\\nThe Hasty-Pudding A Poem in Three Cantos. Written at Chambery,\\nin Savoy, January, 1793. [By Joel Barlow.] New York, 1796. [Re-\\nprinted: New Haven, 1796 Stockbridge, 1797 Salem, 1799; Hallo-\\nwell, 1815 Brooklyn, 1833; New York, 1847, 1856 (with a Memoir\\non Maize in Harper s Magazine, July, 1856, with illustrations.]\\nTheColumbiad. A Poem. By Joel Barlow. Philadelphia, 1807. [In the\\nBrown University Library s copy are corrections, apparently in (he\\nauthor s hand, which are embodied in the later editions. Reprinted\\nPhiladelphia, 1809; London, 1809; Paris, 1813; Washington City,\\n1825. The Vision of Columbus has 4,776 lines The Columbiad,\\n7,332, divided into ten books. Many passages are rewritten, not\\nalways for the better (see the description of Hesperus, Book I.), and\\nBook VL is almost wholly new.]\\nNotice sur la Vie et les Ecrits de M. Joel Barlow. [With a translation\\ninto French verse of the first 140 hues of The Columbiad.] [n. p.]\\n1813.\\nThe Anarchiad. Now first pubHshed in book form. New Haven, 1861.\\n[By Trumbull, Barlow, Humphreys, and Lemuel Hopkins. First\\npublished in The New Haven Gazette, 1786-1787.]\\nA Poem, Addressed to the Armies of the United States of America. By\\na Gentleman of the Army [David Humphreys]. New Haven, 1780.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "340 APPENDIX.\\n[Reprinted: New Haven, 1784; Paris, 1786, with French transla-\\ntion in prose London, 1785.]\\nA Poem on the Happiness of America. By D. Humphreys, [n. p.]\\n1786. [Reprinted: London, 1786.]\\nAn Essay on the Life of Israel Putnam. [D. Humphreys.] Hartford,\\n1788.\\nPoems by Col. David Humphreys. Second Edition. Philadelphia,\\n1789.\\nThe Miscellaneous Works of Colonel [David] Humphreys. New-York,\\n1790. [Reprinted with additions New York, 1804.]\\nA Poem, on the Rising Glory of America; being an Exercise delivered\\nat the Public Commencement at Nassau-Hall, September 25, 1771.\\n[By Philip Freneau.] Philadelphia, 1772.\\nVoyage to Boston A Poem. By Philip Freneau. Philadelphia, 1775.\\nThe British Prison-Ship A Poem, in Four Cantos. To which is added,\\na Poem on the Death of Capt. N. Biddle, who was blown up, in an\\nEngagement with the Yarmouth, near Barbadoes. [By Philip\\nFreneau.] Philadelphia, 1781.\\nThe Poems of Philip Freneau. Written chiefly during the late War.\\nPhiladelphia, 1786. [Reprinted: London, 1861, with biographical\\nintroduction.]\\nA Journey from Philadelphia to New-York. By Robert Slender, Stock-\\ning Weaver [Philip Freneau]. Philadelphia, 1787. [Reprinted:\\nPhiladelphia, 1809, as A Laughable Poem, etc.]\\nThe Miscellaneous Works of Mr. Philip Freneau. Containing his\\nEssays and Additional Poems. Philadelphia, 1788.\\nPoems written between the Years 1768 and 1794. By Philip Freneau.\\nMonmouth, N. J., 1795.\\nThe Village Merchant A Poem. To which is added the Country\\nPrinter. [By Philip Freneau.] Philadelphia, 1794.\\nPoems. By Philip Freneau. In Two Volumes. Philadelphia, 1809.\\n[A revised edition of poems written between 1768 and 1793.]\\nA Collection of Poems, on American Affairs, and a Variety of Other\\nSubjects, chiefly Moral and Political written between the year 1797\\nand the present time. By Philip Freneau. In Two Volumes. New\\nYork, 1815.\\nPoems relating to the American Revolution. By Philip Freneau. With\\nMemoir and Notes by Evert A. Duyckinck. New York, 1865.\\nThe Patriot Chief. A Tragedy. [By Peter Markoe Philadelphia, 1784.\\nEffusions of Female Fancy. Consisting of Elegys, and Other Original\\nEssays in Poetry. New York, 1784.\\nThe Lyric Works of Horace, Translated into English Verse to which\\nare added, A Number of Original Poems. By a Native of America\\n[J. Parke] Philadelphia, 1786.\\nThe Poems of Arouet. [J. B. Ladd.] Charleston, S. C, 1786.\\nThe Literary Remains of Joseph Brown Ladd, M.D. To which is pre-\\nfixed, a Sketch of the Author s Life. New York, 1832,\\nThe Buds of Beauty or, Parnassian Sprigs. By Augustus Chatterton.\\nBaltimore, 1787.\\nMiscellaneous Poems. By Peter Markoe. Philadelphia, 1787.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "BIBLIOGRAPHY REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 341\\nThe Times. A Poem. By Peter Markoe. Philadelphia, 1788.\\nThe Federalist A Collection of Essays, written in Favour of the New\\nConstitution. New York, 1788.\\nThe Beauties of Religion. A Poem. Addressed to Youth. In Five\\nBooks. Bv Elijah Fitch, A.M. Providence, 1789.\\nPoems Dramatic and Miscellaneous. By Mrs. M. Warren. Boston,\\nThe History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay [from 1628 to 1774].\\nBy Mr. Hutchinson. [Vol. I., Boston, 1764; Vol. H., Boston, 1767;\\nVol. HI., London, 1828.]\\nThe History of the Rise. Progress, and Establishment of the Inde-\\npendence of the United States of America. By William Gordon,\\nD.D. London, 1788. [4 vols.]\\nThe History of the American Revolution. By David Ramsay, M.D. ot\\nSouth Carolina. In Two Volumes. Philadelphia, 1789. [Reprinted:\\nLondon, 1791, I793-] a t.\\nHistory of the Rise, Progress and Termination of the American Revo-\\nlution. By Mrs. Mercy Warren. Boston, 1805. [3 vols.J", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "D.\\nREFERENCE LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES.\\n[Some of the dates are dates of copyright, not of imprint, as access to first\\neditions was not possible in all cases. H. M. stands for Houghton, Mifflin\\nCo. The American Men of Letters Series, the American Statesmen Series,\\nand the American Religious Leaders Series are published by that house. The\\nMakers of America Series is published by Dodd, Mead Co. For school use\\nthe Old South Leaflets (address Directors of the Old South Work, Old South\\nMeeting-house, Boston) contain several interesting selections from the earlier\\nwritings; the Riverside Literature Series (Houghton, Mifflin Co.) supplies\\nmuch material, well edited and inexpensive; the English Classics Series (May-\\nnard, Merrill Co.) furnishes cheap editions of several works; in Little Master-\\npieces (Doubleday McClure), Poe, Hawthorne, Irving, Lincoln, Franklin,\\nand Webster are represented; Macmillan Co. announce, as in press or in prep-\\naration, editions of writings by some twenty authors, in their Pocket Series of\\nAmerican Classics; some of Phillips s speeches and lectures are published sep-\\narately by Lee Sliepard; nine of Webster s orations, with notes, are published\\nby Heath Co Hodgkins s leaflets (Heath Co.) for the laboratory study of\\nseveral American authors will be found helpful. For more magazine articles,\\nconsult Poole s Index; for essays, the A. L. A. Index,]\\nI. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS.\\nHistorical t f /^j-. Narrative and Critical History of America,\\nedited by Justin Winsor (H. M., 1889; 8 vols.). The Discovery of\\nAmerica, by John Fislce (H. M., 1892; 2 vols.). English Colonies\\nin America, by J. A. Doyle (Holt, 1882-1889; 3 vols.). Old Virginia\\nand her Neighbours, by John Fiske (H. M., 1897 2 vols.). Virginia,\\nby J. E. Cooke, in American Commonwealths Series (H. M., 1883).\\nAmerican History told by Contemporaries [1492-1783], edited by A. B.\\nHart (Macmillan, 1897; 2 vols.). The Beginnings of New England, by\\nJohn Fiske (H. M., 1889). The American Revolution, by John Fiske\\n(H. M., 1891 2 vols.). The Critical Period of American History [1783-\\n1789], by John Fiske (H. M., 1888). History of the United States of\\nAmerica [1783-1861] by James Schouler (Dodd, Mead Co., 1880-\\n1891 5 vols.). A History of the People of the United States [1783-\\n1861], by J. B. McMaster (Appleton, 1883-1899; 5 vols, out; to be\\ncompleted in 6). History of the United States [1850-1862], by J. F.\\n342", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "REFERENCE LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES. 343\\nRhodes (Harper, 1892-1895 3 vols.). The History of the Last Quarter\\nCentury in the United States, by E. B. Andrews (Scribner, 1896 2 vols.).\\nWomen of Colonial and Revolutionary Times (Scribner, 1897 the\\nseries includes Margaret Winthrop, Martha Washington, Dorothy P.\\nMadison, Mercy O. Warren, Eliza Pinckney, Catherine Schuyler).\\nMen, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times, by S. G. Fisher (Lip-\\npincott, 1897 2 vols.). Costumes of Colonial Times, by Alice M. Earle\\n(Scribner, 1894). Colonial Dames and Good Wives, by Alice M.\\nEarle (H. M., 1895). English Culture in Virginia in Johns Hopkins\\nUniversity Studies in Historical and Political Science, Seventh Series\\n(Bahimore, 1889). White Aprons, a Romance of Bacon s Rebellion,\\nby Maud W. Goodwin (Little, Brown Co., 1896). New England\\nTwo Centuries Ago, by J. R. Lowell, in Literary Essays, Vol. H. My\\nLady Pokahontas, by J. E. Cooke (H. M., 1885). Customs and\\nFashions in Old New England, by Alice M. Earle (Scribner, 1894).\\nThe Sabbath in Puritan New England, by Alice M. Earle (Scribner,\\n1891). Merry-Mount; a Romance of the Massachusetts Colony, by\\nJ. L. Motley (Munroe Co., 1848; 2 vols.). Mary Dyer the Quaker\\nMartyr, by Horatio Rogers (Providence: Preston Rounds, 1896).\\nSamuel Sewall and the World he lived in, by N. H. Chamberlain\\n(De Wolfe, Fiske Co., 1897). Witchcraft, by J. R. Lowell, in Lit-\\nerary Essays, Vol. H. Were the Salem Witches Guiltless? and Some\\nNeglected Characteristics of the New England Puritans, by Barrett Wen-\\ndell, in Stelligeri (Scribner, 1893). Colonial Days in Old New York,\\nby Alice M. Earle (Scribner, 1896). The Half Moon Series, Papers\\non Historic New York (Putnam, 1897-1898). The Governor s Gar-\\nden, a Relation of Some Passages in the Life of Thomas Hutchinson,\\nby G. R. R. Rivers (Joseph Knight, 1896). Richard Carvel, by Winston\\nChurchill (Macmillan, 1899), and Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker, by\\nS. W. Mitchell (Century Co., 1897), novels of the American Revo-\\nlution. A Century of Social Betterment, by J. B. McMaster, Atlantic\\nMonthly, January, 1897. A Boy Sixty Years Ago, by G. F. Hoar (Perry\\nMason Co; reprinted from the Youth s Companion, March 10, 17,\\n24, 1898). Cambridge Thirty Years Ago [i.e. 1824] by J. R. Lowell, in\\nLiterary Essays, Vol. L A History of the Unitarians in the United\\nStates, by J. H. Allen, in American Church History Series, Vol. X.\\n(New York: Christian Literature Co., 1894). Transcendentalism in\\nNew England, by O. B. Frothingham (Putnam, 1876). The New\\nEngland Reformers, by R. W. Emerson, in Works, Vol. HL His-\\ntoric Notes of Life and Letters in New England, by R. W. Emerson,\\nin Works, Vol. X. (the Transcendental movement). The American\\nScholar, by R. W. Emerson, in Works, Vol. L The Transcendentalist,\\nby R. W. Emerson, in Works, Vol. I. Radical Problems, by C. A. Bartol\\n(Boston, 1872; Transcendentalism, pp. 61-97). Reminiscences of\\nBrook Farm, by G. P. Bradford, Century Magazine, November, 1892.\\nThe Old South, Essays Social and Political, by T. N. Page (Scribner,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "344 APPENDIX.\\n1892). Southern Sidelights, by Edward Ingle (Crowell, 1896; No. X.,\\nin Library of Economics and Politics, edited by R. T. Ely). The\\nPeculiarities of the South, by Professor N. S. Shaler, North American\\nReview, October, 1890.\\nHistories of American Literature. A History of American Litera-\\nture, 1607-1765, by M. C. Tyler (Putnam, 1878; 2 vols. Agawam edi-\\ntion, I vol.). The Literary History of the American Revolution, 1763-\\n1783, by M. C. Tyler (Putnam, 1897; 2 vols.). American Literature,\\n1607-1885, by C. F. Richardson (Putnam, 1887, 1889; 2 vols. popular\\nedition, i vol.). American Literature: an Historical Sketch, 1620-\\n1880, by John Nichol, professor in the University of Glasgow (A. C.\\nBlack, 1882). Early Poetry of the Provinces, now Part of the United\\nStates, by J. F. Hunnewell, in The Club of Odd Volumes, No. L (Boston,\\n1894). De la Litterature et des Hommes de Lettres des Etats-Unis\\nd Amerique, par Eugene A. Vail (Paris, 1841). Geschichte der Eng-\\nlischen Litteratur im Neunzehnten Jahrhundert, von Karl Bleibtren\\n(Leipzig. 1887; Die amerikanische Poesie, pp. 394-505; Bret Harte,\\npp. 564-572). Geschichte der Nordamerikanisclien Litteratur, von\\nKarl Knortz (Berlin, 1891 2 vols.). Geschichte der Nordamer-\\nikanischen Litteratur, von Eduard Engel (Leipzig, 1897). Beitrage zur\\nAmerikanischen Litteratur- und Kultur-Geschichte, von E. P. Evans\\n(Stuttgart, 1898). Chronological Outlines of American Literature, by\\nS. L. Whitcomb (Macmillan, 1894). American Literature and Other\\nPapers, by E. P. Whipple (Ticknor Co., 1887). American Literature,\\nby C. D. Warner, in The United States of America, Vol. H. (Appleton,\\n1894). The History of Printing in America, by Isaiah Thomas (Albany,\\n1874, second edition; Vols. V., VI., of Transactions and Collections of\\nthe American Antiquarian Society), Journalism in the United States\\nfrom 1690 to 1872, by Frederick Hudson (Harper, 1873). Philadelphia\\nMagazines and their Contributors, 1741-1850, by A. H. Smyth (Lind-\\nsay, 1892). History of the American Theatre, by G. O. Seilhamer (F.\\nP. Harper, 1896; 3 vols.). History of Oratory, by Lorenzo Sears\\n(Griggs Co., 1896). On the Development of American Literature\\nfrom 18 15 to 1833, with especial reference to Periodicals, by W. B. Cairns\\n(Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1898).\\nBiographical Cyclopcedias and Dictionaries. A Critical Dictionary\\nof English Literature and British and American Authors, by S. A. Alli-\\nbone (Lippincott, 1858-1871 4 vols.) Supplement, by J. F. Kirk (1891\\n2 vols.). Appleton s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, edited by\\nJ. G. Wilson and John Fiske (Appleton, 1886-1889 6 vols.). The\\nNational Cyclopaedia of American Biography (White Co., 1891 2\\nvols.). A Dictionary of American Authors, by O. F. Adams (H. M.,\\n1897). National Portrait Gallery, by E. A. Duyckinck (New York,\\n1867; 2 vols.).\\nReminiscences, Authors Homes, etc. American Bookmen, by M. A.\\nDeWolfe Howe (Dodd, Mead Co., 1898). Bryant and his Friends,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "REFERENCE LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES. 345\\nby J.G.Wilson (Ford, Howard Hulbert, 1886; reminiscences, etc.,\\nof Bryant, Paulding, Irving, Dana, Cooper, Halleck, Drake, Willis,\\nPoe, Taylor, and minor Knickerbockers Personal Recollections\\nof Notable People, by C. K. Tuckerman (Dodd, Mead Co., 18915\\n2 vols. Vol. I., Chaps. L-III., Boston and New York Men of Letters).\\nRecollections of a Literary Life, by Mary R. Mitford (London, 1852;\\n3 vols.; Chap. VL, American Poets). Biographical Notes and Per-\\nsonal Sketches, by J. T. Fields (H. M., 1881 reminiscences and let-\\nters of American authors). Authors and Friends, by Mrs. J. T. Fields\\n(H. M. recollections of Longfellow, Emerson, Holmes, Mrs. Stowe,\\nWhittier, etc.). Recollections of Eminent Men, by E. P. Whipple\\n(Ticknor Co., 1887; Choate, Agassiz, Emerson, Motley, Sumner,\\nTicknor). Essays from the Easy Chair, by G. W. Curtis (Harper, 1892-\\n1894; 3 series; Everett, Emerson, Thoreau, Phillips, Bryant, Beecher,\\nHawthorne, and Brook Farm). Chapters from a Life, by Elizabeth S.\\nPhelps (H. M., 1896; reminiscences of Mrs. Stowe, Longfellow,\\nWhittier, Holmes, etc.). Cheerful Yesterdays, by T. W. Higginson\\n(H. M., 1899; reminiscences of many men of letters). Remi-\\nniscences, by Julia Ward Howe (H. M., 1899). Homes of American\\nAuthors, comprising Anecdotical, Personal, and Descriptive Sketches,\\nby G. W. Curtis and others (Putnam, 1852). Little Journeys to the\\nHomes of American Authors, by Curtis, Hillard, Bryant, etc. (Put-\\nnam, 1896). Homes and Haunts of our Elder Poets, by R. H.\\nStoddard, F. B. Sanborn, and H. N. Powers (Appleton, 1881). Authors\\nat Home, edited by J. L. and J. B. Gilder (Cassell, 1888 reprinted\\nfrom the Critic).\\nCollectiojis of Selections. Cyclopaedia of American Literature [1608-\\n1855], by E. A. and G. L. Duyckinck (Scribner, 1855; 2 vols.; biog-\\nraphies, criticisms, selections). A Library of American Literature\\n[1608-1889], edited by E. C. Stedman and E. M. Hutchinson (Webster\\nCo., 1887-1890; II vols.; Vol. XL has brief biographies). Southern\\nLiterature [1608-1895] with Copious Extracts and Criticisms, by Louise\\nManly (Richmond: Johnson Publishing Co., 1895). Specimens of\\nAmerican Poetry [1660-1829] by Samuel Kettell (Boston, 1829 3 vols.\\nbiographical notices). The Poets and Poetry of America [1640-1860],\\nby R. W. Griswold (Philadelphia, i860; first edition, 1842; biographies,\\ncriticisms, selections). The Female Poets of America, by T. B. Read\\n(Philadelphia, 1849; nineteenth-century authors only; short biographi-\\ncal notices, portraits, selections). The Female Poets of America [1650-\\n1869], by R. W. Griswold (New York, 1869; first edition, 1849; revised\\nby R. H. Stoddard; biographies, criticisms, selections). A Library of\\nPoetry and Song, with an Introduction by W. C. Bryant (Ford Co.,\\n1871). American Song, a Collection of Representative American Poems,\\nby A.B. Simonds (Putnam, 1894). The Golden Treasury of American\\nSongs and Lyrics, edited by F. F. Knowles (Page Co., 1898). Ameri-\\ncan Sonnets, selected and edited by T. W. Higginson and E. H. Bigelow", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "346 APPENDIX.\\n(H. M., 1890). Poems of American Patriotism, chosen by J. Brander\\nMatthews (Scribner, 1882). American War Ballads and Lyrics [colonial\\nwars to Civil War] edited by G. C. Eggleston (Putnam, 1889 Knicker-\\nbocker Nuggets Series 2 vols.). War Songs of the South (Richmond\\nWest Johnston, 1862). Poetry, Lyrical, Narrative, and Satirical, of\\nthe Civil War, selected and edited by R. G. White (American News\\nCo., 1866). Bugle-Echoes, a Collection of the Poetry of the Civil War,\\nNorthern and Southern, edited by F. F. Browne (White, Stokes\\nAllen, 1886; new edition). Songs and Ballads of the Southern People,\\n1861-1865, by Frank Moore (Appleton, 1886). War Poetry of the\\nSouth, edited by W. G Simms (New York, 1867). Younger American\\nPoets [1830-1890], edited by D. Sladen, with an Appendix of Younger\\nCanadian Poets, edited by G. B. Roberts (Cassell, 1891). The Prose\\nWriters of America, by R. W. Griswold (Porter Coates, 1870; re-\\nvised; first edition, 1847; biographies, criticisms, selections). Repre-\\nsentative American Orations [1775-1881] edited by Alexander Johnston,\\nreedited by J. A. Woodburn (Putnam, 1896, 1897; 4 vols.).\\nCriticisms of Authors and Discussions of Topics. Poets of America,\\nby E. C. Stedman (H. M., 1885). Studies of Great Authors, from the\\nLibrary of the World s Best Literature (Doubleday McClure, 1899;\\n4 vols.). Short Studies of American Authors, by T. W. Higginson (Lee\\nShepard, 1880; Hawthorne, Poe, Thoreau, Howells, Helen Jackson,\\nJames). American Humorists, by H. R. Haweis (Chatto Windus,\\n1883; Irving, Holmes, Lowell, Artemus Ward, Mark Twain, Bret\\nHarte). My Literary Passions, by W. D. Howells (Harper, 1895; Irv-\\ning, Longfellow, Mrs. Stowe, D. G. Mitchell, Lowell, Curtis, Hawthorne).\\nAmerican Writers of To-Day, by H. C. Vedder (Silver, Burdett Co.,\\n1894). The History of Historical Writing in America, by J. F. Jameson\\n(H. M., 1891). The Development of the Love of Romantic Scenery\\nin America, by Mary E. Woolley, American Historical Review, October,\\n1897. Americanism in Literature, in Views and Reviews, by W. G.\\nSimms (Wiley Putnam, 1845). Americanism in Literature, in Atlan-\\ntic Essays, by T. W. Higginson (Osgood, 1874). Our Literature, by\\nJ. R. Lowell, in Literary and Political Addresses. American Literature,\\nby Barrett Wendell, in Stelligeri and Other Essays (Scribner, 1893).\\nThe Influence of Democracy on Literature and Has America pro-\\nduced a Poet? in Questions at Issue, by Edmund Gosse (Appleton,\\n1893). Two Principles in Recent American Fiction, by J. L. Allen,\\nAtlantic Monthly, October, 1897. Literary Emancipation of the West,\\nby Hamlin Garland, Forum, October, 1893. The New World and the\\nNew Book, by T. W. Higginson (Lee Shepard, 1891 essays on\\nAmerican literary topics). The American Historical Novel, by P. L.\\nFord, Atlantic Monthly, December, 1897. American Humour, in Lost\\nLeaders, by Andrew Lang (Paul, Trench Co., 1892). Dialect in\\nLiterature, by James Whitcomb Riley, Forum, December, 1892,\\nBibliographies and Catalogues, Bibliotheca Americana, a Dictionary", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "REFERENCE LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES. 347\\nof Books relating to America, by Joseph Sabin (Sabin, 1868-1891 19\\nvols.; A to Simms). A Catalogue of the Harris Collection of American\\nPoetry, by J. C. Stockbridge (Providence, 1886). A Catalogue of Books\\nrelating to North and South America in the Library of John Carter\\nBrown of Providence, R. I., with Notes, by J. R. Bartlett (Providence,\\n1865-1882; 6 vols.). American Authors [1795-1895], a Bibliography\\nof First and Notable Editions chronologically arranged, with Notes, by\\nP. K. Foley (Boston, 1897).\\nII. INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS.\\nJohn Adatns. Works, with a life, by C. F. Adams (Little, Brown\\nCo., 1856; 10 vols.). Familiar Letters of Jolin Adams and his Wife,\\nedited by C. F. Adams (H. M., 1875). Life, by J. T. Morse, Jr., in\\nAmerican Statesmen Series, 1885. John Adams, with Other Essays and\\nAddresses, by Mellen Chamberlain (H. M., 1898).\\nSamuel Adams. Life and Public Services, with Extracts from his\\nCorrespondence, State Papers, and Political Essays, by W. V. Wells\\n(Little, Brown Co., 1865 3 vols.). Life, by J, K. Hosmer, in Ameri-\\ncan Statesmen Series, 1885.\\nLouis Agassiz. Life and Correspondence, edited by Elizabeth C.\\nAgassiz (H. M\u00e2\u0080\u009e 1885; 2 vols.). Life and Work, by C. F. Holder\\n(Putnam, 1893).\\nA. Bronson Alcott. Concord Days (Roberts Bros., 1872). Table\\nTalk (Roberts Bros., 1877). New Connecticut, an Autobiographical\\nPoem (Roberts Bros., 1881). His Life and Philosophy, by F. B. Sanborn\\nand W. T. Harris (Roberts Bros., 1893; 2 vols.).\\nT. B. Aldrlch. Poetical Works, New Riverside Edition, 2 vols.;\\nPoems, Household Edition (H. M.).\\nFisher Ames. Works, edited by Seth Ames (Little, Brown Co.,\\n1854 2 vols.).\\ny. J. Audubon. Life, edited by his Widow (Putnam, 1868). Audu-\\nbon and his Journals, by Maria R. Audubon (Scribner, 1897 2 vols,).\\nGeorge Bancroft. History of the United States (Appleton, 1885;\\n6 vols.).\\nJoel Barlow. Uk and Letters, by C. B. Todd (Putnam, 1886).\\nThree Men of Letters, by M. C. Tyler (Putnam, 1895).\\nW. Beecher. Patriotic Addresses, 1850-1885 (Fords, Howard\\nHulbert, 1887). Biography, by W. C. Beecher (Bromfield, 1889).\\nG. H. Boker. V^ or\\\\iS (Lippincott).\\nAnne Bradstreet. Anne Bradstreet and her Time, by Helen Camp-\\nbell (Lothrop, 1891).\\nC. B. Brown. Novels (McKay, 1887; 6 vols.). Life, by William\\nDunlap (Philadelphia, 1815; 2 vols.). Memoir, by W. H. Prescott,\\nin Biographical and Critical Miscellanies, Vol. IV. (Lippincott, 1845;\\nreprinted from Sparks s American Biography, 1834).", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "348 APPENDIX.\\nC. F. B}-oume Artemus Ward Complete Works (Dilling-\\nham Co., 1898).\\nW. C. Brya?it. Life and Works, edited by Parke Godwin (Apple-\\nton, 1883-1884; 6 vols.: I, 2, biography; 3, 4, poetical works with\\ncopious notes; 5, 6, prose writings). Poetical Works, Library Edi-\\ntion (Appleton, 1878). Poetical Works, Household Edition (^Aopleton,\\n1878). Translation of the Iliad and the Odyssey (H. M., 1870, 1871).\\nOrations and Addresses, Vol. IIL, by G. W. Curtis (Harper, 1894).\\nCommemorative Addresses, by Parke Godwin (Harper, 1895). Pro-\\nceedings at the Centennial Celebration, August, 1894, at Cummington\\n(Bryant Centennial Committee, Cummington, Mass.). Life, by John\\nBigelow, in American Men of Letters Series, 1890. A Biographical\\nSketch, by A. J. Symington (Harper, 1880). The Origin of a Great\\nPoem, by J. W. Chadwick, Harper s Magazine, September, 1894 (con-\\ntains first form of Thanatopsis).\\ny. C. Cal/iotm. Works, edited by R. K. Cralle (Appleton, 1851-1855\\n6 vols.). Life, by H. von Hoist, in American Statesmen Series, 1883.\\nAlice and Phcebe Caiy. Poems, Ballads, Lyrics, and Hymns, by\\nAlice Cary (H. M.). A Lover s Diary, by Alice Cary (Ticknor\\nFields, 1868).\\nW. E. Channing. Complete Works (Boston, American Unitarian\\nAssociation, 1886). Memoir, by W. H. Channing (Boston: Crosby\\nNichols, 1848; 3 vols.). Reminiscences of, by Elizabeth P. Peabody\\n(Roberts Bros., 1877). W. E. Channing, by C. T. Brooks (Roberts Bros.,\\n1880). Memorial and Biographical Sketches, by J. F. Clarke (H M.).\\nLydia M. O/Za?. Letters (H. M., 1882).\\nRufus Choate. Addresses and Orations (Little, Brown Co., 1878).\\nWorks, with a Memoir, by S. G. Brown (Little, Brown Co., 1862;\\n2 vols.).\\ny. F. Clarke. Autobiography, Diary, and Correspondence, edited\\nby E. E. Hale (H. M., 1891).\\nHenry Clay. Life, by Carl Schurz, in American Statesmen Series,\\n1887 (2 vols.). Life and Speeches (Greeley McElrath, 1843 2 vols.).\\ny. F. Cooper. Novels, Mohawk Edition (Putnam, 1896; 32 vols.).\\nNovels, Library Edition (Appleton, 1886-1899; 32 vols.). Works,\\nHousehold Edition (H. M. 32 vols.). Life, by T. R. Lounsbury, in\\nAmerican Men of Letters Series, 1882 (has bibliography). Commemo-\\nrative Discourse, by W. C. Bryant, in Prose Writings, Vol. L Views\\nand Reviews, by W. G. Simms (Wiley Putnam, 1845). His Literary\\nOffences, in How to tell a Story and Other Essays, by Mark Twain\\n(Harper, 1897).\\nG. W. Curtis. Orations and Addresses, edited by C. E. Norton\\n(Harper, 1894 3 vols.). Life, by Edward Cary, in American Men of\\nLetters Series, 1894. A Eulogy, by William Winter (Macmillan, 1893).\\nAn Address, by J. W. Chadwick (Harper, 1893). Commemorative\\nAddresses, by Parke Godwin (Harper, 1895).", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "REFERENCE LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES. 349\\nR. H. Da7ia. Poems and Prose Writings (Baker Scribner, 1850;\\n2 vols.).\\nOrville Dewey. Autobiography and Letters, edited by Mary E.\\nDewey (Roberts Bros., 1883).\\nEmily Dickinson. Poems (Roberts Bros., 1891 second series, 1892;\\nthird series, 1896). Letters (Roberts Bros., 1894; 2 vols.).\\nJ. R. Drake. The Culprit Fay, in Ariel Booklets Series (Putnam.\\n1899).\\nJonathan Edivards. Works (New York: Carvill, 1830; 10 vols.).\\nLife, by A. V. G. Allen, in American Religious Leaders Series, 1889.\\nR. W. Einerson. Works, Standard Library Edition (H. M., 1883-\\n1887; 14 vols.; Vols. XIIL, XIV., contain Memoir, by J. E. Cabot).\\nTwo Unpublished Essays, with an Introduction by E. E. Hale (Little,\\nBrown Co.). The Correspondence of Carlyle and Emerson, 1834-\\n1872 (Osgood Co., 1883; 2 vols.). Supplementary Letters (Ticknor\\nCo 1886). Letters and Passages from Letters to a Friend, 1838-\\n1853, edited by C. E. Norton (H. M., 1899). A Memoir, by J. E.\\nCabot (H. M., 1887 2 vols.). Lite, by O. W. Holmes, in American\\nMen of Letters Series, 1885. Life, by Richard Garnett, in Great Writers\\nSeries (Scott, 1888; has bibliography by J. P. Anderson, British Mu-\\nseum), His Maternal Ancestors, with some Reminiscences of him, by\\nD. G. Haskins (Cupples, Upham Co., 1887). Emerson in Concord,\\nby E. W. Emerson (H. M., 1888). Talks with, by C. J. Woodbury\\n(Baker Taylor, 1890). Emerson at Home and Abroad, by M. D.\\nConway (Osgood Co., 1882). A Biographical Sketch, Personal\\nRecollections of his Visits to England, etc., by Alexander Ireland\\n(Simpkin, Marshall Co., 1882). A Western Journey with, by J. B.\\nThayer (Little, Brown Co., 1884). Emerson, the Lecturer, by J. R.\\nLowell, in Literary Essays, Vol. I. Partial Portraits, by Henry James\\n(Macmillan, 1888). Emerson as an American, in Confessions and\\nCriticisms, by Julian Hawthorne (Ticknor Co., 1887). His Life,\\nWritings, and Philosophy, by G. W. Cooke (Osgood Co., 1881).\\nAn Estimate of his Character and Genius, by A. Bronson Alcott\\n(Williams Co., 1882). Genius and Character of (Osgood Co.,\\n1885; lectures at the Concord School of Philosophy, 1884). Neue\\nEssays iiber Kunst und Literatur, by Herman Grimm (Berlin, 1865).\\nLiterature, by Herman Grimm (Cupples, Upham Co., 1885). The\\nReligion of the Future, by J. B. Crozier (London, 1880). Emerson\\nand the Superlative, by John Burroughs (Osgood, 1882). As a Poet, by\\nJoel Benton (Holbrook Co., 1883). Emerson and Carlyle; and\\nEmerson as a Poet; by E. P. Whipple, in American Literature and\\nOther Papers (Ticknor Co., 1887). An Essay, by John Morley\\n(Macmillan, 1884). Discourses in America, by Matthew Arnold (Mac-\\nmillan, 1885). Optimism of, by W. F. Dana (Cupples, Upham Co.,\\n1886). Men and Letters, by H. E. Scudder (H. M.. 1887). Obiter\\nDicta, second series, by Augustine Birrell (Scribner, 1887). Phases of", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "350 APPENDIX.\\nThought and Criticism, by Brother Azarias (H. M., 1892). Literary\\nand Social Essays, by G. W. Curtis (Harper, 1895). Birds and Poets,\\nby John Burroughs (H. M., 1897). Emerson and Other Essays, by\\nJ. J. Chapman (Scribner, 1898).\\nEdward Everett. Orations and Speeches (Little, Brown Co.,\\n1850-1868; 4 vols.).\\nBenjamiti Franklin. Life, Written by himself, now First Edited from\\nOriginal Manuscripts and from his Printed Correspondence and Other\\nWritings, by John Bigelow (Lippincott, 1874; 3 vols.). Poor Richard s\\nAlmanack, in the Thumb-Nail Series (Century Co., 1898). The Many-\\nSided Franklin, by P. L. Ford (Century Co., 1899). The True Ben-\\njamin Franklin, by S. G. Fisher (Lippincott, 1899). Life, by J, T.\\nMorse, Jr., in American Statesmen Series, 1889. Life, by J. B. McMaster,\\nin American Men of Letters Series, 1887. Franklin in France, by E. E.\\nHale and E. E. Hale, Jr. (Roberts Bros., 1887). Causeries du Lundi,\\ntome septieme, par C.-A. Sainte-Beuve (Paris). English Portraits, by\\nC.-A. Sainte-Beuve (Holt, 1875).\\nU. S. Grant. Personal Memoirs (Webster Co., 1885; 2 vols.).\\nAsa Gray. Letters, edited by Jane L. Gray (H. M., 1893).\\nF.-G. Halleck. Poetical Writings (Appleton, 1869). Life and Letters,\\nby J. G. Wilson (Appleton, 1869), Commemorative Discourse, by\\nW. C. Bryant, in Prose Writings, Vol.\\nAlexander Hainilton. Works, edited by J. C. Hamilton (Francis\\nCo., 1851; 7 vols.). Federalist, edited by P. L. Ford (Holt, 1898).\\nFederalist, edited by H. C. Lodge (Putnam, 1888). Life, by J. C.\\nHamilton (Appleton, 1834; 2 vols.). Life, by J. T. Morse, Jr. (Little,\\nBrown Co., 1876 2 vols.). Life, by H. C. Lodge, in American States-\\nmen Series, 1883, Life, by W. G. Sumner, in Makers of America Series.\\nNathaniel Haivthorne. Works, Standard Library Edition (H. M.,\\n1882-1884; 15 vols.). Vols. XIV., XV., contain Nathaniel Hawthorne\\nand his Wife, a Biography, by Julian Hawthorne. Works, Popular\\nEdition (H. M.; 8 vols.). Hawthorne s First Diary, with an Ac-\\ncount of its Discovery and Loss, by S. T. Pickard (H. M., 1897).\\nAn Analytical Inde.x to the Works of (H. M., 1882). Nathaniel\\nHawthorne and his Wife, a Biography, by Julian Hawthorne (H. M.,\\n1884; 2 vols.). Life, by Henry James, Jr., in English Men of Letters\\nSeries (Harper, 1880). Life, by M. D. Conway, in Great Writers Series\\n(Scott; has bibliography by J. P. Anderson, British Museum). Yes-\\nterdays with Authors, by J. T. Fields (H. M., 1871). Hawthorne,\\nby J. T. Fields (Osgood, 1871). Personal Recollections of, by Horatio\\nBridge (Harper, 1893). Memories of, by Rose Hawthorne Lathrop\\n(H. M., 1897). Character and Characteristic Men, by E. P.\\nWhipple (Osgood, 1866). Contes 6tranges imit^s d Hawthorne par\\nE. A. Spoil, precedes d une etude par E. Montegut (Clichy, 1866).\\nEssays, Vol. H., by R. H. Hutton (Strahan Co., 187 1). Poets and\\nNovelists, by G. B. Smith (Appleton, 1875). A Study of, by G. P.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "REFERENCE LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES. 351\\nLathrop (Osgood, 1876). Problems of the Scarlet Letter, by Julian\\nHawthorne, Atlantic Monthly, April, 1886. Literary Sketches, by H.\\nS. Salt (London, 1888). Hours in a Library, Vol. I., by Leslie Stephen\\n(Putnam, 1894). Literary and Social Essays, by G. W. Curtis (Harper,\\n1895)-\\nP. H. Hayne. Poems (Lothrop, 1882).\\nPatrick Henry. Life, Correspondence, and Speeches, by W. W.\\nHenry (Scribner, 1891; 3 vols.). Life, by M. C. Tyler, in American\\nStatesmen Series, 1888.\\nFrancis Higginson. Life, by T. W. Higginson, in Makers of\\nAmerica Series, 1891.\\nJ. G. Ho/iand. Complete Works (Scribner, 1 867-1 895 16 vols.).\\nO. W. Holmes. Works, Standard Library Edition (H. M., 1892-\\n1896; 15 vols.; Vols. XIV., XV., contain Life and Letters, by J. T.\\nMorse, ]r.). Complete Poetical Works, Cambridge Edition (H. M.).\\nLife and Letters, by J. T. Morse, Jr. (H. M., 1896). Letters to a\\nClassmate, Century Magazine, October, 1897. O. W. Holmes, by\\nWalter Jerrold (Macmillan, 1893). Literary and Social Essays, by\\nG. W. Curtis (Harper, 1895). Studies of a Biographer, Vol. H.,\\nby Leslie Stephen (Putnam, 1898).\\nThomas Hooker, Life, by G. L. Walker, in Makers of America\\nSeries, 1891.\\nWashington Irving. Works (Putnam New Knickerbocker Edition,\\n40 vols., 1891-1897; People s Edition, 23 vols., 1850-1868). Life and\\nLetters, by P. M. Irving (Putnam, 1862-1863 4 vols.). Life, by C. D.\\nWarner, in American Men of Letters Series, 1881. Commemorative\\nDiscourse, by W. C. Bryant, in Prose Writings, Vol. I. Nil Nisi\\nBonum, by W. M. Thackeray, in Roundabout Papers. Studies, by\\nC. D. Warner, W. C. Bryant, G. P. Putnam (Putnam, 1880). Literary\\nand Social Essays, by G. W. Curtis (Harper, 1895).\\nThomas Jefferson. Writings, edited by P. L. Ford (Putnam, 1892-\\n1898; 9 vols, out; to be completed in 10). Life, by J. T. Morse,\\nJr., in American Statesmen Series, 1884. Life, by James Schouler, in\\nMakers of America Series, 1893. Life, by H. S. Randall (Lippincott,\\n1857; 3 vols.).\\nJ. P. Kennedy. Uiie, by H. T. Tuckerman (Putnam. 1871).\\nJames Kent. Memoirs and Letters, by William Kent (Little, Brown\\nCo.. 1898).\\nSidney Lanier. Poems, edited by his Wife, with a Memorial by\\nW. H. Ward (Scribner, 1884). Select Poems, edited, with introduc-\\ntion, life, and notes, by Morgan Callaway, Jr. (Scribner, 1895). Letters,\\nAtlantic Monthly, July, August. 1894. Life, by W. M. Baskervill, in\\nSouthern Writers Series (Nashville Barbee Smith. 1897).\\nEmma Lazarus. Poems, with Biographical Sketch (H. \u00c2\u00abS: M.. 1889;\\n2 vols.).\\nAbraham Lincoln. Complete Works, edited by J. G. Nicolay and", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "352 APPENDIX.\\nJohn Hay (Century Co., 1894; 2 vols.). Life, by J. G. Nicolay and\\nJohn Hay (Century Co., 1890; 10 vols.). Life, by T. Morse, jr., in\\nAmerican Statesmen Series, 1893 (2 vols.). History and Personal Rec-\\nollections of, by W. H. Herndon, his Law Partner (Belford, Clarke\\nCo., 1889; 3 vols.). Life, by Ida M. Tarbell (Doubleday McClure,\\n1899). Reminiscences of, by Distinguished Men of his Time (New\\nYork, pmblished by the North American Review, 1885). Abraham\\nLincoln [1864-1865], by J. R. Lowell, in Political Essays. An Essay\\nby Carl Schurz (H. M., 1891).\\nD.R.Locke Petroleum V. Nasby Works (Lee Shepard,\\n1866-1890).\\nH. W. Longfellow. Works, Standard Library Edition (H. M.,\\n1886-1891; 14 vols.; Vols. XHL-XV. contain Life and Final Memo-\\nrials, by Samuel Longfellow). Complete Poetical Works, Cambridge\\nEdition (H. M.). Translation of the Divina Commedia (H.\\nM., 1867). Longfellow Collector s Handbook, a Bibliography of First\\nEditions (New York: W. E. Benjamin, 1885). Life, by Samuel Long-\\nfellow (Ticknor Co., 1886; 2 vols.). Final Memorials, edited by\\nSamuel Longfellow (Ticknor Co., 1887 has bibliograpliy, genealogy,\\netc.). Life, by Eric S. Robertson, in Great Writers Series (Scott, 1887;\\nhas bibliography by J. P. Anderson, British Museum). Seventy-fifth\\nBirthday Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society, Feb. 27, 1882\\n(Portland: Hoyt, Fogg Donham, 1882). His Life, his Work, his\\nFriendships, by G. L. Austin (Lee Shepard, 1882). A Biographical\\nSketch, by F. H. Underwood (Osgood, 1882). Old Shrines and Ivy,\\nby William Winter (Macmillan, 1892). The Religion of our Literature,\\nby George M Crie (London, 1875). La Poesie en Am6rique, par Louis\\nDepret (Lille, 1876). Etudes Americaines, par A. De Prins (Louvain,\\n1877), Literar-historische Studie, von Karl Knortz (Hamburg, 1879).\\nH. W. Longfellow, by Thomas Davidson (Little, Brown Co., 1882).\\nEstudios sobre Longfellow, por Victor Suarez Capalleja (Madrid, 1883).\\nTales of a Wayside Inn und ihre Quellen, von H. Varnhagen (Berlin,\\n1884). His Art, and the Shaping of Excelsior, in Men and Letters, by\\nH. E. Scudder (H. M., 1887). Letters on Literature, by Andrew Lang\\n(Longmans, 1889; second edition). Literary and Social Essays, by\\nG. W. Curtis (Harper, 1895).\\nJ. R. Lowell. WorVs, Standard Library Edition (H. M., 1892;\\nII vols.). Poems, Cambridge Edition (H. M.). Letters, edited by C.\\nE. Norton (Harper, 1894: 2 vols.). A Biographical Sketch, by F. H.\\nUnderwood (Osgood, 1882J. Contributions toward a Lowell Bibli-\\nography, The Literary World, June 27, 1885. Cannon Farrar on. Forum,\\nOctober, 1891. R. H. Stoddard on. North American Review, October,\\n1891. C. E. Norton on. Harper s Magazine, May, 1893. Lowell as a\\nTeacher, by Barrett Wendell, in Stelligeri (Scribner, 1893). The Poet\\nand the Man, Recollections and Appreciations, by F. H. Underwood\\n(Lee and Shepard, 1893). Lowell and his Friends, by E. E. Hale", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "REFERENCE LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES. 353\\n(H. M., 1899). Conversations with, in his last years, Atlantic Monthly,\\nJanuary, 1897. Essays in London and Elsewhere, by Henry lames\\n(Harper, 1893). Orations and Addresses* Vol. HL, by G. W. Curtis\\n(Harper, 1894). Lowell as a Critic, in Excursions in Criticism, by\\nWilliam Watson (Macmillan, 1893).\\nCotton Mather. Life, by Barrett Wendell, in Makers of America\\nSeries, 1891.\\nJ. L. A/(9//dy Histories (Harper). Correspondence, edited by\\nG. W. Curtis (Harper, 1889; 2 vols.). Memoir, by O. W. Holmes\\n(H. M., 1878).\\nMargaret Fuller Ossoli. Life Without and Life Within or Reviews,\\nNarratives, Essays, and Poems, edited by A. B, Fuller (Brown, Taggard\\nChase, 1859). Memoirs, by J. F. Clarke, R. W. Emerson, W. H.\\nChanning (Phillips, Sampson Co., 1851 2 vols.). Life, by Julia W.\\nHowe, in Famous Women Series (Roberts Bros., 1883). Life, by T.\\nW. Higginson, in American Men of Letters Series, 1884.\\nJames Otis.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Uie, by William Tudor (Boston Wells Lyly, 1823).\\nThomas Fame. Writings, edited by M, D. Conway (Putnam, 1894-\\n1896; 4 vols.). Life, by M. D. Conway (Putnam, 1892; 2 vols.).\\nTheodore Farker. Critical and Miscellaneous Writings (Boston:\\nLeighton, Jr., 1843). Works, edited by Frances P. Cobbe (Triibner\\nCo., 1863-1865; 12 vols.). Life and Correspondence, by John Weiss\\n(Appleton, 1863; 2 vols.). Life, by John Fiske, in American Religious\\nLeaders Series, Memorial and Biographical Sketches, by J, F, Clarke\\n(H. M,),\\nFrancis Farkman. Works (Little, Brown Co., 1865-1898 12 vols).\\nT. W. Farsons. Voems (H, M., 1893),\\ny. K. Faulding. Literary Life of, by W. L Paulding (Scribner, 1867).\\ny. G. Fercival. Poetical Works (Ticknor Fields, 1859; 2 vols.).\\nLiterary Essays, Vol. H., by J. R. Lowell,\\nWendell Fhillips. Speeches, Lectures, and Letters (Lee Shepard,\\n1863, 1892; 2 vols.). Life and Times, by G. L, Austin (Lee Shepard,\\n1884) Orations and Addresses, Vol, H L by G. W. Curtis (Harper, 1894).\\nE. A. Foe. Works, edited by E. C. Stedman and G, E. Woodberry\\n(Stone Kimball, 1894-1895; 10 vols,). Works, with Memoir, by\\nJ. H, Ingram (A. C. Black, 1890, fourth edition; 4 vols,). Poems,\\nwith an Essay on his Poetry by Andrew Lang (Paul, Trench Co.,\\n1881). Selections from his correspondence. Century Magazine, August,\\nSeptember, October, 1894. Life, by G. E. Woodberry, in American\\nMen of Letters Series, 1885. Memoir, by R. W. Griswold, in Vol, HI.\\nof his edition of Poe s Works (New York: Redfield, 1850), Poe and\\nhis Critics, by Sarah H, Whitman (New York Rudd Carleton, i860).\\nMemoir, by R, H, Stoddard, in his edition of Poe (New York Widdle-\\nton, 1874), Life, by E, L. Didier, in his edition of Poe (New York:\\nWiddleton, 1876). Life, by W, F. Gill (Chatto Windus, 1877).\\nLetters to Dead Authors, by Andrew Lang (Scribner, 1893).\\n2 A", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "354 APPENDIX.\\nW. H. Prescott. V^ox\\\\i% (Lippincott, 1872-1875). Life, by George\\nTicknor (Ticknor Fields, 1863).\\nJosiah Quincy. Speeches, edited by Edmund Quincy (Little, Brown\\nCo., 1874).\\nyohn Randolph. Life, by Henry Adams, in American Statesmen\\nSeries, 1883. Visits to, and Randolph in the Senate, in Figures of the\\nPast, by Josiah Quincy (Roberts Bros., 1883).\\nT. B. Read. Poetical Works (Lippincott, 1866 3 vols, revised edi-\\ntion, I vol., 1882).\\nGeorge Ripley. Life, by O. B. Frothingham, in American Men of\\nLetters Series, 1883.\\nSusanna Rowson. Memoir, by Elias Nason (Albany, 1870).\\nJ. G. ^ajir^. Poems, Household Edition (H. M.).\\nCatharine M. Sedgwick. Life and Letters (Harper, 1871).\\nP. B. Shillaber. Partingtonian Patchwork, etc. (Lee Shepard,\\n1872-1881).\\nE. R. Sill. Poems and the Hermitage, and Later Poems (H. M.).\\nW. G. Simms. Poems (New York Redfield, 1853; 2 vols.). Novels\\n(Redfield, 1859; 18 vols.; Lovell, 1884-1886; 18 vols.). Life, by W. P.\\nTrent, in American Men of Letters Series, 1892 (has bibliography).\\nJohn S)nith. Works, edited by Edward Arber, in English Scholar s\\nLibrary (Birmingham, 1884; 2 vols.). Life, by W. G. Simms (New\\nYork; Cooledge and Bro., 1846). Life, by C. D. Warner (Holt, 1881).\\nJared Sparks. LHq and Writings, by H. B. Adams (H. M., 1893;\\n2 vols.).\\nE. C. Stedman. Prose and Poetical Works, 4 vols. Poems, House-\\nhold Edilion (H. M.).\\nR. H. Stoddard. Poetical Writings (Scribner).\\nW. W. Story. Poems (H. M. 2 vols.). Graffiti d Italia (Scrib-\\nner, 1868).\\nH. B. Stowe. lAie and Letters, by Annie Fields (H. M., 1897).\\nLife, by C. E. Stowe (H. M., 1889). Notes on Uncle Tom s Cabin\\nbeing a Logical Answer to its Allegations and Inferences against Slavery\\nas an Institution, by Rev. E. J. Stearns (Lippincott, Grambo Co.,\\n1853). Essays on Fiction, by N. W. Senior (Longman, 1864).\\nCharles Sumner. Works (Lee Shepard, 1870-1883; 15 vols.).\\nMemoir and Letters, by E. L. Pierce (Roberts Bros., 1877-1893\\n4 vols.). Life, by Moorefield Storey, in American Statesmen Series,\\n1899. Memorial and Biographical Sketches, by J. F. Clarke (H. M.).\\nOrations and Addresses, Vol. III., by G. W. Curtis (Harper, 1894).\\nEulogy, by Carl Schurz (Lee Shepard, 1874).\\nBayard Taylor. Travels (Putnam, 1850-1889; 11 vols.). Novels\\n(Putnam, 1862-1872; 5 vols.). Life and Poetical Works (H. M. 6\\nvols.). Life, by A. H. Smyth, in American Men of Letters Series, 1896.\\nLife and Letters, edited by Marie Hansen-Taylor and H. E. Scudder\\n(H. M., 1884; 2 vols.).", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "REFERENCE LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES. 355\\nH. D. Tkoreau. V^ orV.s, Riverside Edition (H. M., 1854-1881;\\nII vols.). Poems of Nature, selected and edited by H. S. Salt and\\nF. B. Sanborn (H. M.). Familiar Letters, edited by F. B. San-\\nborn (H. M., 1894). Bibliography, by S. A. Jones (New York, 1894),\\nLife, by F. B. Sanborn, in American Men of Letters Series, 1882. Life,\\nby H. S. Salt, in Great Writers Series (Scott, 1896 has bibliography by\\nJ. P. Anderson, British Museum) Talks with Emerson, by C. Wood-\\nbury (Baker Taylor, 1890; in general, books about Emerson have\\nnumerous references to Thoreau). His Life and Aims, by H. A. Page\\n(Osgood Co., 1877). Thoreau, by R. Lowell, in Literary Essays.\\nVol. L R. W. Emerson, Works, Vol. X. An American Rousseau,\\nSaturday Review, 1864, Vol. XVIIL Thoreau, the Poet-Naturalist\\n(Boston, 1873). Thoreau and New England Transcendentalism, Catho-\\nlic World, 1878, Vol. XXVIL Familiar Studies of Men and Books, by\\nR. L. Stevenson (Chatto Windus, 1882). Indoor Studies, by John\\nBurroughs (H. M., 1889). Liberty and a Living, by P. G. Hubert\\n(New York, 1889). Nature in Books, by P. A. Graham (London, 1891).\\nGeorge Ticknor. Life, Letters, and Journals, by G. S. Hillard\\n(O.sgood Co., 1876; 2 vols.).\\nfones Very. Poems and Essays, Complete Edition, with a Bio-\\ngraphical Sketch by J. F. Clarke (H. M., 1886). Poems, with an\\nIntroductory Memoir by W^ P. Andrew (H. M., 1883).\\nMercy Warren. Life, by Alice Brown, in Women of Colonial and\\nRevolutionary Times Series (Scribner, 1896),\\nGeorge Washmgton. Writings, edited by W. C. Ford (Putnam,\\n1889-1893; 14 vols.). The True George Washington, by P. L. Ford\\n(Lippincott, 1896). Life, by H. C Lodge, in American Statesmen\\nSeries, 1889 (2 vols.).\\nDaniel Webster. Works, with Memoir by Edward Everett (Little\\nBrown, 1851 6 vols.). The Great Speeches and Orations (Little, Brown\\nCo., 1879). Unpublished Manuscripts and Some Examples of his\\nPreparation for Public Speaking, by G. F. Hoar, Scribner s Magazine,\\nJuly, 1899. Life, by G. T, Curtis (Appleton, 1869-1870; 2 vols.). Life,\\nby H. C. Lodge, in American Statesmen Series, 1884. Reminiscences\\nand Anecdotes of, by Peter Harvey (Little, Brown Co., 1877) Orations\\nand Speeches, Vols. III., IV., by Edward Everett. As a Master of Eng-\\nlish Style, by E. P. Whipple, in American Literature and Other Papers\\n(Ticknor Co., 1887). As an Orator, and a Glance at, in John Adams,\\nwith Other Essays and Addresses, by Mellen Chamberlain (H. M.,\\n1898).\\nNoah Webster. Life, by H. E. Scudder, in American Men of\\nLetters Series, 1882.\\nWalt Whitman. Calamus; Letters to Peter Doyle Complete Pr\u00c2\u00bb -e\\nWorks Leaves of Grass Leaves of Grass, Popular Edition Selev\\ntions from the Prose and Poetry of The Wound Dresser Letters to\\nhis Mother (Small, Maynard Co.). Autographia, selected from his", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "356 APPENDIX.\\nProse Writings (Webster Co., 1892). Letters from Washington dur-\\ning the War, Century Magazine, October, 1893. The Man, by Thomas\\nDonaldson (F. P. Harper, 1896). Reminiscences of, by W. S. Ken-\\nnedy (McKay, 1896). Familiar Studies of Men and Books, by R. L.\\nStevenson (Chatto Windus, 1882). Studies in Literature [1789-\\n1877], by Edward Dowden (Paul, Trench Co., 1889). Democratic\\nArt, with Special Reference to Walt Whitman, in Essays Speculative\\nand Suggestive, Vol. IL, by J. A. Symonds (Chapman Hall, 1890).\\nWalt Whitman, by William Clarke (Macmillan, 1892). A Study of,\\nby R. M. Bucke, M.D. (McKay, 1883). Browning and Whitman, a\\nStudy in Democracy, by O. L. Triggs (Macmillan, 1893). A Study of, by\\nJ. A. Symonds (Nimmo, 1893). A Study of, by John Burroughs (H.\\nM., 1896). Studies in Prose and Poetry, by A. C. Swinburne (Chatto\\nWindus, 1897; second edition). Emerson and Other Essays, by J. J.\\nChapman (Scribner, 1898). The New Spirit, by Havelock Ellis (Scott,\\n1890)\\nJ. G. Wkittier. Works, Standard Library Edition (H. M., 1892-\\n1894; 9 vols.; Vols. VHL, IX., contain Life and Letters, by S. T.\\nPickard). Complete Poetical Works, Cambridge Edition (H.\\nM.). Life and Letters, by S. T. Pickard (H. M., 1894; 2 vols.).\\nLife, by W. J. Linton, in Great Writers Series (Scott, 1893; has bibli-\\nography by j. P. Anderson, British Museum). A Biography, by F. H.\\nUnderwood (Osgood, 1883). Notes of his Life and of his Friendships,\\nby Mrs. J. T. Fields (Harper, 1893). G. E. Woodberry on, Atlantic\\nMonthly, November, 1892. Personal Recollections of, by Mary B.\\nClaflin (Crowell, 1893). E. S. Phelps on, Century Magazine, January,\\n1893. Barrett Wendell, Stelligeri (Scribner, 1893). With the Children,\\nby Margaret Sidney (Lothrop, 1893). Barbara Frietchie, a Study, by\\nCaroline H. Dall (Roberts Bros., 1892). Oration by Thomas Chase,\\nPresident of Haverford College, in Proceedings at the Presentation of\\na Portrait of Whittier to Friends School, Providence (Riverside Press,\\n1885). Life, Genius, and Writings, by W. S. Kennedy (Lothrop, 1886).\\nRoger Williams. Life, Letters, and Works (Providence: Publica-\\ntions of the Narragansett Club, 1866-1874, A vols.). Life, by O. S.\\nStraus (Century Co., 1894).\\nN. P. Willis. Poems (New York: Clark Austin, 1861). Life, by\\nH. A. Beers, in American Men of Letters Series, 1885 (has bibliography).\\nJohfi Winthrop. Life, by J. H. Twichell, in Makers of America\\nSeries, 1891. Life and Letters, by R. C. Winthrop (Little, Brown Co.,\\n1863; 2 vols.).\\nR. C. Winthrop. Addresses and Speeches (Little, Brown Co.,\\n1852-1886; 4 vols.). Memoir, by R. C. Winthrop, Jr. (Little, Brown\\nCo., 1897).\\nJohn Woohnan. Journal, with introduction by Whittier (Osgood,\\n1873).", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "INDEX.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "IN DEX.\\nAbraham^ Lincoln, 249.\\nAdams, Abigail, 52.\\nAdams, John, 46, 49, 52.\\nAdams, Rev. John, 37, 335.\\nAdams, Samuel, 47-48.\\nAddison, Joseph, 15, 32, 52, 56,\\n121, 124.\\nAdjustment, 238.\\nAdulateur, 67, 337.\\nAdventure of One Hans Pfaal,\\n164.\\nAfloat and Ashore, 1 30.\\nAfter a Tempest, 146.\\nReason, 79,\\n^^^j, 14-7.\\nAkenside, Mark, 80.\\nAl Aaraaf 167.\\nAlban the Pirate, 149.\\nAlcott, A. B., 205, 209-210.\\nAlcnin, 95.\\nAldrich, T. U., 283.\\nAlgerine Captive, 93.\\nAlhambra, 124-125.\\nAllen, Ethan, 52, 338.\\nAllen, J. L.,288.\\nAUston, Washington, 82.\\nAlnivick Castle, 1 14.\\nAlsop, George, 39, 335.\\nAlsop, Richard, 87.\\nAmerica, 173.\\nAmerican Flag, 114.\\nAmerican literature\\nAmericanism in, 12, 15, 54,\\n59, 62, 80, 91, 92, 93, 100\\n-loi, 123, 126, 135, 136,\\n359\\n171, 249, 254-255, TA-],\\n258, 264, 267-269, 274,\\n281-282, 284-289, 290,\\n346; and classic literature,\\n12,24,41,71-72,138,145,\\n147, 201, 260, 266, 340;\\nand English life anil litera-\\nture, 3, 7-9, 15, 18,23,25,\\n27, 28, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42,\\n45, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59,\\n60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68,\\n71-72, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83-\\n86, 89-90, 91, 92, 93, 94,\\n95,99, 100, 109, 113, 114,\\n115, 116, 118, 119, 121,\\n123, 124, 128, 138, 144,\\n145, 146, 147, 149, 150,\\n152, 153, i55\u00c2\u00bb 156, i57\u00c2\u00bb\\n158, 159, 166, 168, 169,\\n171, 172, 175, 176, 196,\\n201, 226, 229, 230, 236,\\n239, 244, 246, 248, 249,\\n256, 260, 261, 263, 264,\\n265, 266, 283, 286; and\\nEuropean (continental)\\nlife and literatures, 46, 56,\\n71, 91, 92, 93, 109, 118,\\n119, 124-125, 153, 157,\\n169, 175, 176, 179, 182,\\n183, 184, 186, 188, 190,\\n193-195? 201, 226, 260,\\n263, 265, 281, 282, 283;\\ngeneral condition affect-\\ning, 7-9, 43-45, 61, 71-\\n72, 74-77, 103-III, 222,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "360\\nINDEX.\\n225, 267, 279-280, 282-\\n283; Indians in, 12, 18,\\n19, 20-21, 31, 35, 38, 39,\\n40, 59, 65, 67, no, 113,\\n114, 115, ii6, 127, 132,\\n133, 134, 143, 153, 155,\\n156, 187-188, 234, 285,\\n293. 295. 307 317; Nature\\nin, 59, 61-62, 83, 84-86,\\n89, 109-110, III, 113, 115,\\n116, 118, 126, 127, 133,\\n134, 138, I43-I47* 148,\\n184, 207, 208, 212, 213,\\n221, 223, 239, 244-245,\\n273, 285, 287, 346; and\\nOrientalism, 201, 264-265,\\n266; Romanticism in, 59,\\n64, 79-80,82-86, 95-101,\\n135, 195, 226, 281, 286,\\n346.\\nAmericanism (see American\\nliterature\\nAmes, Fisher, 78.\\nAmong the Hills^ it;j.\\nAnarchiad, 59, 339.\\nAndre, 149.\\nAndros, Thomas, 52, 338.\\nAnnabel Lee, 169.\\nAnti- Slavery Poems, 170.\\nArbuthnot, John, 54.\\nArchdale, John, 38, 335.\\nArmies of the United States,\\n59-\\nArnold, Matthew, 207, 209, 246.\\nArtemus, Ward His Book, etc.,\\n274.\\nArthur Gordon Pym^ 164, 165.\\nArthur Nervy ti, 94, 96-97, 100.\\nAssignation, 165.\\nAstoria, 125.\\nAtalantis, 155.\\nAtlantic Monthly, 107, 253.\\nAugtistus and Aurelian, 93.\\nAurelian, 172.\\nAtitobiography of Franklin, 56-\\n57.350-\\nAutobiography of Jefferson, 52.\\nAutocrat of the Breakfast Table,\\n253, 256-258.\\nAylmere, 261.\\nBa ckivoodsm an, 1 1 3\\nBalloon Hoax, 164.\\nBalzac, Honore, 134.\\nBancroft, George, 278.\\nBarbara Frietchie, 235.\\nBarefoot Boy, 236.\\nBarlow, Joel, 59, 62-63, 3i9 339-\\nBarton, Andrew, 67, 337.\\nBattle Hymn of the Republic, 174.\\nBattle of Brooklyn, 68, 338.\\nBattle of Blinker s- Hill, 68, 321,\\nBattle of Niagara, 8 -90.\\nBattle of Tippecanoe, 149.\\nBattle-Pieces, 149.\\nBay Fight, 1 74.\\nBay Psalm Book, 25.\\nBedouin Song, 264,\\nBeecher, H. W., 274, 345.\\nBelknap, Jeremy, 92.\\nBells, 166.\\nBen Bolt, 261.\\nBenjamin, Park, 116.\\nBerenice., 166.\\nBertram, 156.\\nBeverley, Robert, 15, 329.\\nBianca Visconti, 115.\\nBiglow Papers, 245-246.\\nBiographical Stories, 219.\\nBird, R. M., 260.\\nBlack Cat, 165.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n361\\nBlair, Rev. James, 14.\\nBlair, Robert, 144-145.\\nBlake, William, 226.\\nBleecker, A. E., 92-93.\\nBlithedale Romance, 221, 223,\\n224.\\nBlockheads (opera), 68, 339.\\nBlockheads (play), 68, 338.\\nBoker, G. H., 261.\\nBoston, 81.\\nBoston Nezvs- Letter, 304, 323.\\nBosworth, Benjamin, 29.\\nBracebridge Hall, 123-124.\\nBrackenridge, H. H., 68, 93, 321,\\n338.\\nBradford, William, 18, 295, 330.\\nBradstreet, Anne, 26-27, 299, 2,Z\\nBrahma, 207.\\nBrainard, J. G., 173.\\nBread and Cheese Lunch, 128,\\n142.\\nBreechiad, 81.\\nBret Harte, 286.\\nBridal of Pennacook, 234.\\nBrief and Plain Essay, 37, 335.\\nBritish Prison-Ship, 63, 340.\\nBroken Harp, 84.\\nBrook Farm Community, 205,\\n217, 221, 343, 345-\\nBrooke, Henry, 41.\\nBrooks, M. G., 1 71-172.\\nBroomstick Train, 255.\\nBrother Jonathan, 171.\\nBrown, C. B., 94-101, 121, 157,\\n169, 170, 226.\\nBrowne, C. F,, 274, 346.\\nBrownell, H. H., 174.\\nBrowning, E. B., 169.\\nBrowning, Robert, 176.\\nBrutus, 115,\\nBryant, W. C life, 136-142;\\nworks, 87, 137, 142-148;\\nmiscellaneous, 108, 163,\\n184, 345-\\nBuccaneer, 170.\\nBuckthorne and His Friends, 124.\\nBuds and Bird- Voices, 2.2.0.\\nBuilding of the Ship, 184.\\nBurke, Edmund, 79.\\nBurnett, F. H., 288.\\nBurns, 114.\\nBurns, Robert, 229.\\nBurroughs, John, 284.\\nBusy- Body papers, 56.\\nButler, Samuel, 61, 82.\\nButler, W. A., 149.\\nByles, Mather, 32, 37, 308, 334.\\nByrd, Colonel William, 15, 294,\\n329, 330.\\nByron, Lord, 79, 83, 89, 90, 114,\\n115, 149, 152, 153, 155,\\n168, 172, 286.\\nCable, G. W., 288.\\nCalaynos, 261.\\nCalhoun, J. C, 274-275.\\nCalifornia Ballads, 264.\\nCallender, John, 35, 335.\\nCalvert, G. H., 153.\\nCampbell, Thomas, 65, 80.\\nCarey, Mathew, 87.\\nCarlyle, Thomas, 194, 199, 200,\\n201, 204.\\nCary, Alice and Phoebe, 149-150.\\nCassandra Southwick, 234.\\nCassique of Accabee, 156.\\nCaterpillar, 85.\\nCathedral, 246.\\nCato Moral Distichs, transla-\\ntion of, 41, 336.\\nCatter skill Falls, 147.\\nCecil Dreeme, 175.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "362\\nINDEX.\\nCelestial Railroad, 220,\\nChaitibered Natitilus, 255.\\nChangeling 246.\\nChanning, W. E., 26, 274.\\nCharacter of the Province of\\nMaryland, 39, 335.\\nCharles E. Craddock, 288.\\nCharlotte Temple, 93, 94.\\nChatham, Earl, 45, 46,\\nChaucer, Geoffrey, 42, 153, 244.\\nChild, L. M., 172.\\nChoate, Rufus, 276, 345.\\nChrist in Hades, 149.\\nChristus, 190.\\nChronological History of New\\nEngland, 36, 335.\\nChurch, Benjamin, 35, 335.\\nChurch, Thomas, 35, 334.\\nChurchill, Charles, 61, 64, 66.\\nChurchill, Winston, 289.\\nCicero De Senectute, transla-\\ntion of, 41.\\nCity in the Sea, 168.\\nClara Howard, 94, 96, 97, 99.\\nClari, 114.\\nClassic literature (see American\\nhterature\\nClay, Henry, 275.\\nClemens, S. L., 286-287, 34^-\\nCleopatra, 176.\\nClever Stories of Many Nations,\\n149.\\nCliff ton, William, 81.\\nClio, 172.\\nClough, A. H., 246.\\nColden, Cadwallader, 39, 335.\\nColeridge, S. T., 83, 149, 168,\\n194, 201, 226, 244.\\nCollection of Poems by Several\\nHands, 37, 307, 335.\\nColleges, 325.\\nCollins, William, 58, 60.\\nColman, Benjamin, 32, 37, 334.\\nColumbiad, 62-63, 319, 339.\\nColumbian Magazine, 311.\\nColumbus, 244.\\nCommon Sense, 50, 338.\\nConcord Hymn, 208,\\nConqueror Worm, 168,\\nConque%t of Canaan, 61, 318,\\n339-\\nConquest of Louisburg, 37, 335.\\nConquest of Mexico, 277.\\nConquest of Peru, 277.\\nConrad, R. T., 261.\\nContemplations, 26, 299.\\nContrast, 90.\\nCook, Ebenezer, 39, 335.\\nCooke, J. E., 157-158.\\nCooke, P. P., 153.\\nCooper, J. E. life, 1 26- 130;\\nworks, lOi, 126-127, 130-\\n136; miscellaneous, 156)\\n157. 345-\\nCoquette, 94.\\nCorrespondent, 60.\\nCotton, John, 19, 22, 25, 29, 302,\\n332-\\nCountry Lovers, 81.\\nCourt of Fancy, 41, 309, 336.\\nCourtin\\\\ 8r, 245.\\nCozirtship of Miles Standi sh,\\n186-187.\\nCowper, William, 84, 144, 145.\\nCrabbe, George, 84.\\nCrafts, William, 152.\\nCrevecoeur, J. H. St. John, 54-\\n55^ 315* 339.\\nCrisis, 50.\\nCroaker -^oe^vcss,, 113-114.\\nCroivded Street, 143.\\nCulprit Fay, 113.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n363\\nCure for the Spleen, 54, 313, 338.\\nCurtis, G. W., 277, 346.\\nDana, R. H., 26, 170, 345.\\nDana, R. H., Jr., 174.\\nDante, Alighieri, 176, 190, 266.\\nDay of Doom, 27-28, 300, 331.\\nDays, 207, 208,\\nDead House, 246.\\nDeath of Cleopatra, 156.\\nDeath of General Montgomery,\\n68, 338.\\nDeath of the Flowers, 146.\\nDeclaration of Independence, 45.\\nDeer slayer, 134.\\nDemetria, 171.\\nDemocracy, 249.\\nDemocratiad, 86, 87.\\nDenton, Daniel, 39, 335.\\nDe Quincey, Thomas, 169.\\nDescent into the i\\\\/aelstro//i, 164.\\nDeukalion, 264.\\nDial, 210.\\nDiary of Samuel Sevvall, 34-35,\\n303, 332.\\nDickens, Charles, 122.\\nDickenson, Jonathan, 40-41, 336.\\nDickinson, Emily, 285.\\nDickinson, John, 48, 337.\\nDisappointment, 67, 337.\\nDisinterred Warrior, 143.\\nDivina Commedia Parson s\\ntranslation, 1 76 Long-\\nfellow s, 190 miscella-\\nneous, 266.\\nDivine Tragedy, 189.\\nDoctor Grimshazo s Secret, 221,\\n223, 224, 225.\\nDoctor Heidegger s Experiment,\\n220.\\nDolliver Romance, 221, 223, 225.\\nDolph Heyliger, 124.\\nDomain of Arnheim, 166.\\nDonna Florida, 155.\\nDorothy Q., 255.\\nDouglass, William, 35, 335.\\nDrake, J. R., 113-114, 345.\\nDream Life, 174.\\nDream of the Branding of Asses\\nand Horses, 53-54, 312.\\nDreamland, 167.\\nDryden, John, 37, 66, 67.\\nDunbar, P. L., 288.\\nDunlap, William, 91.\\nDutchman s Fireside, 113.\\nDwight, Timothy, 59, 61-62, 87,\\n3i8\u00c2\u00bb 339-\\nF^ach and All, 207.\\nEdgar Huntly, 94, 97-98, 99,\\n100, lOI.\\nEdict by the King of Prussia, 56.\\nEdinburgh Reviezv, 11 7- 118.\\nEdwards, Jonathan, 33-34, 191-\\n192, 302, 335, 349.\\nEggleston, Edward, 285.\\nEiron and Chartnion, 166.\\nEleanor a, 165.\\nElegy on the Times, 60, 2^}^^.\\nEliot, John, 21, 332.\\nElsie Venner, 258-259.\\nEmbargo, 138.\\nEmerson, R. W. life, 195-200\\nworks, 62, 195, 200-209\\nmiscellaneous, 211, 269,\\n345-\\nEnglish literature (see Ameri-\\ncan literature\\nEnglish, T. D., 261.\\nEnglish Traits, 203.\\nEntertaining Passages Relating\\nto Philip s IVar, 35.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "364\\nINDEX.\\nEphe7nera, 56.\\nEternal Goodness, 238.\\nEureka, 163, 164.\\nEuropean literatures (see Ameri-\\ncan literature\\nEutaw Springs, 65.\\nEvangeline, 185-186,\\nEvans, Nathaniel, 42, 336.\\nEverett, Edward, 276, 345.\\nExamination of Doctor Benja-\\nmin Franklin, 56, 337.\\nExcelsior, 183.\\nExiles, 234.\\nFable for Critics, 245.\\nFacts in the Case of M. Valde-\\nmar, 164.\\nFall of British Tyranny, 67,338.\\nFall of the House of Usher, 165,\\n166.\\nFamiliar Epistle to a Friend,\\n246.\\nFanny, 114,\\nFanshawe, 220.\\nFarmer Refuted, 49, 337.\\nFather of an Only Child, 91.\\nFaust Bayard Taylor s trans-\\nlation of, 265.\\nFeather top, 2.2.0.\\nFederalist, 50-51, 341.\\nFemale Quixotism, 94.\\nFerdinand and Isabella, 277.\\nFessenden, T. G., 81-82.\\nField, Eugene, 285.\\nField of Orleans, 88.\\nFielding, Henry, 123.\\nFlood of Years, 143.\\nFlorence Vane, 153.\\nFolger, Peter, 36, 332.\\nForbearance, 208.\\nForest Hymn, 145, 146.\\nForesters (poem), 84-85.\\nForesters (tale), 92.\\nFoster, H. W., 94.\\nFour Ages of Man, 26.\\nFoure Elements, 26.\\nFoure Humours, 26.\\nFoure Monarchies, 26, 27.\\nFoure Seasons, 26, 299.\\nFranklin, Benjamin, 42, 55-57,\\nZZ^^ 337-\\nFreedom of the Will^ 33, 192, 335.\\nFreneau, Philip, 59, 63-65, 320,\\n323, 340.\\nFroissart Ballads, 153.\\nFrontenac, 116.\\nFull Vindication of the Measures\\nof the Congress, 49, 337.\\nFuller, Margaret (see Ossoli\\nGallic Perfidy, 37-38, 335.\\nGay, John, 58, 60.\\nGeneral Idea of the College of\\nMirania, 41, 335.\\nGladiator, 261.\\nGodfrey, Thomas, 41-42, 309, 336.\\nGod^s Protecting Providence, 41,\\n336-\\nGodv^^in, William, 95, 99, 156.\\nGoethe, J. W., 182, 186, 194, 263,\\n265.\\nGold Bug, 164.\\nGolden legend, 1 89- 1 90.\\nGoldsmith, OUver, 59, 60, 62, %i,\\n124.\\nGood-Bye, 208.\\nGood Gray Poet, 267.\\nGood Spec, 91.\\nGookin, Daniel, 21, 332.\\nGordon, William, 51, 341.\\nGrandfather^ s Chair, 219.\\nGrave, John, 13, 329.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n365\\nGray For est- Eagle, 1 1 6.\\nGray, Thomas, 58, 60, 64, 86.\\nGreen, Joseph, 37, 308, 335.\\nGreen River, 146.\\nGreene, A. G., 173.\\nGreenfield Hill, 62, 339,\\nGreyslaer, 115.\\nGroup (play), 67, 337.\\nGroup (poem), 81.\\nGuardian Angel, 258.\\nGuillotina, 86.\\nH. H., 285-286.\\nHail Columbia, 88.\\nHale, E. E., 284.\\nHalleck, Fitz-Greene, 114, 345.\\nHamilton, Alexander, 49, 50, 337,\\n341-\\nHammond, John, 12, 329.\\nHans Breitman s Ballads, 262.\\nHappiness of America, 59.\\nHarte, F. B., 286, 346.\\nHasty- Pudding, 63, 319, 339.\\nHaunted Palace, 168.\\nHawthorne, Nathaniel, life,\\n178, 214-219; works, 214,\\n219-227; miscellaneous,\\n100, 141, 142, 345, 346.\\nHay, John, 285.\\nHayne, P. H., 153.\\nHeidenniauer, 130.\\nHemans, Felicia, 171.\\nHenry, Patrick, 46.\\nHermit of Saba, 64.\\nHerrick, Robert, 64.\\nHesperia^ 152.\\nHiazuatka^ 187-189.\\nHillhouse, J. A., 171.\\nHistory of Carolina^ 38, 336.\\nHistory of the Dividing Line^ 15,\\n294, 329, ZZ\\nHistory of Elvira^ 93.\\nHistory of the first Discovery and\\nSettlement of Virg in ia, 1 6,\\n36, 330.\\nHistory of the Five Indian Na-\\ntions, 39, 335.\\nHistory of Maria Kittle, 92.\\nHistory of New England, 19, 330.\\nHistory of Plymouth, 18, 295,\\n330.\\nHistory of the Province of Massa-\\nchusetts Bay, 51, 341.\\nHistory of the Province of iXeiv\\nYork, 40, 335.\\nHistory of the United Nether-\\nlands, 278.\\nHistory of the United States, by\\nBancroft, 2 j-2 j2\\nHistory of Vi7ginia, 15, 329.\\nHobomok, 172.\\nHoffman, C. F., 115.\\nHolland, J. G., 176.\\nHolmes, O. W. life, 250-254;\\nworks, 251, 254-260; mis-\\ncellaneous, 345, 346.\\nHonie, Szoeet Home, 114.\\nHomer, 147.\\nHoitieward Bound, 130.\\nHood, Thomas, 149.\\nHooker, Thomas, 21, 22, 297, 331.\\nHope Leslie, l j2.\\nHopkins, Lemuel, 59, 87, 339.\\nHopkinson, Francis, 53, 54, 337.\\nHopkinson, Joseph, 88.\\nHorse- Shoe Robinson, 154.\\nHouse by the Sea, 261.\\nHouse of Night, 64, 320.\\nHouse of the Seven Gables, 22 1\\n223, 224, 225, 227.\\nHow the Women Wetit from\\nDover, 236.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "366\\nINDEX.\\nHoward, Martin, 47.\\nHowe, J. W,, 1 74.\\nHowells, W. D., 283-284, 346.\\nHoyt, Ralph, 116.\\nHubbard, William, 35, 233-\\nHubert and EUcn^ 83.\\nHumphreys, David, 59, 339-\\n340.\\nHunt, Leigh, 89.\\nHurj-icane, 145.\\nHutchinson, Thomas, 51, 341.\\nHutton, Joseph, 84, 88.\\nHylas, 264.\\nHymns to the Gods, 173.\\nHyperion, 179, 182.\\nIchabod, 235.\\nIdomen, 171.\\nIk Marvel, 174.\\nIliad Bryant s Translation of,\\n147-148.\\nIn School Days, 236.\\nIn War Time, 235.\\nIndian Burying Ground, 65.\\nIndian GirVs lament, 143.\\nIndian Summer Reverie^, 244.\\nIndian s Bride, 153.\\nIndians (see American litera-\\nture\\nIndustry of the United States, 59.\\nInscription for the Entrance to a\\nWood, 139, 145, 146.\\nIrene, 244.\\nIrving, Washington, life, 116-\\n121 works, 117, 121-126;\\nmiscellaneous, 174, 182,\\n190, 249, 345, 346.\\nIsland in the South, 153.\\nIsland of the Fay, 166.\\nIsrafel, 167, 168.\\nItalian Banditti, 124.\\nJackson, H. H., 285, 346.\\nJames, Henry, 284, 346.\\nJane Talbot, 94, 96, 99, 100.\\nJay, John, 50.\\nJefferson, Thomas, 45-46, 52.\\nJoaquin Miller, 286.\\nJohn Brent, 175.\\nJohnson, Edward, 20, 331.\\nJohnston, R. M., 288.\\nJo7iathan Oldstyle \\\\Qiiexs, 121.\\nJones, Professor Hugh, 15, 329.\\nJosh Billings: His Book, 273.\\nJourney from Philadelphia to\\nATexu York, 64, 340.\\nJournal of Bradford and Wins-\\nlow, 18, 295, 330.\\nJournal of John Winthrop, 330.\\nJournal of John Woolman, 52-\\n53-\\nJournal of Sarah K. Knight, 35,\\n305, 334-\\nJudas MaccabiTus, 189.\\nJudd, Sylvester, 173-174.\\nJudith, Esther, etc., 171-172.\\nJune, 146.\\nJustice and Expediency, 238.\\nKant, Immanuel, 193-194.\\nKatharine Walton, 157.\\nKavanagh, 182.\\nKeats, John, 89, 149, 150, 168,\\n244, 283.\\nKeep Cool, 171.\\nKeimer, Samuel, 41.\\nKennedy, J. P., 154.\\nKey, F. S., 88.\\nKing Phihp s War, 35.\\nA insmen, 157.\\nKnapp, Francis, 37.\\nKnickerbocker s History of N eiu\\nYork, 118, 122-123.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n367\\nH. C, 84.\\nKnight, S. K., 35, 305, 334.\\nLadd, J. B., 59, 340.\\nLadies of Castile, 67.\\nLady Eleanor s Mantle, 220\\nLamb, Charles, 53.\\nLandor, W. S., 156, 244.\\nLandor^s Cottage, 166.\\nLanier, Sidney, 287.\\nLarcom Lucy, 285.\\n/Mrs, 264.\\nLast Leaf, 255.\\nLast of the Mohicans, 133, 134,\\nLaurens, Henry, 52, 310, 338.\\nLawson, John, 38, 336.\\nLay of the Scotch Fiddle, 113.\\nLays of the Heart, 171.\\nLazarus, Emma, 285.\\nLeah and Rachel, 13, 329.\\nLegare, J. M., 153.\\nLegend of Brittany, 244.\\nLegend of Sleepy LLolloio, 123.\\nLegends and L^yrics, 154.\\nLeggett, William, 116.\\nLeicester, 91.\\nLeisure Day Rhymes, 149.\\nLeisure Hours, 84.\\nLeland, C. G., 261-262.\\nLeonard, Daniel, 4^,, 338.\\nLetter from a Gentleman at\\nHalifax, 47.\\nLetters froju an American\\nFarmer, 54-55, 315, 339.\\nifa Letters frojn a Farmer in Penn-\\nsylva?iia, 48, 337.\\nLetters of the British Spy, 79,\\nLetters, of John and Margaret\\nWinthrop, 19, 296, 330.\\nLetters to Young Ladies, 171.\\nLewis, M. G., 84.\\nLife and Character of Patrick\\nHenry, 79.\\nLife and Sayings of Mrs. Part-\\nington, 273.\\nLife of Columbus, 125.\\nLife of Franklin Pierce, 219.\\nLife of Goldsmith, 125.\\nLife of Washington, 79.\\nLife on the Ocean Wave, 1 73.\\nLigeia, 165, 166.\\nLighthouse, 184.\\nLincoln, Abraham, 276-277.\\nLines on Revisiting the C ountry,\\n146.\\nLinn, J. B., 83, 93.\\nLinwoods, 172.\\nLittle Britain, 123.\\nLittle People of the Snoio, 147.\\nLivingston, William, 40, 336.\\nLocke, D. R., 274.\\nLogan, James, 41, 336.\\nLongfellow, H. W. life, 177-\\n182; works, 177-178, 182-\\n191; miscellaneous, 163,\\n246, 345. 346.\\nLongfellow, Samuel, 173.\\nLord, W. W., 149.\\nLost Occasion, 235.\\nL.oveiuelPs Fight, 37.\\nLowell, J. R. life, 239-244;\\nworks, 240, 244-250; mis-\\ncellaneous, 163, 346.\\nLunt, George, 1 73.\\nMackenzie, Henry, 79.\\nMacpherson, James, 59, 266, 271.\\nMadison, James, 50,\\nMagazines, 53, 58, 77, 107, 116,\\n311, 324, 344.\\nMagnalia, 30-31, 301, m.\\nMain Truck, 115.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "368\\nINDEX.\\nMarble Faun, 221, 222, 223, 224,\\n225, 226, 227.\\nMarco Bozzaris, 114.\\nMargaret, 174.\\nMargaret Smith s Journal, 238.\\nMaria del Occidente, 171-\\n172.\\nMark Twain, 286-287.\\nMarkoe, Peter, 58, 68, 340.\\nMarried or Single, 172.\\nMarshall, John, 79.\\nMason, John, 21, 332.\\nMasque of the Gods, 264.\\nMasque of Pandora, 189.\\nMasque of the Red Death, 165.\\nMasquerade, 149.\\nMassachusettensis, 49, t^t^^.\\nMassachusetts to Virginia, 235.\\nMather, Cotton, 29-32, 36, 301,\\nMather, Increase, 29, 31, t^t^t^.\\nMather, Richard, 29.\\nMather, Samuel, 30, 334.\\nMaud Midler, 236.\\nMay Day, 91.\\nMaylem, John, 37-38, 335.\\nMeat out of the Eater, 27, 331.\\nMeddler, 60.\\nMeditations in America, 149.\\nMeditations of Anne Bradstreet,\\n27.\\nMeeting, 238.\\nMelville, Herman, 148-149.\\nMercedes, 132.\\nMerlin, 207.\\nMesmeric Revelation, 164.\\nMetaphysical poets, 25, 27,\\n36, 37-\\nM^Fingal, 60, 318, 338.\\nMichael A ngelo, 189.\\nMiddle States conditions in,\\naffecting literature, 76, 77.\\n112-I13.\\nMidnight Mass for the Dying\\nYear, 183.\\nMiller, C. H., 286.\\nMilton, John, 23, 28, 64, 149, 155.\\nMinister s Black Veil, 220.\\nMitchell, D. G., 174, 346.\\nMitchell, S. W., 284.\\nMoby Dick, 149.\\nModern Chivalry, 93.\\nMogg Megone, 234.\\nMoney-Diggers, 124,\\nMoney-King, 149.\\nMonikins, 130.\\nMonos and Una, 166.\\nMonument Alountain, 143.\\nMoore, Thomas, 89, 115, 153,\\n155. 172.\\nMoral Pieces, 171.\\nMorella, 166.\\nMorrell, William, 24, 330.\\nMorris, G. P., 115.\\nMortal Antipathy, 258.\\nMorton, Nathaniel, 24.\\nMorton, Sarah, 83.\\nMorton, Thomas, 19, 330.\\nMosses from an Old Manse, 219-\\n220.\\nMotley Asse7nbly, 68, 338.\\nMotley, J. L., 278, 345.\\nMoulton, L. C., 285.\\nMountain of the Lovers, 154.\\nMourfs Relation, 330.\\nMrs. Bullfrog, 220.\\nMS. Found in a Bottle, 160.\\nMurders in the Rue Morgue, 164.\\nMurfee, M. N., 288.\\nMy Garden Acquaintance, 249.\\nMy Life is Like the Summer\\nRose, 152.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n369\\nMy Mother^ s Bible, 115.\\nMysie?y of A/arie A oget, 164.\\nMystic Trumpeter, 273.\\nNarrative of the Captivity of Mrs.\\nRowlandson, 35, 307,333.\\nNarrative of the Indian Wars,\\n333-\\nNarrative of the Troubles with\\nthe Indians, 35, y^^^.\\nNasby Papers, 274.\\nNature (see American litera-\\nture\\nNature, 207.\\nNeal, John, 88-90, 171.\\nNew Description of Carolina, 38,\\n335-\\nNew England conditions in,\\naffecting literature, 16-18,\\n21-23, 28-29, 76, 77\u00c2\u00bb 91,\\n177, 183, 191-195. 254-\\n255, 259, 260.\\nNew England^s Memorial, 24,\\n25. 332.\\nNezu England Primer, 326-328.\\nNezv England Tale, 172.\\nNew England Tragedies, 189.\\nNew English Canaan, 19, 330.\\nNew Pastoral, 261.\\nNezv Voyage to Georgia, 39, 336.\\nNewspapers, 53, 77, 107, 312,\\n323, 344-\\nNick of the Woods, 261.\\nNiles, Samuel, 37, 335.\\nNorman Maurice, 156.\\nNorth American Reviezv, 107,\\n139, 249.\\nNorton, John, 36.\\nNot Yet, 139.\\nNote-Books (Hawthorne s), 219,\\n223.\\n2B\\nNothing to Wear, 149.\\nNova Anglia, 24, 330.\\nJoyes, Nicholas, 37.\\nOakes, Urian, 36, 332.\\nOde Recited at the Harvard Co7n-\\nmemoration, 246.\\nOde to France, 244.\\nOde to Happiness, i\\\\(i.\\nOdell, Jonathan, 66, 338.\\nOdyssey, Bryant s translation,\\n147-148.\\nOf Plimoth Plantation, 330.\\nOh Fairest af the Rural Maids,\\n146.\\nOld Clock on the Stairs, 183.\\nOld Grimes, 173.\\nOld Ironsides, 252.\\nOld Oaken Bucket, 115.\\nOlio, 87.\\nOn a Beautiful Lady with a Loud\\nVoice, 58.\\nOn a Bust of Dante, 1 76.\\nOn a Certain Condescension in\\nF oreigners, 249.\\nOn a Honey Bee, 64.\\nOne-Hoss Shay, 255.\\nO Reilly, J. B., 285.\\nOrientalism (see American liter-\\nature\\nOrmond, 94, 96, 99, 1 00.\\nOrta-Undis, 153.\\nOsgood, F. S., 173.\\nOssian, 59, 266, 271.\\nOssoli, Sarah Margaret Fuller,\\n210.\\nOtis, James, 46, 47, 336.\\nOiiabi, 83.\\nOur Old Home, 219.\\nOutre-Mer, 182.\\nOver the Tea-Cups, 258.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "370\\nINDEX.\\nOvid AIeiamo7-phoses, Sandy s\\ntranslation of, 12, 329.\\nPage, r. N., 288.\\nPaine, R. T., 80.\\nPaine, Thomas, 50, 79, 338.\\nFains of Meniory, 80,\\nPainted Ctip, 147.\\nPan in Love, 176.\\nParker, Theodore, 274.\\nParkman, Francis, 278.\\nParsons, T. W,, 176.\\nParting Glass, 64.\\nPartisan, 157.\\nPassage to India, 272.\\nPathfinder, 134, 135, 136.\\nPatriot Chief, 68, 340.\\nPatrolling Barnegat, 273.\\nPaul Felton, 170.\\nPaulding, J. K., 113, 121, 345.\\nPaulding, William, 121.\\nPayne, J. H., 114-115.\\nPenhaliow, Samuel, 35, 334.\\nPenn, William, 40, 336.\\nPennsylvania Idyls, 264.\\nPennsylvania Pilgrim, 237.\\nPercival, J. G., 172-173.\\nPeters, Phillis Wheatley, 58, 337.\\nPhillips, Wendell, 27, 277, 345.\\nPhilo, I jA,.\\nPhilosophic Solitude, 40, 336.\\nPhilosophy of Composition, 166.\\nPiatt, John, 285.\\nPiazza Tales, 149.\\nPictures from Appledore, 245.\\nPictures of Columbus, 64.\\nPierpont, John, 170.\\nPietas et Gratidatio, 38, 335.\\nPike, Albert, 173.\\nPilot, 130, 135.\\nPinckney, Eliza, 38-39, 336.\\nPinkney, E. C, 153.\\nPioneers, 134.\\nPipes at Lucknow, 236.\\nPit and the Pendulum, 164.\\nPlato, 201.\\nPoe, E. A. life, 158-163;\\nworks, 100, 158, 163-170;\\nmiscellaneous, 180, 226,\\n227, 345, 346-\\nPoem Spoken at Coitimencement\\nat Yale College, 62, 339.\\nPoems of the Orient, 264.\\nPoems on Slavery, 1 84.\\nPoet at the Breakfast Table, 258.\\nPoetic Principle, 163.\\nPolitical Balance, 64.\\nPolitical Green-House, 87.\\nPonteach, 66-67, 336-\\nPoor Alargaret Dwy, 84.\\nPoor Richard s Almanac, 56-57,\\n336.\\nPope, Alexander, 37, 57, 58, 59,\\n61, 64, 66, 80,83,86, 256.\\nPorcupiniad, 87.\\nPower of Fancy, 64.\\nPotver of Solitude, 80.\\nPrairie (novel), 134-135.\\nPrairie (poem), 146.\\nPraxiteles and Phryne, 176.\\nPrayer of Columbus, 272.\\nPrecaution, 128.\\nPrescott, W. H., 277.\\nPresent State of Virginia, 15, 329.\\nPresent State of Virginia and\\nthe College, 15.\\nPretty Story, 54, 337.\\nPrince, Thomas, 36, 335.\\nPrince of Parthia, 42, 309, 336.\\nProcession of Life, 220.\\nProfessor at the Breakfast Table,\\n258.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n37^\\nProgress, 149.\\nProgress of Dulness, 60, 317, 338.\\nProfuetheus (by Percival), 172.\\nPrometheus (by Lowell), 244.\\nProphet, 264,\\nProspect of Peace, 62, 339.\\nProud A/iss Alacbride, 149.\\nProvidence Gazette, 312.\\nPsalm of Life, 183.\\nPsalms, Hymns, and Spiritual\\nSongs, 25, 331.\\nPurloined Letter, 164.\\nRain-Dream, 146.\\nRain in Summer, 184.\\nRainy Day, 183.\\nRaleigh, Walter, 27.\\nRalph, James, 41.\\nRamsay, David, 51, 341.\\nRandolph, John, 78-79.\\nRandolph of Roanoke, 235.\\nRationale of Verse, 163.\\nRaven, 166, 169.\\nRead, T. B., 261.\\nRebels, 172.\\nRed Jacket, 114.\\nRed Rover, 130, 135.\\nRedeemed Captive, 35, 334.\\nRedskins, 130,\\nRedwood, 172.\\nRepplier, Agnes, 284.\\nRestoration Drama, 42, 67.\\nRenben and Rachel, 94.\\nReveries of a Bachelor, 174.\\nRJmcus, 244.\\nRichard Lidney, 1 74.\\nRichardson, Samuel, 94.\\nRights of the British Colonies As-\\nserted and Proved, 47, 336.\\nRights of Man, 79.\\nRiley, J. W., 285.\\nRill from the Town Pnmp, 220.\\nA F 7\u00c2\u00ab Winkle, 118, 123.\\ni^/j y //z^ Dutch Republic, 278.\\nRobert of Lincoln, 146.\\nRocked in the Cradle of the Deep,\\nRodolph, 153.\\nRogers, John, 36.\\nRogers, Robert, 67, 336.\\nRogers, Samuel, 80.\\nRosaline, 244.\\nRose, Aquila, 41.\\nRowlandson, Mary, 35, 307, 2)Z3)-\\nRowson, S. H., 8i, 93-94.\\nRules for Reducing a Great Em-\\npire to a Stnall One, 56.\\nR tiling Passion, 80.\\nRumford, Count, 79.\\nRural Lninerals, 1 23.\\nRush, Benjamin, 79.\\nSabbath- Day Chase, 64.\\nSack of Roj?ie, 67.\\nSalmagujtdi, 118, 121-122; sec-\\nond series, 113.\\nSands, R. C, 116.\\nSandys, (ieorge, 12, 329.\\nSarah, 94.\\nSargent, Epes, 173.\\nSargent, L. M., 83.\\nSa tans toe, 132.\\nSaturday Qui), 253.\\nSaxe, J. G., 149.\\nScarlet L.etter, 220, 221, 222, 223,\\n224, 225, 227.\\nScott, Walter, 65, 79, 83, 90, 113,\\n116, 122; and Cooper,\\n128, 130, 133, 136, 149,\\n153. 156, 172, 230, 239,\\n261, 265.\\nSeabury, Samuel, 48-49, 337.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "372\\nINDEX.\\nSeccomb, John, 37, 334.\\nSecret of the Sea, 1 84.\\nSedgwick, C. M., 172.\\nSella, 147.\\nSeptimius Felton, 221, 223.\\nSeventy- Six, 171.\\nSewall, J. M., 88.\\nSewall, Samuel, 34-35\u00c2\u00bb 303\u00c2\u00bb 332.\\nShaded Water, 156.\\nShakspere, William, 12, 27, 42,\\n.64, 67, 155, 230, 266.\\nShaw, H. W., 273.\\nShelley, P. B., 89, 155, 168, 169,\\n172, 226, 244, 264.\\nShepard, Thomas, 22, 331, 332.\\nSheridan s Ride, 261.\\nShillaber, B. P., 273.\\nShippen, Joseph, 41.\\nSigns of Apostacy Lamented, 29.\\nSigourney, L. H., 171.\\nSill, E. R., 285.\\nSimms, W. G., 154-157.\\nSi?nple Cobler of Aggatvam, 24,\\n298, ZZ^-\\nSinners in the Hands of an\\nAngry God, ^z, 303, 335.\\nSirens, 244.\\nSkeleton in Armour, 183.\\nSketch Book, 122, 123.\\nSketch Club, 142.\\nSkipper Ireson s Ride, 236.\\nSky Walk, 94.\\nSlave Ships, 235.\\nSlaves of Martinique, 235.\\nSmith, Capt. John, 12, 293, 329,\\n330, 354,\\nSmith, F. H., 288.\\nSmith, S. F., 173.\\nSmith, Sydney, 117, 275.\\nSmith, William, 40, 335.\\nSmith, William, 41, 335.\\nSmollett, Tobias, 93, 124.\\nSnow-Bound, 230, 232, 236-237.\\nSnoiv Image, 220, 226.\\nSnow-Sho2ver, 146.\\nSong of a Virgitiia Slave Mother,\\n235-\\nSong of Marion s Men, 142.\\nSong of Sion, 13, 329.\\nSoJigs atid Ballads, 156.\\nSongs and Ballads of the Ameri-\\ncan Revolution, 316, 339.\\nSongs of Labor, 235.\\nSo Jigs of the Sea, 173.\\nSot- Weed Factor, 39, 335.\\nSouth conditions in, affecting\\nliterature, 76, 150-152,\\n287.\\nSouthey, Robert, 144, 145, 172.\\nSpanish Student, 189.\\nSpenser, Edmund, 26, 27, 62.\\nSp irit of Poetry, 1 84\\nSprague, Charles, 170.\\nspy, 128, 132.\\nStar-Spa7igled Banner, 88.\\nStars of the Summer Alight, 189.\\nStedman, E. C, 283.\\nSterne, Lawrence, 79, 123.\\nStirling, Lord, 28.\\nStith, Rev. William, 16, 36, 330.\\nStockton, F. R., 284.\\nStoddard, R. H., 285.\\nStory, Joseph, 80.\\nStory, W. W., 175-176.\\nStory of Henry and Anne, 93.\\nStout Gentleman, 124.\\nStowe, H. B., 174-175 345 346-\\nStrachey, William, 12, 329.\\nStrange Lady, 147.\\nStrange Stories by a Nervous\\nGentleman, 124.\\nStratford- on- Avon, 123.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n373\\nStreet, A. B., Ii6.\\nStudent of Sala7nanca, 124.\\nSummer in the South, 156.\\nSummer Ra7nble, 146.\\nSummer Wind, 146.\\nSummer s Day, 85-86.\\nSumner, Charles, 277-245.\\nSunday at Home, 2.2.0.\\nSwift, Dean, 93.\\nSword of Bunker Hill, 149.\\nSylphs of the Seasons, 82, 85.\\nTailfer, Patrick, 39, 336.\\nTales of a Traveller, 124.\\nTales of a Wayside Inn, 189.\\nTanglewood Tales, 219.\\nTaylor, Bayard, life, 262-263;\\nworks, 262, 264-265 mis-\\ncellaneous, 345.\\nTelling the Bees, 236.\\nTell- Tale Heart, 165.\\nTemptation of Venus, 153.\\nTenney, T, G., 94.\\nTennyson, Lord, 63, 147, 149,\\n150, 153, 175, 244, 246.\\nTenth Muse, 26.\\nTent on the Beach, 232, 237.\\nTert?iinus, 208.\\nTerrible Tractoration, 82.\\nThackeray, W. M., 158, 289.\\nThajiatopsis, 138, 139, 144.\\nThaxter, C. L., 285.\\nTheresa, 81.\\nThessalonica, 95, 100,\\nThomas, Edith, 285.\\nThomas, Gabriel, 40, 336.\\nThompson, J. R., 153.\\nThomson, Benjamin, 37.\\nThomson, James, 62.\\nThomson, Maurice, 285.\\nThoreau, H.D.,210-213,345,346.\\nTimrod, H. B., 153.\\nTo a Cloud, i\\\\i.\\nTo a Waterfoivl, 138, 146.\\nTo Faneuil Hall, 235.\\nTo Perdita Singing, 244.\\nTo the Dandelion, 2At\\\\-\\nTo the Fringed Gentian, 65, 146.\\nTo the Man-of War Bird, 273.\\nTom Thorjiton, 170.\\nTortesa the Usurer, 115.\\nTranscendentalism, 177, 191-195,\\n204-205, 343.\\nTrials of the Human Heart, 93.\\nTrinitas, 238.\\nTrue and Historical Narration\\nof Georgia, 39.\\nTrumbull, John, 59, 60-61, 317,\\n338.\\nTuckerman, H. T., 116.\\nTurrell, Jane, 37, 335.\\nTwice- Told Tales, 219-220.\\nTwo Years before the Mast, 174.\\nTyler, Royall, 90-91, 93.\\nUlalume, 167, 168, 169.\\nUncle Tom s Cabin, 174.\\nUnder the Old Elm, 246.\\nUnder the Willows, 245.\\nUnitarianism, 177, 343.\\nValerian, 83.\\nVanderlyn, 1 15.\\nVaudois Teacher, 2yi.\\nVery, Jones, 210.\\nVictoria, 93.\\nVillage Blacksmith, 183,\\nVillage Merchant, 64, 340.\\nVirginia conditions in, affecting\\nliterature, 8, 11, 13-15.\\nVirginia Comedians, 158.\\nVision of Columbus, 62, 339.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "374\\nINDEX.\\nVision of Sir Launfal, 244.\\nVoices of Freedom, 234-235.\\nWagoner of the Alleg/ianies, 261.\\nWaiting by the Gate, 143.\\nWallace, Lewis, 285.\\nWallace, W. R., 149.\\nWar Lyrics, 174.\\nWard, E. P., 284.\\nWard, Nathaniel, 24, 298, 331.\\nWare, William, 172.\\nWarner, C. D., 284.\\nWarren, Mercy, 51, 67, 2,2 1, 34i,\\n343.\\nWarton, Joseph, 86.\\nWashington, George, 52.\\nWebb, George, 41, 336.\\nWebster, Daniel, 229, 235, 275-\\n276.\\nWebster, Noah, 79.\\nWest condition in, affecting\\nliterature, 76-77, 346.\\nWestchester Farmer, 48-49.\\nWestminster Abbey, 123.\\nWheatley, Phillis, 58.\\nWhipple, E. P., 175.\\nWhisper to a Bride, 171.\\nWhistle, 56.\\nWhite, H. K., 144.\\nWhitman, S. H., 173.\\nWhitman, Walt, life, 265-267\\nworks, 265, 267-273.\\nWhittier, J. G., life, 228-234;\\nworks, 228, 232, 234-239;\\nmiscellaneous, 345.\\nWhole Booke of Psalmes, 25, 330.\\nWieland, 94, 98, 99.\\nWigglesworth, Michael, 27-28,\\n300, 331-\\nWild Honeysuckle, 64, 65, 321.\\nWilde, R. H., 152.\\nWilkins, M. E., 284.\\nWillard, E. H., 173.\\nWillia??i Wilson, 165.\\nWilliams, John, 35, 334.\\nWiUiams, Roger, 23-24, 29, 331-\\n332.\\nWillis, N. P., 1 1 5-1 16, 345.\\nWilson, Alexander, 84.\\nWind and Stream, 147.\\nWing-and- JVing, 1 30.\\nWinslow, Edward, 18, 295, 330.\\nWinthrop, John, 19, 330.\\nWinthrop, Margaret, 19, 296J\\n330\u00c2\u00bb 343-\\nWinthrop, Theodore, 175.\\nWirt, William, 79.\\nWise, John, 32, 334.\\nWitc/i s Daughter, 236.\\nWitchcraft, 31-32, 1 10, 189, 222,\\n255. 303, ZZ3, 343.\\nWith Husky-Haughty Lips, O\\nSea, 273.\\nWolcott, Roger, 37, 334.\\nWonder-Book, 219.\\nWonder- IVorking Providence of\\nSioii s Saviour, 20, 24,\\nWood/uan, Spare That Tree,\\n5-\\nWoodworth, Samuel, 115.\\nWoolman, John, ^2-^3, 338.\\nWordsworth, William, 79, 83, 84,\\n86, 145-147, 201, 244.\\nWreck of the Hesperus, 184.\\nYankee in London, 93.\\nYellozv Violet, 146.\\nYoung Goodman Brown, 220.\\nZenobia, 172.\\nZophiel, I ji.", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "c\u00c2\u00a3-\\nm 30 1900", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": ".V\\nV^^^\\n^W%.%\\nvA\\nv 5\\n-T\\n,0^!:^\\n1^ a^/rf?7^\\n0^\\nNi\\nQp .c^\\n.0\\n^.^^^-^v\\\\--..%: ^;o^.^-r^;^\\nv^\\nVi? o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2;ms\u00c2\u00a75^.^\\n.x^\\ni: f\\n^^i^^/\\nV s^\\nO* V\\nk-,\\n7,", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2SS^ N\\nv^\\ni\\nT\\nif y\\n^K\\ntV-V\\n-o\\no\\nV\\nx^^\\nS-\\no o^\\nv-!--\\n.o^~\\n\u00c2\u00bbs -ni\\n-o-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25\\nc\\nV^", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3116", "width": "1969", "jp2-path": "shorthistoryofam00bron_0388.jp2"}}